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''^
NATKHNM I1B«^K^
( \ N \ » A
THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS
1
liv Ri:V. W. O. RAYMOND. M.A.
\
\
I . - /ntroiluctorv.
A inastt-r luiiul truly is tliat which
nuist some day attempt to write from
a noii-paitisaii staiul-poiiit tlie historv
of the American Revolution —an
event destined to leave a lasting im-
pression on the future history of the
American c(<ntinent.
Of the Revolutionarv strujjglc, a
greatei- variety of opinion has been
expressed and vastly more been
written than of any other event in
the entire histoiv of America.
The subject has been revieweil
from almost every possible stand-
point, and he is a keen student of
liistory who has lead a tithe of the
volumes dealini; with the cpiestion
which are to be found in the public
libraiies of the I'liited States and
Canada. "Of making .nany i)ooks
there is no en<l !' N'evei theless. the
further the impartial reader pursues
his researches in this well-troilden
held, the more likelv is he to airive
at the conclusion that the true his-
tory of the American Revolution has
not yet been written.
'I'his need not be a matter of sur-
prise. The event is itself compara-
tively a matter (»f \esteiila\ . Many
oi' the leading actors have passed
from tlie scene within the memoiies
of those yet living. Old piejudices
vet blind the vision and warp the
bettei jud^^meiit of the would be im-
partial historian.
An instance of the truth of the l.ist
statement is to be found in .Sabine s
work. 'I'he Lo\ alists oftheAmeri-
lan Revolution.' I'he author, in
the payes of his book, has placed on
record the results attuned dnrins^
twenty-live years of patient research.
1 lis indefatigable labors have brcnight
to light tacts of great interest w hich
nught otherwise have been iirecose'-
.tbl\ lost. ibit .Sabine s book loses
n)uch of its iulrrcst for the Canailiau
reader, and much of its value as a
historic work, from the lact that the
information has been largely gleaned
from sources strongly anti-Itritish.
(See list of authorities, page v.,
edition of A. I). 1864.) The infor-
mation bearing on the lives of lead-
ing Loyalists is in some instances
inaccurate. This is excusable and
might naturally be expected. In
other cases, however, combineil with
inaccuracy, will be found all the un-
fairness and even bitterness of a
partisan writer. The student who
h.is pursued independent investiga-
tion is tbrced to the conclusion that
Colonel Sabine wn>te, whether con-
sciously or unconscicusly, rather as a
citi/eu ot the great lepublic than as
an impartial historian
Hitherto the great bulk of what
has been written concerning the
Ameiican Revolution has been the
work of United Slates writers.
Nearly every New ICngland town
of any importance has its local his-
torian, who, with scarce an excep-
tion, records the events of the Revolu
tionary war fiom an ex parte stand
point, enlarging upon the virtues
and heroism of the ' l'atrit)ts.' and
pointing the finger ol scorn at the
•Tory.'
From such souices the youth of
the neighboring repid)lic have for
generations indiibed a stiongly anti-
Riitish sentiment. l*2ven m their
school books theie is the most ex-
travagant gloi ilication of the deeds
of their ibiefatiiers, and a corres-
ponding depreciation ^>{ their en-
emies. For over one hundred yeai s
the fourth ofjuly has lieen celebrated
with the booming of canniui and all
the outward display that impresses
the youthful mind, the rising geneia-
tion alwa\s carelull\ instructetl by
the orator of the day to preserve the
principles of tiu-ir lafli«rs. to cherish
S^\ 1? A^ 'V • »'' ■
/"//<• ( uilcd livif>irc Loyal ists.
hatred of monarchy, and enmity to-
wards Great Britain.
So much for tlie sentiment inspired
by tl'ie every day history of the
United States.
Whilst in Canada the events of the
Revohitionary epoch have been
viewed from a very ditterent stand-
point, we can hardly claim tiiat it
has i)een with us the standpoint of
strict impartiality.
The prejudices entertained by the
Loyalists aj^ainst their old anta-
gonists were very pronounced — not
unnaturally so. They had received
in many instances the harshest kind
of treatment They had lost their
all by ihe event of the war. They
iiad been obligeii to sacrifice com-
fortable homes and all tiie endear-
ments associatetl with their early
years, to settle in an unknown
wilderness where toil and privation
awaited them. And lastly there was
the natuial bitterness arising out of
the consciousness of a lost cause.
Need it be a matter of surprise that
the Loyalist sl)oul(l i)e ilisposed to
record a version of the Revolution
sonievvhat at variance with that gen
erally received by the citizens of the
United States.'
The truth is that the events of this
period have only of late vears been
calmly and temperately consitiered
by the ilescendants of either party.
Hoth the United States and Canada
have been making history since then.
Our neighbors in the great republic
have learned by expel ience. and in a
way never to be forgotten, that 'loy-
alty' may be a virtue, the suppoiteis
ol 'the powers that be' may he
worthy ot honor, the upholders of
a united nation mav be true patriots.
Throughout the dreadful fratricidal
strife, the rallying civ of the North
was, 'The Union must and shall be
preserved !' and preserved it was,
though at the cost of millions of
monev and half a million lives. The
war of the Revolution is no longer
the only one in which the prowess of
their nation has been cc^nspicuonsly
shown.
With the lapse of years the intense
bitterness that once prevailed is pass-
ing away. Friendly intercourse
promoted by the facilities of modern
travelling has brought about a better
understanding between the two
Lnglish spea. Mig peoples of the
continent. Hoth are beginning to
realize with greater appreciation the
tie of blood and the b«)nil of a com-
mon mother tongue, and to cherish
with equal afVection the common heri-
tage of the Anglo-Saxon race in the
traditions of the past whence has
been haniled down to either people
a common Christianity and kindred
institutions and laws.
Nothing, perhaps, so remarkably
shows the altered sentiment generally
entertained regarding the events of
the American Revolution as the
desire now manifested bv either
party to learn the opinions and
investigate the records of those who
wrote from the opposite standpoint.
Tile historical societies of the United
States gladly welcome to their
shelves all documents and records
which give a ilescri|)ti()n of the stir-
ring events of Revolutionary times,
even though written by the niltra
Tor\ . Eventually the historian will
be greatly aided in his task bvconipar-
ing and contrasting the statements
made bvthe respective partisans. The
account of the Royalist, comjjared
with the like account of the Revolu-
tionist, may suggest the happy
medium which sliall most nearly
approximate the sober tiiith.
J — CnHSfs of the lin'oliitioH.
It is impossible in the limits ol
such an article as this t(» do more
than indicate the leading causes of
the war between the colonics and the
mother country. 'J'hat the colonies
hail serious grievances is undeniable :
that they showed a proper amount of
forbearance under strong provoca-
tion is at least a debatiible question.
To understand the state of parties
at the breaking out of the war, refer
ence nuist be made to a few points
of early history.
Tile year 1620 was reiulered mem-
orable in New England by the laud-
ing of the IMgiiiiis at l*l\ni(>uth.
J hi L iil/C(/ /: nip ire Loyii//s/s.
•
Eif^ht veins later. John Eiulicot
estal)lislie(l a .,cttleiiieiit at Salem.
The next colony, under Winthrop,
settled in Massachusetts Hay in 1630.
The Pinitan clement in New Eu}^-
land at the outset was supreme, and
it continued to control public afVaiis
of tile old colony for years.
riie I'uritaus were undeniably a
most self-denying and conscientious
class of people. The sacrifices made
and tile privations patientiv endured
by them cliallen<(e our admiraticjn.
Nevertheless, they were intolerant
and narrow minded. In his history
of New England, Neal, the Piuitan
historian, admits :
It must be allowed that wlieii the Puri-
tans were in power they carritti their
re.-entmentb too far.
Dr. E. E. Heardsley, of New Haven,
in a recent historical work savs:
When men talk of the sutVeriiiys aiul
-acrifiees and hclt "denial of the I*iiritans,
tlicv should co.isidei the spirit and |)rin-
ciples of the aije. nud reinemher liow
those who were thus persecuted turned
persecutors and ()racliced the rigors from
which they sought to escape.
That eccentric clergyman, Dr. Sam-
uel Peters, in his exaggerated and
sensational history of Connecticut.
makes tlie sweeping assertion :
The proceedings of the ecclesiastical
courts were marked with much severity.
In the course Tf 160 years, they have
bored the tongues with hot needles, cut
ol^'the ears, branded on the forehead, and
banished, itnprisoned iind hanged more
Q^iakeis, Ranters. Kpiscopalians, for what
they call heresy, blasphemy and witch-
craft, than there are instances of perseiu-
tion in Fox s hook of martyrdom.
The Puritan prejudices against the
establishetl cluuch of ICngland were
exceedingly strong, and their preju-
<iices against monarchv scarcely less
so.
They warmly sympathized with
the republican party in England, and
welcomed the establishment of the
Commonwealth, notwithstanding
tlie rather ciuious fact that it was
uiuler Cromwell, in 1651, that the
amom Navagation Act was passed,
which, a centiuy later, became a
leading factor among the causes of
the American Revolution.
ICarlv in the reign of Ciiarles If..
a resolute etlbrt was made to appre-
hend Whally and GoHe, two of the
judges of Charles I., who had fled to
New England for protection. The pro
vincial governor. Pinitan clcrgv and
the people luiited in protecting anil
screening the fugitives, who by their
aid eventually battled all attempts to
secure them.
The seeds of rebellion were thus
sown in the early Ncyv I'Lngland
settlements and nurtured through
their history. The spirit of 'inde-
pendency' foimd its origin in the
principles of tlie Puritan exiles,
whose passion for .eligious freedom
combined yvith innate dislike of
monarchy created a longing for civil
indepeiulence.
The preponderating power of Pur-
itanism ma<le itself felt throughout
New lingland, but it yvas the aggres-
sive Puritan faction of Massachusetts
IJay which was mainly responsible
for the hostility that greyv up by
degrees against the mother country.
The Pilgrim fathers of Plymouth
yvere as a rule tolerant, nonperse-
cuting and loyal to tlie king; but the
I'luitans of Massachusetts IJay were
intolerant persecutors of all religion-
ists yvlio did not conform to their
mode of yvorship * and disloyal from
the beginning to the goverinnent
tVom yvhich they held their charter.
We need not be smprised. therefore,
that it was in the -old Hay State' that
the Revolution had its origin.
In N'iiginia ami the South the
Episcopalians were miicii divideil by
the war. Washington and m.inv
prominent leaders of the American
|)aity being members of that church ;
but in New l-^ngland ami the Middii-
.States, the Episcopalians aiul tlieir
clergy were, as a rule, loyal to the
crown. This latter f;ict is cjuite con-
sistent vvitli the antipathy existing
betyveen the Church of ICngland and
the old Puritan party. John Adams
wrote, Tf parliament could tax us
ihey could establish the Churcii of
♦ Dr. Ryerson (Loyalists of America,
vol. i ) shows by unciuestionable eviiience
that the Puritans of Massachusetts Hay
were professeil members of the Church of
England when llwy came to America
The I niicd liiupiir /.oya/is/s.
England, with all its creeds, articles,
tests, ceremonies and titles, and pro-
hibit all other churches as conven-
ticles -ind schism-shops.' Tlv,- writ-
ings of Samuel Adams abound in like
expressions.
The proposition of seiuling out
English bisliops to tiic Hiitish Prov-
inces, although designed solely for
the benefit of the Episcopalians,
whose meml)ers could not l)e con-
lirmed or ministers ordained without
crossing the Atlantic, aroused the
hostility of the I'uritans, who could
not patiently contemplate the estab-
lishment among them of 'prelacy,' as
they termed it. Puritan hostility to
the Church of England was a not
unimportant factor in the causes ot
the American Revolution.
In the eighteenth century, the great
majority of English people knew
little and cared less about the atl'airs
of the c<»lonists in America. Some
idea may be gathereil from the follow-
ing words, written in England in
December. 1776, by Curwen, a
refugee, as to the wav in which
America was regarded by the average
ICnglishman :
It piqufs my i)ridf, I coiifos, ti) hear
us callctl 'our colonics,' 'our plantations,'
in sucli terms and with sucli airs as if our
|)ropertv and persons were absolutely
theirs, like the villians and cottagers in
the old system, so long since abolished,
though the spirit or leaven is not totally
gone, it seems. It is my earnest wish the
despised Americans may convince these
conceited islanders that our continent can
furnish brave soldiers and expert and
judicious commanders.
The ignorance j,»
and general in-
ditlerence of the British public re-
garding America gave opportunity
for selHsh aiul interested p.irties to
use parliament as a means to pro-
mote their own enils. lleiice it came
to pass that imperial legislation for
years was entirely in the interests of
the mercantile classes of England.
Restrictions of the most iiarassing
nature crippled the trade and enter-
prise ot the growing colonies.
The ilistribution of public ofHces
chiefly amongst those of English
birth, to the neglect and exclusion of
native talent, was a natural grnund
of coiDplaint. The denial of pro-
motion to colonial officers of tlistin-
guished ability, and the injustice of
placing a captain of the regular army
as superior in rank to a colonel in the
provincials, was a further source of
irritation.
But in addition t(j tliese grievances
which atl'ected tlie pride and sensi-
tiveness of the ct)lonists, tiiere were
no less than twenty-nine laws*
which restricted and ImhiiuI down
colonial industry. Thev forbade the
use of water-falls, the erection of
machinery, of looms and spindles,
and tlij working ot wood and iron.
Colonial vessels were forbidilen to
engage in commerce, and could only
trade with England and her posses-
sitnis. For years these laws atlect-
ing trade were a dead letter ; and the
same might be said of the revenue
laws, since, up to 1763, nine-tenths
of all the tea, wine, fruit, sugar and
molasses consumed in the American
colonies was smuggled.
A linancial crisis, brouglit aliout
chiefly by the long French war. led
the home government to take special
steps to enforce the payment of duties
on g<K)tls imported into the colonies.
It was claimed, not without some show
of reason, that the colonies shoulil
assist in defraying the cost of a war
which had been fought mainly in
their interests. When, however,
twelve ships of war were sent to
Boston to be employed in the revenue
service, liie merchants of the New
Englanil seaports immediately as-
sumed a liostile attitude towards the
ministry of Great liritain.
The intense interest in tliL' matter
manifested by the meiciiants and
ship owners is indicated b\ the fact
that one cpiarter of tiie signers of the
Declaration of Independence were
engaged in trade uY coinmandeil
* No one who has read these twenty-
nine acts will recommend their per-
usal to another. Apart from tlieir
volume, the construction is ditlicult.
.Special studt-nts like Bancroft. Palfrey
and Scott have failed in stating their
elfect with exactness and precision ; and
trained lawyers are not by any means
agreed as to their interpretation. — yiistiii
W'iiisor.
I hi ( uitcii Jiinpiir /^ova/ists.
ships. Some of them were smug-
•jlers. John Hancock, the first
.■signer ut the Declaration, was at the
outbreak of tiie war the defendant
in suits brought by the crown to
recover nearly $500,000 of penalties
for wilful iafractions of the law.
The immediate and ostensible
causes of the Revolution were the
Stamp Act of 1765 and the tea duty
«»f 1773 ; l)ut these acts only brought
to a climax the lend that had for
vears been brewin<r.
Z— Political Parlies.
The political parties in the thir-
teen American provinces were de-
signated respectively 'Whigs and
•Tories,' altliough their sentiments
and principles were not quite identi-
cal with those of the two great
parties in the mother comUry. In
the conflict, the Whigs veiy largelv
took sides with the advocatis of
American independence, whilst the
Tories as a r de proved loval to tiu*
king.
A brief simimarv of the state of
political pal ties in the thirteen col-
(Miies at tlie commencement of hostil-
ities may here lie given.
In Maine, tlie great Ixjdy of the
people were W iiigs. although a large
nundier of int^ueiitial citi/ens sided
wit!) the crown.
I'he situation in New Hampshire
was very similar to that in Nlaine ;
the Wings being in a large majoritv
but with numerous Miid powerful
opponents.
NJassachusetls. tlie cra«lle of the
Kevoliition. was much the most
actixe and energetic of all the colon
ies in the war: yet even here the
people did I'ot embnice the popular
side in a mass. I'pwards of i.ioo
persons retired with the Roval armv
at the ev.icuation of Itoston : and an
equal number either Dieviouslv <ir
subsequenth emliaike<l from the
diHerent poi ts of Massachusetts and
sought new homes under the old
II .ig.
In Rhode Island and Connecticut
the Lovalist element was much
stronger than than elsewheie in New
England. Such towns as Stamford,
Norwalk, Fairfield, Stratford and
Newton probably contained a maj-
ority well aH'ected to the crown, and
they were styled 'Tory' towns.
New York was undeniablv the
stronghold of the Loyalists, and con-
tainetl more of them than any other
colony in America. This is indicated
by the fact that whole battalions and
even regiments were enrolled on the
side of the king during the war ;
whilst for the cause of independence
New York only contributed I7,7{^i
troops, as compared with 67,907
furnished by Massachusetts.
New Jersey — termed 'a .scion from
New York' — contained also a large
number of Tories. Dr. Ramsay
states tiiat when the first conflict of
arin.i took place in that province,
'scarce one of the iidiabitants joineil
the Americans while numbers were
daily flocking to the Royal army to
make their peace and obtain protec-
tion.' Ne»v Jersev contributed at the
close of the war large numbers of
expatriateil Loyalists, who found a
home in New Brunswick and Nova
.Scotia
The sentiment of l*ennsylvania
was very diverse in its character.
The religious I'aith of many of its
people was opposed to armed in-
surtection. Tlie Loyalists were in-
fluential and wealthy, aiul by no
means inconsiderable in numbers,
it was claimed that had Sir William
Howe issueil a proclamation when
ill Philadelphia. 3.5(X) men would
hiive repaired to his standard. The
prominent \\ higs are said to have
exhibited timidity and indecision.
Passing now to glance for a
moment at the .state of afl'airs in the
.Soutiiern Provinces, we find that
Delaware and Maryland did not take
a very active part in the Revolution.
N'irginia contained a strong loyal
element, as is shown by tlie corres-
pondence between Washington and
Col. Joseph Reed. ICarly in .March,
I7j6, the latter wrote that ther'j was
'a strange reluctance in the minds ot'
many to cut the knot which tics us
to (ireat Britain, particularly in this
Colony [I'ennsylvania] and to the
The L ' in ted /:>i//>iir /.oya/isfs.
southward.' A few <lays later lie
wrote :
The Virginians are so alaiincci with the
idea of iiidepetuleiice, that thev have sent
Braxton on purprtee to turn the vcjte of
that colony, if an}' question on that sub-
ject should come belore Conjjress.
VV'ashiiij^toii, replyiiijj to Col.
Reed, wrote that the people of Vir-
ginia 'from their steady attachment
heretofore to royalty, will come
teliictantly into the iilea of independ-
ence.'
In North Carolina, the \Vhi<fs and
Tories were divided in fairly ecjual
proportions. Durinjj the war a lar<^e
nmiiber of Loyalists joined the K(nal
party and enlisted inider tiie kinji;'s
i)anner. Many of the VVhi<js were,
says Sahine, 'as mistable as the
wind.' The troops fmnished for
the Continental army dnrin<j the
war nnmbered 7,260, or less than
one third of the (jiiota required of
the state.
South Cai'olina, tip to the time of
the Revt)liition, had inodcllcd its
local government and iiiatitiitions
after the pattern of England, it was
in tact a sort of monarchy in minia-
tin"e. The hot blooded Southerner
has ever pioved a vi(jleiit parti/.an :
probably in none of tiie thirteen
provinces was the internecine strife
waged with as much bitterness as in
South Carolina. During the war.
General Cireeiie wrote :
The Whigs seemed determined to extir-
pate the Tories and the Tories the Wiii^^s.
Some tiiousands have fallen in this wav
in this quarter, and the evil rayes wiifi
more violence than ever. If a stop can-
not be put to these massacres, the country
will be depopulated.
Tiiirty battles were foiiglit within
the limits of South Carolina; and
after all the Tories were not sub-
jugated, but, on the other hand, alter
the fall of Charleston and until the
peace, were in the ascendant.
(ieorgia, tiie remaining province,
may be saiil to have been in its in-
fancy. It iiad, however, a consider-
able number of Loyalists, and .seems
to have been so doubtful a source of
strength to the cause ol independence
that a proposal was made in 17S1 to
separate (Jeoigia from the union.
When South Carolina and Georgia
were abandoned by the British, in
1782. there were 13.271 l^oyalists to
accompany the troops.
Chief justice Marshall, in his life
of Washington, savs :
The people ol the South felt all the
miseries which are inflicted bv war in its
most savaije form. Heinj; almost equally
divided between the two cr)nter dinj^ par-
ties, reciprocal injuries had «railually
sl)arpened tlieir resentments atjainst each
other, aiiil had arineil neiijhhor aj^ainst
neijjhbor, until it had become a war of
extermination. As the paities alternately
triumphed ojiporluiiities were alternately
yiven for the exercise of th'.'ir vindictive
passions.
Sabine, refering to lliis unhappy
period in the Soutli. sa\s:
It were a hard task to determine which
jiarty perpetrated the j^r(.atest barbarities;
and wliatever the yuill of the Tories, the
Wliii^s disj^raced their cause and the
American name.
Whilst there have been widely
dillering estimates of the proportion
of the Loyalists to the entire popula-
tion of the old colonies at ttie i)egin-
iiing and ihiring the progress ol the
war. enough has been wiilleii to
l^rove tiiat tlie Ameiican Revolution
was much more of a civil war than
has been geiierallv aihnitted bv
United States writeis. At the be-
giumng of tlie struggle there were
I lute classes of people in the colon-
ies : a lar<j,e and energetic ininoritx .
which aimed at liu' separation of the
colonies Iroin ICnglaiid ; a smaller.
\et iidliieiitial riiiiioiitv. which de-
siied above all else to perpetuate the
unity of the empire; and a class
l.iiger than either, which stood in an
attitude (jf expectaiicx. As the war
progressed, the last named class
found itself obliged, in s(nne cases
with the givatest veluctance. to side
w ith one »n' other of the parties iirst
ir.entioned.
John Ailams alliimeil that onl\ a
third of the American [jeople were
.averse to the Revolution. Lecky,
the I'^nylisli hiuoiian, says -It is
probably below the truth that a full
half oi the more honorable and
lespectetl Americans were either
openly or secrelU hostile to the
Re\()luti(Mi.' C.uefiil stu l\' \\ I in-
r»
J,
% I
t
I
J he L mlcd Ji/iipiir /.oya//s/s.
to
ion
);in
l.v
hc-
eie
Oll-
lt\ .
llu-
Um,
(k-
Ihc
lilSS
) Mil
w iir
l:iss
;1SL'S
side
tiist
ly a
t is
til 1 1
and
tiKT
tlu-
in-
!|
» //
vi'stij^ation, on tlic i)art of tlic writer
liavc only served to contirm the
opinion expressed li\ tlie historian
jnst named, that tlie An)erican Rev-
olution was the work of an eneij^etic
and perseveriiij; ininorit}, wliich
succeeded in corniniltiiijjj an uii-
decitled and Ihictnatin*^ majority to a
cause lor which, at the outset, they
had hut little love, but which suhse
quently the force of circumst;mces
led then to sui)p()it with more or less
heartiness. Col. Sahine says that
whilst the Loyalists almost alwa\s
claimed that they were really in the
majority, his own opinion is that
they ceitainly tell short ola majoiits ,
though makiii<^ a larjjje miiioritv.
■\.~C/t(iriirti r of the l.oyalhtii
It would he idle to C(;iitend that in
their adherence to the crow n all the
Loyalists were inthienced hv the
highest motives. 'I'he a;j[e in which
they lived and sullered was not parti-
cularly noted tor ccmduct tli it was
disinterested and virtuous. lu the
name of historic accuracx , we ven-
ture to piotrst a'^ainst the .issum|)tion
too otteii made leLr.irdiiiy: the il'va-n-
eracy of our own a<;e compared with
tlie past. Any one who reads such
• lescriptioiis ot' .\l-w lCii<,dand societv
as :ire to tie t'ound in HartL-tt's lite of
J<ev.J,icoi> iJ.iiley must he conviiicetl
that the past ceiituiv i);is hrouj^ht
ahout .1 material improvement. l)oth
ill tile decencies ol societv and in
|)iilihc morals. .\evertheless. the
jieiieral char.icter of tlie Loyalists
stands hi<,(li — tlieir oppoiu-nts tliem-
selves lieiiitj tlie jiuh^es.
Ill the coiiclir.lin^- chapter of his
historical ess,i\, .S.iliiin.- -^ives the
character of the Whim's under the
lollowinj^ heads :
I'rinciplcs of iiiihelief prevalent— Tlie
Wliiifs lose sijrht of their orii,dn;il pur-
pose aiui propose coiiqiiests — Decline of
piib'ic spirit —Avarice, rapacity, tratlic
witli the enemy — (iaiiihliiii;, speculation,
iilleness, dissipation and extravagance -
Want of patriotism —Recruits tor the
army demand enormous h iiinty — .Shame-
less desertions and immoraliiics— Com-
iiiissions in the army to men destitute of
principle —Court martials frequent and
many olHcers cashiered— ResiifiitUions
upon discredital)Ie pretexts ami alarminfj-
ly prevalent — The public mind fickle —
I^isastrous cliaiigcs in Coiijjress.
All these points are elahorated hy
Sahine. and supported by docuiuent-
aiy evidence, amongst which is the
following extract from one (»f VV^isli-
ingtoii's letters ;
From what I iiave seen, heard, and in
part know, I should in one word say that
idleness, dissipation and extravagance
seem to have laid fast hold of mo.st ; that
speculation, peculation anti an insatiahle
thirst lor riches seem to have ijot the
better of every other consideration and
almost every ordei of men- and that
l)arty disputes ami personal quarrels are
the great l)usiness of the day.
In other letters Washington la-
ments the la.xity of public morals and
the many melancholy proofs of the
dec.iv of private virtue.
The bounty paid to soldiers by
Congress was as liigli as $750 and
$i{xx>. A thousand men, the date
of whose enlisimeiit had been mis-
placed, perjured themselves in a body
as fast as they coulil be sworn, in
order to (|uit the ranks t'.iev had vol-
untarily entered. .Many more en-
listed, deserted, and re-eiilisted under
new lecruitiiig otHcers, for the pur-
pose of leceiving doulile bounty.
