LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR Errata. Title of Chapter I., page 17, for "National," read Our Natural Resources. Page 135, for " scopes," read scoops, " 138, for agricultural "instruments," read implements. " 151, at bottom of page substitute 3 for 2, making the total read $83^268^28, " 196, for Judge " Coledridge," read Coleridge. " 286, for "Animals and Annual Produce" read Animal. K ^0§ Land, Labor and Liquor A Chapter in the Political Economy of the Present Day. BY REV. WM. BURGESS Pastor of the Congregational Church, Listowel, Ont. With Introduction by W. H. HOWLAND, Esq., Mayor of Toronto. "All men must think for themselves ; and so all men must be taught how to think. It is therefore, worth while for public educated discussion to put forward in the foreground axioms, self-evident truths."— Joseph Cook. 8. R. BRIGGS, Toronto Willard Tract Depository, Toronto. 1887. B(A^(^l 55^ \jj. Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven by Samuel Robert Briggs, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa. PARKDALE TIMES PRINTERS. INTRODUCTION. TN the pages of this volume a long-felt want has been supplied. The opponents of Temperance Re- form have often questioned the figures and statistics of the evil trade in Canada, given by temperance men as being of doubtful accuracy, owing to the differences in the estimates made by different speakers. We have now, in this volume, carefully prepared and most com- plete statements and arrays of facts and figures which can be utilised as a basis for the future. In many ways in addition to this, the [volume commends itself to the public in this age of quickened interest in Temperance work. The thoughtful and massive presen- tation of facts showing the wasteful character of the Liquor Manufacture, its small employment of labor and its immense injury to both the tradesman and the labor- er,from an economical point of view, will help to convince many a fair mind as to the blessings that would result to this country were the whole liquor traffic banished from our soil — may God grant it soon, — but more for the sake of the dear flesh and blood wasted than for any money that would be saved. VI INTRODUCTION. As the writer points out, the working man has awakened to the fact that the great weapon in the hands of oppressors and monopolists — the great weight on the back of the wage-worker, hindering his rise (which would otherwise be natural and rapid in this freest of all countries) is the liquor trade, and thank God, that realization once expressed as a square issue at the polls will settle, once and for all, the fate of this worthless and evil trade in this fair Canada of ours. " Soon shall we see the glorious dawn." Blyth Cottage, W. H. ROWLAND. Toronto, March, 1887. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. iN preparing this work for publication, I have been inspired by its objects and purposes, rather than by the mere pleasure of adding one more to the count- less number of books. My first object was to answer the call for reliable facts and Canadi^ statistics. For several years past I have felt the need of such a handy volume as would fill the place of a text book for temperance reformers, especially on the subjects relating to labor, capital, trade, &c., &c. I entered upon the task fully conscious that it was one of great magnitude and importance, demanding the treatment of a more skilful and experi- enced hand than mine. In fact, I have frequently urged the importance of the work upon those whom I thought competent to deal with it. The statistical work has been even greater than I supposed. The figures have been collected mostly from Government Blue Books, and were not found in such a form as to be easily placed into tables. My second object has been to present what I believe to be the most important fact in the treatment of the labor problem. It appears to me that social reform- ers and political economists who recognize the terrible burdens and afflictions under which the masses groan and sufier, and yet ignore the intimate relation of the viii. author's preface. liquor traffic to every form of social depression and woe, are simply baling out water from a .eaky ship while its timbers are being rotted and scuttled. Last and not least, my hope is that this little work may hasten the final overthrow of the most gigantic of all evils. I see no possible redemption of Society from the numerous social wrongs which degrade, impoverish and demoralise our people, without the complete overthrow of the liquor traffic as an organ- ized force and a legalized institution. The political power and dominating influence of this huge system must be broken before the masses of civilized lands can be emancipated from degradation and grinding poverty. I am indebted to officials of the Dominion and Ontario Go vernments for kindly supplying the requisite documents for reference, and to many whose works I have quoted, without permission, I tender my thanks for the aid they have afforded me. I am especially indebted to the Chief of the "Bureau of Statistics of Labor" of Massachusetts for a copy of their last report, and also to several public officials and others for kindly supplying important information. W. B. CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER I. Our Natural Resources. Our country — its territory — its capabilities — land — lakes — rivers — springs — minerals 17 CHAPTER II. Our National Wealth. Natural resources and national wealth not identical — Wealth defined — Sir Isaac Newton quoted — Prof. Fawcett's definition — Adam Smith — Henry George — Value of the national wealth of Canada 20 CHAPTER III. Labor. Productive labor defined — John Stuart Mill's definition — Education and labor — Washington Gladden — Dr. Chan- ning — Elevation of labor 26 CHAPTER IV. Productive and Non-Produciive Labor. Production the glory of labor — Unpro- ductive work is drudgery — Court-martials — The Treadmill — Unproductive labor defined — Bil- liard rooms — Professional sport and gambling — A plea for recreation 31 CHAPTER V. Destructive Labor. Definitions and illustrations — Dynamite as a servant and a destroyer — Hell-gate and anarchy — War and labor — The war debt of Europe — Cost of modern wars — Standing armies and War-ships — Labor and Liquor — Labor expended in liquor not productive — Henry George's "desire" theory examined — Market prices not always proof of value — Liquor factories and lotteries- Alcohol the ashes of food 36 X. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. Labor Expended in Liquor Mak- ing Destructive. Brewing not cooking — War sometimes justified — Alcohol sometimes of value 49 CHAPTER VIL What Capital is. Definition by various authors — Capital and labor not antago- nistic but co-operative — Capital and labor one in slavery, but competitive in freedom — Labor may be trusted — The capitalist and the laborer equals 52 CHAPTER VHL Capital Misdirected. Burglar's tools his capital — Gain of a few not always increase of wealth — Capital at war with capital — Amount of capital in breweries, distilleries and liquor stores in Canada — Boots and shoes versus liquor — Capital responsible for its effects. 58 CHAPTER IX. Destruction of Food. *Grain consumed in liquor making — Official Canadian statistics 66 CHAPTER X. Over-Production. What it means! — A fallacy-^Lord Derby's stocking illustration —Millions without stockings — Why ? 72 CHAPTER XL Over-Crowding the Labor Market. The-too-many-workmen theory — Immigration — Statistics of over-population .... 79 CHAPTER XII. Co-operation. Its value to the labor problem — Its use and progres.^^ — Co-oper- ative production— Profit sharing — Co-operative coopers — M. Leclaire's great enterprise and faith — What weakens co-operation — What Can- adian workmen lose— How 25,750 workmen in Canada might be capitalists 83 CONTENTS. XI. CHAPTER XIII. Knights of Labor. Secret origin — Its rapid growth after secrecy was abolished — Its policy and constitution — r Mr. Powderly and moral sentiments— Opposition to strikes and boycotts — Workmen and Inter- national peace 97 CHAPTER XI"^'. Labor Unions and the Liquor TRAFric. The action of various bodies against the traffic — Mr. Powderly and Mr. Trevillick speaks — Mene, Mene, Tekel, Uphar- sin io6 CHAPTER XV. The Root of the Evil. Monop- lies and Millionaires — A coal combination swindle — National blood-poisoning — '■ Cardinal Manning's Catalogue of Evils iii CHAPTER XVI. More Wages and Less Labor. Cost of living in Canada and Massachusetts — Productive power of machinery — Carlyle, Mill and Gladstone quoted — Why wages are low — Why labor is in competition with labor — Liquor bill of Toronto — How to spend $1,500,000 118 CHAPTER XVII. Wages and Whiskey. Labor employed in making liquor — Trades that live by destruction — Mr. Canada, farmer and his barley — Caledonian Distillery contrasted with Sheffield Iron Works — Gooderham and Worts' distillery contrasted with Toronto Manufacturers —Annual income and number of employees compared— Important statistical table — Wages of Canadian ind-ustries compared 128 • • XU. CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVIII. Our National Drink Bill. Statistical Statement — Total direct cost for i8 years — Indirect cost — Waste of food — Its cost — Coals consumed — Labor Wasted — Hands employed — Capital wasted — Cost of Crime — Millions borrowed — Our National debt — How to pay it ? j:4o CHAPTER XIX. Comparative View of our National Liquor. United Kingdom and United States drink bills — Three National drink columns — Canada favorably compared — Chris- tian Church and Education Expenditure — Table of comparisons 158 CHAPTER XX. Further Statistics and Illus- trations. Waste of food illustrated — Yonge Street paved with bread-loaves — A procession of baker's teams — Spirits, Beer and Wines con- sumed — Where it all goes — The number of people who don't and who do drink — Quantity of drink per head of population 166 CHAPTER XXI. Is the Money Wasted. Money is not wealth — Productive Expenditure — Three parties to a fair bargain 173 CHAPTER XXII. What's to be done with the Barley? An alarmist's cry — Richard Cobden's Illustration — High wages and little corn — Drink and farm produce — Historical facts of London and Ireland famines — Canada's barley market — How to improve our markets — Barley as a feeder — Scientific evidence of same — Boys worth more than grain — Printing Press 178 '4 CONTENTS. Xlli. CHAPTER XXIII. Farmers and the Foreign Market. England asks for Canadian produce — TVhat the British public buy and where from — The Canadian cheese export — Its growth — Butter exports — Why it stands still — Eggs — What one man exports from Canada — Farmers I'Ot dependent upon brewers for a market 191 CHAPTER XXIV. Liquor and Crime. British, U. S. and Canadian statistics all agree — Strong words of Canadian Legislative Assembly — Montreal, Toronto, and Ottawa Police Statistics — Cost of Crime — Ontario prisons — Actual number of criminals and drunkards — 500 in- mates of Penitentiary — 27,000 criminals 196 CHAPTER XXV. Insanity and Alcohol. In- sanity in Canada — Cost of same — Insanity and drink — Statistics of Ontario Asylum — Alcohol abolished in some of them — Testimony from English authorities — Earl Shaftesbury's opinions and statements — Dr. F. R. Lees quoted 215 CHAPTER XXVI. Drink and Pauperism. Work- house system in Britain — Its radical defect — Jews Board of Guardians — Number of paupers in England and Wales and cost of same — The Cause of pauperism — Report of Convocation of Car'-'^rbury and other testimonies — Pauperism in Canada — Vagrants in Ontario — Dr. Howard Crosby on drink and poverty — The Canadian I-egislative Assembly's report — The Senate's report — Ears but hear not 227 CHAPTER XXVII. The Economic Value of Man. Man greater than institutions — The Bible for man — Life's value — Alcohol kills — Medical testimony — Insurance and Mortatlity Statistics — Richard Cobden on life without Uquor — The higher life and drink 240 xiV. CONTENTS. # CHAPTER XXVIII. The Christian Jugger- naut. Mr. Gladstone on the evils of drink greater than those of war, pestilence and famine — Annual human sacrifice — 500,000 souls per year — More than Canada's population in ten years — Drink a god of Christian nations — The devil's chain — Look on this and on this . 259 CHAPTER XXIX. The License System Immoral AND Degrading. Buxton the Brewer and the war between heaven and hell — Mr. John Dougall and license — Licensed vice — Prof. Sheldon Amos on the subject — Hon. Ed. Blake and Prohibition — Law as an educator — Mr. Glad- stone on the duty of the State — John Bright's picture of war — An angel of death — Hope in prohibition 268 APPENDIX A. Statistical Tables of Land, Min- eral, Railway, Industrial and other values in Canada 282 APPENDIX B. Testimony of Emminent Author- ities on the relation of drink and crime — British and American Judges — Lord Brougham — Earl Shaftesbury — John Bright — Cardinal McCabe — etc., etc 288 APPENDIX C. How Drinks are Doctored 297 APPENDIX D. Knights of Labor — Preamble to Constitution 308 APPENDIX E, Fire Insurance and Drink 311 APPENDIX F. Compensation 312 STATISTICAL TABLES AND DIAGRAMS. {( CI i( Showing War Debt, per capita of Europe 39 Showing loss of Life by War 39 Showing number of Standing Armies in Europe 40 On the Waste of Grain in Canada 69 Seven years immigration to Canada 80 How to spend one and a half millions 125 Comparison of fifteen industries with liquor factories ... 137 Value of all Canadian industries compared 138 Showing Cost of Drink in Canada in 1885 142 " " «' •• " •' •• i8 years 143 Grain consumed in 18 years 145 Value of Grain consumed , 146 Number of Persons engaged in Liquor Traffic 146 Annual Cost of intoxicating drinks in Canada 151 Cost of Drink in 10 years in United Kingdom 100 * •♦ •• 4 years in U. S 160 *• Drink Expenditure compared with other items 164-5 Giving 18 years consumption of Liquor in Canada 168 Showing average consumption per head of population 172 Years of Famine in Ireland compared with ordinary years 182 Colonial imports to United Kingdom 193 Prisoners arrested in Montreal in different years 1 98-9 '• •* *' Toronto and Ottawa 200-1 Cost of maintenance of Penitentiaries 204 " ** Crime in Canada 208 Alcoholic'stimulants used in Asylums 219 Insanity in United Kingdom 220 Causes of insanity in United Kingdom's Asylums 222 Paupers in England and their cost 230 Showing Sick and Death Rate of Abstainers compared with Mod- erate Drinkers 246 Death Rate of two sections of United Kingdom Temperance and General Life Insurance Co 249 Showing Death Rate of 12 classes of people 253 " Value of Land Interests in Canada 282 " Value and Earnings of Railways in Canada 283 " •' " •• •* Canals " *• 284 " •♦ of Shipping Interests " *• 284 Capital invested in Canadian Industries 285 " •* •* Productions of Canadians Forest 285 " " •' Animals and their produce 286 " " "Export Trade *• ♦• 287 " ♦• " Industries «' •' 287 " " "Fisheries " " 287 ** He who knows what is good and chooses it, who knows what is bad and avoids it, is learned and temperate." — Socrates. " All the crimes on earth do not destroy so many of the human race, nor alienate so much property as drunkenness." — Lord Bacon. " If the advocates of Freedom had put'down Slavery and the Slave- trade together, fifty years ago, half a century might have been saved; and, with the requisite degree of virtue and courage, it would have been quite as easy then as now. If the friends of Temperance will lay the axe to the root of the Upas Tree of drunkenness, it too will fall, and the deluded victims awakening from their dreams will be the first to sing hymns of thanksgiving for their deliverance. But ii a few spare leaves only are stripped off here and there, and the removal of a branch or two excites apprehension and alarm, the tree will still flourish in rank and luxurious growth, and its outspreading boughs cover a still wider and wider space till its poison, diffusing itself all around shall corrupt the whole atmosphere — and make England a land of disease, of crime, of desolation and of death." — /antes Silk Buckingham, M. A, 1834. " But Censure profits little : vain the attempt To advertise in verse a public pest ****** Th' excise is fattened with the rich result Of all this riot. The ten thousand casks, For ever dribbling out their base contents. Touched by the Midas finger of the State Bleed gold, for Parliament to vote away. Drink and be mad then; 'tis your country bids Gloriously drunk — obey the important call; Her cause demands the assistance of your throats Ye all can swallow, and she asks no more. — Cowper^ IT 80. CHAPTER I OUR NATIONAL RESOURCES. ?HE extent and capacities of Canadian territory and resources are surpassingly great. No coun- try in the world offers greater promise to com- ing generations. Its possibilities are beyond the dreams of the most sanguine of Canada's young sons, A great American statesman (Wm. H. Seward) has well said " Canada is destined to become the seat of a great Empire, the Russia of North America, but a Russia with civilization more advanced than the Russia of Europe." The territory of the Dominion comprises an area of 3,470,392 square miles, or about 2,229,106,447 acres besides a great lake and river surface estimated at about 700,000 square miles. What dreams of afflu- ence ! What visions of wealth and greatness are con- ceivable in the contemplation of a territory so vast! Everything in the country, when considered in rela- tion to the future, is calculated to fill the mind with the highest expectation. Lord Dufferin did not exag- gerate, when speaking of Canada, he said "in a thous- and localities the earth is bursting with mineral wealth, which only requires improved transportation to develop." Already that statement made about eight years ago, has been abundantly verified. B . 18 LAND, LABOB AND LIQUOB. The great waters of Canada are a source of wonder in proportion as their vastness, beauty and utility are realized ; and they are destined to become the joy and pride of countless thousands, who, in the not very far distant future, shall dwell upon their shores. The forests of the country — at one time regarded as hindrances to be destroyed with ruthless hand, like the wild beasts which inhabited them, — are now treat- ed with conservative care, as a valuable part of cur great natural resources. The eagerness with which pioneer settlers fired and wrecked millions of noble trees, often unnecessarily, and without regard to the future, in order to make easy way to the surface of the land, is now deeply deplored by those who take pride in the country's growth. Immense tracts of land nave been bereft of every vestige of shady trees or leafy foliage, with which to attract the rain showers, or afford shelter, shade or ornament. But, so vast and abundant was the supply in this expansive land, that there yet remains immense fields of timber land, which now constitute a most important factor in the nations fortune. Lord Dufferin said, a few years ago, that "Canada has timber enough of various kinds to set up the world in building material." The minerals and springs already discovered in our territory have proved to be of enormous extent and value, and they are the assurance of an abundant storehouse of hidden treasury which awaits the enter- prize of capital, and the operation of labor. The surface of the land is of more than average fertility and richness. In some enormous tracts of country it is wonderfully adapted to rapid and prolific growth. In the soil of the entire domain there has been stored the rich results of Nature's chemistry which, for countless ages has steadily operated with LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 19 but little disturbance. This land surface is so vast that its measure appears incredible. From east to west it stretches across a distance of 3000 miles, and from north to south it stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to a latitude about equal to that of France in Europe, a distance of about 1500 miles. It is nearly as large as the whole of Europe and is rather larger than the territory of the United States, exclusive of Alaska. Allowing more than one-half of the entire land sur- face of Canada for public roads, railways, town and city buildings, and for rocky and uncultivatible soil there is a square acre of land for every one of more than one billion of persons. To present this in an- other form there are possible farms of 100 acres of larul each, for ten millions of farmers. If five per- sons are allotted to each farm on an average, we may have farms for fifty millions (50,000,000) of people. If five persons live upon trade, mechanical employ- ments and the professions, for every one living upon farms, we have ample ROOM IN Canada for the in- conceivable NUMBER OF THREE HUNDRED MILLIONS OF PERSONS. CHAPTER II. OUR NATIONAL WEALTH. fHE whole of this vast territory with all its var- iety and abundance of treasure, are nature's en- dowments — God's free ^'ifts to man. But in estimating our wealth we must distinguish be- tween natural advantages and acquired riches. Wealth is property acquired, and is therefore attached to per- sonal ownership. I"^ature's resources are man's heri- tage, without distinction, or respect of persons, and belong to all equally. They are not the exclusive property of any one man, or class, or race. Every human being possesses equally an inherent right to them. The late Mr. Fawcett, M.P., the eminent Pro- fessor of Political Economy, and late Post-Master Gen- eral of England, said : — " Wealth may be defined to consist of every commodity which has an exchange value" while Henry George, says: — "Nothing which nature supplies to man without labor is wealth." When we speak of wealth we do not refer to the supplies of nature. Sunlight, heat, air, water, electri- city, etc. are not wealth. Rivers, lakes and seas ; wild beasts, fowl or fish are not property, and do not con- stitute a nation's wealth. These are essential factors to its production, but until they are adapted, utilized or acquired by human effort, for the use of man they are not property. They are the raw material which lie LAND, LABOE AND LIQUOR. 21 ever ready, prolific of rich reward to man, only through labor. Every ray of sunshine, and every shower of rain, every particle of air, and every changing season, are of incalculable value as contributors to human needs and desires, but, as they come to us without eftbrt on our part, they are not wealth, and cannot be accounted and calculated as such. Place a man alone, under the most favorable natural circumstances ; let him, like Robinson Crusoe, have an Island where are in the liighest degree, all the facilities of light, air, heat, water, land, forest, wild fruit, fowl, eggs and fish. All these will be absolutely useless to him unless he exerts himself. If he does not work he must starve, he must gather the fruit, catch the fish, snare the fowl and provide against storms and cold and heat. In proportion only as he labors will he have abundance. So likewise, a nation's wealth is not measured by the extent of its territory, its forests and springs, or mineral deposits. A single province of Canada is vastly greater in these respects than the whole of the United Kingdom, yet the latter is incomparably richer than all Canada. Nature's supplies cost man nothing. Rich treasures of raw material lie ever ready at his feet, to adapt, utilize and enjoy ; but only in proportion as he con- verts them into articles of utility, and bring them within reach for human service do they become wealth. Thus : — A brickmaker's wealth is not measured by the quantity or quality of the clay in his pit, but by the quantity and qi ality of bricks produced. The value of these bricks for the purposes for which they were made is the extent of his created wealth. He has capital invested in machinery or tools, and if he has purchased the right to the exclusive use of the clay in the pit he has capital also in it, but if the clay remains 22 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. in the pit^inused, that portion of his invested capital will be lost to him.* But although the elements of nature are not ex- change value, and are therefore not wealth, they are essential factors in its production. They are the raw material, supplied to us, untaxed and free, by the great Creator. They are the springs from whence all wealth must be drawn. These springs are perpetual in their supply, and will continue to flow on, whether man labor or not. No effort of ours can dam them. Yet man cannot enjoy them without effort. Our natural resources are of primary importance. The extensive and richly endowed Bank of Nature, in which for ages have been deposited, at compound in- terest, the inestimable treasure of this fair Dom'nion, is our heritage. Here we have room and supplies for countless millions of people. We but begin to see **as through a glass darkly" the vastness of our prize. It is to us, as to him, were those mighty discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton when he said, "/ do not know what I TYiay appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." Wealth then consists of that portion of actual pro- duce which we possess in excess of present needs, such as clothing, food, houses, cattle, ships, machinery, tools, &c., or the equivalent in money for the purchase *Prof. Fawcett gives the following simple illustration: — "The seams of coal were deposited without any human agency, but the coal is not available to satisfy any of the wants of life until man's labor has dug the coal from the mine and placed it in those situations in which it is required. " LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 23 of these things ; and also the value which labor has given to land, water or other of nature's resources. Prof. Fawcett defines wealth as consisting "of every commodity Which has an exchange value." Adam Smith says: "Money in common language frequently signifies wealth ; and this ambiguity of expression has rendered the popular notion so familiar to us that even they who are convinced of its absurdity are very apt to forget their own principles. Some of the best English writers upon commerce set out with observing that the wealth of a country, consists not in its gold and silver only, but in its lands, houses and con- sumable goods of all different kinds." * Henry George says : "Wealth consists of natural products that have been secured, moved, combined, separated or in other ways modified by human exertion so as to fit them for the gratifi- cation of human desires. It is in other words labor im- pressed upon matter in such a way as to store up, as the heat of the sun is stored in coals, the power of human labor to administer to human desire." f With these definitions before me I proceed to notice the growth of wealth in this Dominion, and in doing so, desire to' avoid that "ambiguity of expression" which Adam Smith refers to. It will be observed that the definitions of the able writers here quoted are not accepted as final and conclusive. Some commodi- ties are regarded as "exchange value" which do not contribute to our wealth, and do not form any part of a nation's stock. There is a class of modem political economists who deny that land is property, and this conflicts with a portion of Adam Smith's definition. Mr. Henry George, the foremost of this class of think- •Wealth of Nations, by Dr. Adam Smith. tProgress aad Poverty, by Henry George, 24 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. ers, however, in his definition of wealth, includes the increased value in land which labor has given to it. I shall have occasion to refer again to Mr. George's theory that "human desire" is the standard of wealth. The development or improvement of the soil — the increased utility of parcels of land, whether by reason of the growth of villages into towns, and towns into cities, or through increased facilities for transportation, is the result of labor impressed upon matter in such a way as to store up the power of human labor to min- ister to "human desires." An acre of land upon which city buildings are erected administers more to human desires than a hundred acres of North- West prairie land. It is true that the land of the prairie might be as good for building city houses upon, as is city land, but a prairie cannot be transported to the city, and if a city is built upon a prairie it is human labor that has invested the land with greater value. In estimating our national wealth, therefore, whether land be regarded as private property or not, we must recognise the increased value which is stored up in it, by means of labor, and to that extent at least must regard it as part of the aggregate wealth of the country. It must be admitted that under the present system of land ownership, the holder of a plot of land may have done nothing to increase its value. He may have even kept back its real value by withholding it from use when needed. If the present selling price of cer- tain plots of land is above the value which labor has vested in them, it is because they have been withheld from use while desire, or demand, has been growing. In such a case the price has been inflated by greed and monopoly, not advanced steadily in proportion as labor and capital have been expended. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 25 Our cultivated lands and town lots are not value because of any natural right in any person to own land, but because labor has enhanced its utility, either directly, by improving the soil, or indirectly, by changing its surroundings. The value of our national wealth can only be ap- proximated. For the most part we have to depend upon the census returns of 1881 for our statistics. Half a decade has passed away since then — a period of more rapid and solid progress in material prosperity than perhaps any period of double the time in the world's history. Appendix A to this volume contains taVjles showing an approximate estimate of the accumulated wealth of Canada, and also a glance at the value of our annual products. The result of the first set of tables shows that without reckoning the smaller machines, house- hold goods, carriages, horses, cattle, &c., our accumu- lated property in this country including land interests, railways and canals, shipping interests, and capital invested in industries is not less than $1,500,000,000 or about $330 to every man, wonmn, and child in the Dominion. That this average may be greatly in- creased, and that every person living upon our soil may realize the advantage of his share in the common property, is the aim of all true patriotic Canadians. To this end it is our duty to enquire into the draw- backs upon our resources, and the causes which disturb our social and material progress. 5f CHAPTER III LABOR. E have seen that the key which unloclzs the cabinet of nature is labor. It is also the dis- tributing power which makes their contents availrble to man. Political economists agree in dividing labor into two distinct classes, viz : productive and unproductive. Adam Smith says "there is one sort of labor which adds to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed, there is another which has no such effect." In illustrating this definition, he draws the line be- tween the two classes so as to place among the unpro- ductive workers all "statesmen, orators, teachers, clergy- men, se^'^^ants," etc. He does not mention "authors." althougii they are of course naturally classed with those named. But no great stretch of thought is needed to observe that the author of the " Wealth of Nations" was himself one of the greatest of the world's producers. John Stuart Mill says : "In a national point of view, the labor of the servant or speculative thinker, is as much a part of production in the very narrowest sense, as that of an inventor of a practical art. . . No limit can be set to the importance, even In a purely productive and material point of view, of mere thought. . . Specilative thinkers are generally classed as the producers of bcoks, or saleable articles which directly emanate from them. T-iit when (as in political economy one LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 27 should always be prepared to do) we shift our point of view, and consider, not individual acts, and the motives by which they arc determined, but national and universal results, in- tellectual speculation must be looked upon as a most influ- ential part of the productive labor of society, and the portion of its resources employed in carrying on, and renumerating such labor, as a highly productive part of its expenditure." Political Economy. Vol. /, Chap. 11^ pp. ^o, £1. " Knowledge is power" and it is a motive force in all production. It is to productive agencies what steam is to a locomotive engine. Without intelligence the world's work would be all drudgery, limited to the crudest ideas and the most primitive provisions of savage life. A house is the creation of a brain before its walls are erected or its foundation is laid. A brick- layer is necessary to the building of a brick house, but before one brick is laid the architect has seen the com- pleted building. By his do-'igns and plans he contri- butes more to the building than any one of the mechanics, while the mechanics themselves will pro- duce more effective work in proportion as they can in- telligently follow out the plans An engineer sets going a hundred workmen by his designs and plans in the construction of a bridge. An inventor augments the value of labor . and stimulates damand for its pro- ducts. Thus, productive power rises with intelligence, and intelligence is promoted by educative agencies. An intelligent mechanic is worth more and ranks higher in the workshop than an unskilled laborer. Moreover the educated or skilled workman is more independent, and, other things being equal, will command a higher position, and better pay than the mere mechanical worker. The higher the training of the human mind the 28 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOE. greater its capacity and power for production. A piece of canvas and a few colors of paint are of small value. An unskilled house painter could quickly transfer the paint to the canvas, and at his best would add but little to their value. An artist mixes the paints with bra,ins and produces a picture of value, not merely in propor- tion to the cost of the materials, and the time expended upon it, but to the measure of intellectual power ex- pended in his Vork of art. Washington Gladden in his excellent little book has well said ; " All work is art. There are artists in dirt at whose feet I would fain sit in these days of garden-making ; rude men, who with shovel and rake will slope a bank or trace a wind- ing walk in a manner wholly beyond my power of imitation. There are artists in dry-goods : look at the pictures they make for you in show-windows. There are artists in wood, whom men commonly call carpenters, and artists in iron generally known as blacksmiths — men whose handiwork is always shapely, symmetrical, beautiful. There are artists in household work ; indeed the finest and most delicate art is all the while displaying itself in the arrangement and adorn- ment of our houses." — " Workings; People and Their Employ- ers.^' Page 2S, Funk &■> Wagnalls cheap edition. Dr. W. E. Channing in his lecture on the elevation of the working classes says : "Labor becomes a new thing when thought is thrown into it, when the mind keeps pace with the hands. . . What a charm and new value might the farmer add to his grounds and cottage were he a man of taste ! The product of the mechanic, be it great or small, a house or a shoe, is worth more, sometimes much more, if he can succeed in giving it the grace of proportion. . . Without a habit of thought a man works more like a brute, or machine, than a man. With it his soul is kept alive amidst his toils. He learns to fix an observing eye on the processes of his trade, catches hints which abridge labor, gets glimpses of important dis- LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 29 cover.'es, and is sornelimes able to perfect his ait. Even now, after all the ni'racles of invention which honor our age we little suspect what improvements of machinery are to spring from spreading intelligence and natural science axiiongwoik- men. (Ch^nning's works, page 46.) It is in preparing these artists for their work that the educator increases the world's power to produce. He who developes mental faculties and quickens intel- ligence is surely a productive worker of the first order. We may claim also that whoever helps in the aggre- gate production of the world's wealth is a producer. A servant who cooks a dinner and prepares a bed is as really a producer as a baker who makes a loaf, or the upholsterer who manufactures the bed. It is true that the cook who only prepares the dinner for immediate consumption does not add directly to the capital , or the surplus wealth of the world ; but as Henry George would say her "labor is impressed upon matter" so as to administer to human desire ;" she does more than this however ; she administers to human needs. Moreover as the surplus wealth of the world is not acquired single handed, but by the co-operative labor of many, he or she who prepares the meals, or bakes the bread, is as necessary to the production of that wealth as the hands who work, or the capitalist who owns the mill. But " man does not live by bread alone." We are gradually rising to a higher ])lane. We " have life more abundantly" with every advancing tide of know- ledge. Corn and cattle, houses and l&nds are not all of wealth. What are termed luxuries, are becoming, to our more abundant life, absolute necessaries. Books and pictures and musical instruments are essential to every home in which education has prepared the way for their appreciation, and these things are no less the so LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. products of labor than are our chairs and tables, or our clothing and shoes. Our possibilities never appeared so great as they do now; with increasing demands our supplies multiply. The child of to-day has a wealth of knowledge, and a capacity for enjoyment, which were never dreamed of by his grandfather. Labor is asserting itself. Work is taking its true rank as a crown of rejoicing, a source of joy, and a fountain of good. But to the end that the workingman may be free and independent, labor must be enfranchised. It must be unyoked from the juggernaut of vices, it must be freed from the degrading and pauperising effects of a chain of evils which is coiled around it. CHAPTER IV. PRODUCTI\E AND NON-PRODUCTIVE LABOR. CpHE glory of labor is production. Only slaves ^ work for mere wages. Labor is shorn of its dignity when it has no other aim than a stipu- lated wage. A slave does as he is bidden and asks no questions, ^ut a free man has an interest in his work for its own sake. He wants to know what he is accomplishing, as well as how much wages he is to get for his work. Mere wages do not make labor profit- able. If taken out of capital without giving back an equivalent it decreases wealth. It is waste — ^not pro- duce. Let a man be employed for the sake of a "job" in digging a hole one day, and filling it up the next, the result of his two days work is less than nothing. If he receive, say three dollars for the "job" with which he purchases the necessaries of life, that amount is taken out of capital or surplus wealth, and the na- tion is poorer by that much. An independant man will feel himself degraded by such work. But, suppose a man to have dug a hole, a certain size and shape, which is to be converted into the cellar of a house, he will feel that he is a producer and he will be conscious of having done something for his wages. There is dignity in such labor, and although it may weary the man, it does not degrade him. A good carpenter would not be content to cut up timber into fragments, or convert it into sawdust, even if he were paid his regular wages for doing it 82 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Set him to whittle sticks without a productive object, and he will quickly become dissatisfied and disgusted. A true workman detests "a job" which progresses slowly, much more one that shows no result. To be compelled to work without interest in the object or aim of the work is degrading. In the British army,* formerly, one of the punishments of court martial was to inflict upon the oifending soldier a penalty of a given number of days or hours of un- productive toil, by compelling him to carry cannon balls a certain measured distance, lay them down in a certain spot, and then proceed to carry them back again. One of the most detested of punishments under the "hard labor" service of the British prisons is the treadmill, which the prisoners describe as "grind- ing wind." The sting of the penalty is not in the heaviness of the task, but in the fact of working hard and yet doing nothing. As prison punishments take the form of useful employments, much of the sting of compulsory labor is removed by the conscious sense of "doing something" as distinguished from "doing no- thing" or "grinding wind." The training is a healthy one and tends to beget a respect for labor instead of an utter disgust and contempt for it. There is no surer method of manufacturing confirmed criminals and idle paupers, than to degrade labor in the*' eyes of any class of people. Productive labor not only enhances value but stimu- lates the desire for increased intelligence, supplies mo- tive to the operator, and in a hundred ways con- tributes to the advancement of material wealth and progress. Such labor is no degradation. On the con- trary it is the greatest blessing to the human family. *This system of punishment under court martial may be still in operation for anything I know to the contrary. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 33 Sanctified and hallowed by its purpose and aim it is God's ordained agency through which comes every good, and every needful thing. But labor which does not directly or indirectly con- tribute to human good is degrading. It gets without giving; it consumes without paying; it begets indiffer- ence and idleness ; it is the parent of paupers and criminals. If the ordained law of God in relation to labor be set aside it will become as a "whip of scor- pions" to affljot society. UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR. — WHAT IT IS. It is "that which adds nothing to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed." So says the author of the " Wealth of Nations." Examine this definition closely, and apply it, and it will be found that the un- productive agencies are chiefly those which are associ- ated with, or grow out of the excesses, follies, and vices of society. In a public billiard room we see capital and labor expended in expensive tables, ivory balls and general furnishings. The subject upon which this expenditure operates are "our boys." If we follow up the effects of the billiard room training upon the boys we shall find that "nothing is added to the value of the siih' ject" but that in every sense the moral and material worth of the boy is discounted, if not ruined by the process.* •The moral evil of these institutions to our young men is second nly to the bar-room of the saloon. The writer knows of parents who for months and even years were unable to account for the de- moralization which they saw working in the character of their boys. They saw them loose candour, truthfulness owd honor. They were made painfully conscious of the loss of reputation for faithfulness and it hss cost considerable sums of money and much humiliating trouble to meet certain deficiences which would have involved the youths* in ruinous exposure. The history of the first theft of petty c 34 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. H(3nest toil must be a vigorous giant to with- stand the numerous sweating processes to which lie is subject. Not the least of these are the swindling of the gambler, at the race-course, on 'change, at the regatta and even in the gymnastic contests of our boys at the lacrosse grounds or the base ball club. It is admitted that speed may be accelerated and the quality of stock improved by competition at the agricultural show, &c.,* but what a costly curse is the race-course with its attendant gangs of profes- sional bookmakers, gamblers and blacklegs — the spawn of the saloon! Such places established with capital, drained from honest labor, are the gambling dens of thieves, rogues and lazy vagabonds. I am not contending against amusement. I plead for recreation. Let a man work ! work ! work ! and never stop except to sleep, and never sleep except to rise to work again, such a man may have muscle and fibre, but he will soon lack vital energy. "All work and no play, makes Jack a dull boy." There must be play in order to recreate. The body and mind must sometimes unharness and be free for sport or pleasure. The tight belts which bind us to the machinery of duty must now and then slacken so that we may expand our chests — ^take in a longer breath, and play, in order that we may rest, and that our rest iray be healthful, fitting us for work again. cash or postage stamps, the first false entry in accounts, the first forged cheque, the loss of character and position are traceable in hundreds of instances to the elaborate and seductively furnished billiard rooms which exists by e^race of law in our cities, towns and villages. *The tendency of the promoters of Industrial and Agricultural Fairs to depart from their real purpose and substitute as leading attrac- tions the race-course and Tarious sideshows marks their coming downfall. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 35 A friendly boating contest upon the lake or river, or a race upon the village green, will give pleasurable recreation and excite to efforts of strength and speed, but of what practical benefit to the world are profes- sional pugilism, running or sculling? According to newspaper reports Hanlan netted about S60,00() in money and it?, equivalent by his Australian trip. Beech, his opponent, probably made as much more. These sums are only a small per centage of the money which on this one occasion the ringleaders, managers and betting men drained out of the produce of honest labor. Besides which, every man so employed is di- verted from honest work, and by the gilded successes of a few, thousands are seduced from the field of labor to become burdens or paupers upon society. They are as a swarm of drones feeding upon the honey gathered by the toil of the bees. Worse than that, they con- tinue to drive the bees to destitution and death, while they take up the warm winter quarters and feast up- on th. gathered riches of their victims. CHAPTER V DESTRUCTIVE LABOR. fO speak of destructive labor may seem somewhat fanciful and heterodox, since political economists have not made, or recognized, such a classificati m. It seems indeed, at first sight, paradoxical to speak c^f labor as destructive. But if we look below the surface of thinjjs we shall discovor that labor may be so expended as to be posi- tively destructive both directly and indirectly. To quote Adam Smith once more, productive labor is that which " adds to the value of the subject upon wliich it is bestowed." Reverse this and we have destructive labor defined, viz. : that which destroys the value of the subject, &tc. It is necessary for us to have clear ideas of what wo mean by value or wealth. If Henry George's defiuJ- tion of wealth is correct, (see previous article on " Oar National Wealth") then indeed, there can be no such thing as destruction in any labor so long as it contri- butes to the gratification of human desire." But if we understand value as that which contri- butes to the wants — material, physical, intellectual, or moral, as well as to our desires, we preceive that much of the labor of the world is expended in the opposite direction, i.e., destruction. Of course all labor has an object in view. No one engages voluntarily in any kind of work without some expectatiL»n of reward. The workman looks for wages, LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 87 the employer for profit. These are attainable up to a certain point, in proportion as desire is gratified, but all men cannot be gainers unless those desirea only are gratified which contribute to human good. Our enquiry therefore is not whether an article will sell — not whether it will contribute to human desire, but whether it will promote the interests or good of mankind. If human desire only be the basis of value the basest of passions may contribute to it, and he whose desires are associated with power may crush the weaker in the o-ratification of passion and yet contribute to the stock of wealth. In this connection we may consider the use and abuse of an article. Dynamite may be used in the in- terests of science and commerce. It was so used in the shattering of the rock at Hellgate. The labor expended in producing that dynamite was a contribution to the removal of that great obstruction, and therefore was in the interests of hnman progress and good. But the labor expended in manufacturing dynamit© to be used by a league of Nihilists in the destruction of property and life is obviously a contribution to de- struction. The latter however gratifies human desire as well is the former, but there is a wide difference in their respective effects. Every man who helped to make the explosives used in the scientific triumph at Hellgate was a contributor to human good as well as to human desires. The men who make dynamite for Nihilists or An- archists to employ in a work of destruction, respond also to the call of human desire, but not to human good. They are contributors in a work which produces nothing but disaster and death. 38 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Whether they do so knowingly or not, so as to share the moral guilt is beside the question, and does not affect the argument. It is often alleged that war contributes to trade by promoting industry in certain departments. The ship builder, the manufacturer of ammunition and soldier's supplies, all receive impetus at the first dread sound of the war bugle, and large classes of people in old coun- tries regard a European war as a most desirable event Yet who will deny that all labor expended in the in- terests of war is a contribution to human woe and disaster. No modem political economist would defend war as a means to increase the wealth of the world, simply because ^it gives temporary impulse to certain trades and excites human desires. War is a destroyer, and all labor expended in it is destructive. It must, therefore, leave its mark upon the national exchequer as well as elsewhere. It reduces the common fund because it destroys the common wealth, and the result is that productive labor is taxed on account of it. The power of production is enormous. The extent to which the hilman family can augment the world's wealth is beyond calculation. But great as it is, it comes far short of man's power to destroy. If but a few men are engaged in a work of destruction, how fearfully prolific of evil results is their labor. Some idea of the enormity of the evils produced by war and towards which all the labor employed in making war materials contributes, may be gathered from the following facts. : The war debt for every man, woman and child in Europe is in round figures as follows : — LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 89 Austrian Empire $57 Belgium 62 France 26 German States 31 Gt. Britain and Ireland 109 Italy 63 Holland 84 Portugal 87 Russia 26 Spain 150 Turkey in Europe 50 The cost of the American civil war is estimated at $5,342,237,000. The Franco-German war cost France about $1,857,- 000,000. These enormous and inconceivable sums of money represent only a part of the awful devastation and ruin effected, and do not take into account the value of the human lives lost in these wars. Mulhall gives the loss of life by war between 1793 to 1877 as 4,470,000. In the war between England and France 1793 to 1815 the loss was 1,900,000 lives. In the Crimean war the loss was 485,000. In the American civil war 656,000. In the Franco-German war 290,000. In the Russo-Turkish war 180,000. Thus, millions of men who ought to have contributed to the world's wealth were slain in the very prime of life and productive labor is taxed to support their widows and orphans as well as to carry the whole of the burden of cost of war itself. Washington Gladden speaking of the American war says : " Hundred's of millions of wealth were obliterated utterly: burnt up, demolished, shot away in iron, lead and gunpow- 40 LAND, Labor and liquor. der. Of course such a destruction of property must impov- erish the land. A nation may tide over the shoal of debt, heaped up in such a time, on a flood of paper money ; but the due bills of the government must be settled bye and bye. When that time comes it will be seen that paper is poor stuff with which to patch up the breaches that war has made in the national capital." Working People and their Em- ployers. The chief cause of war, between civilized countries at least, is the maintenance of the professional soldier. Standing armies are standing menaces between nations. They are national pugilists in constant training for a " coming event" and the ever active training and pre- parations for war, — the anxiety of military pugilists for promotion and for opportunity to display their fighting talents, are among the most powerful incen- tives to war between nations. The standing armies of Europe number 3,388,864 men, or if the reserves, militia, &c., are counted they number 19,355,461. So that in the 20 different na- tions of Europe we have 20 conflicting armies with nearly twenty millions of men trained to wholesale murder. The seven principal nationalities of Europe have the following standing armies and reserves respectively : St'g Army. Total with Reserves. Austria 290,000 1,026,130 France 519,000 3,750,000 German States 445,000 6,670,000 Gt. Britain & Ireland 220,000 545,38o Italy 480,000 2,785,000 Russia 770,000 3,200,000 Turkey and Bulgaria 150,000 500,000 In addition to these, Austria has 56 Warships, France 302, German States 77, Gt. Britain and Ireland 360, LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 41 Italy 89, Russia 250, Turkey 32, while Holland has 135 and Sweden 133. Think of all these agencies of destruction in perpet- ual training, and by their very existence offering a constant menace to each other, all of them ever ready for a conflict of human butchery. When Adam Smith said that it is only by means of a standing army that the civilization of any country can be perpetuated or even preserved, he spoke accord- ing to the light of history up to his time, but not according to the science of political economy or of wiser councils of later times. There had been no de- monstration of the possible settlement of international disputes by arbitration. There had never been a Geneva arbitration court. There had never been a proposal to submit an international dispute to a court of two great European nations. The world had not seen a great nation like America marching its thousaMs and tens of thousands from industry to battle and back again from war to indus- try. There had never been great countries like Aus- tralia and Canada governed and keeping peace practi- cally without any army at all, except such as may be called from the workshop or the merchant's desk at the call of the country to suppress an untutored and half savage uprising. The machinery of a standing army is essentially opposed to the good of society. It induces idleness and contempt for honest toil ; it pro- motes waste and whether in time of peace or war all its machinery and labor is destructive. Henry George remarks : " The destruction of wealth involved in a general illumin- ation or the firing of a salute is equivalent to the burning up of so much food ; the keeping of a regiment of soldiers, or of 42 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. a warship and her crew is the diversion to unproductive uses of labor that could produce subsistence for many thou- sands of people." — Social Problems, Mr. George might have gone further to show that the business and training of a regiment of soldiers or a war ship is part of an engine of destruction which when in operation speedily destroys many times more ihan the same number of persons could have produced. Sir J. W. Pease, Bart, M.P., recently remarked at a public meeting in England : " If you will go down, as I have gone down, to Chatham, and see the millions of pounds which have been wasted there, in consequence of panic cries at one time and an- other, you will hesitate before calling out for an increase in our warlike maritime power. I found a number of warships lying rotting at Chatham — the offspring of panic cries in the past — most of which cost the nation fifty, sixty, eighty, or even a hundred thousand pounds. Yet, for all the amount of money spent on them, they have never been to sea, and never will go. I asked one officer why those ships were lying rotting there. He said they were nc'^ ^t to go to sea. After so many thousand pounds had been spent on the engines, they were not compound engines, and would not drive up to the present rates of speed. I asked why they were not sold, and the officer said they were not fit for any other purpose, and would not pay for pulling to pieces ; so there they lie, side by side, monuments of panics in the past, and warnings against panics in the future. The United States have hardly any navy at all. One of the American Ministers told me that America could not bring 10,000 men together within six weeks. Yet does anyone think they are in danger, or need to be afraid of their neighbors. Mr. Wm. Hoyle says: — "There is a very common but erroneous popular belief, that destruction of property is good for trade, inasmuch as it is thought to create a demand for material, to replace that which has been destroyed. I can best s the fallacy of LAND, LABOr. AND LIQUOR. 43 this notion by giving an illustration. I will assume that a certain person, A., is worth ;^5o,ooo; of this he has ;^2o,- ooo invested in a mill. The rest of his money he has partly in the bank, and partly in sundry other investments. He, however, finds that the ;^2o,ooo he has invested in the mill pays him Aie best interest, and therefore he is contemplating doubling the size of the mill, so as to find employment for another ;^20,ooo. Whilst revolving these schemes in his mind a fire occurs, and his mill is burnt to the ground. People say, "It's a bad job, but its good for trade." Is this so? Those who talk thus should not forget that the money which will re-build the burnt mill would have built the second mill. In that case there would have been two mills instead of one; and instead of 250 workpeople being needed there would have been 500; there would have been a double demand for labour, and a double production of goods; or, in other words, a double creation of wealth. "It might, however, possibly be the case that trade was bad, and that owing to food being dear, and there being no demand for manufactured goods, A. could hardly sell the products of his first mill. Under such circumstances, there- fore, he would not think of building a second. In that case, what would he do? Burn his mill down in order that he would find use for his money? No; but look out for some other investment. Very likely he might see it most profit- able to invest his ;^2o,ooo in an estate, and set men to work to drain and improve it, so as to secure better and larger crops. By so doing, he would find additional labour for the workmen, increase the supply of food, and thereby reduce its price; and so, by lowering the cost of food, he would securf increased means by which to purchase manufactured goodj, and thereby augment the general trade and commerce of the country. — Our National Resources and How They are Wasted We shall see in succeeding chapters illustrations of this truth as related to the liquor traffic. We shall see that this traffic produces nothing but disaster, ruin 44 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. and death ; that it is a robber of production and a thief of capital. That instead of employing labor proportionate to the volume of capital and trade, as a productive business would do — labor is robbed of her due share of marked values by the manufacture of this destructive agent which is everywhere attended with evils, "greater than the combined evils of war pestilence and famine." Vide W. E. Gladstone. LABOR AND LIQUOR. What is the relation of the liquor traffic to labor? 1. The labor expended in the manufacture of liquor is not productive. It does not "add to the value of the subject up- on which it is bestowed." It may be objected that the work of the distiller and the brewer is productive because it augments the selling price of the article upon which the labor is expended. That is to say, whiskey or beer will sell readily for much more money than the grain from which they are manufactured. This is another way of saying, with Henry George, that value is that which alters or modifies natural agents so as to gratify human desires. It is strange that so logical and observant a student of social problems as Henry George should see, in hu- man desire, the only standard of value. With him human good and utility have no place as a quality of value. He says: "Value, it must be remembered, is a totally different thing from utility * * no matter how useful it may be, nothing has a value until some one is willing to give labor, or the production of labor, for it." Would it not be equally correct to say that value is a totally different thing from desire'^ Of course desire has much to do with the price which a man will be willing to pay for a thing, and utility would not LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 45 bring value without desire. But does not that which is useful create desire, while that which is desired is of no value unless it is useful in some way or other? Men are daily spending "money for that which is not bread, and their labor for that which satisfieth not." Natural products may be "secured, moved, combined, separated or in other ways modified by human exertion so as to fit them for the gratification of human desire" and yet they may operate against human good. They may even be made so as to create desire and produce human woe. The cultivation and exposure for sale in our public markets of a poisonous berry might con- tribute to human desire and bring a considerable return in money. But the exchange of money for poison would not be producing wealth, although it might contribute to desire. Market prices are doubtless regulated by human desires, but desires are sometimes created by supply, and demand is thereby increased for articles which give an inadequate, or possibly no return at all for the price paid. Men pay away their labor, or the produce of their labor, for comparatively, or wholly useless, and sometimes for decidedly injurious things. There is no intrinsic value in a cigar, yet cigars sell readily at a profit varying from 50 to 500 per cent, above the com- bined cost of the material from which they are made and the labor expended in making them. A great proportion of the quack medicines are valueless, and their selling price is out of all proportion to their cost, yet they often find a ready sale. A gambling 8al tion raised by labor unions against assisted immigration is that every new comer brought into the country enters into competition with those already seeking a market for their labor. It does not seem to enter the thoughts of these objectors that every new comer increases the demand for the produce of labor. The more working people there are in any country the greater is the demand f oi labor. So obvious is this, that the workman in search of employment almost invariably turn towards a progessive and grow- ing centre of population. Indeed, (contrary to that class of philosophers who raise the alarm that the world will speedily be over- populated if it be not so already,) it may be set down as a fact that society is always interested in a progres- sive population, and that it is everywhere desired that the village should grow to a town, and the town to a city. In Henry George's Progress and Poverty y there are two chapters devoted to this over-population theory to which I very gladly refer my readers for conclusive arguments and facts upon that subject. In one of those chapters he says : — * "I assert that in any given state of civilization a greater number of people can collectively be better provided for than a smaller. I assert that the injustice of society, not the niggardliness of nature is the cause of the want and the misery which the current theory attributes to over-pop- ulation. I assert that the new mouths which an increasing population calls into existence require no more food than the old ones, while the hands they bring with them can in the natural order of things produce more. I assert that, * Progress and Poverty, Chapter iii. F 82 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Other things being equal, the greater the population the greater the comfort which an equitable distribution of wealth would give to each individual. * * * Is there any doubt that, while England has been increas- ing in population at the rate of two per cent per annum, her wealth has been growing in still greater proportion? Is it not true that while the population of the United States has been doubling every twenty-nine years her wealth has been doubling at much shorter intervals? Is it not true that un- der similar conditions — that is to say, among the communi- ties of similar people in a similar state of civilization, the most densely populated comrrunity is also the richest? Are not the most densely populated Eastern States richer in pro- portion than the more sparsely populated Western or Southern States. Is not England, whose population is even denser than the Eastern States of the Union, also richer in proportion?" It is therefore of much greater concern to the citizens of Canada to enquire why so many of our able-bodied producing citizens emigrate to the United States and elsewhere, than to ask after the abuses of Government immigration agents. But to the workman, as such, it is of first conse- quence to enquire why there is any need of rivalry for v/-ork and wages. Why should men have to com- pete for work? AVhy should they be struggling one against the other, as though in the race of life the prize was only to one ? Productive labor yields her prizes without stint. Work and wages are not limited quantities. Every productive workman finds work for another. Labor is not only the source of wealth but is also a per- petual co-operative agent. CHAPTER XII. CO-OPERATION. ?HE principle of Co-operation is rapidly growings in favor as the most hopeful and practical solution of what is called the labor problem. Its application, either by giving to labor a share in the profits of an undertaking, in which capital is provided by one set of men and labor by another, or by the laborers them- selves becoming in part, or in whole, the joint propri- etors, are both under extensive trial, and the results are such as to lead to the hope that in the more gen- eral application of these means, will be found a remedy for much of the evil and contention which have been growing during the past fifty years, with greater and greater volume, until the struggle has, in some instances, assumed the dimensions and character of a social revol ution. Washington Gladden has well said that: The subjugation of labor by capital is the first stage in the progress of industry ; the second stage is the warfare between labor and capital; the third is the identification of labor and capital by some application of the principle of co- operation." — Working People and their Employers. Prof. Cairnes says: — "It appears to me, that the condition of any sustained im- provement of a permanent kind in the laborer's lot is, that the separation ot the industrial ckss.^s into laborers and 84 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. capitalists shall not be maintained; and the laborer shall cease to be a laborer, — in a word, that profits shall be brought to reinforce the wage-fund * * * the first and indispensible step towards any serious amendment of the laborer's lot, that he should be, in one way or other, lifted out of the groove in which he at present works, and placed in a position compatible with his becoming a sharer, in equal proportion with others, in the general advantages arising from industrial progress." — Political Economy. The principle of co-operative interest involving the abolition of the class distinction between masters and servants, or wage payers and wage earners, seems to be regarded by all the great modern poliUcal econo- mists as an inevitable event of the future. John Stuart Mill says: — ^ "That the industrial economy which divides society ab- solutely into two positions, the payers of wages and the re- ceivers of them, the first counted by thousands and the last counted by millions, is neither fit for nor capable of indefinite duration; and the possibility of chan^^ing this system for one of combination without dependence and unity of interest, instead of organized hostility, depends altogether upon the future developments of the partnership principle." In Mr. Mill's time that principle was already taking root as far as distribution is concerned. Co-operative societies for the supply of goods to members of such societies, who shared the profits of distribution, existed in England more than forty years ago. Nor could any movement have a more humble or more unpretent- ious beginnz'^g. The Rochdale (Yorkshire) Equitable Pioneer Society was commenced 1844, and in June of that year one of its most active members said "it was believed that no man, could or would, subscribe more than twopence per week per share, and when one offered to lav down hali-a-crown, and another five LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 85 shillings, the offers caused gre..^ surprise, and some consternation was evident when an enthusiastic mem- ber offered to venture one pound sterling."* But the principle took rapid hold upon the weavers of that town and in the same year twenty-eight of them invested a capital of $5 each and opened up their store. Mr. W. T. Thornton in his work "On Labor" speaking of this event, says: — "When the day and hour for commencing business ar- rived the little party assembled within to take part in the ceremony, were abashed by the largeness of the crowd as- sembled to witness it. Some delay took place before anyone could brush up courage to take down the shutters, and when at last the store and its contents were exposed to pub- lic view, all Toad Lane was in a roar." But ridicule soon gave place to confidence and ad- miration. The business expanded until in ten years the 28 members had become 900, and in 1867 the Roch- dale Pioneers numbered 6,823 with a capital of over $640,000. In another town in Yorkshire, (Rawtenstall), six workingmen commenced a society in 1850 by saving a few shillings each, with which to buy a load of meal or flour. "They then rented a cottage as a store at Is. 3d. (31c.) per week, and met every evening to dis- pose of their goods. At the end of the first ][uarter they divided Is. 6d. in the pound on the purchases (7^ per cent), after paying 5 per cent on capital." Ten years afterwards they owned the building used as a store, had a paid up capital of $15,000, and 387 mem- bers. In 1860 there were 16 co-operative stores and one co-operative mill in England, with capital united amounting to a total of nearly $470,000. *See Meliora, Vol. iii., page 300. 86 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. In the seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, of Boston, Massachusetts, there is given a most exhaustive and valuable history of the Co-operative movement with statistical tables involv- ing great care and supplying a vast amount of inform- ation. T \e Report says of distributive co-operation of Great Britain, that * it has been of great benefit to the working classes." Summarising the results it says : It has brought to 680,165 members, ;^24,o84,ii3 in profits, and incidentally it has produced other results which no statistics can adequately portray, results moral rather than material. It has stimulated thrift, taught self-reliance, encouraged the ownership of property, prevented debt by making cash payments obligatory, and placed in the hands of its patrons goods practically free from adulteration. The Report is of extraordinary interest, and details the progress of the co-operative principle in France, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Australia, as well as in Great Britain and the United States. In the United States the principle of co-operation was recognized at a Convention of the New Eng- land Workingmen's Union, Sept. 1845, when the fol- lowing resolutions were adopted : " Whereas, all means of reform heretofore oifered by the friends of social reform, have failed to unite the producing classes, much less attract their attention, therefore, Resolved, That protective charity and concert of ac- tion in the purchase of the necessaries of life are the only means to the end to obtain that union which will end in their amelioration." * * The Labor Movement in America, by Dr. Ely, Page 173. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 87 The New York Industrial Convention appointed a * Committee on organization of Industry,' which Com- mittee in 1849 issued a report with the following : " Brothers, shall we content ourselves with the miserable idea of merely saving a tew dollars, and say we have found enough ? P'uture generations, aye, the uprising generation, is looking to us for nobler deeds. Shall we disappoint them ? No ! by all that is great and good, let us trust in the truth of organized industry. Time, undoubtedly, must intervene before great results can be expected to accrue from a work of this character. We must proceed from combined stores to combined shops, from combined shops to combined houses, to joint ownership in God's earth, the foundation that our edifice must stand upon." As in England so in the United States, the first efforts of these co-operators appeared insignificant, and out of all proportion to the pretensions of their resolu- tions. But as we learn from Dr. Ely, they began their work " with faith in God and the right," (to use their own words) " and the purchase of a box of soap and one half box of tea." Dr. Ely gives a most interesting account of the uprising and growth and draw -backs of the various co-operative efforts, both for the dis- tribution and production of wealth. He says that an estimate of the total business transacted by co-operati ve distribution in the United States is scarcely possible, but he ventures to guess it at twenty millions of dollars per annum. Speaking of the application of co-operative principles to production, Dr. Ely gives an account of one large Company * which has adopted a novel method of es- tablishing mutual relations between capital and labor. The employees are paid " weekly wages, in cash and in full, and these wages to be fully up to the prices paid * The Kentucky Railroad Tobacco Company. 88 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. for corresponding labor in any factory in the vicinity." The wages are regarded as a dividend of six per cent interest on the labor capital represented by the work- man. Thus, if a workman's wages averages $12 pei week, his labor stock is estimated at $10,000, for at six per cent that would yield $600 or about $12 per week. " In other words, wages are capitalized and added to money capital. As labor has already received six per cent in wages, capital must first receive six per cent out of any profits. The surplus is a dividend on labor stock, and on cash capital. Thus, if eight per cent on the entire capital is realized, the laborer wlio;:e earnings are $600 per annum will receive an additional $200, or two per cent on his labor stock of $10,000." Dr. Ely quotes the following lines from the circular of the Company, which he says are under scored : " Every stockholder in this concern must be a worker. No one is allowed to hold any stock who does not work in the factory. Every worker in the factory must be a Knight of Labor. The only factory in the ^Tnited States that recog- nizes the equality of labor and capita;." The President of the Company, J. R. Ledyard, says that " so much does every one in the factory feel interested that it requires no watching, no ordering, no admonitions, but all are alert to do and keep everything the best." * From the same authority I take the following- paragraphs : " The most remarkable success of co-operative production is found among the coopers of Minneapolis. Their first co- operative barrel factory was started in 1874 and there are now seven of them doing a business of one milHon dollars yearly. Interest is paid on money invested, and surplus profits are divided among the coopers in proportion to earn- ings. Nearly all the millers of Minneapolis are supplied by them, and are well satisfied with their work." f * See Labor, etc., by Dr. Ely, Page 187. t The Labor Movement, page 188, LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 89 Dr. Albert Shaw of the Minneapolis Tribune writing to Dr. Ely, says of the co-operative coopers : — "So far as I am aware these cooper-shops form the most successful examples of productive co-operation in the world; and yet if anybody has ever alluded to them m a scientific way, I have never found it out. When I state that the flour mills of this city, far surpass those of any other milling point in the world, and that they have a daily capacity of 30,000 barrels of flour, you will perceive the necessity for coopers. Not far from half the flour is shipped in barrels. There are some 700 coopers at work on flour barrels. About 250 of these are * journeymen' working for 'boss' coopers in ttiree different shops. The remaining 450 (more or less) arc grouped in seven co-operative shops, which they own and manage themselves. The system is indigenous. It has been developed by laboring men, without any patronage, or preaching, or persuasive literature. It began a dozen years ago in the feeblest way without friends or capital, and in the face of suspicion and distrust. It has won its way until two- thirds of thecoopershavegone into the co-operative movement. It has secured such State laws as it required, and it has credit and standing. Its moral effects are more marked and grati- fying than its financial and industrial success. It develops niarihood, responsibility, self-direction, and independance. * * * Co-operative building associations have had some degree of success here, still greater in St. Paul. A good many of the co-operative coopers own houses which they were able to build by virtue of membership in co-operative building associations." | Profit sharing is another application of the co-opera- tive principle which is rapidly growing in favor. A course of six essays has been published by Mr. Sedley Taylor, M. A, of Trinity College, Cambridge, England,* in which he gives a great deal of informa- tion on this subject. He says that upwards of fifty t Labor Movement in America page 189. * See Humbolt Library Edition. 90 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR \adustrial establishments in France, Alsace and Switz- erland alone, are now working upon the principle of participation by workmen in the profits. Extremely interesting is his account of the Mutual Aid Society founded by that truly patriotic frenchman M. Leclaire, whose successes as an individual, were phenomenal, and whose still greater successes, in applying this princi- ple, in spite of suspicion and police espionage, were truly wonderful. Mr. Taylor after relating the difficulties and suspic- ions with which both workmen, and police regarded and watched Leclaires* movements, says : "When however Leclaire, after collecting his participants, forty-four in number, threw upon the table a bag of gold containing ii,886 francs (;!^475), ^"d then and there distri- buted to each his share, averaging over ;^io per man, it was found impossible to withstand the * object-lesson' thus given. All hesitation vanished and was replaced by unbounded confidence." Mr. Taylor also gives a table of bonuses to labor, paid in each year from 1872 to 1882, commencing with 768 participants, wages paid £16,257; bonuses paid £2,331, being 14 per cent of bonus to wages; and in the last year 1882, there were 42,799 participants who re- ceived £9,630 bonuses, being 22 per cent, of bonus to wages. From the same authority we learn the details of the system of profit-sharing in the Paris and Orleans Railway Company which shows that in 1882, no less than 16,935 employees participated in the profits of the concern, to the extent of a ten per cent, bonus upon the wages, which wages, were fully on a level with other companies. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 91 The same application of the co-operative principle has been made to agriculture, for illusL ations of which, as well as for much other interesting data I must refer my readers to the authorities here quoted. Even in the matter of credit, co-operation seems to be as- serting its claim to notice, and banking institutions are beginning to recognise this claim. Dr. Ely remarks on this subject : "Why banking institutions for working people should meet with remarkable success in Germany doing an annual business which is estimated in hundreds of millions, while they have elsewhere attained no considerable proportions is not quite clear. . . It is, however, noteworthy, that each of the four countries where co-operation has attained immense proportions, should be specially distinguished for success along one particular line, viz: — England for vast achieve- ments in distributive co-operation, France for productive co- operation, Germany for banking through the co-operative credit unions, and the United States for Che building associa- tions.* I might go on to quote illustrations far beyond the limits of this volume, proving the value, and great possibilities of the co-operative system. To my mind this principle in its various methods of application offers a magnificent field for the expenditure of the force of such combinations as the Knights of Labor; and it is a most hopeful sign, that the leaders of that great body are giving special attention to this subject. They have had, and still have, doubtless, much pre- liminary work to go through, as well as much to learn, but they have already set on foot several large co- operative concerns, which give promise of important social and moral, as well as financial advantages to all concerned. * Labor Movement in America page 196. 92 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. If, however, as Prof. Caimes says, " the laborer is to emerge from his present position and become the sharer in the gains of capital he must first learn to save." Whether the principle of co-operation be ap- plied by workmen gradually acquiring capital out of their savings, or whether it be by labor receiving in- terest in the profits of business concerns, as illustrated so practically by Leclaire, it can only be very partially effective so long as the great social cancer of drunk- enness remains upon the body politic. Even if capital were to become dependant upon labor, instead of labor upon capital, it would still be true that labor — productive labor — would have to bear the financial burdens which waste, destruction, social cor- ruption, and other disorders entail upon society. Co-operation is a grand agency, if it co-operates with every other agency, for the removal of those evils which degrade workmen, rendering them slaves — not only to capitalists — but to base appetite and degrading passions far more tyrannical, and more cruel than, ever a capitalist could be. One of the most successful illustrations of co-opera- tion quoted in this chapter is that of a tobacco factory- The illustration is good for the principle illustrated, from one side only. The economic interests of a coun- try as a whole — and therefore of workmen as a whole — cannot be served by a tobacco interest, since it trades entirely upon the baser habits and vices of the people — almost exclusively too, the able-bodied male popula- tion. So r T as the application of co-operative principles are concerned the illustration might have come with equal force *rom a distillery or brewery. LAMD, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 93 In such a case the combination of workmen-capital- ists would have been working the ruin of their own class just as effectually as any capitalist brewer or dis- tiller is now doing. A co-operative society is like a chain. It is as strong only as its weakest link. The weak link in the chain of co-operative effort at present, is, that a large pro- portion of the money earned in productive industry, instead of being added to capital is sunk in liquor. Moreover, if all workmen were combined into one great community of interest, they would stiil have to support the thriftless — they would still have to maintain the army of men (and their families) who are engaged in the destructive business of converting produce into poison, together with the still greater army, who profit by the distribu- tion of the miscalled beverage. In addition to these, they would still have to sup- port the untold number of drink-made paupers, the workmen who drop out of the ranks of workmen into that of beggars and vagrants, or criminals, with all the other progeny of the traffic. They would still have to contend against the unequal competition of the liquor shop against the produce of industry. What is needed is, not only a re-adjustment of the division of labor's choice fruit, but a war of extermin- ation against the worms which eat and decay the very heart of that fruit, the most destructive and disastroui of all of which is the worm of the still. Prof. Caimes, remarking upon the means by which workmen might save with a view to become their own capitalists, says of the expenditure in liquor : ' In what proportion the working classes take part in this expenditure we have no means of accurately determining ; 94 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. but I imagine it will not be disputed that by much the larger proportion must be set down to their account ; and I am certainly within the mark in assuming that, of the money so spent, I am sure I might say three-fourths of the whole, so far fiom conducing in any way to the well-beingof those who spend it, is both physically and morally injurious to them. Here, then, is a sum of, let us say, sixty million pounds sterling, (the Professor refers here to the United Kingdom) which might annually be saved without trenching upon any expenditure, which really contributes to the laborers' well- being. The obstacles to this saving are not physical, but moral obstacles ; and supposing laborers had the virtue to overcome them the first step toward what might be called their industrial emancipation would already have been accomplished." If Prof. Caimes' estimate be a correct one, (and it must be remembered that he is no teetotal fanatic — but a calm, logical thinker and political economist) and if a similar proportion of the drink-bill of Canada is chargeable to the workingmen, as he attributes to those of the United Kingdom, what an enormous lev er- age of capital is lost to the laborers of this country. Our Liquor bill, as we have seen, averages over thirty-seven and a half millions of dollars. Prof. Cairnes' estimate is, that much the larger portion must be set down to workingmen. Suppose we estimate it at one half — say eighteen and a half millions. Now suppose we take it, that not the whole, but three-fourths only, of this amount is wastefully and uselessly expended. Apart altogether from the evil results, direct and indirect, see what a capital fund is thrown away by the workmen of Canada, which might lead them by a direct road, and by rapid strides to their own emancipation. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 95 We have here a total sum of $12,775,000, which the workmen of Canada might either spend more pro- duetively,or save it and put it into capital for their own employment and enrichment. If the reader will turn to the chapter on " Wages and Whiskey " in this volume, he will find a table which shows from Government Blue Books, that under the present system the average amount of capital re- quired to support each man in ordinary employments in Canada is $632 ; but it would be easy to show that under a wider application of the principle of co-oper- ation between labor and capital much less would suffice. If we assume that the amount needed would be, say, $500, then we have the serious fact that the workmen of Canada throw to the winds, and worse, sufficient to make 25,550 workmen into their own capitalists, and therefore their own masters and employers. Thus it matters not which way we turn, we find this gigantic drink-curse blocking the way of progress, and overshadowing every good. The great leading news- paper of England has well said of it : " Drink baffles us, confounds us, shames us, and mocks us at every point. It outwits alike the teacher, the man of business, the patriot, and the legislator. Every other institution flounders in hopeless difficul- ties ; the public house holds on its triumphant course. The administrators of public and private charity are told that alms and oblations go with rates, doles, and pensions to the all-absorbing bar of the public house." —London (Eng.) Times. 96 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Let working men and working women everywhere combine. 'Tis their right and duty so to do. But let their private acts and combined power be first employed to suppress the greatest of all their social enemies, the most potent of all their foes, the most enslaving of all capital-controlled interests — the Distillery, the Brew- ery , and the Saloon. CHAPTER XIII. THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. fROFOUND secresy characterized the initiatory movement of the " Noble Order of the Knights of Labor." It was commenced at a meeting of eight friends call- ed together by U. S. Stephens, a tailor of Philadelphia, in 1869. Its very name was not published or even mentioned. It was known to its adherents by the marks of five stars — # # * * * — and its meetings were called by means of secret signs. Dr. Ely says> that " Philadelphians noticed with trepidation that a. few cabalistic chalk-marks in front of Independence- Hall could bring several thousand men together. Alarm spread, newspapers circulated absurd fictions in regard to its designs, in which accusations of com- munism and incendiarism were prominent, and Catholic and Protestant clergymen hastened to denounce the unknown monster.' The heads of the new order therefore determined to reveal their character and object, and in June 1878 a meeting was held in Philadelphia. The founder of the Order, Uriah Stevens, signed the call as Grand Master Workmen. From "The Labor Movement in America" I copy the heading of the circular calling that meeting. G 98 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOB. "N. AND H. O. « OF OF NORTH AMERICA. PEACE AND PROSPERITY TO THE FAITHFUL. To the Fraternity wherever founds greeting: — SPECIAL CALL. The reason for this special call is stated to be on "account of what is •"believed by many of our most influential members to be an emergency 'of vast and vital importance to the stability, usefulness, and influence of the Order." The business to come befo/e the meeting as further stated •' is to consider the expediency of making the name of the Order public for the purpose of defending it from the fierce assaults and defamation made upon it by press, clergy, and corporate capital, and to take such further action as shall effectually meet the Grave Emergency.