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ILLUSTRITIOIS OF ER6LISH LITERITURE (FIRST YEIR COURSE).
Professor Chas. K. Motsb, B.A.
SUBJBOTS.
The churacteristics of Literature — the connection between Literature
and History — the divisions of English Liter.iture — the peopling of
Europe and Britain. *
Celtism and Teutonism.
Celtism — its relation to history and literature— the characteristics
of the Celt — his artistic faculty— the qualities of his literature — i*s
imagination — delicacy — colour — melanclioly — humour.
Teutonism — Beowulf — its subject — its Homeric quality — charac-
teristics of the Teuton — his sense of duty — comparisons between his
other qualities and that of the Celt.
ILI.U ST R A-T ION S.
All, that is literature, seeks to communicate power ; all, that is not
literature, to communicate knowledge. Now, if it be asked what is
meant by communicating power, I in my turn would ask by what
name a OMa would designate the case in which I should be made to
feel vj^^ntfiil ^^^^ ^ ^'^ consciousness, emotions which ordinary
life wBBI^M ^i^ lJl p plies occasions for exciting, and which had
previously lain unawii^j^ed, and hardly within the dawn of consctous-
iiess — as myriads of modes of feeling are at this momeui in every
human mind for want of a poet to organize them.' I say, when these
itiett and sleeping forms are organized — 'When these possibilities etre
actualized, — ^is this conscious and living possession of mine power. —
Thomas DeQuincey. Letters to a young man whone Edueatiou htu
been t^eetaJ, '' "^
IL
llat a book is written not to multiply the voice merely, not to cany
11 aer^, but to perpetuate it The'auUior "jos something to aay
«bi4h ha parceives to be ferae and useful or helpfully beautiful . .
&V^\\^
,*■•*='>.■
■j I <r'>£f
■I.
H« would fain set it .lown fnr Bv,.r .
-yinK "tl.i8 i. the 1« t o „7o ;. ; l.:''^"*?? '' •^» '•«^''. i' '«« could
ove.1 „„d hatod Jike an«t .« mv Utl Z ^ "*u "'"' '^""''^ "«J »le^
•'"t thU I nn,v nnd know tl'.i, If ' " Z'** ')' '•"'^" "»'' >• "o*^
memory." That is his « wri L'-'' i ? T'- "' "',"""' '« ^'""•'h you
w.th whatever decree „f Tr e L.i^V ' " '" f "'"" '"""'"' «"y.'".
-■■P^"-- That i a .. HOOK "- ™ C^i' ;" ';"'• '"" '"-"i'^^^" "'
HI.
I>an,el Defoe. Th. Tme-liorn KnulUunan [1701].
IV.
A tt ow:%t;xr:.irh' a '" r^'^ ' ' -" -* — . '
ture; but I will siv t L^lf ''""'''^ Teutonic Bnpe«truc '
™te^«.„.eti™LT„^i t^^,rs^^^^
I»egm to cast ab^ut a.,,1 see whS V •/["'?""'"""' *»^ «^«
Arnold. On ike Stu.,, IjZhcU::,!:. ^ "* "' '—Matthaw
V.
fe'
i!'*i>. ■
'>e could ;
and slept,
»d is not :
i^orth your
' way, ami
:ri|)ti()n <>r
literaturu
VI.
Both thoulden covered with hia pointed ahield,
The hero ther<-, nwift rts the wtir-horne i ashed.
Noise in the ntovnt of t'atiffhUr, iioiw and Are ;
The darting Uncea were <ui !;/eanu <{/'««n.
There the glad raven fed. The foe roust fly
While he ao .iwept them, at when in hia oourse
An eaa/e atrilcea the morning dews aside.
And, likt a wktiming billow, struck their front.
— Y Oododim.
Y Godo<liii belongs to early Cymric literature and is a representative
l>oem. Morley'e account of it requires modification. It seems that
the banl Aneurin composed only the first half, consisting of forty-
four stanzas. The remainder, added by a subsequent writer or writers,
w, m some degree, borrowed from another famous Welsh bard Talieain.
The first part of the poem refe.-s to the battle of Catnwth, A D 596
which was fought " in that part of Scotland where Lothian ine«t^
Stirlingshire, in the two districts of Gododin and Catraeth both
washed by the sea of the Firth of Forth." The second part refers to
a battle fought in the same locality about fifteen year* later. (8m
William F. Skene, The Four Ancient Poenit of Walet.) The poet
Thomas Gray, one of the best Classical, Norse, and Old lilnaliih
scholars of hia time, who had a share in detecting the fonreriM of
Ihomaa Chatterton, translated a portion of Y Gododin into Enalidi
verse {Ode from the WeUk, part //.-The death of Hoel), but not
from the original.
VII.
More yellow was her hair than the flower of the broom, and her
skin was whiter than the foam of the wave, and fairer were her haDd»
and her fingers than the blossom of the wood anemone «nidst th.
spray of the meadow fountains.
And in the evening he (Peredur) entered a valley, and at the h«k}
IS; ?„W* T* ^ * ^r^''' ««"' ""'J »»>« hemit welcomed £
^tt?n^ ."S"' ?'*tv^''S r '^^^^^^ "' snowhad fallen^-
^t before, and a hawk had killed a wild fowl in front of the cell.
Shaven iAH^^^f*^"/?"^ ""'^ '^'^^P*^ *»»« blackness of
£ttS W^S^ Si *w .1'^" T""' ""** *^« '^»«'» «' th« Wood,
Mind to d^il iv V* ^^ \*.*^^^ ^^'""^ ^^ backer than the
2i! » J^ ui v'*' f ^'*^ '■« ^'^>*«' '!»«» the snow, and to the two
ES TL^ ?^^ r"**^ *•« «<*<*« tl^an the blood upon tte
n^il^e^u^tJ^' ^^'^'^i''- ^^^ CharlotteTu.*;
^^t in t^^ ' T?^ fi?H«« "o »Mgely m Arthurian romance.]
fit^^L l^A '^"^ *^*^ ¥^ '•'^ ^«^' *»d they came to an open
SPS'.^ wiT^ri^l^Lr ^' •"'^r^'- moiingth«Tne«i<Si
SStSi^ A ii*'*"* them, and the horses bentdowi "
^ tbmthey met a slender .tripIioR wife* «tohel about hkw
■ mm
bowl on th. mouth of L^tXT\n"£]''^7k^ ^^ '••«i •"•<» .
JSrkin. ThiH u the sourc.! of Ten„ JnWd^l "/ "^'T'' "'" '^"* '^^
And he saw a toll tree bv the .Sf« ,?*M^^ ^•"*"^ «"'' ^''""'O
wa. in flameH fr..,„ the r^{ to the toa ' ." M '"^""^''»'' "' *•»•«»»
.nd in f,.ll leaf. [The tTo/p!!^^ur] '" "'**•"■ '"»" *«" «"•»
wffiv«s;u:t"n^^Lrr — - oi..
•lualified Unl; wwwlwiTouU mil Tk '*,"'' ^ "'K ""tn'ction from a
Which . »a«^ w..z:rj;°:s;i:!:7.'r«it k;!,,:?]"""-
VIII.
ho-» coming to«,a. .h/J^~X;v'Z.U7.. h»"°,Th'"'r'
horee. Briffht red was hia ricrhf -i,!!? ij 7^ " ""® <*' '*>" 'J«n
1.5 u. th.*c.n.™ orhi'h^^^jrHS;!^"'^ ^.°''i!'
and his horse were fully eauiDiK^l wi t K 1^ ^ ? • ^^^*^ **'* '''»!«*»'
A helmet of tm d wa« on the hen.! n* f».J^ l. • kl ^^^ '™ *''••?•
-tone, of greaf virtue. rnV;t%hr.l;yi^"£t'':LTe 1^"!!:
a flame^oloured leopani with two ruby-rS stonM in^h-V Tu°f
t was aatounding for a warrior, hoievefato^t W "w"^','^^^
the face of the leopard, much more at the f ace o trknl H^
had in hiH hand a bluemhafted lance, but from the haft tJ?h!\wS
It was steined crimson-red. with the blood oTle aTven^^ ?S*.
plumage.-7%. Mabinogion (The D««m of Bhcmabw?^) ^
IX.
LLYWARCH HEN'S ODE TO HIS CEUTCH.
O my crutch ! it is not antumn. when the fern is nd. th* wator-flxr vlU. t
H»ve I not hat«<l that which I love » WMW-Big yellwr I
O my crutch ! ia it not winter-time now, when mem talk tomUier aft* tk^
th^ have drunken? I. not the .ide of my bed Wl dSSSST*
O my crutch ! « it not .pring, when the cuokoo p^ ttrSSTSlalr wim
o n.y^rri.T^J:rrteay^o^6r& -5^
my orutoh ; stand rtraight, thou wilt mimort me the better 1 I* k verv UmtS
^oe I WM Dy warch. Behold oH^^whteh iLkeSiS 5 ^CT
the hair of my head to my teeth, to my ere^ which troSmlorS.
'^i^'ilT ' "^^r" n^y »tf« meet M«l Ll'S^SSiSSSSiSia^
•nd old age, dcku. .« and aorrow. -•— "»"-«'™^^
I am old, I Mn kloM i thaiMUawt mmI WMmtk an goM from in* i th« oomIi
of honour •h«U be no moro miao i I mb miMnkUo, I am bmt oa njr
crutch.
How avil WM tho lot allotud to Uvwaroh, tlM night ho wm brought forth !
Sorrow* without muI and no doliTaraaoo from hia burdan.
X.
And w« came to tha lale of Fiowera : thair braath mat u oat on tha r y.
Fur the Spring anci tha middla Summar aat aaoh oa tha lap of the breeze ;
Anil the red paaaion-Sowar to tha oliffa, iukI the dark-blue cleniatia, oinng,
And (tarr'd with a mji\iad bloaaom tha long oonvolvnlua hung ;
And the topmost apir* of the mountain waa liliaa in Itau of anow,
And the lihea lilia glasiara winded down, ntuninc ont below
Thrti' the tire of the tulip and poppv, the btaaa of goraa and the bluah
Of iiiilliona of roaaa tliat iprang without leaf or a tSom from the liuah |
And the whole iale-aide flaahing down from tha ,<aak without ever a tree
8wepl like n torrent of genia from tha iky to tha blue of the lea ;
And we rull'd upon oapea of erocua and ranntad onr kith and our kin,
Anji wa wallowTl in bada of liliaa and chanted the triumph of Finn,
Till each like a golden image waa pollen 'd from head to taet
And each wa* aa dry aa a uriokat, with thirat in the middle-day heat.
Bloaaom and bloaaom, and promiae of bluaeom, but never a fruit I
And we hatad the Flowering lala, aa wa hatad the lale tliat waa mute.
And we tore up the flowers by the million and flung them in bight and faw,
And we left bvt a naked rook and in angor we aaiPd away.
TiMMraoN. The Voyagt <^f Jieuldmm.
XI.
' Beowulf, 11. 320331. B^wulf and hia companions, after a
parley with Hrothgar's mounted warden, who is stationed ou the
cliffs, leave the shore and march inland towards Heorot.
(The student will notice that the appearance of Anglo-Saxon is in
Urge measure that of a forwign language, owing to so much of its
vocabulary having been lost Modem Entjlish, judged by its vocabu-
Iwy as given in a dictionary and not by the repetition of common
words of Teutonic origin aa seen on the pape of an ordinary hook, is a
OlaMncal and not a Teutonic language. (8oe Max Miiller, Scimce of
Langiutife). A language, however, is not classified according to ito
vocabulary but according to its inflections, and the inflections of
Jftiglish are Teutonic
End-rime is by no means a prominent feature in Anglo-Saxon
poetry, but becomes more frequent towaids the close of the Anglo-
SJMcon period. A hue of Anglo-Saxon poetry consUts of two parts of
i;fr°?r?' f^>°?;,"°it«'l hy initial-rime, or, •• it is generally
caUed, aJhtewtion. The essential feature of Anglo-Saxon ?oet^k
th^each half, ne contains two rhythmically accented sylkblel i^
therefore, two mebsuiea or feet. Alliteration is the use of (aUiS
cm^^ or (ft) mnriJa, or different vowels and diphthong- AIK?
•i^ib confined to rhythmicaUy accented sylUbV butthe last
jteftmioaUy accented sylU le of *he line must not, with one exeep-
.?ri.*»ll?^ with any preceding rhythmically accented syUable,aiid
^e^SrtJfr M'"Jl;^"«'•'■®«^ poetry with the first rhythmfeX
PeCMted sylkMe of the seooBd Wf of flie Kw, wliieh Is tt strt^
r-u.!., reK„,,.n|e with th»^Ve«. I
I'Ugon tlift to l»„c« . hvr. 'i'^'Ie* weal,
'-•''holt uf.„ gr-T ir^^" ""lu
the wn, Mors, m,,,^ . ^j,^ « ," J?, ' ^^•' •-■""'«»«. the battle dre« nJ
«rn.o.rc.d Un.i wa. docked ourwTrwea^V^^^ with iron/ A:
XII.
Heowulf, II. 864-871 Th« k
viii.vv. 97-265. ''^ horse-racMng. (Compare Ody«ey bk
their excellence ; now a JZ nf ^ T""'* '*'' <>' *«" f»mi ftj
n new tale in verses true '*' '^'*" °' ""'^'^nt saga«. fooS
XIII.
-i'ld the cliffs nrowim-CrtS S!^°'^*~^'"»»«»«V»e»^
•iangerous; where the Lo^n tain t^ritnt Itit**'"' ?* T "* ^
meaaured by miloa thnf ♦».« ^ i i" ? *'"■ ^* " not far hinig
with rimJZZtLtlff\'^^2.^^^ '* ^''^ g«v« colS
There may a dire iwrtent T^ ^"f** ovenhadow. ib« wSr
hart (heath^tepper „rC ^ 7" '^^J'^^^ ^^^^ *<«?fc ^
hounds, the hart rtrong of hoJntaJ^S '[ "?** ?° *^«*»^ «»
yield hia life. hi. life 'n the bnVk :^h."^^^ '^H^^'^a ^'^
pool. It is a wild spot whanel tlJ^ 1 \'*^* »"* h«d in J
white to the cloud., wMe^^.t^li' 1^* *!!T -'°»°*»"
heaven gww. dark and the akill^W^ ^ *^P~*^ '"»***'
XIV
The Haiti ' ff Maldon — • fngiuMit The BstUe of Maldou is tm"
of th(^ two fu.uodt b«Ule-pi«c«f in Anglo-Haxuii ptwtry. Th« rabjoct
of the other in the battle of fruiunburh. The poem on Rriiiwnburb
it fouiitl in the Angio-8*.\on Chn'iiclc, and haa been tuni'^d by
Terin^on into motlern Lngliah \<jne, unrimed, with alUu^.ttion
preHcrved. The manuacript of the Battl* of Matdon is not in exi«<
tenee, ) tving tieen destroynd by fire in 17S1. The Northmen had
invadeil Knglaud, and im it was one of the dutiea of an AngltvSaxoo
oaldorman t«i gather foroea to meet the invaden, the eaklorroan of the
Kaat HaxonH, Byrhtnoth, collected the Engliah of the neighbourhood
and gave lMtt!« to the foe on the banka of the little river Panta, now
the Bk rkwatvr, near Miildon, in Vm%x. Byriitnoth waa kUlud ;
hciii-e (icrmaii scholara usually call iiiia poem the Dm^h of Byrhtnoth.
The Kiiglish author, preaumably an eya-witnees of tha contiot
•cuinii to i.iive written the piece very soon after the engagemer
III ho d(N3i not nppoar to know who led the Northmen. From t ■
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle we diacover that the leader of the invadin;,
host wo-s called Anlaf. The late Prof. Edward A. Frcdman dwells on
tlie signiticiince :* tae Battle of Maldon in hia Growth of the EngliA
Comtitution, chap. I., p. 42.
Then ^-Klfwine said : " Never shall the thegns reproach me among
the people for desiring to leave this host and to seek my native soil,
now that niy chief lies here, hacked to pieces in the sUrife : that is
my deepest grief, for he was both my kinsman and my lord." . .
Offa spakt , as he brandished his ashen shaft : " Ah I thou, /Elfwine,
hut exhorte*! all the chiefs, as was necessary ; now that our prince
OVT lord lies low on the earth, there is need for us all that each of uk
exhort his fellow-warrior to the strife as long as he can hold or wield
his weapon, his hard sword, his upear, his trusty blade." I^aofsuun
spake : I vow I will not flee a footstep hence, b ' will go onward to
avenge my dear master in the fray." . . T Dunnere si^Ak", a
man old in years, and bade every man rer.-nge B . tno^ : " Let him
not hesitate a moment who thinketh to avonpo his lord on the people
nor care for his life." . . Byrhtwok! spoke as he raised hia shield
■nd brandished his spear ; b^- -rtM an cK ',' mpanion, and very boldly
did he exhort the warriors : lie minu MUst be the more resolute,
the heart the braver, the courage the gituiter, as our power lessens.
Hera lies our prince all cut to pieces, the good man lies in the dust ;
ever may he mourn who thinks of turning back from this war-play.
I am old in yearn ; I do not wish to go away ; I resolve to lie by the
tide of mj lord, by so dear a man."
XV.
Cynewidf. Riddles. Cynewulf ia the greatest of Anglo-Saxon
poeta. His riddles, preaarved in one of the two large collections of
Ani^Saxon verse, the Exeter Book.dispUy the very soul of Old
English life and thought Alihoogh besad on earlier ri<feUes in Latia
by several authors, they may be considered original, not only ^
•zpanaion of theme, but alao «i aoooont of a poatie«l quality vrhiiAk
htSaagi to ikaH alone.
i ^
The Riddlb or thk Swohd.
(Notice that the swnivl « . j j
to my lord and splendidly adornS^i? r?^° *^"^«- ^ *"» dear
the wire lies bri^it round the get ofXZ^htl'- f^^^^-olo'-'ed. and
»e, who guides me to the Sti>rv .• ^''"''' ™^ ^'^'^'der gave
Wrought by the hand of the smth ^T Z T *««<J«ring« together
house to house in the clear day m'e Oft PT'"'/'*' ^^^ ^^^
weapons of the fray, kill living^soir T^l K," f"? ""^ ^''^^hren,
his treasures and his silver • Hp K«. • ^'"8 ''ecks nie out with
not the word of praise he 'telll of "7 ?"' '" "'« ^«" 5 he withhl ds
are drinking theLad.' C he holi '"^ ^^"•''" ''^"^'^ ^ ^^^
lets me, stout in battle, go far and wil wh ' r '''*™'"* ' "°^'' «8«in he
(The most impres8i;eVrt ofthTs ndTn!'? I am wear^ of wa^aring.
dwells on the lonely side of ,te life li f^! *'!*' '"■ ^^'^^ the sworf
stnkes me with her hands she T?nl t ''*'™ ^ ™« ; she
sue cries out, "I care not fo'r strifeT ""' '"^'^ ^•^«^«' '» ^"'"ity
XVI.
extremely vivid and, strange a^ ifmav^ ''^^."•l"'-ane, which is
larger ouUines of imagery to Z Lm/ TnTu '''''''"^' ^'"« "^ ^he
nuHlern literature, Shelley^aiTtotrw^.'t S'^at storm-piece of
be printed here. ' *'^ ^'"'* W^'«'^- It is too long to
I —Thk Storm on Land.
driPterrth^m^ S :?i:n1C t"«^^^' ^ '^ ^" ^^o ^^^
by fits, and full of pride, I thunder at7m£ V° "^ '*'^"8'^ ^ ^'««»
the earth. I burn the hous^ o? 4 f ' P*" '" "^^ w^afb over
the smoke rises dark ove^th? ^If^^' C'« .«»^~v««e their halla
«Ian«hterand destruction of men Then F-^ 'iM'" '" "*« '"'^ ««*
thick with blossoms. Vaulted w.fK. "i^"; ''^^ ^^^^J' "»« grovo*
nughtypowersIamsenSandwi"^^^^^^ -f *! '"^^^^^y
niy back that which once covert Ifl"^, *"^* P^**" ^ hear oi
•iwelling men, hody and soul t^i ^^^ X!""^ "^^^ <>{ earth,
I am called, who carry this bu£ "^ ""^^ '°^«" '»«' ««• "kat
^^' — Thk Stork on Sba.
jurge, *rrseek'thX7"f O^LnWbyi"' ^iti ''" •*""?*'* °^ *«
foam rol 8. The naa wk *i- 7 . ^"y*'- ^he deep » stimd • ^*
loud, i tlfes ^h tSrsw'^fi^d""'^" ''•^ ho Jro«:3 ^^f
«»nd, with weed and wave Z'h " ^^^ !^^^'>^^ with rtonelSt;
wave, dash agauut the steep diflk. -"^-^
vaulteil with the might of the deep, I fight my way on, and stir up
the ground, the vast bed of the sea. I cannot free myself from my
watery shroud before he who guides me on every path sets me free.
Say, O mnn of wisdom, who draws me from the embrace of the flood
when the streams become hushed once more, and the surge, which
covered me erewhile, sinks to rest.
XVII.
From the Seafarer (Exeter Book). An old Engliah sea-pictttre.
The Seaftirer is, by some, ascribed to Cynewulf, but the weight of
authority inclines against this view.
True is the tale that I can tell of myself and of my voyaging ;
how ill days of toil I have often suffered times of hardship and felt
bitter care at heart ; how I have known in my boat many a visitation
of anxiety as I felt the fierce rolling of the billows, where the
anxious night-watch often held me at the prow of my craft, as she
beat against the cliffs. My feet were pinched with the cold, bound
with the chilling clasps of frost ; there, too, cares plained hotly round
my soul ; hunger within rent the heart of one weary of the sea. This
the man knows not to whom on land things fall out most happily ; he
knows not how I, miserably careworn, have stayed on the ice-cold sea
the live-long winter, as if treading the steps of an exile, deprived of
joys, bereft of my dear kinsfolk and covered with icicles. The hail
flew in showers There heard I nothing save the roar of the sea and
of its ice-cold wave or now and again the song of the swan ; I found
my pleasure in the scream of the gannet and the noise of the seal
instead of in the laughter of men ; I took solace in the mew as she
sang instead of in the quaffing of mead. There storms beat the stony
cliffs and there the tern with icy wing gave them back an answer ;
many a time and oft did the eagle with its dew-covered pinions
scream. Not one of my protecting kinsmen could comfort my poor
soul ! Hence it is that he who has experienced the joy of life in cities,
and proud and flushed with wine, has scarce known aught of perilous
ventures, can little fancy how I in my weariness have often had to
bide on the path of the deep. The shadow of night has descended ;
from the north has come the snow ; frost has bound the soil ; hail
has fallen on the earth, hail, the coldest of grains. ^
Why now do the^houghts of my heart urge me on to try the de«p
floods, and the play of the salt surge ? The desire of my mind, hour
after hour, bids my soul go onwards that I may visit the land of
foreign men fr.i hence.
JkMib
mtUm
Mil
11
I':"
ciStll JBnibtrsttg. Poutreal.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (FIRST YEAR COURSE).
I'uoFKssou Chas. K. Moyse, B.A.
SUBJECTS.
Moiiivchism and Mediaevalism.
Some general features of Monachism and Mediaevalism— St. Simon
Stylites— the Kise of the Benedictines— tlie Cohimban and P-.»"o„
(Churches — Bede —Alfred — Dimstan — the Norman Conquest— tlie
Chroniclers— Map and theCarmina Biirana— the Fnars— Rouer Bacon
-Chancer— Wiclif. ^
ILLUSTRATIOMS.
XVIII.
St. Simeon Stvlitss.
Let bhis avail, just, deadful, mighty Go<l,
This not be all in vain, that thrice ten years,
Thrice multiplied by superhuman pangs,
In hungers and in thirsts, fevers and cold,
In coughs, aches, stitches, ulcerous throes and cramps,
A sign betwixt the meadow and the cloud,
Patient on this tall pillar I have born-^
Rail, wind, frost, heat, hail, dan.p, and sleet, and snow ;
And I ha', hojied that ere this p.r-Dd closed
Thou would'st have caught me up into thy rwt
Denying not these weathei jeaten Imbs
The meed ot saints, the white robe and the palm.
Now am I feeble grown : my end draws nigh ;
I hope my end draws nigh : half deaf I am,
So that I scarce can hear the people hum
About the column's base, and almost blind.
And scarce can recognize the fields I know ;
And both my thighs are rotted with the dew ;
Yet ceape I not to clamour and to cry.
While my stiff spine can hold my weary head,
Till all my limbs drop piecemeal from the stone.
Hate mercy, mercy, take away my Bin.
EM
T i„ ■..'.■•• 0" the coala
m1 ' Tm '"" "^ *'» = ■»" ''•'J' beneath
Ma le me bo,l over. JJevils phioked my sleeve
AbacMoM and Asmodeus caught at mo '
J:;:f;^K^r;-;-rL-n.e
Thoy burs n.y prayer. Yet this wav wa k
^onr flesh hke me, with scourges ami mth thorn, •
Sm.te, shnnk not, ..are not. If it may be fast '
" liole Lents and pray. ^
^^^ —Tenni/son.
"f I^pe Gregory I. (tl.e Great) /'a-^om/ /?K/e
we're u'on"!::/; l".Zd 'b'r^ mind what wise n.en there formerly
and l.owha,,.yl;Sr -^ ^"'^ secular orders^
kings who lid power ov'X:^"^^^^^^^^ '""^ ^'°'' *''
liis ministers • Td ^0^7^ ^ ^^^ J","'"'" •'=*>'' '^''^^y'^^l God and
morals anffbd rule a hon?eTr7^ ""f' ''r ^^'^'^ '"^ ^'>eir
how they sped bS fn' tr^^d'wtrn'-'^'SVd^^^^ ^
.-'cclestastioal orders were both in te^c SramJ .rnin. LrH ""^"u I^
services they had to perform to Gn.l . f i ^^'^'^^"'"g. a^'d "» all the
^vere sought in this h ul Lm wl' "'"f "••^'Jom and learning
obtain then, n w f onfa -r 7^ "?"H """^ '"'^ "'" «'"'"JJ have to
Pleteiy bad le^nling^^l ^wav i^V Ind tlXT """• "'^ "«•"-
on this Rwi« r.( u. „i ' """v" '" -i^ngianu that tliere were verv few
"Engll^^l^rdtir^^^^^
I think th^re ^err:!oi^Z!:^i:y^l^J'XZ^t'' ' ^"^
there that I cannot bethink me V ""t o.'.e ^ouM of t.T. '"''■'
when r came to the tlironp r^ j i \u ^ , , °^ "'e Thames
of teachers Z Wh^n T t ""^'' ?'V^' '^^^'^ ^"^ «"PP'y
very, very much at the 11 T'"'^""' *his. then I wondered
moie wisdom m the land, the more languages we knew."
XX.
De captione Episeoporum.
UayXU"tl;l\1,el^rfti;Tnd1b "^ ?^-^^t-«t the eighth
Kaienus of July, and the prelates already mentioned
iSHi
attended .t The Bwhop of Salisbury began his journey thither
much aganis h.s v^xW, for I heard him .peak to the foUowLj eject
liy my holy Lady Mary, I knoA- not l„w. I.,,t ...y heart rfb^ls
against thus journey ! One tlung I know, tha-: I .h.dl^rof jj t „
nuicl. use at court as a foal in battle." Thu. his nu:.d kopt fore-
bo. ng future evis. Then, a. if f.„,„ne seen.eu to f.vour the k nX
desiK., an outbreak arose ),etwee„ the retainers of the bishops and
those of Count Alan of Hrittany about the right of nnar eT
.s.sue was un ...tun.te; for the liisbop of Salisbury's n,L. vl o Jrt
s. U„,g at ;able, lef. their food half .aten, ,,nd darfed out to the hTt
Tb. affa.r was at brst one of curses, but presently of sword £
reta.ners of Alan were put to flight, and his nephew was a! mo t
sla..; stdl, the victory which the bishops gained was not bloS-s'
as n.Mo- were wounded and one knight was killed. The k nf S
f ?nS t °"'''!!J' '"^'-'"^ ''"^ '^'=^''"P« '- ^^ summoned by Ts
old m.st,gatrtrs .n order to give satisfaction to the court for the d
turbance of the royal pence by their men. SaMsfaction could b,
p!Id:VofL'eir~Tt Tr'"'"« ^'^^«^'« «' the'TasSl^a
pie i<,e of Jidehty The bishops prepared to give 8atir,faction but
dalhed over giving np the keys, so the king gave oSers tha
they should be more strictly confined, to prevent Their goingawav
Chancellor to Devues-the bishop unbound but the nei)hew in chains
"nt"wi 1 ^'T'V''^' '"^^ ''°P'' °^ ^^'^"'S the caltlea stru tare
William of Malmesbury, Hutorta Novella, Lib. If. (A.D. 1139)
For aglimpse of another element to be fonr.I in our prpI,. I,.cf« •
XXL
aa they go from pnnie^ng, let them ,lo wh=,tevPr is need^' n! iT
IS a nio.i one hour past the thir.1 (i.e, 10 a m Ster th„t I. n "
read their books until mid dav \ft^« •, i '*"®' '■""t, let them
taken their repast, let' tC.^ to th rTsf ' '[h S"" • ^ ''''■',
any one should prefer to read when he Utf i f i • *l"»-'t"^«« ! '^
thirt be does not'disturb the others with S' I '"LTetir^r'/r^
monastery ^„i« that they gather thei^lSd. "d" he;te btl'j
1; I
Vil<
ill ^
liit'-i
in that, stiil let tliom not be grieved, for they are true monks if lliej
live by the labour of thoir own hands just as <iur fathers and th«
iqiostles did. However, let everything be done with r.ioderution, Icsl
the weak-minded despair.
(A portion of the Forty-fiijUth Chaph'r of ^HtfiflwohVi
Anglo-Saj-on tramlation nf the lifn>'<Udine Rale).
Rule cvrnpovil bij St. Jieneilict, aht. oUl ; A.S. tram. abt. 961
V
n .'
XXII.
On another occasion, a novice, who iiad learned to rend tiie psalm«,
though not very correctly, ohtaincil leave from tlie niinisler-general
to have a psalter ; but as he had iicard tliat 8t. Francis did not like
liis friars to be .solicitous for books and 1 -arning, he was not satisHed
with the license of the general minister, l)ul took occasion to applj
to St. Francis him.self, saying, " Father, it would he a great comfort
to me to have a psidter ; and the minister-general permits it ; but 1
should not like to u.se it without your conscience." " Charles the
Emperor, Roland and Oliver," (he replied), " and all the Paladins,
and all other stout men in battle, pursued infidels to the death with
great sweat and labour, and gained their memorable victories. The
lioly martyrs died in the fight for the faith of Christ But now-a-days,
there are some folks wlio, by the mere talk of tlieir exploits, seek foi
glory and honour among men ; and so there are some among you who
lake more pleasuie in writing and preaching about the works of the
saints than in imitating their labours." Some days after, as he wai
seated by tlio tire, the same novice repeate<l his request. Says St
Francis to him : " When you have got a psalter, then you'll want a
breviary, and when you have got a breviary you will sit in youi
chair as great as a lord, and you will say to your brother, 'Friar, fetcb
me my breviary " Saying this with some warmth, he took ashei
from the hearth, and laying them on his head, rubbed his hand
round and round, as if he had been washing his head, repeating ali
the while, "I am your breviary, I am your breviary f'/fjj'o breviariiim,
Ego hriiinartnm)," until the novice was dumb-founded and surprised
Then, ttirning to him, St. Francis said, "Brother, I too was ona
tempted as you are by the i)o.ssession of books ; and, wishing to know
the Lord's will in this matter, I took the gospels and prayed to Hiu
that He would show me His will in the first passage to which I shoulc
turn. And when I had finished my prayer, and opened the book, ]
met with these words : ' To you it is given to know the mysteries a
the king<lom of Go<l, but to others in parables ! ' How many gap
after knowledge ! How much better he who has made himself barrel
for the love of God."
Preface to Monumenta Francmana (Ed. Prof. J. S. Brewer)
XXIII.
Two extracts from the Latin songs of the Scholares Vagaui»a O!
Wandering Students, showing the anti-mediaval spirit The OoT^fti
xion of Golias is wrongly assigned to Walter Map, one of the vem
conspicuous names between the Conquest and Chaucer. This spMil
ks if Uiey
8 niiU the
ittion, Icfti
It/ii'liroltl'it
■ Hale J.
aid. 961.
le pxalino,
er-geiiPial
il not like
t sntisHeJ
I to npply
t comfort
it ; but I
liarles the
Pnladina,
iiuth with
ies. The
jw-a-days,
I, seeiv for
5 you who
ks of thei
as he WMJ
SayaSb.
I'il want »
it in yowt
riar, fetok
^ok aahei I
his hand I
>CiUing all
•eviaritim,
surprised.
was once
^ to know
;d to Him
I I should
lie book, I
ysteries of
uany gape
self bwren
. Brewer).
igauj»a ot
he G(mftti>
\ the nMrt
his
of literature is chiefly to b« found in two MSS. ; one has been
|.iil)li.thed under the title Cainiiiia liniann ; the other under the
titli^ of Latin Ponim eonunonhj attihtited I,, Waltrr Mapea.
Fkom T/if Covfimion of Gnliaa. (C.IJ.)
