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pncAL
NCH GRAMMAR.
M »..'.:•: LM.AV,
SYNOPTICAL
FRENSH GRAMMAR
With Matbrial fob Fbee Composition, bbino Part II of
Frknch Lanocaoe awd Qrammab,
B^Z" JL. TOFICA-Xj S'STSTEls/E,
J. M. LANOS.
B. is L. (Gal.) B. L. (Dal.)
Author of " Fnmch Language by a Topical System," French Master
and Lxaminer to His Majesty's Ships of the North Atlantic
Squadron, Instructor in Modem Languages Halifax County
Academy, Halifax School for; the Blind, Lecturer at Mount St.
Vincent Academy, etc.
A. & W. MACKINLAY,
Haufax, N. S.,
1901.
PC tni
EnMred aocordliiK to Act of ParlUunent of Canada, in the year IdOl.
Br A. & W. MicuH'jT,
In the Office of the HInUter of Acrlculture, at Ottawa.
TABLE OF CC STENTS.
Prenoh vowel'Wmnds. .
Gender. .
1
[[[['.[[[[[[['.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'..'. »
fomiulon 0* renitnim *
New Sriitax of nouiw '
Amour, orpu, dtlloee, ntemae, enteDt, r*". or<e. hymn*. Plqnw t
Number In noana J
rormatton of the plural In nonu •
U«e of lingular or pliiml *
PInralef proper, forelcnai.? eompoand noune *
The deflntte Article *
9
Kllalon .
Indetnlte artlok "
Partitive article •
Baaie — Ive oane *
BynUx of the article.. *
Article In oomparliona "•
Adverbial form of the nrarlatlve. ••
The adjective. Ita t -retrient '*
Formation of the feminine in adjeetivee "
Adjeotlvee with a double manoulino form '*
romiation of the p.Ui.: In adj J*
PoHltlon and conoord of adjectives >*
Adj nw. dtmi, feu. franc de port, etc '•
Now syntax of coraponnd adJ '^
AdJ uHod advjrblally "
The OMiilve. comparative and euporlatlvo degreei In mlj 1»
Cardlial and ordinal numbera ••
Byntv; of vingt and cent "
Demaiatratlve adj '*
PoejeaalveadJ. U»e of doflnite article initoai of poMemlve adJ IS
IndeHnlto adJeotlvM *•
Syntax of foil/, nwun. etc ^
Adjectlvo«re(,ulrlnBil after them. "
Perwnal pronounR, en, i/ **
Difjunctive pronouns ^
Reflexive rranoune ^
Demonatri ^ pronouna ^
Syntax otct.ld "
PoaaoflHlve and relative pronouna 24
Uaeof 01^ aa a pronoun ^
Indefinite pronouna ^
Syntax of cliacun, qui que ce goU qui, etc 25
Verbs, numbers, peraons, moodii, tenses ^
CO!«T«!rw.
CoiiJucsllonofnralr.^fK ■'*<»''•
Racniw nMOnmtlonii «
WcoiiMiti„ofT„h.i„»„.^;^ -^'v;- »
lnl«fti«»tl«v«rli.. A",»<«.p*, »
BtildeoUooanrotMlbra< «
Wli«npr»po.ltl<»po«,ta,^ n«w«i „
V.Pb.»fter which pripa,ltion*i,u,ii *
Whan pnpMttion rfe u a««l W
i^Ilt".'^'''!""''*'* ""»"•'' '»^ »»:•.':■.: ';;!; r
'"r;:::^;.'^ .= '"•"»''''• ^^- "-w^ tii. -u^
Conjunction, taklnc b<*h the Inaic! .nd nW
Co^anct.o„„,„„ u»,„, t^ „„,tt"V. .
41
41
a
Ordwof wort.lnFr.nch«nt«„o«..' "
y-olth,/HturtUnMe,laFnaeh «
IrreriUrTwb.ofth.fouroonJog.UM. •
An .xampl, of French p,ni|„, " M
An.x.mpl.of rr«nohIoK,o»l.naiyii..' «
■• .. 53
SELECTIONS FOB BECITATroTlND FR,B COMPOSITION.
Bonne nutt
M» Normandle
1* llorro et le imtor ...
Aprialaplule
Le mlfolr
L'ioureuU bleni
L» lanteme et Uohandelle .
L« chanMn dn cordlw
L'omnge
L« mort do 1' hirer. ....
Le fain
Lateullle
L'aralgnie ot lover igole..
La mort
.... «
.... a
... II
... M
... 17
... »1
... »
... 31
... Si
... aa
... M
... M
.. 4S
.. M
PREFACE.
THIS book it intended at a guide to a quick knowled|pe of Rules,
Conjugatioati and Syntax r? 'i^ved of the uNelean complications
of French Grammar, according tc aI Act of the '* Minirter of Public
Inttruction. Worship and Fine Arts," of France, dated March i ith, 1901.
