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 MEMOIRS 
 
 OF 
 
 Charles Dennis Riifoe D'Eres^ 
 
 A NATIVE OF CANADA; 
 
 Who was with the ScanyawtaurvV£,ahrooote 
 Indians eleven years, with a particular 
 ACCOUNT OF his Sufferings, &c. during 
 his tarrv with them, and his safe 
 return TO his Family Con neg- 
 ations in Cahada; "'■:^'' ; ^'^ :^i:::<L-'^- 
 
 •'■ft.' ,'. .-.i?f ■/t-- -'■;'.■'-'>;■ -^ -'^.'v'-' :>•.^ ,^:',«'-;^'-: 
 TO WHICH J S ADDED 
 
 An APPf N»i1, . 
 
 CONTAINING * 
 
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THEIR PERSONS, DrESS, 
 
 Man NKR s, Re CKO N I N G Ti M E,Mo D E of Go v e r n- 
 MENT, &c. Feasts, Dances, Hunting, Wea- 
 pons of War, &c. Making Peacu, Diversions, 
 Courtship* Marriage, Religious Tenbts, 
 Mode of Worship, Diseases, Method of 
 Cure, Burying tsjeir Dead, Character. 
 OF the Scanyawtauracahrooote Indians, 
 Particular Description of the Quadru- 
 peds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects* 
 which are to be met with on and in the 
 VICINITY of Scanyawtauracahrooote 
 Island. 
 
 }?rinte|) for, and Sold by Henry Raklet, Exeter. 
 
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 ':.-:r-'^:>^0:'^ 
 
 T* pagie. 
 
 HE relater*j birth and/amify,cotmeffiofff * Y 
 
 General Montgomery enters the borders of Canadut % 
 
 Governor Carlton ijfues his proclamaikn to the inhah' 
 -; itants of ^eheCf vW t^i , - • 9 
 
 Condttil of the relater's father in taking an adive-fart 
 
 4igainjl the Britijhf - *«.uf^u-i^Vj^*t^>i ib» 
 
 Attempt made by General Moiftgomery tojlorm ^ebec* lo 
 Conjequence of Montgomery* s failure^ ' *^» ' * ibi; 
 jConduii <f the Br iti/h officers ionuards the relatef's 
 
 family connections .*. ,,^-%' ','.\.' {*f:-^<!'^.yf»^-'. 4fcfc 
 Trial of the delinquents^ ^ ' w #1 ^ . *^-**y^> J« 
 Sentence pajfed on the relater^ ' ^ * \ v> i " i -A- Hi, 
 
 Z^/7//y ^//J* Indians towards the relatfr^ • ib. 
 
 Vame of the Mian Tribe to whom the relater was 
 
 gniefh - - .<.,♦,. * I* 
 
 Narrate, foliloquy, . _ 'V:: Ji^-^^..:,.-:^..^^ 
 
 # •.*.--;^; z^,**" lb* 
 
 , Frientffhijp - 
 
 K.«r4,. 
 
 Depmturefrnn ^ebtc^ 
 
 
1v 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Friendjhip of the fquaiut, - . 15 
 
 Orders of an Indian chief, and the confequence^ - ib. 
 
 Prefents made to the Indians, - - " '4 
 
 Arrival at Michilimakinaek, - - " - ib» 
 
 Intoxication of the Indians, and confequence thereof 15 
 
 Defer ipt ion of Michilimakinak, . - « ib* 
 
 ■ — of Luke Superior, - - - 1 6 
 
 Departure from Lake Superior , - - 1^ 
 
 Arrival at Maccatah River, - « • ib. 
 
 Defcription of a remarkable cavern, - - 18 
 
 Arrival at Red River, and defcription of it, - 19 
 
 Vijit made by the Annoonuechen Indians, \- - ib. 
 
 AJault made by the Scanyanutauragahrooote Indians 
 
 •: .iqn a party of the Annoonuechen Tribe, - 20 
 
 Manner of executing prifonert, - - -22 
 
 Arrival at Roetooroo River, - . - -; 23 
 
 ■ »i« at Scanyaiutauragahrooote village, and def 
 CT ,1'cription thereof - - - - 24 
 
 ConduSlofthe Indians on the return of their friend, 25 
 Defcription of the national pipe, and its ufe, - 26 
 
 Speech of an Indian chief, - - ^^ .^ 28 
 
 The rektter commences black-fmith, . «„. . W.V. jl 
 journey to Tartarrac, «' • , r •» lir.'^ 
 
 Method of hunting the Buffalo, - - • 35 
 
 Battle betiueen the Scanyanutauragahrooote Indians and 
 tl '< a diftant Tribe, - ^- ' >4 43 
 
 Second journey to Tartarrac, - - - 46 
 
 ^ vijit to the fVhfte Indian Tribe, and its confequence ^$ 
 
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 The 
 
 ^,;;^, J ■:; ;; C O N T E N T SA' ••'.,' ' "t 
 
 ^e relater rtcehet a new namtf . *"<? ^ ■'*»'' »• 55 
 Dejcription of ajingular plaint - • • 57 u 
 
 Cottdu^ ofafquanu towards the retater whenjicky 6l^ 
 
 The relater kills an Indiana-trial in confequente 
 '-^'thereof .'^'^■'^■^^■''■■^■^.^/^■■.^ 6$ 8c 66^ 
 Conduff oy an Indian, - ' ' '^ - "■ "• ' »^i 
 
 The relater obtains leave ofahfence and departure, y4'& 75 
 Qondud of an Indian ^een, - - , " , 78 
 
 Arrival at Detroit, - • < ^' -• _ 
 
 " • »• ' , ■ '-, ... ^ .. •.< " 
 
 <y/ Cataraque, • - • - 80 
 
 <?/ ^ehec, - ^ ■ ,--^ t .' g 
 
 tf< 5/, Nicola, - - - ib. 
 
 Mooving fcene betnueen the felflter and a beloved 
 
 Jljier, - , - . - 84 & 85 
 
 Joyful meeting of father andfon after a long ahfence, 86 
 Condu£i of Colonel Campbell, • . » 
 
 Departure of the relater from Canada, 
 Arrival ivithin the United States, - * 
 
 ■ in Nenu-Hampjhfre, 
 
 Appendix, - . -i i ^ •' •- 
 
 87 
 90 
 
 ib. 
 
 94 
 95 
 97 
 
 lOI 
 
 104 
 
 Of their perfins, drefs, ^Cm • 
 
 Of their manners, l^c. ^c, - * 
 
 Of their method of reckoning time, ^e» 
 Their mode of government, manner of conveying intelli- 
 gence to other Tribes in alliance *with them, ^c, 1 06 
 Of their feafis and dances, - - v > - 110 
 
 , Of their Hunting, IsSc, - - - -114 
 
 Defcription of their weapons for war, method of con- 
 * dueling their wars, ^c* . • " -*♦>=" 125 
 
 ■ V 
 
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 CO KTEKTe 
 
 Cfiheir method of making piA:c naith other Trihest j it 
 
 Of their diioerjhnst - "^ - 135 
 
 Of their m^^nntr of eourijhipt matrimonial ceretm* 
 
 mes^ tsflf. - . - - 13S 
 
 OftheUr religiotu tenets^ modes ofnuorjhipt ^c» {44 
 
 Of their difeafeji method of Cure, Ufc. • 147 
 
 Indian fortitude in a trjittff hour, - • 150 
 
 Qenorai chara^ier of tne Scanyay)taurapahroopte 
 
 Indians, - - - ^ pjf^j 
 
 ^ particular defeription of the ^^drupeds^ Birds^ 
 
 Fijhes, Reptiles and Infers, nvhich are td he 
 
 < met nvith en, and in the vicinity of Seanyaw* 
 
 ' tflur/tgahropote Jflandp - - 157 
 
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 MEMOIRS 
 
 "».-■«■■■-■■'., 
 
 Charks Dennis Rufoe D'EreSr f^c 
 
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 WAS born in the cky of Quebec*, on the 
 feventh day of April, one thoufand feven hundred and 
 fixty one, of parents much refpeAed. My father, whofe 
 fiazne was Luois Rufoe B'Eres, in early life acquired 
 the blackfmith's bufinefs ; foon after his freedom from 
 hi&mafter,. he. fettled in the city, and by induftry in a 
 ihort time acquired much property. My mother w^^^- 
 a defcendant from a family of good reputation in Que- 
 ' bee. My parents lived in the conjugal life upwards of/ 
 tsfrenty-five years, during this period, my mother bpre:^ 
 £xteen children, of which number I was the y■oungeft;}^ 
 twelve of my father's children died previous to my 
 birth. My mother died, foon after I was bom. 1^\. 
 being left by my mother, at fa early a period of life, 
 naturally drew my father's attention to me,. I therefore 
 fooft engro^Ted his afieAions, and was- carefled by him^^ 
 ^nd his family ; retiring from bufmefs he frequently^ 
 dandled me on his knee, and with tears droping^ frpc? 
 '■■". ./■■-'■_ Y--;-i :..,:■ •'\::^.-- his ;■' 
 
 * Metropolis of Lover Canada . 
 
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 a MEMOIRS OF 
 
 his eyes, would, with a deep figh, exclaim ah, my little 
 fon! thy mother, under whofe watchful eye thy educa- 
 tion would (under the fmiles of Providence) have been 
 conducted with the clofcfl attention, and doubtlefs with 
 happy fuccefs, is now no more ; in you I behold traces 
 of her countenance, & at times almoft lofethe keennefs of 
 my forrows, occafioned by my lofs in her. May you, 
 my dear fon, be continued for my comfort, through 
 the future ftages of my life, and a prop to thy fond 
 father through his declining days. Such language as 
 the foregoing, I was frequently entertained with ; 
 but alas ! his joy and good wiflies for future days of 
 happy enjoyment were foon, too foon cut off, as by 
 the fubfcquent Narrative will appear. . 
 
 My father being frequently called from a private 
 to a public life, had many opportunities in political 
 fcience to improve his mind ; about this time, that is, 
 when I arrived at the fourteenth year of my age, 'twas 
 frequently mentioned in private circles of ftiends in 
 Quebec, that a rupture would foon take place between 
 Great Britain, and fome (at leaft) of her American 
 Colonies, My father obtained the beft information con- 
 cerning the difpute, foon determined in favour of the 
 ' Colonies, and being fully perfuaded that their oppofi- 
 tion to the Britifli miniftry, would prove fuccefsful, 
 he ardently wiflied for an opportunity of proving his 
 faith by his works. In Odober, one jhoufand feven 
 hundred and feventy-five, General Montgomery, with 
 • . . a large 
 
 , ^i .1 • ... 
 
CHARLES bEVKIS RUSOE d'eRES. 
 
 t lArge iiuinber bf troops from Newengland, entered the 
 borders bf Canada, with an intention of redacing it 
 to the American ftandard. The troops made rapid pro- 
 grefs towards Quebec, without much oppoiition. The 
 then commander in chief of Canada*, i^ued his proc- 
 lamation, giving liberty to fuch of the Inhabitants of 
 ^ebec as chofe to have the city, to depart within a 
 limited time, with fuch of tlieir perfonal property as 
 l&ey ffaould choofe to carry, promifmg thofe perfons a 
 Teftoration of fucli real property as the^r fhould leave 
 1)ehind them (provided the rebellious army fliould uot 
 fucceed in their propofed plan) my father availed himi» 
 felf of this, and moved with his family, and fuch of his 
 
 perfonal property, as Were portable to St. Nicola, nine 
 miles from Quebe*. Leaving in the city, real property 
 
 toa large amount,confifUngof aipaoious dwelling-houfc* 
 
 buiU with ftorie and lime, and covered with tin, over 
 
 which were layed feveral coats of paint, to prefcrvc 
 
 the tin from riifl — a large blackfmith's (hop witli 
 
 tools fufficient to employ many workmen : he then be^ 
 
 ing imploycd m the King's works, witli many other 
 
 [buildings for domeftic ufe. My father foon became 
 
 acquainted With General Montgomery, with whom he 
 
 took an aftive part againft the Britifh government, and 
 
 was honored with a Captain's commiflion, and with the 
 
 army marched to C^et>ec, with a view to reduce 
 
 it to the American faith. A general cotfifoltatioa 
 
 among the officers^ took place refpetfUng ih» 
 
 ^ Mr, CarlloHi 
 
 B 
 
/ 
 I 
 
 Id ♦MEMOmS Of . , 
 
 taode of procedure againft the city ; t|if r^folt wher-eo^ 
 was, to ftorxn it. An atten^pt accordingly took place 
 on the lad day of December, one thonfand /jsven h«a« 
 dred and feventy £y.e. In the attempt >the valiant 
 Montgomery felU with fome of his oncers and mei^ 
 the major part ofhis army were taken and innprifoned | 
 fome few only cfcaped* amonj;* thofe, were my father 
 & only brother. My father^ apprehenfive of the evil coxi« 
 fequenceofhis&theircbndu(5by in taking up armsagainft 
 the King, endeavoured not bnly.to fccrct himfelf & ifin 
 from the royal hunters ; but alfo to fecure as many of 
 his followers, as was in his power. H? owning i 
 coal hut in the woods,not far from St.Nic6la, concluded 
 there to hide them j to this place they retired, intijnd- 
 ing to tarry until the Britifh Wrath Ti^fided ; but ercx^ 
 in this retreat they were difcovered. My Father hav- 
 ing learned this^ immediately futnifhed as manyo^tj^em 
 ss was in his power, with pro vifion, a pocket compais, 
 and other neceffaries, l)id them Ihift for themfelves^ 
 while he and his fon returned t6 St. Nicola, to provide 
 Ihemfelves with neceflaries, intending tofiee to a more 
 diflant and more fafe retreat : all which by &cret Intel- 
 ligence, reached the ears of the Commander in Chief at 
 Quebec, who immediately fcnt an oBScer, with aimm- 
 ber of men to St. Nicola, and made my father, brother, 8c 
 myfelf, though yonng, prifonets j my two fiRers made 
 their efcape, Jby jumping out of the chamber windows* 
 The o6|^er ordered his men to fire xny father's houfe, 
 aM torn the cattle out of the barn, and to bum that 
 
 I 
 
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 :ir 
 
CfiARLES DIEXN IS KUSOE D ERES. 
 
 11 
 
 ^o, which was foon'dbne, and in a fewmomienu both 
 Gildings were levelled with the ground. We- were 
 carried prifoners to the ci^y,. in the night) and conEned 
 in tRe guard houfe ; next day at ten o'clock^the time 
 orrelieving the guard,) wt were brought before the 
 general officers, who» after a UngtSij trial* pronounced 
 the^ fbllowiii^ ientenbeyviz^ thgt my father a;id brother, 
 fhdul^be confined m the common goal, there to re^ 
 mmu ttii^ the then war fhould clofe ; they then turiu 
 tag to i^e, aetqitirely viewing me, obferving my ilen- 
 der & youthfull appearance, being thea fourteen years, 
 and eiglitmonths old,, faid one to the, other, whal fhali - 
 we do with this little yankee, this liittlc rebel ?it v^^l not 
 do to put hinr m goal, he will die there ii|;a| o|j dajpfc 
 let us faid one, give him to the Indians 5, Ull^ra^^ke 
 Elm, kill him, fcalp him, or do what they ^ wi^ him. 
 My dearfathcr,onl^car»ng.this fcntencepaffedon ^ie^amt- 
 ed and fell to the ground. I in the utmcfl agony cried 
 and beggpdtohe rdcafed irx>m the fcntence, but all to 
 no purpofei I fprang to my father,, clafped my arm^ 
 round his neck and kifled him. On his recovery, he 
 pleaded eamellly that I might not be 'given to the In- 
 dians j but all iu vain, they violently pulled me frcni 
 hiwa and puihed me towards the Ir %nai fjlyiag, «rfte 
 *»^|itt|e Yankee, that little Rebel, and kill, or fcal|» 
 Wk'ii dot; with him as you plcafe ; oa wl^ph one ij^i 
 $.4ni^*IB^1ne by the hand and forced me ^oi(t^ Vny ^at' 
 
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 12 
 
 MEMOIRS Of 
 
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 eft connections : fayingy go with usy w» no kill you ; 
 no hnrt you ; ht French boy. ,;i4, , 
 
 I foon learned that the lodians, to whom I was giv*. 
 en, were of the Scanyawtanraguohrooote tribe, and that 
 they lived no lefs than fifteen hundred tniles from Que- 
 l^ec. Thus far, reader, I have led you on in my narrsli^ 
 tite wtthont a realizing fenfe of my certain doom^ 
 jiow, nothing left me but a fmall glimmer'of hojpe, that 
 atfome £tr diftant period, if life remained I might onc<b 
 more reafife my freedom and enjoy ^ tender e;i^ 
 braces of an affedionate and tender father, brothev 
 aind fifters ; but oh ! how can I db'fcnbe my iituation t 
 iftfrcedfrora my iather, sudd f6r1)jd the tender embract 
 4f%|Mi3af^jbl^erand of near, dear and truly affec-u 
 ttowttt lifters, now under the controul of favages of tiMh 
 «0dem^ whofe tender mercies are cruelty. My at* 
 tachmettt to the beloved city,was fo great, that my dread 
 ^fWtare evil, did not prevent my keeping my widifut 
 ^«Sdn it; particularly on that part in which my father 
 dvlnfiit* 
 
 'The Indians retired from Quebec to the countryj, 
 
 not forgetting to take me with them } I found that re« 
 
 fiiUnce wat. in vain, I therefore, with apparent eheet^ 
 
 ^Inefs^ trip'd along with diem, frequently turttiiig^^y 
 
 glazed eyes towards them, and viewing, with horli^^ 
 
 I i 
 
CHARLES Bft 
 
 ,B;^$.9£ D £RES. 
 
 ^ 
 
 it^lv Indian dre&y xaA iifl^coutl)^ J^pearancie ; bu^r con* 
 trary to my fears, thej ufed me tenderly in their way ; 
 the Squaws appeared more mild and tender, than the 
 men } fawned or«r and flattered me, and by this mean, 
 I became more^£unilia^ with themiand firtquently ufed 
 tOTUh'jtO'them for pMtedtion, i^htff I thcroght myfclf 
 in d«mger from the ^iftea ; 'for fcveral'-days, I ^eitei' 
 ^!jr cat or^ drank with them, their provifidii akd^motle 
 of living, bemgfodifagreeable to' me, that I was mu^ 
 reduced f6r want of proper food. After being vritli 
 them about fi^een days, I became in a meaibre^ ^■'^^^^ 
 tiled to them, and^ vfed mueh familiarity wklb ^«i% 
 One. day an ' Indian^ Chief, teok me^by my hand, axrd 
 with appsu-ent good luimouTrtpldnie-I mull bft dreilbd 
 like them, and bid me pull oSray breeches, which I re- 
 isftantlydid') he then put on iae a clout, and belt j tit- 
 diaor£»(hion, and threw my br^i^hea into the ficfi^^Mflkese 
 . tb«y w6re foou coAifumed i he with ahcarty uUt^^d^ 
 dered int to ilrip off my othev gaiments, whi||^r| irj|Hl)(|* 
 Ify obeyed* jM th<8y ft»pr#4 tjieiame ifate jrii^ 'wkj^h^^ 
 chesi be t^ completely dre/Tedme in an jj^4tai^.i|i^ 
 
 fotm^fpn^ftigof a Uaij^et, feathers, &Aj.gi«i^.ijifV^ 
 Aone pipe and tobacco pouch t then, ^nted m^r^acff 
 7>a;fcording to their cuftom, and ^>kL mc that ?«i!§s .|0 
 . im^ m^ look fine } then dattqred., |n^, faying j^oo^ji^ 
 l0^.MjJ'9^l^y^ you Kttle t^muhawk,y%f jcaj.^ 
 Iluroadbci ; iB9;lM»,givi:you na;nenow, me fcie howy^ 
 
 '>**0^■ 
 
 ;pa 
 
 xam 
 
■^4.J 
 
 M 
 
 MCMOIKS 6r 
 
 
 \< 
 
 r , 
 
 ine give you niune like great King } you be coward, 
 and be like Squaw, me gire you Uale name like Squaw. 
 
 About three months after I was given to the In- 
 
 diansj they received the thanks of the Britiih govern- 
 
 nKnt,(for their good behaviour, )and large prefents, and 
 
 were permitted to return to their own country. They di- 
 
 .reded their courfe to fort Michilimackinac,nine hundred 
 
 ^iles northweft of Montreal ; nothing very material* 
 
 xi(M: or againil me, turned up during this route ; each 
 
 4a/ X attentively liftened to their language, and by de- 
 
 ^es learned to Q)esJc to, and anfwer them tolerably 
 
 well ; in this, the Squaws were peculiarly helpfuU, At 
 
 the above defcribed place, we tarried two months, 
 
 where the Indians built birch canoesriufficientrto canry 
 
 ^ five hundred perfons with their implementi%)r huntiagi 
 
 '«Ad£fliing. There we drew^vifion from the king's 
 
 -ilort 1^ but not allowed rum for daily ufe, with whidh 
 
 'UklvlnfiHani appeared tolerably fatisfied, having the 
 
 '^jprojod^fe of as much ts they could drink the laft day 
 
 ' «if ^ehr tarry. After completing their canoes, thd day 
 
 'of dcfoirture arrived, and they received a large quantity 
 
 'of ram, of w|nch tl^y drank fo freely, that they foOn 
 
 ^ ••> V.,-. '- , 
 
 hscztbeii^ikiisaxihte^ alihoft to a man, fo that but a f^ 
 tlireit able to take care of the prefeats, made them- as a- 
 
 bovii related. This ftate of intoxicatioft lafted^ mfta 
 ^:^ hext ^y, when, iiiftead of departing, tiiefbegged 
 
 j|Hr i|K)re runi| but being denied^ they iaon 4eeanM|^ti^ 
 
 multuotti^ 
 
'jy^ 
 
 cHARtKs m&MNrs iivsofi o eris. 
 
 .">., 
 
 «5 
 
 1.^. 
 
 •multuoits, and attempted to break into the ktng'« ftom». 
 which was foon effe4led. They turned out a number of 
 bogfheads tff runt^the garrifen being unable to prevent 
 it \ of courfe, ^the Indians foon became drunk, and «^ 
 general clamour fueceeded^ with fighting, Sanci^ a* 
 gainft Squaw, and Squaw agakift Sanop^ to that de» 
 
 .gree, that many were ki danger of lofing their limib«». 
 
 . if not life alfo. This fray continued until the rum wa^ 
 wholly exhaufted. I>sring i||M^olick, about fixty Int. 
 diaas of the Shawanee tribe, came in birch canoet^otd- 
 cd with fur, ppopofiag tintade ';at the fom ; the Iftdiasi^ 
 of whom I now was counted one, foon began* to quar* 
 rel with the Bha'wanee Ih^ans,^ engaged dieni with heU 
 
 ^iirXk fury, and Slaughtered the whole number mthe moft 
 
 '1>arbarous manner^ cutting ofyea ' thi^ bodies, whfle>> 
 live, tearing out their l>owds, j^luckin^ tlieir h^am 
 from their bodies, and greedily eating them, tVen while 
 padlpitating^ ;ii)' th^ baticb; { ^e^dmdf jtei^ing and 
 
 :,«irhoopiDg di»ipg the xaroage, wh^h was f4?tt«>!f|^ by 
 
 4li total del^ruftiop of tb«ir quioes» and fitr^ 
 
 After (pending fiye days in the manner above del- 
 crlbed, we took our depwture from MitliilijoBakinak 
 down Lake Superior. Here it may not bedndfi to dtf> 
 cribe MichilimaMnalE, and Lake Superior^ 
 
 MlchHlmackaiacj is an ifland near the eatrance of 
 ]^e Superior, and takes \Vi name from the appejirance 
 
 ■>v^. 
 
«t.6 ' 'l^^^n MEMOIRS. jO* . I'^jt;^ 
 
 iu 
 
 •- 1 
 
 ^2 certain ifland, lying about Cix, ov feven ilnilm 
 northeaft, within fight, which at a diftance appears not 
 unlike an animal, called a^Tortoife; the word Michill- 
 jnakinak, in the Indian language, fignifying a Tot* 
 tofe. On this ifland 4>f Michilimakinak, is a flockaded. 
 jfert^ufuallx defended with one .hundred men; here 
 cte ibottt thirty or forty dwellilig-houfts^ one of which* 
 
 . belongs to the govemoi',and anothisr to the commifTaty ; 
 :fy7tr9lty9d9m£tomA^ft£ent quarters alTo, dwell with- 
 m its fortificatibnis ; hese trAde iscarriedon with Xa« 
 
 ^ cUiiiSy from almod allpsurts af Aanertca^; ,t 4\ i.C'# a 
 
 Lake Superior, is (b caHed on account of its fuperi«t r 
 erity in magnitude to any o^ the lakes on the continent 
 of America, and is ^ppoied to be the largeft bo^y of 
 ^ frefh waC^f on the globe ;^ circuniference, is faid to 
 > ,t^ fixtcen hi)QMred miles.* , 
 
 Ha(vihg dcfcribed^ As I prdpo<ed> the ifland 6f 
 Mel^liii&Kiklnak) and Lake Superiory aiccordtngito the 
 beft infomiat^ii I am akAtI to obtaih, I nOw proceed^ia. 
 my narrative. 
 
 Steering m our canoes (as near as I could guefs,) 
 northweft, we were foon overtaken with a heavy g^e 
 of wind, which continued thr^^: days an<l nights ; d«r- 
 ing which) we laboured hard to keep our canoes before 
 ^€ windy to prevent upfettmg, sot btjn^ able to gain 
 
 ' . f Accordiog to French Charts. 
 
 -H"" 
 
 ■ ij.,M*^ .«.£»•.. 
 
 '3ISStr*TttmltamtCl* 
 
GHARLIS D£NliSS RU^Ofi O £RE'S» 
 
 :-f7- 
 
 Ae (hore on either fxde» by reafon of b<ige rocks Mad- 
 baaksjWhich in many places were neatly i^rpendiqijbl'f . 
 On the fourth day the vind abated,, towards ercsir 
 kig we difcovered an iilaad. to which we {saddled andi 
 landed thereon ; where we. tarried four or fire days t(^; 
 xefrelh ourfelvesy and to catch fome game and fi(h» U^ 
 secrult our ftoxes. Here we. c;^pght many fiikof vari^ 
 ous ]uad» i. the lake aboi^nding-iA fiihi foch as Tfout^, 
 ]^ik^, Pickerel and ^erc})t yiifkpmj oibfiri»/or iRd^^ 
 Iwantaames^ 
 
 ^^g pvi^y^^^^^ pii'^^^ Wid^povifidii, c^^ 
 #f fiili. and fledi, fuch . as the iiland afforded, wt tools-, 
 onr departure from, the iflc:^ and continued our voyag«- 
 notheriyi and in about thirty d^ays, catching,fi{h as 6f^ 
 ten as Qccanon required, not quittwg our canoes d^j 
 sor night, we were obliged to ea;; pur fweet mO!^c^<^ 
 uncooked ; realizing that barking (lomacks Strt^ no 
 Compliments. We arrived at the mo&di of MaocataH: 
 lUver, which comes from (lupendous voimtaiBs* lying 
 far north from tliis river^s mouth ,^ which is aboat ttiirtf 
 feet wide, the waters whereof, are of. an extousrdisary 
 quality, being very thick, of a^eeniih colour, and un- 
 fit for ufe. This river runs from the mountains witfaL^ 
 great rapidity $ at ^ bottom of wlucb,at itsentraaof: 
 into the lake,, are difcovered large rodb of a x«di& ea^, 
 which our Indians called Mood-fione, at a ihort diftanee 
 WDKtilifftom.thismer's^xrion^j.a v'^ry fin|^lar ofkening 
 
 appears 
 
 i'.^' 
 
 , .«.!-«i» 
 
 ■.,.„■_ t'... J j". 
 
 -4*.%irs 
 
^ 
 
 it 
 
 W\ 
 
 w I 
 
 KrEMX)rRs ai* 
 
 i^^ti OK' ^6 fiafj oF a "itwrnntaft, - apparently cut 
 
 ;► thrdtagh folid rock, whicK i$ -very hard each fide of the* 
 
 tntratncb, i^ of a black col6iir, and viry fmobth j thfe 
 
 entraitcekaboilt thirty ftet dimeter, ;lnd continties of 
 
 Hhis iriigaitude ^nltnie ils'ay into the mSuhtafn r mlany of 
 
 *flie Indhms rept .cedly "with lighted torches, have at*- 
 
 tempted td trace- it to its ntmoft^ extent j but hitherto 
 
 ■; Jiave £iiled> not being able to keep torches Bufning for 
 
 ^Sp^^ngth <of time,, gave over fearchin|; further. 1%* 
 
 rock at the entzance is ornamented with curious carving* 
 
 ^'rasious kinds* ioxkt as animals of different forms^- 
 
 t^me app^ir fufpended from the rock,of di£Perent fijap^Si 
 
 lia a mdft curibiis manner, all which our ji^^ans 
 ^ifiiuld not account for. The eldeft of tHemobfefvedi- 
 JUiat fuch has been its appearance ever fince they Had- 
 any knowledge of the place. But what I have now t« 
 leiat^ftftiUmoremarvellDusi. ^^ *- 
 
 J^?iBt«riflg' out tarry at this place Were heardi at all 
 ^llRii, voices* not unlike the crying of young children!* 
 li if in the utmoft drilrefs. In the morning are pkinl]^ 
 j^n 6a the fmooth fand on the- beach, at t^e mouth of 
 diis horrible cavern, marks like foot-fteps- of childrwi-} 
 and* although fmoothed down in the motning^ the foU 
 lowing morning fimilar marks will appear, as numcf 
 ^us as the prcceeding, day. From this places we con«> 
 linued our courfe north fortwo days and one nighttin 
 ^ur canoes|.and arnvedatthe Red Baver, vrl^dvtaket 
 
 . . ^^tt 
 
 ■^t'j.'SWtw.-lW'^Stoi 
 
CHARLea DENNIS ftUJOE D ERtS. 
 
 »9 
 
 it^yiie from Lake Siiperior, tuid runs a fbuthwefterlf 
 courfe very rapidly ; in which &re many falls. We 
 paddled down this river forty days, frequently (hooting 
 over falls with fuch force, that our canoes fometimes 
 would (kip out of the water ; but fuch was their con^ 
 ftruction, that they would always fall on their bottoms, 
 being properly balanced by their navigators falling flat 
 on their backs within them. Many falls were fo tremen* 
 dous» that we were obliged to haul oat our canoes and 
 carry them' on our backs by land, until pafling the rap- 
 Ids, Aide them into the river and purine our coorfir* 
 'We arrived at an ifland in this river, after forty dayi 
 fail from its mouth. Here we urried five or fix days 
 to fixmifh ourfclvcs with a new recruit of provifioc 
 Soon after our landing, fix Indians, belonging to the 
 Annoowechen Tribe, made us a vifit in their canoesy 
 conftru^led fomething different from ours, both in 
 form and ornament. Thofe Indians came, as they faid« 
 with an intention to inform us of fomething greatly to 
 our advantage* and if we would make them fome good 
 prefents, we fliould be let into the fecret — ^whereupon* 
 we gave each one a blanket,and they then, informed us, 
 that the Anhoowechen Tribe had heard of our return 
 from Canada, and of our poflefilng many valuable 
 prefents, made us, when there ; and of their intention 
 to furprlfe and toh us before the next morning. They 
 foon departed, and we being fore-warned, put ourfelves 
 
 ID the bell poAore for defeace ; knowing that our in- 
 tended 
 
 'x 
 
 
 
so 
 
 MEMOIRS Of 
 
 tended robbers were not prepared with fire arms — hav. 
 mg nothing wherewith to make the aflault, excepting 
 axes made of flint (lone, fixed in the end of a fplit (kick { 
 thefe axes were their principal weapons for war ; we 
 having fire arms, ammunition and tomahawks in plen- 
 ty» did not fear them, be their number ever fo large. 
 However, we put ourfelves in the beft pofture for de- 
 ;^nce, and kept a good look out through the night. 
 Juft before the dawn of Jay (it being very calm weather) 
 we could hear their paddles ftrike the water \ and 
 they foon came in fight. I counted forty-two canoes— 
 the fmalleft number in a canoe was fourteen, and In 
 fome were more than twenty. We permitted them to 
 advance till they came near the fliore, and then fired 
 upon them, which made terrible havoc. They being 
 unacquainted with fire arms, were put into the greateft 
 confufion — ^fome crawled to the ihore, others jumped 
 into the water, and attempted to fave themfelves by 
 fwiming — a fmall number efcaped. Forty of them we 
 took alive, and killed all except ten, who were referved 
 for future diverfion. After the battle was over, we 
 counted among the dead on (hore, and in the water> 
 two hundred and fifty, without any lofs on our fide. 
 Soon after, the forenoon of that day, feveral of 
 them were mod inhumanly flaughtered by the toma- 
 hawk and knife, cutting open their bodies, and 
 with their hands fcooping up the warm blood out of 
 their bodies, while alive* and\ drinking it greedily, 
 
 whooping 
 
 !' i 
 
 .t ;■ 
 
 K^^M 
 
 .vJk-T •~y.'^,-.^:_ 
 
 ...,Ji«^Jfc, 
 
CHARLES DENNSS RUSOC D ERES. 
 
 21 
 
 whooping and dancing merrilf, as if part^king of the 
 moft agreeable repaft . Some of our Indians obferving 
 jny backwardnefs to join them> ordered me to do as 
 they did — with which I was obliged to comply fo far, 
 as f fcoop up blood into my hands, and daubed it over 
 my mouth and face, to make them b^Uevc I drank it } 
 they theo faid I was good man. «^4i.f i^ r^r*^' «^' #^^ 
 
 The prifoners who furvived, were kept confined 
 without any fuftenance, and every day were whipt and 
 tortured) by burnihg their fingers ; forcing them into 
 their pipes, when fmoaking» and there confining them, 
 until burnt to the bone ; whooping and dancing round 
 them— this was their pradlice day by day, until this 
 fcene changed, by a fcene more horrible^ which cannot 
 be realized by my readers ; nothing but occular dera- 
 onftration can bring this to a proper point of view, to 
 this day, (a recolledlion of the fcene) it being tranfucJled 
 before my eyes, at a period of life, when the fmalleft im;^ 
 predion muft make a lading continuance— even now, 
 makes me to ihudder. The manner of facrifice, is 
 as follows, viz, :-',:iiy/,-n '^^^-t J^jfi^'v-^* .; 1 ^ir<<> 
 
 .?>»^ 
 
 The prifoner, dcftined for each day*s diveifion, was 
 led from among his companions to the place of execn- 
 tion, bound with ftrong cords, (prepared from fmews 
 of wild animals,) to a pofl fixed in the ground, to 
 which the viilim is ftrongly tied, having his hands faf* 
 tened behind him, his back towards the poft, and in fuch' 
 
 ^ 
 
if./ 
 
 M 
 
 / I 
 
 H. 
 
 
 ( 1. 
 
 tt 
 
 ?Mf *^ MEMOIRS or 
 
 
 ft manner, that he could ftcp round from fide to fidr, 
 keeping his back towards the fixed port. At a fmall 
 diftancc, in a circular form round the unhappy fufferer, 
 fire was then kindled, confifting of pitch pine fplinters, 
 with other comhuftible matter, fo as to make a fmall* 
 but conflant fire. As foon as the man feels the heat, 
 he moves with a view to fly from the fire ; but alas ! 
 *tis fruitlefs, for turn which way he will, he ftill feels 
 the force of the Increafing element — our Indians then 
 ffiew their joy, by whooping, dancing, rattling their 
 Jccttles, prepared for this purpofe, by putting fmall 
 ftc.nes and bullets into them. This divcr(i6n continues 
 until the fufFerer appears nearly exhaufted. The prif- 
 oner during his fufFering never fhews the lead reluc- 
 tance J but often would fay, you no underftand befl 
 Sivay to torment — at the fame time pointing out differ- 
 ent modes of punifhment ; exultingly would wuoop and 
 fay.ms die like man, fo died my father,my grand-father, 
 and all good fighters die Irkc men. f^ n^ ^^mt^i'^^^ 
 
 When the prifoner appears nearly expinng, which 
 Is known by his faultering voice, and declining head } 
 the by-ft;inders then, to increafe his anguifh, heat the 
 hms of their kettles red hot, and throw them over 
 the expiriag prifoner's head, which caufes him to 
 revive and greatly enhances hts torment,, in his laft 
 moments. This awful fcene wj^s repeated day by 
 day, until all the prifoners were executed. We tarri- 
 
 av^*^ 
 
 i_.4>-'d _i>j4;i**'«^i V^»*.S» 
 
 ed 
 
 ■■v\, 
 
 M ■ 
 
 :^-;: 
 
CHARLpS DENNIS RUSOE D ERES, 
 
 J|3 
 
 ed here but a few days after this favage repaft clcTed j 
 but attempted to recruit our provifion, us was our inva« 
 xi^ible praftice at every ftage, when praiflicable. By this 
 time I became more Indian-like^ and tolerably content 
 with my lot, endeavouring to mimic them in all their 
 manners ; finding it bed to be a cont«.)rniiit — for by 
 this, I found that they were pleufed^ and I foon became 
 their favourite..^-5;^:j/ rMT^t'ttm^^uH \^1<^k\: 
 
 From this ifland we departed, and pacldkd half a 
 day, fleering fouth, till we ftruckthe fouUi Ihorc if Lied 
 River ; we hauled our canoes out of the river, iinJ trav- 
 elled fifteen railesjObferving a foutherly courfe, carrying 
 our canoes, 5cc. over mountains, valleys and rocks, un- 
 til we came to the river, called Rontporoo" j wc in cur 
 canoes following this river (wh^ch appear'd r^arrow on 
 our firll entrance ) forty-five miles— l.ere tho river ijb 
 nine miles from ihore to fhore. After failis^g fonie ccn- 
 fiderable time, further down the widefl part of this river, 
 which kept a foutherly courfe, I efpied near the cenux 
 of this river, a very large iflaud (on which I afterv.arUs 
 learned our tribe lived,) on a nearer approach to it, I 
 could fee a very large number of buildings in a forni 
 new to me, thefe were wigwams, conftrudeJ b\ the In- 
 dians, and fpread over a large extent. They app.^ared in 
 the form of a Cone, circular, broad at the bottom, and 
 gradually falling in at the top, which ended in a firali 
 pomt, with a hole in the centre, to carry cfFrmoke, &c: 
 Tic wigwams appearc.4 nearly of equal height,: whivh 
 
 was 
 
 '14 
 
 - f.' 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 L 
 
'^t<'<r-T:r.T"r:.-",.r- 
 
 :r •'.■>- 7 ■:■,•'•■ r- 
 
 24 
 
 5 MEMOIRS OP 
 
 .\<. 
 
 phi 
 
 If 
 
 was about twenty feet. I was much ftartled at the 
 fight, thinking that we fhould foon engage our ene* 
 xnies, and a horrible fcene of war would enfue. I aik- 
 ed an Indian what that appearance before us meant ? 
 
