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''^ 
 
 NATKHNM I1B«^K^ 
 ( \ N \ » A 
 
 THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS 
 
 1 
 
 liv Ri:V. W. O. RAYMOND. M.A. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 I . - /ntroiluctorv. 
 
 A inastt-r luiiul truly is tliat which 
 nuist some day attempt to write from 
 a noii-paitisaii staiul-poiiit tlie historv 
 of the American Revolution —an 
 event destined to leave a lasting im- 
 pression on the future history of the 
 American c(<ntinent. 
 
 Of the Revolutionarv strujjglc, a 
 greatei- variety of opinion has been 
 expressed and vastly more been 
 written than of any other event in 
 the entire histoiv of America. 
 
 The subject has been revieweil 
 from almost every possible stand- 
 point, and he is a keen student of 
 liistory who has lead a tithe of the 
 volumes dealini; with the cpiestion 
 which are to be found in the public 
 libraiies of the I'liited States and 
 Canada. "Of making .nany i)ooks 
 there is no en<l !' N'evei theless. the 
 further the impartial reader pursues 
 his researches in this well-troilden 
 held, the more likelv is he to airive 
 at the conclusion that the true his- 
 tory of the American Revolution has 
 not yet been written. 
 
 'I'his need not be a matter of sur- 
 prise. The event is itself compara- 
 tively a matter (»f \esteiila\ . Many 
 oi' the leading actors have passed 
 from tlie scene within the memoiies 
 of those yet living. Old piejudices 
 vet blind the vision and warp the 
 bettei jud^^meiit of the would be im- 
 partial historian. 
 
 An instance of the truth of the l.ist 
 statement is to be found in .Sabine s 
 work. 'I'he Lo\ alists oftheAmeri- 
 lan Revolution.' I'he author, in 
 the payes of his book, has placed on 
 record the results attuned dnrins^ 
 twenty-live years of patient research. 
 1 lis indefatigable labors have brcnight 
 to light tacts of great interest w hich 
 nught otherwise have been iirecose'- 
 .tbl\ lost. ibit .Sabine s book loses 
 n)uch of its iulrrcst for the Canailiau 
 
 reader, and much of its value as a 
 historic work, from the lact that the 
 information has been largely gleaned 
 from sources strongly anti-Itritish. 
 (See list of authorities, page v., 
 edition of A. I). 1864.) The infor- 
 mation bearing on the lives of lead- 
 ing Loyalists is in some instances 
 inaccurate. This is excusable and 
 might naturally be expected. In 
 other cases, however, combineil with 
 inaccuracy, will be found all the un- 
 fairness and even bitterness of a 
 partisan writer. The student who 
 h.is pursued independent investiga- 
 tion is tbrced to the conclusion that 
 Colonel Sabine wn>te, whether con- 
 sciously or unconscicusly, rather as a 
 citi/eu ot the great lepublic than as 
 an impartial historian 
 
 Hitherto the great bulk of what 
 has been written concerning the 
 Ameiican Revolution has been the 
 work of United Slates writers. 
 
 Nearly every New ICngland town 
 of any importance has its local his- 
 torian, who, with scarce an excep- 
 tion, records the events of the Revolu 
 tionary war fiom an ex parte stand 
 point, enlarging upon the virtues 
 and heroism of the ' l'atrit)ts.' and 
 pointing the finger ol scorn at the 
 •Tory.' 
 
 From such souices the youth of 
 the neighboring repid)lic have for 
 generations indiibed a stiongly anti- 
 Riitish sentiment. l*2ven m their 
 school books theie is the most ex- 
 travagant gloi ilication of the deeds 
 of their ibiefatiiers, and a corres- 
 ponding depreciation ^>{ their en- 
 emies. For over one hundred yeai s 
 the fourth ofjuly has lieen celebrated 
 with the booming of canniui and all 
 the outward display that impresses 
 the youthful mind, the rising geneia- 
 tion alwa\s carelull\ instructetl by 
 the orator of the day to preserve the 
 principles of tiu-ir lafli«rs. to cherish 
 
 S^\ 1? A^ 'V • »'' ■ 
 

 /"//<• ( uilcd livif>irc Loyal ists. 
 
 hatred of monarchy, and enmity to- 
 wards Great Britain. 
 
 So much for tlie sentiment inspired 
 by tl'ie every day history of the 
 United States. 
 
 Whilst in Canada the events of the 
 Revohitionary epoch have been 
 viewed from a very ditterent stand- 
 point, we can hardly claim tiiat it 
 has i)een with us the standpoint of 
 strict impartiality. 
 
 The prejudices entertained by the 
 Loyalists aj^ainst their old anta- 
 gonists were very pronounced — not 
 unnaturally so. They had received 
 in many instances the harshest kind 
 of treatment They had lost their 
 all by ihe event of the war. They 
 iiad been obligeii to sacrifice com- 
 fortable homes and all tiie endear- 
 ments associatetl with their early 
 years, to settle in an unknown 
 wilderness where toil and privation 
 awaited them. And lastly there was 
 the natuial bitterness arising out of 
 the consciousness of a lost cause. 
 Need it be a matter of surprise that 
 the Loyalist sl)oul(l i)e ilisposed to 
 record a version of the Revolution 
 sonievvhat at variance with that gen 
 erally received by the citizens of the 
 United States.' 
 
 The truth is that the events of this 
 period have only of late vears been 
 calmly and temperately consitiered 
 by the ilescendants of either party. 
 
 Hoth the United States and Canada 
 have been making history since then. 
 Our neighbors in the great republic 
 have learned by expel ience. and in a 
 way never to be forgotten, that 'loy- 
 alty' may be a virtue, the suppoiteis 
 ol 'the powers that be' may he 
 worthy ot honor, the upholders of 
 a united nation mav be true patriots. 
 Throughout the dreadful fratricidal 
 strife, the rallying civ of the North 
 was, 'The Union must and shall be 
 preserved !' and preserved it was, 
 though at the cost of millions of 
 monev and half a million lives. The 
 war of the Revolution is no longer 
 the only one in which the prowess of 
 their nation has been cc^nspicuonsly 
 shown. 
 
 With the lapse of years the intense 
 bitterness that once prevailed is pass- 
 
 ing away. Friendly intercourse 
 promoted by the facilities of modern 
 travelling has brought about a better 
 understanding between the two 
 Lnglish spea. Mig peoples of the 
 continent. Hoth are beginning to 
 realize with greater appreciation the 
 tie of blood and the b«)nil of a com- 
 mon mother tongue, and to cherish 
 with equal afVection the common heri- 
 tage of the Anglo-Saxon race in the 
 traditions of the past whence has 
 been haniled down to either people 
 a common Christianity and kindred 
 institutions and laws. 
 
 Nothing, perhaps, so remarkably 
 shows the altered sentiment generally 
 entertained regarding the events of 
 the American Revolution as the 
 desire now manifested bv either 
 party to learn the opinions and 
 investigate the records of those who 
 wrote from the opposite standpoint. 
 Tile historical societies of the United 
 States gladly welcome to their 
 shelves all documents and records 
 which give a ilescri|)ti()n of the stir- 
 ring events of Revolutionary times, 
 even though written by the niltra 
 Tor\ . Eventually the historian will 
 be greatly aided in his task bvconipar- 
 ing and contrasting the statements 
 made bvthe respective partisans. The 
 account of the Royalist, comjjared 
 with the like account of the Revolu- 
 tionist, may suggest the happy 
 medium which sliall most nearly 
 approximate the sober tiiith. 
 
 J — CnHSfs of the lin'oliitioH. 
 
 It is impossible in the limits ol 
 such an article as this t(» do more 
 than indicate the leading causes of 
 the war between the colonics and the 
 mother country. 'J'hat the colonies 
 hail serious grievances is undeniable : 
 that they showed a proper amount of 
 forbearance under strong provoca- 
 tion is at least a debatiible question. 
 
 To understand the state of parties 
 at the breaking out of the war, refer 
 ence nuist be made to a few points 
 of early history. 
 
 Tile year 1620 was reiulered mem- 
 orable in New England by the laud- 
 ing of the IMgiiiiis at l*l\ni(>uth. 
 
J hi L iil/C(/ /: nip ire Loyii//s/s. 
 
 • 
 
 Eif^ht veins later. John Eiulicot 
 estal)lislie(l a .,cttleiiieiit at Salem. 
 The next colony, under Winthrop, 
 settled in Massachusetts Hay in 1630. 
 The Pinitan clement in New Eu}^- 
 land at the outset was supreme, and 
 it continued to control public afVaiis 
 of tile old colony for years. 
 
 riie I'uritaus were undeniably a 
 most self-denying and conscientious 
 class of people. The sacrifices made 
 and tile privations patientiv endured 
 by them cliallen<(e our admiraticjn. 
 Nevertheless, they were intolerant 
 and narrow minded. In his history 
 of New England, Neal, the Piuitan 
 historian, admits : 
 
 It must be allowed that wlieii the Puri- 
 tans were in power they carritti their 
 re.-entmentb too far. 
 
 Dr. E. E. Heardsley, of New Haven, 
 in a recent historical work savs: 
 
 When men talk of the sutVeriiiys aiul 
 -acrifiees and hclt "denial of the I*iiritans, 
 tlicv should co.isidei the spirit and |)rin- 
 ciples of the aije. nud reinemher liow 
 those who were thus persecuted turned 
 persecutors and ()racliced the rigors from 
 which they sought to escape. 
 
 That eccentric clergyman, Dr. Sam- 
 uel Peters, in his exaggerated and 
 sensational history of Connecticut. 
 makes tlie sweeping assertion : 
 
 The proceedings of the ecclesiastical 
 courts were marked with much severity. 
 In the course Tf 160 years, they have 
 bored the tongues with hot needles, cut 
 ol^'the ears, branded on the forehead, and 
 banished, itnprisoned iind hanged more 
 Q^iakeis, Ranters. Kpiscopalians, for what 
 they call heresy, blasphemy and witch- 
 craft, than there are instances of perseiu- 
 tion in Fox s hook of martyrdom. 
 
 The Puritan prejudices against the 
 establishetl cluuch of ICngland were 
 exceedingly strong, and their preju- 
 <iices against monarchv scarcely less 
 so. 
 
 They warmly sympathized with 
 the republican party in England, and 
 welcomed the establishment of the 
 Commonwealth, notwithstanding 
 tlie rather ciuious fact that it was 
 uiuler Cromwell, in 1651, that the 
 amom Navagation Act was passed, 
 which, a centiuy later, became a 
 leading factor among the causes of 
 the American Revolution. 
 
 ICarlv in the reign of Ciiarles If.. 
 
 a resolute etlbrt was made to appre- 
 hend Whally and GoHe, two of the 
 judges of Charles I., who had fled to 
 New England for protection. The pro 
 vincial governor. Pinitan clcrgv and 
 the people luiited in protecting anil 
 screening the fugitives, who by their 
 aid eventually battled all attempts to 
 secure them. 
 
 The seeds of rebellion were thus 
 sown in the early Ncyv I'Lngland 
 settlements and nurtured through 
 their history. The spirit of 'inde- 
 pendency' foimd its origin in the 
 principles of tlie Puritan exiles, 
 whose passion for .eligious freedom 
 combined yvith innate dislike of 
 monarchy created a longing for civil 
 indepeiulence. 
 
 The preponderating power of Pur- 
 itanism ma<le itself felt throughout 
 New lingland, but it yvas the aggres- 
 sive Puritan faction of Massachusetts 
 IJay which was mainly responsible 
 for the hostility that greyv up by 
 degrees against the mother country. 
 The Pilgrim fathers of Plymouth 
 yvere as a rule tolerant, nonperse- 
 cuting and loyal to tlie king; but the 
 I'luitans of Massachusetts IJay were 
 intolerant persecutors of all religion- 
 ists yvlio did not conform to their 
 mode of yvorship * and disloyal from 
 the beginning to the goverinnent 
 tVom yvhich they held their charter. 
 We need not be smprised. therefore, 
 that it was in the -old Hay State' that 
 the Revolution had its origin. 
 
 In N'iiginia ami the South the 
 Episcopalians were miicii divideil by 
 the war. Washington and m.inv 
 prominent leaders of the American 
 |)aity being members of that church ; 
 but in New l-^ngland ami the Middii- 
 .States, the Episcopalians aiul tlieir 
 clergy were, as a rule, loyal to the 
 crown. This latter f;ict is cjuite con- 
 sistent vvitli the antipathy existing 
 betyveen the Church of ICngland and 
 the old Puritan party. John Adams 
 wrote, Tf parliament could tax us 
 ihey could establish the Churcii of 
 
 ♦ Dr. Ryerson (Loyalists of America, 
 vol. i ) shows by unciuestionable eviiience 
 that the Puritans of Massachusetts Hay 
 were professeil members of the Church of 
 England when llwy came to America 
 
The I niicd liiupiir /.oya/is/s. 
 
 England, with all its creeds, articles, 
 tests, ceremonies and titles, and pro- 
 hibit all other churches as conven- 
 ticles -ind schism-shops.' Tlv,- writ- 
 ings of Samuel Adams abound in like 
 expressions. 
 
 The proposition of seiuling out 
 English bisliops to tiic Hiitish Prov- 
 inces, although designed solely for 
 the benefit of the Episcopalians, 
 whose meml)ers could not l)e con- 
 lirmed or ministers ordained without 
 crossing the Atlantic, aroused the 
 hostility of the I'uritans, who could 
 not patiently contemplate the estab- 
 lishment among them of 'prelacy,' as 
 they termed it. Puritan hostility to 
 the Church of England was a not 
 unimportant factor in the causes ot 
 the American Revolution. 
 
 In the eighteenth century, the great 
 majority of English people knew 
 little and cared less about the atl'airs 
 of the c<»lonists in America. Some 
 idea may be gathereil from the follow- 
 ing words, written in England in 
 December. 1776, by Curwen, a 
 refugee, as to the wav in which 
 America was regarded by the average 
 ICnglishman : 
 
 It piqufs my i)ridf, I coiifos, ti) hear 
 us callctl 'our colonics,' 'our plantations,' 
 in sucli terms and with sucli airs as if our 
 |)ropertv and persons were absolutely 
 theirs, like the villians and cottagers in 
 the old system, so long since abolished, 
 though the spirit or leaven is not totally 
 gone, it seems. It is my earnest wish the 
 despised Americans may convince these 
 conceited islanders that our continent can 
 furnish brave soldiers and expert and 
 judicious commanders. 
 
 The ignorance j,» 
 
 and general in- 
 ditlerence of the British public re- 
 garding America gave opportunity 
 for selHsh aiul interested p.irties to 
 use parliament as a means to pro- 
 mote their own enils. lleiice it came 
 to pass that imperial legislation for 
 years was entirely in the interests of 
 the mercantile classes of England. 
 Restrictions of the most iiarassing 
 nature crippled the trade and enter- 
 prise ot the growing colonies. 
 
 The ilistribution of public ofHces 
 chiefly amongst those of English 
 birth, to the neglect and exclusion of 
 native talent, was a natural grnund 
 
 of coiDplaint. The denial of pro- 
 motion to colonial officers of tlistin- 
 guished ability, and the injustice of 
 placing a captain of the regular army 
 as superior in rank to a colonel in the 
 provincials, was a further source of 
 irritation. 
 
 But in addition t(j tliese grievances 
 which atl'ected tlie pride and sensi- 
 tiveness of the ct)lonists, tiiere were 
 no less than twenty-nine laws* 
 which restricted and ImhiiuI down 
 colonial industry. Thev forbade the 
 use of water-falls, the erection of 
 machinery, of looms and spindles, 
 and tlij working ot wood and iron. 
 Colonial vessels were forbidilen to 
 engage in commerce, and could only 
 trade with England and her posses- 
 sitnis. For years these laws atlect- 
 ing trade were a dead letter ; and the 
 same might be said of the revenue 
 laws, since, up to 1763, nine-tenths 
 of all the tea, wine, fruit, sugar and 
 molasses consumed in the American 
 colonies was smuggled. 
 
 A linancial crisis, brouglit aliout 
 chiefly by the long French war. led 
 the home government to take special 
 steps to enforce the payment of duties 
 on g<K)tls imported into the colonies. 
 It was claimed, not without some show 
 of reason, that the colonies shoulil 
 assist in defraying the cost of a war 
 which had been fought mainly in 
 their interests. When, however, 
 twelve ships of war were sent to 
 Boston to be employed in the revenue 
 service, liie merchants of the New 
 Englanil seaports immediately as- 
 sumed a liostile attitude towards the 
 ministry of Great liritain. 
 
 The intense interest in tliL' matter 
 manifested by the meiciiants and 
 ship owners is indicated b\ the fact 
 that one cpiarter of tiie signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence were 
 engaged in trade uY coinmandeil 
 
 * No one who has read these twenty- 
 nine acts will recommend their per- 
 usal to another. Apart from tlieir 
 volume, the construction is ditlicult. 
 .Special studt-nts like Bancroft. Palfrey 
 and Scott have failed in stating their 
 elfect with exactness and precision ; and 
 trained lawyers are not by any means 
 agreed as to their interpretation. — yiistiii 
 W'iiisor. 
 
I hi ( uitcii Jiinpiir /^ova/ists. 
 
 ships. Some of them were smug- 
 •jlers. John Hancock, the first 
 .■signer ut the Declaration, was at the 
 outbreak of tiie war the defendant 
 in suits brought by the crown to 
 recover nearly $500,000 of penalties 
 for wilful iafractions of the law. 
 
 The immediate and ostensible 
 causes of the Revolution were the 
 Stamp Act of 1765 and the tea duty 
 «»f 1773 ; l)ut these acts only brought 
 to a climax the lend that had for 
 vears been brewin<r. 
 
 Z— Political Parlies. 
 
 The political parties in the thir- 
 teen American provinces were de- 
 signated respectively 'Whigs and 
 •Tories,' altliough their sentiments 
 and principles were not quite identi- 
 cal with those of the two great 
 parties in the mother comUry. In 
 the conflict, the Whigs veiy largelv 
 took sides with the advocatis of 
 American independence, whilst the 
 Tories as a r de proved loval to tiu* 
 king. 
 
 A brief simimarv of the state of 
 political pal ties in the thirteen col- 
 (Miies at tlie commencement of hostil- 
 ities may here lie given. 
 
 In Maine, tlie great Ixjdy of the 
 people were W iiigs. although a large 
 nundier of int^ueiitial citi/ens sided 
 wit!) the crown. 
 
 I'he situation in New Hampshire 
 was very similar to that in Nlaine ; 
 the Wings being in a large majoritv 
 but with numerous Miid powerful 
 opponents. 
 
 NJassachusetls. tlie cra«lle of the 
 Kevoliition. was much the most 
 actixe and energetic of all the colon 
 ies in the war: yet even here the 
 people did I'ot embnice the popular 
 side in a mass. I'pwards of i.ioo 
 persons retired with the Roval armv 
 at the ev.icuation of Itoston : and an 
 equal number either Dieviouslv <ir 
 subsequenth emliaike<l from the 
 diHerent poi ts of Massachusetts and 
 sought new homes under the old 
 II .ig. 
 
 In Rhode Island and Connecticut 
 the Lovalist element was much 
 stronger than than elsewheie in New 
 
 England. Such towns as Stamford, 
 Norwalk, Fairfield, Stratford and 
 Newton probably contained a maj- 
 ority well aH'ected to the crown, and 
 they were styled 'Tory' towns. 
 
 New York was undeniablv the 
 stronghold of the Loyalists, and con- 
 tainetl more of them than any other 
 colony in America. This is indicated 
 by the fact that whole battalions and 
 even regiments were enrolled on the 
 side of the king during the war ; 
 whilst for the cause of independence 
 New York only contributed I7,7{^i 
 troops, as compared with 67,907 
 furnished by Massachusetts. 
 
 New Jersey — termed 'a .scion from 
 New York' — contained also a large 
 number of Tories. Dr. Ramsay 
 states tiiat when the first conflict of 
 arin.i took place in that province, 
 'scarce one of the iidiabitants joineil 
 the Americans while numbers were 
 daily flocking to the Royal army to 
 make their peace and obtain protec- 
 tion.' Ne»v Jersev contributed at the 
 close of the war large numbers of 
 expatriateil Loyalists, who found a 
 home in New Brunswick and Nova 
 .Scotia 
 
 The sentiment of l*ennsylvania 
 was very diverse in its character. 
 The religious I'aith of many of its 
 people was opposed to armed in- 
 surtection. Tlie Loyalists were in- 
 fluential and wealthy, aiul by no 
 means inconsiderable in numbers, 
 it was claimed that had Sir William 
 Howe issueil a proclamation when 
 ill Philadelphia. 3.5(X) men would 
 hiive repaired to his standard. The 
 prominent \\ higs are said to have 
 exhibited timidity and indecision. 
 
 Passing now to glance for a 
 moment at the .state of afl'airs in the 
 .Soutiiern Provinces, we find that 
 Delaware and Maryland did not take 
 a very active part in the Revolution. 
 
 N'irginia contained a strong loyal 
 element, as is shown by tlie corres- 
 pondence between Washington and 
 Col. Joseph Reed. ICarly in .March, 
 I7j6, the latter wrote that ther'j was 
 'a strange reluctance in the minds ot' 
 many to cut the knot which tics us 
 to (ireat Britain, particularly in this 
 Colony [I'ennsylvania] and to the 
 
The L ' in ted /:>i//>iir /.oya/isfs. 
 
 southward.' A few <lays later lie 
 wrote : 
 
 The Virginians are so alaiincci with the 
 idea of iiidepetuleiice, that thev have sent 
 Braxton on purprtee to turn the vcjte of 
 that colony, if an}' question on that sub- 
 ject should come belore Conjjress. 
 
 VV'ashiiij^toii, replyiiijj to Col. 
 Reed, wrote that the people of Vir- 
 ginia 'from their steady attachment 
 heretofore to royalty, will come 
 teliictantly into the iilea of independ- 
 ence.' 
 
 In North Carolina, the \Vhi<fs and 
 Tories were divided in fairly ecjual 
 proportions. Durinjj the war a lar<^e 
 nmiiber of Loyalists joined the K(nal 
 party and enlisted inider tiie kinji;'s 
 i)anner. Many of the VVhi<js were, 
 says Sahine, 'as mistable as the 
 wind.' The troops fmnished for 
 the Continental army dnrin<j the 
 war nnmbered 7,260, or less than 
 one third of the (jiiota required of 
 the state. 
 
 South Cai'olina, tip to the time of 
 the Revt)liition, had inodcllcd its 
 local government and iiiatitiitions 
 after the pattern of England, it was 
 in tact a sort of monarchy in minia- 
 tin"e. The hot blooded Southerner 
 has ever pioved a vi(jleiit parti/.an : 
 probably in none of tiie thirteen 
 provinces was the internecine strife 
 waged with as much bitterness as in 
 South Carolina. During the war. 
 General Cireeiie wrote : 
 
 The Whigs seemed determined to extir- 
 pate the Tories and the Tories the Wiii^^s. 
 Some tiiousands have fallen in this wav 
 in this quarter, and the evil rayes wiifi 
 more violence than ever. If a stop can- 
 not be put to these massacres, the country 
 will be depopulated. 
 
 Tiiirty battles were foiiglit within 
 the limits of South Carolina; and 
 after all the Tories were not sub- 
 jugated, but, on the other hand, alter 
 the fall of Charleston and until the 
 peace, were in the ascendant. 
 
 (ieorgia, tiie remaining province, 
 may be saiil to have been in its in- 
 fancy. It iiad, however, a consider- 
 able number of Loyalists, and .seems 
 to have been so doubtful a source of 
 strength to the cause ol independence 
 that a proposal was made in 17S1 to 
 separate (Jeoigia from the union. 
 
 When South Carolina and Georgia 
 were abandoned by the British, in 
 1782. there were 13.271 l^oyalists to 
 accompany the troops. 
 
 Chief justice Marshall, in his life 
 of Washington, savs : 
 
 The people ol the South felt all the 
 miseries which are inflicted bv war in its 
 most savaije form. Heinj; almost equally 
 divided between the two cr)nter dinj^ par- 
 ties, reciprocal injuries had «railually 
 sl)arpened tlieir resentments atjainst each 
 other, aiiil had arineil neiijhhor aj^ainst 
 neijjhbor, until it had become a war of 
 extermination. As the paities alternately 
 triumphed ojiporluiiities were alternately 
 yiven for the exercise of th'.'ir vindictive 
 passions. 
 
 Sabine, refering to lliis unhappy 
 period in the Soutli. sa\s: 
 
 It were a hard task to determine which 
 jiarty perpetrated the j^r(.atest barbarities; 
 and wliatever the yuill of the Tories, the 
 Wliii^s disj^raced their cause and the 
 American name. 
 
 Whilst there have been widely 
 dillering estimates of the proportion 
 of the Loyalists to the entire popula- 
 tion of the old colonies at ttie i)egin- 
 iiing and ihiring the progress ol the 
 war. enough has been wiilleii to 
 l^rove tiiat tlie Ameiican Revolution 
 was much more of a civil war than 
 has been geiierallv aihnitted bv 
 United States writeis. At the be- 
 giumng of tlie struggle there were 
 I lute classes of people in the colon- 
 ies : a lar<j,e and energetic ininoritx . 
 which aimed at liu' separation of the 
 colonies Iroin ICnglaiid ; a smaller. 
 \et iidliieiitial riiiiioiitv. which de- 
 siied above all else to perpetuate the 
 unity of the empire; and a class 
 l.iiger than either, which stood in an 
 attitude (jf expectaiicx. As the war 
 progressed, the last named class 
 found itself obliged, in s(nne cases 
 with the givatest veluctance. to side 
 w ith one »n' other of the parties iirst 
 ir.entioned. 
 
 John Ailams alliimeil that onl\ a 
 third of the American [jeople were 
 .averse to the Revolution. Lecky, 
 the I'^nylisli hiuoiian, says -It is 
 probably below the truth that a full 
 half oi the more honorable and 
 lespectetl Americans were either 
 openly or secrelU hostile to the 
 Re\()luti(Mi.' C.uefiil stu l\' \\ I in- 
 
 r» 
 
 J, 
 
 % I 
 
 t 
 I 
 
J he L mlcd Ji/iipiir /.oya//s/s. 
 
 to 
 ion 
 );in 
 
 l.v 
 hc- 
 eie 
 
 Oll- 
 
 lt\ . 
 llu- 
 Um, 
 (k- 
 Ihc 
 
 lilSS 
 ) Mil 
 
 w iir 
 
 l:iss 
 ;1SL'S 
 side 
 tiist 
 
 ly a 
 
 t is 
 til 1 1 
 and 
 
 tiKT 
 
 tlu- 
 in- 
 
 !| 
 
 » // 
 
 
 vi'stij^ation, on tlic i)art of tlic writer 
 liavc only served to contirm the 
 opinion expressed li\ tlie historian 
 jnst named, that tlie An)erican Rev- 
 olution was the work of an eneij^etic 
 and perseveriiij; ininorit}, wliich 
 succeeded in corniniltiiijjj an uii- 
 decitled and Ihictnatin*^ majority to a 
 cause lor which, at the outset, they 
 had hut little love, but which suhse 
 quently the force of circumst;mces 
 led then to sui)p()it with more or less 
 heartiness. Col. Sahine says that 
 whilst the Loyalists almost alwa\s 
 claimed that they were really in the 
 majority, his own opinion is that 
 they ceitainly tell short ola majoiits , 
 though makiii<^ a larjjje miiioritv. 
 
 ■\.~C/t(iriirti r of the l.oyalhtii 
 
 It would he idle to C(;iitend that in 
 their adherence to the crow n all the 
 Loyalists were inthienced hv the 
 highest motives. 'I'he a;j[e in which 
 they lived and sullered was not parti- 
 cularly noted tor ccmduct tli it was 
 disinterested and virtuous. lu the 
 name of historic accuracx , we ven- 
 ture to piotrst a'^ainst the .issum|)tion 
 too otteii made leLr.irdiiiy: the il'va-n- 
 eracy of our own a<;e compared with 
 tlie past. Any one who reads such 
 • lescriptioiis ot' .\l-w lCii<,dand societv 
 as :ire to tie t'ound in HartL-tt's lite of 
 J<ev.J,icoi> iJ.iiley must he conviiicetl 
 that the past ceiituiv i);is hrouj^ht 
 ahout .1 material improvement. l)oth 
 ill tile decencies ol societv and in 
 |)iilihc morals. .\evertheless. the 
 jieiieral char.icter of tlie Loyalists 
 stands hi<,(li — tlieir oppoiu-nts tliem- 
 selves lieiiitj tlie jiuh^es. 
 
 Ill the coiiclir.lin^- chapter of his 
 historical ess,i\, .S.iliiin.- -^ives the 
 character of the Whim's under the 
 lollowinj^ heads : 
 
 I'rinciplcs of iiiihelief prevalent— Tlie 
 Wliiifs lose sijrht of their orii,dn;il pur- 
 pose aiui propose coiiqiiests — Decline of 
 piib'ic spirit —Avarice, rapacity, tratlic 
 witli the enemy — (iaiiihliiii;, speculation, 
 iilleness, dissipation and extravagance - 
 Want of patriotism —Recruits tor the 
 army demand enormous h iiinty — .Shame- 
 less desertions and immoraliiics— Com- 
 iiiissions in the army to men destitute of 
 principle —Court martials frequent and 
 many olHcers cashiered— ResiifiitUions 
 
 upon discredital)Ie pretexts ami alarminfj- 
 ly prevalent — The public mind fickle — 
 I^isastrous cliaiigcs in Coiijjress. 
 
 All these points are elahorated hy 
 Sahine. and supported by docuiuent- 
 aiy evidence, amongst which is the 
 following extract from one (»f VV^isli- 
 ingtoii's letters ; 
 
 From what I iiave seen, heard, and in 
 part know, I should in one word say that 
 idleness, dissipation and extravagance 
 seem to have laid fast hold of mo.st ; that 
 speculation, peculation anti an insatiahle 
 thirst lor riches seem to have ijot the 
 better of every other consideration and 
 almost every ordei of men- and that 
 l)arty disputes ami personal quarrels are 
 the great l)usiness of the day. 
 
 In other letters Washington la- 
 ments the la.xity of public morals and 
 the many melancholy proofs of the 
 dec.iv of private virtue. 
 
 The bounty paid to soldiers by 
 Congress was as liigli as $750 and 
 $i{xx>. A thousand men, the date 
 of whose enlisimeiit had been mis- 
 placed, perjured themselves in a body 
 as fast as they coulil be sworn, in 
 order to (|uit the ranks t'.iev had vol- 
 untarily entered. .Many more en- 
 listed, deserted, and re-eiilisted under 
 new lecruitiiig otHcers, for the pur- 
 pose of leceiving doulile bounty. 
 
 •In a word' says .Sabine, 'I fear 
 that whippings, drummings from the 
 service, and even military executions, 
 were more frequent in the Revolu- 
 tion than at any sul)se(|uent period ot' 
 our histor\ .' [olin Ad.ims wrote, in 
 1777: 
 
 I am weary to death with I ,' v> rangles 
 between military oiKcers. hi, and lf)w. 
 They quarrel like cats and cli.gs. They 
 worry one another like mastilfs, scramb- 
 ling for rank ami |)ay like monkeys for 
 niitN. 
 
