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A HK\'IFA\' OF HIS SCIFNTIFC WOIJK. BY G. F. MATTHEW, D. Sc, F. R. S. C. ; Reiul Xovfiiibfl' 1st, IS!):.'. Al)out liiilf a contuiy a.n'o the iiann.' of Aiaaliaiii (icsnci- l:ci-;inu' widely spread in tlie Mai'itinit" I'ldvinces ot' Canada, ri his etlurts to make known the mineral wealth and -icat nair,i;d lesoiii'ces of his native proviin «• '»f Xo\a Scotia : and fmui his zeal in prorlaiming the truths of the new scicnec of (;ro!(ii:y. I'.oiii in the midst of a distiict fanieil foi' it-^ natiiial In^auty and its feitility- tiie land of K\anueline he was Aitlun ra^y reach of some of the most prolitie minei'al localities, and ■^.-uic of the most I'emarkahle natural ge(jlo,u:ieal Ncetion^ to lie s. iii in the -Maritime provinees of Canada. It is not surpiising. tlicict'orc, that he sliould have been filled with enthusiasm for the new science, and should have endeavored liy tongue and pen to make known the natural wealth of the Acadian land. A knowledge of tiie early life ami I'haracter of (icsucr will naturally he souglit for hy those who are interested in his scii'iitilie work. Fortunately this has hetMi supplied hy his suiviving v)ns, now living in New York : and a hiographieal sketch of his rather written l)y (I. W. (iesner has heen puhlished in the fourteenth r.ulletin of this Society (1806). / 'J .M G£S/vs/?s£>f/=^LOWFr-* 4 i;i LLHTIN OF TIIK NATIUAI. lIlSToKV ft" 'CIETV. 'riif fiilluwiiin' skctcli (if I >r. (M■slI(•^'^ scuiitiric woik \vii> rt'iul lif't'iiif this socictv soiiK' \fais ;i,iiii Init w :is held n\ci' t'lnin |pnlili catidii. ;l^^aitinL; a iiinic tlctailcil accnuiit nf liis early lite ami rduc-at ion than was thm a\ailalilr. This ar((»imt has liccn t'ur ni>ln'(| liv the -Mc-sis. (m-iici' in tlir skctcli of his cai'ccr ^ivcii in bulletin No. .\l\',ani| to thi^will iiatiiially succeed llie iiceuunt of hi^ litcrai-y laliors. (i i;()i,(i(i ^ AM) M iM:i;Ai,^.">i;.-'* Ill the jirefaee to ilii- Work, I >r. (h'snei' claims for No\u Scotia thai aliunilatict' of iisefid and imjiortant minerals which she has since lieen shuwii to possess, and this at a time when her coal industiv wa- in its infancy, and her yold mini's unknown : and i;e sjiys 'hat shi' will maintain her pre eminence in this i'es|iecr u;ui\alled 1 iv any country of e(|ual size. The a.ithor telU us that this work was written for the '"lieru-iu of the ueiK'ial I'cacJei. ' and in accoidaiu-e with this intention it is prefaced with a shot t intiMxhiction to the science of t:'er. (Icsner has drawn largely for information from this source, hut at the same time he does not show a slavisli adherence to the opinions of these authors. i * Remarks on tlie Of olopr.y and IMineralog;}' of Nova Scotia by Abraham Gesner, SiiiKeou. :Ji:5 pp., 2 pi., 1 map. Halifax lyso. AiniAHAM (iKSN'ER — IIKVIHW (tT HIS SCIKXTIIlr \\uI;k. 'I'Ih' issiiy i)t' Mi'N>is. .I;ic|<-(iii uiiii Alurr'' was wiittm in I S.') I , and ufivf t lif lirst full iiml acriiiiiti' arcdinit. l In! li.nl in'cn )iitltlisli('<|, of tlif iiiiiicials uf till' "Ndilli MiMiiitain (i Nuva Sroiia. Ill coiiiicct idii witii tin' |iiitici]ial tn|iic df ilicir wdiK ilifV n'JiNc also an outline of tin' ^colnny of the |iid\ intc a^ a whole. CoiisidoriiiLC the time at whieh it ua^ written. thi> woik was an ex eel lent (litest of in format ion on t he miinTaU of Nu\ a >e. it ia. hut it was too leehiiieal fof the oniiiiaiy leader, and (■e^nei's liook, written in a more ]io|iiilai style, ami from the stand ]Hiint of the colonist, had a w ider eireulal ioii. and ser\cd to dilVusi' more ^■eneiallv amony; the ]iro\ iiieials a knowledgt' of the resuuiets of No\a Seotia. (iesiier found four L;'eoloyieal distriet> in the jiroxiiKi', these he ealled the rrimary hisiriet, the Clay Slate histrirt. the lied Sandstone histi'ict and theTraji histri<'t. A division into four districts had lieeti adapted hy Mi -sis. • lackson and Alu'er, luit while (Jesiiei classed all the red -and stones to,L,'etlier, the aliove authors, on their map, dist inuuislied the rod sandstones of the Annapolis \alley from the other- and desci'il)od them in connection with the trap rock-- a more natural arrangement. Of the pi'imnrij dlsfrirf exlendini;' alon;:- the .\tlantic coast from Canso to Shelhurne, Dr. (lesner oliserxcd t hat the ■•••lay slate" succeeded tli(> granite, except whei'e the u,neiss and mica schist are interposed. I le thus reco,u;ni/ed the antiipiity nf the slates of this tract as contrasted with those of the disti id next to !)(> described. How litthMlie mineral wealth of thisdi-trict was suspected at this time, may l)e gathered from another remark wherein he says (in sj'cakingof tlie country east of Halifax) that no indications of ores were seen on any part of this coast. In the country west of Halifax Dr. (lesner found a \ariety of (puirt/ites, mica scliists and clay slat<'s, with hills and massf s of granite interspersed. He lays special sticss on the rocking * Remark? on the IMineralOKy ind fieology of No\a Scotia b.y Chas. T. .Incl;soii and Francis Alger. Published by the American Academy of Science, l8;;i. I (i i!i i,i,i:ti.\ or 'iiik natikai. history society. ■^tiilli'- .•llld liiTclii'd Ixnililrl"- (ilis('|'\('(l ill llli- flistlirt, ;is cUI'idU- i)'i>iciis i.t' iiiiirli i||^^'l(•^t. In this (listiict ;ilsn he tuiiiid drc]. lissiiiTs ill ilic niiUiilf. ;iti(l siiji|)(ts('s tli.il t licic liji\ c Ixtii \i(ilctii <■ Ifl InilPlkfS iiml \(»lc;illic cxplosioiis. wliirli IimiI tent the lork'- asiiinli'i' and t liinu ii t lic^r l»(tiildi'i ^ to t lir l()|i> ol' t lie liii^lic-t liill- 'I'lii'- jii iniary di^t I'icI of I )r. < IcsniT corrcsiioiids to t lie (jiiai't/ lock and slate disliid of Messrs. .l;ickson and Al.uer, lail tin llollllda^ie■^ liixcii liy (h'Mmi' are more natural lliaii those of the r>o-ton authors. Also it corresponds to the Lower Silurian of ■'^ii ^^'lll. haw son's iiiap* lail is nuich narrower. In his account of the second, or ('lui/ ^lntr '/ixf)'tff, I »r. (li's iiir. while remarkini;' upon the occurrence of yranite. ;;iieiss aiid mica scliist in this district, found it *;> contain also ^ray wackeand the ''old mountain limestone with remains of niailiie aiiimaU a!id plants. The houndaries of this district as <;i\en l»_v (^■■•>nei nearly correspond with those of the " Tratisition " clay slate of Messrs. ■lackson and .\liier, liul where they dili'er ticsneis liouii'laries are nuue coirect and natural. (n'suer's description of the iron (U'es of Clements and Nictau also aLi'i'ee \'ery nearly with that of the authors ahoN e named, anil liotli also descrihe in -omew hat similai' terms the line i|uait/. ci'v^lals of I'aradise rixcr and the hoj.; iron ore of Aylesford There is a dilT'ereiice in condition Itetwceii the iron ores cif ( 'ieiuents and Nictau, for while tlii'foinier are con\erted into inai;netite, the latter are st ill hematitic ores. 'I'jie lloston cliem. ists thought the alteration of the Clements ore due to lieat from the mass of trap in the North Mountains on the opposite side of the .\nnapoli.s \alley ; (iesneron the contraiy at trihutcd it to the \ icinity of inti'usive ifi'anite. An interesting' account .isni\-en ])y |)i'. Cesner of the discoxt^ry (if a fossil uf the zoopliyte family I and of deiidritif markings in the ixvoy slates ut Ijeech Hill in Horton. Fossils (oncrinites and tiilolutos) were .also discovered in the cla}' slate formation at New Canaan. Several liscov pages ire devoted to a description of the iroi P' ^ III Acadiau Geology. ::.'nd Ed. Ijondon 1868. t Now known as Dictijonema Webeieri. AISHAIFAM (JKSNKI! — 1M:\ Ii:\V oF Ills -iCIl'VrilK' WiiliK. ( (il'c IkmIs of tlir I'iitoii (lisliicl, wliicli iil-ii liiul iitt IMclnl tl.f jiltfiilidii of Messrs. .Incksini ami Alui'i- III cxiiliiiiiiiiL; tlir t iatis|i()itat idii ipt laru'' iiia-scs nt' im-K m t Iii> (list i'i<'t w liii'li Mil- ton III I tar rrmuN ((I froni i luir pannt In '(!■._ aiH I arc found on tin- surface >>{' t Ih' new rr mck- .u ]irni)ii-.(H(in--l\ scattered o\ cr tlie •ground. I >r. ( ie^^m i in\ iil i he aid of pdu eifnl cm rents. I'" mm I lis fnrtlier ri mark- ii i- e\ ideni t liat he xii|,|iiiM'd tliese currents to lia\e lieeti ocean ciiinni- and lo liau' lieen those of ;i i;-elU'ial dehl^e. All the western pari of this di-trict is -|ioken of as the SmiMi Ml am tain, and the rocks are said In lie genera II vof 1 1 ansii ion a,L.i . and are "anion'4 the most ancieni uf the >irondaiv stiala." 'I'll is sl;ite (list rici , 1)1)1 h as defined li\ • OS lie I ;i lid liy t he t w n iJostoii authors, com|irises the Silurian and l>e\o|iian rocks nf t he ])rovinee,* (exci']>I siieii as ajiiiear in I Ip' ( 'iiliei|iiid laiiue) and the inti rior or iiort lie in pari of the ( 'ainlirian licit I'i t he At laiil ic coast . In the sheltered and fertile \alicy of Annapolis. | )r. <;esii.i- found tlie new red sandstone, a coiiiparati\ ely receiil deposit, and inferred that the red sandstoiii's to the iioitheasi of it wt ii- of the same a^'e. Hence he dcsciihed I'l I he iiordiein areawl Nova Si'otiii as the S,i iiilstoin dlxlrid. in this distiict ilie soils are more fertile than in other parts uf the province, and I 'i (iesner liiid Ji lii.nh opinion of its marl as a fertilizer. Iledoesnni fail to (k'scrilie the e\tensi\-e desposits of imustone, i;ypsiim and cak'JU'eous marl whicli are formed here, 'i'le' extensixc tract- of marine alUnium formed in the northern jiait of No\a Scotia ao said to he laid down on these red sandstone locks. The account i^iven of the W'ilmot s|iiinu i- an intere-iinu Int of local history, in view of the i'.