•In a word' says .Sabine, 'I fear
that whippings, drummings from the
service, and even military executions,
were more frequent in the Revolu-
tion than at any sul)se(|uent period ot'
our histor\ .' [olin Ad.ims wrote, in
1777:
I am weary to death with I ,' v> rangles
between military oiKcers. hi, and lf)w.
They quarrel like cats and cli.gs. They
worry one another like mastilfs, scramb-
ling for rank ami |)ay like monkeys for
niitN.
.S.ibiue closes his powerful arraign-
ment of tile Whigs as follows:
.Such, ra[)idly told, is the dark story of
the Revolution as concerns the winners.
I relate it for several reasons : fir.t, be-
cause it ii due to the losers in the strife;
secoiul, to show that there were wicked
•Whigs.' as well as wicked 'Tories;' tlilrd,
to do something to correct the exagger-
ated and gloomy views which are often
taken of the degenerate spirit of the pres-
ent times, founded on an erroneous,
because on a partial estimate of the virtues
of a by-gone aj^e.
The bitterness of the contending
I
8
The
^ .,,,,,/ li,rpuc LoyahsH^
the words i*'^*^'
pa.tieswas seen in instance,
U of the leaaers^ ^ .^., f^„^
we find "»"^^^' ,:' ,780, lament-
ing that the .»^^;";' -..u which I so
wn too innid in a p^ the fiisU
the contest. . ^jiting to
Even ^Va.h.n^ton, n ^ ^^^.,^,
his brother in Ma c.^ 7^/^^ ,^,^,.^
to express satis, ct.on^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
„f Massachusct s vv^;^^^ , ,,Kl .n
to re^Tiajn u. "^ /^,,g exdcd
another l^^-^V v d de I'ted with the
L">•^'\"'^;n;v for Halifax when
Sol^^V^S^ed Boston, he says :
I
owe nw"---- . . J .,
•u^.-.. never existed •»
By ah accounts l^^'^' than these
,^ore miserable »«=\«' ^^e One or two
'fetched creature^ "ow^-^ „,,nber
::^j;r;ot-ern:>on.a.o-co,un.ucd
'"'*'''*''■ , 1 v. r.l<c Washintrtou
When l^^adeis iKc .^^„„,
a"'» ^^J^r" .-li ^nt I chair, could
occupied the pi esulen ^^^^^ ^,
use such »>-«^•;g^,; !\,eed not i>e a
tUe-Sonsot Lbe - ,^^.^, ;» seems
•"^'"*='f'\\C design of the leaders
to have been the ocs ^ ^^^^ ^
»''''"'"^\" hisloval subjects As
UJng and all ni> incendiais
time went on. t ^,,^^^
speeches o ^;^'^;"^;,,,,,,. ahle.l by
Henry ami "^ ^^^^ ,o-workers,
the efiotts o» popular mnul.
hegan to >'«^''^\ ^'^\^ \,s jauK-s Otis.
Clever vvnters such ^J^ ^^rterso.u
^'"'^**^ ?^7hen- «; mphlets througl.
scattered ^''^.'' .[...^th of the count. >,
the le.igth and b tarn, . ^^^^
hy specious a-Suy^'^t ^'^^„.,,. The
most notable puK^^^^ was a pamph-
jUerature f . J^,P^,,,„ Sense.' wr.tten
'*=^ *^^)''^' P.hHt the suggestmn ot
hy lo'"^'*'f Others. Us puhhca-
Franklin and o^^^^^ ^^^^^^,^^^,
tion "Timed.ately . tt ^.^^^ . ^^
^^^;SS;'T^v?-verywhere sought
reception. "
1 «f» The Anieri-
after and eagerly [^f ^.^,„,i3„, of the
ea„ press and. mtj,^^^^^^
S'mf^f -^r^Trlnity
Dr.Chas.Ingh.rcU^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^^
<^*^•''''^^ Kt'od^er "effectively, t.>
replied, btitathcr^^^^^^^^^^^^
.Common ben*e. i„j,i,s, spe»»<-
Oaober .V '77^' V"_ .j7__
inu of l'a"ie s essay, s' ^,u«,
" U was one o. ^^'^J" A ever met with.
anUrnicious pamphlet. 1^^^ ^^^, ,
and P«^'-»^Xiter calculated to d.. '."'"^J'; ,.
!;n:s^-^-'r;i:^rtS«
of Li'X^'^t *"there it was printed.
Philadelphia, where u ^.^^^ ^.^.^,,
The character oTon.^^^,^t,.,o,,l.
.,t th's tune, was m aiscu^-iou
aoubt.aswaspnAcdin;^^^^^_^,^^.,l
^' ^^V^rVol'oblerver iu whid.
the ^e^^ ^ V'. . uv.snhcMOous luhdel
J,, is tcrn.cd -a bla> . .j,,^^. oi,,,,-
,„.l beastly '»""^V with approval
ve. Uuther 4-; - -^^,.,1 !
,-,o,u the London -^ '\ ^om Pain^
A— despicable i^'^^^^^'l.Vv writer,
cannot b.- <«""'' ^*'"'Srv «»« sold h."v
^Jlthe ei|^ht-n.h r'^,-y ,, ,„d he could
self to the highest .^^
he bought at a very ^"^ ^ -.^cident
rhe foll-w"^^;'''t:^p de Lancev
•^'"^'•'■'*"' "LuULovalistHistorv
"^'^l^'"v'rkdu n.MhcRovoh«t.ou-
ofNew Noik»luiii'„
arv war: ,„,t hold ol.
■.,vh.,. .....u 1" >»;^^-,„„ 0.1..
\sm.yM-- ^■••'\ ' ,,,,rt„ his %■>.">•■;
trz::; .u- ";,-.., ;...-.-> -• >-'
"' !i;:.,;;IC';;i;....y or 0,e A.ncnc,>n
KcvoU-.i.." • «■■» "« '"f •A.r.cvica.,
■ i-he !"''•"•■> ,.•;'., a,... -Wen,
'/"//<• I 'iiitcii /ifupiir /,oya/is/s.
<
e
r-
le
d,
ity
vs,
to
ton
:»W-
itfuJ
with.
not
rhief-
jf my
iP a"
ut the
»n thf
; Son'*
ipy I"
:. even
yO'.. I •»
llTins «»1
•udi'h-\
, ()\>ser-
ippvovi»\
n '.
om P»'"^"
V writer^
:o\a hJm-
\^Q couia
10 L.HiceV
,vi>U»tion-
1)1 iv>U\ «•!■.
noi) ^^^'"-'
his vou«>ii:
unccv.t •'"'
\v veiulin'A
Ai«ev\cm»
Iv.
/^ir.evici»n
tu;.
„rds the fir-t
;e of the tew
-,hlet «'*'"^^f
;, Esq.. ot i-t.
iJottii's is the last. aii;l pcrliiip^. tlu-
lie St ; l>iit Ii't nic tell you, \Villi:im.
the true history of the Atnericnii
Revolution can nex\'r be written. A
j^real many people in those times
were not at all what they seemet!, nor
what they are jfeiierally heiieved t(.
have l)een.'
This conversation took place in
1S21 ; ;in«i it may he lookeil upon as
a eahn statement njade ii\ the even-
in}^ of his (lays, hcneath his own
10 )f and to iiis own relative, hv a
rn.in who. perhaps, next to Washing-
ton, knew most tlioronijhlv tlic facts
and the n\K:\\ of the Kevolnlionarv
era.
Without makiu;r .'"iv exti:i\ ai,Miit
claim witii respect to the virtues ol"
tile Loyalists, it m t\ he I'earlesslv
asseite<l that, as a eiass. their Ivni-
esty of |nn|)o- • and intey!a\ of
clKuacter stood hi<;h. In .-.ncii par-
ticulars as inteili<jt.n« !'. echication.
rel.^iou. and -tea.iMs! adheience to
the caiiae tiiev cousciemiousU l)e-
lieved to l>e riijht. til0^e who es-
poused tile kin<r s cai'.se will be.ii 1
moie t!ian t;n ()rui)le comparison with
their oppom nis.
Amtnijj; tliose n ost iionest and tear-
less in theii avowal o|' l()v;:ltv to tiie
crown were inen of the nohiest char-
win. :i wretched set, anil bronj^lu all tlic
(lri'','> to the fop.
In these days we can atVord to
retjard with a little quiet amusement
the indi<^nation which filleil the
lireasts of the old otHce hearers as
they beheld their positions tilled by
•upstarts.' Nevertheless thesi- same
old Loyalist:-. despite their antiquated
ideas of preiojjative, etc., were in
jifeneial ine;i of upright character,
steadfast in adherence to the princi-
ples in which the\ heiieved, and
willing to make great sacrifices for
the preservation of a united Hritish
empire.
5 . — /- ova list Principli's.
It has been altnined that the diU'er-
ence between the two parties in the
coloniv's at the commencement of
tile stru<j'„'ie with tiie mother coimtrv
was sim|)l\ this — the Whi^s wer'^
w illing to remain colonists provided
their i^riev.mces were redressed and
their ;i«^hts secured ; while the Tories
were contented thus to continue with-
!it sue!) securit\
Tl
ns IS the
ISSl
llppt
^o\\
of iieaih .ill A:"""ricai
wiiteis; out it IS an asMimptioii iiu-
,iir to til'
I.
ovalists. an<i not W'lr-
r.iii
ted
in i)oint ot tact.
acter and hi^hot posiiion.
In
N
Tl
ie irulv lo\ai subjects ol the
ew
111'^ — tliose
w
ho acted tl
om the
ICn^laiid. the L|)iscopal clei'jfv were highest motives, and eventuallv sac
very steadlist in their lidelitv t>' the
king. I'heie v\ as also .1 large lo\ nl
itict
their a
II
111
1 etloi \ to main
f tlu
empire —
element 111 the iiun)t)ier walks ot
liie,
It was toiind alike in the farmers
of Xew I-^nglai.d. the (Jnakers ot
l*eniis\ Ivani I and theblacksot Sontli
Carolina and (je<iigia.
riii)se who occupied oHicial posi-
tions at tie beginiiMig ot tiie struggle
natni.ilh took the side of aiithoiitv
and >egai<led themselves as justified
Mm tlu* integritv o
were as keenlv sensitive to the in-
justice of the government of fhe dav
in its dealings with American sub-
jects as were tiiose of their countrv-
meii who tool\ up arms; but their
warm attachment to
ibl
tht
tht
motnev
countrv enahled tliem more ti'mper-
I'hey
lenelits
atelv to view the situation.
were not unmmdiul o
f thi
in Stan. ling Ibr the ancient (M.ler of derived from British protection in
Th
ex-
things and resisting change,
asserted that the \\ liig leaders were
the past.
he\ had not vet tor-
gotten the great con
diet
waged with
needy otbce hunters. Siil)se(p;eiitly France on behalf of the colonies
their iii<ligiiatioii was intensified as 'Phe\ believed that the English
they found their places filled bv men nation would vet be
or interior social position. |)ossessed
of less wealth and education, aiui
wanting in lefinement of maimers.
aroused to a
1
o recal
tl
11" WOlllS o
eiiiisvlvama l^ova
f.I
ilist :
lines
A I
sense of its dntv. and tliat a solution
of the problem might be attained by
constitutional means.
en.
1^
The Revoliitif)n filled the As.semblv
IT
ildiiig siicli views as tiu'sc. tin
th
th
* Sabine.
10
The r>a'c,i /:«'/>'>'■ '■"}■"'""■
first Congress at in ,^,^i^.^ ^^^^^^^
in ^^Pt^'"^^^*-^';, Wdi expvessc-a by
n.cnts are vei> ^Yones, himself a
to^aist. in these wor^. ^^^^
A redress of g"-^^;?S; .^.a A.nevic.
union belweenGre-. t Br a^^^ ^^^^ ^,^^,,
unon constUut.ou. pu'-^P j^^^^j for,
only ami. .1';, • ^i,;^ they ex
this they ^^V nurnort thev also vc-
pccted. To ^'V^ 1 \;Kales. "These san-
Uuy instrucu-d th e e^ ^^^^^^^
guinc hopes ^v^''*^, ' r' . in Coni^ress, and
tubals c,f the rep^hl -^^^^" ,^,^, ,,,on-
the wished tor and sc. n uu ^ ^^^ j ,^nd
ciUalion bla>ted by a f ^.\;;.„;Usc,f a set
precipitate ->"P!':';\; ,'„ n" etin<4 in the
U re-olves n.ade at a tu .^^^^ ^^^ ^^
county ot ^'>'\' .'ri^'aained in almost
:^-::^;m:ad:^UnUionorwa,-a.amst
Great Britam. ,,,ition to the
The ■^eniunent ol opp^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^.^^^
^^^'''"rf ir.'^tSutelv tuKUumons.
mnustry.il noiai : . th s tune
was substantuiUy bo at u ^^^^^^
thHn>ghout the P;.-^;'>;,^>Cvashinoton.
the positive avo a . ^^^^^^ ,,,,
Fraukl.r. ^"^'\|"'\r Congress the
to the ■'--"^^^^"fhe ixopi^ i^aa not
vastmajonty ^'^ '^,J^ ov o( scc\<-
ti^ougi^t ot .naei^n - ^^ ^^^^^^^^
f ,Wc kincr ana his ministers, at
i„<r anythin«v
'"" "■■■';■ ".v.nces 'l^his point is
rcaress ot ^;]^Y l\^. the instructions
^-•^'^^'h" thf ' • n,s\.ov>nces tc.
,r,veu l^N t'l'- . , ,• ^ Congress.
^-•'•^V'^^rwld/claiuc^lthe
Massachusetts v^>e. ^^^. ^^^^^.^
hugest '-^-Pf ,^'V " 'leliberate ana
^'-'^ '"■ t::' -- -''' ^^'■'^^"''
aetermuie P ' ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ,.^,^„
"^'^''I'Tt a he colonies, tor the
'^""'". /uu est bbshnu-nt of the.r
recoveiy and es ,.^.ii.r,uns ami
■ ,, rights. c>v. ' ', ,.rharmonv
l,,restov..u.,ou --,^^^^^^^^
^"u\:;rnot. ho.ev.r tin- it^^.tu^n
Vf.^^flUn^/nancocU.C^aasaen.
Patrick lKni>. TetVerson to
y^ee.John f;-;\i., derate line
,,.st ^ontentvN.th IK ^^,j,,^^^.
or action -^>^^^^'^ ,,^^i a to repre-
-Kleas they were ^^'PP'^'^ „,,,,,, \et
sent. T'^-y^'!;'^^'::,;. iaea'by
cautious P^>>->;,,^ ;;^;,; hrov.ght
:;ir;rhe ^i<«=u-v ismpiaav
e-vo'tuu.n. .u ;„,,avance of
Congress was ^ener^U^ > ^^^ ^^
its constituency. " .7"^,.,.... s of pause in
orizc and t" S'^'^ '"^^ , „i,i,n Je declar-
steadily -orkmg on o^|ts^n^^^^, ^^^^^._^^^ ^^,
iUion . • • •,'„u>.,ctivitv of Congress
the breach, the whotacU ^^ ^^^^ ^^,
tended to ^^''^'^^ ' "^^ , that by the con-
prosed in some qua'tej ^^^ ,
,iv;mce and ^^^'^^^'y^l \egislative pro-
nors a-ui through hcjg ^,,,,,,.,,,tive
e.s.es a >"""' J^^^en secured to this
character had "ot beLn_^^ .^ dangerous
b:" cr^^eS^ l^tid to looU for ^any
.uch official ^'^^-"i;^':;^^ strengthening
whole tTi^-thodot Uie t u ^^^^^ ^^.^,^^^
Britain ^.•as 'J [^ ;t 'from tlmse of ordui-
''''^?i^'-1\nreci.n and oversight.
..u V official dircaio „,,.,iist who
^IM.ecoiulnctc.tthosel. m b^ _
supported the '-;-;;: ;^^:^.ances
,,jCongresst<.nchnghe^n^^^^^^^^,^
"f the colonies _utw ^^^^^^^^^,
stv..ngly opposed ^^'l , ,.,.,.v
othei
(
'*'"'• , ,. .,. of 'neat abilities.
llewasaUiWNei oUu- ^^^.^^j
,A' wfiUh and 01 ni„"
'"^^:;V Til I ad made many strong
^""'':; ■ o. nsi the oppressive
>^r'Th:c.i;^^l::ov.774>-«Xi::
^:.ed his native P--- ^^ ^j^a
^^•'^^^'^r^everXg -f^-'^^ -^'1
'" ''*".<•;> the mother state.'
aisvespecttni to the « .,.,,,,,^.„,,
Ik-ing a man ^t 1 ^^ V^*^ j j,.,,.
h, soo.M-*'f^-'^-^''VA'^'..rVseouentlv,
a.ncy ot ^-^^':;;:^;^;, he second
svlien chosen a delegat t" j ,„
Congress he P-'^'^'^>^„^ ' ^,0 so
, servc.althongh.n>po;tniia .^^^^^
:;U^^o'-"unsyl::nua aelegates
"mico. k. Ellis, n. D.. i^J- I''-
Tlw I uitcd J:»ipi)r Loya/ists.
II
it
\\-
■;\n
is '•
' "* (
nip- \
• ill
L-Uxr-
.r of
r»
rress
. ex-
con-
over-
pro-
livlive
) thi>i
rerous
•cited,
fcineiit
jr any
The
heniiiS
, Great
fceii'ii!
jovdiii-
t.
ist vvlio
en vcvy
inc anil
(WdvvuV.
liitivc 1)1
a\)Uitifs.
nv strong
)'picsf>ive
iroVfVn-
e-iirhU'cn
he ivpvc-
, the a^l^'-
tlv cluivjiod
tiicv sti»to.'
isccviuueiit,
cntM-a tcit-
>sL'qucntly<
othcsccoiul
acclined t.)
icil to il'> ^^^
•,„stviul'H)ns
,ia ac\cg:»tL-s
at the second ConjTiess contnined the
sitiitifjent words. AVc strictly enjoin
yon tliat yon, in behalf oftliis colonv,
dissent from and nttcriv reject anv
proposition — shoidd any such he
made- -that mav cause or lead to a
separation from the mother coimtry.
or a chan<je of the form of <^overn-
ment.'
In a letter addressed to Dr. Frank-
lin about this time. Ciallowav yivcs
his reasons foi- refnsin'4" to he a^jain
a delegate. The i^eneral tenoi of
tlie letter ma\ W- (gathered fmni the
follow ni<4 pass.i<re :
A certiiin seel ot' people, if I in;i_v jtulije
from .ill their late enndiiet. seein to look
on this as a tavoiabie opportiiiiit v ot
esfahli^hiiiii; tiieir repiihlieaii principlf-
and of tlnowin^ otf all eoiuiecti<jn with
the mother coiinlrv. I have lea^on to
think that thev are formini^ a private
union aniontr themselves from one end of
the continent to the other.
\V^tii am sciieme looUinof to the
dismemberment <>• tiie empiie.
Josepli (i.dli)\\M\ h;i(l no ^\nipath\
wh.itiver : and he accoidin^lv
spt'cdil\- (hsasNoeiati'd himselt" fiDin
those with wh' in he had hei etofuii'
acted. Is his condnct in so doino- to
he stioinati/ed ;is that ot a traitor."
Is it not rather the oidv hue of con-
duct he could follow consistent with
his principles: lie had joined heart
and iiand with thosi- who professed
to Ik' seekmo onl\ a redress of j^riev-
ances h\ constitntional means. He
had foifid the course pmsiie<l h\ '|\e
extreme Whirrs to 1 i' maiked In
insincerit\ 'iid diip'icitv — that oul-
vvard protessii His o'," lo\alty hut
thiid\ veikd the sprit of rebellion.
A pamphlet from the pen ol'
G.dlowa\' was printed in London in
1 7. So In It. after coinmentino
seveieU n|ion the injustici' of (iiiat
Hritaln. hi- yoes on to aiojiie
that the rebellion did not spiiiio
from a dread of Ueino; enslaved. I'lie
movement in l.aor of independenee
was the natural outcome of the
repnlilican ideas cherished h\ the
I'uritans He deemed it not nii-
reasoiial)le that the colonies, havino;
now attained a <j;ood deoiee of
pios|K'rity. with a population more
than a quarter that of Great Britain.
sh(^uld contribute to the support of a
^Tovcrnment that had fostered their
infancy, espousetl their (juarrels, aiul
at enormous cost defended them. lie
defines the policies of the two parties
in America — the one lookin<i towards
the seeming of just claims with a
redress of grievances on the basis of
a solid constitutional union with
Mngland. and opposed to .sedition
and all acts of violence — the other
lesolved hy all means, even though
ccnert and tVaudulent, to throw ofV
allegiance, appeal to arms, rim the
venture of anarchv. and assert aiul if
possible attain independence. The
latter paity. acting with some tem-
porary leseive and caution, opposed
all peaceable propositions and cov-
ertly worked for their own ends, till
Ihially the mask was thrown ofl',
and the casting vote of the "timid
and variid)le Mr. Dickinson' carried
the Decl.nalion of Independence.
Some additional light as regards
the line of i-ondnct fblh^wed bv
leading Lovalists is aflbrded in
the publi iieti life of Peter \'an
."^haack. LL. D.. embracing selec-
tions t'loin his correspondence and
otiier writings dm ing the Revolution.
\'an Shii.ick was educ.ited at Kings
( now Cohimhia ) college, .\ew ^'ork.
lie attained distinction as a lawver,
and gained the friendship of such
men as folni Ja\ . K. R. Livingstone
and Theodme Sedgv\ ick -a friend-
shi|) not broken b\ the events of the
Revolution.
Van .Shaack acted in complete
accord with those who — whilst con-
tending that the measures of the
Ihitish ministrv were arbitrary,
oppressive and unjust, and should be
opposed and resisted b\ remon-
strance, i^etition and all legdiinatt
me iii^i — were stiimgh against pio-
eeeiling to armed iclnllion. He
liiinU iield to the opinion that an
imbioken connection with the mother
coiintiv was essential to the pros-
perits ot the colonies, and that a
civil war would result in anarchy,
lie spoke and acted with the Whigs
tdl the crisis arriveil and recour.se
was had to arms. Tlien he with-
stood such extreme action and sought
to maintain a position of (pnet
lU'iilralifv in his nativ<' villagi'. This.
12
The
ruilcd Umpire Loyalist.
^as summoned b-j;^^^,.^,^^,„,,Ue
on con^-pnacics an . ^ence ot
his State, f^r^l^ forced to ^eck
this demamU 1\l ^Y'^
an ->^-^^ ''\^';i; ";ment of interest
Another ^'^ ^^^^ ^he diary ot
T.mes AUcn, L^'q--
■Here is an extract. ^ ^^^^^ ,^
NVhen (ien. '^•■'^^^.eTuon of 'I'ones
under wl.Uh i^nm^ ,. "n -e, ihout^U ever
the fovM sons ot ^'''\^\ -^y^^ mem-
A^»-^-^'T"tin"uniiv, without
bers ot the A^^ .^, ..Vou-lv vsMth
exception, syn.path /A .^,,,tu.g
those Nvho Jo; -^,;; ,„i,sures ot
against ti^- ^VV^';''''^,^^,^. 'rhey
theioug ami h>s aym.^^^^^^, ^,,^.^,,.,,
participated in '\" . Uut when
U a redress ot^>^v--^^,.,^,,oi
the qnestu)n ot a>s^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^,^^.,.,
the t-'mP'''^/''" ,Kei, former asM)-
^vithdre^v trom ti'-'^ ^^^^,,p,ot
c'"^- /'■": l.sts. which he
commanded tm v To\m. >• l^-
v^•hen he ^^^'^^'^l^, of that city n.
^ Ihe dian t ^^^-^..^nts,
--''»*!' ^'-^' ^r V t e tnlent ; wh.cn
-^^ *>•':: h'tund i.c could not
, . tho endurance ot
'-'conciled to t\^- ^.,.,,„„ ; hut
the situation as t e, ^^^.^^^^^.,^^ .f
^'-- ^^f i::; PO ^^W in the near
,.,,. ,ss ^o^y^-^J' ,Uernative_ of a
v--^^'%C'; -native of a
fntu - w.thout the ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ a
V'^"*'^^^"'';' r n'ds in the mother
intluent.al . ''en'^ ' .^.^nt mn.-
country. .^^^"^•^^' ",te. there was
.,,,, contume oi U ^^ ^^^^^^^^,^,.^
,veVvpvoi..ainht> h.U .^^^_ ^^^._,,,
:-;^^hivi;^Y-
^'r:::t;;mS;:;-;:uonst,tnt,onat
;Uans-to oi^tam '-^^-^^J-^^^-.tion of
^^^■'■^''•'l'",, n AnK-rican writer
, Independence, an
savs :
( •
liovvi
ave
rt.
(^Sei)te
{le die.i dnrm
• candor aanut^ttua aye r>Uu,^^
ber of honorable Lo^-n ,5^ ,po\niment.
S.i. to meet u ^\"^; ,epresent.xl on to
Thev had heartily ^ent a .ej -....r a
Cmi'-ess for the pvu pose |^^ ^^^^^^,.^,,
vodvess of grievances, but ^^^..^^. ,„ni.
i proved, as -^^^^ t-^ >f ^ j^;;
t<, its propo-J o^ ,;,d ,bv.sed thu,
into a tiap
confidence ,,f l-ukMH'n'iei-^"'-'
'l'»- ^^^^'^hlow ot^^; tf.e Loyal-
svasaseveebosN. . ^^.^^^^^ „»
-^^"l^'^-^f En' ml. Men til-
America ni ^^' ■-, Ridmiond.
Chatham. ^^"^\^^^'^,,en<tish had
l>^''^-'- ' '" scd and nohlv vindi-
svarmly espoused an ^„,.„ues.