 .S.ibiue closes his powerful arraign- 
 ment of tile Whigs as follows: 
 
 .Such, ra[)idly told, is the dark story of 
 the Revolution as concerns the winners. 
 I relate it for several reasons : fir.t, be- 
 cause it ii due to the losers in the strife; 
 secoiul, to show that there were wicked 
 •Whigs.' as well as wicked 'Tories;' tlilrd, 
 to do something to correct the exagger- 
 ated and gloomy views which are often 
 taken of the degenerate spirit of the pres- 
 ent times, founded on an erroneous, 
 because on a partial estimate of the virtues 
 of a by-gone aj^e. 
 
 The bitterness of the contending 
 
 I 
 
8 
 
 The 
 
 ^ .,,,,,/ li,rpuc LoyahsH^ 
 
 the words i*'^*^' 
 pa.tieswas seen in instance, 
 
 U of the leaaers^ ^ .^., f^„^ 
 
 we find "»"^^^' ,:' ,780, lament- 
 
 ing that the .»^^;";' -..u which I so 
 wn too innid in a p^ the fiisU 
 
 the contest. . ^jiting to 
 
 Even ^Va.h.n^ton, n ^ ^^^.,^, 
 
 his brother in Ma c.^ 7^/^^ ,^,^,.^ 
 to express satis, ct.on^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 „f Massachusct s vv^;^^^ , ,,Kl .n 
 
 to re^Tiajn u. "^ /^,,g exdcd 
 
 another l^^-^V v d de I'ted with the 
 
 L">•^'\"'^;n;v for Halifax when 
 
 Sol^^V^S^ed Boston, he says : 
 
 I 
 
 owe nw"---- . . J ., 
 
 •u^.-.. never existed •» 
 
 By ah accounts l^^'^' than these 
 
 ,^ore miserable »«=\«' ^^e One or two 
 
 'fetched creature^ "ow^-^ „,,nber 
 
 ::^j;r;ot-ern:>on.a.o-co,un.ucd 
 
 '"'*'''*''■ , 1 v. r.l<c Washintrtou 
 When l^^adeis iKc .^^„„, 
 
 a"'» ^^J^r" .-li ^nt I chair, could 
 occupied the pi esulen ^^^^^ ^, 
 
 use such »>-«^•;g^,; !\,eed not i>e a 
 tUe-Sonsot Lbe - ,^^.^, ;» seems 
 
 •"^'"*='f'\\C design of the leaders 
 to have been the ocs ^ ^^^^ ^ 
 
 »''''"'"^\" hisloval subjects As 
 UJng and all ni> incendiais 
 
 time went on. t ^,,^^^ 
 
 speeches o ^;^'^;"^;,,,,,,. ahle.l by 
 Henry ami "^ ^^^^ ,o-workers, 
 the efiotts o» popular mnul. 
 
 hegan to >'«^''^\ ^'^\^ \,s jauK-s Otis. 
 Clever vvnters such ^J^ ^^rterso.u 
 
 ^'"'^**^ ?^7hen- «; mphlets througl. 
 scattered ^''^.'' .[...^th of the count. >, 
 the le.igth and b tarn, . ^^^^ 
 
 hy specious a-Suy^'^t ^'^^„.,,. The 
 
 most notable puK^^^^ was a pamph- 
 jUerature f . J^,P^,,,„ Sense.' wr.tten 
 '*=^ *^^)''^' P.hHt the suggestmn ot 
 hy lo'"^'*'f Others. Us puhhca- 
 Franklin and o^^^^^ ^^^^^^,^^^, 
 
 tion "Timed.ately . tt ^.^^^ . ^^ 
 
 ^^^;SS;'T^v?-verywhere sought 
 reception. " 
 
 1 «f» The Anieri- 
 after and eagerly [^f ^.^,„,i3„, of the 
 ea„ press and. mtj,^^^^^^ 
 
 S'mf^f -^r^Trlnity 
 Dr.Chas.Ingh.rcU^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^^ 
 
 <^*^•''''^^ Kt'od^er "effectively, t.> 
 replied, btitathcr^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 .Common ben*e. i„j,i,s, spe»»<- 
 
 Oaober .V '77^' V"_ .j7__ 
 
 inu of l'a"ie s essay, s' ^,u«, 
 
 " U was one o. ^^'^J" A ever met with. 
 anUrnicious pamphlet. 1^^^ ^^^, , 
 
 and P«^'-»^Xiter calculated to d.. '."'"^J'; ,. 
 
 !;n:s^-^-'r;i:^rtS« 
 
 of Li'X^'^t *"there it was printed. 
 Philadelphia, where u ^.^^^ ^.^.^,, 
 
 The character oTon.^^^,^t,.,o,,l. 
 
 .,t th's tune, was m aiscu^-iou 
 
 aoubt.aswaspnAcdin;^^^^^_^,^^.,l 
 
 ^' ^^V^rVol'oblerver iu whid. 
 the ^e^^ ^ V'. . uv.snhcMOous luhdel 
 J,, is tcrn.cd -a bla> . .j,,^^. oi,,,,- 
 
 ,„.l beastly '»""^V with approval 
 ve. Uuther 4-; - -^^,.,1 ! 
 ,-,o,u the London -^ '\ ^om Pain^ 
 A— despicable i^'^^^^^'l.Vv writer, 
 cannot b.- <«""'' ^*'"'Srv «»« sold h."v 
 ^Jlthe ei|^ht-n.h r'^,-y ,, ,„d he could 
 self to the highest .^^ 
 
 he bought at a very ^"^ ^ -.^cident 
 
 rhe foll-w"^^;'''t:^p de Lancev 
 •^'"^'•'■'*"' "LuULovalistHistorv 
 
 "^'^l^'"v'rkdu n.MhcRovoh«t.ou- 
 ofNew Noik»luiii'„ 
 
 arv war: ,„,t hold ol. 
 
 ■.,vh.,. .....u 1" >»;^^-,„„ 0.1.. 
 
 \sm.yM-- ^■••'\ ' ,,,,rt„ his %■>.">•■; 
 
 trz::; .u- ";,-.., ;...-.-> -• >-' 
 
 "' !i;:.,;;IC';;i;....y or 0,e A.ncnc,>n 
 KcvoU-.i.." • «■■» "« '"f •A.r.cvica., 
 
 ■ i-he !"''•"•■> ,.•;'., a,... -Wen, 
 
 
'/"//<• I 'iiitcii /ifupiir /,oya/is/s. 
 
 < 
 
 e 
 
 r- 
 le 
 d, 
 
 ity 
 
 vs, 
 
 to 
 
 ton 
 
 :»W- 
 
 itfuJ 
 
 with. 
 
 not 
 
 rhief- 
 
 jf my 
 
 iP a" 
 ut the 
 
 »n thf 
 
 ; Son'* 
 
 ipy I" 
 
 :. even 
 yO'.. I •» 
 
 llTins «»1 
 
 •udi'h-\ 
 , ()\>ser- 
 ippvovi»\ 
 
 n '. 
 
 om P»'"^" 
 V writer^ 
 
 :o\a hJm- 
 
 \^Q couia 
 
 10 L.HiceV 
 
 ,vi>U»tion- 
 
 1)1 iv>U\ «•!■. 
 noi) ^^^'"-' 
 
 his vou«>ii: 
 unccv.t •'"' 
 \v veiulin'A 
 
 Ai«ev\cm» 
 
 Iv. 
 
 /^ir.evici»n 
 
 tu;. 
 
 „rds the fir-t 
 
 ;e of the tew 
 
 -,hlet «'*'"^^f 
 
 ;, Esq.. ot i-t. 
 
 iJottii's is the last. aii;l pcrliiip^. tlu- 
 lie St ; l>iit Ii't nic tell you, \Villi:im. 
 the true history of the Atnericnii 
 Revolution can nex\'r be written. A 
 j^real many people in those times 
 were not at all what they seemet!, nor 
 what they are jfeiierally heiieved t(. 
 have l)een.' 
 
 This conversation took place in 
 1S21 ; ;in«i it may he lookeil upon as 
 a eahn statement njade ii\ the even- 
 in}^ of his (lays, hcneath his own 
 10 )f and to iiis own relative, hv a 
 rn.in who. perhaps, next to Washing- 
 ton, knew most tlioronijhlv tlic facts 
 and the n\K:\\ of the Kevolnlionarv 
 era. 
 
 Without makiu;r .'"iv exti:i\ ai,Miit 
 claim witii respect to the virtues ol" 
 tile Loyalists, it m t\ he I'earlesslv 
 asseite<l that, as a eiass. their Ivni- 
 esty of |nn|)o- • and intey!a\ of 
 clKuacter stood hi<;h. In .-.ncii par- 
 ticulars as inteili<jt.n« !'. echication. 
 rel.^iou. and -tea.iMs! adheience to 
 the caiiae tiiev cousciemiousU l)e- 
 lieved to l>e riijht. til0^e who es- 
 poused tile kin<r s cai'.se will be.ii 1 
 moie t!ian t;n ()rui)le comparison with 
 their oppom nis. 
 
 Amtnijj; tliose n ost iionest and tear- 
 less in theii avowal o|' l()v;:ltv to tiie 
 crown were inen of the nohiest char- 
 
 win. :i wretched set, anil bronj^lu all tlic 
 (lri'','> to the fop. 
 
 In these days we can atVord to 
 retjard with a little quiet amusement 
 the indi<^nation which filleil the 
 lireasts of the old otHce hearers as 
 they beheld their positions tilled by 
 •upstarts.' Nevertheless thesi- same 
 old Loyalist:-. despite their antiquated 
 ideas of preiojjative, etc., were in 
 jifeneial ine;i of upright character, 
 steadfast in adherence to the princi- 
 ples in which the\ heiieved, and 
 willing to make great sacrifices for 
 the preservation of a united Hritish 
 empire. 
 
 5 . — /- ova list Principli's. 
 
 It has been altnined that the diU'er- 
 ence between the two parties in the 
 coloniv's at the commencement of 
 tile stru<j'„'ie with tiie mother coimtrv 
 was sim|)l\ this — the Whi^s wer'^ 
 w illing to remain colonists provided 
 their i^riev.mces were redressed and 
 their ;i«^hts secured ; while the Tories 
 were contented thus to continue with- 
 
 !it sue!) securit\ 
 
 Tl 
 
 ns IS the 
 
 ISSl 
 
 llppt 
 
 ^o\\ 
 
 of iieaih .ill A:"""ricai 
 
 wiiteis; out it IS an asMimptioii iiu- 
 
 ,iir to til' 
 
 I. 
 
 ovalists. an<i not W'lr- 
 
 r.iii 
 
 ted 
 
 in i)oint ot tact. 
 
 acter and hi^hot posiiion. 
 
 In 
 
 N 
 
 Tl 
 
 ie irulv lo\ai subjects ol the 
 
 ew 
 
 111'^ — tliose 
 
 w 
 
 ho acted tl 
 
 om the 
 
 ICn^laiid. the L|)iscopal clei'jfv were highest motives, and eventuallv sac 
 very steadlist in their lidelitv t>' the 
 king. I'heie v\ as also .1 large lo\ nl 
 
 itict 
 
 their a 
 
 II 
 
 111 
 
 1 etloi \ to main 
 f tlu 
 
 empire — 
 
 element 111 the iiun)t)ier walks ot 
 
 liie, 
 
 It was toiind alike in the farmers 
 of Xew I-^nglai.d. the (Jnakers ot 
 l*eniis\ Ivani I and theblacksot Sontli 
 Carolina and (je<iigia. 
 
 riii)se who occupied oHicial posi- 
 tions at tie beginiiMig ot tiie struggle 
 natni.ilh took the side of aiithoiitv 
 and >egai<led themselves as justified 
 
 Mm tlu* integritv o 
 were as keenlv sensitive to the in- 
 justice of the government of fhe dav 
 in its dealings with American sub- 
 jects as were tiiose of their countrv- 
 meii who tool\ up arms; but their 
 
 warm attachment to 
 ibl 
 
 tht 
 
 tht 
 
 motnev 
 
 countrv enahled tliem more ti'mper- 
 
 I'hey 
 lenelits 
 
 atelv to view the situation. 
 
 were not unmmdiul o 
 
 f thi 
 
 in Stan. ling Ibr the ancient (M.ler of derived from British protection in 
 
 Th 
 
 ex- 
 
 things and resisting change, 
 asserted that the \\ liig leaders were 
 
 the past. 
 
 he\ had not vet tor- 
 
 gotten the great con 
 
 diet 
 
 waged with 
 
 needy otbce hunters. Siil)se(p;eiitly France on behalf of the colonies 
 their iii<ligiiatioii was intensified as 'Phe\ believed that the English 
 they found their places filled bv men nation would vet be 
 
 or interior social position. |)ossessed 
 of less wealth and education, aiui 
 wanting in lefinement of maimers. 
 
 aroused to a 
 
 1 
 
 o recal 
 
 tl 
 
 11" WOlllS o 
 
 eiiiisvlvama l^ova 
 
 f.I 
 
 ilist : 
 
 lines 
 
 A I 
 
 sense of its dntv. and tliat a solution 
 of the problem might be attained by 
 constitutional means. 
 
 en. 
 
 1^ 
 
 The Revoliitif)n filled the As.semblv 
 
 IT 
 
 ildiiig siicli views as tiu'sc. tin 
 
 th 
 
 th 
 
 * Sabine. 
 
10 
 
 The r>a'c,i /:«'/>'>'■ '■"}■"'""■ 
 
 first Congress at in ,^,^i^.^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 in ^^Pt^'"^^^*-^';, Wdi expvessc-a by 
 n.cnts are vei> ^Yones, himself a 
 
 to^aist. in these wor^. ^^^^ 
 
 A redress of g"-^^;?S; .^.a A.nevic. 
 union belweenGre-. t Br a^^^ ^^^^ ^,^^,, 
 
 unon constUut.ou. pu'-^P j^^^^j for, 
 
 only ami. .1';, • ^i,;^ they ex 
 
 this they ^^V nurnort thev also vc- 
 
 pccted. To ^'V^ 1 \;Kales. "These san- 
 Uuy instrucu-d th e e^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 guinc hopes ^v^''*^, ' r' . in Coni^ress, and 
 tubals c,f the rep^hl -^^^^" ,^,^, ,,,on- 
 
 the wished tor and sc. n uu ^ ^^^ j ,^nd 
 ciUalion bla>ted by a f ^.\;;.„;Usc,f a set 
 
 precipitate ->"P!':';\; ,'„ n" etin<4 in the 
 U re-olves n.ade at a tu .^^^^ ^^^ ^^ 
 
 county ot ^'>'\' .'ri^'aained in almost 
 :^-::^;m:ad:^UnUionorwa,-a.amst 
 
 Great Britam. ,,,ition to the 
 
 The ■^eniunent ol opp^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^.^^^ 
 
 ^^^'''"rf ir.'^tSutelv tuKUumons. 
 mnustry.il noiai : . th s tune 
 
 was substantuiUy bo at u ^^^^^^ 
 
 thHn>ghout the P;.-^;'>;,^>Cvashinoton. 
 the positive avo a . ^^^^^^ ,,,, 
 
 Fraukl.r. ^"^'\|"'\r Congress the 
 
 to the ■'--"^^^^"fhe ixopi^ i^aa not 
 vastmajonty ^'^ '^,J^ ov o( scc\<- 
 ti^ougi^t ot .naei^n - ^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 f ,Wc kincr ana his ministers, at 
 
 i„<r anythin«v 
 
 '"" "■■■';■ ".v.nces 'l^his point is 
 rcaress ot ^;]^Y l\^. the instructions 
 ^-•^'^^'h" thf ' • n,s\.ov>nces tc. 
 ,r,veu l^N t'l'- . , ,• ^ Congress. 
 
 ^-•'•^V'^^rwld/claiuc^lthe 
 Massachusetts v^>e. ^^^. ^^^^^.^ 
 
 hugest '-^-Pf ,^'V " 'leliberate ana 
 
 ^'-'^ '"■ t::' -- -''' ^^'■'^^"'' 
 
 aetermuie P ' ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ,.^,^„ 
 
 "^'^''I'Tt a he colonies, tor the 
 '^""'". /uu est bbshnu-nt of the.r 
 recoveiy and es ,.^.ii.r,uns ami 
 
 ■ ,, rights. c>v. ' ', ,.rharmonv 
 l,,restov..u.,ou --,^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^"u\:;rnot. ho.ev.r tin- it^^.tu^n 
 
 Vf.^^flUn^/nancocU.C^aasaen. 
 Patrick lKni>. TetVerson to 
 
 y^ee.John f;-;\i., derate line 
 ,,.st ^ontentvN.th IK ^^,j,,^^^. 
 
 or action -^>^^^^'^ ,,^^i a to repre- 
 -Kleas they were ^^'PP'^'^ „,,,,,, \et 
 sent. T'^-y^'!;'^^'::,;. iaea'by 
 cautious P^>>->;,,^ ;;^;,; hrov.ght 
 
 :;ir;rhe ^i<«=u-v ismpiaav 
 
 e-vo'tuu.n. .u ;„,,avance of 
 
 Congress was ^ener^U^ > ^^^ ^^ 
 its constituency. " .7"^,.,.... s of pause in 
 orizc and t" S'^'^ '"^^ , „i,i,n Je declar- 
 steadily -orkmg on o^|ts^n^^^^, ^^^^^._^^^ ^^, 
 
 iUion . • • •,'„u>.,ctivitv of Congress 
 the breach, the whotacU ^^ ^^^^ ^^, 
 
 tended to ^^''^'^^ ' "^^ , that by the con- 
 prosed in some qua'tej ^^^ , 
 
 ,iv;mce and ^^^'^^^'y^l \egislative pro- 
 nors a-ui through hcjg ^,,,,,,.,,,tive 
 
 e.s.es a >"""' J^^^en secured to this 
 character had "ot beLn_^^ .^ dangerous 
 
 b:" cr^^eS^ l^tid to looU for ^any 
 
 .uch official ^'^^-"i;^':;^^ strengthening 
 whole tTi^-thodot Uie t u ^^^^^ ^^.^,^^^ 
 
 Britain ^.•as 'J [^ ;t 'from tlmse of ordui- 
 ''''^?i^'-1\nreci.n and oversight. 
 ..u V official dircaio „,,.,iist who 
 
 ^IM.ecoiulnctc.tthosel. m b^ _ 
 
 supported the '-;-;;: ;^^:^.ances 
 ,,jCongresst<.nchnghe^n^^^^^^^^,^ 
 
 "f the colonies _utw ^^^^^^^^^, 
 
 stv..ngly opposed ^^'l , ,.,.,.v 
 
 othei 
 
 ( 
 
 '*'"'• , ,. .,. of 'neat abilities. 
 
 llewasaUiWNei oUu- ^^^.^^j 
 
 ,A' wfiUh and 01 ni„" 
 '"^^:;V Til I ad made many strong 
 
 ^""'':; ■ o. nsi the oppressive 
 
 >^r'Th:c.i;^^l::ov.774>-«Xi:: 
 
 ^:.ed his native P--- ^^ ^j^a 
 
 ^^•'^^^'^r^everXg -f^-'^^ -^'1 
 '" ''*".<•;> the mother state.' 
 aisvespecttni to the « .,.,,,,,^.„,, 
 
 Ik-ing a man ^t 1 ^^ V^*^ j j,.,,. 
 
 h, soo.M-*'f^-'^-^''VA'^'..rVseouentlv, 
 
 a.ncy ot ^-^^':;;:^;^;, he second 
 svlien chosen a delegat t" j ,„ 
 
 Congress he P-'^'^'^>^„^ ' ^,0 so 
 , servc.althongh.n>po;tniia .^^^^^ 
 
 :;U^^o'-"unsyl::nua aelegates 
 
 "mico. k. Ellis, n. D.. i^J- I''- 
 
Tlw I uitcd J:»ipi)r Loya/ists. 
 
 II 
 
 it 
 
 \\- 
 
 ■;\n 
 
 is '• 
 
 ' "* ( 
 
 nip- \ 
 
 • ill 
 L-Uxr- 
 
 .r of 
 
 r» 
 
 rress 
 . ex- 
 
 con- 
 over- 
 
 pro- 
 livlive 
 ) thi>i 
 rerous 
 •cited, 
 fcineiit 
 jr any 
 The 
 
 heniiiS 
 , Great 
 
 fceii'ii! 
 jovdiii- 
 
 t. 
 
 ist vvlio 
 
 en vcvy 
 inc anil 
 
 (WdvvuV. 
 liitivc 1)1 
 
 a\)Uitifs. 
 
 nv strong 
 )'picsf>ive 
 
 iroVfVn- 
 
 e-iirhU'cn 
 
 he ivpvc- 
 
 , the a^l^'- 
 
 tlv cluivjiod 
 
 tiicv sti»to.' 
 isccviuueiit, 
 cntM-a tcit- 
 
 >sL'qucntly< 
 othcsccoiul 
 
 acclined t.) 
 
 icil to il'> ^^^ 
 •,„stviul'H)ns 
 
 ,ia ac\cg:»tL-s 
 
 at the second ConjTiess contnined the 
 sitiitifjent words. AVc strictly enjoin 
 yon tliat yon, in behalf oftliis colonv, 
 dissent from and nttcriv reject anv 
 proposition — shoidd any such he 
 made- -that mav cause or lead to a 
 separation from the mother coimtry. 
 or a chan<je of the form of <^overn- 
 ment.' 
 
 In a letter addressed to Dr. Frank- 
 lin about this time. Ciallowav yivcs 
 his reasons foi- refnsin'4" to he a^jain 
 a delegate. The i^eneral tenoi of 
 tlie letter ma\ W- (gathered fmni the 
 follow ni<4 pass.i<re : 
 
 A certiiin seel ot' people, if I in;i_v jtulije 
 from .ill their late enndiiet. seein to look 
 on this as a tavoiabie opportiiiiit v ot 
 esfahli^hiiiii; tiieir repiihlieaii principlf- 
 and of tlnowin^ otf all eoiuiecti<jn with 
 the mother coiinlrv. I have lea^on to 
 think that thev are formini^ a private 
 union aniontr themselves from one end of 
 the continent to the other. 
 
 \V^tii am sciieme looUinof to the 
 dismemberment <>• tiie empiie. 
 Josepli (i.dli)\\M\ h;i(l no ^\nipath\ 
 wh.itiver : and he accoidin^lv 
 spt'cdil\- (hsasNoeiati'd himselt" fiDin 
 those with wh' in he had hei etofuii' 
 acted. Is his condnct in so doino- to 
 he stioinati/ed ;is that ot a traitor." 
 Is it not rather the oidv hue of con- 
 duct he could follow consistent with 
 his principles: lie had joined heart 
 and iiand with thosi- who professed 
 to Ik' seekmo onl\ a redress of j^riev- 
 ances h\ constitntional means. He 
 had foifid the course pmsiie<l h\ '|\e 
 extreme Whirrs to 1 i' maiked In 
 insincerit\ 'iid diip'icitv — that oul- 
 vvard protessii His o'," lo\alty hut 
 thiid\ veikd the sprit of rebellion. 
 
 A pamphlet from the pen ol' 
 G.dlowa\' was printed in London in 
 1 7. So In It. after coinmentino 
 seveieU n|ion the injustici' of (iiiat 
 Hritaln. hi- yoes on to aiojiie 
 that the rebellion did not spiiiio 
 from a dread of Ueino; enslaved. I'lie 
 movement in l.aor of independenee 
 was the natural outcome of the 
 repnlilican ideas cherished h\ the 
 I'uritans He deemed it not nii- 
 reasoiial)le that the colonies, havino; 
 now attained a <j;ood deoiee of 
 pios|K'rity. with a population more 
 than a quarter that of Great Britain. 
 sh(^uld contribute to the support of a 
 
 ^Tovcrnment that had fostered their 
 infancy, espousetl their (juarrels, aiul 
 at enormous cost defended them. lie 
 defines the policies of the two parties 
 in America — the one lookin<i towards 
 the seeming of just claims with a 
 redress of grievances on the basis of 
 a solid constitutional union with 
 Mngland. and opposed to .sedition 
 and all acts of violence — the other 
 lesolved hy all means, even though 
 ccnert and tVaudulent, to throw ofV 
 allegiance, appeal to arms, rim the 
 venture of anarchv. and assert aiul if 
 possible attain independence. The 
 latter paity. acting with some tem- 
 porary leseive and caution, opposed 
 all peaceable propositions and cov- 
 ertly worked for their own ends, till 
 Ihially the mask was thrown ofl', 
 and the casting vote of the "timid 
 and variid)le Mr. Dickinson' carried 
 the Decl.nalion of Independence. 
 
 Some additional light as regards 
 the line of i-ondnct fblh^wed bv 
 leading Lovalists is aflbrded in 
 the publi iieti life of Peter \'an 
 ."^haack. LL. D.. embracing selec- 
 tions t'loin his correspondence and 
 otiier writings dm ing the Revolution. 
 \'an Shii.ick was educ.ited at Kings 
 ( now Cohimhia ) college, .\ew ^'ork. 
 lie attained distinction as a lawver, 
 and gained the friendship of such 
 men as folni Ja\ . K. R. Livingstone 
 and Theodme Sedgv\ ick -a friend- 
 shi|) not broken b\ the events of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Van .Shaack acted in complete 
 accord with those who — whilst con- 
 tending that the measures of the 
 Ihitish ministrv were arbitrary, 
 oppressive and unjust, and should be 
 opposed and resisted b\ remon- 
 strance, i^etition and all legdiinatt 
 me iii^i — were stiimgh against pio- 
 eeeiling to armed iclnllion. He 
 liiinU iield to the opinion that an 
 imbioken connection with the mother 
 coiintiv was essential to the pros- 
 perits ot the colonies, and that a 
 civil war would result in anarchy, 
 lie spoke and acted with the Whigs 
 tdl the crisis arriveil and recour.se 
 was had to arms. Tlien he with- 
 stood such extreme action and sought 
 to maintain a position of (pnet 
 lU'iilralifv in his nativ<' villagi'. This. 
 
12 
 
 The 
 
 ruilcd Umpire Loyalist. 
 
 ^as summoned b-j;^^^,.^,^^,„,,Ue 
 on con^-pnacics an . ^ence ot 
 
 his State, f^r^l^ forced to ^eck 
 this demamU 1\l ^Y'^ 
 
 an ->^-^^ ''\^';i; ";ment of interest 
 Another ^'^ ^^^^ ^he diary ot 
 
 T.mes AUcn, L^'q-- 
 
 ■Here is an extract. ^ ^^^^^ ,^ 
 
 NVhen (ien. '^•■'^^^.eTuon of 'I'ones 
 under wl.Uh i^nm^ ,. "n -e, ihout^U ever 
 
 the fovM sons ot ^'''\^\ -^y^^ mem- 
 
 A^»-^-^'T"tin"uniiv, without 
 bers ot the A^^ .^, ..Vou-lv vsMth 
 
 exception, syn.path /A .^,,,tu.g 
 
 those Nvho Jo; -^,;; ,„i,sures ot 
 
 against ti^- ^VV^';''''^,^^,^. 'rhey 
 theioug ami h>s aym.^^^^^^, ^,,^.^,,.,, 
 
 participated in '\" . Uut when 
 
 U a redress ot^>^v--^^,.,^,,oi 
 the qnestu)n ot a>s^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^,^^.,., 
 
 the t-'mP'''^/''" ,Kei, former asM)- 
 ^vithdre^v trom ti'-'^ ^^^^,,p,ot 
 
 c'"^- /'■": l.sts. which he 
 
 commanded tm v To\m. >• l^- 
 
 v^•hen he ^^^'^^'^l^, of that city n. 
 
 ^ Ihe dian t ^^^-^..^nts, 
 
 --''»*!' ^'-^' ^r V t e tnlent ; wh.cn 
 -^^ *>•':: h'tund i.c could not 
 
 , . tho endurance ot 
 '-'conciled to t\^- ^.,.,,„„ ; hut 
 the situation as t e, ^^^.^^^^^.,^^ .f 
 
 ^'-- ^^f i::; PO ^^W in the near 
 ,.,,. ,ss ^o^y^-^J' ,Uernative_ of a 
 
 v--^^'%C'; -native of a 
 fntu - w.thout the ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ a 
 
 V'^"*'^^^"'';' r n'ds in the mother 
 intluent.al . ''en'^ ' .^.^nt mn.- 
 
 country. .^^^"^•^^' ",te. there was 
 .,,,, contume oi U ^^ ^^^^^^^^,^,.^ 
 
 ,veVvpvoi..ainht> h.U .^^^_ ^^^._,,, 
 
 :-;^^hivi;^Y- 
 ^'r:::t;;mS;:;-;:uonst,tnt,onat 
 
 ;Uans-to oi^tam '-^^-^^J-^^^-.tion of 
 
 ^^^■'■^''•'l'",, n AnK-rican writer 
 , Independence, an 
 
 savs : 
 
 ( • 
 
 liovvi 
 
 ave 
 
 rt. 
 
 (^Sei)te 
 
 {le die.i dnrm 
 
 • candor aanut^ttua aye r>Uu,^^ 
 
 ber of honorable Lo^-n ,5^ ,po\niment. 
 
 S.i. to meet u ^\"^; ,epresent.xl on to 
 
 Thev had heartily ^ent a .ej -....r a 
 
 Cmi'-ess for the pvu pose |^^ ^^^^^^,.^,, 
 
 vodvess of grievances, but ^^^..^^. ,„ni. 
 
 i proved, as -^^^^ t-^ >f ^ j^;; 
 t<, its propo-J o^ ,;,d ,bv.sed thu, 
 into a tiap 
 confidence ,,f l-ukMH'n'iei-^"'-' 
 
 'l'»- ^^^^'^hlow ot^^; tf.e Loyal- 
 svasaseveebosN. . ^^.^^^^^ „» 
 
 -^^"l^'^-^f En' ml. Men til- 
 America ni ^^' ■-, Ridmiond. 
 
 Chatham. ^^"^\^^^'^,,en<tish had 
 
 l>^''^-'- ' '" scd and nohlv vindi- 
 svarmly espoused an ^„,.„ues. 
 
 -'^-^ ^'r Tthe at" l.n-itv of FranU- 
 
 'Phev had, on the am . ^ ,,.^s 
 
 in and others, .nsis^^l^^^^ ^^^.^.^,, 
 
 earnestly '»--; j ^^...vd. Wi-n, 
 connection at a ^ ^„ ,,.. 
 
 n-n-e ;.U P- j' ^,,other countrv 
 
 m 
 
 \>er, 
 
 vemainuiij; 
 
 iirolhers 
 
 The three aesire.i 
 
 led; 
 
 uin> 
 
 were 
 
 ea 
 
 ch their 
 
 enemy 
 
 am 
 
 \ avowiuii 
 
 fmal 
 
 attamtei 
 
 \ of treason, 
 
 ant 
 
 , lost their sei)aration 
 
 es 
 
 lates mu 
 
 Icr the ct>ntisca 
 
 tion 
 
 acts. 
 
 aiu 
 
 \ hi^ 
 
 the 
 
 trietuis 
 
 :,urpv 
 h 
 
 ise o 
 Nvas 
 
 >u 
 
 •piie examp 
 iVice to emp 
 
 lc!s luentionec 
 
 \V1 
 
 11 PI 
 
 lev 
 
 cou 
 
 la not hut tee 
 l,,,a hcen hetvay 
 
 f Chatham 
 
 intense. 
 
