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The steers in the light ration group were started on about one-third of a pound of meal per day per hundred pounds live weight, and this quantity was increaced as deemed adviiabla The following table shows, approximately, how the meal rations were increased during the third experiment, and will serve to illustrate the plan followed in thf> three experiments, the differences being comparatively slight : Heavy ration. Medium ration. Light ration. Period. Meal per steer per day. Meal per steer per day. Meal per ateer per day. December Gth kO Jannarjr Srd Ibo. 10 11 12 12.6 12.5 Iba. 8 8 9 9 9 Iba. 4 January Srd to February lat 5 Pfbruary Ibt to March Ist March l»t to April lat 6 g April lat to May 23rd g The average live weights of the steers at the beginning and at the close of this experiment were as follows : Heavy ration group : 1,120 lbs. at the beginning ; 1,418 lbs. at the close. Medium •' 1,155 •• 1,448 <• Light " 1,145 •• 1,417 •• The meal lations as given in the table are merely approximations. The meal actually consumed by the heavy ration group amounted to nearly nine- tenths of a pound of meal per day for every hundred ponnds'of the average live weight of the animala throughout the feeding period. The medium ration group averagrd two-thirds, and the light ration group slightly over one-half of a pound of meal per day per hundred pounds of the average live weight of the animals during the fet ding reriod. To be strictly accurate, the meal consumed per day per hundred pounds live weight was : heavy ration, .89 lb. ; medium ration, .66 lb. ; ligh'. ration, .63 lb. In the first two experiments the meal consisted of equal parts by weight of peap, barley and oats, and in the third experiment it was oomposed'of equal parts by weight of corn and oats. The rest of the ration consisted of clover and timothy hay, straw, and a limi'ed quantity of roots. The amount of roots fed per steer per day seldom exceeded twf nty-five pounds. Sometimes the bay and roots were fed separately, and sometimf s the hay was cut and mixed with pulped roots a day in advance of feeding, in the proportion twenty pounds of roots to fifteen pounds of hay. All the gronps, however, were fed exactly alike, with the (xception of the quantity of meal, and all foods were carefully weighed. No ensilage was fed, except for a short time near the close of the first experiment. The object was to use only such foods as are available on practically every farm. In each experiment the steers were given a preliminary period of feeding, during which all the groups . Iba. 1-681.77 1.69 1.74 1-661.62 ' Two ttters. « theteafn^n'eTtt^^^^^^^ "tS" >d^°"?«°"- -^'"^ '»•« ^^^le the aw of a very inferior qaflity of ha7*^* ^^ " '*°*' ^" • ^^8* ""eaaure. to ^'^^^^l^^Jr'^^^Vt^^^^ -^e the largest groups come second in rate of win bat in ♦! ^^P^T""*** ***« °>«d«««n "C ration group made the emalleft gai^"' t^^^^^^^ mdmdaality of the animals used exception is no doubt due to the meJltiV\:%'^^^^^^^^^^ -ke a rap.d ,ain. it is b. no gam is an important factor in determin?„» Tk *'°? °^ Producing a pound of ^ese experiment, as will IX^rti « mo:t'^^^^^^^ the most economical ' ^'^^ '*P'<* K^ns did not prove to be \^v^I^^^' trg trrL^'exCiii^d-;^^^^^^^ *^ *"-^ -^- which need not be dealt with here In ^h^Zl^tf"^^' ""^'t^^' 'or reasons valued as follows :--Meal, «13: hav «6 .t "^ ^jr"°»«°t. the foods were (of which little was used in th« fi«f ' ^^^* *^' "^t*' $2, and ensilaw counted fair average varet at th^ii?tL7hThe°h^;^' P^V^"' ^^^-^ --« was certainly valued rather hieh and nlrhanf ?k '^* considering the quality. •lao. During the next two efpeSment/ JJl ' """^ ""^^ ^« «•'«* of th2 straw oonslderably in price, but. for thTlkl of 2^' T'!t 8''"°" »»«d advancS have been used in all the experiment Hola'"**^* *i^ °"«''^*^ valuations experiment, is to study the r«£"conomv of ^^1?' *^f '^^\ohi,ot of these the method of valnisff fK« 9^a- ■ *™"omy ot the different mnthndo ^p fs-j,--- to" ;ii:l fiji I differoat ijitemi, in the three ezprrimenta, together with the averMe ooet of • poand of gain in the three ezperimenta :— Oroup. HMTf ration Madiom ration Light ration . . Coit of producing one ponnd of Rain. First experiment. 