 > A Squaw came to me and told me not to be frightened. 
 On our nearer approach to the fhore, I difcovered 
 a number of flags hoiiled ; fome appeared very broad, 
 and long, and of various colours, whereoH were drawn 
 figures of animals of different kinds, and neatly execu- 
 
 ■"■ ted. The inhabitants, of all ages, and fezes, ran towards 
 the (hore, whooping and dancing with great vehemence, 
 at which I was terrified to that degree, tha^ I fainted, 
 expe^ing foon to be devoured by them. A number of 
 Squaws came to me, threw water in my face, aad tick* 
 led the bottoms of my feet, fides, and belly. I foon re» 
 ▼ived, and we landed. The people on fhore hauled our 
 canoes out of the water, and took care of our baggage, 
 
 •; &c ; all which, they carried from the water's edge, to 
 diffarcnt wigwams, in a manner, before tome unknown, 
 which was by placing them at arms length over their 
 heads, whooping extravagantly as thty paffed along. 
 On our coming to the centre of the wigwams, in 
 av; cpen fpace, large fires were kindled, over which were 
 hung on poles, a number of large brafs kettles, contain- 
 ing indian corn, and meat of different kinds. At a fmall 
 diftance from the fire, a large number of wood- 
 en diihes were piled up bottom upwards. At this 
 place, preparation was made for a feafl, prepared for 
 
 their 
 
 I i ' 
 
 
 /n ' ""^T" 
 
 "•jEr^-W ■? 
 
CUi^RLES DENNIS Rl/SOl O ERES. 
 
 H 
 
 their returning friends. The vrhole number vfho par- 
 took of this feaft, amounted to fome hundreds. All 
 were feated round the fire crofs legged. About twenty 
 Indians, who appeared as waiters, bronght forward the 
 wooden dilhes, and with ladles, made of wood, 
 filled them with the prepared food from the kettles ; of 
 which no one muft tafte, until the whole number were 
 ferved, and then all muft begin at once, and every one 
 muft eat all contained in his dilh, without breaking a 
 bone, or hire fome others to eat what the holder of his 
 difh could not devour. A large bone falling to my 
 fhare, I took it from my ''ih, and wiih a ftcne, 
 tried to break it in order to fuck the marrow out 
 of it ; at that time I ' did not fully comprehend 
 the mode of regulating fo important a feafl ; one of 
 the chiefs attentively Viewing me, faw my tranfgref- 
 Con, immediately fprung from his feat, and with an 
 open knife in his hand, made diredly towards me ; I 
 was much alarmed, and ftarting from my feat on the 
 ground, ran, the Indian foon overtook me, and with an 
 apparent defign.to take my life, caught hold of my arm j 
 1 made all the refiftance in my power, by fcratching, 
 bit*ng, and kicking him, but all to no purpofe ; for he 
 foi :ed me back to my feat, and bid me eat all in my 
 diOi, and that I muft not crack a bone ; he then retired 
 tolusfeat. This manoeuver fo affrighted me, that I 
 could not eat any more. At a fmall diflance from the 
 flucc of fcftivify, was prepared a large pile of dry wood. 
 
 '■«i^' 
 
86 
 
 -«-j,«« ij 
 
 .■■ 1 
 
 iSMOIRS OF 
 
 ^'svimm' 
 
 ^■t^': 
 
 to which fire was pat» which raged with fuch rapid- 
 kj, that the whole pile, which was large» become a geii« 
 cral conflagration. To this place, the Indians having 
 finifhed their brotherly feaft, repaired about fun fet« 
 each perfon rifing from his feat, all at once, every one 
 carrying his di(h in his hand, and advancing near the 
 fire, threw the bones into it. Various inftniments for 
 mufic were alfo brought forward, confifting of fmall 
 kettles, coiitaining bullets and fmall ftones, and a fmall 
 piece of hard wood fcooped out fo large as to contain 
 about two quarts ; into thefe were thrown fmall pebbles, 
 each one containing an equal quantity ; this piece of 
 wood was conftrudled in an orbicular form, into which 
 was fixed a handle about fix inches in length ; with 
 thefe inftruments, adding the Indian whoop, commen- 
 cing all at the fame time, with dancing round the fire- 
 all engaging without diftindlion of age or fex, (truck me 
 with an agreeable furprife. This continued without 
 intermiflion, until the whole conftrufted pile of wood 
 wasconfumed, to that degree, that the Indians could 
 run over it, which they did, damping and kicking it 
 about, until the whole was extinguifhed. The nation- 
 al pipe was then brought forward, of curious conftruc- 
 tion, and made of ftone ; the bowl was fo large as to 
 contain ieveral pounds of tobacco, with, curious engrav- 
 irgsonthe outfide; the ftems* confifted ofmanyjointsj 
 «quidiftant one joint from the other, all of ftone, artful- 
 ly made, in a tubicular form, of a greaticrigth ; under 
 
 the 
 ^Confifling of fave. 
 
 :.^:;^i^:m^^^ 
 
 :^'^m-; 
 
 »> 
 
CHARLES DENNIS RUS^E d'eRES. 
 
 i; 
 
 w-- 
 
 the bo¥t 1^ ptaced H larg6 block of wddd, fo as to 
 keep it upright j diredly under each joint of the ftems» 
 was placed blocks, continued to its extremity, at which 
 another block was alfo fixed) upon which, each Indian 
 was to fit and fmoke m the following order. 
 
 As the ftem ,onfifted of feven joints, feven tndiani 
 were alternately called to thofe lall fixed blocks ; the 
 great pipe being lighted, the firft feven came forward, 
 dne after the other^ fitting down, and drawing three 
 whiffs apiece, withdrew. This continued feven at a 
 time, coming on aUd going off, in the fame manner, 
 until the whole affembled multitude, went through this 
 ceremony. This was their method of renewing and 
 confirming their covenants on all great occafions, to 
 ftrengthen and unite their nation in a flrift adherence 
 to their laws, thereby to regulate their proceedings in 
 war, defenlive or offenfive, in peaceful covenants with 
 other tribes, on the fafe return of long abfcnt friends, at 
 marriages, &c. Thofe ceremonies' were o"er confider- 
 ed, and kept as facred and binding as a foiemnoathk 
 Any one refufing to fmoke at this pipe, were ever con- 
 fidered, and treated as enemies to our tribe* and not un- 
 der the national law ; therefore, liable to be killed with 
 impunity,by any who had fmoked the great pip^. Thofe 
 various fcenes continued through the greateft part of 
 the night At the clofe, our Indian Chief afcended 
 a large blocfcW 'Wood, fixed at one end in the ground, 
 
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 MEMOIRS OF 
 
 A. '-a-'- h^t 
 
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 io ht£;h as to contain feven ftcps ; on the top of this 
 block he fat down, crofs legged i upon which, a 
 profound (ilence was kept b/the furrounding multitude; 
 he then made a fpeech, directed principally to thofe, 
 who had affiilcd their friends, the Englifh, and had 
 returned to their tribe in peace, to the following pur- 
 J>ofe, viz* j 
 
 
 ** Ye fons of warriors, you have played the man, 
 you have honored your nation, by your heroic anions, 
 in furmounting difficulties, which cannot be performed 
 by any, except by the Scanyawtauragahrooote Tribe. 
 Welcome my fons, to your native foil, and may your 
 good conduct on this, as on many other occafions, be 
 bad in remembrance by you and your friends of this 
 nation. Ever keep yourfelves in readinefs, to defend 
 yourfelves, and deareft connexions, from the aflaults of 
 ,your inveterate foes ; which, if you uniformly obferve 
 in unity with your brethren of this Tribe, we have noth- 
 ing to fear. The aflaults of ou enemies, however, 
 formidable, and fierce, muft in the end prove ineffcAual. 
 I now difmifr; you with my fincere wilhes, that yta 
 inay ever prove fuccefifal in war, with our national 
 enemies, and when called to war with our i&iendiy 
 allies ; in hunting the Buffalo, Bear, Beaver, and all 
 other greae and good game-^in catching the big £fh, 
 and in all your domellic concerns. Each of you now 
 retire to his refpeftive, peaceable wigwrm." ,| j^. 
 
 Tfcc 
 
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 : ■' ' :■•; : ')^ . 
 
 .'''^:'' :\\'--: 
 
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CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D £R£S^ 
 
 29 
 
 .!>j^|[^ Chief having finifhed his great fpeech, the at- 
 tentive multitude fhew their approbation by a general 
 whoopf with dancing round the great man, which lail- 
 cd a few moments, and each one peaceably retired to 
 hisliome. , 
 
 My reader will laturally confider me as now about to 
 encounter ma.ij- new, and apparently inlurmountable 
 trials. Being far removed, notlefs (as I conceive) than 
 1 5 or 16 hundred miles from my native country, nev- 
 er more to enjoy domellic peace, which is and has been 
 the happy lot of many, among their friends ; no more 
 to enjoy the fraternal embrace of the kindefl and ten- 
 dered of fathers ; deprived of fweet interviews with the 
 beft of brothers, and two moft dcfirable fillers j add to* 
 all this, a total deprivation of even the moft diftant prof- 
 pe(ft of a tolerable education in my own country, and 
 native language. My education at the time of my be- 
 ing given to the Indians, was, as it were, but in cmbrip. 
 Now inexprefiible ideas would alternately fill my youth- 
 ful mind j deprived of the comforts and convenience of 
 life } not fully underftanding the Indian language, 
 thereby unable to communicate my ideas of want, and 
 forrow, that I might meet with fome mitigation at leaft 
 though from favages. My being a ftranger to all except 
 thofe with whom I had journeyed, being conftantly ex- 
 pofed to their infults, and every day liable to be killed ^ 
 hy them, and all perhaps by nay unavoidably cummit- 
 
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 3« 
 
 MEMOIRS OP 
 
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 ting blunders, merely for want of a thorough knowU 
 L'dge of their language ; add to this the difagre'sahle 
 manner of preparing and eating their food ; their mano 
 , ^r of fleeping ; their frequent Indian yellings, all con- 
 tributed more or lefs to inhance my lonely feelings. 
 However, I foon found that my lamentations would be 
 to no purpofe ; I put on as manly a countenance, and ac- 
 :ions as poffible, trying to recommend myfelf to their fa- 
 vourable notice. In this, I was fuccefsful, being oftea 
 called to mingle with them in their diverfions ; fuch as 
 Ihooting witli bow and arrow, hunting, &c. This Ifland 
 I confidered as my future home. Soon after my arrival, 
 nn Indian Squaw obferving my difconfolate ftate, and 
 youthful appearance, made me a vifit, fawned 
 over me, and claimed me as her fon, and told me 
 I fhould live with her. 1 gladly accepted the invitation, 
 went with her and foon became her favourite j ftri<flly 
 obferving fuch of her orders as I could underftand ; 
 conftantly following her wherever fhe went. Here I 
 cannot but notice the interpofition of providence to- 
 wards me, in raifing up this old Squaw, at once, to be- 
 come not only my friend, but what is ft ill much greater, 
 my mother alfo. With this Squaw, I enjoyed myfelf 
 tolerably well. My following her about, and frequent 
 vf'ts, made with her among our neighbors, was partic-> 
 ularly noticed by our young Indians, infomuch, that 
 they would frequently retort upon me, and fay, you no 
 leave yourjuothsr^ yoo great pappoof<; j 4hi&a«Ued me. 
 
 ■:H'ih 
 
 ■iv 
 
 'i' 
 
CHARLtSDENNIS RUSOE D ERES, 
 
 3» 
 
 ■audi foon becalfte dc^aintcd tt^itb, and followed Ihel^ 
 for awhile in their diverfions. Otic day in my walk With 
 niy comrades, I obferved a building of a different form, 
 from any I had {eeh on this ifland; I was informed 
 that this building was fome years before, built by a 
 Spaniard jto carry on the gun-fmith*s bufinefs, who had 
 accumulated great wealth, confifting of furs, 5cc— 6tit 
 Indians envying him — killed him. I with my frienda^ 
 entered this houfe, which was built with fquare timi 
 ber, confined at each end, in the fame manner as l6g 
 houfes are built in this country ; here we found vari- 
 ous tools, fufficient to carry on the black-fmith's, gun- 
 fmitk*s, and filver-fmith's buAnefs ; a thought ftnick 
 my mind, that an opportunity now preftntcd for ttie to 
 advance myfelf in property and friendfliip with my new 
 friends. I learnt that the Indians did not make any 
 ufe of this building nor tools ; I foon obtained liberty 
 to improve them as my own. My father having in 
 Canada carried on the black-fmith's work before I left 
 him, as well as after my return, gave me frequent op^ 
 portunities to handle his tools in fome little meafure, 
 in my earlieft Ufe — I now commenced black-fmith. The 
 firft work I attempted, was to make a fcalping knife in 
 imitation of their's, which I foon effefi:ed, much to their 
 liking ; I then mended fome kettles, made fevcral tom- 
 lahawks, fteel-traps, mended gun-locks, &c. I now be- 
 came a favourite among them, and of no fmall cdn* 
 ;(equence with them ; ftill boarding with my old moth^n 
 
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 3ft .^> :r MEMOIRS OP ^. 
 
 the Squaw, ^vhofe name was Chawweofee. Many of 
 my comrades importuned me to live with them, c>/urt- 
 ing my company, and favours, but my mother I count- 
 ed my beft friend, therefore kept with her. My 
 (hop was frequently crouded with them, admiring my 
 workmanHiip ; faying, I could work as well as the Span- 
 iard ;•— they foon became clamorous, frequently faying, 
 jovL muft go eat with us ; to prevent any further d\C- 
 pute, I often gratified them, by eating with them. I ob- 
 ferved, that broaches were a favourite ornament among 
 them began to make fome but poorly executed, a number 
 
 ,v€omingincne^lay,Ibidthem throw all their broaches into 
 one crucible, which they did telling them he that threw 
 in the greateft number fhould have the largeft number 
 of newones,and the prettieft. The crucible being filled I 
 foon melted them all together, turning the filver thus 
 melted into a brafs kettle, it foon became one folidbody, 
 After it cooled I took it into my tongs and began to heat 
 it, as I heat my iron, and began to hammer it, telling 
 one of them to ftrike with me, the filver broke in pieces, 
 I faid ftop, flop, we muft take a welding heat. I then 
 put it into the fire, and blew it brifkly, then attempt- 
 ing to take it out, found nothing in my tongs ; the In- 
 
 yijians then began to whoop & laugh, jumping about the 
 
 -fliop, clapping their hands with many contemptuous 
 fneers, this I could not well rellfh, however it paifed olF 
 
 /tolerably well, they then faid you muft go with us 
 to Tartarrac* where lived many gold fmith's, who 
 
 • A Spanifh (ettlcment in New Spain* ; .:> ^^?p« 
 
 
 ; ,!«''i^i' 
 
CHARLES DENNIS ROTOE D ERES. 
 
 '33 
 
 \rould leifrn ^e to'make breadies. I aikcd them hb>^ 
 far it was to that place ? they faid, little way, nine hun- 
 dred miles. I had now lived With them about two 
 years, and learnt their' language, andhabituated my- 
 felf to their mode Or Kving. I conftnted, it being liear 
 autum, th^ ufual f ime of their going to Tartarrac 
 to trade. . *" , , - , . • 
 
 t*. . ■ ■■' . '. ' . I ' ' . ' - ' 
 
 • We fet but In our canoed, confifting of forty-five, 
 with a fmall quantity of provifion. The number 
 who embarked with me, weire feven hundred, 
 men, fquaws and ehlldren--^arryrng with Ub ftir and 
 glnfang, fit for a Spanifh market. I was then pcflef- 
 fed of the largeft fhare of any one. This river on 
 which we embarked is very wide apd deep, and by ouf 
 Indians called Tartarrac River. > : r -" ?if^ - 
 
 Our voyage, which Was nearly of forty days coiitm- 
 Uance, and without any impediment by rapids, not ■. - 
 having oecafion to travel by land any part of- this V' 
 great diftance, fometimes (loping to catch fifli, as occa- ■ 
 fion required, we arrived fafe at the city aboVe men- 
 tioned, with our furs, &c. On our entering the city, ' 
 we were kindly received, and begaji our trade — our 
 Indians preferedrum atid other fpiiits, in preference to 
 any other articles, in exchange for theirs-*— and now a 
 moft horrible fcene commenced, the Indians partaking 
 too freely of the good creature, were generally drunk, ; 
 
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 MEMOIRS O* 
 
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 srnd with tomahawks and fcalping knives, fell on with- 
 -«ut diibriminatioD« father agalnd fon, and Ton againft 
 father, fanops and fquaws, all endcavoring^to kill the 
 firft perfpn they met with. The city being in an uproar, 
 vre were all turned without the walls, and prevented 
 entering until the tumult Ihould fubfide, which 
 was not until the next morning. During the' 
 niight the noife and confufion was kept up—* I was much 
 ^Are/Ted lead I ihould be killed among them, but efca- 
 ..ped unhurL Early in the morning, upon exanitna> 
 tioQ we found four of our number killed, and many 
 others badly wounded. The inhabitants learning our 
 peaceful Aate, fir^d a cannon in token of their readinefs 
 to renew our trade with them — we all marched in and 
 jbegan to trade, which went on for a time well ; but 
 the juft delcribed fcene foon was dhcovered, and began 
 to take place, cccafioned by rum — we were all turned 
 out as before ri^lated. This receiving into, and turn- 
 ing out of tlie city, lafted four days. Such was my 
 iituation, that I had no opportunity to learn the miithod 
 to make broaches. In this confufion, the fifth day we 
 left the city v/lthout knowing how our accounts w^ith 
 the Spaniards ftood ^ we took to our canoes, paddling 
 dp the river for thirty -nine days and nights,untll we ar- 
 rived at our iHand ; fupplying ourfelvcs with fifii, 
 hj catching them in the river, and eating them 
 without cooking. , , 
 
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CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D £RES» 
 
 35 
 
 On our return", we found that nothing material had 
 happened (to our friends we left behind) during our 
 abfence. I continued my bufinefs at my forge fer fome 
 time, but the hunting realbn coming on, our young 
 men prepared to hunt the Buffalo, and by general invl*^ 
 tation I joined them. - , ' . 
 
 ■4' 
 
 We took our departure from- our ifland early in the 
 morning, and from the oppofite fliore, weftcrly we trav- 
 elled through the woods about fifteen or twenty miles — 
 iiere, in a convenient place we halted, Tn the wildernefs, 
 to reconnoitre our party, confifling of fifteen hundred,, 
 and to arrange our matters, fo a^ to make a fccure and 
 fuccefsful hunt. Our firft work was, to form ^ hcdg« 
 fence, beginning at a notherly point, thence extending 
 ibutherly, forming two fides of a triangle, to fome miles 
 extent ; the fence was built fufEciently ftrong, to rcr, 
 tard the flight of the Buffalo on that quarter, then? 
 from the fouthermoft point of the fence extending to a?- 
 proper length eafterly,,a living fence was built in tht folil 
 lowing manner ^ about a hundred men were formed thus,, 
 the firft with his left hand clafping the firft ftake in the 
 fence, at its fouthermoft extent, thence ftanding in a». 
 eaftern direction, the lengtli of his arm, thence extend- 
 log his right arm its whole length, one other man 
 ftands fimly fixt, with arms extending as the former, 
 andfo on in the fame manner until the whole number 
 are in this manner^ confifting of a. hundred men, com- 
 .^-•' •■■ , ' /. y - '^r'-; pletely >' 
 
 
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36 
 
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 MEMOIRS OF 
 
 m^' 
 
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 Sit fli 
 
 pletely forin«3., Xli's fence ferves but to frighten theBuf« 
 falos to that quj^rtcr, guarded by the impenetrable hedges 
 the men forming their part of the fence after extending 
 to a proper length eafterly, arc continued then in a 
 circular form, towards the northern point of the hedges 
 leaving a fpace of about one mile between, the two ex- 
 tremes. Having thus completed our fence, a number 
 of men fufficlent for the purpofe, fcoure the woods, 
 collefting a large number of BufFalos, (for this is a 
 Buffalo hunt,) not regarding animals of an inferior 
 bulk or value. The animals roufed and put in motion 
 from dilTerent quarters, arc by their drivers- colledled 
 into one general company, which is done without much 
 trouble, as they naturally herd together— the hunters 
 fcatter as much as they can, but not fo far as to pre- 
 vent the game from retr-eat in the rear ; thus drove on, 
 they enter the opening, as above defcribed. The ani- 
 mals now enclofed, the men formii.g the northern part 
 of the line join, the hunters clofe up towards the fouth- 
 em part of the inclofure— the herd finding no efcape 
 on tlie quarter forming the hedge fence, fly to the o- 
 ther quarter, from which they are foon dri*'en by the 
 living fence, formed as above defcribed; all things 
 now prepared, a numDer cf the moft expert hunters en- 
 ter among the animal-:., which genet ally confift of a ve- 
 ry large number of old and young, fat and lean. The 
 f^itefi. and bell are prefered, leaving the poor and young* 
 cfl; for future fupplies* Halving killed as many as we 
 
 chofc, 
 
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 4. 
 
 
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CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D EllES. 
 
 37 
 
 chofip, the remainder vrc. fet at liberty. This hunt is 
 performed in as fecret a manner as podible, to prevent 
 the neighboring tribes from entering our borders, and 
 {hiring with us, in our diverfion and profits. 1 he 
 Buffalds killed at this time, are brought together and 
 dreiTed, by fkinning and taking out tliclr entrails— the 
 meat is prefervcd by fhiokc, as is pradiced by the In- 
 dians, when defirous of preferving their meat any 
 length of time, which when rmoked> is fit for ufe. The 
 manner of fmoking meat is thus, a long and n:irrow 
 buildlilg, built by fetting up poles in the ground at 
 equal didance one from the other, in two flrait lines, 
 interwoven with Aim, pliable poles, covering over from 
 fide to fide of the thus fixed poles with bark, they are 
 completed, fit to receive the meat — this receiver is ca- 
 fily and foon completed, as they are temporarily fct up 
 wherever we meet a fufficient quantity of meat worth 
 fmoking. The fkins taken from ihoie animals are drcf- 
 fed immediately, with the brains and marrow of the 
 original owners, which when drefled, leaving the hair 
 on» are fit for trade with the northern tribes j with 
 whom they are exchanged for mogafons, &c. The In- 
 dians are eyeful to carry each man a fmall quantity 
 of faUj not to \ife with their meat, bat as an antidote 
 agaiaft the bite of rattle fnakes, which often hrtppens, 
 and to extraifl any other i^biJbn. Having fmpked our 
 
 1-'' ' - *. 
 
 meat, drefled our fkins, &<^. We returned with our boo- 
 ty to our dwellings, each oneicceiving his equal fharc. 
 
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^38 
 
 MEMCtltJI OF 
 
 On my returs^ I went oil with my bofineii Iff my 
 (bop as heretofore ; fucb was the demand for toma* 
 hawks, traps, &c. that i now began to fix prices for my 
 Work, and toid them- 1 wo»:d not worki any longer 
 without pay, they faid vs4iat muft we giT&youM faid, X' 
 want better clothes and more broaches ; they then 
 brought me the bed blanket that could be foua^ ad« 
 ding a large number of broaches of the bed workman* 
 ihip ; alio a very handfonie gun, wtthtke accoutre*^ 
 ments fit for hunting, &c. Thus encouraged, I^ftrove 
 to pleafe them,, which I hapjpily effe<5led in a ihof t time ; . 
 they frequently vifited me at my fhop, loaxling mci 
 with prefents o£ fur, giniang, and many, other fmaller 
 
 matters. 
 
 ■<*'7' ,''^' 
 
 T ^^'^'^'■JJW■■ 
 
 This pleafing fcene continued but ^br a (hbit time, 
 beitjg interrupted by news, that a tribe not far difliant, r 
 had encroached on our hunting ground* On thiS; ^ 
 council of war was held, confifting of the whofe tribes 
 myfelf included, not one man mflfing. A (olemn cbn- 
 fultation was held, every man without didinftion was 
 allowed freely to give his opinion of the important 
 queftion. Shall we make war, and Jriv? off the inira- 
 ders ? or ihall we allow them to enter our borders and 
 hunt with impunity ? they all appeared ready and wil» 
 li;ig to make war with and drive frOm our lands the 
 infulting foe. * ^^ " 
 
 I attentively Kftened to the dtbate, but Dms io 1^ 
 fortunate as to diifent from them in opinion. I wq|. 
 
 knew 
 
'..'-■ *■ .■.. 
 
 eiTAR£ES OKNNIS ITUSOE D'£RE^ 
 
 Inew that my advice would be llftened- tOi and bt hf 
 them counted of much weight. I therefore with thd 
 hnporunce of a coimcellori demanded filence and at* 
 tentlon to w^t I was about to £17 on th^ fubjeft— • 
 they an, with filente, liftening fat. This making war^ 
 Ikid ly upoti a-flendercaufe like unto tfte prefcntyis^ol 
 Juftifiable, 'tis bad policy, we have no cmain iiiforma* 
 tion, nothing but report, no- one will fay he iaw this in^^ 
 trufiori, ard deftrciafon made on our hunting grcmndi 
 'tis but hcarfay report r my advice, therefore is, that 
 fome one trufty, mild (if any one can be found) mem^ 
 ber of oui* tribe be aj^ointed^ and properly anthorifed 
 CO go &om this nationy. to the Rahatoree Tribe, th4 
 fuppdfed' intruders, and there make proper enquiry Fn- 
 tiy fsiSts touching their conduft towards us; if they 
 Have intruded, and it is properly fubftantiated, let hin 
 iramediately return, then we wi^^ adopt, £nd purfue 
 the bed irieafuresin'our power for retalliatioit; ifthf 
 report Ihould prove groundlefsj let him go prepared 
 ^brther to ftreng Jien our friendHup. 
 
 My advice was Spptovtd of by the whole council, 
 and was immediatdy put in pra6 ice in the following 
 manner. One of the numler was chofen and made; 
 ready agreeably to the -^rcfcribed method* The mcf- 
 fcntrer was dre/fud in our ufual mode— to make him 
 refpet^able, he was ornamented with wampum, ccnfxil- 
 l!)g tf bcedsi beltsi &c 5 becoming one of fo much con* 
 
 fc(|ucnc« I 
 
ie<;utfti(jAi 1)0 ha(HlT .pFO(;eeded qn hi? journe/— -our 
 
 Kts 4f rival made known his meCag«. l^y enquiring 
 
 mto Uieir cooda<£lt wheUierthi^y had made any intru- 
 
 fion on ti^. ^SQ^nyawtaor^gahiiooote Tribe $ the an;* 
 
 fwer WP^ ^af^.tfaey had hunted qn their IjojkIs, and 
 
 that (they wouW whener<|t th«y.faw fit j ,if o^r trifljf^ 
 
 dsfUkodjt,>they might'take y7hatrnie?ifi]fi3$ they thought 
 
 bdi} Co prisvent it. Uppn this| our envoy foon retufo** 
 
 f»d^ -anjot reported fQpfoper v«H*ons of oi^r nation, apj^ 
 
 poifit?^ therefor; This report haying been m^^de puU 
 
 lie, the general cry. was War ) . Wa|f \ ,the. whole tx ;b^ 
 
 aiCembied, ^ natioilaJ pipe^ HxefAj^^jimho^^ ♦-^s ' »¥ 
 
 fjfiecial (^der brou^t forward* and aU wh^ wer e.i.n^xij^* 
 
 fd to go on this expedition, were to.fmoke threef whiffs a^ 
 
 "f iece* The mimber who imoked on;this deealion confiftf 
 
 ed of itve thoufand. Here an iBiportant qiieftion arofe^ 
 
 whether we (hould Be {uccefsful or not — to detbrmiai 
 
 ihis 'twa* neceffaff to confiilt-Mihe Powow^ mull ht 
 
 talkd ; .who living at fome diilance, was fent fon,. and 
 
 foon made his appearance. The plaee into which :;he 
 
 Powow was placed, was prepared by fixing a number 
 
 of flexible poles in the ground, thus, one end dtove 
 
 down, bending over, the other end fixed into the grounc^ 
 
 forihinlg art arch, and fo on, as to form a fpaee'ftrffi* 
 
 ticnt to contain one perfon oiily->-^the fpaces between 
 
 thefe poles were filled up With iriterweavings of " bafk^ 
 
 fine and twigs, fo clofely as not to admit light ; e^ 
 
 . -- ■ :•■ . ' fciid-f 
 
 *A preying lodian^ confuUedl on all important occafiooi* 
 
CHARLS& DEKNXS RU50E D EREi^. 
 
 ^f *"^ 
 
 «ttd.wa.» alTo.iecured) fo clofe as to exclude the leaft. 
 ray. In thii difmal place the juggler was placed* 
 confined on his back with ligatures, crofTways and 
 lengthways of his body, iii fuch a manner, as to pre«i 
 vent motion in any one member* except his head, H|; 
 being thus confined, a number of Indians came foi^ 
 ward, and formed a circle round him) fetting on the 
 ground c.'ofs legged) with blankets covered over their 
 heads, obferving a profound illence— in a fhort time^ 
 the Powow begins to mutter in a low, voice, whi^ 
 rifes in a. language new and ftrange, for a long timcj^ 
 then a noife is heard like a ru(L.„g wind, ringing of 
 hells, &c ; in about fifteen minutes, the prifoner is in* 
 vhicibly rekafed, and ruivs violently to the water, fol- 
 lowed by his crofs legged brethren) and there contin* 
 ues fo long as to dive three timeS) thence ruihing from, 
 the water ran to his former retreat, there lay without 
 i^eaking, not eating or drinking for twenty-foUr hpurs^ 
 then eats and drink& plentifully ; after which, informs 
 the gaping m|ultitude that the expedition fhoul<L 
 prove fucceisful, that but nine hundred ' men woul,d. 
 vppofe them, Upoi> this agreeable, information, oui^ 
 ?u nd rang with whooping and dancing, rejoicing aiwl^ 
 lj;?tting at the advantage they had of five thou£ui4 
 oppofing nine hundred. Orders wer^ the^ gi^tiy 
 that all thofe whu had fmoked the great pipe^ 
 ihould immediately prepare to march, which began hf^ 
 fainting their faces in the folb wing manner : the«ght. 
 
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m 
 
 tliJIiHt, 
 
 Sll\r 
 
 
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 III 
 
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 ■'■^"'^■■^WEMOIRS OF'" -^'^■^>--''^'- 
 
 fide red vith half the nofei the left fide of the face an<^ 
 aofe blackt the top of the head, which ijS without hair^ 
 •f diiFerenjt colours chequer-wife, all which denote 
 courage without fear. Each man fixed on his ^varlike 
 weapons, and ^crc rcadjf— the preparation took up but 
 two daySk. ^ 
 
 With twenty canoes we left our iflan J, cautibufiy 
 paddled to the main. On firiking the fiiore, we hauled' 
 l^ cur canoes, and' carried them en our backs, crept 
 ihio the bufiies fome miles, until we came to a' 
 great Lice; on an iftSnd in this lake, our^ enemies 
 dwelt. We, without noife, put our canoes into the wa-- 
 ter, and paddled within a few rods of the iiland; here 
 we made a halt, and difpatched a fmall number to :e* 
 connoitre the ifland— of thiis party I was one— (here it 
 xnud be obienred, that our canoes were of various fizes, 
 fome would carry twenty-fix or thirty men ; the largeft 
 fix men could cairy^ with eafe. )■ On our near approach, we 
 fiiw a number paddling round the ifiand^ as if to keep a' 
 geod look out, for they^ expedled us j we foon returned! 
 to oi»r|jarty, and informed what we had feen ; upon 
 i^d^ur whole body cautioufly moved on, it being dark, 
 ;lB^we came near, keeping a profound filence — our ene- 
 mies* arrows whittled about ourear&; we could per- 
 ceive them in quick motion, and filent — they had much 
 ^e advantage among the bufhesi and we in open fight„ 
 and before wee recovered the ihore, they killed 25 of 
 
 our 
 
eUARlltS DENNIS RUSOe D £RES« . 
 
 i .. • ■ , 
 
 -•■■..-.■ . 1 ,■,■■-/;'■ ■■ 
 
 ■■■.".. '. ■■-:■•-■■ •■-'"■- - '-V* 
 
 «ut number, three of their arrows ftuck into my cap, 
 I being in one of the forenioft canoes. The night being 
 calm, we foon went on fhore, and purfued the enemy 
 in all diredions— -the ifland bemg fmall, we foon found 
 their lurJcing places, and deftroyed many* As foon as 
 day light appeared, here a dreadful carnage enfued, 
 accompanied with favage yelling, which ferved but to 
 increafe f& age fury. Our enemies finding our number 
 much exceeded theirs they enddavoured to make off; 
 fome by fwimming from the ifland, fome took to thetr 
 canoes, but we prevented them, by clofely purfuing 
 and knocking them in head, (bme we (hot in the water ; 
 fcHne who had reached their canoes, we alio ihot. This 
 carnage went on with increafing fury, until nearly all 
 ef them were killed, or taken alive ; a fmall number 
 however, reached the oppofite Ihore j— dieir canoes al- 
 io lell chiefly into our hands ; many we ftove in pieces* 
 others we kept for our own ufe. Among th«. priitoers^ 
 we culled fifty of the tallefl: and bed men, to carry oor 
 fpoils, 5cc. to our ifland, we alfo referved one boy, the 
 others we took, were dire^Slly killed in a moft favage 
 and brutal manner. Thus in about twenty-four hours 
 after landing, we killed and took the whole number of 
 the enemy, confifting of five hundred. Upon examining 
 our party, we miffed ninety-two of our number, includ- 
 ing thofe killed on our landing. 
 
 This ifland being now in peace, with our prifonera 
 «nd fpoil, we left it, and without any material hind- j 
 
 ranee 
 
 i 
 
 '»? 
 
 ' f 
 
 ;, 
 
^F 
 
 i: 
 
 %i 
 
 ,S«r 
 
 
 ^^j;jsr,A^yf5 
 
 Tance we a»Ti5red at our ifland. On our fafe retutfl, 
 we were received with the ufual ceremonies, performed 
 on iimilar occaflons of conqueft, as has been already 
 Tielatcd. After a fliort refrefhment, a council was 
 held, to determine in What mode to execute the 
 ^priibners f the refult was, to bring them out the neit 
 morning, and in die moft public manner proceed as 
 follows : fixteen ftakes fixed into the ground, at about 
 fifty feet one from the other ( «t each itahe one ^-rifontr 
 %a8 tied his fe.ce towttrds diie'ftake, his hind parts ex- 
 pofed to. die peHeotttors ; then a large number of 
 i^uaws appeared, ev«y one armed with a club of three 
 feet in lengthi and fotir inches in 'circumference.' Round 
 each unhappy fufferer, a ftrong guard is placed, to pre* 
 -irent any fquaw from liberating a prifoner, which fome- 
 tlraes hs^en witb'^tdiis precaution ;»«• this done, the 
 iquatws march in i, single file, giving every prifoner one 
 iiBW on his naked back ; when they came to the boy, the 
 fquaWs unitedly begged his life, which by the Indian 
 duefs v^^K granted, and given to me, who afterwards 
 became fingularly ufeful, and tarried with me during 
 niy ftay with the Indians j after the fquaws had per- 
 foitned their part, then an equal number of boys, each 
 one with his pipe filled with tobacco and fire, went up, 
 * thrufting the fufFerers* fingers i*to the pipe, When hot, 
 confining them until the finger was blifteredj then a 
 number of other boys came on, and with blunt arrows, 
 iliot at them, never mining ,^i^ ouirk-^this continued 
 
 for 
 
 ' **»l'^-'<tn*-..*r'' 
 
CHARLES DENN^V. ^^SOE D'eRES. 
 
 ts 
 
 ^r di«?9€i day?% l^^n&^ners^^ta kept in the fame 
 fofiiiont 'without -Any Aiftenance during the Hehol^ 
 tranfadiion, all "which they bore without any feeming 
 reliidlance> although lt¥(t4Xdl imth rdfle^ions on their 
 psiti cond^&i at i?d^ard9» and of unequal ftrcngth ta 
 oppofe'our tribe, and' ^)y brir^ing food before' them^ 
 and fret^uentfy put to their mbuths, of which they 
 -virere forbid tO'taft«« At: ^e expiration, of the third 
 day; tb<£ir bodies appeared one general wound; theft 
 dry wood was brought and piled around eack vic^f 
 tim^ and fet Oft lire at each comer f when enfueddan^i 
 «ing, dec. round die consuming pile^ in the fame mao^ 
 9er as hath already been related on finiilar occaTtons* 
 
 This more than brotal fceise being finilhcdy i^hkll 
 took wp fbme days, tlie tormentors and other fpe(5hitors 
 Went each one to his wigwam, J to my Ihop^ with my 
 boy, whom I considered as my apprentice. My bufincfs 
 daily incrcafingj-aad cuftomert pundual in payment^ 
 gave me peculiar pleafure, fo that I almoft forgot my 
 former mode of living, and f'^^cets of a relative life ; 
 frequently diverting myfelf by fifhing, and huht<t 
 ing near hotti^ ' hm^ , '.u .■'■^hih. 
 
 ; J 
 
 ■*rWI 
 
 The difadvantage t had laboured; nrtder^ during 
 my .peregrination, rendered it almoft impoflible to keep 
 « true ^(Calendar; my reader, therefore, muft not exp2« 
 «jki eia£l account of the t,imjesi iiji. which tliefeveral tran^^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 t *,*i 
 
4$ 
 
 M^MOrR* o? * * 
 
 *r. 
 
 J/' .4 *■ 
 
 ^v- " 
 
 ' 
 
 ! ) 
 
 a^ionstook place, as mentioned ia this detail) although 
 perfeftlytiuc-"'"'^" 
 
 > And now dbout thi$ time, another tramp to Tartar- 
 nx; was jplanned* and preparation was accordingly 
 made, by c6lle«5liRg together our fur, ginfang, .&c« 
 Thus prepared, we fet off in ourxanoes,'and frequent- 
 ly pttt on ihore on either fide of the river, to catch 
 Wild Turkeys, and other finall game. One day as I 
 was travelling through fome woods near the river, I g£* 
 pied a Monkey, and foen<caHght him, and carried him 
 in my canoe to Tartarrac, where we arrived in the ufu- 
 al time ^nt in paddling down to the city<*-K)A oixr being 
 admitted, we began our trade. I took my Monkey* 
 under my arm, gravelled through 'feveral ftreets trying 
 to fell him ; at length I faw a boy (landing near an ele- 
 gant ^ttfe, 'I afV^d him In Indian language, if he 
 would buy .my Monkey i he anfwered, his maflier was 
 gone from home, but if I would (lop he would go up 
 ftairs and aik his mi{lrefS'~>he then took a key from 
 liis pocket, ran up. ftairs, foon returned and a(ked my 
 price"? J i»id, three dollars— fhe took my Monkey, car- 
 jried it to his mi{lre(s-~iretumed, and in lieu of my Pug, 
 ^ave me my price 3 1 was tlhen invited to eat, which I 
 j;ladl7 accepted* iVhtle I ntfas eating, the mafter re- 
 
 tumedj 
 
 ♦iTbeylivcon •ttti tnd tnlicr veg«t»Mef , fpontaneoufly 
 gwwing ia^be wco4«« 
 
 •NJfliy ■: 
 
'*■,. 
 
 CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D £R£S. 
 
 47 
 
 turned) and Immediately went up flairs to his lady, fee* 
 ing a Monkey tn her lap, enquired how.ibe ptpcured 
 him ^ Ihe anfwered, a young Indian left it with heir — he 
 afkcd if it might be bought ? ihe anfwered, the owner 
 is below. He immediately came down to me, and aflc- 
 ed if I owned tile Monkey i if I would fell him ? I re- 
 plied yes, and will take what you? plcafe to give, (for I 
 found he knew nothing of my trade with his wife.) 
 After I had cat and drank fufficiently, he afked me to 
 go with him to his ftore ? I followed him, and he 
 gave me two dollars in money, and three dollars in ar- 
 ticles I wanted, and found there. Now the Monkey is 
 hih the money a^d fuch artid^^ as he gave are mine. 
 