 1 that ttieir 
 
 et 
 
 \ an 
 
 hasr/.e 
 
 the 
 
 f,ct that the contidence m ^^^.^^_^^ f,,,strate. 
 
 Loyalists as 
 
 inhesitalinS 
 
 a c 
 ,vtpp' 
 
 lass 
 
 weie 
 
 not 
 
 t the their p 
 
 vtviotic e 
 
 I'O 
 
 verninen 
 t the 
 
 t in its unit 
 
 ivters o 
 isli 
 
 f the home 
 
 ■PIUMM 
 
 has l>eeu a -oo. 
 
 liable treat- spec 
 
 ;n 
 
 lation ut 
 
 the 
 
 minds 
 
 \ deal ot 
 if the 
 
 inent o 
 
 American co 
 
 h)me> 
 
 indents o 
 
 f the history *> 
 
 t" Americ 
 
 ■po sum up 
 
 \\ 
 
 hat 
 
 has V 
 
 K-eit 
 
 ve^anl 
 
 at the CO 
 sve fu-st c 
 of oppo 
 
 leoftheLoy 
 
 said to the pv 
 vlists union o 
 
 .halulity 
 
 f the 
 
 C( 
 
 a as 
 \ 
 
 f the colonies 
 
 NVl 
 
 )ntmuei 
 th Great 
 
 bng^l^-^'^^'^^':'";:. hostditles, Untam 
 
 m 
 
 nieucenu-n 
 
 had I'ltt 
 
 held the helm 
 
 A 
 
 IK 
 
 f all 
 
 sition 
 
 )te 
 
 tliat the sen 
 
 tl 
 
 le 
 
 timent k,ta 
 vessive in< 
 
 te in tlie trou 
 
 \,ious time; 
 
 precei 
 
 the Revolution. 
 
 'Plte qn' 
 
 f 
 
 stion 
 
 me 
 
 rtsuves o 
 
 f the I'^nti 
 
 sli m 
 
 imslvv was 
 
 U,,ost unanimous 
 
 thvou'Ahova the 
 
 Dr. F,lh 
 
 coloiues. 
 
 Phe la.valists were 
 
 no 
 
 t History o 
 
 in 
 
 f Ainv 
 
 Niuvntive i' 
 vica. 
 
 ivn 
 
 \ Cfitiea 
 
I 
 
 it" 
 
 
 
 lit 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 ;\V 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 iu\ 
 
 
 
 \>ev 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 i\n- 
 
 1 
 
 vvus 
 
 
 
 S<1VS 
 
 
 
 c;»n- 
 
 
 * 
 
 ;sess 
 
 
 • 
 
 use 
 
 
 
 loniil 
 
 
 
 vvitor 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 . mini- 
 
 
 ¥- 
 
 KM CI 
 
 Liriiv4 -^ 
 
 led ttiein 
 ■a tlieir 
 
 icniWnco 
 
 co\<)nies. 
 of lM-.>'i»<- 
 
 oil to '^"- 
 s of svicli ■^ 
 •ounuy 
 t'lnul 
 „rC"i>-.>t\K«ni 
 uUlmisl- 
 • l ihiit their 
 cuayca ^>'v\ 
 ualcil. 
 
 ,.oa .\c:.i ;'t 
 
 .,nas of the 
 f Anu-v>ca iis 
 le oDHtinuetl 
 , Nvitii tiveat 
 Ihe \^c\m ol 
 Li.nes pvecea- 
 ■n,e civ.rstu>n 
 
 VV/c Cnitcd Empire /.ova/isfs. 
 
 f3 
 
 will alwnys be a debatable one. We 
 may believe, however, that had Pitt 
 been in power. American indepen- 
 dence wonld not have come when it 
 diti, nor wonld it iiave been eventu- 
 ally bron<^ht about by means of a 
 tlisastrous civil war. 
 
 6. — Persecution of Lovalists. 
 
 The position of the Loyalists after 
 the Declaration of Independence was 
 indeed a painful one. 
 
 History in times of civil discord 
 alwavs proves tiie impracticability of 
 neutrality. Those of tiie Loyalists 
 wlio desired at the outset tc» be con- 
 servators of peace, and who made 
 some ertbrt for the preservation ot 
 order and tlie rijjhts of property, 
 were denounced as enen-ies of liberty 
 ■A\\{.\ finally compelleil in self defence 
 to claim tlie protection of tlie royal 
 army rather than take the oath of 
 allegiance to Coii<rress and flight 
 ajj^ainst tlieir kiui^. 
 
 Pn)bai)ly a lar^je portion of the 
 people of America would ujladly 
 have remained neutral ; but the 
 Declaration of Indepeiulence left no 
 neutrals. He wiio opposed inde- 
 pendence Itecame ipso facto "an 
 enemy of liberty.' Thus by the 
 action of Conjjjress at Philadelphia, 
 July4tli. I77(^. thousands of .|)tace- 
 lovinLJ citizens were classed as 
 'enemies ' 'rebels.' and even 'traitors, 
 because they declined to renounce 
 alle<jfiance to the mother land ami 
 swear allet^iance to a new and self- 
 created authority. relin(iuishin<j^ their 
 privile'jes as Hntisli subjects at 
 tlie command of republican leaders 
 whom they neithei liked nor trusted. 
 
 In the early sta_<^es of the Revolii cliaiacler ami conduct of tiie "rebels' 
 ti<Mi. the Loyalists sutl'ered jijreatly at by no means flatterinjjj. I'he conn- 
 tlie hands of or>;ani/.e(l mobs which, terpart will lie found in the records 
 under the desiiiiiation of '.Sons of of the actors on the other side, whose 
 Iviberty.' tiealt in the harsiiest wav opinion of the * Tories' is well known, 
 with all suspected of entertainiii"^ Whilst, however, the <^pniio>is ot 
 sentiments favoral.le to the crown. tliese old Loyalists must Ix; taken 
 Piivale proceedinjjs were devised to rn'n ^rat/n sii//.s\ there is every 
 ascertain the opinions of any re- reason to iielieve that the facts re- 
 
 secure the desired recantation, there 
 followed in order, disarming, confine- 
 ment to residence or to certain limits, 
 fines, imprisonment, banishment and 
 in many instances gross personal 
 injurv and even murderous violence. 
 
 The use of tar and leathers. Sabine 
 remarks, was 'so frequent as to 
 qualify the sa\ ing of the ancient, 
 that man is a two-legged animal 
 7tvV// '/// feathers.' The mob some- 
 times varied this punishment by 
 sniokini;' the Tories. — the victims in 
 that case being confined in a close 
 rof)m before an open fine of green 
 wood, with a cover applied to the top 
 of the chimney. .Still another alter- 
 native was the cruel and shameful 
 practice of riding Tories on a rail. 
 
 To give a tithe of the recorded 
 instances of the brutality of the New 
 Lniiland mobs wonld far transcend 
 the limits of this paper. Fhe de- 
 t.iiU of many of the outrages will be 
 toiiiid ill such books as Jones' [..oyal- 
 isl History of New York, .Sabine's 
 Loyalists of the American Revolu- 
 tion. Ryersou s Loyalists of America 
 and their Times. Peters' History of 
 Connecticut. Hartlett s Frontier Mis- 
 sionary, etc. 
 
 .\ long list of pamphlets and other 
 published writings might be given 
 VNheieiii iiidi\iduals ha\'e recorded 
 the pitiful tale of sufferings which 
 tlu'N' exjierienced at the hands of old 
 time friends and neighbors. Little 
 sill prise need be m.initested at the 
 Mtroiig partisan feeling that runs 
 through the pages penned by men 
 who sacrificed so much and siiHered 
 so seyereU . The opinions of tliese 
 old Loyalists were very |)roiioiiiiced. 
 .Hid tlieir estimate of the general 
 
 •larded 
 
 as ( 
 
 loubtful 
 
 siippoiters of 111- 
 
 C( 
 
 tided hy them are substantially 
 
 dependency. The |)roir.ineiit 'Tories accurate. 'The siihse(iueiit history 
 
 were ca 
 
 led 
 
 IMI to 
 
 ant and svyear of the writers in the land of their 
 
 ■ . nn'l Cribc 
 
 \\ 
 
 alli'gi inci" to Congress. I'':iiling to adoption I'miiishes the mist sitis 
 

 ,,, y..w W" ''"'"""■■ 
 
 14 
 
 f-..c<ovy evidence o. t^^,,.^.^ „„,fi. 
 
 Jersey, and ^^ 3"^^' t.,-, sau.pics 
 
 the missionaiics ..Uoviu'' at nuni- 
 England who -c- ^^-j^,-,,. ,.». 
 
 Mah^e ^'\^,7;|e Socictv lV>v th- 
 
 The cvucUy ami n . ^^.^^^.,.,, 
 
 ^obs, -^--^-'^^^;.Vo s in the cavly 
 
 anJ ^i^^'-' ^'S'?. lut o <4VoatW conu- 
 daysotthcRev >o ^,i,terness 
 
 a.ui anin.os, y t ^^- ,,,, ,umbe, 
 
 • ^-^>^^^ i^^"\us s^ n> took up avm. 
 and iovigbt tl''"^'o 
 
 vova\ sill'-'- rSdis Ravniond, 
 
 Vakc the case ot Sda ^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ,rNovvvalU.Conn..-^^^^^^,,^,p i. 
 of what was a '*; . ,, ^. ^.^s with tiw 
 
 U, the idea ot nulcp ^^ ,^ j,,^ 
 
 ^"^ .^^^^ ^ir-^chW avl>used U.C 
 opinions, ''": '. ^^ ..wt-nicn. l'^^> 
 ali.nosUv..Mi;^ --,,... .uunpts 
 threatened h.s c ^^,,.,t h.m as 
 
 ^ere actually n>aK.^^^ ^^,^^^..„,n 
 he was c-ngaj.ea 1^^^. , Ue 
 
 1^'« ''^'^'^ '" ^,' : the l^vU.sh .4^>'- 
 
 wasohUgc.l ';:J';^'.,.u, Long Island, 
 
 vi^-'^ ^'^ ^^^'-Kvonu miles across the 
 a,stant seme twe^^'> ^,s orncrcd 
 
 Sound. ^I'V ut lor the us. and 
 to be leased -^^J\^^ Uis gooas 
 
 1 continued to hold 
 .ndscreenln sc , ^„,,,v. 
 
 •Pake agani tnt ^^^^^^ Hc 
 
 Uates. ot 
 writes: ,, iIoncI-- N^''^ ^^'^^, 
 
 1 
 
 benclit o 
 
 f the statL 
 
 , the •'^'••^"' '."sorwalk 
 
 ^trlen.d, the dn.. j^ ^^, . ,s- 
 
 cvereci by tin. ^V^^^^ .^^ ^^"\Ve / ^^''^^^ 
 
 ^"i^;; b^^rf- ^-^f't 
 
 r.eii,''n>"\" , y h\k- 
 
 before a <- y^^^ j .ViJ not con»c>s v ^ 
 sunclry deaths n^ thveatene -^ ^^^^^. 
 
 "^'\'- IVi.rtiae drown me n ,, 
 
 '^"^* ^' ese honest Urmer.. At ^^^^^.^ 
 expose d^-;^^ ';,, ^„ the <^'^'^^'^/^"'s taken 
 
 '^■'; bv n anned mob. -?! -^tue town to 
 ;ttS.ate "nem>e/--^,^,i,pedmy 
 
 b^k Creek, tben ha u^ ^ ,,,osciunoes ^^ 
 UywaseM-^i,,toaUee.jea. b^ 
 
 s^^^=^''^^-s:;s;odw;:;dd;;;; 
 
 ^'•^*"'; re<"nnuttee said tha \.^,^^^^, 
 
 two ot tlic e ' , V thev woiiiii 
 tedthema ll^-;,j,eave'ne to the 
 
 la save niv >il^- , ., , niiaid came to 
 
 ^""«--v :^s'' ''■--' -'•'"■ 
 
 ,,.iw nnH 'uul K^t__ ^j^^^^^. Tones, rn _ . 
 
 ted 
 
 l>v 
 
 lUU 
 
 eiVects conhscateu .-> 
 1 ciict-i" _ 11. ..-end 
 
 on 
 
 Icr 
 
 the ;uahorUies 
 
 lit 
 
 Decern 
 
 iK-r, v7/r 
 
 1 did ni 
 
 ttu'V 
 
 ,t expose 
 
 sea 
 
 tL-neei 
 
 \ nie 
 
 to anP'-' 
 
 Tlie con 
 
 tiscatu.n papers 
 
 id lege as 
 
 tUe \-)aven\)o 
 
 vt, in '"' 
 
 der 
 
 (rrouni 
 
 \ of actum 
 
 that 
 
 S.IH 
 
 \ R.«v- 
 
 1\U' 
 
 \1) 
 
 \„-adqaarter' 
 
 that he 
 NvlK're a 
 
 tu- hetoi 
 
 Col. 
 -eiH 
 
 \\ \he Toru 
 
The United Empire /^oya/ists. 
 
 '5 
 
 :c- 
 
 tcV 
 lie 
 
 with 
 
 were 
 
 coivi- 
 which 
 
 to the 
 
 feared 
 
 as di>^- 
 1 one ot 
 
 gV 8US- 
 
 s' with 
 British, 
 in the 
 ^equaint- 
 
 ,nfint;t' in 
 examined 
 
 "nccl v^it>\ 
 ,s what I 
 .j\ amon>j; 
 
 \ow watev 
 
 I did not 
 
 M length 
 
 \on*" ""^*' 
 was taken 
 ea tiifough 
 V\^e town to 
 quipped my 
 cmitoes '"> 
 vcc near the 
 ion for two 
 od would he 
 „ soon atte. 
 
 at if I '-v""'^^. 
 vould release 
 
 ,ne to ^^^'^'^^ 
 uolhin- tl^^^^ 
 
 I • 
 
 ;ua.d can.c to 
 red to ;J!>ve n e, 
 vmdvcd st..pc- , 
 ,,e 1 would hL 
 Ihon 
 
 cs.- 
 
 ne 
 
 but I was ^n- 
 
 UsC. 
 
 lie, 
 
 -"Htee proiM>sed 
 
 conles>.on t. ^^«^_ 
 
 was l\uU ol <-on 
 
 cania-e m 
 
 Tones, r i 
 ,ppea.heU.n;*^ol- 
 
 at he 
 iM'ie a 
 
 it 
 
 .hould send 
 
 \\ il\e 
 
 Tone' 
 
 lie sent were smelv hanged. According- 
 ly next day I was brought before Daven- 
 port — one of the descendants of the old 
 apostate Davenport, who lied from old 
 England — who, after he liad examined 
 me, said with great severity of coutiten- 
 ance, I tliink you coulil liave exposed 
 tiiose Tories." 
 
 I s;iid to iiini •\'ou might rather think 
 I would have exposeti my own lather 
 sooner than sutler what ! have MitVereii.' 
 Upon which the nUI juiige could not help 
 ackiiowieilging that he never knew any 
 o!ie who had withstood more without 
 exposing confederates, and he finally 
 discharged me the third day It was a 
 grievous misfortune to be in such a situ- 
 atioii, but the fear of God animated me 
 not to fear man. My resolution com- 
 pelled mine nemies to show their pity 
 that I had been so causelessly alilicted, 
 and my lile was spared. I was. however, 
 obliged to seek refuge from tiie i7ialice of 
 my persecutors in the mountains and 
 forests until their fi'enzy might be .some- 
 what abated. 
 
 Al'ter two years' absence, on my return 
 home, I found my father down with tiie 
 small-pox, suspecteil to be given him by 
 design, consequently the family were all 
 in in(jculation. which I also had to en- 
 dure, after which 1 could not by any 
 means think of leaving my father until I 
 bad a.ssisted him in his wheat harvest. 
 
 The first night after I was summoned 
 with a ilral't lor the Continental -Service 
 with three tiays' notice, consequently was 
 compelled to tlee for refuge, I knew not 
 where, but providentially found myself 
 next morning in the immediate neighbor- 
 hooil of a 13iitish garrison. 
 
 Ai'tcf the Declaration of Indopcnd- 
 ence. the new state authorities 
 claimed the rij^ht to enforce against 
 all Royalists severe pimislinients — 
 contiscatioii of |)ro[)ert_v.' imptison 
 nient, hanisiiineiit. and even death. 
 In Massachiisctls. a person .s7/.s/><'r/'('(/ 
 of enniit\' to the c.iiise ot independ- 
 ence could he arrested and h.inished, 
 unless he wmild swear alle'^iance to 
 the iVieiids of liheil\. Three 
 
 hundred and ei<;htv persons weie 
 dusij^nated by ii.ime. who liad fled 
 iVoiii their homes: the penalty of 
 their return was li.xed as iinprison- 
 ineut and transportation to a place 
 possessed hv tlie IJritish. and fm' a 
 secoiul return without leave, death 
 without heuetit of clerj^y. In Rluxie 
 Island, death and conlisc.ition of 
 estate were tl'.e penalties |)rovided 
 foi' any peison who coinmimicated 
 with the l>iitish ministry m its 
 
 a<;eiits, or who oflered supplies to 
 the British forces and to the armed 
 ships of tiie kiiifT. The otVeiice of 
 enlistiiiLj (;r |)rocurin<^ others to 
 enlist in the royal armv or navy was 
 punished with loss of estate and of 
 personal liln-ity not exceeding; three 
 \ears The laws enacted l)y the 
 other states were similar. Forfei- 
 ture of estate, ctjiiti.scation of prop- 
 erty, loss (jf personal liberty, anil 
 even death were the penalties Loyal- 
 ists were subjected to for adhering to 
 tiie cause in which they believed. 
 In New York alone, sixtv Loyalists 
 of note are mentioned by name in 
 the Conllscation Act, which decreed 
 that "each and every of them who 
 siiall at any time hereafter be found 
 in any part of tliis state shall be and 
 aie hereby declared guilty of death 
 as incase oftelony without benefit of 
 clergy.' The proscribed list iiicludes 
 the names of Hevetley Robinson, 
 (jeorge Duncan Ludl )W, Gabriel 
 Ludlow. Christopher Billop. James 
 DeLancey. Robert IJayard, Dr. 
 Charles liiglis and others prominent 
 m the early iiistory of New 
 Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The 
 estates of all these Lf)yalists were 
 conliscated. That t>f James DeLancv 
 was sold by the state for $234,198.75, 
 and that of Frederick Phillipse, 
 another of tiie attaintetl sixty, was 
 \alued in i S09 at al)oye £600, cxx). 
 The names of Susannah Robinson, 
 .Margaret Inglis. and Mary Morris, 
 (wives resjiectively of Col. Beverley 
 Roliinson. Dr. Chailes liiglis and 
 Col. Roger Morris.) were included 
 in those -forever banished from this 
 state. Tliev were pi. iced among 
 the sixty, says [udge Jones, because 
 they were possessed of large and 
 valuable red estate in their own 
 right ; the vindictive legislatine of 
 .Nevy York, in order to gel possession 
 of these estates, attaintetl the women 
 for adhering to the enemies of the 
 
 slate — that is to say. tor living 
 
 with 
 
 the husbands I Their children, many 
 of them mere intaiils, were thus 
 debarred from inheriting the estates 
 of their mothers. 
 
 Like |)enalties might be imposed 
 on all who could by a summary tii.d 
 
tu M t MS t 
 
 \ 
 
 j6 
 
 The 
 
 United Empire LoyaUsts, 
 
 The 
 
 , \,. nf hi'^li treason, vi/>. 
 
 voluntarily -thdra^^.ng ^o ^a ^y^P,. ^ 
 
 within the power or po>.^f ^ . ^ 
 
 of Great Briuun '^r,"*'' -jer of provincial 
 
 bein,' '^PP'-'^^^"SiSe" thereot- or coun- 
 
 ^'^^^' ''\ ^'ai men are createa 
 affivmea r^^^^^iVrb; their Creator 
 
 equal, ^^'^^»^^!^f ^"! ifenable vi</hts 
 ^\tU cer an nal e ^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 unoiv^ which aie me, ^ . 
 
 the pursuit "' y-'P) ,ti, he 'stren- 
 ahnost the «^^'";,^I; '\o Vine, im- 
 "--'>' "rental h.m-.cal to the 
 orison aiui nan„ ; -itVection. 
 
 'cause, witlKHit tavc>. o -^ ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 T,,, RevoUitiona pa^^> .^^^, .,,, 
 ,a\ too wcU the c 
 
 their muids by t»^^> '- ^^^.^.^,, hitter- 
 Early m the -°';^;^,^ ,^,,,,ver the 
 
 two parties weie^ u<-^^^^^ I ,^ ,,, 
 
 internecine ^^\'[- u is oS easv 
 
 horrorsotaavlw.u .^^^^^ States 
 
 ^^« '^ '^^ "' ,o recoVcl, with v.nie 
 local historian, to 1 CO ^^^^^,.^,,^,, 
 
 '^T^^'"::::: l. -iiU aum,. the 
 
 whicn vvLiv. <- I- fi,.. Lovaiisti- 
 
 -"«-^.^^>'^^i;iTaro ttpano^ 
 ana to iil'u.re hUc atis 
 
 the Whigs. 
 
 -■-It!h;Sabere.en..e,eaih.t^;^^ 
 
 ^^>-''*'^^;^'i;:a of -obs. Son. ot- 
 
 rrt^-'elc "olaanaturallvcar,. 
 L,beitN,ctc., VN y,,,,,,cc ol 
 
 ever atlcr a '^^"-'W . ^. .hspo.ed to 
 
 their -'^^;-^-j;^ti^'pp--^-^'^>' 
 vetaliatewheneve.hUn^ II ^^^^^i, 
 
 pvesentetl itselt. Hcil 
 
 V^^^:.,. ^ n-vost. a L<.vaUst. of 
 
 , ' On the night of July 
 
 '-^^P^"f"c;nt Frost, at%heheaa 
 
 21 St, i7^'^^'\P,Vv c-osseathe Soun.l 
 of an armea P""^ ^ ' ^■^^^. followh.g dav 
 h, seven boats, ^^}^l^^ ,,vviea oft 
 
 (Sunaay) ^^"'P' 'r .tv-eight promm- | 
 
 Dr. Mather and ft e ^ X ^^,^,.^ ] 
 
 ent 'leaaers of ^^^]^''^;^^^^ of the gar- e>' 
 
 brought -^f^\,%,Z where they 
 vison at Lloya ^ N ;'^^j^^ neighbors 
 found niau) o tl^ changea 
 
 wliom the wai ^au p,,,,ts 
 
 -^'>^^'"^-'""'""iUi^ruccess from 
 exploii was a In ill a" j^t.„,,. 
 
 hi British ^-^^^^. it as a 
 f,,a local his o an ^^^^^^^.^^^^^ ,, 
 
 .sacrilegious f''^' ' ,^.„t sufler.ngs 
 
 aetail o'\ ^ - .^t. X fl"'^^- ^^"1 
 of ^'••^^^^'iT^iccouutofthe cruel 
 ,vhv omit ^^'^t^l'^'^'^^y their neigh 
 treatment espene^aceay^ ^^^^^^ ^^,, 
 
 bor. Rev- 1^ • ^^'' \ory, ana even 
 
 confinea in ja^^ ^i-.'t.eatment caused 
 
 d-»e\';-^^^^"^-.„J enaerea hm. a 
 
 h.p disease, anu j^j^^^her's pviso'^ 
 
 enpple or l> - IJ • ,,,,e than 
 
 ^-^^ P'"V 1 w^re occupied by the 
 
 ,ome wh.ch ^;'^,,,,thefoUow.'g-- 
 Lovalists. as ^^>tncs ^,^he m 
 
 ^-^^^rN^^^YorU pvovincia 
 which the New i a 
 
 congress '7.V,;>^,\l7j;.nfiued the 
 ,oonis in ^vb.ch weie ^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 the ^'^'"'^^'^r. conspiracies. This 
 
 „f (j(^ern«Iii'Moi>>s, p- 
 losvin'i resolution: 
 
 William 
 
 Frc 
 
 tovd, Conn., 
 il persecutions 
 
 ft tarn 
 
 usu 
 selectinen 
 
 refuge to 
 
 liter sutVerin 
 
 .vuig re.o.v.w... ^„t„fcarein 
 
 the p.i-*'^'-'^ "r^e ththe Convention 
 n^nlediately "-^;'^lf si pp"-'* ^" '""" 
 
 -;:!;a^-l:e^eUoftlienien..er. 
 .e^t.ionofUi.r.ealU.,^^^^ 
 
 IT the tj^e convention 
 
 of his n 
 the Britis 
 
 at the hand 
 ;,tive town. 
 
 Is of the hnre 
 fled fov 
 
 /„ finof.'c in 
 
 the Convention 
 
 LloCds Neck. 
 
 Tl 
 
 \i .rarrison 
 " bels' 
 
 "/LM-, W 
 
 ceeclin 
 
 hile the H"ase 
 
 sitting svnd p 
 
 ro- 
 
 le 
 
 •re 
 
 )f 
 
 a 
 
 to business. 
 
 Ci^'->n«»i* 
 
 Morns 
 
 who move( 
 
 ford were 
 
 Stam 
 atlcndants at 
 
 the R 
 
 in m 
 
 ev 
 
 ost m 
 
 stances 
 
 the reso 
 
 hition, was 
 
 uot a 
 
 sinoUer.) 
 
 Dr. Mather 
 
 Shortlv afterwarc 
 
 Is. the jail became 
 
 (services, 
 
 the c 
 
 loctor himse 
 
 If being a 
 
 P'' 
 
 ononncei 
 
 I advocate 
 
 f American 
 
 so crowi 
 establishiM 
 
 \ed that a p 
 
 vison 
 
 I 
 
 h which in Uirn Pe^ 
 
 fleet was 
 
 b 
 
 aiiu" 
 
i 
 
 Tin ( ' Illicit linipin /,ova/isi.\ 
 
 // 
 
 Illy 
 
 L\n(\ 
 c\av 
 oft* 
 
 ,veve 
 
 they 
 i\>ors 
 
 i 
 
 (>' 
 
 H) 
 
 sts 
 
 troni 
 
 ; ;\s ;> 
 tres 
 
 :. But 
 
 in 
 
 cvvi 
 
 UtMSV 
 
 e\ 
 
 ho 
 
 wi»s 
 
 Ml 
 l C 
 
 \ evei 
 
 ;\v\st-'t 
 
 hull 
 
 OVStJ 
 
 •\son 
 than 
 
 ,1 \w the 
 ,\lo\vi' g •• 
 
 on 
 
 
 \n 
 
 nhc 
 )V\ncin 
 
 3- 
 
 \ t\Ae 
 l^-vestecl by 
 to niqui't^ 
 
 le pv 
 :h 11 
 
 This 
 \sonevs 
 
 horvu 
 
 o\\ I 
 
 .ftecl the 
 
 notion 
 lo\- 
 
 vt\nt o 
 
 f cari 
 
 J >'» 
 
 l\ie ia> 
 
 in 
 
 \ 
 
 ic 
 
 Coiive 
 
 ipo> 
 
 jcl to 
 
 n 
 
 urises, 
 ,f i\ie me 
 
 lUion 
 have 
 
 mbers 
 
 ut 1b>- t>;e p 
 
 the me 
 
 ive 
 
 lUio" 
 
 iittin 
 
 ii a" 
 
 le- 
 
 oi 
 
 lea- 
 
 ch am - 
 
 vo- 
 
 w 
 
 \^o 
 
 iiiovei 
 
 ot a 
 
 sn"»o 
 
 vCV 
 
 over-crowdecl as to be no lit abode noxious of all the Tory vagabondish 
 for the worst of criminals. These leaders,' v.tvs Justin Wiusijr, 'was 
 prison ships were eventnally bnrned. Colonel David Fannin<f, of North 
 to prevent their capture by th 
 Ihitish. Jndj^e [one > states : 
 
 There \vi:ro at this time about i^ 
 
 Car 
 
 oima, vvMo.se nai rative, irivmir an 
 
 account of his adventures in North 
 Carolina from 177S to 1783, has 
 Loyalists 011 board, aiul c-onfiiu-d below twice been piinted ( Richmond, 1S61 , 
 ileckh in irons. The rebel trews ^'ot on Xevv York, 186^)'* 
 shore, but they never released the poor {,, (jt-oriria and Carolina, the hit- 
 
 TirisoiuTs. who all perished in the tlaincs. » .. .• c .. .• 1 
 
 ' ' terest |)artizan warfare was earned 
 
 on between the Wiiitj and Tory 
 
 This is vei\ well illustrated 
 
 .-A, 
 
 J list. 
 
 s lit Anns 
 
 bands 
 
 in 
 
 In the Canadian archives for the from St. 
 
 .innin<jf s nan ative. 
 
 Writ 
 
 ing 
 
 |<ihn, in March, 1786, to 
 issioneis on the Lovalist 
 
 \ear 1883, p. i I ,the names of twenty- the c(Mnm 
 nine Loyalist corps are recortleil. At claims, he sums up his .services by 
 the close of the Kevolution many of saving he was engaged against the 
 tile ilisi)antled otHcers anil men of rebeU thirtv-six times in North Caro- 
 Ihese corps settled on the river St. lina and four times in South Carolina. 
 John and elsewhere in the province He ronnnandeil armed jjarties vary- 
 
 n ••lenglli from a hundred to 
 hiiii(li\d ;iiid tiftv nien. He 
 
 ofNew Brunsw ick 
 
 Tl 
 
 le list releired 
 
 to 
 
 neetl 
 
 not 
 
 De 
 
 iriven m 
 
 ful 
 
 uig 1 
 nine 
 
 was twice 
 a prisoner 
 
 wounded, and manv times 
 
 sucii names as Kuig's Rangers, 
 C^ieen s I'iangers, King's .jVmerican 
 Ivegnnent. I'niice ol \\ .des Ameri- captured and carried off the governor 
 
 On 
 
 one occasion he 
 
 ,ni V'ohnitee 
 
 is. 
 
 K.o\al Fencible 
 
 of Nortii C.irolina. 
 
 V) t 
 
 xceedin<flv 
 
 etc.. aie l.otii strikingly familiar to obnoxious did he become that he 
 
 the ear and su<:''esti\e as well of the 
 
 was ( 
 
 leclared an outlaw, and was 
 
 lcp\all\ i)i thu.-e wiit) chose such one of three exceptei! bv name in the 
 
 j.iliiolic titles l(ir ineir ie''iments. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 ict of general p; 
 
 irtlon aiK 
 
 I ot 
 
 )livion 
 
 Some accouiil ol tlie tioings of the passed in the state. 
 
 ro\ iiicial Corps will lie hmnd in the N 
 
 lahiii.iaiid jjapeis at Ottawa the Pen 
 
 ew 
 
 York. New jersev 
 
 a 111 
 
 emisvlv.mia supplietl the larger am 
 
 p.ipeis of Sir \h\\ Ciiletou in tlie better organi/ed poi tioii of the loyal 
 
 war olHce. Loiulon ; ."^iiAkeis New corps, wiiicli i'l the Held gained an 
 
 Jerse\ Wduiiteeis : Jones s Lo\alist enviable reputation for steadiness and 
 
 ilistoiA ot' .New \'oik; l>ePe\sters couia>^e. DeLancev s battalions 
 Mil:tai\ Cateelol Ibii:- Oeii. loUi 
 
 son. 
 
