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pncAL 
 
 NCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 M »..'.:•: LM.AV, 
 
SYNOPTICAL 
 
 FRENSH GRAMMAR 
 
 With Matbrial fob Fbee Composition, bbino Part II of 
 Frknch Lanocaoe awd Qrammab, 
 
 B^Z" JL. TOFICA-Xj S'STSTEls/E, 
 
 J. M. LANOS. 
 B. is L. (Gal.) B. L. (Dal.) 
 
 Author of " Fnmch Language by a Topical System," French Master 
 and Lxaminer to His Majesty's Ships of the North Atlantic 
 Squadron, Instructor in Modem Languages Halifax County 
 Academy, Halifax School for; the Blind, Lecturer at Mount St. 
 Vincent Academy, etc. 
 
 A. & W. MACKINLAY, 
 
 Haufax, N. S., 
 
 1901. 
 
PC tni 
 
 EnMred aocordliiK to Act of ParlUunent of Canada, in the year IdOl. 
 
 Br A. & W. MicuH'jT, 
 
 In the Office of the HInUter of Acrlculture, at Ottawa. 
 
TABLE OF CC STENTS. 
 
 Prenoh vowel'Wmnds. . 
 Gender. . 
 
 1 
 
 [[[['.[[[[[[['.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'..'. » 
 
 fomiulon 0* renitnim * 
 
 New Sriitax of nouiw ' 
 
 Amour, orpu, dtlloee, ntemae, enteDt, r*". or<e. hymn*. Plqnw t 
 
 Number In noana J 
 
 rormatton of the plural In nonu • 
 
 U«e of lingular or pliiml * 
 
 PInralef proper, forelcnai.? eompoand noune * 
 
 The deflntte Article * 
 
 9 
 
 Kllalon . 
 
 Indetnlte artlok " 
 
 Partitive article • 
 
 Baaie — Ive oane * 
 
 BynUx of the article.. * 
 
 Article In oomparliona "• 
 
 Adverbial form of the nrarlatlve. •• 
 
 The adjective. Ita t -retrient '* 
 
 Formation of the feminine in adjeetivee " 
 
 Adjeotlvee with a double manoulino form '* 
 
 romiation of the p.Ui.: In adj J* 
 
 PoHltlon and conoord of adjectives >* 
 
 Adj nw. dtmi, feu. franc de port, etc '• 
 
 Now syntax of coraponnd adJ '^ 
 
 AdJ uHod advjrblally " 
 
 The OMiilve. comparative and euporlatlvo degreei In mlj 1» 
 
 Cardlial and ordinal numbera •• 
 
 Byntv; of vingt and cent " 
 
 Demaiatratlve adj '* 
 
 PoejeaalveadJ. U»e of doflnite article initoai of poMemlve adJ IS 
 
 IndeHnlto adJeotlvM *• 
 
 Syntax of foil/, nwun. etc ^ 
 
 Adjectlvo«re(,ulrlnBil after them. " 
 
 Perwnal pronounR, en, i/ ** 
 
 Difjunctive pronouns ^ 
 
 Reflexive rranoune ^ 
 
 Demonatri ^ pronouna ^ 
 
 Syntax otct.ld " 
 
 PoaaoflHlve and relative pronouna 24 
 
 Uaeof 01^ aa a pronoun ^ 
 
 Indefinite pronouna ^ 
 
 Syntax of cliacun, qui que ce goU qui, etc 25 
 
 Verbs, numbers, peraons, moodii, tenses ^ 
 
CO!«T«!rw. 
 
 CoiiJucsllonofnralr.^fK ■'*<»''• 
 Racniw nMOnmtlonii « 
 
 WcoiiMiti„ofT„h.i„»„.^;^ -^'v;- » 
 
 lnl«fti«»tl«v«rli.. A",»<«.p*, » 
 
 BtildeoUooanrotMlbra< « 
 
 Wli«npr»po.ltl<»po«,ta,^ n«w«i „ 
 
 V.Pb.»fter which pripa,ltion*i,u,ii * 
 
 Whan pnpMttion rfe u a««l W 
 
 i^Ilt".'^'''!""''*'* ""»"•'' '»^ »»:•.':■.: ';;!; r 
 
 '"r;:::^;.'^ .= '"•"»''''• ^^- "-w^ tii. -u^ 
 
 Conjunction, taklnc b<*h the Inaic! .nd nW 
 Co^anct.o„„,„„ u»,„, t^ „„,tt"V. . 
 
 41 
 41 
 
 a 
 
 Ordwof wort.lnFr.nch«nt«„o«..' " 
 
 y-olth,/HturtUnMe,laFnaeh « 
 
 IrreriUrTwb.ofth.fouroonJog.UM. • 
 
 An .xampl, of French p,ni|„, " M 
 
 An.x.mpl.of rr«nohIoK,o»l.naiyii..' « 
 
 ■• .. 53 
 
 SELECTIONS FOB BECITATroTlND FR,B COMPOSITION. 
 
 Bonne nutt 
 
 M» Normandle 
 
 1* llorro et le imtor ... 
 
 Aprialaplule 
 
 Le mlfolr 
 
 L'ioureuU bleni 
 
 L» lanteme et Uohandelle . 
 
 L« chanMn dn cordlw 
 
 L'omnge 
 
 L« mort do 1' hirer. .... 
 
 Le fain 
 
 Lateullle 
 
 L'aralgnie ot lover igole.. 
 La mort 
 
 .... « 
 
 .... a 
 
 ... II 
 
 ... M 
 
 ... 17 
 
 ... »1 
 
 ... » 
 
 ... 31 
 
 ... Si 
 
 ... aa 
 
 ... M 
 
 ... M 
 
 .. 4S 
 
 .. M 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THIS book it intended at a guide to a quick knowled|pe of Rules, 
 Conjugatioati and Syntax r? 'i^ved of the uNelean complications 
 of French Grammar, according tc aI Act of the '* Minirter of Public 
 Inttruction. Worship and Fine Arts," of France, dated March i ith, 1901. 
 
 The time saved by the elimination of absurd rules may be gts^n to 
 the study of standard authors, and the valuable hours once wasted over 
 unimportant peculiarities in spelling may be devote , to memory training 
 and /<r« composition. There is a general agreer. ..t among reformers 
 that the place of exercises and translations into a foreign language 
 shoi'M be taken by free composition in the language on subjects drawn 
 from the texts already studied, so that the compositions are rep* ic- 
 tions of what is already known. 
 
 Great use can also be made of a system of questions and answers 
 carried on in the foreign language by the teacher and pupils, the former 
 asking the questions and the latter answering them. The subjects of 
 the questions are, of course, drawn from the texts which the papils have 
 just been reading or memoriwing. 
 
 This exercise is quite effective if directed by a person capable of con- 
 versing in French or sufficiently familiar with the grammar to correct 
 the mistakes of the student. 
 
 The purely oral exercises should precede any attempts at written 
 reproductions of what has been learned. 
 
 The questions and answers may be exact literal reproductions of the 
 lesson memorized or free paraphrases, with new words explained, either 
 beforehand or afterwards. 
 
w 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In order that this "imitative" method, which has the great ad- 
 vantagre of beingr progressive, migrht be tried, I have selected a number 
 of easy and varied poems by standard authors. 
 
 I have preferred poetry to prose because the former affords better 
 opportunities for conversation and is less difficult to memorize, and also 
 because French poetry is merely the purest prose set in rhyme. 
 
 Example 
 
 Free Composition. 
 
 La petite Lauia s'admirait dans la glan; 
 
 La mire dil.— Kernels ..-e mimir A sa place 
 
 This sentence can be turned into a number of other sentences which 
 
 W.1I tram the pupils in composition, grammar and conversation. An 
 
 exercise of this kind developes in the learner quickness, presence of 
 
 mind, observation, accuracy and ease : 
 
 —Laura remet le mimir A sa place— 
 —La petite Laura admirait sa mire. 
 —La glace est A sa place. 
 —Ce miroir etcette glace sont A Laura. 
 Etc., etc. 
 
 Question and Answer. 
 The same sentence can also be made the subject of many questions. 
 
 — Qui est Laura ? 
 
 A — Une petite fille. 
 
 Q.— Que faisait elle ? 
 
 A —Elle s' admirait. 
 
 Q.— Dans quoi s' admirait elle ? 
 
 A — Dans le miroir, dans la g:lace. 
 
 Q.— Oil se trouvait la glace? 
 
 A. — A sa place. 
 
 Q. — Laura itait elle seule ? 
 
 A — Elle iuit avec sa mire. 
 
 Q — Que lui dil sa mere? 
 
 A — Elle lui dit— Remets ce miroir ii sa place-etc. 
 
In conclusion, I may say that while I agree with modem re- 
 formers in condemning ihe practice of exercise writing and the use of 
 i priori methods, such as Ollendorfs, Ahn's Fasquelle's, Fasnacht's, 
 etc., I cannot join with them in their condemnation of translations and 
 the use of grammars, providing they do not drown the general prin- 
 ciples in a sea of details. 
 
 Now, in conclusion, thanks to all who, by correction, suggestion, 
 or otherwise, have helped in the composition of this synoptical grammar, 
 and more especially to Dr. A. H. MacKay, Superintendent of Educa- 
 tion, for having encouraged me to undertake this work, and to 
 Principal R. MacLellan, of the Pictou Academy, for his kindly sugges- 
 tions as to the arrangement of the work. 
 
 J. M. LANOS. 
 Halifax, Sept the ist, 1901. 
 
FRENCH VOWEL-SOUNDS. 
 
 V, 
 
 2°i 
 
 ay 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 long=ime, pAte, rare, Pftjucs — like a in : arm. 
 short = la, ma, cravate, braa — like n in : tat. 
 foUowe:! by mm or ?m = feninie, solennel— like a in fat. 
 long = bete, fete, etre. grele — like e in : were. 
 " =ni4re, pare, eQccis " " 
 
 in body of a word = reine, peine. 
 " " " =haine, Maine, saine. 
 
 foUowei by eo.isonants other than m or R = fraiB, aimaient, laisser. 
 or fty=dey, Jersey, esaayer, payer. 
 
 in th3 body of a word followed by double consonants, or in mono- 
 syllables = messe, pelle, serre, cette mer, fer, sac, bee. 
 short and sharp = b6b6, v^rit^, caf6— like / in : caf/. 
 er, in terminations = berger, chercher " " " 
 
 e», in monosyllables = les, mes, tea, ses, ces — like i in : caf^. 
 ei, =nez, allez, chez '• '• ** 
 
 at, not followed by any consonant = mai, plaie " " " 
 le or o«, =cecum6nique, Oedipe " " " 
 
 e, mute or unaccented = homme, venir, je, le, se — like t in : celery. 
 e«, in plural endings of nouns, etc., or verbs = pire8, avares, donnes, 
 
 manges— like e in : celery. 
 tnt, in the 3rd pent, plural of verba = laissent, passent, aimaient, 
 levferent — like e in celery. 
 ^ (i, Ioug = gite, lie — like i in : machine 
 (i or y, short = myrte, lys, myoaotis, midi — liko t in : machine 
 
 16 long, =cote, rot, apotre, geole — like o in : note. 
 au *' =au, pause, gaule *' " " 
 
 tan " =eau, beau, tableau " " ** 
 
 short = 8onore, col, foUe, sot, pot — like o in ; not. 
 _„ ( u, long = flAte, rue, mQre, sflr. 
 ' \?/, short = azur, brut, pu, nul. 
 y itu or ««, long = heure, steur, fleurir — like m in : lis. 
 \e« or an, short = Dieu, feu, peu, wuf, seul — like u ui : ws. 
 ^ lou^ o\K, long = AoOt, goQter, roue — like oo. 
 \ou, Bhort = mouter, toute, loup, sou, doux. 
 
 N. B. —Consonants = 6, </, y, p, «, (, x, in endings, do not affect tba 
 sound of the preceding voweU. 
 
 c. f. L and r. are. however, generally sounded : Roc, chef, sel, cher. 
 
SYNOPTIfAL FHENCII riRAMMAH, 
 
 DIPHTHONCiS. 
 
 N. B.— Tho roajifctivo value of the vowels must he preserved in 
 diphthongs, sounding the second ck-aily, whilst merely touching the first. 
 01, especially is deserving of attention. 
 
 i(z = diacre, liasse. 
 *e = miette, pie<l. 
 io = pioche, Antioche. 
 i<zi = niais, biaiser. 
 iau = miauler, piauler, 
 »e« = lieu, mieux. 
 
 oe = moelle, pcete, 
 
 oi = toile, poids, roi. 
 
 toi or oie=joie, Imurgeois. 
 
 oiti or OMin=joindre, poing. 
 
 «o=:ruade, tua. 
 
 m :lui, bruit. 
 
 10' 
 
 II 
 
 NASAL VOWELS. 
 (am or n» = camp, larape, sans, sang. 
 Urn, en or ectn = employer, en, Jean. 
 
 Iim, ym, or in = impossible, thym, fin. 
 aim or ai;i = faim, sain, essaini, bain, 
 em or e» final, preceded by i, iory = aein, ceint, seing, bien, 
 examen, citoyen, Europ^en. 
 om, on, eo« = nom, compter, donjon, pigeon. 
 urn, «« = parfum, humble, aucun, it jeun. 
 
 UQUID VOWELS. 
 They are made of / or U preceded by at, ei. e„i, oiii or i alone ; but in 
 many words beginning by iU, one / is sounded— mille, ville. 
 
 •*" <"'^=l>ataille, travail, poulailler— Sound a and let ye be heard 
 
 eiy = soleil, abeille, sommeiller— Sound e \ 
 
 •V/e=fille, famiUe, piller, billard " i I and let yf be 
 
 euil, mil, »i7=icueil, orgueil, teiUet- " fa /heard after. 
 
 oui'=grenouille, barbouiller, souiller— " o« / 
 
 15° 
 16' 
 17 
 
 18' 
 
 CONSONANTS, 
 c, /■, qii, express the same sound = carte, k^pi, quai, qui. 
 K, c before f, i, and f sound alike=sort, ciel, gar^on. 
 J and 7 bufwru c and I " " j'»i, geai.— soft like sA (?) 
 ch is sounded like «h generally = chapeau, michant. 
 gn sounds like « in oniou or ths Spanish wjrd dona 
 poignee, vigneron. 
 
 cam{agnard, 
 
WITH MATERIAL POH FREE COMPOSITION. 
 
 3 
 
 THE NOUN. 
 
 1- Grnders. There are only two genders in French, the 
 inaiKulhif and i\\e feminiw ; therefore any EngHsh neuter noun 
 must either be mnnculiue or feminiw in French. 
 
 2. Formal ion of Feminine nouns are generally formed 
 feminine. by adding e mute to the masculine. 
 
 3. Those already in e mute in the masculine remain un- 
 changed in the feminine. 
 
 ho/mirisle (m) La Jieiirisli; (f) ( = florist). 
 
 4. When the masculine noun ends in en or rm the « is 
 doubled in the feminine before the e mute. 
 
 Le bar&n ( = baron) La baronne ( = baroness). 
 
 Lo chien (m) = dog) La chienne (f) ( = dog). 
 
 Also : Le paygan (m) La paymntw (f ) ( = peasant). 
 
 5. Masculine nouns in er f.-rm their feminine by affixing e 
 mute also, but then the first « is accented grave (e). 
 
 Le berger ( = shepherd) La beryire ( = shepherdess). 
 
 6. Masculine nouns in eur form their feminine in ewie when 
 derived from a participle present, otherwise they take trice. 
 
 Un acheteur (m) Une afheteuse (f) ( = buyer) : achetant. 
 Un directeur (m) Une directrice ( = diretW) : m> verb. 
 
 7. Some nouns form their feminine in esne : . 1' bote (m) 
 /' hi'iteaae (f) ( = host and hostess). 
 
 Le Suiime (m) La Suiasegne (f) ( = Swiss and Swiss woman). 
 ^^ Others have a feminine totally diiTerent from the masculine : 
 Ane (m) Snesse, (f) (=donkey), fils ( =son), «1U ( =.laugliter), helier 
 ( = r»ni), brebis (=ewe), (trire (=brother), sopiir (=. sister), bn-uf (=ox) 
 vache ( =cow), garvon ( =boy), fille = gi"rl), canard ( =. hick), cane (f) duck), 
 gendre (= son-in-law), bru ( =daughterin-law), cbeval (= horse), jument 
 (-mare), heros ( = hero), heroine ( = heroine), compagnon (ni)coinpagne (f) 
 companion), jars (=gander), oie (=gooae), comte ( = count), comtesse 
 <=counte8s), loup (m) louve (f) ( = wolf), coo (^rooster), poule(=hen). 
 man (^husband), fenime (=w!fel,dieu (-^<;(xl),dtosse (=(;oddeaa),neveu 
 (=nephew), niece (=^ni ce), dindon (= turkey-cock), dinde (=turkey- 
 hen), oncle (=t uncle), tante (=aunt), roi (^king), reine (^^queen). 
 
 8. New syntax of Aiyle ( = eagle) may be considered 
 the UOIins of masculine when it denotes a standard. 
 two genders. Un aiyh monstrueux enleva un 
 
 mouton. (= A monstruous eagle carried oif a sheep). 
 Les aigha romaines furent partout victorieux. 
 The Roman standards (eagles) were everywhere victoriouf. 
 
SITNomcAL FRENCH ORAMMAB, 
 
 mas^ulin^TflT' ^^^T'^ V"^"® (='^'-K»«) "»y ^ considered 
 masculine in the singular and common in the plural. 
 
