,%. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I lti|2£ |Z5 ■^ Uii 122 ^ us. 12.0 111 I IL25 1111.4 1.6 ^ 7] ol*. O / ^ /^ /A / PhotDgraiAic Sciences Corporation ?3 ^!ST MAIN STMET •MHSTH.N.r. USSO (7i A) 172- '.403 \ s^ \\ ^^ ^'\ ^'rS CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Can&dian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque r I Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur n - I I c Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re iiure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge IntArieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted fror filming/ II se peut que certainet pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6tA filmAes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a ftti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. D D D v/ D D D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet6es ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es rri Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Qualitd inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire I I Quality of print varies/ r~| Includes supplementary material/ Tl to T» P« of fil Oi bi th sit ot fir si< or Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M film6es A nouveau de fapon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. Th sh Til wl Ml dif en be rig rei This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuotlon indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32X Th« copy filmvd h«r« hat b««n r«produc«d thanks to th« ganaroaity of: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia L'axamplaira f ilm4 ffut raproduit grica A la g4n4roait* da: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaidaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming contract tpacifications. Laa imagaa suivantaa ont AtA raproduitaa avac la plua grand aoin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da l'axamplaira film*, at 9n conformity avac laa conditions du contrat da fil;naga. Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illustrated impras- sion, or tha bacli covar whan appropriata. All othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion. and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad imprassion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microfiche shall contain tha symbol -^ (moaning "CON- TINUED "), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"). whichavar applias. Laa axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprimAa sont filmte an commorient par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darniira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration. loit par la second plat, salon la cas. Tous las eutres exempleires origineux sont filmCj en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustretion et en terminant par la darniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la darniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symboie — »> signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Mapa, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Let cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atre reproduit en un soul clichA. il est film* A partir da I'engie supArieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nicesssire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 SI fl L hi ei to th m: TI sq de aui Sti pla i the i the call ' lioj urtl wa I shd coi eld bol dc chl ppj m THE NORTHWESTERN There are few people in the United States who have known that, through- out the whole of the civil war, and since 1859, the British and American ' flags have both been fly mg on San Juan Island. This joint military occupation has been justly very odious to our Gov- ernment, to the authorities of Washing- ^ ton Territory, and to the Americans on" the disputed islands, and ought to be ter- minated at the earliest possible moment. There arc one hundred and seventy square miles of area in the Archipelago de Haro, sixty of which are arable land and eighty grazing land. The United States should as si^eedily as possible be placed in full possession, the civil au- thorities be enabled to exercise therein their functions, and the land-laws be carried into efi'ect. During the Rebel- lion the people of that frontier were urged to bo quiet, and wait until the war was over, and the Government should be at leisure to assert our rights. The language of the Treaty of 15th June, 1846, required that the boundary- line should run " along the 49th paral- lel of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separutes the conti- nent from Vancouver's Island, and thence southerly, through the middle of said channel, and of Fuca's Straits, to the Pacific Ocean." The English Government claims the Rosario Straits, the char el nearest the continent, as the boundary-line ; wo claim the Canal de Haro as the proper boundary. That our claims to the Archipelago de Haro are of the most unmistakable character, abundantly appears to one * Senate Document Ko. 29, of !22d February, 1808, pp. 2T0. BOUNDARY DISPUTE.