\tensi\e use now hein-' made ot its V, ators : — " Tn the town of Wilmot, ahout three miles from (wlilion's Tun, there is a mineral spring possessing me(liciiial properties of consideral)le imjiortaiice. Wlien tliedisco\ erv was iirst aniKJumcd to tlie public, numerous were the persons who. l)eing afflicted with different diseases, hastened to the waters, then supposed to * In a wovV. written thirteen years later liesner classes these slates as Sihiriaii. i A. i:n,i,rri\ ok tiip: natihai, history sopikty. i lie till' il'inir r'llii ami i|llili' ^llllicjcnt to tr|ii(i\r iill tilt' ill> tlliU llcsli is lii'ir lu. W'itlioiii K't't'ioiicc to till' mitiiic ot" tlicir dis- fiiscs, iiml at every stai,'e (it' tliejr cniiiiilaiiits tliey linjicd . ml \uillly liii|ie(| to olitiiiii relief'. In the liijilst ot' tlie t'uieNt tlie little \illai;e near llie pool tit' tliis modern I'xtliesda was nil liii>tle ami oint'tision. while many for want ot' aeeomniodut i< n were oliliyed to (|e|iart not Iieale<|. '" ''' Many were theeiire.s re|iorted to liuve Keen made at this s|irini,'. Ncwspaiiers teemed witli its praises. r.iit experience soon prr. W'elister and are found to contain sodiuiii, lime, siilplmric acid and mag- nesia. They will doulitless lie lienelicial in all -crophuloils and :4landnlar diseases. They are generally aperient and cannot fail to lie scr\ iceahle in dyspepsia and other diseases of the di,i;e.slive origans." I>r. (icsner found \arious classes of marine organisms in the limestones of Windsor. Shulicnacadie ami tl | Nil l Ic V.mKN. \\ uliifli III" ififdi'drd us uiiilrrlyitii,' tli.' ii'd vandstdncs jiihI -.. liiict' tn ;i (Irsclint inn nf' llic Viiiiuils cnJil lifl^illv in llir nnitlu'lll part r iict 1 1 lent ions that he t'nimd a few men at wnik nn t he " K im^ N ein ' at the doLjiiins. Nn work had liecn dniie at Sprinu'hiil. althniiyli a i;'ood scam of eoal hail l)een fniiiid there. The loeaiit v wa- not at thiit time witliin tlie reaeli nf pmlitaiile miniiii,' nwim.'' tn its i-elated sit iiatinii. We lind tiiat \U\ ( iesner with matiy >>t' the nenlnyists nf his day, hi 'Id the npin inn that the cnal lima in it^' " t ri.pical luxuriaiiee indicati'd the presence of a nciv Imt climate at the time ulnti it Iniirisiiefl .ftv halms, cai ti. A laiicana n pines, idiis and ■n l)Ufied ln'tnrc the eiinnnnus I'lislidike plant s " thou coxercd the iinnind. These, up accnimt nf tile jiei'fect prescrs iitimi nf th'ir ninst delicate pait^, he cnneei\t's to h.'i\(' li\('d, (lied and Nnaehian l)eluL;'e. Anion^' the fossils ncciirriiij,; at the .jni.'^iiis (Jesner enitmeijae-' iiiiifi- /'IS [])>• iu\\{>\v\n<^ : — L'/>i'i()(/''iii/ri>ii (ir)ilft(l a ,ii Sternl). Sjilirn tr'il'iiHiitii Broiii^t. Fhiifdike leavs | ('nr<(y. (Sesner had th 1,'oiid fortune to di-cfixci' thf ri'i\ sandstone er()]H)inn' out from l)elo\v the ainv;/daloid and tia|) at low walrr mark. Aloni^' this sliore far as II I >r. (!c-;n('i f.iund heaiitiful crystals >f calcareous s]iar. hculandilf. laiimonitc. stilhid', analciine and ■lo he found ]iri']initi' [a rare mineral in otiier zeolites. il ere the X. )\ a v.-otian traji In the \iciiiily of l*aris!)oro, wjiere I >i'. (Jesiiei' ap]iears to have sjienl some time, more carrfui eN]iloratioiis were made and a variety of rocks and minei'als were ohscrNcck J'"iom this con- venient ceiiti-e he made e.xcuisions in various directi(jns ; \isiiinu tlie liii:li clitl's of j)|omidon, aloie.^' whose Itase a variety of a^'ates and /eoliies jire found; in a westerly direction he visited the lu'oken shore Ijy Spenceis Island ami C ipe(r()r, collectin.ii' na,t!\(' cojiiK'i', etc., from the tra]) : 1h' did not liml at ('ape ChiyiH.'cto tlie laiu'e area of trap rocks descril)ed l)y .lackson and Al^er ; in the opjiosite dii'cctioii lie explored the north shore of Minas r)asiii, studded with small islands and proj(H'tin,LC points of trap. (Jur author was o-reatly impressed hy the noUie scenery aloni; the iiortliwestein coast of No\a Scotia, and takes i^reat d«li;L;lit in descriliiiiL;' the peculiarities of this basaltic range- -the columns of the traj) and the stepdik(^ successive layers ; the crumklini;' clitVs of amygdaloid and the varied and lieautiful miiH^rals it contains. lie supposes these minerals to have l)een introduced into the amygdaloid l>y the agency of h(>at, either hy igneous fusion,''' or by aublimation.T Those views would liardiv l)e ac- cepted at tlie present day, esp(^cially as regards the zeolites The theories presented in this work by Dr. (losiier show an extensive acquaintcance with the writings of the earlier geologists. We find him (]Uoting the geological works of Buflfbn, Werner, < r * I'p. IW. Wi and 23fi. t Pp. 218, 241. Ai:UAIIAM .-SESNKU RKVIKW n] Ills .<(I1;MJ 1 K WoilK. IT llllttoil, I'.Ul'IU't ;ili(! ('(.iivImmiv iui.l I'liilijis ;is well iis lUirkhitiil. H<- (lis]iliiys coiisidcniltlf ac(iniuntiiiicr with the " Priiicipli ■. " ot Lyi'll lutt of (■(niisf knew iKitliiiiu- of l.ycH s lalcr wuik^, cdiisi- «|U<'iiliy his rcasoniiiu' in (hi^ luKik on No\a Scotia is all liascd on till' opinions ot' thr ''arlv writers All tliidiii^h this \\(yik- their ate vcrv saiiuiiinc o)iiiiioiis ('.\|ii-("- ^cd as to ihf niinnal weallli of No\a Scotia. rs|icciallv in coal and i I on. As rcnaitU the forniei' niineial these ojiin ions lia\-e liet-ii fidiy honie (Hit ky later de\ eio|iiiieiit -. and it is |)i(.l)akle that as time ^(jes on the laiLie de].o-,itsof iron oie which Nova Scotia |)ussesso.s will also he 'Moi'e full\- utilized. TfiiKs, Si ]i,ii:cis. .\xi, Itinkkahv^" of 1»i;. (;i:s\i;i;"s < i i.ol.oi.M M. li i:i'o|!ls. /■'Ir.sf licpiirl on llic (icd/nf/icd/ Snri-rj/ nj' .\i u' /Irn ii.-urlc/:, hy Ahrd/uini (•rsiicr, /'ruri nria/ ( ;cii/(i(/l,-ii, etc, ls:;'.i, St. ,/n/iii. ( -"' l>l'J' I'AliE I'AfiE. 1 ItirroiluL'lion. 47 3Ia;,'at;uailavic. Vi .^loinitdiii i;ai>K'' along ^S T,"J,ianji: •4'.' Hcav er Hai'lior. 51 I'cclcKiiii Miiuai-niadavic to Oro- : 83 Glossary of (ii'oloKica! )■-• I'^ssaiiiaijuodd.v. i mocto. I tcrii'i.s. I'AOK. ',-i iron Oiv. ri C'arlionilVrous Lime- slone. 7.") Old Red Sand.stone, Ar- Killai'cons hlate and (iranite. 77 ("oal Jfcasiires, -•'iidihI h'rjjor/ oti llw I iriilti(ii< iil Sii rrri/ tij' / lir I'roi'iitif e/' AV/r lh-iniKvivL\ III/ Ahrtihii in (Icsncr, I'roi'i nciiil ( •cdhKjisI . St. .Julin, /SJfii ( i. h, .ril. II ml I- j: -- SS pii. ) Face. i. Introductory. I Gein'i-al Heniarks. li St John i:i Black River. li Quaco. '^'3 Hopewell. •J4 New Horton. -'■' Grindstone Island. ;!') Shejiody. ^".) Gaiie Maranguiu. Page. : Faoe. n Fossils of f'liiKiiecto ''i Sliediac Bay t'oal Field. :r\ East coast ofWestinor 3S Actioii of the Sea on the land. coast. , 5,') Bale Verte. 40 P'xploration of the .'iO Sackville Interior. ; 59 Dorcliester. •in Hammond River. j 60 Westmorland Cual 4.") Hampton. j Field. 4ii Sussex. ! 73 Glossary of Geologicai 49 IVtiteodiac. I terms. ■ See Map of his journeys opposite the title-page. lli j;i"li,i:tix of tjie natikal iiistouy .^uciktv. 'I'liird liijniil ml Ihr (li'ohKjiviil Siirrtii nf Ihc Pr>>rnii-c of S'cic Urn iisirich'. hi/ Ahni/iii iii (irsiicr. /■'. (i. S., I'rori iiviiil ilm- hxjisl, etc., St. Jo/iii, IS.'fl ( i. hi ,ii\, /-» /"./ /xiifis. I'AOK. I'AfiE. i. Letter, v. Introrluetioti. UH New Refl Saiidsioiic 1 ('(imity of St. Jdiiii. il Sinitlis Creek. • i Mispec. Ill Ulii'/k River. 1,' EiiiiTSdirs ('reek. I'i Ten :Mile I reek. I") ]'oi|>h.\rv. Ui ( )l)servation.s on the State ami (iiaywauke (if tile Coast, I'ACiK. .")! Iron Ore. 'm Wickhaiii. .M( ^\■Jvslla(leIrloak. ti»' (ieneral Remark- "U New BruDswiek 'da I flel«l. (i:i (J rand Lake. ;W Mill Stream. ;i4 (ieiieral view of New Red Sandstone of A\'estnioi-land and Kint-'s Count ies. 38 Mineral Contents, Lead, Td Salmon River. Rock Salt, Iron, Gyp- It Allnvimn of tlieSt. .loliii sum. Rher. 17 Klevated Coast, Raised 1"^ Valleys of Denudation, sd I'oi'tion of a Jaw-lMpne. Be;n-lies, ete -I.") Afric'idtmal Character si ]{ecord of RoriiiKs at '■i\ Tertiary l'"ori nations. of New lied Sand- Salmon River. ;'t; Animal Remains. stone liistiict. 84 Glossary of (ieolo^;i(al ,'1 Hammond IJ.Westnior- M) Kingston. terms, land (oal Field. .")ii Springfield. i Fuiirlli /t'r/ini/ on llir ( icohuji.-ol Sn rrcij of llic I'l-'o-'i nee of .\i(' liiii n>iii(/:. hji Ahriilui III (o:s)ni\ F.d'.S.. I' tio-'nic'iiil lifoli ■ (j'lsl. lie. SI. .loll II. I ■<.'!.' ( fol I, p. ) Page, ■■', Letter. ."' Introduction. IS Graywacke and Slate, at Coal Field Sonth of the St. Jolm River, i.'."i Exjiloration of Scoodic and Cheiuitnetieook Rivers and Lakes, ."^ed Paint. Liir "Stone. "t AVo jstock. Page. .">0 Northampton. South- am|it .n. etc. ."il Mineral Springs, .'il Terraces, ti:! General Descrijition of (ireat Coal Field of New Rrnnswick. 70 Physical Features of the Great Coal Field, ri Pear. I'i Rocks and Minerals of the Coal Field. Pa OK. ;s Fossils of the Coal Fie s(( I'lants of the Coal Fie St Toiiosraphical Petal I s4 TidnisM River. s,") Cocagne, 87' Ric'hibuoto. H'.i Coal. Ill Hog Iron Ore. !IJ Konchihouguac, !'" Nashwaak. iUpiol o:i llif (iiii/iii/iiiil Siirni/ of Xcir Urn iisniil-. hIIIi a lo/m- tjrdpli i<(il iiccoinil of III r I'nh/ic IaiiiiIs C ii ml IIic ilisti iil crp/ond ill IS-/.' J, 1)1/ Ahriiliii III (icsnrr, I'. (r.S.. I'rori mini (ieiiloijisl, tic, SL./oIni, is.'/.i ( ss pj) j. Page. 3 Letter. ,5 Introduction. VI Topographical Report. -'5 Tol)ii[Tie River. ;-14 Exploration of the Restigiiuche River. 47 Put)lic Lands. .M Geological Report. ').") Recent Alluviums. .^ti Ancient Alluvium. .V.i Tertiary Deposits. Page. 61 Red Sandstone, Gyp- simi, etc 6.3 Coal Formation. ti;i Sihu'lan S.vsteni. 67 River Sainr .lohn. 69 Silurian Rocks of Baj- Chalenr. Ti Camlirlaii System, 73 Granite, Syenite. 74 Trail. Serpentine. 75 Economic Geology. Page. 76 Various Alluviums. 77 Marl, Clay, San I. 78 Suit, Gypsum, etc 7!) WaterLimestone. etc. SO l-'lagstones.i Irindst mes. Slate, etc. 81 Coralline Marbles, Ser- pentine, Gni'iiie. 83 Coal, Iron, Lend. 84 Manganese, (!oiiper 86 Lime in .\griiulluie. N. B.— Of the 467 pages of texts of these reports, 8,") are devoted to a description of the coal lields and their products. AlU'iAilA.M (iKSNKH — UKVIHW (iF III.- SCLKXTI lIi WoKK. l". ( ! Koi.iM.icAi, S^l;vK^ or Ni.w I'imnsuk k. ll would ii|iji(';ii' tliat iiiiiiicdiiiti'i v .-it'ttT tlif I'liMiiat inn of his work oil rill' u'rolou'v and iniiicralou'v of No\a Srotia. I M'. ( icsncr tui'iicd his altctitioii to the iii'iuhhoiiiiL;' jiiovinrc of N(>\v liniiiswirk, for in liis lii-.t icport on the L;'('n|oL;v of this pi-oxiniT hi' stati'd that in ls;i7 hr had ohtaincd an mitlinc of the uro^ra ] hiral tV'atiii'rs of that part of thr ]iro\incf whirh hoidns thr r.ay of Fiindy : and it would >-rcni that ln'foir he hr-an cxplor ation for tiir prosincial noxcrniiiciit hr had (hv ri'i|Ui'st of jiri\ati- iiuHv idiials .') \isit('d thi' Irad iiiiiir at Lnln'c in .Maiiir. Al tlir I'losc of his liist srason s work hi' was ahlc to 'j^'wc tin foliowin^ i;'t'ni'ral sketch of thr urnlouical stitirtiiir of thf sonili nil part of Ni'w Uruiisw iek : "Thr soutlirast sidr of New 1 Iruiisw ick, or t hat part w hirli ifai'lit's lU'ar tin' roast, rxti'iiiliiiu' from Shi'pody i'>ay in tin loutitv of ^\'(•stlllorland (now Alhrrt) to tho Aiiifiiran lioiiiidary lim- ill the county of Cliarlottc, is occupied li\' an extensive and nioderatelv-ele\ated chain of iiionntains. coiiiposcd principally of L:ianite and other priiiiaiy ro> ,.s. This raiiu'e is situated at an average di'-tance of jifteen miles fjoni tlie slioiciif the I'.ay r)f l''uiidy, and includes the highlands eastward > if the ii\cr St. .lolin. Westwardly, it enihraees liald. Manic, hou^las, I'li asant and other mountains. 