 Les yrrt«rf» ou le.s ymu-/^* orguea. (=The bie oreansi 
 
 Desamoursta,^./,orMrrfi,-«,(=Iatelove). * ^ ' 
 
 •O- Delices. (=« delight) may be ussd in the nlural onlv 
 and be considered feminine. ^ " * 
 
 youU,')! "'""''"'*'' ''''''"" "^^ ''"'f""'-''' (=The innocent delight of 
 
 .nmLL ■*"*<"""?• (=a"tumn) and enfant (=child) are 
 common gender. Un automne pluvieux or une . ^,mne pluvieuse 
 
 b= uid in^T/^-^'"^''^ Ti ^"^t <='^'->«y) ni^y in »" cases 
 them ^«"""'"e and have their adjectives to agree with 
 
 Tnatruit, or vjiMruifeB par I'experience, les vieiUe» gens sont 
 
 prudent.) Cet epic.er a de I'orge mond^. ou perl,', a vendre. 
 (=lhi8 grocer has hulled and pearl barley for sale). 
 
 common Vi'T."?, ^^* hymn or a song) may be considered 
 common : Le Te Deum est un bel or une belle hymne : (=The Te 
 Deum 19 a beautiful hymn). ^ 
 
 /•™„^!,-.f ''''^"'*'"' ^'' '•"y"'"^ "■■"'™^'' f™"?"" «"• '""io'^'/e 
 
 ^ f it rtt It tS^t 
 
 either « Hrii'''"^^^''^'^'^ ™^y ** "'"'' '" *'«' f«'"'°'»« t« denote 
 either a date or the religious festival. A Paques p,;^hain or a 
 
 /_^Net/F'"^'""' "Tu*"'"'™ "" S™""! '''"«■• de famine. 
 (— JNext Eister we Aall have a big family dinner). 
 
 QUE3TI0.N8 FOR E.XAMINATION. 
 
 I. What is meant by the gander of a noun ! How many are there » 
 
 Fren!:hnmms'?''' ""' '^™'"'" ™'" '"^ ">= '°™''«»'^ "« ""= feminine in 
 
 r,,!.,?' n-r "■•' '<""■"■"« of the following nouns and explain the snecal ' 
 rules : Cltoyen, Breton, portkr, lectmr, chliilmr, proph™ ^ 
 
 maJuine.'™*"" °* """"' "^'"'"' ''"»"»"=*' totally different from the 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOB FRKE COMPOHITION. 
 HECITATIOX. 
 
 Konne nuit' l)i)nnc nuit ! 
 
 Loin' dc nous' le jour* s'enfuit' ; 
 
 Mais' coniine' un flambeau' ci'Ipste, 
 
 Ija bontt' de Dieu'" nous reste" ; 
 
 Elle nous ^arde et nous suit". 
 
 Bonne nuit I Bonne nuit ? 
 
 A domain" ! a demain ! 
 
 Mais demain cht incernain. 
 
 Nos paupiires'* vont " se elore ; 
 
 Pourrons" nous revoir" I'aurore" ! 
 
 Nous disons" |)cut etre'» en vein : 
 
 A demain ! A demain I 
 
 — Viefor Jiuyo. 
 1. night. J. far. 3. us. 1. d«y. 5 dliwnpfars. 6. but 7. a«. 8 torch 
 
 IS. arc going 16. shaU b« able. 17. use again 18. dawn. 19. say. SO. HerhaiM. 
 
 NUMBER IN NOUNS. 
 
 l-'^. Nnmber. There are two numbers, the singular and 
 the plural. The plural is generally formed from the singular by 
 the addition of «. Le Him ( -_ the book) if« livres (the books). 
 Le clou ( = the nail. Li-x clous { = the nails). L' ,imi ( = the 
 friend). Leu nmig ( = the friends). 
 
 16. Nouns ending in s, x or z remain the same in the 
 plural : Le bras (= the arm) Les bras (=ithe arms) : La croix 
 ( = the oross) Les i-ralr ( = the crosses). 
 
 17. Nouns ending in mi, or eu take x in the plural, except 
 /anrf«7«, sfirmw { = smock, frock.) Un <■%«««( = a hat). Des 
 chnpeauT. Vnfeu ( = a fire), Dutifiux ( = fires.) 
 
 18. Nouns ending in ou form the plural regularly by adding 
 », except the following neven which take x : 
 
 Le bijou ( = the jewel) Le genou ( ^ the knee) 
 
 Le caillou ( = the pelihle) Le hibou ( - the owl) 
 
 Le chou ( r, the cabliage) Le joiijou ( =^ the toy) 
 
 L? poll f = the louHe. 
 
 19. Nouns ending inn/ change this teimination into CT«,r. 
 Un mat de dents ( = tooth-ache.) Des maux de dents ( = tooth- 
 aches.) Un general. Des gemraux. 
 
8YN0PTUAL FRENTIl (JRAMMAB, 
 
 20. But the following Iw.'ln nouns form the plur»l regularly 
 
 Ubal ( 
 
 Lf hercail t 
 Lo cal ( 
 
 Le carnavfti ( 
 \m chacal ( 
 Le iKtail ( 
 
 1>alll 
 
 - sheupfold) 
 
 - calloHJtyt 
 
 - carnival) 
 
 - jackal) 
 r.^ tlutail) 
 
 V ^pouvaiitail ( = ncarocrow) 
 L' iventail ( - '»" 
 Le gouvemail ( = rudrler) 
 U- pal ( ---- «'»'"') 
 
 Le portail ( " gate) 
 
 Le r^gal ( ™ treat). 
 
 •)1 The following i-iyht nouns have two plural forms, one 
 regular, the other irregular with a different meaning : 
 L- ol ,a ( = the grandfather) Les mux ' = the ancestors) 
 Lec-e ='l>e«ky) Les ««x = the heavens) 
 
 vUl = the e/e) L-» y«-ar = the ej-es) 
 
 Btlail ( =■ cattle) Bestiaux ( - cattle). 
 
 •>•' Use of the In all constructions, in which the 
 plural or the sense allows of the complimentary 
 sinKlllai. 1""" being consifleref> as either smgu- 
 
 lar or plural, either number may be employed. 
 
 Des habits do f^mnie or de f»mm>-s ( = Women's clothes). 
 Des confitures de gro.eilh or gro»-ith, ( = Gooseberry preserves^ 
 lis ont oto leur chipeiu or leurs chap'aux ( = They took off 
 their hats). 
 
 "3 Pliirnl of Proper names preceded by the plural 
 " ' nponpi- article mav always take the sign of the 
 
 nnmea. I>1"™1 ■ C est la gloire de la France d avoir 
 
 donne le jour ii des iU,rneilU>, des Raeim^, des f^marh,y> et 
 des IlurJ, ( = It is France's glory to have given birth to men 
 UkeCorneille,«acine, I.martine and Hugo) .Le-'^«''~ 
 au.si recherchcs que les Meissom^rs et les Petmlles { = Ui\\et^ 
 pictures are as much sought after as Meissonier s and DetaiUes). 
 9t Plural of When nouns derived from other languages 
 foreign have become thoroughly nationalised, they 
 MOIIIIS may tal^e ^^^ -^'Sn "f »''*' P'"™' '• 
 
 Des expnts ( = permission to leave) 
 Des paturB et des avm. 
 I', romnound They mav be written without a hyphen : 
 iionns. D*--" ''hefs d'oeuvre ( = master-pieces.) 
 
 Des arcs en ciel ( = rainbow.s). 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOB FREE cnMFOHlTloN. 7 
 
 or. Plnrnl of When compounil nouns arr- written in 
 
 nouns. f">- the formation of the plural in Himple 
 
 """Un contrevent (M.) Pes contrevents. (p.) ( = shutterH) 
 
 L- ch.'vrefeuille (s) Des chwrefeuiUos (].) ( = honeysuoker). 
 
 •'7 When a compound noun is made of two distinct vari- 
 able'words, they both take the plural form : 
 
 Le rh.,i Hnl ( = tiKer-cat) Les rh.t. H,,r.> = two nouns. 
 
 L" coffr.};>H ( = safe) U-s <-offre> fortn = noun and adj. 
 
 -8 If a compouml noun is mode up of a verb and a noun, 
 a PI .position or an adverb and a noun, the noun alone chanjies. 
 ' 1& h.n,chon ( = a c.rkscrew) Des Ih: hourhm. ( = verb 
 
 '""'v.m.us lieutenant ( =a sub-lieutenant) Des sous lieutenants 
 ( = preposition and noun). 
 
 -.9 \ compound noun made up of a noun, a pr.;,o>itwn 
 expr'essec'. or understood, and a «<mn, plural,.os the firM noun 
 
 "" ^ ' Une nmrhim a vapeur ( = a steam engim) 
 Des marAirwx a vapeur ( = steam engmes) 
 .50 Some compound nouns, consi.lering their meaning, or 
 on account of their elliptic form, ren.ain always singular or 
 
 ^'" Un nhatjour ( = shade) De.abafj,.ur =things which bring 
 
 '"Tfporf !■■/,/•. or Des porte clefs ( = one who carries the 
 kevs = a turnkey.) 
 
 ■ N B -However, there is a tendency to adopt a s<)parato 
 form forthe singular and for the plural, as we niay seo by the 
 following nouns.^'whose first components are to bo found m many 
 
 other words : ^ ^u ■ i \ 
 
 Vn cure dent ( = a tooth-pick) 
 Un tire lignc ( = a drawing-pen) 
 Un couvre pied ( = a blanket). 
 
 QUESTIONS FOB EXAMINATIONS. 
 1. How n.a.>y numl«,-. are there? How <lo you form the plural of 
 nouns ? 
 
 •2. When are nouns invariable t 
 
8 HVNOPTICAL rHKyOH riRAMMAH, 
 
 8. Kow <lo you fi.rni tlu' plural of nouns in an, ,u, at .' 
 
 nilJof „1m,'f r"T '"•'/""" '" ""■ ""• "'• *'""'• •'•I*"' '""■ ""' "'•pectiv. 
 niiM oi nouuH In n', m', on. 
 
 a. flive iiouni with a double plural. 
 
 6. What IcimlK of noun« can Uke either the lingular or the plural ? 
 
 7. How <lo y,m form the plural of proper nanieii ? 
 
 8. How do you form the plural of compound nouna ? 
 
 HBCITATIOK. 
 Ma Xi>mmnriie 
 Quand> tout' renait' it 1' eHpiTanre*, 
 Et que* r hiver" fuit' loin' Ht' nous ; 
 Sous' le beau'" ciel" fit- notre" France, 
 Quand le Holeil" revient" plus" doux" ; 
 Quand la nature est reverdit" ; 
 Quand 1' liirondelli." est de retour," 
 
 J'aime" a r.-voir" ina Norniandie 
 
 C'est le pays" (lui" m'a donnc'" le jour". 
 
 J' ai vu" les champs" de I'Helv^tie, 
 
 Et »e» chalets" et ses f,daciers ; 
 
 J' ai vu le fiol" de 1' Italie, 
 
 Et Venis^, tt ses gondoliers. 
 
 En saluant*" cha(|ue" patrie'-' ; 
 
 Je nv -Hsai!," ; Aucun"* si'jour" 
 
 N' est plus beau que ma Norniandie — 
 
 C est le pays <iui m' a donni- le jour. 
 
 — Fri'iihk Hn-at. 
 
 «■ ^l!f/l.. ^t'j?'^^"''"* 3. 1- born ajain. 4. hoiw. 5. when. 
 1? JIJ"'.» '• '"»»PP<'«"- 8. far. 9. uml.r. 10. teauUful. 
 !-• hi^™"- ""'■• "• '"■"• '*• "">">s. 15 more. 16. sweet mild). 
 aV &'"?,«""'" »»'?'" ^ swallow. 19. return trip. ' 
 
 M. Srsi^'ourT"- ^•■""''''erland.c^inTy!- 3?ul^ to..y. 
 
 THE ARTICLE. 
 The article agrees with the noun in gen ler and number. 
 31. Definite /.epore ( = the father^ 
 Article. Ln mere ( = the mother.; 
 
 Les peres et meres ( = che fathers and mothers. ) 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FRBE COMPORITION. 
 
 9 
 
 0« p*r« ( -. of the father.) An [.ire ( .. to the father.) 
 
 J>r la mire ( of the mother. ) A In mere ( to the mother. ( 
 
 /*» i.*r<-« et mirei ( = of the ^ lu- |>ire« et ni»re« ( - to the father. 
 father»«ml mother.). anil motlien. 
 
 3-'. EliHlon. When If or la cunies before a vowel or A 
 mute, the vowel a or a in elided. 
 
 IVamour ( = h>ve.) Lhomme (lineman.) 
 
 llel amour ( ^- of love.) Del'hommc ( - of the man.) 
 
 A 1 amour ( to love.) A 1' honime ( _ to the man. ) 
 
 33. Xo eliNion tal(i"< places in /<■ niizr. h «», la mintf. If out. 
 
 34°. Indefllllt*' iin ( = a or an, befoi-e niase. nouns. 
 
 Article. «HP( = a or an, before fern, nouns. 
 
 I'll livre ( = a biwk.) iirn- plume ( = a ]>en.) 
 3i5'. Partitive It denote.s a portion or part of a whole 
 
 Article. and mu.st always be expressed in French. 
 
 It is translated by some, any. 
 
 It is : /)n niasc. before conwmants. />« pain ( = some brearl.) 
 
 D'hiiem. " " /J*' /« pate ( = seine |>aste.) 
 
 /''■fi jilural, both jfenders. Dfs lys I = some lilies.) 
 
 />»•/' before a vowel or A mute. Vh /'eau ( = scmie water.) 
 
 36.' 
 (le In et J 
 
 Partitive rf« is used instead of the precedinjj t/ii, 
 !., after a negative verb : 
 
 La femnie u' a pas ofe pain ( = the woman has no bread.) 
 
 37. Partitive tie is generally used if an adjective precedes 
 
 the ncmn, but rfii, dr la, elc, are allowe<l. 
 
 />« bon pain or Dit bon pain ( = s.inu. g,s«l bread ) 
 De beaux lys or Deg beaux lys (= some Ix-autiful lilies.) 
 3S°. Possessive Possession is ex|)re.s.sed by t/f (=of): 
 Case. My father's house or The house of mv 
 
 fath er : = La maison de mon pcre. 
 
 goUlTu';;fn*i,"r;e'!j':r™"'°""' "°"'^ ^ ^ ^"''' "■»'^'' " " ""'"' "' 
 39. Special rnles. The definite article is u.sed in French 
 where the indettnite is in English, before nouns of measure 
 weight and number : Du beurre « un franc In livre ; (Butter at 
 one franc a pound.) 
 
 40.° Before names of countries, abstract nouns, adjectives 
 used substantively, titles followed by the name. 
 
 la France est un pays chaud (=France is a warm . ■.) 
 
10 
 
 KYNOPTlrAL rRKXt'H (IHAMMAR, 
 
 I.II clmritv I'Ht uiic vcrtu (— Charity i" a virtue.) 
 
 L- iKilr t'Ht une coulour (le cleuil ( = Black is a ciilor of 
 
 mourning. 
 
 /,<- Hoi EilouanI rat fiU ile ta Heine Victiiria ( = King 
 
 £<lwar(l ix win of (jueen V'ictiiria.) 
 
 41'. Repetition The artii-le \» re(>eateil l)efi>re every 
 of Article. noun : L' frere et In Ho-ur ( The 
 brother luiil the siHter.) 
 
 It may 1k' Huppi-esned when twoadjeetiveHt'onnei'tefl by rt refer 
 to the «inie ;ioun, but in niich a way as really to denote two 
 diU'en'i thingn. 
 
 L' 'lire anoienne et niixlerne or L' hixtoirc ancienne et la 
 niodeme ( = Ancient and McKlern History.) 
 
 42.° Articles The definite and indefinite articles are 
 omitted, omitted Ix'fore orilinal nunilx-rH in enumer- 
 ations, or to indicate the ordc- of |Mii)es, kings, etc., iwljectives 
 used as nouns or i'ic» rersi'i, nouns in apismition, titles of a b<s>k, 
 afti'i- iiufl. etc., in exclamations, afier adverlw of quantity, 
 nieo-sure, weight ; and in proverbs. 
 
 Ijivre ilcux, page dix ( = B<K>k the Second, page ten.) 
 
 Charles premier ( = Char'.es the First.) 
 
 Son pcTc iHt conitc et pair tl'Angleterre ( = His father is an 
 earl anfl jioer of England.) 
 
 Mon pire 1 1 lit ofiicier ( — My father was an officer. 
 
 T/c gtniral Cut ri'<,u en trioniphe, honneur qu'il mi'ritait 
 liipii ( = The general was re<-t'ived in triumph, nn honour he 
 well desi'rved.) 
 
 Giographie du Canada ( = A Geography of Canada.) 
 
 Qui'l bf lu tableau ! ( = What a fine jiicture ! ) 
 
 Beaueoup <\v pain et peu de beurre ( = Much bread and 
 little butter.) 
 
 Pauvretil nest pas vice ( = poverty is no crime.) 
 
 4:!., Aliicle in B-fore adverbs plug, mieuK, mmn», 
 
 Coill|)ni'ison8. articles le. la, leu are emplo_,ed and 
 declined to agree with noun. 
 
 Ia- choval est le plus noble dos aniniaux : ( = The horse is 
 the noblest oi animals.) 
 
 Iji riwc est Id plus belle des tleurs ( = The rosi- is the hnest 
 of flowers.) 
 
null MATKHIAL rUK rilKK rilMPllHITIIIN. II 
 
 I^'t liiioii IflU's wHit I'M plus re|iiili>s ilcs iiiw-uux ( = "Dii" 
 HWiillmvs me t!i' swiftoHt i)f l)ir<N.) 
 
 44. Allverbinl it iMiM>rmltt<"l touw /'plm, /"•moins 
 
 fnrm of the ftv., <>r Im plus. /<■« inoins, in wntcnci'H 
 
 Snperlatlve. Huchas: On n ttUittu li's urlirrs /#• 
 
 plus or /»» phis exiMwi'H it In ti'iiii>"to ( = They hiivp fflliMl the 
 
 trwH iiiiwt exiHMed to the itorin.) 
 
 (JUEHTIOX8 FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 I. What in the ortiilc ? 
 
 '2. How iiiAiiy kiixU nf articles ftre there? 
 
 .1 Wliat it tlie ileHiiitu article 7 
 
 4. l>i.'fliie the wonl KtiiioH f 
 
 .'i. (^ hen are wonls elided 1 
 
 II. What is the partitive article ? 
 7. When is partitive dr used 7 
 
 When can you use either iU or lUi, il>- fn, etc. ? 
 