In the public-house to die
Is my resolution ;
Lei wine to my lips lie nigh
At life's dissolution :
That will make the angels cry
With glad elocution.
" Grant this toper, God on high,
Grace and absolution ! "
With the cup the soul lights up,
Inspirations flicker ;
Nectar lifts the soul on high
With its heavenly ichor :
To my lips a sounder taste
Hath the tavern's liquor
Than the wine a village clerk
Waters for the vicar.
Nature gives to every man
Some gift serviceable ;
Write I never could nor can
Hungry at the table ;
Fasting, atiy stripling to
Vanquish me is able ;
Hunger, thirst, I liken to
Death that ends the fable.
From thb Invitation to the Dance. (C.B.)
Cast aside dull books and thought ; '
Sweet is folly, sweet is play :
Take the pleasure vSpring hath brought
In youth's opening holiday !
Right it is old age shouid ponder
On grave matters fraught with care ;
Tender youth is fiee to wander,
Free to frolic light as air.
Like a dream our i)rime is flown
Prisoned in a stu<ly :
Sport and folly are youth's own,
Tender youth and ruddy.
From A Sowj of the Open Road.
We in our wandering.
Blithesome and squandering,
Tara, tantara, teino ! *»
Knt to sntinty,
'>n"lcwitl,,.ropri,tv;
'ustiii^r eteriiuJly,
t^iurtiiig infoniniiy •
'"-" t.H „„k«,Mv„ of „.s ;
^i"evowewiihyree.l,nc4:
'{rotJiercathoJicnJ,
Alan apostolical,
Tarn, tan tarn, teino.
four Well fni- r k ' <jreek am AiabiV rrr... """'^nre not four
si>eaL- f'..„ 1 •""'^1 in those matters v " ""'les of the sea.
- o k,ortl""' """'''' "'"> "eS V b,„^'; ;-' «»-' ""...y able to'
it- for n "'■•"""•atical syafem of hJ« . '""^ «^xtremely fe,v
-1 meC i ^J,.^-- 'earn, but know [.i J i^ J^ '^^-I-^k the
Tijerc are four very ..eat Z ^ """ " ^'*"^«-
"■''"'•'' 3«.'"M in the w.;Tf ev vu"''' "C "'^ comprehension of truth
""« to attain to the true Utle 7w^."'"^ "'""' ^"'^ '•'^^"•ly allow a^l
;""' ""-"rthy author* ;,e peZ'- "' "'i"^'^' "^' «'"»P'« of we.k
J';»ant nn.liitu.le, and 't e S "2'^ f '">''''' '''* "^tions of Se
RoS'ir ''''*"'y '-•ondition of life is 2^k! ' ^"^''"y'ed in these
Koger Bacon, o^, ^„/„^ "^« '« t.>ken possession of by them-
AS. f ^"^^^ V
'/'•W7/'S lit^ant^lt. &/"""!i ^^ «'--«Afe
^"'^ ^»«^«^. acted in 1691, if yot
hofuru ; pub. 1^94. Tliu play is bright and vigomuR, and preaenta
tliu two Kriars iih tna^iciaiis. Thomaa of Uungay, who waa markadly
infliieiiueii l>y Hnuoii, np|H*iirs to have attache«l gnat importiOice to
iiiiitlietiiaticM, and l«ctur«d )x)tii at Oxfnnl and Cambridge.
A ciiinpaiiy of (liMtiii<,'uiKiied person*, including King Henry III. of
Knglaiid tind the Kmpernr of (ierniany, have juat witnessed the dia-
I'onititiire of Friar Ilm ;iiy by a Ciennan necromancer, called Jaquea
N'ainlernuwt, wiio Iiha raisoil Hurutilea to fitriiTTtfF the brunchea from
tho tret* in the garden of tlie lleaperid*>8 which Itiingay had previously
caused to appear. Iluiigay is unable to ninke Hercules desist.
{Enter IUoon.)
Hncnn. All hikil toHbia royal company,
That sit to imiir auil soo this slrmge dispute ! —
Uiin^'ay, how staud'iit tiiou a« a man amazed ?
Wli:it ! hath tiie German acted more than thou 1
Van. Wiiat art thou that uut^stion'st thus 1
Bacon. Men call me Ilacon.
Van. Lordly thou look'st, as if that thou wert leam'd ;
Thy countenance as if science held her Heat
Betwe«n the circled arches of thy brows.
A'. //«/!. Now, moiiarchs, hath the German met his match.
Emp. liestir thee, Jaiiues, take not now the foil.
Lest thou dost lose what foretime thou did'nt gain.
Van. Hacon, wilt thou dispute 1
Bacon No,
Unless he were more leam'd than Vandorm:ut :
For yet, tell me, what host, thou done 1
Van. Rais'd Hercules to ruinate that tree
That liungay mounted by his magic spells.
Bacon. Set Hercales to work.
Van. Now, Hercules, I charge thee to thy task ;
Pull off the golden branches from the root.
Her. I dare not. See'st thou not great Bacon here,
Whose frown doth act more than thy magic can 1
Van. By all the thrones, and dominations,
Virtues, powers, and mighty hierarchies,
I charge thee to obey to Vandermast
Her. Bacon, that bridles headstrong Belcephon,
And rules Asmenoth, guider of the north,
Binds me from yielding unto Vandermast.
K. Hen. How now, Vandermast? have you met with your match?
Van. Never before was't known to Vandermast
That men held devils in such obedient awe.
Bacon doth more than that, or else I fail.
Emp. Why, Vandermast, art thou overcome ? —
Eaeon, dispute with him, and try his skill. , .
Baeon. I came not, monarchs, for to hold dispute ^—^
With such a novice as is Vandermast j t"^'^
I came to have your royalties to dine
With Friar Bacon here in Brazen-nose ;
1
i ^1
H
(
ih
!i.
Men. .c»„t ,i,K„,„ „;,, ,2.*°'"",' ";• 'i"'"«.
iw '^I "7"" '""^""■""*" "'"«•■'"•>.
XX vr.
B!/-<ta>ts,' that it tea* old Zi '^"^ ,^^^t>
Tins vike monk hTSfeZS''''^"^ *"•«''
VV J.at shol.le he stiidie, and .«akT iim i
lV>a a book in cJoistr^ alwevto '^"■^^''^•« ^«^'
Or swinken with his handes and ffi '
M Austin bit? How flhaUK ^"r'
Lat Austin have hia swink to t '""''^ ^ •^^'^^ ?
Therefor he vyas a nrf "™ rewrred.
Pr„i 1 , ? P"ca8our ariffhfc •
(^rehoundes he hadde, as swift, „» * , •
I seigh h,H sieves purtiJed »t the hi ^^'
Wi h grys. and that the fynesU •Hi . ' ■'
And, for to festne hi, hoi"„*;?e,tr,^^„^
II* hatlda of gold* y-wmgtii « curioua pin :
A love-knot in the ((rettar tn«l« tber wm.
liia head waa balicJ, tkat ahoon aa any ;^laa,
And eek kia face, aa he hatkio been anoinu
Jle wiiH u lonl ful fat aitd in goo«l |ioint :
l{i8 cyt'u at^iw, and ollinge in hi* heed,
Tliot atcnitfil aa a forneya of u leed ;
Hia lH)te8 »oii|(|p, \u» hora in greet t-atat.
Now certainly he waa n fair prelat ;
He waa nat iwie aa a for pyned gooat.
A fat swan loved he beat of any rooat
Hia iwj/rey waa na hrouii aa ia a lieryo.
Chaucer. Protog%t»: to Ike CanterUtry Taltt.
(Morria and Skeat'a text).
XXVII.
Friar Laurenre's relu Knter Friar Lacrbwcb, with a hadcet.
Frt. L Now, ere the atin advance liia burning eye
The day ic cheer and niglit's dank »low to dry, '
I niust np-HII thia oaior cage of oiira
With baleful weeds and prccioua-juicetl ilowera ....
0, mickle ia the powerful grace that lies
In herba, planta, stonoa, and their trne <iiialitie8 : . .
N\ ithin the infant rind of this small flower
Poiaon hath residence and medicine power :
I For thi^ being smelt, with that part cheers each part ;
r Being tasted, slays all senses with the heart.
Two such opi>o9ed kings encamp tham still
In man aa well as herbs, grace and rude will ;
And where the worser is predominant.
Full soon the cankered death eats up '.hat plant.
Shakspero, Romeo and Juliet, Act 11., Scene III.
From Chaucbr's Dmoription or thu Friar, yfrologrie.)
His tipet was ay faraed ful of knyves
And pinnes for to yeven faire wyves.
And certeinly he hadde a mery note ;
Wei coude he singe and pleyen on a rote.
Of yeddinget he bar utterly the prya.
Hie nakke whyt waa aa the flour-de-lys.
Iher-to he strong was as a champioun.
He new the tavernes wel in every toun.
And everich hoatiler and teppestere
Bet than a lazar or a beggestere.
xxviir. I/'
aarirt^MJ'^"^^''"."^-^,'*? '^^'^'^^'^^ Canon Law. and, as many
aasert, Medicine and Civil Law, scarcely a useful book ia ti be found
Znyen7t^rl\^^ "" f™ ^"^Jt up by the friar., so that ia every
c^vent there ,8 a great and noble library, and every one of them who
has a recognued position in the Universities (un.i such are now
aJiu signihcant, although exaggerated.)
XXIX.
•midst .he „.„„.. pover7rL»t-rici,„„,T,iJ:;r '""P'' ""
Iliese nie.i are as ant. ever preparine "leir meat in tile summer
and I .geinous bees continnally fabricating cells of honey
h."':L7enteX:',;:^r;re;'!;^"^''' ''■»' '"'^-;t;'"!r^
^UedTutlrS '°"»'""« '» 'he footsteps of Pan], the last tot
Richard de Hury. PhUobihlon (1345).
XXX.
The la^t description .f the onco celebrated library of the Francis
cans at Oxford, written shortly before the dissolution of the Friary
„,il' "'^^K'"','''''''"*'^ ^^''"'^ '^^'« *>■« cobwebs in the library and
n
:1= -I
VI
I
mmrmm
56c@iU Unbeveit^, Montreal
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (FIRST Y!AR COURSE).
PaoFEsaoB Chas. E. Motse, B.A.
SUBJECTS.
The Arthur-saga.
Tts European aspect — the questions to which its compar-itive study
givos rise— its relation to our own Literature— Spenser's Faerie
Queene.
The Idylls of the King — the title — an allegory pot a parable.
The Coming of Arthur — the mystery of Arthur's birth — the coro-
nation of Arthur — the allegorical meanrng of the three Queens — of
the colour of the ra^s — Merlin — the allegorical meaning of the Lady
of the Lake -ofExcalibur — of the ship and tlic wave in a flame —
Leodogran's dream — its significance — tlie marriage hymn.
Gareth and Lynette — the allegory of the story of the royal Eagle —
tho meaning of Camelot — of the sate — of tlic old man's story — of the
quest of Oiirctb — nf the Kniuhis and their colours and the river.
Oernint and fJnid—iia source — the court as yet seemingly pure.
Balin and Balan — foreahado wings — King Pellan. s false Arthur^
the chapel.
Merlin and Vivien — complementary to Oeraint and Enid — the foal
court — the storm.
Lancelot and Elaine — contrast between Elaine and Guinevere.
Holy Orail — Allegorical meaning of thci, sculpture in the Hall — of
the wiodowB— of Peroival's quost — of Galahad's passing to the Holy
City — of Sirfiors'a adventure — of Lancelot's — why Arthur does not go
on the Quest.
Pelleat and Ettarre — ^Pelleas and Elaine — the shadow deepens.
The Last Tournament — the fool — Sir Tristram's character — the
shadow deepens still more.
Quinevere — the repentance — the scene with Arthur — ita poetical
quality — not " too iatc.''
The Patting of Arthur — the picture of the last great battle — tlM
dose bf the alkigwj.
1 1
Hk. I., ('anto
IULUSTRAXlON».
XXXI.
Spenser^, i,,,.^ (The Faorio Q..eeno,
m) . Una ( Truth) ...eots Arthur (J/,./«.> v...).
A goodly knight fam- marchi,,^. by the wav
Together with his squire, airayed met : '
li 8 glmerand armour shineii iar axvav
Like glauncing light of Phci-bus' briduest ray •
That deadly d.nt of stocle o.idan.^T may ■
That sh.nd, l,k« twmkling stars, with stone's ...ost pretious
His haughtie hehnet, horrid all with gold
For all r"' ^'•■S''*"^^^'^ ^^^ '-"•-'t torroiu bn.l •
^r all the crest a .Iragon did enf..M
With grecdie fares and over ail did spred
rini , '^J"-^ = •"« 'ircadinW hideous hod
VrZ fl""''""' "" ""■ ^''''' •^«'»'<1 to throw
rh.t suddeino horrour to tai,/to l.artes did sl,o\v
And «caly tayl. was streeht ado.vne his b..k fan'io.v.
Upon the top of all his loftie crest
A bunch ofhai.es discojourd diversly
With sprn.clod pearie. and goi.l full richly drest
Did shake, and seenud to daunce for jollirv
Like to an almond tree vmounted hvo '
On top of greene Selinis'all alone,
With blossoms bravo bedeck,.! daintily ■
Whose tender locks do tremble every o,.o
At every httlc breath, that under heaven is blowne
His warlike shield all eio.selv covr'd was
Nem..ht of mort.dl eye be ever scene
-Not made of Steele nor of enduring bras
But all of diamond perfect pure and cleene
It tranied was, one massy entire mould
ThaTZT "/^'''*'"^°^ '•««''•« with engim-s keene
1 hat point of speero it never pe. cen coujd,
Ne d.nt of d.refull sword divide the substance would
Una asks Arthur concerning his lineage. Bk. I., Canto IX.
Faire virgin (said the Prince) ye me r
A thmg without the compas of ,ny wit-
For both the l.gnage a..d the certain sire
l^rom which I sproDg, from mc are hidde
rare.
■■'-''«
'M
.iMt
' '■'Si
XXXII.
7%*' re/en itcf in Nennius to the cxploita of Arthur. Nennius is
ill all likelihood a fictifious niime, and the Historia Britonum in
Latin, which purports to be his, has apparently undergone several
recensions.
Then it was, that the luaiinaniinous Arthur, with all the kingB
and niilitiiry fbrcus of Britain, fought ngainst the Saxons. And
tliouuh there were nmny more noble than himself, yet he wa« t welve
times chosen their conimamler, and was as often conqueror. The
first battle in which he was engaged was at the mouth of the river
(ricni. Tlie second, third, fourth and fifth were on sinother river,
by the Britains called Dugluss, in the region Linuik The sixth, ou
the river Bas'sas. The .^^evcnth, in the wood Celidon| which the
Britons call Cat Coit Ceiidou. The eighth was near Gurnion castle,
where Arthur bore the ima2;e of the Holy "Virgin, mother of QroA,
upon his shoulders, and through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ,
and the holy Mary, put the Saxons to flLht, and pursued them the
whole day with great slaughter. The ninth was'at the City of
Legion, which k called Cair Lion. Tlio tenth was on the banks of
the river Trat Treuroit. The eleventh was on the mountaio
Breguoin, which we call><Jat Bregion. The twelfth was a most severe
contest, when Arthur penetrated to the hill of Badon. In this
engagement nine hundnd and forty fell by his hand alone, no one
but the Lord aflfording him assistance. In all these engagements the
Britons were successful. For no strength can avail against the will of
the Almighty.
And Lancelot spoke
And answer' d him at full, as having been
With Arthur in the fight which all day long
Hang by ihe white mouth of the violent Glem ;
And in the four loud battles by the shore
Of Duglas ; that on Bassa ; then the war
That thunder'd in and out the gloomy skirts
Of Celidon the forest ; and again
By Ciistle Gurnion, where the glorious King
Had on his cuirasS worn our Lady's Head,
Carv'd of one emerald ocnter'd in a sun
Of silver rays, that lighten'd as he breathed ;
And at Caerleon had he help'd his lord,
When the strong neighings of the wild white Horse
Set every gilded parapet shuddering ;
And up in Agned-Cathregonion too,
And down the waste saud-shores of Trath Treroit,
Where many a heathen fell ; and on the mouot
Of Badon 1 myself beheld the King
Charge at the head of all his Table Kouad,
And all his legions orjiog Christ and him, -
And break them.
—Eiama.
il
'M-fS ,i?if*?f';
miumim
XXXIII. ^
Gareth and Ltnette, \
The lUt of the Knights as given in Mnlor,, and Tennyson
''^^««^- TENNV.ON.
T e S^ K^i «■ ' r:""""*^'- '^'"^ ^""'"^^'^ «"" «'• Meridiem
T.. Blue Ka.ght, S.r Pcrsant o. Ti.e Morning Star o^ P,.o.phon.s.
T,^Bl.ck K„i.ht of the Blaek Tl. Black Kni.Lt or Night or
The iied Knight of the Red " ''^"''' "' '"''''•
Lawns, Sir Ironside.
The order of the combats and the difference in colour.
MALOBT.
^rou) night to evening.)
The Black Knight of tlie Black
Lawns (night).
Green (dawn).
Bed (noon).
Blue (evening).
The Bed Knight of the Red Lawns.
TENNYSON, ^
(From morning to night.)
Blue (morning).
Red (noon).
Green (evening).
Black Knight (night).
I I
XXXIV. \/
The Original of Tennyson's Merlin and Vivien
evermore wheresoever she went And nft ^L„ m i^ }. '"-''"
to^a ro^r' K • ^""^ ~ "" * """ " ^''PP^"^'^ tf'-t Mer^b 2wed t.!T.2
dBiHl
M^
that he i^ld do. And so sl.e .lepavU-d and left Mcrlm.
Malory. Morte Darthur.
Tn the co'ursn of the growth of .a?a literature, the '"O'^ P«:°;^X;!*
oTly .l»lo, and the ctour oi .n n^- '".f fj;^,'T" S.m .nd Uoll
ilircotncss.
What tale did Iseult to ihc children say,
Under tha hollies, tl>:it bright winter s day (
She told them of the lairy-haunted land,
Awav the other side of Brittany,
Tl.rou..h wnose green uougns w.e s"— ■ «»»«»'*"« «'<^^P^
Where Merlin by the enchanted thorn-tree sleeps.
For here he came with the fay Vivian,
One April, when the warm days first be^an.
He was on foot, and that false fay, his friend,
On her white palfrey ; here he met his end,
In those lone sylvan dados, that April day.
This tale of Merlin and the iovoly fay
Was the one Iseult chose, and she brought clear
Before the children's fancy him and her.
ThcY'ca-ne'to where the brushwood ceased, and day
Peer'd 'twixt the stems; and the ground broke away,
In a sloped sward down to a brawling brook ;
And up as high as where tluy >^tood to look
On the brook's laither side was clear, but then
The underwood and trees began agun.
This open glen was studded thick with thorns
Then white with blossom, and you saw the horns,
Thr.ugh Iftst year's fern, of the shy f""«'-J«"^^
Wiio qome at u<jOd down to the water hcre,--^— =^.
Yo» »w the bright.eye<l squirrels dart alojg
Uwie!- tbe thorns on the green sward ; an^ attoug _^
The bbdtjard whistled from the dmglcs BMt. .
M
Across the ho]!,,,/ wl „?. ' "'•' '"" ^""- '•'"i''
S'arr'd the cool ,,;/!■;, •V''"'«n'^':
Ran out fro.u thJ ]'l f""'f' ^'f pn"iuroH.s
No fairer re. i„ ', "^ u.„ler»v,.od b,.|,i,„,.
"Here let us Sr ',,;' »"". '"""'"' «'"'•
T(>(\
The blossoni'd thmn *. »" ' w.tves it„ver
Nine titnc. .,' ^'e^ S S: ''" ^'^'^"'"^ '"-r.
And made, little S ''^.°^"^^'''"n' mmpl^ round
And in thatdaitSd c.>l '-^^ "™"='J-
Is Merlin prisooi til H '•'."'"" '^'^'
Sir Thomas Malory's 1',,./ ^ ' ^
B«divere depart .dr/K*^ ''■''"^y bring you o.T ^''"- ''°'»™*»d-
thepomJlS ,.V '^ bj the- way he bel.dd thl/ kF*'"- '^° »'>
iSxcaliburundfr« .. "^r "'"^ ''«^- And Lr.^'' n",':'^^ «hal|
the king, S'lj, Tjt ''' -". - '- Stt ^;tr ■ '""'
sword into the water wtl^^"" "*' "'e water, and had S.tn^*"'."'
he said, I saw noth ;. k^^^ rawest thou there V sL ,k ^''*'"* ">«
tb«e, said To t " •"?' ""^^^"^ ''"•^ winds ThJ ■ '"' ¥« Sir,
Then Sir Bcdivorc returned again, and took the sword in his hanil ;
and then him thought sin and Hhaiiit; to throw away thii' noblu
sword ; ami so e(t hi' hid tlui sword, and returned a^ain, nnd told to
I lie kiu^ tlint lie h.id lieiii :it tlu> wtitt^r, nml dufH' Ills oomiuandmcnt.
Whiit saw thnu ttierr? ^a;il the kinj:. Sir, lie 8;iid, I faw nothing
l)ut the wan rs wap and tin: w.ivis wan. Ali, traitor, untrue, laid kintr
Artliur, now Iia>t tliou bctiaycd uie twice. Who would have wend
that thou that lia.'^t bun to me so inf .-ind dear, and thou art a Danied
it noble knight, iiid would hctiay nic for tli'.' riches of the sword. But
niiw go afraiii liirlitly, for thy lonji larryiuf; |iuttctli me in great
jcippardy of my lilc, lir I havt- lakcn cold. And but ii thou do now
as 1 bid theo, if cvt r I may mo thoc I siiall slay ihoe with nij own
liands, for thou wouUKst ior my ricli swor.l sec inc dead. Then Sir
Bedivere dipartcd and went to the sword nnd lightly took it up, and
went to the water -ide, and there he brum I the girdle about tho hilts,
and then he threw the sword as far into the water as he might, and
there eanie an arm and an hand above the water, and met it and
caught it, and so shook it thrice and brandished, and then vanished
away the hand with the swor.l in th( water. So Sir Bedivere came
again to the king and toM him what he s;iw. Alas, .''aid the king
h<'lp mo henee, for 1 <iread me 1 have tarried over lon^'. Then Sir
Bedivere took the king upon his b:ick, imd ,<o went with him to that
watrr side. And when they wcri- at the water side, even fast by tho
bank hoved a little barge, with many fair ladies in it, and among
them all was a queen, anil all they li.ul black hoods, and all th«y wept
and shrieked when tluy i^aw king Aithur. Now put mo in the barge,
said the kin<r; and so !:e did softly. And there received him three
queens with great mourning, iind so they set him down, and in one
of their laps king Arthur laid his head, aiid then that queen said,
Ah, dear brother, why have ye tsirri. d so long from me ? Alas, this
wound on your head hath caught over mueh cold. And so they
rowed from the land ; and Sir Bedivere beheld all tho.«e ladies go
from him. Then Sir Bediveie cried, Ah, my lord Arthur, what
shall become of me now ye go from me, and leave me here alone
among my enemies. Comfort thyself, s:dd the king, and do as well
as thou mayest, tor in me is no trust for to truat in. For I will into
the Vtileof Avilion, to heal mc of my grit vous wound. And if thou
hear never more of me. pray for my soul. But ever the queens and
the ladies wept and shrieked, that it was pity to hear. And as soon
as Sir Bedivere had lost the sight of the barge, he wept and w.dled.
XXXVI. ^
ChBONOLOOT of the EABLIEB ArtHCRIAN PoBMS op TENRT80N
AND OP ^HE Idi/lls of the King.
(The numbers after the titles indicate the order in which the
pieces now stand.)
1832. Lady of 8halott. (Note — Tlie original of the nan . whtob
-▼■niipr appeM* as Shalott, Escalot, Astolat, bl -ther
*iiNW**« probibly Alclut, the old Welsh name of the rock
of l^Wton ib Om Clyde.)
^^fl
ti
1842. Sir Galahad.
Sir Unoelot and Qaoon Guineturo.
Morfo d'Arthur
GuiDevcro (11) ^ ''• *'^"'" ("X Maine (7),
1885. Balln and Balan (5).
xxxviiy
ii01l*»<,E-S0IIMB „,. THE ArTH™ Sto.V.
Merlin.
This exists in two forum • i a *•
entitled Li Romanz de 'Loirl; .t ^'"S'-'^f^^ '""'ric'l vmin,.,
Roman du St. G "aal •> A n J,^" ^'?*' ' ^''' P""t'^d «« i^^
Le Joseph d'A.i„athie.- At T eldTt. i^'' ^""' ^^'."'' "«
found. 3. Pe..5ival. Prose rimanee " P'"* ^"™''>» «
4. Queste del Saint Graal. Prose ro-n.-n^ce.
5. Grand St. Graal. Prose romance.
^ Pallets "ST.::: ^'"'°""""»" ^^"'-'^
u, Bobs,, d. Bo^T OT'2r.„ffi;r"'»' ""^**
5)ic3tll Unwcr^itt), 5Dlontrcal.
ILIUITRATIOIIS OF ENOLISH IITERATURI (FIRIT YEA« CittRU).
Professor Chah. E. Mothe, B. A.
aUUJBCTt*.
Teriod of Italian influenco. First sub diviaion : The infloenoe of
rent Italian writerB on great English writers— the lofluenoe of the
tti>t Italian triumvirate. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, on Cliauoar
and the Chauceriaa«i. , riL-u ii« «^j
A gUnco at the history of Italy— tijo Guelf and Ghibeliioe feud-
Florence and Dante Alighieri— Dante's place in Liter»tare--wnM of
his characteristics as a philosopher -\d n poet— the plan of the I^nno
Oomcdy-the plan of Milton's l-aradise Lost— Humanism— Krao-
cpsco Putrarca and Qiovanni Boccaccio.
XXXVIII.
DANTE.
Tosoan, that wandcrcst threugh the realms of gloom,
With thoughtful pace, and sad, majestic eyes,
Stem thoughts and awfnl from thy soul arise,
Like Farinata from his fiery tomb.
Thy sacred song is like the tramp of doom ;
Yet in thy heart what haman sympathies,
What sofc compassion glows, a<4 in the skies
The tender sturs their cloadcd lamps relume 1
MethiokB I see tliee stand with pallid checks,
By Fca Hilario in his diooeae,
As up the oonyent walls, in golden streaks,
The asccwdiBg sanbeams mark the day's decrease ;
Andj M he asks what there the stranger seeks, ^
fhj voice along the cloister whisper* " Peace ! "
LOKQFELLOW.
line 4, Jfw-MKite.— See Inferno, Canto X. _
lane 10, T. Tiiarw— Sec Longfellow's Translation of Uu MtVtte
Oeqiedy (Boufiedge), p. 199.
illl
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XXXIX.
TiiK KifiHT Sunn MK Mkvtbich.
r.!i.lj nine iin..N .since my l.iitli il... he.ivci ,.r IJ.J.t I,,„l
It'U It.. iCtollltllMI (III i(.t
Jorious ladv of
niV tlinll.rlits, wl
W||, II fliPi
ppiMIVil 1(1 inv ).y
ucfoni-
iC till'
n.)win« wliiit nunic (.. ^'jvo li.r woiihv of I
loni iiiiinv iK'iM.ns call.'^l H.^tric, n.>(
starry licavon \m\
lui.v.il (V ini tlic (xci.lent t« tl
• r. Mil.,- h.T i.irtli till
part of a il, unc, m, (|,.a J „.,„ 1,^^ .,» t|
year iiiid tMW.irlH ih
fn(
very nolilf i nl. ur, wliiel
I nt
uiino
she waM -irdlal .md iidonuMl
"' - n""i^'i "1(1 u.ioni.Mi II, a miinncr wliich I
youlhlul nj-o. At fl.u* Mi,„„.,,t r say ,i„|y th;.t tl
!«■ on.iii the twrllih
«' fdinnipniiiiicrit of hor ninth
Sill' appcarfd i<> m,. ,.|i,d j„
criiiisdii, and
I \v;is 8uli(liu(| an.! nioiJcnt mid
i» miinnt'r wliich l)cfitt.(l her uxtn-nidv
I Wl f ti^iil.. *t,..A ^1. . • -. r
(Iwoii^ ill th
r m.)-t M-crcv (.jianil).! ..f („. 'jif.irt I
Hfn.uifly. U.:.titni:,nifest<-li,.(Hrvi,.|,.„tly in tli- I
body , and, tr.Mi.blin.', it naid th, sc words • AV .« j
rnne,.s ilomhuiUt,,, m!/,;. i lUdicId a Cod st
il- spintol liCe whicli
><',i,'ait 'o fieuihio k«
//
ca>t pnN^i of
<■'•« /A».s firtmr nif.
my
shall
come un(
I rul
e over mtM— Dan tl!. A./ |',V„ .V
XL.
ron^'er than I, who
TiiK F.mKstr\i...wiN(i uv tiikJUvi.vk Comkdv,
T .■^27.!''''Tr»'' "';''■' '"»''''''"■*■'' '" '"^' " ^-'-'dcrftil visi(,n, i„ which
I saw th ng8 hat n.ndo n,o n-.-lvc n..t to ..peak uion- of thi. S-
ono unt. sued. t.m.. as I cr„id di^conr-c „,o,o worthily 1, tT
ADdtoth.,>.c.udUtnv.asn.ucha.slcar., ju.t a., sho L cTknow«
wci. So that, ,f,t .hall pleas.. Ilin, through whou. all th -. r.?
th.t my he continue for .^onie years I hope tc say of h.r that" wl irh
has never been «aul of any woman. And then ...a/ it d^ase h m £
.8 the lord of courtesy, that my n.ind ,lep:.rt to L the Jo y of ,«
lady J mean of that blessed Be.triee, who gloriously jrazes hfho f.l
(The r/^/jV«o/7,, which describes the love of J»antc for Beatrice
Portiuan, -s written in Italian, and consists of prose and 2^ v
Dant« ana.j:.e9h.3,K,ems, exph.ining the meaning of" each portio^
TnK Account ok
XLI.
D.\.\TF.'.S F188T ATTRArnON ToWARDS
Philosophy.
When for me the first delight of D7 soul was lost, coDccrnina which
mentton has been made already, I declare that I Vomain" %tkS
wuh such deep grtef that no comfort availed me. After some timeS?
reason which mce8.,antly sttovc to find a remedy, since neither mToJJ
consolation, nor tho.^e of others brought any relief, formed the "/ea" of
having recouLse to the means which some disconsolate spirite had
adopted to console themselves. And I app».;„d myself to rcaySub^k
of Boethius, unknown to many. i„ which, when ietctJadrTn e^e
■another book in which, when discusaing thothemo 01 friidshj,!" 3
1- <■
HI
^
ig^mn.
J
i.laU'il liow lijcliui, a most cxcollcnt luan, foun<l oODKUlion id Iiim
;;ri.r for the death of hill friend Soipio, I applied iny»lf to read it
And iilthoufih nt firnt I found it diflSiult to intor into their uentiuicnt*.
»( |.i8( I »i ixiered tlnui m lai uh tlic art ot ;;rniumur wliich I pi«»uiwod
Hid .1 little intidlij;cnc«' ou njy part enabled luo to do. And ju«t as it
I, ippcii.'i that a luaii noikrt ^^ilvcr and btjrond his intention fiiidn gold,
ulii.h Hoiu! unknown cauj-e, not pcrliups without iwino divine com-
iiKiiid, h;i.s premjutwl to his cyen, bo 1, wlio soujrlit to ouwle niysclt'
t.uiid not only a reinciy tor luy tears, hut uanies of ituthortf and
t ims of Kiieiiee and tiilest of bonks ; und by onsiderinj,' thcftc I judi;od
(\,|l tliiif |ihilo9opliy who Wiis the lady of tltiks autliors, scienccM and
1 kf ujU!*t bo a suprenie thn»n. And I inta>;iiicd iier faHhioncd liko
I ludilu i;idy, and could not pitluro her in any >?uise cave one full of
j.ity. Wherefore uiy sense so marvelled at lier of its own accord that
I could scarcely turn from tier. And bceausK! of this itnaj,'iniD};, I
I . -;un to go where she truly showed herself, — that is, in ♦'«• HchooU of
ilie ruH^iouH and in tlie disputations of nhilortopher*, bo I'lat in a short
lime, perchance in some thirty months, I begun to fool her iwuetnesa
' much, that love for h(!r- chised away an 1 desiroved every other
thought in me For this lady was the daughter of(jt»d,
WIS the queen of all, was that most noble and beautiful thing,
pliilosophy. — Dantk, // C»niit<i, II. 13.
(The Convito, the second work of Dante's trilo^'V, the Uivine
• Comedy being the third, consists almost entirely of prose, and is writ-
ten in Italian.) r
XLII.
TlIK KnTR.VNCK of BeATRIOK IXTi. TlIK DlVI.VK COMEDV. ^
(The socnc takes plaoo in the Earthly Par.idiac which is situated on
the summit of the Mount of Purgatjry. It will bo observed that the
colours in which Beatrice appears nyipbolize Faith, Charity and
Hope.)