The time saved by the elimination of absurd rules may be gts^n to
the study of standard authors, and the valuable hours once wasted over
unimportant peculiarities in spelling may be devote , to memory training
and /<r« composition. There is a general agreer. ..t among reformers
that the place of exercises and translations into a foreign language
shoi'M be taken by free composition in the language on subjects drawn
from the texts already studied, so that the compositions are rep* ic-
tions of what is already known.
Great use can also be made of a system of questions and answers
carried on in the foreign language by the teacher and pupils, the former
asking the questions and the latter answering them. The subjects of
the questions are, of course, drawn from the texts which the papils have
just been reading or memoriwing.
This exercise is quite effective if directed by a person capable of con-
versing in French or sufficiently familiar with the grammar to correct
the mistakes of the student.
The purely oral exercises should precede any attempts at written
reproductions of what has been learned.
The questions and answers may be exact literal reproductions of the
lesson memorized or free paraphrases, with new words explained, either
beforehand or afterwards.
w
PREFACE.
In order that this "imitative" method, which has the great ad-
vantagre of beingr progressive, migrht be tried, I have selected a number
of easy and varied poems by standard authors.
I have preferred poetry to prose because the former affords better
opportunities for conversation and is less difficult to memorize, and also
because French poetry is merely the purest prose set in rhyme.
Example
Free Composition.
La petite Lauia s'admirait dans la glan;
La mire dil.— Kernels ..-e mimir A sa place
This sentence can be turned into a number of other sentences which
W.1I tram the pupils in composition, grammar and conversation. An
exercise of this kind developes in the learner quickness, presence of
mind, observation, accuracy and ease :
—Laura remet le mimir A sa place—
—La petite Laura admirait sa mire.
—La glace est A sa place.
—Ce miroir etcette glace sont A Laura.
Etc., etc.
Question and Answer.
The same sentence can also be made the subject of many questions.
— Qui est Laura ?
A — Une petite fille.
Q.— Que faisait elle ?
A —Elle s' admirait.
Q.— Dans quoi s' admirait elle ?
A — Dans le miroir, dans la g:lace.
Q.— Oil se trouvait la glace?
A. — A sa place.
Q. — Laura itait elle seule ?
A — Elle iuit avec sa mire.
Q — Que lui dil sa mere?
A — Elle lui dit— Remets ce miroir ii sa place-etc.
In conclusion, I may say that while I agree with modem re-
formers in condemning ihe practice of exercise writing and the use of
i priori methods, such as Ollendorfs, Ahn's Fasquelle's, Fasnacht's,
etc., I cannot join with them in their condemnation of translations and
the use of grammars, providing they do not drown the general prin-
ciples in a sea of details.
Now, in conclusion, thanks to all who, by correction, suggestion,
or otherwise, have helped in the composition of this synoptical grammar,
and more especially to Dr. A. H. MacKay, Superintendent of Educa-
tion, for having encouraged me to undertake this work, and to
Principal R. MacLellan, of the Pictou Academy, for his kindly sugges-
tions as to the arrangement of the work.
J. M. LANOS.
Halifax, Sept the ist, 1901.
FRENCH VOWEL-SOUNDS.
V,
2°i
ay
I
3
long=ime, pAte, rare, Pftjucs — like a in : arm.
short = la, ma, cravate, braa — like n in : tat.
foUowe:! by mm or ?m = feninie, solennel— like a in fat.
long = bete, fete, etre. grele — like e in : were.
" =ni4re, pare, eQccis " "
in body of a word = reine, peine.
" " " =haine, Maine, saine.
foUowei by eo.isonants other than m or R = fraiB, aimaient, laisser.
or fty=dey, Jersey, esaayer, payer.
in th3 body of a word followed by double consonants, or in mono-
syllables = messe, pelle, serre, cette mer, fer, sac, bee.
short and sharp = b6b6, v^rit^, caf6— like / in : caf/.
er, in terminations = berger, chercher " " "
e», in monosyllables = les, mes, tea, ses, ces — like i in : caf^.
ei, =nez, allez, chez '• '• **
at, not followed by any consonant = mai, plaie " " "
le or o«, =cecum6nique, Oedipe " " "
e, mute or unaccented = homme, venir, je, le, se — like t in : celery.
e«, in plural endings of nouns, etc., or verbs = pire8, avares, donnes,
manges— like e in : celery.
tnt, in the 3rd pent, plural of verba = laissent, passent, aimaient,
levferent — like e in celery.
^ (i, Ioug = gite, lie — like i in : machine
(i or y, short = myrte, lys, myoaotis, midi — liko t in : machine
16 long, =cote, rot, apotre, geole — like o in : note.
au *' =au, pause, gaule *' " "
tan " =eau, beau, tableau " " **
short = 8onore, col, foUe, sot, pot — like o in ; not.
_„ ( u, long = flAte, rue, mQre, sflr.
' \?/, short = azur, brut, pu, nul.
y itu or ««, long = heure, steur, fleurir — like m in : lis.