-'^-^ ^'r Tthe at" l.n-itv of FranU-
'Phev had, on the am . ^ ,,.^s
in and others, .nsis^^l^^^^ ^^^.^.^,,
earnestly '»--; j ^^...vd. Wi-n,
connection at a ^ ^„ ,,..
n-n-e ;.U P- j' ^,,other countrv
m
\>er,
vemainuiij;
iirolhers
The three aesire.i
led;
uin>
were
ea
ch their
enemy
am
\ avowiuii
fmal
attamtei
\ of treason,
ant
, lost their sei)aration
es
lates mu
Icr the ct>ntisca
tion
acts.
aiu
\ hi^
the
trietuis
:,urpv
h
ise o
Nvas
>u
•piie examp
iVice to emp
lc!s luentionec
\V1
11 PI
lev
cou
la not hut tee
l,,,a hcen hetvay
f Chatham
intense.
1 that ttieir
et
\ an
hasr/.e
the
f,ct that the contidence m ^^^.^^_^^ f,,,strate.
Loyalists as
inhesitalinS
a c
,vtpp'
lass
weie
not
t the their p
vtviotic e
I'O
verninen
t the
t in its unit
ivters o
isli
f the home
■PIUMM
has l>eeu a -oo.
liable treat- spec
;n
lation ut
the
minds
\ deal ot
if the
inent o
American co
h)me>
indents o
f the history *>
t" Americ
■po sum up
\\
hat
has V
K-eit
ve^anl
at the CO
sve fu-st c
of oppo
leoftheLoy
said to the pv
vlists union o
.halulity
f the
C(
a as
\
f the colonies
NVl
)ntmuei
th Great
bng^l^-^'^^'^^':'";:. hostditles, Untam
m
nieucenu-n
had I'ltt
held the helm
A
IK
f all
sition
)te
tliat the sen
tl
le
timent k,ta
vessive in<
te in tlie trou
\,ious time;
precei
the Revolution.
'Plte qn'
f
stion
me
rtsuves o
f the I'^nti
sli m
imslvv was
U,,ost unanimous
thvou'Ahova the
Dr. F,lh
coloiues.
Phe la.valists were
no
t History o
in
f Ainv
Niuvntive i'
vica.
ivn
\ Cfitiea
I
it"
lit
of
;\V
a
iu\
\>ev
(
i
i\n-
1
vvus
S<1VS
c;»n-
*
;sess
•
use
loniil
vvitor
■
. mini-
¥-
KM CI
Liriiv4 -^
led ttiein
■a tlieir
icniWnco
co\<)nies.
of lM-.>'i»<-
oil to '^"-
s of svicli ■^
•ounuy
t'lnul
„rC"i>-.>t\K«ni
uUlmisl-
• l ihiit their
cuayca ^>'v\
ualcil.
,.oa .\c:.i ;'t
.,nas of the
f Anu-v>ca iis
le oDHtinuetl
, Nvitii tiveat
Ihe \^c\m ol
Li.nes pvecea-
■n,e civ.rstu>n
VV/c Cnitcd Empire /.ova/isfs.
f3
will alwnys be a debatable one. We
may believe, however, that had Pitt
been in power. American indepen-
dence wonld not have come when it
diti, nor wonld it iiave been eventu-
ally bron<^ht about by means of a
tlisastrous civil war.
6. — Persecution of Lovalists.
The position of the Loyalists after
the Declaration of Independence was
indeed a painful one.
History in times of civil discord
alwavs proves tiie impracticability of
neutrality. Those of tiie Loyalists
wlio desired at the outset tc» be con-
servators of peace, and who made
some ertbrt for the preservation ot
order and tlie rijjhts of property,
were denounced as enen-ies of liberty
■A\\{.\ finally compelleil in self defence
to claim tlie protection of tlie royal
army rather than take the oath of
allegiance to Coii<rress and flight
ajj^ainst tlieir kiui^.
Pn)bai)ly a lar^je portion of the
people of America would ujladly
have remained neutral ; but the
Declaration of Indepeiulence left no
neutrals. He wiio opposed inde-
pendence Itecame ipso facto "an
enemy of liberty.' Thus by the
action of Conjjjress at Philadelphia,
July4tli. I77(^. thousands of .|)tace-
lovinLJ citizens were classed as
'enemies ' 'rebels.' and even 'traitors,
because they declined to renounce
alle<jfiance to the mother land ami
swear allet^iance to a new and self-
created authority. relin(iuishin<j^ their
privile'jes as Hntisli subjects at
tlie command of republican leaders
whom they neithei liked nor trusted.
In the early sta_<^es of the Revolii cliaiacler ami conduct of tiie "rebels'
ti<Mi. the Loyalists sutl'ered jijreatly at by no means flatterinjjj. I'he conn-
tlie hands of or>;ani/.e(l mobs which, terpart will lie found in the records
under the desiiiiiation of '.Sons of of the actors on the other side, whose
Iviberty.' tiealt in the harsiiest wav opinion of the * Tories' is well known,
with all suspected of entertainiii"^ Whilst, however, the <^pniio>is ot
sentiments favoral.le to the crown. tliese old Loyalists must Ix; taken
Piivale proceedinjjs were devised to rn'n ^rat/n sii//.s\ there is every
ascertain the opinions of any re- reason to iielieve that the facts re-
secure the desired recantation, there
followed in order, disarming, confine-
ment to residence or to certain limits,
fines, imprisonment, banishment and
in many instances gross personal
injurv and even murderous violence.
The use of tar and leathers. Sabine
remarks, was 'so frequent as to
qualify the sa\ ing of the ancient,
that man is a two-legged animal
7tvV// '/// feathers.' The mob some-
times varied this punishment by
sniokini;' the Tories. — the victims in
that case being confined in a close
rof)m before an open fine of green
wood, with a cover applied to the top
of the chimney. .Still another alter-
native was the cruel and shameful
practice of riding Tories on a rail.
To give a tithe of the recorded
instances of the brutality of the New
Lniiland mobs wonld far transcend
the limits of this paper. Fhe de-
t.iiU of many of the outrages will be
toiiiid ill such books as Jones' [..oyal-
isl History of New York, .Sabine's
Loyalists of the American Revolu-
tion. Ryersou s Loyalists of America
and their Times. Peters' History of
Connecticut. Hartlett s Frontier Mis-
sionary, etc.
.\ long list of pamphlets and other
published writings might be given
VNheieiii iiidi\iduals ha\'e recorded
the pitiful tale of sufferings which
tlu'N' exjierienced at the hands of old
time friends and neighbors. Little
sill prise need be m.initested at the
Mtroiig partisan feeling that runs
through the pages penned by men
who sacrificed so much and siiHered
so seyereU . The opinions of tliese
old Loyalists were very |)roiioiiiiced.
.Hid tlieir estimate of the general
•larded
as (
loubtful
siippoiters of 111-
C(
tided hy them are substantially
dependency. The |)roir.ineiit 'Tories accurate. 'The siihse(iueiit history
were ca
led
IMI to
ant and svyear of the writers in the land of their
■ . nn'l Cribc
\\
alli'gi inci" to Congress. I'':iiling to adoption I'miiishes the mist sitis
,,, y..w W" ''"'"""■■
14
f-..c<ovy evidence o. t^^,,.^.^ „„,fi.
Jersey, and ^^ 3"^^' t.,-, sau.pics
the missionaiics ..Uoviu'' at nuni-
England who -c- ^^-j^,-,,. ,.».
Mah^e ^'\^,7;|e Socictv lV>v th-
The cvucUy ami n . ^^.^^^.,.,,
^obs, -^--^-'^^^;.Vo s in the cavly
anJ ^i^^'-' ^'S'?. lut o <4VoatW conu-
daysotthcRev >o ^,i,terness
a.ui anin.os, y t ^^- ,,,, ,umbe,
• ^-^>^^^ i^^"\us s^ n> took up avm.
and iovigbt tl''"^'o
vova\ sill'-'- rSdis Ravniond,
Vakc the case ot Sda ^^^^^^^^^^^
,rNovvvalU.Conn..-^^^^^^,,^,p i.
of what was a '*; . ,, ^. ^.^s with tiw
U, the idea ot nulcp ^^ ,^ j,,^
^"^ .^^^^ ^ir-^chW avl>used U.C
opinions, ''": '. ^^ ..wt-nicn. l'^^>
ali.nosUv..Mi;^ --,,... .uunpts
threatened h.s c ^^,,.,t h.m as
^ere actually n>aK.^^^ ^^,^^^..„,n
he was c-ngaj.ea 1^^^. , Ue
1^'« ''^'^'^ '" ^,' : the l^vU.sh .4^>'-
wasohUgc.l ';:J';^'.,.u, Long Island,
vi^-'^ ^'^ ^^^'-Kvonu miles across the
a,stant seme twe^^'> ^,s orncrcd
Sound. ^I'V ut lor the us. and
to be leased -^^J\^^ Uis gooas
1 continued to hold
.ndscreenln sc , ^„,,,v.
•Pake agani tnt ^^^^^^ Hc
Uates. ot
writes: ,, iIoncI-- N^''^ ^^'^^,
1
benclit o
f the statL
, the •'^'••^"' '."sorwalk
^trlen.d, the dn.. j^ ^^, . ,s-
cvereci by tin. ^V^^^^ .^^ ^^"\Ve / ^^''^^^
^"i^;; b^^rf- ^-^f't
r.eii,''n>"\" , y h\k-
before a <- y^^^ j .ViJ not con»c>s v ^
sunclry deaths n^ thveatene -^ ^^^^^.
"^'\'- IVi.rtiae drown me n ,,
'^"^* ^' ese honest Urmer.. At ^^^^^.^
expose d^-;^^ ';,, ^„ the <^'^'^^'^/^"'s taken
'^■'; bv n anned mob. -?! -^tue town to
;ttS.ate "nem>e/--^,^,i,pedmy
b^k Creek, tben ha u^ ^ ,,,osciunoes ^^
UywaseM-^i,,toaUee.jea. b^
s^^^=^''^^-s:;s;odw;:;dd;;;;
^'•^*"'; re<"nnuttee said tha \.^,^^^^,
two ot tlic e ' , V thev woiiiii
tedthema ll^-;,j,eave'ne to the
la save niv >il^- , ., , niiaid came to
^""«--v :^s'' ''■--' -'•'"■
,,.iw nnH 'uul K^t__ ^j^^^^^. Tones, rn _ .
ted
l>v
lUU
eiVects conhscateu .->
1 ciict-i" _ 11. ..-end
on
Icr
the ;uahorUies
lit
Decern
iK-r, v7/r
1 did ni
ttu'V
,t expose
sea
tL-neei
\ nie
to anP'-'
Tlie con
tiscatu.n papers
id lege as
tUe \-)aven\)o
vt, in '"'
der
(rrouni
\ of actum
that
S.IH
\ R.«v-
1\U'
\1)
\„-adqaarter'
that he
NvlK're a
tu- hetoi
Col.
-eiH
\\ \he Toru
The United Empire /^oya/ists.
'5
:c-
tcV
lie
with
were
coivi-
which
to the
feared
as di>^-
1 one ot
gV 8US-
s' with
British,
in the
^equaint-
,nfint;t' in
examined
"nccl v^it>\
,s what I
.j\ amon>j;
\ow watev
I did not
M length
\on*" ""^*'
was taken
ea tiifough
V\^e town to
quipped my
cmitoes '">
vcc near the
ion for two
od would he
„ soon atte.
at if I '-v""'^^.
vould release
,ne to ^^^'^'^^
uolhin- tl^^^^
I •
;ua.d can.c to
red to ;J!>ve n e,
vmdvcd st..pc- ,
,,e 1 would hL
Ihon
cs.-
ne
but I was ^n-
UsC.
lie,
-"Htee proiM>sed
conles>.on t. ^^«^_
was l\uU ol <-on
cania-e m
Tones, r i
,ppea.heU.n;*^ol-
at he
iM'ie a
it
.hould send
\\ il\e
Tone'
lie sent were smelv hanged. According-
ly next day I was brought before Daven-
port — one of the descendants of the old
apostate Davenport, who lied from old
England — who, after he liad examined
me, said with great severity of coutiten-
ance, I tliink you coulil liave exposed
tiiose Tories."
I s;iid to iiini •\'ou might rather think
I would have exposeti my own lather
sooner than sutler what ! have MitVereii.'
Upon which the nUI juiige could not help
ackiiowieilging that he never knew any
o!ie who had withstood more without
exposing confederates, and he finally
discharged me the third day It was a
grievous misfortune to be in such a situ-
atioii, but the fear of God animated me
not to fear man. My resolution com-
pelled mine nemies to show their pity
that I had been so causelessly alilicted,
and my lile was spared. I was. however,
obliged to seek refuge from tiie i7ialice of
my persecutors in the mountains and
forests until their fi'enzy might be .some-
what abated.
Al'ter two years' absence, on my return
home, I found my father down with tiie
small-pox, suspecteil to be given him by
design, consequently the family were all
in in(jculation. which I also had to en-
dure, after which 1 could not by any
means think of leaving my father until I
bad a.ssisted him in his wheat harvest.
The first night after I was summoned
with a ilral't lor the Continental -Service
with three tiays' notice, consequently was
compelled to tlee for refuge, I knew not
where, but providentially found myself
next morning in the immediate neighbor-
hooil of a 13iitish garrison.
Ai'tcf the Declaration of Indopcnd-
ence. the new state authorities
claimed the rij^ht to enforce against
all Royalists severe pimislinients —
contiscatioii of |)ro[)ert_v.' imptison
nient, hanisiiineiit. and even death.
In Massachiisctls. a person .s7/.s/><'r/'('(/
of enniit\' to the c.iiise ot independ-
ence could he arrested and h.inished,
unless he wmild swear alle'^iance to
the iVieiids of liheil\. Three
hundred and ei<;htv persons weie
dusij^nated by ii.ime. who liad fled
iVoiii their homes: the penalty of
their return was li.xed as iinprison-
ineut and transportation to a place
possessed hv tlie IJritish. and fm' a
secoiul return without leave, death
without heuetit of clerj^y. In Rluxie
Island, death and conlisc.ition of
estate were tl'.e penalties |)rovided
foi' any peison who coinmimicated
with the l>iitish ministry m its
a<;eiits, or who oflered supplies to
the British forces and to the armed
ships of tiie kiiifT. The otVeiice of
enlistiiiLj (;r |)rocurin<^ others to
enlist in the royal armv or navy was
punished with loss of estate and of
personal liln-ity not exceeding; three
\ears The laws enacted l)y the
other states were similar. Forfei-
ture of estate, ctjiiti.scation of prop-
erty, loss (jf personal liberty, anil
even death were the penalties Loyal-
ists were subjected to for adhering to
tiie cause in which they believed.
In New York alone, sixtv Loyalists
of note are mentioned by name in
the Conllscation Act, which decreed
that "each and every of them who
siiall at any time hereafter be found
in any part of tliis state shall be and
aie hereby declared guilty of death
as incase oftelony without benefit of
clergy.' The proscribed list iiicludes
the names of Hevetley Robinson,
(jeorge Duncan Ludl )W, Gabriel
Ludlow. Christopher Billop. James
DeLancey. Robert IJayard, Dr.
Charles liiglis and others prominent
m the early iiistory of New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The
estates of all these Lf)yalists were
conliscated. That t>f James DeLancv
was sold by the state for $234,198.75,
and that of Frederick Phillipse,
another of tiie attaintetl sixty, was
\alued in i S09 at al)oye £600, cxx).
The names of Susannah Robinson,
.Margaret Inglis. and Mary Morris,
(wives resjiectively of Col. Beverley
Roliinson. Dr. Chailes liiglis and
Col. Roger Morris.) were included
in those -forever banished from this
state. Tliev were pi. iced among
the sixty, says [udge Jones, because
they were possessed of large and
valuable red estate in their own
right ; the vindictive legislatine of
.Nevy York, in order to gel possession
of these estates, attaintetl the women
for adhering to the enemies of the
slate — that is to say. tor living
with
the husbands I Their children, many
of them mere intaiils, were thus
debarred from inheriting the estates
of their mothers.
Like |)enalties might be imposed
on all who could by a summary tii.d
tu M t MS t
\
j6
The
United Empire LoyaUsts,
The
, \,. nf hi'^li treason, vi/>.
voluntarily -thdra^^.ng ^o ^a ^y^P,. ^
within the power or po>.^f ^ . ^
of Great Briuun '^r,"*'' -jer of provincial
bein,' '^PP'-'^^^"SiSe" thereot- or coun-
^'^^^' ''\ ^'ai men are createa
affivmea r^^^^^iVrb; their Creator
equal, ^^'^^»^^!^f ^"! ifenable vi</hts
^\tU cer an nal e ^^^^ ^^^^^^
unoiv^ which aie me, ^ .
the pursuit "' y-'P) ,ti, he 'stren-
ahnost the «^^'";,^I; '\o Vine, im-
"--'>' "rental h.m-.cal to the
orison aiui nan„ ; -itVection.
'cause, witlKHit tavc>. o -^ ^^^^^^^^^^
T,,, RevoUitiona pa^^> .^^^, .,,,
,a\ too wcU the c
their muids by t»^^> '- ^^^.^.^,, hitter-
Early m the -°';^;^,^ ,^,,,,ver the
two parties weie^ u<-^^^^^ I ,^ ,,,
internecine ^^\'[- u is oS easv
horrorsotaavlw.u .^^^^^ States
^^« '^ '^^ "' ,o recoVcl, with v.nie
local historian, to 1 CO ^^^^^,.^,,^,,
'^T^^'"::::: l. -iiU aum,. the
whicn vvLiv. <- I- fi,.. Lovaiisti-
-"«-^.^^>'^^i;iTaro ttpano^
ana to iil'u.re hUc atis
the Whigs.
-■-It!h;Sabere.en..e,eaih.t^;^^
^^>-''*'^^;^'i;:a of -obs. Son. ot-
rrt^-'elc "olaanaturallvcar,.
L,beitN,ctc., VN y,,,,,,cc ol
ever atlcr a '^^"-'W . ^. .hspo.ed to
their -'^^;-^-j;^ti^'pp--^-^'^>'
vetaliatewheneve.hUn^ II ^^^^^i,
pvesentetl itselt. Hcil
V^^^:.,. ^ n-vost. a L<.vaUst. of
, ' On the night of July
'-^^P^"f"c;nt Frost, at%heheaa
21 St, i7^'^^'\P,Vv c-osseathe Soun.l
of an armea P""^ ^ ' ^■^^^. followh.g dav
h, seven boats, ^^}^l^^ ,,vviea oft
(Sunaay) ^^"'P' 'r .tv-eight promm- |
Dr. Mather and ft e ^ X ^^,^,.^ ]
ent 'leaaers of ^^^]^''^;^^^^ of the gar- e>'
brought -^f^\,%,Z where they
vison at Lloya ^ N ;'^^j^^ neighbors
found niau) o tl^ changea
wliom the wai ^au p,,,,ts
-^'>^^'"^-'""'""iUi^ruccess from
exploii was a In ill a" j^t.„,,.
hi British ^-^^^^. it as a
f,,a local his o an ^^^^^^^.^^^^^ ,,
.sacrilegious f''^' ' ,^.„t sufler.ngs
aetail o'\ ^ - .^t. X fl"'^^- ^^"1
of ^'••^^^^'iT^iccouutofthe cruel
,vhv omit ^^'^t^l'^'^'^^y their neigh
treatment espene^aceay^ ^^^^^^ ^^,,
bor. Rev- 1^ • ^^'' \ory, ana even
confinea in ja^^ ^i-.'t.eatment caused
d-»e\';-^^^^"^-.„J enaerea hm. a
h.p disease, anu j^j^^^her's pviso'^
enpple or l> - IJ • ,,,,e than
^-^^ P'"V 1 w^re occupied by the
,ome wh.ch ^;'^,,,,thefoUow.'g--
Lovalists. as ^^>tncs ^,^he m
^-^^^rN^^^YorU pvovincia
which the New i a
congress '7.V,;>^,\l7j;.nfiued the
,oonis in ^vb.ch weie ^^^^^^^ ^^
the ^'^'"'^^'^r. conspiracies. This
„f (j(^ern«Iii'Moi>>s, p-
losvin'i resolution:
William
Frc
tovd, Conn.,
il persecutions
ft tarn
usu
selectinen
refuge to
liter sutVerin
.vuig re.o.v.w... ^„t„fcarein
the p.i-*'^'-'^ "r^e ththe Convention
n^nlediately "-^;'^lf si pp"-'* ^" '"""
-;:!;a^-l:e^eUoftlienien..er.
.e^t.ionofUi.r.ealU.,^^^^
IT the tj^e convention
of his n
the Britis
at the hand
;,tive town.
Is of the hnre
fled fov
/„ finof.'c in
the Convention
LloCds Neck.
Tl
\i .rarrison
" bels'
"/LM-, W
ceeclin
hile the H"ase
sitting svnd p
ro-
le
•re
)f
a
to business.
Ci^'->n«»i*
Morns
who move(
ford were
Stam
atlcndants at
the R
in m
ev
ost m
stances
the reso
hition, was
uot a
sinoUer.)
Dr. Mather
Shortlv afterwarc
Is. the jail became
(services,
the c
loctor himse
If being a
P''
ononncei
I advocate
f American
so crowi
establishiM
\ed that a p
vison
I
h which in Uirn Pe^
fleet was
b
aiiu"
i
Tin ( ' Illicit linipin /,ova/isi.\
//
Illy
L\n(\
c\av
oft*
,veve
they
i\>ors
i
(>'
H)
sts
troni
; ;\s ;>
tres
:. But
in
cvvi
UtMSV
e\
ho
wi»s
Ml
l C
\ evei
;\v\st-'t
hull
OVStJ
•\son
than
,1 \w the
,\lo\vi' g ••
on
\n
nhc
)V\ncin
3-
\ t\Ae
l^-vestecl by
to niqui't^
le pv
:h 11
This
\sonevs
horvu
o\\ I
.ftecl the
notion
lo\-
vt\nt o
f cari
J >'»
l\ie ia>
in
\
ic
Coiive
ipo>
jcl to
n
urises,
,f i\ie me
lUion
have
mbers
ut 1b>- t>;e p
the me
ive
lUio"
iittin
ii a"
le-
oi
lea-
ch am -
vo-
w
\^o
iiiovei
ot a
sn"»o
vCV
over-crowdecl as to be no lit abode noxious of all the Tory vagabondish
for the worst of criminals. These leaders,' v.tvs Justin Wiusijr, 'was
prison ships were eventnally bnrned. Colonel David Fannin<f, of North
to prevent their capture by th
Ihitish. Jndj^e [one > states :
There \vi:ro at this time about i^
Car
oima, vvMo.se nai rative, irivmir an
account of his adventures in North
Carolina from 177S to 1783, has
Loyalists 011 board, aiul c-onfiiu-d below twice been piinted ( Richmond, 1S61 ,
ileckh in irons. The rebel trews ^'ot on Xevv York, 186^)'*
shore, but they never released the poor {,, (jt-oriria and Carolina, the hit-
TirisoiuTs. who all perished in the tlaincs. » .. .• c .. .• 1
' ' terest |)artizan warfare was earned
on between the Wiiitj and Tory
This is vei\ well illustrated
.-A,
J list.
s lit Anns
bands
in
In the Canadian archives for the from St.
.innin<jf s nan ative.
Writ
ing
|<ihn, in March, 1786, to
issioneis on the Lovalist
\ear 1883, p. i I ,the names of twenty- the c(Mnm
nine Loyalist corps are recortleil. At claims, he sums up his .services by
the close of the Kevolution many of saving he was engaged against the
tile ilisi)antled otHcers anil men of rebeU thirtv-six times in North Caro-
Ihese corps settled on the river St. lina and four times in South Carolina.
John and elsewhere in the province He ronnnandeil armed jjarties vary-
n ••lenglli from a hundred to
hiiii(li\d ;iiid tiftv nien. He
ofNew Brunsw ick
Tl
le list releired
to
neetl
not
De
iriven m
ful
uig 1
nine
was twice
a prisoner
wounded, and manv times
sucii names as Kuig's Rangers,
C^ieen s I'iangers, King's .jVmerican
Ivegnnent. I'niice ol \\ .des Ameri- captured and carried off the governor
On
one occasion he
,ni V'ohnitee
is.
K.o\al Fencible
of Nortii C.irolina.
V) t
xceedin<flv
etc.. aie l.otii strikingly familiar to obnoxious did he become that he
the ear and su<:''esti\e as well of the
was (
leclared an outlaw, and was
lcp\all\ i)i thu.-e wiit) chose such one of three exceptei! bv name in the
j.iliiolic titles l(ir ineir ie''iments.
1
1
11
ict of general p;
irtlon aiK
I ot
)livion
Some accouiil ol tlie tioings of the passed in the state.
ro\ iiicial Corps will lie hmnd in the N
lahiii.iaiid jjapeis at Ottawa the Pen
ew
York. New jersev
a 111
emisvlv.mia supplietl the larger am
p.ipeis of Sir \h\\ Ciiletou in tlie better organi/ed poi tioii of the loyal
war olHce. Loiulon ; ."^iiAkeis New corps, wiiicli i'l the Held gained an
Jerse\ Wduiiteeis : Jones s Lo\alist enviable reputation for steadiness and
ilistoiA ot' .New \'oik; l>ePe\sters couia>^e. DeLancev s battalions
Mil:tai\ Cateelol Ibii:- Oeii. loUi
son.
)l tiic Kinji s Ko\.d K.egiment
1- particnlarU' distinguisheil themselves
Ml the cami). 111411 m the soutnern col-
Simcoe's Operations of the (Queen's onies The (Queen's Rangers was a
R
m''eis
the iiairati\e o
ames
M
0(k1V
.AntI
ion\
All
the
1
iliar\' o
f 1.
f L
lent,
icut.
leifiment secoiul to none 111 the
Brit
isli
service,
laire; f .inniii'' s narrative achieved notonetv tiirough their ac
Hutler s
th
con
)t' .'\d\enlures in Noitli and South tioii in what is called the 'massacre
Candina, and .Sabine's Lovalists of
.f w
vommg. concerning which
the
Linencan
R
evolutu)!).
there has been much controversy.
New England furnished several
reuimei
Us— the L
oval
N
e w
V.
n<r-
♦ Colonel David Fiinnins' has not re-
land
ers.