 )l tiic Kinji s Ko\.d K.egiment 
 
 1- particnlarU' distinguisheil themselves 
 
 Ml the cami). 111411 m the soutnern col- 
 
 Simcoe's Operations of the (Queen's onies The (Queen's Rangers was a 
 
 R 
 
 m''eis 
 
 the iiairati\e o 
 
 ames 
 
 M 
 
 0(k1V 
 
 .AntI 
 
 ion\ 
 
 All 
 
 the 
 1 
 
 iliar\' o 
 
 f 1. 
 f L 
 
 lent, 
 icut. 
 
 leifiment secoiul to none 111 the 
 
 Brit 
 
 isli 
 
 service, 
 
 laire; f .inniii'' s narrative achieved notonetv tiirough their ac 
 
 Hutler s 
 th 
 
 con 
 
 )t' .'\d\enlures in Noitli and South tioii in what is called the 'massacre 
 
 Candina, and .Sabine's Lovalists of 
 
 .f w 
 
 vommg. concerning which 
 
 the 
 
 Linencan 
 
 R 
 
 evolutu)!). 
 
 there has been much controversy. 
 
 New England furnished several 
 
 reuimei 
 
 Us— the L 
 
 oval 
 
 N 
 
 e w 
 
 V. 
 
 n<r- 
 
 ♦ Colonel David Fiinnins' has not re- 
 
 land 
 
 ers. 
 
 VVentworth's Volunteers, ceivcd ("air treatment, either at the hands 
 
 ami other corps — which, however. 
 were more noteil as marauders than 
 on the field of battle. 
 
 t)t" Sabine or ot" those who published hih 
 narrative lS6t and 1S65. 1 le came to New 
 Urunswick at the close of the war, and 
 .■tiled on the St. fohn rivt^r. at the head of 
 
 In the South there were manv ar- 'the Mistake' in the parish of Greenwich, 
 
 dent supporters of the loyal siile. In 
 
 eu'iment 
 
 Kinj;s Co. His name is preserveii in l''an- 
 
 the iail ^^^^'^'^^"^ ■ the Carolinas a Rovaiist r 
 
 Creek, a sn 
 
 -triMin in the neijjh- 
 
 iVl 
 
 son 
 
 Uirn 
 
 fleet was 
 
 \ 
 
 raised in a tew da\ s in 1 ttC 
 
 H'C 
 
 ini^" 
 
 Wi 
 
 and .igiiii 111 I 
 
 / / 
 
 //'. 
 
 he most ol)- 
 
 horhooil He sulsequently removed to 
 Diuhv, N. S , where lie died in iSjq, aged 
 70 years. 
 
1 
 
 ■■ 
 
 I 
 
 18 
 
 The L^iiitai Umpire f.oya lists. 
 
 The strictures of American writers 
 have, however, been ably traversed 
 by Dr. Rycison. 
 
 It is hut natural that very opposite 
 opinions should have been formed 
 by tlie contendin<^ parties rej^arding 
 the acts of their enemies. As an 
 example of this we find that whilst 
 DeLancey's battalions were com- 
 metuled for tlieir bravery and <^ene'-d 
 conduct bv the commander-in-cliic-t 
 of the Britisli ft)rces, they were in 
 such ill odor with the Stanilord 
 'patriots' that they passed a resolution 
 that 'none of the unprincipled 
 wretches w!io l)elon<^ to the most 
 infamous banditti calletl DeLancey's 
 corps siiould return to their honies in 
 Connecticut.' 
 
 It is unnecessary to particularize 
 the services of the Provincial re;fi- 
 ments durino^ the seven years ot 
 conflict. .Sunice it to say that as a 
 rule the loyal corps behaved with 
 'reputation, credit, honor and cuui- 
 aj^e,' despite the fact tliat they met 
 with comparatively little encourage- 
 ment trom the Mei^ulais. who looked 
 upon them as an inferior clash ot 
 soldiery, neijleeted the advice ot 
 Provincial ollicers. and liuisued a 
 European n)0(le of vvarfire unsuiteil 
 t > the country. 
 
 The British j^enerals made a <;reat That tliey hav 
 
 mistake at the be^rinniiiir of the war lion to thi; coininanciers ot' suiti (iuanl 
 
 ing we can call our own ; and the door to 
 redress is- inaccessible. The army has 
 done more essential injury to the king's 
 cause than the utmost elYorts of liis 
 enemies. 
 
 The same reckless iiidiilerence to 
 the interests of the Loyalists prevailed 
 in the navy. This is p'oved by the 
 follovviiiLJ petition : 
 
 To His l-",xctllcncv, James Robertson, 
 E-cjuiro, (joveriior and Commander- 
 in-Chiel" of the Pioviiice ot' New York 
 and Lieiiti'naiit Geneial of His M.i 
 jestv's Forces, ttc, etc., etc , 
 
 The Memorial of John Fowler, Israel 
 Iloyt, ami David I'ickett, niost luiinblv 
 shcweth : 
 
 That having left tlieir properties in the 
 '.'ounlrj and come within the Royal Lines 
 for protection, upon application to Gov- 
 ernment lor sui)port they obtained with 
 others a grant of Katon\ Neck, the pro- 
 perty ol'Jolin Sloss Ilobart, in Rebellion, 
 but the .same being api)lied tor and ob- 
 tained by James Jauncey, Esquire, and 
 others, wno had a mortgage on the same, 
 vour memorialists hired the same I'lom 
 those gentleman at a Rental agreed on. 
 
 That being settled on said place upon 
 the aforesaid term~, and eniieavoiing to 
 support their families by lione>l indnvtr\-, 
 they found themselves di-^appointeJ, and 
 pievented enjoying tlie Iruils (jf their 
 labors l)y the crews of the aruKil \e>seU 
 stationed in Huntington Was lor their 
 protection, who ha\e taken their property 
 from them without any license, pay or 
 satist'action. 
 
 e mad 
 
 le re 
 
 ued 
 
 leaieii anpiic.i- 
 
 in notexertinjj themselves to j^ain the 
 
 hij-s to prevent the ravages ol their 
 
 sympathy ami supj 
 
 )ort ot the entire 
 
 eiews and to obtaii 
 
 atistactum, but ob- 
 
 loyal population of America. In 
 
 stead ol doiiij^ so, they appeal' to dress, who kindly w.ro'.e to -aul co nnian- 
 
 laining neither, they, with their asso- 
 ciates, appiicil to Ailmiial Dighy for re- 
 
 have vie\ve( 
 
 I the matter witli inditVei- ders on the subject, without 
 
 UClhg 
 
 ence, 
 
 iiul 
 
 to have permitteil the ran 
 
 |. the de.'-ired elT. ct; that upon the delivery 
 
 ami 
 
 tlie ol the 
 
 army 
 
 roi) ami 
 
 of Admiral Digln's letter to L'ajitain 
 
 .Steel 
 
 he llew into a \ioleiit passion, threatening 
 plunder the inhabitants \n ilhout dis- to tye the coinplainaiUs to a gun ami Hog 
 crimination, thereby alienatiii;^ those them, (udering them out of tlie ship, and 
 
 adding he would blow them to Hell if 
 
 most waniii\ (hsi)oseil to t;iyor the 
 
 cause ot the mother couniry 
 
 lie 
 
 they e\er came akjiigsid,: 
 
 '.gam, telling 
 
 m 
 
 isfortunes of the Lo\alisls were 
 
 thus •,,Meat]y afi;<;rayate' 
 
 them hi" would give them no redress nor 
 protection, l)ut would have his revenge 
 
 the fact before he left the station 
 
 that they were exposed to liarsli 
 treatment not only b\ avowei 
 
 In this situation, being left remediless 
 
 enemies, l)ut by professed friends. 
 Says the Rev. Leonard Cnttinu 
 
 I they apply to your Excellency, as Gover- 
 nor of the I'rovince, the Patron ami Direc- 
 tor of all Loyal subjects ilriven from their 
 habitation, and humbly reipiest that your 
 
 in a letter written at Hempstead, Excellency would be hivorably pleased to 
 Lonu' Island, in 1781 : recommeml their ilislressed case to His 
 
 "" Excellency Admiral Digby, and to inter- 
 
 pose in their favor, so that they with tin- 
 
 ion 
 
 Where the army is, oppression, such 
 
 in England you can have no conception others sulVering in a similar sjtuat 
 
 of, universally prevails 
 
 \V 
 
 e have noth- may have 
 
 •iVecti 
 
 ie(U'ess am 
 
 stop h 
 
The United J: nip ire /.ova/isfs. 
 
 '^ 
 
 loor to 
 IV has 
 "kind's 
 
 \cc to 
 ;v;iilecl 
 bv thti 
 
 bertson, 
 mander- 
 ■w Ycik. 
 lis M.v 
 
 • r, Israel 
 luiinbly 
 
 les in llie 
 yal Lines 
 , to Gov- 
 ned will* 
 , tlie pit)- 
 iobellioii, 
 I- and ob- 
 ^iiire, and 
 the same, 
 anie tVotn 
 reei-t on. 
 place upijn 
 ivoriii!^ lo 
 ,1 indiist'V> 
 iiilevl, a;Kl 
 , of lbei»- 
 ned ve-<^ei> 
 lor tUeii- 
 ir properly 
 ise. pay or 
 
 d ajipl'^"'^' 
 iia (iuaril 
 , ot' llieir 
 n, lull ob- 
 icir asso- 
 
 l)V loi' I"-" 
 i i() luuaa- 
 
 (M-odueiiii; 
 ;k- delivery 
 aptain Sleel 
 threateninu 
 
 un and flog 
 c ship, and 
 > lo Hell it 
 tj;ain, leUin^' 
 ') redress nor 
 hi, revenge 
 
 I remediless, 
 cy, as (iover- 
 on and Direc- 
 en ;'rom their 
 lesl that your 
 bly pleased to 
 case to \\'\^ 
 and to inter- 
 thev with the 
 ilar" siinatioo 
 and a stop I"-' 
 
 put to such ravages for the future; and 
 they as in duty bound will ever pray, etc. 
 New York, Sth January, ijSj. 
 
 JluI'^l- Jone?, spcakinj^ of the 
 .soldiers (luartered on Lont^ Island, 
 says: 
 
 They robl^ed, plundereil anil pilla<^ed 
 the inhabitants of everythin;,' they could 
 lay their hands upon. It was no unconi- 
 nion ihini^ f)f an aftei noon to see a tanner 
 driving a tlock of turkeys, geese, ducks or 
 dung hill fowls and locking them up in 
 his cellar for security during the iiigiit. 
 The whole day it was necessary for a per- 
 son to attend in the fields where they 'i\^t\ 
 to protect them from the ravages of the 
 military. It was no uncommon thing for 
 a farn)erhis wife and chiUlren to sleep in 
 one room, while his sheen were bleating 
 in the room adjoining, his hogs grunting 
 in the kitchen, and cocks crowing, hetis 
 cackling, ducks quacking and geese his- 
 sing in the cellar. Horned cattle were 
 for salety lockeil up in barns, stabli,-s anil 
 outlunises This robbing was done by 
 people sent lo America to protect Loyal- 
 ists against the persecutions and liepreda- 
 tions ot' rebels. To complain was iieed- 
 less ; the othcers shared in tin; [blunder. 
 
 Tlie iiiltahitants of Lon;^- Island 
 weif at this time neaiiv all ol thcni 
 la\iiialile to the Uinj^'s cause. 
 
 In p.issin;^ lliionnh tiie [ei'se\s 
 and l*enns\ Ivani.i. the leil-eoati and 
 Hessians seemed to lind a wanton 
 ])leasnre in enteii.ii;" h(n:se.s and 
 hamv.irds t<» outr.ioe ,ind piU'er, 
 steaiin;^ the c.iltle and dev.ist.itm<_j 
 the crops of the lo\al iniial)itaiUs 
 witli as little compunction as ifthev' 
 had been rel)els. Some ot" tiie 
 victims had lortilied themselves with 
 piotection papeis obtained tiom 
 Ijiitish otiicials, teslilVinL; to tlieir 
 lidelitv to the q;o\eniment, and even 
 to then haviin^ done service lor it; 
 but it was ill vain tliat these certiti 
 cates were exhibited to roiii^h 
 maraiuleis. wh(< either could not or 
 vvonlil not lead them. Cases ate 
 even recorded in wiiich rapine and 
 violence were accomp.inied by vile 
 <lebaiicheiies which tliove many tine 
 heaitetl Loyalists to ilesperation. 
 
 Theie can be no doubt whatever 
 that the haui^htv, arroi^ant demeanoi 
 of the Btitisii Mef^nilais" towards tlie 
 'provincials,' combined with the ill 
 treatment of loyal inhabitants by 
 lCni,disli soldiers and sailors, lost to 
 the ro\al cause thousands iijion 
 
 thousands of frieiuls and well-wishers 
 in all the colonies. Nevertheless, as 
 has been already shown, the number 
 ot those who actively snpporteil the 
 I>iitish side was very consiilerable. 
 In December, 17S0. there were 
 8. 95. 1 Provincial troops amon<^ the 
 liritisii tVirces in America, at which 
 periotl the strenj^th of the •Contin- 
 ental .irnn" was l)nt little more than 
 2 1 ,o(x> men. In addition to the 
 re<4iilarlv enlisted I'rovincial troops, 
 there were loval "associations' in 
 Massachusetts. Marvland and Penn- 
 sylvania, 'associated Lovalists' in 
 New '\'oik..nid simil.ir 01 i^ani/ations 
 in other st.ites. 
 
 l>v ail estimates, probal)ly below 
 the ;narl<. 2^.000 natives of the col- 
 onies were enrolled in the king's 
 service at onetime or another during 
 I tie war. 
 
 S--.I// /iii^rlorioiis War and a Dif-gr ace fill 
 Peace. 
 
 To conquer 1)\ force of arms a 
 |)eo|)le of ICnglish blood, luimbering 
 between three and tour millions, 
 scattered along a seaboard of 1200 
 miles, was indeed a formidable task. 
 
 Up|)er CaiKivla in the war of 1S12, 
 with the aid of a lew luindred British 
 troops, for three years baffled the 
 forces of the L'nitetl States, more 
 than ten times their number, though 
 their territories were separated i)y a 
 river onlv. In the late American 
 civil war the Southern States lor 
 four vears withstood the resolute on- 
 slaught of 'the Noith,' waging so 
 despetate a war that with the assist- 
 ance of one of the great ICuropean 
 powers, such as France, they would 
 probablv have gained their independ- 
 ence. 
 
 Euiiland r, attempt to subdue the 
 rebellion of 1776 was lendered more 
 formid able bv the diiKcuIties of trans- 
 |)oitation. Had the Revolution been 
 the rising cii wassr of tlie American 
 people, it would soon have eiuled in 
 the acknowledgment of their iiule- 
 j)eiulencc bv the mother country. 
 But it was far otherwise. IMic forces 
 emplo\e(l bv England never exceeded 
 4S.OOO men, including the Provincial 
 regiments: \et such was the half" 
 
20 
 
 'flu ignited E)upij'c Loyal i sis. 
 
 
 heartediiess of the Americiin people 
 in the strife tliat Ilngland, frequently 
 on the verge of success, faileii mainly 
 throiij^h the inactivity and incapacity 
 of her j^jeneralM. 
 
 The main army of tlie Americans 
 under Wasiiini^ton was seldom even 
 equal to tliat opposed to him. hulced 
 the practice of short enlistmerus 
 coupled with frecjuent desertions, at 
 timcN reduced the forces of the 
 Americans so jjreatlv that their only 
 safetv lav in the ignorance of tiieir 
 enemies of the real state of all'airs. 
 
 In the cami)aign of 1777. (-Jen. 
 Howe's slowness and mismanage- 
 ment surprised even his enemies. A 
 French oiVicer in the American ser- 
 vice, M. du Portail. wrote to tlie 
 secretary of the war department in 
 France : 
 
 It is not the good coiuliict of the 
 Americans that enabled thoni to make a 
 campaign sutllcientlv tbrtunate ; it is tlic 
 fault of the English. If the English, 
 instead of making so m.^ny diversions of a 
 trifling nature had opposed Washington 
 Willi 20,000 men, I do no'' well know 
 what would Iiave become of us If the 
 English had followed up the battle of 
 Brandywine, Washington's armv would 
 lia\e been spoken of jio more. Geneial 
 Howe lias in all his operations acted with 
 such slowness ami timitlitv as to strike me 
 with astonishment. An actise, enter- 
 j)rising general witli 30,000 men must 
 reduce this country. 
 
 In December, 1779. Washinj^ton 
 complained that iiis forces were 
 *moiil(krin<;[ awav daih'.' and ex- 
 pressed iiis astonishmenttliatSir Hen- 
 ry Clinton coidd ■justify remaining; in- 
 active with a force so superior.' Lord 
 North, with qu.iint humor, once 
 said, 
 
 1 do not know whethei- our generals 
 will tiighten the enemv, but 1 know they 
 frigliten nie whenever 1 think of them 
 
 Some Americans iiave clain.icd that 
 the hand of I'rovidence was certainl\- 
 with them in the contest : since on 
 no otiier supposition is it p(>ssihle to 
 ex})lain sucii incitlents as (jatije's 
 l)rotli<;al expenditure ofhiunan life- 
 at Buni<er Hill. Howe's repeated 
 failure to proiit hy the weakness of 
 his enemies or even to follow iqi his 
 own successes. Clinton's inaelivily at 
 critical periods. Coriuvallis s mis- 
 
 taken cf)inse in the \'irLjinian cam- 
 pai<(n, and similar short-sij^htedness 
 on tiie part of other commanders. 
 
 The ultimate failure of the IJritish, 
 however, w.is undoubtedly due to 
 the aid alVorded the revolted colonies, 
 first !)y France, and sidisequently bv 
 .Spain aixl Holland. 
 
 It is ni>t the purpose (^f this article 
 to trace in detail the progress of the 
 Kevolutionars' war. nuich leN.s t(» 
 consider its evi-nts from a military 
 stiindj^Dint. 
 
 riie surrendei' of Lord Cornwallis 
 and his army to tlie combined French 
 and American forces on the 19th 
 Octobei'. 17S1 was a fatal blow to 
 the hopes hitherto entertaineil bv 
 the Loyalists of tile final triumpli of 
 the British arms. The event pro- 
 duced a profound sensation both in 
 Fngland and America. It called 
 forth the extremes of jov anil sorrow. 
 The situation is verv well described 
 by tile Rev. T. Watson .Smitii in 
 his interestnig account of tlie Loval- 
 ists at Slie!l)urne : 
 
 At Pliihidelphia, at midnight a watch- 
 man is said to have iiaverseit the streets, 
 shouting at intervals; "fast twelve 
 o'clock and a fine moining. Cornwallis 
 is taken I' It seemed as if ihe words 
 would wake the very dean Caiulles were 
 iighteii, windows were 1 brown \.\\-i. ligure"- 
 in night robes and nig'Ucap^ bent eagerly 
 out of the wii 'lows, and a> baif-ciad citi- 
 zens met eacli other in the streets they 
 shouted, laughed, wept lor veiy joy. In 
 New ^'ork the efVect was far otherwise. 
 That city had been for live years an 
 asylum f(,r tne friends of IJritain from all 
 the revolted colejuie^. During those _>ears 
 it had been gay wilii ad the pomp ami 
 einunistance of war To tUe vast crowd 
 of Loyalists collected there, most ot' whom 
 iiad hoped that absence from former 
 homes wouki l)e but temporary, the sur- 
 render of Cornwallis seemed like the knell 
 t)f doom — a doom all tlic more to be 
 dreaded l)ecaase undefined. The struggle 
 hati been long and se\'ere It had not 
 been precisely a foreign war or a civil 
 war, but in it had lieeu combined the 
 leatures of both. On the battlefields of 
 Ihe Revolution neighbor otten met neigh- 
 lior, ami brother e\en sometimes met 
 brother. There liad l>een much, too, that 
 was not war, but merely the gratification 
 of a desire lor plunder era spirit of re- 
 venge under pretence of svar. 
 
 The leiigtii of' the contest and tl;e 
 spirit Mianite.sted li\- the viiloi s when 
 
 •!• 
 
 (I 
 hi 
 
 a I 
 to 
 1)1 
 in 
 .ic 
 th 
 Co 
 an 
 fo 
 St 
 
 [a 
 
 <.f 
 • ni 
 
The Cuitii r.nihiir l.)xa/!sh 
 
 .?/ 
 
 n- 
 
 .'SS 
 
 to 
 
 cs, 
 bv 
 
 Ihe 
 
 irv 
 
 HIS 
 
 iicli 
 
 9th 
 
 to 
 
 bv 
 
 h of 
 
 P'' 
 
 o- 
 in 
 
 iicu 
 row. 
 ibe(» 
 1 in 
 
 ilch- 
 ,velve 
 
 .1 lili- 
 lliov 
 
 ■\vi>i-.. 
 rs an 
 
 iuul 
 crowil 
 whom 
 
 e siir- 
 knell 
 lo be 
 
 Ids of 
 neitih- 
 
 their success was assurrd soon of the AiUfiican coinmiss'ouers with 
 
 sliowfd tlie !,oyalisls tliuv liaJ little Oswald. TIr'V met at each other's 
 
 to expect ill the way of kindness at apartments, and frequentlv dined to- 
 
 the hands ol their adversaries. Ail ^ether. 
 tliev could deperid iipou was tin- 
 
 'ihe botiiidarv on the noi th-easteru 
 favor of that country at whose call frontier was ;i inatter of some discus- 
 thev had sutllred the liiNS of all thiiiiis, sion. At lust tlic Eu'^iisli commis- 
 and it mav lu' adiied that t!;ev did sir)ners claimed the whole of Maine. 
 
 not appeal ui vaui. 
 
 au< 
 
 I in iletault of this to have either 
 
 The events of the American tlie Penobscot or Kennebec as then' 
 
 at 
 
 Revolution. howeviT. redound neither western limit. The intluence ot'Johi 
 
 to the honor of the luiniNtrv that com- Adams. \\ ho arriveil. as lur savs. • a 
 
 tr)lled the manaL^ement of ICn^land's a I'lckv moment tor the boundarv of 
 
 public atl'iirs nor of the commander- Massachusetts.' caused the commis- 
 
 in-chief of her forces; but. alas, the sioners to admit that Maine had for- 
 
 national humiliation was not so merlv been considered a part of 
 
 Lrreat in the untoward events of the Massachusetts ; and the eastern boun- 
 
 war itself as in the in<j[lorious treatv 
 
 (!arv 
 
 .f .M; 
 
 line then l>ecame 
 
 ot peace which terminate<l tlu- war. jcct ol aiiimate'l discussion. OswaK 
 
 thi 
 
 sun 
 
 b- 
 
 is almost a woinit-r tliat snlFicient 
 
 It 
 
 British territor\- was ritainei 
 
 111 
 
 the liist instance, \ielded to the 
 
 in 
 
 ;t. [, 
 
 iiii : iif.t his coIlea;4ues were less 
 
 America to pioxidi.- a home lor the easil\- wui o\'ei" to Anieiic 111 ideas, 
 exiled Lovalists ! 
 
 IlKl 
 
 alter siiccessivelv abandoiiiiiir 
 
 r 
 
 le cliief iu'L,^otiat'!r on 
 
 1-: 
 
 iV'- 
 
 lish si(!e was one 
 
 R 
 
 iLJlal il 
 
 ( ) 
 
 > Willi 
 
 c iainis to tiie Ke 
 obscot. tinallv 
 
 imeiK'C aiK 
 
 tlu 
 
 •eii- 
 
 -toput'il at the .St. 
 
 retired .Scotcii merchant. He wa ^ Croix. This nivth eastern boundary 
 selected liv Lord .Slull 
 
 lurne 
 
 t!i. 
 
 colonial secretarx' 
 
 aiul 
 
 iiv linn re- 
 
 \\a>. how (.A'lM'. so oDscurelv ilelineil 
 as to ali'or. 
 
 a ver\ serious dilHcults 
 
 commended to l>eiijaiiiin i'lankliii as m later vears. 
 
 acihcal man. and coiiviTsant in 
 
 peaKin 
 
 "fin the House of Lcjrds, 
 
 those neixotiations wiiich are nio>t in 1JS2. Lord Towushend pertinent- 
 iuterestinu to mankind' Franklin 1\ reinaiked. 'why couUl not some 
 
 soon found (Jsw; 
 
 Host acci'pt: 
 
 on 
 
 e in Canada have been thoui^ht of 
 
 as :i ne'jfatiator. I'hi- Hr'tish cabinet for the business which 
 
 
 
 swal 
 
 svvaiil was 
 was, or 
 
 iiiiwiscb' thou_tjht it judicious to defer sent to ne<^otiate.' O 
 
 to Franklin's personal likiniLj for Os- a])peared to be, i^^noi'iit how the 
 
 wald. and intrusted tiie latter with coiintiv la\- which he iiad been ijrant- 
 
 iii|)U' aiithon'\ to ariMiH^e as soon \\\\r awas' 
 
 po.sinle the details ot tiie treats 
 
 When the news of the bounds as- 
 
 ( ) 
 
 wahl 
 
 was 
 
 a weai 
 
 man to 
 
 pit 
 
 si>i;ne(l 
 
 to the United States arrivec 
 
 ajjamst such :ii intelUctual "jiant as in 
 
 ranklin , 
 
 il 
 
 e was impressed with ;anha-sadot 
 
 A 
 
 inerica. 
 
 L 
 
 iizerne, the 
 
 ILMlCll 
 
 ther 
 
 e. wro 
 
 te that • tl 
 
 le 
 
 the idea that peace was ahsolutelv 
 
 neces-' 
 
 irv to Lii'^l 
 
 IIKI 
 
 he was i^nor- 
 
 northein bmnidarv Irom Lake .Si 
 perior to the sources of the Mississip- 
 
 mt of the couiitrv whose bouials w ere pi had sur])assed all expectation* 
 
 to be defined, and he was easilv hiim- 
 
 'jfave the 
 
 iiuei icaii 
 
 It 
 
 s tour torts that 
 
 bug 
 
 •red 
 
 mtormal co 
 
 the Ibitish ministi\' 
 
 coil 111 
 
 The elVect of Fraiikli'i s tiie\- had found It impossil'le to cap- 
 
 tni (.'.' 
 
 Regarding the surprise felt in 
 
 I'". iris at the terms of the tre.ity. we 
 
 have the testimony of the two chief 
 
 the side of France and 
 
 nversatioiis with ()swal<i 
 ictuallv led the latter to re,jre>','nt to 
 
 that 
 
 nothing 
 
 clearer 
 
 more satisfictorv 
 
 and convincing' than the arguments negotiators on 
 
 tor ceding Canada tii the United Spain vi/.. .\'ergenues aiir 
 
 R; 
 
 iviieval 
 
 Statt 
 
 1- 
 
 raiiKliii. 
 
 iilams am 
 
 I )ol 
 
 m 
 
 ergennes wro 
 
 Jasvvere appointed to treat on lielialf p 17S2. that the ICnglish had ra 
 
 te to Ravneval, Dec. 
 ther 
 
 .f Ai 
 
 neiica. 
 
 Ft 
 
 and leif.iii 
 
 mar 
 
 is said • a cordiality 
 the intercourse 
 
 Dou'rjit a peace 
 
 th. 
 
 in made one 
 
 their 
 
 •oncesMon-> 
 
 as 
 
 re<rards 
 
 that 
 the 
 
22 
 
 The L lilted Umpire Loyalists, 
 
 hoiindaries, the (Islicrics ami tlie 
 Loyalists excccflctl anytliiiij; that he 
 had hclic-vcd possible. What could 
 have been their motive for what one 
 mifjht interpret as a kind of surren- 
 der, he wislied Kayneval to discover, 
 as he was in a better position to do 
 so. Rayneval replied that the treaty 
 seemed lo him a dream. 
 
 The arranj^emcnt proposed by the 
 court of France in 17S2 would have 
 extended the southern bouiuhuy of 
 Canada, ^o tl.c Ohio river, and lixed 
 tiie Aliej^hanv UKJuntains as the 
 western bonndarv t)f the I'nited 
 States. 
 
 It is impossiide not to be struck 
 with the skill, hardihood and j^ood 
 fortune tiiat markeil the American 
 ne<,'otiations. Kver) thint^ the United 
 States could witii anv show of plans- 
 ibilitv demand from l:Lnj^land, Ihev 
 obtained ; and much of what thev 
 obtained was <jranted tiiem in diicct 
 opposition to tlie wishes of tlie two 
 {jreat pcnvers bv whose assistance 
 tliev had triumphed. 
 
 In a subsequent debate in tlie 
 House ot Commons. Fu:; s|)oke of 
 the treaty as • tiie most disastrous and 
 de<^ra(lin<; peace that tlie countrv had 
 ever made.' 
 
 9. — Cruelly ami J^i-rjUly ofl/ic I'/clors. 
 
 New Yf)rk had been a rallvinjjj 
 place for the British tlurin<r the war, 
 and thither as to a citv of refui^e tlie 
 Loyalist?, naturally turned their fices 
 when the success of their anlajj^onists 
 was assured. 
 
 The events of the conflict had been 
 sadlv miMnana<4ed. but with the ap- 
 pointment of .Sir CJU} Carli'toii to the 
 command, in April, 1 782, the British 
 cause at lengtii passed into compet- 
 ent hands. 
 
 The severity of the acts against 
 tiie Loyalists was not mitij^ated at 
 the close of the war — a fact which 
 arousetl the strongest indij^nation, 
 not only of the Loyalists them- 
 selves, but of some few faii-niiiided 
 men among the Americans. Among 
 tliese Nathaniel Green contended, 
 ' It woukl be the excess of intoler 
 ance to persecute men for opinions 
 
 which but twentv vcars before had 
 been the universal belief of every 
 class of society.' John Jay wrote 
 that he *had no tiesire to conceal the 
 opinion that to involve the Tories in 
 indiscriminate punishment and ruin 
 woukl be an instance of unnecessary 
 rigor and unmanlv revenge without 
 a parallel. excej>t in the annals of 
 religious rage in times ofbigotrv and 
 blindness.' 
 
 The action of the republican 
 leaders of the state of New York at 
 close of the war was particularly 
 discieditable. 
 
 The sixth article of the treatv of 
 peace !)efween Great Britain and the 
 L'nited .States decreed that tiiere 
 should be "no confiscations made, 
 nor any prosecutions commenced 
 against any person or persons for or 
 by reason of the part whicli he or 
 thev might have taken in the war; 
 and that no person should on that 
 account >uller anv future loss of 
 damage, either in his person, liberty 
 or propertv ; yet at tlie very next 
 term liie supreme court of the state 
 ot New \ 01k indictid above one 
 tlious.uid reputable, opident gentle- 
 men, merchants and larmers for high 
 treason in adhering t<j the enemies of 
 the state. 
 
 The terms of the treatv further 
 provide<l. 
 
 Tliat ttiL- Coii'^re^s sliall earnestly recoin- 
 iiHMitl lo the Legislatures ofllu; respective 
 States to provide tor the restitution olall 
 I'-states. Riirjits and Properties which 
 have been confiscated .... that 
 persons shall have tree lihertv to jjo to 
 any part or parts of the thirteen Uniteii 
 .States and Uierein to remain twelve 
 months utnnolested in their endeavours 
 to ohtain restitution of such of their 
 estates, rii^iits and properties as may have 
 been confiscateit. 
 