I have seen ere now at th<? beginning of the day the eastern region
nil ro^y, while the rest of tht- heaven was beautiful wi<h ftiir, clear
-ky ; and the face of the sun rise shaded, so that through the tempcr-
in" of vapours the eye sustained it a long while. Thus within a cloud
offlowcrs, which from the angelic hands wa.-? ascending, and falling
down again within and without, a lady, with olive wreath above a
white veil, appeared to me, robed with the colour of living flame,
beneath a green mantle. And my spirit, that now for so long a time
nad not been broken down, trembling with amazement at her presence,
without having more knowledge by the eyes, through occult virtue that
proceeded from her, felt the gretit (lOteiiey of ancient love.
Soon as upon my sight the lofty virtue smote, which already had
transfixed me ere I was out of boyhood, I turned me to the left with
theconfidenco with which the little child runs to his mother wh«i ho
is frightened, or when he is trouUed, to say to Virgil, " Leas than
a drachm of blood remains in me that dcth not tremble ; I reco^ise
the symbols of the ancient flame," but Virgil had left us deprivod of
himself ; Virgil, sweetest Father, Virgil to whom I for my salvation
■^^
11
,1
1,1
.H!
u
that .re Sc-rJin^on tie 'oirsTin?" "" f™''' '^""'^''^ ^« ^'^ 'h° P'^oplo
upon ...e left bl,rdcroftrem otli'^r'^^^^ ''"^"^ ^" '^^'^l'.
my own name whifh Jin -l ■ ^ '"'■°*-'^ "'° *»' the ^oun-J of
wlio had first ;;; rod t?.eS;V'^^'''r'.*^ ''*"-^'-^ «-' ^''e l"adj
descended from her |,^. j Sd b, th ^ r m-"°'' '^^^ ^'^"' *h'«''
»'er fo appear distiue.ly. ' I o X st II !^.f W ^^"7'"' '^'"^ "«' «"«»
on, a« one who speaks, and kcZ' hZl U " *^ '" ^'''' "''''°' ''"^ ^^n'
at nie well : I , „, : '.,. , r ? Ins wannest speech : '• Look
feigned to ••.ppu^^rif ■i;:/,:;''r'^nf,'^r'-r- S^ ''-tThou
l'"PPy ''cre ? '' Mv eves f>ll V • ; ., '"^f^ '''^" know that man k
solria it r drew them t.^ i. 1 'T^^'"" clear fount; but seein-^ my
As to the sonThe m tt 'S?prrud ^^l' «'""" V'^^^''^^ »^'--
what bitter tastcth the . air, ^T. " '^'l^'"'^ ^« »"« ^ f«r ^on,e.
(Charles Eliot NortoStrariation)"" '''y~^"'9- C'anto XXX.
XLlIf.
Satan from hence, now on the lower .tair
Ihat scnled by steps of gold to Heaven-gato
0^ thi^Vt '""^'' '' '^' «"^J<1'^° view'
Ot all this World at once. As when a scour
Through dark and de.sert ways with peS io
^" "•g'^l- *' I'^st by break of Jheerful'iiwn
Obtems the brow of some high-climbin^S
Winch to h,8 eye discovers unaware '^ '
1 he goodly prospect of some foreign land
^ seen, or some renowned metropolis
mthuT!^^ •P?''' ^"^ pinnacles adorned
Which now the rising sun gilds with his beam, .
Such wonderse zed, though after Heaven TeT '
Of Wight's ext..nded shade) from eastern point
Of Libra to the fleecy star that boars '^
Andromeda far off Atlantic seas
Jieyond the horizon ; then from pole to pole
He views ,n breadth,-and, without lonS pause
J>ow„ right into the World's first region" h rot" '
llirough the pure marble air his oblique wav
Amongst .nnumerable stars that shour ^
Stars distant, but nigh-hand seemed other worlds
MitTON, Pa^Mlise Lo.t, Bk. Ill, lines 640-566.
XLIY.
To Brunetto Latim.
Sent irith thr Vita Nmrrn.
Master Brunetto, rliis my little maid
Is come to sp 'id her Easter time with you
Not that
Wl
" !:..i(5 *ea>tinj; as her due. —
losc It J JH hanJly t(; e fed, but read.
Not in i
Nor mi"
h'lvry can l;or onse be weigh 'd,
f'l . JLvtt; 61 ar / noisy crew :
All ! ant^ .-■ l wu." r little coaxin;; too
Belorc slie'll <,'et iuto another's head.
But if you do not find hor meaning clear,
You've many Brother Albt>rts h:ird at hand,
Whose Mrisdom will respond to any cill.
(Vinsult with tliem and do not laugh :it her;
-And if she still is hard to understand,
Apply to Master Janus l:i.«t of all.
J)ante. [Tran^aiion by D. G. Rossctti (1828-1882).]
l>'ne 10, Brother Alberts. •' Probably in allusion to Albert of
Cologne."
Line 14, Master Janus. " It seems probable that Dante is merely
playfully advising his preceptor to avail himself of the twofold insight
of Janus the double-faced."
The sonnet is of doubtful authentieity. Brunetto Latiui, Dante's tutor,
is placed ia Inferno. See Canto XV. 30. He was also the tiior of
(luido Cavaleanti, one of Dante's eirele of poets. Seethe strikin"- refer-
ence to Guido Cavalcanti in Inferno, Canto X. 63. '^
And so.
XLV.
One day when Dante felt perplex'd
If any day that tjould come next
Were worth the waiting for or no,
And mute he sat amid their din, —
Can Grande called the Jester in.
Then facing ou his guest, he cried, —
" Say, Messer Uante, how it is
I got out of a clown like this
More than your wisdom can provide."
And Dante : " 'Tis man'u ancient whim
That still his like seems good to him."
Also a talc is toid, Luw uuce,
At clearing tables after meat,
Piled for a jest at Daote's feet
Were found the dinner's well-picked bones ;
80 lai'l, to please the banquet's lord,
By one who crouched beneath the beard.
t"
m
Il '
R' i
I
r
ThcuMniled Can (;,,u,.let,.M,o rest,
fe*' ".any honos you'd net d...sn-v
lA
As th
Tlii.s .
:» t;iIo tdls tl,;,t on I
1 1-* (IMcl
entna'.s .-truois I
H
as CI
iroiii,'h \'
'3"i,^' certain womuu .,„,
;,',' strolls „, H,i, „„, 1^;,^^-
I'C Went.
:V»iil' JiolK.id I
W
llelVat
Jfl
V '"
i^evcitlic'lcss
i>-ped his beard 'iinl
reck
^'"ged his cheek.
■ '^.11 ^ j,H-eaccio'.s words) '• he sn.ilM
U'*-^- ' It niinjht I
wc cannot know
lie so
I'iy lie were not Ijeguiled
To hit!
■rer nii, tj,, who se
H\ ■ ,-—■"", wno se
" '»e indeed were back fV
%;li;'''"{/-''""^ after a space,
When Dante fdt assured th^t
'^l.esunshmc must be sicklier
■arce could tell
•otn JJell.
Tl,
tl
lierc
Kven than
He
^-en I han many other place
«aa come, he rose and went his w„„
way.
c went and turned not From J., • i
Itni . be M.nn... „i •, .:'^^"i'»ssIioes
As
S Ci
Ouce and
be that he shook the d
't;ry righteous dealer
usf.
must
"ce ana again ere life can close
Ad unaccomplished destinv
fitruek cold his forehead it
y
may be
Our i)antc with tht binir brlS "'''' '''
n;iTrn'*^^V''"^'«^^hosc> stairs
A;>\"'""P«tl..^''i'^ feet knew idl
I^-^NTE ( ABRm'^P '"'"*^ ^''^'"ileavenorHeli
"'"' R...ssErT. (182S-1882), /S, .,, ,,,,„,,
VI in
The moriiiiig of the 8iii
XL VI.
-undoftrumi^ts; and the pel^ever S ' .^-.-'-'d in by the
lu.irtrrs ,ee ihc cereu.ODv Tweltl .,*"* ** ''''^^ "aine from 3l
a"..lHsofRome, and clotKd ir^car?;'"''''' '-'^'^^^ '"••"'» ^h'bT
ii;^£:r s;r"r ^-^^--^Tthetet'^-rr"' -
plnHwJ • ''^'•P'e. Ihey were foUowo.J k„ .'' P"*^s "» honour of
a,co,npauied l.y tl.o first uun of tho council. The streets were strewed
uitl. flowers, M .1 .1,.. w.n,low. fillcl with hulics, drcsse.l in the most
>I.leiu]id man, r who siiowere<l perfumed waters on the poet He at
Hn.t tune wore the rol.e that had been presented to hiu, h/the Kin- of
>ape> AN hen th.y re.,ehed the Capitol, the .rumpet^v.M. L
lid I etrareh, h.-ivM.g made a short speech, in which he .,ootcd a verse
|..u. V,r^il,ened out tj.. -times'' l.,ns live the iJo.nanpeop|...! lon.r
live tlic Senators may U . I preserve their liberty !" At the coaclu'^
... of these wonk he knelt befbre the senator 0..so. who .akin"' a
-Mown d laurel from h.s own h. ad, pl.-.ced it on that <.f Petr.rd.
<;.yn..:, i his cr.nvn is the reward of virtue." The iH)et then repeated
.sunnet.n pra.>e of the ancient Romans. The pe'.ple tcitifiJtleir
.-probation by >b„„is of applause crying, "Ln„/fl„,',,is,, t,,e Capitol
'.'"', "'^^T' ■ . .^ ''^ '■•"''nJ'* f l^ftrarch shed tears of joy an
>t.^ano Colorma, h,s favourite heui, addressed the a.ssembly in hi honour
The ceremony ha vn,- been finished at the Capitol, the proccs" on
..i.i.dst the sound of .run.jK^ts and the acclamations of the people re!
I aired tJunee to the church of St. Peter where Petrarch offefed up Is
I -own of laurel before the altar. The same day the Count of An^u !
lara caused letters patent to be delivered to Petrarch, in wh^h" d e
H.mtors, after a flattermg prean.ble, declared that he had n.erited le
-leofa great poet and h.st..r,an ; that, to mark his distinctiortlev
i;.d put upon his head a laurel crown, not only bv the antl.mif J %
K.n, Eobe.t. but l^ that of the Roman SenaSnd^;;,: ' j' {.:/
l-y L'aye h,m at Rome and elsewhere, the privilege to read to lispu «
...explain ,.ne.ent books, .0 make new ones to compose poms and to
we.r a crown acco-ding to hi. choice, eithcr'of laurel^ beeJh o. myrH^
;:^5!d^t?S;^ """^- '''''"' '-- ^ r--.ar'dres/^
From Petmrch',1 Sv.nets ,n,d Li/r (Bohu's Illustrated Library;.
XLVIT.
To Laura in Death.
Sonnet LXXXIIL
Volo con I' lilt de' priisiriinl cielo.
He seems to be with her in Heavev.
So often on the wings of thought 1 fly
Up to heaven's blissful seats, that I appear
As one of those whose treasure is lodged there
The rent veil of mortality thrown by. '
A pleasing chillness thrills my heart, while I
Listen to her voice, who bids me paleness wear—
Ah ! now my friend, T love thee, now rcve. e.
tor cham-d thy face, thy manners," doth she cry
She lead ^ her Lord : and then I bow
Prefcrr jle pmyer. He would allow
ibat nous face and hew might see.
Ihuf .168 : " Thy destiny's secure ;
lo ,. , - ,ie twenty, or some ten years more.
la rut htifc apace, though long it seetna to theC'-Notr.
XLvrii.
Baiite's j,'enius did not wait Ion- for officii! ro.-o.miflnn Ti
SrS'/'' '''"'"^^ *""'"^^'' ^ ^''•-- '0'- 'he «,,;:'; "works :
Horenco Boccac-co's com.n.ntary extends to the .seventeenth Mne i I
• cntcneo. Jh..t the leclu>.r had ent.c.s in his audience is apparent
r onool .l,.M„ ..wK.. fi,llowinL' sonnet:
Ironi his iiddressinp- one of thoni in tht
T(. ONE WHO MAUCEXS.RE.. ,„s PI UC.C Kxpns.TJO.N OK DanTE.
If l)ante mourns, there ul.ere.oeer he be,
Ihat such hij^h fancies of a soul so proud
Should be l.Md open to the vnl^'.-.r crowd,
(As, touching my Di>c,iurse. I'm told by thee )
xhis wen. my grievous p.iii ; and c.Mtainlv
My prrprr bla me should not be d isavow'd ;
1 hough hereof somewhat, I declare aloud
n (Me due to others, not a one to me
irT ''T'J ']"' r"''"^^'' ""^' tlxrewithal
Ih.^ b mdcd judirment of a host of friends
Andlhe,rentre.,iies, mndethatldid thus.
Knt of all this there is no irain at all
Unto the thankless souls' wltli whose base ends
.Nothing agrees that's great or generous. '
(Translation by I). G. liossetti.)
I.VSORIPTIO.N FOR A rohTRAIT OF I/ANTE.
Dante Aliqhieri. a dark oracle
Of wisdom and art, I am ; whose mind
Has to my country such great gifts assion'd
lliat men account my powers a miracle
My lo ty fiucy passed as low as Hell,
As high as Heaven, secure and unconfin'd-
And II. my noble book doth every kind
Of earthly lore and heavenly doctrine dwell
JCenowneU Horcnce was my mother.-nay
SiMimotber unto me her piteous son
Through sin of cursed slander's tongue and tooth
liaveuna sheltered me so cast away •
My body is with her,-my soul viith One
*or whom no envy can make dim the truth
IllUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (FIRST YEAR COURSE).
\'r.,ny.s<.,:i ('n\s. I!. M,,v.„k. M.A.
A coiiip:ira(
^'i iAli:c-rs.
ivo view ol'l'hmcer.
Sliakspc
iwmodooflif«^ZcS"T,r<U ,• T'''^'^""™'^'''^
CLauoi,', L™.1, 11, " .1" °f '■ V''':. '^""" -"" F'«"klin-
journcj w Caw . bu v_1j "ko." ''"'"•f"''™ "'-"'<' T'tarf-.he
the ^7«,on «/ p,-e,, ''(he A2u.T tl t'-'^*" ^"'^'' (,'uhair-
the Astrolabe Palaccrand Znll" "'"''' "^'^no^i""! rdlrence_
iLLUbTttATlONS.
MiS^l^lSI'v^:^;:;^:;^!;^ '''"«r^ -'-; -H fi-^ '•-* Early aad
poerry .- (J) fin,,! ::/■;;", ". ';':;* ^^ V"'^ " ^'""t '^ ^'"^ "•^«"'
syllables; (b) huA ,' u to .1 ho pronounced as separate
when it i«LUJ W a wo Eirri l'^^' '''' «°^'' " "' ^*^.
nen word bej-ins witl^. v^^d .rT ^ ^ /"' ^ «""«>^nt- Wbe.. the
is silent. '' ''"'' '" '•^■'^"" cases with A, the tinai e
haf^st?:i:t;;;;i!rt"^^'l*^ ^-^ «•'-- *»-*-
comparatively mod. ro "'"'"' "* '"^ '» '^'^l, which i.
i til
1
J-
W '
XXXIX.
one tsiics Ihy likeness on her. Time hiij. ..,.,„
F«sh rain,™, .U i. Tain and „„ ™ arr, '
W n J'"' " ■■" "T '" '^'y l»"e done
Onrfa.,icha„ee,,hc;i:;';„'!*?h;rn,„
fathe, Chaucer, hero we praise thy nau.e.
A. C. Swinburne,
• '"^ " '"""'"^ ^'>"'f(^ Midsuimncr Holiday).
{•ppy with a crust and spr n./-wa cf !S 1 V^' '"'t'' ^^ """i'* »«
ben^ face in a flagon o&r,? w h.; 1h ''^/"' ^'^'^ '''"•*°'' ^^ •»»
opposite . c, .^....^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .ro't^isTit^^gi"' "
look tf. ( iod without abjcctness, and on man withotit contempt. The pupil
of Oiinifold experience,— scholar, coartier, Holilier, ambassador, who
)i;id known poverty as a housemate and been the coinpanio-i of prinoes,
— li is WIS one of those happy temperaments that could equally enjoy
botii liaives of culture,— the world of l)ooks and tlic world of men.
" Unto this day it doth niine hertO boote,
' That I have h.id my world as iu my time !"
Tln! jMirtrait of Chuuccr which we owe to the loving regret of his
-lisciple Occleve, confirms the judgment of him which we make from
his works. It is, I think, more en-aging than that of any other poet.
The (lowncnst eyes, half sly, half meditative, the sensuous mouth, the
broad brow, drooping with weight of thougiit, and yet with an iiiex-
jmgnable youth shining cut of it as from the morning forehead of a
boy, are all noticeable, and not less so their harmony of placid tender-
ness. We are struck, too, with the smoothness of the face as of one
who thought easily, whose phrase flowed naturally, and who had never
puckrrcd his brow over an unmanageable verse.
James Ru8.sell Lowkll. — Literar;/ Essni/s, Chtnieer.
321
330
340
XLI. I
And, sooth to scyu, my chambre was
Ful wel depeynted, and with glas
Were al the windows wel y-glased,
Ful clere, and nat an hole y-crased.
That to bcholde hit wasgret loye.
For hoolly al the storie of Troye
Was in the glasing y-wroght thus,
Of Ector and king Priamus,
Of Achilles and Lumedon,
Of Medea and of lason.
Of Paris, Bleyne, and Ijavyne.
And alle the walles with colours fync
Were peynted, bothe text and glose,
(Of) al the Bomaunce of the Rose.
My windowes weren shet echon.
And through the glas the sunne shon
Upon my bed with brighte bemes,
With many glade gilden stremes ;
And eek the welken was so fair,
Blew, bright, clere was th^ir,
And ful atempre, for sothejhit was) ;
For nother cold nor .hoot i^nas,
Ne in al the welken was aliogde.
. CHAtJOEa, The Bdok of the Duehe$»e. (Skcat's text.)
324, jonged bnken; 333, glose, margin; 334, echon, each one:
340, atempre, mild. '
%
:■ - I
Mtmiim
■^ammii
i'
J'
I I
H
'it
, i
XLir.
J be toiupli. . •' •
I (^"Jtil! '■''^'■'' '!''"•'-' '^-''';
^f^.r,:&'':i;;;„::»":
S?n- ----'''-•
-«'ul th(» bc-Mti flip ^,„ '
And wonno. .md ici,,„ p.-
A'-d Polite. IUs.t;;?^:^y-'ay„.
;\"d Paris t„h:„o„,. *=-
A i f ^r" to Medoa •
T'«J.v,.ltel,i,„„|e.Lo!...
(3Gr.) 1455
MfcO
147(1
14S0
UiJO
1500
XLiir.
Thesj, of which.- I ;;inno rede,
Ther saujrh I ston<len. out of dndc :
Upon .m yrcn pilt-r j-tuiaa,
Ihat peynted was, al endolong,
Ihc Tholosan that hifjhte Staco,
I hat bar of Thebes up the fame
Upon hi.« sh.ildrcs, and the name
Also of cruel Achilles
And by him stood, witlmuten lees,
i* ui wonder hyc on a pijcer
Of yren, lie, the jrrcl Omeer ;
And with liim D.res and Tytus
Bifore, and eek he. Lollius
An.l Gnido eek de Celunipnis,
And Endish Gaufridc eek y-wis ■
And each of these, as h.ive I loye,
NN .18 besy for to here up Troye.
S. hevy tlier-of was the faa>e,
That for to bore hit was no "ame
But yit I If..,,, fill wel t.spy,/
Betwix heni was a littl cnvye
One seyde, Omere made lyes,
i'eynin<^e in hi^ poctryes,
And was to Grekes f.vorable ;
Tlierfor held he hit hut fahle.'
Tiio sau-h 1 stonde on a pileer,
II at was ol tinned yien deer
TjiatLai , poete (dan) Virjj'yle,
I hat bnre hath up a ionise whyle
The fame of Piu.s Eneas"
And next him on a pjler was
Of fo|K3r, Venus clerk, Qvydo,'
Tliat haih y-sowcn wonder "wyde
The grete -jod of Loves name.
And ther he bar up wel his fame
I. [ion thispiier, also hye
As I might SCO hit with myn ye
Kiwhy this halle, of whichc I rede
V\ .s woxe on hi-ht<s lengihe and brede.
\\ .1 more, by a thousand del.
Than hit was ersr, that saugh I wel.
rho aaugh I, o„ a piier hy,
Ofyren wroght ful sternely,
The grcte poete. daun Luoan,
And on hia shaldies bar up than
As highe as that I mijihte see
Tlie fame of luliua and Pomp^
A-.d by him Btoden alle these olerkes
!.1 .
1510
That writen of Romcg n.ighty workcs,
Ihat if I woldehir names telle
Al tolongo niostel dwclle
'^'^«>»'fr«->yl'"«hc wore wood,
l)an Claudian, the so.h to telle.
1 hot bar up al the fa,.,e of heile.
OfPluto, andofProserpyno,
i- hat quene is of the derko pyue
Chauckr._7V.c- ITous of Fame. Liue.s I45r,-1512.
(Bk. III., lines 365-422) (Skeaf. text).
I;t56, ginoo rede, hvqia to descrlh, ■ \±Kei i
andnotatTouIoJ^ ' S w?n p?' ^"7/" ^^M^s (A.J). (.1).
sanie blunder. SV/,IS' ^S^- ^'"'"««^f«^l"^^•^ I'vre, inakes the
<llo ages, as also his .IrA^V^- "*!?*»""« *»•'« 'videiy known in the n.id-
1467, Dares and T/tut' Z^^ ITl^^/^!' r V«' ^r/"'"""'' '•^'•'«'»'// •
g«U8 (the Phrygian) and r)iefv [r°^*':'>') .^'^''Z' f>.ins Phry-
oMnmed authorrof °io shit I iV; . '^'"'"' ^."'" ^'^«^='°) ^^'^"^^ 'he
»"ing the middle v'es w 1 Ho/™'*' ""r''^**' "^^''^ ^J^'">" »*r.
discredited as a -leSfS^ SZ"" ^^ '|°°'»'" ^"ly by natne and
from which the 'rs of the T-" " '■"^^' "*"'"'" "'"' *'"'•^•^'
Guido delle Colo,.,.u /line UfioTT '""'^ ^'''^^'"'^ '" '^•■"^ '"^''^^'ial.
ashisamhorities „ lisliS; J^;'?^'*"'''' "T^. D"e.and Dictys
^as quite familiar, and 5 wS ft"!' " ''"n'''"' ''^'*''' ^'»'^"'^''-
ever, the Historia Tr Jana Ts bu„H ..K "''• ?"• ^^'""•""•io", how-
de7Vo,-eofBenoit Tlim. Talo ^n l.''T't''°" "^ ''''^ ^«'»"»
Troy story is largely d«r qS^^^^^ ,'"''"''''*'" P0P»""ity o'' the
•«toMid/leEngri..hl[tcrature whhM :'^""J'''J''"'* '^'"'d its way
gives an accounto7fhe Itle.'.enrof h'' T^'^'^''^. '^ ^°«'"««'A,- who
becomes almost a c^on J ace i, s!h!f "^1"' '" ^"'^■"- ^"•^^^ ^^ble
.ve. eye; 1493, for-why, Am,««r UQ^ „ ' '° Y''.'!' *'>* '^9-'.
del, <m«; 1499. Lucan's pt!;, r a '"'^.'^o^^ had become; U95
and Pomp^y ; 1503 clerkes W / ^'-f^^^^' '^« ""' be^^e^ ' CaJSM
have to dZy JlfooSna ! 607 T ' ! ''^^' V"' '^''- ' ^^06, / ,hTld
1609, to tell the troth ^ [nnl^'u' "^"'^'^ ^^^^' ^^^^re^ulphnr
XLIV.
Uidotheqnene so gondii of visage, ^ '^^
That pn complein hir aduenture& caas
Hoy^edeceyued was of Eneas, '
For al his hest.s & his othis sworoe,
And said : ' al.«,, eh«t euer she was borne '
NV liau th<tt she saugh that de<l slio mo'«t(e) bo.
And nrxt I suugh the compleint of Medeu.
Hou thrtt «he was lalsed of laKon,
And njgh bi Venuti saugh I Kit Addoun,
And al the mi\ner, hov the bore hi"i slough,
For whom she wcpto & hade pein i.iou^ho.
There siaugh I ulso, hov J'eoaiope,
For she so long hir lord no niyi!ht.(o) sc,
I'ul of t(e) wex of coloMr palo it ^irone.
And aldcmcxt was the fre8»h(o) queue,
I mene Alccstc, the iiobit; trw(e) wyfe,
And for Admete hou sho lost liir lift-,
And for hir trouih, if I shal not lie,
Hou she was tumyd to a d9i(e)8ie.
There was (alco) Qrisildisiniiocenuc,
And al hir mekcnes, & hir pacicnce.
There was eke Isaude — & nicni ii iiothiV mo
And al the lurment, and al the cruel wo,
That she hade for Tristram ;il hir liuo.
And mani a stori, mo then 1 rckiii can,
Were in the tempil, & hov th«t Paris wun
The faire Ueleync, the lusti f'ressh(e) qucne,
And hov Aohillca was for Policent-
I-elain vnwarli witAin Troi(i') touiic :
Al this sawe I, (walkyng'j /p& doun.
Ther sawc I) writco eke the hole tale,
Hov Philomene into a ny<.'hiyngalo
[turned was, and Progne viito a (.wulow ;
And hov the Sabyns in iiir maner halowe
The fest of Lucresse yit in Kome tpvne.
There »aagh I also the suiovof PuLimoun
T*^at he in prison felt, & »\ the smert,
And hov that he, thurugh vnto his hert,
Was hurt vnwarl: thurugh e;isting of an eyghe
Of faire fre&sh, the yung(e) Emelie,
And al the strife bitwene him and his brothtV,
And hou that one faught eke witA that othir
With-in the grouc, til tliei bi Tl)e»«ns
Acordid were, as Chaucer tollith ut>.
John Lvdoate,
Tempko/Glat (Schick's Text).
(The cariy English symbol for a »oft*ued g has been changed to gh
er y in a few places.)
XLV.
1967 (1109) Why sholde I nc^ht a» wel eek telle yow al
The portreiture, that ws upon the wal
WiUi-inue the temple of mighty Mars the rede ?
III
Im
* 1
*r
JE
fr
.
•4''
: »i
r*
'" which theru Jirr'"^!""''' ' ^"'"^^'<
Tl
rmipotento,
iM'tlto.
•er stood nteiiipJc of M
And tl
'*-'»■ out onrii u
"•"go and such a
"r to .sec.
VOHC,
!!'»<• Tiled
ihurgh which
men
lores were alle o( a.J
<■ M 01 lie was th.-r no
nii^'l'fon .my light ,|,
iMtiunt (tonic
ll.SCCIIIC.
-jnohedovc.rthwart,;i;ji:;;;,:,;;;;
»Vith iron tou.'h ■ -nul <' . . ""'<"'
I'll' to ,sust.
m, n""t. 01 Men bri<>^ If m,! I.
1 her ..au«h I first the licrk
icno.
o nnaifinin.
Thee ri;r ;,"^'"'"P*-i""
jhepjkepurs.andcek.hc,,. .'d..,
J lie siDvkr with .1 I ' ' drod^ ,
Bnej.n, biennin-with tlic l.l.i .*
'I'ho tr
The
no'the inordi
' t''e l.i.-.kc .suiokc
'"- '" the bedd>
The .sle:
^"osiecivofhi
ill" heite-blood
inu wa,M that
dde
;nmn.elf>.t >uu.h I
••^"i}- jilac
''h.
h.ith b.ahed al li
tlier.
»';>'IV driven in the ..h,,de
iM. ,'■ .' "'iven in
ihoeolded-itli. witi,
li mouth ir.ipi
Cii
lis li,.,.,.
ii-ni''lit •
AU
l""g»p right.
■'J19«7(1109)^2008
(1150),
19«9.rede...^.j.,-„, , , ^«W.Text.)
2n.!v, ;«.,-.i;; j4J;''?'''-ede. irmrf,/,, J37J .
*V i!^ b'„r„„, ; ^'''r^"' ^""•«', w iJ?, t"""*'"'^'/
/iS.ij .' ^^^^^'^(^iiniishcj iQfti 1 ' ^"^'. beote, «/•«*.«
.A'-'-o' Wo«/ , vcse, ,-«*/, ifjfifi , , • ^V ' **" "^' "'''•'•on- ■ lOSfi 1 •'^
' '• o(, snoon, «AoM*' , iggj
f>veifliwftrt, ,/,/VM, oiideloriiT. lfHQthin\. looi », ..„
II ruth ■ loa-. 1 . yiftiiii iKi . ijiifj toiinc'srcat ai-mt nm
-;i^t,,ir; ::;;;;.:''' i^'':;;t'^ "v--"^. /'/'>"4 • ;;^
;^ ^b,Hko. ,1...., 2002. b^biJddif!::;; J'^-^'^:.;, '•:;;;;;^;"g j^-
XL VI.
With different figures all ,he m.I.-h won- spread ;
ring teuiple, lew ,n for,,., with a.ual .-race
W..i iniitatire of tho Aim i.. 'J'hrace ; " '
1< or that cold reRion wm the love.J abode
And sovereign mansion of tlie warrior -'od
i he landscape was a forcHt wid« and bare '
Where neither beast nor l.uumn kind repair,
i he fowl that - -it afar the borders fly '
And shun tho bitter bla»<t. and wheel abi , .kr
A cake of scurf lies baking „„ the j,rouna ^"
And prickly stubs, instead of trees, are found;
ll-i..lles8 the most, and hideous to LehoKI •
.\ ratt mf. teinpest throu-h tlw branches went,
Ihat stripped them b.re, and .,„e s„le way th'y bent
Heaven froze alwvc severe, .he clouds con.-e:.! ^
Sillh w'°'l7 ?" "^''?' ^""'^ *PP""''^ Ihe standin.' hail
;Su.h was the face w.lh..ut : a mountain stood "
iWa h'fV"". -^'^'t' ""' "^''•'•l««ke.l the wood :
iJ -ncath the loweriDjr brow, and on a b.-nt,
1 he temple stood of Mars .rminot-nt :
J ho frame of burn.shcl steel th.t cast a .'l-.r.-
l^rom far, and seemed to thaw the f.eezin- air
A straight Ion;,' entry to the temple led ° "
Blind with high walls, and horror over 'head
Thence issued such a bh.sr. and hollow roar '
utlTri ^T '^" '''"='' ^" ''«»^'« '''^' ^l««r •
1 H .IS all It had for windows there were none.
1 he gate was adamant ; eternal frame,
"nion hewed by Mars himself fmm i»j:
Th. labour of a Ld; .„d ah I'^r '" ^"""" """'
A *..^"-T\', "" 5;:.v::;cncd to iimke it strong.
A tun about tvas every pillar there ;
A p.lwhed mirror shone not half so clear
ihere saw I how the secret felon wrouijht
And treason labouring in tl.. traito; 's thou-^ht
SLT f^^'/o ^"8?' ^"^^ "^^ P»'lid Fear'' " '
-Wext stood Hypocrisy, with holy leer,
-rt^4
^If
li;t
II;. Ii>
Soft smiling and demurcljr looking down
Out hid the dagger underneath the gown
The assassmatinrr wife, the household fiend :
And far the blackest there, the traitor-friend.
0.1 the other side there stood De -iction bare,
Unpunished Rapine, nnd a waste ' var •
Contest with sharpened knives in oistc^^ drawn,
And all with blood bespread the holy L.wn
L,oud menaces were heard, and foul disgiaci-
And bawling infamy, in language bii.se ]
Till sense was lost in sound, and silence fled the plae.
The .layer ol himself yet saw I there, ^
i he gore congealed was clottered in his hair •
V\ irh eyes half closed and gaping mouth he lay
And grim as when he breathed his sullen soul away
DRYmy.—Palamou and Arritr.. Book Fl
I lies 524 57!)'
XLVII.
Till: COMPLKIXT OK CHAUCER TO U,s KMPTv ..rK.SK,
ht
Jo you, my purse, and to non other wi-h
< ompleyno I, for ye be my lady dere •"
1 am so sory, now that ye be light ;
1' or certes, but yo make me hevy cheie
Me were as leef be le>d up-on my beio •
iJeth hevy ageyn, or elles mot T dye !
Now vouceth saul'this day, or hit bo niul.t,
1 hat I ot you the blisful soun may h< re
Or see your colour lyk the sonne bVight, '
1 hat ot yelownessc l.adde never peiv
\o be my lyf, ye be myn hertes store,
guene of comfort and of good companye :
«eth hevy ageyn, or elles mot T dye !
Now purs, that be to me inv lyves Ii-bt
And saveour, as doun in th'is worlde"hok>,
Out of this toune heln me through your might,
.^in that ye wcle nat bom my tresorere
tor 1 am shave as nyo as any frerc
But yit I pray un-to your curtesye
-beth hevy ageyn, or elles mot I dye !
LKNyOY DE CIIAUCKR,
',i c?nquerour of Brutes Albioun !
Which that by lyne and free eleccioun
JJen verray king, this song to you I sonde •
And ye, that mowen al oar harm amende,
ilave minde upon my supplioaoioun I
(Skeat's text.)
(Four days after the accession of Hem v of Lancaster to the throne
las Henry IV. [Sept. ."JO, 1399J, Cliaucer's'ixTiod of distress came to an
end. The poet did not hni' enjoy his better toiiuuc. lie died on
I Oct. 25, 1400.)