* who will carefully read the Senate document named at the foot of this page, entitled "Thk Northwestern Boundary Question," which contains a full statement of the whole matter. It begins with a letter of Mr. Seward, which says : *'Evei7 officer of this Gov- ernment, who had any part in the nego- tiation, adoption, or ratification of the treaty, assented to it with tlie full un- derstanding that the deflection of the boundary from the 49th parallel was consented to for the sole purpose of giving the whole of Vancouver's Island to Great Britain, and that, to efiiect this purpose, the line was to be carried through the Canal de Haro to the Straits of Fuca, on its way to the Pa- cific Ocean." This document was prepared in the State Department, by Archibald Camp- bell, Esq., U. S. Boundary Commission- er, whose correspondence with Capt. J. C. Prevost, of the British navy, the Eng- lish commissioner, is given at length. Mr. Cass, in his despatch of 20th Oct., 1859, to Mr. Dallas, very justly says that Mr. Campbell's '• whole argument is marked both by ability and research." The entire document is drawn up in the most thorough and conscientious man- ner. It has, besides an excellent map of the region in dispute, a plate show- ing four cross-sections of the whole channel : 1st, along the 49th parallel ; 2d, along the parallel of 48" 45' ; 8d, along that of 48° 35' ; 4tli, along that of 48° 25'. It has, also, a complete physical and geographical description of the Archipelago de Haro, and each of the islands, and quotations from the reports of Gen. Persifer F. Smith and Gen, J, G, Tottcn, the late Chief of 4 J 786 1870.] Thb Noethwestben Boundaey Dispute. 801 Engineers, showing the military value of these islands. The Boundary Survey had for astronomer, in running the 40th parallel, John G. Faikc, then Lieuten- ant of Engiu<3ers, since distinguished as Major-General of Volunteers in every part of the field during the late war. The astronomer of the British Boundary Commission was Col. John S. Hawkins, of the Royal Engineers. The U. 8. Coast Survey assisted materially in com- pleting the survey and the excellent maps of the Archipelago de Haro. We will endeavor to condense, into a few distinct beads, the principal points brought out in the argument on our side. 1st. The Canal de Haro is the shortest, deepest, and widest channel to connect the Gulf of Georgia with the Straits of Fuca. A glance at the cross-sections given in the plate referred to, will show that tbe main body of water goes through that channel to '-he ocean. It seems to be fair to assert that the treaty means that the lino of deepest water (the Jilum aquie) shall be the boundary- line. 2'he least depth in the Canal de Haro is greater than the maximum depth in tlie lioaario Straits (see p. 129 of the Senate Document). The average cross- section throughout of the former will show that its surface is about three- times that of the Rosario Straits. 2d. It appears that Lord Aberdeen, on the 18th of May, 1846, wrote to the British minister in Washington that his Government was ready to enter into a negotiation on the basis of " a bound- ary along the 40th parallel to the sea- coast, thence through the Straits of Fuca to the ocean, thus giving to Great Britain the whole of Vancouver's Island and its harbors." To interpret proper- ly this language of Lord Aberdeen, the etter of Mr. Edward Everett to Mr. Campbell, of 29th May, 1858, should be read, which shows that, from the cor- respondence of Joshua Bates, there is evidence that Lord Aberdeen's atten- tion had been called (by the pamphlet of William Sturgis) to the distinct proposition of yielding all the other islands, except Vancouver's Island, to the United States. Mr. Sturgis, in hia lecture delivered on 22d Jan., 1845, be- fore the Mercantile Library Association in Boston, proposed " a continuation of the parallel of 49° across the Rocky Mountains to tide-water, say to the middle of the Gulf of Georgia ; thence by the northernmost navigable passage (not north of 49°) to the Straits of Fuca, and down the middle of ttese Straits to the Pacific Ocean ; the navi- gation of the Gulf of Georgia and the Straits of Juan de Fuca to be forever free to both parties, all tlie islands and other territory lying south and east of this line to lelong to the United States, and all north and west to Great Britain. Will Great Lntain accede to this? I think she will." Mr. Bates afterward wrote to Mr. Everett that Lord Aber- deen had said to him that he considered Mr. Sturgis' pamphlet " a fair, practica- ble, and sensible view of the subject," and that it had been read by all the ministers. We think it a very fair in- ference that Lord Aberdeen purposed in the treaty to carry out th's identical programme. 3d. Hon. Louis McLane, our minister to England, on the 18th May, 1846, wrote to Mr. Buchanan that an arrange- ment could be made by making the boundary along the 49th parallel to the sea, and thence through the Canal de Haro and Straits of Fuca to the ocean. 