0. 6.87 5.89 Beeond experiment. c. 7.70 7.28 6.46 Third experiment. 7.68 7.22 7.81 Average of Iha three experimenta: 0. 7.26 6.69 6.58 U has already been pointed out that in each experiment the heavy ration group made the greatest gain ; but, from the table just given, it wUl be seen that in every case this gain was the most expensive. In the case of the medium and light rations the results are not so conclusive, though on the whole the light ration has some advantage. Summary and Suoobstions. • 1. In each of three trials, covering periods of 216, 179 and 168 days respectively, a comparatively heavy meal ration gave larger but more expensive gains than those obtained with lighter meal rations. 2. In the average of tbree trials the most economical gains were obtained by commencing with about one-third of a pound of meal per day per hundred pounds live weight of the animals, and gradually increasing as oircnmstanoes demanded. 3. In two of the trials the groups which made the most economical gains received, on an average, very little more than half a pound of meal per day per hundred pounds of their average live weight during the feeding period. 4. Other experimenters have shown that the cost of producing a pound of gain increases as the snimals become fatter ; therefore a finished steer is fed at a loss. From this it would seem that, to feed economically, an effort must be made not to have the steers finished for any considerable time before they can be disposed of. No doubt the light ration obtained some of its advantages through more nearly meeting the conditions favoring economical feeding, as given above. 5. No fixed rules can be given regarding the rate of increase in the meal ration. Each feeder must be guided by his judgment and what has been said regatdbg the methods employed in these experiments can be taken only as a general guide. 6. The more attention given to making the coarse fodders palatable, the better the results obtained from a given quantity of meal. 7. The experiments described deal only with somewhat protracted feeding periods. Shorter feeding periods would no doubt call for a considerable modifi- cation of methods and a more rapid increase in the meal ration. II. MANGELS VS. SUGAR BEETS FOR MILK PRODUCTION. Chemical analyses show that sugar beets contain a lower percentage of water sad a higher percentage of autntive material thoa mangels. The main dlfihreno prodncin gels. In milk pre pleted, ai are of in( In e herd in t possible 1 during wl Twoof th weeks, th( weeks. 1 during th( per cow pe weeks, ano beets. In hay they v first ezperi ley, and oa ingtheseo of pea meal It mig foods, had i influence of be in ordini to be the m are most in( The fol cow on sugs Total Cow No. 1 2. 3. 4. Total 1. Ineaol dlfllwenoe in nntritive mtterUI hnw.... i i producing .ubiUnce., MgaT beet. o^I!r:i *" «>"««otion wilii the fet and heat milk production, two experimentT^oh ^u aL^'^. "'^ ^^^" <>' ««*■ 'or pleted, and the reeult. of «»e two e^rim«ni. """* ^''•' »>»^« »«»»» com- •w of intereat. "** '"'° experimente correspond lo doeely that thej hord frdaTt;rrUrt.r JeZr^- ^'^ r- -'~'«* '- the po-ible in the «me .tage o? UcatatTon* Af^ ^ "•'^^ «°''» a. nearly m J-J^Sr^^k -^'i the cowB^ere f.d^'i°i„,^;X; -eek'. preparatory feJin" Two of the cowi were fed sixty nonml. n#^ v °' '*** "t**"" ''ere chanaed weelM, then they were fed .ixt J n«n !i 't"*^'' ^^ P"' ^^^ per day for two week.. Theot/er tw",Z';U^e WxVL^^^^ ''^ P^' ^Vfor tZJ during the first two weeks, a^Sthen chin JJS J"^" ?' ""^««** P«' oo'^ per dlJ of pM meal pw day. •'««»'«»» wa. M .U ponnda of bnm aid twi pounda to E fr"'"*^ '^'''»' "•nely. i noon ,Wte. liff" " "t^ "e" "kely ".old •Cow No. 1 " 2 " 8, " 4. firtt EigKrimttU. Total Cow No. 1 . " 2. " S.. " 4.. ToUl . Second Experiment. Milk produced on ■ugar beeta. lbs. 306.76 393.76 262.00 306.60 1,268.00 819.00 818.76 273.28 819.26 l,230.a8~ Milk produced on mangeh. Ibfl. 277.60 406.76 272.60 818.76 1,276?60~ 330.00 826.60 266.26 816.76 1.338 60 OOHMBKTS. 