 H')W is the posso.^sivj case expresse I in French 7 
 
 When is the definite article used in French 7 
 
 Kaumerate cases wiien no articb is usmI. 
 
 ^^'hen is tlefinito article repeat. h1 ? 
 
 Wliat alsiut /e heTo e //(w, mi Mr, mniHt f 
 
 When is the neuter form h plus, allowed for /^- plus '.' 
 
 RECITATION. 
 Le fifrrf tt le I'ltttiff. 
 
 Le lierro', eti' serpentaiit" le lonK* <1 uno niurailli"*, 
 
 V'it' un petit' nwier' et so rit° do sa taillc'". 
 
 L'arbustf" lui" n'pond" — " Apprcnds'* que", sans" appui'' 
 
 J'ai pu" inclcver" par" moi mrme'" ; 
 
 Mais" toi", dont" ror^-ucir^' est" extrrme, 
 
 Tu"' raini)orai.<" encor'", sans le sejours d'autrui"'. 
 
 --/-^ Ji,iill>/. 
 
 1. Ivy. 2. whilst. 3 wtndlnr. 4. alonif. i. wall. 8. saw. 7. small 
 8. ros'-hush 9 snored. 10. size II. shrub. 12 to hinl (Itl. I?, replies. 
 I), linrn 15. that (conj.) 18 without. 17. help. 18. I have been abl.-. 
 IC. nil.^e or rl»e. 20 by. 21. niyclf. 22. but. 23. thou. 21. whose. 
 2S. prldp. 28.1s. 27. thou. 28. wouldst be crawling. 26 sllll. a), others. 
 
12 
 
 8YX0PTICAL FRENCH GKAMMAR, 
 
 THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 Formation of the J'f.viinine. 
 
 45. Adjectives are of three sorts : 
 
 Qnalif}'ln|r : L' homme est nmrtel ( = Man is mortal). 
 Determinative: CV rosier est petit ( = This rosebush is small). 
 Indefinite : Chnque peuple a ses di'fauts (=: Every nation has 
 its faults). 
 
 46. Agreement. Adjectives agree with the nouns to which 
 they belong both in gender and number ; Le petit rosier — 
 Les petits rosiers : La petite muraille — Les petites murailles. 
 
 47. Tlie Feminine. It is formed by adding c mute to 
 the masculii unless the masculine already ends in e mute. 
 
 48. Adjectives in : eil, el> en. et, On, double the final /, n or 
 t and add e mute. 
 
 pareil (m) pareille(f. ) ( = alike). 
 morteljni) mortelle (f) (-niorlftl). 
 ancien (m) ancienne (f) {=ancient). 
 niuet (ni) muette If) (=(lumb). 
 Imn (m) bonne (f) (=good). 
 
 49. Adjectives in :er, ei" and amipfet, ei»ii-ivt, dim-ret, inrpiiet, 
 replet, secret, instead of doubling the final consonant, take a grave 
 accent on the e preceding the r or the t. 
 
 ^^^This rule stands good with almost any e followe<l by a 
 single consonant and e mute, 
 altier (ni) 
 herger ( ni ) 
 coniplet (nO 
 
 50. 
 
 altiere (f) ( = haughty J. 
 
 Iwrgere (f) ( ^^shepheni and s'.iephenless. 
 
 cjniplite (f) ( = complete). 
 
 Adjectives with a double niasc. form. 
 
 Beau, bel (m) belle (f) ( -beautiful), 
 
 junieau, junicl (m) jumelle (f) ( — twin), 
 
 nouveau, nouvel fni) nouvelle ff) (-new), 
 
 fou, fi.l (m) folic (f) (=f<nliph). 
 
 nu>u, niul (m) niolle (f) (=sfift). 
 
 vieuy, vicil (m) v!eU!e (f) (=ol(3). 
 
 ^^ The s(?coiid ma.sc. form is used only before nouns begin- 
 ning with a vt^wol or A mute. 
 
 Un h-'aii <;ar(;on ( = A fine b*tv) 
 Un bel enfant { = A fine child). 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COM POSITION. 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 51. Adjectives Change X into « and add « mute : 
 ending in X. jaloux (m) jalouse (f) ( = jealous) 
 
 heureux (m) heureuse (£) ( = happy). 
 ^The three adjectives : faux ( = false) roux ( = saniy [of colour] ) diiux 
 ( = 8weet, mildl, form their feminine : fausac, i-ousse and douce. 
 
 52. Adjectives in : f. Change /into V and add e mute : 
 
 neuf (m) neuve (f) ( = new), 
 craintif (m) craintive (f) ( = fearful). 
 
 53. Adjectives in :C. Changer into ?« and a-ld e mute. 
 
 public (m) publique (f) ( = public), 
 turc (m) turque (f) ( = turkish). 
 
 5 i. Bllinc ( = white) fran-, ( = frank) sec ( = dry) frais, 
 ( = fresh) form their femini.ie respectively : Blanch^'/mnche, 
 
 ttech"-, fra leh*!. 
 
 N. B.— Greo (m) Grecque (f) ( = Gi-eek), keeps the c and 
 adds qu,'.. 
 
 5-^. Adjectives in : ons take in the faminine ue. Lon" (m) 
 
 longue(f) ( = long). "^ ' 
 
 56. Adjectives in :gn place a diwr.-sis (■■) over the final 
 e mute: aigu (ni) a'gue (f) ( = sharp or acute.) 
 
 57. Adjectives in : enr form their feminine in euae if 
 derived from a verbal stem : 
 
 trompeur (m) trompeuse (f) ( = deceptive), from Iromppr. 
 Those in teur have trice in the feminine : 
 ac^usateur (m) accusatrice (f) ( = accusing). 
 
 58. Piicheur ( = sinful) enchanteur ( = charming) vengeur 
 ( = avenging) make respectively : pecheres,se, enchanteresse, 
 vengeresse. 
 
 59. Meilleur ( = better) majeur ( - greater) mineur ( = min jr) 
 supurieur ( = superior) etc., add e mute to the masculine. 
 
 60. The following adjectives double the final consonant 
 before taking e mute : 
 
 bellot ( = pretty) las { = tired) 
 
 pWot { = palish) ipais ( = thick) 
 
 sot ( =^ foolish) exprcs ( = positive 
 
 vieUIot ( = oldish) gros ( = big). 
 
 Ui ( ^ low) „ul ( =, „u, 
 
 gras ( = fat). gentil ( = amiable). 
 
14 
 
 61. 
 
 SVNOPa'ICAL FHENCH GRAMMAR, 
 
 Some adjectives do not follow any general rule, 
 
 Wniii (m) 
 ™alin (ni) 
 f«vori (m) 
 coi (ni) 
 
 nissous (m) 
 htibreii (ni) 
 
 b^nigne 
 
 maligne 
 
 favorite 
 
 coite 
 
 diHNntite 
 
 h^hrai.jue (f) 
 
 ( = good-natured). 
 ( = malicious. ) 
 ( — favourite.) 
 ( = (luiet. ) 
 ( = (liHsolved.) 
 ( ^ Hebrew.) 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 tions. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 eiir? 
 
 13. 
 ing in til 
 14 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMIVATIOX. 
 How many kinds of adjectives are there ' 
 Are adjectives variable words ' 
 How do you form the feminine of adjectives ' 
 How „ the feminine of adj. in eil, el, en, el, „„, forn.el ' 
 
 How 1 ^^'^''^•J''' h^^ng a double masculme form 
 How do you know the feminine of adjectives ' 
 
 "hat IB the feminine of adjectives ending/' 
 
 " hat ,s the feminine of adj. in . generally ? and name exoep. 
 
 How is the femimne of adj. i„ o,,, and y„ formed ' 
 
 How many ways do you know of forming the feminine of adj. in 
 
 l^::,: etc"" "^'^ ""''•'""^ "«' '-» ^n-nant, though not end- 
 Give the feminine of coi, traUre, hlhreu, malin, etc. 
 
 RECITATION. 
 
 Apres^ la pluie' 
 La pluie a verse* ses ondt^s* ■ 
 Le ciel' reprend' son bleu chan«eant • 
 Les terres' luisenf fecond,«s» 
 Comme'» sous" un ri^seau" dWent ■» 
 i^ petit rui.,seau'* de la plaine 
 l^our une heure" cnfie", roule" et traine" 
 Bnns d'herbes-, le^ards'endonnis " '" 
 Court et, pr.-cipitant»* son onde," 
 Du haut»»d'un caillou" .,u'i] inonde, 
 i'ait dps Niagaras aux" fourmis. 
 
 19. draes. 20. bliSi. '21 „a° J^-i''"'?''- "-"foils. H rolls 
 ^ w«er. 21. top. .7. ^>>'Srri>.t'k^Ci^£!trtlt'S^k 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION". 
 
 15 
 
 THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 FORMATION OP THEIR PLURAL AND SYNTAX. 
 
 62. (jeiieral rule. The plural of adjectives is fdiiiiorl by 
 adrling s to the singular, unless the singular is already in s or .»■. 
 
 Vn homine tjrand et maiijre ( = A tall and thin man.) 
 Dos hommes (/randu et inaii/ fs ( = Tall and thin men.) 
 Un ymg lezard, — De yros lezards. 
 Un y/orieux combat — Des (nnibats ylorieux. 
 
 63. Adjectives (like lionns in al) change al into nux in 
 the masculine plural. 
 
 egal (m. s.) egaux (m. pi.) ( = equal.) 
 loyal (m. s.) loyaux (m. pi.) ( = faithful.) 
 amiral (ra. s.) amiraux (m. pi.) ( = admirals.) 
 
 64. Adjectives fatal, ylacial ( = icy) final, naval, etc., 
 take s. 
 
 65. Adjectives in eau or eu like nouns with the .same end- 
 ings form their plural by i'. 
 
 Un beau ruis.seau — De heatix ruis.seaux. 
 
 Le peuple hi-hreu ( = Hebrew people.) Le livres hi'bre.ux. 
 
 66. Two adjectives in cm : bleu ( = blue), feu ( = late, 
 deceased) take «. 
 
 67. Tout ( = all) becomes Uma. The feminine is regular. 
 
 68 Position of 
 Adjectives. 
 
 precede it : 
 
 Adjectives are placed after 
 in French, but the folluwin 
 
 ? noun 
 nerally 
 
 ancicn 
 
 beau 
 
 bon 
 
 cher 
 
 grand 
 
 gros 
 
 jeune 
 
 - ancient) j'dH 
 beautiful) maiivais 
 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 ( = good) 
 
 ( = <lear) 
 
 ( = great) 
 
 ( = big) 
 
 ( = young) 
 
 ( = 
 
 nieilleur 
 
 :io«veau 
 
 ])etit 
 
 vieux 
 
 vilain 
 
 retty) 
 ( - tiad)" 
 ( = l>ctter) 
 ( — new) 
 ( " little) 
 ( - old) 
 ( - ugly) 
 
 69. Concord of tlie In 
 Adjective. de 
 
 always agree with the subject : 
 
 venir ii bout ( = She guarantees to succeed.) 
 
 the expres-sion 
 ( = to guarante<!) 
 
 /aire fort 
 forf mav 
 
 Elle se fait fort or forte den 
 
16 
 
 70. 
 
 SYNOPTICAI, FRENCH ORAMMAP, 
 
 nouns r"" "u '*''^'"'"* S'^''^'^'-^. it >na, 
 
 line. whateSe gender of t^^^^-^ ""'^ ~- 
 Ai,,.artement.s et chambres m>;ihl>-3 
 { = Furnishefl apartments and rwms.) 
 
 r If ?„;.■■ '' '" ^■""" """^ < = ™"- «-h and fi,h.) 
 
 -t --^ of'L*tr::„dt:"*i,r,,«-i- t «'^^-"- 
 
 .»rf«™», (^Sleeping lizard, and J^entf) ''' ""^'"P'^"*' 
 
 witJL ^nl^H^^!^' j,:^r 25ln^ = '"'- -^ ^^'- 
 ^^r^CeTStrTHZlJf' "^^ "" "^** "' "" *^'^ < = ^^ -Iks 
 Une *„„• heure or *„u> heure d'am-t ( = half an hour stoD i 
 ehar-tX/^"^'" ^-•'-="'^-^-^'* ( ^ the late Quel X^ 
 
 theJtuK£!^[^-,Si;'-l«b,^^^ .,, 
 
 aKlu'^ ( = wheS' """ '=""'?"' ' = "»' including) 
 
 ciinch,, ( = h"Scl„se<l, S^.r™''"'' T '"^'•"""«' 
 ci jomt ( = hereunto annexed). i£>,i = "'^"H*) 
 
 except* ( = except) ' ^1™,,. = K"™ «" etc.) 
 
 "PP"™ ( = 8uppo.sed) 
 n; • . , . . ™ ( = examined) 
 
 Li j„j„< or j,nnte», les lettre.s demandOe-s. 
 
 ( = hereunto annexed the required letters) 
 
 ^«.^or/,v,«j.^„ *^„,,,,, „,are'handi^:dXre:d-'r'''' "^ 
 ( = 1 a,n .^nd,ng you, carriage paid, the g Js deti^:;'beWr" 
 
 ( = She has a mild expression^ ^ '' '"" '''""•' "' '^'^'^ 
 
 .n^^Z^r ''^'"-^''^^^ ^■•-^''^-. -demoiselle ( = You look 
 
fies several 
 iers, it may 
 and mascu- 
 
 • Stop.) I 
 
 1 
 
 WITH MATERIAL POK FREE COMPOSITION. 17 
 
 7<i. Compound They may be written in one word (with- 
 adjectives, out hyphen) an<l follow the u»ua rule 
 of agree.nent of the last component alone. 
 
 Un lil» miwemnt ( = a new-born son). 
 
 II ■ ,"""."<""•' -"'"<■■■ { = a new-born .lauL-hter) 
 line Uit.ire co„rlrelu- ( =^ a 8hort-»ki,te.i milk-mai.l ) 
 I -•» a,t.ire8 co„./,.,-,„e,, ( =, »hort-»kirte.l milk-m^ » ' 
 Ihs fruits a,»r«;o«a- ( = half-sweet, half-«o„r fn'it) 
 -- 4j. ■; ' pears. 
 
 .u' . .r-"®*^*,'*®^ employed adverbially never airree 
 
 neither do those denoting colours. ^ ' 
 
 Catte femme chantey««^ ( = This woman sin«s out of tune ) 
 
 La vUla-eoise porte une robe bleu clair ( = The viUa-^e S 
 
 wears a pale-blue dress.) ^ ine village girl 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 1. How do vou form the plural of adj ? 
 2 How do _v , J writ* adj. in a/ in the plur ? 
 
 How do you form the plur. of a<ij. in tau and ,u ? 
 \\hit IS the plur. of hhu,fim, toiitj 
 Where are adjectives placed in French » 
 
 Naau adjectives g-^norally placed before the noun they qualify. 
 How does/ort agree in the expression >e fain fort rfe « 
 How does an adj. agree when qualifying several nouns ? 
 Wliat 18 to be said about h«, demi,feu ' 
 
 What are the rules of agreement of appro,,,^, ,.„, rOoi,,,, etc' 
 r„ir . " ''*' ""^ ""^^ »8r- which goes with the expression a^ir 
 
 con,^undltUive°s^ ""'' "*""' "-^ '^reement and the formation of 
 13. Do adjectives used adverbially vary? Examples 
 
 Why arc not the adjectives feminine in : u,k robt bku c/air ! 
 RECITATION. 
 
 Le ntiroir. 
 La petite Laura s' admirait dans la glace 
 ba mere dit :" Remets' ce miroir a sa place " 
 " Je veux» me voir' ! " repond 1' enfant 
 tn pleurant,* criant, trepignant. ' 
 " Tu le veux ? Oh ! alors," regarde' ta grimace." 
 M Laura vit,' dans le miroir. 
 Un enfant en colore" opou van table'" a voir. 
 
 —Hat^ahiynne. 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 14. 
 
 .. Put back. ._wa„t. _3.^. ^j. «.j^,^ , „„„^,,„„, „ ^^^„ 
 
 . look at. 
 2 
 
18 
 
 SyNOPTICAl FBENCH OHAMSAR, 
 
 OF THE POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLA 
 TIVE DEGREES IN ADJECTIVES 
 
 .>J™-„Jl\Cr:''" " ^'^ "'J^*'- '*-« ■■ l^n enfant 
 
 ity or equality : "parison either of tupenortty, in/erim: 
 
 Laura „■ estpo. „• "^Zl IZ, Zi T >"f«7,""t.v. 
 i^aura est ««*„• ^m,,* ,„, ^^^^^ ^ ^^^i^^^ 
 
 by le, ,a, u. in/ect,:t*b;z„:'::'"L '* " "'^"^'^ p^"^'^^-^ 
 
 notr^pS = /;,ti.':''" " ^^ ^'"^ •"''" P^y' <!" -«"<le e.t 
 J/b» ^/«, jeune ami est ici = relative. 
 La Normandie est tr^s riche - absolute 
 
 -Th. bread .s very good ..„d extremely cheap)! absolute. 
 folWing '"' ™'^ '™^''"- '"^J^'-'=' i" Freneh are the 
 
 ^"i Meilleur -i^ „.„•„ 
 
 ManvnJu u- 1 ^* meilleur 
 
 more than twenty years old?) '"gt ans ( ( = Are you : 
 
 /^«. oTtVte'^rtrchat:i:;rr n^ ^^^^ ^ 
 
 one listens to that song, the more one likes it.) ^ ^ ^''^ '"'"'" 
 subjutctive'' ml^''. ^tvl'"* 1 ^"Perlative is generally in the 
 and most solid I know^ ""^^ ^'^ "'^ ">-«' ^ 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE C0MP08ITI0N. 
 
 19 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 85. There are two kinds of numeral adjectives, those denot- 
 ing the quantity ~ cardinal, and those denoting rank - ordinal. 
 