 The British commissioners natur- 
 ally expected that a •recommendation 
 ot Congress would be binding upon 
 all the states. Througiiout tlie war 
 any person that would have disputed 
 the valitlity of anv •recommendation of 
 Congress' would iiave been tleemed 
 an eiiemv of his country, held up 
 and advertised as such, exposed to 
 be maltreated b\ the Sons uf Liberty, 
 and subjected to iiiiprisoiimeiit. 
 Nevt 1 tiieless, the [novisiOiis inseited 
 
 • • 
 
The ( uitcd /inifyirc /.ova/zs/s. 
 
 
 in tin- trcMty for liit- hciiclit of llie 
 Loyjilists were only so much waste 
 paper. C(>M«^re»s did indeed make 
 the formal 'recommendation.' as 
 ajjrecd ; but it was well understood 
 tliat no attempt would be made to 
 carry it into elffCt. atul the state 
 autiiorities were left fret! to do as 
 thev desired. What tliey did is 
 forcii)lv stated I)V Judi^e [ones in 
 these wor<Is : 
 
 No sooner dill tlie Lovali»ts who li:ui 
 taken piotection within the Ihitish lini>i 
 attempt to return to tlieir re-pective 
 proviiice-i ami former places ofahodc than 
 tliev were taken up ami insulted. Some 
 were tarred and feathered, many tied up 
 and whipped in the most inhuman man- 
 ner, wiiiie others were actually ham- 
 stringed and sent hack into the Rritish 
 ,il] ~ lines .... Committees were formed 
 
 in the several states and resolutions o\ 
 the most violent kind entereil into a'^ainst 
 these unh.'ippy pef)ple and all f)tliers who 
 shf)uid harhour. protect or assist them. 
 
 Sir Guv Carl"ton now set himself 
 seriously about the evacuation of 
 New York and the outposts still in 
 *«'' p<issessiou of his forces. H\ the 
 
 terms of the tieatv it was to he 
 done "with all convenient spoeil ' 
 He made no imneces«,:ii\- deLns; 
 but he was determined not to leave 
 the coimtrv till he could transjjort 
 the Loyalists, to their rcsDective 
 destinations: and considerioLf the 
 ditlicidties attendiu'jf so hirsj^e an em- 
 barkation, the ^reat deliciencv of 
 transports lor a loiii; time, ami 
 the imn^.ense iinmber of Loyalists, it 
 is siu"prisin<4 in iiow sJKjrt a time 
 Sir Guy was ;d>l-j to complete his 
 task. 
 
 Xnmbers of Loyalists had e'V then 
 soujiiit an asylum in Xo\ a Scotia. 
 some had Hed to En;j^land. many of 
 those in the SoutI; had remo\ecl to 
 St. AugiiKtine in F^)rid;l, the Baha- 
 mas, Smniier Islands and Jamaica, 
 some even ^oin^ to Ljiper Canad.i 
 and Newfoundland. 
 
 At the evacuation of I*^ ivannah, in 
 the smtimer f>f 17S2. a large nnml)er 
 of refuj^ees accompanied the arms', 
 but many more remained. These, 
 as soon as the Ibitish had departe;!. 
 sutlered iVi^litt'nllv at the hands of 
 their enemies. Accordin<^ to Jiido^e 
 Jones's accoimt. 
 
 The Loyalists were sei/.ed. Ikjvc into 
 dun^jeon*, prisons and provo-ts. .Some 
 were tied up and whipped, others tarred 
 and feathered, some were drajjtj^jed to 
 horsf jionds and drencheil till near ilead, 
 others were carrieil aho it the town in 
 carls with lahels upon their hacks and 
 hreasts with the word 'Tory' in capitals 
 written tiiereon. .\11 were turned out of 
 their homes and ohli;,'.'d to sleep in the 
 streets or lields am! their i^oods plundered. 
 . To complete the scL-ne. a .i(al- 
 lows was erected upon tlie quay faciiiLj 
 the harhour. and twenty-lour i.,oyalists 
 liatii^ed in si^jht of the British tleet with 
 the army and retuijees on board. 
 
 .Sir Ciiiv Carlet(ni was leil to write 
 IClias IJourdinot. the president of 
 Congress, on the 17th of August, 
 I7S'^. in strong terms, stating that. 
 
 The violence of the Americans which 
 hroke out soon after the cessation of 
 hostilities increased the numher f)f their 
 coutitrynii.Mi to look to me for escajie tVom 
 lhreate:.ed destruction. .Mmost all with- 
 in these lini.'s conceive the safety of both 
 thtii pro[ iMty and of their lives depend 
 upon their heinij removed by me, which 
 renders it impossible to say when the 
 evacuation will be completed. . . IJut 
 as the daily Gazettes and publications 
 turnish repeateci proofs, not only of a 
 disrei^aril to the Articles of I'eace, but of 
 barbarous me.iaces Irom committees 
 t'ormeti in the various towns, cities and 
 districts — even in I'hiladel])liia, the very 
 place chosen by Congress lor their resi- 
 dence — I should show an indilVerence to 
 the feelings of humanity .... to 
 leave an V of the Loyalists that are desir- 
 ous to cpii: the country a !)rey to the 
 \ i(j!ence they conceive they have so much 
 reason to apprehend. 
 
 The treatment of the Savannah 
 Ltiyalists. and the threats freely em- 
 ployed everywhere bv the successfid 
 Americans, increased the mmiber of 
 exiles gre.ith- ; although there is 
 reason to believe that fudge [ones's 
 estimate th.it not less than 100.000 
 souls were .sent from New York by 
 Sir Guv Carleton prior to the evacua- 
 tion of tlie citv is exaggerated. 
 
 10. — Tlic Loyal Refugees. 
 
 The feelingsof the Loyalists at the 
 close of the war may be more easily 
 imagineil tlian tlescribed. The 
 motive.'- that had induced them to 
 e.spou.se the cause of the mother 
 country we have already to some 
 iNtent consideied. 
 
-^/ 
 
 The I'litUii /i.'ii/iirc /..ivd/isfs. 
 
 Sabine claims tiiat thousaiuls 
 espmisfd the royal cause I)ecause of 
 •a dread of the stiennth and resources 
 of Kn^daiidand the belief that success- 
 tul resistance to her [)o\ver was im- 
 possible.' This appearN. howevei-, 
 to be a mere supposition. The fear 
 of EuLjland s [)o\ver ma\- indeed have 
 deterred for a time many (//.v/ va/ 
 spirits from taking- active part in tiie 
 conllict : i)ut that it caused any con- 
 siderable luuiiber of peo|)le to em- 
 brace the royal cause au;ainst their 
 natural inclination there is reall\- no 
 evidence at all. I'rom the \erv lii->t 
 all who did not mainfest s\inpath\' 
 \v:th the revolntionars' mo\-ement 
 were e\|iosed to the bitter prr^ecu- 
 tifui of moh \io!ence. Theie was a.n 
 element, doubtless, that held alocf 
 as much as possil '■: whilst the issue 
 ot the contest was in doubt : but the 
 'j,\v\\\. m.ijority of this cowaidiv class 
 reallv sympathizi'd with thi- rebellion 
 Sabine himself. s|)eakin;4 of this class 
 of W'liiLJs. savs. 
 
 _1( the sky was bright unci a Whiij 
 victory liiicl lic'LMl obliiuL'cl sonifwherc" 
 :uul it", aliovf all, no kiiii;'s troops were 
 near, why then tliese chan^inu mon Wi-ie 
 sleadfast for the riL^^tit; Ijut if nows of 
 reverses reached them, or the roval arinv 
 came atnoiij/ or near thctn. theii"hv iheiV 
 own aeeouiu they 'always had supported 
 their lawful sovereign, his most L-racioiis 
 majes.tv.' 
 
 This was the class that endeavoied. 
 when the success of the Americans 
 was assured, to convince the wmid 
 of their i)atriotisin b\ aideiuly jom- 
 ino- in the clamor fu veiiLieance on 
 t!ie Loyalists if ihe\' should i-emain 
 in the countr\ . 
 
 Doubtless tlui-e w:is ,i l;ir_r^. pr,,. 
 portion of the Lny;dists who at the 
 close of the w,u- would haw pre- 
 terred to reluin (piietlv to theii' 
 homes riiher than i^n into voliuitar\' 
 e.\'ile Some of them would have 
 accepted the altered comlition of 
 atlairs widi a fairlv ^ood -jjiace; 
 others with more leluctance. There 
 was, iiowever. a muneious class 
 whose resolution t.i abandon the 
 counli\ was |]\ed \\ hen sepaiatioii 
 Irom the lb iiish en'.j-.iie lu came an 
 accomplished fact. Thi se w ho 
 hniued this Ihtihc 'es.il>e were in- 
 
 tbmced by various reasons, chii'f 
 amiiuL,^ which were — (l) a sincere 
 attachment to the motln.'!" land and 
 love for ibitish insbtutions. with a 
 correspondintj dislike of ri'])ubli- 
 ca.iism ; (2) the oaths of allci^iance 
 and atlbinatiop.s of lo\altv taken in 
 foi'mer \ears, the fultilment of whicli 
 was re^ai'ded as a matter iiot mereU' 
 of in(. lination. but of duty; {\) the 
 piobabiUN of ha\in'4 to I'mlui'e the 
 scorn ot the w intiers in the strite. so 
 mortifvin*;- to tlu pride of those who 
 felt that witii pioper management 
 the conditions miL^nt ha\e bi'en 
 reversed: and (|) lastly, that love of 
 adventme which for voim;^" and 
 enterpiisin^- spiiats has alw'a\s a 
 certain fascination 
 
 Hut the !^reat bond of union amonj.^ 
 the [..oyalists. persadin;; all classes, 
 superadded to all the incidental 
 moli\i's tljat exercised an individual 
 inlbaence. was the desire to maintain 
 the mte^rih- ol' the lb itisli empiie ; 
 and for tliat sentiment thousands 
 u|)on ihiiusands \-olunlarily a'han- 
 doned comJDitable homes to beuin a 
 
 ni'w lite 
 then. 
 
 in 
 
 lie wililerness. 
 
 Hut, 
 
 in 
 
 "r wa>. liiiti^h wiKiorness! 
 Where Ihev mi^jlu siii^' 
 Lon!4 li\e the kiny I 
 .\ikI li\e protected by his laws, 
 .'\iid lo\ally uphold his cause. 
 'T wa> welcome wilderiiessl 
 Thoanh daili and iiule 
 ;\inl unsubdued I 
 loir there tlieir slurd\- liaiuN, 
 V>y hated treason uir.letiled. 
 .Mii^ht win iVoin the Canadian uiKi 
 A home on Hi'iti^ii lands * 
 
 The Lo\alists who kit New York 
 .• spiiii'^- of 17S?, were for the 
 mo'-l |iart voluntarv exiles. It was 
 not at ,liat time absoluteU' known 
 tliai the |,ro\dsions conlained in the 
 fd'lh and Hixtn iiticles of the tie it\- 
 would be repudiated \\\ the v.irious 
 '-tati. le^isl.itm'es. I'hesr articles 
 
 pro\ ided not merely that the Li»\al 
 ists should be sale in their p.os.iiis. 
 but that ihcM I' should be ,1 n'stoiation 
 ol their ccinliscaled pmpeitv. The 
 e\ent siibsei|nentl\ showed tii.a liieie 
 
 W as licit (Pills IM altrlUllt to I'v'stole 
 
 I,.R.o Ih 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 of 
 
 lil 
 
 Ci ) 
 
 <iu 
 
 1st 
 CO I 
 Wl 
 
 .111, 
 A J 
 
T/ic ruilcd Empire Loyalists. 
 
 25 
 
 conllscatcd piopertv, l)iit that fjross 
 per-soiKil violence was suOereil by 
 those wlio hail iiiaile theinselves 
 especially o!)iu)xious to the Ameri- 
 can .luthorities wlienever thev at- 
 te'iipted to return to their fi)iiner 
 iionies. Those who had not taken 
 an active part on tlie side of the kiiiy- 
 were not seriouslv molested as a 
 rule. 
 
 The sava<fe threats and violent 
 temper manifested towards all wiio 
 had aroused the special animositv of 
 the Whij^s. very materially increased 
 the einii^ration. of that tliere is not 
 the slii^htest doubt. 
 
 The Loyalists were left in a sad 
 pli'^ht b\- the issue of the war. Tiieir 
 otMcial positions, houses auil lands 
 wi'i'e all necesMuib' ahandoue 1. 
 They had practicallv lost all hut 
 honor. 
 
 Meanwhile thev vere n.)t without 
 active and iutluential svmpatiii/ers 
 in l'2n<^land. In thi' House of Com- 
 mons such men as lUnke, Sheridan, 
 \\'ill)erforce, Townshend ami Lord 
 North stron^K advocated their claims 
 liir compensation I(M' thi'i' p.ist sacri- 
 lices. Ill the House of Lords. Lord 
 \V ;dsin<^ham. Viscount Townsheiul 
 and Lord Stoinvint pleaded their 
 cause witii ecpial earnestness and 
 aiiilily.* The ellbrts thus made 
 were productiveof substantial benelit. 
 Pensions weie voted to I'iovincial 
 otllcers and to soni'" ot tiie rank and 
 tile who had served in the w.ir. A 
 commissi(ni was appointed for iii- 
 <|un\' into the losses, services ami 
 claims of tlu' Amencau L')\alists. 
 Tile proceedinii;s olthis commission 
 extended over a period oi seven 
 vears, duriin^ which time ^.iiS 
 claims were ex.nniiied. some in 
 Nova Scotia ami Canada ami some 
 in, England. A l.ir',a' iiumbei' of 
 claims entered were not pressed. It 
 is to thecreilit ofthe Loyalists that the 
 coinmissiiMiers re|K)rted havint.; met 
 witli •tin- utmost honour, \eiacity, 
 .uul caudoui. not oiiU tiom lue 
 Audits of tlif Committee of Loyal- 
 ists, who weir chosen liom each 
 
 ♦ Si'O Ityerson'-i I,'>\:ili--l> nl" Ann-i-iiM. 
 vol ii . j);) I VJ "T 
 
 Province for tiieir character and 
 abilities, but likewise from manv 
 other ofthe American Loyalists.' 
 
 The commission, as a general 
 rule, awarded a little under one- 
 third ofthe amount claimed in each 
 instance, the total amount granteil 
 being £3,292,4^5 sterhng. The 
 commissioners in their report aptly 
 o!)serve. 
 
 \\'h:ite\i'r may l)e "inici ot tins imCortun- 
 ate war. cither to account tor, to iustity, 
 or to apologize tor the conduct ot" eitlier 
 coutitry, all the woi-lii has Ix'cn unani- 
 mous in applaiuliiii; the virtue aiul hum- 
 atiity of (jroat Hritain in rewardiiiii the 
 services, ami in compeiisatiiiif with a 
 iil)eral hand the losses of those who suf- 
 Ceied so iiuich tor their faithful and tirin 
 adherence to the British Cjoverntnent. 
 
 'I"he act of the British govi,>rnment 
 does indeed redound to its credit, yet 
 it is to be borne in mind that the num 
 ber ot claimants, especially in the 
 humbler walks of life, was Init a 
 fraction of those who sulVered losses 
 and hardshijis tluring the civil war. 
 .\Lm\ either would iK)t or could not 
 emplov agents or appear persoiiallv 
 to present their claims. 
 
 The emigration to Nova Scotia, 
 (began as eail\' .is 1776. when about 
 1. 100 refugees emiiarked tor Halifax 
 with tlu' arun on the evacuation of 
 l)ostoii. lmli\ iduals and small pai- 
 ties continued to tind their wav from 
 lime to time to No\a .Scotia trom 
 \arious jioiiits i:i Mass.icluisett. New 
 H.impshire. Maine, ami elsewhere, 
 during the pi ogress ol' the war. 
 IJefoie tlie ost- of i^Sj, a partv of 
 \oo Loyalists tVom New \'oik had 
 arrived at Annapolis. .Sir Guy 
 (,'arlelon. in .Sjptemper, wrote Lieut, 
 (iovernor Hamoml. at Halifax, that 
 about 600 refugees wished to embark 
 .It .\'ew \'ink for Nova Scotia in the 
 autumn, and a unich larger number 
 in the spring, but th;it he could not 
 find shipping just tlien for more than 
 ;?,Oi). 
 
 fn cinmection with the ariival of 
 the pioneei' band of Loyalists at 
 \ miapolis the following extract ffoni 
 the L(Midon "Political NLiga/iiu-' is 
 of interest : — 
 
 When the Loyal Refu-^ees from the 
 norli.ern I*ro\ iiices were inlorii'.eil of the 
 ri'-.()liifi"n ot' Ihe lioip^i- ol' (.'oinin'Mis 
 
^6 
 
 The United Empire Lvya lists. 
 
 against ofl'cnsive war with tlic rebels, 
 they instantly saw there were no hopes 
 left them of rei;ainini,' their ancient settle- 
 ments or of settlinif tlown ayain in tiieir 
 native country. Tiiose of them therefore, 
 who had been forward in taking up arms 
 and in fighting the battles of the mother 
 country, finding themselves deserted be- 
 gan to look out lor a place of refuge and 
 No\a Scotia being the nearest place to 
 their old plantations they ileterminod on 
 settling in that province. Acconlingly to 
 the niunber of 500 they emharkeii in nine 
 trasports for Annapolis Royal ; they hatl 
 arms and ammunition, and one 3ear's 
 provisions, and were put under the care 
 and convoy of his Majesty's sliip Amphi- 
 trite, of 24 guns. Captain Roi)ert Uriggs. 
 Thi'- orticer behaved to them with great 
 attention, humanity and generosity antl 
 saw them safely iandetl and settled in the 
 Ijarracks at Annapolis which the Loyal- 
 ists soon repaireci There was plenty of 
 wild fowl in the country and at the time 
 of their arrival a goose sold for two shil- 
 lings and a turkey for two shillings and 
 six pence 
 
 Tile Reverend Jacob Bailcv. the 
 clerf;^vmaii at Aniiapi^lis, himself a 
 Loyalist iioin i'ovvnalborcjiigh, 
 Maine, exeited himself on behalf of 
 the exiles concerning!; whom he 
 writes : 
 
 Every habitation is crowdeil and many 
 are unai)le to ^irocure loiigings. Many of 
 these distressed people left large posses- 
 sions in the rebellious colonies and their 
 sutVerings on account of their loyalty and 
 their present uncertain and destitute con- 
 dition render them very alVecting objects 
 of compassion. Many of them aie people 
 ot education and refinement frotn every 
 Province on the continent except Georgia. 
 
 Shortly after their anival ?\!r. 
 Bailey preached what he terms 'a 
 refii<;ee seinion' from the word.s. 
 
 Let them give thanks whom the Loid 
 hath redeemed: and delivered iVum the 
 liand of the enemy : ami gathered them 
 out of the lands iVom the c-ast and from 
 the west : from the north and from llu' 
 soutii. 
 
 'I'^-eii the Whi^s,' writes Mr. 
 Bailey, 'were not nmnoved at tin- 
 fepresenlatiun ol Our distresses.' 
 
 Captain Ibij^^s had spared no 
 pains fur the comfort ol the Lov.ilisls 
 both dining- the voya^ij^e and after 
 their ai rival at Antiapulis. He ex- 
 pended t'joo t)iit of his own poCKct 
 
 eve of his departure for New York 
 he was presented witli an address 
 expressive of the gratidiule of the 
 loyal lefiic^ees and sij^ned on their 
 behalf by Amos Botsfoitl. Th. Ward, 
 I'led. Ilaiiser, Sam. Ciimmings and 
 Elijah Williams. The address is 
 dated at .Vnnapolis Roved the .:0th of 
 October. lyS^. 
 
 The next to arrive in Nova Scotia 
 were some of the imf'ortiinatc Caro- 
 lina Lovalists who Hed from Charles- 
 ton at its evacuation. (iovernor 
 Parr wrote tVom Halifax to the 
 British Minister, Dec 7. 1782. 
 
 I have the honoui- to inform you that 
 with the arrival here of the heavy ordn- 
 ance from Charleston came s^'O Rel'ugees, 
 men, women and children, inconsequence 
 of directions from Sir Guy Carleton to 
 Lt. Gen. Leslie, who s sent them to 
 the care of Major ' Patteson, com- 
 
 mander of the troops in this Province, 
 with whom I base C( acurrcil as tar as in 
 my power to atVord them a rece]ition. 
 
 In Jannary, Governor I'arr re- 
 ported further arrivals. The Loyal- 
 ists who arrivetl in Nova Scotia 
 towards the close of 17SJ were, lunv- 
 ever, but the advance iinard. 
 
 II. — The Expatriation. 
 
 We have now to consider the 
 expatriation of the Lovalists — an 
 event destined to lav the tbnndation 
 of the Canadian Dominion oi to-tlay. 
 
 (lathered in the sea jiorts of the 
 .:\tlantic coast, crowds of the exiles 
 awaited the ships expected tor their 
 relict". 
 
 From all over the seaboard of the 
 continent, refnj.jees made their way 
 to New Vol k to embark for all parts 
 of the world —for Ln-rland. for Ire- 
 land, for ScotlaiuL for Canada, for 
 Nova Scotia, for Cape Breton, tor 
 Newloimdlind. for tlie Ijeinindas, 
 Bahamas. I'dorida, Jamaica and tlu- 
 West India Islands. Some who had 
 the means lormed ci)m|)anies and 
 hiied vessels themselves; those who 
 had not were sent awav in liects 
 
 on iheir behalf— a fact which, whilst of transports provideil by the British 
 it speaks volumes for the captains <:;overnment. 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 '' 
 
 Wii 
 
 PI 
 
 le newspaper: 
 
 ot 
 
 •^^oodness ot heai t. cle.ii ly indicates the day contained numerous .idver- 
 their distressed condition, ( ),i the tiscments of the sailiii'i; ef the former 
 
I 
 
 The United Ji nip ire Loya/isfs. 
 
 -?/ 
 
 ;m 
 1)11 
 IV. 
 
 he 
 
 L'S 
 
 AS 
 
 UtS 
 
 11'- 
 
 r..r 
 
 tlu- 
 had 
 and 
 s ho 
 
 lisl» 
 of 
 \rr- 
 
 l\KM' 
 
 and olficial notices re<xardiii;r tlie 
 latter. 
 
 The Loyalist eiiii;^ration was natur- 
 ally attendei! with some confusion, 
 owing to the excitement eni^endered 
 hv the closin*j^ events ot" the Revolu- 
 tion ; yet it was not undertaken in 
 cjuite the haphazard way that has 
 ij^enerally been supposed. True, 
 lack of time prevented careful and 
 tliligent examination of the laiuls on 
 which settlements were to be made : 
 but in many instances af^^ents weie 
 sent in advance to make such in([uir- 
 ies and explorations as would sulHce 
 to ijive some idea of the capabilities 
 of the country, and thereb\- atlbrd a 
 better op|)ortunilv of selection on the 
 part '>'" intendinj^ immigrants. The 
 largest settlement estalilished at anv 
 one place was that at I'lMt Rosewav, 
 (afterwards calleil Sijelburne.) which 
 it was ft)iMlIy imagined would be the 
 Carthage c»f liie Lovalists, antl al- 
 though the selection of Port Rose- 
 way as a site for a town of some 
 i?,.ooo inhabitants eventually proved 
 very unwise, it was not Hxeil upon 
 without some precaution. The situa- 
 tion had been warmly commended 
 by Sir Andrew Snape llamond. 
 also by (governor Parr, and by Sur- 
 veyor General Moiris, and it had the 
 further approval of two agents sent 
 from New \'ork to make special ex- 
 amination ami inquiry. 
 
 Among the arrivals at Amiapolis 
 i\i October, 17S2, were .\mos Hols- 
 ford and others em|)lo\ed as agents 
 to ascertain the most favorable 
 localities for establishing settlements 
 A valuable meml)er of this exploring 
 party was Fretlerick llauser*,a man 
 well lilted by practical ex|5erience as 
 a land survexor to form an intelligent 
 idea of the general character of a 
 wilderness country. 
 
 l/'[)on tiieir arrival Mr. Botsford 
 and his companions set about their 
 task. They made good use of the 
 lime and opportunities at their dis- 
 
 ♦ Fri'iliTJi-k IlmiMT •.nhsociiiontly \Vi\s 
 ompioycil ill l:ivin<i oiii the grants iniule 
 to the Lovalists at Kingston, (Jairetown, 
 SiisM'K and olhor phu'os on tlic St. John 
 uikI KtMUii'tn'casiv rivers. 
 
 posal, and on January 14th were 
 able to transmit to their fiiends in 
 New York quite a full account of the 
 country. In their letter they de- 
 scribe the region trom Annapolis to 
 St. Mary's bay as very good soil, 
 anil tile situation as favorable to fish- 
 ing; they praise Annapolis basin and 
 St. Mary's bay and then go on to 
 say : 
 
 After viewinjr this we proceedeti to St. 
 Jolin's river, where we arrived the latter 
 cwd ofNoveinl-or : at tliis season we fom.d 
 our pa-sage up tiie river difficult, being 
 too late to pass in boats and not sutVici- 
 entlv frozen to bear. In this situation we 
 left the river, and steered by a compass 
 throuL^h the woods, encamping out several 
 r.ights in the course, and went as far as 
 the (^roniocto. about seventy mile ^ up the 
 river, where is a block house and a lintish 
 post. The St. John is a luie river, ecjual 
 in nuignitude to the Connecticut or the 
 Ilui.l-.on. At the mouth ot the river is 
 a fuie harbour, accessible at all seasons ot" 
 the year— never frozen or obstructed by 
 ice. 
 
 After an accurate and intereslmg 
 description of the Falls and general 
 character of tlie St. John river, the 
 letter continues, 
 
 There are many seHlers along the river 
 upon the interval land. The interval lies 
 on the river and is a most fertile soil 
 annually matured by the overllowings of 
 the river, ami produces crops of all kiniis 
 with litile labour; and \egetables ni the 
 grciUest pcifectioir . These intervals 
 would make the finest meadows. The 
 uplanils produce wiieat both of the sum- 
 mer and winter kiiuls as well as bidiun 
 corn. Here are some wealthy farmers 
 having llocks of cattle. The greater part 
 otthe people, excepting the township of 
 Maugerville, are tenants, or seated on 
 the bank without leave or license, merely 
 to get their living. . . . .Some of our 
 people cluise Conway (now Digby) ; 
 others give the |)reference to St. John's. 
 . . . . Immense (|uantities of limestone 
 are tound at Fort Howe and at the mouth 
 of the ii\er. We also went up the Kenne- 
 hecasis, a large branch of the St. John's 
 river, where is a large tract of interval 
 and upland, which bus never been 
 granted : it is under a reserve, but we can 
 hav. it. Major .Studholme and Capt. 
 H.ivler, who explored the country, c!iose 
 this placi' antl obtained ii grant of y, 000 
 acres. On each side of this uraiit are 
 large tracts of good land, convenient for 
 
 navigation 
 
 The representations of Amos Mots- 
 t',.|il and his iomj)ani(nis seem to 
 li i\ r dilermined the large emigratinii 
 
wmmm 
 
 28 
 
 The United Empire Loyalists. 
 
 from New York to llic St. John 
 river the following spring. The 
 agents chosen to arrange for the 
 settlement of the Loyalists in Nova 
 Scotia, as given in Lawrence's Foot 
 prints, were Lt. Col. Benjamin 
 Tliompson, Lt. Col. Edward Wins- 
 low, ALijor Upham, Rev. Samuel 
 vSeabury, Rev. John vSayre, Amos 
 Botsford and James IVters. After 
 due consideration it was agreed that 
 the Loyalists leaving the tiiirteen old 
 colonies should he provideil with 
 proper vessels to carry them and 
 their horses and cattle as near as 
 possible to the places app'jinteil in 
 Nova vScotia where they were to 
 settle, liesides provisions for the 
 voyage, they were to be allowed one 
 year's provisions in their new homes, 
 or money to enable them to purchase 
 the same. They were also to have 
 an allowance of warm clothing, in 
 jjroportion to the wants of each 
 family, and an allowance of medi- 
 cine. They were to be granted 
 pairs of millstones, necessary iron 
 work for grist mills, and other 
 necessary articles for saw mills. 
 They were to receive a quantity of 
 spikes, nails, hoes, axes, spades, 
 shovels, plough irons ;ind such other 
 farming utensils as appeareil neces- 
 sary, and also a proportion of win- 
 dow glass. rhey were to be pro- 
 \ ided with tracts of land fiee fiom 
 disputed titles and conveniently 
 situated, so as to give frt)m 300 to 
 600 acres tt) each family. It was 
 also arranged that 2,000 acies in 
 every township vveie to be allowed 
 for the suppt)rt of a clergyman and 
 1,000 acres for tlie su|)porl of a 
 school ; and that these lands sliould 
 be unalienable forever. The\- were 
 fiuthei to receive a sutFicient number 
 ot muskets aiul caiuioii, with a pro- 
 per ([uantity of powder awO^. bali i'or 
 their use. 
 
 These lilieral tern)s were after- 
 wards consiileral)l\' extended : the 
 Loyalists who came to Nova Scotia 
 were allowed full provisions lor their 
 families the lirsl year, two-thirds 
 piovisions for the second and one- 
 third for liic- tliinl year. Those 
 vvlio settled at the town nf I'.in 
 
 were further provided with 500 
 feet of boards, together with shingles 
 and bricks, for their houses. 
 Tl.jse who settled on the St. John 
 river were provided with boats and 
 tents to facilitate the work of settle- 
 ment. 
 
 "J'he account gi\en by Walter 
 Bates doubtless very fairly illustrates 
 the general mode of procedure in 
 the emigrati(jn.* In this particular 
 case the agent. Rev. John Sayre, 
 came to announce to the Loyalists at 
 Jilaton's Neck. Huntington. Lloyd's 
 Neck, and places in the vicinity (mi 
 Lcjnglslaiid, that the kinghad granted 
 to all Loyalists who did not incline 
 to return to their hon)es and would 
 go to Nova Scotia the privileges just 
 mentioned. The 'kings oiler' was 
 duly consitleretl and gladly accepted. 
 Then followed the hasty collection 
 of such possessions as the unfortunate 
 exiles luul been able to preserve amid 
 the wreck of their fortunes, and their 
 embarkation in the transport Uuioii, 
 Capt. Consett Wilson. The vessel 
 took in her complement of Loyalists 
 at Huntington, Long Island. The 
 embarkation began on Friday. April 
 II. and was completed on Wediies- 
 ila\ following, in which time there 
 were placed on board 209 soids. viz., 
 6^ men, 3:; women, 107 children and 
 2 servants. The deputy agent in 
 charge was F\ler Dibblee, ot' Stam- 
 ford, Conn., attoruev-at-lavv. 
 
 The Union proceeded through 
 Last Rivei- to Xew York, the place of 
 rendezvous. A week was consumed 
 in getting together the transports, 
 prepaialorv to setting sail, but at 
 length, on Saturday, April 2(1. a ileet 
 ol' upwaids of twenty yessels under 
 convoy set sail I'rom Sandy Hook 
 light, bound for -St. John's liver. 
 Nova Scotia.' This llei r sailed \\\ 
 Coiu|)an\' with a large m.nnbcr of 
 tianspoits bound fjr Shelburne and 
 Halifax, The tni;il number of pas- 
 sengers, including some troops, 
 amounted to 7,000, with all their 
 ell'ects, also some artillery and public 
 stores. According to Walter iJates, 
 
 
 V ! #- 
 
 '^i 
 
 ■'" See Kingston 
 lyS^, pp. I I aiul 1 . 
 