1. m -ch .xp.Hm„t «,«. i. . ^^ ,„^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^1! ii favor of the mMKeli, •mounting to 7.60 lbs in one cue and 8.25 lU. im Um othor, in the milk produced by four oowi in two weeke. 2. In each experiment, oowa 1 and 2 ittrted on lagar beeti and finiahed on mangela, while ooitb 3 and 4 atarted on mangela and finiahed on augar beeta. With tbia in mind, a atody of the table ahowa that in the iirat trial cow Na 1 deoreaied in milk flow, and cow No 2 incn aaed in milk flow after being changed from augar beeta to mangela ; and that bjth cowa 3 and 4 deoreaaed in milk flow after being changed from mangela to augar beeta. In the aeoond trial, however, all the oowa gave more milk during the aecond two weeka than during the firat two, but the cowa which were changed from augar beeta to mangela made a greater locreaae, on the whole, than thoae which were changed from mangela to aogar beeti. 3. Everything conaidered, theae experimenta indicate that there ia very little, it any, diflerence between mangela and sugar beeta aa fooda for atimnlat- ing the flow of milk. It muat be remembered, however, that theae triala have no bearing upon the relative valuea of theae fooda for maintaining life or pro- ducing fat. 4. On the OoUege farm mangela have given much larger yielda per acre than ragar beets. IIL ALFALFA AND RED (.'LOVER HAY FOR LAMBS. Alfalfa ia attracting considerable attention at the preaent time, both aa a green fodder and as hay. The large yields of fodder per acre as compared with red clover have tended to inureaae its popularity, but the fact that alfalfa hay contains a larger amount of indigestible fibre than red clover hay, has cauaed some to regard it with disfavor. The two experiments reported here are there- fore not without interest, although conducted on a somewhat small scale. In the fiiat experiment, red clover hay, first cutting of alfalfa, and third cutting of alfalfa were fed to three groups of lambs, two of which groups con- tained four lamt)s each, and the third group, five lambn. In addition to the hay, the lambs receivtd a meal ration which consisted of equal parts by weight of oats And peas. Ihe second experiment was a repetition of the first, except that a second cutting of alfalfa was used inatead of the third cutting, and no meal was fed, the the lambs receiving nothing but the hay. Unfortunately, in both experiments, neither the red clover hay nor the first cutting of alfalfa could be called firat class. The first experiment continued for 74 days, and the second for 42 days. In studying the table given below, it must be remembered that in the first experiment the lambs were fed meal in addition to the hay, while in the second experiment they were fed nothing but hay. Since no meal was fed in the second experiment, the gains are much lower, and the amount of hay fed per pound of gain is correspondingly greater. In each experiment more or less hay was wasted, especially in the case of the first cutting of alfalfk If the hay actually eaten were alone taken into account, the amount of hay per pound of gain would be considerably less than fhjkf shown in the table^ Bat, from a praetioal standpoint, the amount of hay which it waa neocsaary to feed to the lambs to produce a pound of gain, is of mor* (mpoi hay aotuall Thdfo in the two I