^' The first general assembly of the Order was held in Reading, Pa., in 1878, when its membership was re- ported as numbering eighty thousand. If this estimate was a correct one, it appears that on the announcement of its name and purposes many of its members seceded or left. Probably it was a beneficent purging of some of the less worthy spirits from the Order — for as men " love darkness rather than light because their deeds were evil," mere conspirators are unable to work with a body whose name, purpose and objects are open to the light of day. Certain it is however, that the numbers were not so great for a time afterwards, as were reported before the departure from the policy of secresy. But this re-action did not last long. The member- ghip of the Order grew rapidly. In 1883 there were in round numbers 62,000 members; in 1884, 71,000; in 1885, 111,000, these numbers being reported each year on the fiist of July. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 99 During the past year the growth of the Order has been unprecedented. In a circular issued by Grand Master Workman Powderly, in March 1885, he says, " out of sixty millions of people in the United States and Canada, our Order has possibly three millions." A most important advance has been made by the " Knights" over the older and less successful labor unions. It was a fatal weakness, involving serious and frequent abuses, in the old Trades Unions, that they based their operations and rules on the assumption that the way to benefit themselves was to separate their interests from all others. They arraigned them- selves in opposition to everything which did not avow itself in favor of conserving mechanical labor, and securing the largest amount of wages, for the shortest hours of labor, for themselves. In short their very weakness consisted in the fact, that they too closely copied the narrow and selfish spirit and policy which they complained of in capital- ists. They organised with one idea, viz: — ^how to damage their opponents and enhance their own inter- ests. Too often they never thought of others less privileged even than themselves, except as so many additional hindrances in the way of their own immedi- ate selfish purposes. Hence, they steadfastly opposed the employment of women, in any branch of work which men had been accustomed to do. They were even violent in their opposition to apprentices, and to labor saving machines. Mr. Powderly mentions in an article published in the New York 8vm, March 29th, 1886, that his greatest difficulty in inducing machinists and blacksmiths to join the ELnights of Labor lay in the contempt with which they looked upon other workers. 100 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Thus, the Unionists, while making haste to travel. A^ere on the wrong track. Their whole interests lay in the abolition of all class distinctions. But they did not observe this rule in their conduct. The work- men who, because he is a mechanic, earning high- er wages, and having greater advantages looks down, or frowns upon his brother worker, is imbued with precisely the spirit which he complains of in the lordling, or the capitalist. But a new era seems to have set in with the advent of the Knights. That great organisation owes its very successes to its broad and Catholic spirit, and in its grasp of the real needs of the vast body of workers of every grade lies its value and power. Its constitution recognises only one mark of dis- tinction between men, viz : — Moral worth, and for this it aims as directly as for the material advancement of its members. In this the sagacity as well as the moral character of its leaders is manifest. For it must be ever re- membered, that true prosperity involves true principles and virtuous life. The vicious man is never truly prosperous, however rich in land or money, or stocks, he may be. He but owns that which helps him down to lower depths of degradation. To quote W. E. Channing : " Let the working man learn to regard truth as more precious than his daily bread; and the spring of true and perpetual elevation is touched within him. He has begun to be a man; he becomes one of the elect of his race." This principle is avowed in the very first clause of the declaration of principles issued by the Knights of Labor; and, so far oa 1 can see, is never lost sight of LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 101 in any of the twenty-one clauses which follow. {See full text of the Preamble and principles of the Knights of Labor in Appendix of this volumu) That first clause reads thus : " We declare to tha world that our aims are : First, to make industrial and moral worth, not wealth, the true standard of in- dividual and national greatness." They pledge themselves alio that, while demanding from the State and the National Government, certain changes as set forth, that the y " will endeavor to as- sociate their labor" to establish co-operative institu- tions — to secure for both sej.es equal pay for equal work, &c., &c. Another of the aims of this organizations is to pre- vent strikes as expressed in the last clause of the statement of their principles. Indeed the leaders of the Knights have even been charged with "excessive zeal to prevent strikes" so evidently anxious were they in this direction. Mr. Powderly addressing the Order, says : "I must have the assistance of the Order or my most earnest efforts will fail. Will, I have it ? If so strikes must be avoided. Bovcotts must be avoided. Those who boast must be checked by their assemblies. No move must be made until the court of last resort be appeal- ed to. Threats of violence must be hushed up or driven out. * * If you do not desire to assist me in this way then select a man better qualified to obey your will and I will retire in his favor." To this noble and manly appeal the Order respond- ed at the last annual meeting by re-electing Mr. Powderly as the head of the Order. 102 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR Hapily the moral tone of the Knights is not now a singular circumstance. Other Unions have ac- cepted an equally high standard. Whether this is due to the influence of the Knights, or wl jther it is be- cause the various Unions are being purged of the leadership of mere demagogues, agitators, and anarchists, or because of the general improvevent in the moral tone of all workmen it is difficult to say. But it is an unmistakable " bow in the cloud" of social problems when almost every labor organization is declaring itself on the side of morality, or at least demanding of its members, conditions of moral conduct which are not demanded in the social clubs of the "gentlemen" of society. Dr. Ely quotes abundant testimony on this point, not of course in proof that all members of the various orders are consistent moral men, but that their meetings are conducted in such a manner as to inculcate moral principles, and to encourage the education of the members. As remarked by a distinguished clergymen of New England referring to this Order " the actual is doubtless below the ideal. The two differ however, not so much as the ideal church of Christ, and the church as actually realized among men." Or, as Rev. T. K. Beecher of Elmira said in concluding a sermon : " The Knights of Labor, having gathered if you please one hundred or five thousand names on their lists, must of necessity have gathered in ignorance, passion, lawlessness, and insubordination. Members of that church have misbe- haved and will misbehave. I doubt not that there is great mortification and travail of spirit over these disgraceful in- fidelities to the principles of the Order. Now as a ' peace- maker' I affirm that if any man is a good Mason he will never be a drunkard or a fornicator. Yet I have known Masons of high degree who were infamous because of those LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 103 vices. Nevertheless I will speak of a good Mason. I know that if a man is a goodMethodist he will be a man of prayer, enthusiasm, generosity, and hope of sanctification, yet I have known Methodists of high degree that were none ot those things. I know that a minister of the gospel, if he will fulfil his ordination vows will be a truly reverend man; trust- worthy by day or by night, bearing about him the dying of the Lord Jesus. Yet I have known ministers, first and last, that have fallen in every vice of the criminal calendar. Nevertheless I believe in ministers." Is it not a sign bright with hope and cheerful pros- pect which we may gladly set against the dismal but too faithful pictures of social anarchism, and the muttering of revolution which we hear in many large cities, that the masses — the bread-winners — the work- men — are organizing, not merely for conquest against others, but for triumph over their own weaknesses and vices ? It is yet too soon to look for any definite result of these organizations upon politics, but surely if any- thing can purify the muddy pools of political life, it shall be the intellectual and moral emancipation of the millions of electors who may be classed as workmen. Let any politician read over those twenty-two propositions contained in the statement of principles of the Order of Knights, and then say whether or not such principles will not inevitably demand and secure a higher character of our legislators. And that these declarations are not mere sentiment, let us enquire into the way in which all meetings of laborers are now conducted, as compared with a very few years ago, whether in the United States, or Canada. " Last summer," says Dr. Ely, " I visited the Central Labor Union of New York, and was pleased to observe that when one of the members allowed himself the use 104 LAND, LABOU AND LIQUOR. of the word * damned' to express his indignation, there instantly arose from various parts of the hall cries of * I object to that language ! ' The speaker was called to order by the chairman and told that profanity was against the rules." Dr. Ely further says that the " bricklayers of Philadelphia impose a fine of fifty cents for using profane language," and he asks " how many rich mens' clubs exclude the use of intoxicants and im- pose fines for profanity ? " May we not also regard these institutions as tending to promote peace among nations. The war spirit is begotten of selfishness and base passions. The "jingo cry" in the past has depended much upon exciting the people. Get them to sing "war songs," the more of doggerel, and the less of poetry there is in them the better for the purpose, and any "jingo" Minister may then venture to declare that the country demands that its "honor shall be sat- isfied." But the intelligent working men of the world have always been the most conservative brakes upon the war chariot. In the emancipation from sensualism and ignorance which awaits all laborers, through the various agencies, among which, is not the least, their own co-operative agency, their will be a greater check than ever upon the demon of war. "The laborers "says Dr. Ely" are the most thorough- going peace-men to be found, and I am often inclined to think that they are the only large class who rettUy and truly desire peace between nations, the abandon- ment of armies, the conversion of spears into pruning- hooks and swords into plough-shares. At the time of the Franco-German war, German laborers alone pro- tested against the slaughter of their French brothers. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 105 At the beginning of our late war, American laborers met in convention to protest against hostilities be- tween the sections; and in the fall of 1885, the vet- erans of the Union and Confederate armies among the Knights of Labor formed an organization called the Gray and the Blue of the Knights of Labor, and took the motto "Capital divided. Labor unites us." John Swinton's P^jiper says, the object of this or- ganization "is to teach the toilers who make up the armies of the world, that in peace, not in war, is \;he workers emancipation." And Dr. Ely further says: — "I sincerely believe that tlie time is not so far distant as one might think, when organized labor will force the govern- ments of earth to substitute arbitration for war, will compel them to live peaceably, each with the other, to devote their forces to the fruitful business of art, industry and science, and in a vast international parliament to lay the foundations of a federated world state. But even this is not the whole of their high mission of peace; for they are, in our South bringing about an amicable understanding between black and white * * Strange, is it not? that the despised trades-union and labor organizations should have been chosen to perform this high duty of conciliation. But hath not God ever called the lowly to the most exalted missions, and hath he not ever called the foolish to confound the wise?" J Labor Movement in America, page 139. CHAPTER XIV. LABOR UNIONS AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC. CpHERE is no feature of the Labor Unions of the ^ present day so full of promise to the laborers first, and through them the whole civilized world, a& their growing antagonism to the drinking usages and the liquor traffic. The Locomotive Fireman of North America provides in its constitution as follows: "Any member dealing in, or in any way connected with the sale of intoxicating liquors shall, unless he withdraws, be expelled. Any member found guilty of drunkenness shall be suspend- ed for first offence. A repetition shall be punished by expulsion; and under no circumstances shall a member so expelled be re-instated before the lapse of one year.'^ A similar rule is found in the constitution of the Brotherhood of RaiWay Brakeman. The Windsor Glass Assembly No. 300, has this rule: "Any member causing this place to be idle on account of drink, shall be fined as follows: First offence, $5, each subsequent offence $10. Any member losing work through drink shall, for the first offence be fined $1 and reprimanded in open meeting of the Preceptory; for the second offence $2.50, and for each subsequent offence shall be fined $6. The journeymen bricklayers of Philadelphia have the following fines imposed: — For attending a meeting in intoxicated condition $1, and for attending a funeral \ LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 107 in such a condition $5. . . . Dr. Ely says: "A first floor in their hall was vacant when I visited the place. A liquor dealer had offered them a large rental for it, but they declared that they would under no circum- stances allow intoxicating drinks to be sold in the building." This action is highly creditable, and is a fitting re- minder to some of the branches of Trades Unions in Canada who have yet to advance before they reach the sterling independance of their brothers in Phila- delphia. It is not creditable to the Trades Unions of Toronto to be meeting in a hall over a liquor shop for the sake of saving a trifling sum, which it might cost them extra to meet in another hall. Liquor dealers have no other interest in workmen, when they offer them their premises free of rent than self interest. It is the story of the "spider and the fly" over again. Mr. Powderly an#Mr. Trevellick have each done grand service to their order, and to the cause of tem- perance by their unflinching denunciations of drinking. "If a man given to the use of strong drink, and a serpent applied for admission to the order, I would vote for the serpent in preference to the drunkard." So said Mr. Powderly at the General Assembly of the Knights of Labor in 1885. The General Assembly of the Ejiights of Labor wa& held in Hamilton, Ontario, October 1885, and the words of Mr. Powderly in his address on that occasion ought to be scattered broadcast over the land: "If there is a time when men should conduct themselves with manly dignity and decorum, it is when they are in trouble. I have observed that when a strike is in progress, there are some men who insist on making exhibitions of themselves at the price of their good name, and of the good name of the Order that is held responsible for their actions. 108 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. It should be made an offence punishable with expulsion from the Order, for any member to be intoxicated while the good name of the Order is hanging in the balance. It is a criminal offence, and the severest penalty known to the laws of the Order should be visited upon the head of the offender. We legislate against the admission of the man who sells rum, and make a member of the man who supports him; this does not seem just nor fair. The character of the society is judged by the character of its members. If a member is seen upon the streets in a state of intoxication, the society of which he is a member is blamed for his con- duct. We must, therefore, look after the character of our members with a jealous eye. If a travelling member is dis- covered to be drunk while carrying a travelling card of the Knights of Labor, it should be made a punishable offence. AVe have been altogether too lenient with offenders of this character, and we must adopt suitable legislation for the regul- ation of the evil I have pointed out. If a man given to the use of strong drink and a serpent applied for admission to the Order, I would vote for the serpent in preference to the drunkard; for if the viper transgressed the laws by disgracing us, we could crush the life out of his ^ worthless carcass by stepping on his head; but we must let the other and worse transgressor live to continue his villainous work. I do not ask of those who join us to be saints, but I have a right to expect, and I do ask of them, to be men. We cannot shut our eyes to this matter any longer; the crime must be punished, and a law for the government of the of- fence must be framed at this General Assembly." Again in concluding his address Mr. Powderly re- ferred to the necessity for men of good character as alone eligible for official positions in the order in the following language: "We should make inquiry of the men who aspire to places whether they are in the habit of using strong drink. We cannot be too careful in this matter, for sometimes a good man does some very bad things when his wits creates a ■vacuum in his head to be filled by the fumes of rum. In our LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 109 dealings with the men who control capital we are pitted against the most intelligent men in the nation, and we can- not afford to lay aside any portion of our intelligence or cun- ning in dealing with them." The labor paper called the Trades Union, of Atcheson, Kansas, says " the most deadly blow ever given to King Alcohol is in that declaration of the Knights of Labor which proscribes any liquor dealer for membership in the Order. It is doing more to put an end to. drunkenness and to bring the rum traffic under the ban than all the laws of Kansas or speeches of St. John ever did." In Canada, many of the leaders of the labor leagues arc pronounced temperance men. At the last meeting of Prohibitionists in Toronto, called by the Dominion Alliance on Sept. 14th, 1886, a deputation waited upon the Trades and Labor Congress then assembled, and were met with the most cordial expressions of co-oper- ative sympathy. Before the Alliance Convention was concluded a deputation from the Labor Congress waited upon that body to express " earnest hope that closer connection and continued fraternal relations might ex- ist between the Dominion Alliance and the Trades and Labor Council," and to announce that " a Committee had been appointed to co-operate with the Alliance in joint action for this great end." / At the date of my present writing, Nov. 30, 1886, a meeting of the delegates from the various Assemblies of the Knights of Labor and the Trades Unions has been held in Toronto to nominate candidates for par- liamentary representation. In the platform laid down at that meeting I find this temperance plank : " Any effort to reduce the consumption of intoxicants has the hearty support of organized labor." 110 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Let organized labor join hand^ with the organized forces of the temperance movement, and the most arrogant, unscrupulous and destructive of all combin- ations of capital will be speedily broken down. The doom of the liquor traffic will not be long de- layed when Christian and temperance sentiment be- comes woven into the constitution of all organizations of men and women aiming at moral, social and material progress. So far as I can judge from extensive reading and enquiry, there is nothing in the purposes and con- stitution of the Order of the Knights of Labor incon- sistent with the loftiest patriotism and the true spirit of Christianity. Its aim is " to make industrial and moral worth tht true standard of individual and national greatness." * Consistently with this aim it receives all classes of persons, whether employers, employed, or not strictly belonging to either class — so long as their character and pursuits are in harmony with its objects and pur- poses. It is to the everlasting credit of the Order that it has placed a stigma upon the liquor traffic by prohibit- ing all persons engaged in the business from becoming members. This one fact is a significant notice to the capitalists engaged in this business. It is the hand- writing on the wall, " Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin,' " Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting." * See Preamble of Knights of Labor in Appendix. CHAPTER XV. THE ROOT OF THE EVIL. cXTt the bottom of every social problem we will find *'J-^ a social wrong" So says Henry George. And he ic right. But the question is, what is "at the bottom" of the social prob- lems of to day? What are the social wrongs? Mr. George says: — " We cannot safely leave politics to politicians, or political economy to college profess- ors. The people themselves must think, because the people alone can act." — Social Problems. There can be no doubt that many of the worst phases of social evil are traceable to the concen- tration of wealth, the existence of an idle aristocracy; and the jobbery, bribery, corruption, and swindling of the rich capitalists, politicians and stock brokers. Far be it from me to make light of the outrages and wrongs inflicted upon society by the combinations of capitalists, who have dared over and over again, to enter into conspiracies to rob the people of millions, that they might become millionaries. The Rev. R. Heber Newton, rector of All Souls Church, New York, delivered a lecture on the labor problems a few months ago, in the course of which he said: — "The state should hold all mineral resources hereafter a? the property of the people at large. If it were not for our conventional custom how monstrous would seem the notion 112 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. that the natural resources of the earth should be mno- opolized by individuals. A few years ago in our city a coal magnate was asked what the price of coal was to be for thd coming winter. He replied with a smile, "As high as Providence will permit and as low as necessity compels." During the past winter a company of estimable gentlemen over a supper table in a Murray Hill mansion settled be- tween themselves the amount of coal that should be mined during the coming season. Do you, with childlike inno- cence , imagine that this quantity was determined by the needs of their fellow beings? Round them a few hundred thousand people were buying coal by the basketful, paying at the rate of from $15 to $20 a ton. But these excellent gentlemen had no eye upon this aspect of the case, but were simply considering how to gain the largest dividends for their companies. The state has thus left in the hands of a few individuals the power of imposing an oppresive taxation upon a prime necessity of life — of lowering the real wages of labor and shrinking the profits of capital through the de- pression thus caused in the general demand. Copper, lead, iron, oil — indispensable all to industrial life — are thus the monoplies of individuals instead of the common wealth of the people at large. The natural resources of the earth in every form need to be held in the interests of the common- wealth. Land is the prime factor in the production of wealth. Land is a limited quantity. It does not, therefore, come under the regulation of competition. As every other monopoly, it demands, therefore, the control of the State, that the monopoly may be that of the people at large and not that of individuals. It would seem that the time had already come for us to control speculative dealing in land and at least to raise the question of regulating the normal rate of rent as we now regulate the normal rate ol interest." — The Voice. Henry George apparently sees the solution of all social problems in the abolition of private ownership of lands. He says: — LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 11 f: There is but one way to remove an evil, and that is to re- move its cause. Poverty deepens as wealth increases, and wages are forced down while productive power grows, be- cause land, which is the source of all wealth and the field of all labor is monopolized. To extirpate poverty, to make wages what justice commands they should be, the full earn- ings of the laborer, we must therefore substitute for the in- dividual oivnership of land a common oivnership. Nbthins^ else 7uillgo to the cause of the evil^ in nothing else is there the slightest hope. Progress and Poverty. Undoubtedly, the causes of social evils are not one. but many. We suffer from a complication of disorders. But there is an organic disease which lies at the root of all other social troubles. No careful diagnoses of that disease can trace it to unequal distribution of wealth or to monopoly. These are partly an effect and partly a cause of certain aggravated symptoms. Society is weak, not merely because there are rob- bers who have fattened upon her, as parasites do up- on decayed meat, but because there is some corrupt- ing agent at work at her very heart. If the people of free and civilized countries were not paralysed or poisoned at the fountain of their social life, they could and would strangle organized robbery and break up the rings of monopolists. A straight look at the symptoms of a disease will often indicate the cause of it without conjecture or speculative enquiry. If millionaires were abolished, money brokers suppressed, land and railway specula- tion made impossible, and even Henry George's reme- dies against landocracy made supreme, would not the vast mass of social disorder, vice, poverty^ crime, and the consequent burden of taxation still remain practi- cally untouched ? H 114 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. It is wise and right to face all the problems of society — but what avails it, if we apply a remedy to the back when the seat of the disease is at the heart ? Will society be healed of blood-poisoning by setting a broken limb ? Let the limb be properly set and the back be wisely healed by all possible means, but above all get at the heart and the blood of social life, if you would heal the disorders which unhappily afflict us ! All Mr. George's remedies would leave the root of the diseases untouched. His remedies would not make the thriftless thrifty, or the drunken sober. And for this reason, that they would not convert the liquor shop into a business, promotive of social order and comfort. They would not reduce the proportion of criminals to the ratio of alcoholic compounds consumed ; nor turn the capital invested in the traffic into a chan- nel of productive industry ; nor reduce the volume of pauperism and inefficiency which attends the use of intoxicants wherever it is consumed as a beverage. Cardinal Manning has quite recently put into a categorical form the close relation which exists be- tween drink and the national good. This telling and eloquent array of questions is applied by the Cardinal to the United Kingdom, but they apply, with greater or less degree, to the United States, and to our own Dominion, while the relation of the " dominant vice " to the questions here under consideration is every- where a fact that cannot be gainsaid. Is there, then, any one dominant vice of our nation? To answer this let us ask: — I. Is there any vice in the United Kingdom that slays at least 60,000, or as others believe and affirm, 120,000 every year? LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 115 2. Or that lays the seed of a whole harvest of diseases of the most fatal kind, and renders all other Hghter diseases more acute, and perhaps even fatal in the end? 3. Or that causes at the least one third of all the madness confined in our asylums? 4. Or that prompts directly or indirectly, 75 per cent of all crime? , 5. Or that produces an unseen and secret world of all kinds of moral evil, and of personal degradation which no police court ever knows and no human eye can ever reach? 6. Or that in the midst of our immense and multiplying wealth, produces not poverty, which is honorable, but pauperism, which is a degradation to a civilized people? 7. Or that ruins men of every class and condition of life, from the highest to the lowest, men of every degree of cul- ture and of education, of every honorable profession, public officials, military and naval officers and men, railway and household servants; and what is worse than all, that ruins women of every class, from the most rude to the most refined. 8. Or that above all other evils is the most potent cause of destruction to the domestic life of all classes ? 9. Or that has already wrecked, and is continually wreck- ing, the homes of our agricultural and factory workmen ? 10. Or that has already been found to paralyse the pro- ductiveness of our industries in comparrison with other countries, especially the United States. 11. Or. as we are officially informed, renders our com- mercial seamen less trustworthy on board ship. 1 2. Or that spreads these accumulating evils throughout the British Empire, and is blighting our fairest colonies ? 13. Or that has destroyed and is destroymg the indigen- ous races wheresoever the British Empire is in contact with them, so that from the hem of its garment there goes out, not the virtue of civilization and of Christianity, but of de- gradation and of death ? ♦ * ♦ 116 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, It is not to be denied that the voice of intemperance is an heirloom which cleaves to us like the shirt of NessuSs But these evils might perhaps have been brought by legislative and moral authority within some control were it not for two causes which have lifted it to its fatal pre- eminence. The first cause is the enormous capital of one hundred and thirty or one hundred and forty millions which is annually employed in the supply and sale and distribution of intoxicating drink; and the other the complicity of Gov- ernment in raising more than thirty millions of revenue from the same trade. **♦•»«• It is precisely in our great industrial cities and centres that the vice of drunkenness is most rife; and it needs little reflection to forsee what would be the condition of those centres, if, as some years ago, our great mdustries were to fail. When men and homes are suffering there is little rea- soning. Hunger has no logic, but it has a burning thirst. The safety of the commercial world is being sacrificed to swell the profits of the drink-trade. But the safety of the Commonwealth is above both, and ought to interpose its mandate. — Cardinal Manning in the Fortnightly Review^ Sept. 1886. It is unreasoning and illogical to hope for improved conditions for the masses, through any means what- ever, which do not -take cognisance of this terrible array of facts. The material advancement of the peo- ple cannot be generally improved until the drink traffic be suppressed and the drinking habits of society are changed. What is wanted for the bettering of the condition of the workers is — not merely a re-adjustment of finances, or a more equitable distribution of wealth, but a regular and natural stimulus to the demand for the products of labor. This would inevitably exist if there were not some gigantic "dominant" agency disturbing the normal LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 117 conditions of the law of supply and demand. This agency is not in the nature of a monopoly or a tux merely, but necessarily a deeper rooted evil that either. It is obviously an agent which destroys production — not merely consttmes it — which paralyses the arm of the producer, perverts the moral tone and life, and which poisons supply at the fountain, and destroys de- mand at the spring. In brief, if the wants and desires of civilized people had their natural sway, unchecked and free from the demoralization and crippling effects of the liquor traffic, every factory and mill would be well employed, and all produce v/ould find a market according to its value. For the market is not slack because of the lack of desire, but for want of the very material, wealth and. purchasing power which drink consumes and wastes. CHAPTER XVI. MORE WAGES AND LESS LABOR. *' Eight hours work, eight hours piay, Eight hours rest and eight bob a day ! '* CpHIS was the cry of the workingmens' unions of ^ England a quarter of a century ago. And the de- mand for more leisure and higher wages is the present aim of all labor leagues. Nor can any one reasonably question the right of the laborer to combine for a larger share of the fruits of their toil. The workman is everywhere puzzled at the present condition of things. He sees on every hand the mar- vellous development of productive agencies. He lives in an age of mechanical miracles. Labor-saving machines are multiplied beyond count. The power to produce has advanced with inventive genius, until there is no branch of industry that is not now supplied in varieties and quantities out of all proportion to the times of our grandfathers. But these facts are not coincident with an equal ad- vance in the material conditions of the workman. Men have still to labor six days a week and from ten to sixteen hours daily, while the hurry-scurry of the age drive many men into the seventh day of toil in every week. On the other hand, the cost of living is proportionately higher. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 119 There has undoubtedly been a considerable increase in the actual amount of wages paid to workmen as compared with a generation ago, but if allowance be made for the increased desires, dearer fuel, higher rate of house-rent, and ot*her modern changes arising out nf the growth of cities, etc., it is doubtful whether the advance has been equal to the greater demands upon the wage-earner. Very interesting statistics are given in the valuable and able report of the Bureau of Industries for Ontario prepared by Mr. Blue, the Secretary. * He has gathered statistics from a large number of employers, and employed, in towns and cities with a view to ascertain the relative wages and cost of living of workers, including " skilled and unskilled laborers of almost every class and occupation. " As a result of this enquiry he publishes a table of the earnings and cost of living of 2,637 work people. The table gives the following among other interesting particulars. Average yearly earnings of 1,621 workers. , .$481 87 Average cost of living of the same 330 50 Average surplus of cost of living over earnings . $101 37 Average yearly earnings of 710 workers $321 50 Average cost of living of same 321 50 Average yearly earnings of 306 workers $317 16 Average cost of living of same 368 66 Deficit $ 51 50 The cost of living referred to in this table includes rent, fuel, clothing and food of the worker and his de^ * See Annual Report of Bureau of Industries for Ontario, 1885. 120 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. pendents, and does not count anything for furniture, books, club or insurance fees, medicine or other necessi- ties and occasional liabilities. Mr. Blue says "in the nineteen towns and cities from which returns have been obtained, the average cost of rent for the year is $7441, and of fuel $40.53." The average cost of food of the worker and his dependents jper capita is $47.67; and Mr. Blue confirms this latter item by showing that " the tables of food consumption in thirteen pub- lic institutions in the Province show that the average cost of a ration of food is 12 J cents, or $44.71 a year per capita." So that the estimate of $47.67 does not admit of any extravagance, or indeed of many luxuries. A very valuable report published by the Massachu- setts Bureau of Statistics of Labor has just come to hand. In that report there is given a most carefully prepared set of tables showing the average amount of food consumed by working people. The cost of the total food, per man, per day, in the different dietaries, •>,s given in these tables, averages : — among a miscel- laneous Massachusetts community, 25 cents, or $91.25 per annum ; among French Canadians in Massachu- setts, 24 cents, or $87.60 per annum; among French Canadians in Canada, 14 cents, or $50.90 per annum. If it be borne in mind that these figures refer to adult men, while Mr. Blue's statistics include the men and their families, these two sets of tables may be com- pared w"th advantage. Nor arc mechanics and laborers the only workers who are driven to excessive toil or insuflScient means. The alternative of one or the other faces almost every class. Farmers, itore-keepers, and even professional men are sut.iec-; to a strain upon the physical and LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 121 mental powers which results in snapping the cords of life prematurely, or in reducing men to mere machines, driving, and straining, and toiling for existence. Why is this ? Why do both men and women have to labor incessantly ? Why do we, as a rule, have to kill ourselves to live ? Carlyle says : " It is not to die, or even to die of hunger, that makes a man wretched ; many men have died ; all men must die. But it is to live miserable, we know not why; to work sore and yet gain nothing; to be heartworn, weary, yet isolated, unrelated, girt in with a cold, universal laissez-faire." Our riches are increasing, our productive power multiplying. Yet the millions are either in poverty or struggling on the verge of it. John Stuart Mill remarked, " It is questionable if all the mechanical inventions yet made have light- ened the day's toil of any human being." Figures given by Mulhall show that the wealth of the United Kingdom increased about three hundred per cent, from 1810 to 1880, and the population only one hundred per cent. The average wealth per inhab- itant grew from $635 in 1812, to $1,245 in 1882. According to Mr. Edward Atkinso i, ten men can feed one thousand in New York with bread, two can furn- ish them with iron, four with cotton and woolen cloth, and one with shoes. It has been estimated that eight million laborers, with the aid of m^a^hinery, produced as miich in England in 1870, as three hundred million laborers could without such assistance. The work done by the steam and water power of the United States has been recently estimated by a good authority as equal to 25,000,000 horses, or to that of 122 lAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. nearly 150,000,000 men, or to a population of nearly 500,000,000.— iS^d W. Bemis, Ph. D., in the New York Independent. Mr. Gladstone estimates that the amount of wealth that could be handed down to posterity, produced during the first 1800 years of the Christian era, was equalled by the production of the first fifty years of this century ; and that an equal amount was produced in the twenty years from 1850 to 1870.* According- to Emerson the power of machinery in the mills of Great Britain was estimated as equal to 600,000,000 men, or more than all the adults, male and female, in the world. Surely, with development of productive agencies, and the amazing increase of power, by which the drudgery of labor may be transferred from the hu}.nan worker to the machine, there ought to be some relief from incessant toil. Why should millions of people, in a land like ours, or the United Kingdom, or the States, be driven to the most harassing toil, and yet be afflicted with poverty ? Certainly the fault is not in nature. Certainly it is not through any defect in economical laws. We hear much about the laws of supply and demand, but what are these but the responses of productive labor to the wants and desires of mankind, and vice versa ? Evidently there is a broken link in the chain, or the relationship between the two would be perfect and complete. Let us try to get at the facts in something like consecutive order. 1. Rate of wages, proportion to labor, depends upon the demand for the produce of labor. ♦ •• Our Country," by Dr. J. Strong, p. 155. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 123 2. Every man desires to possess wealth — the product of labor. 3. Desire rises with advantage. The more of the good, or of the luxuries of life a man possesses, the more he desires. He who rents a house would own it if he could. A good book begets a desire for another. The possession of a picture educates the eye and the - taste, inviting comparison with other pictures. A concertina or an accordian begets a desire for a cor- net, a harp, an organ, or a piano. And desire con- tinues to mount with every increasing advantage. 4. Desire, however, does not fix the value of any commodity, although it does regulate the market price. But, as the desire of a man may tend to his poverty and ruin, so a community will be weakened and im- poverished which has no higher aim than the gratifi- cation of human desire. 5. If labor or money be expended in destructive agencies, so in proportion will the price of produce b© greater than the relative power of wages to purchase it. All labor or money spent in the production or con- sumption of liquor, not only reduces the amount available for other commodities, but it assists in sup- porting a business which levys innumerable burdens upon the wages of production. 6. Wliatever increases demand increases the value of supply. Whatever checks demand depreciates the value of supply. Show me any interest which is built upon the ruins of productive industry and the waste of produce, and I will show you a two-edged sword waging perpetual war against the rate of wages accru- ing to labor, and against the general supply of wealth. The advocates of temperance have frequently illus- trated the fact that if the money spent in liquor was 124 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. turned into other channels, not only would the pur- chasers be that much richer, but the manufacturers and merchants would also be gainers. Take for illustration the city of Toronto. There are at present 292 licensed taverns and shops in that city, besides shebeens. If it be estimated that the average receipts for liquor at these places is $80 per weeTc, (a low estimate for city taverns) there will be an ex- penditure in Toronto of $1,214,720 per annum. This, it will be remembered, does not take into account the illicit sale ,nor any of the business done by the brewers or distillers directly with consumers. If these were added the probable total would not fall short of $1,500,000, as the yearly liquor bill of the city of Toronto. This is actually a larger amount f.han the entire coal trade of the city. The estimated amount of the coal business of Toronto in 1881 was $1,238,000, and tiiis includes a large wholesale trade, much of which is transacted outside of the city. Now let the reader reflect upon this enormous liquor expenditure in the one city of Toronto. Is it not clear to the most casual observer that if this money was turned into the legitimate channels of productive ex- penditure it would result in a revival of trade which, if it came suddenly, would amount to a revolution of the business of that city ? What an amount of added comfort it would bring to the city ! And what a stimulus to every branch of honest industry ! Let the reader contemplate the pur- chasing power of such a sum of money. It would be suflBcient to pay for — LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 125 10,000 Men's and boy's suit , averaging.... $1500 10,000 Hats, " .... I 50 10,000 Womens' dresses, •• .... 6 00 20,000 Childrens' dresses, ** .... 2 00 10,000 Pairs blankets, " .... 350 10,000 Tables, ** .... 3 50 10,000 Couches, ** .... 7 00 10,000 Bedsteads, ** .... 400 50,000 Chairs, _ *• .... 1 00 1,000 Sewing machines, ** .... 50 00 2,000 Washing machines, *• .... 1500 It would build 500 houses at 1,000 It would allow $2.00 for books for every child in the city. Interest at 6 per cent on $2,000,000 for Public Parks, Interest at 6 per cent on $2,000,000 for City Public Bldgs. , Contribution to Public Hospitals Contribution to Childrens' Homes Support Public Library at cost of It would leave for other Charities $150,000 15,000 60,000 40,000 35.000 35.000 70,000 40,000 50,000 50,000 30,000 500,000 100,000 120,000 120,000 20,000 20,000 25,000 20,000 $1,500,000 But the good resulting from such a change in the expenditure of money is not visible on the surface. Not only would every factory be on full time and every merchant be reaping a harvest, but competition would not be so keen. Labor would be at a premium and wages would bear a fair relation to the cost of produce. No willing hands would need to be idle. The demand which every man's wants and desires create would be undisturbed by the multiplicity of evils associated with drinking. The tremendous burdens which attend drunkenness would be removed. The destruction of food would cease. New avenues of employment would open, house-building would be stimulated and all the numerous trades interested therein. Let the wasted labor be diverted to productive fields and you increase the volume of supply to meet increas- ino- demand. 