 Trente 
 Quaranto 
 
 Un 
 
 Doux 
 
 Troi« 
 
 Quatre 
 
 Cinq 
 
 Six 
 
 Sept 
 
 huit 
 
 neuf 
 
 dix 
 
 Onze 
 
 Douze 
 
 Treize 
 
 Quatorze 
 
 Quinze 
 
 Seize 
 
 Dix sept 
 
 Dix liuit 
 
 Dix neuf 
 
 V'ingt, 
 
 Cinquante 
 S<)i Xante 
 Soixante dix 
 Quatre vingts 
 Quatre vingt dix 
 Cent 
 Mille, etc., 
 
 Are cardinal numbers. 
 
 86. The ordinal are formed by adding «;m« to the cardinal 
 numbers, with the following euphonic changes : cinqtii^nw, 
 neuvihne and premier for the very first. 
 
 ^^Use the cardinal numbers in speaking of dates and 
 order of succession. 
 
 87. Yingt and Cent may take an a when multiplied by 
 another number, even though no number follows : Quatre vingts 
 dix honimes. Cinq cents qratre vingts chevaux : 
 
 |^°No hyphen i.s necessary between numbers : Dix sept. 
 Vingt trois. 
 
 88. In dates, mille or mil may be used indifterently. 
 L'an mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix or L'an mille neuf cents 
 quatre vingts dix : 
 
 89. Demonstrative ndjeetives are : 
 
 ce (ma.sc. sing. bef. consonants.) j 
 Get (masc. sing. bef. vowels.) this or that. 
 
 Cette (fem. sing.) ) 
 
 Ces (plural, common to all.) . . J- these or those. 
 g)ir"'VVhen it is necessary to show whether the person or 
 object spoken of is mtar or far, add ci or /('( to nouns, with or with- 
 out a hyphen. 
 
 Ce miroir ci or miroir-ci et cette glace lii or glace-la. 
 
 90. Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number 
 with the noun which follows them. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 • , ' 
 
 BOTH GENDERS. 
 
 Mes ( = my 
 
 Tes ( = Thy 
 
 Ses ( = His, Her, its.) 
 
 MASU. 
 
 FEM 
 
 Mon 
 
 Ma 
 
 Ton 
 
 Ta 
 
 Son 
 
 Sa 
 
20 
 
 "V-VOPTICAL PBE.VCH OHA.MMAR. 
 
 ■■"""•'■*«i 
 
 the ^^mr'tlme."'-' *'"" *" "''J^'' belongs to several per«,„s 
 
 i^'iKular. 
 
 BOTH OEXDERS. 
 
 Notre 
 Votie 
 Leur 
 
 Plural. 
 
 BOTH (iE.VDEHs, 
 
 Nos ( = our) ' 
 V^o« ( = your) 
 
 -». take the nWeot""*"'"''''^ 
 "n8ular„ou„: Cllr-"'- -hen t^ 
 
 ^ ^ Son h„.eur tr.te ( = H^U „' ^ "^ ^"""'^ 
 
 --po.£--C^';;:«S--not„, 
 =ttir-'^^'-*^-^°"™T;::^--^ 
 
 wh^'it Ju^atC'wittuTdSl'^*''^ -- "fa town 
 people and the town itself """°"*'"" "^ meaning between the 
 
 appaSrnS:::rr^-^'-»'-'''"^-ur ( = .„ Hon,e 
 
 Ty'^^'^:^y:''c:^:r^r^:iZ "P«*"«. one „.a. a.o 
 M de son fiJs ( _ Thi. „otherl aZl' **"" ''^•"''^"^ ''"s 
 of her son.) """"" " imte happy in the success 
 
 n.areha„d,ses de .... .„,.,, or'.tt:f 7.''ro^--^^I^es 
 
 93- Aucun, used with ,.„ 
 - r'' - in the singular ' £' 'fails '^"'P'"^'^' '" *'"' P'-al ■ 
 ?»•'»«« ) = Make no plans.) ^' """"" ^'•">'« or „„.„„ 
 
 theSLSra::^-^^ g3;^e „ou,^r pronoun in 
 
 Nous mi'mes ( = o i "^ ^ "'«'''• 
 
 Gods themselves.) "'■se'ves.) Le., dj^y^ ^.^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^ 
 
WITH MATBHIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION. 21 
 
 P«"on» at jthey1^jMW^i%'„'irfin™vB7"'"P''''™ .hen, whenever 
 
 difficile ( = difficult) lent ( = «lowl 
 
 dlspiM* ( = disposed) prtt ( = ro<i.ly) 
 
 faci e ( = eauv) prompt ( = .luick) 
 
 habile ( = ,kifful) propre ( = At) 
 
 : Laura est prompte '! pleurer 
 : Elle est facile a mettre en colore. 
 
 (JUESTI0N8 FOR EXAMIXATION. 
 
 What are the degrees of comparison in adjectives ? 
 
 How many comparatives are there ! 
 
 (iive the comparative and superlative of hon, mam-au, pttil. 
 
 How do you form the superlative degree ? 
 
 In what cases do you use * instead of que in comparisons ? 
 
 What word is uied after the superlative degree ? 
 
 How many kinds of numerals are there ? Discuss them. 
 
 What have you to say about ringl, «,,(, milh ? 
 
 Discuss the demonstrative adjectives. 
 
 Say all that you know about the possessive adjectives 
 
 What peculiarities do you note about aucun, mtl, loul, mime ' 
 
 What adjectives take <i before an infinitive. 
 
 RECITATION. 
 
 L' reureuil ^-bleaan* 
 Vn ecureuil blesse, sur le bord' du chemin* 
 Appelait" au .secours' et soupirait' en vain. 
 Un de sea freres pas-se et le regards a peine.' 
 Le malheureux" allait" pi-rir de faim", 
 
 Quand'-" un loir'», sautillant" sur les branches d'un cWne", 
 intend' " sa plainte ; vite", il lui porte" de.s glands" 
 S'assied" a ses cotes'* et lui 16che" sa plaie." ' 
 
 La p»uvre bete con.solee 
 Sent" renaitre" sa force en ses membres tremblants, 
 be releve bientot" et rejoint .sa famille, 
 Qui pleurait" son absence au fond" d'une charmille"' 
 Le cceur«>, et non le sang»>, fait la fraternite; 
 Cast en lui qu'est ta source, 6 sainte charite. 
 
 — F. BntailU. 
 
 ^F «•' l\^^ t"T*-"«°^-"- '^^. ™-^e..\."s= 
 ^b"<^. "^'' ®- "'"'• ""Oteot P«rt 30. arbor. 31 heart. 
 
 8. 
 9. 
 10. 
 
 12. 
 
22 
 
 SYNOPTICAL PREJCCII ORAMMAR, 
 
 96. 
 
 reflexive. 
 
 THE PRONOUN. 
 
 Theconjaiictiveare. 
 
 Subj. 
 
 Dir. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Subj. 
 Der. 
 
 II, elle(-he, she, it.) 
 le, la ( = him, her, it 
 lui ( = tohim,her,it 
 
 SIKOULAH. 
 
 .. Je , = I). Tu(.-,thou) 
 
 obj. Me ( = Me). Te( = thee) 
 obj. Me (-Tome) Te (to thee) 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Datrve of place,, thmg,, etc, y (=t„ it, to him, to her, to them 
 
 »o. Ihe conjunctive pronouns used as diivw-t ,.- ,„ i- 
 objec^ precede the governin'g verb orThe^au^ in olro 
 
 prec'e^^rhSr."" "' ^"^ '"'"^ ^"»"' ^"^ '^'-' o^-J-- 
 ^ En : foi;>,w8 every pronoun and en follows : „ • 
 With a verb in the imperative affirmative thev follow and 
 me, te are changed into mot, lot. ' *°'' 
 
 Kegardez moi (Look at me.) 
 Ne me regardez pas (=Do not look at me.) 
 r«D«8el; 1"^^^' ^^^^' '"''^ ^^'•'' ^'"-^ """d some other verb, 
 
 the second, it remains invariable "^ ' '" 
 
 Etes vous la m6re de mon ami 1 Je la suis ( = person ) 
 Etes vous malade, madame ? Je le suis ( = K) 
 
 . J-^^' .P'SJnnct've pronouns. These are used to estahU,!, 
 '^''tte "^re^r"'"'•"'°^'" ^--ations, ^Z aUrib^t of 
 TheVa^? ^ ""' conjunctions and with m^^( = self) 
 
 SINOULAR. 
 
 1st person Moi ( = 1) xr "CBAL. 
 
 2ndpersonToi "Lu) vZ l^^"") 
 
 ardperson Luiorelle ( = He o,! she.) E^x^or elles ( = Sy!) 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COHPOalTION. 
 
 23 
 
 sjunctive or 
 
 B, she, it.) 
 lim, her, it.) 
 >him,her,it.) 
 
 ( = they.) 
 ( = them.) 
 to them.) 
 
 ir, to them. . 
 or imlirect J 
 in order of I 
 
 reet object * 
 
 - I 
 
 follow and i 
 
 Hoi ( = one self, themiielveg, himself.) 
 Chacun pour mi ( Everyone for himself.) 
 C'est lui <|ui est blewte ( = It is he who is wounde^l.) 
 II est plus charitable que loi. 
 98. Reflexive prononns are used in conjugating verbs in 
 »hich the subject and the object are the same person. 
 They are ; 
 
 SINdULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 Nous nous 
 Vous vous 
 
 ( lis se 
 Elles ne 
 
 I Les gens se 
 
 l.st " Je me 
 
 •2m'. " Tu te 
 
 I II se 
 
 .Ird person Elle se 
 
 I On se 
 
 (=1 sit down). 
 
 Nous noua aaseyons 
 Vous vous aii.juyez 
 lis a* asseyent 
 Klles s' asseyent 
 Les gens s' asseyent 
 
 They take the place of persons and 
 things in connection with a verb or 
 
 99. 
 
 ther verbs, 
 a the first 
 plural ; in 
 
 )erson.) 
 itate.) 
 
 i establish 
 ^tribute of 
 ^( = self.) 
 
 a. 
 
 = We.) 
 
 = You.) 
 = They.) 
 
 Je m' a-Hsieds 
 Tu t' ast)*eflH 
 II a' aasiei! 
 Elle h' aasied 
 On s' aHHie<l 
 
 Demonstrative 
 pi'onoDns. 
 
 a preposition, etc. 
 They ai e : 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 Neut. ce ( = this, that, it) 
 
 Ma.sc. cclui ( = he, the one) Ceux ( = these, the one) 
 
 Fern, celle ( = she, the one) Celles ( = these, the ones). 
 
 CV doit etre un ecureuil ( = It must be a squirrel). 
 
 6V -i le rend grand, c'est sa charito. 
 
 Celui qui aide son prochain seul comprend la fraternitc. 
 
 Vos chenes et ceux de notre pare. 
 
 100. Ci and la are added to the pronouns to express dis- 
 tance, with or without a hyphen. 
 
 Cette famille ci est plus heureuse que celle lit 
 
 101. Ce is a pronoun when used with a verb. 
 
 Ce ci, ce la may each be written in one word, without 
 distinction between ; Qu' est ce ci ; qu'est ce la as: Qu'est ceci ; 
 (ju'est cela 1 
 
 Ce is used for il, elle, eux, elln, with verb etre when it has 
 a noun for its attribute. 
 
 C'est un Franjais ( = He is a Frenchman). 
 Cest sa soBur ( = 81'- -s his sister). 
 
«T!fomcAL PRKlfCH ORAHMAR, 
 
 1 02 PmsMshe proBoins tn -. 
 
 iHt penon 
 2nd " 
 3rfl " 
 
 ■IMIULAR. 
 
 / mane. Le mien 
 ' fcm. Lamienne 
 
 i mue. Le tien 
 I tern. La tienne 
 t maw. Jje sien 
 \ lent. La aienne 
 
 rLURAL. 
 
 ( Leg mien* ( - mine) 
 
 ) I^ieg miennea. 
 
 / Le8 tien* ( » thine) 
 
 I Lea tiennex 
 
 / Leu HienH ( - his, hern, iV,) 
 
 I Le* aiennen. 
 
 COLLRCTIVK 
 
 aiNnuLAR. 
 
 l»t person / "■*=• ^ "'*•*« 
 I fern. La nfltre 
 
 2nd " ' "•*«■ le vi.tre 
 ) fem. La vdtre 
 
 3rd " / "'"c. Le leur 
 I fem. La leur 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 j Leu ndtres ( - oura) 
 j Le« vfitres (-yours) 
 I 1*8 leurg ( t: theirs). 
 
 Un de V08 fr^res pame avec h mien. 
 
 1^ branches de leurs ch6ne« et celles d« „^tr^, 
 
 per^nai pr^r^'lXprpT"' '^ """'""^ '^ -^'^J"-"- 
 Ce numlin est a /«• (-Thi, mjn i, hi»). 
 
 my own) """ ""'"" """"< = ' "'"° •'"^^ » ^ouse of 
 104. Belntlve and Interrogatire pronouns a.. . 
 
 Oue - "k"' *'•'!'.''' that, persons and th-ng.,). 
 
 Wue ( = whom, which, that <' " ) 
 
 Ue qui ( = whose, of whom, persons only) 
 A qui ( = to whom, .. ^i 
 
 MASr.sI.vo. FKM.8IN0. 
 
 Jfiuol Laqu.lle (= who, which) 
 
 AuS ^, ""'"f ^ 1 = "'' "'• *-■" -horn, which). 
 
 Auquel A laquelle ( = to whom, to which). 
 
WITH MATIBIAL FOR ntt COMPODITIOX. 
 
 25 
 
 HAM. PM-H. riM. PLUR. 
 
 Leiu|U('lH Jje* quelleH ( =: who, which) 
 
 DpiH|ueli< Denquellei ( ^ of, from, whom, what) 
 
 Aux<|UfIh Aux<|uellea ( ^ t<> whom, to which). 
 
 Lri/nfl dea deux appeUit au aecourit \ 
 Q>t' entt-ndez-vouN done t ( ^ What do you hear) ? 
 Qiii attendpz-voUK ? ( ^ Whom do vou expect ') 
 
 106. The aeljretiven ifuel, quelle, etc., mav be used a» pro- 
 nouns MimetimeH : 
 
 Qu'llfH et«icnt hcs vue» ' ( ^ What were his views) 
 (Jiifl Hge avei-vous T ( s= How old are you )) 
 
 Ok may be considcnx'. aa a relative pronoun of place and 
 time in the dative case. 
 
 Les temps o!i nous vivons ( =: The time in which we live). , 
 
 107. Indefinite prononns are : 
 
 autrui ( = others) rien 
 
 chacun ( = every one) rien . . ne 
 
 on or I\m ( = one, people, they) I'un Tautre, 
 
 pemonne (ssomelxxly) L'nn ct Tautre 
 
 personne. .ne ( = nobody)' L'un ou Taiure 
 
 quieonqne ( - whoever) 
 
 quel(£il iln ( -— «omeb<Kly ). 
 
 ( = something) 
 (-nothing) 
 ( = one another) 
 (=l>oth) 
 ( -either) 
 ni Tun ni I'autre ( — neither) 
 nul ( —no one), etc. 
 
 108. Cliacnn placed after the verb and referring to a plural 
 subject (»r complement, may be referred to by either son or leur : 
 
 Les I'cureuils jouaient chacun de snn or /»■«/• cntii 
 
 (=The squirrels played each on his(?) or their .side). 
 
 109. In answers, without the verb : PerstDDie, rinn, are used 
 absolutely, withnut ne : 
 
 Que cherchez-vous ? Jtieti, (=What are you looking for 1 
 Nothing. 
 
 110. Qui que ce Noit qui, >-miI'J. Qni que re soit que. obj. 
 
 ( — whatever the person may be) requires the following verb in 
 the subjunctive. 
 
 Qui qui' ce suit que nous ititju/nii, faisons le di-licatcment. 
 (= whatever the person may be whom we help, let us do it 
 delicately). 
 
Their translation, 
 
 ^^ SYNOPTICAL FRENCH GRAMMAR, 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 1 . How many kinds of pronouns are there ? 
 
 2. What are the conj. personal pronouns' 
 
 3. How are they used when objects of verbs » 
 
 verb^te?"*"*' ''° ^'°"' ''"°"' **""' ^'' '"• ''" "'"' »» a""l>"tes 
 5. What are the disjunctive pronouns ? 
 
 7. How and when are they used ? 
 
 8. Conjugate a verb reflexively. 
 
 9. What is to be said about en and v ' 
 position, etc. * ' 
 
 10. Give a list of demonstrative pronouns. 
 
 11. When are c> and M used ? and how ? 
 
 12. Explain the use of pronoun c€, 
 
 13. What are the possessive pronouns and how are they used ? 
 
 14. Say what yon know about relative and interrogative pronouns, 
 pronluns.'^'''''''" *''° '^"''^"'""^ **'*<*» '"variable and variable reUtive 
 
 16. What kind of words are qud and oht 
 
 17- (Jive a list of indefinite pronouns and the special rule of cAockh. 
 r.>»,'eic. "''*"•'' y™ ''"'"' »l>o"t "?«•■ ?«e ce mit qui or que, p.r»onm. 
 RECITATION. 
 
 La lanteme et la ckandelle. 
 Une chandelle un jour disait a la lanteme : 
 "Pourquoi de ton foyer' me faire une prison ? 
 Ton vilain (sil de bojuf » rend ma lumiire terne 
 Ouvre' toi, qu' a mon gre« j' ,!claire« I'horison.) 
 La lanteme oWit, I'autre qu' y gagna-t-elle ? 
 Bonsoir ! un coup de vent' a souffle' la chandelle. 
 
 — Le Baitty. 
 «in"a" '7!"£f;w'iu''u""'' "^"^ ' "■«"■ *• "'» «• ■»»" "«". 6. gush of 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION. 
 
 ittributea of 
 
 translation. 
 
 used? 
 pronouns, 
 able relative 
 
 3 of chacun, 
 te, ptrsonne. 
 
