IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) y. 1.0 I.I I^|2j8 |2.5 •^ I2i^ 1 2.2 Ht US, 112.0 1.8 • ||||l.25 1 1.4 1 1.6 ^ ^ 6" ► p ^ /a e /2 / %^ ■•'v v./ '# ^'^^'V /^ V 'W 7 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 Ua CIHM/iCMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de micrcreproductions historique* Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquas at bibliographiquas Thi tot Tha instituta hat anamptad to obtain t^? baat original copy avail ibia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibiiographically uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. □ Colourad covors/ Couvartura da coulaur I — I Covara damagad/ D D D D D Couvartura andommagte Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastaurte at/ou palliculAa I — I Covar titia miasing/ La titra da couvartura manqua □ Colourad mapa/ Cartas giographiquas en coulaur Colourad ink (i.e. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noire) I I Colourad plates and/or illustrations/ D Planchaa at/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Rulii avec d'autras documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intftrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within tha text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainas pages blanches ajouttos lors d'une restauration apparaissant dans le texte, mais. lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ixi filmAes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires: L'Institut a microfilm* la mailleur axamplaira qu'il lui a itt possible de se procurer. Les details de cet '^xemplaira qui sont paut-Atre uniques du point do vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifiar une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger una modification dana la mithoda normale de filmaga sont indiqute ci-dessous. I — I Coloured pages/ D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagiaa Pages restored and/oi Pages restaur^es et/ou peiliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages d^colories, tachaties ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ditachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Qualiti inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du material suppl^mantaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible I — I Pages damaged/ r~~1 Pages restored and/or laminated/ rT~| Pagea discoloured, stained or foxed/ □ Pages detached/ Pages r~~l Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ fyl Includes supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ Thi poi ofl flin Ori be| the sioi oth firs sioi or The aha TIN whi Mai diff enti beg righ reqi met Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possiblo image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., cnt M film6es A nouveau de fapon A obtenir la mailleure image possible. This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X lex 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmad here hat b««n roproducad thanks to the ganarosity of: Douglas Library Quean's University The images appearing here are the best quaiity possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract cpecifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated Impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. l\Aaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grAce i la gAnArositA da: Douglas Library Queen's University Les images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at da la nettetA de I'exemplaire filmA, et en conformitA avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sont filmAs en commen9ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la darnlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmAs en commen^ant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la darnlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les catt«4, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cllchA. il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcesssire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 51% CANADA. 7"WWf»" »r,-«2. QUEBEC : AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS. m I QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY LIBRARY KINGSTON, ONTARIO CANADA OUEBECi AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS, OH, A BRIEF HISTORY OP Tjl THE OLDEST CITY IN CANADA, FROM ITS FOUXDATIOX TO THE PBESKNT TIME, WITH A GUIDE FOR STRANGERS, * TO THE DIFFERENT PLACES OF INTEREST WITHIN THE CITY, AND ADJACENT THERETO. FZFTR EDITION. BY CHAS. ROaER. tO.j ItO., &0. PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETOR. 186.. L? / V\6 54.5.(1^R'( 11 • ■ . , ' f ^ * •■ J « i • • ^ PREFACE. The compiler of this little work offers no apology for its publication. He believ js, or rather, he knows that it is wanted, and that the residents as well as the visitors who are attracted to Quebec by its historic fame and its unequalled scenery, will find it well worth a perusal. Quebec is no ordinary or common-place city, for though like other large communities it carries on trade, commerce and manufactures ; cultivates arts, science and literature ; abounds in charities, and pro- fesses special regard to the amenities of social life, it claims particular attention as being a strikingly unique old place, the strong-hold of Canada, and, in fact, the key of the Province. Viewed from any one of its approaches, it impresses the stranger with the conviction of strength and permanency. The reader of American history on entering its gates, or wander- ing over its squares, ramparts and battle-fields, puts himself at once in communion with the illustrious dead. The achievements of daring mariners, the labours of self-sacrificing missionaries of the cross, and the conflicts of military heroes, who bled and died in the assault and defence of its walls, are here re-read with ten-fold interest. Then the lover of nature in her grandest and most rugged, as in her gentle and most smiling forms, will find in and around it an affluence of sublime and beautiful objects. The man 265156 Ti * THE PREFACE. of science too may be equally gratified, for here the great forces of nature and her secret alchymy may be studied with advantage. Quebec can never be a tame or insipid place, and with moderate opportunities for advancement, it must become one of the greatest cities of the new world in respect of learning, arts, com- merce and manufactures. That it i^ fast, though perhaps noiselessly, progressing towards industrial greatness, no one who looks at the continually increas- ing number of tall chimneys towering above the surrounding houses in the suburbs will doubt, and the time cannot be far distant when it v*dll move in this direction with greatly accelerated steps. The book, though not without interest to residents, is chiefly designed for visitors, who through its pages, will be directed to the most remarkable objects in the city and its environs. It has been too much the custom with travellers seeking for instructive, plea- surable and healthful recreation, to hurry through this old Cabinet of Curiosities in one or two days, when, in fact, they have hardly commenced to appre- ciate its contents, and, therefore, if by putting this little book in their hands they are induced hereafter to give it a more interested attention, the compiler will be abundantly rewarded for his labour of love. No special credit is claimed in the way of originality or arrangement of material, the author having freely availed himself of the works of previous writers, but he trusts that the contents will be found to be pertinent and accurate. Bvssell's House, QuebeCf May, 1867. ti CONTENTS. caM9t«r I. Former extent of British Dominion in America— Orowth of Canada and United Stateo—Effiaot of the Conquest of 1759 — Discovery of the St. Lawrence by Cartier— Foundation of Quebeo— ProipreM of the Colony — Champlain surrenders Canada to the English-— Ihe Country looked upon as worth- less, returned to France— Seminanrftad Convent estabUshed at Quebec— Massacre at SUlery — ^Flrst Bishop—^ Hoven- den Walker's fleet lost in the St. Lawrence — ^Population of Quebec— Visit of Professor Kalm — Appearance of Quebec and neighborhood in 1749— Present condition of the Forti- fications — Former and present appearance of the Harbour — ^Interior of a Conyent — Reception of a new Governor in 1749— Dog Carts— Shipbuilding— The Habitants— The Ladies of Quebec — ^And what is to follow. CThiqpter II. Bemarkable periods in Canadian History — ^Increase of Popula- tion — ^View from Durham Terrace — Consul Genoral An- drews on Quebec— General Wolfe and Admiral Saunders — British Fleet and Aimy opposite Quebec— The Bombard- ment — The Assault at Montmorency — Cook the Navigator — ^Wolfe and the Poet Gray— The Landing — ^Ascent to the Plains of Abraham— Battle of Quebec— Death of Wolfe and Monument — Death of Montcalm — Surrender of the Town — Sailing of the Fleet— Exultation of the English "at home" and m America. cniapter III. The Capitulation— The Cession to Great Britain— The Quebec Act— The American Revolution —Montgomery's Invasion • — General Arnold — ^Arnold's character — The Expedition through the Wilderness — ^The Order of March— A fatiguing Journey— The Flag-staff Mountain— ^ckness of the TVoops —Encampment on Lake Megantic — ^Descent of the Chau- di6re — ^Washington's Manifesto — ^Arrival at Point Levy — Crossing of the River — Arnold on Plains of Abraham — Arrival of Montgoiyery — ^The iSege — ^British Force in Quebec— The Assault— Skirmish at PriadeVille—FaM of Montgomery — Arnold's Attack — Sortie of the Garrison — Loss of the Americans — ^A Disinterment — ^Remarks on the Invasion— 1812. Vlll CONTENTS. Chapter IT. Tlio Rebellion—Attack upon Fort Maiden— The Temptation — Incidents of the Escape — The Alarm — The Accidents — ^An Encounter in Town— Houses of Refuge — ^Wrath of the Commandant— ^Theller's View of Quebec — ^The Conflagra- tions of May and J' School Burnt. ne, 1845 — ^The Government Riding Chapter T. A Drive— The Cemetery— Marine Hospital— "Chien B'Or"— Churches — Churches of England— Presbyterian Churches — Wesleyan, Congregational, and BaptLit Churches — St. Paulck's Church — ^Roman Catholic Cathedral — University of Laval— Water Works— The Music Hall— The Court House — Parliament House — ^Hotels — ^Literary Institutions — ^The ChaudiiSre — Lake St. Charles— St. Anne: Chapter TI. Pleasures of the Trip — The St. Lawrence and the watering places — Island of Orleans — Crane Island — ^Kamouraska — Cacouna — ^Entrance of the Saguenay — Price & Co— Lake St. John— The Crops— Mode of Travelling— The Perikoba — ^Russell's Report on the Saguenay Country, H- i I QUEBEC: AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS. CHAPTER I. Former «tlent of British Dominion ia America— Growth of C«nr"1» and United States— fifiect of the Conquest of 1759— Discovery of the St. Lawrence by Cartter— Foundation of Quebec — Progress of the Colony — Champlain surrenders Canada to the English — The Country, loo':ed upon as vrorthless, returned to France — Seminary and Convent estab- lished at Quebec — Massacre al Siilery — First Bishop— Sir Hovenden Walker's fleet lost in the St. Lawrence — Population of Quebec — Visit of Professor Kalm— Appearances of Quebec and neighbourhood in 1749 — Fredent condition of the Fortifications — Former and present ap- pearances of the Harbour — Interior of a Convent — Reception of a noAV Governor in 1749 — Dog Carts — Shipbuilding — The Habitants — The Ladies of Quebec — And what is to follow. A citv more famous in the annals of historv, or more picturesquely situated than Quebec, scarcely anywhere exists. Long the seat of French power in America, it passed in 1759, alt;»gether into the hands of the English, and with it all Canada, so that for a while. Great Britain held dominion over that vast extent of territory, from the mouth to the head waters of the St. Lawrence, and from the source of the Mis- sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico, — which already the Jesuit Fathers had studded with churches, and French Commanders had, if not wisely governed, at least judiciously fortified, — and over all that land which the pious zeal of the Pilgrim Fathers, had set- a2 I I CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. tied and improved, Dutch adventureia liad reclaimed from a wilderness, the London or South Virginia Com- pany had colonized, or which had been simply granted to some pet lord of a rather privileged king, as a proprietory government — a totality of empire in North America from Hudson's Bay to the mouths of the Mississippi. A few years, however, after this event, the old English Colonies of America obtained an independent existence, and Canada, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, remained to Great Britain, asylums for United Empire loyalists, and the cherished home of those whose peculiar institutions the British people had consented to protect and main- tain. Since then, Canada has rapidly advanced in wealth and population, and Quebec has grown with the Province to great importance as a military posi tion, and as a seaport and place of business. The comparative growth of Canada and the United States, since the former has been a Province of Great Britain and the latter a nation, may be gathered from the fact that immediately preceding that event, or in 1753, the English Colonies of New England, Connec- ticut, Nev/ York, the JerseyS; Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia containcid; with the 5,000 English inhabitants of Nova Scotia, 1,05 1,000, while the French Colonies of Canada and Louisiana contained only 52,000 people, 7,000 of whom were inhabitarLs of the latter. Immediately after the "inquest of Canada, and especially after the independence of the old English Colonies, the growth and advancemen'o of the Ifittevy compared with the progress in Canada, was very great. The conquest deprived Lower Canada of an accession of new people from Europe. It was a country inhabited by French- EPFr'';T OP THE CONQUEST. 3 men, under the protectorate of Great Britain, and besides the military, such Englishmen as resided at Quebec, Montreal, or Three Rivers, were only factors for the Liverpool or London merchants, and bore no closer relationship to the colonist than the English resident at Canton does to the Chinese. The thirteen United States, on the other hand, had all become, not personal proprietaries as Pennsylvania and Maryland were, not the property of peisonal proprietors, with the government and jurisdiction in the Grown, as in the Carolinas and Jerseys formerly, not plantations the property and government of which rested with the Crown, as in Virginia, New York, and New Hamp- shire, not a property in the people and their represen- tatives, the government being with the Grown, as in Massachusetts Bay, but the property and government in the freemen of the colony as it was in Rhode Island- and Connecticut. They had secured to themselves in 1783, that which Canada only obtained in 1840, and saw perfected, with some trifling exceptions, in 1853, a government wholly responsible to the people, and thereby a credit in the London Money Market, afford- ing the ability of making roads and canals, improving rivers . and harbours, and of bringing by artificial means, places when unimproved, a far way off, in close proximity to each other. It is impossible either for an Englishman or an American not to feel an interest in Quebec, long the the chief, and yet the most notable and curious city in Canada. The site of the city was first visited by Jacques Cartier, the celebrated navigator of St. Male, in France, who, in 1535, being in search of a north-west passage to China, entered the St. Lawrence and made his way mi: 4 QUEBEC FOUNDED. to Stadacona, a mere collection of Indian huts upon the river St. Charles^ below, and to the northward of the promontory on which Quebec now stands. Quebec was founded by Ghamplain in 1608, the agent of a company of merchants who had determined upon mak- ing settlements in Canada. On the 3rd July in that year, Ghamplain selected the base of the promontory of Gape Diamond as the site of a town ; erected huts for shelter ; established a magazine for stores and provi- sions, and formed barracks for the soldiery, not on the highest point of the headland but nearly on the site of the recently destroyed Parliament buildings. Hav- ing afterwards surveyed the lake which bears his name, Ghamplain returned to France to obtain more money and more men, and found a partner in the l)erson of the Gount de Soisson who had been appointed Governor of the new country. De Soisson, however, soon after receiving his appointment died, and the Vice royalty of Ganada was conferred upon the Prince de Gonde, through whose influence Ghamplain was again enabled to sail for Ganada, with some Roman Gatholic Missionaries, who on their arrival, set themselves vigorously to the work of chris- tianizing the heathen. Indeed, churches were soon established from the head waters of the Sagueuay to Lake Nepissim. In 1621, the first European was born at Quebec, now a fortified town, and there were more than fifty Europeans in New France ! Six years later, eighteen Huguenots or French protestants were brought to Quebec by Dti Gaen'; but Gardinal Richelieu immediately afterwards established the "Hundred Associates," not only to colonize New France, but amply to supply the colonists with necessaries, to send a large number of I ' SEMINARY. clergymen, to be supported by the Associates for fifteen years, and to have glebe or reserved lands assigned to them for sufficient future support. This latter plan of settlement was, however, roughly interfered with by the declaration by England of war against France in 1628, when Sir David Kirk pro- ceeded to the St. Lawrence, burned the Village of Tadousac, and obtained from Champlain the surrender of the Fort of Quebec, carrying with him to England all the European inhabitants of Canada. In 1631, Champlain was re-appointed Governor of Canada, the country being considered worthless by the people of England ; and colonization was systematically undertaken by the Jesuits. After the death of Champlain, which occurred in 1635, the Seminary was founded at Quebec, and the Ursuline Nunnery established through the instrumentality of the Duchess d'Aiguillon. Next year a very melancholy affair oc- curred at Sillery, which is situated about four miles above Quebec, on the north bank of the St. Law. rence. Four hundred Huron families, men, women and children, were massacred by thfe Iroquois, during service in the church. The French were at this period literally confined at Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal; but, nevertheless, made considerable pro- gress. In 1659, the Bishop of Petrea arrived at Quebec, to prebide over the Catholic Church, and was appointed to the See of Quebec by Pope Clement X, in 1664. Francois de Laval united the Seminary of Quebec with that of Du Bac, in Paris, in 1796, and did Ills best for the spread of education, and not a little for the extension of religion, by obtaining four hundred additional soldiers from France for the Garrison of Quebec, to keep the natives iti order. Soon after these ^w-«^^'; EARTHQUAKE — POPULATION. i I ! i i I ! ' I ii * events a rather fabulous earthquake occurred, which filled Quebec with terror, and which is carefully narrated by Charlevoix ; and two years after that occurrence, a Monsieur JoUyet accompanied the R6v6rend Pere Marquette to the Mississippi, the mouths of which river La Salle afterwards discovered. In 1710, New England, being plagued by the Canadians, who allowed their Indians to perpetrate unheard of atrocities, resolved to defend herself, and asked Queen Anne for assistance. It was intended to send an expe- dition from Boston to attack Quebec. Sir Hovenden Walker, accordingly, sailed for Boston, and there being manned and provisioned by the colonists, sailed for the St. Lawrence, where the fleet was nearly wholly destroyed. About midnight, on the 22nd of August, a part of the fleet was driven among islands and rocks on the north shore, eight or nine transports were cast away, and nearly 1,000 soldiers were drowned, the consequence being that the intended attack upon Quebec was abandoned. Quebec had now 7,000 inhabi- tants, and the banks below the city were laid out in seigniories, the farms being tolerably well cultivated. Professor Kalm, of Aobo, in Swedish Findland, visited Quebec, in August, 1749, and gives a very interesting account of the then condition and appear- ance of the town and its surroundings. Speaking of the St. Lawrence, he says : — " The river has always ((been a very good defence for the country. An (( enemy, and one that is not acquainted with it, cannot « go upwards, without behig ruined ; for in the neigh- (( borhood of Quebec^ it abounds with hidden rocks, and (( has strong currents in some places, which oblige the (( ships to make many windings." And after alluding to the supposed origin of the name " Quebec," from 11 »>%..«'■ PROFESSOR KALM's VISIT. 7 the Norman " Quel-bec ? " what a promontory or beak, or from the Indian word Quebego — How narrow ? expressive of the sudden narrowness of the river^ Professor Kalm says : " The prospect near .Quebec is « very lively from the river. The town lies very high, « and all the churches, and other buildings appear (every conspicuous. The ships in the river below « ornament the landscape on that side. The powder « magazine, which stands on the summit of the moun- « tain on which the town is built, towers above all « the other buildings.)) «The country we passed by afforded a no less « charaiing sight. The river St. Lawrence flows nearly « from south to north here ; on both sides of it are « cultivated fields, but more on the west side than on « the east side. The hills on both shoici are steep and « high. A number of fine hills separated fvom each « other, large fields whicl. 1. oked quite white fro i « the corn with which they are covered, and excellent « woods of deciduous trees made the country around « look very pleasant. Now and then we saw a church « of stone, and in several places brooks fell from the « hills into the river. Where the brooks are con- « siderable, there they have made saw mills and water « mills. » « After rowing for the space of a French mile and a « half, we come to the Isle of Orleans which is a large « island, near seven French miles and a half long, and « almost two of those miles broad, in the widest part. « It lies in the middle of the river St. Lawrence, is « very high, has steep and very woody shores. There « are some places without trees, which have farm « houses below, quite close to the shore. The isle itself is well cultivated, and within but five houses of stone ..^ 8 PROFESSOR KALM's VISIT « large cornfields, meadows, pastures, woods of de- « ciduous trees, and some churches, built of stone, are « to be seen on it. » Mr. Kalm visits Bay St. Paul, and with the e^e of science examines the earth. He conjectures that all the flat ground at St. Paul was formerly the bottom of a river, as a great part of the plants which are to be met with, are marine, such as glass wort, sea-milk wort, and seaside pease ; but when he asked the in- habitants whether they found shells in the ground by digging for wells, they always answered in the nega- tive. He received the same answer from those who lived in the low fields, directly north of Quebec. Now the worthy and learned professor had been ill in- formed, as from the Montmorency to nearly the source of the St. Charles, there is now to be seen layer upon layer of such shells, to the great astonishment of every stranger at all geologically interested either by study or by profession. At Mount Lilac, in Beau- port, and at Marl Farm, in Lorette, marine shells are obtainable in cartloads. Kalm more particularly describes the town of Que- bec thus : — ^The chief city of Canada lies on the western shore of the river St. Lawrence, close to the water's edge, on a neck of land bounded by that river on the east side, and by the river St. Charles on the north side ; the mountain on which the town is built, rises still higher on the south side, and behind it begin great pastures ; and the mountain likewise extends a good way westward. The city is distinguished into the Lower and the Upper. The lower lies on the river eastward of the upper. The neck of land mentioned before, was formed by the dirt and filth, which had from time to time been accumulated there and by a TO QUEBEC IN 1749. — THE PALACE. 