126 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. The reader will see in another chapter that the quantity of grain destroyed in distilling and brewing is equal to more than one-seventh of the entire growth of Canada. So that one-seventh of the farm labor is absolutely worthless to the country. Again all the labor of all the workmen at the brewery and the distillery, as well as all the ten thou- sand persons engaged in retailing liquor is wasted labor. Honest labor toils extra hours to support the work- men thus engaged in wasted labor. It must also give extra hours to pay the taxes which the liquor traflfic creates. Every idle vagrant, every drink-made criminal, every broken down drunkard, and all their families are additional burdens upon labor. If labor wants more wages and shorter hours it must, combine, and the Union must strike against the drinking system and the liquor traffic in all its phases. Let GIANT ALCOHOL be slain and no power on earth caji prevent the speedy conquest of those other giants CAPITAL and MONOPOLY. There is reason as well as poetry in the following lines by J. G. Blanchard : We mean to make things over; we're tired of toil for nonght, But bare enough to live on; never an hour for thought. We want to feel the sunshine, we want to smell the flowers; We're sure that God has willed it and we mean to have eight hours, We're summoning our forces from the shipyard, shop, and mill Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will The beasts that graze the hillside, the birds that wander free In the life that God has meted, have a better lot than we. ■ Oh ! hands and hearts are weary, and homes are heavy with dole; If life's to be filled with drudgery, what need of a human soul ! Shout, shout the lusty rally from shipyard, shop, and mill The very stones would cry out if labor's tongue were still I The voice of God within us is calling us to stand Erect, as is becoming the work of His right hand. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 127 Should he to whom the Maker His glorious image gave, Cower, the meanest of His creatures, a bread and butter slave, Let the shout ring down the valleys, and echo from every hill Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will. And why not ? Why should not the aspirations of the liuman mind find time and opportunity. This is not to be announced as though the laws of economy — of supply and demand, had nothing to do with it. God has wonderfully harmonized all laws. The man who regards morality and economical law as opposites has yet to learn the first lesson on the equity and har- monious operation of all primary laws CHAPTER XVII. WAGES AND WHISKEY. JT may be said in reply to the foregoing chapter that J- the distillers and brewers employ labor and pay wages, and if these establishments wer^ closed the men employed would be turned adrift, and would enter into competition with other labor, and so lessen the chances of workmen obtaining employment at fair wages. Now there is no better proof that the real cause of labor difficulties and low wages is not generally real- ised, than the fact that nothing scares the average workman so much as competition. He dreads im- migration and engages in perpetual war against prison labor. If he were assured that the idlers of the country, or a gang of tramps were about to turn hon- est workman, and to enter his own particular trade he would instantly resist the invasion on the ground that competition reduces the chances of the workman. And it must be admitted that, as things now are, such would appear to be an immediate result. But wages are not a limited commodity. If a sum equal to, say $10,000 were all that 100 people could possibly obtain in wages, there could only be $100 for each of the 100 persons, and if 10 others eame into competition with them, there would only be a little LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 129 more than $90 for each person. But wages cannot be so limited in any community where the wages fund is expended upon articles of utility produced by labor, because every producer is an employer. That is to say, every man who earns wages by productive labor, is creating a fund which will continue to employ him, and will also employ other labor besides his own. Thf ra is no fund so prolific and reproductive to wages as the wage-fund of the workman, because no other fund is so immediately distributed into the various channels of commerce. But the wages of unproductive and destructive labor is not capable of this self-sustaining and aug- menting power. Labor which produces nothing, or worse than nothing, soon exhausts the capital which is expended upon it, or else makes a continual drain upon other capital. If $10,000 were the limit of capital available am- ong 100 men and the whole amount of ten thousand dollars were paid in wages for unproductive work, there would be only $100 for each man, and when that was paid, the whole fund would be exhausted. On the other hand, every person is a consumer, and if there are one hundred men and their families in a community, ten of whom are kept in idleness through any cause, the wages or earnings of the remaining ninety is all that is availale to support the hundred. Working men make a grave mistake when they com- bine to keep men from working. Every idler must be supplied out of the produce of la^'or. It is the interest of the workmen therefore to demand that every one shall contribute something to the general weal in re- turn for his living. I 130 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. It is still more the interest of the productive work- man to resist a business which lives upon destruction. With what manifold force does this apply to the liquor business in its relation to wages. More than one-seventh of all the grain produce of Canada, or its equivalent, is destroyed in distilling and brewing. In order to see the effect of this upon wages let us suppose that all the grain of the Dominion is grown by one farmer who employs — say 10,000 men as farm workers. Now if Mr. Canada, Farmer, loses by fire or otherwise one-seventh of all his produce in any one year, it is certain that he will be, by the value of that one-seventh, less able to pay his men. If this waste or loss occurs only once or twice he might pay the normal rate of wages to all his men out of reserve wealth or capital, but if it be continued year after year the workmen would have to contribute to the loss, i.e. the wages of all the farm laborers must be one-seventh less. But it will be objected that this is not the position of the farmer in relation to the brewery and distillery because he receives market value for all the grain he sells them, and is thereby enabled to pay his workmen. This objection only drives us back to the working or wage-earning population as a whole. The annual waste of one-seventh of the grain does take place; the fires of the still are ever burning and somebody must pay for the waste. I'hat somebody is the productive workman, including, of course, the agricultural laborer or farmer who must pay his full share on account of the waste. It must never be forgotten that the ulti- mate fund of all wages is production. The very wages paid to the employees of the brewer and the distiller comes from that fund. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 131 It is frequently stated on behalf of the liquor manu- facturers that they are large employers of labor. But we have already seen that the wages paid to the em- ployees of brewers and distillers musii come from the fund created and sustained by productive labor. The claim has recently been made by the brewers of the United States that they employ 600,000 men, upon which a writer in a leading organ of labor unions in that country makes the following remarks : " Think of this, working-men ! Half a million men em- ployed in destroying food, in rotting grain, etc., turning it into a poison that makes men fiends, wives widows, children orphans, the industrious lazy, the intelligent numbskulls, and sends women and children to work in place of men, thus filling the land with tramps and loafers, for the workers to support. If it is true that every person who produces nothing beneficial to society is no better than a pauper, . . . then all labor employed making, handling or selling such drinks is labor wasted, and people so employed are paupers and makers of i>aupers. . . The brewers, distillers, liquor, wine and beer-dealers, are among the worst enemies of working- men; the temperance people are their friends. The former rob them of their health, liappiness and life; the latter want to see every man, woman and child well housed, clothed and fed. The objects of temperance are the abolition of pover- ty, crime, disease and premature death."— -yb/!« Swinton's Paper. But there is no phase of the liquor question more misleading than this eTn^tloyment of labor cry. Let the capital invested in the liquor business be turned into any other channel of industry and the number of workmen employed thereby would be multiplied, and the wages fund would be indefinitely enlarged. Let the money expended in the products of the brewery be expended in the products of the farm and the fac- 132 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. tory, and the impetus which would be immediately given to the demand for labor would be such as would make the wage-earners of the country independant and comparatively affluent. Sir Wm. Collins, of Glasgow, Scotland, in his address as President of the Economic Section of the National Temperance Congress, held at Liverpool in June, 1884, made tho following remarks on this point : " It is contended that this expenditure of $126,251,359, (the estimated amount for the year spent in the United Kingdom on liquors), yields a large profit to the manufac- tures and the 180,000 distributors of alcoholic drinks; but this argument is worthless, as it assumes that a similar amount of expenditure on the manufacture and sale of articles of necessity and utility, would not yield a similar amount of profit. Now it is a notorious fact that no industry in the country employs a smaller number of the laboring and artisan classes, in comparison with the amount paid by the consumer for the manufactured article; indeed I believe I am withm the mark when I say, that were the earnings of our industrial classes diverted from the till of the publican to the till of the grocer and provision merchant, or to the purchase of clothing, furniture, and houses, or even articles of luxury, employment would be given to at least fourfold the number of individuals that are at present engaged in connection with the drink traffic." The reason for this is manifest to those who will examine the real character of the liquor factory. It is easy to destroy. It takes brains and muscle to de- velop, or to produce. Two or three men in a distillery can destroy the produce of as many score of farm workers, just as two or three men can pull down a house which required scores of men to build. The Scotsman a leading newspaper of Edinburgh, Scotland, is authority for statements from which we LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 133 leam that the amount of spirits produced at the Cale donian Distillery, Edinburgh, is 40,000 gallons weekly or about 2,000,000 gallons per annum. This would bring a cash turn over, (at the wholesale rate of 15& per gallon) of £1.500,000 or $7,500,000. Now with this enormous revenue the total number of men em- ployed is — 150 Contrast this with the Atlas Iron and Sfceel Works at Sheffield, England. The revenue of that great Com- pany was just about one half that of the Caledonian Distillery, and they employed 4,000 hands. Writing to an English paper recently the Rev. J. Horsely says : — "The other day I slood on the roof of a large factory. Near it I saw a large distillery flanked appropriately enough by a workhouse on one side and an asylum on the other. I asked my friend what is the capital of that distillery com- pany ? A million. And how many men do they employ ? Three hundred. And what is the capital of the company that runs this mill ? Three hundred and fifty thousand. And how many men, women, and children do you employ ? Four thousand. This was a striking instance of the com- parative value of the two trades as promoting the prosperty of the town. In the Trade Review of 1880, published by Mr. Galbraith, the Commercial Editor of the Olohe, it is stated that the daily production of the Gooderham & Worts distillery is " 8,000 imperial gallons during the season of eight or nine months. The total production the past season was 2,000,000 gallons of spirits. * * Taking $1.50 as the average price per gallon, the pro- duce of this distillery during the year was $3,000,- 000." How many hands are employed at this establish- ment ? I quote again from the same authority. "This 134 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. firm employs 100 men, eighty of whom are in the dis- tillery, ten in the malt-house and ten outside." During that same year 1880 there were two large firms in Toronto engaged in the manufacture of reapers, mowers and other agricultural implements. The To- ronto Reaper and Mower Co., manufactured during that year 3,500 machines, the sales amounting to S350,- 000. The firm employed 225 men at an average wages of SI. 75 per day. The Massey Manufacturing Co., turned out during the same year 3 ,500 reapers and mowers, and 3,000 horse rakes, the receipts being $250,000. This Company employed from 150 to 200 men at wages varying from $1.00 to $2.50 per day, say an average of 175 men at an average of $1.75 per day wages. The joint results then of the two firms (allowing 300 working days in the year) will be : Machines and Implements made . . . 8,000 Men employed at $1.75 per day. . . . 400 Total receipts of the two firms $600,000 Wages paid 210,000 Rate of wages to value of Products 35 per cent. Compare this with the great Toronto Distillery. This firm employed 100 men at an average wage of $7.95, per week let us say $8.00. At this rate the wages paid during the year will amount to $41,600. This gives the following results : Spirits made Galls. 2,000,000 Receipts for same $3,000,000 Wages paid , $41,000 Rate of wages to value of Products 1 J per cent. With a view to further test these striking statistics by actual example, I wrote recently to one of the largest manufacturing company's in Toronto, asking to LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 135 be favored with statistics of their annual products, its value, number of men employed, amount of wages paid, &c. I received a letter in reply bearing date Nov. 1st, 1886, which says : — " We are doing a busi- ness of from $600,000 to $800,000 a year, paying out in wages in the different departments of the ''vorks be- tiveen $250,000 and $300,000 a year, for material about $200,000, and the number employed in the dif- ferent departments would run from 600 to 800 men. Let men ponder these contrasting figures. Let them take in their full importance in relation to the wages market. The producer of implements pays $210,000 out of $600,000 for labor, the maker of whiskey pays $41,600 out of the enormous total of three million dollars. The firm quoted above pays between 250 to 300 thousand dollars for wages, out of a business of 600 to 800 thousand dollars, and employs from 600 to 800 men. The whiskey factory scopes in three million dollars and pays $41, GOO in wages — employing only 100 men, or l| per cent. Let us now see if this is in harmony with the gen- eral results of manufacturing industry as compared with the manufacture of intoxicating liquors. The following table has been carefully prepared from the returns given under different heads in the Census Re- port of 1881. The object of the table is to show the rate of wages proportion to the capital invested, and to the value or cash income in return for the articles produced. Fifteen of the largest manufacturing in- dustries have been selected to compare with the two 136 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. interests of Distilling and Brewing. In order to antici- pate a possible criticism as to the fairness of this table, I may remark that I have purposely omitted one or two of the interests which appear to be the largest, judging by the amount of money involved, such for instance as flour and grist mills, in which the value of raw material handled, bears such an overwhelming proportion to the value of the materials produced, that it would destroy the ratio of a table intended to give average results. To illustrate this — the value of raw materials used at our flour and grist mills is S34,- 677,414 and the value of the produce of the mills is $41,772,372. If, however, allowance were made for the difference, in the value of the materials used, the ratio of wages paid in proportion to value of products, and to capital invested, would average much the same in Flour Mills as in other industries. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. TABLE 137 SHOWING THE RATIO OF WAGES TO CAPITAL AND TO PRODUCE IN FIFTEEN OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AS COMPARED WITH THE TWO INTERESTS OF BREWING AND DISTILLING. Also showing number of hands employed, am^ount of wages paid, &c. Name of trade. Value of Raw Ma- terials Used. I I 6 $ 3,995.782 3,056,653 6,491,042 3,943,419 1.242,531 3,798,861 3,476,500 1,601,239 1,797,897 7.675.911 4.291.136 1,323,845 1,996,858 25,487,233 5,719,729 1 « Jr .2 ^ H > $ 4-405,397 7,172,469 17,895,903 5,471,742 3,893,910 6,579,082 3.759.041 4,926,871 2.684,631 8,773,957 4,742,904 3,233,973 4,872,362 38,569,652 15,102,963 :2 .2 i i "3. S a 8 3489 12151 13825 5206 5574 8420 975 114 2014 7476 4055 2775 2760 39135 5200 273 1359 Women, Boys & Girls Employed. 2 (3 Ag. Implem'tMVrs. Blacksmiths Boot & Shoe Making Furniture Makers. . . Carpenters * Carriage Makers. . . . Cotton Factories DressM'k's&Milln'rs Fitters & Founders. . Foundries&Mach'iats Printers $ 1,839,197 2,486,568 9,786,745 2,051,979 1.656,395 '.451.546 1.979.655 2,977,575 1,254,588 3,581,175 1,541,060 1,662,361 2,692,930 20,798,389 8,914,131 $ 1,241,279 2,597,539 4.382, ■584 1,723,604 1,307,513 2,275,290 714,259 89,242 809,309 2,924,898 1,797.112 771,688 997,836 8,146,996 3.165.367 167 300 5124 651 128 293 3252 7724 180 313 1256 136 118 2950 12829 p.c. 31 67 , 43K 102 55^ 35J4 36 58 49 13 56 SI iK 11 p.c. 27Ji 32 25 3if^ 34 34 , 16^ iSJi 30 31 32 23K 20 J^ 77^ Saddle Harness MVs Sash,Door,&c.,M'k's Saw Mills Tailors & Clothiers.. 32 Average Ratios Distillerie Breweries • • • 1,092,100 2,282,185 1,303,000 4,592,990 1,790,800 4.768,447 16,230 ■567,639 12 52 27 .10 Average Ratios 6^8 6H * It is possible that the Census Returns do not include workman's tools as part of the capital invested m carpenter work. If this surmise is correct it would alter the proportion in this instance but would not materially effect the average of the table. 138 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Thus it is seen that while the average rate of wages in proportion to capital invested in the 15 trades mentioned is 51 per cent; in the distillery it is only IJ per cent, and in the brewery only 11 per cent, or putting the two together only 6^ per cent. And further; while the average of wages to production in the fifteen trades is 27 per cent, in distilling it is less than one per cent, and in distilling and brewing combined a litttle over 6 per cent. In other words the investment of $1,000 capital in any of the above trades will result in an annual pay- ment of $510 wages; and an expenditure of $1000 in agricultural instruments, shoes, furniture or any of the other commodities named will give a return of $270 to the wage earner. On the other hand, a capital of $1000 invested in whiskey-making will only pay $12.50 per year to wages, and an expenditure of $1000 in whiskey will only pay to wages $8.50. Contrast 510 with 12J and 270 with 8J, and you have the relative value of legitimate industries as com- pared with the whiskey business. Now let us test this by enquiring into the relation of wages to the produce and capital of the whole country. It must be borne in mind that this includes all industrial interests some of which do not give an average pro- portion to the wages market. TABLE. Showing the value of all other industries in Canada and the proportionate value of these to wages, as com- pared with the manufacture of whiskey and beer. CANADIAN INDUSTRIES. Capital invested $161,377,783 Value of Produce $303,116,821 Total Wages Paid $ 58,845,733 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 139 Persons Employed 253,239 Average Capital required for every Person Employed $ 032 Average Rates of Wages Paid to Value of Produce (Per Cent) 19 Average Rate of Wages Paid to Capital Invested (Per Cent) 36 BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES. Capital required for every person em- ployed in Breweries and Distillieries, $3,612 Wages Paid by Distillers in proportion to Value of Produce (Per cent) 00.10 Wages Paid by Distillers in proportion to Capital invested (Per Cent) IJ Wages Paid by Distillers and Brewers to Capital Invested 6 J Wag ;s Paid by Distillers and Brewers to Value of Produce 6 J Surely no further proofs are needed. It is abundant- ly established by unbending facts that the liquor traffic is the very worst investment of a workman's earnings, even from the wages point of view. It is manifest that the boasted value of the liquor traffic as a factor to the labor market, and as an in- vestment of capital, profitable to the community, has not the slightest backing of actual facts, but that, on the contrary, it is at war with the interests of all work- men, and is a monopolist of the worst and most en- slaving character. CHAPTER XVIII. OUR NATIONAL DRINK BILL. iT is a startling fact that, in this young country, our annual Liquor bill is twice as large as our entire ex- penditure for schools and churcher. In other words, we spend twice as much for drink as for religious work, churches, missions and education. It is a still more startling fact that this entire con- sumption of liquor is so much waste. Nay more, that in every branch and detail of the business of the manu- facture and sale of intoxicating liquors, there is ab- solute destruction, without a single redeeming or oualifying feature. The raw material used is wasted, the labof expended upon it is wasted, the money spent by the people for the liquor is wasted. To present a full view of this waste we must see how much of these various items are con- sumed and then we must take into account the in- direct lossc3 occasioned to the nation by drinking usages. The actual Liquor bill for direct cost of liquors con- sumed has been variously estimated, from $27,000,000 to $40,000,000 per annum. The Toronto Glohe of April 6th, 1884, published a table of statistics estimating the cost for that year at $27,627,965 : to which is added the following impor- tant comment : This is a "larger amount than the total value of the farms, with their buildings, implements, and live stock, of the rich- LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 141 est county among thirty-four out of the forty-five counties or districts in Ontario. This startling expenditure would ap- pear still larger if the whole consumption of liquor could be got at. If a little may have to be deducted for the quantity of liquor used for scientific purposes — an inconsiderable quantity in this country — there would have to be much more added for the wines of Canadian vineyards, to say nothing about the " crooked " whiskey which escapes the eye of the excise-man." Professor G. E. Foster, M. P., estimates the drink bill of 1883 at $36,769,618. (See Canadian Temper- ance Manual.) The authorities for quantities are the same in both cases, and are the only reliable sources available, viz., the Inland Revenue Reports, and the Trade and Navigation Returns ; but the estimates of cost to the public are not quite the same. The Globe, for instance, estimates the price paid for whiskey at the taverns at S4 per gallon. Mr. Foster's estimate is $5. But the Globe admits that its estimate is low in the following remarks : "Whiskey drinks are cheaper in Canada than in the United States, and rarely cost more than five cents apiece. This, however, would bring the price of every gallon up to $3.20. But as the custom Of watering whiskey before offer- ing it at the bar is not uncommon ; in fact, is estimated by parties in the trade as amounting to from a quarter to a third of the whiskey sold, it is reasonable to place the cost to the public at $4 per gallon." I have been told by parties in the trade that whiskey is frequently watered to the extent of one-half, and the strength is made up by the various processes of "doctoring" known to the trade. (See Appendix.) On the whole I think Prof. Foster's estimate of re- tail prices is quite within the mark. The Globe's 142 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. estimate of the retail price of beer and that of Prof, Foster are the same, although, here again, there cer- tainly can be no charge of exaggeration. TLe regular price of ales at the counter is five cents a glass, and there are from 12 to 20 glasses in a gallon, according to the size of the glass used. Sixty cents per gallon for beer, therefore, is a low estimate. With these preliminary explanations I submit that the following table represents the expenditure of this country in liquors so far as quantities can be ascertained from official documents, and, of course, not allowing for home made Canadian wines which are not reported in government official returns, or for the "crooked" whiskey sold. TABLE SHOWING THE COST OF DISTILLED AND MALT LIQUORS ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN 1885. ThE QUANTITIES ARE TAKEN FROM THE LAST INLAND REVENUE REPORT AND THE Trade and Navigation Returns. The PRICES quoted are THE ESTIMATED COST OF THE LIQUORS TO CONSUMERS. Spirits, (Canadian) 3,888,012 galls., at $5 00 $19,440,060 Spirits, (American) Iii392 Spirits, (Imported) 1,191,187 Beer, (Canadian) 12,071,752 Ales, (Imported) 363, 379 Wines, (Imported) 493,278 Wines, in bottles, (Imported) 27,373 6 00 68,352 600 7,147,123 60 7.243.051 2 00 726,758 5 00 2,466,390 6 00 164,238 18,046,373 $37,255,971 The consumption of intoxicating liquors in Canada for the year 1885, therefore, amounts to 18,046,373 gallons. The cost of that liquor to the people at the above estimate amounts to 37,255,971 dollars. It is necessary, however, to remark that this is probably in excess of the actual consumption during LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 143 the year ; that a portion of this quantity] was con- sumed during the year 1886, so that the next pub- lished returns should be correspondingly smaller. A " Statistical Abstract and Record," published by the Dominion Government (Oct., 1886) remarks that" Ow- ing to the Canada Temperance Act having been adopted in many parts of the Dominion, and more particular by the majority of Counties in Ontario, it was thought that there would be a decided falling off in the revenue derived from spirits and malt liquors ; contrary, however, to expectation, the revenue from both sources showed a large increase over 1884 amount- ing to $734,444, though this was not brought about by increased consumption, but by large withdrawals from bond in anticipation of additional duty." It will be seen from the above that in order to arrive at the actual expenditure it is essential that we should take the average of a period of years, and not any one particular year. Taking, then, the eig-hteen years since Confederation, up to, and including 1885, we have the following TABLE SHOWING THE COST OF THE CONSUMPTION OF INTOXI- CATING LIQUORS IN CANADA FROM 1868 to 1885 IN- CLUSIVE. Spirits, (Canadian) 61,474,770 galls., at $5 oo $307,273,850 Spirits, (Imported) 18,719,987 *• " 600 112,318,922 Beer, (Canadian) 166,423,390 " " 60 99*854,034 Ales, (Imported) 5>l53i9lO " " a 00 10,307,820 Wines, including bottled (Imported) 9,743,462 " •* 6 00 58,460,772 Total 261,515,519 $588,215,398 Average per year . . . 14,528,639 gallons, $32>678,633 144 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. Thus it is apparent that while the last year's con- sumption is above the average of the last eighteen years, our annual liquor bill, without counting in- direct losses occa^sioned thereby, amounts to the total of more than thirty-two and a half millions of dollars. INDIRECT COST TO THE NATION. Waste of Food. — We must now enquire as to the quantity of food wasted in the manufacture of these liquors. In this enquiry we will leave out of calcul- ation the raw material used in the manufacture of im- ported liquors, as we are considering it now from a national point of view. But in any more general view of the question, it must not be forgotten that the ma- terials used in Europe and elsewhere, for the manufact- ure of imported spirits, ales and wines are destroyed equally with our own. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, TABLE. 145 SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF GRAIN AND OTHER MA- TERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SPIRITS AND MALT LIQUORS AT CANADIAN DISTILLERIES AND BREW- ERIES FROM 1868 TO 1885 inclusive. > 1 868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 FOR SPIRITS. FOR BEER. Grain used. Molasses Sugar, &c. Malt used. Sugar & other substances. Lbs. 67,685,511 52.359.505 58.901,557 86,788,405 79,324,907 91,452,901 87.539,173 90,094,381 59,472,129 68,498,295 67,594,902 66,749.856 53.394,258 53,667,108 70,402,810 76,796,094 75.095,450 63,542,708 I '259-459,950 Gallons. Lbs. 1.085 12,364 23,609 16,042 2,006,050 5. 502 162,398 14.992 4.520 8,642 8,201 502 2,413 9,674 392.476 620,390 3,826 74.965 3.217.721 Lbs. 22,681,749 2i,9i5.»37 20,463,338 23,707.258 26,108,073 30,309.789 28,685,003 30.377.039 27,980,256 27.471.797 25,180,327 25,456,803 26,419,244 28,395,987 34,775,986 36,140,545 37,563,636 34,566,059 Lbs. 380.787 174.449 147,352 21,654 285,328 282,375 207,361 215,004 68,560 • ••■•• 89 2,410 450 4,619 8,682 508,198,026! 1,799,120 The principal grain used for distilling is corn, which weighs 56 lbs. to the bushel. Barley is rated at 48 lbs. to the bushel, and it takes 100 lbs. of barley to make 75 lbs of malt. Taking the above figures, and calcul- ating the average value during these eighteen years at 60c. per bushel, barley at 70c, Sugar at 5c. a lb., and molasses at 30c, a gallon, (in some years the market 146 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. prices have been greatly above these) we have the following: QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFAC- TURE OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS DURING EIGHT- EEN YEARS, WITH AN ESTIMATE OF THEIR VALUE. 22,490,356 Bush, of Corn, Eye, &c.,at 60c. $13,494,213 14,116,617 Bush, of Barley, " 70c. 9,881,631 3,217,721 Lbs. of Sugar for Spirits at 6c. 160,886 74,965 Gall, of Molasses " " 30c. 22,489 1,799,120 Lbs. of Sugar for Beer " 6c. 89,956 $23,629,175 Coal, &C. — In addition to these items, the coal and other fuel consumed adds greatly to the amount of waste. One firm of distillers is reported as using 8,000 tons of coal in one year.* The quantity used therefore cannot be less than 60,000 tons per year. Valued at $5 per ton, this would amount to $250,000. Labor Wasted. — The next item to be considered is the waste of labor involved. If the men now engaged in the manufacture and distribution of intoxicants were employed m some productive work they would, at least, be producing sufficient to support themselves. As it is, the country has to support them out of the produce of other labor. The number of these so em- ployed may be estimated as follows : Persons engaged *.n breweries in 1881 1,411 Persons " distilleries * 285 Persons " Malt-houses 500 •See Galbraith's Financial and Trade Review of Toronto for i88o. LAND, LABOa AND LIQUOa. 147 Persons engaged in retailing liquor 8,000 Persons " wholesaling liquor. . . . 2,000 12,196* In a report recently issued by the Ontario Bureau of Inc'ustries, Mr. Blue the Secretary has supplied some valuable statistics in regard to labor, wages &c. He there shows that the average earnings of the work-peo- ple of the Province amounted to about $370, and the average cost of living to $S18. Taking then $370 as the average value these persons should have made in productive labor, we have the sum of $4,510,720 as the sum lost to the country on this account. It is estimated that there are 50,000 drunkards ir Canada. This estimate places the ratio of drunkards to the population at a little over one per cent which may be regarded by some as an exaggeration. In his work on the " wasted resources" of the United States, Dr. Hargreaves estimates the proportion of drunkards to every saloon or liquor shop as at least four. If we take this view of the matter, and place the whole number of licensed and unlicensed liquor shops in Canada at 10,000 (see chapter on wasted capital) we should have a total of 40,000 drunkards. This would give a proportion of about one drunkard to every 115 persons in the Dominion a proportion which I fear is below the actual facts. Let any Canadian citizen consider for a moment the number of persons resident within his own neighborhood, who are habitually or frequently drunk, and this estimate will not appear excessive. It appears also that the * The Official Records do not give the number of persons employed in Malt-houses and in the retailing of liquor. These are therefore esti- mated and the reader will probably regard it as a low estimate. 148 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. total numb( r of charges at our police courts for drunk- enness in 1882, was 43,505 or one charge to every 101 of the population, and in 1883 the total was 47,141 or one to every 95. If it be alleged that many cases of drunkenness are charged against persons who are not habitual drunkards in the common acceptation of the term, and that there are many cases which represent the repeated offences of the same person, it must also be remembered, that there are many drunkards who are never arrested by the police and are therefore not included in these statistics. On the whole I think my estimate of 40,000 is be- low the mark rather than above it. If these 40,000 persons average a loss of half their time, or productive power, through drink we have the loss of production equal to the value of the work of 20,000 persons which at the rate of $370 per annum amounts to $7,400,000. There is the further loss to the country of the wast- ed time of persons who lose part of their labor through drinking and occasional drunkenness. The total male population of the Dominion in 1881 was 2,188,- 779, one half of whom are neither too old nor too young to work (see Abstract and Record page 84, pub- lished by the Dominion Government, 1886). Deducting the liquor makers and vendors, and the drunkards who have been already counted, and the police, criminals and others, yet to be considered, there are about 1,000,000 of a working male population in this country. If one-sixth of these adult males use intoxi- cating drinks, to an extent which results in the loss of one days work in six of their labor, we have an ad- ditional loss of nearly eight and a quarter million days work, equal in value to at least $8,500,000. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 149 A Commission was appointed by the British Gov- ernment in 1834 to enquire into the drink question, and in their report they said: " The loss of productive labor in every department of oc- cupation to the extent of one day in six throughout the" kingdom (as testified by witnesses engaged in various manu- facturing operations) by which the wealth of the country, created as it chiefly is by labor, is retarded or suppressed to the extent of one million out of every six that is produced, to say nothing of the constant derangement, imperfection and destruction in every agricultural and manufacturing process, occasioned by the intemperance and consequent unskilful- ness, in attention and neglect of those afflicted by intoxica- tion, producing great injury in our domestic and foreign trade." If a similar proportion of our productive labor were lost to us in this country it would amount to a total of 52,500,000 days, or the full time of 175,000 men per annum, reckoning the working male population at 1,050,000 and the working days at 300 per year. My estimate given above does not show a loss near- ly so great as this, but allowing that half the time of habitual drunkards is lost to us, and one-sixth of the time of occasional drunkards, I make the loss of our labor power as equal to 14,250,000 days work per year or the full time of about 47,500 men. I have taken no account of the loss of labor power through prema- ture deaths of workmen occassioned by drink ; but simply the proportion of the actual loss to our various industries of the average existing working force of the country. Nor have I estimated anything for the deterioration of the quality of work through drink, nor for the loss of productive power of our female population from this cause. 150 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. In another chapter a further estimate as to the proportion of drinking and drunkenness to the community will be fonnd, showing that the above estimates of the loss c sasioned by drink are not ex- cessive. Capital Wasted. — Add again the loss of the value of the capital which is extracted from the working power of the country, and which would be available for productive industry were it not absorbed in the des- tructive force of liquor making and vending. We have seen elsewhere that capital invested in productive in- dustries bears an enormous interest to the wages mar- ket, besides greatly increasing its own volume and value. In another chapter I have shown that the a- mount of capital locked up in the liquor interests cannot be less than fifteen and a half millions of dollars. This involves a loss to our productive industries of, at least, $3,000,000 per annum. Cost of Crime. — There is also the cost of crime occasioned by drink, the maintenance of the criminals, the proportion of cost of police, gaolers &c., chargeable to this agency. All who have to do with criminal re- cords agree that a very large proportion of all crimes is directly or indirectly traceable to drink; the esti- mates varying from 60 to 90 per cent. It will certain- ly be a low estimate it we reckon that one half of the cost of crime and its consequences would be saved to the country but for drink. This would amount to the sum of at least, $1,500,000. (See chapter on Liquor and Crime.) Add again the loss to the country of the value of the work of one half the entire staff of police, gaolers, criminals and others who would be en- gaged in productive labor but for drink — a sum not less than $1,000,000. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 151 Lunacy. — In a subsequent chapter I have dealt sep- arately with the question of drink in relation to lunacy. It is there shown that a very large proportion of the cost involved in maintaining our lunatic population is traceable to drinking. It will be seen that the cost to the country and the losses sustained on account of it are not less than two and a half millions, one-third of which is undoubtedly chargeable to alcoholic drink- ing,— say $800,000. THE ANNUAL COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS IN CANADA will therefore be about as follows so far as can be esti- mated: Direct cost of drink consumed $32,678,633 Value of food destroyed which might be turned to account of national wealth or the land up- on which it is grown used for product- ive purposes 23,629,175 Value of fuel consumed which might be employ- ed in productive industry, or used to supply the increased wants of Canadian homes. . . ' 250,000 Value of labor wasted in brewing, distilling and retailing liquor which ought to be employed in productive service 4,510,720 Indirect loss of productive service through drunkenness ^'ij!^4oo,ooo Indirect loss of time and service through occasional intemperance 8,500,000 Loss of the value of capital at present locked up in the liquor business and which ought to be employed in productive service 3,000,000 Loss occasioned by crime through drink 1,500,000 Loss of productive labor of criminals, police, gaolers and other officers of justice 1,000,000 Loss through insanity occasioned by drink .... 800,000 $82,268,528 152 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. The reader will, of course, understand that this cal- culation, although carefully made, and as I have shown, based mainly upon official returns, is nevertheless only an estimate. It may therefore be reduced or enlarged according to the judgment of the reader. But it must be borne in mind that no attempt is here made to estimate other serious losses indirectly trace- able to drink and which are incalculable. There are numerous accidents constantly occuring as a result of drinking. We can hardly take up a newspaper without reading of some such cases. The report of the Committee on Intemperance in the United Kingdom, 1834, already referred to, mentions among the consequences of drink to the National welfare. "The extensive loss of property by sea, from shipwrecks, founderings, fires, and innumerable other accidents, many of which according to the evidence of the most experienced ship-owners, nautical men and others, examined by your Committee are clearly traceable to drunkenness in some of the parties employed in the navigation and charge of such vessels whose vigilance, had they been sober, would have been sufficient safeguard against their occurence. While I write, the Toronto Olohe (Jan. 6, 1887) pub- lishes an article deploring the great losses by fire which in the United States and Canada amounted last year to the total of $116,600,000. Here is a consideration for every property owner and every Fire Insurance Company. How frequently does it happen ihat fires originate from some cause unknown, but in the lan- guage of newspaper reporters " presumably through a drunken vagrant sleeping on the premises" or perhaps through "the carelessness of a half drunken night- watchman or servant." Even incendiarisms are fre- LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 153 quently the result of some drunken spree or some mad freak of revenge in which drink is an incentive. There are losses to merchants also that are incalcul- able. There is hardly a store-keeper of any lon^ standing in business, but could tell of numerous losses which he would never have experienced but for drink. The black list of bad debts is almost entirely a stan- ding mark against Intemperance.* Then there is the cost of vagrancy, petty theft, &c,. with the addition of the loss of labor attending them. I am of opinion that some of the items herein given are much below the actual facts, and if these additional factors in the bill were estimated the total would cer- tainly be immeasurably increased. Let the reader make a mental calculation of the losses under these various heads, and it will be found that it is simply impossible to conceive the value which is annually lost to the community. Accidents by sea and lakes through drink Accidents by fire, in the streets, in building opera- tions,, in the running of mills and other ma- chinery, and many other occasions Losses to Merchants Bankruptcies of business men — ■ Pauperism, vagrancy, petty theft, &c Loss of moral worth and character Loss of human life Loss of human souls * I have talked with many people in business who declare that at least 90 per cent of the bad debts on their books are occassioned by drink. The other day a store-keeper said to me, *' I have lost $5,000 in bad debts through drink." It is reported on good authority that store-keepers have had debts paid to them since the Scott Act came into operation in Hal ton and other counties that they never expected to get and had marked bad. 154 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. I place no figures to these items. All of them are in- calculable. The last three are beyond all mea- sure of material value. The moral worth of a man cannot be measured by sums of money, however great. Who will undertaJce to assess the value of a human soul ? " For what is a man profited if he should gain the whole world, and lose his own soul ? or what shall a Tnan give in exchange for his soul ?" Looking at the financial question alone, however, there can be no doubt in the mind of any candid per- son, in view of all the facts stated here, that the sum total of our national drink bill including the direct cost, and the indirect losses occasioned by it, will not fall short of the amount given above. Can there be a more startling fact presented to the economic student, or the patriotic citizen than that in this young country, with a population of four and a- half millions, we are yearly wasting our resources to the tune of Eight-two Millions of dollars. When we add to this fact the terrible truth that in wasting this wealth we are also destroying our people, undermining the morals of young Canada, laying waste the homes of thousands of our people and ruin- ing the eternal prospects of thousands of souls an- nually, how appalling is the picture ! How stupendous the cost ! Yet there are members of Chr'stian Churches and even ministers who vote for the traffic, there are poli- ticians and members of government who, in face of these facts, and of the fact that no question stirs the public mind as this does, yet openly declare that this is not yet a part of the practical politics of Canada." * * Speeches by Hon. Mr. Thompson at Orangeville, Ont., Nov. 29> 1886, and Hon. Edward Blake at Aylmer, Ont., Dec. 7, 1886. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 155 Our national debt is a subject of much controversy. It is attacked upon every platform of the Reformers and defended at every meeting held in the interests of the Conservatives, while not one word is said by either side dealing practically with a more gigantic financial burden, involving evils which may be described as infinitely greater. We borrow millions of money and pay interest thereon amounting to millions per annum, while we foster, protect, and license a huge system which ab- sorbs and destroys an immense proportion of our wealth, enough if saved to make us absolutely in- dependant. Our national debt has steadily increased froni the first year of Confederation, with the exception of the years 1871 and 1883, when there was a decrease on the debts of the previous years amounting to $501,- 024 and $3,026,147 respectively. The government official abstract recently issued shows that the public debt was $93,046,051 in 1867, and in 1885 it had risen to $264,703,607. By far the largest increase was in 1884 and 1885 when the amounts added to the debt were $40,323,311 and $22,221,191 respectively, or a total increase for the two years of $62,544,502. Yet the losses occasioned by the liquor traffic in one year would pay the whole of the sum added to the national debt in these two years of unprecedented public expenditure, and still leave twenty millions to- the good. In the year 1884 the government negotiated a loan of £5,000,000 or about $25,000,000 at 3^ per cent in- terest. The rate of interest on the whole public debt according to official documents is 3"55 per cent or a total amount for last year of $9,419,482. 156 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. The two years 1884-5 were, by many millions, the heaviest years of public expenditure in the country; averaging for each of the years $82,985,191. Large as this sum is, it is actually only a trifle more than our estimate of the annual financial loss involved in the liquor traffic. In other words while we complain of the enormous cost of our government expenditure, involving such vast burdens upon the people, we act- ually tax ourselves with a still greater burden, with- out the advantage of a single benefit, and giving us infinitely worse than nothing for our money. We complain loudly at the increase of our national debt from ninety- three millions in 1867, to two hun- dred and sixty-four millions in 1885, (an enormous growth surely) involving additions, year by year* amounting in eighteen years to a total of $171,000,000- Yet during that eighteen years our total liquor bill (without reckoning indirect cost) amounts to 588 mil- lions, or nearly three and a half times as much. Who that looks at these facts will not preceive that although the national debt is not the direct outgrowth of the liquor traffic, yet the expenditure which created it (large and extravagant as it is) could have been met with ease had not the substance of the country been wasted in liquor ? Or if a national debt were inevitable might not our own people have furn- ished the funds instead of paying $10,000,000 annually out of the country for interest. It is indeed a most startling fact that if half the uctual cost of intoxicating liquors, (without reckon- ing the indirect expenditure involved) had been saved ±0 the country during the past eighteen years, it would have more than sufficed to pay the entire amount LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 157 which has accumulated to such a mountain of debt as represented by the figures $264,700,000. Let every patriotic Canadian ponder these tremen- dous facts, and work, and vote, and pray accordingly I CHAPTER XIX. COMPARATIVE VIEWS OF OUR NATIONAL LIQUOR BILL. 'OMPARED with the liquor bills of the Uaited ' Kingdom and the United States, our Cana- dian expenditure appears greatly less. The com- parison is extremely unfavorable to the older and larger countries. In the United Kingdom the statistical picture is in- deed a dark one, although happily there has been a con- siderable diminution in the volume, of expenditure during the past five years, and a still larger diminution when considered in proportion to the increasing pop- ulation. The most eminent Statistical enquirer and writer on the liquor question was the late Mr. Wm. Hoyle of Tottington, Lancashire, England. The statistics collected by him and arrayed in such telling manner in his work entitled "Our National Resources and how they are wasted," and, also in the numerous books and pamphlets afterwards published, were accepted as authoritative by the most distinguished statesmen, orators and writers, both in Europe and America. In his latter years and up to 1885 he published an annual letter to the London Times which was always the sub- LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 159 ject of editorial comments in that paper and of all the most prominent journals, and was treated as the best authority on the question by all public men. Mr. Hoyle tells us in one of these letters that during the twelve years from 1871 to 1883 the annual ex- penditure upon intoxicating liquors in the United Kingdom averaged £1 35,000,000. If we put this into dol- lars it will amount in round figures to about $675,- 000,000. In a very carefully prepared paper read before the British Association, at their meeting in the City of York in 1881 Mr. Hoyle estimates the indirect cost of liquor in the United Kingdom at £138,000,000 or about $690,000,000. Through various influences including probably a season of bad trade and hard times, and undoubtedly also partly as a result of the great activity of the United Kingdom Alliance, the Blue Ribbon Movement, the Church Temperance Associations, and the various total abstinence Orders, such as the Good Templars and and the Sons of Temperance, there has happily been a considerable reduction in the liquor bill of the United Kingdom during the latter half of the present decade. A glance at the following statistics taken from the writings of Mr Hoyle will establish this fact. During the ten years mentioned below the direct cost of liquor was as follows; the figures given represent pounds sterling, not dollars : 160 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. DIRECT COST OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM FOR TEN YEARS. 1873 £140,014,712 1874 141,342,997 1876 : 142.876,669 1876 147,288,759 1877 142,007,231 1878 142,188,900 1879 128,143,865 1880 122,279,275 1881 127,074,460 1882 126,251,359 Taking the last year of this expenditure there was expended in intoxicating liquors for every man, woman and child in the United Kingdom the sum of £3 12s. or about $18.00; more than doubl-^ the amount expend- ed by the people of Canada, proportion to population. In the United States the cost of liquor to the com- mlmity is also alarmingly great. Dr. Wm. Hargreaves of Philadelphia, has published a work entitled " Our Wasted Resources" in which he says that " during the years 1869-70-71-72 there was expended in the United States for intoxicating drinks as follows : — In 1869 $693,999,509 In 1870 619,425,110 In 1871 680,036,042 In 1872 735,726,048 Total for four years $2,729,186,709 Annual average $ 682,296,677 or about $16.06 for every person in the United States. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 161 The direct cost of liquor in proportion to population therefore in the three countries are represented by the following three pillars or columns : — • •d r3 173 X X u u 73 •a B n . (4 rt a| Si ^ IS t^ ^ cr - s - ;j§ •«B 13 6 gb •5b c " s U o |I3 M ,_ 00 2 vill grow something else; and if there is no better purpose for barley than to convert it into poison to the ruin tmd destruction of Canadian homes and Canadian men and women, it would be infinitely better that no barley should be grown. Indeed the farmer who perceives the mischief which it effects and still grows barley with the purpose of selling it for brewing is particcpa criminis in the transaction of death. But there is another important view of the matter. It is of great interest to the farmers and to the coun- try generally to consider the development of farm in- dustries, involving the consumption of our grain with a view to supply the markets with better provis"->ns, Look, for example, at the meat supply for our home markets. It is a matter of general observation and complaint among housekeepers that the meat supply is of very poor, or rather of unfed quality. It is notor- ious that all old country people find fault with the quality of our meat, as compared with that supplied to the English market. Yet a large quantity of the animal food of this country is shipped to England to supply the British market. But shippers of cattle know well that it is no use sending poorly fed cattle to England, and so the very best are picked out, while our own people are fed upon skinny and com- paratively poor meat. Even our best cattle are not considered the best beef in the British markets unless they are put for a season upon the English sys- tem of feeding before being slaughtered. Why should not farmers provide the very best article for our home market and also improve the supply for the foreign market ? The best is always worth more 184 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. money at home and abroad, and the producers of a superior class of well-fed meat would find an ample re- ward for their efforts. This is proven by the fact that the best meat always sells most readily even at a higher price. Toronto and Guelph markets have gen- erally a supply of a superior class of meat, and butch- ers tell us that the best joints and the best meat always sell more readily than the inferior class of meat. The same is true of fowls. There are many villages and towns where the average chicken is sold at 10c, or 12Jc. at most. And this is all they are worth, so miserably poor are they of flesh fit for human food. Yet in our city markets, choice well-fed chickens are worth from 25c. to 35c. each, and in the English market from 30c. to 50c each. These facts have a direct bearing upon the barley question. Barley has not yet hegwn to take its true place as a food. This is specially true of Canada. For some reason or other the average Canadian farmer is preju- diced against the use of barley as a grain for food In the old country it is not so. Barley is not given to horses or other cattle where strength, bone or muscle are needed, but as a feeding or fattening commodity, it is regarded as the best that can be given. Barley meal is as regularly sold by the millers and feed dealers as any article. In fact, in those English counties where pork is grown to perfection no one would ever think of killing a pig without first feeding it for a term upon barley meal. The result is not only that a larger and more profitable animal is produced, but the quality of the meat — both fat and lean — is of the very best. In Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire and Norfolk the farmers all feed their hogs on barley meal, and they have the reputation for the largest and best pork in the world. The hogs when LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 185 thus fed weigh from 40 to 60 stone, or say from 500 to 800 pounds. What will appear more remarkable to our Canadian farmers and butchers in this connection is, that these hogs, large as they are, fetch the highest price per pound, because the bacon fed on barley meal IS always preferred as the mildest and best. Mr. Har- ris, of Calne, Wiltshire, slaughters about 2,000 hogs per week, and all are fed on barley meal. His pork or bacon commands a ready sale at the highest market prices. The same is true of cattle generally, and the almost universal food for fowls in England is barley in the frain, with a view to the production of larger and etter eggs, with barley meal for fattening chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys. In his invaluable works, written some years ago, on the various phases of the temperance question. Dr. F. R Lees, of Leeds, England, gives the following interest- ing fact : We have been enabled to establish the truth of our * theories,' by a series of most conclusive and carefully con- ducted EXPERIMENTS — experiments instituted by Govern- ment, with the view of ascertaining the comparative value of Malt and Barley in the feeding of Cattle and the production of Milk and Butter. The experiments were made under the direction of Thomas Thomson, M.D., Professor of Chemis- try, and R. D. Thomson, M.D., Teacher of Practical Chem- istry in the University of Glasgow, and have been published as a Parliamentary Report. The substance of them, as they bear more immediately upon the present discussion, I will now give. Two Bullocks were selected for the purpose. It was found, by some preliminary trials, that when the beasts were confined to an exclusive diet of barley or malt, they soon began to loathe and leave it thus establishing an 186 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. old truth, apt to be forgct;ten, that in general variety of food is necessary to health, and that even the most nourishing food, unmixed with a coarser and more bulky sort, is unsuit- able to the constitutions of both cattle and men. The experiments for testing the relative value of malted and unmalted grain, consisted in giving the same qnantity and quality of hay, etc., each bullock, but to one a certain number of Bbs. of barley, and to the other an equal weight of malt, both beir.g ground into meal and mashed. From October ist to 14th, the bullock fed on barley in- creased in weight ioqRs., that fed on malt only qo^Bjs. From November 8th to 22nd, the barley-fed bullock in- creased in weight 55H>s., the other only 445)s. From December 4th to 20th, the barley-fed beast in- creased 4ofts. in weight, the other only 6B)s. Thus the Malt-fed beast soon reached its maximum of feeding, while the barley-fed bullock went on increasing in weight until it gained 53j4K)s. over its rival. * These trials^ continued for three months^ says Prof. Thom- son, * leave no doubt that Barley is superior to Malt^ weight for weighty as far as fattening bullocks is concerned.^ EXPERIMENTS AS TO MILK AND BUTTER. The Report of Dr. R. D. Thomson, as to the relative effect of Barley and Malt on the Milk of two excellent Ayrshire Cows, confirms all our preceding statements. It was found that about q&s. of grain per day, invariably produced more Milk than a greater quantity, showitig that only a certain proportion of concentrated or rich food should be used. Variety of food also contributed to increase the amount of milk. In one case, when entire barley, merely steeped, was given, the milk ' xreased. ' This arose from a quantity of the barley being ejected without being digested; — the malt, be- ing much more soluble, was not ejected.' Thus we perceive that the fact o ./hich we have heard so much, * that malt LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 187 fesds faster than barley,' weight for weight, merely comes to this — that digested Malt feeds faster than wwdigested Barley \ ' In a brown cow,' says Dr. Thomson, * looBbs. of barley produced as much effect as i35)s. of malt: in a white cow, ioott>s. of barley were equivalent to iiQfts. of malt.' But as loo parts of barley make only 80 parts of Malt, it follows, that loo&s. of barley Bie e^ual in use to 1258)8. of malt; for as 80 is to 100, so is 100 to 125. Dr. Thomson is equally clear concerning [the Butter yielded by the Milk in the two cases. ' The largest amount of butter was afforded in the brown cow by crushed Barley, With both animals malt is lowest in the scale.* loofts. of Barley produce 34. 6ft)s. dry milk: & 7.66ft)s. butter, loofts. of Malt " 26.2a>s. " & 6.355)8. " Not only was the quantity of solid matter in the milk diminished, but its quality was deteriorated. The Soluble Salts are lessened by malting, and hence the milk cannot contain what the food has not introduced. The Casein (cheese) was also greatly lessened. The cheese principle was decreased, because it is a fiesh-forming substance, con- taining azote, of which the average amount in barley is 2 per cent., but in malt only i ^; — the butter was lessened, be- cause malt contains less casein than barley. In addition to all this, the cows were losing weight and strength daily under the Malt regimen, while they gained weight and strength when fed on the Barley. After the barley experiment they were found to be 8oH)S. heavier; after the malt-trial, 42K)S. lighter. Thus it is certain, that in every respect Malt is much in- ferior to crushed Barley as an article of food for cattle, giving in the first place, a less quantity of milk and butter;, in the second, milk of an inferior quality^ deficient in the soluble salts; and in the third place, diminishing the live- weight of the cattle, where the barley increases it. Taking all items into account, therefore, we may safely affirm that iooft)s. of barley are equal in nourishing-power — i.e. for the full feeding of the flesh or muscle of the animal 188 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. —to i3o5>s. of Malt; or, in other words, that more than a third of all the malted grain in this country is criminally, be- cause needlessly, destroyed ! And for what end does this machinery of mischief really work ? Not, in truth, for feeding, but for drinking purposes ! The malting-system is preliminary to that of brewing — the foundation of * a manufacture of human misery' vaster and more fearful than any other which ever impeded the im- provement, or blasted the prospects of our People. These are most important facts to the farmers of Canada and they are amply sustained by many others. Dr. Lyon Playfair, the eminent Edinburgh physici- an and chemist, prepared a synopsis of the relative value of different kinds of food, and he showed that barley meal is superior in this respect to the staple food of the Scotch peasant. The following is from Dr. Playf air's table : Barley-meal contains 14 parts of albumen to 68 of un azotized matter — or fuel. Oatmeal contains 10^ parts of albumen to 68 of un- azotized matter — or fuel. Potatoes contain 2 parts of albumen to 24^ of unazotiz- ed matter or — fuel. Man should have the best and highest forms of food, and w hether he takes it in the form of bread, or meal, or of flesh-meat, it is of the first importance that it should be the best in quality. Dr. Lees gives the proportion of solid food in several grains, as follows: — In 1000 parts Wheat contains 950 parts of solid food. " " " Barley " 920 " " " " " *» Rye " 792 " " " " " " " Peas " 930 " " " " «« «i « Potatoes " 260 " " " " LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 189 And he adds: — It is of the greatest importance to the health and purity ^- of the human constitution, that the food of man should be of a healthy and perfect character, after its kind. But the flesh of animals fed with foul or ill-assorted food, becomes diseased and unwholesome, and introduces the elements of disorder and pestilence into the blood of man. For ex- ample: it is now ascertained that cattle fed-up on oil-cake and the refuse of breweries and distilleries, or similar sub- stances (which are deficient in several essential elements of health and nourishment) rapidly become bloated and fat, but at the expense of health, their flesh and organism being seriously diseased. Pigs, likewise fed exclusively upon po- tatoes or other substances deficient in nourishment will be- come fat while they will grow unhealthy, but let a due quantity of ground barley be mixed with unazotized food of cattle or pigs — food in other respects of a proper sort — and the animals will increase in both fat and flesh and preserve their own health at the same time. Their flesh will become fitter for human food. It is a singular fact tLa-t grapes from which the wine of Europe is so largely produced also contain a very high proportion of feeding property in their nat- ural state so as to gain for them the title which we give to wheat and maize — staff of life. Yet man's ingenuity has been employed, and capital and labor is still expended — not in preserving these life germs in their natural condition but in destroying them for a na.rcotic and dangerous beverage. But suppose this were not true of our grain. Sup- pose that the only use to which we could put barley, etc., so as to make it pay our farmers, is to convert in- to whiskey and beer — what then ? Does it follow that it is for the general good that this barley shall be grown for that purpose ? Let us see : — 190 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. If the farmers of Canada took to growing opium, because they found a ready market for it — would it not be a sufficient plea against it, that men were pois- oned by it — that boys and girls would be learning to use it as they now do tobacco, and that insanity and imbecility would be frightfully increasing among our rising men and women in consequence of its use ? Must the temporary good of a few men — whether farmers, merchants, or wiskey vendors, be accepted as a sufficient reason why the glory of young Canada should be debauched and ruined ? Or to take another illustration :— ^ One of the most important branches of trade and inclustry is connected with the Printing Press. Its value is unquestionable, and to encourage it is one of the most patriotic aims of all business men. Suppose, then, a large firm of printers commenced to print and publish books of a decidedly immoral and licentious character. Such books might find a ready sale, and the firm be able to declare a handsome profit on all its transactions. "Would the interests of these printers, or the import- ance of encouraging the press — or the amount of weekly wage they paid — would any or all of these questions weigh for one moment with our authorities, when such a hive of vice was discovered ? If they did we should blush for our country. CHAPTER XXIIL FARMERS AND THE FOREIGN MARKETS, I HAVE shown that the "cry" raised during the Scott Act agitation that our barley markets were threat- ened, was utterly fallacious. It was, in fact, a mere invention of the whiskey advocates to lead the farm- ers "off the scent." We were told with a great show of superior knowledge that our export trade with Great Britain was seriously in danger, and loud cries were made against the "fanaticism" and "madness" of the temperance party who would destroy the market, which the brewers of Canada created, in face of the alleged "facts" which were proclaimed as to the alarm- ing outlook for our Canadian farmers. What Richard Cobden facetiously called the "logic of the lucif er match" was the logic of these whiskey ad- vocates, viz: — that if we have too much grain pro- portion to the demand, and therefore get a low price for it; the best way to raise the price is to reduce the quantity, and so by all means foster the traffic which wastes one tenth of all our barley, so that the other nine-tenths may sell at higher prices. The real truth is that the public and the press of England are engaged in discussing not the liTnitation of Canadian imports, but the encouragement and in- crease of them. A meeting was held in October last (1886) in the Conference Room of the Colonial and Indian Ex- 192 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. hibition under the presidency of Sir Samuel Wilson. At that meetings paper was read by Mr. D. Taller- man, in which he gave some important statistics on this question. A review of that paper is given in the Christian World of October 21, 1886, from which I take the following: — "Last year 1,013,960 cattle (homed, sheep and lambs), of the value of ;^7, 181, 338, were landed, besides dead meat (exclusive of preserved,) of the value of ;!^i2,204,62 7, and ^1,042,451 worth of preserved meat. Of the ze/ho/e value of £,20^4.28^446^ only ;!^j,522,77(? worth was received from British colonies. We received £10^803,463 worth of foreign sugar and molasses, against £2,g6s,g2^ worth from our colonial possessions. Other similarly striking contrasts were — foreign wheat stuffs imported, ;^26,o5i,278; col- onial 'J, 685^083. Foreign Indian corn, ;^8,236,957; colonial, ;j25i,728. Surely this ought not to be. Mr. Tallerman rightly considers that Ireland, the richest milk-yielding country in the World, should supply us with all the butter we need. But unhap- pily the Irish farmer lacks enterprise, and will not by adapt- ing himself to new circumstances, and improving his methods, grasp the opportunities which are within his reach. Mr. Tallerman further thinks that Ireland, with her rich grazing lands, could supply us with ;£"8,ooo,ooo worth more meat than she does. But apart from Ireland he considers £hat Canada^ Australia^ and our other colonies should have inducements offered them to further increase their exports of meat and grain foods to us." Here than is ample room for the enterprise of Can- adian Farm Industries. If so much of the British trade is done with countries having no connection with the United Kingdom, why should not Canada bid for a larger share of the business? 4 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 193 Look at these various items. The amounts in dollars of the value of importations of these articles of food into the United Kingdom were about as follows : Meat $100,242,200 Sugar and Mollasses 54,017,300 Wheat Stuffs 130,256,400 Indian Corn 41,184,700 Of these items the whole of the British Colonies, in- cluding Canada of course, only sent about as follows : Meat $17,613,000 Sugar and Mollasses 14,830,000 Wheat Stuffs 38,425,000 Indian Corn 1,258,500 In its editorial article on this question the Christian World observes that " looking at the subject as a whole, it is to be desired that our Colonies and Ireland will speedily succeed in reducing the present enormous im- ports of food from foreign countries." That the British markets are open to our people , and that an increased supply of our produce would be welcome into those markets there can be no doubt. The fact is that there is almost unlimited demand for the produce of this country, and the better the quality of the produce the more welcome it is into both British and American markets. Look for example at the wonderful development of the cheese trade. In 1861 the value of our cheese exports amounted to $23,937. In 1871 it had x-isen to $1,109,906. In 1881 it had risen to $6,091,534. And it is still increasing as will be seen from the fol- lowing returns of the value of cheese exported dur- ing the last three years which I take from the recent N 194 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR Statistical Abstract and Record published by the Do- minion Government. In 1883 the amount was $6,451,- 870 ; 1884, $7,251,989 ; 1885, $8,265,240. Now why should not this development of our ex- port trade go on in like measure in other directions to the advantage of people of the old land, and for the enrichment of our farmers, and through them, the whole of Canada ? There appears to be but one an- swer to this enquiry, viz : that in proportion only as we supply quality in any kind of farm produce, will there be a ready demand for it, and more especially in the British markets. For example there has been no increase in our ex- port butter trade since 1871. From a Government re- port as to Agricultural Interests of Canada published in 1884 I take the following paragraph : — " Let us look for the main cause of this very unsatisfac- tory butter trade : — At first sight, from the fact that at pres- ent, it apparently pays better to make cheese than butter, this alone, to many, seems to explain the falling off in our butter trade. A second and, in my opinion, still better rea- son for this decrease, is the unsteadiness of the demand for Canadian butter. Let us now look into this latter argument : Our export market for butter is undoubtedly Great Britain. Nearly 8o per cent, of our butter goes there. England wants the best brands alone ; poor butter is there as else- where, a drug on the market." Precisely the same may be said of other produce. The production of eggs might be enormously increasd in this country, all that is needed is to provide for the despatch of them to suitable markets. Mr. D. D. Wolson of Seaf orth in the county of Huron has proved this beyond doubt. A few years ago he commenced to collect eggs and ship them to New York ^ nd other LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 195 markets. The result is that the production of eggs in the neighborhood of Seaforth and the country around is twenty times greater than when he began business. Mr. Wilson now turns over about $250,000 per year, employing 30 hands and about 30 horses in the collecting and shipping of eggs. Last year the number of eggs shipped were about 1,600,000 dozen. We might multiply illustrations of the developing power of the farm produce of this country, and the corresponding open markets whi^h await it. But the reader can easily apply these thoughts to our general fruit and farm produce. It is abundantly clear that we are not even tempor- ally dependant upon such a demoralising and ruinous waste as is involved in the manufacture of intoxicat- ing liquors. CHAPTER XXIV. LIQUOR AND CRIME. CPhE intimate relationship between drink and crime ^ has been assumed in the foregoing pages. The testimony in proof of this is so abundant that it would be easy to fill a volume with it. In an appendix will be found the opinions and testimony of some of the principal authorities in the world on this subject. A perusal of these testimonies will convince any unprejudiced person that the proportion of crime to the facilities for drinking is so great that as Judge Coledrige says, referring to the Criminal Courts : " hut for the cases where offences have been brought on by the use of intoxicating liquors the Courts of Justice might be nearly shut up." The same eminent authority stated from the bench of the Supreme Court in 1881 that, "Judges were weary with calling attention to drink as the principal caicse of crime, but he could not refrain from saying that if they could make England sober they would shut up nine-tenths of the prisons." Dr. Wm. Hargreaves in his work on " Our Wasted Resources" quotes from an article in the report of the United States Commissioner of Education for 1871 that " from 80 to 90 per cent, of our criminals connect their courses of crime with intemperance. Of the 14,315 inmates of the Massachusetts prisons 12,396 are reported to have been intemperate, or 84 per cent." LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 197 Dr. Hargreaves further says that " of 39 cases of murder and 121 cases of assault to murder in the city of Philadelphia in 1868 in almost every case it may be safely said that the murderer was intoxicated when the deed was committed." What is true, in these respects, in the United King- dom and the United States is true also of Canada. The measure of our National drinking is almost in di- rect ratio to the measure of our crime. There is abundant evidence of this fact. In 1849 a select com- mittee of the Legislative Assembly at Montreal was appointed to enquire as to the evils of intemperance. The Report states that, " One half of the crime annual- ly committed, two-thirds of the cases of insanity, three-fourths of the pauperism, are ascribahle to in- temperance. No other form of words would have been sufficiently comprehensive to express the deliber- ate convictions of your Committee" The Report con- tains evidence from various officials. The Coroners for the district of Montreal testify : — " In 530 inquests 53 of the deaths (one in every ten) were directly or immediately traced to intemperance. Many more are believed to have been ascribable to that cause ; but jurors being reluctant to return verdicts of death by intemp- erance, the exact number cannot be accurately ascertained." There can be no doubt that the feeling of sympathy for the friends of deceased suicides often prevent jurors from returning a verdict which would leave the awful record upon the memory of the deceased that it was drunkenness that caused it. Hence a verdict of monomania or temporary insanity often really means intemperance. This is equally true of sudden deaths, deaths from accident, &c. If the true cause of the disease or accident which more immediately bring 198 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. about these deaths were recorded, instead of a verdict of "apoplexy" or " heart disease" it would more often be " drunkenness." The Chief of Police of Montreal gave evidence before the Select Committee and said : — " I am convinced that crime of all kinds is ascribable to the use of spirituous liquors. It follows that the expense of the police force and other modes of repressing crime, such as courts of justice with all their officers, and gaols with all their keepers, and the loss of time entailed upon juries and witnesses, can all be traced, in a great measure, to the use of ardent spirits. It is therefore my opinion that the community at large is taxed to raise funds for defraying the expense of these establishments, which expense might be reduced two-thirds if the use of ardent spirits were not so common. Drinking thus imposes upon society a serious pecuniary burden." The following is a tabular statement of the number of prisoners arrested by the Police of the City of Montreal in 1817 and which was put in as evidence by the Chief : Prisoners. Total Prisoners. Total Offences. Offences arising Male. Female. from intemperance. 2982 740 3772 4039 2234 In 1874 a Report of the Select Committee of the Senate was issued, which report is signed by the whole of the 15 Senators who formed that Committee. They report the reception of " 993 petitions with 349,294 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 199 signatures, and nine from other representative bodies, each acting for a considerable number of persons." These petitioners, the report says, "assert that the traffic in intoxicating Hquors is shewn by the most careful inquiries to be the cause of probably not less than three-fourths of the pauperism, immorality and crime found in the country." A Report of a Select Committee of the House of Commons published at the same time gives the follow- ing Statement furnished by the Recorder of the City of Montreal : 1871. 1872. 1873. Drunkenness 4*983 5,65 1 6, 145 Offences arising out of same, about. . . . 1,306 1,350 1,608 Total 6,289 7>ooi 7i753 Total number of arrests of all kinds.. 10,584 10,942 12,085 Out of the 7,753 arrests made for drunkenness etc., in 1873, 1,017 were females. The above statement shows an increase of 15 per cent in crime, and 23^ per cent in that of drunkenness. The same report contains a statement from Mr. F. W. Fenton, Chief of Police of Montreal, 1873, from which I take the following extract : Mostly all offences are due directly or indirectly to inteq:i- perance. What is the cause of almost all larcenies? — drink! Of assaults ? — cirink ! Disorderly conduct ? — drink ! Fights, furious driving, interference with the police, foul language blasphemies ? — drink, drink, drink ! Of cowardly wife beat- ing ? — drink ! In short, intemperance is to be found as the universal, direct and indirect cause of all evils. 200 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. The Report of Capt. Prince, Chief of Toronto Police, also quoted, shows the number of all arrests and the number of arrests for drunkenness in 1871-2-3 as follows : 1871. 1872. 1873. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Arrests for all crimes 3,884 I.1S3 4i737 3,682 I.OS3 4.735 4.427 1.227 S,6$4 Arrests for drunk- enness ii743 579 2,331 2,036 599 2.635 2,328 624 2,9Sa Compare this with more recent statistics, and it will be seen that not only has the volume of crime and drunkenness increased, but the rate of increase is greater than that of the population. 1885. Male. Female. Total. Number of arrests 6,667 1,347 7.954 Arrests for drunkenness 3,245 619 3,864 i886. Male. Female. Total. 7,140 1,430 8,570 3.630 653 4.238 In 1871 the population of Toronto was 66,091. In 1886 the population within the jurisdiction of the city police would hardly reach 100,000. Placing it at that number, however, the ratio of crime to population was in 1871 as one to 11*84, and in 1886 as one to 11*66. The ratios of arrests for drunkenness are about the same. The Chief of Police at Ottawa, Thos. Langrell, re- porting to the Select Committee of 1874 says : The number of persons confined in the police station during the past three years has been 2282 viz: — 1871. 1872. 1873. Intemperate 591 631 621 Temperate 131 93 215 The report of the present Chief Constable of Ottawa, Capt. McVeity, as published in the Ottawa Free Press, Jan. 7, 1887, gives the numbei :)f arrests for drunken- LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 201 ness as 387, disorderly 92, vagrancy 52, keepers of houses of ill-fame 38, larceny 166, with a large num- ber of other offences, making a total of 1007, of which 891 were males and 116 females. In a letter ac- companying a copy of this report which Capt. McVeity obligingly sends me, he says: — "The arrests for the year 1885 runs about the same. Nearly all the other crimes in the report are the offspring of drunken parents. If there was no liquor sold there would be very little use for the police. I am speaking against my own interest after an experience of 20 years in the police. I think it is the cause of 90 per cent of all crime." In the City of Quebec the numbers given to the Superintendant of Police in 1874 were: — 1871. 1872. 1873. Total Arrests 2402 1 900 2 206 Arrests for Drunkenness ..1217 889 ; 976 Similar statistics are given with about the same average results from the cities of London, Hamilton &c., but more than sufficient is here quoted to prove that in this country as elsewhere, liquor and crime are almost interchangeable words, so far as the general re- sults through the country are concerned. Every newspaper contains reports of the terrible doings of drink. Take the records of a single week in the city of Toronto: — The first days police court business of this year, \iz:^— Monday , January 3rd, 1887 was opened with no less than 42 charges of drunkenness. Of these, 28 were dismissed as first offences &c. 9 were fined $1 and costs each; 2 were •jharged with disturbing the Salvation Army meetings while drunk, and were fined SIO each or three months 202 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. imprisonment. On the same day there were three charges of vagrancy. Turnino: to the Toronto News for five following- days, I find the following records: — Wednesday, Jan- ury 5th, 15 "drunks" 9 dismissed, 5 fined $1 and costs each; 1 drunk and assault, fined $60 and costs or 60 days hard labor. Three other cases of assault or quarrels are named, but drink is not mentioned as the cause. Thursday, Jan. 6th, 12 "drunks," 5 dismissed, 7 fined $1 and costs each; 2 vagrants. Friday, Jan. 7th, 11 "drunks," 3 dismissed, 5 fined $1 and costs, 1 fined $3 or 60 days; 2 adjourned for further enquiry on other charges; 2 vagrants fined $1 and costs each or 30 days. Saturday, Jan. Sth, 9 "drunks," 1 dismissed, 4 fined $1 and costs; 1 (James Jordan) "at his own re- quest.was sent down for 90 days;" 3 remanded, includ- ing Annie Warshaw, the drunken woman who was found by the police in a tumble down house in the rear of 43 Esther street. Her husband has died in the wretched place from the cold and the effects of liquor ,but an inquest will not be held. The old wo- man seems to be scarce recovered yet from the effects of her protracted debauch. An order had been issued for the burial of the dead man, by whose side she lay so drunk that she did not even know that Death had laid him low." The paper contains no police court report for Mon- day the 11th, but it is evident that there were drunk- en cases on that day as usual for on the 12th the News reports that Patrick Walsh discharged yesterday vfOJt up again this morning. He had been found drunk in the West End. The Magistrate fined him $50 and costs or 60 days. It is likely that the taxpayer will LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 203 have to keep hiin for the 60 days, as generally happens in such cases. There were 8 other cases, 3 dismissed, 2 fined $10 or 60 days each, and 4 vagrants were each fined $1 or 3 months. Thus the number of cases of drunkenness recorded in a single newspaper for one week are 98. Cost of Crime. — It follows then that a greater part of the cost of all crime is chargeable to the liquor traffic. In the chapter on the indirect losses occasioned by drinking, I have estimated this at one half of the wholfc cost, or a round sum of $1,500,000. I think I shall be able to prove that this is a very moderate estimate of the cost of the drink-made crime of this country. As the chief of the Montreal Police remarked in his report to the select committee of 1849, "the expense of the Police Force, and other modes of repressing crime, such as courts of jus- tice with all their officers, and gaols, with all their keepers, and the loss of time entailed upon juries and witnesses, can all be traced in a great measure" to this source. The items of cost are very varied and are de- frayed by the country through various avenues. There is the Administration of justice under the Dominion Government, including payment of Judges Salaries and Dominion Police ; there are also the provincial gaols, and the city, town and country police depart- ments. Each of these have their own expenditure, and it is therefore not an easy matter to collect statis- tics covering the whole ground. The statistics of the Dominion Government Expenditure, and of the Prov- ince of Ontario are available and from these we may be able to get at a fair estimate of this terrible charge upon the industry of the country. 204 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. The cost of the departnient of administration of justice in 1884 paid by the Dominion Government was $627,252, and of Police $18,953. This latter item does not include the Mounted Police of the North- West Territories which cost $564,249. I see no rea- son why this item should not be included in the aggre- gate cost of crime, a large per centage of which is chargeable to drink. Turning to the cost of main- taining our Penitentiaries I find the total cost given in the Government abstract as $287,551, but from the Report of the Minister of Justice I have prepared the following table the total of which slightly differs from these figures. TABLE. Showing the cost of Maintaining Crimnals in our Dominion Penitentiaries during the year ending June 30, 1885. ^0 * • 3 »jr >» "o !t1 ^