 ■) 
 
 lie. 
 Bailly. 
 
 gush of 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 Ill- Stem and The verb is for ned of two parts, one 
 
 term illation, invariable, 01 the stem, the other 
 variable, called terminatioa. 
 
 112. Nnmbers and persons. There are tvo numbers, 
 singular and plural, as in Eaglish, ai. i ihrec persons which re- 
 quire different endings in the verb. 
 
 113. Moods. There are five moods in French. 
 
 1st. The indicative (=Jemarche (|= I walk.) 
 
 2nd " imperative (=Marchons (=letu8 walk.) 
 
 3rd "conditional (=Jemarcherais volontiers ( = 1 would 
 
 willingly walk, 
 subjunctive ( = Ilfaut quevousmarchiez (= You must 
 
 walk) 
 infinitive (=Marcher (= to walk.) 
 
 11*- Tenses. There are five primary tenses from which 
 all others are formed by a change of termination : 
 
 4th 
 5th 
 
 1- Inflnitive . 
 
 a. Future. 
 
 b. Conditional present. 
 
 3. Past participle. 
 
 'i. Present participle. 
 
 a. Present indicative, in the plural. 
 
 b. Imperfect. 
 
 c. Present subjunctive. 
 
 4^ Present indicative. 
 
 a. Imperative. 
 
 >. Past definite or pre- 
 terite. 
 
 Past subjunctive. 
 
 a. Present perfect. 
 
 b. Past " 
 
 c. Past " 2d form. 
 
 d. Future " 
 
 e. Conditional. 
 
 f. Present perf. subj. 
 
 g. Past 
 h. Infinitive " 
 
 IIS. Anxiliary verbs are amir and ^<re : 
 CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILI.\RY VERBS AVOIR AND fiTRE. 
 
 Infinitive Present. 
 avoir to have #tre to be 
 
 Participles Present. 
 ayant having £tant Iming 
 
28 
 
 SYNOPTICAL FRENCH ORAMMAR, 
 
 j'ai 
 tu aa 
 
 ila 
 
 nous avons 
 VOU8 avez 
 lis ont 
 
 J avais 
 tu avais 
 11 avait 
 nous avions 
 vous aviez 
 lis avaient 
 
 PARTICIPL.K8 Past. 
 had iU 
 
 Indictativk Mood. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 / halt 
 thon hast 
 he has 
 uv halt 
 you halt, 
 they have 
 
 je SU18 
 
 tu es 
 
 11 est 
 
 nous sommes 
 
 vous fetes 
 
 lis sont 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 / had 
 thou hadst 
 he had 
 we had 
 you had 
 they, had 
 
 j'^tais 
 tu ^tais 
 11 ^Uit 
 nous ^tions 
 vous ^tiez 
 lis ^talent 
 
 been 
 
 I am 
 thou art 
 he w 
 ire are 
 you are 
 they are 
 
 J iiHi^ 
 thou uxist 
 he was 
 ve vrere 
 you were 
 they were 
 
 J eus 
 tu eus 
 il eut 
 
 nous efimes 
 vous efites 
 lis eurent 
 
 / had 
 thou hadst 
 he had 
 we had 
 you had 
 they had 
 
 je fus 
 tu fus 
 il fut 
 
 nous ffimes 
 vous ffttes 
 lis furent 
 
 / wan 
 thou wast 
 he tcaii 
 v'e were 
 you were 
 they were 
 
 J aurai 
 tu auras 
 11 aura 
 nous aurous 
 vous aurez 
 lis auront 
 
 J aurais 
 tu aurais 
 11 aurait 
 nous aurlons 
 vous auriez 
 Us auraient • 
 
 aie 
 
 qu'il ait 
 
 ayotis 
 
 ayez 
 
 ^ju'ilsaient 
 
 / aha/f have 
 thou wilt hare 
 he wifi have 
 we shall have 
 you will hare 
 they will have 
 
 je serai 
 tu seras 
 il sera 
 nous serons 
 vous serez 
 Us seront 
 
 Conditional Present. 
 
 / should have 
 thou woutdst have 
 he would have 
 we should have 
 you would have 
 they would have. 
 
 je serais 
 tu serais 
 11 seralt 
 nouf serious 
 vous serlez 
 lis seralent 
 
 have (thou) 
 let him have 
 let us have 
 have (ye) 
 let. them hat'e 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 SOIS 
 
 qu'il aoit 
 soy on B 
 soyez 
 qu'ils Sulcnt 
 
 / shall be 
 thou wilt h" 
 he unll he 
 we shall be 
 you will be 
 they will be 
 
 I should he 
 thou wouldst be 
 he would be 
 we should be 
 you would be 
 they u*ould be 
 
 be (thou) 
 let him be 
 let HI* be 
 he (ye) 
 let them be 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITIOX 
 
 29 
 
 SuBjrNCTiVE Present. 
 
 que j aie 
 que tu aies 
 
 qu'il ait 
 (I'le nous ayons 
 que vous ayez 
 qu'ils aient 
 
 that I may are 
 that thou mayst 
 
 hare 
 that he may hare, 
 that tre may hare 
 that you may ha ve 
 that they may 
 
 have 
 
 que je m>ih 
 que tu sois 
 
 qu'il soit 
 que nous soyons 
 que vouH woyez 
 qu'JItj aoient 
 
 that I may he 
 
 that thoit mnyfft 
 
 that hf- may ht 
 that u't may hf 
 that yon may fie 
 that they may he 
 
 SuBJCNCTiVE Imperfect or Past. 
 que j'eusse that I might ham que je fusae 
 
 que tu euaaes \at thou mighst que tu fusses 
 
 have 
 qu'il eftt that he might 
 
 have 
 que nous eussions/Aa^ we might 
 
 hatv 
 que vous eui^siez that you might 
 
 have 
 qu'ils eussent that they might 
 
 have 
 
 that I iright he 
 that thou inighft 
 
 he 
 that he m ght he 
 
 qu'il fat 
 
 que noua fussions that we might he 
 
 que vous fussiez that you might 
 
 be 
 quMls fussent that they might 
 
 te 
 
 N. B. — To conjugate any verb in compound tenses, use aroir 
 or ttre in all their simple tenses, together with the past participle 
 of another verb. 
 
 J' ai eu (=1 have had) .V avals ete (=1 hadb?en). 
 
 Jeui ouvert (=1 had open. ^^ aerailmie (=\ »\u.\\ he 
 
 praised). 
 
 116. The regular COnjUgaviuns are four in number. 
 
 The Ist has its infinitive present ending in er. 
 
 The 2nd " " " ir. 
 
 The 3rd " " " oir. 
 
 The 4:th " " " re. 
 
 THE REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 Ist Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation 
 
 Infinitive. 
 porter to carry finir tojtniah race voir to receive vendre to self. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 port-ant 
 
 carrying 
 porte carried 
 
 finiss-ant 
 
 Jinishing 
 fini jiniahed 
 
 recev-ant vend-ant 
 
 receiying selling 
 
 re?u receimd vendu 
 
 gold 
 
30 
 
 SYNOPTICAL FKENCH GRAMMAR, 
 
 Indicative Mood, 
 present tense. 
 
 / carry 
 
 / Jiniah 
 
 / receive 
 
 / sell 
 
 je porte 
 
 je finis 
 
 je re^ois 
 
 je vends 
 
 tu portes 
 
 tu finis 
 
 tu re^ois 
 
 tu vends 
 
 il porte 
 
 il finit 
 
 il re^oit 
 
 il vend 
 
 nous portons 
 
 nous finissons 
 
 nous recevons 
 
 nous vendons 
 
 VOU8 portez 
 
 vous tinissez 
 
 vous recevez 
 
 vous vendez 
 
 iU portent 
 
 ils finissent 
 
 ila re^oivent 
 
 ils vendent. 
 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 / ira» carrying 
 
 / VX18 Jinxiihing 
 
 / uxis receiving 
 
 / (ra>t selling 
 
 je portais 
 
 je finiasais 
 
 je recevais 
 
 ;e vendais 
 
 tu portais 
 
 tu finissais 
 
 tu recevais 
 
 tu vendais 
 
 il port ait 
 
 il finissait 
 
 il recevait 
 
 il vendait 
 
 nous portions 
 
 nous tinissions 
 
 nous recevions 
 
 nous vend ion 8 
 
 VOU8 portiez 
 
 vous finissiez 
 
 vous receviez 
 
 vous vendiez 
 
 ils portaient 
 
 ils finissaient 
 
 iis recevaient 
 
 ila vendaient 
 
 
 PAST 
 
 TENSE. 
 
 
 / carried 
 
 / Jiinf^hed 
 
 / received 
 
 Isold 
 
 je portai 
 
 je finis 
 
 je re^us 
 
 je vend is 
 
 tu portas 
 
 tu finis 
 
 tu revus 
 
 tu vendis 
 
 il porta 
 
 il finit 
 
 il reput 
 
 il vendit 
 
 nous portAmes 
 
 nous finimes 
 
 nous renames 
 
 nous vendinies 
 
 vous portfites 
 
 vous finltes 
 
 vous refutes 
 
 vous vendites 
 
 lis port^rent 
 
 ils finirent 
 
 ils reyurent 
 
 ils vendirent 
 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 
 / ahail carry 
 
 / shaJI finish 
 
 / shall receive 
 
 / shall sdl 
 
 je porterai 
 
 je finirai 
 
 je recevrai 
 
 je vendrai 
 
 tu porteraa 
 
 tu finiras 
 
 tu recevras 
 
 tu vendras 
 
 il portera 
 
 il finira 
 
 il recevra 
 
 il vendra 
 
 nous porterons 
 
 nous finirons 
 
 nous recevrons 
 
 nous vendrons 
 
 vous porterez 
 
 vous finirez 
 
 vous recevrez 
 
 vous vendrez 
 
 ils poiteront 
 
 ils finiront 
 
 ils recevront 
 
 ils vendront 
 
 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 
 / should carry 
 
 / should finish 
 
 / should receive 
 
 / should sell 
 
 je porterais 
 
 je finirais 
 
 je recevrais 
 
 je vendrais 
 
 tu poiterais 
 il porterait 
 
 tu finiraie 
 
 tu recevrais 
 
 tu vendrais 
 
 il flnirait 
 
 il recevrait 
 
 il vendrait 
 
 nous porterions 
 
 nous finii'ions 
 
 nous recevrions 
 
 nous vendriona 
 
 VOU8 porteriez 
 
 vous finiriez 
 
 vous recevriez 
 
 vous vendriez 
 
 ils porteraient 
 
 ils finiraient 
 
 ils recevraient 
 
 ila vendra-ent 
 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 
 porte 
 
 finis 
 
 refois 
 
 vends 
 
 qu'il porte 
 portons 
 
 qu'il finisse 
 finissons 
 
 qu'il re9oive 
 recevons 
 
 qu'il vende 
 vendons 
 
 portez 
 <iu'il8 portent 
 
 finisiicz 
 
 recevez 
 
 vender 
 
 qu'ila finissent 
 
 qu'ils refoivent 
 
 qu'ils vendent 
 
WITH MATE'UAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION. 
 
 31 
 
 Subjunctive Mood, Prbsent Tksse. 
 
 I that I may carry that I may Jini»h that I may receive 
 que je p<^rte que je finisse que je re9oive 
 
 que tu portes 
 qu'il porte 
 que noiiB 
 
 portions 
 que voue portiez 
 qu'ils portent 
 
 i[u tu finiaaea 
 qu'il tinisse 
 que nous 
 Hnissions 
 
 que tu recjives 
 
 qu'il re9oive 
 
 que nous 
 recevions 
 
 que voua finissiez que vous receviez que vous vendiez 
 quails finisseut qu'ils re^jivent qu'ils vendent 
 
 that I may neU 
 que je vende 
 que tu vendes 
 qu'il ventle 
 que nous 
 
 vend ions 
 
 Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense, or Past. 
 that I might carry that I might finish that I might receive that I might sell 
 
 que je portasso 
 que tu portasses 
 qu'il port&t 
 que nous 
 
 portassions 
 que vous 
 
 portasaiez 
 qu ils portassent 
 
 (jue je finisse 
 
 que tu finisses 
 qu'il finit 
 que nous 
 
 Hnissions 
 que voua 
 
 tinissiez 
 qu'ils nr.i^eent 
 
 que je re9usso 
 que tu re9U88es 
 qu'il re9at 
 que nous 
 
 re9assion8 
 que voua 
 
 re9ussiez 
 qu'ils re9ussent 
 
 que je vendiase 
 que tu vendisaes 
 (ju'il vendit 
 que nous 
 
 vendisaiona 
 que voua 
 
 vendiasiez 
 qu'ils vendissent 
 
 I parts. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOB EXAMINATION. 
 
 How many parts are there in a verb ? 
 
 How many numbers an<l persons do you know ? 
 
 (live the moods in French verbs. 
 
 What do we call primary tenses? what are they ? 
 
 Give the secondary tenses formed from the different principal 
 
 What are the French auxiliary verbs? Conjugate them in full. 
 
 7. How do you conjugate verbs in their compound tenses? 
 
 8. How many regular conjugations are there inFrench? Name them, 
 \ with their distinctive features. 
 
 9. Conjugate a model verb in any of the four regular conjugations. 
 
 RECITATION. 
 
 La Chnnson du Co'dier^. 
 
 A reculons,* a petits pas, 
 
 Le cordier va* chantaat^ tout bas : 
 
 Blonde filasse* que je tire, 
 
 Dis nous a quoi tu serviras ? 
 
 Feras tu* virer un navire', 
 
 Boulinette^, drisse* ou grand^^ bras ? 
 
32 
 
 SYNOPTICAL FRENCH GRAMMAR, 
 
 A reculons, k petits pa8, 
 
 I^ cordier va chantant tout bas : 
 
 Pendue" au clochei" du village, 
 
 Feras tu sonner le bourdou" ? 
 
 Enterrement" et mariage, 
 
 Messe et tocsin", guerre" et pardon" ? 
 
 —Dfi Belloi/. 
 
 I. Rope maker. 2. backwards. 3. goes. 4. hummlnjr S. heiiii,. 
 
 6. hoave about. ,. ship. 8. bowline. 9. halliards. 10. braccV. 
 n. hanirlnf. 12. belfry. 13. great bell, looi bell. 14 burial. 
 I.X alarm, bell. 16. war. 17. angelue. 
 
 PECULIARITIES OF CERTAIN VERBS. 
 
 1 1 7. Verbs ending in . . ger insert e after the g whenever 
 the next letter is a or o. 
 
 : Le temps changea subitement ; 
 : Mangeons lentement : 
 
 118. Verbs in , . cer take a cedilla (i;) under the c whenever 
 the next letter is a or o. 
 
 : II for^a son camarado h, se lever. 
 : Commenfons notre le(;«n. 
 
 119. Verbs in , . eler and . . etcr double t and I before e 
 mute or ent, in the Ixxly of a word as well as in the termination. 
 
 ; TJ n ecureuil blessu appe/le au secours. 
 : Les ecoliers jettent dcs pierres : 
 : Nous appel/erons au secours. 
 
 IS" A few verbs, such as : acheter, (=to buy) celer, ( = to hide) geler, 
 ( = to freeze) modeler, ( =to model), peler, ( = to peel) becqueter, (=to 
 pick) do not double the t or /, but talie a grave accent over the e preceding 
 these letters when the termination is e mute : 
 
 ; II g^le fort ce soir. 
 
 : Les enfants p^lent leurs oranges. 
 
 1 20. Verbs having e mute in the last syllable but one, for 
 euphonic reasons take a grave accent over that e whenever the 
 next syllable has e mute also. 
 
 : Nous nous promenons en mfme temps qu'il se promene 
 ( ^ se promener). 
 
WITH MATEBIAL FOK FBBK COMPONITION. 
 
 U.J 
 
 121. Verbs haviii;,' an acute accent over the f of the last 
 Mvllabk but one, chaii«i this into a grave accent wlien the next 
 syllable lias « mute (except in the future and conditional) 
 
 ; Li loir l«che la plaie du blesse, (Ischer) 
 
 On espcre souvent contre toute espiVance (esprrer). 
 rj2. Verbs in . , yer change y into i before f., etc. 
 
 : Payez bien. vous aurez ues amis, (payer). 
 
 : II paie sa pension toutes les semaines. 
 
 ; J'ernploie moins do temps que vous ii nion travail, 
 (employer). 
 
 123. Hair ( = to hate) is sjunded as one syllable in the 1st 
 and 2nd persons sing, of the Present indicative, and 2nd person 
 imperative: Je hais, tu hais ; hais: otherwise it retains the 
 (liieresis : nous haissons. 
 
 1 24. Compound verbs may be written without apostrophe 
 or hyphen : Eiilmid'mi nous ! ( = Ljt us help each other). 
 Likewise ; Entrouvrir, entrecroiser, etc. 
 
 ||ir"No hyphen need be used between the verb (interroga- 
 tive) and the pronoun subject. 
 
 Obi'it il promptement ? ( = Does he obey promptly!) 
 
 125. luterrogative rerbS. «» verb ends in a vowel 
 and the subject begins with one, a I is inserted between the two 
 verbs : Que gagna-<-il ? ( = What did he win ?) 
 
 126. In the first person .sing. « mute is accented »'. Porte 
 
 je ? ( = Do I carry ?) , , . ., ^ 
 
 J*- But a coined sentei;i;e is frequently used in the present 
 
 and other tenses, which leaves the verb affirmative : Esl i« que \ 
 E^t ce ,/u'i\ vend de la chandellet ( = Does he sell candles?) 
 Pourquoi e«f i:h qui\ n'ouvre pas ? ( = Why does he not open?) 
 
 127. y'liKl CO /"" !>* 1' f"""™ "f speech e(iuivalent to such 
 English forms as : Do you ? have you ? etc. 
 
 ; Vous le ferez, n'est ce pas? ( = You shall do it, will 
 
 ^"" Nous ouvrirons la boite, n'est ce pas ? ( = We shall open 
 the box, shall we ?) 
 
