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Published by Unanimous Request. PRINTED BY JOJIN LOVELL/ ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 18G8. '''DtfiHftvirMrt ''1«V«»«.t.i'»nrn-?i;.tiftUi:(»;iJ!ti.Jii»i<<(»tH'irfW»Mi'.' ffiglMlliEg^^ ON INCREASE OF THE EPISCOPATE, OR mmljfl ^anst'mtA f^inistrg UPOX THE APOSTOLIC AND PRIMITIVE BASIS. ERRATA. On page 6, fourteenth line, for " father." read " future. On page 8, third line, for "many," read "man." On page 8, sixth line, for "ever," read •' even." On page 10, sixth line from bottom, for " in," read " is. ' On Appendix, for "breath," read " breadth." REV. J. BUEROWS DAVIDSON, M.A., RECTOR OF ST. ARMAND EA.ST. Published by Unanimous Request. PRLNTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICEIOLAS STEEET. 18G8. .•i,i:.:Ki«.!;:iB ■ii.:,:lf,,ifvM ■:w.:M«.f.(«4>i-«f.^r.M,li:,fci"' 'o'tuv {'EmaKurrm', UpeafiEVTipuv h(u SiaKovur) BKKh'/rti oh Ko/rirni " witliout these (Bishops, Presbyters and Deacons) b «wl«wivu»>^ the Church is not so named. And tlic express declaration of tlie Preface to our Ordinal, " It is evident inito all men diligently read- ing the Holy Scriptures atid ancient authors, that from t\\Q A])i>stles'' time there have been tliesc orders of ministers in Christ's C'hurch, Bishops, Priests, and Deacons." "With this very brief allusion, let us not forget, however, that our entire arL,annent has as its one basis the- Divine authority of the Ej)iscoj)ate, and in it, of the minor orders, for were it otherwise, if we could only find a S[)ur;j;eon, a Punshon, or a Ward lieecher anywhere, Avith more Scriptural views, and other useful ((ualities, we should have gotten the most desirable agent for our particular work. Rather knowing that "no man" however gifted, " taketli this honour unto himself but he that is called of (Jod, as vvas Aaron," we therefore seek the increase of the number of those who being " diligently tried and having qualities requisite for their high position," are set apart for their Avork by the concurrent witness of the Sjiirit, and the Church. Principle, therefore, points out to us the Agency, and the only expediency admissible, is the |»lacing them in those positions where the greatest opportunities [)re3ent themselves for the exercise of their high vocation. We have it as an aibnitted pos- tulate " Ubl EcclesUi lift Eplscopiis,^'' "No church without a Bishop.'' "What, therefore, is divine, must in the highest and most ])ressing sense be expedient, and since no humanly devised agency can be compared with that Avhich Christ ap])ointed, and since the world still lietli in wickedness, and since the sinfulness of men, and prevaihng irreligion and schism repeat to the church the Macedonian cry, " Come over and hclj) us," she will l)e only fulfilling her mission >vith an infallible guarantee of success when she places her chief Avatchmen at every available point, to rally her members and lead them on to the victories of the cross. No.v this is the object ■which should be the nearest every Christian's heart, but then the first step towards the evangelization and conversion of others, is the evangelization and conversion of ourselves, and this, I say with some diffidence, is a requirement which the primitiv pattern of the Episcopate most urgently demands. Our theory, as above stated, meets with oiir assent ; the authorities of the Church lay down the three-fold ministry of the Church, yet practically it is ignored, and avc have just such a re[)rosentation left as to assure us that the Episcopate is not (piite extinct. We must, therefore, in this sense, convert ourselves to the primitive and apostolic 8 pattern, if wc would attempt rightly to carry out our blessed master's commission, fraught with issues beyond the apprehension of many, we must cease to deal out the measure of the Epis- copate in homeopathic proportions ; we must cease to give the slightest ground for considering the Episcopate as a mere confirm- ing or ever ordaining machine, to bo subject to the admiring gaze of the mass of the faithful, like a passing comet, crossing the dull and unenlivened routine of parish work once in three years. On the contrary, we must jdaceitin the position our Saviour evidently designed it should occupy, viz : as the centre whence shall emanate all those energies and enterprises which prove the Church aggressive against all ungodliness, against every sinful and schismatical sys- tem — a presence to be seen in every jjart of the fold, frequently, and at every emergency, an influence ever permeating the most remote and feeble points of a diocese, in other words, an influence to be seen and felt as much as the ever recurring light and heat of the day. To