9 rock which lay that way, not by any gradual diminu- tion of the water. The upper city lies above the other on a high hill, and takes up flve or six times the space of the lower, though it is not quite so populous. The mountain on which the upper city is situated, reaches above the houses of the lower city. Notwithstanding, the latter are three or four stories high, a.d the view, from the palace, of the lower city, (part of which is immediately under it,', is enough to cause swimming of the head. There is only one easy way of getting to the upper city, and there part of the mountain has been blown up. The road is very steep notwithstanding it is winding and serpentine. However they go up and down it in carriages and with waggons. All the other roads up the mountain are so steep that it is very diflTicult to climb to the top of them. Most of the mer- chants live in the lower city where the houses are built very close together. The streets in it are narrow, very rugged, and almost always wet. There is like- wise a church and a small marketplace. The upper city is inhabited by people of quality, by several per- sons belonging to the different officers, by tradesmen, and others. In this part are the chief buildings of the town, Wong which the following are worthy of par-- ticular notice. I. The Palace is situated on the west or steepest side of the mountain, just above the lower city. It is not properly a palace, but a large building of stone, two stories high, extending north and south. On the west side of it is a courtyard, surrounded partly with a wall and partly with houses. On the east side, or towards the river is a gallery as long as the whole building, and about two fathoms broad, paved with smooth flags, and inclosed on the outsides by iron rails, ,»rf' 10 THE CHUnCH£S. i! I ■1' from whence the city and the river exhibit a charming prospect The gallery serves as a very agreable walk after dinner, and those who come to speak with the Governor General wait here till he is at leasure. The palace is the lodging of the Governor General of Canada, and a number of soldiers mount the guard before it, both at the gate and in the courtyard ; and when the Governor, or the Bishop, comes in or goes out, they must all appear in arms and beat the drum. The Governor General has his own chapel where he heirs prayers ; however, he often goes to mass at the church of the RecoUets^ {a, kind of Franciscan Friars, called Ordo Sti. Francisci strictioris observantiodj) which is very near the palace. II. The Churches in this town are seven or eight in number, and all built of stone. The Cathedral Church is on the right hand, coming from the lower to the upper city, somewhat beyond the Bishop's house. The people are at present em- ployed in ornamenting it. On its next side is a round steeple, with two divisions, in the lower of which are some bells. The pulpit and some other part within the church are gilt The seats are very fine. The Jesuits' Church is built in the form of a cross, and has a round steeple. This is the only church that has a clock, and I shall mention it more particularly below. The Recollets' Church is opposite . the Gate of the Palace, on the west side, looks well, and has a pretty high pointed steeple, with a division below for the bells. The Church of the Ursulines has a round spire. The Church of the Hospital. The Bishop's Chapel. IB SlSlflNAIRE. 11 The Church in the Lower Gty was built in 1690, after the town had been deUvered from the English and is called Notre Dame de la Victoire. It has a small steeple in the middle of the roof, square at the bottom, and round at the top. The little chapel of the Governor General may like- wise be ranked among the churches. III. Thb Bishop's house is the first, on the right hand, coming from the Lower to the Upper Town. It is a fine large building, surrounded by an extensive court-yard and kitchen-garden on one side, and by a ^ wall on the other. IV. The College of the Jesuits, which I will describe more particularly. It has a much more noble appeai- ance, in regard to its size and architecture, than the palace itself, and would be proper for a palace if it had a more advantageous situation. It is about four times as large as the palace, and is the finest building in the town. It stands on the north side of a market, on the south side of which is the Cathedral. V. The House of the Recollets lies to the west, near the palace and directly over against it, and consists of a spacious building, with a long orchard, and kitchen- garden. The house is two stories high. In each story is a narrow gallery with rooms and halls on one or both sides. VI. The HoTEL-DiEu, where the sick are taken care of, shall be described in the sequel. The nuns that serve the sick, are of the Augustine Order. VII. The house of the Clergy, Le Seminmre^ is a large building, on the north-east side of the Cathe- dral. Here is on one side a spacious court, and on the other, towards the river, a great orchard, and kitchen- garden. Of all the buildings in the town, none has .^ f\ I i I ' ■ 1 ' 12 intendant's house. 80 fine a prospect as that in the garden belonging to this house, which lies on the high shore and looks a good way down the river. The Jesuits, on the other hand, have the worst, and hardly any prospect at all from their college ; nor have the RecoUets any fine view from their house. In this building all the clergy of Quebec lodge with their Superior. They have large pieces of land in several parts of Canada, pre- sented to them by the Government, from which they derive a plentiful income. , VIII. The Convent of the Ursuline Nuns shall be mentioned in the sequel. These are all the chief buildings in the town, but to the northwest, just before the town, is : IX. The house of the Intendant, a public building, whose size makes it fit for a palace. It is covered with tin, and stands in a second lower town, situated northward upon the River St Charles. It has a large and fine garden on its north side (now the Govern- ment wood-yard). In this house all the deliberations concerning the Province are held ; and the gentlemen who have the management of the Police and the civil power, meet here, and the Intendant generally pre- sides. In affairs of great consequence, the Governor General is likewise here. On one side of this house is the store-house of the Crown, and on the other the prison. With the exception of the Bishop's palace to the right of Prescott Gate, and on which the ruins of the Parliament buildings built in 1852, and destroyed by fire in the spring of 1854, now stand ; the house of the Intendant, the remains of which were swept over by the great fire of 1845, which destroyed the whole of the suburb of St. Roch ; the Church and residence of THE HOUSES. 13 the Recolets, on the ruins of which stand the present Cathedral of the Church of England and the Court House ; and the palace of the Governor General or Chateau SL Louis, destroyed by fire on the 33rd January, 1834, when occupied by the Governor in Chief, General Lord Aylmer, all the churches, chapels, and public buildings, so minutely described by Pro- fessor Kalm, are still extant, and, with the exception of the Jesuits' College now occupied as a barracks by the Queen's troops, still devoted to the purposes for which, before the conquest, they were intended. It is interesting to know how Quebec, in other raspects, appeared a hundred and seven years ago, and Professor Kalm tells us. « Most of the houses, he says, are built of stone, andjn the upper city, they are generally but one story high, the public buildings excepted. I saw a few wooden houses in the town, but they must not be rebuilt, when decayed. The houses and churches in the city are not built of bricks, but of the black lime slates of which the mountain consists, whereon Quebec stands. « When these lime slates are broken at a good depth in the mountain, they look very compact at first, and appear to have no shivers, or lamcllx^ at all, but after being exposed a while to the air, they separate into thin leaves. These slates are soft, and, easily cut ; and the city walls, togetfier with the garden walls, consist chiefly of them. The roofs of the public buildings are covered with conunon slates, which are brought from France, because there are none in Canada, (a mistake by the way, as has since been discovered.) « The slated roofs have for years withstood the changes of air and weather, without suffeWng any b2 .U*' IP' ! ! 14 THE tTRtETS. damage. The private houses have roofs or hoards, which ai-e laid parallel to the spars, and sometimes to the eaves; or sometimes obliquely. The corners of houses are made of grey small gfained lime stone which has a strong smell, like the stinkstone (nitnim suUhirn^ or lapis suilhis prismaticus, and the windows are generally encased with it. The outside of the houses are generally whitewashed. The windows are placed on the inner side of the walls ; for they have sometimes double windows in winter. The middle roof has two, or at most three spars, covered with boards only. The rooms are warmed in winter by small iron stoves, which are removed in summer. The fioors are very dirty in every house^ and have the appearance of being cleaned but once every year ! « The Powder Magazine stands on the summit of the mountain on which the city is built, and south ward of the palace. « The streets in the upper city have a sufficient breadth, but are very rugged, on account of the rock on which it lies ; and this renders them very disa- greeable to foot passengers and carriages. The black lime stones basset out and project everywhere into sharp angles, and are very crooked. «The many great orchards and kitchen gardens, near the house of the Jesuits, and other public and private buildings, make the town appear very large though the number of houses it contains is not very considerable. Its extent from south to north is said to be about six hundred toises, and from the shore of the rivti "'ong the lower town, to the western wall, between three hundred and fifty and four hundred toises. It must bo observed that this space is not yet wholly inhabited ; fo^ on the west and south sides, hlilr i FORTIFICATIONS. 15 along the town walls, are large pieces of land without any buildings on them, and destined to be built upon in future times, when tfie number of inhabitants will be increased in Quebec. « The town is surrounded on all sides by a high wall, and especially towards the land. It was not quite completed when I was there, and they were very busy in finishing it. It is built of the -above mentioned black lime slate, and of a dark grey sand- ^ stone. For the corners of the gates they have em- ployed a grey lime stone. They have not made any walls towards the water side, but nature seems to have worked for them, by placing a rock there, which it is impossible to ascend. All the rising land there- about, is likewise so well plant 3d with cannon, that it seems impossible for an enemy's ships or boats to come to the town, without running into imminent danger of being sunk. On the land side the town is likewise guarded by high mountains, so that nature and art have combined to fortify it. » So says the professor. The same French vvalls which were then building still exist, the same scarp and counterscap, with some addition made in Sir James Craig's time outside of Lewis gate, while on the summit of the mountain, where stood the Powder Magazine in 1749, stands one of the most solid, inge- nious, and impregnable of modern fortifications in the world — the Citadel of Quebec. Indeed, the whole town is now most strongly fortified and heavily armed. In front of the Seminary garden, where a street of buildings, 80 or 90 feet in height, are at present erecting for Laval University, the Seminary established by Fran(;ois de Laval, Bishop of Petrca, having been raised to the dignity of a University by Queen Victona in ,.v^' nil' 16 THE GUKS. I r iliii ,r:; ^^"11 1854, there is a grand battery of thirty-two pounders, on iron traversing platforms, a curtain of the largest sized niorta#s, sixty-eight pounders in half moons, and carronades at the angle, facing the mouth of the St. Charles. On the north side upon the steep over the Palais, there are block houses at the gates, half moons of thirty-two pounders on traversing platforms at intervals, and bastions literally loaded with long heavy guns, supported by bomb proof magazines, ready for service, situated immediately in rear; the Artillery barracks above St. Rocks, are studded with gunports, and the ramparts, curtains, and bastions facing the Glacis of Gallowi; Hill grin with long heavy guns, while down and up St. John and St. Lewis streets, carronades are pointed so as completely to sweep them, if need be, and the ditches of the old French line of works newly and strongly faced with the mosts durable cut stone are protected by thirty two pounders and even heavier guns without number. The Bishop, whose See was in Quebec, was then the only Bishop in Canada (now, in 1857, there are eight or nine, an Archibishop and a Bishop Coadjutor in Quebec, a Bishop in Three Rivers, a Bishop and Coadjutor in Montreal, a Bishop in By town, a Bishop in Kingston, and a Bishop in Toronto,) and his diocese extended to Louisiana, in»the Mexican Gulf northward, and to the south seas westward. When Mr. Kalni visited Quebec, it was the seaport and trading town in l\1 Canada. There were thirteen great and small vessels in the harbour, and « they expected more in.)) But no other than French ships could come into the harbour. Now, Russian, Prussian, Norwegian, Bremen, Portuguese, French, Anierican and Biitish Hags can Ikitter and have llutlered to the THE HARBOUR. 17 iniericau breeze together in the harbour of Quebec ; and only two years ago there was in the port, a French bark from St. Malo, the birth place of Jacques Cartier, the discoverer of Canada, and His MajesLy the Emperor of the French's Corvette the Capricieuse lay under the guns of the citadel, for more than a month, while her commander, the Capitaine de Belveze, made a tour through the country, everywhere meeting with that kind attention, which was extended by the French Governors and their officials, to distinguished strangers in the days of Kalm. Nay, American vessels of war have passed from the great lakes through the St. Lawrence canals to the ocean, their olficers being feted by the garrison, while the ships lay opposite the town making necessary repairs for sea. Times have much changed since then. Quebec, yet as beautiful and imposing as she ever was, does business with the whole world, dealing not in peltries only, but in every possible description of goods, wares, and merchandize. Instead of thirteen groat and small vessels being only to be seen opposite the city, three or four hundred crafts, many of which are upwards of 2,000 tons, may be seen during the business session so thickly packed together in the stream as to form almost a floating, or rather a number of floating bridges, from one side of the river to the other : — steamships from the ocean, floating steam palaces lor river, navigation, and propellers from the inland seas of the Far West — the soundof the railway whistle heard above the roar of tliu mid-day gun. The Swedish professor was permitted by the Bishop to visit the largest Nunnery in Quebec, at the solicitation of the Governor General. « The cells of the nuns, he says, arc in the highest store, on both sides of the 18 A NUNNERY. gallery, and are but small, not painted in the inside, but hung with small pictures of saints, and of our Saviour on the cross. A bed with curtains and good bed clothes, a little naiTOw desk, and a chair or two, is the whole furniture of a cell. They have fires in winter, and the nuns are forced 'to lie in the cold cells. On the gallery is a stove which is heated in winter, and as all the rooms are left open, some warmth can by this means come into them. In the middle story are the rooms where they pass tlie day together. One of these is the room where they are at work ; and has an iron stove. Here, they were at their needle- work, embroi- dering, gilding, and making flowers of silk, which bear a great similarity to the natural ones. In a word, they were all employed in such nice works, as were suitable to ladies of their rank in life. In another hall they assemble to hold their juntos. Another apartment con- tains those who are indisposed ; but su^h as are dange- rously ill, have rooms to themselves. The novices and new comers are taught in another hall. Another is destined for the refectory, or dining room, in whicli are tables on all sides; on one side of it is a small desk, on which is laid a French book, concerning the life of those saints who are mentioned in the New Testament. When they dine, all are silent, onp of the eldest gets into the desk, and reads a part of the book before mentioned ; and when they are gone through it, they read some other religious book. During the meal they sit on that side of the table which is turned towards the wall. Almost in every room is a gilt table, on which are placed candles, together with the picture of Our Savioui' on the cross, and of some saints : before these tables they say their pr.i vers. On one side is the church, and near it is a large gallery, divided from the 1 V THE RECEPTION OF A GOVERNOR IN 1749. 19 church by rails, so that the nuns could only look into it. In this gallery they remain during divine service, and the clergyman is in church, where the nuns reach him his sacerdotal robes through a hole, for they are not allowed to go into the same vestry, and to be in the same room with the priest. This convent contains about fifty nuns, most of them advanced in years. « The hospital makes a part of the convent. It con- sists of two large halls,, and some rooms near the apothecary's shop. In the hall are two rows of beds on each side, within each other. The beds next to the wall are furnished with curtains, the outer oii3s are without them. In each bed are flue bed clothes with clean double sheets. » Those gentlemen, who came to Quebec from Bos ton and New York, on an international visit in 1850 or 1851, when they were attended by the Mayor and City Council, and shown through the Citadel and Hotel Dieu, will recognize, in regard to the latter, the accuracy of Kalm's description. The reception of a Governor in the time of the French, was marvellously like similar receptions at the present time. « At half an hout after eight, says Kalm, the new Governor General went from the ship into a barge, covered with red cloth, upon which a signal with canons was given from the ramparts ; ^'or all the bells in the town to be set a ringing. All the people of distinction went down to the shore to salute the Governor, who, on alighting from the barge was received by (the former Governor) the Marquis de la Gallisoniere. After they had saluted each other, the Commandant of the town addressed the new Governor General in a very elegant speech, which he answered very concisely ; after which all the cannons on the » it %. .^(P m THE RECEPTION OF A GOVERNOR IN 1749. ramparts gave a general salute. The whole street, up to the cathedal, was lined with men in arms, chiefly drawn out from among the burgesses. The Governor General then walked towards the cathedral, dressed in a suit of red, with abundance of gold lace. His servants went before him in green, carrying fire-arms on theii shoulders. On his arrival at the cathedral, he was received by the Bishop of Canada, and the clergy asserabjed. The Bishop was arrayed in his pontifical robes, and a long gilt tiara on his head, and a great crozier of massive silver in his hands. After the Bishop had addressed a short speech to the Go- vernor General, a priest brought a silver crucifix on a long stick (two priests with lighted tapers on each side of it) to be kissed by the Govp^-nor. The bishop and the priests then went through the long walluup to the choir. The servants of the Governor General followed with their hats on, and arms on their shoulders. At last came the Governor General and his suite, and after them a crowd of people. At the beginning of the choir, the Governor General and the General de la Gallisoniere stopped before a chair covered with red cloth, and stood there during the whole time of the celebration of the mass, which was celebrated by the bishop himself. From the church he went to the palace, where the gentlemen of note in the town went to pay their respects to him. The religious of the different orders with their respec- tive superiors likewise came to him, to testify their joy on his happy arrival. Among the number that came to visit him, none staid to dine but those that were invited beforehand, among which I had the honour to be. The entertainment lasted very long, and was as elegant as the occasion required. nOG-CARTS — SHIP-BUILDING. 21 The Governor General, Marquis de la Jonquiere, was very tall and at that time something above sixty years old. He had fought a great naval battle with the English in the last war, but had been obliged to sur- render, the English being, as it was told, vastly supe- rior in the number of ships and men. On this occasion lie was wounded by a ball, which entered one side of his shoulders and came out at the other. He was very complaisant, but knew how to preserve his dignity when he bestowed favor. » DOG-CARTS. It is only very recently since the use of dogs in the City of Quebec, as beasts of burthen, was prohibited by the City Council. Even yet, some poor people are allowed to use them in drawing wood and water. When Kalm, visited Quebec, he saw two great dogs put before a little cart, one before the other. They had neat harness like horses, and bits in their mouths. In the cart was a barrei. The dogs were directed by a boy who ran behind the car^. As soon as the dogs came to the river, they jumped in of their own accord, and when the boy, had filled the barrel, the dogs drew , the burden up the hill again, to the house they be- longed to. I had spr»n them bring not only water, but wood, milk, and other things. SHIP-BUILDING. Quebec is now celebrated for the size, symmetry, and excellent sailing qualities of her ships. Forty or fifty vessels, varying from five hundred to two thousand tons burthen, are annually built here, be- sides steamers and small crafts. In 1748, shipbuilding was, considering the size of the place, rather exten- sively carried on. Even ships of war were built for li^' \ 22 THB HABITANTS. the French navy ; but an order had arrived from France prohibiting the further building of ships of war, except thos? which were ah*eady on the stocks ; be- cause they had found that the ships built of American oak did not last so long as those of European oak. The shipbuilders were compelled to bring their oak timber from those parts of Canada that bordered upon New England, because the oak near Quebec was found very small and unfit for use. That which was used was brought from the confines of New England, in floats or rafts on the rivers near those ports, and near the Lake SL Peter which fell into the great River St. Lawrence. THE HABITANTS. The common people in the country seemed to be very poor. They had the necessaries of life, but little else. They were content with meals of dry bread and water, bringing all other provisions, such as butter, cheese, flesh, poliltry, eggs, &c., to town in order to get money for them, with which they bought clothes and brandy for themselves, and dresses for their women; but notwithstanding their poverty, they always appeared cheerful and in high spirits. Even yet, the same may > be said of the habitants ; but there are many farmers in exceedingly comfortable circumstances, and nowhere in the country is squalid poverty to be met with. They are saving in their habits, but they are, generally speaking, well housed and clad. Between Montreal and Quebec, the coun- try people, on the whole, are in good circumstances, and live certainly much better than the peasants of most European countries, retaining, nevertheless many of the habits of their forefathers. Strangers visiting •/ M ! i' THE LADISS OF QUEBEC. 23 Lorette, the Falls of the Montmorenci, the Chaudifere, St. Foy, Ancienne Lorette, Charlesbourg, or any of the many beautifully situated villas in the neighbourhood of Quebec, will easily ascertain this for themselves. The example set them by immigrants from the United Kingdom, has not been altogether lost upon the habi- tants and the Railroads, now penetrating into their midst, will have the effect of adding to their stock of knowledge, and of arousing them to activity and enter- prise. He who would see yet some remains of French Canada, must take an early opportunity, not of visiting the modernized town of Quebec only, but the people as well as the remarkable and highly interesting places in its vicinity. THE FRENCH LADIES OF QUEBEC. The Quebec ladies are equal to the French in good breeding. At one time, they were in the habit of dressing their heads too assiduously, and they are as they were, rather fond of showy dresses and trinkets. The Swedish professor says of them : The Frenchmen, who considered things in their true light complained very much that a great part of the ladies in Canada had got into the pernicious custom of taking too much care of their dress, and squandering all their fortunes and more upon it, instead of sparing something for future times. « They are no less attentive to know the newest fashions ; and they laugh at each other, when they are not dressed to each other's fancy .» He adds, « The ladies at Quebec are not very industrious. A girl of eighteen is reckoned very poorly off, if she cannot enumerate at least twenty lovers. These young ladies, especially those of a higher rank, ^et up at seven and dress till nine, drinking their coffee at the same time. When they are dressed, they ,/' 24 WHAT NEXT. 