 «-Anoai) subject of a verb cannot be placed after the /erb as in 
 KngliBh the following construotioua munt he adoptert ; 
 
 Votre ^T,-Umr a-t-il U Unterne ? | * = «»f your servant 
 
 Est c« qiK votre serviteur a la lanterne ? \ the lantern !) 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 8VN0ITICAL FHKIfCH OBAMMAB, 
 
 Intransitive, reilexire, 
 
 1:.'H. Verbs are transitive, 
 impersonal <>r passive. 
 
 1 1'9. Sonie intranHitive verb, of moei,m and mamuv nf Imn,/ 
 "^tel "^^ """^ ^nJUKated with ^«™ in their compound 
 
 Here are the most important ones : 
 
 »JriL. i = '"«"'. , "'"nter (- to ascend, go up). 
 
 T 2i ,' " '" ^r"™) mourir ( - to <lie) * ^ 
 
 .ecMer = to , .,) „aHre ( = to be W..) 
 
 .leseendre ( = to .lesceiirl pirtir ( = to ko awavl 
 
 ^Qho,r = to fall due) Ltir ^= to So oW? ' 
 
 More ( = to be hatched) toniber (= to fell) 
 
 entrer (= to enter) venir (=. to come) and 
 , „ , , compounds of all noits. 
 
 130 Agreement of tlie verb witli its subject. The 
 
 verb and the subject must be of the same number and person 
 If adverb has two subjects in the singular, it is put in the plural. 
 La lanterne et la chandelle de notre fable ,se /mrlaUiit. 
 a*"If the subjects are of different persons, the verb is in the ulural 
 ami rS. "'"■ "'"" '' * '^™' P*™™'- "' ""= ^-»"''. " the'r"e isa^ecomi 
 Ma mere, vous et moi partirotu demain. 
 Lui, nion frere et vmui, irez a 1' ecole ensemble. 
 131. CoHectlveS. When the subject of the verb is a 
 collectl^■e accompanied by a plural complement, the verb mav 
 agree with either. - 
 
 Une nut-e de .sauterellea „h,ourcit or ,^;unirent les airs 
 ( = A swarn of locusts obscured the air). 
 
 Un pcu de connaLssances ne niffil or ^iffi^u pas. ( = A little 
 amount of knowledge does not suffice. 
 
 132 Pins d'un. ( = more than one) may also be con- 
 structed with the singular, but the plural is required when it 
 calls torth an idea of plurality : 
 
 PhM fl'nn de ces horames e»t or sont a plaindre ( = more 
 than one of these men is to be pitied). 
 
 133. C'est : Ce sont. ( = Iti8: they are). Before a 
 plural noun or a plural third personal pronoun cW n- -vlwavs 
 be used : C est or Ce ncmt des montagnes. 
 
 134. Verb preceded by several snbjects. If the sub- 
 jects are not summed up by any indefinite word such as lout 
 rteu chr^nm, etc., the verb may always be put in the plural : 
 ba bontc, sa chantc, sa douceur le/mU adn"rer. 
 
WITH MATEKIAL FOIt FKEK COMt OMlTKiN. 
 
 ■.ir, 
 
 135. SlnKolar subjects connected by nl.couinie, ainsi 
 
 que. • 11 y ivlways have their verb in the jiIui-hI ; 
 
 ?;i la richesHe iii la graiifleur ne luius iv ttili-nt \fitueux nr lie 
 noun fftiil v^rtueux. 
 
 I^e chat aiiiNi que le tigre ml un cHrnivcire or m.iil (lis 
 carnivores. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOK . XAMI.. MION. 
 
 1. What pt;culiai-itit't* do you note alMuit verlw in */*•»■, 
 
 •J. Mention verhs in *Ur ami ffi-r wliicli do not doulile the / or tlif /. 
 
 3. When in f mute accented or ^ acute accented rt-nderwl nnite in 
 French verbs? 
 
 4. What liave you to say aiwut veriw in j/fi- ami hfiir : 
 
 'h When can the apostrophe and hyjilien he supjjret-sed Y 
 How do you conjugate veri)M interrogatively? 
 What do you understand hy the expression : »V^/ <■*- jftt^ .' 
 How do you construe an intcircgative .entence witli a nrtun 
 
 li. 
 
 8. 
 subject ? 
 
 9. How many kinds of verbs are tliere in Frencli and with what 
 auxiliaries are they respectively conjugated in their compound tensc;fV 
 
 10. tSive the most important intransitive verbs in French which take 
 f/iY as auxiliary. 
 
 11. (iive rules of agreement of verba with its subject or subjects. 
 
 12. What do you know of tlie agr. iiient of a verb with a collective 
 subject, ji/n-^ (Vitit, etc. 
 
 KECITATION. 
 
 Vtli'fliUJI-. 
 
 Uu jeune enfant inordait' dans une orange : 
 
 " Oh I s' tcria-t-il en eounoux', 
 Le niaudit' fruit ! Se peut* il qu'on le mange ! 
 Qu'il est anier' ! On le disait si doux I" 
 " Faux' jugenient, lui n'pondit le pore ; 
 Ote?.' cette ecorce' Icgere, 
 Vous reviendrez* de votre erreur." 
 Ne jugeons pa.s toujours'" sur un dehors" trompeur'*. 
 
 1. was bltins. 2. anf.-or. 3. horrible. 4. is poKible. 5. bitter. 6. false. 
 7. take off. 8. skin. 9. shall get over (alterl. 10. always. 11 outward 
 appearance. 13. deceiving. 
 
36 
 
 HV.VOPTKAL FHK><;iI .iKAMMAH, 
 
 devoir ( ^ mint, owt.) 
 entemlre ( ^^ hear) 
 faire ( -^nmke, do) 
 talloir { - he iiecewwrv) 
 Uimer ( .= let, allow) " 
 
 cr 
 
 THE INFINITIVE 
 
 propliHUiun """""' ^■'■'•''" ""'*■ *•«■ -fin'tiv,. «,t,..,..,t „ 
 
 oser ( . ilare) 
 pouv.iir ( ^ onn, Iw bI i. | 
 "avoir ( -kiiowho« i„) 
 "eiitir ( _ feci I 
 "■'■• ( -hear) 
 Vf)ulr)ir ( .. wish). 
 b« „f motion follow the >«ii,,e rule 
 .Nous „//„„, ,-,ter rc^c-orc ,lo „„,s oranKes. 
 
 any ^»;' "'"'"■'«''"■' """king usually take the i„H„itiv.. without 
 
 The principal are : 
 
 atfirmer ( = aHirni) croipd , i , , 
 
 aimer nnoux ( = prefer) ,le, rer ='*ll<^ve) 
 
 cimipter l = e»wnfl ',,. ( = ilesire 
 
 rix Axr. , '-"?<"=«) prefcrer (= prefer) 
 
 ■ ; ^''i *">« ;"""• Plairo k me« amis. 
 < — / '!' '' '" please my friends). 
 IJii ie dit jMur vous troniper. 
 ( =They say it t„ deceive vou). 
 
 ve.h;Le^Si:r:^i:^.tr;'"- -^^-^ '^"- 
 
 accoutunier ( = accustom ) 
 *»'*^'' (= assist) 
 
 aimer ( = like) 
 
 t^nseigner 
 exhorter 
 
 appremlre 
 
 aspirer 
 
 (s) attendre 
 
 avoir 
 
 chercher 
 
 consentir 
 
 conspirer 
 
 d^ieriiiiner 
 
 employer 
 
 encourager 
 
 (8) engager 
 
 { = learn ) 
 
 ( = aspire) 
 
 (= expect) 
 
 ( = have) 
 
 (=-Beek) 
 
 ( = consent I 
 
 ( = conspire) 
 
 ( = determine) 
 
 ( = U8ei 
 
 {= encourage) 
 
 (-Iiend one self) 
 
 gagner 
 
 t^aiter 
 
 iMviter 
 
 (se) niettre 
 
 niontrer 
 
 IJarvenir 
 
 pencher 
 
 pt'nser 
 
 |8e) plaire 
 
 (»e)r<Mudre (=deciclei 
 
 ( = teach) 
 
 ( = exhort) 
 
 ( = earn, cjaiu) 
 
 ( = hesitate) 
 
 ( = invite) 
 
 ( = twgin, set to) 
 ( = show how to) 
 (= succeed) 
 ( = incline) 
 ( = think) 
 (= delight) 
 
 tenir 
 travailler 
 
 {■ 
 
 lie anxious) 
 vork). 
 
WITH MATKKIAL FOR KHKK COMFdSITfON. 
 
 : Mi's i'l.'\ PS Hppi'ciiiirnt '/ purlfr, <i lire ct ''i ifriri' le fi-niivnis. 
 : Aeuiiutuiiicz vims /( ju){pr sainciiifiit tie tout™ fhiws. 
 
 1+0. Jlost trunsitivp Hrid ini|H>i'si>iiHl vi-rlw, hIsii imuns nml 
 ailjffti' (N, mid i/n- ( — than) after an atljm'tivp in thi- C(ini|iiini- 
 five (leKi-ee take rln before an infinitive. 
 
 avtTtir ( = waml 
 
 hl-fller (j:liurii, lon(jl 
 
 i-esser ( = i-eam) 
 
 coiweillsi- ( = advise) 
 (»e) conteritiT ( =lie Hatislieil) 
 
 oraindre ( = fear) 
 
 ilifenilre ( = fdrbid) 
 
 dire ( -tell, nay, liiilj 
 
 dnuter (= hesitate) 
 
 (») eH'cin:er ( -enileavour) 
 («') empressur (= hapten) 
 
 entrcprendre ( = lmilertake) 
 
 pssayer (-try) 
 
 (s') i^tunner 
 
 Hiiir 
 
 mmiaoer 
 
 miriter 
 
 offrir 
 
 (irdonner 
 
 pemi-ttrc 
 
 persuader 
 
 prier 
 
 pnmiettre 
 
 prM|w(ser 
 
 refuser 
 
 (s:! soucier 
 
 (=:Willlller) 
 
 ( = tiiiisl), end) 
 ( = threaten) 
 ( = deserve) 
 ( =<>ifer) 
 ( = order) 
 ( = permit, alhiw) 
 ( = persuade) 
 ( = rieg, )>eseei-h) 
 ( = promise) 
 ( ^intenil) 
 ( - refut ) 
 { - rare) 
 
 : Jp brftle f/c voir nies amis. 
 
 ; II refusa df* ri-pondre. 
 
 : II inijiorte H" diri- la viriti'. 
 
 : II s' agit dn bien choisir .ses conipaKnons. 
 
 : Aypz la honli- dr. nie passer les fruits. 
 
 ; V'ous avez ntigim de ne pas ju){pr sur un dehors tronip«'ur 
 
 An adjective attribute of: i/ mI .U gcnerallv followed hv *, hut, if 
 it is iittrihute of : rVs/ by i} : 
 
 : II est ism fft savoir cela. 
 C est bon (i savoir. 
 
 141. V'erb I'tre is often used with u before an infinitive to 
 express an English passive infinitive. 
 
 Cela est I'l voir ( = That ii* to be seen). 
 
 142. Verb aveir is used in French in the followinj; expres- 
 sions contrary to the English which takes In: 
 
 avoir age ( =t(» be old) 
 avoir ehaud ( = lie warm) 
 avoir faim ( = be hungry 
 avoir froid f = lie cold) 
 
 avoir raison ( = beriglit) 
 avoir soif ( = tie thirsty) 
 avoir soninieil ( =be sleejiv) 
 avoir tort ( = lie wrong). 
 
 Elle a tort r/r so niettru en colere. 
 Quel age nvez vous ? J' ni quinze ans. 
 Arez vous froid? — Non, j' ni bien chaud. 
 J' ai bien .sommeil. 
 
38 
 
 "VNOITI.AL FHESTH ..lUMMAH, 
 «UE-ST10NH POH EXAMINATION. 
 
 »■ »l»"'i.'otra„.|«t„||,v/«„^. 
 
 <• <five a li.t „f v«rl« which r«,„i„ j .ft-rth.m h.f 
 
 «• In what m-... i. / . . *"*""••'" I*'"™ •ninHiiitive. 
 
 <.ivoalr«t<rf verb, ukinu*. 
 -■ What h«v« y,M, ,„ r,„,„k „„ ,, ,^, ^^^ ^,^^^ ^ 
 
 RECITATION. 
 In Mmt (k Lllivtr 
 Ce matin hch yeux se «ont cl<«. 
 II est' inort d'uiie mort trf., douce. 
 On n entendr»« point de Nanglotn*. 
 On lenterrero* sous la mouni. 
 
 Oui, ce matin I'Hiver est mort. 
 On va le cl„uer» hous J« pla„che. 
 11 e»t la, le bon vieux, qui dort, 
 Avec sa grande barbe blanche. 
 Et »ur m poitrine' aex mains 
 feuivant' I'usage sent croi8,:*s'. 
 Ouvrez, aux parfums des jasmins 
 i-t des jacmthes, les croisws' !. . 
 Le lis fleurit et le glaieul" 
 Le geniH" d'or et la pervenche" 
 t- "'^e"" est mort, ce triste aieul • ' 
 Le jeune Avril prend sa revanche" ! 
 
 I- ha, died 2..h.MK ~^<^»">nd Kmtmid. 
 
 "■ golden broom. 12. wriwi„kle. wl^taJtati. """■ '"• ^ 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FRM COMPOHITION. 
 
 ■I'J 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 143. There nra two kindH of partiiipli-s, the present 
 anrl the put |>articiple : Aimant ( = prenent |«it.) Aimc 
 ( = paHt [wrt.) Finiwuint — Fini. Mordant— Monlu. 
 
 U4. When the prew-nt (nrtieiple expreKWN un Hction, i. e. 
 hmi u complement, it renutins invariable. 
 
 I.ieH enfantH sunt lii Imh mant/mnt de« oran)(eN. 
 
 CVRut when UHetl attributively it rnunt agret* ai* : 
 
 Vueces enfantH Mint aiman/o/ ( = Howalfe<tiontttelhiw iliildren 
 are!) 
 
 146. The pHHt participle UHetl without an auxiliary agreen 
 an an adjective : De« fruitH mordiu den guepeH ( = Fruit bitten 
 by waMpx.) 
 
 146. The paHt participle omjngated with auxiliary verb vtr>- 
 agrees with the SObiect in gender and number. 
 
 L' worce de ['orange rM 6t«. 
 
 Lbh orangeH/ursn/ mangiWn au dewiert. 
 
 147. The pant participle conjugated with nroir agrees with 
 the direct object, when it precedea and remains unchanged if 
 it follows, or if there is norrfi : Les/rutto qw noun avons mangi'd. 
 
 but : Nous avcma mang^ \estjruiu. 
 1 4«. The paat participle preceded by a collective and its 
 complement may be made to agree with either : 
 
 tAfmile d'hommeB que j' ai yu« or vug ( = The throng 
 of men I h.i>t ten, 
 
 149. When conjugated with avoir and followed by an 
 infinitive, a present or past participle may remain unchanged : 
 1«» oranges que je me suis laisa^ or laisHi'm prendre (= The 
 oranges I allowed to be taken from me). 
 
 Les sauvages qu' on a trouve or truuv/o errants dans les 
 bois ( = The savages whom they have found wandering in the 
 woods. 
 
 QUESTIONS rOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 1. How many kinds of participles are then! 
 
 ■2. When is the present participle invariable ? When variable » 
 
 .3. State the rules of agreement of the past participle. 
 
 4. State the rale of the past participle preceded by a collective wor^l. 
 
 infinitive, etc. 
 
 State the rule of agreement of the past participle followed by an 
 
40 
 
 SrWOPTIOAL PRKKCH fJHAHMAB, 
 BKCITATIOK. 
 
 Pii.nd»' ta faux', ton bidon« pour boiro', 
 Prends ton m.rtea«« ta pierre noire', 
 FaucheuH! Car c'e«t en juin 
 yue 1 on feuche le foin. 
 
 L' ttoile' du berger" dispute 
 
 Un eoni" du del au matin" blanc. 
 
 J* faucheur a quitto sa hntte, 
 
 II arrive au pre" d'un pas" lent". 
 
 II monte" sa faux amincie" 
 
 Par les coups" du marttau carre" ■ 
 
 il 1 aiguise* afin" qu' elle scie" 
 
 Kas terre" les herbes du pr.5. 
 
 La faux s'en va de droite»« h gauche" 
 
 Avec un rythme cadencu ; 
 
 Tombe" et s' aligne" en mn^ press, K 
 De niulots" une troupe folle 
 Est interrompue en ses jeux" ■ 
 Oiseaux, abeilles, tout s' envol'e" ■ 
 La couleuvre" e«t coupee" en deu'x. 
 CourW* le faucheur se dem.W» 
 Inondt" de larges sueurs" ■ 
 Sur ses pas, la mort" se promine", 
 Llle tranche" le Hl« des fleurs. 
 L'herbe" est ooup.e et les faneuse:=« 
 V,ennent« aveo leurs longs rSteaux" 
 *;n c lantant des chansons ioyeuses 
 Jaucheur, laisse" dormir" ta faux. 
 _ — f' Dupimt. 
 
 2. morning 13. nickdow. 14 stiL m'^P""- .1' "='™"- 
 K. odKM off. 18. blow,. 19 „u,Te \ *^°^\ >«• Jots up. 
 21. in ordop that. 22. cuta down ^ n£.3 "''"*. ("harpensj 
 
 %'& »^oo!-37:~i:?'»7r- IS. ^^. 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION. 
 
 41 
 
 requii-es 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 150. The snbjnnctlre mood i» used after verbs or 
 adjectives together with verb krc, expressing feelings or opera- 
 tions of the mind, and impersonal verbs, other tlian those of 
 certainty. 
 
 II f mil que vous vmiiez faner. 
 
 Vous vmilez que je /Mrlx ! 
 
 EUe ent/iJrhiK que je me sow attarde. 
 
 151. The present subjunctive may always be used in a 
 subordinate clause depending on a principal clau.se in which the 
 verb is in the present conditional : 
 
 II faudrait qu' il vienni ou vint. 
 