702 Salaries and Wages 18,975 58,667 Less Profits on Prison Industries 20,489 Actual Cost, $38,188 The proportion of prisoners in Ontario to the rest of Dominion is rather more than one-half. The cost of the maintenance of prisoners and the salaries of the separate staffs of ofl&cials in the other provinces will necessarily be greater in pro- portion than in the single provincial prison of Ontario. But, estimating it at the same, and al- lowing that a similar profit in prison work is made as in Ontario prisons, which however, I believe is not a fact, the cost of the other provincial prisons will be about $45,000, or a total including Ontario of $83,708. A further item of cost is the transfer of prisoners, including travelling expenses of attendant officers &c., which in Ontario amounted in 1885 to $4,258 or in the whole Dominion about $10,000. Consider next the cost of maintenance of common gaols. The annual report published by the Ontario Government furnishes ample statistics so far as this province is co:icemed. The report for 1885 shows the 206 LAND, ^ ABOR AND LIQUOR. following as the expenditure for all the gaols of the province. Cost of Rations, Clothing, Fuel &c., $54.32 1 Cost of Salaries, Wages, &:c 7o>345 Cost of Repairs 5»o8i Total, $129,747 The Reformatory for females at Toronto cost in 1885 For Maintenance and Salaries $27,540 Less Revenue on Earnings of Inmates.. . . 4,050 $23,495 The Reformatory for boys at Penetanguishene cost in 1885 For Maintenance and Salaries $40,093 Less Revenue on Farm and Garden 138 $39,855. In all these prisons the cost would be greater but for the labor performed by the prisoners, which is entered as " unproductive," such as clothing and shoes made in the prisons for the use of prisoners. From the above it will be seen that the cost of the various common gaols and reformatories in Ontario amount to a total of $193,473, or, (at the same pro- portion) for the whole Dominion, a total of about $420,000. Next add the cost of Police. It would be difficult, if not impossible to obtain accurate statistics of the number and cost of all the police officers and constables throughout the Dominion. In some municipalities the constable is only partially employed, or is paid by the municipality for his services in other capacities beside?? LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 207 tliat of constable. In some instances he receives fees according to the cases or arrests he is called upon to make. I think, however, that the full time of police em- ployed through I out the country may be safely put down as averaging one for every 2,000 of the population. This is very much below the proportion in cities. In Toronto, for instance, there are 172 police officers, or one to 588 of population. In Ottawa there are only 28 officers, or one to 1250 of the population. But the proportion of one policeman to 2000 of the population is perhaps above the ratio in some country districts, especially where there is little drinking. Taking it as a whole however, it will be considered a fair estimace. This would show that our army of police in the Dominion numbers about 2,300. If the average salaries and cost of uniforms be put down at $600 each per year, the cost of police and constables in Canada will amount to $1,380,000. In a . .ILion to all these items there is the cost of police court officials, magistrates expenses and police magistrates salaries, and the loss of time and expenses of witnesses. These are hardly within the range of a possible estimate, more especially the latter item. Sometimes the indirect cost oi crime in the loss of time occasioned to the numerous witnesses, will am- ount to more than all the other judicial expenses, but as this is not generally reckoned as a part of the ex- pense to the public, it is seldom estimated or even thought of. But from the above calculations we may make the following summary of the estimated annual cost of crime in Canada. i08 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, RECAPITULATION. Administration of Justice $ 627,252 Dominion Police 18,963 Mounted Police. N. W. T 664,294 Penitentiaries 271,309 Provincial Prisons 83,708 Transfer of Prisoners 10,000 Common Gaols 420,000 Police and Constables 1,880,000 Cost of JWitnesses lost time. Police Court Officials, Magistrates Ex- penses, &C., &c Incalcul- able. $3,375,516 There is still another charge which falls upon the public, but of which no estimate of cost can be given, viz: the building and maintaining oi lock-ups, of which there is one in almost every municipality. There are six of them in Toronto. I have estimated the proportion of cost of drink- made crime as one and a half million dollars. This amount it will be seen is very much below the act- ual facts. It is certain that much more than one half of all the cost of crime is chargeable to drink. The Chief of Montreal Police, whose evidence given in 1874, is quoted on a previous page of this chapter, believed that two-thirds of the cost is traceable to drink. The present Chief of Ottawa Police says there would be very little use for jpolice if no liquor was sold. The further evidence of eminent Judges and others given in an appendix, and the statistics of every official document of criminal records, show that at LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 209 least 75 per cent of all crime is chargeable to drink. Take the repoits of the Ontario prisons and reform- atories, and what do we find ? That more than half the committals to our common gaols are under the chai'ges of drunkenness and vagrancy, the latter being almost entirely the product of drinking habits. Here are the actual figures: — 1883. 1884. 1885. Total of all Crimes. . . .9880 12,081 11,426 Drunk and Disorderly . . 3895 4,650 3696 Vagrancy 1554 2130 2455 Next to these the most frequent crimes recorded for 1886 are as follows: — Common Assaults 672 Felonious Assaults 169 Destroying and Injuring Pioperty 112 Fraud and False Pretences 149 Housebreaking and Robbing 146 Trespass 222 Inmates and Keepers of Bad Houses 172 Abusive and obscene language 44 Breaches of the peace 117 Selling liquor without license and supplying it to Indians 60 It will be seen that these crimes, together with those of drunkenness and vagrancy constitute a very large proportion of the whole. Let any one consider how frequently such crimes as these named are associ- ated with drunkenness. It is not surprising that those who see most of criminals should come to the opinion expressed in 1873 by Mr. Fenton, Chief of Montreal Police : " Mostly all offences a/re d'we direct- ly or indirectly to intemperance. What is the cause o 210 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOB, of all larcenies ? drink ! of assaidta ? drink! disord- erly conduct ? drink ! Fights, furious driving, in- terference with police, foul language, blasphemies? drink ! drink ! drink ! " The Prison Reports reflect further light on the pro- portion of drink to crime in their tables of the habits of the prisoners in the common gaols. I take the following from the last Reports of the Ontario Pri- sons published by the Ontario Government. 1882 1883 1884 1885 Total4y'rs. Temperate 2,942 2,378 3,080 3,315 Intemperate 6,678 7,502 9,001 8,111 11,715 31,292 43,0c 7 Total 9,620 9,880 12,081 11,426 Thus the proportion of acknowledged intemperate ?ersons who are committed to our common gaols is 2^ per cent as against 27^ per cent classed as tem- perate or moderate. The records of the Central Prison give the following classification of the habits of its inmates : 1883 1884 1885 Temperate 86 85 144 Intemperate 583 638 617 Only 14| per cent of these claim to be temperate. The other 85| per cent are classed as intemperate. The Superintendent of the Ontario Female Reform- atory gives the following classification of the habits of the inmates of that institution : 1883 1884 1885 Temperate 22 44 48 Intemperate 95 112 94 or 27^ per cent temperate ; 72^ percent intemperate. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 211 From this abundant accumulation of evidence, as well as from the opinions and testimony of competent judges, it is established that fully three-fourths of all the crime of Ontario is attributable to drink. It may be alleged that many of the justices, gaols, gaol-officials and police would still be necessary for public security and order, even if there were no liquor traffic. But it is surely safe to assume that at the most one half of the present staff and fully three- fourths of the cost of maintenance of prisoners would be saved to the country were the drinking system abolished. My estimate of $1,500,000 as the cost of crime caused by drink is therefore much below the actual facts, without taking into account the last items in the bill which are " incalculable." Moral Results of Crime. — So far the cost of crime in relation to drink has been dealt with, but this is by no means the most serious view of the matter. In fact, the mere cost to the country, serious as it is, is nothing compared with the moral and social ruin which every- where attends the drink-made criminal. Our peniten- tiaries and gaols are monuments of the degradation and ruin of humanity. Let any man visit the peniten- tiary at Kingston and see the average 500 men march- ing single file from their work at six o'clock each even- ing, each taking from a table as he passes into his solitary cell for the night, a piece of bread and a tin mug of tea. Let the visitor observe the youthful and intelligent features of most of the prisoners, and reflect that for every one of them there is a dark shadow rest- ing upon some home. That hundreds of Canadian hearts are broken, and hundreds of lives blighted by the crime which brought these men here. Think fur- ther that, but for drink, instead of 500, there would iiot have been more than a fourth or a fifth of that 212 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. number, now and for all the future of their lives, branded as criminals — dead to society, to home and to love — with but little hope of a social resurrection or moral reclamation. Extend the picture. Enter every penitentiary in Canada, and see not 500, but more than double that number of convicts. Go into the jails and reform- atories of the country and see there, thousands of men, women, boys and girls, some for the first time, others the second, third, and up to the twentieth or more times, — imprisoned. Look at the sum total of our crime in this young country with little more than four and a half millions of people. In the year 1884 there were 27,045 persons sentenced in our various criminal courts, one-third of whom were actually charged directly with the crime of drunkenness; while almost every other class of offence we^ committed, more o less, through the agency of drink. The following table shows the number committed for the crime of drunkenness in the five years named: — Year. Number Committed. i88o I i,66o, or one to each 364 of pop. i88r 12,837, « « 337 " 1882 15,092, " " 292 " 1883 16,971, " " 265 " 1884 9,877, " " 464 " The Criminal Statistics for 1884 are of course pub- lished in 1885. The report for 1885 is not yet pub- lished. But what again is this in proportion to the unrecog- nized crime ot the country ? Is it too much to say that for every committal of drunkenness there are at least ten other persons who are morally and socially ruined by drink ? Does not every physician and every LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 213 minister of the Gospel know of many families whose heads are cursed by drink ? Is not the brand of the drunkard upon the lives and character of thousands of men who manage to avoid the clutches of the police, but who, nevertheless, endanger the public safety and bring disgrace and discredit, not only upon their own families, but upon the entire community of which they are individual members. The words of that eloquent reasoner, Dr. F. R. Lees, whose voice and pen have done so much to place the temperance movement upon a scientific, as well as a moral basis, are especially appropriate here.— "Were the great social fountain of these evils dried up, how infinite would be the gains of civilization. We would banish the traffic, because with its presence neither human nature, nor truth has fair-play. Crime, potent and prevalent as it is, is not the worst nor the greatest evil of the traffic. The noisy and obtrusive mischiefs of the traffic are as nothing in comparison with its hid- den and unobtrusive influence for eviV'^Alliance Prize Essay. The eloquent words of the Rev. Canon Wilberforce shall close this chapter:— "It would be bad enough if this national destroyer confined himself to bindino- grievous burdens upon the pockets of the community; that in days when legitimate trade is depressed and honest men of business are struggling hard with im- pending poverty, he should annually scatter to the winds one hundred millions (of pounds,) which if circulated through useful branches of commerce would impart prosperity to all; that of the millions of rate supported paupers, who tax so sorely the resources of men of anxious toil, he should claim three out of every four as his production, the mere money tax might be endured. But from the length and breadth 214 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. o£ the land there comes a cry of human suffering, human death; the most fearful crimes are committed every day, brutal assaults by fathers upon their chil- dren, mothers upon their infants, men upon each other; and judges, coroners, magistrates, doctors, hangmen, all give the same imvarying testimony, — strong drink is alone, they say, the cause * * the wealth, the peace, the prosperity of this great nation are slow- ly, but surely going down before the pestilence. The most terrible proof of the extent to which this devuish epidemic is infecting the mainspring of the life of the nation, and one which cannot too often be repeated, is found in the report of the visiting justices of the Westminster House of Correction, which exposes the appalling fact that in one year between five and six thousand women were convicted of drunkenness in this place of punishment alone." — The Trinity of EvU, published by 8. R. Briggs, Toronto^ CHAPTER XXV. INSANITY AND ALCOHOL. ?HE Census Returns of 1881 reports tha4j tiiere were 9,889 persons o£ uBsound mind out of a pop- ulation of 4,324,810, or one to every 437 of the pop- ulation. According to the lR^)orts padded rooms, and all the myriad devices which ignorance and superstition in times past have invented to torture and madden afflicted humanity, are going or are gone, and it is to be hoped never to return. Alcohol, and narcotic drugs are fast following, and tve find active employment and cheerful amusements taking their places. In the Hamilton Asylum there has been no spirituous or fermented liquor used for any purpose for over five years. In the London Asylum there has been no liquor used for three or four years ^ and there has not been any mechanical restraint or seclusion of any kind what- ever used for eighteen months, with an average of nearly 90a patients under treatment. Dr. Bucke of the London Asylum in the same report, gives the following valuable testimony on this subject : — It is now three years since we have used any alcoholic stimulants, either in sickness or health, at this Asylum. The subjoined table is drawn up from the records of the institution, and embraces every whole year since the Asy- LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOA. 219 .una was opened late in the fall of 1870. It will show bet- ter than any ai^ument, that alcohol was of no value to us, that it neither prevented death nor assisted recovery. The Year. Percentage of deaths per annum calcula- ted upon total num- ber under treatment Percentage of recov- eries to admissions. Alcoholic Stimulants vsed at the rate of— 1872 4-r2 6.94 4.16 7.18 4-53 38-17 38.21 41.67 36.15 31.24 1873 1874 $3 to $4 worth per 1871; patient per annum. 1876 1877 3-79 55.03 $1 per patient per an'm 1878 5.10 4.91 4.76 392 35.40 37.60 36.20 32.22 1870 3 to 4 cents worth per patient per annum. 18S0 1881 1882 4.95 S-23 4.«7 39.90 43-45 44.69 1883 Absolutely none used. 1884 The death rate and recovery rate at an institution are liable to wide fluctuations from a great variety of causes, but the above table conclusively shows that the disuse of alcohol has not affected prejudicially either the one or the other of theni. Upon the whole, as many of our patiejits recover, and as few die, now that we use no alcohol as when we used that agent freely, and this is all that I ever claimed. I never 220 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. supposed that three or four dollars worth per patient per annum of wine, beer, and whiskey, judiciously administered would either prevent recovery or materially shorten life. I simply said that alcohol did no good, was a useless expense, and that its use at the Asylum did harm by tending to keep alive in the country the delusion that alcohol is a valuable agent in the treatment of disease, and that therefore a little of it taken in health would probably, if wisely regulated, do good to the person taking it. These propositions I believed to be false, and I thought and still think that the right thing for me to do was to combat them in every legitimate manner. In the report for 1885 Dr. Bucke again refers to this subject in the following terms : — " We have passed another year without using, or seeing any necessity to use alcohol in any form or in any quantity, what I have said in former reports on this subject may be considered as reiterated here, with the added force of an- other year's experience. An eminent authority on the statistics of insanity in England, Mr. W. J. Corbett, M.P., says that after many years study of the subject " under special circum- stances I have reluctantly come to the conclusion that facts and figures establish clearly the progressive growth of the malady." He gives a table which shews the following as the statistics of insanity in the United Kingdom : Date. No. Insane. Population. Ratio per 1000. 1862 1872 1882 55,525 77,013 98,851 29,197,737 31,782,522 34,788,814 i-8i 2-41 2 -08 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 221 Commenting on these figures Mr. Corbett says : The actual growth of numbers is continual and regular, as if influenced by some inscrutable law ; there is a steady un- checked current of increase in accommodation, expenditure, numbers ; and, strangest of all, in cures. * * The plain fact stands out, however others may try to disguise it in words, that in the brief course of two decades the insane in the three kingdoms have nearly doubled in number in spite of the most elaborate and costly means provided to cure them. There is, moreover, another alarming feature in that we evidently do not know the worst. The ominous words " inadequate accommodation " and " increase of provision " run through the whole series of reports from beginning to end. — Fortnightly Review^ April 1884^ quoted by Axel Gus- tafson, in the "Foundation oj Death." I havs3 no means of ascertaining the proportionate in- crease of insanity in Canada, but it is a fact of serious importance that there is a constant steady increase of asylum population, with slight annual variations, as shown by the following admissions to the Ontario asylums: 1877-437, 1878-479, 1879-461, 1880-507, 1881-502, 1883-519, 1884-493, 1885-445. The Report for 1885 commenting on the table of admissions, from which these figures are taken, says : — The above table, which shews what has been the yearly increase in the population of the asylums for the past nine years, exhibits a very marked decrease in 1885, as compared with any of the years which have preceded it. It must be borne in mind, however, that before the close of the official year, all available asylum accommodation had been exhausted, and that which was in course of preparation had not yet been completed. There was, therefore, a considerable number of applicants awaiting admisi;ion, v'ho, if they could have been admitted earlier, would have made some change in these figures. 222 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. In other words, all the asylums are full, and the cry is still " more accommodation." It is evident that Mr. Corbett's remarks quoted above apply with equal force to this country ; and apparently from the same causes. Mr. Corbett further says : " I hold that there is abundant evidence to prove that dissipation, drunkenness, and moral depravity, either directly or consequentially by transmission, to the next generation, is to be charged with an immense proportion of the annual increase of lunacy. No person of authority, I think, will be found to deny that evil and corrupt living in parents bears fruit in an unhealthy state of body and mind in their off- spring." He then sums up his facts in a table from which I take the following : SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL ASSIGNED CAUSES OF INSANITY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM ASYLUMS. Intemperance in drink Domestic Trouble Business troubles, &c Mental anxiaty & overwork R eligious Excitement Hereditary Influence Unknown Predispos- ing Cause. i68 zao 8c 30 Exciting Cause 1,268 738 638 5Sa 343 Not Dis- tinguished 343 148 128 138 68 Total. 1.779 996 897 770 431 3.745 Proportion per cent of all patients 13.1 ^3 6.6 5-6 3-1 30. 2 31. What proportion of the other "assigned causes" are attributable to drink it is of course impossible to say, but it is a matter of general observation that drink is a most fruitful cause of domestic and business troubles, and all medical authorities agree that heredi- tary insanity is the result of alcoholism more than any other cause. Taking the opinions and testimony of the most competent judges of the causes of insanity in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, I LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 223 I find a general agreement in fixing the proportion of patients in lunatic asylums who are there directly through the use of alchohol as one-fifth of the whole, or 20 per cent, while there appears to be no doubt that the causes of the "assigned" and direct causes bring up the proportion of all insanity as chargeable to drink from one-third to two-thirds of the whole. The late Earl Shaftesbury, who was permanent chairman of the Lunacy Commission of the United Kingdom for 30 years and was a member of the Commission for over 50 years, said that " in his opinion intemperance is the cause of fully two-thirds of the insanity that prevails either in the drunkards themselves or their children " and in an address to the House of Lords he stated that *'fully six-tenths of all the cases of in- sanity to be found in these realms ( United Kingdom) and in America arise from no other cause than in- temperance." From aL appendice to the Report of the Select Com- mittees of the Senate and of the House of Commons, 1874, 1 take the following items : — At the Binghampton Inebriate Asylum, applications for admission were made by — 39 Clergymen, 8 Judges, 340 Merchants, 226 Physicians, 240 Gentlemen, 1300 Rich men's daughters. Insanity is occasioned more by this vice than by any other single influence, if we except hereditary disposition. Dr. Browne, of the Crichton Asylum, Dumfries, in a paper on the subject, declares that of 57,520 cases in thecpresent century, which he has carefully examined, and which were 224 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. treated in public asylums, 10,717 were caused by intemper- ate habits. This does not include the numbers of the in- sane kept at home or in private boarding-houses. *'It is enough," says this gentleman, "that while the virtuous sor- rows, the inevitable misfortunes, and the physical diseases, and the many other ev'ls to which man is exposed, produce in fifty years 40,000 lunatics ; drunkenness, drinking, the pleasures of the table produce i 0,000. The contrast be- tween drunken and sober countries in relation to insanity is very striking. In Scotland there is one lunatic to 563 sare persons; in Spain, one to 7,181. In Edinburgh, every sixth lunatic owes his misfortune to intemperance; in Palermo, every twenty-first lunatic is in the same predicament. The late Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London, from statistics of 1,271 lunatics, found that 649, or nearly one-half, were de- prived of reason by intemperance. A most lamentable fact connected with this is that the children of drunkards are weak, hysterical, wayward and diseased," The late Rev. W. J. Conybeare, in his able article on In- temperance in the Edinburgh Review^ declares that of 300 idiots in Massachusetts, 145 were the children of drunkards. Dr. Workman, Superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum, Toronto, says in his report for 1858, "There is abundant evidence that the children of intemperate parents are pre- disposed to insanity." Dr. T. S. Clouston Physician Superintendent of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum, Scotland, says :— We know as a statistical fact that from 15 to 20 per cent of the actual insanity of the country is produced by the ex- cessive use of alcohol. This makes about 17,500 persons at one given time in the British Empire, who are so incapa- citated by reason of mental alienation produced through use of alcohol. These people are as good as dead while they are insane ; they do no work for the world or in the world. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 225 and all that makes life worth having to them they are de- prived of. But you must remember that these numbers are merely of those so well known as to be available for statis- tics, merely the registered persons who have been so ill as to have been sent to the asylums through the excessive use of alcohol. For every one of these numbers who had become really insane there are no doubt a large number who have be- come partially effected in mind through the excessive use of alcohol^ and 7vho are many of them partially insane. Lecture to tlie students of Edinburgh University, Dec. ig, 1883. Mr. Mulhall the great statistician of the world's population, &c., published a paper in the Contemporary Review in 1883. He is the only authority of any weight or position who has attempted to discredit the utterances of Lord Shaftesbury on this question. But he admits, however, that the insanity in England caused by drink amounts to nearly one-third of the total insanity of the British Kingdom; besides which, he numbers 25,800 idiots as owing their condition to drunken parentage." — Foundation of Death, page 271. Dr. F. R Lees sums up an exhaustive argument on this subject with the following : — "Alcohol operates in a double way in producing insanity — it energizes transiently the dangerous i>assions, and while increasing their imperious rule, saps and weakens the moral will. The liquor traffic, then, is not simply the occasion of one insane person's insanity or idiocy out of every five we meet, by direct temptation and participation — but also the exciter of the dormant seeds, the disturber of the nicely balanced will and passions in three out of the remaining four. Savages have all our passions and are ungovernable enough. Yet they don't go mad. Turks, Arabians, Egyptians, have excitement and lusts and sufferings, but they don't go mad. Are we to believe, then, that civilization is the cause of our madness? That the equaUzing of human destiny, the P 226 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. spread of comfort and independence, the development of mind, has any necessary connection with insanity, or inherent tendency thereto. When we sent the Traffic to the Ameri- can Indians they too went mad. * * Unfortunately also we kept the Traffic at home — and we therefore continue to go mad." CHAPTER XXVI. DRINK AND PAUPERISM. c^MONG the social problems demanding attention /-J- and practical treatment is the question of pauperism. In the United Kingdom it has been, for generations past, a gigantic burden, so enormous that at one period of more than ordinary hard times, one in every ten persons where paupers. As recently as 1879, Mr. Alex. Balfour, of Liverpool, England, a distinguished social reformer in reading a paper before the National Club, London, said : — " At the end of March this year, there were, irrespective of lunatics, 975,000 persons upon the books of the various poor law unions. But this is not a proper indication of our national poverty. The total number of persons who at one time or another came upon the books of the unions of our country during the last year, was nearly 3,000,000, or about one-eleventh of the population of the kingdom," The i^stem of poor relief in England enables the authorities to m«ke returns of the number of paupers. But the evil is so t^ast that it has not been found easy to deal with it, and gross irregularities have crept into the system. Undoubtedly it is the duty of the State to make bome provision for the poor, even if their poverty 228 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. arises from their own neglect or vices, and it is prob- ably true that the British system, clumsv and ineffi- cient as it is, has been a relief to large masses of people. But the radical defect of the system is r>hat it does not provide for that kind of assistance which will help the poor to help themselves. It puts a premium upon chronic pauperism, and does not encourage the independent humble poor. These are made to pay a price for the assistance given which makes it of ques- tionable benefit. There are two classes of paupers, viz : those receiv- ing " out-door relief " and inmates of " workhouses " or asylums for the poor. The greatest possible dis- couragement is given to those seeking temporary or regular out-door relief. The workhouse is made as much like a prison as possible, — members of the same family separated — even to the extent of old married couples who may have lived together for a quarter of a century or more. An " order for admission to the house " or nothing is the alternative generally offered to those who seek relief, and if any out-door assist- ance is given at all, it is under conditions so harrass- ing and humiliating that it is very dearly puDj'iased, if the recipient has any independance and respectabi- lity. The result is, that the really needy and deserv- ing poor are frequently driven to despair, and even to starvation, rather than submit to the condltiims of pauperism, or otherwise are converted into incoriigible and hopeless paupers. * In London, England, there was a Jew's Board of Guardians (established in 1859) for the relief of Jews the result of the co-operative Union of Jewish Churches. In 1868 Dr. J. H. Stallard, of Lordon, LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 229 published a work on London Paiiper 187)1 among Jews (incl Christ iani-!. From this we learn that the Jew's Board make efforts to supply the poor with means of earning their own livelihood ; by letting out tc them sewing machines, &c.. which becomes the property of the hirer who pays small weekly instalments ; by loaning small sums of money to meet pressing needs or unexpected claims, such as are occassioned bv sick- ness, loss of work, &c. Any application of this na- ture made to the official guardians of the poor in Eng- land from a distressed man or woman would probably be answered by a grulf intimation that the applicant could have an " order for the house." Of course the avowed object of the poor law guard- ians and inspectors, is to discourage pei-sons from be- coming a burden upon society. But what is the elfect of it ? While the actual number of I'egistered paup- ers is not so large as formerly the cost of pauperism was never so high as at the present time. Official statistics are not o'iven so as to cover the whole of the United Kingdom, but in England ann 53 in 58 in 48 in 51 in 47 Average 12 22 1 868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. Days Hours . 3 2 1 in 118 ,3 3 1 in 142 . 5 20 I in 85 2 16 1 in 227 2 19 I in 200 I in 51 Average 3 13 I in 154 "It will be observed from the above table that the average sickness per member among the Oddfellows was 12 days 22 hours, and the death-rate one in 51 2-5th; whilst the average sickness per member among the Rechabites, which is a total abstinence society, was 3 days 13 hours, and the death-rate one in 154 2-5ths." The Rechabites are an old Order established in August 1835,in England. In consequence of the small death-rate and the consequent low rate of demand upon their income they have a capital fund of over LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 247 one million dollars. The order is also strong in Aus- tralia and on the occasion of its Jubilee celebration in August, 1885, its strength counted up to a grand total of nearly 100,000 members. In the early days of temperance advocacy — between 40 and 50 years ago a total abstainer was regarded with disfavor by Insurance Companies and some of them refused to insure an abstainer at the ordinary premiums. The chairman of the United Kingdom Tem- perance Provident Society mentions that he applied to three Insurance Companies, two of which accepted him at the ordinary rates through the influence of friends but the third demanded a considerable amount extra premium. When he asked the reason the answer given was, " You are a teetotaler and the directors consider teetotal lives are worse than ordinary lives." But in 1834 the British Government appointed the famous Parliamentary Committee of which James Silk Buckingham was chairman and among the re- markable statements in their report as to the " con- sequences of drinking upon the national character " was the following : — "The diminution of the physical power and longevity of a large portion of the British population, the loss of per- sonal beauty, the decline of health and the progressive de- cay of the bodily and mental powers ; which evils are ac- cumulative in the amount of injury they inflict, as intem- perate parents, according to high medical testimony, give a taint to their offspring even before its birth, and the poison- ous stream of ardent spirits is conveyed through the milk of the mother to the infant at the breast ; so that the foun- tain of life through which nature supplies that pure and healthy nutriment of infancy is poisoned at its very source, and a diseased and vitiated appetite is thus created which grows with its growth and strengthens increasing weakness and decay." 248 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. In another clause the report speaks of : — The comparative inefficiency of the Army and Navy in both of which according to the testimony of eminent offi- cers is a canker worm that eats away its strength and discip- line to the very core ; it being proved beyofid all question that one-sixth of the effective strength of the Army is as fnuch destroyed as if the men were slain in battle by that most powerful ally of deaths intoxicating dritiks, and that the greater number of accidents occurring in both branches of the service, seven-eighths of the sickness, invaHdings and discharges for incapacity, and nine-tenths of all the acts of insubordination and the fearful punishments and executions to which these give rise, are to be ascribed to drunkenness alone. In 1838 the British Military authorities kept a re- cord of a number of men belonging to temperance societies in the army in India, and who were admitted to the hospitals ; and also of a number who were not temperance men, admitted during the same time. The result proved that the average daily percentage of men in the hospital who were abstainers was 3.65, and of those who were not it was 10.20, or a percentage of invalid soldiers among non-abstainers nearly three times larger than that of the abstainers. Such facts as these began to open the eyes of the public and in 1840 the Temperance Provident Institu- tion was established in London for insuring the lives of total abstainers only, and in 1849 the directors re- ported that up to that date 135 deaths might have oc- curred according to the lowest average calculation, and 219 according to the highest, but that the actual deaths had been 73. In 1850, an important change was affected by admitting non-abstainers (respectable moderate drinkers) into a distinct section, placing in a corresponding section abstainers only. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 249 The result of this experiment iias been to prove that while total abstainers do not die as fast as the a(jlu- ary's tables declare they are expected to do, the gen- eral class or moderate drinkers do die as fast, or even faster, than the expected rate. The following tables are sufficient to prove this be- yond doubt : — TABLE OF UNITED KINGDOM TEMPERANCE PROVIDENT INSTITUTION. Total Abstainers Section. Expected Actual Per cent, of Year. Deaths Deaths. Deaths. 1866-70 549 411 •74 1871 127 72 •57 1872 137 90 •66 1873 144 118 •82 1874 «53 no •72 1875 162 121 75 1876 168 102 •60 1877 179 132 •73 1878 187 117 •63 1879 196 164 •84 1880 203 136 •67 1881 213 131 •61 Total.. 1 866-8 1 2,418 1,704 •70 Moderate Drinkers Section . Excess of Expected Actual Per cent. of Moderate Year. Deaths. Deaths. Deaths. Drinkers. 1866-70 1.008 944 •94 •20 1871 234 217 '93 •36 1872 244 282 I •16 •50 1873 253 246 •97 •15 1874 263 288 I •10 •38 1875 273 297 I •09 •34 1876 279 253 •90 •30 1877 291 280 •96 •23 1878 299 317 I •06 •43 1879 305 326 I •07 •23 1880 3" 304 •98 •31 1881 320 290 •90 •29 Total. .1866-81 4,080 4,044 "99 "29 250 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. ^ain from the Obituary record of the National Division of the Sons of Temperance of North America we have the following : — "The average age of the members who died in the last five years is as follows : 1 88 1 . . 64 years & 4 months 1882 71 " "2 1883 71 " "6 •• 1884 72 " " o 1885 68 " ** o Forty-seven deaths in all, at an average of over 69 years. This is an extraordinary showing, as they were not selected lives, and can only be accounted for on the ground that total abstinence prolongs life." The Sceptre Life Assurance Company, the British Empire Insurance Co., the Whittington Life Insurance Co., and others of the United Kingdom, might all be quoted in proof of these facts. In the United States the same experience has been realised and the old theory that beer as a beverage is not baneful has re- ceived a knock-down blow from the unerring testimony of the mathematics of the Insurance Company's Ledger accounts. The President of the Coimecticut Mutual Life Assurance Co., Col. Green says : — " I protest against the notion so prevalent and so indus- triously urged that beer is harmless and a desirable sub- stitute for the more concentrated liquors. What beer may be, and what it may do in other countries and climates, I do not know from observation. That in this country and climate its use is an evil only less than the use of whiskey, if less on the whole, and that its effect is only longer delayed, not so immediately and obviously , bad, its incidents not so repulsive, but destructive in the end I have seen abun- dant proof. In one of our largest cities, containing a great population of beer-drinkers, I had occasion to note the LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 2ol deaths among a large group of persons whose habits, in their own eyes and in those of their friends and physicians were temperate ; but they were habitual users of beer. When the observation began, they were, upon the average, some- thing under middle age, and they were, of course, selected lives. For two or three years there was nothing very re- markable to be noted among this group. Presently death began to strike it ; and, until it had dwindled to a fraction of its original proportions, the mortality in it was astounding in extent^ and still more remarkable in the manifest identity of cause and mode. There was no mistaking it ; the history was a most invariable one : robust, apparent health, full muscles, a fair outside, increasing weight, florid faces ; then a touch of cold, or a sniff of malaria, and instantly some acute disease, with almost invariably typhoid symptoms, was in violent action, and ten days or less ended it. // was as if the system had bten kept fair outside, ivhile within it was eaten to a shell ; and at the first touch of disease there was utter collapse ; every fibre was poisoned and weak. And this, in its main features, varying of course in degree, has been my observation of beer-drinking everywhere. It is peculiarly deceptive at first ; it is thoroughly destructive at the last.^' Other American Life Insurance Companies confirm this testimony in the most emphatic terms. Following the line of the United Kingdom, a Temperance & General Life Insurance Company of North America has been organized, and commenced business a year ago with the Hon. G. W. Ross as its President, and Mr. Henry O'Hara its Managing Di- rector. The company has published a neat little color- ed diagram illustrating the facts referred to above, and it will well repay the reader to send to the head office, Toronto, for a copy of it. The Royal Templars of Temperance, an organization having a special beneficiary degree, and which is 252 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. making rapid progress in Canada, as well as in the neighboring States, is a dollar and cents argument which any one may test *in proof that the life of a total abstainer is worth more, and therefore costs less to insure, than that of an alcohol drinker, however moderate he may be. I am not writing in the interests of life insurance* but in the interests of human life itself. I quote the facts which these Companies and Orders supply as ex- perience to set by the side of the scientific testimony against the use of that terrible agent of death — which Shakespeare calls — Devil. It is also a fact pregnant with meaning and solemn warning to all, that the more intimately persons are associated with the liquor traffic the greater its tempt- ations and the shorter the average life. The Registrar General of England publishes a report which contains tables wshowing the average number of deaths of men between 25 and 65 years of age, in various occupations, compared with all males and MALES IN selected HEALTH DISTRICTS. The Registrar General says " The mortality of men who are directly concerned in the liquor trade is appalling" and that this terrible mortality is attributable to drink might be safely assumed a priori, but the figures in the table render it incontestable. I give that table in the form of a diagram. It will be seen that although some other occupations, such as painters, plumbers, &c., show a rate of mortality much above the average, that among brewers it is still great- er; that the mortality among hotel keepers is 50 per cent, above the average, and that among bar-tenders and public house servants the death-rate rises far above double the average. COMPARATIVE MORTALITY STATISTICS. Compiled from the Report oj the Regiitrar- General of England, iSSo-/-2. 2000 1500 500 On Q VO 6 S- zz of-£&- CT 00 ? ■■■■' 00 * in M 1^ _o M 1^ 1 *C 4J tl >o in (5 c c ■3 1 "(5 >< £ ^ "a 4^ '— . c n u. "(3 V X •T3 c « 1 •0 c es (A 1 1 c CJ c > <; g 1 £ JU s u 1! rt £ 1 i <« a U E 3 u 853 254 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. The Canada Citizen publishes the following re- markable statement of Rowland Burr, Esq., of Toronto, made before a Parliamentary Committee appointed to enquire into the subject of prohibition, as to his obser- vations of the result of liquor-selling in a number of families. He stated that he had kept for fifty-four years a record of publicly-known evil results of in- temperance in the families of one hundred liquor dealers who had resided on Yonge street, in and north of the city of Toronto, and his reocrd made the follow- ing awful showino^ : — Number of ruined drunkards in the one hun- dred families 214 Loss of property once owned in real estate. . .$234,800 Number of widows left , . 