'J"he course of this inouiilainoiis di-.triit is from soutliAves'. to northeast. " At the southern hase of this elewited reulon the slates and limestones of the transition scrie-^, and the sandstones and con j;iuiuei'ates of tlie secondary foi'iuations, are ]>laced in their usual order of sueceswion, wherever they have not heen hioken u]» and l)uiied l)V extensive erujitions of volcanic matter. All these rocks have heen penetrated hv \;iViS,i' and numerous dykes of ^rap, ])iisalt and {.lorphyiy, and the surface of the coutitiy * * '•' exliihits tlie clearest tnidence of ha.\ in^' heen the theatre of violent earth(|uakes and intense volcanic action. ''•'The granite enterinu into the structure of this mountain chaiYi is also succeeded on its nortliei'ii side hy slate and hi ay wacke * * * j],,,,, fallow the rocks of the ;j,reat coal form- ation which extends from tlie head of the ( >roinocto river in a northeast direction to Noi'thumherland Straits."" 14 lULLKTIN OF TIIH XATIHAL HISTORY SUllKTV. Surli is the oiltlilif which I )f. (icsiici j^mvcs of tlir m'oloi;}' ot" southern New 15rmis\vi(,-l< ; iiiid this iiis viuioiis joiii'iicyiiins (luriii.t? the Hist tlircr years thiit h'' was t'liga^'ed on tlic su^^^'y of New Ihiinsw i('l< sct\t'(l to iiinijiletc and extend. His fomth vear s work took him l)evond the (h'^trict eo\t'i'('d liy this outline and in liis fifth ye;ir hi' was cnuaired in exploi'ini;' the wihl lands and thinly settled distiicls in the noitheiii jiait of the Piovinee. l)r. omi' of which wrie like those of the tir trilie. otheis were fei n>~, and others stiymariic. 'I"he coal hasin, however, was of \ery limitrd extent, as ii was found to terminate ahout three miles inland. Further aloiin' the i oa>t, at ]Mus(]uash. lie fouiis the granite ridu'c hy way of the Nereiiis roafl as fai- as ()iomoi'to, atifl then iiiadi' a tra\'eise further west alon.i;' the MaL;auuada\ ic and ()rom(Mto rivers to tin' same point, intersectin,i:' the nieta- morpJiic and igneous locks, and a part of the centi al (.'arhonifei ous area of the jirovijue. hi these traverses he discovered ,-,ome iron ■ore, rooling' slates and a granite (piariy. Durini; these jouiiu-vs he hurl excellent opportunities of olisei'v ini;' the southwanj move- * First Rep. p 40. AHRAKAM GESNER — REVIEW OF HIS SCIENTIFIC WORK. 15 iiieiits that liiul ocfurrpd in tlu; Ujosc sui'f.'ici' dojiosit or "diliniiil collections." These lie attributes to the clT'ects of a " LCencial deluge that swept over the coiintrv from north to south," and to this cause also he refeis the glacial strijc : '•tluse aic ^('cn to cross each other at ditTerent angles, and this ailoids evidence that the course of the cui'rent was not al\\a\-- uniform." in his second year he tirst made a \ oyage along tli'- coast eastward of St. dohn to l]\v head of the ISay of Fii!idv. Me then returned to St. John and made a parallel tra\er'r. (iesner found a s mai coal field at (Juaco, wheie excavatioi impure seam of coal, and at <' IS nail liecn made upon an uaeo li.ad lie exanuneo nitrusive trap and deposit of manganese that exists there, Follow in< th e coast eastward he toiiiid some lemaikalde ((Hiical lills of serpentine and ti'ap at (ireal Salmon river. At iroji we and he aiiain met the coal tormalion and the \aluahle free'-tcii' rrin dst one l)ed s of that p 11 isll, !iid tins toi inatmn \'.a'- found to extend across the I'etitcod lac ri\er. In his traverse of the interior I 'r. (iesiicr found anothci' coal fiel.l l>asin, which he called the Westmorland coal found to extend from Sussex, where he examined a lie( lis wa- Tl i of coal. to the eastern shor(! ( )f th rovnict^ at >lie(liac. lie f ouiKl coa' also on tlie Pollet l^iver and Turtle C'i(-e and turthei' east. 'i'l lese last were prol)al)ly cannel coal, or highly bituminous ate I'lie ash \aried fiom twelve to twenty-live per cent.* In his third vear he re-examined a pait of the coast e;!st of St. John, and then the '"new red sandstone" district in Kings countv, Aft. erward he made excursions on \aiioris ii anciies oi tiie St. John river, anio and (Jrand Lake: UiX the icst IJelleisle liav, and ^\'aslladcll!(li^k Tn th le report on this years explorations Dr. ( iesner summed up the result of his three years work in this ditlicult ivgion, whose complicated geology has exercised the minds of many * Second Report, p. Cti, IG lULLHTIN ol' TlIK NATIRAL IIISTUKY SOCIETY, ni\ r-tluatiil's since t lien. His work svus so fiif iulvaticcd lliat li now jirciiarc'l a i;col;)L;u'ai ma ]) of tliis soutlicfii part of tlir proviiUM-, thf first tliat had Imtii made. This map, Avhich lias iir\cr Ix'fii juililislit'd, is now in the hands of thr Natural Hist. il'V ^Oi'K ■tv of Ni'^N i'>runs.wi(k, and work ot tht'sc thi'cc season- un^wicK, an is ('(imp letc for the ^f^<-^ l-^ In the lirst ie])oi t. 1 »r. (lesner had announced the oi'ciirrenci incstoiif and < 'Id IJed sandstone amotii^ th< 'f the "lanilt s, and now in this tliir< of I'aiiioniieidus \\ serolKiaiN' locks nort h < le rt iJiN'es a somewhat exteiMk'U estiiarine di'posits. I'efel'S to the ^\ ('//■«/' Phucciir o hese raised ocacli account of iai*ed lieaches am es with their shells h» I- oilow iiiLT t his is an accou f Sir ('has. Lyi'll. nt of the AN'estmorland coal field am 1 of the Npw lied s.nidstone of Westmorland ami Kin.ifs conn ti<'s ; the minerals of the latter formation ares i\{\ to he load, iron, u'vpsiim ;uul rock salt. It is proltahle that if |)r. (icsner liad worked loim eiiou^h u 1 this " New I'cd sandstone" tract, h< ANould have referred it to the ("aihoniferous System, as he sukse that of No\a Scotia, similarlv characterized hv f|iiei)tly dill U'vpsum and sai t SJ rin''s. I )r. < iesner ol iserved several \;illevs ot denudation ui this ilistrict. he report closes wi til an account of the (irand hake coal field ;uid of the alluvium of the St. .1 olm n\er. in this report it will he ohserxcd that l)r. (iesner had made an advance in his knowledn'e of the '• ti ansitioii "" rocks in the southern ])art (.>f the province, for while he had previously spoken of the (davwacke as one system, he n (which he compares to till' Sllnr'hni of Mr. Murchison) .and as l)r. Gesner mentions * An aniendPil copy is on tile in tlie Crown Lands Office at Fredericton. See descrii)tion of the orsiual map on a later iiage. ' They are now regarded as Post-Pliocene. 1 t 5 AIUIAIIAM (iKSNKK IIKVIKW i>V HIS SCIKNTiriC \\nl;K. I the locality fiom wliirli it i)l)t!iiiiwl from tlic shiilrs ot' Dixisjon I, |'„umI ,•. nt' caiiK' \vc know it to lia\i' in-i'ii Ihc M, Fij. 1 •liilm (iiniiji. Ill the t'jiiuia ut' lliis iaml tlif only fossil tlmt will aiisurr in I >r. ( ir- IKM' s " tcri'liiat iilili is ( ),//>:.•; /;;/// //'/> aitt. .xaininrs () the cars arc nn t I liis fiisvil. Ill \\ lii .11 rll oKcii oil iiy cdiii-taii.d in tin liiatiix, wiiuM I'csi'iiililc the tcd'hi at nhic Dr. ( ■Slier also toiiinl t lii-v r'oniial ion i o coll tain plant iciiiaiiiN in I lie t'orni of a ••■ ■utn- (or Sti^inaria). ill an ii}i|)cr set of licds otlicr plant iciiiain- were I'onnd. Thc^c were ([isco\crc(| at Little Itiscr and eoiisisted of t Mink- of trees, coiii/'i'ra, a <'alaiiiite. iiiiiacssions of Icaxi"-. and ca lied a I'll i/tdlltlt Hsy , wlucli oiolial )1\' was a >iu-illaria. a plant roui the descriiitioii of the Ideality it is evident that these plant' lie from the haihixylon sandstone, of tin Little lli\ei- ^loii)' eai l»r. (i 'siicr was thus the pioneer in makiiej' known the faiii.a of the Camlirian and the llora of he oxcrlymu' precai i-onileioi;- id not reaeii t lie fal ::!iill rocks ill New lirunswick. 'That lied eence of his discoveries is not at all smpiisini;, for ;liedi-iii(t w here these two elass<>s of remains are found is a \ ei v eomplieaied one; and t' Htiuh' of its j^eoloLiy for half a cent my p,i-t ha-~ hardly yet resulted in the uiira\ cUing of its eompiieated structure. Dr. Clesner's older (Jraywacke L;roiip i- exempliHid in the lliironian schists of the Coastal .i;'roiip and the altered -ejii-tose rocks l)etw(!en Cape ^lispec and Kmerson's Creek alonu the ■>h, as regai'ds the northwestern part of New Brunswick the next year, when he made his final report. :. * Second Report, p. 8. I Secniid Report, p. 1;!. ; Fifth Report, \>. 54. ^x m,i;ti\ or 'I'liM xati i;.\i, iiisthkv shoikty. iHiritiL; t lie t'liiii t Ii yr;ir (if liis siir\c\, I )r. < ic'^in'i' was ('iiyii,>;f(l ill •■xttiidiiii;' t Ik Willi-; of |irc\ititis yrais i n llic I iiitcd Stale- l)niiii, and Ideated tlie wcsterii and IMI'lln 111 iMH >ruii-\\ le lid- lit' the kuue eeiilial cai Imiiit'eiuiis area ot' Ni At llii- lime, a|i|iar"ntl\-. I )r. ' leaner lieeaine aei|iiaiiiled willi the (.laiial tliem}', and ret'ers tn tlie ini|iiiiies df A^assiz, liiiel; hind. I, veil and nt liers into i'aets eiiiiiieeli'd with t he ^jaeiei >. ( 't Su iizerlnnd. Senthind and I ivhind,* and he thinks it prolialih' tliat ii:;in\' iiaialh'l i id^es (if sand and i;ia\('l in New llriitiswiek ha\e lireii |iid(lueed li\' the ii|ierations of iee ; liiil we do not lim i thai he iis.'d this theorv siiliseinien; i \ in aeeoiint inn' for ^rooxcii ^urtaoe-; (111 I he I'l which he still atlrnnites to dilmial tiood tl'Ull lie north. •''I'lie (ilacial reriod." savs (iesiier, " intro «hi(^> ihe (.iiinioii that lietwecn the |ieiiod of the enormous aniiiial>. the liom -- of which are limied in dilinial districts, and the jire-eiit e]i(icli. there was a jieriod of intense cohL"-!- The lifih re|iort (entitled " l{e[iorl on the ('eolo^ieal Survey of N'.w Urunswick with a topouraiijiical account of the I'uMie Land- and the district explored in L'-' I L') dcscrihes the countrv if the y \>]^ St. .1 ohii and the wilderness and toicst countrv on th'' he;ul(|uarters of the Toliiijiie and liesi iecmrjie rixcrs. In thi- area I ir. (iesnei- found an ('\t(^nsi\e area of Silurian slates and o\ erlyiiiL:' tract- of red sandstones w ith limestone and gypsum deliosit-. 