XI. VII T.
The Teneide of Boccaccio, :iu tpic poem in Italian, aftbrded Chaucer
matter not only for The Parleimnt of FouIck, whieii coutiins sixteen
1 ftanzas directly taken from it, but also for the Kitightfn Tnh.. the first
oftheCaiiterbury Tales, which is really derived from it. Tlieie are
I other traces of the influence of the Tisi ii/r on Chancer.
Boccaccio, Tcseidc.
lii'i
1 J
And near to the entry of the temple
She saw that there sat quietly
My lady Peace, who a curtain
Moved lightly belore the door.
Next her, very subdued in aspect,
Sat Patience discreetly,
Pallid in look ; and ou all sides
Around her she .saw artful Promises.
Then entering the temple, of Sighs
She felt there an earthquake, which whirled
All fiery with hot desires.
This lit up )dl the altars
With new flames born of pangs ;
Each of which dripped with tears
Produced by a woman cruel and fell
Whom she there saw, called Jealousy.
Chauoer — The Parleimnt of Foules
Before the temple done ful soberly
Dame Pecs sat, with a curtcyn in hir hond ;
And hir besyde, wonder disoretly,
Oame Pacience sitting ther I fond
With face pale, upon an hillc of sond ;
And alder-next, within and eek with-oute.
Behest and A:\ and of hir folke a route.
Within the temple, of syghes hote as fyr
I herde a swc^h (murmur) that ganaboute renne ;
Which sygheit were engcndred with desyr,
That maden every auter for to brenne
Of newe flaume ; and well aspyed I thenne
That ai the eause of sorwes that they drye (suffer)
Com of the bitter goddeaae lalousye.
m
\y\t
ft
XLIX
t/
I I
ll.e following extract Ironi Prof. Skenfs edition of the Minor
o.-ms of Chaucer will serve to show the indebte-lness of Chaucer to
D.uite, 80 far as the Bous „f Fan,, is concerned. It will also servJ
j.s .specimen of modern criticism, which is beini: applied, particuUrlv
.y the Gerinans, to the poets of the Cnaucerian school with rcfer«n«'
Id rhaucer himself
''It is needless to say that this poem is g.-nuine, .-.s Chaucer him-
self claims It twice oyer : once in his Prologue to the Legend of Good
'"oen (1. 417) and again by the insertion in the poom itself of the
nan e G,ffrc,, (1. 729). The influence of Dante is here very marked
hence Lydg^te refers to it by the name of «' Dante .n English." Thi«
influence .s thoroughly disc..ssed by il.mbe.m in Englische Studien,
i». 209 m an nrtic e which is far too important to be neglected. I
can only say here tlmt the author points ..ut both general and parti-
tu .r likcDe^ses between the two poems. In general, both are visions :
l>oih are in three books : u. both the a.ithors seek abstraction fro...
surrounding troubles by venturing into the realm of inia-zination ; as
Danteisle. byV.rgil so Ch.ucer is upborne by the e.gle. Dante
b.-g.ns his third book, II Paradi.o. with un invocation to ApoUo and
Chaucer hkewise begins his third book with the same ; moreover
( JiMUcer s invocation is little more th.n a translation of Dant -'s
Among the part.cuh.r resemblances, we may notice the method of
.•o.nmcncing each division of ,he poem with an invocation. Again
both poets mark th. exact da'e of c.rnmmeing their poems: Dante
descended into the Inferno on (iood Friday 1300 (Inf. xxi 112) •
p':;;:%'a!'" ""' "" '" ^''^ "•' ''"^"'^^- ^'^ y^"' '^^'^s-
•■ Chaucer sees the desert of I.ibya (\. 4S8), corresponding to similar
«aM..spaecsnientionedby Dan.c. Chaucer's cavdc is Dante's eagle
( hauce.- gives an account of Phaeton (I. 042) and of Icarus (1 920)
ii...ch like those given by Dante (Inf. xvii. 107, 109); both account.,
how. yer n,ay have beeu taken from Ovid. Chaucer's account of th
cad..s lecture to h.m (1. 729) is copied from Parad. i. 109-117.
Prr'nlPr^'i/^r ^'- ^^^^^ corresponds to Danto's steep rock
iuij,. 1.1 4,) If Chaucer cannot describe all the b.^auty of the
on.seo Laino (1. 1168), Danto is equally unable to describe Paradise
(1 ar. .. ,). Chaucer copies irom Dante his descriptio.. of Statius, and
lu^k^ws Ins n„.take in saying that he was born at Touloiue. '
(.btalins he poet, was born at Naples.) "The description of the
House otKumonr is also imitated fron. Dante. Chaucer's error of
making Marsy ' ■ _ - .
form Maisia."
{. niaie arose from his not understanding the Itaitaa
* 4
i
■iwk
L.
1 irijlii miitlnr. (liiuijhtiu' of thji Sou, humble <iii.i! irihul morr thmi
■ 'ii/ iillii r r.rtitiirr^ fixed limit, of cti'i'iial coan.sul, Uum urt. sh<- who
II,, -it M, I , moiled hnmnn mitiirc th<tf Us MnkT ditl not <lls<liiia to
muki J/imsiff of /lis own rrratioii. — TVt// bmigiiifij imt oiifi/ miccoiirs
III III who (is/cs tV, but muni/ times frceli/ forestiiUs his request. In thee
'.- nil I CI), in then is pitij, in thee is nniuljicnicc, in fhei' Is unitnl all
in fjiiDilness that i.rists in n rr<'ili<l fnitii/. l)ai)t<'. Pur. Canto
XXXIII. (:it tlio bi'niimiiig.)
Iniiiic'irio ml Murium.
Tliou inayde and inoodrr, dojrliter of tliy soiie,
Tlum Well'-ot' uurcv. sinful sonles cure,
In whom th:it i:od, for bountru, cliies to wono, (•:hosi /■/ •hrrll ;
Thou huniblt!, and hcigli over every creature.
'I'iiou nobledcst !^o lerliirth «ur nature,
That no desdeyn tlic maker iiadde of kindo,
His sone in blole and flesh to cluthe and windc.
Assembled is in tlieo niajrnificence,
With mercy, ijooinesse, and withswieh pitee
That thou, tli.itart tiie sonm; of excellence,
Nat only helpt'st item that preyi.n thee,
But ofte tyuie, of thy denijiuitee,
Ful frely, er tJMt men thyii help biseehe, {tins ,
Tiiou ijoost liiforn and art hir lyve-f leclie. {the phi/sici'in of' their
Chaucer. The Srcondc Nonnes Titr.
''f3^
ftti
r: \
(,!''
U
f
i
n.
LI.
A classification of the Chauceri;in school.
ChanceriuJis.
: 9 Hoccleve.-
/iydgate.-
S.ej.';en Hawes (Sfienserian Link).'
Smtch Chaitcerinns — very numerous.
King Jauies I.
IJobert Henry-^on.
William Dunbnr.
'ravin Pou^lif
Sir Diivid Lindsay of the Mount. -
Dunbar, Douglas and Lindsay form the great triumvirate of Scotch
piiitg of the centuty 1450-155U. It has been noticed that Scotch
htrature is frequenUy strong when Eogllsh is weak. The period of
tin Scotch triumvirate corresponds to a period of great literary dearth
ill Itlngliind, owing largely to the Wars of the Roses.
MMH
LLl
J
Chaucer nioikruizcil l.y tlio Fnncli school
Chaucer.
The Knigiit^is Tiile.
The Nonne Preustes Tale
TheTaleoftlioWyfoflJatho.
The Miiicliantej* Talc.
The ilous of Fame.
Driftli n.
l*aliitii«ii .ind Arcitv.
Tlie Cock Hii(i the Kox.
The VViCiM.f Math licr Tale.
January and May.
The Teijjple of Faiiii'.
\ ■^«^'' • • . . all the Filiiriin.s in th ■ •' CaiUeibury T.-.les,"
their humours, their feature.-, and th- very dres., a< distinctly as if I
had supped with them at the Tabard in Soathw;.rk. IMyAi^n Preface
to Tilh'oi. '
ririd
,w
f|;
9)?c03it( Unbcr^itt), ^^ontrcal
.1
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (FIRST YEAR COURSE).
Professor Cuas. E. Motse, B.A.
SUUJECTH.
ElizabcthaD Period — Spenser and the Speiiserians — The general fea-
tures of the Elizabethan Period — the four central names, Spenser,
Shakspere, Bacon, Hooker — the larger world of discovery — Camoens
— the practical character of the age — Bucon's New Atlantis — the
various stages of Humanism — tht; fall of New Home — the movement to
Italy — Leo X — Grocyn, Liiiacre, Latimer, More — Oxforc id Eras-
mus — Cambridge — Sir John Clieke — Italian forms — Elizabethan
Miscellanies.
Some such little groups as the following may prove useful in connec-
tion with the Italian Renaissance. Exact dates are not important,
but contemporaneousness h. The centres given do not always tell the
whole story.
KARLIEa RENAISSANCE.
The latter half of the fiitcentli century, 1450-13C0.
Lorenzo de' Medici (Lorenzo the Maj.'nificent) — the foremost patron
of Fine Arts in his day and a poet of mark — centre, Florence.
PoUziano (Lat. Politianus)— the foremost Greek scholar and stylist
of his day — important as a poet — his lectures attended by great num-
bers of students, among tliem Grocyn, Linacre, William Latimer.
Florence.
Pulci (Luigi Palci) — Mors^ante Maggiorc, written for the Mediceun
circle — the^first Canto has been translated by Byron. — Florence.
Boiardo (M.aUeo Maria Boiardo) — Orlando Innamorato, a chivalric
romance. — Ferrara.
Savonarola (Fra Girolumo Savonarola) hanged and burnt at Florence
1498.
LATER RENAISSANCE.
The first half of the sixteenth century, and chiefly the tfrst quarter,
passing into the Reformation.
■ : 'I
l|
n
Jkii^
I-
I
i 1
N:
Literuturi'.
.lnW,> (LcMlovieo Ariost<))_.()rliin,l„ FurioM,, ^F.rn,r,f
iiorniird.. TasH, (fatlKToCTonjuuto T ,-o).- /■:,■,,>>■<,.
Art.
nrin? """"'''"'' ^'"' '''-''^■•^'' '"^I'-'fntr, UKtkiu,' cUr the attractive-
Michael Angelo (Michael An-do Buon.-.rolti)— Florence — 7,'ome
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio,.-Floreuco.-AW.. '
Uhtorif anil Politics.
1513-152/^''''''"'"' ^"''^^^^''^'••"^■'■""J '^"» of Lorenzo the Magnificent)
Emperor Charles V (ISSU— abdicated, 15r)t;)
Machiavelh (NicoloMacliiavelii).— FA-mar
Luther (Diet of Worms, 1521).
Erasmus (d. Jksel, 153G).
POST-ItKNAISSANCK.
Torquato Tasso— Gerusalcmnio Liber.ita.— /;,>v/w
Guarini (Giovanni Battista Guarini) Jl Pastor Fido!— /^eyram
In the Amn,ta of Torquato Tas.o and the Pastor Fido of (luarini
Italian pas'tora. presents its complete development.
LIIL
The father of iialomon's House gives an outline of its varioua depart-
ments, and mdicates the duties assigned to the workers connected
iii'Yf '"*^'^al«« perspective-houses, where we make demonstrations of
all lights and radiations ; and of all colours ; and out of things uncoloured
and transparent, we can rtprescut unto you all several colours : not in
ram-bows, as it is m gems and prisms, but of themselves sincle. We
represent also all multiplications of light, which w carry to great
distance, and make so sharp as to discern smaU point, and lines also
all colourations of light ; all delusions and deceits of t'le si-ht in figures
magnitudes, motionf colours ; all demonstrations of shadows We find
also divers means, yet unknown to you, of producing of light oridnaliv
trom divers bodies. We procure means of seeing objects afar oft • as in
the heaven and remote places ;and represent things near as afar off and
things afar off as near ; making feigned distances. We have also helps
tor the sight, far above spectacles and glasses- in use. Wc have also
glasses and means to see small and minute hndic« perfectly and dis-
femctly...We make artificial rain-bows, halos, and circles about light.
We represent al^o all manner of reflexions, refractions, and multiplica-
tions 01 visual beams of objects.
"We have also sound-houses, where we practise and demonstrate aU
sounds, and their generation. We have harmonies which you have
not, of quarter-Kounds, and lesser slides of sound.><. Divers instruments
of music likowiHC to yoii unknown, some swcetor than any you have :
together with bells and rin^s tliat are d:iinty and sweet. We represent
small sounds :is grout and di-i'p; likewise great sounds extenuate and
sharp ; we make divers tri'mbliii^is and warblings of sounds, which in
their original uri' entire. \Vc represent and imitate all articulate sounds
and letters, and the voices and notes of boasts and birds. We have
certain helps which set to the ear do furtlier the hearing greatly. We
have also divers strange and artificial echoes, reflecting the voice many
times, and as it were tossing it : and some that give back the voice
louder than it came ; some shriller, and some deeper ; yea, some render-
ing the voice, diflFering in the letters or articulate sound from that they
receive. We have also means to con v sounds in trunks and pipes, in
strange linei* and distances.
" We have also engine-house.^, where are prepared engines and in-
struments for all sorts of motions. There we imitate and practise to
make swifter motions titan any you have, either out of your muskets or
any engine that you have ; and to make them and multiply them more
easily, apd with small force, by wheels and other means : and to make
them stronger, and more violent thm yours are: exceeding your greatest
cannons and basilisks. We represent also ordnance and instruments
of war, and engines of all kinds : and likewise new mixtures and com-
positions of gun-powder, wildfires burning in wuter, and unquenobable.
Also fireworks of all variety, both for pleasure and use. We imitate
also flights of birds ; we have .«ome degrees of flying in the air; we
have ships and boats for going under water, and brooking of seas ; also
swimming-girdles and supporters. We have divers curious clocks, and
other like motions of return, and some perpetual motions. We imitate
also motions of living creatures, by images of men, beasts, birds, fishes
and serpents. Wc have also a great number of other various motions,
strange lor equality, fineness and subtilty
"J or the several employments and offices of our fellows; we have
twelve that sail into foreign countries under the names of other nations,
(for our own we conceal ;) who bring us the books, and abstracts, and
patterns of experiments of all other parts. These we call Merchants of
Light.
'' We have three that collect the experiments which are in all books.
These we call Depredators.
" We have three that collect the experiments of all mechanical arts ;
and also of liberal sciences ; and also of practices which arc not broaght
into arts. These we call Mystery-men.
" We have three that try new experiments, such as themselves think
good. These we call Pioners or Mmers.
" We have three that draw the experiments of the former four into
titles and tables, to give the better light for the drawing of ohservations
and axioms oat of them. These wc call Compilers.
"We have three that bend themselves, looking into the experiments
of their fellows, and cast about how to draw out of them things otxiai
and practice for man's life, and knowledge as well for works as for plsia
demonstration of causes, means of natural divinations, a&d the easy and
I
i
iMi
Jkil,
I, ■•]
Mil
oloar discoverj of the virtues and parts of bodie. T«,««
pene;rat.„, into „at„rc ,ha„ ,1... foj.nor Th Jo we c'i a mt ' ""^
" We have t hnv others th it do ,>x.;.„t A. "^^^ c.iil JiOtiips.
and report thou.. Thes^ ^^ c:,;^;.:.;;:,.:!:^' ^^'^^ "« ^ '^--ted,
your xnonlc that was r;lt;^'' ,■ ) r:.;.:';:,! llr'"""'"^''^'''^ ^
inventor of music: the inventor of It -rl "^ -.'unpowder : the
inventor of observations of ,1 .vH ' ""'''"'".'' "^ P""'"'S • '^e
the inventor ofJl.tL„t:,3^i^^ I".""""" "^ '""'^' '" •"«^' =
wine: the i.ivcntor of c n^„TlTead I /^^^^^^ r'%'- ""^ "''^'•^•- «^
these by moreeertain tradition h nyou .v " '' "^ •''""''™ = *"^ ""
Bacon.— iVw Aflaut!^.
Vol. Ill, p. 161.)
(Kpeddinjif,
LIV
order to give new vi.^^^r o tl is Tl. , '7 t";°,"'" ''^ ^^"'^ «f- I"
bad been indcbtod lo tl,o Luniv nf .u f^ V ? J"'"^ "°»' *"'*
8oiMCT at the SSvTf pT' , *? "i"''' ' """'id'^blo pro-
a Vi6it at Knmc. On his way he re-ived •. Lrfp, f J"^ ^™
di.U„gai,W. After delifc" '„ wiS ^ 17 ™ T' ^ """"""^
Leo formed the design of inviting n number of .young and noblo Qreeka
to quit their country and take up their re!>idonce under his prot(>otion
at Kome ; where, by tlie direction of Liiscaris, they were not only to
proHt'cutc the study uf tlicir nutivc tongue, but to be instructed also in
Latin literature. On the recomiiicnd;itinii of Lattcuris, the pontiff also
addressed liiinsolf on this occasion to Mnrcus Musurus, out of the
ilisciplcs of Laiicaris, who, artcr liavin^r taught in the university of
i'adiia, had chosen his resilience at Venice. The letter written by Loo
<in this occasion, whilst it suflieietitly osplains the object which he had
in view, will show with what urdour he unpaged in its pro.'^ccuMon :
Leo X. to Marcun iVunvru*.
" Having a nioxt ciimcst desire to promote the study of the Greek
language iind of (irccian literature, which arc now almost cztinot, and
to encourage the liberal art*", as <ar us lies in my power, and being well
convinced of your great learning iind singular judgment, I request that
you will tak(! the trouble of inviting from (ireece ten young men, or as
many more as you miiy think proper, of g<>od education nnd virtuous
disposition, who may compose a feminiiry of liberiil studies, and from
whom the Italians ni.iy derive the proper use and knowledge of the
(i reck tongue. On this subject you will be more fully instructed by
Giovanni L iscaris, whose virtues jmd learning have deservedly rendered
him dear to me. I have :i confidence, also, that from the respect and
kindness which you hiive already shown me. you will apply with the
utmost diligence to effect wliat may seem to you to be necessary for
accomplishing the purposes which I have in view. — Dated, viii. Id.
Aug. 1513.
For the accou)modc.<tioD of these illustrious strangers Leo purchased
from the cardinal of Sicn his residence on the Esquilian hill, which he
converted into an academy for the study of Grecian literature, and of
which ho intrusted the chief direction to Loscar, to whom he assigned a
liberil pj^nsion.
Lto X and the Aldine Pre»». Leo wa< neither unacquainted with
the merits of Aldo, nor insensible to iiis coniniendations ; the former of
which he acknowledjjed, and the latter of whi"!* ha repaid, by a papal
bull, bearing date the twenty-eighth day ol Isovember, 1513. He
there notices the .strenuous exertions and great expenses of Aldo,
during many years, in the cause of literature ; particularly in the
printmg Greek and Latin V)oks with metal types, which he obse-ves are
so elegantly executed a appear to be written with u pen. He then
grants to him an exclusive privilege for fifteen years, of reprinting and
publishing all Greek and Latin books which he had already printed or
might afterwards prit.i, in types tliseovcied by iiimscl!", as will as for
the use of the airsive or Italic type, of which be was the inventor.
These concessions he secures to him by denouncing not only heavy
pecuniary penaj'ieo, but aiso the sentence of excommunication againait
all such as should encroach upon his privileges, recommending to him,
however, to sell his books at a reasomable price, of which he duclunt
IS
:A8.»it!
pp. 332, 34^. ^'*-'^- W'"J L'^oA. (Bogue;. Vol.1
ji:.
LV
Sothen w. ..n> ,, London in J),<-,.tiilH.r Uq- i.-
Tliom^sMor., ilr>„ , U, «• Moun joy had -troducd hin to
nogr»a.n.a. .^ dl. = "^t^vi I" ■••::''"r''^ "'" ^'^"^ "' ^-''^'
«nd obl«,,rv rron: |.^f.,,hio^ ? . '<:'*<''. ""' ",uch oppoHui,-,
friead .ij, i'. .,,. :^^''^''^^^. J'' -* ""trodTod \n.
them. Obv;„u«]y .N.-VMrnrr?^' . IT-'''^,' -n fkn l;y . monij
the country bcuut,f„j th h«m ^'rr"'^"'"">^'""«- Hefound
M, and tli society .he l-;'":^,;;;;;i'S^,l' ""^ ""^■-'"-) ^«Ji»''t-
" Tl)e air (lie vvritisi i« w/n i-j.i-
jielli«en.. Many of tl.e.V^re" 1 , ." J^.H Z ' '"^"■' .'-.r"'"*''' ""'' -"
Italy. When^let ,.m-.4k^ I n.i.'l t h.. '"' '""' ""''' '" "^^i Koing fT.
deep and acutrathink/rnJlf'i ''^'^"'"K. '<> I'latn, Li„. ,e if
that of Tho.na, More. The m., U ot vo^.„' ' ' '«PP'erdi8no.,t.on tUo
literature hero is a«tuni.l.,ng!- """*^ " ' ' '^ '' '"« "t'^ing ancient
"J "" J^eiii ,,f hiasiinis. Lect. IJI.
_ Erasmus visited Enda,,,! [-^ .■ ,. « ^ . .
inv.t;.tiunofLordMo;„,j.,v.'« er^!f; ^,' "« t-^^t vsit, m»de oo ,
»t the University of Paris m- i ' ? ^'^^ " P"P" "' -■^'"^
it was one of which Er™sri.u" '"""'" ''^"^ '' " 0»»--
Cambridge whereho h . ^^'^ " "■"'° '«""«• H« «P
d.8appo.nting to him throuj^hout Henr VuflrlT" "
England, but in vain Ho Im,..,.,! t. i o ^"^J" ^'"
Bon,eand all its charms a! Sn^l ^T'V ' ^''^"
centre of the world. ZH^oT^;, ^'jf/« -P«"*- ,
libranes. In R,.„,c one meets and eonvlr^c. t^:Z of i ""
Borne are the mapnidcent mouuraeuts of Lm/ ."'" ''^''"' '«
if, and
•net' "
• e b«"
bin .
hink oi
nie is the
pltndtd
la
LVI
Tho folloniD^ (txtrkut given an idci ^i one iiU{)ortaQt < -Atnre of later
The Hinhon nrd< r.i his Ti>ti,ij nt Snint Praxeif* Church,
,\i f<' itiout tliiN f/>nih of It in'*. 1 f'ousht
With UHith ani nm, ssv my 'lichf ye know:
—Old (J H" ilf C( I ' m«>. despite my care;
Hhrewil ' *8 ttu< «' ii fioiu fiut the i orner South
He gract t !m» carrion w th, G id curs< ihc same I
Y< * »iill r y niche i not -o cr 'mf)eil ' t thonc<'
( ■»(! sw I K' pn ; it tl vpistle-»iilf.
\ncl somewhat '>f ti e ehi-ir tho«»' ^ilent acnw,
An ip inf aei v . in wb
'!'' •ngelf' a 8Ui - -am sur
At, 1 JiUuii Hii y HI '' sail
V .11
'^ I!
.VlHi
With
The .
P aoi
colu
icath 0)'
1080 niii
1 one iit ti V
..■)S.-oii! mnfi
\^ frt'Si pOUl(<l
-* 'iJ = 4ndolt
1 ut mi wli«ro '
Ro- 1 flaw
— Vv'bat ihc!
My sonh, ye
Tae whitc-gi
?^)roji wattM
nd it \ '
i>odii H
And
Some )in>
Bigi^
Blue ^s
'1 Wlii>
his
lo'l-
how
wK iurk :
•i. -0,
•■*k est,
two no' two,
a sta
« ri
.ty pu
ly uiiion 8ton>
him ! True pe ch,
earoi d the priz<
conflagration of my church
much wag snved if au;;ht were missed '
vouiJ not be my deuth ? Go dig
;i.= >o vineyard where the oil-press stood,
itly till the nuriace tiink
-Ah God, I know not, 1 ! —
of otten fii;leave8 soft,
-J. in isiht olive-frail,
ah Gro. <»f lapin lazuli,
v's hea< out oflF at the nape,
vein oV ; the Madonna's breast —
hav"' bec^ucathed you, villas, all.
'^'^ns, all
1 aat bi e Fra.>H;ati villa with its bath,
0, let tiie blue iump poise between my knees,
ike God the Father's globe on both his hands
Yt vor.'ihii in the Jesu Church so ,11^
Fo andolf shall not choose but see and burst !
■""w as caver's shuttle fleet our years :
Ma u< .0 the grave, and where is he ?
Diu - basalt for s>y slab, sons ? Black —
Twas cvt r antique-black I mcHnt ! How else
Shall ye contrast my frieze to come beneath ?
The bas-relief in bronse ye promi.%d me,
Those Pans and Nymphs ye wot of, and perobanee
Some tripod, thyrsus, with a vase or so,
The Saviour at hm .sermon on the mount,
Saint Praxed in a glory, an.^. one Pan '
Ready to twitch the Nymph's last -arment off
And Moses with the tablcL-but 1 k, ow '
SilTnr "\°"' '. ^^^"' ^' *''«^ ^''i«PeT thee
Ch.ld my bowels, Ansel,,. ? Ah ve hone '
To revel down my villas while I ^J" '''^
Wl inh O ^"Af: ^^"'''' "'°»''>y travertine
Which Gandolf from h,s tomb-top chuckle^ at '
Nay, boys, ye love me-all ofja4r then I "
Tis jasper ye stand pledged tj ifft i ' Jo e
My bath must needs be left beh:„d, a las'
1 here 8 plenty jasper s..„.cwhere in the world
And have I not Saint Prax.-d's ear t^ um
Horses for ye, a.ul brown Greek mLtSripts
No gaudy wakfhk\^1,SS:,^^^^^^^
TuUy, my masters ■< Ulpian .eives his need.
Jivbert Browning.'
LVII.
In the latter end ofthnsunA i-: .
upanewcompanyofL'Xr.kes^o/:f ^S'""^ ^"^^ «Pr«ng
elder and Henry, Earl of Sur^cv JL f. T ^['. ^'"'"'^'^ ^V* 'he
travelled in Itaf; and there ta«2dth° ^^^V^'^^ft'-ins, who having
style of the It^li;,, Poosie as novio! T ""'^ ^'^^'^^^ "'•a^"'™ and
Dante Ariosto and Pe r^^ch tl ev ^"^^^ "^^^^^
homely manner of vulgar p^ct fZ r;'''\ Pf'i^''*^*^ «" '"d" a^d
that cause n,ay justly ^e sS Uie Tt ^^^ " ^'''^ ^^" ^^ft''-^. «"><! for
and style. ... \ "'" fi""*' reformers of our English metre
Henry, Earl of Surrey and S;,. Ti
very little difference, I 'Vute them rsTetnr!^^^^ ^'"'''^ ^'''^ I «»<»
of light to ail others that have s' nee o,nn^^/*'u '" ^"^ «»iief lantern.
Poesie; their conceits woreTfrv ?} ""^^^T^ 'heir pens upon Endiah
cleanly, their terms proper the r'net^l' ''^'? '''!,"''^' ^^eir eonveyaiS
all imitating very naturally anrrudrul'".? ■'"''^^^^^
Petrarcha. ^ " siuaiously their Master Francis
^ts language has been fai.Sly 'iJe^^^/ed "' ^"'" "^^ «P«""& »>-»
LniL
Aa extract from Asclmm'B cr ; t
Jfg^ding Italy, whicf t'7e elot'f rw^'/ '•T'''.^ '''« T"<»
Pununiea literature of Elizabeth's rei^n AnTn^'" *^ ^"»«^ *««
If you think we Judge am., an/^rite ^^2^^'^tr
what the Italian saith of the Eoglish Man, what the master reporteth
of the scholar : who nttereth plainly what is taught by him. and what
learned by you, snying, Englese Italianato e un diabolo incamato,
that is to say, you remain men in ^hape and fashion, but become devils
in life and condition . . . . If some yet do not well understand
what is an English man Italianated, I will plninly tell him. He, that
by living and travelling in Italy, bringeth home into England out of
Italy the religion, the learning, the policy, the experience, the manners
of Italy. . . , These >>" the enchantments of Circe, brought out
of Italy, to mar men's mai.iiers in England ; much, by example of ill
life, but more by p.tjcepts of fond (fooUth) books, of late translated
out of Italian into English, sold in every shop in London, commended
by honest titles the sooner to corrupt honest mnnners ; dedicated over
boldly to virtuous and honourable personages, the easier to beguile
simple and innocent wits (minds) Ten sermons at Paul's
Cross do not so much good for moving men to true doctrine, as one of
those books do harm, with inciting men to ill living.
LIX.
/
Yet was not Knowledge fullie confirmed in hir Monarchic amongst
Ts, till that most famous and fortunate Nurse of all learning. Saint
lohnt in Cambridge, that at that time was as an Yniuerstic within it
selfc ; shining ) farre aboue all other Houses Halls and Hospitalls
whatsoener, thai no Colledge in the Towne, was able to compare with
the ty the of her Students; h.aing (as I baue hearde graue men of
credit report) more candles light in it, euerie Winter Morning before
fowreof the olocke, than the fowre of clucke b^ll gaue strokes; till
Shee (I swc) as a pittying Mother, put too her helping hande, and
sent from her fruitfull wombe, sufficient Schollers, both to support her
owne weale, as also to supplie aU other inferiour foundations defects,
and namelie that royall erection of Trinitie Colledge, which the
Vniversitie Orator, in an Epistle to the Duke of Somertet, aptlie
tearnied Colonia diducta from the Suburbes of Saint Johns. (From
•n address To the Oenileman Students, prefixed to R, Greene's
Menaphon, 1589. St. John's College, Cambridee. was founded in
1611.)
Thy age, like ours, soul of Sir John Cheek,
Hated not learning worse than tnad or asp,
When thou taught'st Cambridge and King Edward Greek.
(From Milton's sonnet entitled On the detraction which JoUowed
•pon my writing certain Treatises).
!
li
a. '■
■iMifi
^..aa^.-
li' ■^!'l
If :
LX.
A Sonnet on the Sonnet
»ith It Cam,«n» «,othcd an exile's .-ricf '
H.» »..,ona,], brow ; , jlo.-worm lamp
^he S'tnnet'n voice.
(A metrical le.son by the sea-shore)
A sonnet is a wave of melody ' ^^^-
f lows ,n the " octave" ; then, retumL free
It-s ebbing surge.. i„ the " sestet " roll^ '
B.ck to the deeps of Life>« tumultuous .sea.
'^bba abba odd cdc [Italian tWm]. ^"^" ^""'•
LXI.
and Sonettes, rorittlk i,/ £n/i/ * "'" ?? "'° <'«"«'tion is ^«,^^
tion of a final . ^ould prc^ntlu oidestl^h 1 T '" P^^^^ = ^''^ '^^'^■
oher^ common iu fiLbethan llt'e A"//^''"''^-. ^he plural
kvelhng." " literature , the form othen is due to
A Myrrour for Magistrates. 1559
The Pa.ad,8c> of Dainty Devisc-s^' igTtf. i
A Gorgious Gallery of Gallan^Inventions. 1578.
A Handefull of Pleasant Delitcs. 1584
The PhoDnix Nest. 1593.
Enplands Helicon. IfiOO.
A Poetical Rapsod)-. IGO-'.
(The dates arc those of first Klitious.)
LXII.
Construction op the Sonnet.^
I. PetrarchaD form.
(1) abba abba cde ode (3 rimes in Sestette).
(2-' abba abba cdc dcd (2 rimes in Sestette).
(3^ abba abba cde dec (3 rimes in Sestette).
123 Sonnets.
112 out of 124.
28 Sonnets.
■"T
Wyat translated 13
Surrey translated
English Literature.
Wyat— prevailing ibrm :— abba abba edde ee.
of Petrarch's sonnets.
Surrey— prevailing form :— abab edcd cfef g
two of Petrarch's sonnets.
Sidney— prevailing form :— abba abba cdcd ee. — - -_
Spenser— prevailing form .—abab bcbc cdcd ee. '
Sliaksperc— prevailing form :— abab cdcd efef gg.' d
Diummond of Ilawthorudcn— prevailing form :— abbu abba cdcd ee
Milton (English Sonnets)— abba abba (invariable); cdcdcd— pre-
vailing form of Sestette. •
Wordsworth— prevailing form :_abba abba | about equal : Sestette,
abba acca j very numerous forma.
LXIII.
Madrigal, w
The word madrigal is derived from the Italian madrujale, a kind of
short song or ditty ; madrigale, in its turn, stands for mandrigale a
shepherd's song, and this is derived from the Latin mandra, £ stall or
stable.
Madrigals vary in length, and may consist of five lines only. An
examination of the lines shows that they have, as a rule three and
five accents and that their order varies. The following is a twelve-
hned madrigal from VVilliasL Drummo nd^of H awthornden : —
When V.3 she smiles, I find
More light before mine eyes,
Than when the sun from Indc
Brings to our world a flowery paradise :
But when she gently weeps
ind pours forth ptsarly showers.
On cheeks fair blushing flowers,
A sweet melancholy my senses keeps,
Both iised so my diiei>Be,
4io mqeh boUi do me please,
That oft I doubt, which more my heart doth burn
Loyt to behold her mule, or pitj mourc
; I
i<i
If
Li'*
■b
'mm
Wimm llnrnx^, Wlontvtal
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (FIRST YEAR COURSE).