 
 
 In ftaring round the.ftore, I faw a number of odiy 
 {oTm*d things^ appearing fomething like crofs belt% 
 locked together with padlocks ; the boy being prefent, 
 the merchant left th€ ftore — ^I having an itching dciire 
 to know the exatit formy and ufe of ihem, I took up 
 one in my hand, viewing it attentively, I found fomc 
 part lined and fluffed with wool; I afked • the 'boy, 
 (who could convcrfe in our language) what it was ? and 
 of what ufe ? he told me that the Spaniards were jeal- 
 ous of their wives, and to prevent an unlawful inter* 
 courfe with other men, this inftrument was contrived, 
 and always by the hufband put on and locked round 
 his wife, in fuch a manner, as to prevent any imrapdeft 
 conne<Slions between different fexcs — this the hufbandf 
 
 .: never j 
 
 :V^«l 
 
 
 
 ■H 
 
w 
 
 i- 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 iiii: 
 
 
 
 i|S .•- 4:^-4 'MEMOIRS Of ''\'f-r:T't' •"'""' 
 
 never neglc^ed, when about to leave h?s wife, even but 
 fer a'fliort timie* • That was the invariable practice, ^\ 
 the boy told me With hiV mafteri which accounts for 
 the boy*s taking a key fi-om his piocket, and going up 
 ilair$i"when I offered to fell him my Monkey j for khc 
 hittfband never leaves his houfe, until his -wife is' prop- 
 erly 0quiped» and locked up in her chamber) the kty of 
 i/ehich) and of the padlock, is delivered to the maid or 
 boy of tfco family, who keeps them until the ic^ 
 tarn of the hulband, and to him only, are the keys do- 
 Kvcred.* 
 
 ' . ■ ■ • • ■ ' • ■ u 
 
 'I left the ftore and joined my brethren, to whom I 
 coinmunicated my good luck. We went on with our 
 trade tolerably well, in purchaiing fome iron, ftceU 
 ted and powder, with many other neceflarj articles, all 
 Which I carefully ftowcd in our canoes— the manages- 
 rteht of our trad?, '8cc, devolving principally on mcv 
 Having now brought the Indians into fuch fubje<Jlion, 
 that, I could fay to one come, and he came, to another 
 •go, and he went. ' / : 
 
 We turried four days only, at this time in Turtar- 
 t*c. The fourth and laft dAy, olir Indians began t© 
 
 break 
 
 •ni. 
 
 ■ ♦ Such is the ]e«lot»ry of the TarUrrae Sjf anhLfd, that' if a 
 hiiiband finds his wife converiling with any othei man» it oftea 
 provetfatil Co oucorboth. ^ 
 
CHARLES iiENNIS RUSOE D ERES. 
 
 49 
 
 ii;retfkbter'tl^c Ordcrsf, "^d drsthk too 'frcely^'the Cut- 
 cccding night became a fcene of horrorand bloodflied. 
 I hfd as much as I could do, to keep them from dcl- 
 troying one another — by my exertion, the greater part 
 ©f their weapons were kept from them ; however, one 
 young Indian found means to procure atomalyawk, and 
 didnauch mifchief, before I had knowledge of it. An 
 oidrquaw came nmning to me, and iiiform'd that two 
 of them> father and fon, had engaged, I fprung for- 
 wardi catched a club, ran to them, ordered the fon im- 
 mediately to give up Ijis weapon j which he, knowing 
 my voice, gave to me — turning myfelf from them, 
 they made a mod hideous yell — I turned, and found 
 tiie fon had got his father by liis head, which he fudden- 
 ly piilled down, and againll his up-lifted knee, broke 
 hh father's neek. Thi ion immediately abfcohdcd, 
 and has never beeh fcen with us fince. No other death 
 hapjieiled through the night. Tlae force of the liquor 
 havih^ abated, a net fcefie now took place as foirows : 
 The whole number feated tbcmfelves in companies on 
 the ground, crofslegged; each one throwing his blan- 
 ket over his head— all feated in a ^circular fdrm, a hid- 
 eous yelling commenced ; each one lamenting his own 
 misfortunes, the lofs of his grand father, his father, and 
 other friends. This , continued for f©me hours, after 
 which, we prepared to return. 
 
 k2 
 
 II 
 
 
 My vifits to Tartarrac, to me were very agreeaUe, 
 ' having an opp^rtuijicy of conrejAug with people wllo 
 
 conJus5led 
 
 Ea 
 
.'5^ «:'»«•* "'"J ■ M'E'MOIRS Of ^'f^i»,-v,^» 
 
 conjured much as the people of Canada. Thcur bre«4l 
 was much pleafed with» ^ ,. 
 
 Our budnefs bemg conduced much as heretofore,, 
 wc tfiok to our canoes, and in the ufual time returned 
 to our friends. Oh my return, I and my boy went on 
 with our buiinefs— our iRdiaus employed m their fevc- 
 ral diverllons, for the men never perform any manual 
 labour, except making inftrumcnts for war. The 
 fquaws always perform the harvcft work, fuch as t©> 
 plant p-i drefs tlje corn, bring from the woods fuch 
 r game as the hunters from tfme to time recover.. 
 
 -^,\ 
 
 rfif 
 
 vV In about fix montf-s after our return, fomvi of our 
 
 ■^ warriors formed a plan to rob a diflant nation of their 
 
 . .furs. Sec. (for they continue peaceable but for a- xt 
 
 time together. ) This nation was- called the Whi. . .w 
 
 dian, and lived abqut three hundred miles nortli. 
 
 Five hundred of the fprleft and raodenterprifing of our 
 
 .* v*„.„.Indians, of whom I was. counted one* went throug^i 
 
 -[ the ceremonies ufually pra«fllfed on like occafions, fst 
 
 v^jout on the propoicd robbery, without any provifion^dc- 
 
 - if r^ pending wholly on hunting for a fupply. ^r\rks( ti-r-t^ 
 
 We marched wlrrfi proper guicfes for three- wieks. 
 
 Coming near to the plaice of deftination, wc made a 
 
 j halt, and confulted the bell method to fall upon them. 
 
 ' *Twas agreed that a number fufficicnt, for the purpoJd*, 
 
 ■;iii-^-^''''^!''i'- • '■'(•'^^•^ }(■, (tor 
 
 
 ■» ; ' ; »**" * W «<<y' r'^'t^ 
 
CHARLES I>£NNI$ RUSOB D £RES« 
 
 5i 
 
 (for they were a barmlefs, defencelefs people) (houkl 
 divide themfelves into fmall compaDies of two each>— • 
 every company take a different rout in a circuitous 
 tnarclr round the mountain** My companioB> widi 
 whom I travelled, took orders and' departed, both car- 
 rying fire arms and ammunition, with a {lri(5l charge 
 to return at a certain time> as had been agreed on, 
 whether fuc^efsful or not* 
 
 We travelled five days, without making any difcov* 
 ery ; at length, on the Cvath day, as we were chatting 
 together, my friend efpied a man ^..%nding naked, with 
 ai bow m his hand, at the entrance of a cave— -I ran to 
 him, and with my tomahawk difpatched him—- he did 
 not (hoot, although armed with bow and arrow. The 
 way being prepared for our entrance into the cavern 
 in fearch for plunder, a difpute arofe between us, who 
 IKould enter firft ; we at fength determined by caHii^ 
 lots, and the Tot fell on me. I witK a lighted torcti cn- 
 tered, my friend followed wfth his tomahawk olbie to 
 my heels— here we met with many difficulties ; I witb 
 my torch in my left handy my tomahawk in my right j 
 he with, his loaded gun In one hand and tomahawk in 
 ^e other ; we crawled on our hands and knees, fc'arcc-' 
 ly daring to breathe, much lefs to whifper. After 
 
 ^ moving 
 
 * They dug into a mountaio, and fccretcd themichcs saJ 
 
 ■■■V i:i:' 
 
 property m WVCI. 
 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 
 'm 
 
 ; »■,!} 
 
 Mi 
 Mil! 
 
 1 1'! 
 Ml 
 
 ;• 
 
I J: 
 
 i^ > 
 
 :V- 
 
 5« 
 
 ••; H" ;■: ntMOtKS 'b> ^^ l^'^ 
 
 ils, 
 
 .t>- 
 
 '«ioi^ng Oft for fome confideraMe ttrtgthy we were R6pt 
 kjz ihorc uumto :the right ; jlrom thenc« creeping 
 Ibrwai)d-y4th as itladi dlenee aspdflible, Ifbthi'd'^no- 
 
 Mfliitr tntwto the left j. in tKis coarfii we toi^eil%r fenie 
 thlic, at length I^fcovercd by the light bifiJi^f tdrch, 
 ft large opehing, appareiitfy ^f about fifteen or tW^tiij 
 fcfetTqUare. In thfs opening We difcovcred a number 
 moving about^ I then began to realiie my fituatiohy 
 to be more critical than ever before or (ince^— no re- 
 treait^ for >^e could nbtttiiTi to get out, our enemiea^ 
 i>efdr< us, and we tnew not m what manner they wer*.- 
 prepared to receive us.* On our nQlrer approach, we 
 
 'Vaiired our voices Into yelling and whooping, in order 
 to intimidate them,' and prevent their making any <*;€» 
 
 * fence— this fucceeded, and prevented their making the 
 leaft defeiiCe. They all, confiftlng.of four vAomen, (ive 
 iiien and three children, huddled together in one corner 
 
 '— l»re as was previously agreed on, I waved my tqrqh 
 
 I "*'...■■■' ■ ' ■ '. ' ' ' ■ < ■■■■■, 
 
 to keep it b"rning, and to give my companion, every 
 ,9^1r.ance in my power to execute his part, which was, 
 
 *i 
 
 »«. * 
 
 iPi^i 
 
 
 i s^i»f*ThitcaVe, in^n vrhiehwe enterri, for the reader's belter 
 
 ^vnderflanding, I vrill defer i be. The entrance i« juft %^idt e. 
 
 sough to admit one perfon st a time, gradually defcending 
 
 a few fret, arched over with timber, then on a level until we; 
 
 come to the turns, then through to the next as above, and To oa 
 
 •to the opening, in which we found the people*^<-'this opening 
 
 ^ was arched at its top with large beanos ot cedai, &c. 
 
 
 ■•: :- 'f' 
 
 .<,w-f»- 
 
 ■ ■I': ii 
 
 :l 
 
 
 .^•.-. 
 
CHARLES filMNlS ltUSO£ ly ERES. 
 
 
 to kill iall we ibould.'ficd wltbiiLi 'Hie tiecathmtr-^" 
 formed his ^ait, by JciUilig tht who^e with his t<mi8(- 
 liawk. Thofeper^ns appeared quite diffei^iit from 
 ttrty I ha4 ever beibre fcca* ,-; vi^a,/ ; « i> 
 
 J>l The^dults appeared aboat ^e fe^C higbt very largCt 
 round hedds> flat nofe£». wide moutbs* very brgc abd 
 white teeth, very long^ ftrait and very white hair>.pale 
 countenance, having no occafion to ramble abroad* ^H' 
 cept to hunt for food and bedding ; a fmall portion of 
 each ferving them— they are ftrangers to &re and cloth- 
 ing, living a m!oi\ indolent l^e. We found no kind of 
 tool with them, excepting one made fomethiag like a 
 hatchet, having a flonc made flat at one end, and faf- 
 tened into a ftick fplit at oxxc''eiidL>:Thebottohit>f the 
 
 eav$m wAs'eovered over widi tkinsc filed »p oue^on li^ 
 liodier, CO a ooafidersible he^4it^ icoiififtiagjil|. BuflUo^ 
 
 Sear, For. and of abnod ev*ry f{i»(;i«s 'of.HQ&inaI% 
 •rommon to that part of the coi ntry.* In ' one corner 
 of this room, we found a qUartity of -meat; fftinkiag 
 horribly ; this appeared to be iheir only food ; howev- 
 er, we were obljg^jd to feed on feme through ncceflitf . 
 We carried out ' '^mm of the he(i ^r^ as Bestver imd 
 
 ILa«coo«» ..* 
 
 ,''j t( i ^ i|ii | |iii i > - \ '"■ '■.'.•". 
 
 t TheiV manner atcatchihg their ganvev^* bylmgtn^ p1^ il 
 the grovxd, ftightly covering them with'Ibnfie fmalltWi]!^!' C6V* 
 ered over with li:ivc9,imo trhich Vhe anioisl fell;,tin»iiretfi^v 
 
 *'iB 
 
 ^it 
 
 'r'l- 
 
T" 
 
 -r-^,fc 
 
 "" 
 
 
 h-i'-*M ■ M-EMOIRS OF '4^»A.if:> 
 
 RaceooDt and at the mouth of the cave» loaded 0U1^^ 
 Itlves with as much fpoil as we e^ald ftand under, and 
 <^5 expeditious as poHible, travelled on to our head 
 quarters, where we found our federal companions, wh« 
 had as before defcribed, performed their feveral routs ; 
 they were fiieceAful, and joined the main body, loaded 
 with like plunder. Hereupon a general ihcut took 
 place with claping of hands, &c. being muah pleafed 
 with our good luck. The whole company freely par* 
 took of fuch farcj as our friends had in our abfence 
 (which was nine days from the time of our departure) 
 prepju-edi— the whole body» each one taking his propor- 
 tional fftare of baggage, began our retreat homewardst 
 
 During our march from a neighbouring pond, we 
 l^eacdnoifes, as of many .water fowls, which we conclu^ 
 4^d had cpUefled in the pond. We were much 
 «latcd aV this^ having a keen appetite for fowl ; 
 a number were fent off to fearch the pond, myfelf ?nak» 
 ing:erae, we foon reached it ; but to our furprize found 
 the fowl had (confiding in their trufty wings) left the 
 water-p-calling our eyes over the pond, we. discovered 
 m rejy Jlarge white :Bear diving fr^cquently,. as if for fifli^ 
 he ^Z length fixed himfelf on a large fiat rock on one 
 fide, looking into the water, (Iriking his fore paw, as 
 though catching fifh, at every ftroke lifting up his 
 ijaw, as if to fee its contents — I being eager, fired from 
 the ihpre at the Bear, but without efl^i^ j my biUl as I 
 
 could 
 
 N,, 
 
\ . 
 
 <;HA11I.ES ftl5*;NIS RtlSOlS n'BHtti 
 
 ■..3 
 
 <couId plainly fee (Imdc his fidd, his hair being very 
 thick and long, prevented my killing him J on which, 
 an experienced gunnef fteped up> obferving his raifed 
 paw, aimed at the fpace between the under fide t>f die 
 paw and body , Ifaot and killed him iMlantly. This was 
 a lucky event-; we fobn drew h^ from die water-~ 
 which -in fome meafure made iipforour difappoint- 
 ment in the water fowls. We dreifed our game, and 
 with it jomedottr brethren, the n^ain body» and foon 
 renewed our march bomewardsi, which we in three 
 weeks 'perfbnued^^^^ • '^i^:fi ii ^nt^^^jlt. , : 
 
 After making an equal diftribution of plunder, eadfi 
 one retired to his home and i^mployntent; Our great 
 men now began to think it high time to honor me with 
 the Infigttia of their tribe,and to give me a new and ma» 
 jeftic'namc, having in many excurfions witneffed my 
 valor. I dreaded the ^pw-ation ; however, was c^M* 
 ged to fubmit* - -^^■4*:,^:k}^^rjk-Wf''¥ 
 
 The tnark by which the Tribe I belonged to was 
 diftinguiOied frOm all others, was that of the fun on the 
 infide of the right leg, and of the moon and feveti ftars oh 
 the outfide of the fame leg. This was perfontied oi| 
 me by pricking wiA r.fhai^;^ needle into my right legy f ; 
 the various preicribed formsr in red and blue colours* 5/ 
 Having marked my leg, they proceeded W mark »y |^:; 
 face, which I much oppoTedy determined not to coiV' 
 
 fcnt— . 
 
 ft 
 
 ■ iWn J^ 
 
 %^. 
 
 rm*>^ 
 
 m 
 
 ♦ •si 
 
 M 
 
 f 
 
 
ss 
 
 :^i^mS^'M^^01%S 0*c-i.«^4j{,4|{; 
 
 byhiting* kickmg-y ^pi U^f^y. S^ovrei^^ .-9ir«nt on anci 
 %lirty inarW i3^y>fajCpr*i|i?ej5i|xr<K^^ toi pluck my 
 J>?Uf ft-^B n»y heft4»:!eijc^ftng a toUpart. pja^.ijit bs^^lj 
 lltQ. i^gneffiOf :^y J^nteA$y. PTP«j?*b<?! ^.P dr^ 
 axes ;it/tl4;^I:9iadenQifur!%er.oppo£iMon^i|Qt, wUljng 
 
 yv}^<^ ky. ^iytimt, becatme of noffm^UconTftqufp^i? tp 
 me. Tj^^ pamted.iny He^dinijcKequ^. «f di^QT^t 
 coli^rfj tktn fij5e4 a ^d rmg in iny iMJfe, ttvjEir drqp* 
 to my cars ; then fafleaed a ftrap to.my lAfiJf of ;]^aiiijr 
 behind, which reached tx> the ground* filled with broach' 
 i»: fto?n lop ;tp bottom ; then tied a ltd»g .<>f breads of 
 y^ou«;colours round my necki inteifperred with difer^ 
 snt coloured feath.ers> all fixed. intO: a : katlie{r.€oUa«:'of 
 curiciuft. woricmanihipj a leather fkt9^: ovnsimejaiMd as 
 «b6vt was thrown. OT^ my (boulders, at each txaid Wet^ 
 Used vm) {ilvex plates with engravings ; oh one, the 
 fotm of a Buffalo, on the other, that of a Panther ; tb 
 diis they added tLc beft blanket the Tribe pofleffedi 
 omamented with five hundred broadhes; my fhirt s 
 :gay.cajiico ; my bu(kins red, moggafon^ yellow, orna* 
 mc^nied ^ith be^ an4 feathers of papxy colqarsi tied 
 iQgfether with piety c9lour§d ribbandfV two ^Peacock 
 (fathers ftuck tntx) m lock; of hair, completed my drefi 
 r*~then> proceeded: the formality of giving me fome 
 ^fea( 9ame i t^e greateft and moft learned were aeon* 
 (Mkjcdon (his. occafipii. . A^tcr i^ Ip^/cp^C^l^sLtm, 
 
 trA 
 
 't'^ras 
 
 ^••r-^ 
 
9- 
 
 C KARL t « ©1 l*M rS H VSO B Ti*t% ES. 57 
 
 Hvras zgrctd on, and a Cliief wKofe office it was, ftep* 
 ped up to me, and m a loud voice proclaimed my 
 name, Roooftontee Cowawoo.* 
 
 After this ceremony cloled, t retired to my fitop» 
 and with my apprentice, carried on my b&finefs ; tho , 
 Indians frequenting it as ufual ; at all times comtng^^ 
 in, and with deference and refpe£t, approached me» 
 iknowing my Important ftation. Thus invjcfted with K 
 the highed honor, they could confer on me, I realifed 
 my importance and power^ and foonhcgan a reform 
 among them— all my inftrudtions were attentively o- 
 beyed. In this way I went on for fome lcr\gth of time ; 
 receiving and making congratulatory vitits froni, and 
 Co my neighbours. 
 
 m 
 
 'Mi'-] 
 
 
 ;» 
 
 .■if I 
 P 
 
 M-^- 
 
 Some time after, one of my familiar acquaintance 
 propofed a (hort hunt for fmall game. I readily con< 
 fented, and we two fet off, prepared with traps, guns 
 and ammunition. ^ 
 
 _^*> 
 
 
 After travelhng five days, we cdftie te an elrtett(m 
 plain, totally divefted of any kind of ^eg£:table, and 
 aothing but fand, dfy and light ; which on a gentle 
 breeze of wind is put in motion — ^^fometimes the wind' 
 when raifed to a high degree, and blowing one way for 
 
 
 f^y 
 
 * Signifying great, Bajetlic, tcquired by great and war* 
 like deedi, &c. 
 
 i 
 
 S^]'%!<: 
 
t 
 
 : h 
 
 I; 
 
 A 
 
 rS • MEMOIRS OF i ;..V^^ 
 
 ^' . :' • 5.4 :»s :i ■: f^-."^.^ -4 1 u n a v;- ,i ^^' «f^ * ^^ 
 
 any confiderable tinoc,. puts the fand into a quick and 
 
 ...■.■...■-' -^ ■ • 
 
 violent motion, and rolls it up into the appearance of 
 •waves« forming deep troughs between each roll or wave; 
 whenever this happens, no one can pafs over this track- 
 lefs wade. Soon aft^r our coming to this, place, ■ fud- 
 -denly a ftrong wind fronq the north arofe, and formed 
 the Airface of this ptain,, into the appesu-ance'as juft re- 
 lated. I'Jeai- by we were obliged to campt and tarried 
 four days, until the ftown abated. Our tarry here, was 
 attended with difficulty, not having a fufficiency of 
 food, and Ao opportunity of fupply prefented, we were 
 reduced C6 thelaft morfeL la our feeble ftate, (a calm 
 feafon,) we attempted to crofsover this, apparently, im« 
 paflUble heath. On out way we found two human bo- 
 gles alrhoft petrified by the heat of the fun, and warm 
 iand, which through the whole, letaincd fuch a degree 
 
 of heat as to blifter our feet. ^ , ,,« 
 
 .,.,,■ . ■■ . • > , 'to:<'»a#r-^*^5:^^>1t-'>4" 
 
 - ■ ■ ' ■'■*•.■■ .- ■ ' " 7 • ^ • ^: ' .'■';■■ ■: 
 
 ;•»..-. ^ ■ : • ! ■' ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ V . 
 
 During our encampment and travel over the fand, 
 
 out" guides (which were the fun by day, and moon and 
 
 ftars by night)forfook us, being cloudy the whok time. 
 
 On examining our ftores, we found hut one pound 
 
 of fmoaked Buffalo for us both. We marched on 
 
 nortfierly, towards our village ; having the fan 
 
 for our guide, (it now pleafantly appearing.) , ,;^. , 
 
 , 'f' ■'' -"•' ' 
 
 After four days travel from *lic fand, we came to a 
 iJ>aclou£ meadow ; here I failed for want of food, fat 
 , ' ' down. 
 
CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D £RES. 
 
 89^ 
 
 down» and expeAed here to end my days; but my ^ 
 companion kept up his courage, and travelling a fmall 
 diftance from me, efpied a Deer laying down behind a^ 
 wiodfdl — ^he ran back to me, and told me he had found- 
 good meat. He foon killed the Deer, and opening 
 his body, devoured in a naked ftate the entrails ; this I 
 could not partake of. My friend chopped up fomc 
 meat and made broth, Wilch I greedily fwallowcd, 
 which was the moft delicious morfel I ever tailed, hav- 
 ing for fome days before received no kind of riouriih- 
 ment, except our leather belts cut up and foaked in 
 
 water. 
 
 ..■.^■;'.'Mf v_-*:T;**«-*»'t 'W^Vj'if*-;, *•■'■. r:'*-7"T'v,.'"igi^' 
 
 ^.f!^ ' m,_m-}i^ ':.-K.^.\^\fti 
 
 One nighty fOon after laying down to fleep, we were 
 ronfed with a heavy (hower of rain, attended .trith tre- 
 mendous thunder and (harp lightning— this further en* 
 feebled me, having nothing to fcreen me from the wea- 
 ther. In this feeble ftais I continued fome days-* my 
 companion fixed his traps in different parts of th^ mea^ 
 dow, baited with flefu we had cut and prepared horn 
 the dead bodies we found in the iand — he caught many 
 Beaver, &c. During our tarry here, the weather pto^ 
 ved rainy and the fun beclouded, fo that we could not. 
 leave the fwamp, not knowing which way. to fleer. : 
 
 ^^■^^ 
 
 One day juft before fim fet, we happily difcovered 
 our retreat from this difmal fwamp, by the fun. • We 
 immediately improved this opportunity for sfcape by- 
 
 . bundling 
 
 
 if 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
li 
 
 MEMOms ot 
 
 %rv? 
 
 bundling up oar furs^ &c ;. and by t&« help oC the mooa 
 decampcdi fleering & north courfe, and by morning hap- 
 pily found ourTelves quite out of the meadow*— -we 
 then lay down and ilept foundly until noon— eat hear- 
 \ ,. ■ tily of the Tentfon my friend killed in thefwamp, fome 
 part we fmoaked ; Jiere we tarried until the next day, in 
 order to recruit and reft our weary limbs. On our way 
 home^each night we prepared andfet traps forFox,SabIe) 
 i^ Beaver and Mink ; each morning we found that our 
 
 traps caught more or lefs, fo that before we came to 
 our homes we coUefted a very large quantity, info, 
 much, that our bundles were too heavy for us to carry.. 
 We travelled on» and in a few days after came fafely 
 to our friends ; from whom we met a hearty welcome, 
 which was ihown by clapiug of hands, whooping and 
 
 dancing round w. v:.<..in'^^-'h^iim^w:^^:.Wr 
 
 Soon after my return, I was ftized with a vidlent 
 fever» of the pkuretic kind, which continued for a long 
 time, and ended in a long intermitting fever. Here I 
 realifed the comforts of the clofe attention of a friend, 
 who (luck by me clofer than a brother ; I mean the 
 aid of my adopted mother, the Indian iquaw before 
 ''S:':' mentioned. Sh« n'jvfr left me, day nor night, during 
 
 ■^''■■ft^ 
 
 my 
 
 •This Iwamp or meadow, wai of forty mi\t$ ejifent, and 
 gtearly fqaare^ covered with flagg* and rufnes to i great heigbt 
 -.-near the center, I lay ia my feibl<! fl*::?'. 
 
tHARLES DENNIS RUSOE O £RES, 
 
 
 tny illiMfSf which eonttnued five months — ^her friendly 
 hand adniiniftered fuitable anodynes, prepared from 
 fuiuble herbs and roots, fpontaneouily growing in 
 that country. She frequently would call in the neigh- 
 bouring aged, ^arid moft experienced fquaws,* and with 
 thetn, confult the bed means of application, and how- 
 ever difficult to recover, fpared no coft nor pains to 
 obtain and prepare them for my ufe. In this fieknefs* 
 I was reduced very low, laying in htdf fo long as to 
 robmyback andildes of their natural covering, my 
 ikin^;' ill which, my faithfid wxtk replaced by exter- 
 
 na]: iippltcatioiis» 
 
 
 *■■/-■ 
 
 ■V.J 
 
 ^' After my long and tedious confinement, I too (boti 
 vent abroad'^my bufinefs urged me to work ; I being 
 ■the only blackfmith in our Tribe, too refolutely began 
 to work, and thereby brought, on a relapfe, which a- 
 ^ gain confined me to mywigwami and'a.longj,fe«Wft 
 ftatc of health enfuedi— ! P'-lihi had'^-edOurfe to my 
 nurfe and doftor, my mother 5, Ihc ail^nti vely confidered 
 my cafe, pronounced it dfefpcrate, paft recovery, urilefs 
 prevented bymyfteady adherence to her prefcriptions; 
 I proroifed ftriaiy to obey, and cheerfully gave myfelf 
 into her hands— '(he undertook my cure, and foon checks 
 
 ^fyi 
 
 .m, 
 
 •^Tkc ln^iiwt witn tnem, we their furgeoDi an^'pli/ficlahs. 
 
 *! My }>c4 was made of the (kiat of Buffalo and Beaver, rai- 
 fod t little from the ground. 
 
 mil 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 Fi 
 
 ■.:-Tv; 
 
 'f£^ 
 
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62 
 
 MEMOIRS OI 
 
 SJ« 
 
 ;■ -» 
 
 ed my diCord&r, by givir.g me Buffalo's blood to drink 
 lukewarm — I drank more or lefs every day* uutil my 
 
 complaints were no more* ,rjc»ji ^siiiiinrs&i3tk'^::9ii,E^t.i'if 
 
 My ftrength gradually increafing \^ith my retuny- 
 ing healdi, I foon recovered; but before I entere4 on 
 ihop bufmefs, I viilted our chiefs, with a view to carry 
 on my propofed plan of reform among them f fetting 
 forth the advantage, that the more civilized part of 
 mankind enjoyed than they in their rude and uncul- 
 tivated ftate. I began by informing them ofabe.i^^ 
 ner of my father's particular mode of fainily goycri^ 
 ment) of conducing his domeftic bufinefsy &c. 8cc }. to 
 all which, they gave attention, and anfwered, by firfl: 
 ihaking their heads in ^approbation of my plaa, then 
 fneeringly would fay, you tell a pretty good ftory, but 
 ours is much better than yours, our nation gre'qi.te|r and 
 more ancient than yours— we live gref t whjil? iu the 
 worId,aodknQw much more than your natkm; our ways 
 are preferable to yours, we will be Indian. ,1 found mj 
 attempts were fruitlefs, therefore for the prcfent dropt 
 my plan, intending at fome future time to puriw it, if 
 a convenient opportunity ihould p^rviv^ :-^M,:^t;ri.-js I 
 
 In a few days I went on with my bufinefs in my 
 ihop, my boy continiring with me, who by this time 
 became very helpful, having acquired a confiderftble 
 infight into the bufinefs, which daily incrcafing, affcrd- 
 
 ( vV 
 
 rr.- 
 
 mr -,*■■ 
 
 
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 M 
 
 #., 
 
THARLES DENNIS RUtOE D £R£S. 
 
 «5 
 
 e4 me mrtch comfort and profit<n«CQr EadiaQ* epnfiantlf 
 cnpploymg me in iCnaking their toipnAhawks^ fcalping 
 ](Olye$» and traps ; niending gnns, and fometimes m»l&> 
 ing new gun-locks } all which, they wpre obliged t6 
 go to-Tartarrac for, prm>as to. thy coding aniei^ 
 
 ^W'^delfverrn^'A^'Wk' '^'tietAMiifirk^''iii 
 l^rs, ginfang,' &c ; carefolly ftoting^ theth until an 
 opportunity priefcnted to irafflck'at fartawat.' My 
 employers-would frequently Make'itie lai'g'e preifeit^ 
 In addition to the (lipulated price for my Wbi^k— ithe 
 fquaws in particular, would make me many and val- 
 ttabfe onesy confiftlng of fap-fugar, annually made ipi 
 f'ebruary. Of this (b^ari 1 could ci/4left on apy fud- 
 deo eir urgency, large quantities. l!6e ' Tquawjs woul4 
 enter my mop with Ihe.fugar wr^ppta Up* in the fore 
 part of their blankets ; . on 'thdr coming ne^r, tne^ 
 wovild drop a low courtefy, fayihgj Roqofjonteei me give 
 you good fugar ; T with a nod of my head; t&ankeil 
 theirii pointing to a'lkfge cabin in on j comer of my 
 ftibp/bid then! throw it up there, which they cheerful- 
 ly did ; tutiing to go out, they would drop a courtefy 
 and go offl ';■ ■ •;■ ^ ^ •. ■- -. •_■;> V > ^ ■ ^ ■ \yi:-i . 
 
 ^ fr.I fteadily purfued my ^ork, hot withott flrequeht ; 
 vifkls frozii youig Indians, my intimates. One day k 
 luimbei- gathered, and began to baater one anothe^ 
 
 ' htL 
 
 ^,. 
 
 ■V 
 
 and 
 
 V,- 
 
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 H 
 
 :fc : 
 
ii 
 
 l.l/a. .i-MEMOXRS 09 ttAAf'*t'> 
 
 tj-i-m 
 
 and biaging of their faperior abilities in janiping, wreft. 
 '• lingi &c { one in psurticular offered to bet fifty broaches 
 agaittft an eq(ual number, that he could jump higher 
 than anjr one prefent— -uptin this ^n intim;:tc of mine 
 took; him up, fii^d |>rppofed that I fhould junifk with hinv ; 
 we jumped one after the other ^ all agreed to decide 
 the wager in my favour. TTpon examining my antago- 
 j|ift,I fbtmdthathe had no broaches with- htm j> J. re^ 
 fented. hii conduA and told him he was a rogue ,ra 
 .jbantecmg, the company^ without having it in his power 
 jto pay hts bet| be pxomifcd to paj mc jToonybut 
 
 ■ . .' 'r n ■: ^ ':.'''( " ■•' ' ' 
 
 One day Became fnto mf ihop witli ,,;^ ^ood blan- 
 ket loaded with broaches, I catched his blanket from 
 his back and tore off fifty broaches, and threw his blan- 
 ket under n^T bellows-) he crawled under them. lor his 
 bl|^lket, ex]^fing kis pofteriors ^ I fnatched my . rod 
 from the fire, and whipped him fo as to blifter his back 
 itides, he yelled heartily, ran to. the river and plunged 
 in ; this brought a number rpundme, haftily enquinng 
 the caufe of fo much noife ; I told them my ftory» they 
 4 ill juiUfied me, and fo Uiematter blew over. K;>^u , 
 
 Some time after an Indian came to my (hop, and 
 :v ^ed me to go with him to a neighbour's wigwam ? 
 I afked for what purpofe I he informed me that an In^ 
 Ula lately returned irom Tartarrac had brought rum, 
 
 fe'-r.-"' 
 
 
 and 
 
 " ;.. . « ^ . '. 
 
 
 •-4- i- \ 
 
 • ^^: '^ '. V 4 . ■ 
 
 .'■* - 
 
 -,: ■ x 
 
 
 --"-— '^■^•1rM2*J■ ■^-* 
 
£tlARLES DENNH RUSOE D*£RES. 
 
 «3 
 
 and kept drunk for fome time ; that his fqaaw could 
 BOt find his rum. I went with my friend to the tipler's 
 wigwam, and we found him almod in a lifelefs ftate. 
 We fearched every place, likel) for him to fecrect his 
 rum, but to no purpofe ; but as we came from the wig- 
 wam, we found two fturgeon fi(h. which my friend 
 attentively viewing, fuppofed the rum might be con* 
 cealed witliin them— he ripped open the fifti, and in 
 each he found a bottle of rum, artfully concealed > 
 this we foon deftroyed, and left the wigwam and the 
 drunkard — returned to my (hop and went on as ufual & 
 I and ipy boy turning off work to advantage. 
 
 ^. Soon after, as I and my boy lay in found deep at 
 midnight, I was roufed by ahcavy voice from withputj, 
 calling me by name, demanding entrance ? I kae^ 1;^- 
 his voice,* and refufed to let him ia i he perilled, and '?^^3 
 faid he would come in, faying, I want to (peak with I ^t> 
 you very much ; I b^ him go home and come in the 
 morning ; he made every effort to force open my door, 
 but not fucceeding,,he came to the window, and forced 
 the (butter open, difcharged his gun upon me— the ball 
 entered the dde of my (hop about fix inches from my^ 
 bead, as I lay on my bed. This roufed me, and fpringing^ . 
 up, I caught my gun which ftood near me loaded withr 
 ball, (as was my practice always to keep my gun near 
 
 .■"S -. 
 
 
 t: ,* 
 
 
 ■A •'■ 
 
 • The drunkard. 
 
 
 if 
 
 n .M 
 
 m\ 
 
 m 
 
^ . )^mmm-^!'ym''i^!ij^\W'' 
 
 I! 
 
 66 
 
 MEMOIRS OF : -^^iiC* 
 
 me at nigiit, to defend myfclf againft cTcry mtmder,) 
 ftepped up to the window and (hot him, who dropt 
 and died inftantljr. .< 
 
 ; '. V 
 
 ■f 
 
 ^ The firing of two gi .is in the dead of night, caufed & 
 general alarm through the village. A large number 
 foori tolleftcd, and underftanding the caufe, took 
 and put me under keepers, to be brought forth in the 
 morning for trial.' I contentedly fuLs^tH.-d, knowing 
 my caufe to be good, having afted on the uefenfiv^ 
 oiily.? " "■ 
 
 '-^'^ 
 
 
 
 •. . . ■«,■■ , :,» ,. < f , 
 
 In the morning I was condu<ried to the place of 
 tri^* which wa« in the open air, and at a flnall diftance 
 tt'om raj^ fliop. On my ebpoing near to the council of 
 IriiJ: a thought ftriick my mind, that if the trial ihould 
 g<i againft me^ I^ fliould be tortured in a favage-liks 
 manner ; determining to die on the fpot, rather than 
 fubroit to- their tortures, which I lad frequently before 
 fceii on thdr enemies. I afked liberty to return to mw 
 dwelling, to adjuft ibme affiiirs therc^—I gave my word 
 foop to return, which they (knowing mj exalted fta-^ 
 tloh and importance with theWr) without hefitation 
 ^•ranted. I returned to my (hop, and armed myfelf 
 with two piftols and a trufty knife ; concealing them 
 uuder my blanket. Thus prepared for every event, I 
 returned to the court, who were formed in the follow- 
 ing manner : on a block oi" wood fixed one end in the 
 ,r -^ '■ ■ - «-- • —A * ground, 
 
 ■«!. » , 
 
 :.l,.. 
 
 i\'; : 
 
CHAKLES DENNIS RUSOE D ERES. 
 
 ?7 
 
 ground, about fix feet from its ftirface, fat the chief 
 juHice ; and at his feet on a fmall blo^k^ fat the crimin- 
 al $ on the right and left trom the chief juftice, fat a 
 number of the chiefs of the Tribe, in a circular form ; 
 all fitting crofslegged. The court being thus feated* a 
 profound filence enfucd* which continued for two hours 
 —they all fat flaring on one another, as if a* a lofs in 
 tirhat manner to proceed — at lenjfth the caufe came on* 
 the accufer* ftept forward, and affirmed that I had 
 wantonly killed his friend by (hooting him, who tvas irt 
 the lawful purfuit of his bufinefs. That I killed him, I ' 
 did not pretend to deny ; but affirmed that I killed 
 him in my own defence; that he came to my (hop a^ 
 an unfeafonable time of the uight, and that with an in- 
 tention to kill me, as I could plentifully prove — upon . 
 this, I begged leave lo call forvvard the deceafed's 
 fquaw, and the perfon prefent at fimding the rum as be* 
 fore related — this was granted ; the witndTes came for- 
 ward. The fquaw affirmed that her fanop. on coming 
 :;ut of his drunken fit, fought for his rum, but could 
 not find it; that on this he appeared much incenfed, 
 enquired of her, who had got his rum ; (he informed 
 him that Roooflontee and his friend had deftroyed it ; 
 he raved rouud the wigwam and fwore revenge, by 
 killing Roooftontee j and that he on the night in which 
 ke was killed, left hl^ home, having loaded his gun 
 
 for , 
 
 "i/vr 
 
 * Thr deceafcd's brother. 
 
 
 • t . "^ f » # ' 
 
 
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 ^' 
 
 m 
 
 ■-I. 
 
^FWf^WfWT^v^ 
 
 68 
 
 MEMOIRS Of 
 
 if 
 
 
 % 
 
 I' t 
 
 tot the pisrpoft of klU'ing me. M/ friend alTertei! that 
 ; he with me deftroyed the deceafed's rum ;* and that 
 the flain had frequently, after the rum frolick, fwore 
 revenge on me; which he (thewitnefs) fooner or la- 
 ter, expected would be put in praAice, as the Indians 
 ■'". neter pafs over an affront with impunity. '^''' ^^V^ 
 
 • V The judg« liftened to the charge againft me, and 
 
 * the evidence produced to fubftantiate my defence, ap« 
 
 peared ripe to pronounce for or againft me* ^ 
 
 i( ' It is impoflible for die reader to realife my feelings, 
 It this mod critical and important moment — before the 
 tribunal of a favage, afllfted by favage council only, 
 whofe friendfhip at heft is but momentary. Oh ! 
 diought I ; if my tender and affe^ionate father could 
 but vlew^ me in jny prefent condition; how would hit 
 
 '""^ parental bowels move for me ? on his knees, with up 
 lifted hands, would he plead, Oh 1 {pare my • darling 
 fon once more ; fet him at liberty— I know his inno- 
 cence — let me once more embrace him, Who was torn 
 from my arms, doomed to bondage, and unjuAly fuf- 
 , fered already too much, but for favage nature to in- 
 jure — come ye who are fathers, liberate him, and view 
 the parental embrace, not to be realifed, but hy parents 
 
 ^■^■ 
 
 ■rr 
 
 
 ■ V;. 
 