'Ihroiinh ilie information on the neoloL;y and natural products of the pid\ince which tliese re])orts contained, a L;reat deal of int"ie-i ill her mineral wealth was excited, and the popular mind wa< tille(| with lari;-e (>xiiectations of the de\ flopmeiit of her mines. A numlicr of miniiiL;' adventures were undertaken, some (.f which were successful, liut nianv the reverse. In Alhei't I'liuitll Reiiort, p. .V,t. i Feurlli He-iioit. p. 1-,' AURAIIA.M (JKSNEU — UHVIHW (.1' IIIS S('l KMIFP UouK. Ill roimry. f'>|i('cifili_v, inv^c ariKniiits were iii\i i! ill thr Al M'llltl IIIIIH' (l|l>-r(i\cl Cil Sddtl it'ttT ( Jcslll'l' i||l)ili'tr(| lil'^ sui\ <>V--) ;Uli| ill tlif -aiiiKtoiic (|ii;irric^ on tlir cdasi .umI the I'ct itcdd lac river. Ii>' iiiiniiiu' of cdal in (.•iicnis cdiiniv w a s |i|-ds(<'i|l I'l I witli \ii;'di' aiiil iidii furnaces weie sijuled at W'dddsti It 111 e let lini- tl'diii llevc Miiiices iliil iidt |iid\e Nd \ aliialili' as I'l'im tlic minr- >>i tlif iifiL;lilidi iiiL;' prdxince. ami discrrdit u a,:- tlifdun di I the Wdi k <'i I ir. (d'sner. lie had ediiiiiiil leil tin f th ■ITdl' dt' e\|i| r-siii- un d].)iiidn dn t lie iinneiai ucalt h or t he |iid\ iik c indi e taMira tliaii atter resul instilled am I lieiiee a n'aet idii raiue w liieli lUdliah;' liel|i.'d to lerillinate his elinau-ellieilt with tiie li|ii\iliri;tj 'his. hdU-e\er, haidl\- jiisiilicd the u it hholdiiiL;- df ''i>\ '■rnuieiit. hi- aiai \' tor t h( ast year, which was not |i;ud t'di -dliie tune alter ti |l' Wdl if e\|ih)raridii terniiiiale ;ii |UilL;'ini .f \)\: ( esners woi I tl link suliicient ahduaiK' lia- in tldt tie is rime •11 made fur t he iiii|)erfect ions of the science of i^ ei ilDi'A' ll\C(| or at H'ast his Irainiiiu' was oiitaiiied in the tdrmatne iieridd of tiie sciem ainidst ■tdi e It s genera 111 inciiiK and aws were tormulated I roiii Ills earlici woi wii: noticed that he inreriirettd 'olonical luieiiduiena b V till ncdrifs if W eriier ami II lit ton ; III alei' \ear au'c lie se\eral terraties winch foun 111 he (lecides thi le inetamorphn n t ^outiiern .New hruiiswick on Ihi- tests and iiataot>ii' hdU.'llc M urchisdii ami Prof essor i^ed :.;■(' wic ami linallv iiecaiiii- a^•(|Ualllted will the theorie .f A; assiz ami .\-eli. relative to the Li'lacial iii'riUt till' |illl("-t Hllil must f.\ti'ii>i\ (■ iiiitii'ral (Iciinsits. \l, l,i>\lul.u(,V (I I' l>i;. (ii;sM:i('s II i:i'(iiii'; i M'. (u'siiri' ;t)i|icj||s not tu li.INt' lircil ( |rc[il V \ t'lsci j in tlic sciciiff (if l'iil.i'(iiit()liiu\', wliicli in Ills tiiiv was ^oin^' tiiir. (u'sucrs lejidits are crude and ut'teii dillicult td cdiiipreheiid. Any eirdis intd which tl le writer nia\- have talleii ill the iiiteiiiretat idii dt' this part df n feet ahove level of the sea. [ Post-pliocene. J Tlip iilaiits from this terrain have been determined by Sir Wm. Dawson. AIIIIAIIA.M flKSNKK KKVIKW oV HIS Sd KNTI IK' WOUK. l' 1 II. S. Viillcy. iitirtli side (.r, (i|i|M»itc .lrlVic> '> I lill |(i,iiil(h ^tr<'t'(.| Si.itc uitli ii'iii.iiiis uf shcll"^. 'rt'rflii.iliililc, |.Sllli|)(>st'(l to III' I'l-iifiiilliis /iil/inilsi. Il.irlt, (if the I'iil'Mdoxitlcs Hctls on Sccly >lic(t. | ( ',iiiil)iiiiii. | II. 12. Ntirl It side 111' Lit lie l{i\ ri', iifni' I lie liiidLCc. in coinpficl (Jrimw.ickc. 'riiiiik> (iT I \\u \i\]^c lossil I rco. Iirloim- iiiK to til" ( 'niiitciji. I'l'iTfN >iiiiil,'ii' to thcM' liavr lict'ii dclcniiiiiiil lt\' Sir. I. W. I ),i\v-iiii ;is I)(iili).i j/ln,, Oiiinu/amfin nil III. | ( M her siiiidltT pliiiils jind iiiii>ri'>- sioiis of lc;i\cs. sjiccics of IMiytolil liiis iiiid ;i cii.iinilr I . I rc/iiniiiilti mills { ~ Umiiiii) riiilinl ii.s.\ l,il I ic I ti\ cr II. 12. City <>t St . .loll I), nt'.ii' liic ifsidi'iict' dl' '• His \\'nr>lii|i." I /. r.. ! In' .Mciyor. on llic south side of Kini; .S(|;i,uf. | Wt'iii.-iiiis of ii (•net IIS, I l'rol),il>l\ .1 \V(iiin-|iit tnl ll.ij;- stoiii'. ( ';iiiii)ii;m. I II. I."). (^iiiU'o Held. .St..loliii Co. In nrry s.iiuUtnnc. 'I'wo species I /. I.. \ jii'iet ies| of e;irtiis [/. c. S/ If/niii riii Jiriildis] and .1 eaia mil e. |( 'aiiioiiifei'oiis. | II. "J."), (ii'iiidstoiie Island |Allieit ( 'o. | In sand.^toiie. l''o»il I rees t wo feel across and I'oi't y feet loii^ exposed on t lie side of a clilV. It is lir.indicd and lieloii^s (oilic I )icot yiedon oils order. |( 'arlionifeions. | II. ill. ( 'liiii,nect o Hay. Coal forinalion. ( '(uii/'riii, Si/r! ni/n- iliiiil iim, I /'.('.. dccoil icated Si^illaii;e| four s|)ccics. .\t Cape Mareii^iiin. I'/i i/lo/if/i iis. one species. ( ala- niilcs are ninneroiis lA inches acros.',. |Carl]oiii feroiis. I II. .'I.'). Same district. Sii/H/n riii, two species. |'riie liniin'^ seem to I'epi'eseiit N. Irssrllalii, liron^n.| ('min \i. c. SI ifjfinaria'. I l''enis {.Mcl/io/ih ri.s /i)ii(/illi< n 'r\ and ot her plants. |( 'arhoniferons. J II. .v.). 'rantrainai' .Marsh, Westmorland Co. Larye t ices oi dilVereiit kinds, colh'i-tions of shells and hones ot lishcs found hurled a( different de])ths in the mar>Ii. I Recent. I II. ()'■'>. Sn.ssex, Fvin^s Co. In sandstone and shale. Laru'e cacti I /. r., St igmaria'I and calamitcs, and leaves of other plants. |( 'arhoniferons]. III. ."i. Kennehecasis to Cape .Mispec |neai' St. .lohn]. In clay slate frequently ferrugenous. 3Iaiine animals and land plants |?| alternately [Camhrian|. At Little Hiver. ill arenaceous heds, Fossil trees | [.it tie Hivei (iroupj. HI. 7. St. .loliii, nearJt'lf rev's hill, remains of marine animal-, and land plants [■'] [Cainl)rian|. HI. U. Ten Mile Creek, St. .John Co. Sandstone and shale. Calaiiiites, coinmon, aLso fossil trees [Carhoniferons]. * Phytollthus was a generic term nsed very indeflnitely by Steinhaur, it mitflit mean any fossil stem not aealamiteora stifrmaria. See notes on Gesner's Geol"- Kieal map, p. 31. ■ I.) !1 I.I.KTIN 111 lllK NATl i; \l, Ill.-ri'UV Soi'lKTY. C ■-ir oo^ , / III. IT. \'iiriiiii> iiii iilil ii's ill St, .joliii ( miiily. In iimil iiul iM.iily clny : «»v«'r lliiity .sptMiiiiciis nf lotMic.i .unl cru-liiccit. '/,'/<' >Hi'ri(niiiiii \i, r, iimiti rlii], I'trhn \isliniilliiis\ niiir/nt, Si>lini riisls |('(i, III liiiii'stoiie eiii liliiles aiiiiiiiiiiiles |.\aiilili| and several species of l.i\alve shells I IJiaclii(ipn(ls|. | l,ii\\ er ( ail hu lite inii.s. | Si. .loliii |{i\ IV. east siile nf licail ol the {{each, l.iriiis ( 'aipei'ter. <^ieeii's (n. In ( a I In niir- M. .Ml 'is. e|iiii> Iiiiiesluine. ailiindllltes \i. r. ant nils , i m riii- ill's, ast rea I !'!, ni'tliis (exiiiiil in ( 'arliunileinii- I iiiie, jMiiliaitly I'liiiliici iis| peiteiiile I perhaps .\ vicnlcpec teii| several s| \arlet iesl. tecies 1)1' lerehiat Ilia I 7'. SiHfiil I IIIM III. lin, l.nii'4 Kapiil nl Wa-^liileiiiiiak K'iMc. (Queen's ( i >. In aiiilslmie, etc. 1. calainili'S. etc iT'^e 1 1 CIS. c.ict I *, St iyiM.ir;;e ill. . (iraiul L;ike coal tiejil. ruint lietwecii ^'llllnJ;•■> (ove ami ( innlieilanil IJay. K'llilisli calcareu-aiLrillaceniis ili-piisil w itli leinaiiis ul niaiine plants like In u, i nitrin sill I- Iiii •' //((. Ill (In. (ii'anil Lake. Liniu' I'nint. soatli siile of. I'\)>-.il trees III. •i!l jCoiiireia I. ;i /ili/fliilit/i us ,'inil a itilii iiillr. 71. (iianil I. .ike, S.ilmoii |{i\er iniiies. Ciiili inaria'l. >caiie : ferns iiioie iiiinieioiis. /, '., Stiu- ill Hi pOC ^/ l\'. III. (i ca vu acke and S/;iie. Same fossils as are lelti i id ti pa^'e I \' .^(1. Ifjiliihiicto, .s(i//'//f(;'/f/ 2 ft, I ill. ill dianieliM'. I)at!iurst. ( iloiicesier Co. Two .speiics ferns dilTereiit tioiii any lit.'^iired ICuropeaii spi'cies, l\'. '.la. Chatham. Xorthinnherl.'ind Co, In sandstone. I'eriis and coniferous plants, no cactacea | *. r.. ,Sin-Wl,iri;i] ohsiTNcd. ^ \', <1", .Jacipiet Hiver. iiort h of. Nash's Creek. In cla\- l>eds. i/y. Mi/ii iiiircciKiriii [ a riud rin\, \al\'es of /Inin ■n iKi/iis and li. l/iniicri occur herel. t Wo s|>ecies of Mjll'ili \M. I iIhIIs twnl var, clci/d ii.s\ jinlcn cinicinl r'na [prohalily Ci/jnina Isln ni/i(((\, V. 'il. Point La Niiii, Soft shales. Rest iu'i niche Co. Slni- iiKiriii l|ierliaps /'si/i)j}liijli)ii.\ \. (il. Ksciiminac Hay, east of, Hestijfoiiche Co. In sandstone and shale. Heniains of ;i small lish (perhaps /'AfM*- frajjliii mil] and a small species of tortoise | fish. I'/rric/il/ii/s CiiHiiilinsis^, also fossil foot marks. \', (i7. i^r(>s(pieisle Hiver. I"'laiiiiairan's Hill. \'ictoria Co.? In inijaire limestone ('i/ii/lntjilii/llniii hu.siiltl Jurnir \'r] columns of encrinites. casts of prodiicta. iOlscwhi re called jiriiiliiclii ill /iri'ssii, [i.e. Lijiliriin i-ltoiiihoiclal is\ of tlie \\'eiilock Limestone. AIIH.MIA.M UKSNKU — HHViKW nl' Hi? ,'^.ii;m n u \\n|;u. J:{ y. T<>. Htlltilmif I'niiit. (Jliiiicoifi' <'ii, liii|iiii')- linn -.loiif ciiiiliiiiiiiiLr .--pii ilcni \S, rjiihij,!, Hi !\ iiiuiliuta I*. *. /.iftfiniu r/ii>inl»>lil,iHs\, I'liiciiiiilcs. Fniiislti s lint/i- /iiiit/liii. ( 'i/iil/iDii/ii/lln III hi riti mil mil \'f\ ii cuii,! lil,!- S//ii ni/iijiinii i/i II Irii lii/ii . y . ""I. I'iv cr ( li.tlln. soiitli siilc ut' Ifcst ipiiK 111' ( 11. Ii, liiiM- ■-toiii', ,1 >ln'll like ,\lri//iii III ii-n/ii ris, y. 71. It;itlmr>t. .1. W . I h-iiw ikmI I'mitiil /■'iirnsi/is i mllil,, ,iil- iiii. I'liiil III III ill fiiiNSil I l.iiilii nil r/iniiiliiiitliii!f« tllfM'. I |.\. (m'siii'I'I (ili«ifi\ I'd sc\cr,il ■>liilU, \\ii.,..f >|»t'cif.s linvr iml Iti'i-ii (li'lciliiiiu'il. ( I I'.sNKii'.s i'iici' (it' ;i :;i'iil(ii:ic;il iii;i{i is i_'ii'ii I I y tVll li\' llir n ;i.i < v u li(» iU lcm|its luiilitiiiii .1 kiiMU Iril^i' lit' cailv niiiloi^ii'fil i'\|'icii,i tidii ill Nrw riiiiiisw icl< t'liiiii I lir ii|i()i Is ut' I h'. A 1 H ill liiiii < m -i k r. I'lmil lime III liinr in llic trxl iit'lli("~r |i|iiills li't'ilclires to ;i iiiiij) ill coiirsi' (it' I'lcjiai ,it idii ill I' nirt w ii li ; Iml no r(iin|i'irii' iii.i]. iif his cxjilorutdry work is i-xlant, and liir mir lie innlc \i< simw till' ifsiilt of his lii'st I hrcr vrjii's' wiiili lias ni'\ rr lii'cn |Mililis|ifil. i'liis iiia|i till' iiiaiiv years has liccii in llic |i(issr^-,iuii nl ihc -Mi'chiUiirs Institute at Si. .Inliti. anil his laldy Keen I'lpiii eil l»V the Natiii-iil Ilistnrv Sdciet V of New lli iiiisw ick. A ci,; \ .,t the 111)1)1 uus l(i(lt;ci| uitli the Cinw n Lands I >e|iai I nieiil at I'kiI- erieton.* I )r. L. W. liadey, dt' ih" I 'ni\ eisity nt' New llnuis- wicl; iit that }ilaee, has never seen aii\-dther iiia)i h\- I >r. < lesni r. and does not kiinw tit' any there. The d!iu,inal iiiap in tin [his- si'ssioil of the Natural 1 1 istdiy Sneiety, theiet'dre, seems tn ln-tlie (lilt* to wliieli we must Iddk to jnimarily t'nr a represmlat imi nf i>i". Gt'siiei's Wdi'k in New Ihunsw ick.t * Sec H«port mi tlie AKriciiltiiral C'lipaliillties (if New Hnmswick, li.