be a Bishop in any Apostolic sense, is to be in the fore-front in trial, in suffering and activity, not sending, but leading and leaving elders in every city and in every village and congrega- tion in our land, retaining an accurate acquaintance with the needs, necessities, progress and prosperity of every particular field of la- bour, and sympathizing in the trials and difficulties, or rejoicing in the success and faithfulness, of each particular "/ Tvprw" or messen- ger, the acknowledged representative of the unity of the Church, the patriarch or high priest of his diocese, with his attendant priests and deacons, emphatically a father in God, cognizant of the wants and positions of his spiritual children, ever ready to guide, to reprove, rebuke, with all long suffering and doctrine. A record like this? I believe to bo the record of the first three centuries of the Church as sustained by history, when against all odds, under the fire of persecution and reproach, the word of God mightily prevailed. The Church did God's work in God's appointed way. She had not yet learnt to distrust His chosen agencies, by adding, modifying, or substituting mi.n's devices for God's order. No " factitious lights " then eclipsed the native radiance of the sun, God did bless them and all the ends of the then known earth did fear Ilim — as says the same Ignatius in his epistle to the Ephesians, " For even Jesus Christ, our inseparable life, is sent by the will of the Father, as the bishops appointed unto the utmost bounds of the earth, are by the ■will of Jesus Christ." Then came the countenance of kings. No mammmmmmmmmmmm 9 longer persecuted sl\e was honoured and exalted in the high i)laccs of the earth, and then came, too, influences tending to the elevation of the human in place of the divine, personal pride and aml)ition beset the followers of a lowly Jesus, forgetting that, '• Or>ler is lio]y — Sacrilege en.-ues " Wiien men iiniiiiii- " Hit ilelicate creation?, imd confuse " Her pictures fair." Emperors sought to rule wliere God liad fiKcd His throne in'tho councils of the Church. Bishops sought for aggrandizement, and began to iriquire who should he the greatest, and so in the lower orders, and then we first i-ead of Areh-Preshjters or Deans, Arch- Deacons, and the various otlier functionaries to be ibund in their names in our own mother Church of England, or her corrupt sister, the Church of Rome. Nearly contemporaneous with these en- croachments on the primitive order of Christ's Church, ])resented themselves errors in doctrine and corruptions in practice, which continued their advance together, until tlie truth of God was well nigh hithlen by these additions, and were alone purified and remov- ed by the fires of the Reformation. We believe, therefore, that the darkness and superstition whicli gradually spread over the spouse of Christ, and obscured the ptirity and life-giving power of His Gospel, is to be traced to these tamperings with the Divine Organ- ization, arrogating titles and ofl^ccs, unknown to Apostolic times ; under the pernicious infiuences of earthly favour, seeking to grasj) the honours of t!ie world, seekitig to monopolize and centralize the Icadin;' order bv the multii)lication of subsidiarv officers, in defiance of the simplicity of the Gospel ministry. Wo contend, therefore, that all officers called Arch-Deacons, Rural-Deans, and such like, are, in their very existence, rcfiections on the perfection of the agency appointed by Christ ; they assume to supjtlemeut a Divine organization, and to be a substitute for a Divine authority, in utter contrariety to the genius of the Chtu'ch (however trammeled our mother in England may be by appendages of State and connection with the past) and in direct conflict with the express statement, Cpractically, that is ) of the preface to the ordinal, that it is evident unto all men that there have ever been the three orders of Bishop, Priest, and Deacon. But then, says one, perhaps they arc merely agents of the Bishop. Accept them as such, but let me add tlie inquiry, What should any or all Presbyters and Deacons be, but MHWI 10 < • the agents of tlieir spiritual head, ever ready to obey liis godly admonitions, and unflinchingly to advance at his command, in every path of duty ? The only conclusion we can arrive at is, that where- over any field is too large for one overseer of the Church, the re- medy lies not in any deputing of his powers to inferior officers, but in the multiplication of his efpials, the committing of a like office to other faithful men, that so the agency of (.'lirist may be every- where extended, and the Church may not be dcjn-ived of that or- ganization wliereby God intended the Holy