 152. In sentences dependent on a conjunction requiring the 
 subjun<;tive m(K)d, the general rule may be followed : 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 Present 
 
 Future 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Conditional present 
 
 Past tense 
 
 Past indefinitf 
 
 Future anterior or past 
 
 Past perfect 
 
 Conditional past 
 
 W/aut que vous finUz. 
 
 Wfaudm i|ue vous lisii-z. 
 
 II J'aUnit que vous lunsiez. 
 
 II ftiHiirait que vous litaavz or lisifz. 
 
 Il/nJ/ut que vous ai/ez lu. 
 
 II nfallu que vous nyez In. 
 
 II anrn/nHu que vous ayez In. 
 
 II nvnitfalln que vous /•iissiez lu. 
 
 II mirait J'aJlu ijul vous euimifz hi. 
 \o^^. The subjunctive and sometimes the indicative 
 required after the following conjunctions. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Present 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect or Past 
 
 Imperfect or Pre.sent 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Present Perfect 
 
 Past Perfect 
 
 Past Perfect. 
 
 de mani^re (|iie 
 En or de sorte 
 si ce n' est que 
 
 jue 
 
 smnn 
 tellement 
 
 que 
 
 — so that) 
 
 = in such a manner that) 
 
 — were it not that) 
 
 — except that) 
 = 90 much that). 
 
42 
 
 154. 
 
 8TV0PTICAL FBEVCH (JBAMMAB, 
 The subjunctive is alwayH required after • 
 
 afin que 
 H moina que 
 av«nt que 
 Wen que 
 
 /(le peur que 
 Idecrainteque 
 en ea« que 
 
 encore que 
 
 juKju' 1 ce que 
 
 loic que 
 
 non que 
 
 pour que 
 
 pour pen que 
 
 pourvu que 
 
 Bans que 
 
 8oit que 
 
 Buppoa^ que 
 
 > = in order that) 
 ( = unless) 
 ( = before) 
 ( = although) 
 
 |( = for fear lest) 
 ( = in ease) 
 ( = although) 
 ( = until) 
 ( = far from) 
 ( = not but that) 
 ( = in order that) 
 ( = for ever so little that) 
 ( = provided that) 
 ( = without) 
 ( = whether) 
 15-5 TT-'Vii'- ( = apposing that) 
 
 the «ubiu„^:e "'"*^ ^'■""'"'"^ ■"" '^"«'*'"" '"""" "'«• take 
 
 quelque ( = however) 
 
 quel que ( = whoever, etc), 
 
 qnoique (= although) 
 
 quo. que ( = whatever) 
 
 qui que ( = whoever). 
 
 »f* k ; ^ "Jependent verb m put in the subjunctive when thp 
 :"r?!?° *"• verb in the principal clause is .L^J^^^ll 
 mul(=i only one) premier, dernier, etc. 
 
 Vousctes le »eid qui vous vous effrayiez : 
 
 T^ ^ ~ You are the only one, who are becoming frichtenedi 
 
 La rose est la plusjolie fleur quele connai^ : gntened). 
 
 (— 1 he rose IS the prettiest flower that I know) 
 147. Ne may be omitted in subordinate clauses depending on • 
 
 que 
 
 ' etc. 
 
 empicher 
 d^fendre 
 c^viter 
 craindre 
 d^seap^rer ** 
 avoir peur " 
 de peur " 
 douter " 
 
 contester " 
 nier »• 
 
 iltientipeu " 
 il ne tient pas li moi 
 
 or toi, etc. q»t 
 il s'en faut que 
 i moins '• 
 avant 
 
 = hinder) 
 
 = forbid) 
 
 = prevent) 
 
 = fear lest) 
 
 = despair) 
 
 = to be afraid) 
 
 = for fear lest) 
 
 = doubt) 
 
 = contest) 
 
 = deny) 
 
 = there is no difficulty in) 
 
 - it is not ray or your fault that) 
 
 - far from, is wanting, is nearly, etc) 
 = unless) 
 
 = before) 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION. 
 
 43 
 
 Le mauvais tempH empgche quelquefois qu' mt fmiche, or 
 qu' OT4 itAfaiiche en juin. 
 
 Les fermiers d^fendent qu' on prune or qu' on im /jnnio- dans 
 leuFH pr/'K 
 
 La faneur craint qu 'il pleuve or qn' il u» pleuve. 
 
 De peur que vous vous coupiez or que voui ne vous mupifz. 
 
 Je ne doute pas que vousfaniez or nifnniez hien. 
 
 II tient a pea qne^ m'tni ai/le. or ne m'e.ii aUle. 
 
 II ne tient pas Ji vous que notwt myim* or »w my<m» richen. 
 
 II s'en faut de peu que ce bidon soil or rui mit p/nn. 
 
 A moins qu'll/atige or qu'U n' fa»»e chaud. 
 
 157. Ne may again be omitted in clauses dependinjf on 
 comparatives and words indicating comparison ; such as : 
 
 autre ( ^ other) 
 
 autrement que ( = otherwise than) 
 
 Les foins ont et^ plus abondants qu' on Vegpirait or qu' mi 
 ne I'esperait. 
 
 La moisson a etc autre qu' on le croyail or qu'on ne le croyait. 
 
 158. Order of words. As a general rule French prose 
 admits of few inversions. 
 
 However, the verb of a dependent clause introduced by a 
 relative pronoun or relative conjunction is generally followed by 
 its subject, either a noun or a pronoun ; 
 
 : La feuille que promenait le zpphyr. 
 : Le vallon oil paissent les mtmtons. 
 
 |^"Inver8ion of the pronoun subject also takes place in 
 sentences beginning with the following adverbs or adverbial 
 phrases : 
 
 It peine ( = hardly, scarcely) 
 aumi ( =: thus, likewise) 
 encore ( = moreover, further) 
 en vain ( = in vain) 
 peutttre ( = perhaps, it may be) 
 etc. 
 
 : Pent ^tre savez voua cela ? 
 
 A peine ai je fini un travail qu'il m'en faut commencer 
 un autre. 
 
** SYNOPTICAL FRENCH nRAMMAR, 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 1- When is the subjunctive used? 
 
 a. When is it optional to use either the present or past subjunctive » 
 
 ■„„.L„'i™ •'■'"' ^■'^■^^■"'e of tenses in clauses dependinK on a con- 
 junction retiuinng the subjunctive. 
 
 subjunctive"' """J""""'"" '^""i^g the indicative and sometimes the 
 S. Give a list of conjunctions requiring the subjunctive always. 
 
 clauses b^We's "clnjunotZs"' ''^'' "^'"""' *'"' "■''^■"™"™ '" "«'«"''-' 
 7. When can tie be used or omitted in the subjunctive ? 
 
 inve^ionJoflh;™"" "' """*' '" ^^"'''' *'""'""• f""'™"* 
 
 RECITATION. 
 
 La FeuiUfi. 
 
 /)e ta tige dc'ttachi-e, 
 
 Pauvre feuille desstchee, 
 
 Oil vas tu ? — Je n'en sais rien : 
 
 L'orage a brwii le chene 
 
 Qui seul I'tait mon soutien. 
 
 De son inconstante haleine, 
 
 Le zephyr ou I'aquilon, 
 
 Depuis ce jour me promene, 
 
 De la forrt a la plaine, 
 
 De la montagne au vallon. 
 
 Je vaia oil le vent me mine, 
 
 Sans me plaindre ou m' effraj-er ; 
 
 Je vais oi'i va toute chose, 
 
 Oil va la feuille de rose 
 
 Kt la feuille de laurier. 
 
 — A. V. Arnattft. 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION. 
 
 45 
 
 THE ADVERB, THE PREPOSITION AND THE 
 CONJUNCTION. 
 
 139. A<I verbs modify the sense of a verb, an adjective, or 
 another adverb. They stand by the verb or auxiliary, generally 
 after : 
 
 : II fauehe hntem'nl : La fau.x est Ir^s trancht.nte. 
 : EUe coupe fort bien. 
 
 160. Adverbs of place. 
 
 ailleurs ( = elsswhere) 
 
 alentoar ( = around) 
 
 anprii ( = noir) 
 
 Vaest lit ( = lijia aal th^re) 
 
 tleja, dM ( = on this uv that side) 
 
 The principal are ; 
 
 dedans 
 
 d3h')rs 
 
 dessous 
 
 d^asua 
 
 devant 
 
 en bis 
 
 161. 
 
 ( — in^idj) 
 t = oiit'iide) 
 ( = below) 
 ( = above) 
 ( = before) 
 ( = down below) 
 
 en haut 
 
 ici 
 
 Ik 
 
 loin 
 
 nulle part 
 
 oil 
 
 p:ir ici 
 
 pir lit 
 
 pjrtout 
 
 = up above, up stair^i) 
 = here) 
 = there) 
 = far) 
 = nowhere) 
 = where) 
 = this way) 
 = that way) 
 = everywhere) 
 etc. 
 
 Adverbs of time are: 
 
 k jamais ( = forever) 
 
 alors ( = then) 
 
 k present { ^ now) 
 aprt ^ demain ( = the day after to- 
 morrow) 
 aujourd 'hui ( = to-day) 
 
 encore ( = still, yet, again) 
 
 eiidn ( — at last) 
 
 ensuite ( = afterwards) 
 
 hier ( — yesterday) 
 
 jadis ( = once upon a time) 
 
 jamais ( — ever) 
 
 aussitot ( = immediately) longtemps ( = for a long time) 
 
 autrefois ( = formerly) maintenant ( = now) 
 
 avant hier ( - the day before naguire ( = formerly) 
 
 yesterday) plus tot ( = sooner) 
 
 bientot ( =. soon) puis ( = then, next) 
 
 conibien de ijuand ( = when) 
 
 temps ( ^ liow long) (lueliiuefois ( = sometimes) 
 
 il'abord ( = at first) souvent ( = often) 
 
 lUjk ( =already) tantot ( = soon) 
 
 ilemain ( = to-morrow) tard { — late) 
 
 dea lors ( = from that time) tot ( = early, soon) 
 
 deaorniais (= henceforth) toujours (= always) 
 
 162. Adverbs of manner are formed by adding nurnt to 
 the feminine form of the adjective, unless the masculine ends in 
 a vowel. 
 
 Lent = L nUftneiU. L:)ng = Louyw.nip.nt. Vif = 
 Fou = FolUmeni, 
 
 = mmnuint. 
 
46 
 
 HYNOPTICAL FRENCH nRAHMAH, 
 
 1 6a. For euphonic rea«onH the mute « iiwy be Hccented ■ 
 Aveugle = Wr«u<//?(w»<( = blindly). 
 Profond = Pntfimdimfnt (deeply). 
 N. B.— There are other irregulariHes which practice will teach. 
 
 164. Most adjectives ending in ant and mU form their 
 aaverbn m amnifiU and'^mmeiit : 
 
 Constant = C'mixtammenl. Prudent = PmdemmfiU. 
 
 165. Some adjectivcM may be used adverbially without 
 modifying their spelling : 
 
 Le foin nouvellement coupu sent huH. 
 
 Les oiseaux chantent tou jours >«te ( = in tune). 
 
 166. There are two adverbs of manner with irregular 
 comparatives : *. 
 
 Bien ( = well) mieux ( = better) le mieux ( =the best) 
 Mai ( = l>adly) pis (=worse) le pis (=theworst) 
 
 or 
 
 plus mal 
 167. Adverbs of quantity 
 
 preposition di'. 
 
 le plus mal. 
 generally take after 
 
 thoni 
 
 (=enoU"h) 
 (== little,' few) 
 ( ^- more) 
 (^^less) 
 
 take du, de 
 
 They are ; 
 
 cuniUen ( = how much or many) assez 
 
 Iwaucoup (=much, many) peu 
 
 trop (=^ too much or many) plus 
 
 taut (—30 much or many) moins 
 
 autant ( =as much or many) 
 
 , ,'^'Blen ( =much), la pinpart (= most) take 
 la, d^K, while davantage is used without a complement. 
 
 Le zephyr emporte des feuilles mais 1' aquilon en emporte 
 davantage. 
 
 ^^Peu : has an irregular comparative : 
 
 Peu ( = little) moins ( = less) le moins ( = the least) 
 
 l6ti. Adverbs of interrogation are : 
 
 comment ( := how) ,jue . . i,e ( = why not) 
 
 pournuoi =why) a' oh (= whence) 
 
 ijuana (=when) etc. 
 
 oil ( = where) 
 
 169. Adverbs of affirmation and negation are : 
 
 (=ye8) 
 
 SI (= yes, answering a neg- 
 
 ative question) 
 ccrtes ( = indeed) 
 
 vraiment ( = truly) 
 
 assuriiment' = assuredly) 
 pcut Mre ( perhaps) 
 non ( = no) 
 
 pasdutout ( == not at all) 
 
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOaiTIOX. 
 
 47 
 
 Adverb* formed with »« before the verb or its auxiliarv 
 whilst they stand after ai-e : 
 
 ne.. jamais (= never) 
 
 ne. .plus (=no more) 
 
 ne . gucre { = hardly, aca eel v ) 
 
 ne.que (=only) 
 
 "6 ( =»nmetimeHalui)e) 
 
 ( = neither) 
 
 locutions are of frequent 
 
 ne..pa3 ( = not) 
 
 ne.. point ( = not at all) 
 ne. .penjonnel — nobody) 
 ne.,rien ( = nothing) 
 ne..goutte ( = not a hit) 
 
 Ne or ni. .nonplun 
 
 170. The following adverbial 
 occurrence : 
 
 , ~ cheap) 
 [ = on the riuht) 
 = thoroughly) 
 = on the left) 
 [ -- at once) 
 = 8c-arcely) 
 [ — early) 
 
 - from time to 
 time) 
 
 en mfime temps ( = at the same 
 time) 
 
 k Iwn march^ 
 
 k droite 
 
 i fond 
 
 li gauche 
 
 i la fois 
 
 li peine 
 
 de bonne heure 
 
 de temps en temps 
 
 |>ar an 
 par hasarrl 
 par jour 
 par mois 
 peu k pen 
 tout k coup 
 tout h fait 
 tout kr heure ( 
 tout de suite ( 
 toutiruncoup( 
 
 =^ yearly, a year) 
 =^ by chance) 
 = daily, a day) 
 = monthly) 
 =^ by degi-ees) 
 — suddenly) 
 = quite) 
 = just now) 
 = immediately) 
 = all at once) 
 
 171. Prepositions are of five kinds : 
 
 2. Place. 
 
 1 Time. 
 
 avant 
 
 = Iwfore) 
 
 apres 
 
 = after) 
 
 depuis 
 
 = since) 
 
 durant 
 
 = whilst) 
 
 pendant 
 
 = " ) 
 
 vers 
 
 dans 
 
 chez 
 
 devant 
 
 derricre 
 
 entre ( 
 
 vis k vis de ( 
 a travers ( 
 antra vers du 
 
 ( = 
 parmi ( ; 
 
 3. Manner or means. 
 
 avec ( = with) 
 
 par • ( = by) 
 
 ae • • ( = by) 
 
 sans ( ^ without) 
 
 * After a passive verb of action. 
 *• After a passive verb ot feeling and uctim 3nt. 
 
 selon ( . 
 
 malgr^ C 
 
 nonobstant \ 
 
 ~ to, at, in) l>efore 
 names of towiix 
 = towards) 
 = into, in) 
 
 — at, at tlie house of) 
 
 — Ik; fore) 
 = behin<I) 
 
 = in) Iwfore names of 
 countries and ab- 
 stract words) 
 
 = between) 
 
 = opjwsite) 
 
 = through) 
 
 , de la, etc, 
 
 = through) 
 
 = among), etc. 
 
 ■■ according to) 
 notwithstanding 
 
48 
 
 SYNOPTICAL FRENCH nRAMMAR, 
 
 ' OriKlii. Caase. 
 
 "^ Tendency. 
 
 <le ( =^ of, from) 
 pour ( ^ for), eti!. 
 <li« ( = fnnu) 
 
 envers ( = towards) 
 pour ( =. for) 
 contre ( = against) 
 HUB k ( = to), etc. 
 
 , ^^All prepositionH (except en which takes the preHent par- 
 ticiple) call for the infinitive after them. 
 
 172. CODJnnctionS may be simple a.s : 
 
 et 
 
 ou 
 
 Hi 
 
 maia 
 
 or 
 
 puis 
 
 done 
 
 car 
 
 { = ami) 
 ( =or) 
 ( = if) 
 { =hut) 
 { = now) 
 ( = then) 
 ( = theiefore) 
 ( = for) 
 
 comme ( — aa 
 
 quand 
 
 que 
 
 ni ni 
 
 quoique 
 
 plutot 
 
 puiwiue 
 
 n^nmoins 
 
 cependant 
 
 lorst^ue 
 
 = when) 
 
 -^ that) 
 
 = neither, nor) 
 
 = though) 
 
 = rather) 
 
 = since) 
 
 = nevertheless) 
 
 = meanwhile) 
 
 = when) 
 
 173. The conjunctive lOCntionS are made of two or more 
 words, of which que is the last generally : The following must 
 always have the indicative after them : 
 
 ainsi que ( : 
 k mesure que ( 
 apr^B que ( ■■ 
 attendu que ( ^ 
 au lieu que ( = 
 dis que ( ■ 
 
 durant que ( 
 non plus que ( 
 outre que ( 
 parce que ( 
 
 ( = 
 
 even as) 
 
 in proportion as) 
 
 after) 
 
 whereas) 
 
 whilst) 
 
 since) 
 
 as soon as 
 
 whilst) 
 
 no more than) 
 
 besides) 
 
 because) 
 
 auseibienque( = 
 ausaitdt que { = 
 autant que ( : 
 de m6me que ( = 
 depuis que { = 
 pendant que ( = 
 peut Atre que ( = 
 tandis que ( = 
 tant que ( = 
 
 vu ([Ue ( = 
 
 = as well as) 
 
 = as soon as) 
 
 = as much as) 
 
 ■■ the same as) 
 
 ■■ since' 
 
 = whilst) 
 
 ■ mav be that) 
 
 ' whilst) 
 
 '■ as long as) 
 
 ■■ considering that) 
 
 : Aussitot que le faucheur arrive dans le pre, il commence k 
 couper le foin. 
 