'W\'\' m ,1 place themselves near a window that opens into the street, take up some needle work, and sew a stitch now and then ; but turn their eyes into the street most of the time. When a young fellow comes in, whether they are acquainted with him or not, they imme- diately set aside their work, sit down by him, and begin to chat, luugh, joke, and invent doubles enten- tes ; and this is reckoned very witty.» The Profes- sor is nearly as severe as the Honorable Amelia Murray with her « Quebec Muffins.)) The Professor, however, admits that the daughters of pet pie of all ranks, without exception, go to the market and carry home what they have bought, rise soon, and go to bed as late as any people in the town. He adds, and bear this in mind, «the girls of Montreal are very much displeased that those of Quebec get husbands sooner than they ! » Bidding adieu to the ladies, we may be iBxcused for drawing attention lO what others, since Kalm, have said of Q uebec, afterwards we shall describe the battle of Quebec; the siege of Quebec by the American General Montgomery ; the state of Quebec during the Rebellion in connection with the almost miraculous escape of Theller and Dodge from the Citadel; the nature, character, and number of objects worthy of being seen in Quebec as it is ; and the majestic sights, about and below the city, far surpassing anything of a similar nature elsewhere. CHAPTER II. Remarkable periods in Caaadian Uiatory— Inorea^ of Population— View from Durham Terrace— Consul General Andrews on Quebec — General Wolfe and Admiral Saunders — British Fleet and Army opposite Que- bec — The Bombnidment — The Assault at Montmorency — Cook, tho Navigator— 'Wolfe and the Poet Gray — The Landing — Assent to the Plains of Abraham — Battle of Quebec— Death of Wolfe and Monu- ment—Death of Montcalm — Surrender of the Town— Sailing of the Fleet— Exultation of the English «at home" and in America. There have been five remarkable periods when the affairs of Canada have engaged the attention of the British Parliament, viz: — 1774, after the Conquest; 1791, when the country was divided into two Provin- ces ; 1823, when the people of Lower Canada presented an Address, signed by 87,000 persons, complaining of the partial distribution of Patronage, the illegal appli cation of the public Money and of the Trade Act of the Imperial Parliament ; 1839, when rebellion had secured Responsible Government ; and in 1849, when the British inhabitants, aroused to anger by Lord Elgin's sanction of the Rebellion Losses Bill, burned the Parliament buildings, and made a demand for a peaceable separation from the Mother Country. In 1774, Lower Canada contained only 80,000 inhabitants — 1,200 of whom only were British, Upper Canada being a wilderness. In 1791, lower Canada contained 120,000 people, and Upper Canada 10,000; in 1822, Lower Canada had 450,000 inhabitants, and Upper Canada 130,000; in 1839, Lower Canada con- tained 700,000 souls, and Upper Canada nearly 500,000, 26 INCREASE OF POPULATION while in 1851, Ijower Canada had 890,261 inha- bitants, and Upper Canada 952,004— in all, 1,842,- 265, the City ol Quebec alone containing 42,000 souls, or nearly as many persons as there were in the whole country when it was ceded to great Britain. — The increase has been chiefly in the newly settled Townships of Lower Canada, and in that part of the Province which remained a wilderness long after Quebec had become celebrated in history. Quebec has grown and continues to grow wonderfully ; but its growth has been impeded by the increase and foun- dation of other towns. The external tnde of the Province is no longer confined to a few Rochelle merchants, who had their warehouses and factors at Quebec ; but is shared by other towns, having extensive back countries, and which, obtaining their imports direct, export in the same manner. Quebec has not, however, as some imagine, been injured by this progress. The only convenient seaport for the largest sized ships, her increase of population will be more rapid in the future than it has been in the past As the land becomes fully settled in the noighborlifid of Toronto, and such other places as have daul'led their previous population in ten years, the growth of Quebec will certainly not be slower than that ot towns having neither her advantages as a seaport, nor her facilities for manufactures, a town yet retaining and likely to retain mucu of her ancient picturesque- ness, while gradually stretching herself from the Church of Notre Dame de la Victoire, in the Lower Town, to Sillery, on the one side, and from the Heights of Abraham, across the River St. Charles, to the Flats of Beauport, on the other. Quebec is worthy of a visit from the intelligent stranger as much t VIEW FROM DURHAM TERRACE. 27 for what she is, as for what she has been. It is not only that a view, the most magnificent on which man ever gazed, is to be had from Durham Terrace — the eye bringing together smiling fields, and the intermi- nable primeval forest, the impregnable fortress, and the signs of peaceful industry — grouping^ to use the language of Warburton, mountain and plain, sinuous river and broad tranquil waters, stately ship and tiny boat, gentle hill and shady valley, bold headland and rich fruitful fields, frowning battlement and cheerful villa, glittering dome and rural spire, flowery garden and sombre forest. — Nor that she is the city from which Champlain designed to save souls, the salvation of one of which was, in his opinion, of more value than the conquest of an empire, and upon which his Most Christian Majesty designed to raise another France to contend with, and keep the increasing wealth and power of England in check ; but because of her position as a place of business. No intelligent stranger can view the number of ships contained in the Port of Quebec, moored at the wharves, at anchor in the stream, or taking in timber at the coves, during the season of navigation, without being struck with the importance of the situation — and in connection with liresent and future railroads and ocean steamships, without arriving at some idea of the ultimate great- ness of that city, purchased by England with the blood of Wolfe, for the extension of her Anglo-Saxon and Celtic races, her laws and institutions, her manners and her customs, modified by place and circum- stances. Mr. Israel D. Andrews, Consul of the United States for Canada and New Brunswick, thus speaks of the JIarbour of Quebec : — «The Harbour of Quebec is not •■c-' 28 ANDREWS ON THE HARBOUR. ilijij j eliiiM Ell ' IN unlike that of New York, the Island of Orleans serves as a barrier from the north-east sea, and like Long Island, affording two channels of approach. A portage of about fifteen miles on both sides of the river not only affords the necessary wharves, but coves of sufli- cient magnitude to float some thirty or forty millions of cubic feet of deals, besides staves, lathwood, &c. A. fresh water tide, rising eighteen feet at ' springs,' offers no impediment to the shipment of timber the great business of the port, the vessels so engaged being anchored in the stream (which affords good holding ground) where the cargoes are floated to them at every tide.)) It was into this Harbour that Admiral Saunders, on the 26th June, 1759, with a large fleet entered. He had with him the army of a man, whom the able American historian Bancroft thus describes : « His nature, at once affectionate and aspiring, mingled the kindliest gentleness with an impetuous courage, which was never exhausted or appalled. He loved letters, and wrote well ; he had studied the science of war profoundly, joining to experience a creative mind ; and the vehement passion for immortal glory overcame his motives to repose.)) That man was General Wolfe. The army consisted of eight regiments, two battalions of Royal Americans, three companies of Rangers, Artillery, and a brigade of Engineers, in all about eight thousand men : the fleet under Saunders had two and twenty ships of the line, and as many frigatcb and armed vessels ; on board of one of the ships being Jervis, afterwards Earl St. Vincent, and as master of another, James Cook, the navigator, who was destined to explore and reveal the unknown paths and thousand Isles of the Pacific. The great s WOLFE AND THE FLEET. 29 Pitt had resolved that the boundless north of the Ame- rican continent should be a conquest for his country and without regard to seniority of rank, he selected such officers for his purpose as seemed best qualified to carry it out. Wolfe had done high service at Minden and Louisbourg, and the Government of Great Britain had the fullest confidence in his energy and capacity. The fleet had scarce anchored in the basin opposite the town before Wolfe took possession of the Island of Orleans, and occupied Point Levy with a detachment. His prospects were not however encouraging. His- able opponent, Montcalm, had en- trenched the western or rather southern bank of the Montniorency, and had thrown up many redoubts be- tween that river and the St. Charles. The stronghold on the promontory of Gape Diamond bristled with cannon ; the population was bitterly hostile ; every man that could bear arms was in actual service, none but old men, women, and children being left to labor in the fields. Above the city steep banks rendered landing almost impossible. Montcalm, to protect the guardian Citadel of New France, hud of regular troops no more than six wasted battalions, but the Canadian militia gave him the superiority in numbers and for nine miles or more above the city, as far as Cape Rouge, every landing place was entrenched and protected. The French, during a furious storm of wind, sent dov^^n fire ships among the English sliip- piiig, which being towed clear of the fleet did no harm, and in the night of the 29th of June, Wolfe being master of the river, ordered Monckton, who commanded the Brigade of Grenadiers, to Point Levy, where he constructed batteries of mortars and cannon, and bombarded uic town, — batteries, the remains of c 30 THE BOMBARDMENT. which can now scarcely be traced in the rising and prosx)erous village which, in a few years, will ba looked upon as a suburb of Quebec. By the dis- charge of red hot balls and shells, fifty houses were set on fire in a night, and soon the lower town was demolished, and the upper seriously injured. The cita(Jel was however beyond their reach, and every avenue from the river to the cliff was too strongly en- trenched for an assault. No real progress had as yet been made, and Wolfe naturally very sensitive, fret- ted about the matter. He was eager for a battle; eager for anything that would relieve him from wbat, at a distance, might be looked upon as inactivity. He reconnoitered the Montmorency, saw that the eastern bank was higher than that opposite occupied by Montcalm, landed aixd encamped, but there was no way of pressing a stream which though not wide boiled impetuously over rocks, whirled in eddies, or precipitated itself down rapids. Three miles higher up there was a ford, but the bank opposite was steep, thickly wooded, and it had been carefully intrenched. He embarked his men again, and next with Admiral Saunders examined the shore above the town. Sailing along the well defended bank, from the Montmorency to the St. Charles, he passed the deep and spacious harbour, which at four hundred miles from the sea can shelter a hundred ships of the line, and marked the outline of the precipitous cliffs of Gape Diamond. Everywhere he beheld a natural fastness, vigilantly defended, entrenchments, cannon, boats, and floating batteries guarding every access.* There appeared to bo no chance of effecting a landing anywhere. * tiancruil. ASSAULT AT MONTiMOIlENCY. 31 Meantime, at mid-night, on the twenty-eighth of July, the French sent down another raft of fire ships, which did no more harm than those sent down a month before. Wolfe returned to Montmorency, resolved on an engagement there, at whatever risk. Immediately below the Falls of that river, which flow over a perpendicular rock, two hundred and fifty feet high, amidst clouds of spray and rainbow glories, there is a ford at low water near the junction of the Montmorency with the St. Lawrence, and it was planned that two brigades should pass the ford at the proper time of the tide, while Monckton's regiments should cross the St. Lawrence from Point Levy at slack tide. The signal was made, the boats crossed from Point Levy, and Wolfe selected a landing place ; but some of the boats from Point Levy grounded upon a ledge of rocks that runs out into the river, and while they were being got off the enemy kept up rm incessant fire ^f shot and shells. Nevertheless the attack was begun. Thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and two hundred of the second battalion Oa the Royal Americans, getting first ashore, ran hastily towards the entrenchments, and were repulsed in such disorder that they could rot again form into line, though Monckton's regiments had arrived and had formed with the coolness of invincible valor. A storm was approaching, night, was near, and the tide was rapidly rising when Wolfe considered it expedient to retreat, after four hundred lives had been lost. This hap- pened on the last day of July. Soon after Brigadier Murray was sent with twelve hundred men above the town to destroy the French ships and open a commu- nication with General Amherst who, at the head of a large force, was expected to invade Canada by way of ,<^'" 32 ILLNESS OF WOLBE. fi!!'!! i|if Quebec, to whom the Picture of Qnelxsc, publi^hed by Mr. Hawkms, in 1834, is in- debted for much of itfl historical value. The late Andrew Stuart, Esquire, contributed very much of historical value to Hawkins' Picture of Quebec 34 THE LANDING. — ^THE PLAINS OF ABllAHAM. iFiii m Pi I K I liiiri ii I 111 I II' 'i midnight, Wolfe with Monckton and Murray, and about half the forces, set off in boats, and without sail or oars, glided down the river with the tide, followed by the ships, having previously issued a « General Order » from on board Her ^Majesty's ship Sutherland, giving an idea of his plan of attack, and of his arran- gements to secure the landing place after a landing had been effected. In three quarters of an hour the ships followed, and though the night had become dark, aided by the rapid ebb tide, they reached the cove, just in time to cover the landing. The troops leaped on shore. The light infantry, who foimd themselves borne by the current a little below the intrenched path, clam- bered lip the steep hill, staying themselves by the roots and boughs of the maple and spruce and ash trees that covered the precipitous declivity, and after a little firing dispersed the guard at the top, commanded by Captain DeVergor, when the rest ascended, without molestation, the pathway already alluded to. Only one light six-pounder gun was brought up the preci- pice by some English sailors ; a battery of other guns on the left was abandoned to Colonel Howe. When Townsend's division disembarked, the English had already gained one of the roads to Quebec, and advancing in front of the forest, Wolfe stood at day-break, with his invincible battalions, on the Plains of Abraham, the battle field of empire.* Montcalm was amazed bevond measure, when the news first reached him. He imagined that only a detachment had landed, done some mischief, and retreated. Bougainville's upward movement, while the English troops were going downwards, had not * BancroD, pnge 333, DATTLE OF QU^ BEC. 35 occurred to him. He was unwilling to believe in the possibility of a landing having been effected, for as far as a pitched battle was concerned, it was his weak side. He might have taken shelter behind the walls of Quebec, and it might have been found impos sible even for Wolfe to have carried the works. It is, besides, doubtful that any benefit would have accrued to the English from such a landing so late in the year had Montcalm done nothing but abandon his intrench- ments on the Montmorency and St. Charles, and have concentrated his whole strength in Quebec ; but Mont- calm did not do so. He at once prepared to attack Wolfe, and hope to be enabled to drive him into the river again before mid-day. It was with this latter, view that he hastily crossed the valley of St. Charles, and before ten in the forenoon, the two armies, one being composed of less than five thousand men stood opposite each other. The English were all regulars ; the French partly regulars, partly colonial corps, partly burghers of Quebec, and partly Indians. For nearly an hour the two armies cannonaded each other. Montcalm having the advantage of position, his army being posted in a crescent shape from what is now the St. Charles road, along the line of the present Martello towers. The French had three field pieces and the English only one. Montcalm sent messages for De Vaudreuil and Bougainville to come up ; but without waiting for their arrival, at last led the French army impetuously to the attack. *The French broken by their precipitation, and by the unevenness of the ground, fired by pla- toons, irregularly, while the English, especially the forty-third and forty.se venth, where Monckton stood, received the shock with calmness : and after having, at Wolfe's command, rsserved their fire till the enemy 1-: 1 36 DEATH OF WOL.FE. was within forty yards, their line began a regular, rapid, and exact discharge of musketry, Montcalm rushed from point to point, cheering by his example and encouraging by his presence his men, many of whom, unaccustomed to military discipline, could with difficulty be kept together. He was wounded, and his second in command, De Sennezergues, an associate in glory at Ticonderoga, had been killed. The Canadians at length, under a hot fire in the open field, began to waver, which Wolfe perceiving, placed himself at the head of the twenty-eighth, and the Louisbourg grenadiers, gave the word to charge, and the French fled before the British bayonet in wild dis- order. Colonel Guy Carleton was injured ; Wolfe's Adjutant General Barre, had lost an eye ; Wolfe him- self had been wounded in the wrist, and as he pushed forward with the grenadiers, received a second wound, and just as the fortune of the day wa# decided, a third ball struck him mortally in the breast, Monckton had been shot through the lungs. It was while in the agonies of death that Wolfe heard the cry of « they flee,)) and on being told that it was the French who fled, exclaimed, « now God be praised, I die happy.)) These were the last words of one concerning whom it is our boast, that ((Chatham's language was his mother tongue.)) At the early age of thirty-two Wolfe lay dead upon the battle field of the Plains of Abra- ham, where a Monument, containing the simple in- gcription, HERK, DIEP WOLFE, VICTORIOUS. a monument twice erected-'first by Lord Aylmer I III DEA.TH OF MONTCALM. ai when Governor in Chief, in 1835, which was carried away hy visitors, piecemeal; and secondly a more imposing and very chaste, fluted column, with the same inscription, erected at the suggestion of Sir Benjamin D'Urban, Commander of the Forces in 1849, by the Officers of the army in Canada, — may now be seen, and the battle field traced out as distinctly as a hundred years ago. Wolfe being dead, and Monckton wounded, the command of the English army devolved upon Towns hend, brave but not sagacious, and who when De Bougainville appeared in view, declined a contest with a fresh enemy. Montcalm was no more to turn such an incident to account. In attempting to rally a body of fugitive Canadians, in a copse near St. John's Gate, he was mortally wounded. Assured by his surgeon that he would survive for twelve hours, he called a Council of War, and showed that within that time, all the French troops near at hand might be concentrated, and the attack renewed before the English Avere in- trenched; and when De Ramsay who commanded the garrison, asked his advice about defending the city, he simply replied, « to your keeping I commend « the honour of France. As for me, I must pass the « night with God, and prepare myself for death.)) The day of battle had scarcely passed, when De Vaudreuil, who had no capacity for war, wrote to De Ramsay, at Quebec, not to wait for an assault, but, as soon as his provisions were exhausted, to hoist the white flag of surrender. On the 17th of September, De Ramsay capitulated. Montcalm died on the 14th of September, and was buried within the precincts of the Ursuline Convent. In 1835, His Excellency, General Lord Aylmer, Gov- c3 aiiTOL'' as MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTCALM. ernor-in-Gliief of Canada, caused a marble slab, having the following inscription : HONNEUR A MONTCALM ! Le destin ex lui dbrobant La Viotoirb, L'a recompense par Une Mort Gloribuse ! to be placed in the Orsuline Chapel, to the memory of this brave but unfortunate soldier, whose^ skull, by the way, was dug up ten or twelve years ago, and placeu in a glass case, where the curious in relics may see it by applying to the Chaplain of the convent. Lord Dalhousie, in 1827, raised an Obelisk in the Covernor's Garden, which is very conspicuously sit- uated under the Citadel, and not far from the site of the residence of the Governors General of New France, and of their successors, the English Governors-in- Ghief of Canada, to both the victor and the vanquished. It bears this inscription : Mortem, virtus, oommxtkem. Famam. Historu. Monumbntum. Posteritas. Dedit. and the reader who understands the Latin tongue is further informed by the following additional inscrip- tion, that this monument in honor of these illustrious meU' — Wolfe and Montcalm — was erected by George Earl of Dalhousie, Captain General of British North EXULTATION. 39 America,, on the 15th November, 1827, during the Reign of George IV : — HUJUSOB MONUMENTI IN VIRORUM ILLU8TUIUM, WOLFE BT MONTCALM, fundamentum, p. c. Georoius Comes de Dalhousib; In Skptentrionalis Aherio^ pabtibus SUMMAM ReRUM ADMINISTRANS ; Opus per mui^tos annos prabtbrmissum, Quid duci eorboio conventius? auotoritatb promovens, exemplo stimulans munificentia fovens Die Novembris XV. A. D. MDCCCXXVII., Georoio IV. Britanniarum Reoe. The remains of Wolfe were conveyed to England in the Royal William, an 84 gun ship ; and were buried there in a vault, in the parish Church of Greenwich, where his mother, Henrietta, who did not die until 1765, lie*, and also the remains of his father, the Hon- orafile Lieutenant-General Edward Wolfe, who, at the age of 74, had died only in the previous spring March, 1759. When Quebec fell, " America rang with exultation ; the hills glared with bonfires ; legislatures, the pulpit, the press echoed the general joy ; provinces and faiui- lies gave thanks to God. England too, which had shared the despondency of Wolfe, triumphed at his victory, and wept for his death. Joy, grief, curiosity, amazement, were on every countenance."* :i * Bancroft's History of the United States. II 11 f. If ill I ■ ii i; I ■' w 'm €hapti:r III. I'he Capitulation — The Cession to Great Britain — The Quebec Act— The American Kevolution— Montgomery's Invasion— <3eneral Arnold — Arnold's Character — The expedition through the wilderness — A fatigu- ing journey^The Flagslafi' Mountain — Sickness of the troops — Encampment oil Lake Megantic— Descent of the Chaudiere — Wash* ington's Manitesto->-Arrival at Point Levi— Crossing of the river — Arnold on the plains of Abraham — Arrival o( Montgomery— The Siege — British Forces in Quebec— The assault skirmish at Pris-de- Ville — Fall of Montgomery — Arnold's attack— Sortie of the Garrison— Loss of the Americans— A disinterment — Remarks on the Invasion— 1812. By the capitulation, whicii suffered the Garrison of Quebec to march out with honors of war, the inhabi- tants of the country were permitted the free exercise of their religion ; and afterwards in 1 774, the Roman Catholic Church establishment was recognized; and disputes concerning landed and real property were to be settled by the Coutume de Paris. In criminal cases only was the Law of England to apply. Admiral Saunders, with all the fleet, except two ships, sailed for England, on the 18th of October, Quebec being left to the care of General Murray and about 3,000 men. After the fleet had sailed, several attempts were made upon the British outposts at Point Levy, Cape Rouge and St. Foy, unsuccessfully. Win- ter came and the sufferings of the conquered were dreadful. The Eraser Highlanders wore their kilts notwithstanding the extreme cold, and provisions were so scarce and dear that many of the inhabitants died of starvation. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, the Governor . 1 THE CESSION TO GIIEAT BRITAIN. it General of His Most Christian Majesty, busied himself at Montreal with preparations for the recovery of Quebec in the Spring. In April he sent the General De Levi, with an army of 10,000 men to eft'ect that object. De Levi arrived within three miles of Quebec on the 28th, and defeated General Murray's force of 2,200 men imprudently sent to meet him. The city was again besieged, but this time by the French. Indeed it was only on the reappearance of the British ships, about the middle of May, that the siege was raised, and De Levi retreated to Jacques Gartier. Montcalm, who was not only a general but a states- man, is said to have expressed himself to the effect, that the conquest of Canada by England wo Id endan- ger her retention of the New England Colonies, and ultimately prove injurious to her interests on this con- tinent. Canada, not subject to France, would be no source of uneasiness or annoyance to the EngHsh Colonists, who alpeady were becoming politically im- portant, and somewhat impatient of restraint. How far such an opinion was justifiable, is to be gathered from the condition o^ Canada and the Colonies of Great Britain in America, at this hour. Canada was, in 1763, ceded by His Most Christian Majesty, the King of France, to his Britannic Majesty King George the Second. Emigration from the United Kingdom to Canada was encouraged — not to Canada only but to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. By the treaty of 1763, signed at Paris, Nova Scotia, Canada, the Island of Gape Breton, and all the other • Islands in the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, were ceded to the British Crown.* I ;: * Roger's Canada, page 56. liiii'l^! Nil i'i 4a THE QUEBEC ACT. Four districts, and separate Provinces were ceded : — Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Grenada. The new Government of Quebe.:, as « bounded on the « Labrador coast by the River St. John, and from « thence, by a line drawn from the head of that river, « through the liake Nipissing ; from whence the said « line, crossing the River St. Lawrence and Lake « Champlain, in forty five degrees of north latitude, « passes along the highlands which divide the rivers « that empty themselves into the said River St. Law- « rence, from those that fall into the sea, and also « along the north coast of the Bale des Chaleurs, and « the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Gape Hosiers ; « and from thence, crossing the mouth of the River St. « Lawrence, by the West end of the Island of Anticosti, « terminates at the aforesaid River 8t. John." For some years after the conquest, the form of Gov- ernment was purely military. It was, indeed, only in 1774, that two acts were passed by the British GdVern- raent, one with the view of providing a Revenue for the Civil Government of the Province of Quebec, as the whole of Canada was tlj^en termed, the other called « The Quebec Act," defining the boundaries of the Province, setting aside all the provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and appointing a gov- erning Council of not more than twenty-three, nor less than seventeen persons. And whatever may have been the motive for this almost unlooked for liberality on the part of the mother country, it is not a little singular that only a year later, England's great difii- Lulty with her old Colonies occurred. « The Quebec Act," was in itself a cause of offence to them. On the 2l8t of October, 1774, the following language was made use of by the Congress, in refer- mf^ nf THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 43 ence to th'^t Act, in an Address to the people of Great Britain: — «Nor can we suppress our astonishment, « that a British Parliament should ever consent to « establish in that country, a religion that has deluged « your Island in blood, and dispersed impiety, bigotry, « persecution, murder, and rebellion through every « part of the world. And that we think the Legislature « of Great Britain is not authorized by the Gonstitu- « tion to establish a religion fraught with sanguinary « and impious tenets." The attack was of a twofold nature. Both the sword and the pen were brought ir+o requisition. It was supposed by the discontented old colonists, that the boundary of the lakes and rivers which emptied themselves into the Gulf of St. Law- rence, and had formed the natural barrier between two nations, until the peace of Paris of 1763, when Canada passed from the dominion of France to that of the British Crown, formed no boundary to British rule, as the sway of the Anglo Saxon race was now fully • established over the whole of the northern part of the continent ; and it was further supposed, that it was, therefore, proper to detract, if possible, from the power of Great Britain, to harm the revolutionary colonists on the groat watery highway of the lakes and rivers, or to prevent such a united force of Colonial and Provin- vial inhabitants as might counterbalance, in a great measure, the pertinacious loyalists who were to dis- countenance American appeals for justice, — the war- fare, before the declaration of American Independence being « neither against the throne nor the laws of « England, but against a reckless and oppressive « ministry.))* Efforts were, for such reasons, made to f. 'i ( * See the Journal of Charles Carroll, of Carolton, published by the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore — page 9. u I 44 Montgomery's invasion. — general arnold. I! IP ii' obtain possession of the keys of the Lakes of the St. Lawrence at Quebec and Montreal. The old colonists were to make a war of political propagandism on Canada, and they resolved upon the employment of both force and persuasion. Generals Montgomery, Arnold, and Allen, invaded Canada, and to a certain point, with complete success. After the success of the two latter officers at Ticonderoga and ^ , vn Point, Arnold pushed on towards Quebec, through the wilder- ness, and had ascended the heights of Abraham before Montgomery, who had proceeded towards Quebec from Montreal, had arrived. Under these circumstances, Arnold retired about twenty miles above Quebec, to wait for Montgomery. Meanwhile the Governor of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton, had escaped through Mont- gomery's army, in the dead of night, in an open boat, rowed with muffled oars, guided by Captain Bouchette of the Royal Navy, and was now safely lodged in the chief Fortress of America.* The manner in which the afterwards celebrated or rather notorious Arnold accomplished his perilous march through the wilderness, up the Kennebec and Dead River, through Lake Megantic and down the Chaudiere to Quebec, is highly interesting. The route was now altogether a new one, and the time may come when a near water communication for steamers instead of only for canoes and bateaux from Quebec to the Atlantic, may be opened up, the more especially as remunerative gold aad copper mines have within the last ten years, been discovered in the neighbour- hood of where the Chaudiere issues from Lake Megan- tic. In 1753, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, had # Koger's Canada. GENERAL ARNOLD. 45 acquired intelligence that the French had greatly increased their settlements upon each side of the River Ghaudiere, which falls into the St. Lawrence a very few miles above Quebec, and that they were proceeding to make settlements at about thirty miles distance, upon the carrying place that separates the head of the Ghaudiere from the Kennebec, this latter mentioned river affording the French a shorter pas- sage by Quebec for making descents upon the Pro- vinces of Massachusetts Bay, and New Hampshire, than any other route ; and from which, during the war between them and New England in 1723 and 1724, the Indians made all their incursions and ravages upon the eastern part of Massachusetts Bay. Indeed, in the following war, having been told that the Arres- igunnticook, Norridgwalk, and Penobscot Indians were upon the point of breaking out into hostilities against the English, the same Governor informed the' Assembly of Massachusetts, of these several matters, and recommended the construction of a Fort near the head of the Kennebec, and the settlement by English colonists of its neighbourhood to prevent the French from taking possession, and two Forts were conse- quently built, one called Fort Weston, about thirty- seven miles from the mouth of the Kennebec ; and the other, Fort Halifax, about fifty-four. Indeed Mr. Jared Sparks, the talented biographer of Benedict Arnold, very candidly admits that the Gom- mander of the American expedition was not ignorant of the obstacles with which he had to contend, as colonel Montressor, an officer in the British army, had passed over the same route, fifteen years before, and written a journal cf his tour, an imperfect copy of which had fallen into the hands of Arnold. Montressor ,f i' ' . 1 * ■ ■ '[ 1 ; ' ! : J ' ,: j ' I ':■ \ 1? :iN I Iff fill' 46 ARNOLDS CHARACTER, came from Quebec, ascending the Rivers Chaudiere and des Loups, crossing the highlands near the head waters of the Penobscot, pursuing his way through Moose-head Lake, and entering the Kennebec by its eastern branch. He returned up the western branch, or Dead River, and through Lake Megan tic, and this latter was the route taken by Arnold. The expedition through the eastern wilderness to Quebec, was devised by General George Washington in August, 1775, he being then in command of the Continental army at Cambridge. He knew of none better fitted for the command of such an expedition than tLe bold and reckless, energetic, and ready-plan- ning Colonel Arnold, a man of an imperious tempera- ment, dashing, brave, and talented, envied by his equals in rank, lauded by those who knew his worth, petted by Washington, as just as he was able, victim- ized by spite, selfish and spendthrift by nature, revenge- ful from the consciousness of neglect, and ultimately, a deserter and traitor almost from necessity, certainly from wounded pride — an able officer, selfish, yet im- pulsively generous, a clever u^an without the ability to keep a friend. About eleven hundred men, being ten companies of musketmqn from New Enghmd, and three companies riflemen from Virginia and Pennsylvania, were placed by the Continental Congress under the command of Arnold. The Field Officers under him were Lieut.- Colonel Christopher Green, afterwards the hero of the Red Bank, Lieuienant-Colonel Roger Enos, and Majors Bigelow and Meigs. At the iiead of the riflemen was Captain Daniel Morgan, renowned in the subsequent annals of the war. These troops marched from Cambridge to Newbury THE WILDERNESS. 47 Port, where they embarked on board of eleven trans- ports, on the 18th of September, sailing the next day for the mouth of the Kennebec. Two days after leav- ing Newbury Port all the transports had entered the Kennebec, and sailed up the river to Gardiner Town, or rather at Pittstown, situated on the opposite bank, where a company of carpenters had several days before been despatched from Cambridge to construct two hundred bateaux. These being in readiness, the troops and provisions were transferred to them from the shipping, and soon they all rendezvoused at Fort Western. «Here, says Sparks, the hard struggles, « sufferings, and dangers were to begin. Eleven hun- « dred men with arms, ammunition, and all the I' apparatus of war, burdened with the provisions for « their sustenance, and clothing to protect them from « the inclemency of the weather, were to pass through « a region uninhabited, wild, and desolate, forcing « their bateaux against a swift current, and carrying « them andvtheir contents on their shoulders around « rapids and cataracts, over craggy precipices, and « through morasses, till they should reach the French « settlements on the Canada frontiers, a distance of « more than two hundred miles.)) A party of six or seven men were at this place sent forward in two birch canoes, under the command of Lieutenant Steele, with orders to go as far as Lake Megantic, or Chaudiere Pond, as it was sometimes called, and procure such intelligence as they could from the Indians; and another party, under Lieutenant Church, who was accompanied by a surveyor, wns sent on to take the exact courses and distances of the Dead River. Then the army set off in four divisions, each setting off a day before the other, and thus allowing suificient ii ,/ 4d ORDER OF MARCH. I- f mery's bravery and worth. Besides that of the General,the bodies of his two Aides-de-camp were recognized among the slain. The defeat of Mont- gomery's force was complete. Colonel Campbell, his second in command, immediately reliuquiphed the undertaking, and led back his men with the utmost precipitation. The exact spot where the barrier was erected before which Montgomery fell, may be described as crossing the narrow road under the mountain, immediately opposite to the west end of a building 5; i \rif- 60 iUlNOLDS ATTACK. which stands on the south, and was I'ormerly occupied as a brewery. The battery extended to the south, and nearly to the river. We have caused an inscription commemorating the event to be placed upon the oppo- site rock at Pres^de-VUle. Soon after the repulse of the enemy before the post at Prh-de-ViUe, information was given to the officer in command there, that Arnold's party from the General Hospital, a ivancing along the St. Charles had captured the barriei at the SauU-au-Matelot^ and that he intended an attack upon that of Prcs-de-Ville^ by taking it in tho rear. Immediate preparations were made for tho defence of the post against such an attack by turning some of the guns of an inner barrier towards the town ; and although the intelligence proved false — Arnold having been wounded and his ^vision captured — yet the in- cident deserves to be commemorated as affording a satisfactory contradiction to some accounts which have appeared in print, representing the guard at Pres-de- Ville as having been paralized by fear,-~the post and barrier " deserted," — and the fire which killed Mont- gomery merely " accidental." On the contrary, the cir- cumstances we have related, being authentic, prove that the conduct of the Pres-de-Ville guard was firm and collected in the hour of danger ; and that by their coolness and steadiness they mainly contributed to the safety of the city. Both Colonel Maclean and General Garleton rendered every justice to their Tneritorious behaviour on the occasion. In the meantime the attack by Arnold on the north- eastern side of the Lower Town was made with despe- rate resolution. It was fortunately equally unsuccess- ful, although the contest was more protracted, and at one time the city was in no small danger. Arnold led 80RTIB OF THE GAIiniSON. 61 his men by files along the river St. Charles, until he came to the Sault-au-Matelot^ where there was a barrier with two guns mounted. It must be understood that St. Paul street did not then exist, the tide coming up nearly to the base of the rock, and the only path between the rock and the beach was the narrow alley which now exists in the rear of St. Paul street, under the preci- pice itself. Here the curious visitor will find a jutting rock, where was the first barrier. The wholo of the street went by the name of Sault-auMatelot^ from the most ancient times. Arnold took the command of the forlorn hope, and was leading the attack upon the barrier, wh*>n he received a musket wound in the knee which disabled him, and he was carried back to the General Hospital. His troops, however, persevered, and having soon made themselves masters of the bar- rier, pressed on through the narrow street to the attack of the second, near the eastern extremity of SauU-au- Matelot street. This was a battery which protected the ends of the two streets called St. Peter street and SauU- au-Matelot^ extending by means of hangars mounted with cannon, from the rock to the river. The old Custom House, then a private house, had cannon projecting from the end windows, as had the house at the end of Sault-au-Matclol street. The enemy took shelter in the houses on each side, and in the narrow pass leading round the base of the cliff towards Hope Gate, where they were secured by the ingle of the rock from the fire of the guns at the barrier. Here the enemy met with a determined resistance, which it was impossible to overcome, and General Carleton having ordered a sortie from Palace Gate under Captain Laws, in orde;* to take them in the rear — and their rear guard under Captain Dearborn, having already sur- d2 :-T! in: 62 LOSS OF V*'K AMERICANS. rendered, the division of Arnold demanded quarter, and were brought prisoners to the Upper Town. The officers were confined in the seminary. The contest continued for upwards of two hours, and the bravery of the assailants was indisputable. Through the freez- ing cold, and the pelting of the storm, they maintained the attack until all hopes of success were lost, when they surrendered to a generous enemy, who treated the wounded and prisoners with humanity. The Americans lost in the attack about one hundred killed and wounded, and six officers of Arnold's party, exclusive of the loss at Pres-de-Ville. The British lost one officer, Lieut. Anderson of the Royal Navy, and seventeen killed and wounded. The following is a statement of the force which surrendered : 1 Lieutenant-Colonel, 2 Majors, 8 Captains, 15 Lieutenants, 1 Adjutant, 1 Quarter-Master, 4 Volunteers, 367 Rank and file. 44 Officers and soldiers,' wounded. Not wounded. 426 Total surrendered. By the death of Montgomery the command devolved upon Arnold, who had received the rank of Brigadier General. In a letter dated 14th January, 1776, he com- plains of the great difficulty he had in keeping his remaining troops together so disheartened were they by their disasters on the 31 st December. The seige now resumed its former character of a blockade, without any event of importance, until the month of March, when the enemy received reinforce- ill :k.i THE DISINTERMENT. — AFFIDAVIT. 63 I ments that increased their numbers to near two thou- sand men. A Council of War was called on the 15th of May, and it was determined to raise the seige at once, and to retire to Montreal. The following facts relating to the interment and dis- interment of the body of General Montgomery may be ralied upon as authentic : — In the year 1»i8, a request having been made to the Governor-in-chief, Sir John Sherbrooke, for leave to disinter the remains of General Montgomery, in order that they might be conveyed to New York, and there reinterred, His Excellency acceeded to the request, which came to him on the part of Mrs Montgomery, the widow of the General. Mr. Thompson gave the following affidavit of the facts in order to satisfy the surviving relations and friends of General Mont- gomery, that the remains which had been so disin- terred after the lapse of forty two years by the same hand that had interred them, were really those of the late General. Mr. Thompson belonged to the army of Wolfe, in 1759. " I, James Thompson, of Quebec, in the Province " of Lower Canada, do testify and declare — that I " served in the capacity of an Assistant Engineer during the siege of this city, invaded during the years 1775 and 1776 by the American forces under " command of the late Major General Richard Mont- gomery. That in an attack made by the American troops under the immediate command of General Montgomery, in the night of the 31st December, 1775, on a British post at the southernmost ex- tremity of the city, near Pres-de-Ville^ the General " received a mortal wound, and with him were killed C( (4 C( (( (( (C (C I '«■ ill 111: li ii *, irt G4 AFFIDAVIT. *' his two Aides-de-Camp, McPherson and Clieeseman, " who were found in the morning of the 1st January, " 1776, almost covered with snow. That Mrs. Prentice " who kept an Hotel, at Quebec, and with whom Ge- " neral Montgomery had previously boarded, was " brought to view the bod^'^ afte'* t was placed in the " G) ird Room, and whic b ecognized by a parti- '' cular mark, which he h..^ uu. i.l3 side of his head, " to be the general's. That / o bo ■ was then con- " veyed to a house, (Gobert's • ) by ord«;r of Mr. Gra- " mahe, who provided a genteel coffin for the General's " body, which was lined inside with flannel, and out- " side of it with black clock. That in the night of the " 4th January, it was conveyed by me from Gobert's " house and was interred six i'eet in front of the gate, " within a wall that surrounded a powder magazine *• near the remparts bounding on S . IiewisGate. That " the funeral service was performed at the grave by " the Revd. Mr. de Montmolin, then Chaplain of the " garrison. That his two Aides-de-Gamp were buried " in their clothes without any coffins, and that no " person was buried within twenty five yards of the '^ General. That I am positive and can testify and *' declare, that the coffin of the late General Montgo- " mery, taken up on the morning of the 15th of the "present month of June 1818, is the identical coffin " deposited by me on the day of his burial, and that " the present coffin contains the remains of the late " General. I do further testify and declare that subse* " quent to the jBlnding of Generai. Montgomery's body " I wore his sword, being lighter than my own, and * Gobert's house was at the corner of St. Lewis and St. Ursule streeta, oppoute the City Hall) St. Lewis Street. REMARKS. 6S Bt», *' on going to the Seminary, where the American " officers were lodged, they recognized the sword, " which affected them so much that numhers of them " wept, in consequence of which I have never worn " the sword since. " Given under my hand, at the city of Quebec, " Province of Lower Canada, 19th June, 1818. James THOMPSon." Over the spot where the brave American breathed his last, the late Alfred Hawkins, Esquire, placed this inscription on the Rock of Gape Diamond : HERE MONTGOMERY FELL. December, 31st, 1775. ^ What the effect on the peculiar institutions and social habits of those who were so well disposed to the « Old Colonists " of England, had they suc- ceeded in obtaining full possession of Canada, would have been 80 or 90 years afterwards, or now, can only be a matter of conjecture, but it is more than probable that they would have been still more quickly displaced for, or amalgamated with a more energetic and enterprising race, and that few of the monu- ments of former times would now have remained in Quebec. The acknowledgment of American inde- pendence, and the peace which subsequently ensued, had the effect of settling Upper Canada and of placing into that section of the country, a race of men, neither blind to their personal interests, nor to the general interests of the country, and some of whose descendants have concocted and assisted in carrying out those vast • 'm M: 66 1812. h W ' it schemes in the way of internal improvements of which we can now so proudly boast. A second attempt was made to obtain possession of Canada after the declaration of war between the United States and England in 1812 ; but that was even less successful than the earlier attempt had been. No portion of Canada then fell into the hands of the people and government of the United States, although their exploits on the great lakes were creditable to their entreprise, energy, and bravery, and to their race, a race with which they had chiefly to contend. Operations, on the British side, were then conducted by orders from the Governor-in-Chief, at Quebec, General Sir George Prevost, who afterwards disgraced the British army at Plattsburg. f I CHAPTER IT. The Rebellion— Attack opon Fort Maiden— The Temptation— Incidents of the etwape— The Escape— The Alarm— The Accidents— An Br.