Catholic Church to be propagated, and so we may not adopt the perilous ex])edient of sub- stituting;; our wisdom for the wisdom Avhich came from above. No ]>ishop holds his high office for his own personal or selfish grandeur; he holds *t for a specific ol)joct, and he receives it with the obliga- tion to continue and multiply the same according to the necessities of the Fold. There is some reason to fear that we have suffered from the association with the state which has led (.o impressions cpiite foreign to the essentials of this holy office. The Lordship of the crown has hidden from our pco|ile, too much, tli;; more loving and attractive and oidy real character as the shephe "d of the flock, the earnest looker after our spiritual Avelfare, as he that must give an account, more properly honouring the state, than being honoured ])y it ; for no lordly title can add to the dignity of a Bishop in the Church of (Jod. The same State chimsera has beset the actual workings, and brought other influence to bear beside a singL eye to the fulfilment of the commission to preach the Gospel to every creature ; and at every turn have law officers, Letters Patent, and mandates impeded our feeble gropings after every baptized Christian's birthright, the supervision and paternal interest of a " Father in God." So encumbered have the true position and claims of a Bishop been by all these accidents, that, in view of the history of the past, and the actual position of the present, with but a shadow of the Apostolic ministry of the Church, we may well inquire, " Where is our reverence for the Epis- copate?" "VVc are now, at last, in the good providence of God, relieved from all embarrassments, and the field before us, in our country and the world, with such a leaven of the Apos- tolic succession, as will enable us by the blessing of the great Head of the Church, to retrieve what has been lost to it for many centuries, viz. the restoration of a God-appointed and sanctioned ministry to its primitive pattern and proportions, the multiplication •.H?>f:rr»<:iTn""»i»rr!«fi»i'W*ti»*»' .«~.«..t».^u.^-.^.,.^... ■^^.--^ i^ i .■ ^f^(^^^j^ ^ '^ m i • 11 of chief shepherds of the flock, not according to the standards of respectability or the surroundings of city or towns, but in the coun- try, in the wilderness, in every exposed point where a Divinely authorized leader can gather around him even a small body of Priests and Deacons, to make battle with him against the great enemy of souls, and secure new triumphs to a Saviour's cause. We want men for these positions worthy of the '-igh office, men of deep learning and scholarship, moved to the heart's core with love to Christ. We want men Avhose honour will be the bright intellects which they have consecrated to their Master's work, the holy devo- tion and earnest piety which will surround them with the aroma which is only to be derived from the close contact and companion- ship of Jesus, not the title of lordship, and any little regard which might be given to such imaginary rank. " Distinctions which de- rive their birth, solely from fiats of this earth, should not by such as they, be sought." A due regard being also given to the revival of a true Diaconate, the Church would be in a position to work to some purpose and effect ; in the raising up of the walls of Zion on every side, in makhig provision for the training of the Lambs of the Flock, now too fre((uently lost to the Church from the absence of all means but that of a godless education. A liishop would have time to consider and deal to some practical effect, with all the issues of the work, and instead of the present general view at the most, necessarily followed by chaos and torpidity, new life, and power Avould be everywhere developed. The Episcopate being restored to its primitive place in the agency of the Gospel, the presence among us of one recognized l)y all the clergy as up- lifted above them by his Apostolic dignity and Apostolic position, and therefore raised far above the envy and jealousy which too frequently are the results of Parity, a spiritual Father among his spiritual children, would be the strongest bond of peace, love and respect. Harmony and life would be given to every Mis- sionary and Parochial work, the Bishop would be the driving- wheel whose personal influence and presence would inspire energy in every portion of his small Diocese ; weak and staggering mis- sions would find new strength ; tottering Parishes would rise from their ruins, and all because thei-e would be a recognized authority not only to whom all might look at a respectful distance, but whose kind sohcitude all would receive, and because then avc should be laying and establishing a