Professok Chas. E. Motse, B.A.
SUUJECTS.
Pastoral poetry— the Sicilian pastoral— its elemeats— the pastoral
of Humanism— ArcaHan piistoral - /"Ae Skepkmrdt Calender -the
s.nging^atch— the dir-e-Al-rind and Morr.U-rhe praise of Kliw-
beth— ^*o^o«ot« or Mother Hubb-rd, Ta^e -the fable-life at
court— C7oiin Clouts Come Home Againe—\x» biographical value-
nautical piwtoral-ne Fae.rk /2'zee/ie -Spenser's account given at
Bryskett 8 cottage-letter to Ralegh -Ariosto and Ta&so-tho doable
allegory-the general course of the First Book— the Spenserian stanaa.
Illdsthations.
LXI7.
PreSpenseriana.
Gfioree Gasco^ne.
Sir Thomas Wyat.
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey.
Some of the Poets of the Spenserian school.
EnglUh Spemeriant (direct).
Sir Walter Balegh.
. Sir Philip Sidney.
Sir Edward Dyer (<« Ay mind t.> me a kingdom it.").
Folke GrevJUc, Lord Brooke.
Biiali$h &>enterian» (indirect and numerous''
William Browne. Britannia's Pattorals.
Phineas Fletcher. Purple Island.
Giles Fletolier. Chrutl Victorie and Triumph.
Seoteh Spenteriana (indireot).
William Drummond of Hawthoniden.
4
LXV.
The Miscoll.iny published by Richard Tottel in IfiRT ;• n
spoktm of a. the first miscellany of Enivp!^ Za^ \8«°«'-a ly
n the main t. no <?»;ii ;» • ''^ J;^ngiisti verse, and the statement s,
Knslish blank V. feouZi N S.ot S ?''^';'-^;«';' Pi<^<«« of
wiW* <A« Persians M.r,,,. t;.ii; ''^.^: -^9^, that Alexander had
had been pr v S « rittc. buT io^, '"'T '^""H ^'''"'^ ^^^^^
until Just^.ft,.r tlK^Vibne^a';!.. : f i SSy "th-^T'n?? Tr T
Surrey had a predeccJir Tw /w k n;, '^ ^'''"^l '' concerned,
finished his oo.^Jz^z'^j;:;)^^^^^^^^^
a::rSiis--' --'' ^^^^' ^^-^ ;''rbS'^:;;^^;^
a JosfS!bttfa~^^^^^^^ .^^»" -'^^ '* -em
and splendid eas! TsIJ^^fIIo """ ^"."^ f .'^ '^ "°''"«««
should be added that Wat and S-^rl ^""*'»V''^^ "^ Shaksperc. It
cellany appear.!. Tsu^fw^t 'eS Tn^^T^'?) '"^" ''"*^''« '^•"■
.i:rig:SLrsa.t:^prt^ -^^^^^ ^-e ..
The nightingale with fo.thcrs new she sings: '
The turtle to her u.ake (mute) h,.th told her t do •
The hart hath hung his old head on the Lie •
tJ !iS i.^u"*'^'*'' "^^ •epai.ed.eal".
1 he busy bee her honey new she min-s
Winter is worn that was the flower^' bale ■
And thus I see among these pleat,aot thiti«s
Each care decays, and yet my sorrow springs.
Surrey from TotUl).
al^^t^)^mL!:''' '^^-«**^- of^^'^ W kept Her yace
I never saw my lady lay apart
WhiJ. 1" ^'^ "J ^'''^ '^^^ gfO'" «^ great :
Which other faucioa drivoth from my heart
That to myself I do the thought reserre,
The which unwares did wound my woeful breast.
But on hei- face mine pyes might never rest
Yet, since she knew I did her love, and serve
Her golden tresses clad alway with black,
Her smiling looks that hid(08) tlius evermore
And that restrains which I desire so sore.
So doth this cornet govern me, alack !
In summer oun, in winter's breath, a frost
Whereby the light of her fair looks I lost.
Surrey (from Tottel).
" / n«wer saw my lady lay apart " is a translation of Petrarch s r „
canzone {lionetti e Canzoni in Vifa di Madonna Laura).
As printed in Tottel, this oft-quoted sonnet is a riddle which those
who love simplicity and clearness will not think it worth while to try
to solve Prof. Saintebury betters it by changing; hid to hide,, vlA
tainlts that the poem becomes intellis^ible if the reader takes " That "
'<w u.* *T!!T '^".*'''."^^»'" »" '«"« iO as=" which" (i.e.
black ";, and " that " m Une 11 with " which."
A renouncing of love.
Farewell, Love, and all thy laws for ever ;
Thy bait«d hooks shall tangle me no more.
Senec and Pluto call me from thy lore
To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavour.
In blinde errour when 1 did pers^ver.
Thy sharp repulse, that pricketh aye so sore,
Taught me in trifles that I sot no store,
But scape forth thence since liberty is lover.
Therefore, farewell ! go trouble younger hearts,
And in me claim no more authority.
With idle youth go use thy property,
And thereon spend thy many brittle darts ;
For, hitherto though I have lost my time, ;
Me list 1)0 longer rotten boughs to climb.
Wyat (from Tottel).
LXVI.
An examination of the foreign influences to which English pastoral has
been subject leads us back to Theocritus (/, 270-250 A.C.) whose Idyllf
are written m dialectic Greek, commonly spoken of as Doric. The nw-
toral Idylls of Theoeritus, composed, perhaps, at Alexandria, wbiohbe.
came a famous ceritte of Greek literature after the decline of Athens
are vivid pictures of rustic life in Sicily where Theocritus spent many
years. A«scordingly, the expression " Sicilian Muse," as in Milton's
Lycidas, line 133, denotes pastoral poetry. The fragments of Bion and
Moschus, the former of whom lived in Sicily owing to their being pre-
served m the Ms6. of Theocritus, are generally printed after his Wylb
i
much later elea,.ntapp.;rsrSpenS'rA^^^^^ Ti T'' "^"^
ticularly. that tl.c Horiou.noss of Vhe ZHsV^Ue Th, VA ""^ ^^i"
Calender, then, is typical nnd from itsTf, nf f« /■ ,^\'Pf'«"'-'fx
our literature, brinRm.- as it doest^^^r hJ. ' '''^ ■"•?'"*''"* '" »''« ''istorjof
affected European &;;;. ,t oral,; "'""" "'^"^''"=^« *»"■«•'
rugged and le. suggesHr^ode of sj Le Tfrreadt' U "V^r''
ing extract, the student may profiLbl7 «rn t^ r i''/''""''-
Grecian Urn, which bre.thes Greek m.SrUon IrW^ '» ^'^' "" «
throughout. This is all fl,P ,.,,.,,. ™"*'«'^»""n, PU"ty and symmetry
nothing of Greek directly ''"""""*'' "" ^^^'^ knew little or
sprent with -olden flowers • ffl aWu^^ .^. ^m ""»'^'°g'ry be-
in its saffron fruit. Wifhin'is desiS L "..''^^"d"' »W'«ted that joys
gods could fashion arrived n !1 • *^l°' ''•'' ^""' " *'^'"ff "S ">«
head. Beside he^twoyo^uhs with fl.X^™^^^^ and a snood on her
either side, with alterSLTch b"^ are contending from
his cast, as one that kbourrstoutlv Tho.^r lA''''' V^'"^"' °«' ''«''
iog with all the mighttf i:riitsobigX:?;'srwVi^^ 'r.^^
neck, gray.haired thou-h he is but hi« »fr„n ^j " u " *^"' •»"
youth.^ Now divided but a iie space from So si' "' **•' f?'°8th of
vineyard laden well with fire-red eCrs!^i «ea-worn old man is a
lad watches the vineVard skZt tW ' p *^ "!;' /^° '"""S'^ ^*" » '«*!«
skulking, and onTgri^Tthf vrn:row^rl^^^^^^ ""^
than delight in his plaiting ' """P'"*' '"^' """^ °* ^'^ ^'''«',
'AH about the cup is spread the soft acanthus n mVa-i e ■ i
work, a thing i , thee to marvel on. "'-''"""'■"' " ^'ra*^!^- «f -med
Theocritus.- rm««. Andrew Laug.
(Id. 1., II. 27-66.)
ADQDST.
-%Ioi:a Octava, Argument.
ZZ^f':, ''T' •■ r''"''"! "''' y''Vilr/...hioned hi, third
Zl yy''^"'- J^"'l '^'""" J'"- "'"/'f'-^' «/ thdr Hrift, Caddie
sct/e a j>rop,r song, ,choro/ Coli,,, hi myth, ,ra» A uthour.
Willie.
Then loe, Perigot, the Plod-o which I plijrht,
A tuazer {howl) ywrouoht of t'.i.. Maple ttarro. (imre)
Wherein is enchased many a fayre sight
Of Beres and Tyores, that njaken fiers warre :
And over them spread a -oodly wild vine,
*.n trailed with a Wiinton Yvio twine.
Thereby is a Lamhe in the Wolves jawe:. :
iJut, see, how fast renneth the shepheard swayne
10 save the innocent from the heastes pawcs
And here with his .shepe-hooke hath hi .. sl.yne.
iell me, such a cuj) hast thou ever .-^ene ?
Well monght it beseme any harvest Qucene.
(As will be seen from the Anjument, the Au-'us/yESoKue^^bllones
to thfl singing-match variety.) ^'ogue oeiongs
M\.
The Dirge.
{Two extract* from the lament of Moschus for Bion.)
Wail, let lae hear you wall, ye woodland glades, and thou Dorian
water ; and weep ye river,,, for Kion, the wellbeloved ! Now all ye aJiSS
thtngs mourn and now ye groves lament him, ye flowe« now in «d
clusters breathe yoursevc. away. Now redden ye roses in youTs^rr^w
and now wax red ye wind flowers, naw thou hyacinth whiter tTrTel'
reZu'i^X?'' ^"' ''' ' ''''-' ^' "' '' '^y^^^^^^''^^,
Btgin, ye Sicilian Muses, begin the dirge
ST he^diL i ^ ^^i'''"'", T'"" ^^ ^'•*^**'°«'' '^' t'dines that Bioo
;Sifrat£SeKn^"mttL^^^^^ "'^" ^^^ ^ ^ ^^'^ «^
Begin, ye Sicilian A/uses, begin 'the dirge.
Ah tne, when the mallows wiihe'rVn the^rdVii"aud Ihc'gr^n m«w'
and the curled tendrils of the anise, on a later day they lfvX£ S
spring ID another year, but we men, we, the great and mght^or;!-
when once we have died, in hollo'w ^nh %e sleep' ^ d^nlS
muM
I
MJ 'W
•ilenoe ; ■ right Iodk, and endlasa, and unavakonioff alMn a „ i .l
J<^'», J/e Sicilum Muie$, he<iln the dirge
i'oison came Bion, to thy mouth, tl.oo Uidht know Doison Tn -.
^«y»', .yc Sicilian Mum, begin the dirge...
8ptSBKR.~Sh<uhc<trdH Cii/inder, November JV.fU.,,,.. m ■
de Savoje," mother of Francis I ] ^ ^ JVIadamc Lojse
Co/tn's Lament /or " Dido."
Sk'^"' •^'fP«™«"« 1 tl'»^ monrnefulst Muse of nv„c
Such cause of mourning nov.r hadst afore : ^ '
P«. 1 /r''** '"'^" '''■■'^* *»»«» have no more ;
For dead ahee ,« that myrth thee made of yore.
Jl^do, mydcare, alas! isdead,
JlJead, and lyeth wrapt in lead.
U heavie hersc I
Let streaming teares be poured out in store ;
t» careful] (torrow/ul) verse I
Why doe we longer HverUhTwhyVive wo'so'lon^" ?V
Whose better dayes dcoth hath shut Li^ ZoT?^ ^'
The fayrest floure our pyrlond all emoL
Is faded quite, and into dust ygoe. ^
S.ng now ye shepheards daughters, sing no moo
The aongs that Colm made you in her praise,
^ut into weeping tuine your wanton layos
U heavie herse I ^
Nowe is time to dye ; Nay, time was longy^,.e :
O carefuil verse ! ^^
Sr*if K- '''■if^' ^•'"••'^* «^'he field doth f..de
And lyeth buiyed long i„ Winters bale :
xet, scone as sprins? bin mantle hat> A\ ^'-.v i • j ■ ;
It floureth fresh, as it should never fayleT''^ '""''''''"''
Hut thing on e.rth that is of most availe
As yertuesbraunchand beauties budde
Kehven {revive) not for any -ood.
O heiivie herse '
LXVII.
The nliKious coDtroversio, -i Sponser'8 day form the Kroundwork of
the May .nd July «k ,,ue.. It h hco that the po.T exhibit, the
s.tmc vein to wi..ch aliu.ion ha. „ln ady ban luado. Ah the attitude
" ^^^'"^'^'«J\J''d"'»"dtir.n.kl was commented on in th. Iccturen, ,Le
^.ud..n. had better read the J uly re^logae, which opens wnha refer.noe
"; '^'^7;;'"; "'^".V'i/.lK'.'i. The April a^glo^Mtc containH atypical
p eco-Me l.ff .„ /,,.,.„. 0/ Ehni,:tU-^ once Hn.,K,th, melodious and
..V n^ pronw... of lolty Muvnt.on. I„ the June aj.-log.Ie will be found
t KV .TTr "/^r"^ .^uh-btedness to ( •l.aueer ( 7VVyr««).
\u Mer IMberd. h,/., „ot.ee the appe.-r.n.ce of the Inilit ry
un,.,.tor-a stock ol.nructer in l-iizabethan Hu-rature-aH one who
IX>th turue the tiame of Souldiers to abusioir
And that, whieh i> the n..bK-.i n.ysterie. a"-'"/'»»!oH)
nriii-fH to repioaeh and coujuinn iiifainif '
Spender's de«,ripti.m of lifo at court shouM be read and the Dortion
that toue e. on the eo.d.u..u of the baffled «..itor p,.r.1 ular^ Ztd
(■' Full httle knotceal thou, that hunt not tritU ")
Colia CloHtH Come Horn, Again— » pa«to.,,l. Thin piece is note
worthy because of .t. bio,rapi,ieal value, Ld al.o bee le reflccL
the murntm. lu.pu.e of .Spcnse.'. age. Kven Th. Faerie QulZt
thl KirtS'.) ""' "'""• ^'^-'^ ^''^' '"-^^ ^'""^^ °' "- '-'Canto o{
RalegK, Visit to Spenter (Colin Clout) at Kilcolman ^1589).
" Vt"®,*^°- (*!""''' '"') ' •■"** '•'*« "='« '"/ trade)
Under the foote of Mole, that mountaine hore
Keeping my sheepe amongt^t the cooly shade
Of the grcene alders by the Mullaes i-Iiore •
Ihere a straunge shepheard olmunBt to find iLr out
Whether allured with ujy pipes delight, '
Whose pleasing sound yshrilled far about',
Or thither led by cliaunce, I kn w notVisht •
Whoia when I a.ked from what piaco he came'
And how he hight, him.s.fe he did ycleepe [call]
I he Shepheard of the Uc. u. by name,
And said he came far from the main-sea dcepe
He, sitting nie beside in that same shade
Provoked me to plaie some pleasant fit • imnq]
And, when he heard the musicko which I niaie
He lounde himselle full greatly pleased at it'
Yet aemuiing my pipe, he tooke in hood
My pipe, before that temuled of many
And plaid thereon ; (for well that skiU he cond •)
llimselte as skilfuil in that art as any.
He pip'd, I sung ; aud, when he sung, 1 piped :
By ohaoDge of turnes, each making other mery ■ ^^
iN either envying other, nor envied, '
So piped we, until we both were weary."
-. ^
II
5
^1
!!
i
•''■.V P-rt olih^ ro^touLcJ^ co„«.cul.vo .Un,M tak.n from
HHUic- t.i,u., it „. n.a„d« a ^^ J,. ,'* ' '"" ,*^".V ^ ""^ own. Xt the
i/'/».«.. wu m:.M.,. r^^^fi;,;. tt/if '''"'?. ^->'/^ and th.
nn. n. «.s ot i>i>vmvt'H diKinctiv. qualitjr.
Lxv/ir.
iru//«- Jiiniihi Of il,t m:,i,ii. r , i •
-lightly.] '*^' '""^ "io.l. ruizcd ..,d language «l«,, but only
JAem worn ol thinL's whi.h K, » T P'''S*^"'
B'lt wh«t lor that ? th^r .• ■ ■ ''*-'*<'''a''ce, dpwrvcd :
T.. .scorne the rc... and seek to pl.a^c^i" wT^
iiut c.nvi.,u.s brains Tlo^^.^^Jt ^"'th*?) S„r '
Sue ^ftely step, as th.'.y eannottt^i , '"'
l-or whoHo re.ps renown ak.ve the rest
W.thhe.,..< , at. shall surely be op,,;.,..s8cd.
^i^SsJa^ ^' s; 7 "'""'^ ^^''"^") «f ^l*- book :
Abuses :dlt^ 1 ^^^' ""P^'^'aJly doth «low
ADuses all, to such a,-, m it look
i<rom prince to poor, from high estae to low-
As /or the verse, who lists like trade to t^
liearnaen^ueh shall hardly reaeh To higK'
^e^Vee/e (?/«. lead to s^ "r " IJ"'"'' ^''^ ^ ^'« •'««
machinery, in its soeial .^atSe ind i"iu ""' T^"^'" *'; P"^'^"'"'^
18 the first regular satire in our litl atu.l7i?7fir"w"/'*''°«- ^'
portu-.t v'xception, no poem in 1, „„t *^ . ^- ^ith one anim-
/:«*/. S" clVurly docs n j;t/< £ ,^^^^ Milton'. Paradue
>ts a.e that it becomes u valuabt rv.. ^^T\ '^*' ^*™"« *"«*t'"-<^« "^
poetry, whe.c.s in Spen>..r we '.»lutV ".' *''*"' -'' '" »«*'« without
tempts cluster, round ( fasooiKoe'?,!! Tt ''•^"'■'•.i'»We set of Bret at-
y>ro« co.nedy ^«;,;,^,,, ih^TlrCT.', V *™*?/»'t .fi""" English
m 15ti«; the fii^V regular !^,Vr^rLv/;"^r'*^ which was acted
tion of a Greek tragedy Je.^'7« nt !f ?/"' ' ^« *"* ^»n»l*-
but indirectly, thrcSgh a tTvfol^ l!'^- *''" ^^'"'^ «^ ^''"F'i^.
haiardous to icnbe to hfrn*^ as Z^f'Z '^'"*"'>- ^' ^ P«»-«'*pi
first critical eway. ' "**"•* ''**' "' '''« P'«e tale ard tC
Balev-h-i pow«r en be aeen in the WHiaet prefixed to the fir.t edition
f tlu F»eri6 Qaeeui . (Bk«. Mil, 1590.)
Melhou^ht I saw th»« grave where Uura lay,
Within that teniplu where tho yt.iul flame
Was wont to bum ; and, pnBsini; by thnt way
To Me fh.jt buriod dui of living' flame,
Who»e tomb fair love und fnirer virtue kept
All suddenly I mw the Faery (iuceno '
At whoM approach the soul of Petrarch wept ;
And from thenceforth those graces were not seen
!< or they this queen attended ; in whose »tecd [»ffmh
Oblivion laid ' ini down on Laura's henrw.
iioreat the hardv „ stones were seen to bleed
And CToans of buried ghoeti the heavens did perse [merce]
Where Homer's sprite did tremble all Jbr grief
And curse th' access of that celestial thief.
Ralegh can let his vein of delicate fancy Bii{H.ar in convenUonal
n.ode, as wunesa h« rephr to CI. ri«oph or Marlowe's little ^JsSrl
entitle', The Pauwnatt Shepherd to his love. Marlowe bccins 5^?h
foll^JJ^l ^''""' '"•' "''^ "« '^"•^ ^ -y 1°- " ; HaJegh anTerTi.
Tht Nymph'a Repli/.
If all the work «nd love
And truth in every sliep
These pretty pleasures .
To 11- with thee and
Wvie youiig,
. rd's loiij^e,
„h" !«i? luove
10 fold,
cold;
But Time drives flocks j'j. .
TV hen rivirs rage and rocks ■■
And Phiiumel beoometh dumb,
The rest complain of cares to come.
The flowers do fade, and wanton firlds
To wayward wint. r reckoning j' I'i •
A hooey tongue— a heart of j;ai.
Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's tail.
Thy gowns, thy si.oea. thy beds of roses.
Thy cap, tliy kirtle, and thy noaifts
Soon break, soon witlier, soon forgotten
In fdly ripe, in reason rotten. '
Tiiy belt of straw and ivy buds,
Thy coral clasps nnd amber studs ;
All tiie~e in me no means can move
To come to the'', an J oe thy love.
!:=! I
But could .youth la«t, and love s.ilj brcxd,
J«a.l joys no -late, nor a^e ..o ne.d.
Ih.u those deiij-hts my .soul n.i.ht move
io live \vitl» thee, and be thy love.
LXIX.
'ixfropfifi andStell,!.
SONNET XXXI.
iiow 8 Kntly ! and with how wan a fac.< !
Wl^t! may u be that oven in heavenly place
That busy archer h s .harp arrows tries ?
Sure, ,f that long with love-acquainted eyes
Can judge of love thou feel'st J lover's case
To me that fH the like, thy ,uPe descrL.
f« 2ri °^^«^'«^'^»'iP. O Moon! tell me
Is constant love deemed there, but want of wit?
Do they above love to be loved ; and yet
Ihose lovers scorn whom that kve doth possess -
r>o they call virtue there, ung-.atefulnessT
Sir Phtlip Sidneif.
LXX.
My Mind to me a Kingdfjtn is.
Mjr mind to me a kingdom is,
Such present joys therein I find
1 hat It excels all other bliss '
That cauh affords or grows by k^d :
rhough much I want which most would have
Yet still my mind forbids to crave.
No princely pomp, no wealthy store,
^lor force to win the victory •
^o wijy wit to save a sore, '
iS'o shape tc; teed a loving eye ■
To none of these I yield as thrall '
ForwI.y (Umute.) my im»d d„t|, ;,rve for all.
! sec l)ow plenty surfeits oft,
And hasty climbers soon Jo fall •
I sre that those which are aloft, '
Mishap doih threaten most of uH ■
rh««egot with toil, they keep with' fear-
auoa cares my mind could never bear '
Content to live, this is mj stay ;
I seek no more tliuu dotli suffice ;
I press to bi ar no hnuglity sway ;
Look, what I lack my mitid supplies ;
Ln ! thus I triumph like a king.
Content with that my mind doth briuj^.
Some have too much, yet still do crave ;
1 little have and seek no more.
They arc but poor, though much they have,
And I am rich with little store :
They poor, I rich ; they beg, I give ;
They lack, I leave ; they pine, 1 live.
I laugh not at another's loss ;
I grudiic not at another's giiin ;
No worldly waves my mind can toss;
My state ut one doth still remain :
I fear no f<>e, Ifuwn no friend ;
I loatli not life, nor dread my end.
Some weigh their pleasure by their lust,
Their wisdom by their r&'^e of will ;
Their treasure is their only trust ;
A cloaked craft their st>re of skill :
But all the pleasure that I find,
Is to maintain a quiet mind.
My wealth is health and perfect ease :
My conscience clear my chief defence ;
I neither s«^k by bribes to please.
Nor by deceit to breed ott'eneo :
Thus do I live ; thus will I die ;
Would all did so as wel' . i I !
Sir Edward Dyer.
LXXI.^
The indirect Spenserians exhibit the characteristic features of the
school . Allegory beoomes even more prououuoed. The Purple hland
of Phinoas Fletcher describes the .hU of Man, or haman body , in an
allegorical manner, and the old theme of the resemblances between the
MacroooBin (Nature) and the Microcosm (Mart) is worked out on«e
more. Man's arteries and veins, for instance, are analogous to the
rivers and brooks of the outside world.
The influence of the Fletchers is visible in 8ubse<|uent literature.
In the poetry of Milton their traces are seen now and again, and of
<Jile8 Fletcher's Christ's Victorie and Triumph, Milton appears to
have been a heedful reader. The xeal of those who busy themselves
with small things has been manifested in discovering numeroas echoes
of Qilet Fletcher in Paradise Jjost Sp naor is r^arded by ts Fiet-
i
my
ll
f.
i
: !,-,
23.
Much hkt. tl,e mouth of that infernal cav
That .:.p,„^- stood, all couicrs )o d.^vour.
T .at st.ll («/..«,,,) i-or carrion careasisltT/.-rave • "
Thofrround ,.. herl..> h„t v.„o„.ou., .lid boar '
Aor ragj,.H trees did leave, but eve ywl ere
Head boue.s and .kulls were east, and boS h'^^.d w...^.
24,
Upon the roof, the bird of sorrow «at
Llonumg joyful day with her «ad note
J) d wave her leather s.ils an<l blindly flou
n I 1 "uusL , iiiurc, on a eryn^v st/uiA
Ccleno hunc ;ind inn,l« i,;. r T-V '"'•' '""'"c,
\ 1 II 1 o' ''"*' ujaue Ills uireiul mnnn
Aud all about the uiurdeivd .ho.sts dld'sCk; and ,roa„.
Like cloudy nironshine, in a souje .shadowy ..rove
tT. "^,^'^"JJ. Ihs Sturm- ,.y,.« did How
J hat uiai f Jiini dea.llv !,,nL .i i- » "',
Like cock,.iriee-« ev -. .1 . J V 'r'"" ^''""P'^ ''''' ^'"'«-
riLt s t_yts, that 8|.arks ..f poison throw.
2(1
A.- »fce„ a (..„l„l Jro.n,. i„ ,„i,j„ „,„i,.|„
K-i,r..r Tfl ^" ""^'"-''f t''^' l'a«ty f;,„t, '^
('/../.M/y.; ' """ '" "''■ "■"-»''' ''"J ""'"tl' '.'ap^-« without boot.
,1 ^''''^ ^f<^f<'l«r (Vin-iHrs Vi,-tori.c on h\i,th\
LXXII.
Tn a Bird Singimj.
Swcrt Bird, that sing'st away the •■arly hours
()( winters past or coniinj,', void of care,
'Veil pleased with dclijihts wliich present aro,
Fair seasons, budding sprays, sweet-Mnellinu flowers
loroeks, to springs, to rills, from leafy bowers
1 hou thy Creator's goodness dost declare
And what dear gifts on thee he .lid not sp-ire,
A stain to human sense in sin that lowers.
What soul ean be so sick which by thy songs—
Attired in sweetness— sweetly is not driven'"
(iuite to forget earth's turmoils, spites, and wrongs,
And lift a reverend eye and thought to lieaven '
bweet artless songster! thou my mind dost r:\Ue
airs of splieres— yes. ..nd to angels' lays.
The Praise of n Solitary Life.
Thrice happy he who by some shady grove,
Far from the clamorous world, doth live his own :
Though solitary, who is not alune,
But doth converse with that eternal love.
how more sweet is bird's h.irmonious moan
Or the hoarse sobbings of the widowed dove
Than those smooth whisperings near a prince's throne
Which good make doubtful, do the evil approve '
O how more sweet is Zephyr's wholes' -tie breath
And sighs embalmed which new born flowers unfold
Than that applause vain honour doth bequcatii ' '
How sweet are streams to {K)isou drunk in gold '
The world is full of horrors, troubles, slights ;
Woods' harmless shades have only true delights.
WilUam JJrummond of Havtthurnden.
Lxxni.
Imitations of CLASsiCAt. Mrtre.. bv the Spenskrian School.
The 6rst writer to attempt the Hexameter was Gabriel Harvey who
was .. friend of Spenser, and stood high in estimation as a cri L^' The
i.ocime..M of English verse in classical metre may. for the most Dart
1" designated as mer." dt^^^rel. ^ '
Enconiium Lauri.
What may I call this tree ? A Laurell ? bonny Laurell
Who, but thou, the renowne of Prince, and PrincelV Poeta
ih one (or trowne, tor (iarl»nd th' other thanketb Apollo
Jl
i
14,
!i
i^
,:
c
-I
i.
Siuncy wrote hexameters in his Arcndi,, Of «.^
I"'ve used ti.e hcxnn.et. r it will bflToil . V "'*^"° ^^ '^'•o
{Kmnse/lrw.) " ^ sufficient to nauj.. Lon^'R.||ow.
The firxt writer u, utUmpt the Ele.riac Di.finh ,u
h F..tan,e,. .) wa. 8,. A, Sidn^" his J^Si-r"""'" ''"^'^^
And or n,i.n.uun.. l^^uHah S;^h::'jr '"''' ''"^^^
(olcrid.2c's translation Iron, SehilUr is well known .-
In the h.xana-ter lise. the fountain's siiverv e,.inn ,
I" .he pentan-eter ny.. ti.llin,. in .nelody baj '
Of modern atteiuiits it ujii »„. >■■«;,; . .
iin.> entitled. o« 7U;x:,;it^:;;r '" """""• '•'""^-"■^ '^^^
---'r'7''i;'xir"''" '''^'"'"^^ -I'tl.. Mino.. A«e,e,iad:
U ^weet woods t^he delight or. olitarinoss*:'
O how n.ud, I do l.ke your solitarinesse '
Where n.an'8 m.nd ha« a free cou«ideration
Of Koodnesse to receive lovely direction.
Janihic Senarius. If all six feet «r« ;„ k-
•mansion : x - x - x - . - x x .^nser ' """ ^''""^'"^ '« »he
And if I waste, who will bewaile u,y heavy ch-.nn ■'
And ,f I starve who will recorde my cuS e^i'
A-d If I dye. who will saye, " this i. Jir,,^ '- ?
Kea.s)n, tell me thy mind, if here be rcson
In th.8 strange v.olence, to make resistant'
\Ucrc sweet graces erect the stately baToer
f Vertue's regiment, shining in ha..,esj^
i^^y, then, Keason. I say, what is thy counsel ?
th.^'i^TC' '"''''''''■ «^'"^"- -d Tennyson h..e uaed
O, you chorus of indolent r.niewers
Irresponsible, indolent reviewers '
Look I come t^ the test, a tiny poem
All composed in a metre of Catullus.
AJJ^diT' " x"'''; x' 7'*^' ^^ /" *^ns'i«h appears in Sidnay's
-.re is moie'commoVthan ny St' ^T ""' ^ ' " - ^i«
•"•^J by Spenser, and amon- he ToH^ u 'i"*""^^*^''. It has been
s who
I'llow.
lowcj
few
ad:
(hi
If
li
iv^
*?
!
a
a
II
a
P
a
/
n
ii
cl
rt
ill
tl:
III
Ml
th
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (FIRST YEAR COURSE).
Professor Chas. E. -Mov>k, B.A. -
SU'UJKCTM.
The rise of the Drama -the Elizibethan Dra iia.
The main characteristics ol' th<' ancient (Jrcck <lr.ima— differences
bcfwccn it ond tlie !i;odoni— the Miiaole and tlic Mystery plays— their
subjects and method of performance— the Morality fhy—Everi/man
mil Lusfi/ Jureutas— the Interlude — T'/tf; Four /'. P.— tho char-
:xct.r of the pre vShakesperian drama— t!ie infliicnce of Scaeca— its
nurki^ — Tamhurlainc the Grcit and AWi'm/o,(— Elizabethan London
and its playhouses— the L'onori! trainin- and life of dramatists— the
preShakcspcrian dramatists — Marlowe, Kyd, Lyiy— leading char-
acieristics of Shakrspcre as seen in A Midsummer Night't Dream
ILimlet and The Tempest — Bvu Jonson— liis subjects and their treat!
nient— masques, Italiiin and En-lish— tlie development of the masque
in En-land— its features— Milton's Arcmhs and Comas -the Miltonio
character of Comiis.
I!
i
ILLUSTRAnONS.
LxxIv^
In the drama of the liigliest order th.re is little food for censure or
hatnd; it teaches rather self knowltdire and self respect. Neither the
eye nor the iniud can see itself, unless reflicted upo?i that which it
resembles. The drama, so long as it ecmtinues to express poetry, is s
l-risaiatic and many-sided mirmr, whicli coilicts the brightest rays of
liuman nature and divides and reproilueus tlicm from the simplicity of
th.ir elementary forms, and t< ichesthcm with majesty and beauty and
multiplies all that it reflects, and endows it witli the power of propa-
j-'ning its like wherever it may fall.
Calderon, in his religious Auto-, lias attempted to fulfil sorneof tiie
'•'f.'h conditions of dramatic r.'presentation neglected by Shakespeare;
>iieh as the establishing a relation between the drama and religion, and
tlu accommodating them to music and dancing ; but he omits the ob-
If
I
Stl■::£;:;;;i,:;;:^^H.!:;ln'=;^^ 'r- '- '-' *'-
i«n.8 of ,Mli>to,tt..l .ui.Mi ., r. r n I • '""'''^•"•' •'•'•plated i,]ettl.
.fnun.„,a.i.„.-;^,;;i,;.::"''!;:;t;-:;r;s;^^^
LXXV.