VVentworth's Volunteers, ceivcd ("air treatment, either at the hands
ami other corps — which, however.
were more noteil as marauders than
on the field of battle.
t)t" Sabine or ot" those who published hih
narrative lS6t and 1S65. 1 le came to New
Urunswick at the close of the war, and
.■tiled on the St. fohn rivt^r. at the head of
In the South there were manv ar- 'the Mistake' in the parish of Greenwich,
dent supporters of the loyal siile. In
eu'iment
Kinj;s Co. His name is preserveii in l''an-
the iail ^^^^'^'^^"^ ■ the Carolinas a Rovaiist r
Creek, a sn
-triMin in the neijjh-
iVl
son
Uirn
fleet was
\
raised in a tew da\ s in 1 ttC
H'C
ini^"
Wi
and .igiiii 111 I
/ /
//'.
he most ol)-
horhooil He sulsequently removed to
Diuhv, N. S , where lie died in iSjq, aged
70 years.
1
■■
I
18
The L^iiitai Umpire f.oya lists.
The strictures of American writers
have, however, been ably traversed
by Dr. Rycison.
It is hut natural that very opposite
opinions should have been formed
by tlie contendin<^ parties rej^arding
the acts of their enemies. As an
example of this we find that whilst
DeLancey's battalions were com-
metuled for tlieir bravery and <^ene'-d
conduct bv the commander-in-cliic-t
of the Britisli ft)rces, they were in
such ill odor with the Stanilord
'patriots' that they passed a resolution
that 'none of the unprincipled
wretches w!io l)elon<^ to the most
infamous banditti calletl DeLancey's
corps siiould return to their honies in
Connecticut.'
It is unnecessary to particularize
the services of the Provincial re;fi-
ments durino^ the seven years ot
conflict. .Sunice it to say that as a
rule the loyal corps behaved with
'reputation, credit, honor and cuui-
aj^e,' despite the fact tliat they met
with comparatively little encourage-
ment trom the Mei^ulais. who looked
upon them as an inferior clash ot
soldiery, neijleeted the advice ot
Provincial ollicers. and liuisued a
European n)0(le of vvarfire unsuiteil
t > the country.
The British j^enerals made a <;reat That tliey hav
mistake at the be^rinniiiir of the war lion to thi; coininanciers ot' suiti (iuanl
ing we can call our own ; and the door to
redress is- inaccessible. The army has
done more essential injury to the king's
cause than the utmost elYorts of liis
enemies.
The same reckless iiidiilerence to
the interests of the Loyalists prevailed
in the navy. This is p'oved by the
follovviiiLJ petition :
To His l-",xctllcncv, James Robertson,
E-cjuiro, (joveriior and Commander-
in-Chiel" of the Pioviiice ot' New York
and Lieiiti'naiit Geneial of His M.i
jestv's Forces, ttc, etc., etc ,
The Memorial of John Fowler, Israel
Iloyt, ami David I'ickett, niost luiinblv
shcweth :
That having left tlieir properties in the
'.'ounlrj and come within the Royal Lines
for protection, upon application to Gov-
ernment lor sui)port they obtained with
others a grant of Katon\ Neck, the pro-
perty ol'Jolin Sloss Ilobart, in Rebellion,
but the .same being api)lied tor and ob-
tained by James Jauncey, Esquire, and
others, wno had a mortgage on the same,
vour memorialists hired the same I'lom
those gentleman at a Rental agreed on.
That being settled on said place upon
the aforesaid term~, and eniieavoiing to
support their families by lione>l indnvtr\-,
they found themselves di-^appointeJ, and
pievented enjoying tlie Iruils (jf their
labors l)y the crews of the aruKil \e>seU
stationed in Huntington Was lor their
protection, who ha\e taken their property
from them without any license, pay or
satist'action.
e mad
le re
ued
leaieii anpiic.i-
in notexertinjj themselves to j^ain the
hij-s to prevent the ravages ol their
sympathy ami supj
)ort ot the entire
eiews and to obtaii
atistactum, but ob-
loyal population of America. In
stead ol doiiij^ so, they appeal' to dress, who kindly w.ro'.e to -aul co nnian-
laining neither, they, with their asso-
ciates, appiicil to Ailmiial Dighy for re-
have vie\ve(
I the matter witli inditVei- ders on the subject, without
UClhg
ence,
iiul
to have permitteil the ran
|. the de.'-ired elT. ct; that upon the delivery
ami
tlie ol the
army
roi) ami
of Admiral Digln's letter to L'ajitain
.Steel
he llew into a \ioleiit passion, threatening
plunder the inhabitants \n ilhout dis- to tye the coinplainaiUs to a gun ami Hog
crimination, thereby alienatiii;^ those them, (udering them out of tlie ship, and
adding he would blow them to Hell if
most waniii\ (hsi)oseil to t;iyor the
cause ot the mother couniry
lie
they e\er came akjiigsid,:
'.gam, telling
m
isfortunes of the Lo\alisls were
thus •,,Meat]y afi;<;rayate'
them hi" would give them no redress nor
protection, l)ut would have his revenge
the fact before he left the station
that they were exposed to liarsli
treatment not only b\ avowei
In this situation, being left remediless
enemies, l)ut by professed friends.
Says the Rev. Leonard Cnttinu
I they apply to your Excellency, as Gover-
nor of the I'rovince, the Patron ami Direc-
tor of all Loyal subjects ilriven from their
habitation, and humbly reipiest that your
in a letter written at Hempstead, Excellency would be hivorably pleased to
Lonu' Island, in 1781 : recommeml their ilislressed case to His
"" Excellency Admiral Digby, and to inter-
pose in their favor, so that they with tin-
ion
Where the army is, oppression, such
in England you can have no conception others sulVering in a similar sjtuat
of, universally prevails
\V
e have noth- may have
•iVecti
ie(U'ess am
stop h
The United J: nip ire /.ova/isfs.
'^
loor to
IV has
"kind's
\cc to
;v;iilecl
bv thti
bertson,
mander-
■w Ycik.
lis M.v
• r, Israel
luiinbly
les in llie
yal Lines
, to Gov-
ned will*
, tlie pit)-
iobellioii,
I- and ob-
^iiire, and
the same,
anie tVotn
reei-t on.
place upijn
ivoriii!^ lo
,1 indiist'V>
iiilevl, a;Kl
, of lbei»-
ned ve-<^ei>
lor tUeii-
ir properly
ise. pay or
d ajipl'^"'^'
iia (iuaril
, ot' llieir
n, lull ob-
icir asso-
l)V loi' I"-"
i i() luuaa-
(M-odueiiii;
;k- delivery
aptain Sleel
threateninu
un and flog
c ship, and
> lo Hell it
tj;ain, leUin^'
') redress nor
hi, revenge
I remediless,
cy, as (iover-
on and Direc-
en ;'rom their
lesl that your
bly pleased to
case to \\'\^
and to inter-
thev with the
ilar" siinatioo
and a stop I"-'
put to such ravages for the future; and
they as in duty bound will ever pray, etc.
New York, Sth January, ijSj.
JluI'^l- Jone?, spcakinj^ of the
.soldiers (luartered on Lont^ Island,
says:
They robl^ed, plundereil anil pilla<^ed
the inhabitants of everythin;,' they could
lay their hands upon. It was no unconi-
nion ihini^ f)f an aftei noon to see a tanner
driving a tlock of turkeys, geese, ducks or
dung hill fowls and locking them up in
his cellar for security during the iiigiit.
The whole day it was necessary for a per-
son to attend in the fields where they 'i\^t\
to protect them from the ravages of the
military. It was no uncommon thing for
a farn)erhis wife and chiUlren to sleep in
one room, while his sheen were bleating
in the room adjoining, his hogs grunting
in the kitchen, and cocks crowing, hetis
cackling, ducks quacking and geese his-
sing in the cellar. Horned cattle were
for salety lockeil up in barns, stabli,-s anil
outlunises This robbing was done by
people sent lo America to protect Loyal-
ists against the persecutions and liepreda-
tions ot' rebels. To complain was iieed-
less ; the othcers shared in tin; [blunder.
Tlie iiiltahitants of Lon;^- Island
weif at this time neaiiv all ol thcni
la\iiialile to the Uinj^'s cause.
In p.issin;^ lliionnh tiie [ei'se\s
and l*enns\ Ivani.i. the leil-eoati and
Hessians seemed to lind a wanton
])leasnre in enteii.ii;" h(n:se.s and
hamv.irds t<» outr.ioe ,ind piU'er,
steaiin;^ the c.iltle and dev.ist.itm<_j
the crops of the lo\al iniial)itaiUs
witli as little compunction as ifthev'
had been rel)els. Some ot" tiie
victims had lortilied themselves with
piotection papeis obtained tiom
Ijiitish otiicials, teslilVinL; to tlieir
lidelitv to the q;o\eniment, and even
to then haviin^ done service lor it;
but it was ill vain tliat these certiti
cates were exhibited to roiii^h
maraiuleis. wh(< either could not or
vvonlil not lead them. Cases ate
even recorded in wiiich rapine and
violence were accomp.inied by vile
<lebaiicheiies which tliove many tine
heaitetl Loyalists to ilesperation.
Theie can be no doubt whatever
that the haui^htv, arroi^ant demeanoi
of the Btitisii Mef^nilais" towards tlie
'provincials,' combined with the ill
treatment of loyal inhabitants by
lCni,disli soldiers and sailors, lost to
the ro\al cause thousands iijion
thousands of frieiuls and well-wishers
in all the colonies. Nevertheless, as
has been already shown, the number
ot those who actively snpporteil the
I>iitish side was very consiilerable.
In December, 17S0. there were
8. 95. 1 Provincial troops amon<^ the
liritisii tVirces in America, at which
periotl the strenj^th of the •Contin-
ental .irnn" was l)nt little more than
2 1 ,o(x> men. In addition to the
re<4iilarlv enlisted I'rovincial troops,
there were loval "associations' in
Massachusetts. Marvland and Penn-
sylvania, 'associated Lovalists' in
New '\'oik..nid simil.ir 01 i^ani/ations
in other st.ites.
l>v ail estimates, probal)ly below
the ;narl<. 2^.000 natives of the col-
onies were enrolled in the king's
service at onetime or another during
I tie war.
S--.I// /iii^rlorioiis War and a Dif-gr ace fill
Peace.
To conquer 1)\ force of arms a
|)eo|)le of ICnglish blood, luimbering
between three and tour millions,
scattered along a seaboard of 1200
miles, was indeed a formidable task.
Up|)er CaiKivla in the war of 1S12,
with the aid of a lew luindred British
troops, for three years baffled the
forces of the L'nitetl States, more
than ten times their number, though
their territories were separated i)y a
river onlv. In the late American
civil war the Southern States lor
four vears withstood the resolute on-
slaught of 'the Noith,' waging so
despetate a war that with the assist-
ance of one of the great ICuropean
powers, such as France, they would
probablv have gained their independ-
ence.
Euiiland r, attempt to subdue the
rebellion of 1776 was lendered more
formid able bv the diiKcuIties of trans-
|)oitation. Had the Revolution been
the rising cii wassr of tlie American
people, it would soon have eiuled in
the acknowledgment of their iiule-
j)eiulencc bv the mother country.
But it was far otherwise. IMic forces
emplo\e(l bv England never exceeded
4S.OOO men, including the Provincial
regiments: \et such was the half"
20
'flu ignited E)upij'c Loyal i sis.
heartediiess of the Americiin people
in the strife tliat Ilngland, frequently
on the verge of success, faileii mainly
throiij^h the inactivity and incapacity
of her j^jeneralM.
The main army of tlie Americans
under Wasiiini^ton was seldom even
equal to tliat opposed to him. hulced
the practice of short enlistmerus
coupled with frecjuent desertions, at
timcN reduced the forces of the
Americans so jjreatlv that their only
safetv lav in the ignorance of tiieir
enemies of the real state of all'airs.
In the cami)aign of 1777. (-Jen.
Howe's slowness and mismanage-
ment surprised even his enemies. A
French oiVicer in the American ser-
vice, M. du Portail. wrote to tlie
secretary of the war department in
France :
It is not the good coiuliict of the
Americans that enabled thoni to make a
campaign sutllcientlv tbrtunate ; it is tlic
fault of the English. If the English,
instead of making so m.^ny diversions of a
trifling nature had opposed Washington
Willi 20,000 men, I do no'' well know
what would Iiave become of us If the
English had followed up the battle of
Brandywine, Washington's armv would
lia\e been spoken of jio more. Geneial
Howe lias in all his operations acted with
such slowness ami timitlitv as to strike me
with astonishment. An actise, enter-
j)rising general witli 30,000 men must
reduce this country.
In December, 1779. Washinj^ton
complained that iiis forces were
*moiil(krin<;[ awav daih'.' and ex-
pressed iiis astonishmenttliatSir Hen-
ry Clinton coidd ■justify remaining; in-
active with a force so superior.' Lord
North, with qu.iint humor, once
said,
1 do not know whethei- our generals
will tiighten the enemv, but 1 know they
frigliten nie whenever 1 think of them
Some Americans iiave clain.icd that
the hand of I'rovidence was certainl\-
with them in the contest : since on
no otiier supposition is it p(>ssihle to
ex})lain sucii incitlents as (jatije's
l)rotli<;al expenditure ofhiunan life-
at Buni<er Hill. Howe's repeated
failure to proiit hy the weakness of
his enemies or even to follow iqi his
own successes. Clinton's inaelivily at
critical periods. Coriuvallis s mis-
taken cf)inse in the \'irLjinian cam-
pai<(n, and similar short-sij^htedness
on tiie part of other commanders.
The ultimate failure of the IJritish,
however, w.is undoubtedly due to
the aid alVorded the revolted colonies,
first !)y France, and sidisequently bv
.Spain aixl Holland.
It is ni>t the purpose (^f this article
to trace in detail the progress of the
Kevolutionars' war. nuich leN.s t(»
consider its evi-nts from a military
stiindj^Dint.
riie surrendei' of Lord Cornwallis
and his army to tlie combined French
and American forces on the 19th
Octobei'. 17S1 was a fatal blow to
the hopes hitherto entertaineil bv
the Loyalists of tile final triumpli of
the British arms. The event pro-
duced a profound sensation both in
Fngland and America. It called
forth the extremes of jov anil sorrow.
The situation is verv well described
by tile Rev. T. Watson .Smitii in
his interestnig account of tlie Loval-
ists at Slie!l)urne :
At Pliihidelphia, at midnight a watch-
man is said to have iiaverseit the streets,
shouting at intervals; "fast twelve
o'clock and a fine moining. Cornwallis
is taken I' It seemed as if ihe words
would wake the very dean Caiulles were
iighteii, windows were 1 brown \.\\-i. ligure"-
in night robes and nig'Ucap^ bent eagerly
out of the wii 'lows, and a> baif-ciad citi-
zens met eacli other in the streets they
shouted, laughed, wept lor veiy joy. In
New ^'ork the efVect was far otherwise.
That city had been for live years an
asylum f(,r tne friends of IJritain from all
the revolted colejuie^. During those _>ears
it had been gay wilii ad the pomp ami
einunistance of war To tUe vast crowd
of Loyalists collected there, most ot' whom
iiad hoped that absence from former
homes wouki l)e but temporary, the sur-
render of Cornwallis seemed like the knell
t)f doom — a doom all tlic more to be
dreaded l)ecaase undefined. The struggle
hati been long and se\'ere It had not
been precisely a foreign war or a civil
war, but in it had lieeu combined the
leatures of both. On the battlefields of
Ihe Revolution neighbor otten met neigh-
lior, ami brother e\en sometimes met
brother. There liad l>een much, too, that
was not war, but merely the gratification
of a desire lor plunder era spirit of re-
venge under pretence of svar.
The leiigtii of' the contest and tl;e
spirit Mianite.sted li\- the viiloi s when
•!•
(I
hi
a I
to
1)1
in
.ic
th
Co
an
fo
St
[a
<.f
• ni
The Cuitii r.nihiir l.)xa/!sh
.?/
n-
.'SS
to
cs,
bv
Ihe
irv
HIS
iicli
9th
to
bv
h of
P''
o-
in
iicu
row.
ibe(»
1 in
ilch-
,velve
.1 lili-
lliov
■\vi>i-..
rs an
iuul
crowil
whom
e siir-
knell
lo be
Ids of
neitih-
their success was assurrd soon of the AiUfiican coinmiss'ouers with
sliowfd tlie !,oyalisls tliuv liaJ little Oswald. TIr'V met at each other's
to expect ill the way of kindness at apartments, and frequentlv dined to-
the hands ol their adversaries. Ail ^ether.
tliev could deperid iipou was tin-
'ihe botiiidarv on the noi th-easteru
favor of that country at whose call frontier was ;i inatter of some discus-
thev had sutllred the liiNS of all thiiiiis, sion. At lust tlic Eu'^iisli commis-
and it mav lu' adiied that t!;ev did sir)ners claimed the whole of Maine.
not appeal ui vaui.
au<
I in iletault of this to have either
The events of the American tlie Penobscot or Kennebec as then'
at
Revolution. howeviT. redound neither western limit. The intluence ot'Johi
to the honor of the luiniNtrv that com- Adams. \\ ho arriveil. as lur savs. • a
tr)lled the manaL^ement of ICn^land's a I'lckv moment tor the boundarv of
public atl'iirs nor of the commander- Massachusetts.' caused the commis-
in-chief of her forces; but. alas, the sioners to admit that Maine had for-
national humiliation was not so merlv been considered a part of
Lrreat in the untoward events of the Massachusetts ; and the eastern boun-
war itself as in the in<j[lorious treatv
(!arv
.f .M;
line then l>ecame
ot peace which terminate<l tlu- war. jcct ol aiiimate'l discussion. OswaK
thi
sun
b-
is almost a woinit-r tliat snlFicient
It
British territor\- was ritainei
111
the liist instance, \ielded to the
in
;t. [,
iiii : iif.t his coIlea;4ues were less
America to pioxidi.- a home lor the easil\- wui o\'ei" to Anieiic 111 ideas,
exiled Lovalists !
IlKl
alter siiccessivelv abandoiiiiiir
r
le cliief iu'L,^otiat'!r on
1-:
iV'-
lish si(!e was one
R
iLJlal il
( )
> Willi
c iainis to tiie Ke
obscot. tinallv
imeiK'C aiK
tlu
•eii-
-toput'il at the .St.
retired .Scotcii merchant. He wa ^ Croix. This nivth eastern boundary
selected liv Lord .Slull
lurne
t!i.
colonial secretarx'
aiul
iiv linn re-
\\a>. how (.A'lM'. so oDscurelv ilelineil
as to ali'or.
a ver\ serious dilHcults
commended to l>eiijaiiiin i'lankliii as m later vears.
acihcal man. and coiiviTsant in
peaKin
"fin the House of Lcjrds,
those neixotiations wiiich are nio>t in 1JS2. Lord Towushend pertinent-
iuterestinu to mankind' Franklin 1\ reinaiked. 'why couUl not some
soon found (Jsw;
Host acci'pt:
on
e in Canada have been thoui^ht of
as :i ne'jfatiator. I'hi- Hr'tish cabinet for the business which
swal
svvaiil was
was, or
iiiiwiscb' thou_tjht it judicious to defer sent to ne<^otiate.' O
to Franklin's personal likiniLj for Os- a])peared to be, i^^noi'iit how the
wald. and intrusted tiie latter with coiintiv la\- which he iiad been ijrant-
iii|)U' aiithon'\ to ariMiH^e as soon \\\\r awas'
po.sinle the details ot tiie treats
When the news of the bounds as-
( )
wahl
was
a weai
man to
pit
si>i;ne(l
to the United States arrivec
ajjamst such :ii intelUctual "jiant as in
ranklin ,
il
e was impressed with ;anha-sadot
A
inerica.
L
iizerne, the
ILMlCll
ther
e. wro
te that • tl
le
the idea that peace was ahsolutelv
neces-'
irv to Lii'^l
IIKI
he was i^nor-
northein bmnidarv Irom Lake .Si
perior to the sources of the Mississip-
mt of the couiitrv whose bouials w ere pi had sur])assed all expectation*
to be defined, and he was easilv hiim-
'jfave the
iiuei icaii
It
s tour torts that
bug
•red
mtormal co
the Ibitish ministi\'
coil 111
The elVect of Fraiikli'i s tiie\- had found It impossil'le to cap-
tni (.'.'
Regarding the surprise felt in
I'". iris at the terms of the tre.ity. we
have the testimony of the two chief
the side of France and
nversatioiis with ()swal<i
ictuallv led the latter to re,jre>','nt to
that
nothing
clearer
more satisfictorv
and convincing' than the arguments negotiators on
tor ceding Canada tii the United Spain vi/.. .\'ergenues aiir
R;
iviieval
Statt
1-
raiiKliii.
iilams am
I )ol
m
ergennes wro
Jasvvere appointed to treat on lielialf p 17S2. that the ICnglish had ra
te to Ravneval, Dec.
ther
.f Ai
neiica.
Ft
and leif.iii
mar
is said • a cordiality
the intercourse
Dou'rjit a peace
th.
in made one
their
•oncesMon->
as
re<rards
that
the
22
The L lilted Umpire Loyalists,
hoiindaries, the (Islicrics ami tlie
Loyalists excccflctl anytliiiij; that he
had hclic-vcd possible. What could
have been their motive for what one
mifjht interpret as a kind of surren-
der, he wislied Kayneval to discover,
as he was in a better position to do
so. Rayneval replied that the treaty
seemed lo him a dream.
The arranj^emcnt proposed by the
court of France in 17S2 would have
extended the southern bouiuhuy of
Canada, ^o tl.c Ohio river, and lixed
tiie Aliej^hanv UKJuntains as the
western bonndarv t)f the I'nited
States.
It is impossiide not to be struck
with the skill, hardihood and j^ood
fortune tiiat markeil the American
ne<,'otiations. Kver) thint^ the United
States could witii anv show of plans-
ibilitv demand from l:Lnj^land, Ihev
obtained ; and much of what thev
obtained was <jranted tiiem in diicct
opposition to tlie wishes of tlie two
{jreat pcnvers bv whose assistance
tliev had triumphed.
In a subsequent debate in tlie
House ot Commons. Fu:; s|)oke of
the treaty as • tiie most disastrous and
de<^ra(lin<; peace that tlie countrv had
ever made.'
9. — Cruelly ami J^i-rjUly ofl/ic I'/clors.
New Yf)rk had been a rallvinjjj
place for the British tlurin<r the war,
and thither as to a citv of refui^e tlie
Loyalist?, naturally turned their fices
when the success of their anlajj^onists
was assured.
The events of the conflict had been
sadlv miMnana<4ed. but with the ap-
pointment of .Sir CJU} Carli'toii to the
command, in April, 1 782, the British
cause at lengtii passed into compet-
ent hands.
The severity of the acts against
tiie Loyalists was not mitij^ated at
the close of the war — a fact which
arousetl the strongest indij^nation,
not only of the Loyalists them-
selves, but of some few faii-niiiided
men among the Americans. Among
tliese Nathaniel Green contended,
' It woukl be the excess of intoler
ance to persecute men for opinions
which but twentv vcars before had
been the universal belief of every
class of society.' John Jay wrote
that he *had no tiesire to conceal the
opinion that to involve the Tories in
indiscriminate punishment and ruin
woukl be an instance of unnecessary
rigor and unmanlv revenge without
a parallel. excej>t in the annals of
religious rage in times ofbigotrv and
blindness.'
The action of the republican
leaders of the state of New York at
close of the war was particularly
discieditable.
The sixth article of the treatv of
peace !)efween Great Britain and the
L'nited .States decreed that tiiere
should be "no confiscations made,
nor any prosecutions commenced
against any person or persons for or
by reason of the part whicli he or
thev might have taken in the war;
and that no person should on that
account >uller anv future loss of
damage, either in his person, liberty
or propertv ; yet at tlie very next
term liie supreme court of the state
ot New \ 01k indictid above one
tlious.uid reputable, opident gentle-
men, merchants and larmers for high
treason in adhering t<j the enemies of
the state.
The terms of the treatv further
provide<l.
Tliat ttiL- Coii'^re^s sliall earnestly recoin-
iiHMitl lo the Legislatures ofllu; respective
States to provide tor the restitution olall
I'-states. Riirjits and Properties which
have been confiscated .... that
persons shall have tree lihertv to jjo to
any part or parts of the thirteen Uniteii
.States and Uierein to remain twelve
months utnnolested in their endeavours
to ohtain restitution of such of their
estates, rii^iits and properties as may have
been confiscateit.
The British commissioners natur-
ally expected that a •recommendation
ot Congress would be binding upon
all the states. Througiiout tlie war
any person that would have disputed
the valitlity of anv •recommendation of
Congress' would iiave been tleemed
an eiiemv of his country, held up
and advertised as such, exposed to
be maltreated b\ the Sons uf Liberty,
and subjected to iiiiprisoiimeiit.
Nevt 1 tiieless, the [novisiOiis inseited
• •
The ( uitcd /inifyirc /.ova/zs/s.
in tin- trcMty for liit- hciiclit of llie
Loyjilists were only so much waste
paper. C(>M«^re»s did indeed make
the formal 'recommendation.' as
ajjrecd ; but it was well understood
tliat no attempt would be made to
carry it into elffCt. atul the state
autiiorities were left fret! to do as
thev desired. What tliey did is
forcii)lv stated I)V Judi^e [ones in
these wor<Is :
No sooner dill tlie Lovali»ts who li:ui
taken piotection within the Ihitish lini>i
attempt to return to tlieir re-pective
proviiice-i ami former places ofahodc than
tliev were taken up ami insulted. Some
were tarred and feathered, many tied up
and whipped in the most inhuman man-
ner, wiiiie others were actually ham-
stringed and sent hack into the Rritish
,il] ~ lines .... Committees were formed
in the several states and resolutions o\
the most violent kind entereil into a'^ainst
these unh.'ippy pef)ple and all f)tliers who
shf)uid harhour. protect or assist them.