Rfd cloTur . . . Fint oalting ■ Third oatting i R«l olov«r . . . Firit onttiog a Second cutting 1. In ea red clover ha 2. Intli results than t cuttings of al 3. Inth extremely loi gain equal to average gain ( therefore the i 4. Every showed mark( 6. The 03 hay are very « 6- Allan ^Bach experimei IV NnmerouG as compared w purpose of com tradictory, thej he made when In the firsi four Iambs in ei oats and the ot grain being groi *nd one half poi both groQns ws! In the seoo: Uronii. f^rit Experiment. Avertgo weekly perpnunfiof gsiQ per Iftmb. | gain. R*d clorer ft"' ««»""» •«f»if* ." . ; : : ; : : : ; inird oattiog alfalfa Bfd oloTer rint OQttiog alfalfa ". " ' " oeoond cutting klfalfa. Stound Experimmiti • ••••• a , ) S.IO i.l6 a.81 I.IS 1.80 1.83 Itu. 9.08 HAS 8.20 20.D3 17.81 18.18 C0MUKMT& »d .Wb'."^." "»"'°'"" "» •»«"• 'V ga™ .lightly better ™,„u. tb„ t^ r«...'. tl:„''L*?^tTtlr4?r.t^ ri°/ °' •''?''* «•?'•""''•' ^ OBtUog. of Jf.|f» w^„, praKii^",™^ ■"""'' «P«"m»t the a«t .nd «om>l g.ili equal to that of the .If Jf. JroaM Thi. i "T- «I?°P "'"^» '» •™"S« werage gain oq ledoloror w," dn.*^ ff. i» J- •7°?'.'' '°'''°"' "»' ""« l""*' a.«fo« the average gatarth^°°„,%tp"°ot"t"^^^^^^^^^ one l.„b. and ...wJiMrpS'iX'rjr.Tblf"*''''''^^^ l»y .« vHr/JSuaT"" """"" ""' "» '««'-« • -»" »' "d oW and alfalfa IV. CORN T8. PEAS FOR FATTENIJUG LAMBS purpose of comparing these r^o ffig Tnd thnTl. [J" "'*'^.* ''^'** ^•'"'^- '»' *»>• tmdictory, they are giverLrrfoTwWtL^ *^ the results are somewhat con- four llt^S'l;7^;%nf^^^^^ "?!S 'H«^ ^'^^^ *-<> ^^^^P^. ^-klng ctB and the oXr ^ wa^fKKaVtf bl^"'*^^;!:'" J^'^^^^^^ o7*ccrnanS grain being ground in each oJse TwJ^tl ^ '^^'«*'.'' °' P®»" »>»d <»».. the jnd onehSfVunds ormJarpI; lamb PZ "'T^ !^t"i7"f "li?'^"^ ^^^^^ In the second experiment, a change was made, ^elve lambs were divided 8 into three groapa of four lamba eAoh. One groap wm fed groand corn, another groop, groand pcM ; and the remaining gronp, eqa«l parts by weight of groand com and peai. At first, the lambs were fed one poand of meal per lamb per day, whioh quantity was eventually increased to a pound and a half per lamb per day, On the average, the Iambs received 1 37 lbs. of meal per lamb per day. In addi- tion to the meal, all groups were fed equal quantities of red clover hay. The first experiment continued for 74 days, and the second experivont, 104 days. The followiug table shows the average weekly gains per lamb, and the amount of meal consumed per pound of gain in the two experiments : Oruup Firit ExpcrimtfU. Corn Mod oftti Peaii and oata , Second Experiment. 'Jorn 4>a«.., ora and p«aa AveraRe we«kly ftaln t>«r lamb. Iba. 3.20 S.IO 3.52 3.91 3.60 Average meal ooniumed per pound of gain. Iba. 4.ri S.14 8.80 380 8.60 OOIIMBNTB. 1. In the first trial, corn and oats gave a larger gain than peas and oats. 2. In the second trial, peas alone gave the largest gain, followed by the mixture, com and peas. 3. The second trial is more satisfactory than the first, because it covered a longer period of time, and because, from the method of feeding, a more direct comparison of com and peas was obtained. It is a suggestive fact, also, that the gain made by the group on com and peas is intermediate between the gains made by the other two groups, as it affords additional evidence regarding the soperior- ty of peas over com. 4. During the second trial, ground corn could be bought for $17 per ton, while peas cost from 60o. to 66o. per bushel. An a result, though the peas gave the largest gain, the com gave the cheapest gain. 6. According to the results of the second trial, if pea meal is valaed at $20 per ton, ground com would be worth $17.35 per ton. 6. Further experiments are neooessary to verify results and make it possible to draw conclusions. V. PARTIAL PARALYSIS AND CRIPPLING OF SWINE. Bt J. Huoo Rbrd, V.S., and Q. £. Day, B.S.A. Daring