 • Which wu done a|;rceably to a law, in (hti cafe » vJe 
 :*nd provided. ... -^^^^ -tiv^j^n-^vr' »;?*,, .^ '''~' ,':',<:' 
 
 1, 
 
 :V 
 
■m'PfTT'- 
 
 ••'#!»Wif.f', 
 
 :■:>. 
 
 CHARLES DEKNIS RUSO-E D CRE^. 
 
 % 
 
 •en fimllar occadons. All this, and-much more might 
 iiaye. been tittered, had my father been prefent ; but 
 :alas! he is at too great a diftance even to hear my 
 
 t r 
 
 If 
 
 m 
 
 /Such thoughts as 
 
 9€-- .- 
 I nave juft related, ftrucTk me wit' 
 
 Tolemnawe; with trembling heart I wifiied for, but 
 dreaded to hear the fentence pronounced from the jud- 
 ge's lips. The judge held in his leftliand a long (lick, 
 his right hand grafped the dreaded knife. He with 
 majeftic look, turned to the circled chiefs, and ordered 
 iliem, one at a time, to give their opinions for, or a- 
 gainft the p'rifoner as h*? fhould diretfl. Thofc In fa- 
 tour, and willing t'* .it him, fhould declare by lift- 
 ing up their right hanu^— the dreaded moment came, 
 and they one at a time raifed their right hands ; the 
 judge carefully cut a notch on the right fide of his (lick, 
 for every one in favour ; on the left fide he cut one 
 notch foi- every up lifted hand agalnft me. This hav-' 
 ing been attended to, the judge counted the favourable 
 notches, and the unfavourable ones, and found the whole 
 number (excepting two) were for fetting me at liberty, 
 and ftrongly recommended mc to the good will of my 
 fellow villagers. '•^" '■""*•■• :v*. i''V'^N^';:"^v^'''^'<^ ^ '•''*j 
 
 This joyful event was publicly notified, and the na- 
 tional pipe brought forward and placed on the block, 
 rn which I fat when on trial ; to which the v/hole vil- 
 lage a0embled and fiinoked in tokea of approbating the 
 
 K'-' .:;■■"';'"■ . ■ "-'"■■■ condudl 
 
 ij" 
 
 4 
 
 :m\ 
 
 "&; 
 
 fl 
 
 J] 
 
 1*1 
 
 

 sxriTBEis-amicKSW^BSS: 
 
 ■I'i 
 
 ro 
 
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 JrflEMOlllS Of 
 
 iff 
 
 -* I 
 
 
 coTK'ufS of the judge in fetting me at liberty ; and in 
 token of receiving me to their former favour and good 
 will ; no one (excepting thofe two who had voted a. 
 gainft me) refafed to fmoke at the great pipe. Thus 
 the matter ended, and I went much pleafed to my ufual 
 , eraployraent. . . ; . 
 
 I worked m my fliop daily, but not without fear 
 from thofe who appeared ngainfl: me on trial, knowing 
 an Indian's temper — they never forget a feeming inju- 
 ry ; and knowing that thofe two were nearly related 
 to the deceafed — I therefore, always went armed, ex- 
 peding fome fecret revenge would foon take place. 
 However, my having gained the good will of our 
 chiefs, bv my heroic deeds on many former occafions ; 
 an^ my conduct in defending myfelf, when aflaultedby 
 my adverfary, and manfully killing him, ferved to keep 
 ' up my fpirlts tolerably well. But time, that great de- 
 veurer of paft evils, however flrongly impre.-Ted on the 
 miad, concurred in lulling me into too great a degree of 
 £iourity, expe<5llng my enemies would forget, and pafs 
 over theiuppofed injuries done them ; but in this I was 
 miilaken, as by the iequel will appear. 
 
 Some time after having occafion to fet and burn a 
 kiln of char-coal, at fome didance from my home ,• 
 cne night as I was tending my coal without any per- 
 ion with me, (having fent my boy home to take h'- 
 
 reft) 
 
 ta' 
 
 
 
 ip* 
 
 'i"\^ »■ 
 
 "I' 
 
 -l!'. 
 
 «l«^' 
 
^mmmg^ 
 
 l*5S!*'* 
 
 CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D ERES. 
 
 7^ 
 
 reft) never leaving it myfelf day nor night, until fully* 
 burnt — fome one from the neighbouring bulhes, fired 
 upon mut the ball entered my left thigh juft below my 
 hip bone ; I fell immediately, and lay bleeding on the 
 ground, u«able to help myfelf — I made feveral attempts 
 to rife, but in vain — hallowed for help for a long tyne ; 
 at length a friend hearing my voice, came to ma, and 
 by his friendly aid, fupporting me in his arms, I fafely 
 returned to my dwelling.* 
 
 ->-v*'^ -liti-; 
 
 '*-V-s4f; 
 
 a 
 
 ,*«.;■„'.,-.. !i, St 'f ■■' 
 
 V" ■■' • 
 
 t^ On my return^ my old dodor fearch^d the wound, 
 found that the ball was in my thigh, but could not 5X- 
 trsiSt it ; Hie applied fome mollient plailers, which ioi 
 ibme meafure eafed my pain. After laying four days,i 
 {he delivered me of the ball, by fqueezing the vvcundy 
 which by this time had' feftered. • 
 
 I was under the dodlor's hands twenty days before 
 I was able to walk with crutches. My lamenefs con- 
 tinued five months. The fear made by this fhot, is vi^ 
 fible to this day, j^ 
 
 (». t%> .^ if 
 
 ,t.y i^ 
 
 Having in a good meafure recovered, I refumed my 
 former bufmefs J my cuftomers calling every day for 
 
 ♦The Indian who fhot at inc, I afterwards learnt waf 
 one who on my trial voted againftcncj he immediately .ib. 
 &onded, and I never faw him after. 
 
 It 
 
 '■I, 
 
fm 
 
 MEMOIRS OF 
 
 ^V"" 
 
 my work, having been for fbmc time in want, occarioite- 
 ed by my l«ng confinement. f*i'-'f "S'> ■ 'I 
 
 Nothmg material turned up for, or agaihft me for one 
 year after. At lengtli, wanting coal, I erefted a new 
 kiln, and in fcraping up the leaves and dry duft with 
 my hands to cover it over, I roufed a Rattk Snake; 
 who in his anger bit my hand; at this I was much 
 troubled; fuppodng the bite would prove fatal, but in 
 this was pleafmgly difappointed by an effe<5tual cure 
 wrought by a- fltilful/furgeon, who focn came to my 
 il«lp, feveral of my neighbours accompanied her, wh® 
 immediately wound- a flrong cord* round my arm be^ 
 Jow my elbow, binding it {6 tight as to prevent the cir» 
 culation of blood below the -cord ; this done, fhe with a 
 i\^^t fcarified my hand^ croflang the wound in different 
 angles ; flie then with fait in her mouth fucked the poi- 
 fon from^ the wound, on which fhe ftrewed fome fait ; 
 th\^ was repeated feveral times without loofening the cord 
 until the next day ^ when the cord istaken off, the fweU 
 ling fubfides, a cure is effe<fted, and z»y arm, which 
 during the operation was numb and ufelefs, immedi- 
 ately recovered its wonted vigor. Several times after I 
 was bitten by Rattle Snakes; like applications- weroi 
 made, which effedled like cures. ^ 
 
 •:':■:^■^ .-. S.\ : 
 
 
 * Madft from the QatMt of wiU animala* . 
 
 :?^i.::.*ft 
 
 
 
 ■ * , ■ 
 
 «#*.rvi 
 
CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE DERES, 
 
 73 
 
 Notwithftandbg I had got rid of one of my'mor- 
 tal enemies, one ftill remained equally revengeful 
 This brought me to a difagreeable fituation, being al- 
 ways obliged to carry defenfive weapons about me 
 wherever I went, and never wiftiing to mingle with my 
 comrades in their diverfions — before this, I ever was 
 on^-of the forcmoft in all our amufementSi';^ '' ' 
 
 -< Ih this troubled ftate I remained fbr fome tiir.e, un- 
 willing to unburden myfelf to any one ; at length one 
 of my moft intimate friends being in my fhop, having for 
 fbme time obferved my dejeded countenance and refer- 
 red behaviour,. anxioufly enquired^the caufe j Ltaking 
 him to be one of my moft confidential friends, told him 
 the real caufe. He was much touched with my rela- 
 tion, but bid .me to keep up a good heart ;. that I was 
 among my friends, who would defend me at all haz- 
 ards. I told him I did not doubt of the good will of 
 my neighbours, and added that if ever I fliould fall by 
 [ my enemie*^ arm, it would be in a fly, fecret manner—. 
 he would take the advantage of me by waylaying my 
 walks in the night, or when detained from home, as 
 was the cafe when wounded by my former foe — to 
 this my friend obferved that this might happen, ,but he 
 hoped not. He propofed, that if the hatred continued, 
 I fnould leave this Tribe for two or three ye-tirs, join 
 feme ether Tribe, and ther« carry on my bwilukef!;, by 
 that time he hoped my adverfaisy would be- d«ad, or 
 
 fcrget the injury. 
 
 *S' 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 I thnu^li 
 
 
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 <H\ 
 
 >ijiw««M«** 
 
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mf^mm 
 
 4P«i 
 
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 •^^■ 
 
 MEMOIRS OF 
 
 
 ■ I thought much of this advice, and con*d It over 
 fr^ti'-tently in my mind, not knowing how to commu- 
 nicate it to others j for to put the plan into praftice, I 
 mufl confult all our chiefs, or not obtain their confent ; 
 witlioutit I could not depait, nor pafs any Tribe to a 
 more diftant one, without firfl: procuring my pafs and 
 recommendation from the Tribe to whom I belonged, 
 and fo on from Tribe to Tribe, until I fhould find fome 
 .one Tribe who w®uld ^-^ive me proper encouragement 
 to tarry with them. 
 
 ■'i --j- 
 
 • V.' UM 
 
 'V*': 
 
 ■f: 
 
 :V;;' w, 
 
 li: 
 
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 f' 
 
 
 'I 
 
 r;i,>!^ ". ■■■■' ■'■:■ •- -i '. -''^iti 3}.;'<'',.i 
 
 - "' A ray of hope now fluftied my mind, that I might 
 once more vifit and enjoy my friends in my native 
 
 / country ; I therefore determined to a(k leave of abfence 
 for three years to vifit my friends, expe(fling that the 
 
 i« diiefs would as readily grant me liberty to return to 
 my friends, as to join fome other diftant Tribe of In- 
 idlans. Flufbed with this idea, I commuifJcated my 
 wifhes to fome chofen friends, they in my name went 
 to the refpedive chiefs, who fiimmoned a general coun- 
 cil on the occafion. After a lengthy debate, I obtained 
 free liberty to be abfent for three years to vifit my 
 friends, on my promife to return to them at the expira- 
 tion of the term, (extraordinaries excepted) allowing 
 me four young men to attend me to the next Tribe. 
 
 Having prepared 'myfelf by drefiing in my beft at- 
 , eqniped with .^|Je beft gun I fliould choofe, and 
 
 every 
 
 '-%■§/' 
 
 »■ 
 
 
 
 - ■ '--1 
 
 
 ■«feftV'' 
 
 .:;f. 
 
 :.■■'. ■;■' 
 
 
 
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 '4^-' 
 
•nmjintw^" 
 
 -jM' 
 
 lif !, 
 
 CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D £R£S. 
 
 J 
 
 every otBcr neceflary, I took my leave of my friends, 
 not without great regret, apparent on both fides — ma- 
 ny of my friends colleAed to bid the friendly adieu ;. 
 here I could not refrain (bedding tears, efpecially on 
 leaving my trufty boy, who clung around me, begging 
 that he might go witfi me ; but our chiefs would not 
 confent, expe<5ting he might be of fervice to them 
 in my abfence, as he had now becom": a confiderable 
 workman. r ' • • V- ■ ^ ?-{ 
 
 rt 
 
 With my waiters I departed in my canoe, fteering 
 for the main, which I foon recovered, and with our 
 canoe, 5cc. we dire^Sed our courfe through the woods 
 to the neareft water, as there is no travelling a great 
 way tlirough this country without canoes, by reafon of 
 the many lakes and rivers. 
 
 ' ' After thus travelling fifteen days, we arrived on 
 the borders of the next Tribe ; here I made a halt, j 
 and fent two of my waiters into their wigwams, with 
 my pafs and recommendation from our Tribe, as was 
 my conftant pradtice to every Tribe through which I 
 paffed on my way to Canada. My waiters were kindly 
 received, and obtained liberty to pafs through their na- 
 tion.* The Tribe received me with peculiar fatisfac- 
 tion, knowing my Tribe, and my rank among them. 
 
 
 .i*'«l''-i'V 
 
 :tp- 
 
 My 
 
 *This Tribe is called Scarrcofav^, v(hJch fignifies .tl;!? 
 MoofcTiibe, ... .:.,ti';ii^ 
 
 /' f 
 
 
 i 
 
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 •r '' 
 
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 >*,.;v:.;...i;;. 
 
■^v 
 
 T^ 
 
 MZM0IR3 or 
 
 i( 
 
 M7 tarry among them was bat (hort) pufhmg for- 
 ward towards home with all fpeed. Here I difmiffed 
 m/ waiters, who returned back to their homes ; four 
 . others of the Scarreofaw Tribe Were allowed to accom- 
 pany me to the next Tribe, which was invariably prac- 
 ticed by tvery Tribe through which I paiTed.. 
 
 Having procured fome provifion, with my new 
 companions I took my leave and departed, obferring 
 a northern courie. This Tribe at their own cxpence 
 provided for me a canoe and provifipn. We travelled 
 on for thirty-three days before we came to the next 
 Tribe ; each day on our encampment, at evening, we 
 took care to cook (except ''^ Ken on the water) a fuf- 
 ficrency for twenty-four hou. frequently killing fowl 
 and other game as came in our way. I was received 
 by this Tribe with every mark of friendfhip. . Here 
 I taxried a fhort time.* 
 
 Daring my ftay among them, after dtfmifllng my 
 former fervants, this Tribe made the neceflary prepa- 
 ration for my journey, in waiters* canoe, and provifion. 
 In this- p>eople I obferved a fenfible dHFerence between 
 their language and ours, infomuch that I could under- 
 hand but very little of theirs, I muft therefore be put 
 ^to much difficulty in my travel^ but the waiters who al- 
 ternately 
 
 /,l 
 
 • The name ol thi« Tribe is ICeircta, which Hgnifiei tf»c 
 Beaver Tribe. 
 
 .V 
 
mmi^^F^^r 
 
 •^mr^m^^rm* 
 
 CirARLES DENNIS RUSOE D fiRES. 
 
 -/. 
 
 77 
 
 Bernateiy waited on me, fufficlently.underftood tRc dii^ 
 iierent languagt to tranfaA the necelTary bufinefs, fci 
 that r found no great difficulty of being introduced to 
 the feveral chiefs with whom I had occafion to tranfaft 
 tny neccflUrf bufinefs — one Tribe fufliciently unders» 
 ftanding the language of the next Tribe, and fo 09^ 
 from Tribe to Tribe until my arrival witliin the limits 
 of Canada. With my promlfeg of future frtendfhip 
 with, themi and" not hefitating to mention my making 
 them feme valuable prefents on my return, (for they 
 were informed by my waiters of the objeift of my jour* 
 ney) if ever put in practice, with the ufual ceremonies 
 and neceflUries I departed;^ 
 
 •?!:;;>. ' ■ 
 
 On my way rcroflcd a river very wide, the water 
 iH*^eared' remarkably white* which I underftood w^ 
 eaufed by a bed of fitvcr h^ Havingtrivelled tmh 
 this manner for about nine months I came in fight of ^ 
 large pond, on the oppofite fide was a village^ the refii 
 dence of^ another Tribe. After croffing this pond I 
 fent two of my men to the Tribe as I had praaiced 
 heretofore, my meffengers after abont'an hour's abfence' 
 returned with the following ftory, that on their arrival 
 they enquired for the chief or head Indian of thatTribe, 
 they were inftrmcd that the Tribe was nnder the com- 
 mand of a very old fquaw, to her they delivered their 
 meffage, who replied^that fhe would receive me provi* 
 ded I Goald (laikd her trial of my courage as a goovt 
 
 warrior^ 
 
 
 li 
 
 
\ 
 
 /?1t*3"'« MEMOIRS OP 
 
 )l 
 
 k 
 
 Hi 
 
 i 
 
 4iii 
 
 •^' 
 
 warrior, 5cc; faying ;hat fte had a method whereby 
 fte could diftinguifii a man of courage from a coward, 
 that if I would confent to ftand the trial, (he was wil. 
 ling fo far to receive me. On hearing this I entered the 
 village, determining to ftand trial, eagerly intent on 
 my journey, determining to furmount every impedi- 
 ment ; by the diredion of my guides I foon found my 
 lady's wigwam ; on coming near, fawher ftanding at 
 the door with a piftol in one hand, with the other hand 
 ihe caught hold of my right hand and difcharged the 
 piftol, pointing it to my bread j at this I neither winked 
 nor Itarted hack ; ftie faw my firmnefs, pulled me into 
 her wigwam, entertained me and my attendance in 
 the beft manner according to their method of treating 
 ilrangers of the firft rank.* The next momi^ig the 
 ©Id fquaw infornifedme ihat flie would provide all, tfaie 
 ;ieceflarieS (or mj jomMf, fHiett-dtflftliiieH t&e y©ung 
 U(>en who attended roe to this Tribe. Tlie old (Jueen 
 and I foon became acquainted, and in my broken way 
 TL communicated to her the motives for my undertaking 
 this journey, and fome Iketches of my former fufferings, 
 ^c J to all which Ihe paid particular attention,, and 
 obferving my fprightly actions and warlike appearance, 
 iaade me an •ffer of being one cf her firft officers and 
 
 favourites, 
 
 ♦ I Icamt that it was her praftice to trea< all ftrangeri who 
 ^ifhed her patronage by trying thctn as above, if tbey flipcbed 
 Ihcy were deprived of her good vIBces. 
 
t\iiiM'mf 
 
 CHARLES DTlNNn RU80E D ERES. 
 
 7* 
 
 fiiTountesV afld that I fhotild mavry her favourite 
 daughter if I would tarry \nth her, with many other 
 perfuafive argumentsw She endeavoured to prevent my 
 purfuing my planof returning to my friends, but all 
 to no purpofe — file found that I would not tarr}', made 
 the neceflary preparation for my departure, and in fix 
 days after my fir ft acquaintance with her, I took mj 
 leave and departed, with four men, canoe and provi- 
 fion. My joy incr«afing on my nearer approach to my 
 own countt-y ferved as wings to waft me on. 
 
 
 
 I cbfldhtied my jdufnVy frHm TrSe t6 Imef Jn 
 fame manner as before defcribcd. Some villages, the 
 refidence of each particular Tribe were diftant one from 
 the other, fome forty, fome fifty miles. On my way I 
 croflcd a very large and rapid river, fupplied by three 
 remarkable large fprings on the fide of a large moun- 
 tain, not far diftant from the place of the river where 
 I pafTed over. I cheerfully went on with my young 
 men, canoe, &c. for about one month afcer pafllng o- 
 ver this river, 1 travelled on, and on the iQlh day of 
 June 1787, I arrived at Detroit after eleven ycut^ 
 abfencc. 
 
 J,/.V 
 
 m 
 
 -.ftVf 
 
 
 Although now among my countrymen, I but po()r- j-; 
 ly enjoyed myfelf for feveral days, having been fo long 
 abfent I had almoft forgot my French language 
 and the inhabitants took me for an Indian ; howeieiji | 
 
 vi6' 
 
 one 
 
 1 
 
 
 1" 
 
A . ''I H 
 
 .. i/'J.-. ^i 
 
 mump 
 
 mrvf 
 
 wmw^^^^mmim 
 
 i^i^mmmmmm'tmr. 
 
 I' I 
 
 %o 
 
 lVlElROIR-8 or 
 
 I) J 
 
 II 
 
 •ne dayl entered the ftore belonging to t Mr. BaiUa^ 
 hi^ clerk attentively viewed me» ikw fomething in sny 
 eovtntenance difiFepeiit from the covrntenances of my In. 
 dian corapanions, afked me in French^ if I was ail In- 
 dian I I anfwt^ed him in the negattye ; on hi$ queftion. 
 mg me further, I informed him, thoagbi in a broken 
 manner, of my misfortunes among the Indians, and 
 that my father lived near Quebec, on ifty leaving him 
 in the iSrfl of the year 17,76; the clerk immediatclf 
 •called Mr. Balbie and informed \um who I was, of mj 
 fufferings, whether bound, &c. This wortliy man mov- 
 ed with the account I had^given of myfelf, took panic- 
 ularnotice of me, and gave me proviiion during my 
 tarry at JDetroit. Here I difmiiTed my friendly com- 
 panions, the Indians who came with me to Detroit j 
 they bid me an affe<5lionate farewel and d«;parted for 
 their homes. Mr. Baibic furniihed me with money to 
 pay my paflage over the Lakes St. Ciair and Erie, I 
 heartily thanked my benefactor, took my leave of him 
 after I had fpint ten days at Detroit, and departed, 
 liomewards bound, and arrived at Lake Erie in a few- 
 da^ s. Here. I tarried but one day, from thence I went 
 on by the way of Ningara Falls to Lake Ontario ; 
 here J tarried a few days, waiting for a pafTagt over 
 this Lake. I was much reduced, having fold what 
 trifles 1 could /pave, at length hearing of a fmall vef- 
 fel arriving from Cataraque, I immediately went on 
 %oard9 and to my grsat joy, found the commander to 
 
BBSSI 
 
 CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D £R£S. 
 
 8i 
 
 h my -coufiii from Quebec— we had not feen «ach cth. 
 cr for eleven years ; the joy felt by us both on this joy- 
 ful meeting, is better felt than cxprefled— -with this 
 friend I croifTed the Lake and came to Montreal. 
 
 While at Cataraque, being in a lonely, difconfolatft 
 ftate, deilituie of money and friends, X met tv^ith a gen- 
 tlemen* to whom I communicated my wants; he, touch- 
 ed with my diftrefs, at once became m/ friend, and be- 
 ing a man of compaffion and lat^e property, he took 
 off my uncoudi drefs (Indian faftiion) and gave me 
 cne agreeably to the drefs of the people with whom 
 I now refided — here I tarried for one month under the 
 eye and afliftance of my invaluable friend and benefac- 
 tor — after which, as above related, I (my new drefs 
 giving me fome uite^anefs) aukvrardly ftroHed about - 
 for fome time ; at length finding a veffel bound f» 
 Q^oebec, I engaged my piflage thither, and after four 
 days arrived at the city, the fight of which gave mc 
 inexprefSble joy. On my landing, my eyes were ftruck 
 with a moft agreeable fatisfa(flion, viewing now an ob- 
 jed which heretofore, in my juven-le ftate, filled me 
 with fingular pleafure j anon an ec'ifice of public refort 
 fi:ruck me with inexpreffible joy — walking from ftreet 
 to ftreet, I faw many of my former acqaintance, to mcf 
 
 h\ 
 
 * Mr. Geroge M'Lonc, a merchiBt of pn^bity and I^'g* 
 property. 
 
.mi. 
 
 " ' ^' ■ will I ■ ! Ill >i m il 
 
 ^mmm 
 
 I 
 
 B2 
 
 .kfriiti <! 
 
 T; t 
 
 Fi 
 
 -■•il- 
 
 MEMOIRS or 
 
 ^ -."i^'-if' 
 
 fully known, "but to them I was as a ftranger — ^my joy 
 on feeing them, many of whom being my former inti- 
 mares at fchool and juvenile excurfions, ovevflowed to 
 that degresr, that I could not reftrain, but in a flood of 
 voluntary tears of joy I flopped them, and caught 
 them by the arm, with a fobing heart, in broken French 
 4;rieJ out, do you not know me ? I am Charley, your 
 once beloved aM faithful companion in forrow and joy; 
 I am he who you faw wontonly torn from your affec- 
 tions, and from the embraces oi an indulgent, tender 
 father, and by the command of a tyrannical ruler, un- 
 refervedly given to the Savages of the wilderncfs, with 
 them I have encountered many dangers, furmotmtcd 
 vTmheard of (by you) trials ; I have fought you with 
 we^ritbme fleps, and here in this beloved, peaceful city 
 ^ hdve found you. On their recognifmg me, they with 
 ^pen arms received and embraced rae, and with un- 
 i-feigned frien.ilhip, one and ail invited me to their rd- 
 neflivc dv/clling£. 
 
 ! : 
 
 »v With my quondam, bofom companionr:, I tarried 
 
 but a few days, enjoying their fmcere congratub.tions 
 
 on my fafe return to the city, wherein my firft young 
 
 pulfe begin to beat ; my anxiety of feeing my dear 
 
 father* and family, urged xtty departure. 
 i - I arrived 
 
 • ♦Qn my arrival at QueUec, I found that a»y Uihti fiiU 
 K . vij 41 Si. Nku'ia* 
 
 i^."^- 
 
CHAJILES DENNIS RU80E D liRES. 
 
 83 
 
 ■^ I arrived at Quebec on Saturday, Auguft the lothj 
 1787, and on Monday following, I took my leave of my 
 Quebec friends, and at three o'clock in the aftcrnooa 
 of r.he fame day, arrived at. my father's houfe at St. 
 Nicola,* without much difficulty I found his dwellings 
 and eagerly entered } here I found a beloved nfter, 
 who intent on her domeftic affairs, on my entering 
 took but little notice of me, however fiie complimcnrevl 
 me with a feat near her j I attentively viewed her, and 
 cafily difcovered in her countenance a family liker.efs, 
 I was eager to inform her of the caufe of my vilk ; I 
 therefore began to converfe with her, as who is the 
 raafter and owuer of this houfe ? is he within ? or gone 
 forae diftance from, home ? to which fiic anfwc^'-cd, 
 Uiis houfe is owned and occupied by Mr, Louis R ufo« 
 B'Eres, who is now in his fhop hard by ; I then queHiioiV^ 
 ed her about the owncr*s family ? fhe informed me that 
 his family was but fm»ll, hsvittg^heritofore had a Ur^e 
 cne ; that but three children were left, fh« Witig one ; 
 that the family had been unfortunate, having parted 
 with two fens much beloved, one was gone to France to 
 perfe^ his trade, being a limner, the other, a beloved 
 brother, the youngeft of the family, w;^y by a raore than 
 brutal decree given to ludians, and by them carried to 
 their far diftan: dwellings, this by my agsd ^ind tender 
 
 
 Musi. . ^thcr J..;-; 
 
 _, *The diflantc from Qubec being bat. nine iuWts. 
 
 •^ 
 
84 
 
 Memoirs o^ 
 
 l\ 
 
 father was feverely felt, for many days and lonel/ 
 nights he lamented the lofs of his much beloved fon> 
 wbuld often in the extremity of grief cry out, Oh my 
 fon ' my fon t how waft thou torn from thy fond fa- 
 therms embrace ? and that at a period moft engaging, 
 and what adds to my infelt forrow, given to the uncul*. 
 tivated Savages of th^ tracklefs wildernefs, where notl> 
 ing but brutal roar, incrcafed by the more brutal man- 
 ners of cafe-hardened wretches, ftrangers to every feeL 
 ing of humanity } all this and much more was the dair 
 ly eiruiic;is of ray father's parental breaft. I too, faid 
 my fifter, mingled ray tears and ^ries with the beft of 
 fathers, but alas | aLi 1 our fighings were loft in z\r, 
 my once beloved brother is gone, no more to be feen; 
 '^nd careiTed by his fond father and deareft conneCf 
 
 ^^ions. 
 
 ;f:'. 
 
 
 W h 
 
 ^'ffy^moiuia^ account given by my fifter, entered 
 Ihy inmoft foul, and roufed all my paffions to the high* 
 eft key, for fome time I was unable to utter even one 
 word, at length my tender paffions but a little fubfided, 
 I began by informing her, that I had travelled among 
 Indians of various Tribes, that in rny travels I heard 
 much of a perfoa who had been wontonly delivered to 
 them, that I had often heard his lemcntations echo 
 through the uncultivated defert ; at this ftie attentively 
 eyed mt, and burft into tears, here a fcene opened im- 
 jpoEible for me to d?fcribc ; ii«re fat a long abfent and 
 ^ ' ''^ almoft 
 
CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D ERES. 
 
 ilmoft forgotten brother, there a beloved Mer, eager- 
 ly catching every falling word from the lips of aTriendly 
 ftranger — I could no lunger refrain, but fprarg from my 
 feat, caught her in my willing arms, and with a ftam- 
 mering voice, dxclaimed, I am your brother ! I am he 
 who was torn from my friends and fuffered, was dead 
 to them, now alive ta declare to you what I have expe- 
 uienced in the various turns of Providence during my 
 long abfence — does my father live ? is his life ftill con- 
 tinued to receive the filial embrace ? and. to give the 
 parental welcome ? my fifter was much overcome and 
 for awhile could not reallfe my fafe return, fhe at 
 length recovered, faying, ftay my brother, -I will haf- 
 ten to my fatlier. My fifter ran to 5ny father, fou»4 
 him In the (hop direding his workmen, fiie immedi- 
 ately Informed him of what ilic had feen and heard, 
 he llftened with Indifference, faying all this cannot be 
 true, your brother is long fmcc .dead, your informer is 
 feme Irapoftor, who on hearing the particulars tf cut- 
 lofs In your brother, now to curry fivDur wiih us, ht^s 
 contrived this plaufible flory to impofe on us. lier tar- . 
 rying fo long Increafed my defire to fee him., I ran to the 
 fhop, on entering I at once knew him, he turned re- 
 wards me and caught me in his arms J novv- thou^j^ht If 
 my joy i& compleat, my toils arc at an end, one? cr-^^'^ 
 I -^alife the embrace of a long abfent fithcr ; be^: >np 
 ye delufiVe faitoms, keep back ye viuonary dreams, 
 
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mm 
 
 I'H 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 ^.'/"•^^■^w/-^ 
 
 86 
 
 .iX 
 
 -K 
 
 MEMOIRS Of 
 
 let me bathe, fecurcly bathe in the joyful tears,* and 
 embrace the tendered of fathers ; to this the fpeila- 
 tors could but utter> how tender the embrace of long 
 ablent friends? ^J^*^-'^. . ■ •'-?■ --^' , 
 
 After many exprefllons of unfeigned joy, we retired 
 to my father's houfe, where he gave me a minute ac- 
 count of his trials after I left him, of my brother and 
 other fifter. He told me that he and my brother were 
 confined in the guard houfe during the American war, 
 and at the commencement of peace were liberated ; 
 that he had fuffered much In his property, having loft 
 iiis real property in Quebec, in confequence of his tak- 
 ing an aftive part with General "Montgomery, as has 
 been related ; that my brother was gone to France j 
 tfeat my other fifter was now in a family ftate, having 
 brien married about two years, ; ^ 
 
 My father being (previous to my return) left with- 
 cut a fon, he propofed that I fhould tarry with liim and 
 go on with his black-fmith's bufmefs — to this I readily 
 confented, and went on in that line four years, enjoy- 
 ing myfelf with my friends, with as much eafe and fat- 
 isfa^ion as if 1 had been with them from my youth, 
 forgetting all things behind, iooking for better thin;3;s 
 
 :■:._■ 1 ■? to 
 
 *The rclatcr fuppofri that joyful » well as forrowful te^ts 
 
 flurn»t€]y flow. 
 
 
 -,.,— »"-^» ^ 4-'*ft>.^ 
 
fw^m^ 
 
 CHARLES DENNIS RU80E D £RE». 
 
 87 
 
 to come. Thus I went on until an uitexpefted letter 
 from Montreal roaii'd all my comforts. 5" 
 
 Two In<lian chiefs arrived at my father's with z 
 letter from Colonel Campbell* at Montreal. On their 
 coming I was much alarmed, knowing them to belong 
 to a Tribe through which I pafled, when on my return 
 to Canada. I communicated this to my father, who 
 was much troubled and advifed me to take no notice 
 of his letter, which was to invite me tb repair to Mon- 
 treal, there to undertake to go as interpreter among 
 the Indians to negociate the bufmefs, i9t the Engllfh a- 
 mong them. My father anxioufly enquired of the chiefs 
 what Mr. Campbell wanted of me ? why be had fent 
 for me ? they replied, they knew nothing of the bufi- 
 nefs. I hearing of Colonel Campbell's gentleman-like 
 chara<fler did not heiitate^ but with the cliiefs fet o^ 
 
 for Montreal. 
 
 b^;^;i -.-l 'y^'^jy 
 
 On my arrival Mr. Campbell informed me, that 
 he was in want of an interpreter to go with the In- 
 dians, &c ; the Indians recognifing my perfon, claimed 
 me as having received many favours from them, when 
 among them. On his I began to fear fome trap was 
 
 iayed to carry me back to the Indians. 
 
 ■ ......_ '■■•'^- The ■■;• 
 
 A.'i' 
 
 *An officer of diftiaftion at Montreal, i»d ovcrfeer of the 
 
 .EngUEi trade with the IniJIins. 
 
 ; ■■■J' ■■> 
 
 - ^ 
 
 
•V't ■:, ■;■■>'. 
 
 m 
 
 ■'f.«. 
 
 MEMOrRS OY 
 
 
 t The Tery idea of returning among them was AiiGeient 
 to forbid my undertaking, I therefore difcovered.a 
 backwardnefs j on which Mr. Campbell ufed many 
 pcrfuafive arguments to gain my confent j as that I 
 ihould' be allowed captain's pay with rations, and other 
 priviledges annezcd.to that. office j that thofe Indians 
 eune for this purpoib three' hundred miles, and could 
 not be denied ; that the trade with them was of the 
 greateft confequence to the Britifli nation.* All this 
 Mr. Campbell fuppofed was a fufficient inducement for 
 mc to engage in this important miflion, and propofcd 
 that I (hould take the oath of office and of allegiance 
 to the Britiith King, &c. &c. This femibly touched 
 me, at once realifing my former treatment from that 
 Ring's officers. I was fo much irritated that I fhew 
 my refentment in words, (perhaps too fevere) this the 
 Colonel refented as pointed- at him and his King ; he 
 called a guard to take me into cuftody — this incemlid 
 me but the more ; I was fo far from being intimidated, 
 that I even damned him^ and defied his guard. The 
 Indians being now abfent, I turned my back, ran to 
 the river, jumped into a boat, which fortunately pre- 
 fented for my efcape. In this boat I crofled the St. 
 Lawrence and with all fpeed made towards St. Nicola. 
 , .-. '^. :• . M w^- ;\' Colonel 
 
 * This trade with the Indians conGfted in furs of variout 
 kinds, large (^uantides of which were annually exported to 
 
 M 
 
 ■' f 
 
 ''\' i 
 
 ''^' 
 
iJI/fja. 
 
 CHARLES DBMMIS RUSOE D ERES. 
 
 «9 
 
 ' Colonel Campbell Immediately difpatched a mef- 
 f&igir with a letter to governor Carltoa at Quebec, 
 containing an account* of my efcape, and the necefllty 
 of apprehending me. This meflenger arrived at Que- 
 bec nearly as foon as I arrived at St» Nicola, and with- 
 in two days after my arrival, a ferjeant with his guard 
 properly cquiped, came to my father's houfe in queft 
 of their prey — on hearing this 1 armed myfelt, went 
 out to them, and informed thSm that I was determin- 
 ed not to be taken alive, that I would kill the firtl per- 
 fon who Ihould touch me — this brought on a pailcy» 
 they informed me that they did not wilh to injure me, 
 that they had no orders for this ; on this they retired 
 to a neighbouring houfe, which gave me an opportun- 
 ity to reflet on xny Situation and mode of my fmure 
 
 conduct. 
 
 
 On a mature deliberation of my prefent fituation I 
 thought it beft to decamp,f and pufli for the United 
 States, hoping there to find a fecure afylum from the 
 Britifh. This plan I communicated to my father, and 
 to feme few of my beft friends — this they confented 
 torelu^antly, inhopes ef myTafe return to them at 
 
 fome • 
 
 m 
 
 i--»m 
 
 * As I afctrwardt learnt from Montreal, and t!?at he conficlw * 
 ered me as engaged in the Britifh fervicc. 
 
 f As I expe£led aootber vifit from them, and the uncertaiaf 
 ty of the iuccela* ' ', ''w ;. ^ 
 
 m 
 
 
I, ■ 
 
 VI 
 
 if 
 
 f 
 
 90 
 
 MBMOIRS Of 
 
 .a: 
 
 V 1 
 
 fome future period. Having their confent and appro- 
 ))ation, I prepared myfelf as well as my time and cir- 
 cumdances would allow. 
 
 I left my father's family, direfted my courfc t© 
 St. Johns, where I fafely arrived j here I procured a 
 pafs to Onion Rriver, Vermont State, and arrived 
 without much difficulty, and let myfelf to General 
 Allcn,with whom I wrought one month ; he not having 
 any further employ for me, I then engaged with a Mr, 
 Boynton an innkeeper for two months, to work at the 
 blackfmith's and farmer's bufinefs ; I alfo wrought at 
 my trade with a Mr. Collins. 
 
 ' One Evening at Mr. Boynton*s, I found two men* 
 who came from Montreal, bound, to Hatfield and 
 Northampton — I fuppofing myfelf to be at too fliort a 
 diftance from Mr. Canipbell, and that he might by 
 fome means find out my place of abode ; I therefore 
 engaged a paffage with the travellers in their carriage, 
 intending to pufh further on towards Bofton or Nf-^v. 
 York. 
 
 -•■•■ ■ .^i ■. V V :.\'. 
 
 * On our arrival at Northampton, they gencroufly 
 gavt; me half the fum agreed on for my paffage, having 
 paid an equal proportion of our expence on the Jour- 
 ney. I endeavoured to tnter on fome employment ift 
 
 ■ ■ ". ■ ^• this 
 
 * White and Chapin, ^*„-!,^'i y:': }, f 
 
 ** 
 
 *-''-.-, 
 
 .'•c,.'v„ '.:':: ,..i'^::r::.v .'^^■f'<:';ih- 
 
 *-«gvm 
 
CHARLES DENNIS RUSOE D ERES. 
 
 91 
 
 this town, but found none — parted with tny two friends 
 «ind left the town, having Bofton in i;iew — travelled on 
 the road leading thither ; at length coming into Brook- 
 field, I again offered my fcrvice, but finding none at 
 
 my trade — at length I entered the houfe of a G m , 
 
 M— — e, and enquired if they wanted to hire a good 
 hand to aflift them in their domsftic bufincfs ? on my 
 f-uttiftg my queftion, a rough looking, hard fac*d old 
 man,* fetting by the fire place, turned to me, quef- 
 tioned me of my good qualities and fkill in work ? I 
 anfwered that I was acquainted with the blackfmith's 
 bufinefs, tiiat I alfo had fome knowledge of farming, 
 and of other domeftic employments, that I had fought 
 employment at my trade, but of late found none, that 
 I was willing on proper encouragement to engage in 
 farming, &c ; to which he liftened, and replied that he 
 was not p mechanic, but that he was a farmer and want- 
 ed help; I laid I fhould be glad to engage with him if a- 
 greeable : he made me anoffer, wli!ch although fmall 
 wages I accepted, and covenanted to tarry with him 
 feven months. Here openei i new ft ne, being unac- 
 cuftomed t( this new employ ; however, I made the 
 bed of a bad bargain, and exerted every nerve to pleafe 
 my employer, but my attempts were fruitlefs. He 
 U-eated me with rigor j turning me out early; and kecp- 
 
 mg 
 
 * This man I fou-^ ^0 be the head of this ftaaily, and tha« 
 I»c ruled it as with a iv^ - of Iroa. , ' ' 
 
 'il^.'^ 
 
 
 i' 1 
 
 \ 
 
 idio., -...-g't^j .^ V' 
 
 (iv?W> 
 
 .♦.. ii*e^ "*■■'*'**•' "^^ " ' 
 
■^. 
 