- counter in Town— Houses of Refuge— Wrath of the Commandant — Thaller's view of Quebec— The Conflagrations of May and June^ 1846— The Government Riding School Burnt. After the conclusion of this unhappy contest between kindred peoples, Canada began to grow as an English Colony. Immigration was encouraged, and there was a general disposition to cultivate the arts of peace ; but legislation in a ne^ country by men without real representative strength, or fettered in the use of it, as especially were the parliamentary representatives of Lower Canada, could not be otherwise than discon- tentijd, the more particularly as the official class, who could scarcely be called even English colonists, were over-bearing, and presumptuously treated, not only the conquered inhabitants, but such old country peo- ple as were not largely engaged in business, or had no government employment Quebec was then, and for years had been, the headquarters of discontent^ the place where the talented, and it may be, patriotic L. J. Papineau, declaimed ; where the brilliant Andrew Stuart eloquently defended the rights of Englishmen, and upheld the character of the British people ; where his brother, the late Sir James Stuart, who died Chief Justice of the province, thundered against the tyranny of a privilged bureaucracy ; where the stern and wise John Neilson sought justice without attempting to produce ! '(I C8 THELLBR. I a J I ill h rebellion ; and where men of lesser mark stirred up the passions of the inhabitants of the Richelieu District until that rebellion was produced, which led to another remarkable occurrence at Quebec. After the affair of St Denis ; the murder of Lieutenant Weir; the matter of St Charles ; the storm and capture of the church of St Eustache; and the battle of Toronto, there were flUibustering attempts to invade Canada, neither recognized by the government of the United States nor by the bulk of the people, but indulged in by a party sentimental with regard to liberty, and by others to whom plunder and excitement was congenial. In one of these flllibustering expeditious "General >> Suther- land, « Brigadier General)) Theller, Colonel Dodge, Messrs. Brophy, Thayer and other residents, if not citizens of the United States, sailed from Detroit in the schooner «Anne)) for Bois Blanc, which having been « settled,)) an attack was made upon Fort Maiden on the 8th of January, 1838, terminating in the cap- ture of Theller, Dodge, Brophy and some others, General Sutherland having been afterwards captured on the ice, at the mouth of the river Detroit by Colonel John Prince of the Canadian Militia. The prisoners, after having been for a time in gaol at Toronto, were transferred, some to Fort Henry at Kingston, and others, among whom were Sutherland, Theller, and Dodge, to the Citadel of Quebec; which was then occupied by a Battalion of the Guards and there imprisoned, but treated with consideration and courtesy. It was not, however, unnatural that they should endeavour to escape. They were taken out of their prison house daily, for an airing, in charge of a guard, and as it would appear, were not altogether denied the opportunity of conversing with persons liSi- THE ESCAPE. 69 who were friendly to them. Theller, in an acccant of the Rebellion in Canada, edited, it is said, by General Roberts, of Detroit, himself minutely details the nature and manner of his intercourse with a Mr. - P. S. Grace, while under the charge of the military in Cape Diamond, how he succeeded in bribing soldiers' wives and in cultivating the friendship of officers, non-commissioned officers, and men of the guards, much of which is exaggerated, and some of which is evidently untk.ie. Some of the Serjeants for small presents, Theller asserts, did whatever he required, in the way of bringing books and newspapers from town and articles of food and drink from the canteen, which is undoubtedly true, but no man in the regi- ment either directly or indirectly connived at the escape. It was the result of clever m? lagement on the part of Theller, Dodge, and his companions, and of unsuspecting stupidity on the part of the sentry who guarded the door of the prison, and indeed of all who seemed to have had intercourse with the prisoners, the escape was thus effected. On a dark rainy night, late in October, 1838, an iron bar having been previously cut through with a file given them from without, — the sawing having been effected during performances on the shrill fife of one of the lifers of the garrison, which a prisoner had borrowed for the purpose of passing away the time and keeping up the spirits of his companions i i misfortune, some of whom were despondent. Thellers conversation seduced a sentry into conversation, nex^ to smoke a pipe, then to drink a tumbler of London porte", drugged with rather more than « three times sixty drops » of laudanum. The sentry struggled hard to prevent the drowsiness that was stealing over him ; he spoke thick and mut- 70 STUPEFACTION. terred that he had never before drunk anything so good or strong. He walked about in the rain to keep himself awake, and staggered a little. Galled again to the window by the "General,)) he said «ay — yes certainly )> and staggered over. He said he was « well, Sir — fine Sir — right well, never was better,» and Theller while his companions were getting ready to squeeze themselves through the iron window which had lost a bar, talked to the man of the virtues of strong drink, and particularly of London porter ; but added that French brandy was still better. The soldier was not so sure of that, and hiccuped negatively. The great dose of laudanum in porter had not yet produced stupefac- tion, if Theller is to be credited, and half a tumbler of brandy in addition was administered to the simple fellow, who was so fond of all the good things of life, which nearly choked him. In a friendly way, Theller then passed his arm through the gratings of one window round the stupifled senti'y's neck while Dodge passed through, then Thayer held the sentry, while Theller was positively squeezed out by Par- tridge,, who immediately afterwards followed, together with another person named Parker. The rain had ceased, but the water pouring down into the tubs hich had been placed to catch it from the conduc- tors, and the wind, made noise sufficient to drown the sound of footsteps. One by one they slowly moved along, and got behind a small cook-house that was near. The last man, in getting round to the cooking establishment, unfortunately stumbled over a large tin pail that had been placed to catch water from a spout. The noise aroused the attention of a sentry on the ramparts formed by the roof of the casemates, who looked down, but apparently could see nothing. At THE SENTHIEL. 71 At that moment a sentry, further on, challenged, calling out « who goes there ? » and was answered by the relief in the usual manner, which satisfied the first sentry as to the first noise. Theller and his companions crouched down as the relief passed. They went on and relieved the post ; then relieved the man above and descended. As they again passed, Theller and the others again crouched down, the whereabouts of the relief being indicated by a lantern, carried by an accom- panying drummer boy. Even the features of the sol- diers were discernible. As the escaping party knelt, Theiler covered with the skirt of his coat a bundle of clothes, tied up in a white handkerchief, carried by one of his party, lest it might attract notice. Passing a third time, they went forward to relieve the sentry outside of the enclosure. At this time, says Theller, we could distinctly hear the man, whom we had left at the window, pulling in the sheet from over the fence, the noise he made, and the whispering of the other person at the window, arousing the stupified sentry. The guard relief did not hear, being mufded up, and, not suspecting anything, intent only upon their ordinary duty. The opening of the door of the enclosure and the challenge of the other sentinel partially aroused the inner sentry from his stupor, who loudly challenged as they approached. After the usual forms of relief had been gone through, the Cor- poral said to the relieving sentry « go in,» that was inside of the enclosure, he himself remaining outside. As the relieved sentry came out, the door of the enclo- sure, or wooden paling, round the prison house was again locked. Our « friend, » says Theller, was the last lile, and luckily was it as he rather staggered than marched, and carried his musket in a most indepen- 72 THE SLEEP. dent manner. As soon as the sentry got to the guard room, he threw himself on the bed, his condition being unnoticed, where he slept for sixteen hours, and might have slept forever had not the surgeon and the stomach pump been brought into requisition. The escaping party moved cautiously forward at respectable distances from each other, along the can- teen, and then got out into the middle of the great square to elude the sentry at the magazine. While there a serjeant came rushing from the guard room towards the officers' quarters, the red, or as they appeared, dark stripes being visible on a white undress jacket. It seemed to be an alarm. There were only three sentinels between the escaping party and the flagstatf, where the descent was intended. Ahead was one whose duty was to guard the back part of the magazine and a pile of firewood, which was there corded up, and also to prevent soldiers from going to the canteen. Another stood opposite the door of the ot!icers' mess room. There was room enough in the darkness to pass three sentinols, and Theller and his companions, no longer crawled but walked upwright, one by one, quietly, but passing along as quickly as possible. Parker, however, after the sergeant passed, Became much excited and terribly nervous, and lost his way. He made some noise and a sentry challenged, but without answering, the rest hurried towards the half-moon battery where the flagstaff is. Passing round the old telegraph post on the right side, near the stabling attached to the officers' quarters, a sentinel there with side arms only or as he is technically termed "a flying Dick," challenged, and Theller asserts he promptly answered "officer of tho guard," when the countersign been demanded, he muttered THE COUNTERSIGN.— THE LEAP. 73 'assiiig ters, a — "teen," having learned during the confinement, that the countersign of tlie guards ordinarly ended so : — seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or such like, and the sentry fancying from the cap with a gold lace-band on it, which having undone his cloak, Theller placed upon his head, that he was one of the otficers, suffered him to pass. Parker had got among the firewood and was making a noise. Dodge was running about on the top of the wall, making signals for Grace and other friends who were to be outside, but could see no one there. The haulyards of the fla^ 'aff were then partially cut down with a penknife. An alarm was now given by an officer of the garrison, who acciden- tally came upon Culver, one of the escaping party, and in a moment the drums beat and the guard turned ouf. The officers rushed out of the mess-room ; an ArtilL - ryman detected Parker, and the cry arose that the American prisoners were loose and escaping. Some immediately ran towards the prison, while others dragged Parker to the guard room, and yet others began to search about for the ((General,)) Colonel Dodge, Culver, and Hall, whom Parker intimated in reply to a question put to him by an officer, had only come out. There was no alternative, but to jump from the wall to the flat part of the precipice below, on which the wall is built, which Theller first did. For an instant he hung by his hands, then dropped and alighted on his feet on the solid rock, falling back on his head. He was stunned, and lay a minute or two unconscious. When he came to himself, he heard Dodge inquiring if he was hurt, and replied in the negative, tolliug him to throw down the bundle of cloaks, and leap upon them, Theller had broken the outer bone of his leg and dislocated his right ankle joiut^ 74 THE DITCH. but had been so stunned that he scarcely felt any pain. Culver descended next and was stunned, the blood gushing from his nose and mouth ; he had, it is said also fractured his leg. Culver was more fortunate as he alighted on the top of a pile of cloaks and was little, if at all, hurt. Dodge then throwing down the piece of rope which he had cut from the haulyards, to be used in the next descent, also slipped down the wall upon the pile of cloaks and was unhurt. The second descent was made with the aid of the rope, the end of which was held by two of the party, while Theller, with his wounded leg, slipped down over a piece of cedar post which had been accidentally placed against the wall of the dit(^ ; Culver followed, then Hall held the rope alone for Dodge, and afterwards descended himself as all had done on the first leap, caught as he came to the ground, however, by the rest of the party. Dodge, in saving Hall from falling after or as he leaped, sprained his wrist. The whole party, however, managed to crawl up the outer wall of the ditch, which was faced with dry sto'^e, by in- serting their hands into the interstices ai»4 usi g their feet as well as they could. They rested on ^iie summit of the glacis for a moment, and saw the search that was being made for them inside by the lights that were flashing about in every nook and cranny. Thel- ler, as quickly as he could, bound his cravat as tightly as he could round his ankle, and got up. Hall carried Culver, ar.d Theller leaning on Dodge's shoulder hopped along down the sloping glacis to Des Carrieres stR'ct Their Hall and Culver were helped over into the lovvtr (/ovciaor's garden, to wait until friends could he sent for them, as a crippling party of four, hoLbii)i)f the iown at that hour FRANKNESS. 75 r into 'lends four, hour of the night, might be looked upon with suspicion. There friends were to whistle a particular tune, and receive for answer the word « Canada.)) Theller and Dodge found themselves opposite the residence of the "Receiver General;)) (possibly the residence of Mr. Jeffrey Hale,) then passed the sentry, stationed near Wolfe and Montcalm's mpnument, when the sentry mistaking them in their semi-military costume and in the darkness, for British officers, carried arms. They had turned the corner of a street near the residence of Major Perrault, and when near the residence of Sir John Golborne, which was then in Mount Garmd street, they knocked at the door of ae^enl houses which they supposed were occupied by tht French Canadians, in whom they thought trust could be placed ; but no door was opened, and taey hopved along. Dodge hearing the sound ^^' -voices. Wi^it oia. little in advance and said there ^^x -. .wo jKraon-fe z:^ Haldimand street ; and before a«^'y got to Hm l)>ad iA that street, the party, two ge tkraan and a ladj came up, whom Theller accosted in ?rench, asking wJoat o'clock it was. The answpT* wu«, nearly one o dock. One of the gentlemen had a. lantern ixk his hand, aaii, Theller says, examined his features, when making a virtue of necessity, he told ti^m his rjone. The lady seemed frightened, the other gentlemas sfcajled for- ward to look at him, saying, « Moc iieu ' how did you « escape from the citadal ? » Ti±v3 reply was, « jumped « the wall. )) « Good heaven, » exclaini#»d the gentleman, «are you not hurt?)) «My leg, I belLeve, is iroken, » responded Dodge, who requested to be directed for- ward to his friends. Being asked who they were, Theller said that every Canadian ought to be a fricai to them, but the gentleman said he was no patriot and i ■'''<\Y' WB :6 THE STREET. must apprehend and commit him. Whereupon Thel- ler asserts he put his hand into his bosom as if to draw a weapon, when the gentleman said, « Well, as you « have been so frank with me, I will let you pass and « will give no alarm.» After this, they passed something like a nunnery but before getting there, passed a sentry at the door of some officer, as they supposed, who challenged, but mistook them for drunken officers. They crossed ihe upper market place, passed down Hope street, and got out through the wicket of Hope gate. The guard was immediately afterwards turned out and Theller alleges, orders given to prevent the egress of the persons who had escaped from the citadel. At or near Lepper's Brewery in Paul street they sat down to rest upon a log of wood outside of a fence which inclosed a ship- yard but did not remain there long. They '^(ext met a French Canadian, W' ose name was Michel, and who, on being informed who they were and what they had done, embraced them. The Canadian took Theller on his back and trotted olf with him to the house of their friend nearly a mile ofT in the suburb of St. Roch, Dodge keeping up as well as he could. The friend opened his door and took them in. Tbdller then sent off v7ord to oiie of his other friends^ either Grace or Hunter, to go for Hall and Culver, left behind in the Governors garf'i |l.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► d 4^ i\ V <^ LV 1* 23 WIST MAIN STRUT W'tSTEM, N.Y, 14S80 (716) 872-4503 I! «2 THE RIDING SCHOOL. converted into a Theatre, was destroyed by fire during the exhibition of Harrison's Diorama, and no less than 45 persons, many of whom were people of good stand- ing in society, lost their lives. .u PART II. THE TOURISTS GUIDE. CHAPTER T. A Drive—The Cemetery-— Marine Hospital— <' Chien d'Or *^— Churches- Church of England— Presbyterian ChurohM— Wesleynn, Congrega- tional and Baptist Chorches— St. Patrick's Church— Roman Catholic Cathedral— University of Laval— Water-Works— The Music Hall— The Court House — ParliamentHouse— Hotels— Literary Institutions- Mont^orenci— Lunatic Asylum at Beauport-*Lorette— The Chaudiere —Lake St. Charles— Ste. Anne. The stranger, on arriving in Quebec, will take care to visit first the Citadel ; then Cap Rouge, taking by the way, a glimpse of the old French fortifications, outside of the citadel glacis, a glance at the shipping from the brink of the precipice ; examine one of the Martello towers on the left as he passes, then wander down to Bonner's field and there see the spot where Wolfe died, and the monument raised to commemorate the circumstance and place ; see the well, not far dis- tant, from which he last drank, enter Marchmont, the residence of John Gilmour, Esquire, on the site of the redoubt that guarded the pass by which Wolfe's army ascended the Plains of Abraham, formerly the pro- perty of Major General Sir John Harvey, who served as Adjutant General of the Forces during the American war; see Spencer Wood, the residence of the Governor General ; Woodfield, the seat of James Gibb, Esquire ; 'I? 4 1 84 THE CEMETERY. and then stroll through one of the, most picturesque, as it is one of the most extensive cemeteries in the world, " Mount Hermon," laid out by an American gentleman—Major Douglas--32 acres in extent, and com- mandihg at every turii of its laths a distinct and mag- nificent view. In this " City bfSilence " lies the bones of the once celebrated John Wilson, the Scottish vocalist, and the Reverend Daniel Wilkie, LL.D., one of the ablest preceptors of youth this country has ever known, and to whom irionutnents have been erected by subscription. At Point k Pizeau a road leads down to Sillery Cove, where the massacre occurred. Near by, is an old stone house, formerly occupied by the heroine of " Emily Montague,", near which are the ruins of what was once a large stone chapel. Opposite the cemetery — we had almost forgotten to mention it — there is a church of the Church of England, built of stone, and of rather an agreeable exterior. It was consecrated in 1856, by His Lordship the Bishop of Frederickton. A mile beyond, is the villa of Kilgrastin, formerly the property of the Rev. Dr. Mills, chaplain to the garrison. Jjet the ride then be continued towards the church of St. Foy, from which may be obtained one of the most beautiful panoramic landscape views anywhere to be met with. At a glance may be seen the villages of Ancienne Lorette, Indian Lorette, Gharlesbourg, Beau- port and the Island of Orleans, with the river St. Charles, meandering through a fertile valley, whose sides rise gradually to the wood-covered mountains. As the town is appiuached, the General Hospital and the Marine Hospital will come into view. Charlevoix considered the first mentioned as the finest house in Canada, and one that would be no disparagement to ^i| i MARINE HOSPITAL. 85 the largest house in France. One hundred thousand crowns were expended by M. de St. Vallier, Bishop of of Quebec, who bought the ground on which it stands from the Recollet Fathers, on the building, furniture, and foundations. The Marine Hospital* was erected for the reception of sailors and others landing in Quebec, afflicted' with disease. It stands upon a bend of the river St. Charles, near where Jacques Cartier wintered in 1535, and held conversation with Don nacana, the Indian Lord of Canada. The foundation stone was laid by Lord Aylmer, in 1832, and the building which cost jE23,0()0, or $92,000, was opened in 1834. A wing has since been added, and the struc- ture is one of the most admirably situated — except in in a sanitary point of view — and one of the most hand some of the many public edifices in the city. The exterior is of the Ionic order of architecture, the pro- portions being taken from the Temple of the Muses near Athens. It contains catholic and protestant chapels, and it contains apartments for the officiating clergymen, the matron, steward and nurses, and wards for about 620 patients besides having kitchen, store rooms and baths. There is a wide entrance hall, a number of examining rooms for the use of the physi- cians ; an operating theatre, and a museum ; and ample promenade grounds encircled by a stone wall and iron railing, for convalescents. The entire pre- mises contains an area of six acres. The resident surgeon is Dr. Roi. The institution is supported by a tax of one penny a ton levied on each vessel arriving from sea, and a proportion of the tax upon emigration. After this ride, the excursionist will do well to take a walk on Durham Terrace, greatly improved and e2 m i m iiSlI 86 THE ((CHIEN DOR.U enlarged by the late Honorable Mr. Justice Chabot, when that gentleman held the situation of Chief Commissioner of Public Works. The nature of the prospect may be gathered froin the fact that the "plat- form » stands on the side of what formerly was the Chateau St. Louis, destroyed by fire in 1834, and for centuries the residence of the Governors of Canada. Close to this walk is the « Chien d'Or, » or Golden Dog, over the door of the Post Office, Immediately above the steps leading from the Upper to the Lower Town. It is the representation of a dog in relievd, gnawing a bone, under which are the lines : — following ** Je svis vn chien qvi range mon os En le rongeant, je prends mon repoC) Vn jovr viendra qvi n'est pas encore venv, Ov je mordrai celvi qvi m'avra mordv.'* It is said that this house was built by a Mr. Philbert, who had formerly been a merchant in Bordeaux, and who lived in Quebec in 1712 when Bigot was In ten- dan t. Bigot was exceedingly avaricious, and made exorbitant drafts on the Treasury of his native country, until one of the Queens of France began to suspect that the walls of Quebec were being not indirectly but directly built of gold. The figure of the dog and the inscription were aimed by Philbert at Bigot, and so exasperated him that, it is said, he procured a person to assassinate Philbert. At all events, an officer of the garrison, stabbed the author of the lampoon as he was in the act of descending the Lower Town steps, who was pursued by Philbert's brother to Pondicherry in the East Indies, and there slain in turn. This story the *late Mr. Christie, in a note to his history of Canada, asserts to be fabulous on the authority of Mr. Viger who had investigated the matter. CHURCHES. 