^^ An^-jx^root fn„„ y,, ,,;,,,, , ,,, ,,,,„^. ^,,^^^.^^ ^ ^^^ .^^^
.'PParclkd areor.Jii,.'lv will. ,. L ?« '^ *""" "^'J'^'- the sUko,
with a .nako atl.wu.t rl.- .•„ i . f 'ta . l' tL"' '' '""K '''T''
fir. braiK in the ri-ht hm I • , J / • i . „ ' '" «' C""'! with a
whip intheti^ulld :;,Tp;:,ir' :the'V:ff- vfi"/''!:' '''"'"
maski-ii; Mh.ut the stvN. fll :» 4- /• ^'"'*' ^'"T went
which wnlke.1 by h';: ;. T 7 J""""' ':"n""^^'' ''''"'•'• t'^-'-e "uns,
holders, theVan p ::r„H 't;%Y' V' '"'•^'"''^ ?-''-" »« the be-'
cloister.' l/y the V t •;,',; I ' "f '"' 1 ''"""■' ''"= °""« ^' -f-"
banquet of Uther He,. ,?,,.„ ^'' ' .;"''''^' ''".'Ic-.p was signified the
by the poisoned n.p The ' ""^ "^'^''''\'^ '"-^ ''^••''th. which ensued
reprc.ente.1 L .'f,...,'.' •.^' ''''^ ^"'7. ^'''^'' '"er 6rebrand and Cunid.
„ ' , "'" '" "" eneeiinf,'ot tim
prcsented\he irorVj ;;:;k tl^eifplt^^ '"'^"^ ^'-'^ -
LXXVI.
Sir r/ulif, S!,l»,ys opinuHi of Gorhoduv
rlf '""" T^T'*;?' ''"'^ 'a»guajre, but oniy sli-htly )
Ohaueer uudoubte. v did excell.nLl • in I.;/t!. -i ^'' . ^
whon. truly I know „o', whether ! : ^ «, .ore ' Hh".r';i fr'^"'
DH>ty time, could >ee «o ele-.rlv nr 11? ' ' \ , ^^^^ ^^' »" '^18
stu,lin,l^.^erhi.;.;"^yerhl^,^;^^-- tt±"^^^ ""^"^ ■*
reverend anti.juity. I account Mie W/rr,; /" ii" • '"■""'^° '° *>
uishedofbeautifui rarts and in rl Pi'^ f«^'''''"'*'' "'««'Jy Ear-
things ta«tinj> of n.dl b rth"nj wo hv . "^ S''"'y''. '^'•'*"' """'J
h.,r% Calender hath umeh ^cfrT ./ ITS' '"'°'^.- . ^J* W
thereadin-Mflbonotdeceivorf Th , %losue8, indeed worthy
do I not remember to have s.-on but ic^y^lf^.Jll V. .^^'^es these,
have (HH,tieal ^iuew. i- I eu for JZ/'",r*J. ^^^?> P""^^. 'ba.
verses be put in prose u, 1 tl . n T./.K ''''*• '^' '*"' """s' ^^^ '!"''
that one v-e,.sc did bui beUt anof hlr ' '"•T'"^ ' T** " ^'" »>« fi>"°d
what should bratthn.lfwhr?*','' """*""* "J*^"""^ «' '«»« «»'
with a tinkiin, ^^^r:.;::^^::^-^^ s^ -^'
1{ J
Our trnu«dieN and comedies, not witlmut oiuw eri.<d ..utairuinHt ob-
>.;rvmK ruli. neith.-r of honest rivility nor of Hkiif.,1 po. try. cxoeptioir
^-rW,.r (apa.n I ..y of tl.os.. tl.ut I have .o«..), which, notwith-
> undinK as jt is full of 8taf. ly >,.«,. -h... nnd wli ..oundin^ phrase..
.^!i.nb.n« to ,ho l,e.j,.ht of Scnrea Ins .tyl,-, and u,, full of noUblc n.oralit;
«h.ch It doth n;ost deiiv^htlnliy ,ea.h und >o ul.t.viu the very end ^
|"H'..o, yot int.uth.it is v.ry d.-fe.-tiou.. (,/./.,/,>,.) in th.- oiroun,.
8.anee« ; which ;jriovi th n.r, b,«nu8c it ,„id.t not reni.iin a« an exact
model of all traKedKs. For it i.s faulty h„th in place and tin..-, the two
necessary compan.onH of ..11 corporal action... For where the stage
>hould represent but one place and the utter.no>t time pre-supp-.^jd in
It should be. both by Ari.stotle'.. precept and cmnmn reason, hut one
-lay there i,s both inany days an.l many places ina.tificially imagined.
Mat It It be so in Gori.odur, how mud. n...re m ,-,11 the rest' where
you shall have Asia of the one si.le »nd Affricic of the oth. r and so
many other undcr-kin-doms, that the player, when he enmeth in, must
even begin with telling where he i.s ;or el.^o, the tale will not be
conceived. Now ye shall have tlw.e ladies walk to .^ul her flowers, and
then we must believe the sfc.ge f. he a garden. Ry .^nd by, we hear
news of sn.pwreck in the same place, and then we nre to blame if we
accept It not for a rock. Upon the back of th.u. eon.es out a hideoas
monster, with fire and smoke, and then the miserable beholders are
b..und to take It for a cave. While, in the meantime, two armies flv
m, represented with four .swords an.l bucklers, and then what hard
heart will not receive it for a pitched field y"
An .ijn)/,iijit:/or Poetiy.
Lxxvir.
Some extracts from The Spanish T,-w,,,l,,, a play by Thomas Kyd .
with additions by Jkn Jo„-o... This play is ,i se.,u.l ,o>/„ Fi,.( Part
u, .'.rontmo, and Jeronimo is a leading ehaiacur in both The two
dramas are cr-eilent specimens of the tone and motive which are pre-
sented in pre-ohakesperian tragedy. The ruling passion is revenge.
Receugv,
Then know, Andrea, that rhou art arriv'd
Wh. re thou shalt .see the author of thy death,
Don Balthazar, the prince of I'ortingal,
Depriv'd of life by Bell' Imperia.
Here sit we down to see the n.ysttry.
And ivrvefor Clwrux in f/iis tr/ii/nfi/.
TItv SiHUiifh Tniij.dy, Act I.
Thesonof Uieronimo (Jeronin,o) has been h.nged in an arbour and
stabbed to death. Hi. father, al.rmed by the .shrieks of iWl'-Imperia
w.io 18 hurried away by the murd.rers, leaves his b.d hurriedly, goes
|o the ark-ur ami cut.s.iown the body, whiel. he .liseovers to be thafr of
Ins son. Hicronimo addresses his wile, IsabLlla.
If
T I
If
!
_iL.
'/ur Sfc«t tlum this hnn.lkcr. I ri,e„„e..r'd with blco.j ?
ItBhallnot (rout m, '! T t.kir vcn-o :
HecBt tli( . tbo.. w.iuimI.. .at jci urc'bicodiri.' CrcNh ?
'101 «M,i<,i„| ,l„.,i,, till 1 hiiv,. vfi.jjc :
l\
J l.tU Hill 1 joy aillld.st my .li» .III. Ut i
1 111 theu luy Narrow iirv.T OkiU |„. Hj^jnt.
In ihc luM Act of iIm i,;..y the rolh.wiu; c,,i-od vcun :
/■"^•r Is,\';ki.I,a *mVA <i h; ij,on.
J.""- '.''' "" '■ ' "• 'i^: ui trous homicidcB!
hiriii- iieithi I iHciy iior|iity iiinvus
Tht'kini,' 'o ju^t r,.(ir r. i„'|,i-si..u,
I will rvUHiii) n.ys, T .. „ thi^ ,.i:.tv,
Mhoio thu.s th. V niiir.l- r'.I i,n ),..|.,vtMi so i.
( S/if viits iliiini the urimir.)
JMVII Wltli ihtvv hl:.uoI,..s:,.Hl tl.LVso loilhsoUlO boU«ll»
Ul this uiiJ.iMiui lie an 1 fataJ y\\\^' ■
Down with them. Is ib. 11a : nin Iboui up •
An.l l.uiu th.- loots Co,,, wh,.„ee th.- tcst'issprun.' ;
i will notltuvc! a root, II stalk, u irw, ■
A bou-h, a bniiich. a blossnui, i.or ii k-af,
No, ij(,i an !„,-(, wiiliii, thisi;a,ihn plot.
Accurstdcoui]iioi oJ'ii,y uiisiTv !
in. concluding; bcenc : -^ '
/■^iiUr (iiiosT and J{eve.N(ik.
Gho^f. Ay now u,y hopes have end in their cfllcU,
Wlion blool and sorr .w tiiiish mj (K-siroa :
Jloratio iiiiirdoiM in his fath.r's bovver;
\ lid Scrhcrinc by l'edriii;.'un.i 8|ai,i :
Fal«o IVdiiiiu,,,,, l,ai,-M bv .(.luint device :
J"air J.-ak'lla by liei.s.jf nii^,!..ue •
Prince Balthazar by Hc'ir-In,,,eria stubb'd :
The Duke o( C'a>tilc and \m w icked son
Jioth done to ikath by old Jrierouimo.
My BcU'-Iuip iria lall'n, as Di.lo fell :
And «ood llieioniuio slain by iiiujsclf
Jfev. This ban] shall hale them down' to deepest hell
AVbcrc none but furies, bu-s (jjoLlins) and tortures dwill.
Lxxmi.
lowti UuU. Jioba.lMl ,s lo ij,M„;r at th. house of Cob, a Wuterbcarer
and is anxious not to have his (ivv. !lin-p!aee known A Lr,^;:
matt-r hu. be., toucho.l o,, tLe dial„,u. ^r.!;:?.^, asfX.s'^-" *'"
JS'>>. IcufcH. Have a ckanly and . lii.t privacy above all th.-
Mm. Ay : (li<i you evrr Nt« it tictcii ? Int
t
lI
iiui wi-ll kmiiumI ?
peuiu!.!! I would t'liiii wc all the |kkmi of tli.*' t
mil aiiMth.r piny un that waa : th.-y'll piatv and <w
lk<'e|( a stir Df^rt and dcvioux. whi
iuie»
I'j-it'r. line
th.
Iiiif of tilt' farlli aL'a
i''i, iiM I iini II p'Dtlcmati, nad um,
y ar.' ili.- nnifft sIihIIdw , pitiful, harnn felloWH. that 1
in.
IVi- ll)ii>li tlu-
I WhU, .Mhmut Mathcw r,ii,l», linhadill mnhn hhntflf rM-h,.)
V'if. In.ltNMl hi^ri! iiru a nu'iibcr of tiin- f<|K'icli«'H in thi> I. -ok
• '/■>!, ,11, ,,/,n, l,„f fonii/iiiiu haiKjht with Iriirs ! thtTu'N a .•.nwit I
l:nnl,lln»/r(t.njht iri/l, t,„r» < () ///,.. „„ u,,.^ f,„i /i„,.l^ ,„^„, „, ,,,„,;, f
MM.tliiT. world, ,„> w>rf(f, h„i ma»M „f puhUc ',r'roH,fi > a third.
r-nlHiKd 'imllilhd irith nliinln' .i,„l ni!^,l,;,h ' a f,>url\t. (J iht'
my. Is'iu.,1 .xniuMit/ l>'t imt .-in.|.lv flir bet that iv.r vou
li. aid, caiitiiin '/ Hal how do vu like it "'
/iofj. Ti» jiood.
Ben Jnnxun. K>:<ri/ M'ln in hit //iinunir (Act I., Sc. IV.)
LXXIX.
From jiv'^ing vein- of rhyniini' luotiier witu,
And >uch coiiccitx a^* clowiiii>i;f keeps in piy.
We'll If.id you to the st.ij<ly tent of war.
Where you shall hear the Scythian Tamhurlaine :
Threateniii- tin- worM with ili^'ll astounding torni>.
And seourgiuy; kin-donis with his con.juerinj,' sword.
\'iew but his |)ieture in this trai^ic •riasa,
And then applaud lii.> fortune as you please.
ChnMupher (Kit) Mariowe. {The I'ro/mpir /„ tl„. first P.,,t of
/''iinliiii/'iiuf t/ir Ori'iif,}
/••'"/'•/•Tamhi RI.AINK, ih-'itvi, in hi* fh'iriut /.// fhe Kiitgt 'j/TliKBl-
/ONI) „nJ SORIA. niti, hitit in thiir mouH-s, rfinli in his hit hnml^ and
■'I hi* riyhf hand <i whip nith which h> i^couryith them . TeciIH 1 ES
rilERII.AMAS, UsUMCASANE. A.MYKA8, C'ei-EBIND8 : AV/.-y. 'of
Natoma .»«(Z.IercS\I.EM /e<f l>,f five or «uc n.mmnn »oldirr». '
Tamb. Holla, ye pampered jades of Asia I
What ! ean ye draw but twenty miles a day,
And have so proud a chariot at your heels.
And such a co.ichuian as great Tamburlaino,
But from Asphiiltis, where T coiKiuered you,
To Byron here, wher. thus I honour you .'
The horse that jiuide the golden eye of Heaven,
And blow the njoming from their uosterils.
-Making their fiery gait above the clouds.
Are not so honoured in their governor.
As you, ye slaves, in mighty T:imburlaine.
The headstrong jades of Thrace Alcides tamed,
That King Egeus fed with human flesh,
And made sc wanton that they knew their strengths,
Were not subdued with valour more divine
i
II
- - r*.
J: II
r: II
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rfW
E i
1
! '■
•:
1 ■
i 1 ■' ■
Than you by this unconquered arm of mine.
To make you fioree. and fit my ajipetite,
You sli.iU be fed with flesh as raw as blood,
And drink in pails the stron<;e.st muscidel ;
It' you can live with it, then live, and draw'
My chariot swifter tiian the r;ickin<: clouds ;
[f not, then die like beasts, and fit" for nauuht
But perciics for the black and fatal ravens."
Thus am I ri,i::ht the scour«,'e of hiirhest Jove ;
And see the fiijiire of my dignity
JJy which J hold my ii;ime and majesty !
Th(. Sf-roiiJ. P.rrt of Tnmhiirhiine 'hr Great (Act IV* Sc. IV.)
What is beauty, saitii my suffering,-;, then ?
If all the pens that ever poets held
JIad fid the feeliui; of their nia-ters' thoughts
And every sweetness that inspired their hearts,
Their miini.^, and muses on admired themes •
If all the heavenly (|uintessenee they still
l-'rom their immortal flowers of poesy
Whi'rein, as in a mirror, we perci-ive '
The liiiihest reaches of a human wit ;
If these li.id made one poem's period,
And all combined in i»eantys worthiness.
Vet sheuld there hover in their restless heais
( Ine thought, one grace, one wonder, at the least
Wliicli into words no virtue (^j)owrr) can di-'cst.
The Fifsi P'irf <>/ T>imhiirln!iie the Gmit (Aqt V., Sc. I.)
LXXX.
Sir Topluis. I-lpi.
Efiitnii. At hatiil, sir.
7'"/'. How likest thou t'lis martial life, where nothing but blood
hcsprinkleth our b'l.soms '! Let me see, be our enemies fat ?
A>;. l'.i.«.sing fat : and I wouM not change this life to be a lord:
and yourself passcth all coinparisou, for other captains kill and beat
and there is nothing ymi kill, hut you :ilso eat. '
Tt>i,. I will tear the flesh with my teeth, .so mortal is my hak" and
s(i eager my unstanched stoma(;h. '
Epi. 3ry master thinks himself the valiantest man in (he world if
lie kill a wren : so warlike a thing he aeeompteth to take away life
though it be I'rom a lark. '
Toil. ^''P'. I fi"d my thoughts to swell, and iny spirit to take
wings, m so much that J cannot continue within the compass of so
slender combats.
F<iviUa. This passeth '!
fivtntilhi. Why, is he not mad ?
S'uniiis. Xo, but a little vain-glorious.
Top. Epi.
£/H. .Sir.
>;« '.
Top. I will encounter that black iiiid cruel eueniy that beareth
rough and untowed locks upon his body, whose sire thmwctli down
the strongest walls, wliose legs arc as many as ours, on whoso head arc
jilaccd most Imrriblc horns by nature, as a defence from all harms.
Epi. What mean you master to be so desperate '.■'
Honour inciteth me, and very liungcr eompellcth me.
Wiiat is that monster?
The monster Ovin. I have s:iid, — let thy wits work.
1 cannot imagine it ; ytt let me see, — a black enemy with
rough locks ? it may be a sheep, and Ocls is a sheep; his sire so
«trong, a ram is a sheep's sire, tliat beiiiL' also an en;.;ine of war ; horns
lic hatii, andjpur legs, — so hath a sheep ; without donbt tiiis monster
i-i a black sheep. Is it not a sheep that you m* an '
Top. Thou hast hit it, that monster will I kill and sup with.
John J-iyly. End'union. (Act II., Sc. I.)
Top.
Epi.
Top.
Epi,
ill
LXXXI.
The following specimen of Euphuistic writing is comparativoly
simple. The term Knphuism isderivei from a novel entitled Enplnus,
The Aiiiitomij of Wit, whicii was written by John Lyly and published
in 1579. The scene of Ei/plniis is laid in Italy. Its tone is anti-
Italian, and in this ropeet it displays the feeling of I'oger Ascham's
Sc,hole)n<i.'<ter. f'rcni which an extrtict has already been given. The
-tyle of /if^'/i'"'."' being ;it times singularly free from Eii|iliui>m. it is
better to take a specimen of this mode of writint; irom Lyly's plays,
botl) because they are extremely Euphuistic and bcc^iuse Euphuism
tiiiures cons|iicuously in the early drama. The (|ualitie> to be ob-
:^erved in Euphuism arc (a) oddity of thought, as seen in far-fetched
comparisons; (b) the constant u>e of natural objects as material for
«uch comparisons ; (ej a similar use of j-hissical history and mytho-
logy. Sir W. Scott mi>understood the character of Kuphuism when
he made his Euphuist in tl;e Monnxteri/, Sir Piercie Shafton. speak
what miiibt lie termed false Johnsonese.
I*
T/ir Prologue lit the. Court.
The Arabians being stuffed with perfumes, burn hemlot.k, a rank
poison ; and in Hyb.a, being cloyed witii honey, they account it dainty
to feed on wax. Your Highness' eyes, whom variety hath filled with
r.iir shows, and whose ears pleasure hath possessed with rare sounds,
will (we trust) at tliis tinle resemble the [irinccly eagle, who, fearing to
surfeit on spices, stoopeth to bite on worm-wood. Wo present no con-
ceits nor wars, but deceits and loves, wherein the truth may excuse
it ; plainness; the necessity, the length ; the poetry, the bitterness.
There is uo needle's point so .-"maii which hatii not his compass ; nor
hair so slender that hath not his shadow ; nor sport so simple which
hath not his shew. Whatsoever we present, whether it be tedious
1^ which we fear), or toyish (which we doubt), sweet or sour, absolute
or imperfect, or whatsoever; in all humbleness we all, and I on knee
S'S
IP
til .lti
I 'I
1 ,
• ,
<or all. piitieat tliat )'our ]Iijj;lmess illla^int■ youiv^elf to be in a deon
dream, tliat .«tayiDg tlie conclusioD, in your rlsin- your Majesty voiicb-
saJe to ^i,y, and ,yo you „w,ike,l.—Ly\y. Saph„ and Phao. rSofl!-
mjr iiiodernized.) ■ *^
The followiu- is a good spf^ciinen of tiio Kiii.liuistic niodo in Sliak"-
spi'ap" ;-
;«^
Stic 111
lii-lit ;
A (■«./. (rtiidit) So swoil a Ici.ss the jiohlfii .<iin ,i;ivcs not
To tlinx' i'losli niomiut; diupsi upon the rose,
As thy tye lioani-, when tlicir fiv.-li rays liaVi' siiidte
The niLilit of dew tiiat on my ch<vks down flow> ;
Xor shines the silver moon one half so briulit
J'hrough tlie transparent bosom ol the deef.,
As doth thy faee, thiough tears of mine, uive
Thou shiiiot in every tear that I do weep :
^<i drop hilt IIS II aiadi dot/, nirnj thee.
So ridixt tlitiii trill iiijyiiing in mi/ voi .
J)o but hehoj.i the tears that swell m me.
And they ihy -lory tlirouu'h my grief will sin)W :
Hi.t do ,11, t l,„;c thi/sr// , then thnu wilt heeji
Mij triini/ur glK.-csis, „nd still moke me. irecp :
(), .|Ueen of queens ! how far dost thou exeel.
So thought <-an tiiink, nor tongue of mortil tell.
Love's Lahoms Lost. (Act IV., Se. III.)
(Thi' lovc-letti'r of Don Adriano de Arinado— Act IV, Sc. I —is an
effort conceived in the style of Kuphuisni. The detinition of the " gift
that I have," by Holofernes, in the next scene of the play, may betaken
as a definition of tlu Kupliuistic mode.)
\'
" Pretty and (juaint. fairest lady." answered tlie Euphuist. " \h
that I had with Mwmii An<aom,/nf mV— that all-tu be-unpanilleled
volume— that .|Uintessence of human wit— that treasury of quaint in-
vention— that exquisitely-pleasmtto-read and inevitably nccessary-to-
be-remombered manual, of ail that is worthy to be known— which in-
doetrines the rude in civility, the dull in inteilectuiility, the heavy in
jocosity, the blunt m gentility, tlie vulgar in nobility, and all of them
III the unutter.-.ble perfection of human utterance, that eloquence which
no other el«,,uenee is sufficient to praise, that art. wliich, when we call
It by Its own n-une of Huphuism, we bestow upon it its richest pane-
gyric. '—Scott. Th, Monastery.
The following speecli, which occurs in the same chapter, is better
conceived, and exhibits a distant approach to the Euphuistic mode :-
" Trust me," said the kuight, agiyn turning to Mary Avenel " if I
do not pity you, lady, who, being of noble blood, are thus in a manner
compelled to abide in tlie cottage of the ignorant, like the precious
stone in the head ol the toad, or like a precious garland on the brow of
an ass. "
m.
The style of Lyly has been defined by Michael Drayton in two well-
known lines : —
Talkingof Stones, Stard, Plants, of Fishes, Flyes,
Flaying with words and idle Similies."
The following selcctionn from the £uphuistic title pages of John
Taylor, who is cooimoiily known as " the Water Poet," will give some
idea of the style in vogue. An extremely elaborate pieee of Euphuism
can be seen in the title-page of EKSKlJBALAUKON ; or, The Dis-
covery of a Most Exquisite Jewel, etc., a work written by Sir Thomas
Urquhart of Cromarty. (The Library possesses a copy.)
An Armado, or navye of 103 Ships and other Vessels who have the
Art to sayle by Land as well as Sea, 1627. (The Navy consists of
words ending in ship. )
Newes from Tenebris ; or prettrpluperfect noctumall or night worke.
Written by Caudle-light, betwixt Owlelight and Moon-light, with the
Help of Star-light and Twy-light, and may be read by Day-light, 1652.
>fonsi;nce upon Seuce, or Scncd upon Nonsense, chuse you whether,
cither or neither — Written upon white paper, in a browne study. Be-
ginning at the End and written by John Taylor at the signe of the
Poore Poets Head in Phenix Alley neare the middle of Long Aker, in
Covent Garden.
The Essence, Quintessence, Insencc, Innocence, Llfe^^-^Qce and Mag-
nificence of Nonsence upon Sance, 1653.
If
i
1
LXXXII.
OJ the Spire or Taper called Pyramis.
From God the fountaine of all good, are deriued into the world all
good things : and vpon her niaieeiie all the good fortunes anv worldly
creature can be furnisht with. R^ade downvtard according to the nature
of the deuice.
1 Go.l
On
Hie
2 From
Abone
Sends lone
Wisedonie,
lu 8tice
Con rage,
Bonn tie.
3 And doth gtue
Al Uiat Hue,
Lite anii breath
Harts ese iielth
Children, welili
Benuiy ^tr^n);th
lieslfnll age,
And at leD>;ih
A mild death,
11
I
!■' <m
I He (loelli . c>tow
All Miens forliiiies
Both liij^h and low
Aii'l the best t!iin;;s
That earth can haiie
Or mankinil crane,
f JoLxi i|ueens and kinjjs
Fi ruilly is the sanis
Who gaiie yoiiCniadain)
Seyson of thia Crowne
With ponre f^ouerai}.'ne
5 Inipiig nable rijiht.
ReJoulitable might,
Most prospei tiB riiigne
Eteriiall re rownie,
And that your chiefest is
Sure hope of heauens blis.
[The (ignreH at the nide, represent the number of Hvllubles. Kn.J
T/if Pi/lfi; rUhislcr or <'il/i,i<l,r.
Her Maiestie resembleil to tl' arowned piller. Ye must read vpwanJ.
Ih blis.-e witli immortalitie.
Her trymi'Pt lop of all ye see,
Garnish the ciowne
Her iust renowne
Chapter and head.
Part that niaintain
And womanhead
■ ler mayden rai{|ne
In te gri tie :
In ho Hour and
With ve ri tie :
Her roundnes stand
Strengthen the state.
By their increase
With cut de bate
Concord and peace
Of lier Rup port,
They be the ba.«e
With Htedfastiie9,«e
Vertue and grace
Stay and cotnfort
Of Albi ons rest,
The sounde Pillar
And seene a farre
Is plainely exprest
Tail stately and stray t
By this no ble pour trayt.
George I'uUenhain, T/ic. Arte of Eiii/lixh I'oe.v'e (ed. Arber), p.
108.
Lxxxiir.
^ The more clnboratc masque was first added to the luxuries of the
Kniilish Court in 1512-1513, as a new fashion out of Italy, with char-
acters assumed by lords and la-lies. Edward Hall has recorded that
rtt Greenwich, iu 1512, "on the day of the Epiphany »t night, the
king, with eleven others, was disguised after the manner of Italy, oalI<.d
;i Mask, n thing not seen before in England ; they were apparelled ii
u'itrments loi.iz and broad, wrought all with gold, with visors and caps
•if gold. And after the banquet done, these masquers came in witli
six gentlemen disguised in silk, bearing staff torches, and desired the
lidies to dance ; sonic were content, and some refused ; and alter they
h;id danced and communed together as the fashion of the mask is, they
took their leave and dep:iitcd." Hero the mawiuing was all by the
king himself, with gentlemen and Indies of his court; for the true
masque was a device for social pleasure, in which there waa no more
thought of hiring the pirforincrs t'. -n wo should have to-day of paying
servants to dance for us at a ball.
Ilolinshed has described a mascjue at (Ireenwich in Henry VIII.'s
time, with mechanical contrivances and action in dumb show. A castle
was built in the hall of the palace, with towers, gates, battlements and
mimic preparations for a siege. It was inscribed on the front "La
Forteresse Dangereuse." Six ladies, clothed in russet satin overlaid
with leaves of gold, and with goid coifs and caps, looked from the castle
windows. The castle vas so made that it could be moved about the
hall for admiration by the company. Then entered the king with five
knights in embroidered vestment*, spangled and plated with gold. They
besieged the castle until the ladies surrendered, and came out to dance
with them. The ladies tlien led the knights into the castle, which
immediately vanished, and the company retired.
Henry Morley. Englinh Writers,
Vol. IX, pp. 72-73.
LXXXIV.
Music and poetry is ais delight ;
Therefore I'll have Italian masks by night.
Sweet speeches, comedies, and pleasing shows ;
And in the day, when he shall walk abroad.
Like silviun nymphs my pages shall be clad ;
My men, like satyrs grazing on the lawns,
Shall with their goat-feet dance the antic hay. (a rustic dance.)
Sometime a lovely boy in Dian's shape,
With hair that gilds the water as it glides,
Grownets of pearl about his naked arms,
Shall bathe him in a spring ; and there hard by,
One like Actaeon peeping through the grove.
Shall by the angry goddess be transformed,
Ana runt<ing in tne likeness of an hart
By yelping hounds pulled down, and seem to die ; —
Such things as these best please iiis majesty.
Marlowe. Edward the Second (ed. BuUen.)
(Act L, 8c. I.)
(To speak of masques in the time of Edward II is, of course,
erroneous.)
I!
LXXXV.
i
if
The (ioM)KN Age Restored,
In a Mas((uc at Court, 1615,
By the Lords and Gentlemen, the King's Servants.
Tfu- Court bring seated, and in expectation. Loud munic ■
lit lii-.f chariot descmding, to a no/trr munic.
Look, look ! rejoice and wonder
That you, offending mortalH, are
( For all your crimes) so much the care
Of him th:it bears the thunder.
Jove can endure no longer,
Your great ones should your less invade :
Or th.it your wenk, though bad, be mnde
A prey unto the stronger,
And therefore means to settle
Astraea in her seat again ;
And let down in his golden chain
The Age of better mefal.
Which deed he doth the rather.
That even Envy may behold
Time not enjoy'd his head of gold
Alone beneath his father.
But that his care conservcth,
As Time, so all Time's honours too,
Regarding still wh:it heaven should do
And not what earth deserveth. '
Pa 1. 1, A 8
n
n
8!
I
!■
I
(A tumult, and clmhiiKj i,f arms heard within.)
But hark ! what tumult fioaj yon ciive is heard'
What noise, whatstrifr, what e..ith.|uake mul alarms
As trouhi.'.i Nature for litr maker teared ;
And iui the Iron Age were up in aims !
'"rnV "!°' '*"''^ cloud, from their profaner eyes,
fdl insolent Rebellion take the field :
And as their spirits with their c:)unseis rise,
I Irustraie all with siiowiny hut my shield.
{She retlris behind a cloud.)
The Ikon k^ili: prexads itself, ndllng forth the Evin^j.
/. Aije. Come h.rth, come f.irtli, ,1„ we not liear
What purpiso, nnd how worth our fear,
Tlie Kini; of f Jods hath on us ?
He is not of the Iron bn^ed,
That would, thou-h Fuu did help the deed.
Let Shame in so uj)on us.
llise, rise then up, thou -.Mandftine Vice
Of all my issue, Avarice,
Bring with tliee Fraud and Slander,
Corruption with tiie golden iiands,
Or any subtler III, that stands.
To be a more commander.
Thy boys. Ambition, Pride, and Scorn,
Force, Eapine, and thy babe last born.
Smooth Treachery, call hither.
Arm Folly forth, and Ii;iiorance,
And teach them all our Pyrrhic dance :
We may triumph together
Upon this enemy ."^o gicat
Whom if our forces can defeat.
And but this once bring under,
We are the masters of the skies,
Where all the wealth, hcif;ht, power lies,
riie sceptre, and the thunder.
Which of you would not in a war
Attempt the price of any scar.
To keep your own states even ?
But here, which of you is that he,
Would not himself the weapon be,
To ruin Jove auf? heaven ?
About it then, and let bim feel
The Iron Age is turned to uteel,
Since ho beeins t.. threat her :
And though the bodies here aw less
Than were the jiiunts ; he'll confess
Our malice i» far greater.
n, Kmus enter for the Antim>,H.iue and Dasck. to txoo d-umt
.:uu,.rt.,„.,la confusion, „/ martial m,.»ic / at the .v.l",fJS
U.,LA« ...appears, »h,nring hr shkld. The EviLs are Lndto
J'a/. So chanirc, and perish, warcely knowing how,
I liiit 'gainst the gods do take so vain a vow
And think U) equal, with your mortal dates '
liieir lives that nre obnoxious to the Fates
'Twas time t'appear and let their folly see
.uinst whom they fought, and with what d^tiny
V'j L *'*" remain of you but stone
\nd that bv .seen a while, and then be none !
JNow, now de^fcend, you both beloved of Jove,
And of the good on earth no less the love ;'
The scene changes ; and she cafh
AsTRiEA and the Golden Age.
Descend, you Ions, long wished and wanted pair
And as your softer tiines divide the air,
So shake all clouds off with your golden hair ■
i-or bpite 18 spent : the Iron Age is fled,
And, with her power on earth, hor name 'is dead.
AbT^RA and the GoLDEN AOE descending with a SoNG.
■ I-', fj. ^(.'/e-— And are we then
To live a^n
With men ?
.iv/. Will Jove such pledges to the earth 'estore
As Justice 1
G. Aije. — Or the purer ore ?
l\d. — Once more.
G. Atje.—hwt do they kno«.
How much' they owe?
Below ?
AKt—A.nd will of grace receive it, not as due?
"«/.— If not, they harm themselves, not you.
A.it. — True.
Aiie.—Trxxe.
C'/io.— Let narrow natures, how they will, mistake,
Ihe great should still bf good for their own sake.
;>„, n- , . ,, , . (They come, foiioanf)
/aZ.— Welcome to earth, aud reign ! ^^ ./ j
A</e.—Uat how, without a train
Shall we our state sustain 7
i'aA— Leave that to Jove : therein you are
No little part of his Minerva's care.
Expect awhile.—
G
-J.s/. G
I
■11
r,ii.
I"
m
Yoo far-famed apirita of thia happy ialc
l^^^l 'T' ^r" '"*''*''^ ■**"»» ''»^« K»'n«J the atyle
Uf llhopbus j^orm, whose noten the air aspire
Of the old i!.}fyptiaii, or the Tbraoian lyre,
That CHAUCtB, GOWKE, LyDOATK, SpensEH. hiL'ht
J^ut on your better flaniew, and Inrircr liuht
To wait upon thf A^c that »<hall your ni.moJ now nourish
Mincc Virtue pro^^cl shi.ll «r..w, «nd buried Arts shall flourish.
t'hau. Giiir.—Vfe coine.