46 " orphans " 235 Sudden deaths 44 Suicides publicly known 13 Number of premature deaths by drunkenness 203 Murders 4 Executions 3 Number of years of human life lost by drunk- enness i»9i5 We have seen that the testimony of the various financial institutions which are based upon the risks of human life goes to show that more than one-third the sickness and nearly one-third the death-rate among selected insurable lives are attributed to the use of in- toxicants. The experience of medical men everywhere con- firms the fact that the drinker of alcoholic liquor is more liable to disease and has less chance to recover than the abstainer. A youth who is weakly has a better chance of life with total abstinence, than one who is strong and robust who is the habit of taking LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 255 intoxicants. Richard Cobden, writing to the late Joseph Livesey the Venerable English Pioneer of Teetotalism said : — " I am a living tribute to the soundness of your principles* With a delicate frame and nervous temperament, I have been enabled to do the work of a strong man. ... So you see tliat without beginning upon principles, I have been brought to your beverage solely by a nice observance of what is necessary to enable lae to surmount an average mental labor of at least twelve hours a day." Again he says : "The moral force of the masses lies in the temperance movement, and I confess I have no faiih in anything apart from that move- ment for the elevation of the working classes. We do not sufficiently estimate the amount of crime, vice, poverty, ig- norance, and destitution which springs from the drinking habits of the people." Sir Henry Thompson, M.D., F.R.S., with that clear perception of causes of human diseases which have made him so eminent as a Physician to the Royal Family, says : — • " I have long had the conviction that there is no greater cause of evil, moral and physical, in this country, than the use of alcohoHc beverages. . . . I have no hesitation in attributing a very large proportion of some of the most pain- ful maladies which come under my notice, as well as those which every medical man has to treat, to the ordinary and daily use of fermented drink taken in the quantity which is conventionally deemed moderate. . . . But if I ven- ture one step further it would be to express a belief that there is no single habit in this country which so much tends to deteriorate the qualities of the race, and so much dis- qualifies it for endurance in that competition which m the nature of things must exist, and in which struggle the prize of superiority must fall to the best and to the strongest." Sir. Andrew Clark, F.R.S.,says: — 256 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. " As I looked at the Hospital wards to-day, and saw that seven out of ten owed their diseases to alcohol, I could but lament that the teaching about this question was not more direct, more decisive, more home-thrusting than ever it had been. . . . Can I say to you any words stronger than these of the terrible effects of the abuse of alcohol ? It is when I myself think of all this that I am disposed, as I have said elsewhere, to rush to the opposite extreme, to give up my profession, to give up everything, and to go forth upon a holy crusade, preaching to all men — Beware of this enemy of the race." Sir Wm. Gull, F.R.S., says:— " I should say from my experience that alcohol is the most destructive agent that we are aware of in this country. . . . I would like to say that a very large number of people in society are dying day by day poisoned by alcohol, but not supposed to be poisoned by it." Dr. B. W. Richardson, says : — " I had learned purely by experyiiental observation that, in its actions on the living body, this chemical substance, alcohol, deranges the constitution of the blood ; unduly ex- cites the heart and respiration ; paralyzes the minute blood- vessels ; increases and decreases according to the degree of its application, the functions of the digestive organs, of the liver and of the kidneys ; disturbs the regularity of nervous action ; lowers the animal temperature, and lessens the mus- cular power. Such independently of any prejudice of parly, or influence of sentiment, are the unanswerable teachings of the sternest of all evidences, the evidence of experiment, of natural fact revealed to man by experimental testing of natural phenomena. ... It begins by destroying, it ends by destruction, and it implants organic changes which progress independently of its presence even in those who are not born." I might go on to quote scores of medical opinions not less positive and definite than these, as to the waste of human life by drink. It would not be possible / LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 257 however to select four men whose eminence and weight of authority would be greater than those here quoted. What then is the economic value of human life destroyed by alcoholic drinking. The most unques- tionable testimony comes to us from financial institu- tions, and from medical authorities, that drink kills so many of our people that to put the numbers of the slain by drink, indirectly as well as directly, into figures, they would be so startling and stupendous that the public would receive them with incredulity and scepticism. Yet here are the facts, — the science of the Insurance and Sick Benefit Ledgers declare that the death-rate is about one-third less of total abstainers then of moderate drinkers and th&t the rate of sickness among moderate drinkers as against total abstainers is as 1^ to o, or four times greatar; while the weighl:iest medical authorities declare that ''men are dying day by day, poisoned by alcohol, but not sup- posed bo be poisoned by it, and that at the Hospital Wards "seven out often owed their diseases to alcohol." In a little work by T. S. Brown, pub ished in Mont- real, I find the following : — " In the old wars between England and France on this continent, while it cost each country ;;^ioo for every soldier sent out, the other side could kill him at the cost of a ball cartridge after he got here. The experime;it of importing young men for the benefit of liquor-sellers might be measured by the same scale. Never in the history ot the world was the value of men in a commercial sense so great as it is now. The wealth of a country is not in its houses and lands, but in its people and the strength of its people ; and the strength of the people is not in their numbers, but in their health and the number of hours of sustained labor that they can R 258 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. contribute for public good, which the use of alcohol sadly diminishes." If the money value, to the nation, of lives thus wast- ed were put down it would far outweigh all the other statistics of our liquor bill, stupendous as they are. Think of the fact that instead of averaging as we do now about 33 years of life; but for drink the average would be increased one-third at least, or it might reach an average of 45 to 50 years. This increased average of life would be principally added to the youth of our people. Numbers who now die young would live to a moderate old age and thus the power to produce, and the power to enjoy, would be increased beyond the dreams of the enthusiast. " O madness ! to think use of strongest wines And strongest drinks our chief support of health, When God, with these forbidden made choice to rear His mighty champion, strong above compare, Whose drink was only from the limpid brook." — Milton in '•'■Samson Agonistes" CHAPTER XXVIII. THE CHRISTIAN JUGGERNAUT. (IaNON WILBERFORCE in that telling and elo- ^ quent little work entitled "The Trinity of Evil,"* after quoting the article from the London Times al- ready referred to says : — " Yes, drink is at the bottom of it. The fiendish epidemic prolific of suffering, suicide, murder, which is mocking every effort of every philanthropist for the well-being of the people is at the bottom of it. Utterly saddening and disgusting are the statistics of our national shame, which have been re- capitulated a thousand times. Equally harassing are the details of desolate homes and broken hearts which come under the individual note of those materially engaged in the work of seeking and saving the wandering. The land is groaning under a heavy burden." This is true of Great Biitain and it is too true of Canada also. We may not too readily shelter our- selves under the plea that our liquor bill is only one half that of the United States, and less than one half that of the United Kingdom proportion to population. The dreadful fact remains that in Canada as elsewhere the one evil which overshadows every good is drink. And although our drink-bill is proportionately lower, the number of travellers or floating population to help us to consume it is proportionately less. * A cheap edition of this work has been published by S. R. Briggs, Toronto, price 30 cents. \ 260 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. What drink is to Britain and the neighboring Re- public it is to the Dominion of Canada, the one all ab- sorbing evil, the removal of which would liberate us from the only enslavement, or enemy, we need to fear. Archdeacon Farrar describing the effect of a speech in the British House of Commons by the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone says : — " I was present in the House of Commons on the fifth of March, 1880, and I saw a wave of emotion pass over the whole House upon that occasion. I saw all the members of Parliament almost visibly thrilled when he uttered those memorable words that ' the calamities inflicted upon man- kind by the three great historical scourges of w;ar, famine and pestilence were not so great, because not so continuous as those inflicted upon mankind by intemperance.' " The human mind cannot conceive the enormity of an evil, of which so eminent an authority, without passion or prejudice, dare say it is greater than the combined evils of war, pestilence and famine. Were it possible to estimate the totality of these three great evils respectively, and to pile up the facts in three separate columns what mountains of wreck, and ruin and death would be presented to our gaze. In another chapter I have shown that Mulhall esti- mates the loss of life by war during three-quarters of a century, from 1793 to 1877, amounted to 4,470,000. I will not attempt to describe what this means. What an amount of human suffering and indirect loss of life is involved. What deep, dark, overwhelming shadows have rested upon the hearts, and homes, and lives of millions more. Let the reader picture to himself three great,gaunt,grim, implacable foes to humanity spreading disease, want, misery, desolation, and death. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 261 The first is the god of war who revels in blood, rapine, lust, outrage, violence, and ruin. Modern in- ventive genius has obeyed his behests and every kind of infernal machine is placed at his disposal for the purpose of human slaughter. On his breast are writ- ten in letters of blood : — Food for 100 years — five MILLION HUMAN SOULS. Another bears in his right hand a two-edged scythe with which he marches unbidden into village, town and city — one by one — and, without distinction or favor, mows down men, women and children until his victims crowd the cemetery and fills the trenches, hurriedly made, whose numbers reach ten times ten thousand souls. His name is pestilence. A third flies on the wings of night and spreads blight, decay and death in fruit orchards and corn fields, turning the shout of " harvest home" into a wail of despair, of ruin, starvation and death. Men, women and children with skeleton forms succumb, and crowd the gates of the home of the dead. His name is fam- ine. But there is a fourth, and by the authority of the chiefest of living statesmen he is declared greater then all the others combined. He is verily a demoTi incar- nate. In the words of one who has endeavored to draw his picture he is thus described : — "Could we get behmd the veil that separates the seen from the unseen, we might find that to the hidden powers these tenible pageants and dramas of life, whereof we are spectators, are things of awful consequence. I have fa^^cied that in a vision I could see the evil that overshadows the land Embodied and Personate! A Demon Spirit — co- lossal — a monster truly, to make the whole world tremble ! * * * Aloft upon his distended trunk behold the features, not of a smooth and laughing Bacchus, as poet and artist love to figure him, but of a brute foul aud fierce, presenting 262 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. withal the features of a man. See the bloated, red and pimpled face, the pimpled cheeks, the huge swelled lips which, opening, show the cankered teeth and feverish foul- ness of his unhealthy mouth; matted in tough locks over the slanting forehead, red flaming hair, crowned, in mocking, with wreaths that have withered at the touch of his burning brow. See the blood-shot eyes, small and cunning, rolling with cruel ecstacy as he urges fast and furiously his fearful task. His apparel is red with the blood of murder and crime, of rage and cruelty, of madness and sin. O look here. Christian and civilized Britons ! look at these garments, red and gory, and tell me what the frightful motley means? Tunic and cloak of every fashion, velvet and ermine of King or Emperor, livery of menial, rags of beggar, chasuble of priest, geneva gown, satin and silk of noble dame, thin torn skirt of shivering milliner, gaudy petticoat ot dancing columbine, peasants corderoy, and foppish coat of city clerk, the navvy's shirt and soldier's uniform — ay ! and look well, ye may discern a judges gown, and not far off a gore- stained patch, the very dress wherein the criminal he con- demned to death had done his sinful deed. Mark ye the great garment well for it is in itself a veritable calendar of Death ! Where hath he not gathered ? What hath he not v/on of life, of health, of power or feebleness, of fame or shame ? What is there of all the varieties of life unrepre- sented here ? It is the register of his labors, and each mark presents the fate of a human soul ! Behold him in his gaunt arms sweeping into the abyss of his lap multitudes of trembling creatures the materials of his work, for he is fashioning a cham. Draw nigh and ex- maine it — long, living, endless it interweaves and enthrals society with a warp of death woven from out itself. His quick fingers — for the work is urgent and goes out on night and day — string together the writhing forms, and as coil up- on coil rolls out, you may see again how vast is the scope of his labors ! Ay ! No rank is free, no family circle, no LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 263 happy range of friendship. From his high seat the Demon scans the field, and, as his fingers swiftly fly, follows with greedy eyes the labors of his attendant imps. For below him, you may see .aem gathering in that strange spoil. In spired and pillard city, in smoky manufacturing town, in valleys resounding with the hum and clang of labor — labor blessed of God, cursed of this potent fiend ! — 'neath peace- ful eaves of pastoral homes, amid woodbined hamlets, see those busy workers garnering in the Demon's prey. Oh I how much falls to their snares, of the best of the life and hope and promise of a goodly land ! What ministers ! Widespread as society, active as angels of grace, pernicious as Hell. And as they scour the world in reckless energy, for his rewards are right generous and rich, he, the Drink Demon, sweeps into his lap their shrinking spoil, and twists the living victims one by one into a great chain of life and death. King and courtier, priest and nun, Daughter, father, mother, son, Doctor, patient, judge and crier. Farmer, yokel, lord and squire. Weave them all in the Devil's chain, For ever and ever tight in the strain. Labor and sorrow, trust and truth, Vigor and weakness, age and youth. Beauty and ugliness, wealth and work, All the best and worst of earth. Poison it, kill it, kill it with drink Bnt bring it to me for another link. Jolly eve, ghastly morrow, Sorrows drowned to bring new sorrow, Bars thronged — prisons crammed, Racy chorus — shriek of damned. O drink, drink, drain, drain. Another link for the Devil's chain. * • The Devil's Chain. By Ed. Jenkins, author of Ginx's Baby, &c. 264 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. This picture shall suffice. The Evil is not only the greatest of the four but greater than all the others combined. Into the chain of intemperance are woven With frightful regularity and increasing industry. Every year 500,000 lives, f In ten years five million SOULS. Truly War, Pestilence and Famine have each slain their thousands, but Drink, the Demon god of Christian lands, ever active by permission of state, and sanction of Christian electors slays his thousands every week. Think of five million human beings sacrificed every ten years. No ordinary mind can grasp it. Dr. J. Hudson Taylor in his wonderful book on " Chinas Spiritual Need and Claims" gives the following illus- tration of a million. " If a railway train could go twelve hours without stopping to relieve the driver or to take water, and were to travel twelve hours at the uniform rate of thirty miles an hour it would make 360 miles a day. Seven years and a half of such travel, without a single days intermission would not accomplish one million miles." Five millions — more than the entire population of Canada slain by drink every ten years. Not from heathen lands, or through the ignorance and superstition of heathen idolatry and cruelty, but from the christian homes of christian lands are the vast proportion of these victims sacrificed beneath the huge car-wheels of the licensed Juggernant of christian lands. + The estimated annual loss of life directly through intemperance in the United Kingdom is 6o,ocx5. In the United States at least 60,000 more. Then there is Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Russia, Italy, India, and even in China drink is now cctnpeting with opium in its work of death. If the total result of all the work of the drink Demon in the world be estimated it will not faL short of 500.000 human lives annually. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 265 In an address by the Rev. D. T. Taylor on " The increase of Cri7)ie" delivered at Camp Hebron, Mass., Aug. 1 1 , 1886, he quotes the returns of the U. S. Govern- mental census bureau on the increased use of intoxi- cating liquors and he says : — This report says the total money expended for liquors in 1883 (in the United States) amounted to $900,000,000. Nine hundred millions for red-rum which spelled backwards reads mur-der. And murder it is. Besides the awful figures of evil the figures of good shrink into insignificance. Nine hundred millions! Do we realize the vastness of the sum wasted yearly by our people. When Vanderbilt died he left, it is said, $200,000,000. But our liquor bill — useless and devilish — is more than four-fold greater in a single year than the wealth of the richest man on the Continent. " In standard silver dollars, Vanderbilt's wealth would reach a heigth of 355 miles. Multiply this by four and a half and you have the dizzy heigth to which you must pile up the dollars of the liquor bill. The lofty column, a mad world's monument to crime, would stretch away from the earth into the sky 1,600 miles. It is a sin that * reachec un- to heaven. ' " Truly how insignificant are the mere figures of good compared with those of evil. The drink demon of Canada sweeps into his coffers $32,000,000 and in- volves us in a cost of 54 millions more, while Christian Canada subscribes $400,000 in support of Christian Missions. Yet Drink is the God our nations worship. By the authority of the greatest governments of the world he opens his temples everywhere. Millions of men, women and children bow down daily before his altar, and there has not yet risen a statesman chargeij with the power and authority of a governing head who has dared to refuse license to the Demon god. 2G6 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. He has put into the treasury of nations, and of churches, a part of his vast revenue of blood, and Kings and Statesmen, Priests and Ministers of the Gospel of Jesus have been acquiescent. The greatest and best of living Statesmen of the present day, arm- ed with power and political authority, backed by the parties which they lead triumphpntly against other gigantic wrongs and selfish policies, stand still at the bidding of the rum power, and refuse to lead the moral forces which are demanding his extinction. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 267 ^ ° □ •a iA en o fa CO < < <5 U 00 «o u U o .2 o 1;; ^ u o s u c vi a «-* c vi c o 1/1 c C4 o o o o • o CD I < w o o xi o M a a M •^ 5 !=» S i3 « <«■ 00 N 00 00 in d' 00 to * 00 CO 00 i« X o g u 3 s F* Id o M g c (/I ; OS > O c a < r s ^ 3 c ■*-< C 4J > c t/l o <3 ' .r • 11 5£ u > C c Q. 11 £ ^ »4 o (4 " o > «5 ^ O) o a § " o M •d o <0 CO CHAPTER XXIX. THE LICENSE SYSTEM IMMORAL AND DEGRADING. *^Jp HE struggle of the School, the Library and the ^ Church all united, against the beer-house and the gin-palace, is but one development of the war be- tween heaven and hell." These words were written more than thirty years ago and appeared in an article entitled " How to Stop Drunkenness," published without signature in the North British Quarterly Review. It afterwards tran- spired that the author of the article was CI ■;. Buxton, M.P., well known as a coadjutor of Clarkson and Wil- berforce in their philanthropic, and finally successful efforts to abolish British slavery. Mr. Buxton was a Brewer and therefore not charge- able with any prejudice against the liquor interest. But with his philanthropic mind he could not fail to recognize in the traffic the most terrible weapon of warfare against every good and holy purpose, and against the material welfare of a nation. His article was a most instructive one. In it he advocated the adoption of the principle of prohibition by local veto, and I believe that this was the first time such a princi- ple had been advocated in any influential quarter. It is the principle afterwards adopted by Sir Wilfrid Lawson,M.P.,inhis Permissive Bill for the United King- dom and also in the Dunkin and Scott Acts for Canada. In his article, Mr. Buxton said : — LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 269 It would not be too much to say that if all drinking of fermented liquors could be done away, crime of every kind would fall to a fo h of its present amount, and the whole tone of moral feeling in the lower orders might be indefinit- ly raised. Not only does this vice produce all kinds of wanton mischief but it has a negative effect of great import- ance. // is the mightiest of all forces that clog the progress of human good. It is in vain that every engine is set to work that philan- throphy can devise, when those whom we seek to benefit are habitually tampering with their faculties of reason and will- soaking their brains with beer, or inflaming them with ardent spirits. The struggle of the school, the library, and the church, all united against the beer-house and gin palace is but one development of the war between heaven and hell. It is in short intoxication that fills our gaols — it is intoxi- cation that fills our lunatic asylums, and it is intoxication that fills our workhouses with poor. Were it not for this one cause pauperism would be nearly extinguished in Eng- land. We are convinced that if a statesman who heartily wished to do the utmost possible good to his country, were thoughtfully to inquire which of the topics of the day de- served the most intense force of his attention, the true reply — the reply which would be exacted by full deliberation — would be, that he should study the means by which the worst of plagues can be stayed. The intellectual, the moral, the religious welfare of our people, their national comforts, their domestic happiness, are all involved. The question is whether millions of our countrymen shall be helped to become happier and wiser — whethei- pauperism, lunacy, disease and crime shall be di- minished, whether multitudes of men, women and children shall be aided to escape from utter ruin of body and soul ? And yet the saloon is established by law, and licen- sed to wage war against the church and schoci, the library, ard tho home. More than thirty years ha\'e 270 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. passed away since Buxton, viewing the traffic as an interested party, nevertheless could not forbear to proclaim it the highest duty of the Statesman who " heartily wished to do the utmost possible good to his country" to direct his energies against the liquor traffic as " the mightiest of all forces that clog the pro- gress of human good." Thirty-eight years ago John Dougall said before the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly at Montreal : — ^*The traffic should be regarded as a wild beast, which, if we cannot altogether derroy, should limit and hamper as much as possible, but in no case license. All history shews that the further legislation has been carried out against the baneful traffic, the better it has been for the people, and the more it has been relaxed, the worse. It is the special licensing of what is evil that I decidedly deprecate; were the traffic unlicensed, it would doubtless soon be viewed as a kind of social piracy, and the person engaged in it would be looked upon as an Ishmael whose hand was against every other man. But the obloquy which would attach to it, if left to itself, to be judged by its fruits, is in a great measure taken away by the sanction and re- spectability thrown around it, by a legal license to carry it on." — Report of Select Cofnmittee, i84g. Mr. Dougall struck at the root of the system when he declared against license. No greater error in public policy could be committed than to license an evil with a view to its suppression. Nothing is surer than that if an evil be endowed with the authority and sanction of law it will take a firmer grasp of the social habits of the people. No wrong can ever be regulated by sanction or permission. Any attempt to do so gives strength and vitality to the interests vested in it. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 271 All history proves the truth of this, not only in con- nection with the liquor traffic, but with every other form of evil, which has ever been licensed by any country. We need only cite for illustration, the gambling system and prostitution. When vice is made the creature of law, and contributes to the State - purse it rears its head, with the assumption of right. Then indeed the law educates downward. The public conscience is lowered by the action of the State. In every country where any form of vice is regu- lated by license this is abundantly apparent. See what sad results have followed the legalization of the social evil in certain countries under the license sys- tem. In Paris, Brussels, Rheims, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, Italy, Hong Kong, and other places, the public mind has been so demoralized that the rising generation are brought into contact with, and readily acquiesce in the theory that evil is a neces- sity, and a right. An attempt to introduce the system secretly into England was so far successful that an Act* was passed in 1864, with operation over a very limited area, which however was enlarged in 1 866, and again in 1889. By that Act a practical permis^^sion was given to the social evil, and it was raised to the dignity of a recognized trade in eighteen towns and districts in England and Ireland, where military camps were lo- cated. The result was, as might be expected, a general low- ering of the standard of morals among both men and women ; public opinion was shocked and aroused, and after a long but vigorous struggle, headed by the Right Hon. James Stansfeld, M. P., and Mrs. Josephine Butler, wife of a distinguished Church of England « ({ The Contagioi'.s Diseases Act." 272 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR clergyman, the Act was repealed by the late Glad- stonian Parliament, tha£ being one of the very first acts of the new Parliament elected under the enlarged franchise. Similar attempts have been made in some of our neighboring States, and Bills have been introduced in St. Louis, New York, Cincinnati and Pennsylvania, but the active efforts of the moral guardians of society, warned by the stealthy actions of the advocates of license in England, have prevented them from becom- ing law. Prof. Sheldon Amos, an able writer, and Professor of Jurisprudence in University College, London, England, has written an exhaustive treatise on this subject In that work he says : — " It needs all the persistent teaching of good early dis- cipline, good examples, good resolutions, good laws, and good personal conduct, to drive home the lesson that ' man shall not live by bread alone.' A thousand influences are hourly teaching the opposite lesson, and it is not without a steady struggle both in individual men and women, and in society at large, that the everlasting truth is kept uppermost. Among the influences which give force to doctrines, either of the degradation or of the depravity of man, none are more potent than those due to public opinion. This subtle agency of public opinion does not owe its power to the width, the representative character, nor still less to the inher- ent worth of the opinion itself. It owes its power rather to the nearness of the public concerned, and to the concentra- tion of its movements. * * * It need hardly be pointed out that, whether in the language of law or of literature, all formal recognition of social vice as ar ything but an evil, de- terminedly to be com.bated at every point as a gross, tem- porary and unnatural excrescence on civilization, buoys up the interested public opinion, already pledged to counten- LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 273 ance it, and affords to vice itself tne most direct and unre- mitting stimulus. — Laivs for the Regulation of Vice ^ pp. 12 and I J. Exactly so ! When law sanctions an evil its inter- ested advocates claim legal protection for capital in- vested, and at once assume the air and tone of legiti- mate traders, whose rights are infringed by any at- tempts to check them. So also with the public generally. The patrons of a licensed evil are, sometimes unconsciously, but cer- tainly, intiuenced by the sanction which law gives to it. It is difficult to convict the individual citizen of doing wrong in the performance of an act for which the State makes provision. There is inconsistency, in fact, in every law against drunkenness, so long as the law provides for its indulgence and participates in the profits of the liquor which causes it. Moreover the very presence of a legalized traffic is a continuous, subtle, education in favor of vice. To quote from Sheldon Amos again ; — after referring to the educating influence of religion, of traditional cus- toms, social intercourse &c., he says : — " But no one of these influences is so omnipresent, so enduring, so persuasive, so directly authoritative, as the voice of the State uttered either in its laws or in its admin- istrative acts. These laws and acts speak with a d(;liberate- ness of purpose and a magniloquence of style whici, while they compel the attention of all, powerfully impress the im- agination in a way no other, private or public, utterances can. Of course most people do not read or study the law until it is brought into close contact with them ; but on this account there is all the more need that the part of the law which they do chance to study should fairly represent the spirit of the whole ; and therefore that the whole law, each part of which will be studied by some should he unimpeach- S 274 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. able and harmonious. If then it be true that it is upon the sublimity, the simplicity and the tenacity, of the moral sentiments of the people that the fortunes of the State de- pend, and that these sentiments are sound and pure accord- ing as the law is clear and stainless, how can a body of Law which formerly aad openly recognises, protects, licenses, re5alates, and facilitates prostitution, be exempt from the grave charge of weakening and confounding the moral sen- timent of the whole people and so conducing to the worst national misfortunes. A struggle will no doubt for a time ensue, between the lessons of the legislator and the lessons ot every moral and rehgious teacher in the land. But * * the lessons of the legislator will be constant and uniform, only gaining force by time and custom and will finally dominate over every rival." This passage in Prof. Amos' able work puts the case exactly and is quite as applicable to an evil so prevel- ent and so ruinous as drunkenness. Of course it will be said that the law does not call upon any man to get drunk. And precisely the same could be said of every other licensed vice. It may be further argued that drinking of alcoholic liquors is not in itself a vice. This also is true of every other habit out of which vices grow. If it happened that the vice of drunkenness was only a rare or occasional circum- stance, it might be pleaded that the statt need not in- terfere ; — but the entire license system is based upon the fact that drunkenness is a gigantic evil and there- fore proceeds to regulate it. This is the case indeed with all evils to which the quack legislation of license is applied. The evil is acknowledged, the grosser forms of it are deplored, and in the desire to lessen or to hide its worst phases, legislators, social reformers, vicious men, and interested parties have all joined in a comfortable compromise to regulate the wrong by license and restriction. Such a compromise works LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 275 » ruin, and has never failed to do so. The history of every licensed or permitted evil is a series of most conspicious failures. From the first license law of England in 1552 down to the present, every attempt to regulate the liquor traffic has proved a disastrous failure, although over 400 acts have been passed in the British Parliament, some very stingent, others more lenient ; — some to en- courage the sale of beer and light wines, &c., not one but has proved to be a signal blunder. The same is true of the United States and Canada, High license, and low license, and every form of license adopted by the different States have all alike failed. I have used the word "failed" but strictly speaking these laws have not failed. Whatever may have been the intention of their promoters it is clear that the only logical result of such laws would be to perpetu- ate the drinking system by educating the people into drinking habits and giving importance, respectibility, and permanency to the traffic. In all these respects the license system has been a success, and with that success there has grown a demand on the part of the priveleged traders that the business which receives the sanction of the State has also a right to the pro- tection of the State against all attempts to abolish it. Happily for the nations there is an unanswerable answer to this, viz : that what the State permits the State can prohibit. But in the meantime the license system remains an ever present factor of evil in the land, at war with every agency for the advancement of the people. The Hon. Edward Blake appears to have overlooked the powerful influence of the law as an educator. In his recent address on the question of prohibition says :* * Speech at Ayltner, Ont.j Dec. 7, i886. 276 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. *' Suppose one of us is walking along the street behind a neighbor, a friend, or a stranger, and see his pocket being picked. He would make himself a special police constable at once, would try to prevent the crime, and, if he was big enough, would arrest the criminal. But supposing, in a Scott Act county, we pass an unlicensed house — for they are all unlicensed, no lice ise being granted — and see some one going in and getting drink ; we turn to the other side ; we say nothing about that ; we do not propose to enforce the law ; we do not give the same support, the same sym- pathy, the same active investigation in the case of this law as is given in the other case. Now if that be the condition of the more advanced localities, what is the condition in the other parts of Canada ? Mr. Blake's contrasting picture is a little overdrawn. The general feeling of private citizens is that the thief had better be left to the policeman, and very few peo- ple are ready to make special constables of themselves, while most people will even avoid the unpleasantness and sacrifice involved in attending court as witnesses, if they can. But, admitting the diffei 3nce to be as great as por- trayed in Mr. Blake's illustration, does not the relation of law to the evils respectively fully explain it. For ages the law has put its uncompromising veto upon stealing as a crime, and at no time has there ever been a law permitting, sanctioning, regulating, licensing theft. Thus the law has been a schoolmaster, educating all classes to respect the rights of private property. The present quality and quantity of public respect for the laws against theft has not always existed. Time was when organized theft had it pretty much its own way, and when private citizens did not dare to make themselves special constables to arrest crime. On the other hand the liquor traffic has existed for hundreds of years with the sanction of law, and it has LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 277 acquired an assumption of right, and of dignity, by the State having entered into partnership with it, not only by agreeing to the terms of sale, but by participating in its profits. Even in Scott Act counties Mr. Blake's comparison is not admissable. The Scott Act is at . best only a partial prohibitory law. It does not declare liquor selling a crime. It simply narrows the circle and conditions of sale. It takes effect only in counties or cities by local option, so that the public see closed bars in one municipality, and open bars in the next. That is good as far as it goes. It is putting a broom into the hands of the people by which they may sweep their own sidewalks. It affords opportunity to test the question whether prohibition, as against license, is acceptable to the people or not. From this point of view the Scott Act is clearly a success, for no law has ever received such manifest approval from the electors. As an educator of public opinion the Scott Act has had but little opportunity. If the educative power of a license law which has existed for ages, and still ex- ists in the larger half of the Dominion, be contrasted with that of the Scott Act, it must be admitted that the principle of prohibition which is recognized in that Act has proved a wonderful success, comparatively, The Act is new, its machinery not yet adjusted to usages, and it is at present subject to numerous con- tentions and legal quibbles. Magistrates, officials, and citizens who have the courage of their convictions are constantly threatened with lawsuits on technical points, and judges have reversed decisions and declared un- constitutional some of its most important provisions and clauses. Magistrates and inspectors have been officially advised not to prosecute while these points were pend- ing. Government itself has been worse than negligent as to its enforcement. Ruffianism, outrage, arson, and 278 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. dynamite have been employed to terrorize citizens, and at least one judge has expressed sympathy with the ac- cused outlaws, and severely lectured the detectives for inducing the criminal to testify against himself. Against the laws relating to theft all the police of the country are armed and marshalled. Against the Scott Act it has been difficult to get officers charged with un- qualified instructions to bring offenders to justice. The law of the whole Dominion has long and uniforiily said to the thief, " thou shalt not ;" to the liquor seller it has said, "under certain conditions thou mayest." Thus the permission of the state has encouraged, if not created, the cry of vested interests. Archdeacon Farrar referring to this evil says: — "In the days of the slave trade some one said to an abolitionist, "What ! would you stand between a man and his vested interests ! " "I started," he said, "as if one had trampled on my grave, and exclaimed, 'A vested interest in a human being ! ' " " Let it be understood, once for all, that there can be no vested interests in that which is the source of a nation's ruin, and a nation's wrong. Other selfishness may be as intense, but none is so unblushing, because none is so much tolerated as the selfishness of monopolists claiming a vested interest in public infamy." Dr. Albert Barnes the great commentator in the course of an eloquent sermon on "The Throne of Iniquity," says : — "A law which asserts that a thing is wrong and yet toler- ate it, which attempts only to check and regulate it, without utterly prohibiting it which aims to derive a revenue from it for the purpose of government ; which make that which is morally wrong legale is one of those things in human affairs with which the throne of God can have no fellowship. * * The true object of legislation is to prevent not to protect evil. God never instituted a government on earth with a LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 279 view to its throwing a protecting shield over vice and immor- ality. He has never commissioned men to sit in high places to accomplish any such work. The end of government, so far as it bears on that point at all, is to suppress crime, to punish wrong-doers, to remove iniquity, to promote that which is just and true. And it matters not what the evil is, how lucrative it may be made, nor how much capital may be in- vested in it, nor how much revenue may be derived from it, nor how many persons may have an interest in its continu- ance — the business of the lawgiver is to suppress it — not to protect it ; to bring it to as speedy an end as possible — not to become the panderer to it, or the patron of it. What would be thought of a government that should, under any pretext whatever, take under its protecting care, thieves, counterfeiters, and burglars." Mr. Gladstone has said that it is the "duty (f the Government so to legislate as to make easy to do right and difficult to do wrong." But the licensing system is exactly the reverse. Un- der a prohibitory law it is easy to do right and compara- atively difficult to do wrong. A licensed saloon is drunkenness made easy — a legalized invitation to drink. A secret unlicensed drink-shop is drunken- ness made difficult — the law dodged in order to get drink. Licensed drinking produ zes legalized drunken- ness. He who gets drink in a licensed saloon does so with the consent of law, but he who is drunken under prohibition is so in spite of law. The duty of the state is to remove its sanction from all evil : — and the duty of the state is the duty of the statesmen — -the politician and the individual citizen. To this duty every man and woman is called. Al- ready the brave and true are numbered by tens of thousands. The promise of coming victory is given in every assault made upon the enemy. It is reported 280 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. in every Scott Act campaign ; it is proclaimed aloud from the ballot box and the City Hall of our Queen City Toronto. If there are those who say that we advance too rapidly we reply that he who has fashioned us for moral progress and intellectual growth, He who has given us a mission for home and country has fixed the bounds of our progress. If we are told that we are yet too soon with a reform against the mightiest forces of human corruption, of sorrow and of death, we answer that in a w arf are against such a demon it is treason in us to delay. John Bright, the eloquent tribune of the people, when declaring against the Crimean war closed his speech with the following words : — " The angel of death has been abroad throughout the land ; you may almost hear the beating of his wings. There is no one, as when the firstborn were slain of old, to sprinkle with blood the lintel and the two sideposts of our doors, that he may spare and pass on. He takes his victims from the castle of the noble, the mansion of the wealthy, and the cottage of the poor and lowly, and it is on be- half of all these classes that I make this solemn appeal." The angel of death is still abroad throughout the land. From mansion and from lowly cottage he takes his victims. Happily there are men and women, by the thousand,to sprinkle with blood the lintel — to warn and counsel those who are in danger, but this angel of death passes not, nor spares, though the lintel and side- posts of our doors are sprinkled. The fairest and brightest, the first and last born sons of men, the hope and promise of our land are stricken down. Yet hope springs up in the hearts of the millions that this de- mon of death may ere- .ong be shorn of his power, and the nations be freed from his mighty instrumen- tality of evil. LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 281 This is our hope, the hope of the mothers of our boys, the hope of the fathers and the citizens, the hope of every true and holy purpose. That "the struggle of the school, the library and the churchy all united against the beer-house and gin palace " shall speedily end in the final overthrow of the former— that there shall be "a school-house on every hill-top and no saloon in the valley " ; that the home shall cease to have a legalized rival in the saloon is the hope, the prayer, and the aim of every true citizen. ^l^^zn^iix A. CONTAINING TABLES SHOWING AN APPROXI- MATE ESTIMATE OF THE ACCUMULATED WEALTH OF CANADA. LAND INTERESTS AND BUILDINGS. Acres of Land Owned 67,645,162 " " Occupied 45,358,141 " " Improved 21,899,181 " " Under Crops 15,112,284 " " In Pasture 6,385,562 " " Gardens & Orchards 401,335 Number of Occupiers 464,025 It is probably a low estimate to suppose that these 464,025 occupiers will have an average interest in the land amount- ing to a sum of not less than $500 each especially if their stocks of Agricultural Implements and working plant be allowed. This would give a total — Value in the Land Interest amounting to up- wards of $230,000,000 APPENDIX. 283 NUMBER ESTIMATED AT Town and Village lots 419,116 .... $ 40,000,000 Houses 71 2,440 .... 400,000,000 Warehouses, Factories, Stores 110,170 .... 90,000,000 Barns, Stables, etc 860,985 .... 80,000,000 $840,000,000 RAILWAYS. . " Whether it be regarded as industrial, financial, com- mercial or speculative, there is probably no material interest which, in Canada and in the world at large, ha:" developed so rapidly and reached such immense proportions as the railway interest. There are thousands of people in Canada whose memories carry them back to the time when the only means of land transit at their disposal, whether for freight or passengers, were the stage coach, the express wagon, or the private conveyance. Men still in their t^rime have witnessed the growth of railways in Canada, from the first small and humbly equipped line to the vast system of to- day, with their mileage in operation of 9,575 miles, their solid road-beds and steel rails, and the costly and luxurious provision for the comfort of the travelling public." — Govern- ment Report 1884. The following table is compiled from the Government report for the year ending June 1885. [Note i] — The Total amount of Insurance risks taken by the various Insurance Companies against fire, amounted in 1885 to the sum of $511,774,402. [Note 2] — The above table is estimated, so far as the quantity of property interests is concerned, upon the census return of 1881. Of course the extent and value of properly has greatly increased since then. 284 APPENDIX. Rolling Stock and Traffic, Miles of Railway completed 10,773 " « under construction 812 Number of Engines owned .• 15490 '* Passenger Cars . 1,202 " Baggage, Mail and Freight Cars 37,200 " Passengers carried during the year ... . 9,672,599 " Tons of Freight carried during the year. . 14,659,271 Cost and Earnings, Total Capital paid up $454,082,509 Gov't Bonuses and Municipal Grants Paid. . . 171,672,194 Gross Earnings during year 32,227,469 Net Earnings : 8, 2 1 2, 1 1 8 Total cost of Railways and Rolling Stock. . . 594,723,219 Allowing for depreciations by wear and tear,it may be fairly estimated that the Value of our Canadian Railways at the present time is not less than $500,000,000 CANALS. The Canals of the country are so constructed as to form one connecting chain with the great lake and river service of the country thus making a continuous navigable river line of 2,384 miles in length. The actual income or earn- ings of the Canals is at present very small, amounting in the year 1885 to only $344,135. But this forms only a very small part of the real value of the Canals to the manufactur- ing, industries and merchandise of the Dominion. The total cost of these canals as reported in the Government Returns of of 1885 is $46,263,130 SHIPPING INTERESTS. Compiled frojn Census Report of 188 i. Steam vessels owned. . 721 Average tonage. . 277 Sailing " '* ..3,909 " " .. 220 Barges owned i>792 *' " .. 54 Total 6,422 Estimated value . .$25,000,000 APPENDIX 285 In 1885 the total number of vessels had increased to 7,315 with a tonnage of 1,231,856. This is estimated at an average of $30 per ton, making the present estimated value of the vessels of the Dominion $36,955,680. Official Ab- stract and Record 1886. INDUSTRIES. The capital invested in various industries in 188 1 amounted to a grand total of $165,302,623. We thus see that the total value of the accumulated prop- erty of Canada will not be less than $1,500,000,000 or about $330 to every man, woman aftd child in the Dominion. This estimate does not take into account the amount of money in Banks and in the hands of private individuals, in excess of liabihties, or the private property of individuals such as house machines, tools in the hands of workmen, furniture, musical instruments, carriages, horses, cattle, &c., which will be worth fully as much more. PRODUCTION OF THE FOREST. The Census Report of 188 1 gives no estimate of the value of timber produce but only the quantities for the year as follows : — Pine 43,544,802 Oak 5,670,894 Tamarac. 5»653»575 Birch and Maple 4,414,795 Elm 3,191,968 Walnut i3>224 Other timber 48,956,958 Pine and other logs ,48,349,991 Masts, Spars, &c 192,241 Thousands of staves 41,801 Cords of Lathwood 08,3 11 " Tan Bark ,.. 