 (1 llu' I,o\i-ilists f»r 
 
4 
 
 The i iiilcd liiiipirc Loyalists. 
 
 2g 
 
 it 
 
 Ice ol 
 ncil 
 
 lit ;it 
 11 cot. 
 
 Iiulor 
 noli 
 
 llVCl', 
 1 lU 
 
 r of 
 
 anil 
 p.is- 
 
 |>0|)S, 
 
 Itlu'ir 
 ihlic 
 
 latcs, 
 
 i\^ r»(' 
 
 ^ 
 
 the Union was the best sliip in the 
 fleet. Slie proved lier capacitv as 
 a fast sailer bv leadinj^ the van 
 foi" fourteen (hi\ s anil anivin;_j at 
 Paitriilj^e Island before the other ves- 
 sels had come in siu;ht. She was 
 soon afterwards moored in the most 
 cf)nveinent situation for hiudiiiLj, the 
 place of auciiora(4e beii,;^ under the 
 shelter of l-'oit Howe, opposite Xavv 
 Island, in si<^ht of the position where 
 (ince stood Fovt la Tour. To the 
 liLfht lav the 'upper cove.' anil he- 
 yond rose the rock\' peninsula, 
 named liv the Imlians .\b)ime<fuasli. 
 now the site of a cit\- of nearlv 50.000 
 inhabitants, !)ut then covered for the 
 most part with scrubby pine, spruce 
 and cellar — a rouj^h and forbidding- 
 prospect indeed to e\c's familiar witli 
 the t'ertile lowlands of Coriuecticut 
 and New Jersev and the undiilatin;^ 
 cidtured fields of Lon-^ Island. 
 
 The iSth of May has been held 
 sacred bv the descendants of the 
 founders of St. fohn as the (la\- t>n 
 vviiich their Lovalist foicfaliiers 
 landed. \\ hethei theie was any 
 i'ormal oi' s\stenritic act ol lauilinij is 
 pidblematical. Tlie I'nion, and tiie 
 majoril\ . if not all of the vessels ot 
 the fleet, must have arrived (accoiil- 
 \\\)X. to IJates's account) on the loth 
 of .\la\'. It had taken the Un/aii 
 more tlian live da\s to cmiiark her 
 contin.^'-'iit of refuijees and then- 
 elVects. It mav theiefore be taken 
 for j^ranted. as the facilities for land- 
 in;4 were ot" the ludest description, 
 that the work of L',ettinn' U[)waids of 
 •^000 people and their elfects on shore 
 was a w orlv of sexeral da\s. More- 
 over, tliere was no connnon mode of 
 procedure emploved. Walter Hales 
 speaks of L'apt. \\ ilson's U'udness 
 in allowin.LC his passenireMs to re- 
 main on board the L'niufi wiiilst a 
 deputation was emploxed in ex- 
 ploring for a proper place ot settle- 
 ment up the river, and contrasts 
 their <4ood fortune with that of 
 others who wei'e 'pieci|)itated on 
 shore.' 
 
 We mav conclud.j tliat on Sunday. 
 Ma\- iN, the wearied Loyalists were 
 safelv sheltered beneath their tents 
 alonir the shores of t'.ie ha'bor. Not 
 
 iinproliablv they nay then have held 
 some service of .hanks;j;ivintx. ;i'id 
 tixed upon the dav as one to be an- 
 nual I v commenioiated. 
 
 It is oeneiallv supposed that about 
 3000 people came in this fleet. This 
 seems to the writer a veiy moderate 
 estimate. The ship Union ^ acc(jrd- 
 iu'j: to her manifest, (still preserved, j 
 can ied J09 ]:)ersons. and if, as isjjjeii- 
 erallv stated, the fleet consisted of 
 upwards of twentv vessels, many ot 
 them must have been much smaller 
 than the ("ninn. or else the estimate 
 of 3000 people is rather under than 
 o\er the mark. 
 
 The ur«_cent need of transport ships 
 at Xew \'ork naturally inclined the 
 captains of the vessels which had 
 arrived at St, fohn to return at the 
 earliest p!)ssible moment ; but the 
 season was cold and backward, and 
 manv of the shi[)s lin'jjered until the 
 29th of M i\-. when the Loyalists 
 were ]nctt\ comfortably settled. 
 Theii' landing,' place was at the 
 ■upper cove ' the site of tlie piesent 
 M.irket Sipiare, where, havir.L!; 
 cleared awav the dense lorest then 
 standin'4 on ihe s[)ot, the exiles made 
 iuirricane houses with sails, under 
 which, with their women and chil- 
 dren, ihev sheltered themselves as 
 be-t thev could. 
 
 A New \'ork paper ot June 7. 
 I 7S3. contains the t'ollovvin<; intcrest- 
 1,1^4 item : 
 
 \'c>ti'tti,iv anivi'tl the Caiiirl, Capt.iiii 
 Wiliiiun Tinker, in ci.u;iit days from tiie 
 river St Joliii in tiie I]:iy ot" FiukIv, who 
 ill ilie time of l>is ilcpartiu-e left tiie new 
 !«ettlers tliere in i^ooj lieiUtli and spiiits. 
 Captain Tinker sailed in company wilii 
 eigiit oilier transports for this jiort. 
 
 On June 7, 17S3, Governor I'arr 
 wrote to Lord North, the secretary 
 of state, iulbrmiuif hmi that since 
 his li'tter of the precedini^ January, 
 •theie have arrived in diflereiit 
 places upwards of 7.000 persons, in- 
 cludiuij men. women and children, 
 and these are to be followed by 3,000 
 of the Provincial forces, with several 
 others, as I am imtormed, of difler- 
 ent denomination.' 
 
 The next fleet to arrive at .St. 
 John harbor was that which left 
 .S.indv ilook on June i(')tli, anil 
 
30 
 
 The United Empire Loyalists. 
 
 reached its destination Jnnc 2Stli. 
 six weeks after tiie comings of tiie 
 former Heet. Tlie Brid<^czuatc>\ 
 Thames^ and possibly one or two 
 otlier vessels of the first fleet, re- 
 turned in the second fleet ; a proof 
 that Sir Guv Carleton allowed no 
 unnecessary delav in ff)rwarding the 
 Lovalists to their de^-tinations. 
 
 It is a little remarkable that scarce- 
 ly any of our local historians have 
 made any mention of the arrival of 
 the Jmie fleet with its important cou- 
 tigent of some 2.'0oo Loyalists.* Tiie 
 names of the vessels composing tiic 
 May fleet have often appeared in 
 print, and their arrival at St. John is 
 annually commemorated ; the coming 
 of the 'fall fleet' also is frcquentlv and 
 familiarlv referred to : but the arrival 
 of the June fleet appears to have 
 been generally overlooked. 
 
 The fleet cor.sisted of thir- 
 teen ships and two brigs witli 
 a frigate as convoy. Among the 
 vessels were the JiriJ<^ezvatcr. 
 (Capt. Adnet), 7\vo Sisters. (Capt. 
 Brown). I [tipcivcll. Symmetry, 
 Gc)icro7(s Friends^ Thames. Ami- 
 tv\'; Production . Tartar. Diicliess 
 of Gordon. Littledctle. \Vi//inm 
 and .^farv. ami Free Briton. The 
 Lovalists on board were enrolled in 
 seventeen companies, commanded 
 respectivelv by [oseph Clarke. Syl- 
 vanus \Vhitne\-, [osejih Gorliam. 
 Ilenrv 'i'homas. John Foirester, 
 Thomas Elms, [ohn Cock, fames 
 llovt. Christopher Benson, [osepli 
 Forrester, Tiiomas Welch. Olive;- 
 Bourdet. Asher Dunham. Abra. 
 Camp. Peter Herton. Richard Ilill 
 and Moses I'itdier. 
 
 The minute details connected with 
 the voyage of the June fleet are pre- 
 served in the diary kept l>y a lady 
 who was a passenger in the ship 
 Two .S/sters.-\ She gives a gra|)hic 
 description of the discomforts ot a 
 ri)ugh passage in ;;n overcrowded 
 vessel, during vvliich. to add to tiieir 
 
 * An t'xceptioii is to In- foinui in Moses 
 n. I'erlev, who inontions tlic airiviil of 
 tlie June Ik'L't in his vvi-il known lecture on 
 New nnmswick historv- 
 
 t See cliury of S.irali Frost in Kiiiijston 
 ami the Lovali^t> otiySj. 
 
 miseries, an epidemic of measles 
 broke out among the children. 
 
 At the time of the rrival of the 
 second fleet, only two log houses 
 had been erected in the town of Parr. 
 As in the former case, the captains 
 of the vessels seem to have exerted 
 themselves for the comfort of their 
 distressed passengers, who, in some 
 cases, testirteil their gratitude in a 
 formal manner by presenting suitable 
 a<ldresses. One of these reads as 
 tollows : 
 
 To Captain Adnet, Comtnamier of the 
 Transport Bridgivatcr, 
 The atidress of the Loyalists, that came 
 in the Ship under your command, iVotn 
 New York to St. John's River, Nova 
 Scotia 
 
 Your iiumanity, and the kindness 
 and attention you have shown, to render 
 as hapjty as possible, each iiidi\idual on 
 board your Ship, during the passasje, and 
 till their disembarkation, has filled our 
 hearts with sentiments of the deepest 
 •gratitude, and merit the warmest return of 
 acknowledgements and thanks, wliich we 
 most sincerely desire you to accept, wish- 
 ing you a prosperous voyage to your 
 intended ;iort : we are your very much 
 obliged and humble servants. 
 
 Signed by the particular desire, antJ 
 in behalf of the whole, 
 John Holland, 
 Captain Clarke, 
 Nathaniel Dickinson. 
 St. John's River, July 15, 17S3. 
 
 I 2. — Loyalist Sc/tliiiirnf.<. 
 
 Halifax. Shellnu'iie aud Annapolis 
 were the principal places in the 
 Xova Scotian peninsula to which 
 the lovai relugees tinned tlieii' faces; 
 and tVom tliese. as centres, were 
 founded a large mmiber of settle- 
 ments whicli were destined to play 
 an important part in the future 
 development of the country. 
 
 On the ct)ast ai)()ve Halifax, in 
 Countrv Harbor, the relugees erected 
 a town to whicii thev gave the name 
 of Stormont, in honor or Lord Stor- 
 moiit. who had so earnestly pleaded 
 their cause in the House of f.,orils. 
 
 OuvshtMougii was settled at the 
 san)e tin)e by a band oi* more than a 
 thousand refugees. Subsequently 
 some eight himdred otheis settled in 
 C.ioe Breton. chiefl\' at l?adileck. 
 
 7 
 
The i nitcd Umpire Loyalists, 
 
 3^ 
 
 uiapolis 
 in tin- 
 which 
 ii' faces ; 
 s, were 
 ■ settle- 
 to plav 
 future 
 
 • ^ • 
 
 St. Peters aiul L()uishur<x. Prince 
 Edward Ishuul, (or tiie Island of St. 
 John, as it was then calleil,) furnished 
 an asylum f(jr hetween thiee and 
 tour hundred of the exiles. 
 
 The lar<^est sins^le settlement, as 
 before mentioned, was that at Port 
 Roseway, near the extreme south of 
 Nova Scotia. Here the Loyalists 
 who arrived early in Mav laid out 
 their town at the mouth of tiie Rose- 
 way river, and named it .Shelhurne 
 in honor of the colonial secretary. 
 There were i i^o f^rantees. and in 
 the course of a year the population 
 reached nearly 12.000. Governoi- 
 Parr paid the town a visit, in July. 
 1783. lie was received on landinijj 
 with a (Jjeneral discharj^e of camion 
 from the shore. He procee<led up 
 Kin^j street, lioth sides of wliicii 
 were linetl with the inhabitants 
 under arms, to the place appointed 
 for his reception, where the justices of 
 the peace ami other leaiiin^ citi- 
 zens were collected to present him 
 with an address. The ^jovernor 
 made a speech in repl\ . and lirank the 
 king's health and [Mosperity to the 
 town and district (jt .Siielbiune. and 
 to the settlement of the Loyalists in 
 Nova Scotia. The festivities con- 
 tinued for several days, and the j;ov- 
 ernor departed witli favorable im- 
 pressions reyaiihng' the tuUne of the 
 place. The site ot Shelhurne, how- 
 e\ei", was unfortnnatelv chosen. 
 Within two oi' thiee \ears after 
 its foundin;^ the population he;^an 
 lapidU to decline. However, the 
 statement commonh made, tliat "a 
 well nigh descried spot on the spa- 
 cious bav now marks the site of the 
 transient town.' is quite incoirect. 
 The Shelhurne of to-dav is a bri^;hl. 
 hapi^v lookin^;' little town, half hidden 
 ;nnon<^ the vvdlows planted by its 
 lounders. If it is not the town that 
 it bid fair to be in its early days, it is 
 not losinj^ ground now. Upon the 
 slopes behind ir.odern Shelhurne 
 remain land marks of the ancient 
 town — old foundations of hoirses, 
 remains of cellars, streets, and ttaces 
 of streets with acres and acres of 
 land laitl out in S(juares. 
 
 'Here, over these old cellars,' says 
 
 a modern visitor, 'resided for a time 
 juiists and bankers, wine merchants, 
 wi<j makers, dealers in snutV and 
 dealers in hair powder, <junsmiths, 
 silversmiths, carvers and all other 
 functionaries belonj^inj; to a proud 
 city of a hundred years a<^o. Along 
 the grass aiuI tree cov(?red spaces 
 whiclr were laid out tor streets, once 
 stroile martial figures familiar to 
 many a brittle field and grave digni- 
 taries with the wigs and cloaks of 
 tiieir time. Over these rocks tripped 
 gav ladies in silk attire and merry 
 maidens in homespun. II"re, in 
 some rudelv built house, whose in- 
 terior furnishings and embellishments 
 contra'-ted strangelv with its external 
 appearance, stately dames were es- 
 corted to dinner bv stately men, and 
 the great grandmothers of the present 
 gener.ition trod the minuet.' 
 
 In a \ear or two af'ter the landing 
 of its fou'iders. the cit\ had reached 
 its maximum, and was for a very 
 brief pi'riod the largest town in what 
 is now the maritime [irovinces. Five 
 wars later it had shrunk to less than 
 one fourth its former size, ami, com- 
 pared with Ilalif.ix or St. John, was 
 out of the race. 
 
 The .settlements established in the 
 township of Higbv and in the neigh- 
 l);)rhood ol" Annapolis were favorably 
 situated, and fiom the first continued 
 to improve. 
 
 A\ lestord and Rawdon receiveil a 
 projiortion of tlie refugees. The 
 Douglas settlement was tilled by 
 disbanded soliliers of the S^th regi- 
 ment ; while the vacant lands at 
 Clements, in Annapolis county, 
 weie largely taken up by Loyalists 
 and disbaiuleil Hessian soldiers. 
 
 At the close of the revolution there 
 were in New ^'ork at least 2,000 
 negroes who had been induced by a 
 proclamation of .'"^ir Ilenrv Clinton's 
 to come within the Hritish lines 
 upon a solemn assurance of liberty, 
 safety and protection. At the peace, 
 a large numl)er of these negroes, 
 desirous of preserving their freeiloin 
 and dreading the vengeance of their 
 former masters, took passage in the 
 ships bound for Nova .Scotia. VVasli- 
 iiiLTton. on behalf of th.e Americtiii 
 
32 
 
 The United I-Luipirc Loyalists, 
 
 Congress, very stion<;;ly protested 
 against sucii a proceeding. In a 
 letter to Sir Guy Carleton, May 6, 
 17S3, he refers to tiieir ]5ersonal con- 
 ference on the same (hiv, ami sa\s : 
 
 I \v:is surprised to hear voii mention 
 tliiit an emharkation had aheady taken 
 place, in whicli a large number of negroes 
 had been carried away. I cannot conceal 
 from you that my private opinion is that 
 the measure is totally different from the 
 letter and spirit of the treaty. 
 
 In reply, Sir Guy Carleton insisted 
 tliat it could not have lieen tlie in- 
 tention of tlie l^ritisli Government, 
 l\v tlie treaty of peace, to rechice 
 tliemselves to the necessitv (^f viola- 
 ting tiieir faith to tlie negroes who 
 came into tlie Britisli lines inider tlie 
 proclamations of his predecessors. 
 "'Idle negrf)es in ciiiestion.' said Sir 
 Guy, 'I found free when I arrived at 
 New Vorl<. I had tlierefore no riglit, 
 as I thought, to prevent their going 
 away to any part of the world they 
 thought proper.' lie furtlicr urges 
 that delivering them up to their ior- 
 mer masters would be deliveiing 
 them up, some possihly to executions, 
 ami others to severe punishments, 
 which in his opinion would he a dis- 
 honorable violation of the public 
 faith pledged the negroes in the 
 proclamations. If the sending them 
 away should hereafter be declared an 
 infraction of the treatv, compensa- 
 tion must be made to the owners bv 
 the crown of Great IJritain. Sir 
 Gil}- added that he had taken meas- 
 ures to provitle for this contingencv 
 by tliiecting an accurate register h) 
 be kept of all negroes whw went oil", 
 siiecifying the name, age and occu- 
 pation f)f tlie slave and the name and 
 place of residence of bis former 
 master. Had the negroes been de- 
 nied [lermission to emiiark. the\- 
 woidd, in spite of everv means to 
 prevent it, have ibuml various meth- 
 ods of cpiitti ng New York ; the toi- 
 mer owners would no longei' have 
 been able to trace them, and of course 
 would have lost in every way all 
 chance for compensation. Speaking 
 of the action of Sir (juv Carleton in 
 this matter. Judge Jones says: 
 
 Congress and the several iegislaturos of 
 the States jumped at his proposal. .\ val- 
 
 uation of the slaves was maiic and ap- 
 proved of. The money, it is true, has 
 never been paid. Wiiat occasioned it.' 
 An absolute refusal on the part of the 
 Americans to comply with a single article 
 in the treaty in favor of the Loyalists. 
 
 W-ry many of the negro refugees 
 settled at Birchtown. near vShelburiie. 
 and nearly 400 more in Digby and 
 Annapolis counties. 
 
 Some furthei- particulars regarding 
 the size and importance of the Loyal- 
 ist settlements mav be gleaned from 
 the following — 
 
 (iomrtil lictiirn of till the Dislxuidrd 
 Troops and otlirr Loyalists -v/io have 
 liitcly become Seti/ers in llie Province of 
 \ova Scotia^ made up from tlic Rolla 
 taken by the several Muster Masters : Hal- 
 ifax, \tii Xovr., 1784. 
 
 Halifax Harbour, 
 
 Dartmouth. 
 
 Musc|uadobl)in, 
 
 Ji.'ddore, 
 
 .Ship Harbour, 
 
 .Sheet Harbour. 
 
 Country Harbour, 
 
 Chedcbucto, 
 
 Island of St. John, 
 
 Antigonish, 
 
 Pietou ;uid iMerrigonish, 
 
 Cumberland, etc., 
 
 Partridge Island 
 
 Cornwallis and Horton, 
 
 Newport and Kentecooc, 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 Windsor Road and .Saekville, 
 
 Annapolis, Gr.mvillc, Wilmot ami 
 
 Clements, 
 IJenr River, 
 Digby. 
 Gulliver's Hole. .St. Marv's P.av 
 
 and Si>siboo. 
 Nine Mile River, 
 Chester Road, 
 
 At Halilax (objects of charitv), 
 Between Halit'ax and .ShelbuVne, 
 .Sliclburne, 
 
 48 
 
 4S0 
 16 
 26 
 
 '5' 
 1 J.: 
 
 28y 
 
 I "5 3 
 3S0 
 120 
 3^4 
 
 I "88 
 ^S7 
 3»7 
 278 
 
 i3'> 
 18.30 
 
 I i^y^ 
 
 173 
 
 7- 
 
 28 
 
 208 
 
 651 
 
 Total, 17.300 
 
 01 this total tlu le weie 7419 men, 
 
 3563 W(;men. 2701 children above 
 
 ten \ ears of age, 2S26 children under 
 
 ten \ears. and 791 servants. 
 
 I'roni the reports of tiie muster- 
 masters, the following remarks are 
 taken : — 
 
 Dartmouth. This settlement, from its 
 vicinity to Halifax and some other gooti 
 harbors, promises to be a place of impor- 
 tance SOfHl. 
 
 Mnsquadobhiu. The mu>ter-master re- 
 ports that t!^i^ is a promising little settle- 
 ment; that till' harbor abounds with fi^h 
 ofcvery kind, Ix'th winter and snmnu'i-. 
 
 (I 
 
 W 
 
 %> 
 
The ruitcd R}jipirc Loyalists, 
 
 33 
 
 4S 
 
 480 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 151 
 1 J.: 
 
 I "5 3 
 380 
 
 1 88 
 
 3«7 
 .78 
 
 i3'> 
 
 /,> 
 
 J 8 
 
 2()S 
 
 79-3 
 
 (I 
 
 ^^ 
 
 (^« 
 
 Ship I/urboiir. The Loyalists here are 
 industrious hiborious people. The imis- 
 fer-iiiaster says they, as well as the dis- 
 banded troops, are still in the dark with 
 respect to their lands; that many of the 
 latter have quit the settlement on that 
 aeeonnt. and if not soo.i reinedied it will 
 drive the whole away. 
 
 S/iect Ilnrhour. No lanii> have vet 
 been granted to these people. That 
 which they now occupy is a donation iVoin 
 a Mr. Kirby, who holds a tract of 8.000 
 acres here. 
 
 Country Uarbony This place exhibit^ 
 instances of industry- and perseverance 
 that do honor to the settlers. 
 
 Chcihbncto. There are at this place 
 ::!8 Xegro .settlers exclusive of the blacks 
 employed as servants. This is a i,'ood 
 harbor and fertile soil. 
 
 hhuul of St. Johu. Great delays have 
 arisen in layin;; out land- for the people. 
 The muster-master complains that Gover- 
 nor I'attesoii declined ijivini; him assis- 
 tance, and that great abuses have been 
 committed in the issue of provisions 
 
 Aiitii^nuii's/i. Pictoii and Mrrr/<roiii:</i. 
 These settlements alVord the mo>-t a.^^ree 
 able appearance of industry, and promise 
 to become in a little time verv flourishin;^. 
 Cor?i-vii!lis and f/ortoii. From the 
 inattention rf the surveyor many of these 
 people, from not ijettini,'- their lands, have 
 been obliLred to leave the lands thev were 
 cnltivatini,^ 
 
 AV:t'/or/ (Hid Kfntrcoot. The settlers 
 here wear the appeirance of ind\istrv. 
 and will be able to raise a quantitv of 
 I4'rain and ve'.jetablcs this season. 
 
 Ainiitpollf. (iiaiiz<Hlt\ Wiliiiol mid 
 Clrinriits. The settlers in these ilistricts 
 aie ver\' enterprisinir i,, their endeavours 
 to im|->m\e the country, particularlv those 
 at Wilmot 
 
 Bear h'ivrr. The settlers here liave 
 made ifreat impro\-ements : there is not 
 one of them who has not planteil a crop 
 of some kiml or other. 
 
 /)/i;/i\\ 'I'liis is a jrood harbor and the 
 settknienl is in a \-eiy flourishinir comli- 
 tion. 
 
 (i/////z>er's Hole, St. .)/(iiv's luiy ami 
 Sis$iboo. These settlements aie in a 
 very promisini; condition owintj to the 
 exertions of the settlers. .Sissib.jo is 
 conveniently situated for a tisherv. 
 
 Xinr Mile Rivt'i . The peojile -eem 
 pleased with their situation. 
 
 Sc/llcmriit.s hctzviu'u Kali fax and S//cl- 
 huyne. The commissary of musters ob- 
 serves that the harbors of Prospect, Mar- 
 iraret's Bay, Chester. Lunenbur>j, La 
 Have, Port Matoon and the Rau;:,'eil 
 l-;lands an- well situated fur fisheries and 
 that Ihe settlements of Loyalists at those 
 (ilaces will atVord a respectable defence to 
 the coast. 
 
 The iintbrtiuiato pcopU' iiu-ltided 
 in till' lorc'j'diii')- rt'tiiin ;is ohioets {\'( 
 
 charitv at Halifax consisted chieflv of 
 ciipplctl soldiers and the widows and 
 orphans of Loyalists and soldiers. 
 Col. Edward W'inslow. in one of his 
 private letters written at Halifax, 
 Sep. 2-.,. 17S4, says. 'It is not possi!)lc 
 for any pen or tongue to describe the 
 variety of wretchedness that is at 
 this time exh.ihited in the streets of 
 tiiis place.' Ainongst those who ap- 
 pealed for a share of the government 
 provisions issued tinder his super- 
 vision, he instances -a little imilti- 
 tiide of old crippled Refugees — men 
 and women who iiave seen better 
 days.' '.Sonte of them.' he savs. 'tell 
 me lliey formerly knew me ; they 
 have no other friend to depeiul upon, 
 ■m\k\ they solicit in langtiage so em- 
 piiatical and so pathetic that 'tis im- 
 possible for any man whose heart is 
 not callous to every tender feeling to 
 refuse tlieir requests. Next to them 
 comes an imfortimate set of Ulackies 
 begging for Christ's s.ike that M.isser 
 wotdd give 'em a little provisions if 
 it's only for one week. "He wife 
 sicls. he children sick, and he will 
 die if he have not some." 
 
 •I am illy calcniateil for such ser- 
 vices,' adds W'insiow. 'It is not 
 possible to relieve tiieir distresses; F 
 long to retreat from such scenes.' 
 
 Tile Loyalists at .Siielburne soon 
 lound their p.rospects less encourag- 
 ing than they had aiiticii)ated. and 
 manv of them wrote to their friends 
 at X\'w York i)y no means to come 
 to that pLice. in consequence of 
 which more than 100 fimilies de- 
 cided to estabiisii a settlement at 
 Albaco. one of the Bahama Islands. 
 Another large party, tmder the com- 
 mand of Alexander White, formerly 
 .'^lieritl" of Tryon Co., New York, 
 appear to have sailed for Canada in 
 a lleet which left New York on the 
 9th Jidy. Shortly before the fmal 
 evacuation of that citv, two ships 
 laden with Loy.ilists. convoyed l)y 
 the brig /lapc, sailed up the St. 
 Lawrence to Sorel, where they iin- 
 iteil with others who had come by 
 wa\ ol' the old niilitar\- road down 
 th -' Richelieu. The united parties 
 spent the winter in log huts, and in 
 the following spring proceeded ii|) 
 
I 
 
 34 
 
 The United Enipire Loya/isls. 
 
 the river in ilat bottomed boats and 
 established tliemselves at various 
 points from Glengarry to the Hay of 
 (^uinte. 
 
 Bv the Hudson and Mohawk, past 
 Oswego, another stream of emigrants 
 made their way, to settle along Lake 
 Ontario and the Niagara river ; and 
 Lovalist districts extended even to 
 Detroit along the shore of Lake Erie. 
 Probably lo.ooo Loyalists, 'men and 
 women of determination and prin- 
 ciple.' laid at this time the founda- 
 tion of the noble jirovincc of Ontario. 
 There was a large military element 
 from the disbanded Provincial corps, 
 including tlie S4th Royal New \'ork, 
 or Roval Green, and the Highland 
 Fencibles. 
 
 Dr. Ryerson gives many int' rest- 
 ing details regarding the settlements 
 established by the United Empire 
 Loyalists in what was then western 
 Canada. 
 
 The precise number of Loyalists 
 who at various times found an asylum 
 within the borders of the old prov- 
 ince of Nova Scotia it is difficult to 
 determine. The exodus from the 
 revolted colonies which began with 
 tiie evacuation of Boston, in 1776, 
 continued throughout the war ; but 
 many who came during this period 
 sought merely a tem];)orary refuge 
 and did not remain. Many, too. of 
 the immense multitude that arrived 
 in the great immigration of 17S3 
 were discouraged bv the outlook, and 
 as soon as possible either returned to 
 the States or made their homes in 
 other parts of the British dominions. 
 The place of these transient inhabit- 
 ants was in some measure supplied 
 bv those who continued to (iiul their 
 wav to Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
 wick (luring the years immediately 
 t7)llowing tlie peace. 
 
 ^Lulv prominent loyal refugees 
 who luul lieen in England awaiting 
 the issue of the contlict, when the in- 
 dependence of the United .States was 
 assured, conchxled to begin life anew 
 in tlie northern provinces that re- 
 mained to tlie crown. About the 
 middle of August, 1784, three hun- 
 dred poverty stricken refugees arrived 
 at Halifax in the transport ^SW/Zi' ; 
 
 and despatches received from Lon- 
 don announced that a further num- 
 ber of Loyalists then in rZngland 
 might shortly be expected, vessels 
 having been chartered Iw the gov- 
 ernment for the purpose of bringing 
 them out. 
 
 No enumeration taken at any one 
 time will suffice to show the total 
 number of those who came to Nova 
 v'^cotia ; but it may be approximately 
 lixed at 35,000. 
 
 The reader who has anv curiosity 
 upon the subject can compare the 
 following statements : — 
 
 1. Rev. John Brevnton, mission- 
 ary at Halifax, in his report to the 
 S. P. G. for the year 17S4, says that 
 '30,000 Loyalists are scllled in Nova 
 Scotia.' 
 
 2. Governor Parr, in a letter to 
 Gen. Haldimand, of Jan. 14. 17S4, 
 writes that '30.000 Loyalists liave ar- 
 rived in Nova Scotia' ; and seven 
 months afterwards he informed Lord 
 North, the secretary of state, that 'the 
 number now located amounts to 
 near 30.000.' 
 
 3. Sir Brook Watson states in one 
 of his letters : 'In 17S3, as Commis- 
 sarv General to tiie army, it became 
 mv duty under the command of Sir 
 Guy Carleton to embark 35.000 
 Lovalists at New \"ork to take shel- 
 ter in Nova Scotia ; and.' he adds. 
 "I trust all in mv power was done to 
 alleviate the sulVoriugs of those who 
 were so severelv treated for endea- 
 vouring to support the union of the 
 British Emjiire.' 
 
 4. Mr. E. F. tleLancev. of the 
 New York Historical Societv. "is 
 satisfied, from a |)ersonal examina- 
 tion of the ^LS. records in the sec- 
 retary's office at Halifax, that the 
 emigration amounted to at least 
 3:;, 000 men, women and children.' 
 
 5. The Lonls Commissioners of 
 his Majesty's treasury, having been 
 convinced bv Sir Guv Carleion's 
 forcible representation of the neces- 
 sitv of continuing for some time tlie 
 aid extended the Loyalists on their 
 arrival, issued an order 'to victual 
 the Loyalists in Nova Scotia — being 
 33,682 — whereof 4,691 are under ten 
 years, at two-thirds allowance, from 
 
The i'uitcd II 1)1 pi re l.ovc/isfs. 
 
 35 
 
 tlie ist of May, 17S4. to tlie ist of 
 May, 1785, aiul from that period at 
 one-third allowance, to the ist of 
 May, 17S6; estiiiiatini; the wliole 
 ration at one pound of tlonr ami one 
 pound of heef or twelve ounces of 
 pork ; the children under ten years 
 of age to have a moiety (jf the allow- 
 ance made to j^rovvn persons.' 
 