\ .1. 1". W Julinstijii, F. 1{. S., Frt'ili'iielon, 1H")0, ji. li. tTlie (Irst reference lo tliis nm|i will lie found in the Sei'oiiil Kepiirt. p;).,'!' xii. where Iir. (Jesner says, " riieKe<)hij;ieal map fif the proviiiee lius been ciiinni'MiLt-l ami is advaiieiiiK towards e(mipleti()ii." A^ain. in the 'I'hird Kepurt, juitre iii. lii- says tliat the report " is accompanied by a KeoloK'i''al map of that (lart of Ne,'. Uriiiiswick winch has lieeii examined.'" In the Fourth i{ep(irl, pat;e -l.lie states thii; " a geoldfrical map will he with tliis report laid before your I''..vcellenc.v. tlie lalwi- cf liast s(.'asoii beintr added to that which was before completed." Also at jiatce Is. •• Each of the different classes of rocks has been laid down on the KeoloKi<-'al map "f the province, now in course of preparation."" In the I'ifth Report he adds, "jui incomplete geologic il map of the province is submitted for your K\-celleiicys c '•.; sideration.'" I have not been able to discover that this •• in(.'om|ilete maii"' is a;i,\' •other than tlie one described in the previous report. ■24 liliKTIN OK Till'; NAT! KAI. IIISTitKV .SO(,'IETV, 'I'll .Mr. (icoiVrcv Stf'ful, C. Iv, tlic uiitlidr is indcljtcd fur tl (■i)|i\ i)t' ( Ic-^iH'f s iiiap in l)!;icl< line li;itrliiiiL;' wliicli iiccoinjianics this jiaiK'i' (See iwiyv .")!•). it lia- iicfi! tliDiiulit that I >f. .las, lloMt's ncolonical iiiap of Ni'w I ')iiiiis\\ic|< (•lllllo(lil■^ tlial i)i' I )r. (irsiu'i', lait vi\ a fom|iari- sdii lit' llic l\\i> I tiiul iliat tliis i^ luit tlic case. It scciiis, therc- t'oii' (jrsii'alilc tiial thi-^ tiist uroJMj^ical ina|i of the proviiict' ■^liiuild lit' jiulilislii'd s,i ihat those who u isji to icad I >i'. (Icsiiois ri'iiipits iiiax' do so with a iiiap lict'oir tlinii. The [)ul)iicatioii of the iiia|i is also dt'siraliic, as no o]>j)oi'tunitv h;i-- ht'i'i'tofoi'c hccti uivt'ii to conijiair it witli tlic i;t'oh)jL!;ifal ina]i of Nru Ihiiiiswick pulilislii'd some years latcihy Df.Jas. IJobl).''' It aUo alloi'f his cxiijoiations, liiit fimn the one filed with the Ci'ow ?i Land- I >eiiaitmenl a' l-'icdcricton, a copy of which 1 feceivcd thioui:li the kiiidncvs of Mr. LoL;i;ic, I have added the results of liis f until ycai of exploration. This extends tlie map as far as Woodstock on iiK' uestern sidi" of the province, and to Hhippciiaii I ill t he eastern. 'riieie is no index to the several geolu,i;'ical formations on the oii^inai map, hut the colors used l)yG('sner are oasil)' understood fidiu his reports, and fi(im the index on the copy of the map in the Cidwii Lands ( )tlice. Hiylit divisions are indicated l»y the colors un the oiii;inal map. and ari' as follows ; Lias Limestone. New lied Sandstone. Cual Formation. Mountain Limestone. Old lied Sandstoni'. (iraywacke System. Syenite, Trap, etc. Granite. n'lililished witli Johnston's Report on the Agricultural <'apubilities of New l^runswir'lj. But many copies of this report were issueil without any geological map. At jiage (i, Dr. Rohb tells us that his map was to a great extent based on the reports of Dr. Gesnei . I ■i'f I AIJUAIIAM (JESNER REVIEW OF IILS SriENTH. It' WiiKK Till- Iitlriisiri' /,\ir/,\ Dr. ( c^^iH'i' ut ;ui cjuIn- date i jf tlir Xci'cpis hills as the ]< ■<'C(»i;iiizc(| the ■aiiitii' I'uiiyi ('\- t( SdUtlllTll ar\- i)i'( N ) the ,<;»'()|(.!4-|cal structuir ut' • ■u- hruiisw icl li' not iced also Ihat t ivstiiiy- oil ill,, flanks of tlic ,i;iaiiit<> liill 1<'^>^ iMokfii 111,, jiti.l to soiiH'cxtnit Iniricd \,\ r\\ K' -^cdiiiictit >- UCIC lllol '!■ or "f volcanic niiitter, and had CMSINC CI lll)tioii- dvkc 'J'l lis was the y been ]iciictiaicd l,v nmiK roil- trail t'licrali/alioii he made at t first N'car's work. lUit If end of h III the s( t'liiiiid that the ti cniid year of his sur\ cv ii«' ,:;ranitc terminated ;u II ri\e| St. .1 '«'llci>|e |,;iV (Jli th( I'hn : and lie also discoNcrcd (or tliou'dit the ridi;e of t lie ihd) tlijit and as a heir of syenit ne crystalline rocks ciirwd scaithward from thei: e, etc.. extended westward r. (lesiui' rejuc- s.Mited on his niap. rn )>arl iUid is (.'idled "trap. 'iiie places menlioned as heinn' on tht-ij course of this hand, except I'ed llock Lake, jj show iliat ds western pait is composed ii. fit, p. .'ii.'J. Ked Roclv Lake is among tlie iiilnisive granites, AlUUHAM GESNKIl — REVIEW uF JUS SCI EXT 1 1- IC WoIiK. - I Til eliissifyiii;;- tlic locks in the soutliciii i.air ot' New |:iiiii>- uick, Dr. CcsiuM- at titst ,livi(lr<| tlicin int.. tlif tliiv(. simpl.' classes ivco-nizcd In- 1 he ruHin -vclooHsts, vi/.: Tlic Cianit.- .ind othci- crystalline rocks; tlic Transit i,,n s,.ric< : and tlic S,.,-,,,,,!- ary formatiuns. Tims the transition ro.ks arc tli.' more or less altered locks of the nietanior[»liic n,ii.^sij\>r coiuiilex of soutlicm New P.runswicK : and include all the terram s from tli.' j.auren- tian to the Devonian. I >!■. (o-snei , however, iM'ocee>r a further division of the strata of the transition <'oiiiple\. la examining the rocks from Cape ^Fispec eastward he found an older and more altered set of heds, which, in r(>lation to the Silurian rocks above mentioned, were />7v»/ro-//, ;: and furtlur he found that this older set had a reversed dip;^ as contrasted with the "Silurian." In these aj.paivntly older and low,'r strata, no organic remains were found, and further tlay wimc harder, were inore replete with (]iiart/. veins, and talc and chlorite were asso- ciated with them. Dr. (Jesner therefore concluded that thou-li * Second Report, p. 3. I Second Report, p. 8. Tliis observation, liowever. is open to question, as iln'se limestones are older tlmn nny rocks in wliicli nioilusca or molluscoidu have t,een tThinl Report, p. -i. ^Tliird Report, p. ;. 28 lUI-LKTIX OF Ti:i-; NATlllAL IIISTOllY SOCICTY. (he wliolc (if these roek-- lieloiiu'efl to the ( ii'aywjieke <,'r')up, th( milier oillv Itoi'c ii ehise reseiiil»huire to tlie SilmiiUl I'ueks of luirolie. ]m)I' tlie ]nii[Hisr of iiiakiiii;' pk'iiner I >r. (iesiicr's hrief .state- ments of the aL;(' of the 1 wo series of tlie ( i i aywacke system, and to show its ichition to the iiiirusi\e and the secondary roeks, the author has const lueted ihe folldwinu section. Exri,.\x.\Tii)N (;|.- Sectiu.v.— -J, Intrusivi' Syenite, t'tc. (of rre-Caiiilii'ian apce.') ■ia. Older (iraywaclie Sysleiii. HJ), Newer Gray wacUe. 7. Ued (OnKloiiierate ami Sanilstiiiie. a. K(wsil '" tereliiaiiila." "Cactus." «, Aiitliraeite coal seam, c, Fossil coniferous t I'ees. This section will coii\('\- I)r. Oesner's conception of tlie structni'e of the peniiisida lietweeii the l\ennel)ecasis rixcr and the IJay of l''nndy. < )n the soutli-east, at the hase of liis " older Gravwauke "roiii)' is a mass of hard contorted slates, and schists with l)eds of volcanic ash rock : the middle of the i'ruup consists of (Jraywacke \\ itii some clay slate, and the upper part is a mass of coarse ('onglomerate. Ivcstini^ on these unconformahly is his " newei' ( iraywacke ^■roiip;' lia\in,i;' at tlu^ base limestones with l)ed^ of (iraywiicke and intrusive trajt; then the series of slates and (iravwacke on which the city of Saint .lohn is l)uilt ; and finally compact (irayuacke with Hue ,!;raiiied clay slates. i ))•. (iesner compared tliP newt'i (iraywacke ji;roup to the Silurian of Murchison, l)ut lie does not appear to liaNc yiven any mime to th.e lowei' oronp. or to have compai'cd it with any European systc^m.* * They are called Meiatnayjihif ivck-.t in iiis " New Bruns\vicl<," iwr. 4 AHRAIIAM (JKSXEH IIEVIKW ol' lllS Si'lKMiric WORK. i'.t A c'jisiial fcjuliiii;' of l)i. (m'sik'i-'s ropolt^ would icaxr the impression tliat lie coiitiinicil lu rliiss his I'iuhi' ( liaywai kc H'roup with the Silui'iaii ; hut no such chvssificalion Js sl\o\\)i on his niai>, and if we examine! liis Foiiith Ueju»\'l it will aiipcar that this was not his final conclusion. Thefe, in sjieakin;; of the ( iiaywacke and slates of St. Stephen, which ai'e colmcil as lieiuL;' of the same terrane as tiiose of St. John, he calls them ('iiDtlir'nni system of Pi'ofessor Sedgewick,"'' and if his language he carefully e.\amine(l I think it will he plairi that he intenilcd \\\\> remaik to apply also to the ( iiaN-w u-ke of St. .luhii. i'«y placing' tog'ether the ]iarani'aphs from tlu' din'cicni rcpoil ■^, the basis fSSil trcrs. aiii! iiiithriivitf iiiiiciiK llu'sc slates, ■ ■■■ '■"■ t hi'v iiiiiy 1)0 classerlwitli t lic.S/7i(- rian group of !\Ir. Miirc'liison r. s. /. .';.— A few •U'lI Report. /'. .', I. S". - Ulay slates * * contain- in;' iiKiriiii' (niiiiutls Uli Ukpout. I, AST i;i;poHT. P. V.I. I. 7— The on- P. : .', A /.;. Oim- ly fossils fonnil * •'' hridii Si;^tr,.i The consist of a few iin- few orpmic i-eniains anrl livssions of tm-ehrd- foiiiul in this ifrinq. ternatel3-, apjiear //i/riand /i/(ni/.s anal- are snfliciciilly c: y. ;. /. .'V. — In the agous to tlioseof the actei-istic ■ ■" iipiier s ries ** \\\i- \ cont inrind. ''- * 1 Tlie strata eensis: of remains i oth of inn- \ am inclined tohelieve ! urauwaetci-, y r a u- rineftniiii 'Istindlaiid ; tliatlhey may be pro- ! waeke slat.' .iiul clay pldiitu were found, ; jierly elasseil with the | slate, ami it appears j Caiiilirian system of strata of slate meet | that tlie siliirimi \ Professor ISed^;wick. the chert and in tliem I sroiip of :Mi-. ^lurchi- wefownd the remains j son i.s dearly devel- of sheds. Tiiey are oi)ed in Xe.s Ih'iins- ;\1I h'l-i'bvntnld. \ wick. I >r. < iesner o.'irefullv t;'ave the localities for the fossil shells and plants referred to in the second and thini repoits, liut in his fourth report he does not mention any locality for shells oi' plant remains jieai- St. Stephen : hence it may he infeired that the remarks (pioted are of nt'iieral a]i]tlication and hase(| on the discoNci'ies at St. .lohn. j-'iom these extiacts, especially when taken in coniii'ct inn with the context, iti the several reports, it a])pears to me plain that in his later reports, ( iesner inteiidei' to refer to the ("am- lirian, the strata which in the second a'.d third reports he had com])ared with the Silurian. This classiticat ion was adopte(l hy hr. lo)hh foi' the districts descrihed in the fourth and last report, l>i>t lint /'i>r fliosn df jirrruiuK n jmrts^ which on his map ai'e •colored as I'pper Silurian. * Fourth Report, p. 19. I There are really several. )0 in i,1;1:tin 111' Tin; xahhai, histouv sociktv, We tliii- liiiil tlint wliili' \)y. (m'Mici' hiul lirst sjiokeii of tin ( iiiLVuai'ki' or ti';iii>it imi rm'ks u^ one sy^trin, lie soon (liscoxt'iTil thiit thiTc well' two series T iiirludcd iti it, ami that of these two sfiics the uiipei' one was ehaiaclei'i/eil hy the remains o| marine shells ami of lan. SMli^ecjuent ly when he eanie to explore tin (ira\\vai'ke system in oihei parts ot' the jiroNine"-' and could lind no oi';^aiiie remain^ in it he came to the eonelusion that tli<" whole should he called ( 'am! iiian on account of the .