 4^ ^3^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 % 
 
 ■Z<s 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ^1^ li£ 
 
 £ us 112.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 1 1 A 
 
 
 „ 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 .> 
 
 
 ^ - 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WfST U^Mfi STREiT 
 
 wiB'iieu.N.. <4; ;i 
 
 (716) •7'i-4S03 
 
^^^ 
 
 fe 
 
 ,^0 
 
 \ 
 
 ■,) 
 
i) 
 
 MSMOIRS Of 
 
 .' !, '. ''iV'SffilffSPiPi 
 
 C* '. 
 
 ^n-f 
 
 ing me late m the meaiirft and moft arduous labour $ 
 taming me from his table into the kitching among hts 
 negroes, and other menial fenrants, with whom I drew 
 an equal (hare of coarfe and rough food — at night I 
 was obliged to turn in with a boy who invariably (luck 
 to his rule of wetting his couch every night, not with 
 tears only, but with a liquid, the £nglt(h name of which ' 
 being fo difagreeable I forbear to pronounce, although 
 a monofyllable. In this ftifagreeable ftate I wrought 
 with him through the feven months, for which I enga. 
 gcd. My employer treated me thus roughly thinking 
 to oblige me* to quit his fervice before my rime of en- 
 gagement expired, thereby to clip me of my wages ; 
 but in this he was millaken — in many other refpe As he 
 treated me with more than favage brutality (executions 
 only excepted) infomuch that I frequently wi(hed my- 
 felfwithmy Indian friends, at Scanyawtauragahrooote 
 liland. With much difficulty I recovered my wages 
 of this churl ; who anfwered to every bad quality both 
 in mind and perfon. After this I let myfelf out to 
 work at my trade for fifteen months with a Mr. Abbot.f 
 who carried on the fmith's butinefs with difpatch, and 
 to good advantage. My tarry with this man was moft 
 agreeable> he and his family treated me in every refpeft 
 vi^th humanity, and on all . occafions with tendernefs. 
 Her« I became acquainted npc only with the inhabi- 
 tants 
 
 "* Ai 1 afterwands Icai^t. t Mr. Abbot lived in BrookBcId* 
 
~ If 
 
 'C»Ajll«l9iNNli HVISOE D*£RES. 
 
 ^ 
 
 'lasts' of this, bat <jf the itdghbonring towr^s fflfo. Be- 
 tort the expiration of xny term I engaged for wiA Mr. 
 ^Abbot, I fonna in'opMing atSpencCi, a neighbouring 
 'town AiitaMe for iriybtifinefs— thither, on the expira* 
 tion of the term \ engaged Tor, after recti ving- my \v^ 
 gts* I' removed, and triih fuftable encouragement fet 
 iftpfof myfelf I <bon became acquainted with the inhabi* 
 'tants> and gamed much cuftom. 
 
 Thus feated, I htg^n to turn my mind upon the 
 comforts of ^. conjugal life> having prtvioufly gone 
 tlirough my pr-'tton of forrowand fatigue. I became 
 acquainted wUh a female^ of this town, to whom I 
 made my addreiles,, and in a proper time,: agreeably to 
 the cuftom of this country, made her my wife— this 
 took place Au^ft i9th, I794> In this town of Spen- 
 cer I tarried thirteen months after marriage, enjoying all 
 the comforts of a domeftic life, filrroundcd with nii^y 
 'friends, formed by my new conjugal confee^on. ^ 
 
 11 
 
 If 
 
 This town is ^n Inland fittiation,-fnflde up |iiincipid& 
 
 !y of farmers— my unaccudomcdneTf fd Wtttk fbitabff 
 
 'for them, lid me to iionfider this town nOtas a fykablc 
 
 l>late for my iSiture refidcnce and employ j I therefore 
 
 fought for a town better iltuated for fuch buiinefs, as I 
 
 was mod acquainted with and beft calculated topurfue- 
 
 I made 
 
 *Mlli*i 
 
 * Mifa Hannah Protily, » maiden lady of goo<l repute, ff»4 
 
 a t>raach of a respectable family* 
 
 4 
 
H 
 
 (7 
 
 i.-tnadeall the enquiry in my pewer for luch a town^ 
 -at length, hearing much faid of a northern State,* 
 tthat buiinefs was carried on there to great advantage} 
 Jrefoh^ed to try my luck, in that quarter.-: with this 
 nriew I left Spencer-^travelled until I xame to a town 
 fwrliich on my firA entrance agreeably ftruck my rnind-^ 
 Jjierel fought .employ, and luckily found a manf who 
 wanted my work ; with.him I engaged, and from him 
 and his family received much kindnefs. I be- 
 came intimate and made him my confidential friend : 
 he having learnt the hiftory of my .paft life, and future 
 vriHies, encouraged me to fet up my bufinefs in the 
 town, by vjjiofe friendly advice and affiftance I niade 
 an attempt, and ^found it fuccefsful in gaining cuflom 
 Mnd credk. ^■■■^.m'- 
 
 .6oon after my fettlement ia my new and laft fta- 
 ijon, I fent for my yokefellow, with whom I now re- 
 side in a moft agreeable fituation, where I hope to con* 
 itihue fb long as my ftrength, flvill and integrity (hall 
 irid me in gaining cuftom and repuution, as becomes 
 ■ «il'.^ood.£ltizen<. ., . •ir^^*»*.'>>«*H tw»**j:K!rn.i*-1fi-*! 
 
 + Mr.J. C/Smith, \\ 
 
 ^NeW'Hai^^tiure. 
 
 f^"f^ 
 
 :'■ a? 
 
 .^*fr-f- 
 
 .;j;\ 
 
 **<•••*■ n -ir * 
 
 
 
,;, 
 
 ^:iia^;|li.:ii*iii^. 
 
 . ■<>'> 
 
 
 . ii. -t 
 
 ,.>. 
 
 %ft! ii^' ' 
 
 '>-.; A .*v. ^ 
 
 i-i;rii-X:>>4:,;5'J^ 
 
 
 
 .,:h( a. j^^-K^'l '}mi jv^i^jiii^l $;^| jV 
 
 ; J\luCH hath been faid and publlflied (hf r 
 
 whe learned) on the origin of the. aborigines of this 
 country at different periods, fince the firft dlfcovery 
 andjfettlement of America, by Europeans. However 
 pUufible their hypothatical mode of reafoning may be,, 
 nothing as yet hath ever appeared fufficiently eonclti* 
 five on that fubjed, and I conceive never can be, as 
 the materials, neceflary for compiUr^: an authentic 
 hiftory never can be obtained ; the natives not having, 
 if in their power to give any account from whence 
 their ^n&eftoi s fprang, nor even to give any account 
 of mattery that have taken place in modem times 
 any farther back, than by faying that fnclv andfuch 
 matters, as battles fought by thema^nd vi^ory pn their 
 iI4e fucceeded, &:c. fo many mooBs pa(l, (as they count 
 by moont that alternately fucceed after fuch events.},. 
 
 ->* •>. 
 
 Any further attempts, therefore, to trace Indian 
 chronology fo far as to reduce it to any tolerable de- 
 grec of fatisfaftion, muft be fintidefs ; however, I leava 
 ^t tp thojBi ^ho are |^caf«d with the ftudy of antiqui- 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 !( 
 
 
 
 i^ffl^s 
 
 1 
 
 \m^ 
 
 n- 
 
 
 \ 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 
"«^JJ»^»>I«"^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 APPENDIX,. 
 
 i 
 
 i'l'^ 
 
 i-. 
 
 
 tyi and vrho sire fond of drawing poiltire co&requencesb 
 from (as tbejr fajr) circumftjuuial premifes. 
 
 As my rdfidencc among ihofe Indians to whom I 
 was givsn was for a. cbnfidcrablc length of time, the 
 account I propofe to give of them may be depended. 
 on, having, been an eye witnefs to many of their move- 
 ments, both in war and peace, my felf. being accounted,, 
 by them, as one, and that of no fmall confequence, both 
 in the cabinet and in the field ok. Mars. 
 
 That the reader may 'lave a better Tdea of their* 
 manners, cuftoms, iscc. &c. I Ihall give it in chaptfersj,, 
 as by the following fequal may be read* ^ ■ .^ r / 
 
 f My acqoalntanee wiHi tlie Tribes q£ Iiidiain in th« 
 ^cinity of the iflaad of Scanya^wtattragahtooote* 'waf , 
 but &aa^t although with tJxat Tribe ten yeai^ I fhall' 
 thertfore confine myfclf to as particular « dtibiption 
 of th« Tribcj their maimers, Sec, i»ith whom I refided. 
 That Tribe was Ac moft numerous fas I was Shfbrmed. 
 by dieir chiefs) of apty in that part of Americi, and 
 moft warlike, as left^ realifed this during ngiy refi^. 
 dance with them, not hating known them onceio Mi ia^ 
 their warlike feats, eithec defipnAve or oSenfive. . 
 
 :-.^#'( jt*,V'-jf-'' "•*'»*/'♦?* H':-''^:'*^'^-'^--''^. ■ ";<'-.^-»*-r,.**'* 
 
 ^.^_^n»-.^ . 
 
 r 
 
I, 
 
 A p p i: N » r Xi 
 
 57 
 
 :;c'v./s G H A p. I; 
 
 
 ;:w>v.V > . 
 
 ■ S : 
 
 Or THII& PsillOH8» D&BSS» &C.*4it ^ '^^ 
 
 T= 
 
 jfti.-' A;f» -Ml/a 
 
 
 HEY al« in general tall and ftrait limbed. A d?^ 
 fl^iiicd fiorfon is rartlT-to be found atnong them. 
 TBeirfltin is of a copper colour — their eyes are large 
 and rerjr blacfcf and of ^ a piercing Xtght^ difcovering 
 ob}edts» dlbugfa fhiall, atagreat diftance, infomu^h, 
 that they fclcfom fail of ftriking the mark aimed at by 
 the guide of the feathered jeotow. Their teeth are well 
 fet; and feldam fail,cTen in old age-^-their breath fweet 
 2s the gentle rephyr of an unclouded morning of May 
 -— their cheek iiOnes are^ rather raifed, more fo in the 
 fdinale thart thfe jiiale ; the former are more flefky, and 
 hotter than the latter^ The hair of both-fexes is very 
 long* c.*>arfe, and of the blackeft hue; tLe females 
 pride thenHelye^ much in the length and ftiraitn efs of 
 theirs; fdr ttiiii purpc^e they frequently apply Bear'^ 
 greafe, and 12- certain powder pulverifed from the bark; 
 of elmor bh)wn'afli5 thus prepared, they hang to the. 
 extremity of their hair lead "weiglits, which feryes to, 
 facilitate the growth. . ' •Kt^;^vl' '^^j' 
 
 TKc IhdiffBS are careful to prcvint tfcfe giFowti? o!?: 
 any hair upon any part of their body, the hairy fcalp, 
 tolyeiceptedr The males extras > their beards, &c. 
 
 I 
 
 y^. 
 
 y^-i 
 
 ■ '^VSfthri 
 
I!; 
 
 li 
 
 V I 
 
 P« 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 \ •' 
 
 vrith nippers made of mre, procured from the Spar*^- 
 
 lards* 
 
 M 
 
 hi'^*:, 
 
 '.i'.*\K;i-* ■^^ . 
 
 , The males of all ranks, from thie wattior to the 
 pappoofe, a*re matked with the fun on the outfide of. the 
 right leg, the moon and feven ftars on the infide of die 
 fame : thofe of the males who have diflinguiihed thern-^ 
 felvcs by their extraordinary exertions in war, and there*- 
 by acquired great namcs^.are diflinguiihed from others. 
 by the Angular drefs of the head. The hair. is. plucked, 
 from the head, except a fmall. portion on the. back part 
 the bignefs t)f a man's band ; the hair thus left on is 
 , permitted to grow to a great length, and ornamented 
 with filver broaches and feathers of various colours, 
 from the crown of the head to the extremity of th& 
 hair. Their blankets alfo, are of the firft quality, and. 
 ornamented with diver clafps.; the firft,.. which .is fixed 
 at the nape of the neck behind^ is as large as a crown> 
 piece, and are placed equidillant in a ftraic line, to the 
 bottom of the blanket. Each clafp or brx)ach(for *tis 
 immaterial which, juft as it fuits the Hero) proportion- 
 ably decreafe in fize from the uppcrmoft to the lower- 
 xnoft, which is fixed at the lowefl extremity, and not 
 larger than a piece of filver coin of the 'malleft value. 
 The perfons thus decorated, are refpe<5led by the com- 
 monalty at fcafts, tournaments, and all public games, 
 ^s the nobility aad gentry of European nations are by 
 the psaiantry^' ■,,:iv ^ h,-. ? ^_/ ■ ;^*,.,^-.. ..>■!. . , --^ ,,■ . 
 
 %■ 
 
 J*' 
 
 "t' 
 
 ...-♦".i,,. 
 
mm. 
 
 ■t*-. 
 
 Agp-PE;MD'IX. 
 
 M 
 
 .5-»'- 
 
 The Indians of both f«xes s^e fond oF |»ifit» and 
 ufe It o^n all occaHons. The males in going; to wa» 
 paint their faces of different colours^ the right Hde 
 black, the left' red, fometimes in clfeqners of various > 
 colours, »s black, red, green, yellow, ftc. The ftmalca 
 paint a fmall portion of each cheek of'TenniUion» ^ 
 {omc particular feafons- their arms and nfcckk, tM^ 
 breaft alfo they pay particular attentioa to. Th/ol^ 
 0^ the better fort fufpend rings of gold.otiUvecfroill 
 their nofcs and -cars... ; ^f^.j;^«y:jijp^.ir;;j?i-{" • . . ,-';■ 
 
 The common dreis of tHe -males oonfifti of a bla^Ic* 
 et, clout and Ihixt, . unconfined at the rifts or coll:|r^ 
 this would confine their arms fa much aS' to prevent 
 any great exertions of the body ; their legs and feet 
 are covered with (lockings of Beaver. ikins». And 
 mogafons of Mapfe hide poorly dreiSisd. Their blanketji 
 are carefully thrown over their fEottlder^; holding th<^ 
 Upper end by two coihers ; with a trufl[f knife m one 
 Mand, ]^ipe, tobacco pouch, &c. in thje others they wal|c 
 about the village ; but in their dances, they tl^row off 
 the blanket. '^ . ^ 
 
 The females wear a covering, fomeof 'leather^ oth^ 
 ersoflinnen, when they can procure it from the 8pan-t 
 lards ; this often happens, which covers the~piticbats^ 
 
 down 
 
 
 ..^.J'Hi;, 
 
 ^ Their peticoati are made of Moore hidle or coarre^cloth^ 
 ^ea ttuiaable. : 
 
 "I ,- .. ■ ' 
 
 ■■. t' : ''• . ' \ 
 
 i^ 
 
mmmmmmmmm'^ 
 
 M:pVt1»t>Tlcf^ '^'^Wt'li 
 
 <ki#ii ti»ihe')kii««iM-4lteir fo^s Mid f<iet itrt dttS&d liVe 
 
 TheHMiiMif r 9C conftradii^: thtbiFi wigwaans liatli 
 oktadft, in tha tnemoirt^ been fafficiently defcribed* 
 3%eir iiteB&Wfor domeftlc convenience, aare ]|n general 
 itfcmUi^facli at tamfii kcttbs, botb large and fmall^ 
 a»«ccari0»ric|i^«t* Kkfves ar6 ftldom iifed but m 
 iftH^iiig'attd ^cat ving : €>n< wood, making tvood^n la* 
 dlit, dec. Their veflels ufed at feafts sire Droodeti dift- 
 «l andbowlt { into which the prepared food is dipped hj 
 Si^dtkdl^' Eferjrmenibfctofa'iamilyor collect, 
 e<l mtdtitud^i b ftttnUhod with a weoden f^pon tolera- 
 
 '.nvi 
 
 nj 
 
 ^i^eirMir^drniture^^ of 'iied^, formed by 
 
 l^ xif ikias 6f Bear, Belver and Buffaloi to a^ 
 botRMwoftet ^m the ground, on- which their bedSf 
 wathottt oid^ or diitindHon* are placed. The beds of 
 the pafents are iadtferiminately prepared*- fo that the 
 parents' lodging one sight) often l}econies t}.<; lodging 
 •f the fons or daughters the facceeding night, and fo 
 lf||,ji2|laS'U happens. A perfe€^ harmony, however, 
 pKetails th]»ttgHca6lvfamilf>b<|I^Tat Uieip meals and 
 
 MUrenieatSr 
 
 . ■ /' ■■ ■■' ■ 
 
 
 ' '«H^ \ 
 
 ^^.i^f '^^^Ipii^V; o'-' 
 
 CHAP* 
 
 ■t 
 
 
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 — 
 
 r- 
 
 , f*^-"* 
 
AFPEMDrm 
 
 to* 
 
 >'l '(I 
 
 •^■^^'^^tf^^^?^^'**^ 
 
 CHAP. lU^k^l 
 
 
 ^<::^-'yi 
 
 ■/■':uTyi :?i^ 
 
 X HE males In general live an idle, cavelefs life,, 
 never undertalung bufinefs in a domeflic line, leaving. 
 that to the females, who not only execute every kind of* 
 manual labour at home, but are obliged to travel ii)to 
 the woods and bring home the game, whether great of' 
 fmall, when obtained by their hufbandi. 
 
 r.ach family hath a particular fpot; of ground a^ 
 figned it by the chiefs, whereon to raife conif beaaS| 
 ftc; all which is tilled by the females of each- faiaii/i 
 and^in autumn, whaterer grows th^repn^ wl^ether comr 
 erany other vegetablct the profits of their labour is c&rt* 
 folly fecured, fo that the males are left to their eu:(^> 
 while at bomci realifmg that the wife is truly aa^hellt 
 neat. 
 
 What «dds sittclip io the arditHxas toil of^ tkt tr^nen 
 :^eaxly dderiibedj is, they^are obttged, to cairy wi^^ 
 d4Meiiiito^e.eem field ilbck intuits arde|kead On the' 
 other's 'b-eaftib^ fsppirt^ Thofe childreii ate cave. . 
 fiilly UChed^o the cstcaYe fide eif ^ foise tliick bat k, or- 
 to ibme piece of wood formed for that piiiipoibi From; 
 Ike vii^am to. the fisld.tlie tender «u>ther carries her 
 
 kjib«. 
 
 '>.•:•■>'-' 
 
nn iM) W ) ^y »* y »i 
 
 »0J 
 
 APrENDIX. 
 
 )i 
 
 \ I 
 
 babe flung to her baclg ; when arrived, (he feeks for 
 jfbme fare and trufty prop» to which flie ti^s the rifing 
 hope of her family in fuch a manner, and in fuch a fit- 
 uation, as by the gentle wind and melodi6u5 notes of 
 airy fongllers, the child fecurely fleeps until exhauded 
 nature roufes tlie- body, which by its infantile cries 
 fooa brings the nurfe, who from the yielding bread 
 fupplies the calls of nature withambrofial treat ; this 
 (drawn through canals unimpaired by time, or the more 
 dangerous aifaults of int:;mperance, long multiplied and 
 handed down from mother to daughter) affords a liquor, 
 at once nourifiiing and falubrious. The tender offs- 
 pring therefore is. reared, corporally, adive and vigo- 
 rous J the young and expanding mind, the better part 
 mud have an almod unbounded latitude for growth 
 when aflided by the more accomplifhed artid} for 
 vntTit of this, the young favage dwindles down to as 
 ab]e£l a date ofufeleffnefs as the long cultivated debau- 
 chee in (what are called^ poh'te and well iaformed: 
 
 iM(-\- 
 
 j!k'.t% 
 
 *■<! 
 
 ,*''; 
 
 M> 
 
 The mdes are carefiil not to intrude into the fc'^ 
 nales company at particular times, when o})]iged fe- 
 cretily to retire—- iduring the contihoance of«cailUMa<^» 
 riodical evacuations to which die females are peculiarly 
 incident, or in the more important hourjof liatufe's 
 flynggle into lifiCf 
 
 lotk 
 
 ■^^■»m. 
 
 ^ S'. 
 
 j^ 
 
 
903= 
 
 ■RPPl 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I«J 
 
 jeks for 
 e riflng 
 ch a fit- 
 lotes of 
 hauded 
 le cries 
 5 bread 
 at ; this 
 he more 
 >lied and 
 a liquor 
 ider offs- 
 nd vigo- 
 Lter part 
 
 growth 
 lift } for 
 wn to as 
 d debau* 
 
 nformed 
 
 the fe* 
 iliged fe- 
 
 leoliarly 
 
 
 .^ Jl<lth fexcs mak« and receive vlHts at proper tlnaes. 
 V)^hene¥cr a woman vifiis her female neighbour, flie 
 fnters the wigwam withoat refervC) and with ah open, 
 unreferved franknefs, pecuUar to a people ilncloged 
 with unmeaning complinjentary fentences> (never to be 
 found in female companies of the more polite, whofe 
 vifits are managed with futile and evafii^ words to 
 little or no purpofe,and of no more confequence nor edi- 
 fication, than whether a cat, to be a good moufer, Ihould 
 be black or white) the conTerfation turns upon 
 ^ubjeifts peculiarly adapted for domeftic ufe and nation- 
 al profit, fuch as the beft method to cultivate the foil ia 
 proper feafons — to rear tlieir tender offspring in the 
 beft manner for future ufefttlncfs, both in the cabinet 
 and in warlike featG — teach them in their refpeftive ' 
 lines, both male and female, the beft and fafeft mode 
 of purfuit, which if perfevered in, w41l le&d them on to- 
 honor and refpe^ability, both in their own nation and 
 with tljc Tribes of the vicinity. 
 
 Such is the condn£l of the refpe^live nurfes towards- 
 their feveral chargej, leaving the management of na* 
 tional concerns, more weighty and more important for 
 national proteAion to the males, whofe bufmefs it is to 
 ^an and execute all matters tending to peace or wan 
 In overtures for peace made by the oppofing enemy, 
 they with all the cool, difpaffionate attention neccflary 
 ^jlet^nnine ib important a matter cater on the fubjeAt 
 
 :t;J 
 
■■■' <■ ' J. 
 
 h 
 
 :•■.<.'■»' 
 
 ArM^EKOIX 
 
 \ 
 
 ■mad in &^ coancil^* eiw at a time f^^ft»-^U (S^m^h 
 for or a^ainft tke propofals, ever keeping dieirna* 
 tioialfaOiior iaview. Bat of {kit Ait>jeftand tlietr 
 maimer of managing their wacst muft be left as the 
 
 • ■ j)(k.^'>ir i •'■♦J.|J'^'' • .•!£>. »..%....^-^ . T.. '.■■i>V'. 
 
 ■-?> 
 
 ■>'■■. 
 
 
 TII«Ml M<THO]>: <»t RsCXOMrlMO TllM, fee. 
 
 
 'isj-i^.y ■# i»rv ShT-..^ 
 
 AfV HEN "ffe eotltider that the Indiana are to^Uy 
 ignorant of aftronomioal calculations, whereby with 
 preciilon to determme the regular revolutions of the 
 .planetary fyftem or periodical returns of the revolving; 
 feafons, we are ftruck with aftoniflmient — ^When we are 
 ^d that their mode of calculation never fails of a fafe> 
 iifaftory conclufion, that.at leaft 'tis tolerable. .;,;; ' 
 
 They divide the year into twelve equal parts, ae- 
 -counting the waxing and waning of each moon through 
 the year for one equal part thereof. They pay par- 
 ticular attention to the firft appearance of each mooni 
 and on the oecaHon repeat fomc animating expreflion^ 
 lieightened by fome harmonioos founds. Each month 
 
 through 
 
 .». 
 
 ' •The ceaneil eontfti ot afl Vhe eficfs ^f tSs* Mtfoa, 
 %vhich «rt coofidcrablc* ,^ / 
 
 H'i' 
 
 i\K' 
 
^f^B^m: 
 
 %^' 
 
 ftastKe 
 
 ft Ti^ •■; Ihi- 
 
 r- ^f.,' ..' ••■.■? .<i- 
 ■.» . 'i -f ■ _ ; 
 
 re tG^atlf 
 
 rebf ^'^^ 
 ons of thfe 
 
 revolving 
 
 len iwe are 
 
 of afafr. 
 
 parts, ae- 
 nthtotigK 
 
 pay p3if- 
 ch mooni 
 tpreffiotis, 
 eh montK 
 rough 
 
 )■ 
 
 'dlft>iD^'t%e year ^th them hath a nama exprefiive of its 
 ftafdHi as March, ^hh them, begins Ihe ymr*^ 
 *itftttr the vernal equiftox, they call "^ * ' 
 
 ^W/, y Second fpring moon. 
 
 Maffi ■' A* ^ ■ Witd fpring moon. 
 
 
 ■ . " -^ 
 
 Novemherf 
 
 yir(t' fiimmer mooni *-*^t^* 
 
 Second funmier moon. 
 Third fummer moon. 
 
 ic .' 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 •J, 
 
 txtd lall or autumnal moon» 
 Second fall or autumnal moon» 
 l^ird ^11 or laututanal moon» ^ 
 
 ~, V > 
 
 JPecgmbe/', 
 February f 
 
 Rrft winter *0r frofty moon^ ^ 
 ^kcoad Winter or frofty moon. , 
 Third winter or frofty moon. 
 
 When the iftooii dois nOt A^peai- they (^y it i&deacli 
 when it firft appears they fey it is cotpe to, life agaii^i^ 
 ^ey make no further divifion of time into weeks» 
 hours, &c ; but when Conveying the idea of a day they 
 
 'm 
 
 •• -"^j' 
 
 ^'■■. :.% 
 
 ' . >i ■ ■' '; 1 :■ ■ .^ .■ . :'•.■-...■. .• i'i\i,. ' . f:-. ,'i ■%( ...i^ir*- 
 
 ... , , h < T •™: ...... , vv." t 
 
 ; ■ . -■ . - ^ 
 
 They are totatl;^ igtiotant^ geography, yet Wui 
 draw on birch oark, charts tolerably exa£t of their 
 cbflntry; iScc. THiey direft their traveh in the right, 
 
 f !' 
 
 1^ 
 
 when 
 
 «-8 Xs ^ V ' 
 
Wf^^^WPP 
 
 ■IP* 
 
 ^^mmmm 
 
 illuWo 
 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 axiS 
 
 .4f?EN?^^ 
 
 fr-' 
 
 
 rvyhen the moon does not fhine bytl&e potar ftajr. Tlbcty 
 
 reckon tlie diflance of one pfU^c.e frpn^ another bjf One 
 
 ilfiep or one day's travel ; each ileep they allow ^^q be 
 
 .about tw enty or t v/enty-five miles per day. They have 
 
 ^0 idea of arithjiie^cJ?q> ■si^^i f t^ii'^. 
 
 ^r'-^m *i'^H^ httnii^'-t <' ''''■ ^^^H,V - 
 
 During my tarry ^'Uh^hemJ freqmently endeavour- 
 ed *r) inftruft them' In my mode of reckoning, but their 
 ■fondnefs for pre£»ruig their own, by counting a" ccr- 
 tam number of beads, preyaU!e4 > ^ therefore gave^ver 
 any further attempt. . ,^-. ,.~ , * 
 
 •*\?%»^*; 
 
 I* 
 
 mm 
 
 
 ,n^'^:imm- ^ C H -A •l^ ' I V. C".',V^^^^' 
 
 J Their mode of Government, manver ^oi" cowvby* 
 
 * (Mtc^KOj Imtelcicence *o' »ther Tribe's lii ' v. 
 ■ '■',^^^J t J .; JVl W AN CE Vfir H .TH E M, i^C. . ^^'-^^^^ ' - 
 
 
 ■'H' 
 
 ' )>, V V 
 
 
 jL HE S-ihyawtanragahfooote l^nbe being very nu- 
 JKerous and warlHce, particular care is taken, both in 
 domeftit and diftant operations, when called fepa- 
 lately as a tiation, or in junillion with fome other Tribe. 
 The perfbns who arc cholen to conduct aS chiefs (for 
 dhey are tronfldered as feparate departments) a<fl fep- 
 arately. The one who cen<^ufts. the operations -oi 
 
 flwar and peace^ is one wjio haj long been ^pprovedl 
 
 • . ■ ■ '■' ■■■'..' 
 
 ■."'■.' ■ -'J : 
 
 :,':.' ■'s 
 
rmm 
 
 ^1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 AP>ENI>IX- 
 
 y^ .-I.: 
 
 ■^ 
 
 107' 
 
 iU'warlike feats, for he rifes purely bjr'mefitVts prefer- 
 edi^nd is implicitly obeyed, ho one ever daring to op'i*'^ 
 pole his n^andates j but may, when called upon by the 
 c*iief> ghre his opinion on- the beft and" fureft mode oC 
 adtan^e or retreats ** *^' ^'^^** '■•^'■^^* . ^'^■^ *^^^-- mi^^^ ■ 
 
 Th© perfon who condujftS their internal polite, h 
 one who hatli by long and often tried abilities approv- 
 ed himfelf one of found- and judicious abilities j moft' 
 likely to govern without aufterity, partiality or preju- 
 dice whatever he undertakes to decide upon. He pay a 
 particular a'-tention to the charge alledged^ againfl 
 the ofFendcr ; never admits circumftantial evidence as 
 having any weight, either in condemning or acquiting- 
 thc accufed,. All the eviience-pro and^con. Is impart 
 tially weighed, and without favour or afffedlioh dicidfed' 
 upon. Thofe of thfe males who are di'ftinguiflied K^ 
 above defcrlbed,' are ever ele<Sled whenever a vacancy- 
 requires a neyr choice, never admitting of hcreditat]!* 
 
 III their domeAIe government, a number of 'perfonsi 
 are elefted to execute matters *^flefs confequence ; as to 
 put, into execution certain mandates Iffued by the com^L 
 mander in chief, and are often called upon as afllll-* 
 ants to the fupreme judge, in tryieg and decldingmat- 
 Un.ofliiis aod deaths j ' ^v1"r*;li- 
 
 Whenever- 
 
 .^ 
 
 r' 
 
f^^^fmmm 
 
 
 fi 
 
 v.f< 
 
 ?'>> 
 
 r:,v: 
 
 l; 
 
 APPEND^^IX 
 
 \ 
 
 n 
 
 : ' • f 
 
 Whenevei? occafion requires to fend tfitdligeiiee«t«> 
 diftant Tribes, 'ti-s done hy mraQging a certaip nju^^^ 
 ber of beads of different colours, in fuch a i^anner as, 
 to convey the intended idea of intelligence. The bead 
 vhich is to begin the firil word is ftopped up at its eye^, 
 and is of a larger fize. A number of bead? of the fame 
 colour are placed in a dke& line to the right, and fo 
 on, alternately placing different coloured and fized^ 
 beads fo as tq convey the vhole. of the propofed ia-r 
 telligence. The perfon$ thus i&|prn|tng, and thus, 
 receiving inteUige.nce, are fufBciently inftru^ed fo asto^ 
 convey and receive certain apd in^iUe intelligence.. 
 
 -,■ ■■ ""■'■l. : '■ . 
 
 Soon after the deat^N or reGgnation of any one of 
 the commanders, in chief, the whole of the males aft 
 femble for anew choice, which is made in open air^andt- 
 in a convenient place for that purpofe.. The national 
 pipe is brought on, and a larg;e block it fiacedin the 
 ground at a fmall diffance, on which the candidate is. 
 placed, crof&Iegged (for they fet up but one at a time.) 
 The matter is determined by the number of perfons 
 who alternately finoke at the pipe : if a large majori- 
 ty ufe the pipe at this time, 'tis determined in favour 
 of the ffrft candidate, if otherwife, a fecond is fet up 
 as the firft, and the Trib^ proceed as be&re, and fo on 
 until one is chofen by a majority of imdkers prefent.*^ ^^ 
 
 f. 
 
 ■.«i- 
 
 '.^il- 
 
 '■'n 
 
 '•,'(:?> m *: <•" 
 
 Whenever a perfon is chofen, proclamation is im- 
 mediately made of the perfon, his age and^^^itteft^ 
 
 
 Ss 
 
■MP* 
 
 Affi^m^* 
 
 ifc^ 
 
 rrhe accepts the office, all perfoiii \»4th6Ut diflindlioa 
 «ncitcle him ; h$ thtn makes- a lengthy 'li>eechi declaim 
 tng his acceptance and determination ftri^Iy to adhere 
 to their national laws, and his determiation inviolately 
 to hand ddwn to "his fuicceflbr ^3^ the rights and cere- 
 monies petuli'ar to their nation. The , multitude are 
 dien difinilTed. The fachem exercifes all the authority 
 given him as handed down by his predecefibr, until 
 Ks power ceafeth, which' is at his ^cath or TeHgnation 
 
 AniT 
 
 Asii rarely happens that any one refigns his office,' 
 electioneering but feldom takes place among them. It 
 
 often happens that 'the young warriors are called upon 
 
 .'■I "■ , , ■• ' ' ■ ■. ' ■' 
 
 to affift in council' on matters pf , war or p^ace. They 
 
 attentively^iften-to the.argumejjts^ for or > again IL any 
 
 propofed quefiton, never fpeakmg on the fubjedl ; b]Jt 
 
 by faying I approv* or difapprove, and- that will do or 
 
 will not do, juft as it fuits him* The wiiole debate 
 
 ends by the largqft nu»berof anfv^ers as above. - 
 
 7^Vf;i(,,>^.-;-;: 
 
 The war and civil d^partmfents^re by their prima- 
 ry conftitution* i9 formed, that c^ne ne\Q«) interferes 
 ©rclaflies with the other. . Each branch ftridly adhcp 
 
 *'Their code of l?w$ are handed down Inviolate Ttoxn^n' 
 tiatioiiJolgeBei^lioByftad^ ••t^be'fatoi^"ibat'*^tiiett kncclft'dri 
 slave toi -u^j'^vf: - . .«'i 
 
 '11 
 
 1 H 
 
 u. iHI 
 
 ■' 
 
 w^ 
 
 I 
 
 ii-. 1 
 
 \ 
 
 wBnii 
 
 i 
 
 
 i," 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 iiwm 
 
 hi 
 
 
i.- V 
 
 I1» 
 
 •yi, 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ing to the I^ws formext t» itipport and to C9Try «Virtf> 
 effiedt, the maiuUtes ilTucd bj tt» partieular con^ 
 mander in cbiefl 
 
 t""*T-T^ 
 
 •^VU 
 
 <*/• 
 
 ^ Such is the power of long habity no one or inferior 
 rank ever {hews the leaft reludhince in perfonning 
 whatever is in lus power^ fparing no pains day 
 nor nigbty but checrfoUy executes all orders properly- 
 authenticated, even at the hazard of his life ; ever keep<> 
 ing it in his mind, that to preferve his own li& and 
 property, '^tts neceflary to dedicate his own power and 
 time to the national wdf^ite. However, it fonje times 
 (though rarely} happens that one , or two will refeot 
 and endeavour to fniftrate the purpofes and dtcrees of 
 the civil magiftratej as was the cafe on my trial. 
 V/henever fuch condud is difcovered, the b£Eenders 
 are punifhed with death, and that in a moft ezcruoia- 
 ting manner^ unlefs prevented by the delinquents Uav* 
 ing thc.i»tionibr fvet after. . W^u'^i^-d'^^'^^-^L^'^T- 
 
 
 ■■.it 
 
 ■'/^<: 
 
 h' 
 
 X^ EASTING and dancing, among the Indians, are 
 accounted the moft honorable and fatisfa^ory pad 
 time. Nothing i? wantied, in their power to furnift* on 
 public feaft^ to render tbfi efilertaioment rngftagrcea^ 
 We. The 
 
 ;,.,.■>... 
 
i^'Jf If'JWI'l '■«■■ 
 
 ; \i ,■ 
 
 ixry «»tO> 
 IS com» 
 
 ^- *>\ c? ■*■■ , . 
 ' • ♦ 
 
 ^ inferior 
 rforming 
 atns day 
 properly 
 ver keep* 
 1 life and 
 ower and 
 R}e times 
 vUl r^nt 
 decrees of 
 ttij trial, 
 offenders 
 ezcruokh 
 lems l(»ro 
 
 dians, are 
 Rorjr pafl 
 
 urmfti on 
 )ft<agrcea« 
 The 
 
 JlFFKMPfXk 
 
 tti 
 
 - . lUt tminal f»od tBey oft jfriAclj^all^'itbF the^ 
 Bnfftfo, Besr^ Bie«v«r «nd Raoo6ii» ^A AMy otMett 
 fiudl iiirU«» a»tlictir ai^Mtste may difeiCbtlieir <flioi€»;-f 
 
 -SX }'. '! 
 
 ;) 
 
 , ^.Whenerer a pvtbKc ftaft. > propoftd bf tlit ^mt^- 
 naader in chief of the civil departzneat|.|Hn9suratt9a if- 
 rmmediately made in foxne airy and conTenient fpot ;.. 
 lor the whole- Xnbc finale aikt femal^, aflcniUt. : C; 
 
 A cerUiiii nnmber of cools anctwajters prepare thf 
 ibod^ by boiling. Beari Buffal9» Beaver, JDeer and' 
 Moofe^but Jd>oveal)| the tail of the Beaver is pref^r* 
 ed ^d ierved up to the commanders tp chief. With^ 
 this variety of meat is- added Indian corn and beans^ 
 all boiled together in^fuch a manner that it is eat, both 
 flelha56dv^ge^bl«s>W>thipoon»©nl]^ ^!i(J^$|fe^ 
 
 Mh fhimii Ci^le dn this ground ^ro^e^^edf-^in this 
 
 centre the nadonal pipe is placed* in a manner sihdst&f 
 
 defcribed. The two chiefs fit near the pipe on blocks 
 
 crofslegge<& A j^aifticijar aitentloii is paid td'Wem 
 
 by wiaiters of diftin^en* As Ibon as may be, the col* 
 
 le^ed cidzehs are ferve^ by welters plaiced on dijBPereiilt 
 
 garters, with the food m wooden bowls, eacli osne ftp^ 
 
 arately— <to ea(h a wooden fpoon is added. By a par^ 
 
 ticular flgn given by the mafier of cereiponies* eyery 
 
 gneft begins at one and^ fame time^ ever bearin^^ 
 
 in mia4 nercr t0 crack a bone which roay fall to hb 
 
 Ihare* acd to eat all contained in his diih. 
 ^ ^ • The 
 
 r 
 
 • IM 
 
 ill'i 
 t 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 r',-'-i«"¥' ^!.s ■ 
 
m0 
 
 ApriLBDr^ 
 
 ! 
 