the winter and early spring months, many pigs become affected vith a partial paralysis, and others, while apparently not paralyzed become lame rom a rheumatic inflammation of the joints. SymptovM of Paralyaia. ParalysiB, while sometimes showing itself sad- denly, ui inability sometimi Are espe< bT sqoea of pain I symptom •nd loss ( do not UI a spontau is usually Symi are much ing and e able pain, to digestif ooours am( take mud both ■toa through iti Caiue ness of th( jurious to j Curat purgation, gation can according t ten to twen the musculi the food if the animal quantity of lome of it i onoe, or con probably pn If the come by givj and then gi epsom salts, the salts in i forcible admi Guralivt for rheumati ■tor a purgat •ppear to b( organs will by •quelling, thoagh it i. proSbr^^SlTZ ^l^u ""T °' '^^ P»*°' «P«»-d oJ piUn M of the |«biHt7of the lS;i2"!!'> V^V*" ">''^*» iodio«tive jymptom. gradually inoreai ?n inte Jtv unSS i? « " *° °*^^ " ''•»• The •nd W of appetite oooar. and dwth w?n folloi^ I ^ "^ **"P''''« P*"'yi- do not undergo marked ohanire fm- a o?^n.j? ^ * .'*' '°'°*' <*•«■• *»>• •ymptom. » ntaally followed by re^ve;y ""^'^ -pontaneou. diarrhoea occur., wWoh .re »te:L^^t^^^ ,^„»>«r r • °' '*"«"»-'« •^-- •ble pain, and con.tip.tion i. u.uallj llielent ^<'^«'°«"* c«u.e. oonrider- to di^:;:: tX'z i.'s:X:i:^\^ ^--^^ -- - « «^-» occur, among well-fed hog. that are Sit-in ..°°°'"?''*°''- '' oommonK take much exerciw. InVction tndTu^ Jli"*" P"*""^*"' "** hence do not both .tomach and inte.t.W con.io^t?o„ "^^^i? ?°" mdige.tion, affecting through it. influence upon rh^;er.!rur.pt:i?pt^^^^^^^ -^ thi.^ ne«oT;i:;:e^rtJf-r^^^^^^^ i. da^p. )unou. to hogs. ^ -eeping pi»oe« or damp walls arn extremely in- P-'i^^o::ZZ'Z^^^^^ The treatment in to produc. g^tion can be cau.ed byKa ii^in!?^ T'' ^''"^ 'h»* " ea«ily dige.ted Pur according to the .i^e o7 fhe afi mal °I Ts "o" .o?d ^'S'^V— » o^ eP-m «lu. Jj! ?"??]" «°»*- °' th« etomach and inl^^tin^' ThJ7T^ '^' P'^''^'^ »' Je food if the animals will eat. The fluid m^l. Z ^"^^^l "^"y ^ 8»^«»» ^ the animal i. likely to squeal durint it.^1.^". ^ '""■^'""y ^iven, because quantity of fluid be introduced infn'^ti^ «»<* ministration, and if a con.iderable -omeof it will pass dowSlrtind pit irl^^^ '^'. ?°»'"*' " «<1'^«*C! once, or complicating the exLtiZdisTe VShl V °^' f^*" *'*""'»8 death at probably prove fatal ^ ''^ '^'*** mechanical bronchitis, which will comep'g^v?4^t i^^^^^^^ it frequently can be over- •nd then giving them a drink of .£^^11^ wK- J °' *^.°' '''^^'^ ^°"' hour., eprom salt.. Unlew they are verl !h «* VL ^'""^ contains a liberal dose of the .alt. in this way bJt wheTCae Sl^^^^^^^ "'^'^ "'°«« '^ ^'- forcible administration, as it involve* no risk '^ '" """"^ preferable to ror rhr::^lT^r.:rve"^^^^ , -•>- all that can be done organ, will usuallyefl^ect ^^Z^Zl^A^^^^^Z.:'' ^^ I 10 Hyphoralphite of soda, a teaspoonfnl to eaoh animal in its food, is raoom- mended by eom'), bat has not been tested at this institution. Frevention of Paralysis and Bheumatism. When animals become siok, it is important to know what to do ; but it is infinitely more important to know how to prevent disease. Paralysis and rheumatism may almost invariably be traced to mistakes in feeding, or to unsuitable surroundings. Of course, it is impracticably to describe all the possible ways of successfully feeding and managing swine, and all that can be attempted is to give a few snggestions. EKercUe. Oonsiipafion is practically unknown among hogs that have plenty of exoercise. The iofluence of exercise upon the action of the bowels is so well known that it need not be dwelt upon ; and when the bowels move regularly, there is little to be feared from paralysis. As far as practicable, therefore, hogs should be encouraged to take exercise ; but, unfortunately, exercise is frequently out of the question during