^tciircif// <>/ nfiiii ii'ir f'-iihii u'<. So far a> the n'eolo^ieal i eporis ai e eoncei-ned, he made this his linal statement of tiie au'e of these rocks, the\ 'Uiu' ui rhi> way eoiitrasieil wiiii the Sdurian (I |i| )ei' o f th iiorthein ))oi-t of 'he ]>i'o\ince in which he met nith e\i(leiices ot ;i. mole ahundanl marine life, 'I'lie description of ihe locality near St. John wlipre tin maiine animals of the ('amhrian system wer(> found hy l)i-. (Jc^iie/ is as follows: " ( >n the north side of the ravine, not fai from the pottei'V, and directly op.posite .lelTny's Hill ((lardeii street) there is a lied of chert extending' some distance in an east and uesi direction, a feu strata of slate Tiicet the cliert and in th em we found remains df T le pot tery al)o\e ni( ntioiicd was situated in the \alley at the foot i)f (Ijirden street, ;iiid tl le ra\ ine ojiposite would he tin hollow extending up from the west (inl of \Vrii;ht street to th west emi of Seelv sa Ureet. H ei'e we liinl the (luartzile or haul ndstone of jiaml r/ in l>i\isi(,n 1 of the St. John ij;roup, and imniediatelv in fiont of it the I'aradoxides shale (IJand <■, of the saiiii' I lixisidii). There is no chert in this in'ii;hliorh()od, and th roci< '-0 V ailed hy I >!•. (iesiu'r, I sup] )OM> to I PC til e (|uai tzile of th St. .fohn i^roup, l>i\isi(,n ]. iJaml a. The "few strata" of slate in this case would he the shales of I'.and c At this point tliev yielded to !)r. (iesm-rs hamnn'i' the I'euiains of "'molluscous atunuil A liiiure of oiu' of these is m- iven ami is ea lied him a "' l'T''l>rafnl iti We find ,!j;reater dillicultN' in dealim^ with the "cactus ■ rs-'coiiil Iteport, (). S. Sei' \y,\iif 17. snin'r. .\i;i;.\IIA.M CKS.NHli — IM;\'IK\V hF his SCIKNTIFIC \\ni;i^ :;i of tin 'u\i'r<'(l f tl lese- iiins (it K'S had oic tllf lid lind at tl le U "' tied, he s, tlicy of tllf Hits ot M'(> tilt hy Dr. not far f Jai'dcn lUi cast !U1(1 111 llfV at )(■ tllf Ito the liani |l>, and .f til.' lid tl;(- lof the si ale tl lev iscoiis hi hv •tus t' 'Ulh liv Dr. (IcsiiiT in llic Cilv of St. .Idl III, Hear tln' it'sHli-iirc- if till- iiiavor jlJolx'it )■". Ilazfii. at the coi nrr of K 111;:' >iaia!f :in 1 < 'liailottr sti'fct. 1 I !cii)^' found line it must lia\f conn fi'iiii tilt' lla,i;s of Dixisiipii •_' df thf St. John i;i'ou|>. Tlic >trat;i ot thi< localit V an- of micIi an auc a^ toi;i\r to the rai'tu-o' >i I'l iitii I'lii an antic|uity far ^ii-atcr than aii\' fossil of tlii- ucnu- .110 un uji the jircsfiit d ;iv thcrctorc coni'ludf that tin- liifiT was some iiiiitati\r forin, and not a true St iiJiiiaria. hi I'lihic I lie lif'ds I if I )i\ ision U t ln'i c aio nuiiirroiis huiTows of Aimi sin-!i Ipiitrows occun-iiiLi' in rrmniili'd ^latcs or liar's would icadilv lakf on the a|i]icarancr of Stiuniaria. .Many of tlir inaikiiius jj; ( ain'oiiati s;iiid- ha\i' liiTii niistakm for iilant iniiains, iiahlv tlio \arirtics uf Iviiihvroii in the S\\c( dish Caiiiliiiaii -cri lit'd li\- ( ». 'roirrll, and his Coriln'iUs J'/7 xmi I : ('\cn s( : cautinis an ohsciv or a-^ Linnaisson took i']o])hyton to he a plant. I'-ur while We should lie luatil to admit of the jn-esenee of land p'.ant^ in llieSr. .lolin Ljiduii without the st roiiLi'e^t jiruof, !ie|>> i-ail lie no (jouol that I >r. ( of Kin:;' S(|uare.''" Tlie-e jilant i"ieaiiiv were found in eoiiiiiaet ( ira\wa.cke. and con-i-tnl I't •• !;ir:.:'- fov,i| tree^, < 'mii/'' m. with other si mil ler iil ants and imiiii'- ■
  • aw Sdll ha-« de-eril i''(| ;is />(i//ii.rt//ni/ (ilKiDiliiin/iii II I II III . < >t the smaller jiiaiits mentioned, one is ^wui to h a ealamite, this pro liahh WiiUl'l Oe .!/■( Ill I IK III I I III ill ll'lllt ll!i ( :-■--. J. mi'iiiii l'l(i lilltll ) W lllClI oceitrs eumiiKinK- with this Dadoxyhm. .\nother of thesmaliei I'laiirs i-, called a l']i ijlnl'ilh ns. IMivtolii liiis was a ycnu^ \i-ry lous.'lv Used l)V Steinliaur. ha\ im; heeti a[iiilied hy him to s]i('ei(->. ot liidodendidii. Stimiiaria, Si^illaria and lodeiidroll. nei Hjipears to have had aei'css to Steinhaurs aiticie, and 1 think he int( iided under Phytolitluis to indicate here a s]iecie> of Sii^illai'ia. Uadlv preserved stems of sjiecies of this L:emis a!'( iiiil Hfport p. 1-.!. t Coal Flora '. nil/ III /it'll. Ill coiiiicctioii with tlic plant rnnaiiis (Imt not in the --aiiii' lirdsi I »r. (l.'siirr speaks of haviiii;- (hst/ovcrcd two small \fiiis of II iillinirit' run/ ill soft, lliic uiaiiicd clay slatr. Tlicsc >latt's werr divided into layeiN of from half an inch to \' shore where the strata readily decompose. l-'roin these indications I conclude that this '• aiitiiiacite " came from the line lilack shales of the St. .John L;i-oiip, which are well e\po-e(| in a low cliU' on ('ourteiiay I'-ay, in front of the Comity Alms iloiise; ihi' lirook which discharges here conies past the I'eiie- leiitiarv, M uch of t he slate is Mack and iiiyhlv curliniiaccou- Mild lasers of it ininiit reseiiiMe anthracite : hut the eNisteiice of Inie aiithiacite jieie Is improhalile, as the deposit is of marine origin and of Cainliiian a^e ; and its natural connection is not witli the hi'vonian sandstone containini;' plant remains, hut with tJM' li"ds in w liich I >r. ( iesner found the •• terehratulit« Tlii^ aullior found the line slates to he dexoid of i|iiart/ v ems, ■ind tor this reason, as well as iiecause t hey cMnta.med ant iiracite, he associated tliem wilii the plant hearinn' < Iraywacke sandstone, rather than with the .slates and of his dis- coveries is not siirprisino-, wlien we consider liow little was known in those early days outside of the yreat centres of ;;('olo- gieul investij^ation, of the distinctness of the several faunas and rioras included in tlu' transition rocks. AliKAIIAM (JKSNEH — REVIEW OF lll!< SCIENTIFIC WORK. a8 |it' ( ';im- ;it St. Ills (lis- le was i'colo^ las and " i I>r. (resiier's ohl^r (iraywai-Io ^tou)) also con^airiotl strata of various ai,'('s. To him, tin- distinetivp tVaturos of this yi'oiip, ucrr its iiici|ii('iil iiit'taiiiorphisiii as shown hy the itimiiucrahk' (|iiart/ M'iiis inixf'd with talc and chlorite, that traverse the r'ock'-. and the ahsenee of or,i;'anie remains, ( )f the three masses of -Mata associated liv I >r. (!esner in this lowei' r. (i"-ners views respecting the an'e of the schistose rocks of the southern coast. Here he classes the Lower (iravwacke gioup with gneiss and the clastic scliists under the head of Mi'lifiror/ihir liarhx* and states that these rocks skirt the shores of the |5ay of I'^undy fioui Salislniry Cove to Chamcook Bay. He say- that no fossils have been discoveied in these rocks, and e\idejitiy they are his Lowei' (Jraywacke group. As regards the Tpper (iraywacke group, it would appear that [>r. (iesnerat this tiuie was disposed to assign apart of them to a higher horizon than he liad previously. In one of liis geoloLfical rejiorts he had remarked that several of these vegetable I'elics were discovered in slate and Graywacke, which agree in their general characters with the sandstones and shales of the upper coal series.! The thought here foreshadowed seems to have governed Dr. Gesner in his final remarks upon the plant hearing and shell-bearing beds at St. John, for he says that the sandstones containing the fossilized remains of coniferous trees. * New Brunswick, p. 343. + Second Report, p. 12. |l 84 l;l LLKTIN 01' Till'; NATl It.M. IIISTOHV nm'IKTY. luid tlitise luiviii;,' II \arii'ty of tfivlnnl iila, ex iflciitly ItIuiii,' to tli«' itn|)ert'('('t coal measures, ol' uliidi iIhmv aic scvcial iii-t;iiici's ill the )ii()\iiic('."* < )iic huhiii of sufli imiif'ift'ct coal iiioasiiif's is tliat ut' !,.•]. i-iui dcscrilicd liv I >i'. < it'siicr:f another is t liat of i^Miaco. I )r. ( ic^ncr l)c|ic\c(i that. l)olh of these l)Msiiis \\erc of Cai hoTiiferou* a'.'r. If IliV illterpietatioll of I M'. (Jrsiiei's views of tlie aL;e <>\ l' e rii|ii T (iravwacke ^'I'ltuji is coiiecl, he e\|iiesse(l suet essix elv the foliowinn' opinions nf tlie a^f of the-.e incks : 7n the I'ii'st KeiMiil Transition. In tilt! SccojkI ami 'rhii tu 1 '^ilU, no actual jiroyi-ess luid been inade in deteiminini;' the tnii' am; of these strata. The first important -tep in this direction was taken when SirAVm. hawso;;. liy the study of the plant remains, showed that the upper part of the Liioiip was at least as old as the Devonian ; ai\d the second, when Prof. ( ". I''. Ilartt found, liy comj)arison of the moUusca with those of the Piimoideal Zone, of l)arr;uiile, in I'lohemia, that the lowt-r pari was C'amhrian. The unravelling of this complex I're cailtoiiiferous tn"<^!r't>i southern New Di'unswic-k !ias not only shown that it contains tlie jilant -hearini;' terraiie and the I'riniordeal toi'rane aliove mentioned, luit three others in addition, hesides the "funda- mental L'.neiss," so tluit there is ample room for deposits of ,dl the eras to which (iesner and IJoMi referred it. *Ne\v Brunswick, p. .^48. t First Report, p. 52. ^ Second Reijort, j). 15. if'ldll^ to iii>tiiiict'>. m'c lit' I ' f ^i\(•|v till' iin|>fi t'l'i't l»f. .lus. I'ock- .ire tnir ayi! inli WHS iciiiiiiiis, ol'i ;is found, iiii)iil(\il ul was i»^^■,^'(/' (if •uiitaiiis alir all 15. AIUIAIIAM ORSNKH — IIKVIKW f>r illS SCIKNTIl'IC WdllK. :>.') (f/if /{'iff Sini'/sttiiii'. ()ii this iiia|) llir iiaii'ow >tri|t of iiicaMii't's wliidi I )r. ( Ifsticv lifis called old red sandstone w ill not easily rateli the i-ve. 'I'lic "mountain liniestone,"' which iuiuiediately ovei'lies it, wa^ no douht the occasion for r'efeiTinn' this lit-lt of lllra^u^es to the ( Md lied Siuidstone. 'To I )i-. ( iestuT, if we may jiidiji' hy the ylossarv of ;,'eolo,i,dcal terms attachecl to his icpoits, the < Hd jjcd Sand stone was a "sti'atified i'ocl< lieloiiuinu' to the I 'arltonifiTous yi'oup." This iflossary is e\ti'acte(| from one in Lyell's |'rinri|ilcs of (JeoloLjy, a hook which I M'. ( ie-^nei' sccius to have used a i;icat deal, and in wliieh the term < Md lied Sandstone is similarly defined.