Sir Guv Carl"ton now set himself
seriously about the evacuation of
New York and the outposts still in
*«'' p<issessiou of his forces. H\ the
terms of the tieatv it was to he
done "with all convenient spoeil '
He made no imneces«,:ii\- deLns;
but he was determined not to leave
the coimtrv till he could transjjort
the Loyalists, to their rcsDective
destinations: and considerioLf the
ditlicidties attendiu'jf so hirsj^e an em-
barkation, the ^reat deliciencv of
transports lor a loiii; time, ami
the imn^.ense iinmber of Loyalists, it
is siu"prisin<4 in iiow sJKjrt a time
Sir Guy was ;d>l-j to complete his
task.
Xnmbers of Loyalists had e'V then
soujiiit an asylum in Xo\ a Scotia.
some had Hed to En;j^land. many of
those in the SoutI; had remo\ecl to
St. AugiiKtine in F^)rid;l, the Baha-
mas, Smniier Islands and Jamaica,
some even ^oin^ to Ljiper Canad.i
and Newfoundland.
At the evacuation of I*^ ivannah, in
the smtimer f>f 17S2. a large nnml)er
of refuj^ees accompanied the arms',
but many more remained. These,
as soon as the Ibitish had departe;!.
sutlered iVi^litt'nllv at the hands of
their enemies. Accordin<^ to Jiido^e
Jones's accoimt.
The Loyalists were sei/.ed. Ikjvc into
dun^jeon*, prisons and provo-ts. .Some
were tied up and whipped, others tarred
and feathered, some were drajjtj^jed to
horsf jionds and drencheil till near ilead,
others were carrieil aho it the town in
carls with lahels upon their hacks and
hreasts with the word 'Tory' in capitals
written tiiereon. .\11 were turned out of
their homes and ohli;,'.'d to sleep in the
streets or lields am! their i^oods plundered.
. To complete the scL-ne. a .i(al-
lows was erected upon tlie quay faciiiLj
the harhour. and twenty-lour i.,oyalists
liatii^ed in si^jht of the British tleet with
the army and retuijees on board.
.Sir Ciiiv Carlet(ni was leil to write
IClias IJourdinot. the president of
Congress, on the 17th of August,
I7S'^. in strong terms, stating that.
The violence of the Americans which
hroke out soon after the cessation of
hostilities increased the numher f)f their
coutitrynii.Mi to look to me for escajie tVom
lhreate:.ed destruction. .Mmost all with-
in these lini.'s conceive the safety of both
thtii pro[ iMty and of their lives depend
upon their heinij removed by me, which
renders it impossible to say when the
evacuation will be completed. . . IJut
as the daily Gazettes and publications
turnish repeateci proofs, not only of a
disrei^aril to the Articles of I'eace, but of
barbarous me.iaces Irom committees
t'ormeti in the various towns, cities and
districts — even in I'hiladel])liia, the very
place chosen by Congress lor their resi-
dence — I should show an indilVerence to
the feelings of humanity .... to
leave an V of the Loyalists that are desir-
ous to cpii: the country a !)rey to the
\ i(j!ence they conceive they have so much
reason to apprehend.
The treatment of the Savannah
Ltiyalists. and the threats freely em-
ployed everywhere bv the successfid
Americans, increased the mmiber of
exiles gre.ith- ; although there is
reason to believe that fudge [ones's
estimate th.it not less than 100.000
souls were .sent from New York by
Sir Guv Carleton prior to the evacua-
tion of tlie citv is exaggerated.
10. — Tlic Loyal Refugees.
The feelingsof the Loyalists at the
close of the war may be more easily
imagineil tlian tlescribed. The
motive.'- that had induced them to
e.spou.se the cause of the mother
country we have already to some
iNtent consideied.
-^/
The I'litUii /i.'ii/iirc /..ivd/isfs.
Sabine claims tiiat thousaiuls
espmisfd the royal cause I)ecause of
•a dread of the stiennth and resources
of Kn^daiidand the belief that success-
tul resistance to her [)o\ver was im-
possible.' This appearN. howevei-,
to be a mere supposition. The fear
of EuLjland s [)o\ver ma\- indeed have
deterred for a time many (//.v/ va/
spirits from taking- active part in tiie
conllict : i)ut that it caused any con-
siderable luuiiber of peo|)le to em-
brace the royal cause au;ainst their
natural inclination there is reall\- no
evidence at all. I'rom the \erv lii->t
all who did not mainfest s\inpath\'
\v:th the revolntionars' mo\-ement
were e\|iosed to the bitter prr^ecu-
tifui of moh \io!ence. Theie was a.n
element, doubtless, that held alocf
as much as possil '■: whilst the issue
ot the contest was in doubt : but the
'j,\v\\\. m.ijority of this cowaidiv class
reallv sympathizi'd with thi- rebellion
Sabine himself. s|)eakin;4 of this class
of W'liiLJs. savs.
_1( the sky was bright unci a Whiij
victory liiicl lic'LMl obliiuL'cl sonifwherc"
:uul it", aliovf all, no kiiii;'s troops were
near, why then tliese chan^inu mon Wi-ie
sleadfast for the riL^^tit; Ijut if nows of
reverses reached them, or the roval arinv
came atnoiij/ or near thctn. theii"hv iheiV
own aeeouiu they 'always had supported
their lawful sovereign, his most L-racioiis
majes.tv.'
This was the class that endeavoied.
when the success of the Americans
was assured, to convince the wmid
of their i)atriotisin b\ aideiuly jom-
ino- in the clamor fu veiiLieance on
t!ie Loyalists if ihe\' should i-emain
in the countr\ .
Doubtless tlui-e w:is ,i l;ir_r^. pr,,.
portion of the Lny;dists who at the
close of the w,u- would haw pre-
terred to reluin (piietlv to theii'
homes riiher than i^n into voliuitar\'
e.\'ile Some of them would have
accepted the altered comlition of
atlairs widi a fairlv ^ood -jjiace;
others with more leluctance. There
was, iiowever. a muneious class
whose resolution t.i abandon the
counli\ was |]\ed \\ hen sepaiatioii
Irom the lb iiish en'.j-.iie lu came an
accomplished fact. Thi se w ho
hniued this Ihtihc 'es.il>e were in-
tbmced by various reasons, chii'f
amiiuL,^ which were — (l) a sincere
attachment to the motln.'!" land and
love for ibitish insbtutions. with a
correspondintj dislike of ri'])ubli-
ca.iism ; (2) the oaths of allci^iance
and atlbinatiop.s of lo\altv taken in
foi'mer \ears, the fultilment of whicli
was re^ai'ded as a matter iiot mereU'
of in(. lination. but of duty; {\) the
piobabiUN of ha\in'4 to I'mlui'e the
scorn ot the w intiers in the strite. so
mortifvin*;- to tlu pride of those who
felt that witii pioper management
the conditions miL^nt ha\e bi'en
reversed: and (|) lastly, that love of
adventme which for voim;^" and
enterpiisin^- spiiats has alw'a\s a
certain fascination
Hut the !^reat bond of union amonj.^
the [..oyalists. persadin;; all classes,
superadded to all the incidental
moli\i's tljat exercised an individual
inlbaence. was the desire to maintain
the mte^rih- ol' the lb itisli empiie ;
and for tliat sentiment thousands
u|)on ihiiusands \-olunlarily a'han-
doned comJDitable homes to beuin a
ni'w lite
then.
in
lie wililerness.
Hut,
in
"r wa>. liiiti^h wiKiorness!
Where Ihev mi^jlu siii^'
Lon!4 li\e the kiny I
.\ikI li\e protected by his laws,
.'\iid lo\ally uphold his cause.
'T wa> welcome wilderiiessl
Thoanh daili and iiule
;\inl unsubdued I
loir there tlieir slurd\- liaiuN,
V>y hated treason uir.letiled.
.Mii^ht win iVoin the Canadian uiKi
A home on Hi'iti^ii lands *
The Lo\alists who kit New York
.• spiiii'^- of 17S?, were for the
mo'-l |iart voluntarv exiles. It was
not at ,liat time absoluteU' known
tliai the |,ro\dsions conlained in the
fd'lh and Hixtn iiticles of the tie it\-
would be repudiated \\\ the v.irious
'-tati. le^isl.itm'es. I'hesr articles
pro\ ided not merely that the Li»\al
ists should be sale in their p.os.iiis.
but that ihcM I' should be ,1 n'stoiation
ol their ccinliscaled pmpeitv. The
e\ent siibsei|nentl\ showed tii.a liieie
W as licit (Pills IM altrlUllt to I'v'stole
I,.R.o Ih
•
•
of
lil
Ci )
<iu
1st
CO I
Wl
.111,
A J
T/ic ruilcd Empire Loyalists.
25
conllscatcd piopertv, l)iit that fjross
per-soiKil violence was suOereil by
those wlio hail iiiaile theinselves
especially o!)iu)xious to the Ameri-
can .luthorities wlienever thev at-
te'iipted to return to their fi)iiner
iionies. Those who had not taken
an active part on tlie side of the kiiiy-
were not seriouslv molested as a
rule.
The sava<fe threats and violent
temper manifested towards all wiio
had aroused the special animositv of
the Whij^s. very materially increased
the einii^ration. of that tliere is not
the slii^htest doubt.
The Loyalists were left in a sad
pli'^ht b\- the issue of the war. Tiieir
otMcial positions, houses auil lands
wi'i'e all necesMuib' ahandoue 1.
They had practicallv lost all hut
honor.
Meanwhile thev vere n.)t without
active and iutluential svmpatiii/ers
in l'2n<^land. In thi' House of Com-
mons such men as lUnke, Sheridan,
\\'ill)erforce, Townshend ami Lord
North stron^K advocated their claims
liir compensation I(M' thi'i' p.ist sacri-
lices. Ill the House of Lords. Lord
\V ;dsin<^ham. Viscount Townsheiul
and Lord Stoinvint pleaded their
cause witii ecpial earnestness and
aiiilily.* The ellbrts thus made
were productiveof substantial benelit.
Pensions weie voted to I'iovincial
otllcers and to soni'" ot tiie rank and
tile who had served in the w.ir. A
commissi(ni was appointed for iii-
<|un\' into the losses, services ami
claims of tlu' Amencau L')\alists.
Tile proceedinii;s olthis commission
extended over a period oi seven
vears, duriin^ which time ^.iiS
claims were ex.nniiied. some in
Nova Scotia ami Canada ami some
in, England. A l.ir',a' iiumbei' of
claims entered were not pressed. It
is to thecreilit ofthe Loyalists that the
coinmissiiMiers re|K)rted havint.; met
witli •tin- utmost honour, \eiacity,
.uul caudoui. not oiiU tiom lue
Audits of tlif Committee of Loyal-
ists, who weir chosen liom each
♦ Si'O Ityerson'-i I,'>\:ili--l> nl" Ann-i-iiM.
vol ii . j);) I VJ "T
Province for tiieir character and
abilities, but likewise from manv
other ofthe American Loyalists.'
The commission, as a general
rule, awarded a little under one-
third ofthe amount claimed in each
instance, the total amount granteil
being £3,292,4^5 sterhng. The
commissioners in their report aptly
o!)serve.
\\'h:ite\i'r may l)e "inici ot tins imCortun-
ate war. cither to account tor, to iustity,
or to apologize tor the conduct ot" eitlier
coutitry, all the woi-lii has Ix'cn unani-
mous in applaiuliiii; the virtue aiul hum-
atiity of (jroat Hritain in rewardiiiii the
services, ami in compeiisatiiiif with a
iil)eral hand the losses of those who suf-
Ceied so iiuich tor their faithful and tirin
adherence to the British Cjoverntnent.
'I"he act of the British govi,>rnment
does indeed redound to its credit, yet
it is to be borne in mind that the num
ber ot claimants, especially in the
humbler walks of life, was Init a
fraction of those who sulVered losses
and hardshijis tluring the civil war.
.\Lm\ either would iK)t or could not
emplov agents or appear persoiiallv
to present their claims.
The emigration to Nova Scotia,
(began as eail\' .is 1776. when about
1. 100 refugees emiiarked tor Halifax
with tlu' arun on the evacuation of
l)ostoii. lmli\ iduals and small pai-
ties continued to tind their wav from
lime to time to No\a .Scotia trom
\arious jioiiits i:i Mass.icluisett. New
H.impshire. Maine, ami elsewhere,
during the pi ogress ol' the war.
IJefoie tlie ost- of i^Sj, a partv of
\oo Loyalists tVom New \'oik had
arrived at Annapolis. .Sir Guy
(,'arlelon. in .Sjptemper, wrote Lieut,
(iovernor Hamoml. at Halifax, that
about 600 refugees wished to embark
.It .\'ew \'ink for Nova Scotia in the
autumn, and a unich larger number
in the spring, but th;it he could not
find shipping just tlien for more than
;?,Oi).
fn cinmection with the ariival of
the pioneei' band of Loyalists at
\ miapolis the following extract ffoni
the L(Midon "Political NLiga/iiu-' is
of interest : —
When the Loyal Refu-^ees from the
norli.ern I*ro\ iiices were inlorii'.eil of the
ri'-.()liifi"n ot' Ihe lioip^i- ol' (.'oinin'Mis
^6
The United Empire Lvya lists.
against ofl'cnsive war with tlic rebels,
they instantly saw there were no hopes
left them of rei;ainini,' their ancient settle-
ments or of settlinif tlown ayain in tiieir
native country. Tiiose of them therefore,
who had been forward in taking up arms
and in fighting the battles of the mother
country, finding themselves deserted be-
gan to look out lor a place of refuge and
No\a Scotia being the nearest place to
their old plantations they ileterminod on
settling in that province. Acconlingly to
the niunber of 500 they emharkeii in nine
trasports for Annapolis Royal ; they hatl
arms and ammunition, and one 3ear's
provisions, and were put under the care
and convoy of his Majesty's sliip Amphi-
trite, of 24 guns. Captain Roi)ert Uriggs.
Thi'- orticer behaved to them with great
attention, humanity and generosity antl
saw them safely iandetl and settled in the
Ijarracks at Annapolis which the Loyal-
ists soon repaireci There was plenty of
wild fowl in the country and at the time
of their arrival a goose sold for two shil-
lings and a turkey for two shillings and
six pence
Tile Reverend Jacob Bailcv. the
clerf;^vmaii at Aniiapi^lis, himself a
Loyalist iioin i'ovvnalborcjiigh,
Maine, exeited himself on behalf of
the exiles concerning!; whom he
writes :
Every habitation is crowdeil and many
are unai)le to ^irocure loiigings. Many of
these distressed people left large posses-
sions in the rebellious colonies and their
sutVerings on account of their loyalty and
their present uncertain and destitute con-
dition render them very alVecting objects
of compassion. Many of them aie people
ot education and refinement frotn every
Province on the continent except Georgia.
Shortly after their anival ?\!r.
Bailey preached what he terms 'a
refii<;ee seinion' from the word.s.
Let them give thanks whom the Loid
hath redeemed: and delivered iVum the
liand of the enemy : ami gathered them
out of the lands iVom the c-ast and from
the west : from the north and from llu'
soutii.
'I'^-eii the Whi^s,' writes Mr.
Bailey, 'were not nmnoved at tin-
fepresenlatiun ol Our distresses.'
Captain Ibij^^s had spared no
pains fur the comfort ol the Lov.ilisls
both dining- the voya^ij^e and after
their ai rival at Antiapulis. He ex-
pended t'joo t)iit of his own poCKct
eve of his departure for New York
he was presented witli an address
expressive of the gratidiule of the
loyal lefiic^ees and sij^ned on their
behalf by Amos Botsfoitl. Th. Ward,
I'led. Ilaiiser, Sam. Ciimmings and
Elijah Williams. The address is
dated at .Vnnapolis Roved the .:0th of
October. lyS^.
The next to arrive in Nova Scotia
were some of the imf'ortiinatc Caro-
lina Lovalists who Hed from Charles-
ton at its evacuation. (iovernor
Parr wrote tVom Halifax to the
British Minister, Dec 7. 1782.
I have the honoui- to inform you that
with the arrival here of the heavy ordn-
ance from Charleston came s^'O Rel'ugees,
men, women and children, inconsequence
of directions from Sir Guy Carleton to
Lt. Gen. Leslie, who s sent them to
the care of Major ' Patteson, com-
mander of the troops in this Province,
with whom I base C( acurrcil as tar as in
my power to atVord them a rece]ition.
In Jannary, Governor I'arr re-
ported further arrivals. The Loyal-
ists who arrivetl in Nova Scotia
towards the close of 17SJ were, lunv-
ever, but the advance iinard.
II. — The Expatriation.
We have now to consider the
expatriation of the Lovalists — an
event destined to lav the tbnndation
of the Canadian Dominion oi to-tlay.
(lathered in the sea jiorts of the
.:\tlantic coast, crowds of the exiles
awaited the ships expected tor their
relict".
From all over the seaboard of the
continent, refnj.jees made their way
to New Vol k to embark for all parts
of the world —for Ln-rland. for Ire-
land, for ScotlaiuL for Canada, for
Nova Scotia, for Cape Breton, tor
Newloimdlind. for tlie Ijeinindas,
Bahamas. I'dorida, Jamaica and tlu-
West India Islands. Some who had
the means lormed ci)m|)anies and
hiied vessels themselves; those who
had not were sent awav in liects
on iheir behalf— a fact which, whilst of transports provideil by the British
it speaks volumes for the captains <:;overnment.
I
\
''
Wii
PI
le newspaper:
ot
•^^oodness ot heai t. cle.ii ly indicates the day contained numerous .idver-
their distressed condition, ( ),i the tiscments of the sailiii'i; ef the former
I
The United Ji nip ire Loya/isfs.
-?/
;m
1)11
IV.
he
L'S
AS
UtS
11'-
r..r
tlu-
had
and
s ho
lisl»
of
\rr-
l\KM'
and olficial notices re<xardiii;r tlie
latter.
The Loyalist eiiii;^ration was natur-
ally attendei! with some confusion,
owing to the excitement eni^endered
hv the closin*j^ events ot" the Revolu-
tion ; yet it was not undertaken in
cjuite the haphazard way that has
ij^enerally been supposed. True,
lack of time prevented careful and
tliligent examination of the laiuls on
which settlements were to be made :
but in many instances af^^ents weie
sent in advance to make such in([uir-
ies and explorations as would sulHce
to ijive some idea of the capabilities
of the country, and thereb\- atlbrd a
better op|)ortunilv of selection on the
part '>'" intendinj^ immigrants. The
largest settlement estalilished at anv
one place was that at I'lMt Rosewav,
(afterwards calleil Sijelburne.) which
it was ft)iMlIy imagined would be the
Carthage c»f liie Lovalists, antl al-
though the selection of Port Rose-
way as a site for a town of some
i?,.ooo inhabitants eventually proved
very unwise, it was not Hxeil upon
without some precaution. The situa-
tion had been warmly commended
by Sir Andrew Snape llamond.
also by (governor Parr, and by Sur-
veyor General Moiris, and it had the
further approval of two agents sent
from New \'ork to make special ex-
amination ami inquiry.
Among the arrivals at Amiapolis
i\i October, 17S2, were .\mos Hols-
ford and others em|)lo\ed as agents
to ascertain the most favorable
localities for establishing settlements
A valuable meml)er of this exploring
party was Fretlerick llauser*,a man
well lilted by practical ex|5erience as
a land survexor to form an intelligent
idea of the general character of a
wilderness country.
l/'[)on tiieir arrival Mr. Botsford
and his companions set about their
task. They made good use of the
lime and opportunities at their dis-
♦ Fri'iliTJi-k IlmiMT •.nhsociiiontly \Vi\s
ompioycil ill l:ivin<i oiii the grants iniule
to the Lovalists at Kingston, (Jairetown,
SiisM'K and olhor phu'os on tlic St. John
uikI KtMUii'tn'casiv rivers.
posal, and on January 14th were
able to transmit to their fiiends in
New York quite a full account of the
country. In their letter they de-
scribe the region trom Annapolis to
St. Mary's bay as very good soil,
anil tile situation as favorable to fish-
ing; they praise Annapolis basin and
St. Mary's bay and then go on to
say :
After viewinjr this we proceedeti to St.
Jolin's river, where we arrived the latter
cwd ofNoveinl-or : at tliis season we fom.d
our pa-sage up tiie river difficult, being
too late to pass in boats and not sutVici-
entlv frozen to bear. In this situation we
left the river, and steered by a compass
throuL^h the woods, encamping out several
r.ights in the course, and went as far as
the (^roniocto. about seventy mile ^ up the
river, where is a block house and a lintish
post. The St. John is a luie river, ecjual
in nuignitude to the Connecticut or the
Ilui.l-.on. At the mouth ot the river is
a fuie harbour, accessible at all seasons ot"
the year— never frozen or obstructed by
ice.
After an accurate and intereslmg
description of the Falls and general
character of tlie St. John river, the
letter continues,
There are many seHlers along the river
upon the interval land. The interval lies
on the river and is a most fertile soil
annually matured by the overllowings of
the river, ami produces crops of all kiniis
with litile labour; and \egetables ni the
grciUest pcifectioir . These intervals
would make the finest meadows. The
uplanils produce wiieat both of the sum-
mer and winter kiiuls as well as bidiun
corn. Here are some wealthy farmers
having llocks of cattle. The greater part
otthe people, excepting the township of
Maugerville, are tenants, or seated on
the bank without leave or license, merely
to get their living. . . . .Some of our
people cluise Conway (now Digby) ;
others give the |)reference to St. John's.
. . . . Immense (|uantities of limestone
are tound at Fort Howe and at the mouth
of the ii\er. We also went up the Kenne-
hecasis, a large branch of the St. John's
river, where is a large tract of interval
and upland, which bus never been
granted : it is under a reserve, but we can
hav. it. Major .Studholme and Capt.
H.ivler, who explored the country, c!iose
this placi' antl obtained ii grant of y, 000
acres. On each side of this uraiit are
large tracts of good land, convenient for
navigation
The representations of Amos Mots-
t',.|il and his iomj)ani(nis seem to
li i\ r dilermined the large emigratinii
wmmm
28
The United Empire Loyalists.
from New York to llic St. John
river the following spring. The
agents chosen to arrange for the
settlement of the Loyalists in Nova
Scotia, as given in Lawrence's Foot
prints, were Lt. Col. Benjamin
Tliompson, Lt. Col. Edward Wins-
low, ALijor Upham, Rev. Samuel
vSeabury, Rev. John vSayre, Amos
Botsford and James IVters. After
due consideration it was agreed that
the Loyalists leaving the tiiirteen old
colonies should he provideil with
proper vessels to carry them and
their horses and cattle as near as
possible to the places app'jinteil in
Nova vScotia where they were to
settle, liesides provisions for the
voyage, they were to be allowed one
year's provisions in their new homes,
or money to enable them to purchase
the same. They were also to have
an allowance of warm clothing, in
jjroportion to the wants of each
family, and an allowance of medi-
cine. They were to be granted
pairs of millstones, necessary iron
work for grist mills, and other
necessary articles for saw mills.
They were to receive a quantity of
spikes, nails, hoes, axes, spades,
shovels, plough irons ;ind such other
farming utensils as appeareil neces-
sary, and also a proportion of win-
dow glass. rhey were to be pro-
\ ided with tracts of land fiee fiom
disputed titles and conveniently
situated, so as to give frt)m 300 to
600 acres tt) each family. It was
also arranged that 2,000 acies in
every township vveie to be allowed
for the suppt)rt of a clergyman and
1,000 acres for tlie su|)porl of a
school ; and that these lands sliould
be unalienable forever. The\- were
fiuthei to receive a sutFicient number
ot muskets aiul caiuioii, with a pro-
per ([uantity of powder awO^. bali i'or
their use.
These lilieral tern)s were after-
wards consiileral)l\' extended : the
Loyalists who came to Nova Scotia
were allowed full provisions lor their
families the lirsl year, two-thirds
piovisions for the second and one-
third for liic- tliinl year. Those
vvlio settled at the town nf I'.in
were further provided with 500
feet of boards, together with shingles
and bricks, for their houses.
Tl.jse who settled on the St. John
river were provided with boats and
tents to facilitate the work of settle-
ment.
"J'he account gi\en by Walter
Bates doubtless very fairly illustrates
the general mode of procedure in
the emigrati(jn.* In this particular
case the agent. Rev. John Sayre,
came to announce to the Loyalists at
Jilaton's Neck. Huntington. Lloyd's
Neck, and places in the vicinity (mi
Lcjnglslaiid, that the kinghad granted
to all Loyalists who did not incline
to return to their hon)es and would
go to Nova Scotia the privileges just
mentioned. The 'kings oiler' was
duly consitleretl and gladly accepted.
Then followed the hasty collection
of such possessions as the unfortunate
exiles luul been able to preserve amid
the wreck of their fortunes, and their
embarkation in the transport Uuioii,
Capt. Consett Wilson. The vessel
took in her complement of Loyalists
at Huntington, Long Island. The
embarkation began on Friday. April
II. and was completed on Wediies-
ila\ following, in which time there
were placed on board 209 soids. viz.,
6^ men, 3:; women, 107 children and
2 servants. The deputy agent in
charge was F\ler Dibblee, ot' Stam-
ford, Conn., attoruev-at-lavv.
The Union proceeded through
Last Rivei- to Xew York, the place of
rendezvous. A week was consumed
in getting together the transports,
prepaialorv to setting sail, but at
length, on Saturday, April 2(1. a ileet
ol' upwaids of twenty yessels under
convoy set sail I'rom Sandy Hook
light, bound for -St. John's liver.
Nova Scotia.' This llei r sailed \\\
Coiu|)an\' with a large m.nnbcr of
tianspoits bound fjr Shelburne and
Halifax, The tni;il number of pas-
sengers, including some troops,
amounted to 7,000, with all their
ell'ects, also some artillery and public
stores. According to Walter iJates,
V ! #-
'^i
■'" See Kingston
lyS^, pp. I I aiul 1 .
(1 llu' I,o\i-ilists f»r
4
The i iiilcd liiiipirc Loyalists.
2g
it
Ice ol
ncil
lit ;it
11 cot.