 13. — T/ie l.oyal /it[^'-///ir///.< Difhaiiili ,1. 
 
 Reference has heen alreadv made 
 to the fact that a larL^ number of 
 Loyalists were emolled in the kin<^'s 
 service and served with distinction 
 throughout the war. After the ces- 
 sation of active hostilities, the violent 
 temper manilcsted l)y the victorious 
 Americans caused the officers com- 
 manding his Majesty s Provincial 
 regiments to unite in laving their 
 cause before Sir Guy Carlcton. in a 
 letter dated Maicii 14. 17S3. in wiiich 
 thev state : 
 
 That from the pui-cst principles of 
 loyiiUy and attacliiiifnt 'o the JJiilisli 
 tjovernnient they tooi\ arms in his Majes- 
 ty's service; and relying 011 the justice of 
 their cause atid the support of tlieir 
 Sovereign and ilie British nation, tiiev have 
 persevered with unabated zeal tiirougli all 
 the vicissitudes of a calamitous and an 
 unfortunate war. That their hearts still 
 glow with loyalt\' to their Sovereign and 
 the same attachment to the Biitish Con- 
 stitution which first stimulated them to 
 action .... That whatever stipu- 
 lations may be made at the peace for the 
 restoration of the property of the Loyal- 
 ists and pertnission foi- iheni to leturn 
 home, yet, should the American Provin- 
 ces he sfvered from tin' British Km[>ire, 
 it will be utterly impo>sihle for those who 
 have served his Majesty in arms in this 
 war to remain in the counti'y. The jier- 
 sonal animosities that arose from civil 
 dissensions have been so heightened hv 
 the blood that has been shed in the con- 
 test that the parties can never be recon- 
 ciled 
 
 The letter goes on to refer to sacri- 
 lices of property . of lucrative pro- 
 fessions, etc., made at the call of 
 tlutv ; and to the anxiety felt for the 
 welfare of their families: 
 
 Wives born to the fairest expectations 
 and tenderly brought up, and children for 
 whose education and future happiness 
 they feel the most anxious concern . . . 
 
 Many wlio have served in the Provincial 
 
 troops in subordinate capacities during 
 the war have been respectable yeomen, of 
 good connections and possessed of con- 
 siilerable property which from principles 
 of loyalty am! a sense of duty they quitted, 
 and in the course of the contest have 
 shown a ilegree of patience, fortituile ami 
 bravery almost without example. 
 
 Reference is made to the 'great 
 nimiber of men incapacitated by 
 woimds. many having helpless fami- 
 lies who have seen bettor days ;' and 
 the letter concludes as tollo\^•s : 
 
 Relying on the generous promises of 
 their .Sovereign to support and protect 
 them, and placing the fullest confidence 
 in your Excellency's benevolent interposi- 
 tion and favorable representation of their 
 faithf'ul service;', they are intluced to 
 ask — 
 
 Thai grants of land may be made to 
 them in some of his Majesty's .\merican 
 I'lovinces and that they may be assisted 
 in making settlements in order that they 
 and their children may enjoy the benefit 
 of British government. 
 
 That some permanent provision may be 
 :nade for such of the non-commissioned 
 ollicers and private.-, as have been disabled 
 from wounds, and for the widows and 
 orphans of dr-ceased officers ard soldiers. 
 
 That as a reward for their services the 
 raiik of the oflicers be made permanent in 
 .\merica, and that they may all be en- 
 titled to half pay upon the reduction of 
 tlieir regiments. 
 
 (.Signed by the commanding otiicers of 
 t'ourteen I'rovincial corji>.. j* 
 
 Perh.ips the most iiiHueritial of the 
 oHicers at this lime in command of 
 the Provincial regiments was Lieut. 
 Col. .IJenjamin Thompson, of the 
 King's American DrHgoons. The 
 source of ills especial iiiHuence with 
 tlie British ministry we may gather 
 from the following passage in a let- 
 ter wi itten l)\' Judge lonathan Sewell 
 to Ward Chipman, Oct. 2d, 17S1 : 
 
 I seri<l this under the care of Colonel 
 T'lompson — there's a fortunate young 
 fellow for you — from beingscarcely known 
 in .\merii:a to become Ix)rd Ct. Germaine's 
 favorite and f)iie of his under secretaries 
 and now a colonel of a regiment in British 
 pay: but all agree he is well deserving of 
 the favors fortune showers upon him. 
 
 Col. Thompson actively exerted 
 himself on behalf of his Loyalist 
 comrades in arms. In a letter to 
 Lord North, written in London. June 
 
 *This letter is given in full in the 
 ■Annual Register for x"]^. 
 
3^ 
 
 The I III fed Umpire /.oyn/isL<, 
 
 S, 17S3, he mentions !i;ivin|L,' person- 
 ally Mssisted in drawing,' up tlie 
 representation and petition of tlio 
 commandin<; oflicers of the loyal 
 re<(iments and adds : 
 
 Till- situation of the I'mviiiciiil officers, 
 particularly such of tlicm as are natives, or 
 were formeriv inhabitants of ttie American 
 colonies, is' truly distressini,'. Ilavinjj 
 sacrificed their property anil all the ex- 
 pectations arisinij frf)ni their rank and 
 connections in civil society, and beinij now 
 cut off from all hopes of returninLC to their 
 former homes by the articles of the peace, 
 they have no hope left but in tlie justice 
 and humanity of the British nation. 
 
 I will not trouble your Lordshiji with 
 an account eitiier of their services or of 
 their sufferings; their merit as well as 
 their misfortunes are known to the whole 
 world, and I believe their claim upon the 
 hunianity and upon the justice of this 
 country will not be disputed. 
 
 They have stated their situation in a 
 stron<4 but at tiie same time most respect- 
 ful manner in their repre>entation, which 
 I nm informed has been transmitted to his 
 Majesty's Secretary of State by Sir Guy 
 Carleton, and stroni^ly recommended. 
 
 As thev are extremely anxious to know 
 their fate, I am to request of your Lord- 
 ship tliat I may be informed wliether any 
 and what re-olutions have been taken re- 
 lative to their petitions, and whether their 
 claims of permanent rank in America and 
 half-pay upon the reduction of their regi- 
 ments will meet witli the countenance and 
 support of his Majesty's Ministers. Your 
 Lordship will see by the enclosed extract 
 of a letter 1 have just received from New- 
 York, how anxious the Pro\incial oflicers 
 are and how ituich they expect that I 
 shouid exert myself in their behalf. 
 
 The subject rcfirvcd to by Col. 
 Thompson had already received con- 
 sideration, an(i on clu' (jth day of 
 June. 178;^. were -s .^d the King's 
 orders and inst!>.;<lions to Sir Giiv 
 Carleton respectin<^ the dishandin<j; 
 of the Lovalist and otiier regiments. 
 The inicertainty of the Lo\alists at 
 New York was not set at rest until 
 some two montlis later, when his 
 Majesty's instructions arrivetl in 
 
 America. These instruct 
 
 ions 
 
 eii 
 
 that- 
 
 pr 
 
 OVKl 
 
 The non-commissioned oflicers 
 ]irivale men of the land forces, wlu 
 
 be reduced in Nova Scotia, 
 
 k1 wish to 
 
 become settlers in that province, will be 
 allowed mants of lands at the 1 ate of joo 
 
 of otTice and quit rents for the first ten 
 years. And a> a further intiucement to 
 them to become settlers, each man shrdl 
 be furnished out of the public stoies, with 
 the usual rations of provisions allowed to 
 him for one year, and shall be permitted 
 to retain his arms and accoutrements. 
 
 It was further pKnided that an 
 allowance of half-pav to the commis- 
 sioned otticers entitled thereto should 
 be made from the time of disl)aiuling. 
 and that the non-commissioned oth- 
 cers and men should receive a gratu- 
 itv of fomteen days' pav 011 the day 
 of their disciiargc. The Loyalist 
 corps, witii such men of the British 
 regiments as desired to l)e discharged 
 in America, were directed to hold 
 themselves in readiness to embark 
 for Nova Scotia, unless any of them 
 shouKl choose to l>e dismissed at New 
 York. 
 
 'J'lie loval regiments mentioned in 
 the instriiCtions. witii their command- 
 in<' ollicers. were : — 
 
 foot) j 
 
 The Royal American Rejiment (or6olli 
 rd and 4th batlallions, General 
 Lord .\mher.''t in command. 
 
 Kinti's American Regiment, Col ICil- 
 nuind Fanning. 
 
 Qj^ieen's Rangers, Col. John Graves 
 Simcoe. 
 
 British Legion of Cavalry, Lieut. Col. 
 Sornistree Tarleton. 
 
 New York \'olunteers, Lt. Col. George 
 Turnbull. 
 
 Lf)val American Regiment, Col. l?everly 
 Robinson 
 
 New yersey N'olunfeers. Brigadier Gen- 
 eral Corilandt Skinner commanding. 1st 
 I?attalion, Ll. Col Elisha Lawrence ; Jnd 
 Battalion, Lt Col. John .Morris; 3rd 
 Battalion, Lt. Col. Laac Alien. 
 
 DeLancey's Brigade, Brigailior General 
 Oliver DeLancey, commanding, ist Bat- 
 talion. Col. John Harris Cruger; 2nd 
 Battalion. Col. George Brewerton. 
 
 Prince of Wales' American Regiment, 
 Col. Montford Browne 
 
 PennsvlvatiiaLov:iii.-.ts Lt.Col. William 
 Allen. 
 
 Maryland Loyalists, Lt. Col. James 
 Chalmers. 
 
 Loyal American Legion, Brigadier 
 General Bei. edict .\rnold. 
 
 Detaeliment of Royal Ciarrison Bat- 
 talion, Lt. Col. Robert Donkiii. 
 
 Briti>h Legion of Infantry. 
 
 Rf)val Guides and i'ioneers, L'ol. Bever- 
 
 ley 
 
 Robi 
 
 onerican 
 
 cres to every non-coir.mi.ssionud ollicer, Bonjamin Thompson. 
 
 Dr 
 
 IS, Lt. Col. 
 
 man, ex- 
 
 and 100 acres to every private ..,..,., ^..v- 
 
 clusive of what he shall be entitled to in I'^ addition to the above, several 
 
 right of his family, discharged of all fees other corps wcrc in whole oi' in put 
 
 *'^ 
 
 I 
 
The i' III ltd Umpire /^oya/isf.\ 
 
 J/ 
 
 offi- 
 
 Gen- 
 
 g. 1st 
 
 :e ; 2\m\ 
 
 ; 3rd 
 
 jeneriil 
 [St lial- 
 
 ■; Jiul 
 
 ;imont, 
 
 ViHiiun 
 
 Juiiies 
 
 .11 H:U- 
 
 He'VlT- 
 
 t. Col. 
 
 t\ 
 
 (lishnnded in Xcam Scoti;! and N\'\v Guv Carleton] I find that it iii liis wish 
 Hiiinswick. ;nnon^ wliicli \vci\' the 
 Cafolinri Kin;^'s R.uii^crs. I^t. Col. 
 Thomas Hiownc ; Kiii^ s Oian^e 
 Ranirers, I.t. Col. Jolin IJavard ; 
 Roval FL'ncil)le Americans. Lt. Co!. 
 Joseph (joriiam : DcLanccv's j^rd 
 IJattalion, Col. Gahriel (j. Ludlow ; 
 the .:iid Battalion ot" the 84111. or 
 Roval I Highland I'^mis^rants. Sir (iuv 
 Carleton in command ; and a part 
 of the 42nd. or Ro\al Ili-^ddaiul 
 Regiment ot foot, Lord lolni Mnnay 
 in command. 
 
 Col. Kdwaiil Winslovv* in a 
 memorial to the Loids Commission- 
 ers of his Majesty's treasmy. mentions 
 the interesting;^ fact that at the peace 
 he was sent In- the conimander-in- 
 chiet, .Sir GuvCaileton, to explore 
 and locate lands for the otficers and 
 men of the ilisi)andcil corps to that 
 part of Nova Scotia which is now 
 called \ew liriniswick — a diitv 
 which he executed vvitliout fee or 
 reward. 
 
 Whilst thus cn<^aujed Col. W'inslow 
 was intimately associated with Mri- 
 <jadier General Ilenrv E. Fox. then 
 commander-in-chief of his Majestv's 
 loices in Xova .Scotia. 
 
 A few selections frrtm the otlicial 
 concspondence of the dav will throw 
 some lii^ht upon the [)roceedin'4s 
 comiected with the disl)anding' of tlie 
 loyal corps. 
 
 General Fox wrote Governor Parr 
 from Annapolis Roval. Sept. 16: — 
 
 .Nova 
 
 1' irl V 
 
 )iir 
 these 
 
 Ry letters veceivecl this day tVoiii his 
 Excellency, the Coinniaiuler-iii-Ciui.t' [Sir 
 
 * Col. Edward W'insjow was Muster- 
 Master General of the Provincial forces 
 during the greater part of the war. His 
 tiiities were at the Hrst of an extremely 
 arduous nature. He was frequently ex- 
 ])oscd to lianger tVoiii tiie con.staiit neces- 
 sity of visiting all the outposts of the 
 army. His elTorts to correct the irregu- 
 larities and delect the errors which were 
 committeii in the accounts of the I'ro- 
 vincial troops he says involve i him in 
 per.sonal quarrels and in two instances 
 personal combats. The subsequent ;ip- 
 pointir.ent of Col. Alexander Innes, of the 
 .South Carolina Loyalists, to the post of 
 Inspector General of Loyalist tbrces, 
 in a measure relieved him from the re- 
 spouhibilities that had pre\ iously lievohed 
 upon him. 
 
 tliat the I'rovuicia! Kegnnent^ should be 
 di>ehargcd as i-ontiguous as poshihie to 
 the lands on whiili they are to settle, lor 
 which purpose he di-sires ine to communi- 
 cate with your Kxcellency and request 
 that vou wouiii be pleased to determine 
 the district of country where the ditVerent 
 Regiments are to settle that tiiey may he 
 immediately ordered to their respective 
 doliuatioiis. 
 
 ThoM' Kegiments which were eml.ark- 
 ing at New Yoik are by tlic C(jmm.inder- 
 in-Chiets partieuler oriler to i)ro<eed 
 immediately to the liiver .St. Jf)hn and to 
 take possosioii ot' that tract ot' land which 
 your Excellency has assigned the I'ro- 
 \iiicial corps. And the King'> American 
 Dragoons being already settled at that 
 place it only remains that vour Excellency 
 should ]ioint out places for the accommo- 
 tiationofthe Fencible .Vmericans. com- 
 manileii by Lieut. Col. Gorham, atid tbf* 
 King's Orange Rangers, comiri mded by 
 Lieut. Col. Bayard — the Lo\ 
 Scotia \'olanteers not being pa 
 mentioned in the above order Ic 
 tion. 
 
 Whenever I mav be t'avoured \si. 
 I'xcellency'-. decision relative to 
 lorps, I siiall give the necessary orders 
 lor ttieir m(;ving to the places assigned 
 them. 
 
 The followin'.; dav Edward Wins- 
 low wrote from Annapolis to 
 Major Samuel IJayard, comtiiaiidin<> 
 tlu- Kin;^ s Oran<^e Ran<iers, request- 
 \v\'^ him to mai<e immedi.ite applica- 
 tion to Governor Parr in oidcr to 
 ascertain the location assij^netl his 
 coi ps, so that orders might he given 
 for removing such (jf the commis- 
 sioned .md noii-commissioncti officers 
 and private meit as were disposed to 
 avail themselves of their grants to the 
 place assigned them, in order to be 
 there disbanded. ALijor Bayard in 
 reply wrote that his Excellency had 
 been pleased to grant a tract of land 
 f)r that purpose at a place called 
 ^nol:o Head, in the Bay of Fundy, 
 a few leagues to the eastward of the 
 entrance of the St. John river. 
 
 Ow the 28th of .Septem!)er, (ieneral 
 Fox wrote from • Augh Pack 'f to 
 General ILildimand at Qiiebec : 
 
 Tl'.e whole of the Provincial Regiments, 
 consisting of upwards of 3000 men arc 
 embarked for the River St. John, v.here 
 they are lo become settlers, and a tract ui 
 
 tThe okl Iniiian village on the St. John 
 river, six miles above Eredcricton. 
 
J^^ 
 
 The I'uiU'd Umpire f.oya/isfs. 
 
 land assignoil them cxtcndiiiL,' from the 
 townships of M:uii[L'rviIlo and Burton, on 
 both sides ot" the river on the route to 
 C.inada, as far as to aceonimodate the 
 whole, which will he a very conside-able 
 distance. 
 
 This circumstance will, I flatter myse't", 
 agreeably facilitate the communication 
 between the provinces of Nova Scotia and 
 Canada, an object which I am int'ormed 
 your Excellency is anxious to effect, and 
 which it is very evident must greatly con- 
 tribute to the benefit of both provinces. 
 
 The same dav General l-'ox issued 
 an order in wiiich Major Minray was 
 directed to disband the King's Ameri- 
 can Dragoons at the • 'J'owsliip of 
 Prince William' (jii tiie loth of Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 On his return to Fort Howe. Oct. 
 1st, Gen. Fox issued an oriler for the 
 tiisbanding ot the companies of tiie 
 Royal Fcncilile Americans in gaiii- 
 son at that phice. 
 
 Owing to t'-c late arrival of the 
 royal instructions in America, anc' lo 
 the lack of shipping, the majoritN' of 
 the Loyalist troops to be disbanded 
 on the St. John river did not k-ave 
 New \'ork initil Mon(la\-. the i^liiof 
 September, the vessels arriving at St. 
 John on or about the j.jtli ot" the 
 same montli. \'ery inadecjuate |)re- 
 paratioMs liad been made for their 
 rece|)ti()U :\\\^\ tin- lateness of their 
 arrival rendered their situation piti- 
 able in the extreme. ()ne of the 
 vessels of the Heel, the Martha, with 
 about 170 souls on board, incliuling 
 a part oi" the Maryland Loyalists and 
 a i)ait of the tiiird battalion of l)e- 
 Lancey s brigade, was wiecked on a 
 ledge oil" Tuskel river, ami about a 
 hundred peii.^lu'd miserably : tiie 
 reinaiiuler were taken from rafts bv 
 four Massacluisi tts lishing vessels and 
 landed at \'armouth. 
 
 The distvi'ssed situation of the 
 Loyalist soldiers wlien tl\e\ had ar- 
 rived at St. Jolm deeply impressed tents'. Tiie awfidness of their situa- 
 
 so truly afTecting as the poignant distress 
 of the men. Those reputable sergeants 
 of Ludlow's, Fanning's, Robinson's, etc.. 
 (once hospitable yeomen of the country,) 
 addressed me in language tiiat almost 
 murdered mo as I iieard it: — 'Sir, we have 
 served all tiie war; "vc were promisetl 
 la/id: we expecteil vou iiad obtained it foi" 
 us. We like the country; only let us 
 have a s/<ot of onr otcv/ and give us such 
 ki'-.d of regulations as s!i;dl protect us." 
 
 Many of the soldiers, witli their 
 wives and families, spent their llrst 
 winter :it 'I.,ower Cove" in log huts 
 or l)ark c;imps; some even in tents 
 covered willi spruce liranches 
 brought in lioats from Partridge 
 Island. Their sufl'erings were n;it- 
 iiral'.y verv severe, and a mmiber of 
 })ersons died through exposure. 
 
 Speaking of this time, Peter Fisli- 
 er, in his little work SkctcJic^ c/' 
 ^Wtf />ru//szc/rk, published in 1S25, 
 says : 
 
 'Frequently in the piercing cold ot 
 winter a p;ut of the family liatl to remain 
 up during the night to keep fire in their 
 huts to prevent the other part tVom fVeez- 
 ing. Some very destitute families made 
 use of boiirds to supply the want of bed- 
 liiiig; the father or some ol" the eltler 
 I'bildren remaining up by turns ami 
 w;irming suitable pieces of boarils which 
 they ;ipplit'd alternately to the smaller 
 children to keep them warm ; with many 
 similar expedients. 
 
 The lateness of llieir arrival, com- 
 bined with the fact that no deilnite 
 gr;ints had as yet been ;issigned tlie 
 several corps, induced the great 
 maioritv of the disb;mded troops to 
 remain at the town of P;irr during 
 the winter. A few adventurous 
 s])irils. however, pushed on to .Saint 
 Anne's I'oint. where tliev ;urived in 
 tlu' earh' pait oi' Xovemlier. after a 
 nine days' journey u|> the river. He- 
 fore they bad liuu; to complete thjir 
 huts, the snow was on the groimd. 
 :uid pait of the winter was spent in 
 
 >il\\ ;u (I 
 
 W 
 
 uislow . who. in vvntini 
 
 to Ward Chinmat 
 
 tion 
 
 can 
 
 b 
 
 his old iVienc 
 
 •W 
 
 and ilepuiy Muster-master-gener;d. lor tl 
 
 omen. delic;ite!\ H'an 
 
 reailiU' 
 1, 
 
 uuagmed. 
 cared 
 
 leir 
 
 infmts beneath canv;is tents 
 
 savs : 
 
 rendered iiabitable only by the 
 
 nan 
 
 1 ,;ave seen thoM' ']>rovincials' which of snow \\ hicli la\' six feet ^\vc\^ in 
 
 have so frcciuenlly mustered, land 
 
 in tins inhosp 
 
 ilabi 
 
 e climate in the iiionlli 
 
 11 
 
 le open spaces ol the torest. 
 
 of October, without a shelter and will 
 
 unit 
 
 imaccustonie- 
 
 .1) tod 
 
 lOOlvCUl 
 
 Men 
 with 
 
 w 
 
 knowing where to liiui a place to re^ide. dismay towaiils a lutme 
 'I'lie chagrin of the (ilUcers was n()t tome seemeii hopeless.' Throilgli 
 
 hich 
 the 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ■9 
 
The i'uitcd /impirc Lova/is/s. 
 
 39 
 
 &'h« 
 
 coin- 
 tin ilL' 
 A llie 
 ;^icat 
 )ps to 
 uviii;4 
 tnioiis 
 S;ii.\t 
 c(l ill 
 I'UT ;i 
 
 (.' tlu-ir 
 
 VOUllil. 
 
 jont ill 
 r ^itiia- 
 i>;iiK'il. 
 caii-'il 
 
 S tLMlts 
 
 lri>p in 
 Mm 
 with 
 which 
 
 \\ Ihr 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 non-anival o( the supphcs expected 
 1)eforc the close of navij^atioii. star- 
 vation at one tiir.e stareil tiie httle 
 colony in the face ; and. as one said 
 who as a child j^assed thron'j;ii the 
 experience of those dreadful days 
 •Stron;^. proud men wej.L like child- 
 ren, and lay dcnvn in their snow 
 bound tents to ilie.' Fre(|uently had 
 these poor settlers to .uo fioin tifty to 
 one hundred miles, with hand sleds 
 or tobojjjj^ans. throuj^h wild woods 
 or on the ice. to procure a precarious 
 supply for their famishing- tamilies. 
 The priyations and suilerin^s endur- 
 ed in some instances almost exceed 
 belief. 
 
 14. — T/ir 7)/Z'/s/(>// of the Prox'iiicc. 
 
 A vast im] etus was p;iyen to the 
 development of thie counM'y north <if 
 tlie Hay of Fuiuly b\ the coniin<j^ of 
 the Loyalists. In the course of a few 
 months it passed from the condition 
 of a Cf)mparatiyely unknown retjioii 
 with a mere haiuit'ul of Eivj^lish 
 si)eaki(i<„f people to that of an inde- 
 pendent province with an enter|nis- 
 iiig class ol inhabitants — ])oor in 
 purse, indeed ; but rich in experience, 
 determination. enerL;\. education, in- 
 tellect, and other (pialities essential 
 to tlv IiiiiMinii; uji of a counti\. \\\ 
 their .'lorts, within a vear towns 
 spran<4" into existence at St. Jrjhn. 
 Freckricton and St. .\ii(ii\nvs. and 
 tlirivin;^ settlements were iounde,! at 
 -xinu^ston. .Sussex \'ale. (ia^etc vvn, 
 \ v'ateibor()UL;"h. 15uiton. a '' !her 
 places on the river .St. Jolm a-, wei' 
 as in Westmorland connt\' and at 
 various points arouiu' ihe sii;>resand 
 on the rivers of Liiariotte countv. 
 I'^rom these places as centres, ot'-.^r 
 setllemems we; I' establislnd. Iacu 
 tiie Xortii SIk re >!iai\'il in the benetits 
 ol" the iiumi'iiafion. 'Tiiis was lar>j;e- 
 Iv throuj^'h the e'.d'i prise of William 
 Dayidsoii. tl,' pimuH'r I'-n^iish set- 
 tler on the M' ainiehi, whr. in 1 7>^.> 
 eiiira<;ed ilf^v , imii'es (I' ioyal refu- 
 ti'ees to settle or, the Miramichi and 
 Keslinoiiche liveis. These new 
 settlers, wit 1 .Mi-ssis. Mnnro. Doyle 
 ;md othei s at tlie Ha\- of C.'haleur, 
 and .\Jr. I'owell at K iehihuclo, exer- 
 
 cised an im[M)itant intliience in the 
 tuiine development of their several 
 localities. 
 
 More than twelve thonsaiul Loyal- 
 ists came to that portion of the old 
 prcjvince of Xova Scotia now called 
 New r)rnnswick. ALuiy ot those 
 mentioned in Col. Morse's return as 
 settled in the county of Cumberland* 
 had established themselves on the 
 I'etitcodiac river and elsewdiere in 
 the i)resent counties of Westmorland 
 and Albert. The number who 
 settled on the St. John rivei' was 
 about ten thousand. The list ot 
 those entitled to provisions in this 
 district comprised 4,131 men, 1.619 
 \yomen. lo I'd children over ten years, 
 i-j^f) ehildieu under ten years and 
 .(|i servants — ().z(-)0 persons in all: 
 Init Col. Motse in his return states 
 that tor reasons menti(-»ned in the re- 
 j)()rt of Tiiomas Knox, Lsq., Deputy 
 Commissary of Musters, it hatl been 
 toiind i..i|:)ossihle to ascertain the ex- 
 act numlier ot Loyalists mustered on 
 the liver Saint lohn. Mr. Knox 
 mentions, amony; the ililliculties en- 
 cou'.itered in his work in the immense 
 district of country assij^ned to him, 
 the fict that there had been iVequent 
 iiUercliaiiL':es amoivj; the earlier ar- 
 rivals, who. unlike the tlisbanded 
 tioops. were not enrolled in com- 
 panies, lie found tliat absent tami- 
 lies \yere daily expected. Many of 
 the soldiers were not yet on their 
 lands; oiheishad already abanJoiRHl 
 them. 
 
 The city of Saint John was for a 
 brief period a sort of ilistriinitin^ 
 l)oint. .mil at the close of the first 
 lialf year of its existence the popula- 
 tion probal)ly amounted to six or 
 >.eyeii thousanii. '>ut this number 
 rapidly decreased as dilliculties re- 
 spectini; the location of <jranls were 
 disposed of and new settlements 
 -pranu; into existence in v.irious parts 
 of the province. That portion of the 
 prese' t city lyiii^j; to the south of 
 I'll ion street at first received the 
 
 * By du- (li\i>ioii of llu- proviiu-o of 
 Nova Siolia tlie iii.ico^t iiuil of tlio old 
 coiinlv of diniiierliiiul wus iiu'liuleii in tlio 
 proviiiii" of N'l'w lJnm>\vit:lv. 
 
40 
 
 The I 'III'/ id Umpire Lava lists. 
 
 name of Parr. The town was laid 
 out in 14^.} lots, by Paul ISuclcll. A 
 few favored individuals appear to 
 have enjoyed the privilege of select- 
 ing their lots; hut the great majority 
 were drawn bv the Loyalists in the 
 usual manner, as they arrived in the 
 country. Many who came with the 
 intention f)f proceeding at once to the 
 cultivation of their lands were com- 
 ))elled to remain at the month of tiie 
 river until provision was made for 
 the survey and allotment of their 
 grants. 'J'hc following words, writ- 
 ten bv Col. Morse eighteen months 
 after the arrival of the hist band of 
 Loyalists, will give an idea of the 
 situation : — 
 
 1 am sorrv to acK! that a vcr}- small jm-o- 
 poition iiitloL'd of these people are yet 
 upon tlieir lands, owing to tiitlerent causes 
 — First, their arriving very 1 Mte in the sea- 
 son ; Sc(o//(//y, timely provision not hav- 
 ing been made bv escheating and laying 
 out lands, in which great delavs am! ir- 
 regularities ha\e happened; Tliirdlv, a 
 sullicient number ot' surveyors not having 
 been employtd ; but I.a$'th\ anil princi- 
 pally, the want of t'oresight and wisdom 
 to make necessary arrangements, ami 
 steadiness in carrying them out. 
 
 The evils arising from mismanage- 
 ment. Col. Morse allirmed. w (luld be 
 felt for a long time to come. Hither- 
 to the Loyalists had been mostlv em- 
 ploved iit l)uilding towns, ami bv 
 their exertions at Port li^o^ewav and 
 at the mouth (if the rivi'r St, [olm 
 large towns had been built in an as- 
 tonishingly short time. These great 
 exeilions, in hisopinio'i, woidd iiave 
 been nH)ie protitabb' diiected in cul- 
 tivating their lands ; since, besiiles 
 tb.e loss of time, thev had wasteil 
 their sid)stance in that which was 
 imlikely to prove either prolitable to 
 then.selves or usef.d to the cotmtiv. 
 
 To add to the imeasiness of those 
 who w ere awaiting their lands, in- 
 
 tion caused bv tiiis proceeding was 
 so great at the town of Parr that four 
 himdred persons signed an agreement 
 to remove to Passamaciuoddy. Ec[nal 
 indignation was displaved at New 
 York, where a memorial was speedi- 
 ly drawn up and verv largely signed, 
 and ]-)resenled to the commander-in- 
 chief bv Messrs. Samuel I lake. li^lias 
 Hardv, Captain lleurv Law and 
 Terttdlus Dickenson. The memori- 
 alists state : 
 
 That thev had determined to remove 
 vvith their lamilies and settle in his niajes- 
 tv's province of Nova Scotia on the terms 
 which they understooti were held out 
 ci/iKi/lv to all his Majesty's persecutcii 
 
 subjects That chagrineii as 
 
 the memorialists are at the manner in 
 which the late contest has been termina- 
 ted and tlisappointed as they tind tliem- 
 selves in btiug lelt to the lenity of their 
 enemies on the dubious recommentiatioii 
 ot' their leaders, they vet hojied to tind an 
 asylum under IJritish protection, little 
 suspecting there would be found amongst 
 their tcllow sull'erers, persons ungenerous 
 enough to attempt engrossing to them- 
 selves so disproportionate a share ofwhat 
 government has allotted tor their common 
 benefit, and so liitferent from the original 
 proposals. . . . The memoiialists 
 
 cannot luit regaiil the grants in ([uestion 
 if'jarried into elfect as amounting nearly 
 10 a total exclusion of themselves atui 
 lamilies who if they become settlers must 
 content themselves with barren or remote 
 lands, or submit to be tenants. 
 