87 To the west of Hope Gate, is the building once occupied by Montcalm. CHURCHES. There are now in Quebec five churches of the Church of England, the Cathedral Church near the Place d'Armes, opposite Durham Terrace ; Trinity Chapel in SL Stanislas Street, near the Artillery Bar- racks ; St. Mathews Chapel, at the Burying Ground, St. John Street, suburbs ; SL Peter's Church, in Vallier Street, St. Roch ; and the Mariner's Church, Champlain Street ; one in St. Anne Street, in connection with the Church of Scotland, and Chalmer's, or the Free Church, la Ursule Street ; one Methodist Church in St. Sta- nislas Street, near the gaol ; one Congregational Church in Palace Street ; one Baptist Church in St. Helen Street ; one Jewish Synagogue in Garden Street ; and about 10 Roman Catholic Churches ; the Parish Church or Cathedral in the Market Place, Upper Town ; the Seminary Chapel, the Ursuline Chapel, the Hotel Dieu Chapel, St. Patrick's Church ; the Church in the Lower Town of Notre Dame des Victoires ; the Church in SL Roch Suburbs, the Church at Boisseauville ; the Congregational Church, Espla- nade ; and the Church at the Cholera Burying Ground. THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. This edifice is one of the most perfect and pleasing specimens of Canadian architecture. Although not much ornamented, the keeping is correct. Built upon an elevated spot, the steeple, which is of considerable height, being covered with tin, is a very conspicuous mark, and one of the objects most prominent in every discernible view of the city. The grand entrance is on i 88 CHURCHES. the west ; and the interior is neit and commodious, having extensive galleries on the front and sides. It is furnished with a powerful organ of sweet and melo- dious tune. To an observer, the whole situation appears light and graceful, which is increased by the glittering roof and spire. The walls are of grey sandstone. In length, it extends forty-five yards, by twenty-five yards in breadth ; including a considerable interstice for the altar, and a capacious vestibule. The chief front, with a spacious area is in Garden Street The church was consecrated in 1804. The commu- nion plate which is very magnificent, was presented by George III, as well as the books for divine service and the altar cloth. Within the altar, beneath which are the remains of the Duk« of Richmond, a former -fvoYernor General who died of hydrophobia, are two rrarble monuments, one to the late Dr. Mountain, first Bishop of Quebec, and the other to the Honorable and Right Reverend Dr. Stewrt, his successor. There are besides a few other handsome monuments around the church. The Rectory to which a small chapel is attached is within the enclosure, and, formerly occupied by His Lordship the Bishop of Quebec, a man of great learning and of exemplary piety, is now occupied by the Rector of Quebec, the Rev. Mr. Housman. Morning service begins at half-past ten o'clock, as well in this as in all the other churches of the Qiurch of England in Quebec. THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. The pulpit of this church is at present occupied by one of the most learned, talented, and eloquent CHURCHES. m J by as irch preachers of the Gospel in this city, the Reverend John Gbok, D. D. A Church of Scotland has existed in Quebec since 1759 ; hut it was not until the sum of £1,547 having been subscribed, a church was built in St Anne street, and set apart for the ordinances of christian worship on the 30th November, 1810, by the late Reverend Dr. Spark, who was succeeded by the late Dr. Harkness. It accommodates about 1500 sitters. In 1821, it was enlarged. chalmer's, or the free church. This is a very beautiful specimen of church archi tecture, built in 1852, and situated in St Ursule street It was the scene of the Gavazzi riot. The pulpit is at present ably filled by the pious and learned Reverend William Clark. The church accommodates about 900 sitters. In the Presbyterian Churches, and indeed in all protestant churches, the church of England excepted, service begins simultaneously. THE WESLEYAN CHURCH Is a very imposing and large edifice of cut stone, with gothic pinnacles in St Stanislas street, adjoining the jail. The Wesleyan Methodists had a chapel formerly in St Anne street, and one in the Lower Town for the edification of seamen, the former being erected in 1816, but it was not until 1850 that means were found to build the present fine building, and procure an excellent organ with which to praise the Lord of Hosts. It accommodates over 1600 people, and the pulpit is at present filled by the Reverend Mr. Yoiing. . CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. This is a neat, but externally unpretending building in Palace street, nearly opposite Russell's Hotel. In- V ■I- ' m >« ■■''ili i^ 1 % . ??^* 90 CHURCHES. Si ternally, it has been comfortably furnished after the manner of the New York churches, and the command- ments and texts of Scripture are painted on the walls. BAPTIST CHURCH. This church is situated at the upper gate leading to the barracks of the Royal Artillery, near St. John's Gate. It was erected iu 1854 by an earnest but not by any means a wealthy or numerous Congregation. The pulpit is, however, most respectably filled by a scholar and sincere christian, as he is a pleasing and instructive preacher. — the Rev. David Marsh. ST. Patrick's church. The Irish Catholics of Quebec, with the aid of their Protestant fellow citizens built the Church which is situated in St. Helen street, in 1832. It was dedicated in 1833, amid the hearty rejoicings and the thanks- givings of a generous people. It is a fine substantial building, and originally covered an area of 136 by 62 feet ; but has been twice enlarged since then. The Congregation have very recently erected a large and externally handsome Presbytery or Parsonage house for their parish priests, in St. Stanislas street. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. The largest and internally the most magnificent of all the Churches in the city, is that which stands in the Upper Town Market Place, 216 feci long and about 180 broad, called «The Church of the Immaculate Conception,)* when consecrated by the first Bishop of Quebec in .1666. It is divided into a nave and two aisles. At the upper end is the grand altar ; and in the side aisles are four chapels dedicated to different saints. PAINTINGS. 9^ During the siege of Quebec in 1759, this Church was set on fire by shells, which were discharged from the batteries on Point Levi, and all its Paintings and other ornaments were consumed, except the first mentioned in the following catalogue, but which was, when found among the ruins, so essentially injured, that the labor of the artist was found necessary to restore the parts that have been mutilated : — 1. The Altar piece, pourtraying the Conception. 2. On the north is a representation of Paul, in his cstatio vision — ^by Carlo Maratti. 3. On the opposite wall, is a design— The ^viour ministered unto by angels — by Bestoul. 4. The paintin'g abotre the altar in the south nave, ^ a copy of the middle painting over the altar of the Seminary Chapel, 5. On the pillar above the pulpit is a delineation q£ the Redeemer on the Cross — by Vandyke. 6. On the opposite pillar is— The Nativity of Christ. 7. The Saviour under the contumelious outrages of the sol- diers — ^^by Flavet. 8. The day of Pentecost — ^by Vignon. 9. The Holy family— by Blanohon. There are, besides, other paintings of less interest and value. All the catholic churches deserve a visit from the intelligent stranger, but the painter or connoisseur in paintings, except in the Seminary and Hotel Dieu Chapels, will find little to interest him elsewhere than in the Cathedral, the other churches of Quebec in which there was anything old having unfortunately been also purified by fire. THE UNIVERSITY OP LAVAL. This institution named after its founder, was raised from the status of a seminary to that of a University i4 ■4 92 LAVAL. in 18C4 by Queen Victoria. It adjoins the Seminary, and has a large garden in front, and a spacious play ground in the rear or town side of the Seminaiy. Collegiate buildings are in course of erection on a very magnificent scale, the medical and other colleges being finished. Formerly, the institution was divided into two branches, distinguished as the « Grand S^minaire u and the Petit S6minaire. The Grand S6minaire is now the Collegiate Institution, in which Latin, French, Mathematics, Belles-Lettres, Moral Philosophy, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Chemistry, Drawing, Ana- tomy, Physiology, and a host of other «ophies» and « olegies » are taught. The Archbishop used to reside in the Seminary, as did Laval himself for the last twenty years of liis earthly existence; but since then, a new palace has been raised and His Grace and his coadjutor enjoy themselves in a palatial edifice in rear of the Cathedral, built in 1849, which has also accom- modations for upwards of 100 clergymen, and contains besides the portraits of some dozen (baker's or other- wise) of his predecessor's portraits, the best collection of paintings, by eminent painters, to be found in the country. But to return to the Seminary. It was founded by Monseigneur de Laval de Montmorency, in 1636, during whose lifetime the buildings were twice burned. Originally intended only for the education of catholic clergj'men, it now educates all who are sent to it, even in the higher branches of education, for the very moderate sum of £12 iOs. a year if boarded, and for only 5s. or 10s. if not. The teachers, who are ecclesiastics, receive no re- muneration for their services ; but the medical and other professors are of course paid. WATER WORKS, &C. 99 The library of this institution contains 9,000 volumes, and is, it is needless to say, very interesting. In the museum there is a valuable collection of philosophical instruments, besides fossils, minerals, Indian curiosities, &c. WATER WORKS. Quebec is amply supplied with good water for all purposes, from the Lake St. Charles, above the cata- ract at Lorette, through an 18 inch iron pipe. The capacious reservoir, which is situated about a mile above the Indian village, merits inspection. The drainage of the town is excellent, and indeed some hundreds of thousands of pounds have, since 1854, been expended on water and sewerage. A healthier city is not now to be found on the whole continent of America. THE MUSIC HALL. This is a very large and handsome stone building, used as a theatre, a concert room, or ball room, and situated in St. Lewis street. After the destruction of the Parliament buildings, in 1854, it was used as the place of meeting for the Legislative Assembly, and the voice of William Lyon Mackenzie has been reverbe- rated against its walls, as well as the rather sweeter voice of Madame Anna Bishop and the " Black Swan." THE COURT HOUSE Stands upon the ground on which the Recollets' church partly stood, in St. Lewis street. It is a plain and not too commodious a building for the purpose intended, which is therein to bring all civil and criminal suits of the district. Its length is forty-five yards, and its breadth as many feet ; but it 94 SCHOOLS. was added to in 1853, and in the Court of Appeals room sat the Legislative Council of Upper House of Pailiament. PARLIAMENT HOUSE. A large new building on the site of the* palace of the French Bishop, stands immediately inside of Prescott Gate. Within these walls the whole collective wisdom of the province is now assembled. The walls, however, are only brick, the building being erected by a gentle- man from Upper Canada, altogether insensible, it would seem, to the beauty of the site. When the Government remo.es to Ottawa it is to be used as a Post Office. EDUCATIONAL AND LrTERARY INSHTUTIONS. HIGH SCHOOL — MORRIN COLLEGE. One of the best educational institutions in Canada is the High School of Quebec. It owes its origin to the Reverend Dr. Cook of St. Andrew's Church, who has been the Chairman of the Directors since its com- mencement, and has taken a warm and active interest in whatever could conduce to its efficiency and suc- cess. We must not omit to mention Morrin College, in St. Lewis street, a bequest from Dr. Morrin, formerly Mayor of Quebec, and of which the very Reverend John Cook, D.D., is principal. Morrin Col- loge is affi.liated with McGUl College, Montreal. The first Rector of the High School, was the late Reverend Daniel Wilkie, L.L. D., who died in 1852, and the present Rector is the Reverend Edwin Hatch, an excellent classical scholar, and an earnest and per- severing teacher. The other teachers are Mr. Wilkie, nephew of the former Rector, an able and attentive teacher and well-informed man ; the Reverend John iHHiEitti LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 95 Thompson, teacher of mathematics ; W. A. G. L. Frew, classical master ; Mr. Millar, teacher of French and German ; and W. Dearnally, drill master. There are altogether 19 schools, public and private, boys and girls. The first school in Canada was kept by Father Lejeune, at Quebec, in 1632. The pupils were any- thing but numerous, when the establishment was first opened. There was only a Negro lad and an Indian boy to be taught the rudiments of French, and to be initiated in the art of putting language upon paper with the pen. Lejeune was not, however, disheartened by the unpromising aspect of a first attempt m a new world to instruct the ignorant. On the contrary, he wrote to some friends in France, concernirg his school, in very hopeful terms. A chair in Du Bac at Paris, would not have tempted him to have relin- quished his project of imparting the most elementary knowledge to the most primitive child of nature. He was enthusiastic and he succeeded. Next year he had twenty pupils, and his school was the foundation of the famous Jesuits' College, a school of learning, which, when suppressed in 1776, and the buildings converted into soldiers' barracks, was numerously attended, in which the course of study had been similar to that of the coD^ge of Louis-le-Grand, in Paris, and which had produced several men of note. LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. :,:!K !i:;dl nil m ff\^ This Society was founded by Lord Dalhousie in 1824, and united in U'.29 to that for the promotion of Arts and Sciences, contained the most valuable ornithological, mineralogical and botanical specimens of any institution in the province, and has a most i >: I') ^ LIBRARIES.— MONtMORENCI. I ■1 excellent library ; but it suffered loss during the fire which consumed the late Parliament Building, in which the Museum and the Library were in 1854, and it again suffered from fire in 1862, when many valuable books and manuscript were lost The Library, Museum, &c., are now in the Masonic Hall, opposite the St Lewis Hotel, corner of Garden and St. Lewis streets. There is an exceuilingiy line library in the posses- sion of the " Quebec, Library Association," founded so early as 1779, by General Haldimand, and which now contains at least six thousand volumes. The rooms are in St. Anne street, opposite the Church of England Cathedra). If all these places are visited in one day, the stranger, on the next, may visit the following places in the vicinity of Quebec ; or as many of them as he conve niently can: MONTMORENCI. The justly celebrated Falls of Montmorenci consti- tute an object of inspection with every visitor of Quebec. In clear weather, much enjoyment is realized from the ride, as an opportunity is afforded to examine the soil, modes of agriculture and habits of life of the Canadian farmers ; and also of viewing Quebec and its environs, in a novel aspect. It is generally conceded that the Falls when the river is full, is the most mag- nificent ob--V't in the Province — ^being replete with beaaty and sublime grandeur. The breadth of the stream at the brink is about cwenty-five yards, and the velocity of the water in its descent is increased by a continual declivity from some distance above. With the exception of a large rock near the middle of the '111! NATURAL STEPS. 97 bed, the whole is one compact sheet of foam, which is discharged, ahnost perpendicularly, at the depth of nearly eighty yards, into a reservoir among the rocks below. The prodigious depth of their descent, the brightness and volubility of their course, the swiftness of move- ment from the basin swelling with incessant agitation from the weight of the dashing waters, forcibly rivet the attention, and highly elevate the mind of the spec- tator. From the same spot there is a lucid and beau- teous prospect of Quebec, with its encircling scenery ; and with an ordinary magnifying glass, the observer can discern all the prominent objects — the steeples, towers, fortifications, principal edifices, the shipping, the course of the St. Lawrence until it is lost among the hills, Point Levi and its vicinity — the north side of the Island of Orleans, the point of Ange Gardien and the shores of the river as far as Cap Tourment. Some vestages of General Wolfe's battery still remain. See Buncanson's picture. At a considerable distance above the Falls, the channel of the river is contracted between high ver- tical rocks, and the water rushes with proportionate velocity. In one part, at about five miles from the bridge, cascades of three and four yards in depth are adjacent to two fine geological curiosities, familiarly denominated the « Natural Steps,)) which appear to have been formed by the attrition of the stream occasioned by the melting of the snows, and the augmented rapidity of the flood. Many of these steps are so regular, that they almost develope the process of human art. The perpendicular attitude of the rocks on the east side — the tree crowned summit, the uniformity of appearance, resembling an ancient castle wall in ruins, the preci- ill fl Ml III il ! i 98 BEAUPORT. pices on the western bank, and the foaming noisy cur- rent pourtray a romantic wildness which is very attrac- tive. Observers are amply remunerated for their walk, as conjoined with this interesting object, they witness the continuous descent and the accelerating force and celerity with which the river is propelled to the point whence it is precipitated into the St. Lawrence. The Mansion House, which is situated close to the Fall — exactly over which an elegant suspension bridge, at the height of some 80 or 90 feet, hung like a spider's web, but the towers of which now on^y remain, as it gave way in the spring of 1856, when a man and a woman in a cart, and a boy. walking, were upon it, who were all precipitated into the cauldron — was built by General Haldimand, the last Governor of the Pro- vince of Quebec. It was afterwards occupied by His Royal Highness, Prince Edward Duke of Kent, the father of the Queen, and the room in which he slept can yet be pointed out. The house is at present in the possession of G. B. Hall, Esquire, the proprietor of the extensive saw mills at the foot of the Falls. THE BEAUPORT ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. This Asylum, lighted by gas, and having a gas cook- ing apparatus, contained in 1859, 80 male and 73 female patients. The following notice of it is from Warburton's « Hochelaga, or England in the New World. » The Lunatic Asylum for Lower Canada has been for some time established at Beauport, five miles irom Quebec. Three eminent medical men of the city, have undertaken it, under charter from the Provin- cial Government, which makes an annual allowance for the support of the public patients. das LORETTE. 99 !!h-i The establishment consists of a large house occupied by the able Superintendent and his family, where as a reward for good conduct some of the convales- cents are occasionally admitted. Behind this is a range of buildings forming two sides of a square, the remaining enclosure of the space being made with high palings. These structures stand in a command- ing situation, with a beautiful view of Quebec, and the broad basin of the river. A farm of a hundred and sixty acres is attached to them. The system of this excellent institution is founded on kindness. No force or coertion of any kind is employed ; the patients are allowed to mix freely, work, or pursue whatever may be the bent of their inclinations. They dine together at a well supplied table. On one side of the dining hall are the apart- ments of the female patients, on the other those of the males. They each consist of a large well ventilated room, scrupulously clean, with a number of deeping wards off it ; over head is also a large sleeping apart- ment. LORETTE. One of the most agreeable excursions in the vicinity of Quebec, is that to the Indian village and Lake St. Charles. The driver should be directed to change his route on the return, so as to pass by the eastern bank of the river, and thus the varying scenery is partially changed. After a considerable ascent, at four miles distance from Quebec, the traveller arrives at Charlesbourg, a very conspicuous village, comprising about 90 houses, thence the western route conducts to Lorette, and I ill m illr'L if I PI ! if: m •ii ■ ,'3 |!l 100 THE CHAUOIERE. the easterly course to Lake Beauport, the ride to which is amply compensated by the diversified landscape. The Indian village is about eight miles from the city, built upon an elevated situation, whence there is an extensively varied and agreeable landscape, in many points similar to that from Cape Diamond, but also including some attractive novelties of outline. It exhibits a bold and beautiful view of Quebec and its suburbs, and in the extent, it is bounded solely by the distant southern mountains. At this village is a charming view of the river St Charles, tumbling and foaming over the rocks and ledges to a great depth, near which is a Paper Mill, &c. The rugged and perpendicularly elevated cliffs, in connection with the impetuous rush of the waters, although circumscribed in extent, and therefore affording no expanded prospect in the immediate front, yet, as seen from the Saw Mills, and from the bank and bridge at the head of the dell, in its different posi- tions and aspects, constitute an object, which, when contrasted with the more majestic cataracts of Mont- morenci, and the Chaudiere, or recollected in combi- nation with them, furnishes in memorial, an addition to the varieties, which those stupendous natural curio- sities embody. A poetic observer standing on the margin of the river near the Falls, might easily transmute the Gre- cian imagery chanted by the Roman into actual scene before him ; and can almost fancy without any pecu- liar and visionary flights of the imagination, that he beholds around him the principal and most solitary dell of the ancient immortalized Tempe. THE TLDULAR niUDGE. 101. '^ Est nemus Haemoniae preerupta undique claudit " Silva ; vooant Tempe. Per quae Peneus ab imo " EffUsiu Pindo, spumosis volvitur undis << Dejectuque, gravi tenues agitantia fumos, " Nubila, conduoit summasque aspergine sylvas '' Inpluit ; et sonitu plusquam vicina facigat." The river at the Cascade is much compressed, being only about 400 feet across ; and the depth in the Pot^ as it is usually termed, is nearly 45 yards. Many rocks divide the stream, precisely at the Fall, into three chief currents, of which the westerly is the largest — these partially re-unite before their broken and agitated waves are received into the basin, where each dashing against the other maintains a turbulent whirpool. The. form of the rock forces a part of the waters into an" oblique direction, advancing them beyouu the Une of the precipice, while the cavities of the rocks increase the foaming fury of the revo^ 'u g waters in their des- cent, displaying globular figures of brilliant whiteness, while the ascending spray developes all the varieties of the colored cloudy arch, and enlivens the beauty of the landscape. The wild diversity of rocks, the foliage of the overhanging woods, the rapid motion, the effulgent brightness, and the deeply solemn sound of the cataracts, all combine to present a rich assemblage of objects highly attractive, especially when the visitor emerging from the wood, is instantaneously surprised by the delightful scene. Below, the view is greatly clianged, and Falls produce an additionally strong and vivid impression. The railway tubular bridge, about a mile above the Falls, is a very fine one, and worth inspection. LAKE ST. CHARLES. The distance from Lorette to the Lake is nearly six H::.i i; 102 LAKE ST. CHARLES miles, and speedily after leaving the villages the grand prospect and the traces of civilization and human exis- tence become comparatively « faint, and few and far between.)) On the return from the Lake, the effect is instantaneous. Emerging at once by the turn of the hill, from deep solitude and a compact forest, into all the expanse of the extended variegated landscape, discernible at the foot of the exterior mountain, the traveller is enraptured with a display of aboriginal and cultivated drapery, to which memory ever delights to recur. The Lake is an enchanting picture ; and those who have beheld some of the more renowned European inland waters, haVe asserted, that it developes imagery, little inferior in natural beauty and creative decoration to those reservoirs which history and poetry have consec«rated to perennial remembrance. Upon a calm summer's day, when in the season the forest displays its numberless lights and shades, and the mountain, wood and waters all repose in undisturbed calmness, the quietude of the scene exactly harmonizes with the placidness of a good conscience. If the beholder there recalled Henry Kirk White to his memory, he might justly and feelingly soliloquize in the strains of the lamented bard : "And oh! how sweet this scene o'erhung with wood, " That winds the margin of the solemn flood? " What rural objects steal upon the sight — " What varied views prolong the calm delight ! " Above, below, where'er I turn my eyes, " Bocks, waters, woods, in grand succession rise!