 V TSiefqkfr ttididi they ail rife and carry to^rds 
 H «arge ^e» (^f'^arcdi'or'.t]|e:purpo&) Jris hovA, inte 
 whi^h, tb«::)(«ny. contents isyflttng^^d .tbere.li&t« 
 confume. This done, the bowls and fpoons are care- 
 m)j fedu'fc^ W' R)"iii« cbnferifcxdr ^artmenn sdWays 
 t«idyfGi*fatnre'ttffe'.'-^-'pf' -'»^''^ K'./io'iji/t* ju -iilnui*^ 
 
 TbeWiftttbled' ihlittiflferd€^iheh Ifirround 'tKc-^e^t 
 ^ipe, and (led on by tlvs commapders}. alternately 
 finok'eVwljIch' furj^her canipnts' the nation^ i)anfing 
 now takes placi^ w^ith is performed ih eiqual divisional 
 jrartifes* le^'ok^ ty each* rcfpeftive mafteiy with an .e- 
 qiial nujAl>i;r 6Jrmuficiahs,eiach'furninied with' the iniiri^< 
 mcht ofihiific alrtad^ d^fcifibfed; or ih want therepi^l 
 t»^th a Mtdh Tfetkle ' tiitTieti ^ ttottohif upwards. The 
 mufic being well i^rfbrmed, fk'tvei tb animat(i the 
 
 ^q{9- gare&4x pbij^rvcs.Uine, as beaten;^ by t^hc 
 
 ^K!^ dancing for fome confiderable.!ength of time, 
 
 a new , fcene takes place, which begin;; by fomedi^in* 
 guiflied vfarrior, iPirho fteps forward ^d in a lot:(d, yehct 
 sient voife, harangues, the. rhaltitude 1^ the following* 
 
 ' ^^ Whenever t view you in a colleftcd bbdr, an4 
 itril¥c V^r ftr^h^tfi a'rik iiilfm wiefaing the trufty 
 ^iu^ nete^ faUiifjt arroW ^ai th^'^e tiiii^ Ini^w/ 
 
 ^.ir 
 
 .»!aL ;r! u\ Ijjiiw34::?5 Ik J*Ji 03 in 
 
 'fej! 
 
 
..U-.!.,-J!JX_L_. 
 
 3r 
 
 ■i'» , 
 
 AP^PENIMX A 
 
 iii 
 
 ijoig yow valour in 1>attle» your unanimity ih eotindVb 
 i am ready to exclaim, Oh^appy nsCtion 1 ha;^py 1>e- , 
 yond. the conception of your envious neighbours : yoa. 
 have nothing to fear, not eren from the moft formidjK 
 ble enemy, however famed for planniiig and executing, . 
 £eats of war. ■ "-^'i , :• ■,■,-■ .•;,«: ■^■■^ 
 
 <* Your (ituatiOn is fuch, having good lands tor tillage 
 and hunting ground, fudicient for the fupport of your 
 families at home, and the warrior whenever called to^ . 
 defend, his national, unimpaired liberties. Add to this 
 the great abundance of Efb fwimming in our rivers and 
 lalces, to be caught in the moli rigorous as well as the 
 more mild feafons of the revolving year. Go on my 
 brethren to cultivate the more mild and harmonious 
 fpirit now prevailing among you. Let no root of bit- - 
 lernefs fpring up to choak the better growth of peacc» 
 at different periods fown and cultivate hy yourTefi> 
 peaivclcaders.*^' - - - '^■^i^m¥ ■■^' -'-.^ 
 
 •"*""' r-r' 
 
 To this they all give their apprcAwtion, tiy vthoop*. 
 ing, clapping, hands, and at proper hiitervals pronoun- 
 cing the :vord9, true, you have told nothing but tbe* 
 truth ; united we fland^ but divided we laili. liieii' 
 each one adds Peacock feathers, and other party col^ 
 •ured ones to their oaps, *c. 4^^^ V.*^^ *^«^ \^$.j"'' 
 
 Dnrtng the whole feene they- naXut o£s of no odiei^ • 
 %iid t» msa&iSfL thicir ^oats than pure water, tc^j 
 
 
 which 
 
 A; ■■ 
 
 h 
 
 'it 
 
 ' *".' t .'■♦<■.' ■ r ' "''4 
 
mm 
 
 \ 
 
 
 A^f-ENOIXL 
 
 which t|i(;jr add afmall ponioff of Indian Incal^ made'' 
 
 ^^'*'*I1ie niuititude being fufficiently fatisfie<i and tired, 
 the d0mblir is diTmifTedi and" every one pestceablv xc* 
 tirek tx> tilt or her wigwam. 
 
 Feafts of this defcriptioa never take place, but ia 
 tftnes of public jbjr. Feafts in families on weddings^ &c. 
 
 ItCs ceremonies are. often obferved* but moK of this^ 
 
 „,j ^ .1 ■ 3p4-w.s-it»j>f«» fHi^wiiTfc >■. .i-.i- 
 
 aereafter*. 
 
 .S i)b A i,«!;ij.t 
 
 'v'»t-4^;. 
 
 ■•.;.ri» /-.'!.! 
 
 X HE fuppUes of the more fubftantial part of their 
 food being obtained by hunting, 'tis necelTary that 
 9,r^frfiVf cOniifd&raMe portion of tUeir time fhould 
 b« taken up inthiaimof^ neceffary article/ Great care 
 thenefore is taicen that ever^ riAng. generation of' the 
 smki ihould be weU inftnided iathis art; -i^iim 4 iU.>: 
 
 ':■'■■ •; . ,^ \^imkmn7mH.^^!!^^0i>:'i^'^^'^ 
 
 They are early taught t}i^ rtTe.Qf ..the bow and Wfi 
 row, by fhooting at marks fixed at a proper diftance 
 fiom the archer^ This is daily pra^iced until the young 
 pi^U becomes a completenarkTmanrnot inferior to 
 
 .i^'l 
 
ATFENifflX. 
 
 
 Itis Inftrftftor. Tbty «re alfS praAfced in. m^'elding tb« ^ 
 lomstfkaifyrky. which is peculiarlf fcnricVable m ^ont^'.' 
 
 v- 
 
 1^] huntins ieftfoii fippfo^iiig/ pepantidA is ' 
 
 made for that purpoft by fixing their traj^s, hvirs^ Uoa : 
 
 '-. ^■ ■ v : ■'.,.: ■■■' . i jft'-ri'/fi'L -li.i.i.; • ;:■ > -^i iji^l: 
 The firft hunting feafon comniencpth about the firft. 
 
 of November annually, and continues with but fmall 
 
 intervals durine; the winter* until Marcli i after thit 
 
 month, and fo on during the fummer, animals of every^^ 
 
 4>ecies are di ^efs value, whether for food or cloth«/ 
 
 ing, &c. ' ' ' ,,;.,„„.[«.«,. *^..u 
 
 The quadrupeds they principally aim at in huntings 
 are tlie ftuiJalo, l><ier, MooJe, Bear/ 6tter, ^Beaver, , 
 Raccoon and the Porcupihe. At this tJimi^ the indo^V* 
 lencc pe^uliiar td the wuhters during thfe fiiiiiiher fea-' 
 fort is lohi iaid ' an ' a'6Hv^/ pertevefing; 'fedefktigabU"* 
 ii)Irit pervades the whole, ^^: y;:-i ,;*;H*.^^a X'^--'^-P 
 
 "^^"^rt^^ii^mimniim^^^ of the 
 
 animal thiy pro;^oft"to hunt, artd arie tqiiiYly' to in the' 
 meaiis lifcd^tb deftroy ik They can- eiSKlj^ difciver the 
 footfteps of the Beafts they we in piirhjit of, althoiigW 
 imperceptible by every other traveller, and with cer- 
 tamt^Volltew t1«^i^pr^y through the patWefs wiMe^iiefs. 
 
 , ,T^$ir particjplar ntpvtsmeiitfon thia* bcciCilon, drif; 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■ : ■! ; / 
 
 .•%■)-. 
 
 lii 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ..iu'Ji'. 
 
«i!wcttuihfrti«nitar;eidl party fHaXi coaiU^tif^r^ 
 thAy liuoc iiidiffevoiit xiomipmm, and! pitrfaet Mbeni 
 routs.) ' ,/" '^ a'i 
 
 ; ^Mr pKfthQd' o#' Imminf 'tHa Bfllfeb* Ittitli al. 
 teadjthedn.dpkiibodL^*iri^Pi^riom to «cb >cwMpantf *i 
 letting out on their different rotits^ agreeably to the de* 
 tierihinatioA of ilhtf cbtmcil, every perTon belongihg to 
 «cach''comi^any prepares liimfelf by fading ^ree clays ( 
 4<iring;«7hich, he neither taiftes of food nor even water, 
 nbrTufl^ri his dog, who he propbres to a^cbmpariy him, 
 tb eat any thin^. Baring thisTeUT denial ^they appeat 
 alert and happy. "V 
 
 •«VJ>^i^»f.f f J" »» I 
 
 • f 
 
 Vt 
 
 ' TharcaTont they gire tor tbis kfttng^ fti that it 
 keeps off the evil fpirit, aad: rendcn ^tSai^ ehterprifes 
 3np^ propitipas } , that it cattfeth. ilieni ^ dreaiti wha^- 
 tcourie ta pftrCue ia ord«r to obtain, t^ bcft and greatefl, 
 quantity of game, &<r. ,^;,,jv. jr^j j^^icnsu Jir.j: 
 
 . ; AU ih^., prq:«4nr£tef)b|^g ^d^teady^ £acK |>^rty 
 !fets.t>^t tm^ the diredion of fblMc long expcrteaced 
 huixterr talking iKth them their do^ and afinall num* 
 
 W of young arch<;i^;j'.,^^|^-|i^ ,^^^^^;» 
 
 
 
 Various niethods are pra<liced t&, ii«|it . the iDeer t 
 fometimes by iliooting him with the arrow, fometimes 
 \fr knoe^ himith ^ua ^mi USe tbittahjiwk -n^ o* 
 
 «« 
 
 j*1^^ 
 
 18 
 
 f - ! f ■ 
 
 it;-? I .',r.:.\: 
 
AI*rENDl!SC/ 
 
 ■ " 'f r . 
 
 *\s}ff fiitftAiiig a triAxiguUr fdnce enclofitig a fhiall piect 
 <jf meadow, w) 'which thfey tefort.* This fence is con- 
 ftrttifttti of pliable f bles interwoven between pofls fet up , 
 atia pk*oper diftance ofie from the other. Within this 
 triangolai'-fencleTiiares are prepared from the rhine of 
 t^enaiifvreediii fl6t utilike the nettle of this country, 
 ^^CTitd^edtliiy gtowing \vtth* thehi, and arefo fixed that, 
 ^e animal cdming within this enclofcire carirtot retreat/ 
 1)ut is eafily taken. 
 
 ]^ny hthndber dlfco^ed in the woods are by the 
 liunters and fiheir dogs put in motion and drove on un- 
 tl]l caught by the fnar^s« This method is Icfsexpenfive 
 and mod fuccefsful. 
 
 ;s«}:j!£5Si!i i f 'lis ■ .V;2jca > . 5 t. 
 
 ^>^-^ 
 
 .^-1. 
 
 y^. 
 
 The MOofe is hunted by firft difbovering ni8 Wot 
 'fteps in the fnow, which the hunters with Weary and 
 ■perfevering fteps piirfoe titittl the animals are overtuk* 
 ehtn their retreats (for tjiey herd together, fo*netimes 
 a large nufnbfi^r, jnft-as it happens) which is called the 
 Moofcyard,forfned by tihem in trampling down the fnow, 
 a fpace I'ufficiently large to coiftain the aflcmbled num- / - 
 J)er. Here they •tari-jr until all the (hiall branches of' 
 the furrounding trees are entirely lopped oiF by thg/ 
 Moofe, or driven from thence by tfee hunters, theiit 
 afcvcr failing- enemy. 
 
 ii' 
 til 
 
 i 
 
 ■i 
 
 i 
 
 ■■'■I 
 
 fe' 
 
 ■*wi).*l» 
 
 ■ ;i&>^l3ti5WP,t1^2l|»|*f^.Jv? 
 
 'rf^^--3, 
 
 *^n'^'^>> 
 
 i^^^MMMi^^^i 
 
 I'ri 
 
 
 Ii 
 
 
 •Their haorti are eafily diftiovered By ttieir trtmp4iag 
 ^ovrn ihe fnow in qucft of food, ftc» 
 
 lii 
 
 
 
 '<^'^ 
 
iJ$ 
 
 iLPP.ENDIX 
 
 \^ 
 
 \', 
 
 fl 
 
 'Tis injpoffible truly to defcribe the agtiity afid per- 
 feverance of the hunters when.irxperfuit of their game ; 
 neither mountains, valleys, fwampiy thickets, torrents, 
 rivers, or .CKcn lakes retard their progrefs, but marcK 
 ftrait forward in the moft Guedl line they pofllbly can ; 
 ever having it in their power to help themfelves -with 
 food of fmall gam^, as the wogds «vety "wbwcplenti- 
 
 • , ■ ' . . 
 
 The Bear IS' caught frequently by fetting trapSt ft>t 
 they hav.? no particular place of refort, unlefs when in 
 their dens, which are generally the hollow of fome re- 
 mairii.ig ftub of fome old tree, or under fome roots of 
 ■^windfalls ; they ar«: therefoie but accidentally dif- 
 
 ..cuvered. 
 
 » ■t , tk 
 
 
 ! i-./:^ 
 
 i}'' ' 
 
 The method of fettiAg traps, is firll to find fome 
 old tree mod likely for them to repair to for winter 
 »<juarter6 ; into this tree about fix inches from the ground 
 a hole 16 made, into which a large plug is driven, and 
 at ten feet.in a dired line a (lake is fixed in the ground 
 of about fix feet in height from the plug fixed in the 
 tree, to the top of the ftake a heavy pole is flightly 
 itld on, and on either fide from the tree to the ftakc 
 "rood is piled up in fuch a manner is to prevent the 
 /iear's retreat, but at the entrance a piece of fifh is fixed 
 on the end of the pole as near the plug as may be, which 
 allures the hungry animal to the bait, and as foon as 
 
 touched. 
 
 
 <4U 
 
 •. 1 
 
 :\\ 
 
 %. :.:..,^: 
 
 
 *tM > f'- ':^-k.1a 
 
•■;H 
 
 vr- 
 
 appendix: 
 
 m 
 
 
 touched) the pole which Is fuBiciently large and heavy^ 
 talis, and at once crushes the unwary Bear, i , 
 
 '?|t» 
 
 ■?!? 
 
 ? •■ 
 
 '.^% 
 
 ■^' 
 
 The Otter being an amphibious animal, is ca jgl:^ 
 principally by fettiiig fteel traps in the water fufficlently 
 deep as to cover the trap fo as not to be difcovered by 
 the animal. The trap is baited by fifh of any kind, the 
 more ftale the better. Near the trap a ftake is fixed* 
 and fraeared with the entrails of fifli, the more putrified 
 the greater the attradlion. The trap and ftake- thus prei 
 pared, great care muft be taken to allure the Otter to 
 the trap j for this purpofe the hunter in leav* 
 ing the trap, goes a circuitous rout to a point about ■ 
 one fourth of a mile from the bait, then rubs over the 
 bottoms of his mogafons tainted fifli, then in his raog-' . 
 afons, travels on in- a ftrait line to the trap 5 this leaves *■ 
 on the ground a fcent fufficiently ftrong for the purpofe r \ 
 this done, the mogafons are taken off, and the hunter, 
 
 barefooted, in a new rout returns fully fatisfied witht,* 
 
 i 
 
 the fufilciency of his trap and precaution, which feU | 
 dom fail. 
 
 
 
 -V 
 
 
 The Beaver Is alfo an amphibious animal, and of the' 
 
 4^ 
 
 greateft confequence to the hunter, as well for food a* i\M 
 for clothing and bedding. The tail properly dreflcd is 
 accounted the moll delicious of any meat whatever, and 
 fovght ior at all piiWIc entertainments. The ReCi of %. 
 
 .'-;t[ -•;''. 
 
 . •' ; <- ' -- , 
 
 
 i-,..';*HV: 
 
 
 the 
 
 
 •' i''-h''\y 
 
 
 y 
 
 t '■'.■■■' 
 
 
 airfi'-?' 
 
 vy^ 
 
 'C.i?"'-^; u-y 
 
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 ■ ' _, : 
 
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 V i ■>'■''>.*: ' ■ 
 
 *, ■" '- 
 
 
 
 '.. "'■ ♦ 
 
 
 
 -.. '*- '* " ,-■ "■ 
 
 
 
 
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 ill 
 
 J 
 
 A 
 
 feM 
 
 ' ■'•-ir 
 m 
 
mmt 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 wm 
 
 -r 
 
 I 
 
 'm 
 
 ■;-^': 
 
 
 V 
 
 the Beaver is alio much, valu^ by t;he Indian&^-H^e 
 fu. not oinly ferves, for clothtQgi &c. b\it is the moft 
 ' raluable article fbr trade with the Spaniards of South 
 America, With whojn our Indians barter for fuch^ ar* 
 
 tides as aro not to be found ^mon^ thenjielves. 
 
 .'■'.'■ . ' » 
 
 *.^t This fpecies of aj[iimals are by many confider«d as 
 under a particular mqde of government, not unlike re- 
 publicanifm^ mod fagacious,. and not only endeavour 
 to prevent the aflkults of the hunters, but alfo intrufions 
 of animals lefs formidable. Nothing however can pre- 
 vent their regular and artful mode of conftru(Jling hab- 
 itations exactly fuited for their, convenIen<je and comfort^ 
 but more of this hereafter* -'"«j^' *..: *w^.^t^j|r-^-^-;-fc :.■>••-•■ 
 
 As thofe animals ever herd togeth.er, every precati- 
 tion is taken, by them, to prevent being taken by fur- 
 prife J for this purpolfi thgy are pareful to fix guards at 
 proper intervals. The trufty guard give the earlieft in- 
 telligence to the community, who immediately fecreet 
 tliemfelvQs in a,Tetreat beyond the (kill of the intruder 
 to penetrate, ICvery precautJion therefore is necefiary 
 to be ufed by the hii^nter to become fuccefsfttl. 
 
 .,./«.i''<ii,_ 
 
 y* 
 
 Many methods are alternately tried, fome wijth ev- 
 «ry, prerequlflte, however fail ; but the mofl; a^rovcd 
 mode is by letting ftecl traps, ^^yi^^,.,; -^''^ 
 
 In 
 
 ti-s^, 
 
 * Tnis animal aCords the i^uch valtzcd Cail6r, f^med' 
 its medicinal i^ualiti^s. 
 
AFPEKDIX. J^; 
 
 tti 
 
 In catching erety other ^onphibioQii animal wnth 
 fteel traps, fome bait particularly fuited to allure the 
 devoted quadruped, is cautioufly fixed to each trap ; 
 but in catching the Beaver a quite lill&rcnt method is 
 ufed. 
 
 li 
 
 
 * •■ 
 
 The hunter on finding their dam> carefully furveys 
 its extent and particular conftruAion, and at fome con- 
 venient place in the dam makes a fmall breach on tlie 
 upper fide, next to the ftagnated water, fixes his trap 
 nine inches below the furface ; this ferves to catch the 
 oMeft Beavers firft, and by this mode the greater part 
 of the community are taken, for the old ones finding 
 the water lower above the dam, cautioufly iend out the 
 youngefl: to fearch the breach, and by reafon of their 
 (hort legs fwim over the trap without harm ; upon this 
 the full ^r6wn ones venture out and fwim towards 
 the breach, and are taken. As fcon as the oldeft ones 
 are taken, the trap is placed nearer the furface of the 
 water, proportional to the length of the young Bea^ 
 ver's legs, they alfo are in like manner taken. ^ 
 
 ■^^v 
 
 Many traps are fixed as above, juft as the hunters 
 think be(l, and all are fixed in the day time. At night 
 the over matched animals leave their retreats to exam- 
 ine their dam, and to mend whatever breaches are 
 made. .^ j..^ 
 
 ■•_,- f 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 
 > W^': --'''' 
 
 • 
 
 ■ -v.,-.. 
 
 . I " '*-.\''. " '\ 
 
 
 fm^'- 
 
 ■' • > " ?: 
 
 
 S >* ■ : 
 
 . 1 ^ • .' , 1 ■ -A- ^ ' 
 
 ' ■■ ■i,'' ,■■' ^-' 
 
 ,;,.^r.--. 
 
 
 
 'W% 
 
 r, ■ ^ it:W 
 
 
 ■ * '■ 
 
 
 
 ■ - 
 
 
 
 : . ■ 
 
 V .' .'.v-',.'^- ':'■ 
 
 
 
 5" im 
 
 ^v-' 
 
 ^ii.jK' 
 
 »|6** '..».„. 
 
mmm 
 
 w^ 
 
 
 n» 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ff. 
 
 i! 
 
 B 
 
 Yt APPEJ^fDIX. 
 
 Th« Raccoon is generally found in the cavity, formed 
 by the ravages of time in large trees. As foon as their 
 retreat is difcovered, a trap is fixed at a imall diftance 
 from the tree, thus, a femi-circular fence is formed by 
 driving into the ground a fufficient number of (lakes 
 at about three inches one from the other : within this 
 fpace a crotched ftake is fixed» on which a heavy pole 
 is placed, and at its mmoil extremity, a but, either of 
 fifh or flefli is placed : the Raccoon in helping htmfelf 
 to the bait ftarts the pole, which inftantly falls, and the 
 hungry animal is taken. 
 
 The Porcupine h often difcovered when in fcvch 
 for food in the day time, ever retreating at night to 
 bis den, which is dug into the fide of a hill or moun- 
 tain. Whenever he is feen in open air he is fhot by 
 the archer with his well direAed feathered arrow } 
 fometimes he is found in his den, which is known by 
 introducing a long pole $ the hunter on dlTcovering the 
 animal is careful to fallen the end of th«. pole into the 
 Porcupine's hair and pulls out the devoted creature to 
 the den*» mouth, where he is fecured. .f^, ^,; . , ., . „ . 
 
 Smaller animals are occafionally hunted, principal, 
 ly by the archers, excepting the Mink, Muflc-Rat, Sa- 
 ,, blc, Tox and Wolfe, which are caught by traps fimply 
 prepared : the meat and fur is fecured— the meat by 
 fmoking— the fur is carefully dried in the air and fun, 
 and in a proper lime the hunters return to their rcfpec- 
 
 "f 
 
 •#^ 
 
 ■' '^^v5 
 
 ■ i,-. 
 
 
 J V, 
 
 tive 
 
•',-;-■. 
 
 ty, formed 
 on as their 
 il diftsmce 
 Forined by 
 er of ftalces 
 within this 
 heavy pole 
 t, either of 
 tng htmfelf 
 lis, and the 
 
 a in fearch 
 It night to 
 { or moun- 
 e is fhot by 
 ircd arrow; 
 is known by 
 covering the 
 ole into the 
 creature to 
 
 d» principal- 
 ufk.Rat, Sa- 
 traps finiply 
 -the meat by 
 air and fun, 
 their refpec- 
 tive 
 
 *•«;. 
 
 APPENDIX. 123 
 
 tive homes, richly ladeik with the plunder obtained by 
 deftroying the once defenceleTs inhabitants of the un- 
 cultivated, pathlefs wildemds. 
 
 •iT'^^. « * ^ <r<i*» t • 
 
 On the hunters return an equal diftribution of game 
 is made, which being o&etn repeated^ would foon en- 
 rich the Indians, provided they difpofed of their prop- 
 erty to any good advantage, but their being unac- 
 quainted with the proper mode of traffic, they are e»« 
 fily impofed upon, and the end of one hunt is but the 
 beginning of a fecond, and fo on during the hunting 
 feaibn. Neceflity, however, urges them to praAice 
 bunting as often as the (e^ifons will permit, as their 
 principal dependance (or fupport is on the beafts of the 
 wildemefs ; who are very numerous, and during the 
 winter (which is die beft bunting feafon) aie very iau y. 
 
 -m^'-'A 
 
 In defcribing the manner of catching the animds 
 there particularly mentioned, I omitted defcribing the 
 manner of catching the Fox,and although not in order, 
 in this place for the benefit of hunters in this country, 
 I here give it. 
 
 1. : .iw.iik.ti'iS^ «< f. i*!" 
 
 The Fox is the moil fubtil and difficult to catch of 
 any animal whatever ; therefore the greateft care and 
 iecrecy is neceflary to be obferved to take him. He is 
 catched in a fteel trap. 
 
 Previous 
 
 
 ■ a 
 
 
 '|ti| 
 
 i 
 
 n ■ 
 
 lip 
 
 4< ti--' i 
 
 * U:i 
 
 «'}i 
 
 ^t- ;, 
 
 jAf '-"-j^-s. 
 
j...:i/^.^:.;/.v;,^.4, 
 
 »r, i—tfl ***«««-»•/•-• «r» 
 
 134 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ' PrcTiout to fetting tlie trap* 'tis neecBktf to allore 
 the Fox near fame coaveoient place where you propofe 
 fetting the trap : carry to thefpot a quaiidty of the 
 entrsuls of feme animal, no matter of what kind— con- 
 fine the bait by tying it to fome tree» here let it remain 
 until the Fox by the fcent will di(cover it> perhaps the 
 firft night after the bait is prepared. As foon as the 
 httnter diicovers that the Fox has eaten part c^the bait, 
 he will then fet his ti:ap at about five paces from the 
 bait. Before the trap is fet, it (hould be robbed ora 
 with thelitrerofibme animal-— while among the In. 
 dians I iiftd Deer's liver, fince my return to Canada, I 
 haTe ufed Hog's, which it moch the beft. The litrer 
 mttft be boiled, and left the Fox (hould difcorer the trap 
 by the fcent left on from the hunter's hands, he is care, 
 fill to put on a pair of leather glores, and then mb the 
 boiled liver over every part of the trap, and on the bot- 
 tom of bis ihoes or mogafons, and is careful not to 
 touch any thing near the trap without his gloves on { 
 then he takes a quantity of the fame kind of liver, ba. 
 loe^ in the afhes, or which is beft, in dse oven (if it can 
 be done) to fuch a degree as to pulverife it : this pow- 
 der is iprinkled over the hunter's tracks to and from the 
 trap, for the Fox u caught with more eafe when the 
 isow is deep. The track muft be made from the firft 
 
 fixed bait to and over the trap. A piece of white 
 bark is placed on the trap, or which is better, 
 clean paper, if to be procured j this prevents 
 
 birch 
 
 f with 
 
 thefnow 
 
 V..' ► •■;* 
 
 ►>*>. ft .*' ". ' -'♦•■ " II i |iiiiiii»m 
 
 III***. HI >i. Hi i^«".t.>. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 }'S 
 
 &om gathering over tl)e traip, which might prdrent it 
 from fpringing. Gieat care muft be t^ken to place 
 fome part of the liver under the trap to prevent it 
 from finking too deep in the fiiow. '■ ^l:«r . -i 4 
 
 ... ' ^ *■ ^ >i - ^ . . ■ |\ _* . ^ . ^ 
 
 , pjjThe hunter may, if he choofes, allure Foxes fropi- 
 any other quarter to his trap, by walking with his. 
 Ihoes on, prepared as, above, towards his trap froiKi hift, 
 aeighbour*s traps not propeifly prepared.. 
 
 '1 
 
 ■fi-f-i"'3i^"'or-^^^ 
 
 .; .".V .^"'^r CHAP.. Vlli. 
 
 'Dl.iQt,}f-T\OH QV THUllk WeAJONS FOB. Wa|1^ »|fT¥«!|, 
 
 (•¥*/•• .il-r ■» 
 
 I 
 
 NDIANS in gexierar atft'tdacioiw of ih«35>inght» 
 and priviIe4ge$i:jeal(M>s of their neighbour^ kflr at any> 
 time they intrude on hunting ground not their own, 
 (for each Tt-ibe hath a particular piece of land aflign- 
 ^4 **> as well -for tillage -as huntiiig. ) SoDaei Tribes 
 have a larger extent of tenitory than others. The 
 Tribe to which I belonged, po/TeiTed hunting ground' 
 extending not only throughout the ifland, but on the' 
 main alfo, fome part far diftant from our village ; 
 therefore often trefpafled upon by the neighbouiing 
 'ij^'tibes. This bcin^ the cafe, our nation always were 
 
 (cxceptiBg;. ''"■'' 
 
 
 \ .: • i *• r>: 
 
 
 'ft 
 
 f .'V 
 
 •II 
 
 t I 
 
 I 
 
 rliif 
 
 
itS 
 
 A>PPENDIX. 
 
 (excepting m hunting feafon^) planning and carrjing 
 
 on waiii or receiving overtures for peace from fome 
 Tribe or other. » 
 
 fi 
 
 As Indians are naturally fprlghtly, enterprifing and 
 indefatigable, and of a reftl^s, uneafy make, add to 
 this their jealous, iiifpicious temper ; they fee m peculiar- 
 ly fitted for war and really delight in its operations^ 
 however rigo'-gius and doubtful. 
 
 The, yearly trade our Indians carry on with, the 
 Spaniards (as hath beenobferved) gives them opportu- 
 fiities fufficient to furnifh themfelves with fire arms -and ' 
 ammunition, which thne Indians are careful to keep in 
 teadinefs, prepared at all times to repel invafions, or to 
 ^Nry Jnto effeft a plan of warlike operation with fome 
 
 Tbe:T0mk]ia\9icf'!Utidf;"fcalping knife alfb, ape arti. 
 cle« peculiarly ufeful, efpeciaUy'l»Jien*.dofely engaged 
 "Vrith the enem^ * 
 
 ' T^eyare careful not- to burdeh themfelVe* Kmh' 
 
 iMe^age iunneceflary ; carryitig from home but a fttlall 
 
 ^uap^ity of provifion,* unlefs the nation they prcpofe 
 
 to contend wijh/aT.c ata gre^t diftance, in fuch a cafe, 
 
 what 
 
 •Sometimes killing fmall game with th« arrow, Bot-dii* 
 ^r^g their gips, left it Qiould alarm the enemy* 
 
 MnMrtnW#.'«w«* «>»».^ .at«M*^ 
 
,♦*■ 
 
 carrying 
 m fome 
 
 Ifing and 
 , add to 
 peculiar* 
 3eration»^ 
 
 with the 
 opportu- 
 arms -and ' 
 keep in 
 jns, or to 
 with fome 
 
 ape arti- 
 cngaged 
 
 ke» ifkh' 
 
 It a ffXiall 
 
 |y prcpofe 
 
 Ich a cafe, 
 what . 
 
 )W, I»t-di»« 
 
 M'« 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 itty 
 
 "what provifion they cajry they depofit in fome fecr et ' 
 hiding place the grieaterpart» ready for fupply if obliged 
 fuddonly to retreat, which but feldom happens with 
 
 ■'■■.:,■ in ;■. ' ' ' 
 
 our nation. 
 
 ■ 
 
 q 
 
 '■} n[^l"'\ 
 
 ) 
 
 lib ^ 
 
 
 k 
 
 •' 1 
 
 'k\ 
 
 
 1 
 
 Bdfides the Tteapbns above defcribed, bar iflanders 
 fometimes ufe the bow ahd arrow on partietilar occa- 
 fions : their chief dependance being on the five arms and 
 tomahawk. 
 
 Their movements previous to their march, confult* 
 ing the Powow or praying Indian, &c. &c. hath in the 
 memoirs been fufficient^jr deforibed $ hcrwever, I would 
 hereobferve that in their marches they make as little 
 nolfe as poffible, and whenever they travel over land 
 whereon their feet make any impreffion, they are care- 
 iful, to cover fuch foot-fteps previous to their departure, 
 left the etiemy (hould thereby difcover their route and 
 numbers. ■ • 'il^^^^t^' 'i^r'f^-i^^'yi^riOlVS.lW^ 
 
 Their treatment of their captives is ever pradliccd 
 as defcribed in the before cited paflage. — ^The f^tdrn 
 of the warriors to the village is announced ^fejr.^^their 
 whooping, as often repeated as they have recdvfered 
 prifoners and fcalps. Thofe ^vho tarry at home re< 
 ceive/them with the ceremonies ufual on like occafions. 
 
 The prifoners are paraded, whtfn fuch fquaws as 
 have lo(i hujfbands and ions in that expedition, are jper* ' 
 
 '.>Tri::': IXVltted 
 
TJa 
 
 1" 
 
 '•wSf 
 
 -frPPENDIX^ 
 
 w > 
 
 ILj.. 
 
 ..M. 
 
 mitted to chobfe out fo many ai^ to At pply the tgtitt^ 
 lolVi wlibi£we a&arWar(U conQdered: as adopted chiU 
 dtfeki* and treated every tmy ascfaildrenof : tkt families 
 to whom, by the chiefs, they are given. 
 
 « < - . 
 
 If any-pvifcftiars remain' after the ftboTe 'mentioned 
 diftributiofti-they are eseeuced^ in < the iifval mode, hy 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 BSESS5&1 %^M>i^.i^^^^' 
 
 "i 
 
 ri*' 
 
 
 T 
 
 \f 
 
 I 
 
 t, ,, -t V -J , 
 
 .^■i! STi^ltr^r': 
 
 Vn tHfiiR Method op Making Peace v^itA 
 
 . • . , f - €-r - ■ . -J , 
 
 OTH^H TklBE'S. .'•'. V,'- -\;";^ . r -. 
 
 LTH6tj6H Indian wars dre conducted Vnt)i 
 great fpirit and cruelty, yet the contending powers, af-» 
 tera long fcene of bloo4(hed and defh-nAion of prop* 
 erty, one or more powers -when greatly reduced, fue 
 their op^onent^ for peace ; each party reluftantly mak« 
 the fir ft propofaL That Tribe ^^^rho firft make them, 
 fend three of their nation, who ^re. men of integrity 
 and of consequence to the nation ^ who earry with 
 them a letter formed by beads, recommending their 
 perfons, declaring the purpofe for which thfey vifit iht 
 power who have been «olitendbg with them. They aifo 
 
 ^mm : .^■ 
 
 carry 
 
 <«■.'-» '■'■^' 
 
AlPf ENDIX. 
 
 12^ 
 
 '*r::\r. ;t-.;'J^»si:K; 
 
 
 tJltr/aWtof wairtipum.* WhfereVer this belt ap- 
 t^ears. its bearers are tk-eated with refpcft. 
 
 ^Xt foraetimes happens that overtures for peace nrt 
 made t>y*the mediation of Tome power in alliance with 
 that power to whom propofals are made; this mode 
 generally proves the mofl rttccef^ul,and feldoin jTails of 
 its defircd cSt&, ^ , ,^ ^, , ->*• v t^ 
 
 ^ The envoys Vith their Wampti'fti, imiticdiately oft 
 their arrival, repair to the head Quarters Of the natio\l, 
 (to whom they are fent) which is the feat of the com- 
 mander in chief oi the Avar department, who immedi- 
 ately fends for his privy council j to them, in prefcnce 
 of the captain general, the foreign Yntniftefs arc intro- 
 duced, who deliver the wampum, letters miflive, 
 \vhich arc in a)."' ehvated voice read "by a perfon (killed 
 in hyeroglyphical modes of conveying intelligence, &c. 
 On this the envoys arc ordered to retire for ^ (hort 
 time J when the diief, with his council, talaes the fub- 
 jeft into confideration, deliberately weighing the good 
 and evil confequences tliat may infue on their rejcfting 
 the propofals, alfo the confcquence of liftehing to the 
 preliminaries about to be made, ever keeping their na- 
 tional 
 
 .'•?> 
 
 III 
 
 * Wampum is a belt of Moofe hide, on VL-Mch bcad^ atc 
 irtfuHy ilruog, and coTifidcrcd as a peaceful tokcD. 
 
I30 APPENDIX, / , 
 
 tional honor in view on both fides of the queftion, lay- 
 ing afide all fmiiler views as of >ao ^veight when cox^- 
 pared with public. 
 
 If the council are willing to liften to the propofals, 
 the envoys are called in and the bufinefs goes on ; if 
 otherwife, the (Irangers are ordered immediately to de> 
 part with their peaceful belt to their own Tribe, and fb 
 the matter ends, and the war is carried on with greater 
 vigor than ever ; but if otherwife, the principal fpeak. 
 cr of the envoys comes forward and makes a fpeech to 
 the following purpole. viz. ,,^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ j^ ^^^^^ _ ,, 
 
 . .^ ^■- . -f - \ .■« *.._ ^ .i^ I* .*. -*h.r .. .J..,*** «, . - r,..^'T,- w it rill* 4 
 
 ' ^* Great Cfilef, ion o^ the great warrior, father of 
 a great and powerful nation, commander of the big 
 ifland, happy in governing a nation not to be con- 
 quered ; whofe councils are able, faithful to the trail 
 repofed in them by the .potent Scanyawtauragahrooote 
 
 Nation.* 
 
 
 ■?$?-?>:. k'. iY^''-''^n ^i^uJ^::*■'^^f''>^^i* 
 
 Ij" " I cottnt myfclf happy in being intruded with my 
 faithful colleagues with a mefTage fo important, fo hap- 
 py in the event (if rightly condu6led) to both nations 4 
 in making o»ir propofals we have not our national good 
 folely in view, but alfo the w ial of the Scanyawtaurat 
 Xahrooote Nation we have ;ong -contended with. ^-' 
 •e^^m: War, 
 
 ^^. 
 
 ^TriefpeaVer appears to flatter, and attcmjitt t» {tin the 
 ^cd apinion of the opposite fide, ^ , ^> 
 
 ■r .:.:. 
 
 ■fl 
 
llPPENDIX. 
 
 »3« 
 
 lion, lay- 
 icn com- 
 
 propofals, 
 es on \ if 
 
 tely to dc. 
 be, and ib 
 ith greater 
 ipal fpeak- 
 i rpeech to 
 
 '•'":|'-: 
 
 , father of 
 
 of the big 
 
 to be con- 
 
 o the truil 
 
 agahroootc 
 
 ed with my 
 
 ant, fo hap- 
 
 )th nations ; 
 
 tional good 
 
 nyawtaurai 
 
 with. 
 War^ 
 
 |tt t» gtin the 
 
 •• War, although neccflary fometimei, hath a tend- 
 ency not only to interrupt thic internal good order of a 
 nation, but alTo to depopidate and impoverilh the <>p- 
 pofmg nations. Willing that your Tribe i»vith ours 
 might once more realife the happy effects refulting 
 from a peace founded on equal ground, we now ap- 
 pear to make our terms, and are willing to lif- 
 tcn to your propofals ; we therefore a(k for a par- 
 ticular time and place appointed for this very impov- 
 tant purpofe-~we wait your anfwe-." 
 
 Vf" 
 
 ':V»-v<,"'. -'ii' - 
 
 The orator having clofed his fpeech, he and his 
 brethren again retire, when the chief in council ap- 
 points a day and place further to confult and to make 
 »id ratify articles of peace ; all this the ambalTadors 
 
 are notified of. 
 
 '.4ifc*i«..,. . 
 
 ■i-uuft- 
 
 ■f^': 
 
 The day arrived, the oppofitc parties meet, every 
 article is feparatcly taken up and feparately voted to 
 pafs or not, which is determined by a majority of votes 
 on both fides. All debates clofed, and articles fully 
 adjufted, the whole Scanyawtauragahrooote Nation 
 are called together for their approbation or difapprO- 
 bation of the peaceful articles. If approved of, which 
 rarely happens to the contrary, then the often men- 
 tioned national pipe is brought forward, placed in the 
 manner before defcribed ; then the next in command 
 to the fagamore fills the pipe with tobacco mixed 
 
 ^ with 
 
 
 
■'^Sl 
 
 1^2 APPENDIX. \ 
 
 with a certain weed, ufed conjinonly ^ith tobacco—. 
 lights the pipe — the chief advances and. cajces the firft 
 whiff J tl^n the ftrangers, followed, by the principal 
 oncers, of the nation i then by t^" whole nation, 
 fevcn at a time^ which is a retification of p^ace. Af- 
 ter this the envoys ai^ difmiCipd and bear "a belt of 
 wampu/n froni our n?,tion tQ theirs, leaving theirs 
 with us, which are kept by both nations as facrcd, de- 
 polits andfure tok>n,s of pe.ice. 
 
 fit's 
 
 The nations thus forming a peace, are confidered 
 a« in alliance with the Scanyawtauragahrooote Nation ; 
 and when called upon by thein to a«5t in connedlion,. 
 whether in an offenf\ve or defenfive maoncr, ne^er fail.. 
 And fo whenever the other allied nations call upon the 
 Scanyawtauragahrooote Tribe, they in like manner 
 aflill their friendly neighbours* 
 
 This ftate of harmony bctwesn friendly nations, 
 continues for a great length of time, and as a mean of 
 ftrengthening the frienJlhip, the belts or wampum ufed 
 in forming the alliance, is frequently exchanged by 6ne 
 nation to the otht r, which ierves further to ceiiient the 
 
 friendly Tdbes with each other. 
 