Iiulor
noli
llVCl',
1 lU
r of
anil
p.is-
|>0|)S,
Itlu'ir
ihlic
latcs,
i\^ r»('
^
the Union was the best sliip in the
fleet. Slie proved lier capacitv as
a fast sailer bv leadinj^ the van
foi" fourteen (hi\ s anil anivin;_j at
Paitriilj^e Island before the other ves-
sels had come in siu;ht. She was
soon afterwards moored in the most
cf)nveinent situation for hiudiiiLj, the
place of auciiora(4e beii,;^ under the
shelter of l-'oit Howe, opposite Xavv
Island, in si<^ht of the position where
(ince stood Fovt la Tour. To the
liLfht lav the 'upper cove.' anil he-
yond rose the rock\' peninsula,
named liv the Imlians .\b)ime<fuasli.
now the site of a cit\- of nearlv 50.000
inhabitants, !)ut then covered for the
most part with scrubby pine, spruce
and cellar — a rouj^h and forbidding-
prospect indeed to e\c's familiar witli
the t'ertile lowlands of Coriuecticut
and New Jersev and the undiilatin;^
cidtured fields of Lon-^ Island.
The iSth of May has been held
sacred bv the descendants of the
founders of St. fohn as the (la\- t>n
vviiich their Lovalist foicfaliiers
landed. \\ hethei theie was any
i'ormal oi' s\stenritic act ol lauilinij is
pidblematical. Tlie I'nion, and tiie
majoril\ . if not all of the vessels ot
the fleet, must have arrived (accoiil-
\\\)X. to IJates's account) on the loth
of .\la\'. It had taken the Un/aii
more tlian live da\s to cmiiark her
contin.^'-'iit of refuijees and then-
elVects. It mav theiefore be taken
for j^ranted. as the facilities for land-
in;4 were ot" the ludest description,
that the work of L',ettinn' U[)waids of
•^000 people and their elfects on shore
was a w orlv of sexeral da\s. More-
over, tliere was no connnon mode of
procedure emploved. Walter Hales
speaks of L'apt. \\ ilson's U'udness
in allowin.LC his passenireMs to re-
main on board the L'niufi wiiilst a
deputation was emploxed in ex-
ploring for a proper place ot settle-
ment up the river, and contrasts
their <4ood fortune with that of
others who wei'e 'pieci|)itated on
shore.'
We mav conclud.j tliat on Sunday.
Ma\- iN, the wearied Loyalists were
safelv sheltered beneath their tents
alonir the shores of t'.ie ha'bor. Not
iinproliablv they nay then have held
some service of .hanks;j;ivintx. ;i'id
tixed upon the dav as one to be an-
nual I v commenioiated.
It is oeneiallv supposed that about
3000 people came in this fleet. This
seems to the writer a veiy moderate
estimate. The ship Union ^ acc(jrd-
iu'j: to her manifest, (still preserved, j
can ied J09 ]:)ersons. and if, as isjjjeii-
erallv stated, the fleet consisted of
upwards of twentv vessels, many ot
them must have been much smaller
than the ("ninn. or else the estimate
of 3000 people is rather under than
o\er the mark.
The ur«_cent need of transport ships
at Xew \'ork naturally inclined the
captains of the vessels which had
arrived at St, fohn to return at the
earliest p!)ssible moment ; but the
season was cold and backward, and
manv of the shi[)s lin'jjered until the
29th of M i\-. when the Loyalists
were ]nctt\ comfortably settled.
Theii' landing,' place was at the
■upper cove ' the site of tlie piesent
M.irket Sipiare, where, havir.L!;
cleared awav the dense lorest then
standin'4 on ihe s[)ot, the exiles made
iuirricane houses with sails, under
which, with their women and chil-
dren, ihev sheltered themselves as
be-t thev could.
A New \'ork paper ot June 7.
I 7S3. contains the t'ollovvin<; intcrest-
1,1^4 item :
\'c>ti'tti,iv anivi'tl the Caiiirl, Capt.iiii
Wiliiiun Tinker, in ci.u;iit days from tiie
river St Joliii in tiie I]:iy ot" FiukIv, who
ill ilie time of l>is ilcpartiu-e left tiie new
!«ettlers tliere in i^ooj lieiUtli and spiiits.
Captain Tinker sailed in company wilii
eigiit oilier transports for this jiort.
On June 7, 17S3, Governor I'arr
wrote to Lord North, the secretary
of state, iulbrmiuif hmi that since
his li'tter of the precedini^ January,
•theie have arrived in diflereiit
places upwards of 7.000 persons, in-
cludiuij men. women and children,
and these are to be followed by 3,000
of the Provincial forces, with several
others, as I am imtormed, of difler-
ent denomination.'
The next fleet to arrive at .St.
John harbor was that which left
.S.indv ilook on June i(')tli, anil
30
The United Empire Loyalists.
reached its destination Jnnc 2Stli.
six weeks after tiie comings of tiie
former Heet. Tlie Brid<^czuatc>\
Thames^ and possibly one or two
otlier vessels of the first fleet, re-
turned in the second fleet ; a proof
that Sir Guv Carleton allowed no
unnecessary delav in ff)rwarding the
Lovalists to their de^-tinations.
It is a little remarkable that scarce-
ly any of our local historians have
made any mention of the arrival of
the Jmie fleet with its important cou-
tigent of some 2.'0oo Loyalists.* Tiie
names of the vessels composing tiic
May fleet have often appeared in
print, and their arrival at St. John is
annually commemorated ; the coming
of the 'fall fleet' also is frcquentlv and
familiarlv referred to : but the arrival
of the June fleet appears to have
been generally overlooked.
The fleet cor.sisted of thir-
teen ships and two brigs witli
a frigate as convoy. Among the
vessels were the JiriJ<^ezvatcr.
(Capt. Adnet), 7\vo Sisters. (Capt.
Brown). I [tipcivcll. Symmetry,
Gc)icro7(s Friends^ Thames. Ami-
tv\'; Production . Tartar. Diicliess
of Gordon. Littledctle. \Vi//inm
and .^farv. ami Free Briton. The
Lovalists on board were enrolled in
seventeen companies, commanded
respectivelv by [oseph Clarke. Syl-
vanus \Vhitne\-, [osejih Gorliam.
Ilenrv 'i'homas. John Foirester,
Thomas Elms, [ohn Cock, fames
llovt. Christopher Benson, [osepli
Forrester, Tiiomas Welch. Olive;-
Bourdet. Asher Dunham. Abra.
Camp. Peter Herton. Richard Ilill
and Moses I'itdier.
The minute details connected with
the voyage of the June fleet are pre-
served in the diary kept l>y a lady
who was a passenger in the ship
Two .S/sters.-\ She gives a gra|)hic
description of the discomforts ot a
ri)ugh passage in ;;n overcrowded
vessel, during vvliich. to add to tiieir
* An t'xceptioii is to In- foinui in Moses
n. I'erlev, who inontions tlic airiviil of
tlie June Ik'L't in his vvi-il known lecture on
New nnmswick historv-
t See cliury of S.irali Frost in Kiiiijston
ami the Lovali^t> otiySj.
miseries, an epidemic of measles
broke out among the children.
At the time of the rrival of the
second fleet, only two log houses
had been erected in the town of Parr.
As in the former case, the captains
of the vessels seem to have exerted
themselves for the comfort of their
distressed passengers, who, in some
cases, testirteil their gratitude in a
formal manner by presenting suitable
a<ldresses. One of these reads as
tollows :
To Captain Adnet, Comtnamier of the
Transport Bridgivatcr,
The atidress of the Loyalists, that came
in the Ship under your command, iVotn
New York to St. John's River, Nova
Scotia
Your iiumanity, and the kindness
and attention you have shown, to render
as hapjty as possible, each iiidi\idual on
board your Ship, during the passasje, and
till their disembarkation, has filled our
hearts with sentiments of the deepest
•gratitude, and merit the warmest return of
acknowledgements and thanks, wliich we
most sincerely desire you to accept, wish-
ing you a prosperous voyage to your
intended ;iort : we are your very much
obliged and humble servants.
Signed by the particular desire, antJ
in behalf of the whole,
John Holland,
Captain Clarke,
Nathaniel Dickinson.
St. John's River, July 15, 17S3.
I 2. — Loyalist Sc/tliiiirnf.<.
Halifax. Shellnu'iie aud Annapolis
were the principal places in the
Xova Scotian peninsula to which
the lovai relugees tinned tlieii' faces;
and tVom tliese. as centres, were
founded a large mmiber of settle-
ments whicli were destined to play
an important part in the future
development of the country.
On the ct)ast ai)()ve Halifax, in
Countrv Harbor, the relugees erected
a town to whicii thev gave the name
of Stormont, in honor or Lord Stor-
moiit. who had so earnestly pleaded
their cause in the House of f.,orils.
OuvshtMougii was settled at the
san)e tin)e by a band oi* more than a
thousand refugees. Subsequently
some eight himdred otheis settled in
C.ioe Breton. chiefl\' at l?adileck.
7
The i nitcd Umpire Loyalists,
3^
uiapolis
in tin-
which
ii' faces ;
s, were
■ settle-
to plav
future
• ^ •
St. Peters aiul L()uishur<x. Prince
Edward Ishuul, (or tiie Island of St.
John, as it was then calleil,) furnished
an asylum f(jr hetween thiee and
tour hundred of the exiles.
The lar<^est sins^le settlement, as
before mentioned, was that at Port
Roseway, near the extreme south of
Nova Scotia. Here the Loyalists
who arrived early in Mav laid out
their town at the mouth of tiie Rose-
way river, and named it .Shelhurne
in honor of the colonial secretary.
There were i i^o f^rantees. and in
the course of a year the population
reached nearly 12.000. Governoi-
Parr paid the town a visit, in July.
1783. lie was received on landinijj
with a (Jjeneral discharj^e of camion
from the shore. He procee<led up
Kin^j street, lioth sides of wliicii
were linetl with the inhabitants
under arms, to the place appointed
for his reception, where the justices of
the peace ami other leaiiin^ citi-
zens were collected to present him
with an address. The ^jovernor
made a speech in repl\ . and lirank the
king's health and [Mosperity to the
town and district (jt .Siielbiune. and
to the settlement of the Loyalists in
Nova Scotia. The festivities con-
tinued for several days, and the j;ov-
ernor departed witli favorable im-
pressions reyaiihng' the tuUne of the
place. The site ot Shelhurne, how-
e\ei", was unfortnnatelv chosen.
Within two oi' thiee \ears after
its foundin;^ the population he;^an
lapidU to decline. However, the
statement commonh made, tliat "a
well nigh descried spot on the spa-
cious bav now marks the site of the
transient town.' is quite incoirect.
The Shelhurne of to-dav is a bri^;hl.
hapi^v lookin^;' little town, half hidden
;nnon<^ the vvdlows planted by its
lounders. If it is not the town that
it bid fair to be in its early days, it is
not losinj^ ground now. Upon the
slopes behind ir.odern Shelhurne
remain land marks of the ancient
town — old foundations of hoirses,
remains of cellars, streets, and ttaces
of streets with acres and acres of
land laitl out in S(juares.
'Here, over these old cellars,' says
a modern visitor, 'resided for a time
juiists and bankers, wine merchants,
wi<j makers, dealers in snutV and
dealers in hair powder, <junsmiths,
silversmiths, carvers and all other
functionaries belonj^inj; to a proud
city of a hundred years a<^o. Along
the grass aiuI tree cov(?red spaces
whiclr were laid out tor streets, once
stroile martial figures familiar to
many a brittle field and grave digni-
taries with the wigs and cloaks of
tiieir time. Over these rocks tripped
gav ladies in silk attire and merry
maidens in homespun. II"re, in
some rudelv built house, whose in-
terior furnishings and embellishments
contra'-ted strangelv with its external
appearance, stately dames were es-
corted to dinner bv stately men, and
the great grandmothers of the present
gener.ition trod the minuet.'
In a \ear or two af'ter the landing
of its fou'iders. the cit\ had reached
its maximum, and was for a very
brief pi'riod the largest town in what
is now the maritime [irovinces. Five
wars later it had shrunk to less than
one fourth its former size, ami, com-
pared with Ilalif.ix or St. John, was
out of the race.
The .settlements established in the
township of Higbv and in the neigh-
l);)rhood ol" Annapolis were favorably
situated, and fiom the first continued
to improve.
A\ lestord and Rawdon receiveil a
projiortion of tlie refugees. The
Douglas settlement was tilled by
disbanded soliliers of the S^th regi-
ment ; while the vacant lands at
Clements, in Annapolis county,
weie largely taken up by Loyalists
and disbaiuleil Hessian soldiers.
At the close of the revolution there
were in New ^'ork at least 2,000
negroes who had been induced by a
proclamation of .'"^ir Ilenrv Clinton's
to come within the Hritish lines
upon a solemn assurance of liberty,
safety and protection. At the peace,
a large numl)er of these negroes,
desirous of preserving their freeiloin
and dreading the vengeance of their
former masters, took passage in the
ships bound for Nova .Scotia. VVasli-
iiiLTton. on behalf of th.e Americtiii
32
The United I-Luipirc Loyalists,
Congress, very stion<;;ly protested
against sucii a proceeding. In a
letter to Sir Guy Carleton, May 6,
17S3, he refers to tiieir ]5ersonal con-
ference on the same (hiv, ami sa\s :
I \v:is surprised to hear voii mention
tliiit an emharkation had aheady taken
place, in whicli a large number of negroes
had been carried away. I cannot conceal
from you that my private opinion is that
the measure is totally different from the
letter and spirit of the treaty.
In reply, Sir Guy Carleton insisted
tliat it could not have lieen tlie in-
tention of tlie l^ritisli Government,
l\v tlie treaty of peace, to rechice
tliemselves to the necessitv (^f viola-
ting tiieir faith to tlie negroes who
came into tlie Britisli lines inider tlie
proclamations of his predecessors.
"'Idle negrf)es in ciiiestion.' said Sir
Guy, 'I found free when I arrived at
New Vorl<. I had tlierefore no riglit,
as I thought, to prevent their going
away to any part of the world they
thought proper.' lie furtlicr urges
that delivering them up to their ior-
mer masters would be deliveiing
them up, some possihly to executions,
ami others to severe punishments,
which in his opinion would he a dis-
honorable violation of the public
faith pledged the negroes in the
proclamations. If the sending them
away should hereafter be declared an
infraction of the treatv, compensa-
tion must be made to the owners bv
the crown of Great IJritain. Sir
Gil}- added that he had taken meas-
ures to provitle for this contingencv
by tliiecting an accurate register h)
be kept of all negroes whw went oil",
siiecifying the name, age and occu-
pation f)f tlie slave and the name and
place of residence of bis former
master. Had the negroes been de-
nied [lermission to emiiark. the\-
woidd, in spite of everv means to
prevent it, have ibuml various meth-
ods of cpiitti ng New York ; the toi-
mer owners would no longei' have
been able to trace them, and of course
would have lost in every way all
chance for compensation. Speaking
of the action of Sir (juv Carleton in
this matter. Judge Jones says:
Congress and the several iegislaturos of
the States jumped at his proposal. .\ val-
uation of the slaves was maiic and ap-
proved of. The money, it is true, has
never been paid. Wiiat occasioned it.'
An absolute refusal on the part of the
Americans to comply with a single article
in the treaty in favor of the Loyalists.
W-ry many of the negro refugees
settled at Birchtown. near vShelburiie.
and nearly 400 more in Digby and
Annapolis counties.
Some furthei- particulars regarding
the size and importance of the Loyal-
ist settlements mav be gleaned from
the following —
(iomrtil lictiirn of till the Dislxuidrd
Troops and otlirr Loyalists -v/io have
liitcly become Seti/ers in llie Province of
\ova Scotia^ made up from tlic Rolla
taken by the several Muster Masters : Hal-
ifax, \tii Xovr., 1784.
Halifax Harbour,
Dartmouth.
Musc|uadobl)in,
Ji.'ddore,
.Ship Harbour,
.Sheet Harbour.
Country Harbour,
Chedcbucto,
Island of St. John,
Antigonish,
Pietou ;uid iMerrigonish,
Cumberland, etc.,
Partridge Island
Cornwallis and Horton,
Newport and Kentecooc,
Windsor,
Windsor Road and .Saekville,
Annapolis, Gr.mvillc, Wilmot ami
Clements,
IJenr River,
Digby.
Gulliver's Hole. .St. Marv's P.av
and Si>siboo.
Nine Mile River,
Chester Road,
At Halilax (objects of charitv),
Between Halit'ax and .ShelbuVne,
.Sliclburne,
48
4S0
16
26
'5'
1 J.:
28y
I "5 3
3S0
120
3^4
I "88
^S7
3»7
278
i3'>
18.30
I i^y^
173
7-
28
208
651
Total, 17.300
01 this total tlu le weie 7419 men,
3563 W(;men. 2701 children above
ten \ ears of age, 2S26 children under
ten \ears. and 791 servants.
I'roni the reports of tiie muster-
masters, the following remarks are
taken : —
Dartmouth. This settlement, from its
vicinity to Halifax and some other gooti
harbors, promises to be a place of impor-
tance SOfHl.
Mnsquadobhiu. The mu>ter-master re-
ports that t!^i^ is a promising little settle-
ment; that till' harbor abounds with fi^h
ofcvery kind, Ix'th winter and snmnu'i-.
(I
W
%>
The ruitcd R}jipirc Loyalists,
33
4S
480
16
26
151
1 J.:
I "5 3
380
1 88
3«7
.78
i3'>
/,>
J 8
2()S
79-3
(I
^^
(^«
Ship I/urboiir. The Loyalists here are
industrious hiborious people. The imis-
fer-iiiaster says they, as well as the dis-
banded troops, are still in the dark with
respect to their lands; that many of the
latter have quit the settlement on that
aeeonnt. and if not soo.i reinedied it will
drive the whole away.
S/iect Ilnrhour. No lanii> have vet
been granted to these people. That
which they now occupy is a donation iVoin
a Mr. Kirby, who holds a tract of 8.000
acres here.
Country Uarbony This place exhibit^
instances of industry- and perseverance
that do honor to the settlers.
Chcihbncto. There are at this place
::!8 Xegro .settlers exclusive of the blacks
employed as servants. This is a i,'ood
harbor and fertile soil.
hhuul of St. Johu. Great delays have
arisen in layin;; out land- for the people.
The muster-master complains that Gover-
nor I'attesoii declined ijivini; him assis-
tance, and that great abuses have been
committed in the issue of provisions
Aiitii^nuii's/i. Pictoii and Mrrr/<roiii:</i.
These settlements alVord the mo>-t a.^^ree
able appearance of industry, and promise
to become in a little time verv flourishin;^.
Cor?i-vii!lis and f/ortoii. From the
inattention rf the surveyor many of these
people, from not ijettini,'- their lands, have
been obliLred to leave the lands thev were
cnltivatini,^
AV:t'/or/ (Hid Kfntrcoot. The settlers
here wear the appeirance of ind\istrv.
and will be able to raise a quantitv of
I4'rain and ve'.jetablcs this season.
Ainiitpollf. (iiaiiz<Hlt\ Wiliiiol mid
Clrinriits. The settlers in these ilistricts
aie ver\' enterprisinir i,, their endeavours
to im|->m\e the country, particularlv those
at Wilmot
Bear h'ivrr. The settlers here liave
made ifreat impro\-ements : there is not
one of them who has not planteil a crop
of some kiml or other.
/)/i;/i\\ 'I'liis is a jrood harbor and the
settknienl is in a \-eiy flourishinir comli-
tion.
(i/////z>er's Hole, St. .)/(iiv's luiy ami
Sis$iboo. These settlements aie in a
very promisini; condition owintj to the
exertions of the settlers. .Sissib.jo is
conveniently situated for a tisherv.
Xinr Mile Rivt'i . The peojile -eem
pleased with their situation.
Sc/llcmriit.s hctzviu'u Kali fax and S//cl-
huyne. The commissary of musters ob-
serves that the harbors of Prospect, Mar-
iraret's Bay, Chester. Lunenbur>j, La
Have, Port Matoon and the Rau;:,'eil
l-;lands an- well situated fur fisheries and
that Ihe settlements of Loyalists at those
(ilaces will atVord a respectable defence to
the coast.
The iintbrtiuiato pcopU' iiu-ltided
in till' lorc'j'diii')- rt'tiiin ;is ohioets {\'(
charitv at Halifax consisted chieflv of
ciipplctl soldiers and the widows and
orphans of Loyalists and soldiers.
Col. Edward W'inslow. in one of his
private letters written at Halifax,
Sep. 2-.,. 17S4, says. 'It is not possi!)lc
for any pen or tongue to describe the
variety of wretchedness that is at
this time exh.ihited in the streets of
tiiis place.' Ainongst those who ap-
pealed for a share of the government
provisions issued tinder his super-
vision, he instances -a little imilti-
tiide of old crippled Refugees — men
and women who iiave seen better
days.' '.Sonte of them.' he savs. 'tell
me lliey formerly knew me ; they
have no other friend to depeiul upon,
■m\k\ they solicit in langtiage so em-
piiatical and so pathetic that 'tis im-
possible for any man whose heart is
not callous to every tender feeling to
refuse tlieir requests. Next to them
comes an imfortimate set of Ulackies
begging for Christ's s.ike that M.isser
wotdd give 'em a little provisions if
it's only for one week. "He wife
sicls. he children sick, and he will
die if he have not some."
•I am illy calcniateil for such ser-
vices,' adds W'insiow. 'It is not
possible to relieve tiieir distresses; F
long to retreat from such scenes.'
Tile Loyalists at .Siielburne soon
lound their p.rospects less encourag-
ing than they had aiiticii)ated. and
manv of them wrote to their friends
at X\'w York i)y no means to come
to that pLice. in consequence of
which more than 100 fimilies de-
cided to estabiisii a settlement at
Albaco. one of the Bahama Islands.
Another large party, tmder the com-
mand of Alexander White, formerly
.'^lieritl" of Tryon Co., New York,
appear to have sailed for Canada in
a lleet which left New York on the
9th Jidy. Shortly before the fmal
evacuation of that citv, two ships
laden with Loy.ilists. convoyed l)y
the brig /lapc, sailed up the St.
Lawrence to Sorel, where they iin-
iteil with others who had come by
wa\ ol' the old niilitar\- road down
th -' Richelieu. The united parties
spent the winter in log huts, and in
the following spring proceeded ii|)
I
34
The United Enipire Loya/isls.
the river in ilat bottomed boats and
established tliemselves at various
points from Glengarry to the Hay of
(^uinte.
Bv the Hudson and Mohawk, past
Oswego, another stream of emigrants
made their way, to settle along Lake
Ontario and the Niagara river ; and
Lovalist districts extended even to
Detroit along the shore of Lake Erie.
Probably lo.ooo Loyalists, 'men and
women of determination and prin-
ciple.' laid at this time the founda-
tion of the noble jirovincc of Ontario.
There was a large military element
from the disbanded Provincial corps,
including tlie S4th Royal New \'ork,
or Roval Green, and the Highland
Fencibles.
Dr. Ryerson gives many int' rest-
ing details regarding the settlements
established by the United Empire
Loyalists in what was then western
Canada.
The precise number of Loyalists
who at various times found an asylum
within the borders of the old prov-
ince of Nova Scotia it is difficult to
determine. The exodus from the
revolted colonies which began with
tiie evacuation of Boston, in 1776,
continued throughout the war ; but
many who came during this period
sought merely a tem];)orary refuge
and did not remain. Many, too. of
the immense multitude that arrived
in the great immigration of 17S3
were discouraged bv the outlook, and
as soon as possible either returned to
the States or made their homes in
other parts of the British dominions.
The place of these transient inhabit-
ants was in some measure supplied
bv those who continued to (iiul their
wav to Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick (luring the years immediately
t7)llowing tlie peace.
^Lulv prominent loyal refugees
who luul lieen in England awaiting
the issue of the contlict, when the in-
dependence of the United .States was
assured, conchxled to begin life anew
in tlie northern provinces that re-
mained to tlie crown. About the
middle of August, 1784, three hun-
dred poverty stricken refugees arrived
at Halifax in the transport ^SW/Zi' ;
and despatches received from Lon-
don announced that a further num-
ber of Loyalists then in rZngland
might shortly be expected, vessels
having been chartered Iw the gov-
ernment for the purpose of bringing
them out.
No enumeration taken at any one
time will suffice to show the total
number of those who came to Nova
v'^cotia ; but it may be approximately
lixed at 35,000.
The reader who has anv curiosity
upon the subject can compare the
following statements : —
1. Rev. John Brevnton, mission-
ary at Halifax, in his report to the
S. P. G. for the year 17S4, says that
'30,000 Loyalists are scllled in Nova
Scotia.'
2. Governor Parr, in a letter to
Gen. Haldimand, of Jan. 14. 17S4,
writes that '30.000 Loyalists liave ar-
rived in Nova Scotia' ; and seven
months afterwards he informed Lord
North, the secretary of state, that 'the
number now located amounts to
near 30.000.'
3. Sir Brook Watson states in one
of his letters : 'In 17S3, as Commis-
sarv General to tiie army, it became
mv duty under the command of Sir
Guy Carleton to embark 35.000
Lovalists at New \"ork to take shel-
ter in Nova Scotia ; and.' he adds.
"I trust all in mv power was done to
alleviate the sulVoriugs of those who
were so severelv treated for endea-
vouring to support the union of the
British Emjiire.'
4. Mr. E. F. tleLancev. of the
New York Historical Societv. "is
satisfied, from a |)ersonal examina-
tion of the ^LS. records in the sec-
retary's office at Halifax, that the
emigration amounted to at least
3:;, 000 men, women and children.'
5. The Lonls Commissioners of
his Majesty's treasury, having been
convinced bv Sir Guv Carleion's
forcible representation of the neces-
sitv of continuing for some time tlie
aid extended the Loyalists on their
arrival, issued an order 'to victual
the Loyalists in Nova Scotia — being
33,682 — whereof 4,691 are under ten
years, at two-thirds allowance, from
The i'uitcd II 1)1 pi re l.ovc/isfs.
35
tlie ist of May, 17S4. to tlie ist of
May, 1785, aiul from that period at
one-third allowance, to the ist of
May, 17S6; estiiiiatini; the wliole
ration at one pound of tlonr ami one
pound of heef or twelve ounces of
pork ; the children under ten years
of age to have a moiety (jf the allow-
ance made to j^rovvn persons.'
13. — T/ie l.oyal /it[^'-///ir///.< Difhaiiili ,1.