Hteral claim to the promise, " Lo ! I am mmi i immt i m kf m m mnmmsmwm sssii ,iiMitittii'it,^:niuiealcd to the seer and searcher of hearts, how much more have we reason to distrust our errinii: judgments and to leave to the decision of Heaven the final choice out of what are to us fit persons, and whose ministry pre-eminently is to become either the savour of life or death to so many im- mortal souls. We advocate, tiiereforo, on principle, upon expe- diency, and for all the love of souls which occupied a Saviour's breast and is hence })articipated in by every Christian heart, the immediate and rapid multiplication «,)f Chief Shepherds of the Fold of Christ, a restoration of the primitive ministry in all its p.-'ty and vigour. To have E])iseopal supervision which shall be any- thing more than a name, at least two new Dioceses should be formed out of the present one of Montreal — one in these Eastern Townships and one in the Ottawa District, and each of these, even in their present weakness, would occupy the laborious attention of one Bishop who would spend a Sumlay and greater part of a week annually in every mission and parish, and be the explorer himself of remote parts. But then 'the one great hindrance — the money, the means. If we have only fiiith and do our duty, God will provide the means. It is not a primitive or Apostolic re(|uirement for a Bishop that he should have a luxurious salary : chiefest in honour, his duty is also fre(|uently to be chiefest in suffering. A Bishop, therefore, I conceive, should be willing to go forth in his work as the inferior orders go forth in theirs, exercising suitable foresight and wisdom, but yet trusting God and looking not at the things which arc seen but at the the things which are unseen. In this part of the Diocese there is good ground for believing that ■•fW«*^t>^■w•^•»!»tl^B»^U4«l»w^^*W'•»^•^•«■^*^r^<•^i•l.•l 13 X400 or £500, could be readily assessed; an endowment to be formed as soon as possible. To the laity of course must the Church look for the realization of these hopes. If the clergy only prove the necessity and give examples of the Primitive Episcopate ill all its pristine simplicity and power, there will be no defioien'y of support from the coffers of the faithfal, in support of the chief ambassadors of Christ. The following account in the life of Bishop f>loomfield both illustrates the method and points to that measure of success already enjoyed as the fruits of our present limited Episcopal oversight, an example, we pray to many other noble men, Avhosc liberality will incite others to good works, an earn^oi/ of such a multiplication of chief pastors as will, ere long, grant a true ])resentation of the Gospel ministry in all its fair proportions throughout this Dominion, and c'arry with it intlucnces beyond the limited anticipation of man. Of him, it is written " liberality, too, in gifts, had increased largely from the blessed contagion of his good example. Speaking to Archbishop Tlowley of the intended move for the Colonial Episcopate, he (vqiessed his conviction that the time was come for some gifts of unusual magnitude, and he proposed to the Archbishop, what should be their respective offer- ings. This point settled, Archbishop Ilowley, speakin'T of a third person, said, ' no doubt he will like to join us in this/ and received the characteristic answer. ' He will join us, but I do not think that he will like to do so.' To this wise liberality" (continues the writer) " the Church owed the extension of her Colonial Episcopate and that true movement for catholic expansion which has acted back with such a growing power on her hfe at home." To prove the force and obligation of this subject upon all we have but to allude to the glorious effects resulting from all efforts hi this direction hitherto. Our own Diocese presents a record of rapid increase, and it only requires its triple section to make, under a similar blessing from the great Head, each portion equal in its own strength to our present unwieldly Diocese. What ■was once the Bishopric of Calcutta now numbers seventeen distinct Dioceses, each subdivision, as it occurred, multiplyin"- the forces of the Church in more than geometrical ratio, and so with each of the Dioceses created out of the old Diocese of Toronto. The Church in the United States presents many an example of the effectiveness of a Primitive Episcopate. Our conclusion, therefore s that reason, Revelation, the history of the past, the successes of 14 late years, aiul the wants of the |)ve!