the cold winter months. Feeding. Where exercise is limited, the skill of the feeder is taxed to the utmost. There is probably no beat meal ration for the hog, — at any rate it is not known. Generally speaking, the greater the variety of foods, the better. But if an exclusive meal ration is fed, the dangeripoint is always near, for digestive troubles are liable to occur. Dairy by-products are excellent, and lessen the danger to a considerable extent, but they are not always available. Boots, how- ever, are available on nearly every farm daring the winter, and they form an excellent regu1a':or. It is a well-knowa fact that where hogs have access to pasture they are remarkably free from the evils under discussion, and roots have an action somewhat eimiliar to grass. In our experimental feeding, eur most thrifty and vigorous hogs have been thme which taceived roots. Our method of feeding roots is very eimple. The roots are pulped and mixed with the dry meal ration, and then the whole mass is moistened with water, milk, or whey as the case may be. Sugar beets, mangels, or turnips may be fed in this manner, but potatoes are probably better cooked. Of course, the other roots may be cooked if desired, but we have not found it necessary to do so. For growing pigs three to five months old, we have allowed the roots to constitute as high as filty per cent, of the weight of the total ration ; that is to say, we have fed a pound of rooto for every pound of meal. This may be regarded as extreme root feeding, and the pigs fed in this way were rather thin and did not make rapid gains ; but they were remarkably healthy and gained rapidly when the meal ration was in- oreaEed at a later period. Twenty five to thirty per cent, of the weight of the total ration may be regarded as a fair proportion of roots. If the animals leave some of the roots, it is not necessary to decrease the proportion of roots in the mixture. The difficulty can be overcome by feeding a smaller quantity of the mixture, giving them only what they will eat up clean. In this way the danger of overfeeding is avoided. Boots may be used for all clsssrs of hogs, and the quantity must be regulated by the feeder, who must be guided by the condition of the animals. Some prefer feeding the roote whole, as this gives the pigs more exercise. For feeding sows, or even for younger animals, variety may be given the ration by running some good clover hay through the cutting box, steaming it, auu misiug it with the xueal ration. An oocaslooal feed of this misturo is much relished, and has a decidedly beneficial effect. Uenei animal's st summer, tl ing hogs si during the ^l^ovel or of copperas and dissolve in hJt water 1,1 V"^ *'''' one-quarter pounds -prinkle over the whole mass aXjatn mix thJ"\f'' '''^^''"''y ^»t«"fg pS jelf-feeding boxes, and place themTw^Ls of all ^ ^"' '^^ "^'^'^"^ ^^^ tents at pleasure." If W droppings of thf hoL L^7 '*'' '*'' °' "»"«• ««>«»• the following mixture works well : Cal Dart«^hv °L* T^^'^P^^^ nature, phur. and powdered charcoal. Feed ?heh?«s some 7IhI °' '^T. «»'^«' «^" food. The quantity to be eiven will H«L«T *°™^ ^^ this onoe dai y in their from a teaspoonful I a desKpronfuf^^^^^^^^^ «.'^« ^^ ?»»« anLalsX the dose according to the condition of the d'oppiiga ' '"°""'''« °' ^^^^4 pi.ge^;n:ro7nto?