4th. It appears plainly that our Sen- ate, at the date of the confirmation of the treaty of 1846, understood distinct- ly that the Caual de Haro was the boundary-line. See the speeches of Mr. Benton and Mr. Cass, as quoted in this correspondence. 6th. Islands appertain rather to the continent than to another island. Such has been the principle of the Laws of Nations, and it has been recognized in discussions with some of the Govern- ments of South America concerning islands near the coast. 6th. The Islands of the Archipelago de Haro are more important to us than they possibly can be to England — a fact very clearly set forth by General Totten in the report above referred to. Eng- .■ ». t,4't)n.xy*~^ 302 Putnam's Maoaziite. [Sept. land has, in the first-class harbor of Esquimau, on Vancouver's Island, all that can be wanted for muitary or com- mercial purposes, •whereas the United States needs that Archipelago as a mili- tary and naval station, to protect the whole of Puget'a Sound. All of our possessions, in that quarter, are frown- ed down upon by Vancouver's Island, and Mr. Polk's cry of "54" 40' or fight," appeared to indicate at least a clear appreciation of our wants in that quarter : we say it appeared to indicate such an appreciation, for he ought cer- tainly to have insisted to the end on our retention of Vancouver's Island. It is believed that it could then have been easily obtained. 7th, Any one who carefully reads the correspondence will be convinced that this claim ,vas an after-thought. This view is strikingly confirmed on reading the memorandum of Mr. Packenham, the British negotiator, who admits (p. 224) that he cannot call to mind any circumstance of the negotiation " to strengthen or invalidate the pretension now put forward by the United States." This is quoted by Lord Russell, in his despatch of 24th August, 1859, to Lord Lyons. That, at the end of thirteen years, he could recall nothing to invali- date our claim, is very significant. It is plain, from Mr. Bancroft's letter of 29th March, 1847, to Mr. Buchanan, that the British claim to the Haro Archipelago originated with the Hudson's Bay Com- pany. The above clones our resum6 of the principal points brought forward in the correspondence ; but we must add a few words concerning the military oc- cupation of San Juan, which caused the incorporation in this report of the whole of Senate Document of Jan. 80, 1860, setting forth the causes and results of General Scott's visit to Puget's Sound in 1859. This covers seventy-four pages of Document No. 29. The joint occupa- tion was established by General Scott, after General Harney had, without a particle of authority, attempted to em- broil the two nations, not on the main question of the boundary-line, but on quite another, viz., whether he should be justified in taking exclusive posses- sion of the islands pending the action of the two commissioners then on the ground for the purpose of deciding the boundafy-line. This exclusive posses- sion he continued, notwithstanding the language of Mr. Marcy, in his letter of 17th July, 1855, to Mr. Crampton, which expressly provided that, pending the running of the boundary, neither party " should exclude the other by force, or exercise complete and exclusive sove- reign rights within the disputed limits." We have avoided calling this the " San Juan Question," as that might be mis- understood as referring to the action of Harney, and not to the northwestern boundary dispute. His action only ob- scured the main question, and kept our Government busy for a twelvemonth in clearing away the smoke thus raised. And it led to the joint military occupa- tion instituted by General Scott, which does not appear to have hastened the settlement of the question. The briefest notice of this correspond- ence requires an allusion to two things in the language of the British negotia- tors. Whereas our commissioner was simply instructed to carry out the treaty and run the boundary-line. Captain Pre- vest's powers were limited, and he was instructed, under any circumstances, not to so render San Juan. Lord Russell, in his letter to Lord Lyons of the 24th August, 1859, indicates a similar ulti- matum. There is a small intermediate channel leaving San Juan on the west, and Lopez and Orcas Islands on the east, and they would fain persuade us into accepting it, though plainly not an- swering the rpruirements of the treaty, and though its acceptance would imply that neither party was right in the con- troversy. As introductory to proposing this solution (which should be unsatis- factory to either party), Lord Russell said, "No settlement of the question will be accepted by Her Majesty's Gov- ernment which does not provide for the Island of San Juan being reserved to the British Crown." So, forsooth, the only possible solution of the San Juan i 1870.] The Nobthwestern Boundaet Disputb. 