*' In outline. Lake St. Charles is very irregular — it is rather more than four miles in length ; but its greatest breadth does not exceed one mile : and it is subdivided ST. ANNE. 103 the by a narrow strait, into nearly equal portions. Embo- somed between elevated hills, its shores are clothed with that density of wood and diversified foliage, which are so universal in North America ; and the peaks and tops of some of the more distant norther mountains are singularly varied in their configurations, and from their height are exhibited in a very imposing aspect. The points of land which occasionally stretch into the lake are covered with shrubs and a species of trees ; while abrupt rockj bluffs and small swampy bays alternately present to the amateur and man of science a rich display of ornament, and materials for geological and botanical research. ST. ANNE. From Montmorenci, the ride proceeds to Chateau Richer, or the ruins of a Franciscan Monastery, built about one hundred and thirty years since. About two miles from Chateau Richer, the visitor should halt, and walk a short distance to the Sault k la Puce, a small stream descending through a mountainous and woody country, comprises some very romantic falls, where the stream is precipitated in three declivities in succession, and the banks are rich in profusion of sylvan ornaments, and especially when the autumnal foliage displays its multiplied variety of beauteous tints. Thence the route leads to Ste. Anne ; and two miles beyond the village, at twenty-eight miles distance from Quebec, the traveller proceeds to visit those interesting Falls. The road ascends a part of the way up the mountain — there are seen splendid prospects of Quebec and the adjacent country — but without a glass, from the distance, the scenery in the back ground is 'i i '■ "' li 104 THE priests' farm. rather indislinct. Having attained a level, a rough path for nearly a mile and a half conducts the visitor, after a sudden descent into a most solitary vale of rocks and trees, almost a natural grotto, through the centre of which the stream rushes until it escapes by a narrow channel between the rocks, and continues roaring and tumbling with augmenting velocity. From below, th 3re is a striking view of the cataract, which, combined with the natural widness and extraordinary features of the scenery, bafile description ; the painter alone could convey to the mind the representation with effect. The scenery around the Priests' Farm, near Gape Tourment, is very attractive, and the site of the Valley and Falls of Fereole will compensate for the fatigue experienced in descending to them. To complete the excursion, the visitor should arrange, if possible, to stand on Cap Tourment in the morning, there to behold the sun emerging from the horizon. From this bold bluff, nearly six hundred yards above the river St. Lawrence, to the east, south, and west is prese ited a versified landscape, which includes every variety that the painter can embody. — Mountain and valley, wild- erness and cultivation, land and water, with their appurtenances and ornaments. I:! CHAPTEli TI. Pleasure* of the Trip— The St. Lawrence and the watering placea — Island of Orleans— Crane (slasd—K8mouraska—>Cacoiina— Entrance of the Saguenay— Price & Co— Lake St. John— The Crops— Mode of Tiavelling— The Perikoba— Russell's Keport of the Saguenay Country. THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE. THE SAGUENAY. To the mere pleasure seeker or the man of science there can be nothing more refreshing and delightful, nothing affording more food for reflection or scientific observation, than a trip to that most wonderful of rivers, the Saguenay. On the way thither, the scenery of the Lower St. Lawrence is extraordinarily pic- turesque. A broad expanse of water interspersed with rugged solitary islets, highly cultivated islands, and islands covered with trees to the water's edge, hemmed in by lofty and precipitous mountains, on the one side, and by a continuous street of houses, relieved by beautifully situated villages, the spires of whose tin- covered churches glitter in the sunshine, cultivated fields and lowing herds behind, and the forest-clad mountain range, which divides the waters flowing into the St. John from those that flow into the St Lawrence, visible, in the distance, on the other, affords a prospect so enchanting that were nothing else to be seen the tourist would be well repaid for the inconsiderable expenditure in time and money, which the trip to the lower St. Lawrence involves ; but when, in addition 106 A LANDSCAPE. i:ir to all this the tourist suddenly passes from a landscape unsurpassed for beauty into a region of primitive grandeur, where art has done nothing and nature everything — whon, at a single bound, civilisation is left behind and nature stares him in tlie face, in naked majesty — when he sees alps on alps arise — when he floats over unfathomable depths, through a mountain gorge — the sublime entirely overwhelms the sense of sight and fascinates the imagination. The change produced upon the thinking part of man, in passing from the broad St. Lawrence into the seemingly narrow and awfully deep Saguenay, whose waters lave the sides of the towering mountains, which almost shut out the very light of heaven, and from thence again into an ancient settlement, wnere the piety and zeal of the Jesuit Fathers, ages ago, first planted the cross, and gave Christianity to the Indians, is such as no pen can paint nor tongue describe. An American gentleman says : — « The greater part « of American tourists make a great mistake in omit- « ting the Saguenay River. The fare on board the « boat is of excellent quality, and the berths large and « comfortable.)) Another gentleman says : — « Before I left Rochester, « on an excursion through Lake Ontario, and down « the St. Lawrence, I was advised not to let slip a « favourable opportunity, if one should offer, after my « arrival in Quebec, for making a visit to the Saguenay, « and looking for myself upon the bold, rugged, and « very remarkable scenery along its rock-bound shores. « Such an opportunity fortunately was not wanting ; « and after I had spent five days in Quebec— days of « great interest to me — visiting places most deserving <( attention in and about that wonderful city — famous THE ST. LAWRENCE. 107 « in the world's history, about which I had read, with thrilling interest, when I was yet a boy, and of « Wolfe climbing the heights of Abraham, to light and « conquer, and die — ' The Gibraltar of the western « continent,' and the capital of the British American « provinces ; learning that the Steamer Sapuenay^ « Captain Simard, would leave next morning on a « pleasure excursion down the St. Lawrence and up « the Saguenay, of which I had heard so much, and « from which the good steamer received very appro- « priately her name, 1 lost no time in making arrange- « ments for the trip, and through the courtesy of the « agent John Laird, Esquire, and of Captain Simard, « and others, both on the boat and elsewhere, I have « made the trip with great comfort and pleasure.)) srvnig THE ST. LAWRENCE AND WATERING PIECES. On the south side of the St. Lawrence, a ridge com- mences nearly one hundred miles below Quebec, whicli taking a south-west direction and passing opposite that city, crosses the boundary line between Canada and the United States, and continues until it meets with the Hudson River. Beyond this ridge at about the distance of 50 miles is another and a higher one, commencing at Cape Rosier, the bold headland at the mouth of the Saint-Lawrence, on the south, or in a military point of view, left bank of the river, which runs in a direction nearly parallel with the river, and with the other chain, terminating upon the eastern branch of the river Connecticut, after a course of nearly four hundred miles. This is the ridge which divides Canada from the United States, and the waters that flow into the Atlantic from those that fall into the St. Lawrence. 108 THE LAURENTINE MOUNTAINS. it'i Upon the northern shores of the St. Lawrence, Canada is bounded by the rugged steeps, called by Sir W. Logan, the Laurentine mountains, running close to the river, and forming its banks for upwards of 400 miles. The most remarkable of these heights is Cape Tourment, situated only about twenty-five miles below Quebec. This ridge from Cape Tourment, takes a west south-west direction for 300 miles, terminating on the river Ottawa, about 120 miles ibove its confluence with the St. Lawrence. Beyond this ridge is another and a higher, dividing the waters that flow into the St, Lawrence from those that find their way to Hudson's Bay. This last mentioned ridge is a hundred miles, or thereabouts, north of Quebec. This is the wilderness region, which to the north- ward meets the eye of the traveller as he leaves Quebec for the Saguenay, bidding " Adieu to cursed streets of stairs." The Falls of Montmorenci gradually appear, and are distinctly visible in their usual grandeur, and the voice of the mingling waters scarcely dies upon the ear when leaving Quebec, with her imposing citadel 350 feet high, and tin covered cupolas and roofs, the eye rests upon a new harbour to the right filled with vessels of the largest tonnage, chiefly the property of a single mercantile firm, distinguished for enterprise and industry. The river about five miles below Que- bec is divided into the north and south channels by the Isle of Orleans, twenty-one miles long and five broad, ctlcl:''ated for its apples, plums, and pears, and originally called the Isle of Bacchus by Jacques Gar- lier, on account of the number of wild vines which in 1535 he saw upon it. This island has good roads, contains five parishes, three being on ihe south side, ORLEANS. 109 and the churches and tidy villages of St. Laurent and St. Jean being close to the shore. Patrick's Hole, where two mammoth vessels were built twenty or more years ago, is a well sheltered cove, where outward bound vessels come to anchor and awf. it sailing orders, and over which is the highest point of the island. A villa has now been laid out on the point of the island, some neat residences erected, and a steamboat com- munication maintained between the villa and Quebec. On the north side of the highest point of land on the island, the second of a chain of thirteen telegraphs, erected during the last American war, and extending from Quebec to Green Island opposite the mouth of the Saguenay, remains. The electric wire has, however, completely superseded the old mode of flag and ball telegraphing on land. The Island of Orleans forms part of the county of Montmorenci, there being three counties on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, the county of Quebec, the county of Montmorenci, and the county of Saguenay, and four on the south, Bellechasse, LTslet, Kamou- raska and Rimouski. Both sides of the river are covered with houses of stone, covered with tin ; and a parish church of no inconsiderable architectural pretension presents itself at every five miles. A few miles below Patrick's Hole, on the south shore, are the churches of St. Michel and St. Valier ; and immediately below the island of Orleans, the river widens to eleven or twelve miles, and numerous smaller islands exhibit them- selves, while Gap Tourment towers eighteen hundred feet into the sky. A few miles further down — say 40 from Quebec — Gross Isle, the Quarantine establish- ment, appears, on which ten or twenty thousand immi- f2 II 110 ST. THOMAS. ■1 i grants lie buried, and immediately opposite on the southern bank, is the thriving village or rather town of St. Thomas, one of the stations of the Grand Trunk Railway in Lower Canada. St. Thomas lies upon the Riviere du Sud, which meanders through one of the most beautiful, highly cultivated, and most productive tracts of country in all Canada. Over the river is a very pretty bridge. Lower down, Crane and Little Goose Islands appear. Properly speaking, there is but one island, as at low water a connecting isthmus can be crossed, in vehicles or on foot. About 12 miles in length, they are exceed- ingly well cultivated, and produce more than the inha- bitants can consume, so that the value of the exports exceeds that of the imports, and the people are not only comfortable but rich and happy. They are some times called " McPherson's Island," after the Seigneur or Seigneurs, whose residence is at the north-east end of tlie islands. The churcl. and village are on the north side of the island. ' TliO Church of L'Islet de St. Jean next appears on the south shore. It is somewhat romantically situated, being completely isolated at high water from the main- land. The river is here thirteen miles in width, and divided into north, middle, and south channels by a series of islands, connected together by rocky or sandy formations, and not unlike the rich valley of the south shore of the St. Lawrence, which is intersected by ridges of graywacke and slate, not very high, while the granitic mountains of the north there in some parts exceed an elevation of 2,000 feet above the river. This circumstance, and that of shoals stretching out t>.om the southern shore, narrow the deep water and forms what is called "The Traverse," in which the THE QUELLE. HI tide runs at the rate of seven or eight knots, 55 miles below Quebec. Coudres Island — we take what follows from tlie Quebec Guide Book, published by Mr. Sinclair in 1851 — is the largest below Quebec except Orleans. It was settled at a very early period, forms a parish by itself, and has a church. It is tolerably fertile, but requires its produce for its own population. It belongs to the ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Quebec, to whom it was granted in 1687. After passing the traverse, the settlements on St. Paul's Bay on the north shore, enclosed within an amphitheatre of mountains, present themselves to view. Here commences the county of Kamouraska, which fronts the river for thirty miles. The track of country watered by the Quelle is very productive, and regularly transports to Quebec many marketable articles. Near the entrance of Quelle into the St. Lawrence a porpoise fishery is carried on to a considerable extent. The village of Kamouraska is, in summer, much enlivened by visitants, who resort to it for sea-bathing. It has the reputation of being one of the healthiest spots in the Lower Province. The islands of Kamouraska are of little value, being almost bare rocks. They afford shelter, however, in stormy weather, to numbers of small vessels that are continu- ally passing hereabouts. Tiie general aspect of the country here deserves the attention of the geological observer. From the bank of the river a very level tract stretches almost to the foot of the mountauious range behind. The even surface of this tract is in various parts regularly embossed with abrupt masses of granite, varying from twenty to thirty yards of per- pendicular height, and embracing a circumference of three or four acres and upwards. They are destitute p i*'''i Hi 112 KAMOUnASKA, — CACOUJTA. of anything like a covering of soil, and produce only dwarf pine trees and creeping shrubs. On reflecting that the bed of the river is almost dry betvi^een the Kamouraska Islands and the shore at low water, and contrasting the position, appearance and striking resemblance of these isolated mounds on terra firma with the adjoining islands, the geologist is naturally led to the conclusion that this level tract was at some period submerged beneath the more widely spreading of « the mighty St. Lawrence,» and that the elevations in question formed islands exposed to the action of its waters. Between Kamouraska and River du Loup, a distance of a dozen miles, lie the Pilgrims, a groupe of five islands. At low water carts can pass from the mainland to this group, and the Kamouraska one. Riviere du Loup contains about 100 inhabitants, there being a larger proportion of English and Scotch than is usually found in the smaller towns of Canada east. There is an Episcopal Church here, perhaps the only one eastward of Quebec. About a mile in the rear is a picturesque waterfall of about 80 or 100 feet To this place and Cacouna, which lies about ten miles below, many families res'^rt for the benefit of sea- bathing. Cacouna is a rocky peninsula, three hundred and fifty feet high, being connected with the mainland by a marshy isthmus. At Riviere du Loup commences the Grand Portage road which leads to Lake Temis- couata, a distance of 36 miles. Hence is the route via the Rivers Madawaska and St. .Tohii to New Brunswick, and Halifax. The situation of Du Loup is more romantic, but Cacouna has the idvantages of purer and stronger water. Both command an extensive prospect of the St. Lavyrence, which is here upwards of twenty miles wide, studded with islands, and bounded on the ■MF|'j THE WHABFS. 113 opposite shore by lofty and rugged mountains. The sojourner is enlivened by the sight of numerous large vessels constantly navigating the broad expanse. Green Island lies off Jacouna, and has a light-house sixty feet above the sea. The light is fixed, and can te seen at the distance of from twelve to seventeen miles according to the height of the observer's eye from ten to sixty feet. The light is shown from sunset to sunrise, between the 15th of April and the 10th of December. From this lighthouse to the light-vessels at the Traverse is fifty-four miles; and for the first thiity miles above, the river is divided into the north and south channels by numerous islets, with banks and reefs attached to them. Among these we may mention Hare Island, which is seven miles long in the direction of the River, and the Brandy Pots, off which vessels bound down, and waiting for a wind or the tide, usually rendez- voused. The recently erected wharfs, on both sides of the Lower St. Lawrence, are very isolidly constructed. The one of Berthier is 535 feet long. 30 wide, 38 high, and Jias 16 to 17 feet of water when the tide is at the lowest. Dovetailed timber is filled up with boulders of no small magnitude ; the top filled up with shingle ; an exceMent side walk of boards and a number of useful mooring posts. Tlie next at I'lslet is 1200 feet long, 30 wide, 30 high, and affords a depth of 8 feet at low water. At Riviere Quelle the wharf is 16 feet long, 30 wide, 37 high, and 16 feet of water is to be found at low tide. At River du Loup, an L shaped wharf, like those already mentioned, affords visitors the opportunity of stepping upon terra firma from a steamer's gangway. It is 1650 feet in length, 30 in breadth, 38 feet high, m iini: j y 114 TADOUSAC. and has 16 feet of water when the tide is at the lowest. There are also wharfs at Malbaie and at Les Eboule- meats. But we must enter the Saguenay, the cliffs on either side of whi9h are of clay. Capes Basque, Dogs, Salmon, and Eagle are described in succession. Between Points Vaches and Alouettes, where is the junction with the St. Lawrence, the Saguenay is two and a half miles broad, and while the St. Lawrence is only 250 feet deep, the Saguenay is a thousand. Tadousac, the first settlement of the French in Canada, is situated at the mouth of the Saguenay, on a semi-circular terrace at the top of a beautiful bay, with a sandy beach, and was the principal trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company. Here, a hotel for the accommodation of visitors to this most romantic spot has been established, by an association of gentlemen, resident in Quebec, Mont- real, Tadousac, and Chicoutimi. And there is, possibly, no more desirable summer retreat for families, any- where to be met with. The view of the broad St. Lawrence, on the one hand, the lofty hills around, and on the other, the wild and rugged banks of the doeply rolling Saguenay, the fine beach and the etherially bright ripple of waters laving it ; the facilities for shooting and for fishing, which the neighbourhood atfords, give Tadousac a character and advantages peculiar to itself. The hotel too, built this year by Messrs. S. & G. Peters, is most commodious. It is situated with its front to the St. Lawrence, and only a very short distance from the fine bay called « Anse de la Coupe I'lslet, n where sea bathing, in water very salt, brilliantly clear and accessible at all hours of the \ I '■ TADOUSAC. 115 tide, may be indulged in, — in close proximity to a very curious relic of other days, a chapel bu'lt by the Jesuits, three centuries ago, and which no admirer of the zealous industry of the members of the Company of Jesus, for the conversion of the heathen, omits to visit. The hotel consists of a spacious dining room, drawing room, parlours, lofty and airy bed-room, a billiard room, bowling alley and every thing indeed, which modern taste has adapted to a first class house ; ma- naged by a gentleman of known experience in the hotel line, Mr. Pope, formerly of the Donegana hotel, Montreal. It may be added that several of the leading citizens of Quebec are here erecting for themselves summer residences ; and the intention exists of restor- ing the old chapel, in which the religion of Christ was first taught on this continent, to its original condition and appearance. In the journal of the Pere Coquart, S. J., who ministered to the Montagnais at Tadousac and at Chicoutimi in 1746, we find the following notice of the commencement of this church ; a previous building having been burnt down : Le 21 de Mars, 31anchard est parti pour aller 6carrii' la nouvelle Eglise a Tadousac selon I'engagement par ecrit que j'ay avec lui. Le 1 6 Mai j'ai b6nie la place de la nouvelle eglise et coigne la premiere cheville. NoTA. — Monsieur Hocquart Intendant de la Nou- velle France a accordo toutes les planches, madriers, bardeaux et tous les clous necessaires pour la bdtisso et je me suis engage pour moi et mes successeurs a dire pour lui la messe de Ste. Anne tandis que I'eglise subsistera pour reconnaitre sa liberalite. To return to the hotel, it may be more particularly i'l 116 ETERNITY. stated that it contains 65 double bedded rooms, thus aftbrding accon:modation to a large number of families, that it consists of three stories, and is 120 feet in length by fifty in depth, with wide corridors and two balco- nies, running the whole length of the building. On the 20th of September last not a single piece of scant- ling, window frame or anything else was made ; in November all was prepared and sent down ; and on 15th of May last the hotel was finished to the great credit of the enterprising contractors, Messrs. S. and C. Peters of Quebec. The rugged grandeur of the scenery increases at every turn. Cape after cape exhibits itself in naked majesty, towering into the sky, and white porpoises gamble through the inky flood below, or sleep calmly upon its surface. In a few hours, the St. Marguerite, a tributary of the Saguenay, famed for its salmon, about 15 miles up on the right bank, as the Saguenay is ascended, is passed ; and then, assuredly, Alps on Alps, arise. The Petit Saguenay, where Messrs. Price & Co. have a lumbering establishment, soon appears on the left ; that wonderful boulder, the Saguenay Island, resting in 200 fathoms of water, is before us ; the river or lake, for it is as certainly a lake as Lake Ontario or Lake Huron is, swells out to a breadth of 9 miles, and capes Eternite and Trinity, the two promontories of a bay, the one 1500 and the other 1200 feet above the surface of the water, are visible. It is not long before the steamer is placed close under Eternite, when unsuccessful attempts are made to throw pennies upon the rock, and then the steamer's head is turned into the Bay, until the bowsprit seems to touch the oppo- site cape, which like a bare wall, stands up from the water, and touches the very clouds — stone enough in r 1 I f LAKE ST. JOHN. 117 Ippo- the in one lump to build such a city as New York. Now, however, the height of the land, on both sides of the river, as it is ascended, begins to diminish, and occa- sional cultivated spots present themselves. Afterwards Grand Bay opens to view ; the Saguena^ river proper, that is to say, the discharge of the Lake St. Jean, on which lies the new town of Chicoutimi, is passed ; and the extensive lumber establishment of Messrs. W. Price & Co. is soon reached. LAKE ST. JOHN Lies directly nortli of L'Islet, or about 40 miles lower down than Quebec, is 50 miles broad and 50 miles long, or nearly round, the diameter being about 150 miles, the water deep in some parts and shallow in others, the bottom and beaches composed of shifting sands ; the opposite land being quite invisible from any one point, and having waves 1 5 feet high, during an easterly wind, rolling in upon the shore. Along this lake, which abounds with every variety of fish, ard which is fed by numerous and very extensive tributaries, wild peas grow in extraordinary abundance, and even the wild grape, which does not ripen how- ever ; and there are raspberries, blue berries, and cherries without end. Kuspaganish Point is the east bank of the mouth of the Belle Riviere, flowing into the Lake, the ascent, from the summit level of the Saguenay mountains, being here 500 yards. THE ROUTE TO LAKE ST. JOHN. From Grand Bale to Grand Brule the distance is nine miles, in a north-west direction. Grand Brule has its church, its river and saw mill ; the land is level and very fertile, and it is inhabited by about 150 families, chiefly French Canadians. From Grand Brul6 118 LAKE ST. JOHN. to Pelto's Falls, or, as it has been sometimes called, the Portage des Rochers, the distance is 3^ miles, and from Potto's Falls to the head of Lake Kinogomi, which is as wide as the Saguenay, and has well wooded and lofty banks, 18 miles ; and form a perfect gem of a Lake, the Puikoui, a small sheet of water covering only 8 or 10 acres, the distance to Beau Portage is G miles and the length of the portage 1 mile, which brings the traveller to the Perikoba, a very rapid river that falls into the Kinogomi, or as its Ind'an name implies. Long Lake, and from thence to the Jjake Kinogomishish, 6 miles in length and very deep ; and separated from it only by a tongue of land, 15 yards wide, is Lac Vert. From Kinogomishish a short portage brings the traveller to Riviere des Aulnets, a meandering stream of 6 miles in length which falls into the Belle RiviJ're and Falls, on the left bank of which vi the colony of the Reverend Mr. Boucher, numbering about 36 souls. The Belle Riviere is 12 miles long, and on which there are portages to the Lake St. John. RECAPITULATION OF PORTAGES. There are three portages from Ghicoutimi to Potto's Falls ; one portage to the Riviere des Aulnets ; and threo portages along the Belle Rivifere to Lake St. John. THE CROPS. The fertility of the country in the neighbourhood of Lake St. John may be gathered from the fact that at Ghicoutimi a farmer has eaten barley of this year's growth made into bread ; while our imformant dined with Mr. Boucher, at Belle Riviere, on new potatoes, green peas and young beans, and saw barley there 6 feet 2 inches in height ; wheat upwai'us of 5 feet in height ; and capital crops of oats and turnips. TRIBUTARIES. 