^eiit, all point to the immediate ncce.ssity of a restoration of the Christian ministry to its primitive pro])ortions, as the r:;reat A;^eney to which Christ has specially pro- niisetl to give His Blessing. r APPEXDIX. In the preceding pages our argument is chiefly based upon the nature and primitive and apostolic proportions of the Gospel minis- try itself, and that innnediatc and personal sujiervision which is incunihent upon every chief ruler of the Church who would at all couimensurably fulfil the Divinely im];)Ose(l duties of the Episcopate. We may derive some idea as to the contrariety existing between modern, unwieMIy and vast dioceses ; the oversight of which, in any ertectual degree, would require a species of omnipresence ; as well as inspiration ; and the patterns afforded us by the purest and earliest practice of the Church in this respect. The universal interpreta- tion of the Church, received, too, by most non-conforming writers, givf^ us even a scriptural pattern in Saint John's Apocalyptic Epis- tles to the " Angels," or Apostles or Bishops of the seven churches m Asia, Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadel- phia, and Laodicea, places all situated on the narrow strip of pro- consular Asia, coasting the Egean sea, and all in close proximity to each other, and we know, also, that this was the case when as yet the word of the Lord had not " free course," and consequently, it was not a requirement forced upon these Apostolic Churches either from their distance or the large numbers of the disciples. Saint Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, whose martyrdom occurred A.D. 107, mentions, in addition to the forcnamed, Magnesia and Tralles, so that the inference is legitimate, that no less than nine dioceses existed at this earliest period of the Church, within an extent of territory of perhaps two hundred and fifty miles long, by ninety broad, giving an average length and breath of fifty miles. In other words, there were at least nine Bishoprics with an extent equal to that of our present province of Quebec. This was, too, when the disciples were from the despised and obscure of earth, and not from the rich among men, so that the rewards and emoluments of the Episcopate were only those of self-denial and self-sacrifice, which led by almost necessary and invariable steps to the martyr's crown ; an unanswerable reply to that lack of faith which would !! ? ii ! i ! ii S8> ! i533MB"' "»»^.mi..u»«i« 10 tlicn, from tlicse, the primitivo and Apostolic rule; whereas, what wo now l)ehoM but assures us of the e(»rruptinj,' and uncath(tlie restrictions which came upon the Church in her midtiplication of the E[)iscopate, when the towerin;! shadow of Rome enveloped the early Church, and rendered everythin^j; subsidiary to the measures which tended to the a<:«j;randizf'nient of the Pajial See. Feudal times, when liishops became tem))ural lords, and had large retinues to defend their own ri<^hts, and the property of the Church, added strength to this deflection. These two influences came into direct conliict with primitive practice, Rome supplanting what was Ajiostolic by what was Papal ; and so firmly rooted were her traditio'is, that through the inter- vention of the State, the Reformation even failed to restore to the Church her Divine agency in its entirety, although it was attempt- ed then largely to multiply the Bishops in England; and thus was the Church shorn of her pristine strength and vigour. Large dio- ceses, then, are literally Papal and mediicval in their origin, though Rome has long since corrected the mistake. Small dioceses are essentially npostolic and primitive. The late Bishop of Quebec, on tlie formation of the last diocese in Ontario; gives us his mature judg- ment in these words : — " We now expect, very soon, to have a fifth Bishopric in Canada. In our Episcopal communion, the multipli- cation of Bishoprics is the extenalon of the Church, and of her ser- vice in the cause of the Gospel, a very natural and obvious conse- quence, and one which has been remarkably exemplified in our own day." No exhortation could be more earnest than that of the same venerated Father-in-God, with respect to a like effort : — " A move should be made at once — an earnest, determined move, with the eye of Fnitb tu^n'^d up to <'-':*^^, the heivt lifted in ^lio fcvcncy of prayer, and the hand put to the work without looking back." " He being doad, yet speakcth." May its feeble repetition give rise to a harvest far more abun- dant than his mortal eyes were permitted to behold, and in which he rejoiced ; in the further increase of our Colonial Episcopate, — a good omen for which was certainly furnished, in the immediate offer of five hundred dollars towards the endowment of a new See, by one of Waterloo's noblest Churchmen. " Ta apxnia, Wri KparetTU." " Let the primitive customs prevail." TSEmsammaaaM