 The petitioners met willi a most 
 fivorable leception at the han(is of 
 the commander-in-chief, who em- 
 phaticallv assuretl them, " .\'' mie 
 person will obtain a larger giant of 
 lands in Nova Scotia than 1000 acres.' 
 Sir (jiiy finther statetl that in his 
 opinion no persons should be allowed 
 to take up lands in that province but 
 those who mean to reside in it. till 
 the Loyalists were llrst served. Per- 
 sonallv he would do evervthing in 
 his power lor the memoriali.sls, and 
 
 iormation was leceived, in Augtrst, he believed they woidd have no 
 I7S_^. that litt\-li\e piominent Li, .d- cause ta complahi. 
 
 isis m the citv o 
 
 f N 
 
 e w 
 
 ^■ 
 
 o)-| 
 
 nail 
 
 I'l 
 
 ie situahon a 
 
 t St. lol 
 
 m, 
 
 now- 
 
 miited in an apjilicatiiju for tracts of ever, continueil to be a matter of 
 land in \o\;i Scotia. 
 
 unountmg to much anxietv 
 
 K 
 
 ev 
 
 olm 
 
 ^75.(XKJ acres, ami that they liad dis- Sayre, writing to the S. P. (L, in 
 
 palciied agents to sm vey the ludo- the month ol" October, lyS^. says 
 
 caled lands and select the most fei- that he foimd on iiis arrival a midti- 
 
 tlle spots anil desirable situations on tude of his fellow sull'erers at the 
 
 the ."^t. John river. The dissatisfac- mouth of the 1 iver imsettled, and 
 
 1' 
 
 
llic Ciiilcd lliupu'c Loyalists, 
 
 41 
 
 ami 
 imist 
 -moto 
 
 most 
 
 is of 
 
 cin- 
 
 oiic 
 
 lilt of 
 
 icrcs.' 
 his 
 
 oWfll 
 
 ■e Init 
 It. till 
 Tor- 
 
 \w-^ in 
 anil 
 
 ,c no 
 
 iiow- 
 tcr til' 
 lolui 
 r.. iu 
 says 
 innlti- 
 al llu> 
 and 
 
 h, 
 
 main ot lliL-in on tlu' in ink ofdcspair 
 on account ot'tlic dclavs in allottinLj 
 their lands to them. 
 
 Complaints were made that whilst 
 their iirjj^ent necessities were not 
 ])roperly cared for. the Loyalists 
 could not make their voice heard in 
 the councils of the countrv. because 
 the settlements north f>f the hav of 
 Fundy were practically without rep- 
 resentation in the j)rovincial assem- 
 hlv. 
 
 (jovernor Parr's popularity with 
 tlu; New IJrunswick Loyalists — if he 
 e\er liad anv — soon vanished. There 
 is every reason to suppose that his 
 Excellency was sincereh' desirous of 
 facil'tatiii'j; the :">ettlemcnt of the 
 country ; hut. j^ivinij him all credit 
 tor i^ood intentions, it may he serious- 
 ly ([uestioned whether he were just 
 the man for the emeiijencv. In per- 
 son he was e\ceedinL,dv stout* and 
 this tact, combined with advanciii'^ 
 years, unlitted him tor vei\- acti\e 
 physical exertion. The ditrKulties 
 of communication appear to have 
 tleterred him fiom ever visitinj^ Saint 
 John, where serious complications 
 on more than one occasion rendereil 
 it hiji^hh- desirable that active mea- 
 sures should have been emplo\eil 
 uiuler his personal supervision. In- 
 stead of this he acted throu^^li a^tnts 
 sent Miither from time to time, and 
 in his letter to the secretary of state. 
 (Lord Xoi til ). written on the lolh ol" 
 August 1784. he says: 
 
 I tlattor m\>e'lt' that the ineasuros I have 
 taken witli the people (in Si. John's ri\i'r 
 and l)y hrim^iiii; some of llie leadinn men 
 ot'lhe parties there to tills siile ol' the I>a;i 
 of Fnndy will prove elVecliial to suppress 
 raetious eonnuotioii.s in tlie seltlemeiUs 
 ot' that river. 
 
 Vain hope ! Not thus was the 
 ])roblen) to be soK\'d. 
 
 Col. Ldward W'inslow ap|)eais to 
 havi' been the lust to sui^iicst tin' 
 measuie of foi niin;4 a separate i^overn- 
 
 ment. as the onl\ possible inean^ of 
 ellectualh' remedvin;^ the dilViculties 
 of the situation. The proposition 
 commended itself to CJeneral Fox 
 and was warndv taken up by leadinjf 
 Lo\ alists. 
 
 I)issatisfacti(^ii at the time was by 
 no means confined to the town of 
 Parr and the settlements on the river 
 St. [ohn. A very extensive settle- 
 ment had been established on the 
 shores oi' Passamaquoddy bay. cr)n- 
 sistin<^ of Loyalists from New York 
 and Penobscot, with a contiuLjent of 
 tlu; disbanded Royal Fencible Ameri- 
 cans. The numl)ers as |.^iyen in Col. 
 Mors(;'s muster were 83;:^ men. 304 
 women 340 children i>yer ten years 
 and 310 under ten years — in all 17S7 
 piMSoiis. Here, too. diss.itisfaclion 
 pre\ailed. In a letter to Ward 
 Chipman, Ldward VVinslow says: 
 
 .Since our first proposal, a vast niiinl)er 
 ol' settlers have arrived in this eonntry. 
 .Vhoi'.t all the jieople who eonipo>ed tlie 
 garrison of I'enohseot are iu)w at I'assam- 
 aquod'iy. The late .\nierican Feneihles, 
 l)i'. I'aine and a larife party are also there. 
 Saiiniel Mliss with another party — in short 
 the nninher that have emii^ratei! to tiiat 
 side of the bay is astonishiiui;. All these 
 men are waitiiiLT with the most eai^er im- 
 patience for some remilations iii their 
 favour. All a^ree thai nothiiur short ofa 
 sepal ate i^overnment can elVeetually serve 
 them. Surely it nmst happen ; it nuist 
 he for the interest as well as liie honor ol 
 the British (Jovernment to snaleh from 
 despair so many of its faithful suhiects. 
 
 The division of Nova .Scotia into 
 two provinces was aiuiounced in 
 September. 178-;; and on the Ji^tof 
 No\ eml>er Col 'I'hoinas Caileton. the 
 liisl :j;oyernor. • .rived in .'*^1. lolm 
 and recei\ed a most eiitluisiastic wel- 
 come. In the addiess presenli'd to 
 the lU'W j,^oveinor. the resentment 
 enlert. lined towai'ds (Jovernor Parr 
 and his advisors tinds expression. 
 I'he' iiiliaiutaiits term lliemsehes ' a 
 number of oppresseil and insulted 
 
 .oyalisis,' coui^ratulate Col.Carletoii 
 on hi.s arrival to correct the injustice 
 of the past aiul to establish such laws 
 *In a letter to den. Ilahlimand, dateil ;,s are essential to the wellare of the 
 iy Ji, 17S4, Governor I'arr requests a „^.^^. p,.,,vi„ce, a.idiiur that thev were 
 
 Ljood strong horse to he sent him from 
 (.^iieljec, as ho riiles 'better tliaii seven- 
 teen stone,' (saj, J45 lbs). 
 
 formerly '(x^^:^ men and a^ain hoped 
 to be such under his auspices. 
 
42 
 
 I lie L nilcd Umpire Loyalists. 
 
 Tlw Soldiers' iirant.':. 
 
 It has already bciMi shown that tlie 
 selection of the valley of t'.ie river 
 Joini as the place of settlement of so 
 manvofthc dishanded Loyal re<:ji- 
 meiits arose not merely from the fact 
 that the most accessible and promis- 
 ing lands were there to lie found, hut 
 
 plans in the Crown Land ollice at 
 
 Fredericton proves that the settle- 
 
 o'" ment of the disbanded corps was. as 
 
 tar as possible, conducted in accor- 
 dance with tlie Kind's instructions. 
 
 U( 
 
 l)ciiiamm 
 
 ment, the 
 
 lompsou s retfi- 
 
 ra- 
 
 .my s American 
 
 D 
 
 "Toons, commande 
 
 l)v 
 
 M 
 
 i|or 
 
 1), 
 
 iiuel 
 
 \v 
 
 as in accordance with a plan c 
 
 on- 
 
 ceived o 
 
 an 
 
 dN 
 
 }• 
 
 le <rovern<jrs o 
 
 ova 
 
 t! 
 Scoti 
 
 f C 
 
 inada 
 
 Murray, was (Hshanded at Prince 
 William on the loth of October, 17S3. 
 The lownsliip of Prince William re- 
 ceived its name from the Kjval [)atron 
 of th.e corps, aftervvartls Kiny; William 
 i\ . of Lngland. It comprises a 
 tract of laiui six miles scpiare adjoin- 
 ing^ the north boundary of the old 
 township of Sunburv on the west 
 bank ot the St. John. Capt. John 
 Munro, of the Kinjj^'s Roval Ke^i- 
 inent. who made a tour of the St. 
 
 , . '"»•' 01 testily- ),,)lin river durin<r the summer and 
 iiiiT our entire ixpproDution ot the loyaltv, ' , ,- ^,P , ■ ,. ,, 
 
 siiireringsandserviccsoftliecominissioneci :>i"""i" "' ' 7\"v si^'akuto- „| tin. 
 oiricers of oin- Pro viiiciiil forces wlio luive township ol Prince W ilham. says, 
 
 fist ; it is 
 
 la for tlic estalilishmg 
 of a route of communication between 
 Halifax and (Quebec, and also to pro- 
 vide for die protectifjii of the frontier. 
 Tlv ietails of the |)lan of settlement 
 in tiie ro}..l instruc- 
 
 weii .m 
 
 tions 
 
 A 
 
 i)odi 
 
 to (jovernor Carleton 
 
 ii<rn. t 1 
 
 17S4. Sect 
 
 ion 
 
 -I.") 
 
 )fth 
 
 is 
 
 important -. ument reads 
 
 .\nd wliereas we are ilesi 
 
 l)ecii reciiiccil: It is tlieielbre our will and 
 pleasuit; that up(jn application ol" such of 
 tlu." said eoiiHiiis.sioncd olliccrs wiio shall 
 
 lis settlement u'l'es on 
 
 exceeding ^ooi 
 
 aiuis. 
 
 e williiiLT imnieilia 
 
 tel}' l( 
 
 ittk 
 
 and im- 
 
 Notwithstanding Capt. Munro's 
 
 prove lands in our said province, you do a<nnM 
 direct that warrants of survey and i^rants ol the 
 
 admiration ol the settlement, 
 
 manv 
 
 soldiers sliced 1 
 
 ly 
 
 aoaiidonci 
 
 lit, 
 lor the same he made out and given in the as the\- ditl other settlements subse- 
 lollowing proportions, that is to say for 
 every Field Ollicer 1,000 acres, to every 
 Ca]itaiii 700 aeres, to every .Suhallerii 
 
 (luenllv eslaiuislied on tlie river. 
 
 an instance 
 
 (of 
 
 wliicn several similar 
 
 .Siall'aiui W'arraiit ollicer 500 acres, exclu- ones are to he .lound 111 the reC(M(ls ot 
 sive of the luimher to which nu'iiihers of tlu' old couiitv of .Simburv) Priva.te 
 
 , 1 . .- . 1 . , • , I 1 ** • 
 
 their families are entitled 
 
 .^amuel ,Sulli\ an ol the Ki 
 
 no- 
 
 , mer- 
 
 In i: 
 
 le 
 
 case o 
 
 f 11 
 
 ou-cominissioiied 
 
 ican 
 
 Dramions. four davs alter the 
 
 othcers. as before stateti. tlu 
 
 Man 
 
 t formal disband 
 
 iiii 
 
 was 
 
 to 1 
 
 le 200 
 
 acres; and in that of s^old his claim to lot Nc 
 
 his regiment, 
 o.j in the 
 
 privates. 100 acres, exclusive ol liie iowusliipol I'rince William, con- 
 nuinher of acres to which the mem- taining aiKiUt lou acres, his legal 
 
 b 
 
 ers of their fimi! 
 
 les miuhl 
 
 eii- 
 
 rii 
 
 titled, r 
 
 lit by draft, to Reuben Chase I 
 
 or 
 
 ie section just quoted fur- 
 
 ther p|()\ ide 
 
 And in order to strengthen thu propo 
 
 settlements in 
 
 aid 
 
 proviiu:e, and that 
 
 the sum of JL'i, i-ad acknowledged 
 himself salislied. 
 
 .\fter the stirring scenes of the 
 tented Held, the moiiotonv of life in 
 
 they may be in a state of security and ile- the back woods w itii its accompany- 
 fence, it is our will and pleasure" that the mg luirdships ami privation had little 
 allotments to he maile to the non-commis- 
 sioned oiruors and private men under our 
 said insiruclions shall he, where the same 
 
 attraction for main of the men of the 
 
 IS 
 
 disbanded corps 
 bniken down in hca 
 
 Others were so 
 llh 
 
 i)V wounds 
 
 praclieahle, liy Corps and as contiguous 
 as maybe to each other, anil that the and expos'i'e during the warastobe 
 allotments made to the several commis- uiilitted for tlie t:!sk of clearing land 
 hioned ollicers under this our instruction 1 i.' .• ., 1 ■ 
 
 iiul cultivating the sod. 
 
 One great practical hindrance to 
 
 shall be intersperseil therein, that the 
 same may be thereby uniteil and in ease 
 <jf attack be delendeil by thoso who 
 have been lucu-.tomed lo bear arms aiul 
 serve lo gel her 
 
 the settlement o 
 
 f tl 
 
 le coiintrv was 
 
 needlessly created throiu 
 
 h the 
 
 ol la\ ill''- out the sdUiieis lots .ilon<r 
 11 examination ol the grants iu\i.\ the .St. John and oilier rivers with a 
 
 ) 
 
 t 
 
 \ 
 
 t 
 
\ 
 
 The i'liilcd Jinipii-f Loyal isLs. 
 
 43 
 
 ii 
 
 •;!lc 
 
 Ul- 
 
 Ihc 
 
 ■lit. 
 
 IlllC 
 
 toii- 
 
 iMral 
 
 ItilO 
 
 in 
 li>v- 
 llUc 
 
 ItlR- 
 
 |l\llS 
 
 anil 
 
 ) 
 
 to 
 kv;is 
 
 [iiuj; 
 h a 
 
 • 
 
 frontage otdnly sixteen r(Hl«i and a 
 depth of over three miles Those 
 who became actual settle) s. in process 
 of time sold the rear half of their 
 lands, as too remote to l>e workeil 
 with advantage, and increased tlie 
 lireadtii of their farms b\- pmchase 
 liom theii' neiglihors. 
 
 In an account of a missionary. loui' 
 in New IJruiiswick in the vear rSo^. 
 Dr. James McGregor, a Presbyterian 
 minister of I'ictou. X. S.. c[iiaintl\ 
 desciibes the evil conseqr.ences of 
 surveying the soldiers' lots in the 
 customary fashion. After ascending 
 the Nashwaak river some tilteen 
 miles, he arrived at Highland Settle- 
 ment, the people <jf which were • the 
 remains of the .-j^d Regiment which 
 the British Government hail settled 
 there at the conclusion of the revolu- 
 tionary war in .\merica.' ' I lound. 
 says Dr. Mc(ji'egor, ■ that thev had 
 been miserably abused in their settle- 
 ment. The officers got large lots of 
 the best land : tiie men got lots all 
 length antl no breatlth ! JMie conse- 
 quence was tlial one half of the men 
 
 Cf)ok (near iiurgovne s fcrr\) in the 
 parish of Kingscleai'. 
 
 riu- Marvland Lo\alist> had a 
 grant on the east side of the St. John. 
 opposite J'i'edericton extending from 
 Heron .^ (or Killarne\- ) lake to the 
 Xashwaak. and .another grant at the 
 I'emiiac (or IV'imvlujck) stream a 
 short <listance above the piesenttown 
 of Marvs\ille. 
 
 A portion of the Prince of \Vales" 
 American regiment was settled on 
 tlie east side of the St. lohn below 
 the mouth of the Keswick. 
 
 I'arther up the vallev of the Kes- 
 \\ ick lav the grant to the New York 
 
 N'olunteei s. 
 
 The Ro3al (jtiides and Pioiieers 
 had a grant (-ast of the main river 
 between the Keswick and the Coac 
 
 The (^ueen s Rangers had exten- 
 si\e grants in the parish of (.Jjieens- 
 bury. which derived its name from 
 th it fa:uou> lo\al corpN. One ot' tlie 
 grants was above IJear Islunl (23 
 miles from l''iedeiicton ) on the east 
 side of the St. lohn; an'ther above 
 
 naci 
 
 to 1 
 
 eavc 
 
 their 
 
 an(l> and go air 
 
 1 the Madnctic F.ilK. in the [jai i^h of 
 
 shitt tor themselves somewheie elsi. 
 
 ontliampt' 
 
 on 
 
 and 
 
 stil 
 
 another on 
 
 T 
 
 leii" dispe", sion disabli-d litem from 
 
 obtainiuLT 
 'ft tl 
 
 minister of the ''osix' 
 
 •I, 
 
 and 
 
 lem as sliax' >heei) in the 
 
 wilderness. A t 
 
 ew ol them 
 
 turned baptists a 
 
 \\k\ Metliodist^ 
 
 iad 
 iuit 
 
 the opposin' side ol the St jonn, ex- 
 tending from the Mailuclic I'alls to 
 I'^el liver. The 1st and 2tl DeLan- 
 ce\ battalions received a grant ou 
 of the St. lohn, be- 
 
 the west haul 
 
 the best and worst of them continued giumng at a point a s 
 
 hort 
 
 distance 
 
 P 
 
 I esbyteriaiis. 
 
 above the Meduct 
 
 ic 
 
 or 
 
 i:ei 
 
 \\\ er 
 
 The K 
 
 
 
 ving s (. >iange Ivangeis were 
 stationed in N()\a ,'~^cotia al liie time 
 
 ail! 
 
 incluiuii''' in I 
 
 pans!) o 
 
 W 
 
 Isl 
 
 oodstoc 
 
 units liie pii.'sent 
 
 tl 
 
 le i)eace 
 
 liev weie 
 
 assi'T-ned 
 
 'IMiese Were the pri))cipal grants to 
 
 ands a 
 
 t Cb 
 
 iiaco 
 
 lb 
 
 on the I)av 
 
 the i.ovahst coi[ 
 
 )s. but iheie were 
 
 iiiidv. as we have alread\ note 
 
 m.ms smaller ones, and it must als(j 
 
 Tl 
 
 ic comr)amei 
 
 ol the 
 
 R 
 
 oval 
 
 lorne in iniii.l that num!>ers o 
 
 ftlu 
 
 Feiicil)le Americans at I'oit lb>we 
 received their grant al l*assama((uod- 
 dv. 
 
 .11 
 
 icers and men of the l'iovi)iciaI 
 ngiments secured grants on ihe 1()W- 
 [joilion of the river St. John ami 
 
 er 
 
 in o 
 
 ther 
 
 pal ! 
 
 )t the provmce. 
 
 Lt. 
 
 r.. the remain. Icr of the loval q,, ]{i,.|,.„,i lU.wlett* and otiiers 
 
 regiments was assigned a tract ot 
 land • extending iVoni the townships 
 of MaugerviUe and Ibirton on l)oth 
 sides of the St. b)hii river on the 
 
 * Col. lle\vlt.'ll was a native ol' Ilamp- 
 
 >tcaii,C^ioon's county, Long iKlaiui, N. V. ; 
 
 nd tin- olViccrs ami men (ifliis luttalion 
 
 route to Canada as t.ir as lo Mccomo- ^vi-re almost without exception iiatlvos 
 date the whole.' 
 
 ()(' t'le same couiitv. 
 
 Oil tlu'ir arrival 
 
 In ace 
 
 ordance with this general 
 
 ill New Hrunswiol> Muy pi-ipeiiiatotl 
 the familiar naiiies of ilampsloaii, l.on;^ 
 
 plan the New lersev N'olunteers had isJaiKl aiul (J^icen's county in die liuul of 
 their grant ol land at Scoodovvabs- their uiioption. 
 
44 
 
 The L 111 led liiupirc Loyalists. 
 
 of DcLancey's 3(1 Hattallion, tor ex 
 ample, obtained giants of land in 
 C^ieens and Sunl)ury counties. 
 
 1 6.— Cojicliifion. 
 
 The arrival of. such a inultiuide of 
 new settlers was a source of anxietv 
 to tlie Indians. Capt. Munro, as- 
 cendin;^ the river on his return to 
 (Quebec, in October. 17S3. foiuid "the 
 most part of the Indians were movin<; 
 oil" to tiie eastw.'ird for fear of the 
 number of provincial troops antl set- 
 tlers cominfj upon the river.' 
 
 Those of the old iidiabitants vviio 
 had covertly or openly sympathized 
 with the rebellion also re_(^arded tlie 
 col. i 'g of the Loyalists with dis- 
 f:' . ... Many of them, havin<4 
 neglected to obtain anv legal title to 
 their lands, were, in the words of 
 Ai. s L-ihtord, ' seated on the l)ank 
 of tlic ri\ei' without leave or license, 
 merely to get tiieir living ' It must 
 be admitted that the Loyalists were 
 rather supercilious in their dealings 
 with this class of the old inhabitants, 
 but it is pn^bable that thev were ac- 
 tuated not so much by a conscious- 
 ness of their own superiority in point 
 of education and social standing as 
 by a heartv dislike for those who had 
 in ariv wav identified themselves 
 with their enemies during the Revo- 
 lutionary wai .* A fruitlul source of 
 strife and bitterness was found in tlie 
 fact that a num!)er of lots which at 
 the close (jf the war were in posses- 
 sion of the old settlers, but to \\ hicli 
 they had not secured anv [)roper title. 
 were bv order of (joxernor I'arr 
 lumiiiered and diawn in tlu' usual 
 manner by the loyal let'ugees. 
 W'lii.n the latter tried to take posses- 
 sion of these lands, trouble naturally 
 ensuetl. (Governor Parr then gave 
 directions that the improvements 
 
 * It is a well-kiu)\vn Ihel that a huifc 
 majority of the old inliahiluiits 011 the 
 river St. Jolui svmpatliised willi the Atner- 
 icans in llie Revohiliotiary war. See 
 Kiililer's Military ()j;cralioiis in Eastern 
 ^h^ine ami Nova Sirotia ; Nhiiiloeli's Nova 
 Seolia;L'. L. ilatlu'wayV history of New 
 I5runs\viik ; 1 lannay's 'j'dwiiship of Mau- 
 gervillc. 
 
 slunild be valued and paid for by the 
 refugees who drew them ; ' Accor- 
 tlingly,' says Col. Tyng, 'we ap- 
 pointed two discreet persons on 
 i)ehalfofthe Loyalists, and the old 
 inhabitants chose two for themselves ; 
 when they went upon the business 
 they verv soon diU'eied in their prices 
 and nothing ccjuclusive took place. 
 It is I think veiv evident,' he con- 
 tinues. ' that the appraisers for the old 
 inhabitants have been unreasonable 
 in the value the\' have set upon some 
 spots: I cannot conceive any im- 
 provements upon this river can be 
 worth £5 :os. per acre besides the 
 first cost or value of the land.'t 
 Time softenetl the asperity ; the old 
 settlers and the new were gradu- 
 ally leconciletl: their children inter- 
 married, and hit by bit the old feuds 
 were forgotten. 
 
 On their First arrival, the Loyalists 
 in manv instances received much pcr- 
 S(jnal kindness at the hands of the (jld 
 iidiabitants. Mrs. Mary niad!..y. in 
 her curious old autobiogiaphy [print- 
 ed at St. [ohn in 1S49, sa\s, 
 
 Al'lcr tlio conelnsion of tiio American 
 war, a j^reat number tVotn tlie Slates lied 
 to this place .... My heart was 
 tilled with pity and allection when I saw 
 them in a straiiLie land, without house or 
 home, and many olthem were sick and 
 helpless. 1 ot'len lookeil at them when 
 they ])assed \.y in boats in rainy weather, 
 ami wished tor them to call and relVesh 
 thenu elves, and was gl,itl when they did 
 so 
 
 Mrs. Bradley was then living at 
 Maugerville. She nuMitions the fad 
 that dining tiie winter one of the 
 
 tThe letter iVom which the above is 
 taken was written by Col. Tynjjf rr.)in his 
 place at (Jatfetown, which he calls 'Pros- 
 pect l''arm,' to Jonathan (Jitell, .March 9th, 
 17S5. In the settlement of the Loyalists 
 on the .St. John river Col. Tyng's ser- 
 vices were o I" threat value. 
 
 The scoi lU'nl appellation sometimes cm- 
 ployed by the L«)yalists in tlesignating the 
 old inhabitants as 'the bow and arrow 
 breed" is said to liave had its origin in the 
 tact that during the war the settlers on the 
 .Sl.Jolm liad been un,;ble to procure the 
 usual supplit;s ol" powiler ami shot for 
 hmUing. and out of sheer necessity hail 
 recourse to the Indian moile of hunting 
 with the bow anil arrow, in which thev 
 liad become quite exj)ert. 
 
 I) 
 
 • • 
 
 m 
 
}) 
 
 J he L iiilai liiii/'n-c Loyalists. 
 
 /J 
 
 Li)v;'.li.st fainilic's liwd in ;i poitioii ol 
 her tatlicr s hnusu. TIk' boats to 
 wliich she refers were tl-.e tainoiis 
 Durham boats, supplicil l)v j^oxeni- 
 ment to the Loyalists tor tlie trans- 
 portation ot' their few possessions to 
 their several destinations. 
 
 The supervision of the Loyalists as 
 tiiey arrived at St John was entrusted 
 l)y (iovernor Parr to Captain (iilfied 
 Studhohue, of the R(nal Feneibles. 
 who coniniandeil the ^arrisfjii ,it Fort 
 Howe. 
 
 Histor}' has scarcely awarded to 
 vStudholme the meed of praise he 
 fairly earned l)y tlie enci(,n and ahili- 
 t\ with which he discharged the 
 duties of a responsiiile and ditlicult 
 position, not only durin<;fthe proj^ress 
 of the war but after the establishment 
 of jieace. Even the names l)y which 
 in ills honor the two longest streets 
 in the city of St. John were formerly 
 known have long since been changed : 
 Gilfred street is now known as 
 Union street and Stndholme street 
 as Charlotte street. 
 
 During the year i/S:;. Major Stml- 
 holme's time was fully occujiied in 
 attending to the immediate wants of 
 the Loyalists as thev arrived in the 
 country. As sujjerintendent of the 
 lioard of directors of the • Towns at 
 the entrance of the River ' it was his 
 duty to attend to the distribution of 
 town lots and to provitle each grantee 
 with 500 feet of rough boartls and a 
 certain quantitv of shingles to assist 
 in biuldinga lude dwelling for shelter 
 during tlie ensuing winter. In all, 
 ^fajor Studholme distributed in this 
 way 1,664,110 feet of boards and 
 i,449,9r9 shingles. His account 
 for furnishing lumber and electing 
 houses between the ist da\ ofjune 
 and the 31st December. 1 7'\v 
 amounted to £6.721 6s. 6d., which 
 amount was allowed and [i.aid him 
 by government. IJy the ^.wuX ol' Se|)- 
 tember, 700 houses were nearly 
 linished. Meanwhile the settlement 
 of the Loyalists on the .St. John 
 river and at i'assamaquoddy had 
 been slowly progresssing. 
 
 .Studholme's duties at St. John re- 
 quired so much time aiul attention that 
 the work el.sevvhere was mainly coii- 
 
 (hictcd under the supervision o| 
 Lieut, ."-^amuel Deiinv Street, also ot 
 tile Kovai Fencible^. It shouUl be 
 mentioned to the lion>r of this oilicer 
 that, having a grant at Hurton of 
 3.000 acres, he voluntaiilv surrend- 
 ered 2.00CJ acres together with a 
 v.iluable propert\- at .St. John, lor 
 tlie immediate accommodation ol the 
 Lovalists. on the assurance of (iover- 
 nor Fair that after tlie\- were pro- 
 vided tor an ecpial amount of laiul 
 should l)e assigned liim elsewhere, 
 '.riiis })romise. however. \v;!s lost 
 sight of. and Lieut. Sfeet was left 
 to struggle tlirough lite with a family 
 often sons and two daughters, with 
 no better provision than his thousand 
 acres, his subaltern's lialf-[)ay, and 
 his own natural abilities — the latter, 
 as the e\ent proved, being his best 
 capital. 
 
 ( )n the completion of hislaiiorsat 
 vSt. Joiin. Major Stmlholme removed 
 to his grant of land on the Kennebe- 
 casis. wlicre he spent his declining 
 vears and was buried. A little gro\e 
 ot" evergreens, crowning the iiighest 
 point on the noitii ^ide of the river 
 near the vill.ige of Apohaijui. marks 
 Ills last resting place. The exact 
 location of the grave is unknown. 
 
 ^'ear by year, as the iStli dav of 
 May comes round, tlie city of the 
 Lovalists dons her lioliilay attire, the 
 memory of her loyal founders is re- 
 called and duly lumored, whilst the 
 llag of Britain floats iVom its staff in 
 honor of the day. Our thoughts 
 go back to that \Liy mo'umg a cen- 
 tury aiul more ago when the good 
 ship UnioHy with the same old llag 
 streaming from the mast head, led 
 up to the .anchoring grouml beneath 
 the i^rotecting guns of oUl I'^ort 1 lowe 
 the most notable fleet that had yet 
 entered the harboi' of Saint John. 
 It was the hand of Gilfred Studholme 
 that first welcomed the wearied 
 exiles to these rocky shores ; but to- 
 dav no head stone marks the lone 
 grave where far fVom kith and kin 
 the brave old soldier's ashes lie. 
 
 Utilitarians have soundly lectured 
 the Loyalists on tlu' follv llic} mani- 
 fested at the Revolutionary period. 
 'IMiose who thus criticise too often 
 
46 
 
 Tlic United limp ire Loyalists. 
 
 have the most vajijiie and irulefitiite 
 ideas regarding the position of the 
 Loyahsts, hoth at the beginning and 
 chiring the progress of the conflict be- 
 tween Great Britain and her old colo- 
 nies. If the writer has been able to 
 remove some of the many misconcep- 
 tions that have existed, he is amply 
 rewarded for the time and lal)or he 
 has expended in the investigation of 
 the subject. 
 
 History itself has justified the atti- 
 tude assumed by those who were 
 exiled for their fealty to the mother 
 land. The inh.diitants of the British 
 American provinces have secured, 
 from time to time, the redress of 
 many grievances by constitutional 
 
 means. The reforms achicveil dur- 
 ing tlie century past are varied and 
 important, and the constitution of 
 Canada to-day happily combines 
 freedom of local government with 
 loyal attachment to the throne. 
 
 All honor to the brave hearts that 
 laid strong and deep the foundations 
 of our own Canadian home — that 
 steadfastly adhered to principle, 
 'faithful alike to God and king,' 
 May it be written above their quiet 
 graves : 
 
 ''Nunc placlda compost us pace 
 quicscit." 
 
 W. O. RAYMOND. 
 
 St. John, N. B., May iS, 1S93. 
 
 •) 
 
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