119 12 he lo's jes, •e 6 in MODE OF TRAVELLING. Our informant was accompanied in his travels by two Indians, one of whom carried the birch canoe, bottom up, upon his head, the edges of the canoe resting upon his shoulders, with a band over his forehead, much after the same manner as fisher-women carry their creels, and- the other carrying in the same manner, valises, blankets, &c., piled up to a wonderful extent and very heavy. At night, the Indians stuck four poles into the ground, crossed two togetlier at each end, placed a pole across the top, over which a tarpaulin was spread out, and kept down with stones upon the ground, the inside of the tent thus made being confortably and carefully strewed with leaves or small branches of ttees, while the traveller fished for the supper of the whole party. In Kinogomi tliere are smelts ; pike four feet in length ; and trout in abundance. THE TRIBUTARIES OF LaKE ST. JOHN. We have already alluded to Kuspaganish Point, and travelling from left to right round the Lake, we may explain that Kuspagan is 4 J miles from Kuspanish, which is 4 J miles from the Hudson's Bay Post at St. Jean, and situated on the Metabetchuan River, 12 miles further west of which is Pointe Blue, 3 miles beyond which is Ouiaiishuan River, 3i additional miles, bringing the traveller to Ouiatshuanish river, where a Mr. Hudon has planted a colony consisting of 7 or 8 habitants, and two mills, the one a grist and the other a saw mill. Still further on is the Shupnashuan river and point, a very short distance from which is — THE extraordinary RIVER PERIKOBA. The Perikoba is one of the most extraordinary rivers 120 HUSSBLL'g ABPORT. Rf . ■■ on this continent. At its mouth there are a multitude of islands ; for thirty miles its depth is equal to that of the Saguenay ; and its shores though not quite so high as some parts of the Saguenay, are extraordina- rily high and beautifully wooded. THE SAGUENAY. These great waters all flow into the Saguenay, and it is therefore no wonder that the latter has overflowed into the St. Lawrence. CHARACTER OF THE SAGUENAY COUNTRY AS DESCRIBED BY ALEXANDER RUSSELL, ESQUIRE, OF THE CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. ^ From the Quebec Observer ^ October iOth^ 1854. C. BooER, Editor and Proprietor.' Notwithstanding its rtfcky and mountainous charac- ter, the inner Saguenay country contains much good land well adapted for settlement ; and the formati mi of the country, and the peculiar character and distribu- tion of that proportion of the land which is good, are such as to give it almost the greatest possible value its extent admits, so as to compensate in a great degree, in this manner, and by the extreme richness of soil, for the difference there may be in climate compared with warmer parts of the province. The good land, as far as I had the opportunity of observing, occurs in blocks, sufficiently large to make extensive and at the same time compact settlements ; which for the purpose of organization for religious, educational, and other social objects, and for the maintenance of roads, present advantages that can THE LAND. 121 Ml ire its fee, )il, red of ike Its ; lus, the tan never be enjoyed in localities where the land fit for cultivation is scattered in small fragments. Not only does the arable land occur in large blocks, but it is thoroughly good, with very little exception, and entirely free from stones, which greatly diminishes the labor and consequently increases the profit of cultivation. Even in the vicinity of Grand Bale, where the country begins to be fit for cultivation, this characteristic is strikingly noticeable. On the summits and steep slopes of the lofty and broken bluffs, several hundreds of feet in height, where the high plateau behind breaks down to the River St. John, the soil is deep, fertile, loam. With the exception of the Grand Brul6 (where the «oil is sandy) the land continues of a similar character, back to the rocky hills near the post of Lake Keno- gami. Through from Grand Bale to Chicoutimi it is at least equally fertile ; and though, near the bay, it is broken into romantic irregularity, the intensity of the vegetation bears witness to the rankness of the soil. Behind Chicoutimi, where the plateau has an eleva- tion of about three hundred feet, the land for the distance of eight miles towards Lake Kenogami is exceedingly fertile, even, and arable, — equal in quality to the best land that can be found in any part of the province. Near Lake Kenogami it suddenly changes in character. Barren and rocky hills encompass the Lake, with the exception of one fine tract of four miles* in length near the head of it, on the north side, along the River Gasconia. From the head of Lake Kenogami, traversing the valley of the Riviere des Aulnets and that of Belle Riviere, into which it falls, to the shore of Lake St. John, there is a tract of eighteen miles in length. 122 METAHETCHOUAN. tri :■ - witli a variable width, the soil of which is generally exceedingly fertile nnd free from stones ; all of a deep alluvial formation — presenting itself at the commence- ment as a high plateau with deep water courses, and terminating on the shore of the Lake, in extensive flats, subject to inundation in the spring, which though partly unfit for growing grain on these accounts, will yield continually heavy crops of hay. Following tlie shore of tlie Lake, at three miles, a little beyond the mouth of the Kushpaganish, the land rises gently in fertile slopes, and the shore becomes a terrace, of about fifty feet in height, with a rich soil free from stones. Three miles further at the mouth of the Metabct- chouan, (the most beautiful spot probably in the Pro- vince,) the mountains approach to within half a league of the shore, which becomes less favorable for settle- ment ; but, from high grounds rising from the east shore of the Lake, there can be seen, far in the distance, beyond Metabetchouan, a beautiful tract of gently sloping land richly wooded, projecting into the Lake, apparently about nine miles in length and breadth, which those who have visited it describe as very arable rich land. Of the country on the northern shore of the Lake I am unable to express an opinion, not having visited it ; nor could I obtain any distinct information respect- ing it. It is evident, however that it must be a cgmpa- rativly low and level country, for a great distance back irom the shore. Looking over the Lake from high grounds on the south-east shore, no land on the other side is visible ; but if there were mountains within twenty miles of the shore, or hills at half the distance, they would bo distinctly seen. We are ■•■|: LEVEI,. 123 of as ake ted ect- ipa- nco 'om the litis Ithe are obliged to believe, however, that there must be a region of stratified limestone, and consequently good land, in that direction, to some considerable extent ; for where the waters of the Lake have cut the high alluvial banks on its south-east shore, their bases exhibit a mass of water, — borue fragments of rocks and stones, chiefly stratified limestone, and the beach is covered with them. As they cannot have been brought from the elevated ranges of primitive forma- tion to the south-east, we must look for their original site to the north and west ; and it is difficult to say how important the result might be of a geological investigation, prosecuted in that almost unknown region. My examination of their interior was limited to an excursion of about ninety miles, of which the pro- portion of land, fit for settlement, is I think sufficient to form six parishes. As it might seem presumptuous to express an opinion on an examination so limited, I bag to explain that it was performed with the greatest care. It may be unnecessary to say that Mr. Ballantyne, who surveyed the greater part of the townships in the Saguenay Terrilory, has had opportunities of forming an opinion much superior to mine. Not having made any exploration on the north-east side of the Saguenay, I can express no opinion of the country behind the front settlements on that side. A very commanding view of it can be obtained from the high grounds behind Ghicoutimi, embracing a great portion of the east end of the great basin of the inner Saguenay, in the centre of which Lake St. John is situated. Far to the right and loft, and far to the northeast is seen stretching an extensive undulating' or hilly plateau, apparently from four to seven hun- 124 ST. MARfillEniTE MOUNTAINS.— CLIMATE. died feet in height, presenting in many places indica. tions of good land, such as is said to be found there in considerable tracts, and behind rises the range of the St. Marguerite Mountains ; like a gigantic wall ; appa- rently thirty miles distant, and three thousand feet in height. From the best information I could obtain, combined with personal observation, I am led to believe that a proportion, equal on an average to one third part on the surveyed townships, is good arable land ; and when the prevailing richness of the arable, and its freeness from stones, are taken into consideration, practical men will at once see that the value of that proportion of the land which is arable, is much greater than it would be were the soil as poor and stoney as in several parts of the Lower Province already settled or being so. In some of the back con- cessions of the parishes below Quebec, much valuable labor is lost in improving land (inferior in richness to that of the Saguenay country) owing to the quantity of stones to be removed, and that afterwards occupy part of the land in heaps. When it is considered that these localities have no advantage in climate over the Saguenay, the superiority of the latter, as a site for settlement, will present itself more as a self-evident fact than a subject of opinion. In respect of a freeness from stones, the land fit for cultivation, of the inner Saguenay, has decidedly the advantage over a great part of the District of Quebec and Eastern Townships, the settlements in some parts north of Montreal, and much of the Ottawa country. With ordinary cultivation on good land, in the Township of Chicoutimi, as much as sixteen and a half bushels to one, sown of wheat, has been obtained, CLIMATB 125 or le ;c •Is lie llf k thirty to one of barley, and from eighteen to twenty- ilve to one, of oats ; showing two bushels of the latter to the acre and one of the former. Wheat crops have sometimes failed with some of the settlers, but only when too late sown ; wheat having been sown sometimes as late as the end of June, by settlers late with their work. The climate admits of sowing being sufficiently early. In the new settlements, in the Township of Labarre, wheat sowing began in 1851 on the 8th of May, in 1852 on the 4th, and in 1853 on the 7th of that month. Lying in the same latitude as the thriving settlement of the County of Rimouski, where grain of all kinds is successfully cultivated, the climate of the inner Sague- nay could not be supposed to be less favourable. Compared with the exterior settlements of the County of Saguenay, on the SI. Tiawrence, the climate of the inner Saguenay ountry is no doubt superior, as the testimony of intelligent pereons and careful observa- tions taken of the temperature indicate. This difference can be explained by a little consideration of the forma- tion of the country, with the assistance of the recognized principles of physical geography. The settlements in parts of the parishes of Les Ebou- lements, Chemin du Caps, &c., are twelve hundred feet above the level of the SL Lawrence. In this country four hundred and fifty feet of elevation is equal to a degree of northing in latitude. The plateau of Chicou- timi is one degree north of LesEboulements, butithas nine hundred feet less of elevation above the sea, which being equal to two degrees of southing in latitude gives it an advantage in climate over Les Eboulements equal to one degree of latitude. The flat lands around Lake St, John are lower than the plateau of Cliicoutimi,and. 12G THE GREAT VALLEY.^HAY. Eft ..;! the influence which that great body of water must have in keeping off late and early frosts, and moderating the coldness of the climate, is too evident to persons of experience to need remark ; and accounts for the climate being said to be milder there than at Ghicoutimi. The great elevation of the regions that surrond the basin of the inner Saguenay must, by enhancing its depression, increase the warmth of the valley. Such a great valley presenting so much alluvial soil, with the features of nature arranged as much as possible in its favor, with the vast basin of the Saguenay as a stupendous ship canal, penetrating fairly into it through the broad barrier of mountain country, cannot remain long unimportant. I intended to havie said something of the extraor- dinary suitableness of the Saguenay country for the growth of flax and hemp, and the advantage of pro secuting it now that improvements in manufacture have increased the value of the former, and foreign war that of the latter, and of the employment in win- ter which their preparation might afford ; and also of the superiority of the Saguenay as a hay growing country, and how advantageous the settlement of it would be for the supplying of beef, cattle for the ship- ping and emigrants arriving at Quebec, and its inhabi tants, now that the supply formerly derived from the Eastern Townships is drawn away to other markets. Had I not already trespassed so far on your atten- tion, and were it not exceeding the subject referred to me, I might have stated the advantages of a railroad in connecting important localities, where the interven tion of an extensive barren region precludes the possi- bility of forming such intermediate settlement as would be necessary for the maintenance of communi- 11. f si .(,.;! 1 NORWAY. 127 cation by a common road; and I might also have pointed out the certainty of a railroad being required to the inner Saguenay, as soon as the population there increases as much in proportion as it has done during the last ten years. By the most moderate estimates the inner Saguenay territory contains more land fit f r cultivation than there is in the kingdom of Norway, which has a popu- lation of upwards of twelve hundred thousand souls ; and lest the comparison with Norsvay should seem to imply anything disadvantageous with reference to the Saguenay, it may be necessary to add that the Norwe- gian peasantry are much better educated, and live far more independently, and are richer in property than the majority of agricultural labourers in Great Britain. 129 RENFREW & MARCOU (LATE HENDERSON, RENFREW 5c CO.,) 20, BUADE STREET. IN ALL THE NEWEST STYLES, ENGLISH, FRENCH & AMERICAN, FROM THE BEST MAKERS. OF THE BEST QUALITIES AND LATEST SHAPES, FOR LADIES' AND GENTLEMEN'S WEAR VICTORTNES, COLLARS, MUFFS, COATS, ^ } SLEIGH ROBES, CAPS, &c., &c. liiiii effiifiiiifiES, Barhworky Snow Slioea, Moccasins^ Toboggans. A LARGE DISCOUNT MADE TO DEALERS FOR CASH. HIGHEST PRICES PAID FOR RAW FURS. 130 GLOVER & FRY, IMFORTSRS, ESTABLISHED 1842. To Travellers and Strangers Ylsitliifr i^iiebee. 20, FABRIQUE STREET. We wish to call tlie attcDlioa of Strangers vintiag U>is City, to one of tlie largest and fiaeat Ury Goofls Estal>lii>hmenta in tbli Province, where Will he found at nil seasons u large and choice selection of general Dry Goods ; and we call particular attention to the following Special Depart- ments, which surpass any in this Province : SII.K DEPAR'raEi^T. Black Silks in Moire Antique, Oroa Orain, Armuie, Priacess CorJ, Oros lie .Suez, Glaces, dec, Colored Moire Antique, in all the new colors, Gros du Suez, GlaceSj Irish Pojdins, and the latest novelties in Fancy 8ilks. MAi^'TI.IB DEPARTME^iT. In this Deportment we flay particular attention to have the latest novelties direct from London aiid Paris. Gros Grain Jackets, newest styles and textures in Tweed Jackets, Waterproof Tweed Tourists' Mantle*, very useful for Ladies travellin^r- Mantles made on the premisea, undser tbo enperintemlence of an experienced person. lfIIl.I^Il«E:RV I»fiPAllT]»fC:iVT. Paris Fashions in Trimmed Bonnets and Hats ; Untrimmed Bonnets and Hats in great variety ; Flowers, Feathers, Head Dresses, dec. CI.OTHI.irO OEPARTMEIVT. Always on hand a large Mock of Gentlemen's Clothing, in all'the new styles and texture?, which for price, style and workmanship cannot l;e surpassed. Black Cloth Suits, Tweed Suits, Over Coats, suitable for all seasons, Pea .lackets, Blanket Coats, Boy's Clothing of all sizes and styles. Clothing made to order on the premises, under the superintendence of a drst class cultttr. All orders executed with great cara and despatch. €}E]^Ti^c:i»is:]v«& 0001X9. White Dress Shirts, Fancy Flannel Shirts, Underclothing, Hosiery, liandkercliiefs. Ties, Collars, Braces, Studs, Collar Links, Valises, Carpet Bags, Gents. Wrapping Shawls, Railway Wrappers. 14, FABRIQUE STREET. FlIRi'VISHI]V« OOODS. A large assortment of Furnishing Goods of evary description, at prices lower than any other store. Brussels, Tapestry and Scotcli Carpels, Silk and Worsted Damasks, for curtains, Floor Oil Cioths, in all widths, Bedsteads, Matrasses, Looking GlasscJ, Mirrors, &c. Xhe fullest rnlne tflTeu fbr American Cnrrencjr. . ■ 131 If " Cmii'dfr hi faik," Olio of tlie most largely circulated French Newspaper.^ and tlie best advertising medinm for all American manufactm-es saleable in Canada, Published three times aweek^ Moiiday, We«lne««lay and Friday. Proprietor LEGER BROUSSEAU, OUEBEC, C. E. LEGER BROUSSEAU, Importer of Teas and Wines, BOOK ; ND JOB Steam Press Printing Establishment, No. 7, Bnade Street, Fancy Cards, Business, Visiting and Ball Cards, Rills, Plain and. Fancy Printing?, OP EVERV DEBCniPTION. ^ooh-'§mMn0 in all its kant|fs, XXCOUTED WITH DESPATCH AND AT MODERATE PRICES. 132 THE OLD STAND, .^o. 9, John Street— EAtnbllahed ISSa. GEORGE HALL & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, Grocers, Wine and Spirit Merchants, Have on liand one of the finest nnd most extensive a.sciorlmenta of Groceries, Wines, Liquors, &c., ever offered in this city. THE FOLLOWIRO WILL BE FOUND IN STOCK : Teait, Coffees, Chocolaten, Cocoas, Sugars and Syrups ; also, Potted and Preserved Meats. «£r. 1¥ I N E S. SHGRRV— Domecque's, Pemartin's, Kingpston & Sons', Ysasi it Cu.'k, J. de Paul, DufT, Gordon dc Co., and Burden's. CUUIOUS WINES— Vino De Pasto, Amontillado, very pale, very particular, of the finest quality. PUllT WINE— Sanderman's, Graham's, Taylor's, of various quolities, and of the highest grades imported. Biirgtmdy Port, Common Port and Spanish Kcd Wines, Sweet Malaga for Medical purposes. CHAIHPAGNES. Moet ic Chandon's, Iroy's, jRuinhart ; Imperial Cabinet, Crescent and Anchor Brands. RHENISH WINES. Sparkling Hock, Still Hock, Sparkling Mozelle and Hochenheimer. BRAN PIES. HenneMey & Co.. Ottard, Dupuy Jc Co., Pinet, Castillon & Co., Planet ic Co., Jules kobin Ac Co., vineyard Proprietors. Uularq, Bellamy k Co., Vine Growers. Chaloupin & Co., a few cases very old. Cases Liqueurs, Curacoa, Maraschmo, Noyau, Anisette, Huile de Hose, Scubac, Parfait Amour. Barrels of Lonuon Porter, Quarts and Pmts. Itarrels of Ale, Quarts and Pints — Younger's, Allsopp's, Bass & Kewney & Co.'s. Gin— John DeKuyper it Son's, in Hhds. and Cases, Cordial Gin, Old Tom, and ti variety of Cordials. Fine Old Jamaica Kum and Jamaica Shrub. High Wines, Puncheons, Hhds. and Casks. Scutch and Irish Malt Whisky, Old Rye and Toddy, Family Proof, pure and low price. Cheese— Engliuii, Queen's Arms, Chedder, Stilton, Berkley, Truckles and American. Biittei'— Crane Island, Frampton and Megantic. Prime Cincinnati Hams. Flour— Superfine, Extra and Double Extra, finest quality for family use. The above goods are all of a v^ry choice quality, and selected for FAMILY USE, and warranted as good as represented. Ordertfor Fishing or Pid'Nic partiet $}ipptitd with the utmost desjmteh, 133 W. MARSDEH, M. D, Ex. President and Governor of the College of Pliys. and Sur. Lower Canada ; Hon. Fel. Med. Bot. Society London ; Cop. Fel. Med. Soc. London ; Hon. Fel. Mont. Pathological Soc. ; Hon. Fel. Berks. Med. Soc. and Lycenm Nat. His. ; Hon. Fel. Medico- Chirurgical Soc. New York ; &c., &c., &c. PLACE D'ARMES, QUEBEC. FXSHXN6fiOEK«B. The most extensive and best selected stock of riSIIIB fItELE IN CANADA. SALMON RODS AND FLIEb, TROUT RODS AND FLIES OF ALL DESCRIPTION, Fishing Baskets^ Bilk LineSy fyc. For Sale at BELANGER & GARIEPY, Hardware, Fabrique street, Upper Town. o2 134 SHEFFIELD HOUSE, rVo. S, Fabrique Street, Quebec. HENRY SMEATON & CO., DIKBCT IMPORTERS FROM THE MANUFACTURERS OF ^illjtr rnxH Otlwtra |ktflr Mm, COLB AND SILVER WATCHES, CLOCKS, TIMEPIECES, &r., JEWELLERY, Fishing Tackle, Cabinet Goods, Toys, Soaps and Perfumery, Archery, Cricketing materials, English, Frencn and German Fancy Goods, Table and Pocket Cutlery, Spoons, Forks, &c., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. DEPOT FOR STEREOSCOPIC YEEW8. HOUGH'S LIVERY STABLES AND CARRIAGE MANUFAOTORT. Saddle Horses, Single and Double Teams, with or without drivers. Always in readiness. APPLY AT OFFICE, ST. LOUIS HOTEL. 135 W. B. VALLEAU & Co., Sailors aiilr ^x^txs, No. 9, BUADE STREET, QUEBEC MILLINERY AND DRESS-MAKING ESTABLISHMENT, Importers of all Novelties of the Season, COMPRISING MOIRli; ANTIQUES, And all sorts of Real Laces and Trimmings, &c. ESTABLISHED IN 1849. Mrs. H. JACOBS, Collin Street. m- 136 P. POULIN & SON, ^atr| liakfrs aiilr , ItMlers, No. 33, ST. JOHN STREET, Center ef JaH niu. ft Depot for the Sale of HomGeopathic Medicines, Established in 1857. 1- W, DRUM'S Chair and Cabinet Steam Factory, FURNITURE SHOW ROOMS, 103, St. Paul and 9, St. Charles SIreett, QUEBEC. m Has constantly on hand a very large and excellent assortment of all classes oi Furniture, Drawing Room Sets, Mahogany, Rosewood, Black Walnut, OAk, Dining-room, Bed-room and Parlor Sets, and other Furniture of the newest designs and best workmanship. Terms liberal, and every article sold for what it really is. THE TRADE SUPPLIED. * ta— « ■ ir 137 CHAS. MCDONALD & SON, DEALERS IN PAPER HANGINGS, Pillf S| SLISSi eiLSi fttif ALSO, COAL OIL, LAMPS, &c., '* UPPER XOWiV MAIKKIST PI^ACE, Opposite French Cathedral. T. LAIDLAW & CO., IVo. 33, St. John Street, IMPORTERS OF Jlta|l« art iaiifji iij ^aah. it.', y^^T I i E. iCi-iAKKOW,- H'-^ XCHANCE BROKER, No. 6, Buade Street,^ OPPOSITE THE POST OFJlCE. AMERICAN CURRENCY EXCHANGED ON BEST TERMS. SILVER FOR ^M K. English and American Gold always on hand. STERLING EXCHANGE NEGOCIATED. Uncorrent Coins bcug^lit tutd sold, ...» ^^,..a-**-|^.j«j.^ &c., hc> APOTHECARIES' HALL, BUADE STREET, Opposite tlte side of tlie Frencli Catliedral. JOHN S. BOWEN, PROPRIETOR, Has C(5nstantly on hand a complete and well selected stock of ToUet Articles, Perfumery, Fancy Soaps, Combs, Brushes, Sponges, &c. Agent in Quebec for the genuine J. M. Farina's Eau de Cologne, and Piesse and Lubin's Perfumes. ALSO, A complete stock of the principal American, English and French Patent Medicines of repute, which are guaranteed as being genuine. Soda Water and Nectar from the Fountain, with Cream Syrups of every flavor. Prec "riptions accurately dispensed and with as much despatch as is consistent with attentio£i and their proper preparation. % --.•'■^.