808 Question which could be made must be our surrender of San Juan I We have read with great satisfaction the reply of Mr, Cass, in his letter of 20th Oct., 1859, to Mr. Dallas, in which he says : " If this declaration is to be insisted on, it must terminate the nego- tiation at its threshold, because this Government can permit itself to enter into no discussion with that of Great Britain, or any other power, except upon terms of perfect equality." On the 13th Dec, 1857, Mr. Camp- bell applied to Captain Prevost for a full copy of his instructions. Not until the 22d Feb., 1859, did Lord Malmes- bury, then in the foreign office, furnish Mr. Dallas a copy of that portion of the instructions, by which it appeared that, on the 20th Dec, 1856, the British commissioner, in his original instruc- tions, was directed to insist on an " in- termediate channel ; " and, if he could not obtain the adoption of that, must propose to refer the question back to the i'e3pective governments. The same scheme is again indicated in August, 1859, by Lord Russell. And we ven- ture to say that a persistent effort, on the part of England, to obtain the same " intermediate channel," is discernible throughout the recent negotiations with the Hon. Reverdy Johnson. It will not be out of place here to make a reference to the steady policy of Great Britain to acquire all over the globe commanding positions - - capes, headlands, and harbors, which may con- trol the commerce of the v;orld. It is true that the wars with Napf)leon led to the acquirement of many of them, as in the case of Malta and Mauritius. Thus the maritime ascendancy of England was only promoted by those wars, early in this century, giving cause and op- portunity for the seizure of important positions. Without any very thorough search for such a list, we will name Aden, Sin- gapore, Ceylon, Hong Kong, Cape of Good Hope, Falkland Islands, St. He- lena, Sierra Leone, Heligoland, the Channel Islands, New Zealand, the West Indian Islands, Bermuda, Van- couver's Island, Newfoundland, Cape Breton. To these should be added India, Bur- mah, Australia, British Columbia, and the Canadas ; but these acquisitions are continental, and belong not to the class of commanding military and naval po- sitions to which we have referred. It is true that in some of these countries, as in India, it is claimed that England seeks only commercial ascendancy and not territorial additions ; but the dis- tinction is a very refined one, and, prac- tically, India is British territory. Now, however ready we are to rejoice that the British power, the Anglo-Saxon race, and the English language should be extended to such regions as Aus- tralia and New Zealand, yet it will not be wise for statesmen or diplomatists to forget or ignore this appetite of the British Lion to absorb commanding military positions whenever the chance is offered. We wish the utmost success to every legitimate scheme for the pros- perity of those dominions. The moth- erland has an irresistible claim on our kindred sympathies when she promotes the spread of civilization and Christian- ity, upon which subject it was right and natural for Mr. Reverdy Johnson to descant. Kossuth was in the habit of often saying, " the solidarity of nations," — meaning that all nations are bound together " with mutual responsibility, each for all," with joint interest and fellowship ; or are, in sailor phrase, " all on the same bottom," to use the ex- l)ressive words of Dr. Trench. It is true that our common humanity " makes the whole world kin;" that the best rivalry and highest ambition should be to do the utmost to advance the welfare and improvement of the whole human family ; but while we would freely admit that we are susceptible to all the enkindlinw emotions which such cosmopolitan views excite, it is, in prac- tical life, necessary to treat nations and governments as we find them. There is deep wisdom as well as great pathos in that passage of the farewell address of Washington, in which he was forced to a like conclusion : " It will be wor- r 804 PCTNAM^S MaOAZINR. [Sept. thy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. . . , The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas 1 is it to be rendered impossible by its vices ? " From Mr. Bancroft's letter of the 29th March, 1847, to Mr. Buchanan, it should seem that he, at that early date, had intimations that the Hudson's Bay Com- pany wished to get some of the islands in the Archipelago de Haro. The first development of the claim occurred when our tax-gatherers levied a tax on some sheep of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, on Ban Juan Island, in 1855. The Company attempted to evade the payment of said tax, and the sheriff of Washinf.;ton Territory seized some of the sheep, and sold them to meet the tax. In 1858, Dickens, in the " Household Words," said that the Government of Great Britain should " make of one of these islands a second Cronstadt, thus secm-ing, as with a padlock, her posses- sions on the Pacific coast." A " second I " " w^ould have been a more appro- ID 'ame for San Juan than a second Cioii, adt. It is a ccr'manding posi- tion, like Malta, but does not command the channel. Neither Malta nor Gib- raltar