400,418 " Fire Wood 10,993,234 286 APPENDIX. Some estimate may be formed of the value of this timber produce on the following basis : — The Export Returns for 1885 gives the value of our exports of timber at $22,373,305. In a valuable little work by H. B. Small there is a carefully prepared table compiled from the Census Returns of 1881 giving the details of 34 Industries which depend wholly or in part upon wood, or timber for manufacture. The table shows that there were 17,557 factories employing 95,741 hands and producing a total value of $95,029,828. The Trade and Navigation Returns show that less than two million dollars of our wood export is for manufactured articles, so that the amount of " wood manufactured" (less two million dollars) may be fairly credited to the value of our forest production. In addition to this the whole of the fire-wood is consumed at home, which if valued (first cost) at $2.00 per cord is worth about $22,000,000. The total value of our lumber produce must therefore be at least $130,000,000. ANIMALS AND ANNUAL PRODUCE. The census returns of 1881 gives the number of animals and their produce for the year, but gives no statement of their value. The quantities were as follows : — Horses, Colts and Fillies ij059>358 Horned Cattle 3,5 14,989 Sheep 3,048,678 Swine 1,207,619 Cattle killed or sold 657,681 Sheep " " " 1,496,465 Swine " '' " 1,302,503 Pounds of Hcney 1,875,745 " " Wool 11,300,736 APPENDIX. 287 The following is a statement of our exports for the year ending 30th June 1885. TABLE OF EXPORTS IN 1 885. Minerals «t, o^^ ,^^ ^-r .•.■.••..•.•:::::::::: 1:^3° AgrSStu.-;::::;:::;:;::::::;;::;;::::: r^^Alel Animals 26 qo^ oo^ Manufactures ..'.'.','.'.'.'.'.['.'.]' ,'70^221 Miscellaneous ^^g'^g^ '^^^^^ $84,26^6^ Trade and Nav. Report 1883 p. 728. \ VALUE OF INDUSTRIES 1 88 1. Wages paid during year $59,429,002 Value produced , $309,676,068 VALUE OF FISHERIES. " The Department of Fisheries " has issued a Report showing the value of the produce of the Fisheries of the Dominion in the year 1885. Nova Scotia. $8,283,922 New Brunswick a ooc a-j^ Quebec :; %\\% Prince Edward Island .^. 1,293,429 British Columbia *. I'oys'o^S Ont^^^o i,'342;69i '^o^^^ $17,722,973 288 APPENDIX. TESTIMONY OF EMINENT AUTHORITIES ON THE RELATION OF DRINK AND CRIME. TESTIMONY OF BRITISH JUDGES. Sir Matthew Hale, the venerated Chief Justice of England in 1670, said : — " The places of judicature which I have long held in this Kingdom have given me an opportunity to observe the original cause of most of the enormities that have been com- mitted for the space of twenty years ; and by due observa- tion, I have found that if the murders and manslaughters, the burglaries and robberies, the tumults, the adulteries, fornications, rapes, and other enormities that have happened in that time, were divided intoyfz;^ parts, /?«r of them have been issues and product of excessive drinking, of tavern and ale house drinking^ Judge Coleridge, at the Yorkshire Assizes in 1848, re- marked : — " Liquor has either been the temptation beforehand to robbery, to get something to purchase it, or it is the provo- cation under the influence of liquor that causes them to quarrel and perhaps commit murder ; or it is the liquor upon which the fruits that have been obtained by robbery is generally spent ; and it seems to me that but for the cases where offences have been brought on by the use intoxicating liquors the courts of justice might be shut up^ Dr. Warren in his charge to the Grand Jury at Hull, Yorkshire, England, said : — " To the best of my beliet, no temperance man ever stood at that bar to receive judgment from this seat in my time at least, while seven out of every ten criminals who have done so, have been brought there by intoxicating liq- APPENDIX. 289 uor. I have talked with many of them afterwards in prison and they have owned it with tears of agony." Judge VVightman at the Crown Court, Liverpool, in 1846, said : — " Of ninety-two prisoners whose names were on the calen- dar, six were charged with wilful murder, twelve with man- slaughter, thirteen with malicious injury to the person, six- teen with burglary, and eight with highway robbery, accom- panied with violence to the person. He found from the perusal of the depositions one unfailing cause of four-fifths of these crimes was, as it was in every other calendar, the besetting sin of drunkenness. In almost all cases of per- sonal violence and injury, the scene was a public house or a beer shop." Baron Alderson at the York Assizes, 1844, made the fol- lowing observations : — " A great proportion of the crime to be brought forward, arose from the vice of drunkenness alone. If they took away from the calendar all those cases in which drunken- ness had some connection either with the person accused or the accusing party it would leave that large calendar a very small one. If all the men could be persuaded from the use of intoxicating liquor, the office of judge would be a sinecure." Mr. Justice Hayes at the Manchester Assizes, 1869, re- marked : — "When people come to inquire into the causes of crime, with a view to ascertain how crime might be diminished, the fact presented itself at these assizes, as he had remarked at the last winter assizes at Liverpool, when he had to dispose of five murders and eight manslaughters, it would be proved that they were chiefly attributable to drinking and drunken- ness, and to nothing else. Crime was the immediate and direct effect of that besetting evil and bad habit." T 290 APPENDIX. On March 13th, 1854, Mr. Justice Talfourd while ad- dressing the Grand Jury at Stafford Court House, suddenly expired. His last words were : — No doubt the exciting cause in the far larger number of these cases, the exciting cause that every judge has to de- plore in every county in the land — is that which was justly called in the admirable discourse to which I listened yester- day, from the SherrifTs chaplain. The greatest English vicCy which makes us a by-word and a reproach among nations, who in other respects are inferior to us, and have not the same noble principles of Christianity to guide and direct them — I mean the vice of drunkenness. No doubt that this in most of these cases is the immediate cause, and it is a cause in two ways of the crimes which will come before you, and especially of the crime of highway robbery ; for whereas, on the one-hand, it stirs up evil^ awakens malice, and kindles the slumbering passions of the human heart, and piits the reason into a state of twilight^ so, on the other hand, it points out the victim, as the person to be robbed by pre- senting temptations to those who see him exposing his money in public-house after public house, or in a state of drunkenness finds himself a sharer in a sin from which domestic ties should keep him, and is overtaken by his partner in that suij who adds to it another crime, or he is marked out by some of his wicked associates. One great evil of this circumstance is, I think you will find, looking at the depositions one after the other, that is a mere repitition of the same story over again — of some man who has gone from public-house to public-house spending his money ^ and exhibiting his money, and is marked out by those who observe him as a fitting object for plunder, when his senses are obscured, and who is made the subject of an attack under those cir- cumstances which enables the parties to escape from the consequences ; because although the story may be perfectly true which the prosecuter in this case tells, although it may be vividly felt by him, yet he is obliged to confess." — APPENDIX. 291 Here the learned judge suddenly ceased speaking, and in a few minutes the melancholy fact became painfully manifest that those who had heard him had been listening to his LAST WORDS. Mr. Justice Deasy, at the Armagh assizes, 1871 observed: " Drunkenness is the parent of all the crimes committed in Ireland." The late Sir W, Bovill, at the Denbigh assizes, August 1872, made the following statement : — " Drunkenness, according to my experience, is at the root of nine-tenths of the crime committed in this country." Mr. Baron Martin, at the Liverpool assizes, 1886, remarked : — "Drunkenness seems to be the cause of nine-tenths of the crime committed in this country." Mr. Justice Hannen, in his charge to the jury at Liverpool, 1869, said : — "I should suppose the testimony of every judge upon the bench would be the same as to the fact that a very large proportion ot the crimes of violence brought before us are traceable either directly or indirectly to the intemperate use of intoxicating liquors." ^ Mr. Justice Keating, at the Norwich assizes, August 1874, bore the following testimony : — " After a long experience, I can state that nineteen- twentieths of the acts of violence committed throughout England originated in the public-house." " Drunkenness again ! It's almost the case with every one that is brought before me." 292 APPENDIX. AMERICAN TESTIMONY. Chief Justice Noah Davis, of New York, writes: "Of all the causes of crime, intemperance stands out the unap- proachable chief." Dr. Elisha Harris, of New York, says : — "After two years of careful inquiry into the history and condition of the criminal population of the State, I find that the conclusion is inevitable that, taken in all its relations, alcoholic drinks may be justly charged with far more than half the crimes that are brought to conviction in the State of New York, and that fully 85 per cent, of all convicts give evidence of having, in some larger degree, been pre- pared or enticed to the criminal acts, because of the physi- cal and distracting effects produced upon the human organ- ism by alcohol, and as they indulged in the use of alcohoUc drinks." The Board of Police Justices ot the city of New York, in their report of 1874, says : — "We are fully satisfied that intoxication is the one great leading cause which renders the existence of our police courts necessary." Governor Dix, of New York, says : — " Intemperance is the undoubted cause of four-fifths of all the crime, pauperism, and domestic misery of the State of New York." Judge Allison, in a speech delivered in Philadelphia in 1872, says : — " In our criminal courts we can trace four-fifths of the crimes that are committed to the influence of rum. There is not one case in twenty where a man is tried for his life in which rum is not the direct or indirect cause of the murder." APPENDIX. 293 OPINIONS AND TESTIMONY OF EMINENT MEN. Lord Shaftesbury: — " Is there any one in the least degree conversant with the state of our alleys, dwellings, and various localities who will deny this great undeniable truth, which all experience confirms ; for if you go into these frightful places you will see there the causes of moral mischief, and I do verily be- lieve that seven-tenths of it are attributable to that which is the greatest curse of the country — that which destroys their physical and moral existence, cut through their domestic ties, and reduces them to pauperism with all its various de- gradations — habits of drinking, and systems of intoxication." Lord Brougham : — "Of Intemperance, the baneful effects need not be dwelt upon in detail. It is the smallest part of the evil that at the very least ten times as much money is spent upon drink as upon publications of al' kinds, newspapers included. The learned and enlightened Recorder of Birmingham makes this abundantly evident in his valuable charges to the Grand Jury. But the far worse effects of this propen- sity is producing disease, both of body and mind, and in filling our jails with criminals and our workhouses with paupers, are so dreadful as loudly to call for the application of repressive measures. The connection of intoxication and of drunken habits with crime is demonstrated in the the clearest manner. " Every one acquainted with criminal courts," says Mr. Hill, "must admit the truth of what our judges state day by day, and year after year, that by far the greater number of all offences have the origin in the love of drink." In the United States, we find a judge of Maine, the strenu ous adversary of absolute prohibition, yet urging the necessity of restrictions upon the sale of liquors. He declares that nine-tenths of all crimes attended with violence arise from intoxication. In another State, Rhode Island, sixty per cent, of all offences appear to be caused by drunk- 294 APPENDIX. enness, and lo per cent, of insane persons is the proportion of those whose malady had this origin. Cardinal McCabe, Dublin : — " Intemperance is the source of nearly all our crimes and misfortunes. Thousands of permature graves tell of its ravages. Our work-houses are thronged with its victims. Its baleful tyranny is cramming our jails with criminals. The deep wail of woe, the moan of despair that burst con- tinually from wretched homes tell of misery through the land, which God alone can measure." Right Hon. John Bright : — "If we could subtract from the ignorance, the poverty, the suffering, the sickness, and the crime which are now witnessed amongst us — the ignorance, the poverty, the suf- fering, the sickness, and the crime which are caused by one single but the most prevalent habit or vice of drinking need- lessly, which destroys the body and mind and home and family — do we not all feel that this country would be so changed, and changed for the better, that it would be al- most impossible for us to know it again ? " Bishop Ireland at the Catholic Church, St. Paul, Min- nesota, on August 2nd, 1882, said : — " Is the liquor traffic to be allowed to rule as sovereign over our fair country, and to deluge it with drunkenness and vice ? This is the question upon which citizens of Am- erica ought seriously to ponder. I know well the value of moral suasion, of teaching by individual example and indi- vidual exhortation, in our battlings with intemperance. But it becomes plain that citizenship enjoins upon us other duties in the premises. The State must interpose its authority to arrest the evil. The State alone has power : the enemy is organized, determined : individual efforts are as pebbles thrown against a well-fortified citadel. The traffic conscious of the power of the State has striven to wrest it to its own ends, and the State must hurry to free itself from its evil- APPENDIX 295 working ea.ptor. It is a matter bearing upon its own life : the liquor traffic threatens destruction to our republican in- stitutions, and even now it has in many places made man- hood suffrage a meaningless word. The State cannot be silent and passive while this traffic fills its jails and poor- houses, increases ten-fold its tax-list, robs its subjects of virtue, honor and Hfe. The saloons will raise the cry OF PERSONAL LIBERTY, OF PERSONAL RIGHTS ; THE StATE MUST NOT BE FRIGHTENED BY VAIN WORDS FROM THE CLEAR, IMPERATIVE PATH OF DUTY. ThERE IS NO RIGHT, NO LIBERTY FOR MEN TO PREY UPON THE BODIES AND SOULS OF THEIR FELLOW-MEN AND NOT TO LEVEL BLOWS AT THE VERY PILLARS OF SOCIETY. The claims of the traffic in the name of personal liberty, and of personal rights is the bitterest irony, a deadly insult to true liberty, and to the true rights of men. The liberty which the TRAFFIC DEMANDS IS THE LIBERTY TO ENSLAVE US, AND TO DIP OUT TO US ITS BEER AND WHISKEY IN EXCHANGE FOR OUR LIBERTY, OUR POSSESSIONS, OUR MANHOOD, OUR PURITY, OUR ETERNAL HOPES. AWAY FROM US THIS DE- MON-LIKE LIBERTY ! " Archdeacon Farrar in his sermon on the Nations Curse, which has been reprmted and published by the Citizen Publishing Company, Toronto, says : — " Will anyone venture to say, for there is no end to the sub- terfuge of minds brazened by custom, that these are mere opinions? Well, if you want, not opinion, but hard, glaring, patent facts, untinged with any opinion whatever — facts black, rugged, comfortless, and horrible — facts in all their ghastly nakedness, denuded of all vesture of human thought and of human emotion in narrating them — it will be the most flagrant hypocrisy to say that such facts are not forth- coming for you, when every day and every newspaper teems with them. No one single day passes over one single town in England, without some wretchedness, crime, and horror, caused by drink. Week by week, in the Alliance News^ is published a ghastly list, called " Fruits of the Traffic." It 296 APPENDIX. is not invented; it is not concocted; it is not garbled. It consists simply of cuttings from multitudes of perfectly neutral newspapers, the records of police courts and sessions. I cannot enter into these. The human hand can perpetrate, the human heart can conceive, the human frame can suffer, horrors of which the human lip refuses to speak. Take the evidence of two weeks alone; the blessed week in which we listen to the melody of angel songs, and the first week of the glad New year. For twopence you may purchase the record of events which drink caused for these two weeks in 1882, for England only. It fills a large double columned pamphlet of thirty-six pages. Thirty-six pages of what — in this our Christian England, in Christmas week? Thirty-six pages of stabbing, cutting, wounding; of brutal assaults on men, on women, on children; of public peril and accident; of deaths, sudden, violent, preventible; of homicide; of par- ricide; of matricide; of infantcide; of suicide: of every form of murder. In four hours on one evening in one city 36,- 803 women were seen going into public-houses. The results formed a tragedy so squalid, and so deadly, as to sicken the heart like the impression of a nightmare, whose very memory we loathe. Read that hideous list and then prattle, and lisp, and sneer about exaggeration; read that list, and then, if any man can still quote Scripture for the purpose of check- ing temperance reformers, or of encouraging our immense capacities for delay and indifference, I can only say tor- such a man, that Though in the sacred place he stands Uplifting consecrated hands, Unworthy are his lips to tell Of Jesus martyr-miracle; The miracle of life and death, Thou holy one of Nazereth !" LORD MORPETH, when Secretary for Ireland, gave the following statistics in a speech on the condition of Ire- land, delivered after a public dinner in Dublin. Of cases of murder, assault with attempt to murder, outrageous offences against the person, aggravated assault, cutting and maiming there were in : — APPENDIX. 297 1837 k 12,096 1838 11,058 1839 1,097 1840 173 It further appears that the number of persons charged with murder within the police boundaries of Dublin was in 1838 14 1839 4 1 840 2 1 84 1 I The consumption of spirits for the year 1840 (ending 5th January, 1841) had fallen, in round numbers, to 7,000,000 gallons; whereas, in 1838, it was 12,000,000 gallons. Hence the falling of in the calendar. C. HOW DRINKS ARE DOCTORED. The well known publishing house of David C. Cook, of Chicago, publishes a little book entitled " Drink from Drugs," by Eli Johnson. Mr. Johnson's character is guar- anteed by the endorsement of such men as the Rev. Dr. Theodore Cuyler; Rev. P. Striker, Pastor of First Presby- terian Church, Saratoga; Dr. Hamilton, Principal Physician of Hamilton Medical Institute, N. Y.; Ex-President Hayes, Ex-Governor St. John. He gives particulars of a number of " trade circulars" and books together with the names of their publishers and price of the books designed for the use of spirit dealers and bar tenders. He says : "In London, ^98 4?P«:NCtx. (England,)! went out shopping one day, and called upon seven druggists. In each place I inquired for the oil of cognac. Three of them said they had never heard of such a thing. Three others said, "You will find it with the wine and spirit merchants." The seventh one said he did not keep it, nor did he know anything about it. After convers- ing for some time, he turned to a drawer, and taking from it a small bottle, said to me, "That is port wine oil. I have been analyzing it; but there is one ingredient in it that I can't make out. If I could make out that one ingredient I could realize a fortune in a little while manufacturing that oil for the trade of London." After conversing quite freely upon the subject, and giving me all the information he was able to impart, he said to me, "Are you engaged in the liquor traffic?" "No," I replied; "I am engaged in the temperance cause." This closed our conversation, and I bade him good-day. Following up my mvestigations, I next called upon a chemist in Finsbury Pavement, whom I knew. Having with me a bottle of the oil of cognac, I showed it to him and asked him if he could tell me where I could purchase that article. Taking the bottle in his hand, reading the label and holding it up between him and the light, he said, " I have heard of that thing many times; but this is the first time I have ever seen it. Yes, I think I can tell you. There is a namesake of mine over here in Norton Folgate, engaged in the same business that I am; some time ago, one of his letters fell into my hands, and I supposing that it was de- signed for me, opened it. It proved to be from a publican out in the country, who said : ' Please send me liquid enough to make thirty-six gallons of gin.' Now, sir, if you will call on Mr. Jones, I think you will find the article on sale." Entering the store of Mr. Jones, in Norton Folgate, and inquiring if he kept oil of cognac, he replied in the affirmative. "VVhat will you charge me for an ounce?" "Six shillings," was his reply. "O," I said, "I can buy it in America for four shillings. Do you keep gin oil?', "Yes, sir." "What APPENDIX. 299 will you charge me for an ounce of that?" "I would not sell you an ounce; but I would sell you a pint for eight shil- lings, and with the pint you could make one hundred gallons of gin." "Do you keep port wine oil?" "No sir; but I can tell you where you can purchase ail you like." "Do you sell many of these materials for making liquors?" "O, yes," said he. "We sell great quantities of them." •**How do you manage that? I thought your laws prohibited the use of all such things?" "O, no, sir. The law prohibits the use of anything that is iniurious; but the§e are not injurious; they are entirely harmless." Then I said, "If that be the case, please let me have two bottles, and put them up good and strong, so that I can take them back to America." For the oil of cognac I paid him six shillings; for the essence of rum, two shillings. With the former I can make twenty gallons of French brandy; with the latter I can make twenty gallons of Jamaica rum. My next discovery was a firm which I was told dealt ex- clusively in materials for publicans. I called upon them and obtained their business card." Mr. Johnson gives a^^- simile of the card. Mr. Johnson, among numerous other facts of a similar character discovered in London, says : "In the Licensed Victuallers year book for the year 1875 there appears an ad- vertisementof the "Escortt HopEssenceCompany," in which they say : — " Having secured the services of Mr. Escortt, who is the authorized city analyst for the city of Manchester, publicans using this Hop Essence may always be assured of having ♦^heir liquors pronounced pure." This advertisement created so much furor in England that the books containing it soon disappeared; and it was said that they were bought up and destroyed. The copy that I saw was in the hands of a temperance man. Purchasing a book of Mr. Loftus 146 Oxford Street Lon- don, entitled, Loftus New mixing and deducing book for the use of Publicans and Spii it Dealers. Mr. Johnson says : — 300 APPENDIX. When I bad paid for the books, and had them in my hand, I said to Mr. Loftus : " Now please put up some of those essences of yours in small bottles. " Why," said he, " we never sell them, but I'll give you the address of the gentle- man of whom I purchase them, and you can go there and obtain them just as cheaply as I do." He then wrote out the name on a piece of paper, "Bush & Co., 30 Bishopgate Street." Now I said, " please write your own name under that, and then I shall be sure of getting them." Picking up his business card, he said, " There, take that, and you will get all you want." Going up to 30 Bishopgate Street, I found a building five stories in height ; but when I entered it I found myself in a little room five by ten feet square, partitioned off from the remainder of the building, with a small hole in the partition, through which I could speak to the people on the other side. I presented the card with the address, and said, " I should like a few samples of your essences for flavoring li- quors, put up in ounce bottles. " Well, what will you have ?" — handing me their circular, with names and prices of a large number of essences, etc. I began calling off what I wanted, and he wrote it down. When I had finished, he said, "please take a seat, sir, and we shall have them ready for you in a few minutes." After sitting about fifteen minutes, he handed me out seven ounce bottles, each of which was sufficient to make six gallons of the liquor repre- sented by the labels attached, and for each of which I paid him one shilling. So that for seven shillings — $1.75 — I obtained the drugs for making forty-two gallons of assorted liquors. If we are to believe the statements of several books pub- lished for the use of brewers, there are used in the manu- facture of the different malt beverages, alum, copperas, to- bacco, cocculus Indicus, capsicum, opium, henbane, salt of tartar, aloes, ginger, slacked lime, quassia, sweet-scented flag, wormwood, hoarhound, bitter oranges, salt, molasses, sul- APrENDIX. 301 phate of iron, gentian, strychnine, alum, coriander, paradise seed, sulphuric acid, jalap, ammonia, maranta, etc. In a book published in London, called " Brewing Malt Liquors," many of the articles already named are recom- mended for brewing malt liquors, and for improving them after they are brewed. The liquors are not only drugged by the manufacturers, but they are in many instances again doctored by the retail dealers." From a book entitled the " French Wine and Liquor manufacture " by John Rack, Practical Wine and Liquor manufacturer and for which Mr. Johnson paid Stone & Co. of Denver, Colerado the sum of $2.50, he gives the names of 40 articles of poison recommended in che 27 recipes which the book contain" for making brandy. He says : — " This book is a translation from the French, and reveals to us the deception practiced by the French in preparing liquors for foreign trade. In the introductory the author says : — "The manufacture of fictitious liquor is, and will continue to be, practised. Large quantities of corn whiskey are annually exported from this country to France, from whence it returns as French brandy, and so close is the imi- tation as to deceive the best judges." Mr. Johnson's collection of facts on this subject are very extensive. From a book called the " Bordeaux Wine and Liquor Dealers Guide " he quotes the remarks in the preface as follows : — "It is well known to the trade, and generally supposed by those not engaged in the sale of liquors, that adulteration is carried on to a very great extent in the United States as well as in England. In France also — the source of more than three-fourths of the liquors imported to this country — it is conducted on a large scale. - 302 APPENDIX. " Were all liquors imported pure, and sold in the same state, the quantity sold would be a mere item compared with the amount now drank in this country. Indeed, France and the continental countries of Europe do not produce a sufficient quantity, if the entire products of their vineyards were exported, to supply the natural trade of New York City alone. So great is the demand for exportation beyond the supply, that the French are compelled to resort to imita- tions to supply the deficiency, and to such perfection has the system been brought, that by no test, chemical or other- wise, can these imitations be detected. " The city of New York alone sells three times as many 'pure imported brandies,' and four times as many 'pure im- ported wines' annually as all the wine-producing countries export." Upon these statements Mr. Johnson remarks : — " Now WILL MY READER PLEASE REMEMBER THAT THE FOREGOING STATEMENTS ARE PUBLISHED BY A LIQUOR DEALER, IN A LIQUOR DEALER'S BOOK, WRITTEN FOR THE LIQUOR DEALERS, AND THAT THEY ARE NOT THE STATE- MENTS OF A TEMPERANCE FANATIC." The following is taken from a letter published by the New York TrP ne^ and written by "An Occasional Correspon- dent" : "Cognac, France, Nov. 27, 1879. "This is Thanksgiving Day away off in the States, a festi- val of which these dwellers in the Charente probably never heard. If you were to ask them this year to assemble and thank God for the harvest and the fatness of the land, they would look incredulous, shake their heads and walk off whistling. For now that the vintage season of 1879 is over, there is no longer room for doubting what had before been almost a certainty — that their years brandy crop amounts to practically nothing ; in short, that in Cognac annals the year 1879 may be regarded as a failure of the grape crop. APPENDIX. 303 A sevei'6 frost came at the last moment and snapped up what few grapes had managed to survive the phylloxera and the rains. " But strange to say, 'Old Cognac' is found to be just as plentiful as ever. That is, there is no end of casks and cases so labelled, and filled with a liquid which in taste and appearance so resembles the distilled juice of the grape as to defy all ordinary means of detection. Some months ago a French newspaper correspondent, writing from Bordeaux, to the New Era, of Cognac, made the startling assertion that enormous quantities of spurious brandy known as ^trots-six' — a distillation from grain, beet-root, potatoes, or other substances — were arriving there from Germany, were put into brandy casks which had been sent back empty from London, and were then shipped to foreign countries, notably to England and Spain, as pure Cognac brandy" Numerous other books are quoted by Mr. Johnson such as " Hints to Liquor Merchants by Wm. Rudkins Sons' practical chemists " New York. " The Secret Process of manufacturing Whiskey, Brandy, Rum, Gin, Bitters, Wine, Champagne" etc., etc., published by John D. Hounihan, Buffalo N.Y., and others. He says : " In Canada I found the drugs on sale with the books and recipes for making the drink. I have one bottle that I purchased in Hamilton. * * "Mr. Griffin, of Canada, told me that at one time he purchased, of a druggist, a lot of wine for communion. A part of it was consumed, and the remainder set aside in the decanter for future use. On going to the cupboard to get the wine for the next communion service, he found what appeared to him to be an empty decanter; but, upon further examination, the liquid appeared clear as water, while the drugs had all settled to the bottom." This testimony so amply given by Mr. Johnson could be strengthened by many others. Mr. Axel Gustafson in chapter 4 of ^^ The Foundation of DeatK^ gives some striking 304 APPENDIX facts on this subject. He quotes from a leading article in the London Times Dec. loth, 1873 as follows : — " The correspondence which we have lately published on the manufacture of the liquid sold in this country under the name of " Sherry " seems calculated to shake even the robust faith of the British householder in the merits of his favorite beverage. The correspondence had its origin in the fate of a gentleman who was found by the verdict of a coroner's jury to have died from an overdose of alcohol taken in four gills of sherry : and as it proceeded it gradually unfolded some of the mysteries of the processes by which the product called sherry is obtained. In the first place, it seems that grapes before being trodden and pressed are dusted over with a large quantity of plaster of paris, (sulphate of lime), an addition which removes the tartaric and malic acids from the juice, and leaves sulphuric acid in their stead, so that ' must ' contain none of the bitartrate of potash which is the natural salt of wine, but sulphate of potash instead usually in the proportion of two ounces to a gallon. Besides this the common varieties of ' must ' receive an additional pound of sulphuric acid to each butt, by being impregnated with the fumes of five ounces of sulphur. When fermentation is complete the wine may contain from a minimum of about 14 to a maximum of 27.5 per cent of proof spirit * * and It receives an addition of sufficient brandy to raise the alco- holic strength of the mixture to 35 per cent as a minimum, or in some cases to as much as 59 per cent of proof spirit. When all this is done it is shipped in the wood for England where it is either bottled as ' pure ' wine or is subjected to such further sophistications as the ingenuity of dealers may suggest." Mr. Gustafson also cites the following advertisement from a prominent London journal Sept. 29th, 1886 : ' ''Partner Wanted. — A practical distiller having been experi- menting for the last seventeen years, can now produce a fair port and sherrv by fermentation without a drop of grape juice, and wishes a party with from ;^ 2,000 to ;^3,ooo capital to APPENDIX. 305 establish a house in Hambnrg for the manufacture of his wines. Has already a good connection in business." Col. Dudley, of Boston, says in his work on ''^Alcohol and its physical effect " : " With few exceptions the entire liquor traffic is not only a fraud, but — perhaps without all dealers being aware of the fact — it amounts to a system of drugging and poisoning. The business of making adulterated licjuors has been so simplified that any novice who knows how to make a punch or a cock-tail can learn in a short time to make any kind of liquor that will pass muster with nine-tenths of the com- munitv." Mr. A. B. Richmond, a prominent member of the legal profession of Pennsylvania, in a little work entitled "Leaves From the Diary of an Old Lawyer," gives a number of re- cipes for making and mixing liquor with logwood, ojl of cognac, turpentine, oil of juniper, cochineal, rosaline, red beet, poppy, etc., etc. The Scientific American^ vol. 39, page 344, says : " There is perhaps no article of daily consumption that undergoes a greater variety of adulteration than wine. In- deed it is not only adulterated, but much of the liquid we know by that name is entirely innocent of any Grape Juice at all. Mrs. Mary T. Lathrop is quoted by Eli Johnson as fol lows : — " In place of passing resolutions advising the use of un- fermented wine at the communion, the churches should pass a law that never again the cup of devils should be placed upon the Lord's table." " Where I once lived, pure California wine was sold by a druggist (who was also a Sunday school superintendent) for sacramental and medical i)urposes. Some temperance men and women analyzed it ; not a drop of grape juice did it contain, but that pious man made it in his cellar from whiskey and drugs." U 306 APPENDIX. Rev. Dr. James B. Dunn, of Boston, Mass., in his essay for which the prize of the Nationa Temperance Society was awarded, gives the following description of some of the in- gredients used in the manufacture of intoxicating drinks : — "CoccuLUS Indicus, or Indian berry. This article, which is rarely ever used in medicine, and of no importance in the arts, is extensively used for the purpose of adulterating malt liquors. To such an extent is this the case, that writers on brewing openly acknowledge the fact and give regular formulae for its employment, and all recommend it on the ground that it increases the apparent strength of the beer, and improves its intoxicating qualities. It is a small, rough, and black-looking berry, of a very bitter taste and an intoxicating quality. In doses of two or three grains it will produce nausea, vomiting and alarming prostration. In ten or twelve grain doses it kills strong dogs by tetanic spasms and convulsions, and in still larger doses, death both in man and animals is speedily produced. In India it is em- ployed by the Nagus and other Indian tribes to poison the water in wells and tanks, to impede the progress of an invad- ing army, and also to poison 'the weapons used in warfare." Foxglove is a plant with large purple flowers, possessing an intensely bitter, nauseous taste. It is a violent purgative and vomit ; produces languor, giddiness, and even death. It is poison, and is used on account of the bitter and intox- icating qualities it imparts to the liquor with which it is mixed. Green Copperas, a mineral substance obtained from iron, is much used to give the porter a frothy top. Harts- horn Shavings are the horns of the common male deer rasped or scraped down. They are then boiled in the worts of ale, and give out a substance of a thickish nature like jelly, which is said to prevent intoxicating liquor from be- coming sour. Henbane, a plant of poisonous nature, bearing a close resemblance to the narcotic poison opium. It produces in- toxication, delirium, nausea, vomiting feverishness and APPENDIX. 307 death, and appears chiefly to be used to increase the in- toxicating effects of Hquors. Grains of Paradise are also largely used. They are also narcotic, causing when taken in a state of effusion, sickness, general feeling of distress, and finally stupor, tremor, or general nervous prostration. Jalap, the root of a sort of convolvus, brought from the neighborhood of Xalapa, Mexico. It is used as a powerful purgative in medicine. Its taste is extremely nauseous, and it is used to prevent intoxicating liquor from souring, and to counteract the binding tendency of some of the other in- gredients employed by the brewer. Lime, an earthy substance of a white color. It has a hot burning-taste, and in some measure corrodes and destroys the texture of those animal substances with which it comes into contact. MuLTUM is a mixture of opium and other ingredients pre- pared by Chemists for the brewer, and used by him to cre- ate the intoxicating qualities of the liquor. It is of a high- ly poisonous nature, and doubtless contributes to the fatal effects of that liquor. Nut Galls are excrescences produced by the attacks of a small insect on the tender shoots of a tree which grow in Asia, Syria, and Persia. They have very little taste, and are used to color or fire the liquor. Nux Vomica is the powerful fruit of the strychnus nux vomica. Its name suffices to characterize it. It is a violent narcotic, acrid poison, and is extensively used in the man- ufacture of intoxicating liquors. It is such a dangerous poison that medical men rarely prescribe it. Opium is the thickened juice of the white poppy, which grows most abundantly in India. It is the most destructive of narcotic poisons, and it is the most intoxicating. It is largely used in the manufacture of intoxicating liquors, be- cause its very nature is to yield a larger quantity of intoxi- cating matter than any other beverage. 308 APPENDIX. Oil of Vitriol, or sulphuric acid, is a mineral poison of an awfully burning nature. It destroys everything it comes in contact with. It is used by brewers to increase the heat- ing qualities of their liquors. Potash derives its name from ashes ond the pots in which it is prepared. It is made from vegetables mixed with quick-lime boiled down in pots and burnt, the ashes remaining aftei the burning being potash. Quassia is the name of a tree which grows in America and the West Indies. Both the wood and the fruit are of an intensely bitter taste. It is used by brewers instead of hops. Tobacco is a narcotic poison of a bitter acrid taste ; when it is distilled, it yields and essential oil of a most violently destructive nature. Wormwood is a plant or flower with downy leaves and small, round headed flowers. The seed of this plant has bitter and stimulating properties." D. THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. preamable to constitution. "The alarming development and aggressiveness of great capitalists and corporation!: , unless checked, will invarably lead to the pauperization and hopeless degradation of the toiling masses. It is imperative, if we desire to enjoy the full blessings of life, that a check be placed upon unjust accumulation, and the power for evil of aggre^'ated wealth. This much desired object car be ajc^mplished only by the united efforts of those who o^^ey ihe divine injunction, " In the sweat of thy face thou shall ^-at bread." APPENDIX. 309 Therefore we h?ve formed the Order of the Knights of Labor, for the purpose of organizing and directing the flower of the industrial masses, not as a poHtical party, for it more : in it are crystahzed sentiments and measures tor the benefit of the whole people ; but it should be borne in mind, when exercising the right of suffrage, that most of the objects herein set forth can only be obtained through legislation, and that it is the duty of all to assist in nominating and supporting with their votes only such candidates as will pledge their support to these measures, regardless of party. But no one shall, however be compelled to vote with the majority, and calling upon all who believe in securing " the greatest good of the greatest number," to join and assist us, we declare to the world that our aims are : — 1. To make industrial and moral worth, not wealth, the true standard of individual and national greatness. 2. To secure for the workers the full enjoyment of the wealth they create ; sufificient leisure in which to develope their intellectual, moral, and social faculties ; all of the benefits, recreation, and pleasure of association ; in a word, to enable them to share in the gains and honors of advanc- ing civilization. In order to secure these results, we demand at the hands of the State : 3. The establishment of Bureaus of Labor statistics, that we may arrive at a correct knowledge of the educational, moral and financial condition of the laboring masses. 4. That the public lands, the heritage of the people, be reserved for actual settlers ; not another acre for railroads or speculators ; and that all lands now held for speculative purposes be taxed to their full value. 5. The abrogation of all laws which do not bear equally upon capital and labor, and the removal of unjust techni- calities, delays and discriminations in the administration of justice. 310 APPENDIX. 6. The adoption of measures providing for the health and safety of those engaged in mining, manufacturing and build- ing industries, and for indemnification to those engaged therein fur injuries received through lack of necessary safe- guards. 7. The recognition, by incorporation of Trade Unions,' orders, and such other associations as may be organized, the working masses to improve their condition and protect their rights. 8. The enactment of laws to compel corporations to pay their employees weekly, in lawful money, for the labor of the preceding week, and giving mechanics and laborers a first lien upon the product of their labor to the extent of their full wages. 9. The abolition of the contract system on national, state and municipal works. ID. The enactment of laws providing for arbitration be- tween employer and employee, and to enforce the decision of the arbitrator. 11. The prohibition by law of children under fifteen years of age in workshops, mines and factories. 12. To prohibit the hiring out of convict labor. 1 3. That a graduated income tax be levied, and we de- mand at the hands of Congress. 14. The estabhshment of a national monetary system in which a circulating medium in necessary quantity shall issue direct to the people, without the intervention of banks : that all the national issue shall be a lull legal tender in pay- ment ot all debts public and private ; and that the Govern- meLt shall not guarantee or recognize any private banks, or creaie any banking corporations. 15. That interest-bearing bonds, bills of credit, or notes, shall never be issued by the Government ; but that, when need arises, the emergency shall be met by issue of legal tender, non-interest-bearing money APPENDIX. 311 1 6. That the importation of foreign labor under contract shall be prohibited. 17. That, in connection with the post office, the Govern- ment shall organize financial exchanges, safe deposits, and facilities for deposit of the savings of the people in small sums. 18. That the Government shall obtain possession by pur- chase under the right of eminent domain of all telegraphs, telephones and railroads ; and that hereafter no charter or license be issued to any corporation for construction or operation of any means of transporting intelligence, passen- gers, or freight. And while making the foregoing demands upon the State and National Government, we will endeavor to associate our own labors. 19. To establish co-operative institutions such as will tend to supercede the wage system, by the introduction of a co-operative industrial system. 20. To secure for both sexes equal pay for equal work. 21. fo shorten the hours of labor by a general refusal to work for more than eight hours. « 22. To persuade employers to arbitrate all differences which may arise between them and their employees, in order that the bonds of sympathy between them may be strength- ened, and that strikes may be rendered unnecessary." E. FIRE INSURANCE AND DRINK. Everyone knows that the life insurance companies dis- criminate sharply and unfailingly against drinkers. This fact is one of the strongest arguments for temperance. Al- most ecjually strong is the fact (which, however, is not quite so generally known) that the fire insurance companies have 312 APPENDIX. V Strict rules bearing on the liquor question. Intemperance begets carelessness, obliviousness to danger, and, quite as frequently, destructiveness. Incendiarism is largely due to strong drink, and a very large proportion of accidental fires is to be attributed to the effects of drunkenness. Hence, the fire insurance companies invariably take into account the habits of men frequenting a place before they will in- sure it. Hotel-keepers and others, who harbor persons of whom a large proportion are, presumably, subject to intoxi- cation, have to pay rates of insurance to cover this extra hazard. F. COMPENSATION. For the fuWdiscussion of this question read the pamphlet by the author of this ivork entitled '''■Compensation and the Liquor Traffic^''' published by Hunter^ Rose 6^ Co. Copies may be had, pf ice lo cents, of the publishers of this volume, or of the author, Rev. W. Burgess, Listowel, Ontario, Canada.