 .1,1 -11 , . . • 
 
 Some very extraordinary ill conduit in one Tribe 
 agalnft its neighbour, in alliance, mufi take place be- 
 fore the harmony, formed l?y exchange of wampium, 
 
 can 
 
I 
 
 APFENmX. 
 
 »33 
 
 can bebioken. Whcnevtr AicH conduft decs take 
 place, that nation who are inftrumental ia breaking 
 the harmony, immediately bring upon themfclves war 
 with all its horrors, which are by their offended neigh- 
 bours, executed with the utmoU rigor ; infomuch^ that 
 a total depopulation of the ofi'ending 2\ation with its 
 property, fometimes is tlie confequence.. ^ j.j.;.,]; ; ^ ^ 
 
 • • • 1 ».l .-4 .. 4 . 1? •.■! l > , » . 
 
 i CHAP.'. IXv 
 
 JT; rv 
 
 Gf. TMEiR DiTERSION?, 
 
 HE Indians a^re often at lelfvfte^ and have many 
 opportunities of gratifying their pafllons for different 
 ^nds of diverfion, as playing ball, running, leaping;« 
 (footing with tlw bow and arrowy thro w'.ag' the tom«« 
 
 ailawk, 6cc.' v''-" - :'■' a''^-. •" '- ' '-■ < ^" / ■■ 
 
 III playing at ball, they form themfelves into 
 companies of about twenty each — felcMfling feme lev- 
 ci^ fffiooth piece ofi ground, raoft fuitable f^r this pur- 
 pofe. Each company is divided nnto nvo x^imil parts, 
 and a. bet is-Iaidy confining of: certain ^ number of 
 broaches, w? by the parties agreed onj to be delivered 
 to the vi(fkorst As the broaches, previous to the game> 
 ' '^'"-- _ . • arc 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 %m 
 
 ^ISl 
 
 OH 
 
KV** 
 
 I 
 
 >34 
 
 appendix: 
 
 mre delivered into the hand« of fome traSif byftaniier^ 
 8hat iflde which gains the vi^ry heter fails ot rec«it« 
 
 ing it. ■ ; ' ■ - -.^-i.-i^i -. . 
 
 Their balls are made in am orbittilar forth of Bttf. 
 felo's hair, and covered with leather of Moofe htde.-M 
 The inftrument with which they ftrike the Imll, is ahottt 
 four feet in length — in form like a filhhook. That 
 part deHgned to ftrike the ball is interwoven with 
 the fmews of Deer, which (on ftrlking the ball) by 
 reafon of its elafticity, fends it to a much greater dif. 
 tance than if (Iruck by a flick prepared as in this 
 country. ^ 
 
 The perfon who ftrikes the ball, ftands near to a 
 hole formed in the ground, to which another ftanding 
 Ht a dillance, aims to trundle the ball, into which (if 
 not prevented by him who hplds the (lick) it will fall, 
 aad then the gameder gives up his flick to fome other 
 of his fide, and fo the game goes on until the whole 
 number chofen on both fides have alternately gone 
 Jlhrough the fame. 
 
 J\rr 
 
 i 
 
 ^ff.^Ri. 
 
 At the clofe, the perfon to whorh the broaches are 
 delivered; having kept an exa6l account of the number 
 of times they on flriking the ball run from the hole to 
 a flake fixed at a certain diflance as agreed upon, while 
 the trundler recovers the ball every time it is flruck on 
 '.;t- both 
 
 'i.^' 
 
 -^■' ■ 
 
 \: f, 
 
AFPfiNDtjr. 
 
 «35 
 
 hdt% Mt9t itfid tiat (ide in irboTe favotxr the per(b€ 
 to whotii k i» left gives Che preference, receives the 
 broacheSf and thus the game ends. >- ■ = >> 
 
 jlfl 
 
 tlunning matches are frequently formed among 
 them ; at fuch times a large number collet) when a 
 certain mark is made on the ground from which the 
 combatants take their departure ; they run to a mark 
 made in the ground at fuch a diftance from the fitfli 
 mark as by the company is determined upon. The 
 race coitimehces fometinies by two only, but often of a 
 larger number, juft as it happens. The w»«rer is made 
 by depofiting a certain quantity of broaches into the 
 hands of fome indifferent perfon, who gives them to 
 him who firft croffeth the laft fixed bounds, near which 
 the man who deternnnes the conted ft^nds. The run- 
 ners lay afide every part of their clothing that may in 
 the leaft retard their motion. The victor receives the 
 applaufe of the multitude, and is honored by their 
 fongs and inftruments of mufic as performed on all pub- 
 lic rejoicing.. 
 
 :■ i 
 
 Le V ^£ " ^^^0 publicly attended to, and is by lome 
 one indiiFeicntly chofen for that purpofe, who receives 
 the number of broaches the parties agree upon (for 
 bets at all times of diverfion confift of broaches only. ) 
 He who on a level plain leaps the greateft number of 
 
 (idif paces, 
 
1-3 S 
 
 AP'P'EI^DIXv 
 
 paces, takes the broaches and receives the plaudits of th« 
 multitude as on all other public dlverfions and 
 decifions. 
 
 t ■ » — <•• 
 
 The ufe of the bow and arrow is of fo much con* 
 fequence to the nation, that great pains are taken, earlf 
 to inftru^ the youth in this art, deflgned.for hunters 
 and warriors ; for this purpofe, a certain number of 
 good maikfmen are aiHgned as inftrudlors, who dail^ 
 lea4 forth a certain number of boys, and by_ repeated 
 trials they - ^"^e mafters, and can with exaftnefs 
 flrike a mark h at a reafvnable diftance. Hence 
 this diverfiOH of ihooting at marks, to be decided in 
 public, which, is determined in .the fame manner as 
 hefbre mentioned of pjaying at ball, .See, . i . . 
 
 *V:;>-) 
 
 J h;. 
 
 •;rT 
 
 The proper mod6 of iifing the tomahawk is of' as 
 much national ' confequence as the proper ufe of the 
 bow and arrow; therefore fimilar pains are- taken to 
 inftrudt in the latter, as in the former art. . 
 
 The perfon who throws the tomahawk, holds it in 
 a perpendicular pofition with its pole orfhank-outwards, 
 the edge towards his body, and witltas much force as 
 the wielder is capable to give, the weapon flies^ turn- 
 ing the handle over the better part a number of times, 
 proportional as the dlftance of the objefl is from him 
 , . *-» who 
 
«9^ 
 
 Its'ofthtf 
 sns and 
 
 achcon- 
 ;en, early 
 r hunters 
 umber of 
 ho daily 
 repeated 
 exaflnefs 
 . Hence 
 ecided in 
 nanner .%s 
 
 '■,*■'; 
 
 c is of as 
 fe of the 
 taken to 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ^rr 
 
 vrho throws this cruel weapon. When thrown by an 
 able markfman, it rarely fails to ftrike the deftined obr 
 jeft, whether man or bead. ^ I . ■ : • J 
 
 Thofe who are moll expert in this noble art, fte« 
 quently banter each other, and on public days bets of 
 broaches* are made and given to him who excels^ 
 which is determined as in the former cafes* 
 
 a- 
 
 1 " 
 
 The before mentioned diverftons are as^ often rei*. 
 peated as fancy leads the idle favage. Some ether dir 
 verilons are alfo frequently practiced by them : fuch 
 as angling in the rivers or ponds near the (hore for 
 fmall fifh, which of tliemfelves afford .but flpall profit. 
 The larger rivers and lakes aboqnd in fifh of the largeft 
 (xzQ in frelh waters fuch as Sturgeon, Pike, &c. 
 
 C H A R ^ 
 
 
 li 
 
 lolds it in 
 outward?, 
 
 force as 
 flies, turn- 
 
 of times, 
 from him 
 who 
 
 ^ Broaches, either of gold orfllv^r, are the pnoeipal Indiaa 
 oroament, and To much efteemed by them, that 'lis eommoo 
 for ont^to poiTefs fiee hundred, and foiiie one of the chiefs can.. 
 command one thoufand at a time, made by the Spaniards at 
 Tartarrac, and fold to the Indians io exiChaog|e for \ht\t fur, 
 gmlaog, &:c. 
 
 -iV. 
 
 iiWii-i 
 
*s^ 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 w 
 
 Tu 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 > ^y^ 
 
 ».',%'• 
 
 Or THEIR MaMNNBR of CoURTSHIFy 
 
 MONiAL Ceremonies, &c» 
 
 Matr*- 
 
 N. 
 
 O Nation, whether civilized or not (that I have 
 ever read or have any knowledge of) ever have totally 
 . omitted certain ceremonies to be ufed in joining the 
 male to his female ; although it rarely happens that 
 any two nations make ufe of the fame form for one 
 and the fame purpofe j that is, in forming a new and 
 endearing conne^on between two perfonti of oppoiite 
 &se% under the chcura^er of hufband and wife* 
 
 Softie ot the Indian Tr*' -? (as I was informed, 
 when on my return to Cai xda) proceed to the mar- 
 riage ceremony without any previous acquaintance, or 
 even the confent of the parties ; but with the Scanyaw- 
 tauragahrooote Tribe 'tis quite otherwife, for previous 
 to marriage, a courtfhip takes place between the 
 man ajad woman, who are afterwards married. 
 
 • Whenever a fingle man wifhes to form an acquain- 
 tance with any particular female, he pays the family, 
 to whom fhe belongs, a vifit in the evening j if (he hap- 
 pens to be at home, after a fhort introdmflory convcr- 
 fation with the father, he uacs his eyes upon the female 
 it'—-:. he 
 
ill/. 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 \^ 
 
 *3f 
 
 
 itAi- 
 
 tt I have 
 e totally 
 ining the 
 ens that 
 , for one 
 new and 
 oppoAte 
 
 informed, 
 the mar- 
 tance, or 
 Scanyaw- 
 previous 
 iveen the 
 
 acquain> 
 ic family, 
 
 (he hap- 
 y eonver- 
 he female 
 he 
 
 he propo&s to form a new cpmvc^ioa with. After fee- 
 ting withatit Htteririg one word for fomeeonfiderable 
 ttm«, he then takes -a J^tckc^ about four inches in length 
 :(for he always at fiioh times carries three fticks with 
 him) and throws it into her lap ; ihe Icnowing iJie in- 
 tention, carefully iecures it ; he then after a Ihort in- 
 terval ihrows a fecond ftick» and then the third— fhe 
 ^fecuresthe w4iole number $ this done, the man imme- 
 diately retires and leaves the family to their wonted 
 repofe. Then on the next fucceeding evening he vifits 
 the fame fatRrly, and in the fame manner fpends his 
 time, not forgetting to leave the fame number of (licks 
 as above, and fo the next facceeding night, performing 
 the fame ceremony. The third and laft evening, the fe- 
 male having received nine flicks ; if (he approves of 
 his fuit, carefully keeping the whole number, runs im- 
 mediately out of the wigwam, followed by her lover, to 
 a (hort diflance from the habitation, when a fliort dia- 
 • logue between them takes place ; then each retire to 
 their own wigwams; but if Ae difapproves of his fuit, 
 (he on the third evening throws the nine dicks into her 
 fuiter*s face, and fo tTie matter ends. If his vifits are 
 approved of, her parents make preparation to folem- 
 nize the marriage, which is performed die (itft day af- 
 ter concluded upon in a conireifient place in open air. 
 
 On this important occafion, a large number colle^^ 
 of all ages and fexcs, where they are entertained by 
 '^H feafting 
 
 1!' ^rj 
 
 i^^ 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
9^r> 
 
 A1»PEND1X. 
 
 f iftingnnd'dktictngy with fuch mufic as Is edmmonly 
 tifed .A public rejoicing-: btit prtwwns to this, the ma^ 
 t%a ' .ilal ceremony takes place, which Is dius performed : 
 the lovers are felted cf ofslegged on the gf ound, dire^Iy 
 tkppoAte one to the other, their knees tottching each 
 ^ther ; this done, the farhers of the yourigcovple come 
 forward with a blanket in (heir hands, whiclt they 
 gently place over the young candidates, then the mul- 
 titude form a <circle round them, to which the parents 
 alfo Join; then after a fmall fpace the two fathers 
 come to the young couple, and taWftghoId of the two 
 oppofite comers of fhe blanket titter a felv Significant 
 words, as, we wift you joy, 'tis our wifli that you may 
 live long and peaceably together ; that your offspring 
 may be numerous ; that you may be an honor to yout 
 nation ; that your children may by good citizens, and 
 that their children may alfo honot theh* country, fup- 
 port its rights, and inviolately hand down their nation^ 
 al privilcdges XO the fiture rififlg generations. The 
 blanket then drops, the fathers join the encircled multi- 
 tude ; then the {mothers approach the ha'ppy couple, 
 and raife the two oppofite corners of the blanket, un* 
 touched by their huibands, and in lan^age fhnilar to 
 that delivered '\Sj their hufta^ids, fo> a momAit addrefs 
 the young and rifingliopes of their family honor; 
 this done, the mothers join the multitude, when a 
 dance, honored with the national mufic, concludes the 
 ceremony. "The male and his female conforming to 
 
 .♦ T, 
 
 this 
 
 :i{k 
 
II 11 m iwf i>|i'?i 
 
 nmonly 
 
 :hc lna^ 
 
 formed: 
 dircaiy 
 
 rtg each 
 
 pie cotnc 
 
 ich they 
 
 the mul- 
 
 • parents 
 
 o fathers 
 
 f the two 
 
 (igiiificant 
 
 ; you may 
 offspring 
 
 or to yout 
 
 ttzensy and 
 
 antry, fup- 
 
 leir nation- 
 oris. The 
 cled Ttiulti- 
 py couplCf 
 iartket, un- 
 fimilar to 
 |rtit addrefs 
 lily honor \ 
 [c, when a 
 ickdes the 
 [forming to 
 this 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 141 
 
 this mode, aire tiow and 'cv^r kfterj lb long as they Eve 
 confidired as man and wife. ^ * ''^^^ ♦V^'H V>*^'^ **»^ ' 
 
 It fomctinnes happens that the. proposed couple are 
 deftitute of parents ; in this cafe four perfons, confifting 
 -Af an equal number of both fefees, arc by the propof«d 
 couple felefted, and ort the matrimonial ceremony, ap« 
 pear and ad thc^part afligned the parents on the fitmc 
 occafton; '.r.^ ^d] ::^i^alhni't i^i^ zxYv [ .:/T>«t£v.jitTTi 
 
 Polygamy is here tolerated, and every time the. 
 male wiflies to add a new female to his bed, he con- 
 fents to the ufual ceremdnies, which are as oftea repeat- 
 ed as he admits a new partner, i .» ■ /■ - (-'' ' f ' "> '<i i- '' ^ 
 
 ' , . , . .';._•:»:•;'•! ')^:h .;.! .r. jJit I; ■« ti-tiH, 
 
 « In thofe families where a plurality of wi%'es are 
 
 found, there appears a perfe<5l harmony among the fe- 
 
 males, each one endeavouring to recommend hcrfolf to 
 
 the good will of her lord and mafter, the hufband and 
 
 head of the family*. . :- y 
 
 i.L, 
 
 
 sr->« 
 
 .:U 
 
 ftt 
 
 Jl 
 
 ! 11 
 
 i 
 
 Adultery is not known ahiong them ; jealouiy there- 
 fore, is a ftrangcr. Fornication however, is punifhcd ' 
 thus: the female when found guilty, is by the aged ■ 
 matron's rou'ghly hacdledy by cutting the delmquent's 
 hair as clofc as may be to the heSd, then fhe is obliged ■ '• ^ 
 to take her paraihour by his right hand, and in this' 
 manner the two delinquents are drove through tl>e^ 
 village. On this occafion the populace treat them 
 with the greateft Indignity, hooting and throwing duii 
 
 N 
 
 '^Vv 
 
X42 
 
 APrFliJJpi'Kjr 
 
 w 
 
 ac them, and in everf ; c(»)tenipluou« ms^^xiv r%^»9tft f 
 them as th^ pafs. This, howfv^ri .bi|(ri<})4Qfnihi|ppflfH>> 
 The female delinquent is ever after treated by -her 
 
 Ifriends and acquaintance vridi negleft. • •* '' t*"''^ f'- 
 
 As foon 39 may he after a70ung'«M}ple ^e marde^ 
 the vrhole nation aiTemble, and clear a certain piece of 
 land aillgned them: by the chiefs for their future 
 improvement. The trees (landing on this land, -wheth-^ 
 er large or fmall, arc removed root and branch in 
 the following manner. ' ^' 
 
 r 
 
 .V,,^7' 
 
 r.-.x] 
 
 
 The roots running from each tree Is. carefully fepa- 
 rated from the trunk; then a large rope,* fufficiently 
 long and ftrong, is fixed near the centre of the bo- 
 dy, at each extremity of this rope a number of ftrong, 
 hearty pearfons are placed, who by ftrength pull down 
 and carry off the trees until the whole piece of land is. 
 properly cleared and fit for tillage. 
 
 The young bride remains one year with her parents 
 after marriage, by this time herhufband .recovers one 
 crop from his patrimony. 
 
 .A 
 
 -'■■' The male children have names given them by the 
 fatlier, the females by the mother; thofe names are 
 without any fignificancyj and are given merely to ' 
 diilinguifhone child irom the other whik in a ftate of 
 
 minority. 
 
 ^This rppe \* 8i,a/3e sf th: rhine of a uee called white>tyoodt 
 
 
*?!W 
 
 A^?EiTDl1C. 
 
 «43 
 
 USteblftfC*^ V/kthtttt'^y^')^etformimY^it worthy 
 •bffriihyitmitCt'wh^i^tr in*iiiint*fng,'gammgi or in the 
 mbirt tidbh Art 6f ivar, they thtn reteivc new and fig- 
 nificant names, fuch^ as !Biffklo,-Biear, "Pox, Deer, Bea« 
 V€r, Tygcr, Porcupine, Otter, &c ; fcmetimes fome rep- 
 tile or infctfl^ whatever animal the aftion the perfon 
 performs fhall moft refemble; Some one who excels 
 others in fubtility, Is called F63&; another who excels 
 in ingenuity and induftry, is called Beaver : a man of 
 ihurt legs, and of a iharlir^, touchy difpofition, they 
 call Porcupine : one of a long neck and long legi 
 is called Turkey, 5cc. . 
 
 'Evtry head of a family prides himfelf in tlic num- 
 ^B'ertif children he hath in his family ; for this purpofc 
 ixe marries as nisttfy women as he can fupport by his 
 ■fei^nting, aided by their iodullry and oeconomy. 
 
 •Tfee-parcnts are retnarkably fond of their children, 
 dpecialfy \^hile in their infr nile ftate. Nothing cah 
 exceed the mother's attachment to her infant; (he 
 takes unwear'^d pains to nurfe it, never omitting any 
 means or -pains to prevent its being unufeful when com* 
 inginto an aflive life. As foon as born, flie plunges 
 it in cold water, and as often afterwards as is neceffa-'' 
 ry repeats it— *lhe is careful to prevent its limbs from 
 v-< 'Ar^r »..-; ^..= :- ;.,: . v^';.-:..: , .>■ '■ : deformity y 
 
 •» <*— ^ - ' 
 
 *Tbey are confidered in this date until they are married, 
 whicti generally, among the young people, takes place be* 
 twecfn the age of fourteen and twenty. Vv 
 
 'I 
 
 'Wr 
 
 I 
 
 -J- 
 
 
144 
 
 A PPE.N.DIX. 
 
 W 
 
 deformity by lacing the young and pliable body to foroc 
 piece of wood or bark exaftly fitted for this purpofq. 
 This motherly fonduefs continues until the child's ne>Y 
 relatipD, in a conjugal ftatc ts^kps j^lace. 
 
 r i-M-:V. 
 
 ji:.' 
 
 ft. 
 
 C M A p. XI. 
 
 
 
 
 'J '■ 
 
 Op THE^iL R'Moious Tekets, Modes c* 
 Worship, &.c* \ . , 
 
 > . i '< I. 
 
 KE Scanyawtauragahrooote Indiana hold to a 
 plurality of Gods, as the fun, n?oonj feven ftars, nortji 
 or polar ftarp They alfo fuppofe that evil geniufes, or 
 bad fpirits more or lefs effect their national and piivatip 
 operations. To the fun, however, they give the pref- 
 erence ; ever on its riling and fetting, paying homage 
 by bowing &c. towards it, in token of fubmiflive do- 
 pendance on its power, ^^ -- ..,. .j 
 
 ti 
 
 
 r,; [,:!•:;■.; 
 
 '■'■ The moon and ftars are conlidcred as fubordinate 
 powers, and take their authority from the fun. The 
 moon on its firft appearance, whether in the wane or 
 
 ' increafe, is particularly attended to. When it firft ap- 
 pears in its full orbit, nothing can exceed the joy 
 v/hich pervades the whole village — fhouting, dancing, 
 and every other mode of exulting is fecn and heard a- 
 . moLg 
 
 :h. 
 
fomi; 
 urpof^. 
 i*S ne\Y 
 
 
 
 OF 
 
 . -l HI 
 
 14 to a 
 rs, nortlji 
 liufes, or 
 i piivatfJ 
 the pref- 
 homage 
 iTive do- 
 
 • : '' " . i 
 
 ordinate 
 lin. The 
 wane or 
 firft ap. 
 the joy 
 dancing, 
 heard a- 
 mor.§ 
 
 ^1 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 »45 
 
 jnongthe inhabitants, ejaculatory prayers are Intermix. 
 -cd, afking the moon's intercll with the fun, praying 
 that he would be propitious to them, in giving them 
 fuccefs in hunting, tilling, their lands, &c, ,, . , , .„ , 
 
 The ftars are confidered as having rule at night !» 
 the abfence of the moon ; the Indians therefore, pray- 
 that they would, ufc their influence with the funas fu- 
 preme ; that he would haflen the return of the mooiT, 
 continue its ludrc and influence longer than at one time 
 Ineretofore ; that the . ftars would prefide over tlieir 
 traps, give fuccefs to their endeavours to ' .ttch the 
 Bearver, Fox, Wolfe, and all other animals taken by, 
 traps during the night feafon* 
 
 J 
 
 They hold that certain evil fplrlts have power to 
 counteradl the good influence of the fun, moon, &c j 
 that they can,. and often do reveal fecrets tO'the Po%v- 
 ow« or praying Indians^ Thofe Powows are always 
 confulted on public enterprlfes, fuch as going to war, 
 &c. The inhabitants fuppofe the Powows hold a fecret 
 correfppndence with thofe ev 11 geni uies. 
 
 ,t ' 
 
 How thofe praying Indians come by this fecret pow- 
 er, I am at a lofs to determine, although when among 
 them. I made all the enquiry into this matter. The man- 
 ner cf. the Pb wow's religious operations hath already 
 beca fully defcribed. ^ , -^-. 
 
 '■*' m- . 
 
 
 U'4 
 
 * Al-^i 
 
 t\. ••< 
 
tt^ 
 
 AP3PENDIX. 
 
 The Indiaife ap{>ea,* m their religioils ^inc$^lM%% 
 ht rude, and for want of a ljnowledg« of the ibriptuttis 
 ■ef divine reveliition, but a fmall rettio^e above Ac ^u- 
 tal creation, nc>t having evtn a faint i^ca Of s«y pe#er 
 neceflary to exid before, and fuperior to the fun* moon, 
 €tc, in order tc create them* ,; 
 
 HS'i 
 
 In inllance;} of ^artfiquakes, heavf tliunder anA 
 lightning, they fay it is becanfe the fun, ttioon> or ftate 
 are angry ,becaufe they have omitted paying tbcii*- hom- 
 age to one or all of their deities, or have not in ^.t 
 beft manner »mj;>roved their hunting feafons^ or havfe 
 not (through their own negle<Jt) improved any advan~ 
 tage they have 2it any time gained over their enemies 
 in battle, Sc9, 
 
 If it happens \that earthquakes are not fo often re- 
 peated, as for the moft part is the cafe among them> 
 they fay then- Gods are in friendfliip with them, and 
 tliat they ha\ e nothing to fear from their enemies, and 
 cheerfully pafs away time, not even entertaining any 
 notion of a ftate of future rewards or punifhment j but 
 that death puts an end to the difficulties attendant on 
 this life ; th*it the hunter fnall no more bj obliged to 
 travel fo far, and fu fcr fo much as he now does in pro- 
 curing food, &c. for himfelf and family ; that the ftate 
 on Wiilch they enter at the clofe of this life, is every 
 way better C£.!culated to make them happy ; that good 
 
 hunting 
 
 i-ji. w,»..L' 
 
^P^SI^ftlK. 
 
 H7- 
 
 ftaii^ hSnXbi €««tfttdea v*\ih tohnttls of ^'ifc !(Ml Quali- 
 ty wid'hi <he ^ateft'phnfjr ind perfeftion, -are there 
 
 rftt%i^':<ig, b«t «^ ghtft^. and ip^e^table, , 4)efORd piref. 
 tilt e^ncej^thA. 
 
 
 <9fFT| 
 
 i 
 
 >■> • 1 . . -,. 
 
 CMA&. KlL 
 Or Tmnn DISEASES} Msthod &p Cur«, &«. 
 
 I 
 
 Ngen«tal, Indians ate healthy, imd ^re bttt feldoih 
 vi^ted by the Dbftor. — Many difeafes tt which thofe 
 nations are incident, who prid^^ thenrRslvts in being cal- 
 led tivili^ed^ are not known among the Indians, and et- 
 tr will be ftrangers with thetti Ifo lO.ig as luxury and 
 floth art not intrcduced into that unci^Hized country ; 
 how'Sver- the many hardfhips and fatrg les they endure 
 In hunting, Or war ; theif being e*pofc'l to t*he inclem- 
 ency of the changing ftafons j their b'/teh fafting arid 
 gratifying their appetites \vhenevfei a plenty of fbod 
 tempts them, with many other incidehtal cattfes, often 
 bring on a variety of difeafes, fuch as pains of the head, 
 ftomach, and limbs : but tht moil prevalent diforder to 
 which they in general are incident, is th« pleuttfy or 
 pulmonick fever. 
 
 Id 
 
 I- 'a 
 
 m 
 
 ■■i 
 
 w, 
 
 !iiy 
 
 -*-*\*'T--- 
 
 
mm 
 
 "\i 
 
 148 
 
 ii- 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 w 
 
 • la cafes of ficknefs'andpiain, they always apply, to 
 the old experienced fquawsy who are their doctors.-— la 
 the pleurify the firll trial the fquaw- makes to remove 
 the diibrder, is to bleed the pat<ent ^ this is done nearly 
 in the fame manner as pei formed by dolors in this 
 country, which is by winding a fmall cord round the 
 patient's arm above the elbow, and op&ninga vein by 
 aiharpfiint*. This is done in a ■mafterly manner, my-i 
 felf having been operated upon feveral times during my 
 tarry with them. The doctor then proceeds to a fu- 
 doriffic mode of cure (if phlebotomy does not efFe<ft a 
 cure) which is thus performed ; a number of ilakes are 
 drove into the ground, forming a fpace fufficiently layge 
 as to contain one .body only, with, the neceifary furni- 
 ture, &c. Thofe ilakes are fet fo clofely together, as 
 by weaving in between them certain pliable twigs, air 
 is totally excluded above as on all ildes. Into this en- 
 clofure two large rocks, previoully made very hot 
 are. placed ; on to thofe rocks water is frequently 
 thrawn : the patient at the fame- time being confined 
 within this enclofure, here tarries for one hour, which 
 brings on a free and plentiful perfpiration j in this ftate 
 the patientplungeshimfelf into cold water fo deep as 
 at once to. eover his whole body. ^ 4- . . t.^^ ^ 
 
 
 ; t This method, however inconfiftent it may appear 
 to pra<^itioners in this country, is invariably ufed by the 
 fcma! -a<^itioners among the Indian^} snd is faid to be 
 
 ivt 
 
 
 ,,/'"•■' 
 
 
ft: • '^r 
 
 Vi 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ci4g>. 
 
 ipply.t© 
 
 ars.— In 
 
 remove 
 
 e nearly 
 
 in this 
 lund the 
 vein by 
 ner, my-i 
 uring rny 
 -to a fu- 
 tefFeft a 
 (lakes are 
 ntly layge 
 iry furni- 
 gether, as 
 twigs, air 
 o this en- 
 very Lot 
 xequently 
 
 confined 
 lur, which 
 n this (late 
 b deep as 
 
 ay appear 
 fed by the 
 faid to be 
 
 ia 
 
 
 
 m general faccef^fuU when folbv^ed hy internal medic*, 
 inal deco^jons of herbs, 5cc. . ^v :■. i 
 
 Dropfical and paralytica! complaints arc rarejy (if 
 ever ) known among thenv. Wounds made in war, or 
 by any other accident, are frequent with them ; in fuch 
 cafes the fquaws aft the furgeon*s part,who by. external 
 applications of herbs .and-roots, fpontaneoufly growing 
 with then?* and fanjiliairly known to the furgeons, are 
 applied, and never fail of a perfeft cure. The method 
 of cure in the bite of the. Rattle Snake hath been defcri- 
 
 bed in the i^e^rioirs. ^ j 
 
 ■ ■ ' , ■ . ■ . • -1 
 
 Sometimes tlye patient fuppofts that . his diforder 
 arifeth frorp the inalice of evil fpirits ; in this caft: 
 the Powows are,confultedi who enquire in their ufupj. 
 way of the caufe an^ mqde of cure, which is by the 
 phyfifians particularly attended to. 
 
 AH the phyficians* and furgeons* prcfcrlptions, are 
 founded on their knowledge of fimples only, winch are 
 taught them by long experience and indefatigable at- 
 tention to their operations.. ^ . ' \1 
 
 The females in th» hour of nature's ftruggle, meet 
 with but little, or no diiEculty, being always delivered 
 alone, and without the aid of any one of her female 
 friends, or any other perfon. This to fome may 'ap- 
 pear a falfe repr^entation, but however ftrangc, *tii 
 perfeftly Uttc ^,nu t«.. •;; ^iv .. - ' ■ '^ 
 
 ta 
 
 v^M. 
 
 ) • i 
 
./HJO 
 
 ♦». 
 
 GH A R XI fl. 
 
 INDIAN FQRrirUDE w 4 TUTING HOUR, 
 Tut iManner OF BxjRYmc theii^-X)eab» Sec. 
 
 OWEVIB'F, tqrible the near approacii of deadi 
 may be to the greater part of mankind, caufing die 
 animalfraxnet^nntd^tdreven^t the idea bC^ffoIiition* 
 the Indian: meets this'l^ft eaeitiy ivith as mtidb compo- 
 'far€ asi tht)ugh'he "w^s not the -perfon id^fignfed to en- 
 counter this never failing conqueror j cvtn'^tthtn de* 
 dared by his phyncian, that any further attemps to ref- 
 tore him to health, would be fruitlefs^ makes no vifl.. 
 T>le imprefllon on the dying man, but with compofure 
 he receives the lafl vifits of his friends and acquaint- 
 ance, who afiemble round their departing friend, and 
 never omit to refrefii his memory with a recital of 
 fome of the mod di^ngui£hed traits of his cGndu<5l in 
 hunting and war ; alfo the great advantage his family 
 in particular, and the nation in general might receive 
 from him if he was to continue for any greater length 
 of time among them ; add to this the lementations ut- 
 tered by hi«^eareft conn«^ions,'make no imprefiion ; 
 %iat tvith heroic boldnel > as he- was wont to meet his 
 «ppofing enbmy in the field of battle, he tecelve's the 
 Uil words of his friends, nnd^th '^dqual oompofure, 
 jfirft addrefleth himftlf to iris family in general, then 
 to his vifiting friends ; laftly to her who he etpe£ks to 
 
 take 
 
=»=^ 
 
 J^jPfP:E:HPlX/ 
 
 ijfit 
 
 ^f]M rcare- of : an4 gliHler the chiWriea, )»« ra»y i Jeay » i ac^ 
 {la&eof!mmorky<ai»<it'd<}p<»ija9iBe»i To ibis teiilyfaef 
 gi.v«s council and idtre^icqBs hoW' theijlrtoi^t torcondt^d;^' 
 themfelves to gain the good.mllof; dienauoni andt'Vi 
 gain the approbation of their national Deities | that 
 they mnft confider themfelves as about to a£tl(each 
 one according to the ftation of life in which they are 
 placed) with equal fidelity and -honor the part that he> . 
 their father, hath before them ajled, both as a good 
 hunter and fnccefsful warrior ; that in all their conduft 
 they muft keep their national honor in view, ever fac^ 
 rificing their own private illtei efts for the public good, 
 whenever called thereto. He then addrefTeth himfelf 
 to his intimates .prefent ; tells them that a retrofpec- 
 tive view of his and their conduft, when' called to war-; 
 their fortitude, ^rer}g(h and (kill in direifting. the ar- 
 row, in liandling the trufty firelock, and never failing 
 tomahawk, gives him peculiar fatisfa^on ; that his 
 own conduA while in adtive life, will entitle him to a 
 free and iure paflport at death, into a country far 
 better than the country they now e:\joy ; that in that 
 country, hunting is. continued through the twelve 
 moons { that the beft of game is always to be !iad . 
 without any fatigue or difappoiutment to the hunter, 
 or his trufty dogs ; bids his friends ftri^ly to adhere 
 to the Wholefbme and. well fabricated rules, calculated 
 to fupport their national honor, as handed. dow^ by their 
 fathers ; that they alfo muil hand them down to their • 
 
 poftcrity, 
 
 m 
 
 ■A 
 
 III 
 
 n 
 
 «*;. 
 
 

 
 - ; Jlf^oftetityi t^lth laipartioiilarchargef to their childfai,that' 
 they do the fame to theirs ; that the generations yel 
 gt|*nih6rn may wap the benefit of fo valuable a boqueft 
 a« thcic national rights, iSccJ k^.j sil. ■j>v;«^ oi a^^i^ilr^vd; 
 
 
 ..;.,.( t. U:r:(u-,..;:2 
 
 f iiM S^^M^Ovnls'wlfe he.makes hisrjaft {pecqhi and ende 
 f IllHf to encouriageher in performing the duty, which 
 
 endeayours 
 on his 
 ^jipdeath muft be greatly increaled ; that her reward for 
 ||^0 her goojifery ices will afluredly be given her in. com- 
 mon with the nations in the other world, at which the 
 faithful win arrive. In this calin, converfable manner 
 fe||!^|> the fiivage, without . one groan or ftruggle, yields his 
 ^Iv^ll breath as cofiquered. As fbon as the body becorpes 
 ^0%l liielefs, preparation is then made for its burial it\ the 
 /'1lli!.ffbllGWing manner* '':, '■ . d^ > X \.i'-.i..*^^-^^ ■ 
 
 ^?1i:#y^' It Is ftrctcheS otit on fome llcins of animals, Aif- 
 
 ■.■fe•:1it^■ 
 
 me 
 
 ■.*;-■- 
 
 m 
 
 ;;^;{^^ fitleutly large. Rour 
 i ju|{|| by a ftrlng, his icalpl 
 
 'Mmi-:....u-\. ..,3 1,:. 
 
 Round the dead man's neck is fixed 
 
 alping knli*e, leaving his head and 
 tfff^, iiecklsare — roUnS his body his blanke*: is wrapped, and 
 iMiy^v confined by the broaches he was at his death poflcfled 
 %^^| of, with all his other ornaments. Thus prepared for 
 ■^ interment, his neighbours a{remble, dnd make ready 
 his grave, which is dug in fome convenient^ retired 
 place and unfit for tillage, in a perpendicular form, 
 fufficieritly large to contain the body, the deceafed's 
 ^Un, a quantity of ammunition, his bow and arrow, his 
 tomahawk, which they fuppofe he will want to gain a 
 living In the future Hate. The gravt then is line^ 
 
 ..... u ^1 *•. 1 - 
 
 ,\ ' 
 
 H 
 
K^ 
 
 hfri 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 »53 
 
 rn,that 
 tns yd 
 bequelk: 
 
 1 1 » » I J' ' • » ' 
 
 •i^h rlf *■; 
 eayoura 
 
 i on his 
 
 ar<l for 
 
 in.coin- 
 
 . ..I 
 
 lich the 
 manner 
 fields his 
 beconpes 
 ial it\ iht / 
 
 ^als, M- 
 t is fixed 
 lead and 
 3ped, and 
 poffclTed 
 ►ared for 
 ike ready 
 :^ retired 
 ar fornij 
 [eceafed's 
 .rrow, his 
 to gain a 
 is lined 
 \vitK 
 
 yjvith feme thick bark; then the body is carried 
 without any ceremony or order, and in an ereft pof- 
 ture placed in the prepared grave, with the imple- 
 ments, covered over with bark j over which, earth is 
 carefully laid on, fufficiently high as to diflinguifh the 
 grave from the furrounding eardi. All prefent, both 
 friends and neighbours follow the corps without dif- 
 tinSion or order ; tarry until the funeral fevices are per- 
 formed, then in the falme confufed manner return each 
 one to their re^eftive homes. ' . ^ ^: ,,,,.:; ,', 
 
 ■'•f At any time after, whenever the fpirlts of the fiiv- 
 viving friends are raifed, they aflemble round the 
 grave, there dancing and wliooping in a moft extrava- 
 .gant manner ; and then recite over the extraordinary 
 feats performed by the deceufed when living. This 
 concludes the fcene, when all retire to their wonted' 
 employment and diverfions. ^ .y'-,.. . ;; '. 
 
 ,t .. ■' I .'- 
 
 ■mUmmtm^ 
 
 }/; iX 
 
 . ^:k 
 
 ;i CHAP.* XlV. 
 
 General Character of the Scanyawtaura*- 
 
 GAHROOOTE InDIANS. 
 
 ;.."i 
 
 iii 
 
 JLN all civilized nations, oppofite characters arc to be ; 
 found. Some appear mild and calm en every occaiion : ^.'r'J/ 
 nothing however gloomy or terrifying to others hath ^^ 
 any ill effeit on them: others appear In every circum- v 
 . O ftance 
 
mmmm 
 
 mmmm 
 
 mum 
 
 ^■i 
 
 t54 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ffance of life uneafj', churlifh and difcontented, whether 
 iii profpcrity or adverfity, nothing appears to pleafc 
 
 - them, even the occurrences of common Providence 
 diiafFc<5ts them ; at times they are ready to fay that fuch 
 
 7 and fuch events are the refult of wrong calculations. 
 Such tharadcrs are to be met with in all orders of men. 
 The farmer will frequently difcover this hy laying 
 
 , the feafon is too wet or too dry, too hot or too cold ; 
 if In the winter, they fuy (if the feafon be favourable 
 for bufincfs) that all work and no play makes Jack a 
 dull boy J if the feafon be otherwife, they fay my cat- 
 tle arc eating my provender -without any profit, &c. 
 