* It would a|i|pear that, at ihi^ time at least, the term Old Ked Sandstone did not eon\i'v to l)r. (iesner's mind the idea of a system dilVerent fiom the C'arhoniterous, hut tather that of a Lower or Suli-carhoniferous Sandstone, llowexer, Miiue years later (in 1S17) he refeis to tie. < >ld jlcd Sandstone as Dev(jnian. 77/'' Coil/ FuriiiKfi'iiK The compilei' of this map I'iichtly considered this system of rocks as oru^ of the most important in the pio\ince ; and he had less ditllcuity in recoffnizint; it than in tellinif the aye of the others. Al)undant plant-remains furni'^hed tlie test neceslor- ations. *See Lyeirs Principles. Ed. 1835, London; Vol. I. p. 396; Vol. IV, p. 31:?. at; UULLKTIN (iK THE NATIUAI- HISTOUY SOCIETY, Tlif luimtTdiis outcrops of coal wliiili li«^ found, Ird T>v. (Ich- ncr t(. infer tin' prcsfiicc of vivluulth' \mU of tliis niiriciul within ilir { 'jirlinnif<'i'it\is uri'ii : l)Ut the cMuniniilion^ niM'lc since in all |)iiil- of lliis tract l)y tlie I)iiniinion ( iecilo^iciil Survey, and tln't'U,y;li private enter[»iise, iiu\c not resulted in tlie discoveiy of any seams of c(»nsi(leral)ie tliieiiness, Although Dr. (Jesnernuide a rnpid tra\e)Ne across tlie Carl ion ifeiou^ rocks in (Jhtucester county, he claims tiiat he iliil not survey this county, except in the vicinity of i'.athui-st : and the laru'c wilderness district at the juiK'tion of Sunliury, Nortlunuherland and Kent counties was not visited hv him. Ii lorill!; vvliicli he placed on tl us Mi'ea expressed his opinion of its jtrohahle aj,'e, and later exjilor- atioiis have conlirmcd his surmise that the area was occupied hy coal HK'asuies. That Dr. (iesner attachccl i^rcat importance to the miiiei-als (if iliccoal measures as a soui'ee of wealth to the Province of New r>iiiii'-\\ ick iscjearfrom many stalcniciits in liisieports. ( )f the vvliujc lit' these reports at lea'^f ilie-sixth i-^devcited to the Coal .M ea^ures. Not niilv did he lit licve in the existence of valuable beds of coal in the areas wheic the coal measures were visible, but his error in rei;ard to the I!cd Sanilstune of Kinij;'s County also led him to infer the existence (if valtiaiile coal seams whore we ii( iw kn ow none •'Uch can exist. j.Vrir lii'il Sdni/sfniif. In l)r. (iesner's time th" earlier results in the stmly of ,,coloi;v in Hnyland had not been checked or corrected l)y com- parisons with a wider Held. The lithological aspect of the rocks, as the Chalk, the New Red Sandstone, the ()olite, were largely depended upon for determining the age of strata. Tn England the New Red Sandstone was a saliferous formation, and for this reason tlie saliferous sandstones which Dr. (xesner found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were by him referred to the New Red Sandstons or Trias ; and being sucli, of later age tliati the coal measures. One belt of these sandstones, however, he referred to their proper position under the name of " Old Red Sandstone," and a AHKAIIAM (}i;SXEU — REVIEW OF l!IS SCIENTIFIC WORK. :}7 few y»'ars after liis survey closed (1H47) he said tliai tin- [rt'd| i'()ii;il(»menit('s al<»n^' the soiitli side of the coal field iiii<,dit lie so classed. This is stated in his hook on " New liiuiiswic k, " in which he also inclines to det'ei to the o]iinion of Sir Charles liVell, who was "disposed to class these rocks with the I tcxoiiian system, or the Permian rocks of |{ussia. " Sume yeais latic I )r. (lesnermoic distinctly avowed this o|iininii in lefercnce t^i the corresjiondiny' sandstones of Nova Scidia. There was, however, a modicum of truth in I »i. < ii^nei's earlier view of the n-^c of the red -^aiulstoiies, liccaiise tin ic are certain small areas amon.y the rocks referred l)y him to tlie New Ked Sandstoiu' that ai-tually are rif Triassic aj,'e. These ;<,ir -;nudl iso'ated patches aloni; the shoi-e of the I5ay of I"\indy, and per- haj)s some lari^ef ones on the eastern coast of New l!run-\\ iik, JJut while we thus ,i,dadly give hr. (lesner the credit of havinjj; discovered ceitain small areas in southern New lli-uiis- wick that are truly referable to the New Red Sandst(»n<', there are other lai'Lfer areas of his map thus i-olort'd, that mu^t Ih' removt'd from this caleu'ory. Such is the considcraMe district on th(! Kennehcfasis i-iver and extending' tlieiue throuyii ^\'est- moi land •ountv. Sue also, is the eastern end of this couiitv and such, also, two oval areas on (Irand Lake in (^^ueen's cui the u]i|icr has many which are very like those of tlie Pciinian, the \cry latest of the I'ahi'ozoic locks. There would he less surjirise if these were misiaken foi- Meso/.oi(; limestones, hut there is no such reason a[)i)licai>le to (Jesners Liassic limestone assed •laid m New llrunswick. \\'e sui')iose, therefore, that having;' el; tlieupiiei- Innestones at \\ indsoi' as Lias hecause ll v over the led aliferous Sandstones of No\a Scotia, he applied the same iiile to N( e\\ l>runswic in iSl.'! I )r. ( iesner's sur\ey\\as hroiinht to a sudden and unexjiecteil close. ;iiid he ncNci' completed the ii'eolojTfical map of New lirunswick which he had commenced. 'J'his appears from a jiaran'raph in his la>t report, where he says : '' An incomplete jieolo^'icid map of the pio\ince is also suhmitted for your Excel- lency s consideiatioti. iJy this it will he ohserxcd that the labor of another season will he reipiired to lirin.u" the ,1,'eological survey to a conclusion: and it is \vr\ desirahle that the tindertakin and hasten to the shoi'c. The silenee of e\cnin,u' is hroken by the soiuid of the InilianV <;un. !e\i'!lcd with deadlv aim as the risin,t( ])oi']ioise. The hollow sound of the ''loon's" note i> diseofdant with the scream of tlie H'ldl. Mere the i^lassy Mirface' of the water is broken 1)\' a shoal of lierriiii;' ; vomlertlie spoiitiny n'raiiiiais is hlowiim ^'1' 'iK'^lHii-y in ini'liaiation for another ay of Kundy, he says : "This jiart of the coast has a very gloomy and forbidden aiipearaiice ; lofty ])reci|)ices sliehinii; and oscrhanuini; clills rise aoruptlv from the sea, and heinu inact'cssihle at almost e\eiv point, oiler no wav of esca]ie for the unfortunate tra\iller who iiiiLiiit he landed beneath them. There are also deep cases and w ide cliasu s, where but a few- rays of li^ht e\er enter, and no s|)ei' Selioodic oi' ( iraml VnWs. * * * About six miles al)ove the Little ClieputneetiiMjok Falls tlie rixcr exiiands into a laise suirinni(le(l l)y a tiaet of low t^'rouiid out to •descent a dangerous rapid and fall on Fel river. Here tliev saw a large drawing of two Indians with their heels uppermost and their canoe capsized, executed in black ink on a l)road piece of • cedar fixed to a post on tlie bank of the river. AIJRAIIAM GESXER — REVIEW OF HIS SCIENTIFIC WORK. 41 l>iHiculti<'s witli his Indiivii guides prcvciiti'd \h\ ( Jt'sut'i fiDin liiriying liis cxjiloration (if tlie 'J'oliiciuc to Ji (.•oiii|>lt'tii>ii.* He liad fit tins tiiiu; leacliod the forks of tlic 'Pol)i(|Uc win it' it parts into four hranolies ; at this point one of his Indiiuis hud deserted and the rest refused to iiroceed further into the wilder- ness, with a sliort stock of provisions and witii shattered r.iiioes. lie was therefore I'eluetantly eonipelled to retuin. 'Jenerally, however, he found the Indians willing- and intelli,t,'enl uiiiih--^. |)r. (iesner's seientific Jietivity did not cease with hi^ woik on tlie (leoloi^y of New I'.runswick, for ahout this time he must have written a memoir on the ,y;e()htgy of .No\a Scotia, acmm- ]ianie(l liy a n'eok),ijical map of that pi-ovinee, showini,' an ailvancr on his earlier work there liy tlie delineation of the ci'y-,tal!ine axis of the Coheijuid hills. That he was still thorouichlv iiiiliucd with the belief that the uypsiferous sandstones of these piosinces weie not Carlioniferous is shown l>y this map, in which tlic\- arc reprt^sented as hexonian, or < >ld l\ed Sandstone. This memoir (or an abstract of it) was ])ul)lished in the I'ro- eeedine's of the ( icolo^ical Societvof London (\'ol. I\'. I'i. I, No. It."). 1S1;>), und curiously enoni;h the same uumlier nf this journal contains an article from the pen of Sir Charles Lvcll. " ( )n the Coal Formation of Nova Scotia, ami on the .\ue and ]{elati\(' I'osition of the ( iypsum aiul act'ompanyiiii;' .Mai iiie Lime- stones."' r»oth from |iala'ontological and strati,L;raphical lon- sideiations Sir C'ha.i'les adduces comincinii, reasons foi' placiiii;' these gypsiferous sandstones in theCarhoni: -as system Li iieath the coal nieasui-es. Sir Charles also desci'ibps a newer red sandstoni^ witliout fossils on the Salmon river, near Truro, restint,' unconformably upon the edges of the Carl)onifei'ous strata ; this we now know to be of the age of the Ked Sandstones of the Annafiolis \al!ey, which are universally recognized as Mesozoic. Except for the error in regai'd to the age of the red sandstones, this later geological map of Nova Scotia of l)i-. («esner is much in advance of his earlier one. * Fifth Report, p. 3:.'. 4-J ULLKTIN 01 rilK NATlIiAL IIFS'inHY SoflKTV, " Ni;\\ UiasswicK. Ill tlic coiiisc ot' I >i'. (Jt'sncrs m-oloj^Mciil survey itf New r>i lm-^^vil■k, lie pirkcd u'l a i^n-ut dcul of int'dniiiiHoii on it-^ iijiimal lli■^t(ll■\• aiii! I'csourccs. 'I'liis iiit'oniiat ion lie cmlioilicd in a Wdik ]iiiMi>lif(l in London a tew years at'tcr tiir (.'lose ot' la>. ^uiM'V. lirarini;' the aliovc title* 'I'lir liisl thicc rliaptris iilc ui\cn to tlir liistoiT of tlic |iro\ in>'<'. \'.y^\ a^ a [lart nf ancient Acadia, and tlicii as a pait of tlic I'lnvincc of No\a Scotia, and fnially as a pidvincc liy itself. Aiiotln'i clia)>tci' i'< ui\cn to tlir lioimdai'y (lisjmtcs and a general dc>-rii|it ion of tlic coiintiy. ami a liftli cliajitcr to the nati\(> Indian'^ or alpoiii;(nfs of the iiro\inct'. 