 : Des qu' il eut aiguise sa faux, il se mit a faucher. 
 
 : Aprh que nous aurons fauch^ le foin, nous le fanerons. 
 
 liT" Future actions are always expressed in French by 
 future verbs. 
 
 -— "Conjunctions requiring the subjunctive mood are 
 given in the chapter of the subjunctive. 
 
WITB MATERIAL WOH FKRC COMPOSITION. 
 
 49 
 
 QUB8TI0HB FOR BXAMIIIATION. 
 
 Uive a definition of the idverb. 
 
 dive a liat of •drerbe of (a) place ; (b) time. 
 
 How you form adTerb* of manner? 
 
 Mention adrerbi fonoed irreguUriy. 
 
 Give a liat of adverba of (a) qnaatity, (b) interrogation, (c) afflr- 
 nation and negation. 
 
 6. Mention adverba of quantity which require du, <U la, dct. 
 
 7. Point out adverbial locutions of frequent uae. 
 
 8. Give a liit of prepositiona of (a) time, (b) place, (o) manner and 
 means, (d) origin, (e) tendency. 
 
 9. Give a liat of aimple oonjunctiona. 
 
 10. Name conjunctive lonutiona, painting out aome which require after 
 them the indicative mqod. 
 
 R8CITATI0N. 
 
 Varaignie^ et U ver <i» tote — 
 
 L'araign^ en ces mots raillait' le ver a soie 
 
 " Vraiment, que de lenteor dans tout ce que tu fais ! 
 
 Vols combien peu de temps j' emploie 
 
 A tisser* au mur* d'innomlwables filets." 
 
 " Soit, nSpondit le ver ; inais ta toile* est fragile ; 
 
 Et puis, ii quoi sert-elle ? k rien. 
 
 Pour moi, mon travail est ntile ; 
 
 Si je fais peu ; je le fais bien." 
 
 — Le Bailly. 
 I. aplder. 2. lilk-worm. i. Jeer. 4. weave, i. nettings. 6. web, cloth. 
 
! 
 
 BO 
 
 i 
 
 ITHOPTIOAL rBIMOH OBAMr .1, 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 IRREOULAB VERBS. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 PRIlUnVK TENSES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fim '^-ONJDOATIOIf. 
 
 
 
 
 Pretentoflhe 
 
 Pantdple 
 
 Participle 
 
 Preteul qfthe Pat 
 
 
 InJinUm. 
 
 PraaU. 
 
 Pat. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Tenm. 
 
 
 AUer, 
 
 logo. 
 
 Allut 
 
 AIM. 
 
 JeraU. 
 
 J'allai 
 
 
 Envoyer, 
 
 tOKHd. 
 
 Raroyul. 
 
 Eniroy<. 
 
 <r envoi*. 
 
 J'enToyai. 
 
 
 
 
 Skond Conjooation. 
 
 
 
 
 Aoqujrir, 
 
 to acquire. 
 
 Aoqairut. 
 
 Aoqaia. 
 
 J'aoquien. 
 
 J'aoquia. 
 
 
 Booillir, 
 
 toboU. 
 
 BooUUnt. 
 
 BooUli. 
 
 Jeboiu. 
 
 Je bouiUis 
 
 
 Courir, 
 
 to run. 
 
 Cooiut. 
 
 Couni. 
 
 Jeooun. 
 
 Je courua. 
 
 
 CueiUir, 
 
 to gather. 
 
 CneUlut 
 
 CuaUIi. 
 
 Je oueiUe. 
 
 Jecueillia. 
 
 
 Dormir, 
 
 to deep. 
 
 Dormaot 
 
 Dormi. 
 
 Jedon. 
 
 Jedormia. 
 
 
 FaiUir, 
 
 to/ail. 
 
 Fulkat. 
 
 FaiUi. 
 
 Je fanx. 
 
 JefaiUia. 
 
 
 Fuir, 
 
 to tee. 
 
 Fuyant. 
 
 Fui. 
 
 Je fuii. 
 
 Je fuia. 
 
 
 Mentir, 
 
 to lie. 
 
 MentMit. 
 
 Manti. 
 
 Je mena. 
 
 Je mentis. 
 
 
 Mourir, 
 
 to die. 
 
 Moniant. 
 
 Mort. 
 
 Je mean. 
 
 Je mourns. 
 
 
 Offiir, 
 
 to offer. 
 
 OSnnt. 
 
 Oflint. 
 
 J-oflirs. 
 
 J'offris. 
 
 
 Ouvrir, 
 
 to open. 
 
 OnTisnt. 
 
 Ouvert. 
 
 J'ouvre. 
 
 J'ouvris. 
 
 
 Purtir, 
 
 to eel out. 
 
 ParUot. 
 
 Fkrti. 
 
 Je para. 
 
 Je partis. 
 
 
 Sentir, 
 
 to/eel, 
 
 S«ntant 
 
 Senti. 
 
 Je aena. 
 
 Je sentis. 
 
 
 Sortir, 
 
 to go out. 
 
 Sortant. 
 
 Sorti. 
 
 Je son. 
 
 Je sortis. 
 
 
 Tenir. 
 
 to hold. 
 
 Tenant. 
 
 Tenu. 
 
 Je tienB. 
 
 Je tins. 
 
 
 Traaaaillit 
 
 , to tiart. 
 
 Ti««aillant.TnawiUi. 
 
 JetreawiUeJetrea- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 saiUis. 
 
 
 Vsnir, 
 
 to come. 
 
 Venant. 
 
 Venu. 
 
 Je viens. 
 
 Je vins. 
 
 
 V«tir, 
 
 to clothe. 
 
 VtUnt. 
 
 V«tu. 
 
 Jertta. 
 
 Je Tttis. 
 
 
 
 
 ThIHD CoNJtruATION. 
 
 
 
 
 Falloir, 
 
 to be neceeeary. 
 
 FaUn. 
 
 H fa..t. 
 
 11 fallut. 
 
 
 Mouvoir, 
 
 to move. 
 
 Houvant. 
 
 HO. 
 
 Je mens. 
 
 Je nus. 
 
 
 Pleuvoir, 
 
 to rain. 
 
 Pleuvant. 
 
 PIu. 
 
 n pleut. 
 
 11 pint. 
 
 
 Pourvoir, 
 
 to provide. 
 
 Poorroyaot. Pourvu. 
 
 Je pounroia. Je pourvus 
 
 
 Pouvoir, 
 
 to be able. 
 
 Pourant. 
 
 Pu. 
 
 Je peux or 
 je puia. 
 
 Je pus. 
 
 
 Priraloir, 
 
 to prevail. 
 
 Pr«valant. 
 
 Pr^valu. 
 
 Je ptevaux 
 
 . Je pre- 
 valus. 
 sje m'assis 
 
 
 S'uaeoir, 
 
 to sit down. 
 
 S'aiwyant. 
 
 Ani*. 
 
 Jem'aaaiec 
 
 
WITH MATBBUL *0B »■■ OOMPORITIOII. 
 
 SI 
 
 (tovoir, 
 
 lo know. 
 
 HMhut 
 
 Bo. 
 
 Je aaia. 
 
 Je aua. 
 
 Vkloir, 
 
 to bt ll>ort^. 
 
 Vahot. 
 
 Vain. 
 
 J« vaux. 
 
 Ja raltta. 
 
 Voir, 
 
 10 tee. 
 
 Voyant. 
 
 Vu. 
 
 Ja voia. 
 
 Jevi*. 
 
 Vouloir, 
 
 to he willing. 
 
 Voulmt. 
 
 VooJo. 
 
 J« vaux. 
 
 Je vouliu. 
 
 
 
 FOVKTH CDNJOaATIUIC. 
 
 
 
 >tMoudre 
 
 toahMlm. 
 
 AtvolTuit. 
 
 Ahmu. 
 
 J'abaoua. 
 
 
 Battre, 
 
 tottrite. 
 
 BattMit 
 
 Batln. 
 
 Jebata. 
 
 Je battia. 
 
 Boire, 
 
 lo drini. 
 
 Bavut. 
 
 Bo. 
 
 Jaboia. 
 
 Je bua. 
 
 Brain, 
 
 to Amy. 
 
 
 
 11 brait. 
 
 
 Cirooncire, <o eircHmem. 
 
 Ciroonoiaant Cinoncii. 
 
 Jeciroonci 
 
 kjeciroon* 
 
 Clore, 
 
 to >hul. 
 
 
 Ckw. 
 
 Je cloa. 
 
 cia 
 
 Conclnra, 
 
 loamdude. 
 
 Conolnant. 
 
 Coooln. 
 
 Je oonclua 
 
 Je conolua 
 
 Coudre, 
 
 to tew. 
 
 CoUMOt. 
 
 Couni. 
 
 Je oouda. 
 
 Je oouaia. 
 
 Croire, 
 
 to helievt. 
 
 Croyant. 
 
 Cm. 
 
 Je oroia. 
 
 •Te crua. 
 
 Croltr*, 
 
 to groK Hp. 
 
 CroiiMuit. 
 
 CM. 
 
 Je croia. 
 
 Je onia. 
 
 Dire, 
 
 totajf. 
 
 Diunt 
 
 Dit. 
 
 Je dia. 
 
 Je dia. 
 
 ficlore, 
 
 to hatch. 
 
 
 fcilm. 
 
 11 fclot. 
 
 
 &rire. 
 
 to mile. 
 
 feriTant 
 
 ferit. 
 
 J'^ria. 
 
 J'icrivia. 
 
 Exclure, 
 
 lo exclude. 
 
 Exoluant. 
 
 Exoln. 
 
 J'exclua. 
 
 J'exclua. 
 
 Faire, 
 
 lo make, to do 
 
 . Faiaant. 
 
 Fait. 
 
 Je faia. 
 
 Jefia. 
 
 Joindra, 
 
 lojoin. 
 
 Joignaiit. 
 
 Joint 
 
 Je joina. 
 
 Je joignia. 
 
 Lire, 
 
 to read. 
 
 LiMUit. 
 
 La. 
 
 Je lia. 
 
 Je lua. 
 
 Luire, 
 
 to thine. 
 
 Luinnt. 
 
 Loi. 
 
 Je luia. 
 
 
 Mettre, 
 
 to put. 
 
 Mettent. 
 
 Mia. 
 
 Je meta. 
 
 Je mia. 
 
 Moudre, 
 
 to grind. 
 
 Moulant. 
 
 Monlu. 
 
 Je mouda. 
 
 Je moulua 
 
 Naltre, 
 
 to he bom. 
 
 Naiattnt. 
 
 Hi. 
 
 Je naia. 
 
 Je na(|uia. 
 
 Nuire, 
 
 to harm. 
 
 Naiaant. 
 
 Noi. 
 
 Je nuia. 
 
 Je nuiaia. 
 
 Prendre, 
 
 to take. 
 
 Pranant. 
 
 Pria. 
 
 Je prenda. 
 
 Je pria. 
 
 lUpondre 
 
 , lo answer. 
 
 R^pondaot R^pondu. 
 
 Je r^pondi 
 
 . Jerd- 
 pondia. 
 Jeriaolua. 
 
 R^Mjudre 
 
 fo retolve. 
 
 R^aolvant. 
 
 R^aoua,i^aolu Je r^aoua. 
 
 Rire, 
 
 to laugh. 
 
 Riant 
 
 Ri. 
 
 Je ria. 
 
 Je ria. 
 
 Rompre, 
 
 to hreak. 
 
 Rompant. 
 
 Rompu. 
 
 Je rompa. 
 
 Jerompia. 
 
 guffire, 
 
 lo mjice. 
 
 Snffiaant. 
 
 Suffi. 
 
 Je aofBa. 
 
 Je auffia. 
 
 Suivre, 
 
 lo/ollow. 
 
 Suivant. 
 
 Snivi. 
 
 Je ania. 
 
 Je auivia. 
 
 8«teire, 
 
 to he eilent. 
 
 Setaiaant. 
 
 Tu. 
 
 Je me taia. Je me tua. 
 
 Traire, 
 
 to milk. 
 
 Tnyant 
 
 Trait. 
 
 Je traia. 
 
 
 Vaincre, 
 
 to vanquish. 
 
 Vainqtunt 
 
 Vainc»i. 
 
 Je vaines. 
 
 Jevainquia 
 
 Vivre, 
 
 to live. 
 
 Vivant. 
 
 \ica. 
 
 Je via. 
 
 Je v*cuB. 
 
63 
 
 avKoPTicAL ratnca obammaii. 
 
 PAHSINO. 
 
 175. ParHiiig treaU of the mture of woHh, their form, the 
 pert they perform in the aentence. 
 
 Leu Oauloix hsbitaient autrefoiH I'Asie avant Hf> v-iiir danx 
 notre pays; iU (Staient grandii, forts; leur couri»- ■ gaUit leur 
 force. 
 
 *''^" article, muculinc, plural, limits Oauloiii with which it 
 
 a|{ree8 in gendw and number. 
 
 """'"" noon, proper, maK!uIine, plunl, subject of kahUairnt. 
 
 ha'iitaieiil.. .verb, transitive, i,v conjugation, indicative mood, imper- 
 fect tense, 3rd wirson plural, agrees with Oaii/ou. 
 
 autrtfoiD.. . advirb of ti-iij, modifies hahitakul. 
 
 '' articlo, Billed, standing for la, feminine, singular, limits 
 
 Ant. 
 
 ^'" noun, proper, feminine, singular, direct object of Ao/(iVa>en/. 
 
 avant dr. prepositional looution. 
 
 '*""■ ™rb, intransitive, 2nd conjugation, infinitive mood 
 
 present, depends ou aran/ dt. ' 
 
 da"' preposition. 
 
 "°'™ adjective, possessive, masculine, singular, determines /ays. 
 
 ^'" pronoun, personal, .3rd person, masculine, plural, subject 
 
 of /latent. 
 
 *'"'«'"' yorb; subHtentive, (Are) 4th conjugation, indicative mood, 
 
 imperfect tense, Srd person pluraH 
 tiraiidi adjective, qualificative, masculine, plural, qualifies iV* 
 
 standing for Oaulou. 
 
 /<"■'* adjective, qualificative, masculine, plural, iiualifies »/» 
 
 standing for OaaioU 
 
 '""" adjcitive, possieasive, masculine, singular, determines 
 
 €OHraift. 
 
 murage iioun, cinimon, masculine, singular, subject c; Ijalait. 
 
 /gtlail 111,, transitive, (tgaler) 1st conjugation, indicative mood, 
 
 imperfect tense, .3rd person singular. 
 
 ''"' adjective, posaeaiiive, fuiiiuine, singular, determines^brce. 
 
 /'>'T« noun, common, feminine, singular, direct object ot/galail. 
 
WITH MATKRIAL FOR PRRR COMPOSITIOX. 
 
 63 
 
 Lmiical Akalysm. 
 
 176. Logical anslyiiiN hHuwh the relation in which propo- 
 HitioHH, itnd alao wordn belonging to the Name propo«ition, ntand 
 to one another. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Deux vrai" amiH vivaient au Mondiicotapa ; 
 L'un ne poumkiait rien ((ui n' appartint & I'autre. 
 LeH amiH de ce payn U 
 Valent bien, dit on, ceux du nOtre. 
 In the above nentenoe, thore are fn propnaitiuM, hecauw there are 
 .tin verb, in a penonal tenao : nmUiH : ixMMtil : appaHinl : mitml: ail. 
 I»t propoeition : Dtiur rmi» ami' nmitiil au Moiiomolaixi ■ 
 (principal) '^ 
 
 amu : duhject, limple, having (or a determinative wimple- 
 
 ment deitx rrain. 
 AnirM ; verb, (tire ia alwaya the verb) 
 
 nmul : attribute, aimple, having aa a complement of place : 
 
 an Mottoinotapa. 
 •iaii propoaition : L'un ne pauMail rieH ; 
 (principal) 
 
 L im : aubject, aimple. 
 
 itait : verb. 
 
 pauManl .- attribute, aimple, having aa a complement and direct 
 
 object i*€ . , rien. 
 Snl propoaition : <Jni «' apjMrliHl ,\ P aiiln : 
 (attributive relative) 
 
 V'"' ■ subject, simple. 
 
 nefil : verb. 
 
 appnriemnl : attribute, aimple, having aa an indirect obiect 
 <1 r autre. 
 4th proposition : Lm amin de ce jiayg /i ralenl hien ceux du vilre. 
 principal) 
 
 Leu amin- aubject, aimple, having aa a complement: de ce 
 
 pays tit. 
 >*ont : verb. 
 
 ntlaut : attribute, aimple, having aa complements ceux du 
 
 ufitre and hien. 
 5th propoaition : Dit on. 
 (e3cpleti\*e nr par 
 enthetica') 
 On. 
 
 diAant : 
 
 subject, simple. 
 
 verb. 
 
 attribute, simple. 
 
M 
 
 8TX0PTICAL FRBNCH QRAMMAR. 
 
 4DISTIOH8 FOR BXAMINATION. 
 
 1. Give the primitiTe tenaea of any irregular verb. 
 
 2. Define paraing. 
 
 3- Pluae any aentence. 
 
 4. Define: Logical analyaia. 
 
 5. Analyae any aentenoe. 
 
 Fm \ ? * ' *' ™''' """* ** ^"""^ " '"y propo«t>on which you analyae in 
 7. How can you tell the number of propoaitiona in a French aentence. 
 
 RECITATION. 
 
 La mart, 
 
 O mort, viena terminer ma misire cruelle ! 
 S'^riait un jour, dans un sombre transport, 
 Le paiivre Charle, accabl^ par le sort. 
 S' empreasant & la voix qui I'appelle, 
 La faux en main, accourt la mort. 
 Me voili prgte, dit elle, 
 Or ya, de par Pluton, 
 Que demande-t-on?- 
 Je veux, dit Charle. 
 -Tu veuxIPwle! 
 -Eh bien ! 
 Rlen. 
 
 FIN.