command the channels in their vicinity, but they are favorably situated to assist in guarding commercial inter- ests. Such is the situation of San Juan Island, as ably set forth by General Totten. It is not needed by England, which has Esquimalt opposite, as we have above explained. Esquimalt, in- deed, has been for twelve years a large □aval station for the British navy, and they need no other or better in that re- gion. But we do need San Juan Island f..nd the Archipelago de Haro, as an ofl- set to the preponderant and threatening vicinity of Vancouver's Island. And the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad to Puget's Sound will make .this fact every day more and more evi- dent to our people. This brings us to allude to the treaty now before the Senate, negotiated by Mr. Reverdy Johnson, which proposes to submit this question to arbitration, the President of the Swiss Confedera- tion to be the arbiter. " All corre- spondence, documents, maps, surveys, &c., relating to the subject, shall be placed at his disposal within twelve months after the ratification of the treaty. The referee is to endeavor to deduce the precise line of boundary from the words of the treaty of 1846 ; but, if unable to do so, he is at liberty to determine upon some line which will, in his opinion, furnish an equitable so- lution of the difficulty, and be the near- est approximation that can be made to an accurate construction thereof," Hia " decision to be final and conclusive, and carried into immediate effect." At the last session of Congress, the Senate, we think, wisely declined to ratify this treaty. It is said that an able speech against it was made by the Hon. Jacob N. Howard, Senator from Michigan.* We hope that, when the Senate again assembles, this treaty will be definitely rejected. We believe that the whole scope and effect of the pro- vision above quoted would be to invite and lead to a compromise channel, and there are ample reasons why any such result should be resisted. We believe that, if Mr. Sumner had seriously taken hold of this question, he would have found at least equal ground for the re- jection of this treaty as for that re- specting the Alabama claims. Whatever respect we may have for the motives of Mr. Reverdy Johnson, it is apparent that, in the negotiation of this treaty, he was insensibly led to the use of phraseology calculated to prejudice our claims in this boundary question. We believe that it can be settled without arbitration, and that the British Gov- ernment will yield to us the Canal de Haro as the boundary. * Since writing the above we have «een the speech of Senator Howard, the injunction of se- crecy having been removed. It is a full and forci- ble argument against the ratification of the treaty. It rresents mony of the points wo have given ahoTO in &vor of our cloims in this controversy. miWTT^^T^S^^SSS Our people have been averse to arbi- trations ever since an attempt was made, thirty years ago, to settle the Northeast- em Boundary Question by its submis- sion to the arbitration of the King of the Netherlands. It was time wasted ; for, as he attempted to decide nothing, but proposed to run a line half-way be- tween the two, "splitting the differ- ence," our Government (which had re- served that privilege) refused to consent to his proposition. It is asking a great deal of us to pro- pose to submit such a question as our Northwestern Boundary to arbitration. Our claims are of so clear and positive a character that it must be very hard for one familiar with them to consent to such a process. And we do not wonder that the people of Washington Territory have sent the protest against arbitration, presented to the Senate on the 19th Jan., 1869, by Senator Corbett. We wish to speak with entire re- spect of the British Government, which seems desirous to close up the topics of diflference between the two Govern- ments. But it does not require a re- membrance of the doctrine of total de- pravity; it only requires a wholesome recurrencd to poor human nature as it is, and to the spirit of encroachment which powerful nations too often adopt, to place us on our guard. This is a claim co:icerning which Mr. Bancroft, in his letter of the 15th June, 1858, to Mr. Campbell, said, " It should be met at the outset as one too prepos- terous to be entertained." Again, " The Hudson's Bay Company may naturally enough covet the group of islands east of that channel, but the desire, which can never amount to a claim, should not be listened to for a moment." Diplomacy has examples in which a claimant, whose side is weakest, whose cause is unsubstantial, finally gets a slice by mere perseverance, by the mere pro- cess of raising the smoke of contest. It will readily be seen that such results would not be very satisfactory and statesmanlike, and would not promote the cause of permanent peace. The re- fined civilization of the age would seek an adjustment founded on justice, and not one of a hollow character — a Ban- quo's ghost to haunt the diplomacy of the future.