'I'lii-- c!ia|itcr dcscrilies the cliiii'actcf, customs, dress, d we t ilic two ti'iKes w liieli lia\»' inliahiled the inoxii my:-, etc.. o since It Oec.Lllle '■CP'.UH to iMMOlieailS. nee A Ioiil; cliaptci is desoted to a desci'i|ition of tiie topo^fapliy of tlie iiio\ince, thai ot each comity lieiiii;' j^dven separa telv, witli \ .iluaMc iiitoniiat loll rehilive to t lie set tlemeiits, himl)erin<4', soil, minerals and lisherii's. A,i;'riciilt lire forms tiie siihject of aiioilri' clia)iter. in which the climate is fa\iiraMv s]n)ken of, the foie-i trccN desciilied, and directions are yiNcn for aii]i!vinL; manure and charim;' u]i the wild hin(h The author devote-> coiisideralile sjiace to an historical acccnint of the colonial lishin^ rights and of tlie an'.ujressions of the American fishermen. Thi' tiiiihei' trude, the matnifaclure of himher and the export trade in this comiiuxhty, also receises miicii atieiiiion from |)r. (lesner in this liook. The ne.Nt chaiitei treats of the population of New Jh'unswick, and of its religious, social and political status. An examination of this chapter will show the great increase in the material prosperity of the province since this hook was written. The imjiorts aiul exports have greatly increased, and there has been a like increase in the material comfort and prosperity of tlie * New Bnmswick, with Notes for Emigrants, ))y Abraham Gtsner, Surgeon, F. G. S., etc., London, 1H47. AllllAHA.M (iK.S.VKIl UKVIEW OF HIS SCIKXTIl'IC WuHK. 4:J pcoj.le. Tlicrn has hcori soino cliunj^c in tlif tleiioininiitional vtatiis ot' the i)()})iihiti()ri. TIic ininihci' of clci^ry oF tlic ( 'liiii'cli ut" Kiiirlaiul has morn than doulilcd. Tlic iclativc cliaji','*' in nuinliei-s of the I'oiiian Catholic jioimlatioii, ti lias .•dint' al)()ut, ami they arc now the most numfroiis ot' all the It'll iniininfnt. Chri-tiaii hotlifs. Tho ISaptists anil .Mftli(Mli--tal.lislic(| in |Si>s, |„ul l.rcii tliidwn upi-n to all tlfiioiiii'iations, hut tlit'if still ffinaini'il a c-tjuisr in divinity in connfftion with tlit- C'lniivli t.f l':n,i,dantl. I'lit' social c'Diitlilions t)t' the populatitjii in Xi'w I >runsuick halt' a ft'ntury a.i'tj, as (lescril)t'tl in this hool k. font rast liicat Iv with I he It' isolation ot tin- pcoplf in tlit and social pleasures ai'c not now fxistinu .cato of stx-ietv. TI winter time ntt lt)n<>'pr exist' as tlien, st) much limitctl tt) the ct)ld('st NeverrliHJMss, at.'cordini,' to this author, the City of St. .lohn at that day had i^q'own from its foundation hv the Loyalists sixtv season of til c vear VI 'af lieforc to a population of i'(;,tJU{j soul he rexciiiie the riry were only £.j,000 per annum : a contrast to th aiuoiiiit colli'cti'd for civic purposes at the present dav. a r Hi- ll sj)(.akin.!4' '"f "society" in St. .lohn and l'"reilerictoii in those old colonial timt's, I )r. ( ■esner savs here is a constant stru;j-L;le In twi-en the aiistocratii pi m- ci[>lc and the s]>irit of freeilom and eiiuality characteristic of th American. Persons who have risen fi'om the lower ranks, anil ha\f arii\ed at atlluence, ai'e apt to overcate their importance : anil such as have tht> advantage of hirth and eilucatit>n ai, fi'e- quently supercilimis. It is to he re.uretteil that from these causes entlless jealousies arise, and society is divitled into small c-ircles and parties. The author of " New iJrunswick" devotes a short chaiiler to the ,ueolo,i'.y and mineralo.yy of the province, and another to its natural history ; and the work closes with "Notes to Emigrants.'' 44 BULLETIN OF THK NATI RAL IIISTOUY SOCIETY, " Indi'sthiai, Hi:sounrKH ok Nov \ Sco-rrA. Tilt' next iiiH)oi'tiiiit work puhlislicd liy I »r. ( Jcsiifr \\ ii^ ;i Nolumc of '>~'t |)ii,','t's oil tlif " liukisM'ial Ilt'somct's ut" No\;i >(Otlil. 'I'll!'- work o|ifiis willi ill! Iiistoiic;il xkclcli of tlic jn'ov iiic". lit'i,'illllilll( w itli tip' early l-'iciifll srtllcinciit of t lie loiim ly aiiil fxtciidinu le ])rodlU'Is of the \)\()\ ilice ii re deserilted, and then in --uii is-ioii the fisheries, ayiiciiltuial eapaliilities, niamifactiires, ueojouy. mines and ininerals. Chapter \ ^i\es iui account of the cliiu.iie. historv and resouices of Cape Ureton : and there is a linal i|ia[iter (le\ole(| to piospectixc railways ami t'l emigration. This hook is inil)Ued with the local politics of t he time at which it was written. It ail\(tc;itit soon aftei- aliandoned for a tariff purely for revenue. The ij;eolu,i,dcal chapter may he considered t(j contain i)r- (le.sner's matured views on the rovement of i^eolo- i;ical nomenclature, and |iarallel to his fcccnt Woi'k in N'ew Ih'un^w irk. I'ndcr the head of S'llnrnm (iviii

    coal mcasui'es, etc. This is meri,'ed in tlu; Lower C'ai'lioniferous l»y later writers. The lifth divisittn is the " Cai'honiferous rocks or coal formatioti. " The sixth is the " Xew Ked Sandstone." Tlii- division, e.xtensisc in the foi-mer work, is now limited to ceitain strata near Truio. 'I'lie seventh ifr(ni|) is the " Intrusive and I mieous rocks " of the North Mountains. The eiLjhth is the r.oulder or drift foi'mation. This ^roujt was (u)t reco^ni/cd in the earlier work, for in that the sui'face deposits are mentioned casually in coiniettion with the coherent rocks of the older f(»i'iii;itions. I )r. (Jesner atti'ihutes lioth the unsti'atilied and stratiu''d flrift to the a<-tion of water, inanifest(>d tlirouich ocean currents, t1oe ice, etc. • »\('r thirty pages of this work are devoted to a description of the economical mitierals of Nova Scotia, with statistics of tlu; exportation of coal. Ifi'om Initio |)r. r. ( ii'siicr l)y iihhIcih sIhikI.iiiIs, Imt l>y ilip •litfiia ut' llif times in wliidi In- lived ; nor slimiM wr uiiiit t'l.nii ConslMcriltinll lilt' slow lU'ss ;U|( I dill iciill V lit ('tiiiiiiMiiiicat loll III ll lusc I inns. \ lluw li'MLjr lit till- kitlil li'<|l|||f(| III )i,'lHt as not (lissciiiiiialid in lliusc ( lavs IiviIm- iiiJi'M/.iiu' iiiid . •ithtitic |lltll'IIMl there uric Ml) yifiit SI ln'iils t'or invest i;i(iU iitii ainl tiil' teailiiiiL; llie sciriire ti) ilie saiiie e\teii( as now ; and tor iliosi- w ho lived far tVoiii the act i\e eentn-s of thinij,dil the atlaiiinieiii of exact Uiio'vlcdi^'c in naliiial >. icnee. and es|n'fially of its new di>- covciies, w as slow anil i lillicnl Idice w »• sjionh ri\ r Dr. < • esiier full credit for ihei; 1 he aiconipli^hed and excuse the mistakes and dclicjcnccs incident to his times and position. That hi- later life was to some extent clouded cannot hut We a matter of ri ^let to those who witnessed his /cal in |iursuini,' tiie chief oliji ct to which he (levoicd himself, \i/..: the de\ elo|inient of the natural icsiuirees ot his iiat i\e count IV. at he struck out t he main t;c(»lojL;ical features of the maritime jiroNinces of Canada correctly there can he no ijuest ion, that he committod errors of detail is aUo uinleiiiahle liul this is what every "feolo^ical survevur who wui KS in a dillicull and complicated ret,dt)n is lialde to do. 1 le recoi;iii/.ed what would now he termed the I're cai 1 >on- iferous '• massif "' or " f()in])lex "" of these provinces in the eonr plicated rocks of the several hands of crumpled and moi'c or less uietamoiphic rocks which tra\erse them, 'riiese he included under the name of (Iraywacke system, referred hy hiiii at one time to the Sihirian, hut finally to the CamUrian aife : and as regards the iioithern iiu'tamurpliic helt in Xew Urunswid: in part to the Siluiiaii. This massif or complex is now known to contain rocks ran,i4iii,i; from tiie liaureiitian to the Uevonian. !le recoi^ni/etl as overlayini;' these a mass of secondary strata consistiiiif of softer and unaltered rocks as covering extensive tracts in theses pro\ iiues. These Ik; referred to three yoolotfii-al systems the ( Hd Ked Sandstone, the Coal Formation, ami the New lied Sandstone. His Old ]{ed Sandstone is now rej,'arded as Lower Carboniferous, and while we retain his " New l{ed " Sandstone, we eliminate from it larife areas which he supi>ose(l were of this age, and refer them to tlie Carlwniferous sy.steni. A lilt A HAM (iK.SNKll — IlKVIllW <'l' lllS S'lKNTiric \\n|:K IT lit liy I lit' mil tViiiii .'iition ill l,'fnlui;;ist .'•ifiitirii- uml for t'cr tlm^c llllU'li! uf llfVS (IIn- iiii-'t.iKfs hi-- later lit' n ^ift ilijiit ti) M.itiual (u- iiriiii •urn-i'tiy i! is ;il>(, o Works ;u lioii- t' (oiir >V Irss 'llhicd It out' 111! Us il: ill \V|| to II. t rata •Msi\(- o;;ii'al (I the iirdt'd 'o.sed 11. (m's)ii'I' tlioiiu'lit lif t'oiiiid Tfrtiarv d»'|ioHits in (•rrtaiii plai'i- iiloiiir till' coast, liiit us tli«'s»' ly, in t lie de|>arl nieiil ot' I'alaun- toloyy. N\ e sliniild. however, iti estiinatiiii; its value, luar in mind the ditlii'iilties he had lo eneiiunter, and the shoii time at his disposal t'oi' the e.\i>lr<)tia, niailf h \- I >r. ( it'sncr, 111' I'ollt'ct ion of iiinUaml mainmal^ lias lirm su|iriMM|ci I in iniportancc liy tlia! of ill!' Naluiai lli^loiy >oricty. 'I'lir minriaU arc kt'|it in a I Ml III, ral'i'il t he ■/■/-. A//,.r/ .1/; ( iisiirr M u-i'iim 11 1\- in tlir •' fort ic a iMciinar iiiuii'i al wa-> di^c \ rM'il m-ar III no ill Ailicr; Count \. N. H wliiiii wa^ I'jaiiiifd to or coal, ami a liccnx' ua-- oi)taim'il to nunc il. ( ic-iici coiilcii. Icil tiiat it s\a'- iiol coal, lait as|ilialt uiii. anil iiiit;iiiicil a liccii-^c io nunc ilnv nniicral. ail I ; iicir ciaiiii^ oi I lie loiitciuliiiLJ part ic- foic I he ( (iiii t a I Halifax and a Iohl;' 1 rial u a- ilic r"--ult ■ iioili ^idc-> liroiii^lit c\|icii tc-.timony l»r. ('. ']■ acK--iin ami >r. A. A. avc if I'.ost oil, am rrci\ al It N.-A I a\cn. \MMc I) roiii;lit to --how ihat the niincral wa- it. (• T L\Mor iml I to f. .la.. II were I he c\iiert -- I'allcil ( M -iicr and lii-- a.-sociatc- to |iro\i' tliat the mineral of tin .All ici I mine u a-, a-.piri It iim. w hei. I lie i|iic-I I' 111 w a-- lia- .\ft( r loim ar^uniciit on I loi h --k tloll tl to the jury, the jud^e (lieu att<'n- lie fact thai the licence to mine coal included "and oi li"i ii.iiie- airl iiiineral~, a ml stated that {'. le Mihvtancc w a- a mineral. < »ii iliis)i(iini the i|ue-.t ion w as deiaded in fa\(ir of the defcmlanl^. and (ievncr lost his case- thoULfli there is no doulit hi- ciinti'iition was rii;ht, for the mim'ral is nut a t'oal. Ipiit a \ariety of asphalt uiii ( mehin asphalt ). hi. (iesiierwa- appointed I'oiiimis^ioni'r to the Indians in No\a Scotia, and in !> 1 7 made a reiiorl on their condition to the pi o\ iiicial l;o\ el niiienl. (if/n r I'/i/>/i<'(i/i(ins. 'I'o the li-t of pulilicatiuns rcferrod to ill thi- article, or inenlioned in that puhlislied in lUilletin No. X I \'.. tlie follow inij may be added (ieulog}' of New liruiiswick, Nova Sccjtia and I'rinte Edward Island, Fishories of the Pro- viiiot's ; Practical TiH'Uli.se on Coal, Petroleum and other l)is:illed O Us. I 'ri '^i^ lt.#i tuafer^ijhs jC^^fij^M ju ki ^rfij jLofsutiiti'ii^'KJ^ii-'' "i ».:J ;^i^M *■