^^^^^^^^^ Without a suifbl. oontea.pla,e building, a few suggestions ZlL'l/J'r ^'r'^'l^' ^^ *^»««^"o building must be rfry-dry walls drv K^Z J 5^ ^'"'- ^° **»« «"' place, tha Dampness is one of the gr^t caufes of CJ -t ^*' '^ P''^<^ticMe, dry flV„ injadicious feeding will agCvatethTev^ "^thrifty and rheumatic pig^^thouS warm and well ventilated ;rdla8«VthL S^^li^^P'"" ''^""'d ^ reasoiublT central feed passage with pens ^neaei ,-Tia^^^^^^^ to"'' '^'^^"'^ ''^^^- ^* the pens on one side of the passaee arw-/^^ mi Sf*^® objections, because building facing the south ^Sr JVhe it " J r'"' -^ ^ passsge on the north, is preferahlp Kr« ^- I '^ *^® "°"th side and the feed but a double supply s'houSte put ia 2 Zi^Z^Vtr' •' V^^ ^°''^ '^ a good distance from the floJr, they will amnl^u J^,*l»« windows are plac^ pu«. r., the pi^ We 1, ^';^^^ ^:^-zz-;^j>:^ I I • 11: 12 disMtrooB. Daring each winter more than half the pigs became more or leas crippled, Bome of them died, and others were practically worthlesB. As a sum- mer pen, it has proved quite satisfactory ; but for winter feeding, it is a failure It seems impossible to ventilate this pen without making it too cold. The con- crete is a much better conductor of heat than is wood and it seems to carry away the heat of the pen, condensins; moisture upon the walls, and leaving a damp, chilly atmosphere. If artificial heat were used, probably the difl&culty could be overcome. It is intended to line the walls with lumber, leaving an aic space between the boards and iihe wall. Reports are to hand of piggeries with concrete and stone walls which are giving satisfaction, but from what has been stated it will be seen that a concrete piggery may be quite the reverse of satisfactory. During the past winter, which was exceptionally severe and seems tc have occasioned more than ordinary difficulty with regard to crippling, we kept our hogs in a frame building with cement floor and plank sleeping places. The out- side of this building is single boarded with battens over the cracks. On the inside, the walls are double boarded with tar paper between the two layers. The floors and beds are almost identical with those of the other building. In this pen, we had not a single case of crippling. Our experience, therefore, leads us to prefer wooden walls. The floors present another serious problem. A cement floor possesses the great advantage of durability ; and where wooden platforms are provided for sleeping places, they seem to be very satisfactory. For breeding pens, no doubt wooden floors are safer. If a wooden floor is used, its durability can be increased by laying it on joists about eighteen inches above the ground, and having the space below the floor well ventilated. A single thickness of two-inch plank laid with watertight joints, is preferable to a double floor. With a double floor there is more or less danger of moisture collecting between the two layers, in which case drying it slow, and decay rapid. One great objection to wooden floors is the danger of trouble from rats, which may perhaps be lessened by having the space beneath the floor well lighted and ventilated. There are numerous methods of ventilating piggeries. A plan which we have used with fairly good results, is to run straight ventilating shafts from the ceiling to a cupola on the roof. The shafts are made of rough lumber and should be, at least, two feet square. In the bottom of the shaft (at the ceiling) is a trap door which opens into the shaft. A small rope attached to the top of the trap door runs through the side of the shaft and then down through the ceiling, so that by pulling the rope the door can be raised to any degree required. On some days it is much more difficult to secure ventilation than on othera, and the large shafts with trap doors permit of regulating ventilation according to circumstances. Two such ventilating shafts should be sufficient for a pen fifty feet long. OONOLUSION. The suggestions which are here offered for consideration are based upon observation and experience. No man is infallible, and no doubt there may be room for difference of opinion on some of the points dealt with ; and it is not unlikely that some effective means for preventing and curing paralysis and rheumatism have been omitted. Notwishstanding all this, however, we hope that the thoughts which have been presented may be of assistance to some who have encuuntered difficulties.