 . I'Ins complaining fpirit appears to prevail more or l^fs 
 among people who pretend to an uncommon Ihare bf 
 philofophic knowledge : but among the Indians who 
 have not the advantage of education, this fpirit docs 
 not HPpcar fo much to prevail. 
 
 . -J', i. ^ . 
 
 r-ri 
 
 ■; .. i-..x 
 
 '' The chara«ftcr of an Indian, is a compound of fe- 
 rotity. and gentlenefs; they are at once led away by 
 .,patnon, & at the fame time po/Tcf? virtues that would do 
 Jionor to people of more refined taftc : they will difcov- 
 -cr a moll diabolical temper in -executing fuch piifoners 
 ■ns are dcftincd to fuffer, at the fame time will iliew all 
 the companion and tcndcrnefs in their power towards 
 thofc whofe happy lot it' is to be fele(5l£d from the num- 
 ber of prifoners, and arc adppted by thofc fquaws who 
 . ■have loft their friends In battle. Such inftances I have 
 • ii^nowii when apiong. .them.; no pains are.OKiitteJ that 
 
 
 ,'li:4,'^-iO' 
 
 iA/srvJ;^.*"^ V t jy.t 
 
 i--''''Xl 
 
 J:;% 
 
 are 
 
 <"- 
 
 »^:-,»S^ 
 
 n' 
 
 u 
 
 ^'^■tfi^ 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ':>j 
 
 arc neceflliry to make fuch perfons as happy as Indl^cn 
 
 . \4 I" ''''i'*-"-i4.-i' » ''*"**''4 *"''*■'■* *-ij,*«'^- 
 
 accommodations can afford. . "* ,; " 
 
 ^ • f 
 
 I myfelf have experienced much of their kindncfs, 
 although not taken in battle ; yet as a ftranger, both 
 in ficknefs and in health. They ufed every mean in their 
 powtr to mitigate my fojrows on my iirft arrival a- 
 mong them. . ' ' 1^,^. v^. «. i. 
 
 • Nothing can exceed iheir fpirit of reftntmcnt, 
 whenever their honor Is touched. They never pafs by 
 a« affront with impunity ; but will watch night and 
 day in fome fecret place, near which the (ffcndcr is 
 likely to pjifs, and all this without food or even flcep 
 for two days and nights together ; and willni;ikc their 
 way through pathlefs defexts, with no other fuftcnance 
 than what accidentally falls in their way, to be reven- 
 ged on an enemy. t^:ii}i.j4i^'i^.A ,i "•';*■. «•■ i^iy^' x-''-^---- 
 
 ''>it Whenever the father of a familv. is ''ailed to be al>- 
 fcnt from his family for any great length of time, on his 
 return he is not unmindful of his connubial a«d paren- 
 tal feelings, but with open heart and unfolded aims 
 meets his family, and with a degree of unafFctfled futis- 
 fa(ftlon receives the congratulations of thtm on his fafe 
 return to his wigwrim ; will en^ertai'". Lnem with a par- 
 ticular recital of all the evenrs that have taken place 
 during his abfencc» v.-liether for or againd him, and 
 with a liitisfa'flion no lefs plcafing, will he attend to a 
 , . \.'y.y^ ■ ^ . s. recital 
 
 m 
 
 ii 
 
 ■ ' •■'I 
 
 'i.'.it 
 
»56 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 recital made by his wife and children of thdfe even($ 
 that took place among them during his abfence. 
 
 Nothing can exceed an Indian's attachment to his 
 nation} on all occafions when called to council or to 
 battle. When public honor or intereil is at ftake, the 
 whole take the alarm, andatft as if aAuated by one foul. 
 All private intereft is confidered as of ho weight when 
 compared to national honor. 
 
 Being accudomed to bardfhips from their youth> 
 they will furmount every obftacle however hazardous ; 
 even the near profped of death will not abate their zeal 
 when about to execute the commands of their leaders, 
 whether in battle with their enemies or in hunting. 
 
 It freqo^tly happens that in their longmarches» 
 provifion falls fhort with them ; in this cafe not a mur- 
 muring word is heard, among them : the pleafing-proC^ 
 ped they entertain of fuccefs in their enterprife allays, 
 the calls of nature. This they will endure for fome 
 days, unlefs relieved by taking fome game which pre- 
 fents wijtett on their march, for they never turn afide 
 from their propofed route, but keep as ftrait and direft 
 a courfc towards the deftined place as poffihle, however 
 great the calls of nature may be. 
 
 I have known them on fuch marches to be fo far 
 reduced for want of food, that they have been obliged 
 to eat reptiles, frogs, 5cc. and that in a raw ftate ; fome- 
 
 times 
 
 liy 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 157 
 
 times for want of this unfavoury food, they will dc- 
 ▼our the leaves and rind of trees as they pafs along. 
 
 The Indians are remarkably generous to flrangers 
 who vifit them» whether on public bufmefs or acciden- 
 tal ;: the beft of thr'r food is unrefervedly fet before 
 them, and they are bid a cordial welcome to every con- 
 veniencc in the power of the family to help them to 
 to allay their hunger, or to gratify their pafllons dur- 
 ing their tarry, whether longer or fhorter. 
 
 The foregoing relation of the different prevailing 
 paflions reigning in the breaftof the Scanyawtauragah* 
 rooote In«lians muft fuffice to give the reader an idea 
 of their character. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 A Particular Description of the Quadrupeds, 
 
 Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects, which 
 
 are to be met. with on, and in the 
 
 Vicinity of Scanyawtauragah- 
 
 ROOOTE Island. 
 
 o 
 
 F thefe I (bail treat in alphabetical order j and 
 firft.of the quadrupeds. Bear, Beaver, Buffalo, Cat of 
 the Mountain, or Wild Cat, Deer, Dog, Fox, Hare, 
 Hedgehog or Porcupine, Marten, ivlink, Moofe, Mufk- 
 quafh, Moufe, Mole, Otter, Porcupine, Rabbit, Rac- 
 coon, Skunk, Squirrel, Tiger, Weafel, Woodchuck and 
 Wolf. - Bears 
 
 ^02 
 
fl 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 w 
 
 
 «8 
 
 Bears arc to be found in great plenty in this, as well 
 as in many other parts of America. Tim hunting of 
 this animal is much attended to for food, clothing and 
 bedding : the flefh is cfteemcd the firft of any to be 
 found in the wildernefs, both for its flavour and mild* 
 nefs. What adds much to recommend this diet, is, 
 that it never cloys ; a pcrfon making u meal of it one 
 day may feed heartily upon it the next, and fo on (if to 
 be obtained) for one month or longer. Such is its fa- 
 lubrious quality, that it is highly recommended by 
 pra*5titioners to the invalid, as it fits eafy on the ftom- 
 ach, and of eafy digeftion. With the inhabitants of the 
 interior parts of New-Ergland 'tis much prized, ais it 
 luppllcs them, when falted, witli meat but little inferi- 
 or tc pork. With the firft fettlers, where pork cannot 
 be procured, 'tis of the firft confequence, for in a plen- 
 riful fupply they arc enabled to execute plans the moft 
 arduous among them. Among the Indians 'tis of no 
 lefs confequence ; their method of fmoking meat (as 
 h:iih already been defcribed) fcrves to preferve large 
 quantities of this food for fupply, when hunting fca- 
 fons arc over. 
 
 r . " ' 
 
 The {km of the Bear is alfo bf value among the In- 
 dians, as their beds and fome part of their clothing con- 
 fill of thofc f^ns. The fat is much ufcd by the In- 
 dians ; they frequently rub it over their bodies, efpccial- 
 ly over their limbs ; to this ihcy attribute their agility. 
 }'>car's grccfe is ufcd by them to facilitate the growth 
 
 of the hair on their heads:. r.v:>> 
 
 ., .,., : .■...■- ., -,V-:-. .:-" -. This 
 
 '^>i, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 li 
 
 J 50 
 
 This animal is Co well known in this country, that 
 a minute defcription of its bulk or colour when fully 
 grown, or when in a young (late, is here necdlcfs ; 
 however, I would obferve that this much valued ani- 
 mal produces but two Cubs at a litter, and but once In 
 one feafon, which is not Co with fome other quadrupeds 
 of this weflern continent. And what is particularly 
 noticed of the Bear, is, that during the winter it 
 rells in its fafe retreat in a dormant (late. On its firfl 
 taking pofTeiHon, it is careful to flop or plug up the 
 moll material outlet of its body, with a certain gum or 
 gluy fubflance taken from the pine or hemlock tree. 
 . In this (late they are often found with bne of its hind 
 paws in its mouth, and what is worthy of note, the 
 Bear is then the fatted and mod profitable to the hunter. 
 
 • 
 
 'I'he Beaver is an amphibious animal, and delights 
 much in water : they are to be found and caught in or 
 near this element. , ^^^ ' 
 
 Much has been fald and publiihed on the fingular 
 qualities of this valuable animal, and if rational or 
 thinking qualities may with propriety be confidered as 
 making a part of a quadruped's inherent faculties, the 
 .Beaver nrft claims the right ; for, as hath in this work 
 b^cn already noticed, they are by fome authors faid to 
 be in a (late of republicanlfm ; having myfelf been an 
 eye witnefs to their manner of conftruding their dams, 
 which with peculiar plcafurc I oftcij attcnd'jd to by 
 
 -.'*', s»rr' ^•' /?, moonlight 
 
 '' ' • ■' ■'-)■' ■ ■■' --"■ -'," . " ■ " '"'k. 
 
 '■■■■ •■ . -'..j: '-\ , - . r-y.--:^' ■" . 
 
 M 
 
i6o 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 moonlight (when with the Indians) for tliey are xnoft 
 induftrious by night as well as by day, unlefs intcrrup. 
 ted by fome accident, or by the near approach of fome 
 more fatal enemy. ' - . ,. i 
 
 Their firP. movement (after colle^ling a fuffkvent 
 number for the purpofe) is to find out and determine 
 upon fome convenient place as well for conftrudling 
 their habitations as for food ; this muft be a fmall rivu- 
 let, furroimded with a plenty of timber fuitable to avvA 
 a dam from (hore to *hore to ftop the running water j 
 this being unanimoufly determined upon by the com- 
 munity, each citizen hath his particular part adigned 
 him to aft, whether as a labourer, an overfecr,* or in the 
 more important office of councillor. 
 
 All tiic prerequifites being adjufted, the bufmeis 
 commences, and isxonduAed by the ftn£left rules of in- 
 duftry and oeconomy. The younger and more robuft, 
 whofe teeth are beft calculated to perform the wood- 
 cutter's part, aflemble round the handieft trees j to each 
 a fufficient number is placed as can work without in- 
 terruption, They are careful to gnaw the tree fo as that 
 
 it 
 
 *Thofe who aft in tnjs office, arc very attentive to their 
 bufinefs, for when any who arc employed to fall trees, &c, 
 are idle (for this fomctimes happens) en ovcrfecr with his tail 
 will correft the idler, which is done to fo ^pd a purpofe 
 that the DuHnefs goes on with more lifej the idler ha being 
 correftcd, more clofcly attends to bis part of duty. , ^ . 
 
 M \ 
 
.\PPENDIX. 
 
 d~». 
 
 i6i 
 
 are mod 
 intcrrup. 
 1 of fome 
 
 fuffii:ient 
 letermine 
 iftrufting^ 
 nail rlvu- 
 e vO LuiM 
 g water j 
 the com- 
 afligned 
 ' or in the 
 
 bufmefs 
 lies of in- 
 robuft, 
 le wood- 
 to each 
 lout in- 
 b as that 
 It 
 
 to their 
 trees, &c, 
 ith his tail 
 a purpofe 
 bik being 
 
 It may fall towards the rivulet; As foon as the tree i$ 
 fallen,tIiey,whofeburmefsitis, take an exai^meafure of 
 the diftance from fhore to (hore ; the trunk of the tree 
 is then meafured, and at a fuitable length is gnawed 
 off J when others are employed to carry the prepared 
 timber to its place of depofit» The wood-cutters, go 
 on to prepare more timber as above related. 
 
 Their manner of draging timber is by their tails 
 thus, a fuitable number for the purpofe place their tails 
 all on one fide of the. timber, while others on the oppo- 
 fite fide gently role the timber on, to the prepared vehi- 
 cles ; thus lixed, the timber is drawn forward to the 
 fpot, and there placed. They proceed in the fame 
 manner until a number fufficient for their purpofe is. 
 drawn on and placed } then a number appear and aA 
 the mafon's part, who with their tails as with a trowel 
 plafter on between the timber, interwoven with fmall 
 branches of the felled trees — the morter ufed is prepar- 
 ed by the Beaver's feet. They alfo carry upon their 
 taiU rocks of very confiderable "w^^ight, further to 
 ftrengthen their dams. . ^ ,^ ;; j; r^; :[_ ' p:: lo 
 
 Having completely ftoped the running water, they 
 then proceed to fo/m their cabins, or lodging places j 
 thefe are conftrudted in an oval form, and are built 
 either on piles by them formed in the pond above the 
 Beaver dam, or on the extremity of forae point of land 
 running into the pond. The greater part of the cabin 
 
 (lands 
 
 
1^2 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 W 
 
 flands above the water. Each cabin is fo large as" to 
 contain a number of inhabitants ; each one hath a 
 particular fpot affigned it, the floor of which is ftrewed 
 over with leaves or fmall branches of pine trees. Their 
 cabins are lb nearly fituated, that an cafy communica- 
 tion is kept up between them. The floor of the cabin 
 is ie conftru(iled that the innermoft part is fix or eight 
 inches higher than at the entrance ; the Beaver then 
 in laying down keeps his body dry, while his tail is kept 
 in the water, for it mufl: be kept wet, otherwile the 
 animal is n<'kly. The manner of the Beaver's laying 
 down in his cabin, accounts for this animal's knowing 
 that feme breach is made in the dam, which, as hath 
 been dcfcribed, gives the hunter an opportunity of catcli- 
 ing his game ; for when the water is dravra off, the an- 
 imal's tail is dry, which gives its owner a reftlefs feeling, 
 and increafeth to fuch a degree as to caufe the Beaver 
 to rifk his life in fearching out the, caufe, and in repair* 
 in ff the breach. ., ." . ., , 
 
 ti :i: 
 
 
 :3.il t>2ij ya ij 
 
 ^•" Their habitations are completed by the latter end 
 of September, and their (lock of provifion to ferve them 
 through the winter is provided. Their provifion con- 
 f:iks of fmall pieces of wood whofe texture is foft, fucli 
 SIS puplar, willow, &c. which they lay up in piles in 
 fuch a manner as to prcforve their moillure. 
 
 ' The Beaver being an animal but fcldom feen but 
 by thofe who hunt them, I Hiall here dcfcribe it. The 
 ■ ' 7 largcfk 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 163 
 
 largeft arc nearly four feet in length, and about fifteen 
 Inches over the haunches ; they weigh, one with anoth- 
 er, when fully grown, about fifty-five or fixty pounds. 
 Its head refcmbles that of tTie Otter — its fnout is long— 
 the eyes fmall — the .eais fhort, round, hairy on the out- 
 fidc and fmooth within — its teeth very long ; the under 
 ones Hand out of their mouths about one inch, the uppcf 
 teeth about one fourth of an inch ; all are broad, ftrong 
 and fliarp ; the under teeth before, are formed like a 
 carpenter's gouge, and feem peculiarly formed to fall 
 trees, &c— their fore legs are fhorter than their hind 
 ones — their toes in the fore feet are fcparate, each toe 
 furniflicd with a nail — its hind feet are furnifl:cd with 
 membranes, which join their tors much like unto rhe feet 
 of water fowl, thus prepa- -;an fwim with as much 
 
 cafe as any other aquatic aniniui. The tailinfomerneafure 
 refembles that of a fiOi, and feems to have norelalion to 
 any other part of the body, except the hind feet, all the o- 
 thcrparts being fimilar to other land animals. The tail is 
 about twelve inches in length, and about four inches 
 broad in th;i middle, the root and -its extremity being 
 much narrower ; 'tis about two inches thick near the 
 body, where it Is almoft round, but gra'clually thinner 
 and flatter towards the end, 'tis covered over with 
 fcales like unto thofe of fifli. The colour of the Beaver 
 differs according to the different climates where they arc 
 found. In the northern parts they are almoft black — In 
 thv; more temperate climate, brown. Their colour 
 j;to vs lighter as they approach towards the fouth. 
 
 Their 
 
 ki 
 
 ;■ 11 
 
 tmmimn 
 
1^4 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 \.k 
 
 Their fur is of twQ forts, all over the body, except the 
 feet — the lorgeft is about one inch and of no value, the 
 other part U a very thick and fine down, almoft as foft 
 as filk ; this fort is mudi ufed in the hatter's bufinefsf&c. 
 The Caftor is found in this animal, and is of peculiar 
 ufe in certain diforders, and of no fmall profit to the 
 
 hunter. 
 
 
 cno juovii/ ixr.'j 
 
 n 
 
 The Buffalo is found in the greateft perfedlion and 
 plenty in this quarter, and of great confequence to the 
 Scanyawtauragahrooote Indians ; it is much larger 
 than a common Ox — ::has fliort black horns, with a large 
 beard under its chin ; hrs head is fo full of hair that it 
 falls over its eyes,which gives a dlfagreeable appearanccv 
 This animal is diftinguilhed from others by a large 
 bunch on its back, beginning at the haunches, increaf- 
 ing gradually to the flioulders and neck. The whole 
 body is covered with long hair of a dun oi moufe colour 
 —its head is larger than a BulPs,with a very fhort neck— • 
 the breaft is broad-- the body decreafeth towards its 
 rump. — ^The Buffalo's flefli is excellent food — its hide 
 very ufeful — its hair much ufed in manufadluring many 
 articles. .^^^^';" U -'■ 
 
 (.-■ 
 
 V Cat of the Mountain, or Wild Cat, in fhape imuch re* 
 fembles our common houfe Cat, but much larger. 
 Their whole fkin is beautified with black fpois — the hair 
 which covers the body, in general, is of aredifticaft. 
 This animal is very fierce, and will engage apimals of 
 •i fuperior 
 
 
APP£Nt)lX, 
 
 16s; 
 
 ^ili{3feri^rcb«^ky»tCh*by! ks Jdiesftferfty- in . t^-ng • ^Tts' claws w ill 
 'liotfqtier' ^in&fls^of Superior ftreflgth- and'agHity. 
 
 .'J:::?;^i '<^^i^:Lt.: ri;,";.ilH) *»li u:-:Uti l ^r^..<.^^^ V ;■ r-Hi. 
 
 t ly. 
 
 Deer. This aHimal li well' known in this country*. 
 
 They are df a deep fallow or pale colour— light on the 
 
 foot, and excellent food, and are iii great plenty in tlie un- 
 
 ' cultivated parts of America. 
 
 .A J, .i; 
 
 Dogs among the Indians are numerous, and of great 
 : . trie and rmuch' phifitas wilL in hunting animals of the 
 v\<?rlderncfs,'ais iaqiieii of <wutcr fowl and other feathered 
 jgame. They are early taught to follow and affiil the 
 i' huKterwhenever iltceffiry . 'Tts rare to meet an In- 
 Indian in therwoods without his Dog (unlefs when on 
 ' fome warlike cnterprizc) 'vdio is treated by his maftcr 
 -with familiarity, a,nd.at all times with his benefa<5lor 
 rihares in what the AvigwamaiFords while at eafe, crouch- 
 ;fing at his mafter^s feet, • and in" hunting does not loofe 
 "' iiis (hare of thegaitie. 
 
 • Nothing • fcaii exceed tHe ktVactiment aAd fidelity^'of 
 '''the Dog to his o^^er onall dccaiidils by night as well aS 
 •' by day. •--■,•.'• 
 
 . ,-. ,;.-. ■.. i. ^^u; ;■ .;: -y- .A ■ .1 i':. '.■'-■ :r'.''^; '■ ' .^ 
 
 The Indian Dogs appear to be of one fpecies, in 
 
 ' thofe, the qualities of the Spaniel, the Grey-Hound, the 
 
 iMtaftifF, the Bull-Dog, the fox-Hunter, and the BlooJi- 
 
 Hound, 
 
166 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ■■f^e"' 
 
 r 
 
 :Hound> To much prized in £uropeaii4iation£> Teem to 
 unite informing one complete Indian Dpgy 'whofe head 
 as well as the other parts of his body as nearly refembles 
 ihat of a Wolfe as any animal whatever* 
 
 . r'li:;<;j 
 
 ■■-V 
 
 lV'.:vv'> 
 
 ■v.tth-': <t>:t> J.; lo'S'tn "?^^{']'' 
 
 Many anecdotes liave been rielated of the fagaclty 
 and fidelity of a Dog tohismafter; among a variety, I 
 ihall felejft one only. ^ , 
 
 H. *■ . .-J '..-'■ i-\ ..■■,■.'■ ,'.'■-•"■, - .. ■' ' ' . 
 
 ' -** In one of the weft em : forts < witibin the-Umits of the 
 !-United States, an; Americanofficer, accompanied by his 
 , n trufty Dog only, left the fort in queft of fome finallgame, 
 ..rhaving travelled fome way into the woods was met by 
 V two Indians, whoknocked the officer down and' fcalped 
 ;him; the -Dog was not noticed by. the Indians, who, 
 . after the enemy had left his matter, licked the wound, 
 .and tarried by tliebodyfor fome time, often repeating 
 { his friendly aid, at length difcovering fome motion in 
 ' the mapgled body, the Dog (as thougii.he knew that 
 
 fome further affiftance was neceflary to compleat a cure) 
 -^j-anto the fort ; forae officer* at ,that time walking at a 
 ^fmall diftancefrom the parade, thelDog run up to them 
 
 fawning round them, and running from them towards 
 'the place where lay his.maftef's almoft lifelefs body. 
 ;^he officers at firfl: but little noticed him, but upon the 
 .•Dog's repeating the fame, they followed the friendly 
 ^nimal, who led them to the wounded man. The ofii- 
 
 
 ^cer^ 
 
 
eem to 
 « head 
 fembles 
 
 id v-'r 
 
 agacity 
 riety, I 
 
 s of the 
 i by his 
 [I game, 
 met bf 
 Tcalped 
 tis, who, 
 wound, 
 peating 
 lOtion m 
 Lew that 
 a cure) 
 mg at a 
 to them 
 :owards 
 s body, 
 on the 
 riendly 
 he offi- 
 crs 
 
 i^i 1 
 
 APP'ENDIX:- 
 
 iGf 
 
 .h\ 
 
 ccrt carried the body to -the fort, where, by proper ap- 
 plication the maimed^fficer foon recovered his wonted, 
 health, and afterwards became aa ornament to the 
 
 Americaiv heroes,'' 
 
 
 •> tl^;)- 
 
 
 ITie Fox, H?re, Marten, .Mole, Mink, Mufkquafii, or^ 
 Water. Rat, Moufe, Rabbit, Squirrel, Skunk, Weafel and 
 Woodchuck are fo well known in almoft every part of 
 the United States, that a particular defcription in this 
 book muft be needlefs ; I therefore fhall pafs them over 
 and proceed in the propofed order to defer ibe fuchas 
 are commonly found in the Indian country, and are 
 ftrangers to this part of America. : ■; ? ./.;*.!> 
 
 Jl .V.W, ..'■■■",.:.• ;ji'rt{..'irr. J *\ ,'•; .'- . "— - ' '-i h' i, . .) :', T-u 
 
 ■* . ■ 
 
 ■■»' if'-.' 
 
 ■f I . J. a' ■*' - . . ... 
 
 The Hedgehog and Porcupine fo nearly refemble 
 each other that in defcribing one the leader may 
 form an idea of the other, although byfome confidere,; 
 as two didinft animals. It is about the bulk of a fmall 
 Bog, but of fiiorter legs ; its body is covered with hair 
 of a dark brown, and armed with quills on almoft every 
 part of the body ; thofe on its back are moft fubdan- 
 tial. Thofe quills are this animal's defenfivc and of- 
 fenfive weapons, which at pleafiire he difcharges at his 
 enemy. Whenever they enter the flefh in any degree,, 
 they will finfcinto it, and are not to be extta(Sed'but 
 by incifion. The Indians make ufe of thefe quills in 
 lioring their ears and nofes to infert their pendants. 
 
 
 /•Vf '<*■ 
 
 and 
 
 ■<^i 
 
 m- ■ 
 
i6% 
 
 Al'PrF^E^filXrrXi 
 
 \> 
 
 ii y 
 
 ^skd alfoas'orn^nptcnti to their ftO;:lMngsv mo^pfoto^. Jia»r», 
 ^ ; tlieir rflell?.is. eftettmed. by tfife < Ihdian&j 
 
 UJiIVJVs- 
 
 v„",! :;■,;■• VK^i-; 
 
 The Moofe by fome is fald to be of the Beer kind; 
 but on a clofe examination 'tis found to be an animal 
 pf a diftintS fpectes from the Deer, both-in itS' bulk and 
 particular formation' ; the Beer bein^ gant-and^of a 
 ilender. body ,long'leged'and light on tBe'fcloti--its- horns 
 long, flendcr, round and bran<»h*ng. TJieMoofe is in/ 
 ^dy nearly of the bulk- of- a well fed horfe, its legs flioi?*' 
 ter and more ftockcy— its' horns near the bafe ar« nearly^ 
 round and large, as they expand, more flat- and' Icils; 
 branching. This animal fhieds- his; horns. arniually^tS'. 
 hair is of a light grey, with a fmall mixture of blackifh 
 red — the tail very {|iort — its flefh i^ good , lood,, nour- 
 ifhlng and eafy of digeftion ; tlie upper lip, when prop- 
 erly cook'd is much efteemcd— Its hide is very proper 
 for leather, being, thick, ft rong, foft and pliable. The 
 Moofe never appears when in motion, but on a trot. 
 This animal is rarely to be met with on or near the 
 Scanyawtauragahrooote Ifjand, its haunts being mnclx 
 further north — its food tjarough the vvinter is. the budsi; 
 »nd mofs of trtes, , '■' ., 
 
 'W^ 
 
 j.it 
 
 • Ml 
 
 The»Otter is an amphibious ar!ra^l,andt nmch rfrf 
 femblcs the Beaver in its head and fore. partSi of tlia- 
 body — its teeth^ at^ Ihaped more Ubc a: Fob or Wolfit 
 
 ThQ 
 
 m 
 
 . a 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 i6(> 
 
 The Otter^s hair is nauch longer than thac of the IJca- 
 ver, and of a greyifli caft* This animal is to be nut 
 with in almoft all parts of uncultivated America, is 
 xnifchievousy and if clofely purfued will attack men as- 
 well as dogs — in the fummer feafon it feeds on fiflir 
 during the winter 'tis content wirh the bark of trees, &c 
 —its flefh is of a fifliy tafte and fmell, and is not eate* 
 but in cafes of neceflitjr.^ .:5!;sv1; I £ J;t-j^ >? ; 
 
 Raccoon. This animal is fomething fmaller than' 
 a Beaver — its legs (horter — its head is much like a-Fox" 
 —its ears fliOrter, more round and naked— its hair is 
 thick, longandfoft, iiitermixed with a fort of fur, which 
 is of great ufe to the hatter-:— on its Eice a broad ftripe 
 of white runs acrofs'it which includes the eyes, -which 
 are large — the teeth are flmilar to a Dog's in fi/ape~, 
 and number — the tail is long and round, with annular 
 ftripes on it — the feet have five long (lender toes, eacli 
 armed with a fliarp claw by which they with eafe climb 
 trees into the extremity of the boughs — it ufes its fore 
 feet like the Squirrel to feed itfelf — its flefli in amumni 
 after being fattened on nuts, &c- eats very good, and 
 is much valued by the hunters in that ieafbn. ./.;'' 
 
 Tiger. This is an animal much fliunncd by th« 
 Indians, as they are ravenous and of no confequence 
 when caught by the hunter ; they are much in form 
 like the Wolfe, armed with claws, long and tery 
 , ' ''■'■ •' fharp J . 
 
 
 -»».J,I« »» IIIIMI I 
 
 ^J 
 
17® 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 u 
 
 * ftarp ; their hair is of a darkifli fallow, and entrreltf 
 free from fpots — they fecreet themfelves under th« 
 
 cover of fome thick bufheS) and on the near approach 
 of feme animal or huntei , fuddenly leaps from his re- 
 treaty felzes its prey, which falls » facrifice ; for from 
 the Tiger's claws there is no efcape ; thofe animals are 
 Ijut rarely met with, which the Indians edeem as one of 
 the greateft favours. , ; ..-i, .n^^:^)?,:^-: , a\s 
 
 Wolfr This animal by fome is called the wild. 
 Pog, and much refembles him in its form ; they are 
 
 * however much longer bodied and longer leged — their 
 colour in general, is that of a dun or dark brown — ^fome 
 few are grey ; whether this is owing to their great ageii 
 or is their natural hue, I am at a lofs to determine. 
 The Wolf is a great night walker, ar ' ften thins the 
 new fettler's ftock, as well the yearling ^attle as fheep 
 
 / and lambs in the interior parts of this country. Wolves 
 often herd together m the night, which is generally 
 known in the vicinity of their refort, by the hideous^ 
 yellings the Wolves are careful rarely to omit. 
 
 ■►.. I'-i -' 
 
 . Op their birds. I. ^.vV r- : 
 
 BLACK-BIRD, *Blue-Jay, *Crane, *Crow, ♦Cuc- 
 koo, *Duck, *E,agle, *Fifh-Hawk, *Goofe, *Hawkr 
 ' ■ , ' ' ' , Humming. 
 
 * Thofe marked thus * are fo common in this country, that 
 a particular defcription of them in this work would be but to 
 
 i remind 
 
 a 
 
 ^-; :» 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 i^x 
 
 Hamming-Bircl, *King-Blrcl, ♦Lark, ♦Loon, *Maniii, 
 ♦Night-Hawk, ♦Owl, ♦Parrot, ♦Partridga, ♦Pellican, . 
 ♦Pigeon, ♦Qgail, ♦Raven> ♦Robin, ♦Snip«, ♦Storkj 
 ♦Swallow, ♦Teal, ♦Thrufti, ♦Turkey, Wacon-Bird,. 
 •Water.hen,Whctfaw, ♦Wliippoorwill,^ Woodpecker & 
 ♦Wren are to be met with in all parts ol thig country- 
 during the fummermonths< 
 
 .,../ 
 
 •■i'i 
 
 ■'' Black-Bird. There are three forts of birds in Aii^ 
 merica (that naturalifts) dlftinguiHi under this name»- 
 viz. the Crow Black-Bird, which is of the largeft Aze, ■ 
 and builds its neft on high trees, inacceffable to boys • 
 in queft of bird's eggs ; of this kind there are a great 
 plenty ; in autumn they are feen in large flocks^ 
 and greatly infeft cornfields, and do much dam- 
 age by robbing the induilrious farmer of the fruit 
 ef his fummer's toil, unlefs prevented by timely pre* 
 cautions ; however, their rapacity is but of fhort con- 
 tinuance, for when froft nips hard they are feen no '; 
 »iore for that feafon ; as they are birds of paHage, they 
 retire tofome unfrequented and more favi^urable clic 
 
 . mate. 
 
 .;y'«. 1,:-. 
 
 ' ,-M 
 
 remind altnoflf every reader of what he is already fally aio 
 ^•inted wiih ; I would juft obferve that they are found in the 
 grcateft perfe£lion in the Indian country. The Goofe and 
 Turkey are not domefticated by the natives of the land, but in 
 a wild Hate and in great plenty. ^ 
 
^^w-s-npi 
 
 ip 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 jnatcJ The fecond fort are of a fmaller fize than the 
 former, and are diillnguiihed from them by the name 
 cf the Red-Wing Black-Bird, having the whole, of its 
 ho(*y covered with black feathers, except on the lower 
 edge of its wings, which is of a bright fcarlet — this 
 ibrti build their neft on low buflies, on or near fwampy 
 ground, their eggs are comeattible by boys, which ac- 
 counts for their fcarcity when compared with the Crow 
 Black-Bird. They are not (either fort) prized for 
 their fongs- The third and laft fortare much fmaller 
 than either ot the former, and are of ajet black, exceptt 
 a fmall part of white on its head and back — this fort 
 build their nefts on the ground, and ufe a few warbling 
 notes. The female is of a- brown colour and is not a 
 finger.- 
 
 
 
 I'i 
 
 ift -V- 
 
 
 The Hummlrig bird is peculiiir to America, and is 
 not known in any other part of the globe ; 'tis the fmal^ 
 left of the feathered airy inhabitants — its legs are pro- 
 portionally fmall to its body, and are not biger than 
 two fmall '•.eedles' — its plumage exceeds defcription — it 
 has a fmall tuft on its head of a fhining black — its breaft 
 is red — the belly white — the back, wings and tail a 
 pale green — fmall fpecks of a gold caft are fcattered 
 over the whole body — an almoft imperceptible down 
 i^ftens the colours^ and produces the moft pleafmg 
 
 t ' 
 
 fhades— » 
 
 ■M^ 
 
 
I- ,.;, 
 
 U- 
 
 'Hi; 
 
 •—.-«■<■" • 
 
 A.PPE!NDI35^ 
 
 >H, 
 
 ftades^**<wkhitS'bill> -which is proporttonablyrmall to its\ 
 body, it cxtradts moiftuw from flowers, which isitit. 
 nouridtfncnt } over which it hovers like a BfeCi without* 
 lighting,! conftantly movingy its wings with fuch velociv 
 ty, that the motion- is imperceptible ; this quick raotioiii 
 caufeth a humming noife, from whence it receives it%. 
 
 name. 
 
 ■v^ ■. /' 
 
 The Wacon,.BIr<i is nearjy the^fize of. the fwaUow, . 
 of a browH colour, fhaded about the neck with a bright, 
 green ; the wings are of a darker brown than the body - 
 — its tail is compofed of four or five feathers beautifully 
 fhaded with green and purple, and is three times as 
 long as its body, it carries this length of plumage in 
 the fame, manner as the Peacock does,, but doesnqt. 
 raife it into an ered pofition — the name of this bird- 
 fignifies the bird of the great- fpirit, and is held in greats 
 veneration bjy the Indians, and treated by* them as a. 
 bird of fuperioi: rank to any of thi^.feath^re^ race... 
 
 <-> 
 
 . 4f .<«.•« t.>^A> - 
 
 The Whetfaw isofthe Cuckoo kind, is" a Iblitary 
 bird, and rarelyto be met with in: the fummer months 
 — *tis heard in the grpves 5 its noife founds like the 
 whetting of a faw,.from whence it receives its name. 
 
 -\\ 
 
 Of tesir fish: 
 
 M^:^>\ it ,X5ife„^4*' 
 
 THERE is-as great a variety of fifh. irt thei rivers 
 5l»d:Ukw.wuhiji;thje territory of the Sca^yawtauragahr 
 
 \m- 
 
 Tooote 
 
w 
 
 ■.-■ if 
 
 174 
 
 APPENDIX*. 
 
 ■\- 
 
 WOGte Indians as are to be caught in any otlier Interior 
 part of America : thofe that are accounted of the 
 greateft vahi(S,are the Sturgeon, Pout or Cat-Fifh, Pike,, 
 Carp and Club ; tliefe are (in their feafon) caught iiv 
 great plenty and are of fuperior excellence. , , / 
 
 Of SSRP£NTS. 
 
 RATTLE-SNAKE, long Black-Snake, Adder,. 
 Striped-Snake^ Water-Snake, Hifling-Snake, Turkey- 
 Snake, Gr«3n Snake, Speckled-Snake, and Ring-Snake 
 are lu be met with in aimoll all tlie Indian territories^ 
 
 ft t 
 
 
 As all tht above mentioned {hakes are to be found- 
 In many parts of the United States, except the Rattle- 
 snake and Turkey. Snake, I Hiall not attempt a partic* 
 licular dcfcriptiou of any except thofe two. 
 
 Rattle-Snake. This ferpent is of alt the ferpentlle 
 ipecies moft to be feared ; its bite (if not prevented by 
 fome early and proper application) proves fatal — at. 
 its full growth 'tis about five feet in lengtji, it mea- 
 fures round its body about eight inches, from its centre 
 it gradually decreafsth both towards its head and tail— 
 the neck is fmall, the head broad and deprefTed — they 
 are of a brown colour—the eye appears of a bright red 
 and very piercing — the upper part <jf its body of a 
 larovm, mixed with a ruddy yellow, and chequer'd wlro? 
 
 many 
 
 tU 1 
 
 l\\ 
 
'.f- 
 
 'APPENDIX. 
 
 ^%$ 
 
 itenor 
 >f the 
 Pike,, 
 ght in.' 
 
 :»»ny ragular lincs^f a deep black, gradually to a' gold 
 coloui -the belly is of a pale blue, which grows fuller 
 as It approacheth its fides. This fnake gives the trav- 
 ' cUer notice of his danger by fiiaking the rattles at its 
 tail ; the nunjber denotes its-ajEre as one is added every 
 -year of its Hfe. 
 
 A.dder, ^ 
 'urkey- 
 ;-Snakc 
 itories* 
 
 e found? 
 
 1 Rattle- 
 
 lartic* 
 
 rpentlle 
 
 [ited by 
 al — at. 
 
 it mea- 
 centre 
 tail— 
 —they 
 ht red 
 
 I7 of a 
 d wltre 
 any 
 
 gJ 
 
 The Turkey-Sr.ake is about fix feet in length,, pro- 
 portionally large in its body, and of a dufky colour— 
 this fnake takes its name from its prevlng upon the 
 Wild-Turkey principally. The method of its taking the 
 Turkey is in the manner followiiig. 
 
 The fnake on finding a tree on which the Tuikeys 
 are wont to rood at night, afcends it, to its loweft 
 branches entwines its tail round a branch with its 
 head downwards, draws it. body into a fmall compafs, 
 ■not unlike the form of a Wafp's neft. Whenever th 
 Turkey approaches iu' wonted place of reft, the Snake 
 fufpended as above related, with a hiffing noife draws 
 a Turkey diredly under its enemy, who, as by a charm 
 Cqizcs its deluded prey, entwines its body round the 
 Turkey's neck, robs it of life, then with Its tongue licks 
 •every part of the bird, which leaves a certain gluey 
 fubftance that lerves to lubricate the body fo that the 
 fnake fwallows the bird with more eafe ; thus prepared 
 the ferpent takes it by the head and gradually fucks in 
 the body with its feathers, &c. 
 
 Infers, 
 
 ' 
 

 lf(J 
 
 .it^'s^.YMmXf^. 
 
 •l!imiAit»«ir#s i9&*.tJb«s OOrftltBj'*; •'*>•"./ 
 
 ^ J , TREES ais ; well- tfeofcr ctf 4>ig^ -Ismd -as lowr la-Te 
 .'there •found in :^ great ..plenty in; tliat country a& m 
 'this part of America^ and as great a i^idt7>,btut'm 
 general of a larger growth. 
 
 ' The* fBlr appears* nJore rich 111 t'he^ Indian country 
 than in afty part of theUiiited iStates, at leaft in fiich 
 ^parts as I'have travelled* the hei^^t atid tiuik of (he 
 trees clearly evinces this. 
 
 Roots, plants ^nd flowers appear of the fame form 
 r«nd qiiality iasin N^e^r^'England^ but of a fpontaneous 
 I'^rowth, 
 
 Indian ~eorn, or inat^e, Beaiis and fqtiafhes are the 
 t>nly food cultivated by the Scanyawta^ir^ahiooote 
 Indians* 
 
 t ft^ !^. 
 
 MM. 
 
 Vt^'^^ 
 
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 i 
 
 ^ 
 
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 r"j* 
 
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