Litl. Sjien- We come.
0(M/i«x.- Our lient ot tire,
!(• that which Palla.; .lolli .nnpin..
( I'/it^y ihmriiil,)
Then wo you yonder souls, set fur within the shade
Th../f .u" •^''*" '^T'*" ^''^' ''••''"^'^ ''«»»« do kt.;!,,
Ihat tor thoir living ^ood, now semi-gods ure made
Tl,.«. - ''*'"! '•'"'^ *"■■"",' "'■'■*'' "'* " ^»' ^''"^d with .leep;
Th!f Vrr"'"* """/? ".'•'" ' /"' '^'"^ "« "f the strain ^
That Justice d.rc defend, and will the age sustain.
C/io.-Awake, awake, for whom thene times were kept.
O wHke, wake, wake, as you l,a,l never slept •
Make l.aste and put on Hir, to be their L'lmr.l'
Whom once but to defend is still rewanl]
i'"/.— Thus Pallas throws a lightning from her shield.
T/k; scnic ofUyhf discovered.
ao.-To which let all th.t doubtful darkness yield
Ast. — ^Now Peace.
fi. Age. — And Love.
Ast — Faith.
O. Age. — Joys.
Ast. G. Age.~A.\\, a
Chau. — And Strile,
Gow. — And Hate,
Lid. — And Fear,
Spen. — And Pain,
Omnes. — All cease.
/'"?.— No tumour of an iron vein.
The causes shall not come again.
Oho.— Bnt, as of old, all now be gold.
Move, move then to the sounds •
And do not, only vvalk your soleinn rounds,
Ihat fit the Genu of these gWlder gronnda.
The first Dance.
PW.— Already do not all thinjis smile ?
Att.—^Mt when they have enjoyed awhile
increase. {A pause)
Jv.
The A^ ii<|uickcning Dowr.T :
—That evnry thought .t ^eod .'..th briug.
And ovirv look a plant d .th spriii..
And every hreath a flower :
/''/.— The .-iirtli miplouj^hed Hhall yield her crop
1 urr lioney from the ouk shall drop,
The (ountain shall run milk :
The thistle sli^ill the lily bear,
And every bramble roses wear,
Ant* every worm make silk.
' 'In,.
- lie very slirnt. hIihII halsiin, s,veat
.\i.(i iieoiH „elt the rock with I.eat,
1 ill earth imve .Irank her HII ;
i hat she 11.. Imri.ifiil weed tiiav know,
Aot tiarreii f..rii, nor n'an.lrake low.
Nor iiiineral to k:'l.
I
Here thy d.im-f the Onlli„ni» and Cur,n,tos.
Tallas (jiHcendiii,,, <ind r.dliiig thv ports).
Tis now cnou-rh ; behold you here.
What Jovchath built to bo your sphere ■
lou hither must retire.
And as his bounty -rives you cause
Be^ready still without your pause
To shew the world your fire. '
Make lights about Aslraja's throne
You here must sliine, and all be om'
In fervour and in flame :
That byyourutiiou she may -rrow
And you sustaining h6r, may "know
Ihe Age still by her name
Who vows, against or heat or cold,
To spin your yarments of her gold',
That want may touch you never';
And making garments every hour,
1 write your names in every flower,
That you may live fur ever.
^^''-R/.T' \«/?\^ ^>^«ll tl'e honour given.
That thankful hearts can rais« from larth to hea. en.
Ben Jonson.
t
i
M
i
w I
LXXXVI.
All OiUfor him.
Ah But I
Say how, or when
Shall wc thy Guests
3Ieet at those Lyrlck Feasts
Made at the <S«;/, '
The Dog, the triple Tin,,,,' i
VVhire wo such clustirs had,
As made us nobly wild, not mad :
And yet each V^erso of thine
Out-did the meate, outdid the frolick wine.
My Ben I
Or eonie ageo :
Or send to us,
Thy wits great overplus;
But teach us yet
V^'isoly to husband it ;
Lest we t]i;it 'J'allent .-peiid ;
And having once brougiit to an end
ihat precious stock : the store
Of such a wit the world sho'd have no more
lioberf Ilerrich: 1h ,p, rhl,...
^ Eli..bethan and Stuart Periods.-The Essayists and the a.toratiou
BelTay-Ta;Ll'''\r/' Frf r r'' t ^'°''''' ^^^''S-^.— Joachim du
of Dramatic Poes,,-u. argul e s-tlVe "hro^ '"S":?; ^""^
ami Almahide-The liehmrx.,1 play-4/»ian.or
Pope uud the Critical Essayists-their doctrines.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
LXXXVU.
OfStudie>^.
Studies serve for d''!i"hf fnrmnamcnf ,. \e v- m,
1.0^ JVr exirt mnn ^' '' '° *''" .'"dgment and disposition of busi-
of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much
time m studies, is sloth ; to use them too much for ornamoi" , is affecta-
tion ; to luake judjrment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a
scholar They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience For
natura abilities are like natural plants, that need proynins? (prunnm)
by study; and studies themselves do -ive forth directions too much
at large, except they bo bounded in by experience. Crafty men con-
temn studies ; simple men admire (,ronder at) them ; and wise men
use them For th.-y teach not their own use ; but that is a wisdom
without them, and above thorn, won by observation.
Histories make men wise ; poets witty (imaginative) ■ the mathe-
matics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral, -ravo; lo-ie and
rhetoric, able to contend. Abmnt stadia in m>,-es. Nay "there is
no.stond (hindrance ; nasalized form or stand) or impedimelit in the
wit, but may be wrou-ht out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body
may liave appropriate exercise : bowling is uood for the stone and
reins, shooting tor the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach
ridiDg lor the head, and the like. So, if a man's wits be wanderin-'
let him study the mathematics ; for in demonstrations, if his wit be
called away never so little, he must be-in again. If his wit be not
apt to distinguish or find diflerences, let him stu<ly the schoolmen for
tliey are n/mutt sectore.'^ {dividers of nani,, seeds). If he be not apt
to be,;t oyer matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate
another, let him study the b.wyers' eases. So every defect of the
mind may have a special receipt.— B icon. L'ssai/s (Ed. lG25j.
LXXXVIII.
L'very man <i,it i if his Hmnnnr.
(At;er the usual list of, ?nom/(.s fwrsoiue. The Characters of the
1 rrsons IS given, from which the following extract is taken.)
I'ASTiDious Brisk, A neat, spruce, a tfectin-r courtier, one that wears
'•lothes well, and in fashicm ; p.aetisetli by his glass how to salute •
speaks good remnauts. notwitli>tanding the base viol and tobacco •
swears tersely, and with variety : cares not wiiat lady's favour he
behes, or great man's familiarity: a good pn.perty to peffume the
boot of a coach. He will borr.w auother .i.an's horse to praise and
backs liim a.s his own : or, (or a need, on foot can post himself into
credit with his merchant, ..nly with the gin-le of his .pur, and the
jerk ot his wand.
Clove asv Obangk. Ar, inseparable case of c.xcombs, city born •
t lie Gemini, or twins of fopp.ry : that like a p:.ir ot wooden foils arc
It tor notfiing but to be practised upon. Being well flattered they'll
len.l money, and repent when they have done. Their -lory is to invite
piayers, aud make suppers. And in company of better rank, to avoid
the susf<eet ot insufficieney, will inforee their ignorance mos^ desper-
ittely, to set upon the iindersUnding of anything. Orange is the inost
humorous of the two (whose small portion of juice being s<iueezed out )
t love serves to stick him with commendations.
Ben Jonson.
9
il
1,^
vn
Lxxxrx.
7'hut MiiH its (<i.s if Win) n little worlil: with <i (I'liri.^sion towhina
our iiiorfiilifi/.
3Ian, thus eompunded ami formed by Gdd, was an abstract or
model, »!• bi iff stoi-y of the Universal: in whom God concluded the
creation, and work of tho wor d, and whom he made the last and most
excellent of his eronturcs, btini; intrrnally endued with a divine under-
standing, by which lie might eontemplat.^ and serve his Creator, after
whose imau'i' ho w:is formed, and endued with the powers and faculties
of reason and other abilities, that thereby also he might i-overn and
rule the world, and all other (io<rs ereatnr-s therein
And beeanse in tiie little frame of Man's body there is a representa-
tion of tho Uuiversiil, and (by allusion) a kind of participation of all
the parts thereof, therefore was man called .yfirmrosmos, or the little
world. Ihns iijitin- lumiiiumhotiim, relut <ilt, mm qnnmhnn mnudum,
ni birri m'O/iium. •itijiir ,xi,jn<> fi>/nm, in tirri^' .■ifatnit : God there-
fore jilan,] in the<„rth themnn irhnni he had m>«h:. as if were another
vor/d, the great and lanje n-orld in the small and. little icorhl : for out
ot earth and dust was formed the flesh of man, and therefore heavy and
lumpish ; the bones of his body we may compare u^ the hard rocks and
stones, and therefore strong and .lurable; of which Ovid :
Jnde genus durum snmns, t.i/)erienii</ui laionim.
Et doeumenta dumns '/na sinm.-' orie/ini' iriti.
From this our kind hard-hearted is. enduring pain and care,
Approving, that our bodies of a stony nature are.
His blood, which disperseth itself by the branches of veins through
all the body, may b;' resembled to those waters which are carried by
brooks and rivers over all the earth : bis breath to the air ; his natural
heat to the enclosed waimth, wbieli the earth hath in itself, which,
stiried up by the heat of the sun, .-issistcth Nature in the speedier pro-
creation of thovo varieties, which the earth bringeth forth : our radical
moisture, oil, or bilsaniuni (whercn the n.itural heat feedeth, and is
maintained) is resembled to the fat and fertility of the earth: the
hairs of man's body, which adorns or overshadows it, to the u'rass,
which covcreth the unper f .ce and skin of the earth ; 'our generative
power, to Natuiv, which i.roducetl; a'l things; our determinations, to
the light, wandering, and unstable clouds, carried everywhere with
uncertain winds ; ou,- eyes to the li-ht of the sun and moon ; and the
beauty of our youth, to tiie flowers of the Sprin;;-, which, either in a
very short time, or with ihe sun's heat dry •jp,'and wither away, or
the fierce putts of wind blow them (rem the stalks ; the thou-rhts of our
inind u, tho motion of ao-ds, and our pure understandinsi (formerly
called JAv/.v, and that which always looketh upwar' ) to those intcl-
""*■ il natures, which arc always present with Gr)d ; and. lastly, our
ftal souls (while they are righteous) are by God himself beauti-
Icetuii
immo
fled with the title of hisown image and similitudes.— S'r Waiter RalcL'h.
The lUsforii of the Wi.rld.
(Extract LXXX IX isajrood specimen of Klizubetlian prose. Notice
the long sentences, the use of clas«iical quotations, and the piirentheses.)
XC.
A Y<»us<i Raw Preacher
Is a bird not yet fledged, that hath hopped out of liis nest to be
cliirping on a hedge, and will be stragL'lin," abroad at what peril soever.
Ills backwardness in the University hath set liim thus forward; for
hail he not truauted there, he had not been so hasty a divine. His
>uiall -.t.-iniini: and time hath made him a proficient only in boldness,
I'Ut of which and his table book he is furnished for a preacher. His
collections of study :irc the notes of sermons, which taken up at St.
Mary's, he utters in the country. And if he write bracigraphy, his
stock IS so much the better. His writing is more than his reading ;
for he reads only what lie gets without book. Thus iiccotnpltshod he
eouics down to his friends, and hi« first salutation is grace and peace
(uit of the jmlpit. Ilis piaycr is conceited (fanciful), and no man
leuiembers his college more at large. The pace of his sermon is a
full career, and he runs wildly over hill and dale till the clock stop
him. The labour of it is chiefly in his lungs. And the only thins he
has made of it himself is the faces. He takes on against the Pope
without mercy, and has a jest still (rrer) in lavender for Bellarmine.
Yet ho preaches heresy, if it comes in his way, though with a mind I
must 11 (Is say very orthodox. His action is all passion, and his
spiech iiiteijcttions ; . . . . His style is compounded of some
twenty several men's, only his body imitates some one extraordinary.
He will not draw his handkercher out of his (Its) place, nor blow his
nose without discretion. His commendation is, that he never looks
upon hook, and. indeed, he was never used to it. He preaches but
iinec a year, though twice on Sunday : for the stuff' 'w, still (ever) the
same, only the dressing a little altereil. He has more tricks with a ser-
mon, than a tailor with an old cloak, to turn it, and piece it, and at last
quite di>guise it with a new preface. If he have waded further in his
jirofes^ion, and would show reading of his own, his autliors ai*^ postils,
and his school-divinity a CJiteehisn. His fashion and demure habit
get him in with some town-precisian, and makes him a guest on Friday
nights. You shall know him by his narrow velvet cape, and seri;e
f.ieiuj, and his rutf, next his hair, the shortest thing about him. The
companion of his walk is .some zealous tradesman, whom he astonisheth
witii strange points, which they both understand alike. His friends
and much piiinfulness may prefer him to thirty pounds a year, and
this means, to a chamljermaid : with whom we leave him now in the
l>ond> of wedlock. Next Sunday you shall have him again. — Microcos-
iiivyr'iphir. (1(>2S.)
{M icrocosmographie was, in all likelihood, written by John Earle
11600-161)5], an estimable Churchman, who adhered to thi' King's
party during the Civil War. At the Restoration. Earle returned from
exile, was consecrated Bishop of Worcester in 1662, and in the next
year was translated to the see of Salisbury.)
I?
$1
!
ill!
It
%
III
XCI.
The following list of Drydeu's Heroic Plays n.ay prove useful •
The ludian Qu.en (U\L^ "l^P^'^'f source-some scones in rhuo.
""any the whole in Hme^' °'""""''^ "'*'' ^"- «• Howard-very
^A. /«,/u«« Emperor ( ] .!(55)_in rime.
prof ^""' "• '^'^ -^'«''^'« '«^"-" n607)-i„ rime, blank ve.se,
Tijranak Loot, or the lio,,al Martip- flOGS '^^-in rime
deiy s romanee of ^ /,„„/nV?^. I„ hi, /-„,.,„ „' ,;:. '." ™f "'^- J,*; •'-'cu-
XCI I.
De.U,,,torjj Epistlr t,> T„e Rival Ladies.
%Lord/^'''" Honourable JJo^er, Eurl of Orrery.
•..!^!l!!S'f^r^rr'fr^'"^'"'^^""' Jo-'-be^reitwasa PLv
thouu'hto.p;aic~rv .,1^ '"'■"°' ^* T""^ ^^''^"'^^ '" VVrse •
L'ORSET. and prrie i or toTat^^e 11 ? p"''"'^ afrerw.-.rds Earl of
his Soul'and T.tli; wl h m- nluS l' T"' ^''"^- ^'^ ^'^ i"'"-'"^^
nations of J-:uropeV^Si al w v th .1 '"'' •■"''-'"' '"^^ "-''^"'^"'^
World in this, as „,ost of us d 1 ''""" ^''T^-'^'^'y ' «P1«'^' t''^'
<l-irv. that ,h; brand ;i:l,rH':.^',P:rr'ri"; "^"'^ ' , ?' 1^^ ^^
ti'o hnd.sh, s;.,uld still con,i„u^^ l' '; :,i ':r ""•'"'''^•' ^^'"' "P°"
"'««r/;,/„„„ awlall that M„nL "';""""'• ^ '^f E<,yhsuadmir, thlr
seen are writ in yn.e F^ S^Fr 'r' 'i''*''' '^'"^'^'''' ^ !»'»--' >*-»
rny mt. j. or the French, I do not name them, because
it is the fate of our oountrjmen, to admit little of theirs amoD-^ us, but
the basest of their men, the extra vagancios of their fas-hions? and t!ie
frippery of their nierchandi-se.
Shakespeare, who (with .some errors, not to be avoided in tli.it
Age) had, undoubtedly, a larwr Soul of Poesy (l,:,n ever any of .lur
nation, was the First, who (to shun the pains of cominunl iliymiu;?)
invented that kind of writin- whicii we call Hltink Versa— fbn/den
nui/ces o misfnke. Thr first biniik rersa i„ „„■ Lltnaliin i'.< fhf
tntiishifi'oii „/ the Scrond and Fourth hooks of Vi,nU g .Eneid h,/
licit ry Bov.ird, Earl of Sitirej/ .- the /irst jdn'es of'o, '.,u,,d bhui'k
verse were ir,itten by Nir'iolia Grlinou/d, and ap/xtu iii ToTTEL's
Miscellany, thiir sn'jjWts briuq th J)eath op Zoroas, an Eoifti \x
Astronomer, a„d Marcus Tullil-s Ciceroes Death)— but the
Freueh more properly Frosr Mrsuree: into whiih the Kn-lish toiiiiue
so naturally slides, that in writinj; Prose.'tis hiirdly to be avoided.
And, therefore, J admin; (wo,i,f<r that) some men should perpetually
stumble in a way so easy: ar. 1, inveriiu;.' the order of their words,
eonstautly close their lines witii verbs. 'Wliieh, though con'meiided
somttim.s in writing Latin; yet, wo were whipt at We.-tmiuster if we
used It twice together .... An<l, indeed, this is the only inconvenience
with which Rhyme can be charged But the "excellence and
dignity of It w.re never fully known, till Mr. Waller tausiht it. He,
farst, made writing easily, an Ait: first, showed us to conclude the
bense, most commonly in cii>t!clies ; whicli in the ".t-rsc (,f those before
him, runs on for so many lines together, that the reader is outof bnath
to overtake it. '
This sweetness of Mr. Waller's Lyric Poe>y was, afterwa-.ls, fol-
lowed in the Epic, by Sir John Denham in his Voojjer's Hill, a Poem
which your Lord.ship knows! for the majesty of the style is, and ever
will be, the Exact Standard of Good Writing.
iJut if we owe the invention of it to ^Ii. WuIUt ^e are acknow-
ledging for the noblest use of it, to Sir William D'Avei.mt; who at
mice brought it upon the Stage, and made it perleet in Thr Sl<<jr or'
lihodrs.
(i>ryden then specifies toe advantages; of rime o.er blank versj ;
(a) It helps the memory, (i) the sudden Miiartne.ss of the answer
(Kepartee) and the sweetness of the rime sti off tlu beauty of each
other, (<•) it bounds and circumscribes the Kancy.)
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XCIII.
The following extract is taken from An Essai/ of Dr.niuitir pn,:s,,
Dryden's most celebrated contribution to the literature wiiicli deals
with the investigation of the best form of verse for a play. The E<e:iy
consi.sts of a diaiogiio between Eugenius(Ch:.rl&Sackville, Lord Buck-
hurst and afterwards E;irl of Dorset), Crites (Sir Robert Howard)
Lisideins (Sir Charles Sedley) and Neander (Dryden). in the course
ot his arguments Ctite- .speaks as follows:
Those Ancients hav. been faithful [initators and wise Obs>. -vers of
that Nature, wliich is so torn and ill represented in our Plays, They
If
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"•"•^••1 I umst remeiub,'. v!r /h T1 T""'''""'' a^-^ di«ti-
pracV. t!u. J)..,..a.a .t th Ta^Cotrr'^ ''' '^ ^"''^^ '[^ "^^'^h ««
■'l»d yvmmeirvof the Plot or h^ .'n.' ^ T''"''" *^ the Ju.tnes.
'he play, we.e deiivored" u' ' J'lre S ''' ' •'" "'l^ "-"''"I to
"iade of those peots which eitl^ ".,".», '"'''''''"' '^'" A"«' ''e
pon.ru.s. We h,vo .d,!,.,! t .m ' f ' "' ^^'' '""« «""'..„-
confidence to «.y, . Ou. wit b"i ^.'17' '""'r ^^ ''^^'^ ^''^
Aue hut >ueh as understand n t th i .' r f I .T? ^"'''*' °'" '" '>«'•
has left us-JIora.e his A ,n, P V ^ '''"' ^'^^ «^'''c'' Aristotle
of these two (Author h.V ' "^ " "*? "^''*'"''"' Oomment -Out
to be observed in every m/«/«r pV./ n '"' V'n"'' ^''■'-•'' ""fe'ht
Action. ^ ^ '""^ ^'''J^- "'""«!>', of Time, Pi,ace, ?„d
XCIV
I''n.ni the Prolo^u'ue to Senrf Ur,
<• or thn Maiden qnct,,.
|i M
Ihe ex.ictest rules bv whinb a .!i t>iou<,'ht
u" s oy wnich a pl.-.y i.s wrou^'ht :
y^ Inch are the living' beauties of play "
XOV^
Ih-yden.
Fb. ; Tilt PR,„,oauE to 7V,e »■„„/ /„„,,■,,
Al:;^^"!''^^''''''-^''^'ivehVhttotheplnt
FiHit ir ^'■' r '"": ^'""dy-ni'nded men '
Sad do n?*^"' ""■" '■'^'■' ''"'^ dance :.,..in
S"ch deep .ntn,.ues you're weleon.e to th.'s day •
But bla.no yourselves, not hi,„ who writ tie fc.
Dry den.
XCVI.
A .spocinicn of the extrav»-.mco of il.e " hcrf>ic ' niodo, ti.kcn from
Ih> t imt Part of the Coutjumt „f Or'nindu.
Almanz. To live!
Ii" from thy bands alonn my death can be,
I nm imuiortul. and a god to thee.
If I would kill ;!iee now. thy fiite's so low,
That i must ptoop ere I can give ihc blow :
Bat mine is fixed so far ibovo thy crown,
That all thy nun.
Piled on thy buck, can never pull it down :
Bat at my euse thy destiny I send,
By ceasing from thiii hour to bo thy friend.
Like heaven, I need but only to stand still.
And, not concurring in thy life, I kill.
Thou can'st no title to my duty brin" ;
I'm not thy subject, and my soul's thy king.
FiirewcU. When I am gone,
There's not a star of thine daro stay with thee :
I'll whistle thy tnmc fortune after me ;
And whirl fate with me wheresoe'er I fly,
As winds drive .storms before them in the .sky.
XCVII.
Prom The Rehearsal, a play written by George Villiers, Duke of
Buckingham and others, and commonly spoken of as Buckino-Lam's
Jiehearsal. The object of the writers was to u i.ke the heroic play
seem an absurdity. D'Avenant was to be the heio of The Rehearsal
but pryden was sub>tituted for him, and was named Bayes, owin-'
to his being the poet laureate. (The student .should not fail to read
Dryden s caricature of Buckingham as Zimri in Absalom and
-icAj^opAci and also Pope's -e.l-known lines in his Moral Essnus
Jipistle 111. Other reteren-ies to Buckingham are, by comparison'
unimportant To explain the extract, it may be stated that Jol-nson
and bmith play the part of critics.
^<iy^- Ves, liere it is. No, cry you mercy : this is my book of
Urama Commonplaces ; the Mother of many other plays.
Johns. Drama Common places I pray what's that ?
Bayes. Why, Sir, some ccrUin helps, that we men of Art have
round It convenient to make use of.
Snu. How, Sir, help Jbr Wit ?
Bayes. I, Sir, that's my position. And I do here aveiT. That no
man yet the Sun e'er shone upon, has parts sufficient to furnisli out a
otage, except it be with the help of these my Hules.
Johns. What are those Rules, I pray ?
^ayes Why, Sir, my first Rule is the Rule of T ansversion or
Kegula Duplex : changing Verse into Prose, or Pro 3 into Verse
alternative as you please. '
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one, if there be an/ Wit in', a/ • iL ""' "■ t'""^'''"^' '«■• th«f « all
up SOU.0 ti„.e) ,f it be Verse. pZa'S Fro^' ^"" (''"* "^^ ^^l'"
be tiivrT^:;:;;^:,;"^- ^'^- *•- P-^'^^^r. in. r.se «hould
J'"'"'- ^' ""' '^"^''- « ^-.v .«ood Xotion , and hereafter it «Ik.11 be
nUL ^\f"l/"':i ""'• ^''«^ ''>do >vith it then v
./a««. Well we hear you: go on.
rS(ll/is, j\s thus. 1 coilip infn .. n^fl- 1
where wittie n,eu report, I u?akea?if I ,.1'T r''?.'"'' "^T °^'"^^ P'«°«
>n.t u. soon as any one'spS7 Jon I In^ ."""""^ ' ^^''y"" -"^^k ?)
uiy own. ' P'-''''' P°P ^ «'»P 't Jown, and make that, too,
-^^y'^^^<^:^'£:':C,::[ -'°«^'>"- ■•« <ianger of their
Baijeii \n ^.r . »/ ,' ^^""•^ you nave gotten thus bv Art?
these-fhini:."' '"' ' ''^ ""^'^ « ""'"'"dful . th^ey never uLnoL of
no t:K„?e"L'^?„^;j;[o„t^**- »-°= ^» your other Rules, have you
po<^r ''"' ''^' '^^^'^ -y '»'"-d Kulo .hat I have here in my
^ni. What Rule can that be?
ruy Sabout';t:';;'oiTien''J: "Zi'T ''T?-'' ' "-- '^^I'l^
o'er this book, ;nd there I have ^ ^'''•'"""y ^*'""'''^'«'«^Z/) t"D
Pfutarchs' lives, ^ud i'^ rest havf .^ ' /"'7'''' <^^««'''«", PUni,
and so, in a triee, by lav n' ott a Sv' w ^^"='''' "^"^ '^''^ «"bject^
».y own, the busines. is done ^•"■^'' ^^ P""'°S '" others of
of W?t":; e!e"r ilif ^^^' ''"« '« - -- and co.pendiou.s a way
youtSiti''"' "'"^"^°" ''°-^« -teyour selves, o' „.y word
n:j!J::Sar7:Z;^/^'^^^ ^--^ -^ a satire, entitle.
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mmi Univcreit^, 9Wontrcal.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (FIRST YEAR COURSE).
Professob Chas. E. Motse, B.A.
8U131IKCT».
Augustan and Pre-Revolution Periods.— The Critical and Periodi-
cal flsaayists.— Some of the Minor Critical Essayists— their uniformity
— Pope's AMoy on Criticism— its quality and reflection of the
.loctrines of the school- the rise of the Periodical Essayists— Defoe's
7?epieK;— the Taller and Spectator— tha method of the age as displayed
it> tiie criticism of Milton '8 Paradise Loit, of Chevy Chase and of the
Tco Children in the Wood — '
English Deism— the Essay on ^«n— Bolingbroke— the outlines of
Doism — the reaction— the orthodox literature of gloom— Goethe
criticism.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
xcvin.
The heroic couplet was tlien the favourite measure. The art of
arranging words in that measure, so that the lines may flow smoothly
that the accents may fall correctly, that the rhymes may strike the
lar strongly, and that there may be a pause at the end of every
distich, is an art as mechanical as that of mending a kettle or shoeing
a horse, and may be learned by any human beiug who has sens?
enough to learn any thing. But, like other mechanical arts it was
gradually improved by means of many experiments and many failures
It was reserved for Pope to discover the trick, to make himself
complete master of it, and to teach it to every body else. From the
time when his Pastorals appealed, heroic versification became matter
of rule and compass ; and, before long, all artists were on a level
Hundreds of dunces who never blundered on one happy thought or
expression were able to write reams of couplets which, as far as
euphony was concerned, could not be distinguished from those of
Pope hiffiself, and which very clever writers of the reign of Charles
the Second, Rochester, for example, or Marvel, or Oldham, would have
contemplated with admiring despair.
Ben Jonson was a great man, Hoole a very small man. ButHoole
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iin« after I'opelm.I l.armd how e» n)anu(artur.Ml.,.ttsyll.ibl..T.r^.,
r>..ur...i th..,n h.r.h l.y tbou.an.l. :.„d t,,.. of thou..n,l . ,.1 U^
tlir It'll. AM kiiiiu>rli '•■..! ..» :i. I.I . . .' ' "^
comir
well turiUM , as .m.„,tl, ,„„| ,« lik,- ....i,.!. ..,|,..r .. tl... hlnc-k v hich
mv pa*...l .l.joum, Mr. Ilru.u.fs ,„,ll in ,h.. .Im-kyarl nt F r,
XCIX.
A KKWOK Till Kss.WIsTx u.\ ('!UT|i
I^M.
John Dry.i.Mi — /;..<„y „/• iJr„,„;/ir I'm.,,
.loliu Slu.ffidJ, Duke of Uuckin.^l,am,hii.._.|. £■,,.„„ „„ j.,„,,,,
^, Wen.worth Dillon, Karl of Himoo,,...,.,,.-.,, /;„,„/„„ y, ,/;,,,^
.JJ^;-^(Jranvili.., Lord L:i,Hdow„e-AV.,y ., / i y,;,jUu
Alexander Pope -/;«..<*/ „„ CriH';»,„, ,,«!.. 1711.
V
From Ai.ni.soN's Papkron PnPK's AVv,,y ., CV,7,V,\„,.
In our own Country a Man scldon. sots up for a Pout witlm.u
attacking the Reputitiim of all hin Brothers in la ArtS
roetry, art the Topieks of F)etracfiou, with which he inak.- hi^
Entrance into the V/orid : Hut how much more noble is he F. e
Lter.. S Sitter-"' V'r'";r^>-- ='--^-'-'' to those'beaut
-uinc*. It Mr John Dn,hnm, m hi.s IVin on Fletchers Works I
n„t winlhr am I stro,,r,l .> J ncr.l n„t rmne
ryhir. to fhec /,u>,,, nthn- M,„. Dimrnh,- >
i\or >$ thji Fame, on lem'r Ruii,>, buUt
No,-,„;,hth!,j„,ter rUl. the foul a, lilt
ftfK'.Hhrn I^>,g.,v-ho, fos.cun fheh- lieig,.
Mnst lu,v, then- Brothers, So,s, „.d Klndnd
slain.
without that methodical Hculaiitv which w,„,i u ^^ V>
in a Pros*. AnH.nr I'kL " ^ „ . "^'^"''' '"'^*^ been reiiu site
Ik^ ^ a '^"*''"'^- ^ ^'•^'e are some of them uncommon but such a^
rruth «n.l .S.|..iity. A...1 Uvu- uivr mo loavn to mention whnt Moii-
WorkH. ,ha| Wu an.l fi„o Writi... .lo,/. „„t .......i^e .. „u,U in
u.lvnneinj: I l.inKS th.t an- now ..h i„ ^ivin^ Tl.in..-. M.„t arc kMo« „ ,„
a.-n-cahh- I urn. It is ,n.,.osHihl.. r„r ,... wl... liv in fho lMt(t)or A-.*
..» 1... Worl.itoni.kc OUTvatioMs in Criti.-iM... .Morulity. or in ."ny
Art or Sconco which Imv.. not b.rn tourl„.,l npoii l.y oth.,-. \\i
liav httio vU' |..ft im, bur to r..,.r..se„t the ..n,„,„o„ Sons,- of Mankin.l
m more ^tron-, nmr.- (..■antifnl. or inor.. uncommon ?.i.'hl. If ■,
{.•a.l.>r oxammoH //,.,■„,•,•. Arf o/ /Wtn,, he will fin.l h.a vry few
1 ricept. in it, which he may not meet with in AnSf..,/. ...n-l which
w.;r.. not .-ommonly known by all th.. l'o>t. of the A„:,„M,.n, \,r,.
II.H Way ofoxprcs.,nj,. and applying: then, not his Inv.M.tioo ..fthe'u,;
what wo arc chiefly to admiro 1 cannot ooncludo thii
apor w.thmit taking notice that wo have ti.ree Poern« in our Tonmio,
^mj. are of the ..me Nature, and each of thorn a Master-pioc i.Mis
ind : the Kasay on Trann ated Verse, the E8,ay on the Art of Poetry
.nd^t^o^ Kssay upon Cnt.ci.sm.--A>,7„^,,, .V„. 253. rhurs,!,,,,, ol;
CI.
Hut *H)n by inipiou" arms fr.>in Latium chus'd,
I heir !incient hounds the banish'd .Muses pas.s'd •
Ihenw Arts o'er all the northern world advance*"
i!ut ( 'riiiciearnin;; flourish'd most in France : '
The rules a nation. Iwrn to servo, obeys ;
And Boileau still in ri<,'htof Horace sways.
But we, brave Briums, forei^'n laws dospisM,
And kept uncoD(|ncr'd and uncivilizd ;
Fierce for the lil)erties of wit, and bold
We still dofy'd the Uomaiis as of old.
Yet some there were, ainons: the sounder few
Of those who less presum'd and bett<;r knew,
Who durst assort the juster ancient cause.
And here rosfor'd Wii's fundamentd laws.
Such was f ho Mu.se, whoso rules and practice tell,
Jd ature"s chief M.ister piece i.s writinj,' well "
u , „ (EnMii/oti Porfni : Hi-i altoi'f)
.^ueh was Roscommcn, not more iearn'd than «ood
vy ith manners sjen'rous as his noblo blood •
To him the wit of (irecoe and Rome was known.
And every author's merit, but his own
■•such late was Walsh—the Muse'g jud-.; and friend—
I'opc. A'x«o_y oil Cn'ticinm.
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Ati Accouut of the Greatest English Poets.
To Mr, H. S., Aiiril Snl, 1694.