Reference has heen alreadv made
to the fact that a larL^ number of
Loyalists were emolled in the kin<^'s
service and served with distinction
throughout the war. After the ces-
sation of active hostilities, the violent
temper manilcsted l)y the victorious
Americans caused the officers com-
manding his Majesty s Provincial
regiments to unite in laving their
cause before Sir Guy Carlcton. in a
letter dated Maicii 14. 17S3. in wiiich
thev state :
That from the pui-cst principles of
loyiiUy and attacliiiifnt 'o the JJiilisli
tjovernnient they tooi\ arms in his Majes-
ty's service; and relying 011 the justice of
their cause atid the support of tlieir
Sovereign and ilie British nation, tiiev have
persevered with unabated zeal tiirougli all
the vicissitudes of a calamitous and an
unfortunate war. That their hearts still
glow with loyalt\' to their Sovereign and
the same attachment to the Biitish Con-
stitution which first stimulated them to
action .... That whatever stipu-
lations may be made at the peace for the
restoration of the property of the Loyal-
ists and pertnission foi- iheni to leturn
home, yet, should the American Provin-
ces he sfvered from tin' British Km[>ire,
it will be utterly impo>sihle for those who
have served his Majesty in arms in this
war to remain in the counti'y. The jier-
sonal animosities that arose from civil
dissensions have been so heightened hv
the blood that has been shed in the con-
test that the parties can never be recon-
ciled
The letter goes on to refer to sacri-
lices of property . of lucrative pro-
fessions, etc., made at the call of
tlutv ; and to the anxiety felt for the
welfare of their families:
Wives born to the fairest expectations
and tenderly brought up, and children for
whose education and future happiness
they feel the most anxious concern . . .
Many wlio have served in the Provincial
troops in subordinate capacities during
the war have been respectable yeomen, of
good connections and possessed of con-
siilerable property which from principles
of loyalty am! a sense of duty they quitted,
and in the course of the contest have
shown a ilegree of patience, fortituile ami
bravery almost without example.
Reference is made to the 'great
nimiber of men incapacitated by
woimds. many having helpless fami-
lies who have seen bettor days ;' and
the letter concludes as tollo\^•s :
Relying on the generous promises of
their .Sovereign to support and protect
them, and placing the fullest confidence
in your Excellency's benevolent interposi-
tion and favorable representation of their
faithf'ul service;', they are intluced to
ask —
Thai grants of land may be made to
them in some of his Majesty's .\merican
I'lovinces and that they may be assisted
in making settlements in order that they
and their children may enjoy the benefit
of British government.
That some permanent provision may be
:nade for such of the non-commissioned
ollicers and private.-, as have been disabled
from wounds, and for the widows and
orphans of dr-ceased officers ard soldiers.
That as a reward for their services the
raiik of the oflicers be made permanent in
.\merica, and that they may all be en-
titled to half pay upon the reduction of
tlieir regiments.
(.Signed by the commanding otiicers of
t'ourteen I'rovincial corji>.. j*
Perh.ips the most iiiHueritial of the
oHicers at this lime in command of
the Provincial regiments was Lieut.
Col. .IJenjamin Thompson, of the
King's American DrHgoons. The
source of ills especial iiiHuence with
tlie British ministry we may gather
from the following passage in a let-
ter wi itten l)\' Judge lonathan Sewell
to Ward Chipman, Oct. 2d, 17S1 :
I seri<l this under the care of Colonel
T'lompson — there's a fortunate young
fellow for you — from beingscarcely known
in .\merii:a to become Ix)rd Ct. Germaine's
favorite and f)iie of his under secretaries
and now a colonel of a regiment in British
pay: but all agree he is well deserving of
the favors fortune showers upon him.
Col. Thompson actively exerted
himself on behalf of his Loyalist
comrades in arms. In a letter to
Lord North, written in London. June
*This letter is given in full in the
■Annual Register for x"]^.
3^
The I III fed Umpire /.oyn/isL<,
S, 17S3, he mentions !i;ivin|L,' person-
ally Mssisted in drawing,' up tlie
representation and petition of tlio
commandin<; oflicers of the loyal
re<(iments and adds :
Till- situation of the I'mviiiciiil officers,
particularly such of tlicm as are natives, or
were formeriv inhabitants of ttie American
colonies, is' truly distressini,'. Ilavinjj
sacrificed their property anil all the ex-
pectations arisinij frf)ni their rank and
connections in civil society, and beinij now
cut off from all hopes of returninLC to their
former homes by the articles of the peace,
they have no hope left but in tlie justice
and humanity of the British nation.
I will not trouble your Lordshiji with
an account eitiier of their services or of
their sufferings; their merit as well as
their misfortunes are known to the whole
world, and I believe their claim upon the
hunianity and upon the justice of this
country will not be disputed.
They have stated their situation in a
stron<4 but at tiie same time most respect-
ful manner in their repre>entation, which
I nm informed has been transmitted to his
Majesty's Secretary of State by Sir Guy
Carleton, and stroni^ly recommended.
As thev are extremely anxious to know
their fate, I am to request of your Lord-
ship tliat I may be informed wliether any
and what re-olutions have been taken re-
lative to their petitions, and whether their
claims of permanent rank in America and
half-pay upon the reduction of their regi-
ments will meet witli the countenance and
support of his Majesty's Ministers. Your
Lordship will see by the enclosed extract
of a letter 1 have just received from New-
York, how anxious the Pro\incial oflicers
are and how ituich they expect that I
shouid exert myself in their behalf.
The subject rcfirvcd to by Col.
Thompson had already received con-
sideration, an(i on clu' (jth day of
June. 178;^. were -s .^d the King's
orders and inst!>.;<lions to Sir Giiv
Carleton respectin<^ the dishandin<j;
of the Lovalist and otiier regiments.
The inicertainty of the Lo\alists at
New York was not set at rest until
some two montlis later, when his
Majesty's instructions arrivetl in
America. These instruct
ions
eii
that-
pr
OVKl
The non-commissioned oflicers
]irivale men of the land forces, wlu
be reduced in Nova Scotia,
k1 wish to
become settlers in that province, will be
allowed mants of lands at the 1 ate of joo
of otTice and quit rents for the first ten
years. And a> a further intiucement to
them to become settlers, each man shrdl
be furnished out of the public stoies, with
the usual rations of provisions allowed to
him for one year, and shall be permitted
to retain his arms and accoutrements.
It was further pKnided that an
allowance of half-pav to the commis-
sioned otticers entitled thereto should
be made from the time of disl)aiuling.
and that the non-commissioned oth-
cers and men should receive a gratu-
itv of fomteen days' pav 011 the day
of their disciiargc. The Loyalist
corps, witii such men of the British
regiments as desired to l)e discharged
in America, were directed to hold
themselves in readiness to embark
for Nova Scotia, unless any of them
shouKl choose to l>e dismissed at New
York.
'J'lie loval regiments mentioned in
the instriiCtions. witii their command-
in<' ollicers. were : —
foot) j
The Royal American Rejiment (or6olli
rd and 4th batlallions, General
Lord .\mher.''t in command.
Kinti's American Regiment, Col ICil-
nuind Fanning.
Qj^ieen's Rangers, Col. John Graves
Simcoe.
British Legion of Cavalry, Lieut. Col.
Sornistree Tarleton.
New York \'olunteers, Lt. Col. George
Turnbull.
Lf)val American Regiment, Col. l?everly
Robinson
New yersey N'olunfeers. Brigadier Gen-
eral Corilandt Skinner commanding. 1st
I?attalion, Ll. Col Elisha Lawrence ; Jnd
Battalion, Lt Col. John .Morris; 3rd
Battalion, Lt. Col. Laac Alien.
DeLancey's Brigade, Brigailior General
Oliver DeLancey, commanding, ist Bat-
talion. Col. John Harris Cruger; 2nd
Battalion. Col. George Brewerton.
Prince of Wales' American Regiment,
Col. Montford Browne
PennsvlvatiiaLov:iii.-.ts Lt.Col. William
Allen.
Maryland Loyalists, Lt. Col. James
Chalmers.
Loyal American Legion, Brigadier
General Bei. edict .\rnold.
Detaeliment of Royal Ciarrison Bat-
talion, Lt. Col. Robert Donkiii.
Briti>h Legion of Infantry.
Rf)val Guides and i'ioneers, L'ol. Bever-
ley
Robi
onerican
cres to every non-coir.mi.ssionud ollicer, Bonjamin Thompson.
Dr
IS, Lt. Col.
man, ex-
and 100 acres to every private ..,..,., ^..v-
clusive of what he shall be entitled to in I'^ addition to the above, several
right of his family, discharged of all fees other corps wcrc in whole oi' in put
*'^
I
The i' III ltd Umpire /^oya/isf.\
J/
offi-
Gen-
g. 1st
:e ; 2\m\
; 3rd
jeneriil
[St lial-
■; Jiul
;imont,
ViHiiun
Juiiies
.11 H:U-
He'VlT-
t. Col.
t\
(lishnnded in Xcam Scoti;! and N\'\v Guv Carleton] I find that it iii liis wish
Hiiinswick. ;nnon^ wliicli \vci\' the
Cafolinri Kin;^'s R.uii^crs. I^t. Col.
Thomas Hiownc ; Kiii^ s Oian^e
Ranirers, I.t. Col. Jolin IJavard ;
Roval FL'ncil)le Americans. Lt. Co!.
Joseph (joriiam : DcLanccv's j^rd
IJattalion, Col. Gahriel (j. Ludlow ;
the .:iid Battalion ot" the 84111. or
Roval I Highland I'^mis^rants. Sir (iuv
Carleton in command ; and a part
of the 42nd. or Ro\al Ili-^ddaiul
Regiment ot foot, Lord lolni Mnnay
in command.
Col. Kdwaiil Winslovv* in a
memorial to the Loids Commission-
ers of his Majesty's treasmy. mentions
the interesting;^ fact that at the peace
he was sent In- the conimander-in-
chiet, .Sir GuvCaileton, to explore
and locate lands for the otficers and
men of the ilisi)andcil corps to that
part of Nova Scotia which is now
called \ew liriniswick — a diitv
which he executed vvitliout fee or
reward.
Whilst thus cn<^aujed Col. W'inslow
was intimately associated with Mri-
<jadier General Ilenrv E. Fox. then
commander-in-chief of his Majestv's
loices in Xova .Scotia.
A few selections frrtm the otlicial
concspondence of the dav will throw
some lii^ht upon the [)roceedin'4s
comiected with the disl)anding' of tlie
loyal corps.
General Fox wrote Governor Parr
from Annapolis Roval. Sept. 16: —
.Nova
1' irl V
)iir
these
Ry letters veceivecl this day tVoiii his
Excellency, the Coinniaiuler-iii-Ciui.t' [Sir
* Col. Edward W'insjow was Muster-
Master General of the Provincial forces
during the greater part of the war. His
tiiities were at the Hrst of an extremely
arduous nature. He was frequently ex-
])oscd to lianger tVoiii tiie con.staiit neces-
sity of visiting all the outposts of the
army. His elTorts to correct the irregu-
larities and delect the errors which were
committeii in the accounts of the I'ro-
vincial troops he says involve i him in
per.sonal quarrels and in two instances
personal combats. The subsequent ;ip-
pointir.ent of Col. Alexander Innes, of the
.South Carolina Loyalists, to the post of
Inspector General of Loyalist tbrces,
in a measure relieved him from the re-
spouhibilities that had pre\ iously lievohed
upon him.
tliat the I'rovuicia! Kegnnent^ should be
di>ehargcd as i-ontiguous as poshihie to
the lands on whiili they are to settle, lor
which purpose he di-sires ine to communi-
cate with your Kxcellency and request
that vou wouiii be pleased to determine
the district of country where the ditVerent
Regiments are to settle that tiiey may he
immediately ordered to their respective
doliuatioiis.
ThoM' Kegiments which were eml.ark-
ing at New Yoik are by tlic C(jmm.inder-
in-Chiets partieuler oriler to i)ro<eed
immediately to the liiver .St. Jf)hn and to
take possosioii ot' that tract ot' land which
your Excellency has assigned the I'ro-
\iiicial corps. And the King'> American
Dragoons being already settled at that
place it only remains that vour Excellency
should ]ioint out places for the accommo-
tiationofthe Fencible .Vmericans. com-
manileii by Lieut. Col. Gorham, atid tbf*
King's Orange Rangers, comiri mded by
Lieut. Col. Bayard — the Lo\
Scotia \'olanteers not being pa
mentioned in the above order Ic
tion.
Whenever I mav be t'avoured \si.
I'xcellency'-. decision relative to
lorps, I siiall give the necessary orders
lor ttieir m(;ving to the places assigned
them.
The followin'.; dav Edward Wins-
low wrote from Annapolis to
Major Samuel IJayard, comtiiaiidin<>
tlu- Kin;^ s Oran<^e Ran<iers, request-
\v\'^ him to mai<e immedi.ite applica-
tion to Governor Parr in oidcr to
ascertain the location assij^netl his
coi ps, so that orders might he given
for removing such (jf the commis-
sioned .md noii-commissioncti officers
and private meit as were disposed to
avail themselves of their grants to the
place assigned them, in order to be
there disbanded. ALijor Bayard in
reply wrote that his Excellency had
been pleased to grant a tract of land
f)r that purpose at a place called
^nol:o Head, in the Bay of Fundy,
a few leagues to the eastward of the
entrance of the St. John river.
Ow the 28th of .Septem!)er, (ieneral
Fox wrote from • Augh Pack 'f to
General ILildimand at Qiiebec :
Tl'.e whole of the Provincial Regiments,
consisting of upwards of 3000 men arc
embarked for the River St. John, v.here
they are lo become settlers, and a tract ui
tThe okl Iniiian village on the St. John
river, six miles above Eredcricton.
J^^
The I'uiU'd Umpire f.oya/isfs.
land assignoil them cxtcndiiiL,' from the
townships of M:uii[L'rviIlo and Burton, on
both sides ot" the river on the route to
C.inada, as far as to aceonimodate the
whole, which will he a very conside-able
distance.
This circumstance will, I flatter myse't",
agreeably facilitate the communication
between the provinces of Nova Scotia and
Canada, an object which I am int'ormed
your Excellency is anxious to effect, and
which it is very evident must greatly con-
tribute to the benefit of both provinces.
The same dav General l-'ox issued
an order in wiiich Major Minray was
directed to disband the King's Ameri-
can Dragoons at the • 'J'owsliip of
Prince William' (jii tiie loth of Oc-
tober.
On his return to Fort Howe. Oct.
1st, Gen. Fox issued an oriler for the
tiisbanding ot the companies of tiie
Royal Fcncilile Americans in gaiii-
son at that phice.
Owing to t'-c late arrival of the
royal instructions in America, anc' lo
the lack of shipping, the majoritN' of
the Loyalist troops to be disbanded
on the St. John river did not k-ave
New \'ork initil Mon(la\-. the i^liiof
September, the vessels arriving at St.
John on or about the j.jtli ot" the
same montli. \'ery inadecjuate |)re-
paratioMs liad been made for their
rece|)ti()U :\\\^\ tin- lateness of their
arrival rendered their situation piti-
able in the extreme. ()ne of the
vessels of the Heel, the Martha, with
about 170 souls on board, incliuling
a part oi" the Maryland Loyalists and
a i)ait of the tiiird battalion of l)e-
Lancey s brigade, was wiecked on a
ledge oil" Tuskel river, ami about a
hundred peii.^lu'd miserably : tiie
reinaiiuler were taken from rafts bv
four Massacluisi tts lishing vessels and
landed at \'armouth.
The distvi'ssed situation of the
Loyalist soldiers wlien tl\e\ had ar-
rived at St. Jolm deeply impressed tents'. Tiie awfidness of their situa-
so truly afTecting as the poignant distress
of the men. Those reputable sergeants
of Ludlow's, Fanning's, Robinson's, etc..
(once hospitable yeomen of the country,)
addressed me in language tiiat almost
murdered mo as I iieard it: — 'Sir, we have
served all tiie war; "vc were promisetl
la/id: we expecteil vou iiad obtained it foi"
us. We like the country; only let us
have a s/<ot of onr otcv/ and give us such
ki'-.d of regulations as s!i;dl protect us."
Many of the soldiers, witli their
wives and families, spent their llrst
winter :it 'I.,ower Cove" in log huts
or l)ark c;imps; some even in tents
covered willi spruce liranches
brought in lioats from Partridge
Island. Their sufl'erings were n;it-
iiral'.y verv severe, and a mmiber of
})ersons died through exposure.
Speaking of this time, Peter Fisli-
er, in his little work SkctcJic^ c/'
^Wtf />ru//szc/rk, published in 1S25,
says :
'Frequently in the piercing cold ot
winter a p;ut of the family liatl to remain
up during the night to keep fire in their
huts to prevent the other part tVom fVeez-
ing. Some very destitute families made
use of boiirds to supply the want of bed-
liiiig; the father or some ol" the eltler
I'bildren remaining up by turns ami
w;irming suitable pieces of boarils which
they ;ipplit'd alternately to the smaller
children to keep them warm ; with many
similar expedients.
The lateness of llieir arrival, com-
bined with the fact that no deilnite
gr;ints had as yet been ;issigned tlie
several corps, induced the great
maioritv of the disb;mded troops to
remain at the town of P;irr during
the winter. A few adventurous
s])irils. however, pushed on to .Saint
Anne's I'oint. where tliev ;urived in
tlu' earh' pait oi' Xovemlier. after a
nine days' journey u|> the river. He-
fore they bad liuu; to complete thjir
huts, the snow was on the groimd.
:uid pait of the winter was spent in
>il\\ ;u (I
W
uislow . who. in vvntini
to Ward Chinmat
tion
can
b
his old iVienc
•W
and ilepuiy Muster-master-gener;d. lor tl
omen. delic;ite!\ H'an
reailiU'
1,
uuagmed.
cared
leir
infmts beneath canv;is tents
savs :
rendered iiabitable only by the
nan
1 ,;ave seen thoM' ']>rovincials' which of snow \\ hicli la\' six feet ^\vc\^ in
have so frcciuenlly mustered, land
in tins inhosp
ilabi
e climate in the iiionlli
11
le open spaces ol the torest.
of October, without a shelter and will
unit
imaccustonie-
.1) tod
lOOlvCUl
Men
with
w
knowing where to liiui a place to re^ide. dismay towaiils a lutme
'I'lie chagrin of the (ilUcers was n()t tome seemeii hopeless.' Throilgli
hich
the
\
I
■9
The i'uitcd /impirc Lova/is/s.
39
&'h«
coin-
tin ilL'
A llie
;^icat
)ps to
uviii;4
tnioiis
S;ii.\t
c(l ill
I'UT ;i
(.' tlu-ir
VOUllil.
jont ill
r ^itiia-
i>;iiK'il.
caii-'il
S tLMlts
lri>p in
Mm
with
which
\\ Ihr
^"^
non-anival o( the supphcs expected
1)eforc the close of navij^atioii. star-
vation at one tiir.e stareil tiie httle
colony in the face ; and. as one said
who as a child j^assed thron'j;ii the
experience of those dreadful days
•Stron;^. proud men wej.L like child-
ren, and lay dcnvn in their snow
bound tents to ilie.' Fre(|uently had
these poor settlers to .uo fioin tifty to
one hundred miles, with hand sleds
or tobojjjj^ans. throuj^h wild woods
or on the ice. to procure a precarious
supply for their famishing- tamilies.
The priyations and suilerin^s endur-
ed in some instances almost exceed
belief.
14. — T/ir 7)/Z'/s/(>// of the Prox'iiicc.
A vast im] etus was p;iyen to the
development of thie counM'y north <if
tlie Hay of Fuiuly b\ the coniin<j^ of
the Loyalists. In the course of a few
months it passed from the condition
of a Cf)mparatiyely unknown retjioii
with a mere haiuit'ul of Eivj^lish
si)eaki(i<„f people to that of an inde-
pendent province with an enter|nis-
iiig class ol inhabitants — ])oor in
purse, indeed ; but rich in experience,
determination. enerL;\. education, in-
tellect, and other (pialities essential
to tlv IiiiiMinii; uji of a counti\. \\\
their .'lorts, within a vear towns
spran<4" into existence at St. Jrjhn.
Freckricton and St. .\ii(ii\nvs. and
tlirivin;^ settlements were iounde,! at
-xinu^ston. .Sussex \'ale. (ia^etc vvn,
\ v'ateibor()UL;"h. 15uiton. a '' !her
places on the river .St. Jolm a-, wei'
as in Westmorland connt\' and at
various points arouiu' ihe sii;>resand
on the rivers of Liiariotte countv.
I'^rom these places as centres, ot'-.^r
setllemems we; I' establislnd. Iacu
tiie Xortii SIk re >!iai\'il in the benetits
ol" the iiumi'iiafion. 'Tiiis was lar>j;e-
Iv throuj^'h the e'.d'i prise of William
Dayidsoii. tl,' pimuH'r I'-n^iish set-
tler on the M' ainiehi, whr. in 1 7>^.>
eiiira<;ed ilf^v , imii'es (I' ioyal refu-
ti'ees to settle or, the Miramichi and
Keslinoiiche liveis. These new
settlers, wit 1 .Mi-ssis. Mnnro. Doyle
;md othei s at tlie Ha\- of C.'haleur,
and .\Jr. I'owell at K iehihuclo, exer-
cised an im[M)itant intliience in the
tuiine development of their several
localities.
More than twelve thonsaiul Loyal-
ists came to that portion of the old
prcjvince of Xova Scotia now called
New r)rnnswick. ALuiy ot those
mentioned in Col. Morse's return as
settled in the county of Cumberland*
had established themselves on the
I'etitcodiac river and elsewdiere in
the i)resent counties of Westmorland
and Albert. The number who
settled on the St. John rivei' was
about ten thousand. The list ot
those entitled to provisions in this
district comprised 4,131 men, 1.619
\yomen. lo I'd children over ten years,
i-j^f) ehildieu under ten years and
.(|i servants — ().z(-)0 persons in all:
Init Col. Motse in his return states
that tor reasons menti(-»ned in the re-
j)()rt of Tiiomas Knox, Lsq., Deputy
Commissary of Musters, it hatl been
toiind i..i|:)ossihle to ascertain the ex-
act numlier ot Loyalists mustered on
the liver Saint lohn. Mr. Knox
mentions, amony; the ililliculties en-
cou'.itered in his work in the immense
district of country assij^ned to him,
the fict that there had been iVequent
iiUercliaiiL':es amoivj; the earlier ar-
rivals, who. unlike the tlisbanded
tioops. were not enrolled in com-
panies, lie found tliat absent tami-
lies \yere daily expected. Many of
the soldiers were not yet on their
lands; oiheishad already abanJoiRHl
them.
The city of Saint John was for a
brief period a sort of ilistriinitin^
l)oint. .mil at the close of the first
lialf year of its existence the popula-
tion probal)ly amounted to six or
>.eyeii thousanii. '>ut this number
rapidly decreased as dilliculties re-
spectini; the location of <jranls were
disposed of and new settlements
-pranu; into existence in v.irious parts
of the province. That portion of the
prese' t city lyiii^j; to the south of
I'll ion street at first received the
* By du- (li\i>ioii of llu- proviiu-o of
Nova Siolia tlie iii.ico^t iiuil of tlio old
coiinlv of diniiierliiiul wus iiu'liuleii in tlio
proviiiii" of N'l'w lJnm>\vit:lv.
40
The I 'III'/ id Umpire Lava lists.
name of Parr. The town was laid
out in 14^.} lots, by Paul ISuclcll. A
few favored individuals appear to
have enjoyed the privilege of select-
ing their lots; hut the great majority
were drawn bv the Loyalists in the
usual manner, as they arrived in the
country. Many who came with the
intention f)f proceeding at once to the
cultivation of their lands were com-
))elled to remain at the month of tiie
river until provision was made for
the survey and allotment of their
grants. 'J'hc following words, writ-
ten bv Col. Morse eighteen months
after the arrival of the hist band of
Loyalists, will give an idea of the
situation : —
1 am sorrv to acK! that a vcr}- small jm-o-
poition iiitloL'd of these people are yet
upon tlieir lands, owing to tiitlerent causes
— First, their arriving very 1 Mte in the sea-
son ; Sc(o//(//y, timely provision not hav-
ing been made bv escheating and laying
out lands, in which great delavs am! ir-
regularities ha\e happened; Tliirdlv, a
sullicient number ot' surveyors not having
been employtd ; but I.a$'th\ anil princi-
pally, the want of t'oresight and wisdom
to make necessary arrangements, ami
steadiness in carrying them out.
The evils arising from mismanage-
ment. Col. Morse allirmed. w (luld be
felt for a long time to come. Hither-
to the Loyalists had been mostlv em-
ploved iit l)uilding towns, ami bv
their exertions at Port li^o^ewav and
at the mouth (if the rivi'r St, [olm
large towns had been built in an as-
tonishingly short time. These great
exeilions, in hisopinio'i, woidd iiave
been nH)ie protitabb' diiected in cul-
tivating their lands ; since, besiiles
tb.e loss of time, thev had wasteil
their sid)stance in that which was
imlikely to prove either prolitable to
then.selves or usef.d to the cotmtiv.
To add to the imeasiness of those
who w ere awaiting their lands, in-
tion caused bv tiiis proceeding was
so great at the town of Parr that four
himdred persons signed an agreement
to remove to Passamaciuoddy. Ec[nal
indignation was displaved at New
York, where a memorial was speedi-
ly drawn up and verv largely signed,
and ]-)resenled to the commander-in-
chief bv Messrs. Samuel I lake. li^lias
Hardv, Captain lleurv Law and
Terttdlus Dickenson. The memori-
alists state :
That thev had determined to remove
vvith their lamilies and settle in his niajes-
tv's province of Nova Scotia on the terms
which they understooti were held out
ci/iKi/lv to all his Majesty's persecutcii
subjects That chagrineii as
the memorialists are at the manner in
which the late contest has been termina-
ted and tlisappointed as they tind tliem-
selves in btiug lelt to the lenity of their
enemies on the dubious recommentiatioii
ot' their leaders, they vet hojied to tind an
asylum under IJritish protection, little
suspecting there would be found amongst
their tcllow sull'erers, persons ungenerous
enough to attempt engrossing to them-
selves so disproportionate a share ofwhat
government has allotted tor their common
benefit, and so liitferent from the original
proposals. . . . The memoiialists
cannot luit regaiil the grants in ([uestion
if'jarried into elfect as amounting nearly
10 a total exclusion of themselves atui
lamilies who if they become settlers must
content themselves with barren or remote
lands, or submit to be tenants.