Since deiircst Harry, you will needs request
A short account of all the mus(vpossest,
That, down from Chaucer's days to Dryden's times
Have spent their noble rage in British rhymes ;
Without more preface, writ in formal length.
To speak the undertaker's want of strength
I'll try to u.iikc their several beauties known,
And show their verses' worth, though not my own.
T.ong had our dull forefathers slept supine.
Nor felt the rriptures of the tuneful Nine ;
Till Chaucer first, the merry bnrd arose
And many a story told in rhyme and prose.
JJut age has rusted what the poet writ,
Worn out his ! mguage, :ind obscured his wit ;
Jn vain he jests in his unpolished strain
And tries to make his readers '.augh in vain.
Old Spen.ser next, warmed with poetic rage,
In ancient tales amused a barbarous \a.^c
An age that yet uncuitivate and rud^
Where'er the poet's fiincy led, pursued
Through pathless fields, and unfrequented floods,
To dens of dragons and enchanted woods.
But now the mystic tale that pleased of yore.
Gun charm an undersfandimj a</e no more ;
The long-spun allegories fulsome grow,
While the dull moral lies too plain below.
Great Cowley then (a mighty genius) wrote,
O'er-run with wit, and lavish of his thought :
His turns too closely on the reader press ;
He more had pleased us, had he pleased us less.
One giittoring thought no sooner strikes our eyes
With silent wonder, but new wonders rise.
As in the milky-way a shining white
O'er flows the heav.ns with one continued ii"ht •
That not a single star can show his rays,
Whilst jointly all promote the common blaze.
Pardon, great pr«et, that I dare to name
The unnuinbered beauties of thy vtsrse with blame ■
Thy fault is only wit in its exee.",",
But wit like thine in any shape will please.
But Milton next, with hiuh and haughty stalks,
Unfettered in majestic numbeis walks ;
No vulgar hero can his muse ungage ;
Nor earth's wide seeue confine his hallc^ved rage.
hee ! sec, lie upward sprinurs, and towering high,
Spurns the dull province of mortality,
Shakes heaven's eternal throne with dire alarms,
And sets the Alniiuhty thundercr in arms.
Wh.itt'er his pen docribes I more tiian see.
Whiht every ver>. ainiyed in majesty,
Bold, and sublime, my wiiole attention draws,
And seems above tlie'eritie's nicer laws.
^^ But now my Muse, a softer strain rehe;nse,
Turn every line witli ;irr, imd smooth thy verse •
The courtly Waller next eoinmands thy lays :
Muse, tunc thy verse with art to Waller's praise.
While tender ;iirs ;in>l jovi'ly dames insfiire
Soft; meltioi;- thou-lits, ami pro[ia;>ate desire;
So Ion;; shall Waller's simins our^passion move
And Sacharissa's be.iuties kindle love.
Nor must IJoscomuinii pass nculected b\'
That iii;ikes ev'ji rules a noble poetry ;
Kules, whose deep sense and hcMvenly numbers show
The best of critics, and of poets too.
Nor, Denh;im, must we e'er forget thy strains.
While Cooper's Mill ccmimands the neiuhbouriuL' plain.-
But see where intfid JJrydor. ne^it appears,"
(rrown old in rhyme, hut eliarmini;- ev'n in year's,
Great Dryden next, whose tuneful muse affords '
The sweetest numbers, and tiie fittest words.
Fow might we fear our Kn'_'lisli poetry,
That long has flourished, siiould decay with thee ;
Did not the muses' other hope appear.
Harmonious Congreve, and forbid our fear.
Congreve ! whose fancy's unexhausted store
Has given already mueii, and promised more.
Congreve shall still preserve tliy fame alive,
And Dryden's muse shall in his friend survive.
I'm tired with rhyming, and would fain give o'er
But justice still demands one labour more :
The noble Montague remains unnamed.
For wit, for humour, and for judgment famed ;
To Dorset lie directs his artful muse.
In numbers such as Dorset's self mi"lit use.
.11 f I
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The CoFi'KK-ndusKs ok flie Tnth,-,
All accoiir)t.s of ■■ulliintrv nl,., .... i
under the aitieh^.f' \ V K' (^'r'';' /'"'' f-'tcrfa.n.ucnt, .shall be
•i"iJic.stie new. voi, wi v' ^ ti.e title of (.rec.an ; foreign and
what else I have to SI ' , •^'""> -''"'"-'^'^ Coffee-house, and
•-., a,,a,tu.e ;l l''yi .■■''^r'l'''7"''r^ shall be dated fro.'n u.y
/«'/'/, .\». 1. l„rs,l„;,. Ai.nl VZth, 1709.
CIV.
TiiK Ci.iij (,j. The Sp<ctnh„:
The Teiupiar—jitterateur and eritie
NrAn.l,-ewFr.ei,ort_. Cirv.uercliant.
^V il! Honeye-„nb-a man .-.bout Town ^^
'I'hr Clergyman.
or.
'""10 f.iea>ant ihe nmiv fh.v ,- > .\ ° "^^ "^ Nature still
U'e ire .,,1 l'>^'. and from tl,oir Similitude to other Obieet-
Mieha A'ariotvor lie.., ..-Irv ' ''• ""'"Mb...- that hath
wbatwocaii.iiw.!!^::!';'^;:;"'^ ^^■^■•""- '^"-^ «^*-i>-i..., iu
Ill Optieks. M,..-.. you M.j.^h, .i
!HC.:)Vi [
navjofablt
pcriment is very common
;i.e \vave.s and Fluctuations ot
tbe Water in ...t.o,,.". ■,„(! nnm.M-V' I' ""'" ''T'^ ''"^ J'luctuations of
iniature, leap
inu' about upon tho Wall. I Diust confess, the Novelty of such a Sight
may be one occasion of its Pieas;mtness to tlie Imairination, but cer-
tainly the chief Keasuii is its near Resemblance to Nature, as it do.'s
not only, like ntlicr Pictures, -j;ivi tiie Colour and Ki_i:iire, but the
Motion of the thing's it repre-ients
^ Our British ( ianlen rs. on tii.' contrary, instead of huiuourinj;
Nature, love to devinto from it as much .is possibl(\ Our Trees rise in
Cones, Globes, and Pyramids. We see the Marks of the Scissars
upon every Plant and Hush. I do not know whether I am simiular in
my Opinion, imt. for my own part. I would rather look upon a Tree
in all its Lnxurianiy and Oiftusion of Bouirhs and Branches, than when
it is thus cut and trimmed intoa .\[athemitical Figure; and cannot but
fiiiicy tliMt an Orcliard in Flower looks infinitely more delightful than
all the little Labyrinths of the most lini.shed Parterre.
Sj'K-fitfor, iVii. 414. (Addison.)
lii!
it
CVI.
J.cl any mi" reflect on the Disposition of Mind he finds in himself,
at his first Kntranee into the Pnnthioii at Itumr. and how iiis Imagin-
atioT' is filled with soinelhing (ireat and Amazing; and, at the same
time, consider how littl'', in proportion, he is ;iffeeted with the Inside
of a (Intlilcl.- L':itlie(lr;d. tho' it be five times larger than the other-
whleh can nrise Irom nothing else, but the Greatness of the Manner in
the one, and the Meamuss in the oilier Ainonu; all the
Figures in Arehiteeture. there are none that iiave a i;reater Air than
the Concave and tho Conve.w . . . ijook upon the Outside of a
home, your Eye half surrounds it ; look up into the Inside, and at one
Glance you have all the Prospect of it ; the entire Coneavity falls into
your Eye at once, the .Sight bein- as the Center that collects and <;ather3
into it the Ivines ol the whole Circumference. — S/icf'ttor. Xi. 415.
(Addison).
The temple of the Goil of Dullness in //(c /^c_(//o/( of Fulm Wit is
Gothic. (6)j"'. No. li;t; Addison.) The following (le.i^ation is taken
from the Pajier iiniiiediat ly preceiiing : •• 1 look upc:; .ie>e writers
as (.4'>tl(x in Poetry, who, like (hose in Arehiteeture, not being able to
eniue up to tlu' lieautifnl .Simplicity of the old Gri,;/:s awi Hoinxud,
have endeavoured to >upply its place with all tiie Extravagancies of an
irregular i-'aney.
CVII.
Want of spae^.' prevents the giving of a lengthy extract from The
R'ipc (i/ the Lock, which is the typical poem of the fashionable life of
tiie period. It reijuires an age like that of Pope to present an heroi-
;omical poem on such a theme. The student is recommended to read
the Toilet-scene at the end of the first Canto. Note the use of the word
forfex — not scissors — in the following extract, which describes the act
that caused such "dire offence,"
ill
1
.'A
ill
The Peer now spreads the glitt'ring Forfcx wide
1' inclose the Lock ; now joins it, to divide. '
>.v'n then, before the fatal on<i;ine clos'd,
A wretched Sylph too fondly iutcrpos'd ;
I'^te urg'd tlie shears, ;.rid cut the Sjlph'iii tw;iin,
(But airy substance soon unites again)
The ineetinji points ilio sacnd hair dissever
From the fair head, for ever, and for ever !
CVIII.
I hear on all hands that a cabal caliini; itscit philosophic rccoives
he , o.y of n.any of the late proceedings ; and that their Ipinionsln
systems are the true aetuatin.' spirit of the whole of then, f have
bv'if.ri^'"'-^'."' ''"f ""'^^ "'""^ ''' J-'l'^'^''-''' '' ^"y tiii^e, known
by sue a description. It is not with you co-„posed of those men, i. it 9
rndTntidpl'" ^T' ;"l ''; ^^"'' ,''"""^'y ''^'^"^ '''^'""'""'>' «'»" ^^thei.t,
and Inlidels > H ,t be, I admit that we too have had writers of that
fn'laT'""';^ "■ ".ade some noise in their day. At present they n-p,." c
m lasting oblivion. Who. born within the last forty years h-.s iv- d
one word ot Collins, an.l Toland, and Tindal, and Chubb, and Mor-an
and tha whole race who culled themselves Freethinkers ? Who now
leads Jioim.ubroke; Who ever read him throuuh ? Ask the bookselLr-
^London what is become of all these lights of the world.-Burk.
JC'l/kctitms on tlu R<:vuh,tina in France (W-ii^).
CIX.
In Pope's /,s.sy,.y on Man, traces of the philosophy of Bolin-broko
are visible every^vhere. Compare the following: ;Sa>, nrst, of Go,?,
ubove or Mm i,7o.. (Hpi.tle 1.) and Bolingbroke, >.«;m..^. ..
m^'yJ '7w '>LIII //^,/.^....o. eorthriuake. leak not
Meavns design (Kp. I. hue 155) and /^m^. XLIV ; Boio Instinct
tones in he;p-ovllu>,,,,rinc, Compar'd, half- reasoning elephant, with
^Ai«e.' (Lp.l., lines 221 222) and Fray. XLII. ^ ^ ' '*
SUBJECTS.
The French Kevolution and its influence on British thou<'ht
Ihe development of feudalism in France and in Fndand— the
i-ncyclopfcdia, its aim and place in the progress of thought— tha doc-
tnne of Locke-Rousseauism— Voltaire-his attitude-the American
War of Independence —
A brief oiitiine of tlie course of Eevolution-the Abolition of
Privileges-the Fete of Pederation-the Girondins and the Jacobins-
Jurke-Tom Pame-Sir James Mackintosh— Burns-Coleridge and
fc^uthey-the Pantisocracy- ITa^ Tyler-The Fall of Robespkrre-.
Wordsworth— his attitude towards the French Revolution
ILLUSTRATIONS.
ex.
The Encyclopaedia was virtually a protest :i;iainst the old organitia-
tion, no less than against the old doctrine, Hioadly .statid, the urcat
central moral of it all was this : that human nature is i,'ood, that the
world is capable of being made a desirable abidingiilaco, and that the
<vi\ of the world is the fruit of bad education and bad institutions.
This cheerful doctrine now strike;? on the ear as a coumionplace and a
truism. A hundred years ago in France it was a wimderful gospel.
and the beginning of a new dispensation. It was the great counter-
principle to a>ceticisM) in life and morals, to formalism in art, to abso-
lutism in the social ordering, to obscurantism in tliouglit. Every social
ituprovement since has bc( n the outcome of that doctrin ■ in one form
or another. The conviction that the character and l"t of man arc
indefinitely modiBable for good was tin,' indispensable antecedent to
any general and energetic endeavour to modify the conditions that sur-
round him. The omnipotence of early instruction, of laws, of the
method of social order, over the intinit^'ly |)l,istic impulses ol the human
creature — this was the maxim which brought men of such widely
diflFerent temperament and leanings to the common enterprise. Every-
body can see what wide and deep-reaching bearings >uch a doctrine
possessed ; how it raised all the (juestions connected with psychology
and the formation of character ; how it went down to the very founda-
tion of morals ; into what fresh and unwelcome sunlight it brought the
articles of the old theology ; with wliat new importance it clothed all the
relations of real knowledge and the piacticul arts ; what intense in-
terest it lent to every detail of economics and legislation and govern-
ment.
The deadly chagrin with which churchmen saw the cncyclopa>dic
fabric rising was very natural. The teaching of the Church paints
man as fallen and depraved. The new secular knowledge claslied at
a thousand points, alike in letter and in s\nr\t, with the old sacred
lore. Even where it did not clash, its vitality of interest and attrac-
tioii drove the older lore into neglected shade. To stir men's vivid
curiosity and hope about the earth was to make their care much less
absorbing about the kingdom of heaven. To awaken in them the
spirit of social improvement was ruin to the most scandalous and
crying social abuse then existing. — John Morley. Didcmt.
CXI.
Op the Different Systems of LEciisLATiON.
If wu examine in what consists the supreme good of A< , which
ought to be the grand object of every legislature, it will ..ppear to
centre in these two points— liberti/ and equality : in liOerty, because
all private independence subtracts so mucii force from the body of the
state : in equality, because libertij cannot subsist wit! out it.
I have already explained the nature of civil lihertij ; and, witli
;l:l
c>,H.-cf to C7,yr/.7.ytho word must not bo un.lerstooJ to n.e.m that
' •''•7"' ;"/"> >.onl.ibe Hjunlly divide.l between all bi^' I,?,
,.u.r,. .houhl nev..,- U .0 .stronjr us to bo capable of aets of WoIeJce n
i'. ofM T •" ^•'^7^"*"'»'^'---i-''s sruion, and undo ttXcc
ti.moftlelaws: .-.nd ihur, in regard to ,■,>/„,; „o citizen slouldb
;;toTuS;:'f ■'■'';. '^=''■''• ^",P"^'^''^^^- --hor.and non" so po r a
1 int.rot ,d I .. in-luT class of men. nnd rop.rss the avarice of tl ■
louor classes. -Jfoussoau. Vuntmf Sn,u,U, Bk. 1>. Cha,,. XI
('All.
Tl,eul.ns..s ,-.ttondi-,uMl„. i.-vy of t.x.s vverc l.e,-.vy an.l universal
Ihe km.^dom w.s pa.cellcd into .^-neralitios, with an inter dant at te
ieuild'T • '"" ^ '"'"'^ ""• "'"•^'^ ''"^^-- «»■ '•- crown w
klcu'. te,l ,.r .^..ry ,..,;;• except the military authority; but particu
1. . .tor all atta.rs ol tinune ..-The .oner..li-tie,s ^vere sVb-divid^ In^
;;;..s we 1., ,.,,!::; r;ci:;;:;:h^
t r,iMiu. .sucli an onorn.nu.s power, constantly actin- and from
'^'"'•1' "" "':'•. was I, CO, must, in the oaturo of thin.^s de.'J, ^rate i^
-iiiinv ea.ses luto ahsohUe ivraiiuv 'PK """'"^ ut_u)erate in
,.,,.„1„ „., , ,, , '>''"'"} Ihe rori-lts, or po ice of the
ul , «er. .-Hmualiy ,h,. run. ..( n.any huudn.l.s of f .r.ner* ; more tlm.
^ud .■■;.■::: 7'^;— . •» '•" tl- 1;... ^,.n ,jy; the nobiii;
rT .■ Tl , "»"'''>' •••'^'-•'"Pted f,om /.///A, .-militia and
-'-'>. I he pona cod,. ,.| fi„ .„,,, ,..,ke. one shudder a the Z'nor.
m^uae., n.ade,,u-.te t.the ciu.e.. A fVw features i S^
ntly cliiir.ictenze the old -nyvrnment of Fnnce :
1. Suiuoj.rs of salt, armed and .sseudded to the number of five in
^./rs.d;;::zr''''^''^'^ '"-.-'o. ,....;„. an the^^
•]()0 l,!l!'!"'7''/'','"'""'^' ^'^■^•■'"l!'^"'. l^u' i" "nmber under iiye, „ fi„e of
o. Women. m:ur.ed and>i„do. smu;:;:lers, first ofiV^nce ./^r^i^';)" 100
,A
i lUllii;.
Seeonil. ")(|(| livpi
/;//• ///;
I 'ink
Ilu.-'lj'ti'ils
il,t iliirliiii
'WwA, l(t,<i,i,,l, ami liiiiiis/ieJ the k
.-ponailil,; Ik, III
erton.j
///-• )•
its;
III run
\ 17S8.
ini/-
ur
"nd IhhIi/. — Arth
and I78't. (From
cxiir.
riir y;,jl,t oj ll.: AI..,llllou of rrlrllvjc.^.
iTZutiteli'"";^*''""""^ t "■' ^"^ •'"■ ^^'''^'^ "^ ''^'« written down and
omu!,r..ted : true paper bas.s of all paper Constitutions. Ne-^ectin-
cy he opponeat.s to d.-chtre the Unties of Man ! For^^cttin^ answer
^ve, to ascertain the MkjIiI. of Man ;-one of the fataie."t 01 niss'ions Tl
^ay sometimes, as on the Fourth of August, our Nationa A en biy.
(ircd suddenly by a:, almost preternatural enthusiasm, will set tlirou-li
whole masscH of work in one night. A memorable nisht, this Four'th
<>l August: Dignitaries temporal anu spiritual; Peers, Archbishops,
I ^Tlument 1 residents, each outdoin« the other in patriotic dcvotedness
.nme successively to throw their (utitonablc) possessions on the " altar
ot the fatherlan.l." Witli louder and louder vivats, for indeed it is
•alter dinner ' too,-they abolish Tithes, Seigniorial Dues, Gabelle,
.xcessive Preservation of (Jame; nay. Privilege, Immunity, Feudalism
root i,„d branch ; then appoint a T, Ik,,,,,, for it ; and, so. finally, dis-
perse about thrie in the morning, striking the stars with their sublime
r " 1 r". ' "'»'•'' ""^"'•t''-''*;" l>ut ever nu morable, was this of tie
lourth ol Augu.-t 17S!». Miiaeul-.u.s, or semi-miraculous, some seem
lu think It. A new Night of Pentecost, shall we say, shnped accord-
mg to the new Time, an.l new C'liureh of Jean Jacques Kousseau? It
lui.l Its causes; also its effects.— Carlyle. Fn-wh /Cen,h, (;,,».
CXIV.
TJh Fi'ir ,,/ ti,r F.ihmflnn.
The morn ngcomr.s, cold for a July one; but such a festivity would
make Grtenlainl smile. Through every inlet of that National Amphi-
Micatro (lor it is a lea-ue in circuit, cut with openings at due intervals)
t^uods-in the jiving thr.mg; covers without tumult space after space.
J he hole Mintaire h.s galleries and overvaulting canopies, wherein
( arpentiy and Painting hav vied, for the Cppc r Authorities : triumphal
■irehes, at tl,.. (.at.- by the JJiver, bear inscriptiens. if weak, yet
"ell-meant .aid orthodox. Far aloft, over the Ait,-.r of ihe Fatherland,
yn their tallcr<ne standards of i.on. swing pensile our anti.,... Ca^^,,.
../,. or lai.s of mceii.^c; dispensing sweet incense-fumes,— unless for
tlie Heatlun Mythology, one sees not lor whom. Two hundred thou-
s.tn.i fatrioti:: Men ; and, twiee as good, one hundred thousind Patrio-
tic U omen, all decked and glorified as one can fancy, sit waitin- in
tills (.Jiaiiip-de.M.irs.
What a picture; th.U circle of bright dyed Life, spre.-,d up there, on
lis thirty.seated M.,pe : ie,.,uing, one would say, on the thick umbra-e
. I nose Avenue- Irees, f.,r the .stems of them ;.re hidden by the iieisht ;
nmi all beyond it mere i^reenness of .Summer Farth. with the L'leains of
waters, or white sparkiings ol stone-edifices ; a little circular en'.mcl-
picture in tl„. centre of such a vase-of emerald ! A va.^e not empty :
tlieinvalH es Cupolas w;,nt not tl,..ir population, nor the distant Wind-
imlls^of Montmartre : on remotest sUeple and invisible villa-e belfry,
-tand men with spy glas.ses. On the heights of Ohaillot are many-
-iloured un.iulating gmups ; round and far on, over all the circlim-
■ leiglits that embosom Paris, it is as one more or loss peopled \mnhi-
M.ealie : whieh the eye grows dim with measurin;:. Nay heiudits, as
.as before hinted, have cannon : and a floating-batte.y of cannon is on
lie feeine^ \\ hen eye fails, car shall serve ; and all France properly is
m one Amphitheatre; for in paved town and unpaved hamlet, men
uk listening; till the muffled thunder .sound audible on their horizon
n.at tlicy too may begin swearing and firing ! But now, to streams of
i
il
'■!
It
i 'M
music come Federates .noufrh,— for they have assembled on the J3oulc-
vard hi.inf-A,|t,.ine or ihorcby, and come marching throu-h the Citv
wih their Ktj;hty;three Department Banners, and blessin- not loud
but deep; comes J^ational Ass.-ml.ly. and takes se.t under its Canony
comes Royalty, and takes a seat .„. a throne besi.lo It. And Layafett.''
on white ehar..',T, is hero, and .dl th.' eivie Fnn.tionarios : and ^l„'
Moderates form dances, till tluir >trictly military evolutions an.l m:.n
H'uvivs em br,u'in._(Virlyl... /',-..,•/, ihvolatio,
m. m
cxv.
It is now >ixteon or seventeen y, ars Mn.^e I >,■,« tlie ,,ueen of Fr,-,ne>'
iHi, the d.u,)h,ne.s. n, ^ .r.siill. s; and M.rely nev.r lij^hted on this orb
whKl, >I,.. l,n,d ly sreined to toueh, a n.ore d-ii J.tlul vi.sion. I saw Iut
.lu^t almve the hoi-zon, de atinz and chcrinL' thr elevated sphere -lie
jusf b.-an to move i„ ; dittrring likr the morninir star, lull nliif;. and
^plendor. :,n,i joy. ( )h ! wii-.t a nvojution ! and what an h-art mu>t 1
liave, (o co.it.-n.piato without emotion that elevation an.l that fall'
Little did r.iream who,, .he .•..M.d titles of ven.iat ion to thos,. „f
enthusiastic, .listant. n speetful lov, .hat she would ever b.^ obli.a-d to
earry tl.o sh:,ri.aniidot,. a-ai,.st dis-nieo coneeahd in that ho.;Mn ; lift'.'
did I dr,.,„n that I >l Id Inve lived to see such disasters fallen upon
licr in a nation of ^^Uiant m.n. in a n.tion of men of honour and of
cava ,er>. I thouoj.t ten tluni.sand sw.u-ds must have leaped from their
scat,hardN to aven-o even a look that threatened her with insult.— ihit
the a._'e of ehivaliy is -rone. That of sophfsters. a^conomi.-ts a nd ealcu-
lators has succeeded ; and the dory of Europe is extinguished for ever
-.\e\er, never more, shall we behold that -enerous loyalty to rank nnd
.-c'X that proud .Mibmi.ssion. ihatdi-nihe.l obedience, that ■subordination
of ti.e heart wh.eh kept alive, even in servitude ...self, the spirit ..fan
exalted freedom. J he unhought giaee of life, the cheap defence of
nations, the nurse of manly sentin.ent and heroic enterpriz,. is .M,„e '
It IS gone, that sensibility of prin.-iple, that eha^itv of honour, ^hieli
iclt a stain like ;, woumi, wh eh inspired coura-e whilst it miti-ated
erocity whieh ..nnohle.l whatever ir touched, and under wbh-irviec'
Itself lost hnlf us evil, by losing all its i,M-.,ssness_B,.rke. Il-fkctions.
CXVI.
. The Plan of Th. Anti.h.rob:,, ; or, W.rkhf Exominrr. as sot forth
m the Proxpecfua.
It is our intenti.m to publisii Weekly, during the Session of Parlia-
ment, a raner. containing:
Fim An Abstract of the important events of the week, ' ,)th at
fioiJic and abroad; "
Secondly Such R.flecri.jns as may naturally arise out of them : and
imrilly, A contradiction and confutation of the falsehoods and mi-
repre>.entati..ns concerning these events, their causes, and their con-
sequences, which may he found in the Papers d,.v..te.l to the cause of
wEDiTio.N and IitRELKiioN, to the pay or principles of France
Tliis last, B8 it is by far the most important, will in ail probability
l)C the most copious of the throe heads : und is thiit to which, above
all others, Wc wIhIi to direct the nttontion of our Readers.
V\'o propose diligently to collect, as far as tiie range of our own
daily reading will enable us, and we promise willingly to receive,
trom whatever quarter they may come, the several articles of this
kind which require to be thus contradicted or confuted ; which will
n.ituraily divide themselves into different classes, according to their
different degrees of stupidity or malignity.
There are, for instance (to begin with those of the highest order),
the Lies of the \Ve«'k ; the downright, direct, unblushing falsehoods,
which have no colour or foundation whatever, and which must, at the
very moment ol their being writtin, have been known t" the writer
to be wholly destitute of truth.
Next in rank come Misrepreskntatio.ns, which, taking for their
ground work facts in substance true, do so colour and distort them in
ilc>crii)tion, as to take away all semblance of their nature and
character.
Lastly, the niLst venial, though by no means the least mischievous
class, are 31 ISTAKES ; under which description :ire included all those
Hints, Conjectures, and Apprehensions, thost; Anticipations of Sorrow
and Deprecations oi' Calamity, in which Writers who labour under
too great an anxiety for the Public Welfare are apt to indulge ; and
which, when falsified by the event, they are generally too much
occupied to find leisure to retract or disavow :— A troulJe which We
shall have great pleasure in taking off these Gentlemen's hands.
In our anxiety to provide for the amusement as well as inform-
ation of our Readers, We have not omitted to make all the enquiries
in our power for ascertaining the means of procuring Poetical assist-
ance We have had no choice but either to provide no Poetry
at all,— a shabby expedient, — or to go to the only market where it is
to be had good and ready made, that of the Jacobin<i—&n expedient
full of danger-, and not to be used but with the utmost caution and
dcVic&cy.— The Anti-Jacobin ; No. 1, Nov. 20, 1797.
Another principle no less devoutly entertained, and no less
stdulou.sly disseminated, is the natural and eternal warfare of the
Poor and the Rich This principle is treated at large by many
authors. It is versified in Sonnets and Elegies without end. We
trace it particularly in a Poem by the same Author from whom wc
borrowed our former illustration of the Jacobin Doctrine of Crimes
and Punishments. We shall not think it necessary to transcribe the
whoitj of it One Stanza, however, we must give, lest we should be
suspected of painting from fancy, and not from life.
The learned Reader will perceive that the Metre is Sapphio, and
affords a fine opportunity for his scanning and proving, if he has not
forgotten them.
I
ii;
I!
«!(,'
*' '
f! .-ii
r I
('..hi
«ttx 111." higlii win.l: .Irilii'ny l*^l II
Willi- were tlie |).
u- MioHs lei
'« lij., iiliil ■.helrerle^'w ui),| riiil<("| ;
\V
irii It |ii).T
Wuri,|-
er Miriig).'le.| ..ii Imt joiiriiMv
W
In." In (
■n-.u-li : uiil.ss tlu; Header slmiil.l wisli to \
Fa-i oVr tilt- Mrak heini. liml
fiirv mill \vttv-.iiir(',
1)1' iiilitriMod how
or, how, not Ion-' ufttT
11'.' ilriivi
n
'• i» I liaiiiil
I.OU.I l.jew il,.. wni I. imlifiii-.l s\'u-< |
Wti profoed to
Colhicnlnrif kinil.
K'l' Cillllpluiliili;; —
on iveni tli*' llorseinun.
;ivo our fMtTATiON, which is of the J;
(Iaiitati'in.)
mirhii'ct:, iir
Th>' h
rum
{ f.^iiiiiiiiiii iiiid Frirt-.')
S'ipjthics.
I of Ilinmnitif „n<l the Ktil/,-,iruuler.
Frieiidof HuintiullL
'' Needy Knife L-rinder ! whither inv ymi .-oin^' ''
Kouu'li is the road, your Wheel is out of ordt-i--
Blenk blows the blas^t ;-your hat has -ot a hole in't.
So havi' your breeches !
"Weary Knife-grinder! little tiiink the proud ones
VV ho in their coaches roll iilonj; the turnpike-
road, what hard work 'tis cryin- all day • Knives and
Scissars to jrrind ! '
"Tell Lie, Knife--rinder, how you came to -'rind knives v
UkI soine rich man tyrannically use you ?
Was it the 'Squire, or Pars<jn of the Parish !
Or the Attorney ?
•'Was it the 'Sfiuire, for killins; of his Game ? or
Covetous Parson, for his Tythes distraining?
Or roguish Lawyer made you lo^eyour liltlu
All in a law-suit?
" (Have you not read the Rights of Man, by Tom Pvine O
IJrops ot compassion tremble on my eye-lids
Ready to fall, as soon as you have told your
Pitiful story.
Kniji -i/riiii/i /',
" Story ! (tod bk'>.s you ! I have noiif to toll, Sir,
Only last nijrht u-drinkin;; at flu' CIici|I1it.«,
This poor old liat uml hii>< ches, us \nn -ix\ vf n-
'I'lMii ifi u wuffle.
" Constables cjiuic up for lo tultu uh- into
(Justody ; ll.t-y nx)k im; before the Justice ;
Justice OlJt.Mlxo.N put uie in tlio Parish
Stocks for a Vai:rant.
" ( should 1m! ^dad to drii k your Honour's health in
A f)Ot of Moer, i» you will j,'ive rue Six|HiK'e ;
•jut for uiy part, J never love to meddle
With Polities. Sir."
Friend of Human iti/.
"/give thee sixpence, I will see theo damn'd first —
Wretch ! whom no sense of wron<rs can rouse to vengeance ;
Sordid, unfeeling, reprobate, degraded,
Spiritless outcast ! "
{Kicks the Kaifegrindfr, ooerturns hit Wheel, <tnd exit in a trans-
port of republican enthusiasm and unioersal philanthropy.)
The Anti-Jacobin ; Xo. 2, Xov. 27, 17117.
.There are three names to l remeiiibored in connection with the
parodies and burlesqucM in The Anti-Jacobin— Caan'm'^, Ellis, and
Frere. George Canning and John Jrookham Frcre were Etonians,
and contributed to .- scliool-journal called the Micro'",s„i, which was
dedicated to Dr. Duvies, the liead-mast^r. J. If. Frere is known iu
literature as a translator of Aristophanes, and the author of a poem,
entitled, " The iMonks and the Giants. Prospectus and Specimen of
an intended national Work, by William and Kobert Whistlecraft, of
Stow Market, in Suffolk, Harness and Collar iMakers. Intended to
comprise the most interesting Particulars relating to King Arthur and
His Round Table." George Ellis is known by his Specimens of the
Earlj English Poets.)
CXVII.
FiiKNcH Devolution, ,
As it appeared to Bnth^miasts at its Commencement.
Oh ! pleasant exercise of hope and joy !
For mighty were the auxiiiars which then stood
Upon our side, we who were strong in love !
Bliss was it in that dawn to bf alive,
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But to be Toung wis rerj heaven !— Oh ! timeN,
Id which the meagre, Htole, forbidding ways
Of custuni, law, and Rtatutc. took at onoe
Tlic attraction of u country in romance !
When Keason seemed tlie most to asMjrt hor rights.
When most intent on making of herself
A prime KnchantrcM* — to nwtixt the work,
\yhitli thtn was going forward in her name I
Not favoured jipots alone, but the whole c'\rili.
The btauty wore of promise, that which sets
(As at sonic moment might not be unfelt
Among the bowers of paradixo itself)
The budding rose above the rose full blown.
What temper at the prospect did not wake
To happiness utifhouiiht of'/ The inert
W(!rc rmispd, and lively iiufures rapt away !
They who hud fed their childhood upon dreams,
Tlu! playfellows of fancy, who had made
All powers of swiftness, wulJlty and strength
Their ministers, — who, in lordly wise had stirro<l
Amonsi the grandest objects of the sense.
And dealt with whatsoever they found there
As if they had within some lurking right
To wield it ;— they, too, who, of gentle mood.
Hud watched nil gentle motions, and to these
Had fitted their own thoughts, schemers more mild,
And in the region of their peaceful selves;
^ow was it that both found, the meek and lofty
Did both find, helpers to their hearts' desire
And stuff at hand, plastic as they could wish ;
\yere called upon to exercise their skill.
Not in Utopia, subterranean fields,
Or some secreted island, Heaven kuowe whe.e !
But in the very world, which is the world
Of all of us, — the place where in the end
Wc find our happineas, or not at all.
Wordsworth.
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