The petitioners met willi a most
fivorable leception at the han(is of
the commander-in-chief, who em-
phaticallv assuretl them, " .\'' mie
person will obtain a larger giant of
lands in Nova Scotia than 1000 acres.'
Sir (jiiy finther statetl that in his
opinion no persons should be allowed
to take up lands in that province but
those who mean to reside in it. till
the Loyalists were llrst served. Per-
sonallv he would do evervthing in
his power lor the memoriali.sls, and
iormation was leceived, in Augtrst, he believed they woidd have no
I7S_^. that litt\-li\e piominent Li, .d- cause ta complahi.
isis m the citv o
f N
e w
^■
o)-|
nail
I'l
ie situahon a
t St. lol
m,
now-
miited in an apjilicatiiju for tracts of ever, continueil to be a matter of
land in \o\;i Scotia.
unountmg to much anxietv
K
ev
olm
^75.(XKJ acres, ami that they liad dis- Sayre, writing to the S. P. (L, in
palciied agents to sm vey the ludo- the month ol" October, lyS^. says
caled lands and select the most fei- that he foimd on iiis arrival a midti-
tlle spots anil desirable situations on tude of his fellow sull'erers at the
the ."^t. John river. The dissatisfac- mouth of the 1 iver imsettled, and
1'
llic Ciiilcd lliupu'c Loyalists,
41
ami
imist
-moto
most
is of
cin-
oiic
lilt of
icrcs.'
his
oWfll
■e Init
It. till
Tor-
\w-^ in
anil
,c no
iiow-
tcr til'
lolui
r.. iu
says
innlti-
al llu>
and
h,
main ot lliL-in on tlu' in ink ofdcspair
on account ot'tlic dclavs in allottinLj
their lands to them.
Complaints were made that whilst
their iirjj^ent necessities were not
])roperly cared for. the Loyalists
could not make their voice heard in
the councils of the countrv. because
the settlements north f>f the hav of
Fundy were practically without rep-
resentation in the j)rovincial assem-
hlv.
(jovernor Parr's popularity with
tlu; New IJrunswick Loyalists — if he
e\er liad anv — soon vanished. There
is every reason to suppose that his
Excellency was sincereh' desirous of
facil'tatiii'j; the :">ettlemcnt of the
country ; hut. j^ivinij him all credit
tor i^ood intentions, it may he serious-
ly ([uestioned whether he were just
the man for the emeiijencv. In per-
son he was e\ceedinL,dv stout* and
this tact, combined with advanciii'^
years, unlitted him tor vei\- acti\e
physical exertion. The ditrKulties
of communication appear to have
tleterred him fiom ever visitinj^ Saint
John, where serious complications
on more than one occasion rendereil
it hiji^hh- desirable that active mea-
sures should have been emplo\eil
uiuler his personal supervision. In-
stead of this he acted throu^^li a^tnts
sent Miither from time to time, and
in his letter to the secretary of state.
(Lord Xoi til ). written on the lolh ol"
August 1784. he says:
I tlattor m\>e'lt' that the ineasuros I have
taken witli the people (in Si. John's ri\i'r
and l)y hrim^iiii; some of llie leadinn men
ot'lhe parties there to tills siile ol' the I>a;i
of Fnndy will prove elVecliial to suppress
raetious eonnuotioii.s in tlie seltlemeiUs
ot' that river.
Vain hope ! Not thus was the
])roblen) to be soK\'d.
Col. Ldward W'inslow ap|)eais to
havi' been the lust to sui^iicst tin'
measuie of foi niin;4 a separate i^overn-
ment. as the onl\ possible inean^ of
ellectualh' remedvin;^ the dilViculties
of the situation. The proposition
commended itself to CJeneral Fox
and was warndv taken up by leadinjf
Lo\ alists.
I)issatisfacti(^ii at the time was by
no means confined to the town of
Parr and the settlements on the river
St. [ohn. A very extensive settle-
ment had been established on the
shores oi' Passamaquoddy bay. cr)n-
sistin<^ of Loyalists from New York
and Penobscot, with a contiuLjent of
tlu; disbanded Royal Fencible Ameri-
cans. The numl)ers as |.^iyen in Col.
Mors(;'s muster were 83;:^ men. 304
women 340 children i>yer ten years
and 310 under ten years — in all 17S7
piMSoiis. Here, too. diss.itisfaclion
pre\ailed. In a letter to Ward
Chipman, Ldward VVinslow says:
.Since our first proposal, a vast niiinl)er
ol' settlers have arrived in this eonntry.
.Vhoi'.t all the jieople who eonipo>ed tlie
garrison of I'enohseot are iu)w at I'assam-
aquod'iy. The late .\nierican Feneihles,
l)i'. I'aine and a larife party are also there.
Saiiniel Mliss with another party — in short
the nninher that have emii^ratei! to tiiat
side of the bay is astonishiiui;. All these
men are waitiiiLT with the most eai^er im-
patience for some remilations iii their
favour. All a^ree thai nothiiur short ofa
sepal ate i^overnment can elVeetually serve
them. Surely it nmst happen ; it nuist
he for the interest as well as liie honor ol
the British (Jovernment to snaleh from
despair so many of its faithful suhiects.
The division of Nova .Scotia into
two provinces was aiuiounced in
September. 178-;; and on the Ji^tof
No\ eml>er Col 'I'hoinas Caileton. the
liisl :j;oyernor. • .rived in .'*^1. lolm
and recei\ed a most eiitluisiastic wel-
come. In the addiess presenli'd to
the lU'W j,^oveinor. the resentment
enlert. lined towai'ds (Jovernor Parr
and his advisors tinds expression.
I'he' iiiliaiutaiits term lliemsehes ' a
number of oppresseil and insulted
.oyalisis,' coui^ratulate Col.Carletoii
on hi.s arrival to correct the injustice
of the past aiul to establish such laws
*In a letter to den. Ilahlimand, dateil ;,s are essential to the wellare of the
iy Ji, 17S4, Governor I'arr requests a „^.^^. p,.,,vi„ce, a.idiiur that thev were
Ljood strong horse to he sent him from
(.^iieljec, as ho riiles 'better tliaii seven-
teen stone,' (saj, J45 lbs).
formerly '(x^^:^ men and a^ain hoped
to be such under his auspices.
42
I lie L nilcd Umpire Loyalists.
Tlw Soldiers' iirant.':.
It has already bciMi shown that tlie
selection of the valley of t'.ie river
Joini as the place of settlement of so
manvofthc dishanded Loyal re<:ji-
meiits arose not merely from the fact
that the most accessible and promis-
ing lands were there to lie found, hut
plans in the Crown Land ollice at
Fredericton proves that the settle-
o'" ment of the disbanded corps was. as
tar as possible, conducted in accor-
dance with tlie Kind's instructions.
U(
l)ciiiamm
ment, the
lompsou s retfi-
ra-
.my s American
D
"Toons, commande
l)v
M
i|or
1),
iiuel
\v
as in accordance with a plan c
on-
ceived o
an
dN
}•
le <rovern<jrs o
ova
t!
Scoti
f C
inada
Murray, was (Hshanded at Prince
William on the loth of October, 17S3.
The lownsliip of Prince William re-
ceived its name from the Kjval [)atron
of th.e corps, aftervvartls Kiny; William
i\ . of Lngland. It comprises a
tract of laiui six miles scpiare adjoin-
ing^ the north boundary of the old
township of Sunburv on the west
bank ot the St. John. Capt. John
Munro, of the Kinjj^'s Roval Ke^i-
inent. who made a tour of the St.
, . '"»•' 01 testily- ),,)lin river durin<r the summer and
iiiiT our entire ixpproDution ot the loyaltv, ' , ,- ^,P , ■ ,. ,,
siiireringsandserviccsoftliecominissioneci :>i"""i" "' ' 7\"v si^'akuto- „| tin.
oiricers of oin- Pro viiiciiil forces wlio luive township ol Prince W ilham. says,
fist ; it is
la for tlic estalilishmg
of a route of communication between
Halifax and (Quebec, and also to pro-
vide for die protectifjii of the frontier.
Tlv ietails of the |)lan of settlement
in tiie ro}..l instruc-
weii .m
tions
A
i)odi
to (jovernor Carleton
ii<rn. t 1
17S4. Sect
ion
-I.")
)fth
is
important -. ument reads
.\nd wliereas we are ilesi
l)ecii reciiiccil: It is tlieielbre our will and
pleasuit; that up(jn application ol" such of
tlu." said eoiiHiiis.sioncd olliccrs wiio shall
lis settlement u'l'es on
exceeding ^ooi
aiuis.
e williiiLT imnieilia
tel}' l(
ittk
and im-
Notwithstanding Capt. Munro's
prove lands in our said province, you do a<nnM
direct that warrants of survey and i^rants ol the
admiration ol the settlement,
manv
soldiers sliced 1
ly
aoaiidonci
lit,
lor the same he made out and given in the as the\- ditl other settlements subse-
lollowing proportions, that is to say for
every Field Ollicer 1,000 acres, to every
Ca]itaiii 700 aeres, to every .Suhallerii
(luenllv eslaiuislied on tlie river.
an instance
(of
wliicn several similar
.Siall'aiui W'arraiit ollicer 500 acres, exclu- ones are to he .lound 111 the reC(M(ls ot
sive of the luimher to which nu'iiihers of tlu' old couiitv of .Simburv) Priva.te
, 1 . .- . 1 . , • , I 1 ** •
their families are entitled
.^amuel ,Sulli\ an ol the Ki
no-
, mer-
In i:
le
case o
f 11
ou-cominissioiied
ican
Dramions. four davs alter the
othcers. as before stateti. tlu
Man
t formal disband
iiii
was
to 1
le 200
acres; and in that of s^old his claim to lot Nc
his regiment,
o.j in the
privates. 100 acres, exclusive ol liie iowusliipol I'rince William, con-
nuinher of acres to which the mem- taining aiKiUt lou acres, his legal
b
ers of their fimi!
les miuhl
eii-
rii
titled, r
lit by draft, to Reuben Chase I
or
ie section just quoted fur-
ther p|()\ ide
And in order to strengthen thu propo
settlements in
aid
proviiu:e, and that
the sum of JL'i, i-ad acknowledged
himself salislied.
.\fter the stirring scenes of the
tented Held, the moiiotonv of life in
they may be in a state of security and ile- the back woods w itii its accompany-
fence, it is our will and pleasure" that the mg luirdships ami privation had little
allotments to he maile to the non-commis-
sioned oiruors and private men under our
said insiruclions shall he, where the same
attraction for main of the men of the
IS
disbanded corps
bniken down in hca
Others were so
llh
i)V wounds
praclieahle, liy Corps and as contiguous
as maybe to each other, anil that the and expos'i'e during the warastobe
allotments made to the several commis- uiilitted for tlie t:!sk of clearing land
hioned ollicers under this our instruction 1 i.' .• ., 1 ■
iiul cultivating the sod.
One great practical hindrance to
shall be intersperseil therein, that the
same may be thereby uniteil and in ease
<jf attack be delendeil by thoso who
have been lucu-.tomed lo bear arms aiul
serve lo gel her
the settlement o
f tl
le coiintrv was
needlessly created throiu
h the
ol la\ ill''- out the sdUiieis lots .ilon<r
11 examination ol the grants iu\i.\ the .St. John and oilier rivers with a
)
t
\
t
\
The i'liilcd Jinipii-f Loyal isLs.
43
ii
•;!lc
Ul-
Ihc
■lit.
IlllC
toii-
iMral
ItilO
in
li>v-
llUc
ItlR-
|l\llS
anil
)
to
kv;is
[iiuj;
h a
•
frontage otdnly sixteen r(Hl«i and a
depth of over three miles Those
who became actual settle) s. in process
of time sold the rear half of their
lands, as too remote to l>e workeil
with advantage, and increased tlie
lireadtii of their farms b\- pmchase
liom theii' neiglihors.
In an account of a missionary. loui'
in New IJruiiswick in the vear rSo^.
Dr. James McGregor, a Presbyterian
minister of I'ictou. X. S.. c[iiaintl\
desciibes the evil conseqr.ences of
surveying the soldiers' lots in the
customary fashion. After ascending
the Nashwaak river some tilteen
miles, he arrived at Highland Settle-
ment, the people <jf which were • the
remains of the .-j^d Regiment which
the British Government hail settled
there at the conclusion of the revolu-
tionary war in .\merica.' ' I lound.
says Dr. Mc(ji'egor, ■ that thev had
been miserably abused in their settle-
ment. The officers got large lots of
the best land : tiie men got lots all
length antl no breatlth ! JMie conse-
quence was tlial one half of the men
Cf)ok (near iiurgovne s fcrr\) in the
parish of Kingscleai'.
riu- Marvland Lo\alist> had a
grant on the east side of the St. John.
opposite J'i'edericton extending from
Heron .^ (or Killarne\- ) lake to the
Xashwaak. and .another grant at the
I'emiiac (or IV'imvlujck) stream a
short <listance above the piesenttown
of Marvs\ille.
A portion of the Prince of \Vales"
American regiment was settled on
tlie east side of the St. lohn below
the mouth of the Keswick.
I'arther up the vallev of the Kes-
\\ ick lav the grant to the New York
N'olunteei s.
The Ro3al (jtiides and Pioiieers
had a grant (-ast of the main river
between the Keswick and the Coac
The (^ueen s Rangers had exten-
si\e grants in the parish of (.Jjieens-
bury. which derived its name from
th it fa:uou> lo\al corpN. One ot' tlie
grants was above IJear Islunl (23
miles from l''iedeiicton ) on the east
side of the St. lohn; an'ther above
naci
to 1
eavc
their
an(l> and go air
1 the Madnctic F.ilK. in the [jai i^h of
shitt tor themselves somewheie elsi.
ontliampt'
on
and
stil
another on
T
leii" dispe", sion disabli-d litem from
obtainiuLT
'ft tl
minister of the ''osix'
•I,
and
lem as sliax' >heei) in the
wilderness. A t
ew ol them
turned baptists a
\\k\ Metliodist^
iad
iuit
the opposin' side ol the St jonn, ex-
tending from the Mailuclic I'alls to
I'^el liver. The 1st and 2tl DeLan-
ce\ battalions received a grant ou
of the St. lohn, be-
the west haul
the best and worst of them continued giumng at a point a s
hort
distance
P
I esbyteriaiis.
above the Meduct
ic
or
i:ei
\\\ er
The K
ving s (. >iange Ivangeis were
stationed in N()\a ,'~^cotia al liie time
ail!
incluiuii''' in I
pans!) o
W
Isl
oodstoc
units liie pii.'sent
tl
le i)eace
liev weie
assi'T-ned
'IMiese Were the pri))cipal grants to
ands a
t Cb
iiaco
lb
on the I)av
the i.ovahst coi[
)s. but iheie were
iiiidv. as we have alread\ note
m.ms smaller ones, and it must als(j
Tl
ic comr)amei
ol the
R
oval
lorne in iniii.l that num!>ers o
ftlu
Feiicil)le Americans at I'oit lb>we
received their grant al l*assama((uod-
dv.
.11
icers and men of the l'iovi)iciaI
ngiments secured grants on ihe 1()W-
[joilion of the river St. John ami
er
in o
ther
pal !
)t the provmce.
Lt.
r.. the remain. Icr of the loval q,, ]{i,.|,.„,i lU.wlett* and otiiers
regiments was assigned a tract ot
land • extending iVoni the townships
of MaugerviUe and Ibirton on l)oth
sides of the St. b)hii river on the
* Col. lle\vlt.'ll was a native ol' Ilamp-
>tcaii,C^ioon's county, Long iKlaiui, N. V. ;
nd tin- olViccrs ami men (ifliis luttalion
route to Canada as t.ir as lo Mccomo- ^vi-re almost without exception iiatlvos
date the whole.'
()(' t'le same couiitv.
Oil tlu'ir arrival
In ace
ordance with this general
ill New Hrunswiol> Muy pi-ipeiiiatotl
the familiar naiiies of ilampsloaii, l.on;^
plan the New lersev N'olunteers had isJaiKl aiul (J^icen's county in die liuul of
their grant ol land at Scoodovvabs- their uiioption.
44
The L 111 led liiupirc Loyalists.
of DcLancey's 3(1 Hattallion, tor ex
ample, obtained giants of land in
C^ieens and Sunl)ury counties.
1 6.— Cojicliifion.
The arrival of. such a inultiuide of
new settlers was a source of anxietv
to tlie Indians. Capt. Munro, as-
cendin;^ the river on his return to
(Quebec, in October. 17S3. foiuid "the
most part of the Indians were movin<;
oil" to tiie eastw.'ird for fear of the
number of provincial troops antl set-
tlers cominfj upon the river.'
Those of the old iidiabitants vviio
had covertly or openly sympathized
with the rebellion also re_(^arded tlie
col. i 'g of the Loyalists with dis-
f:' . ... Many of them, havin<4
neglected to obtain anv legal title to
their lands, were, in the words of
Ai. s L-ihtord, ' seated on the l)ank
of tlic ri\ei' without leave or license,
merely to get tiieir living ' It must
be admitted that the Loyalists were
rather supercilious in their dealings
with this class of the old inhabitants,
but it is pn^bable that thev were ac-
tuated not so much by a conscious-
ness of their own superiority in point
of education and social standing as
by a heartv dislike for those who had
in ariv wav identified themselves
with their enemies during the Revo-
lutionary wai .* A fruitlul source of
strife and bitterness was found in tlie
fact that a num!)er of lots which at
the close (jf the war were in posses-
sion of the old settlers, but to \\ hicli
they had not secured anv [)roper title.
were bv order of (joxernor I'arr
lumiiiered and diawn in tlu' usual
manner by the loyal let'ugees.
W'lii.n the latter tried to take posses-
sion of these lands, trouble naturally
ensuetl. (Governor Parr then gave
directions that the improvements
* It is a well-kiu)\vn Ihel that a huifc
majority of the old inliahiluiits 011 the
river St. Jolui svmpatliised willi the Atner-
icans in llie Revohiliotiary war. See
Kiililer's Military ()j;cralioiis in Eastern
^h^ine ami Nova Sirotia ; Nhiiiloeli's Nova
Seolia;L'. L. ilatlu'wayV history of New
I5runs\viik ; 1 lannay's 'j'dwiiship of Mau-
gervillc.
slunild be valued and paid for by the
refugees who drew them ; ' Accor-
tlingly,' says Col. Tyng, 'we ap-
pointed two discreet persons on
i)ehalfofthe Loyalists, and the old
inhabitants chose two for themselves ;
when they went upon the business
they verv soon diU'eied in their prices
and nothing ccjuclusive took place.
It is I think veiv evident,' he con-
tinues. ' that the appraisers for the old
inhabitants have been unreasonable
in the value the\' have set upon some
spots: I cannot conceive any im-
provements upon this river can be
worth £5 :os. per acre besides the
first cost or value of the land.'t
Time softenetl the asperity ; the old
settlers and the new were gradu-
ally leconciletl: their children inter-
married, and hit by bit the old feuds
were forgotten.
On their First arrival, the Loyalists
in manv instances received much pcr-
S(jnal kindness at the hands of the (jld
iidiabitants. Mrs. Mary niad!..y. in
her curious old autobiogiaphy [print-
ed at St. [ohn in 1S49, sa\s,
Al'lcr tlio conelnsion of tiio American
war, a j^reat number tVotn tlie Slates lied
to this place .... My heart was
tilled with pity and allection when I saw
them in a straiiLie land, without house or
home, and many olthem were sick and
helpless. 1 ot'len lookeil at them when
they ])assed \.y in boats in rainy weather,
ami wished tor them to call and relVesh
thenu elves, and was gl,itl when they did
so
Mrs. Bradley was then living at
Maugerville. She nuMitions the fad
that dining tiie winter one of the
tThe letter iVom which the above is
taken was written by Col. Tynjjf rr.)in his
place at (Jatfetown, which he calls 'Pros-
pect l''arm,' to Jonathan (Jitell, .March 9th,
17S5. In the settlement of the Loyalists
on the .St. John river Col. Tyng's ser-
vices were o I" threat value.
The scoi lU'nl appellation sometimes cm-
ployed by the L«)yalists in tlesignating the
old inhabitants as 'the bow and arrow
breed" is said to liave had its origin in the
tact that during the war the settlers on the
.Sl.Jolm liad been un,;ble to procure the
usual supplit;s ol" powiler ami shot for
hmUing. and out of sheer necessity hail
recourse to the Indian moile of hunting
with the bow anil arrow, in which thev
liad become quite exj)ert.
I)
• •
m
})
J he L iiilai liiii/'n-c Loyalists.
/J
Li)v;'.li.st fainilic's liwd in ;i poitioii ol
her tatlicr s hnusu. TIk' boats to
wliich she refers were tl-.e tainoiis
Durham boats, supplicil l)v j^oxeni-
ment to the Loyalists tor tlie trans-
portation ot' their few possessions to
their several destinations.
The supervision of the Loyalists as
tiiey arrived at St John was entrusted
l)y (iovernor Parr to Captain (iilfied
Studhohue, of the R(nal Feneibles.
who coniniandeil the ^arrisfjii ,it Fort
Howe.
Histor}' has scarcely awarded to
vStudholme the meed of praise he
fairly earned l)y tlie enci(,n and ahili-
t\ with which he discharged the
duties of a responsiiile and ditlicult
position, not only durin<;fthe proj^ress
of the war but after the establishment
of jieace. Even the names l)y which
in ills honor the two longest streets
in the city of St. John were formerly
known have long since been changed :
Gilfred street is now known as
Union street and Stndholme street
as Charlotte street.
During the year i/S:;. Major Stml-
holme's time was fully occujiied in
attending to the immediate wants of
the Loyalists as thev arrived in the
country. As sujjerintendent of the
lioard of directors of the • Towns at
the entrance of the River ' it was his
duty to attend to the distribution of
town lots and to provitle each grantee
with 500 feet of rough boartls and a
certain quantitv of shingles to assist
in biuldinga lude dwelling for shelter
during tlie ensuing winter. In all,
^fajor Studholme distributed in this
way 1,664,110 feet of boards and
i,449,9r9 shingles. His account
for furnishing lumber and electing
houses between the ist da\ ofjune
and the 31st December. 1 7'\v
amounted to £6.721 6s. 6d., which
amount was allowed and [i.aid him
by government. IJy the ^.wuX ol' Se|)-
tember, 700 houses were nearly
linished. Meanwhile the settlement
of the Loyalists on the .St. John
river and at i'assamaquoddy had
been slowly progresssing.
.Studholme's duties at St. John re-
quired so much time aiul attention that
the work el.sevvhere was mainly coii-
(hictcd under the supervision o|
Lieut, ."-^amuel Deiinv Street, also ot
tile Kovai Fencible^. It shouUl be
mentioned to the lion>r of this oilicer
that, having a grant at Hurton of
3.000 acres, he voluntaiilv surrend-
ered 2.00CJ acres together with a
v.iluable propert\- at .St. John, lor
tlie immediate accommodation ol the
Lovalists. on the assurance of (iover-
nor Fair that after tlie\- were pro-
vided tor an ecpial amount of laiul
should l)e assigned liim elsewhere,
'.riiis })romise. however. \v;!s lost
sight of. and Lieut. Sfeet was left
to struggle tlirough lite with a family
often sons and two daughters, with
no better provision than his thousand
acres, his subaltern's lialf-[)ay, and
his own natural abilities — the latter,
as the e\ent proved, being his best
capital.
( )n the completion of hislaiiorsat
vSt. Joiin. Major Stmlholme removed
to his grant of land on the Kennebe-
casis. wlicre he spent his declining
vears and was buried. A little gro\e
ot" evergreens, crowning the iiighest
point on the noitii ^ide of the river
near the vill.ige of Apohaijui. marks
Ills last resting place. The exact
location of the grave is unknown.
^'ear by year, as the iStli dav of
May comes round, tlie city of the
Lovalists dons her lioliilay attire, the
memory of her loyal founders is re-
called and duly lumored, whilst the
llag of Britain floats iVom its staff in
honor of the day. Our thoughts
go back to that \Liy mo'umg a cen-
tury aiul more ago when the good
ship UnioHy with the same old llag
streaming from the mast head, led
up to the .anchoring grouml beneath
the i^rotecting guns of oUl I'^ort 1 lowe
the most notable fleet that had yet
entered the harboi' of Saint John.
It was the hand of Gilfred Studholme
that first welcomed the wearied
exiles to these rocky shores ; but to-
dav no head stone marks the lone
grave where far fVom kith and kin
the brave old soldier's ashes lie.
Utilitarians have soundly lectured
the Loyalists on tlu' follv llic} mani-
fested at the Revolutionary period.
'IMiose who thus criticise too often
46
Tlic United limp ire Loyalists.
have the most vajijiie and irulefitiite
ideas regarding the position of the
Loyahsts, hoth at the beginning and
chiring the progress of the conflict be-
tween Great Britain and her old colo-
nies. If the writer has been able to
remove some of the many misconcep-
tions that have existed, he is amply
rewarded for the time and lal)or he
has expended in the investigation of
the subject.
History itself has justified the atti-
tude assumed by those who were
exiled for their fealty to the mother
land. The inh.diitants of the British
American provinces have secured,
from time to time, the redress of
many grievances by constitutional
means. The reforms achicveil dur-
ing tlie century past are varied and
important, and the constitution of
Canada to-day happily combines
freedom of local government with
loyal attachment to the throne.
All honor to the brave hearts that
laid strong and deep the foundations
of our own Canadian home — that
steadfastly adhered to principle,
'faithful alike to God and king,'
May it be written above their quiet
graves :
''Nunc placlda compost us pace
quicscit."
W. O. RAYMOND.
St. John, N. B., May iS, 1S93.
•)
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