\e« or an, short = Dieu, feu, peu, wuf, seul — like u ui : ws.
^ lou^ o\K, long = AoOt, goQter, roue — like oo.
\ou, Bhort = mouter, toute, loup, sou, doux.
N. B. —Consonants = 6, </, y, p, «, (, x, in endings, do not affect tba
sound of the preceding voweU.
c. f. L and r. are. however, generally sounded : Roc, chef, sel, cher.
SYNOPTIfAL FHENCII riRAMMAH,
DIPHTHONCiS.
N. B.— Tho roajifctivo value of the vowels must he preserved in
diphthongs, sounding the second ck-aily, whilst merely touching the first.
01, especially is deserving of attention.
i(z = diacre, liasse.
*e = miette, pie<l.
io = pioche, Antioche.
i<zi = niais, biaiser.
iau = miauler, piauler,
»e« = lieu, mieux.
oe = moelle, pcete,
oi = toile, poids, roi.
toi or oie=joie, Imurgeois.
oiti or OMin=joindre, poing.
«o=:ruade, tua.
m :lui, bruit.
10'
II
NASAL VOWELS.
(am or n» = camp, larape, sans, sang.
Urn, en or ectn = employer, en, Jean.
Iim, ym, or in = impossible, thym, fin.
aim or ai;i = faim, sain, essaini, bain,
em or e» final, preceded by i, iory = aein, ceint, seing, bien,
examen, citoyen, Europ^en.
om, on, eo« = nom, compter, donjon, pigeon.
urn, «« = parfum, humble, aucun, it jeun.
UQUID VOWELS.
They are made of / or U preceded by at, ei. e„i, oiii or i alone ; but in
many words beginning by iU, one / is sounded— mille, ville.
•*" <"'^=l>ataille, travail, poulailler— Sound a and let ye be heard
eiy = soleil, abeille, sommeiller— Sound e \
•V/e=fille, famiUe, piller, billard " i I and let yf be
euil, mil, »i7=icueil, orgueil, teiUet- " fa /heard after.
oui'=grenouille, barbouiller, souiller— " o« /
15°
16'
17
18'
CONSONANTS,
c, /■, qii, express the same sound = carte, k^pi, quai, qui.
K, c before f, i, and f sound alike=sort, ciel, gar^on.
J and 7 bufwru c and I " " j'»i, geai.— soft like sA (?)
ch is sounded like «h generally = chapeau, michant.
gn sounds like « in oniou or ths Spanish wjrd dona
poignee, vigneron.
cam{agnard,
WITH MATERIAL POH FREE COMPOSITION.
3
THE NOUN.
1- Grnders. There are only two genders in French, the
inaiKulhif and i\\e feminiw ; therefore any EngHsh neuter noun
must either be mnnculiue or feminiw in French.
2. Formal ion of Feminine nouns are generally formed
feminine. by adding e mute to the masculine.
3. Those already in e mute in the masculine remain un-
changed in the feminine.
ho/mirisle (m) La Jieiirisli; (f) ( = florist).
4. When the masculine noun ends in en or rm the « is
doubled in the feminine before the e mute.
Le bar&n ( = baron) La baronne ( = baroness).
Lo chien (m) = dog) La chienne (f) ( = dog).
Also : Le paygan (m) La paymntw (f ) ( = peasant).
5. Masculine nouns in er f.-rm their feminine by affixing e
mute also, but then the first « is accented grave (e).
Le berger ( = shepherd) La beryire ( = shepherdess).
6. Masculine nouns in eur form their feminine in ewie when
derived from a participle present, otherwise they take trice.
Un acheteur (m) Une afheteuse (f) ( = buyer) : achetant.
Un directeur (m) Une directrice ( = diretW) : m> verb.
7. Some nouns form their feminine in esne : . 1' bote (m)
/' hi'iteaae (f) ( = host and hostess).
Le Suiime (m) La Suiasegne (f) ( = Swiss and Swiss woman).
^^ Others have a feminine totally diiTerent from the masculine :
Ane (m) Snesse, (f) (=donkey), fils ( =son), «1U ( =.laugliter), helier
( = r»ni), brebis (=ewe), (trire (=brother), sopiir (=. sister), bn-uf (=ox)
vache ( =cow), garvon ( =boy), fille = gi"rl), canard ( =. hick), cane (f) duck),
gendre (= son-in-law), bru ( =daughterin-law), cbeval (= horse), jument
(-mare), heros ( = hero), heroine ( = heroine), compagnon (ni)coinpagne (f)
companion), jars (=gander), oie (=gooae), comte ( = count), comtesse
<=counte8s), loup (m) louve (f) ( = wolf), coo (^rooster), poule(=hen).
man (^husband), fenime (=w!fel,dieu (-^<;(xl),dtosse (=(;oddeaa),neveu
(=nephew), niece (=^ni ce), dindon (= turkey-cock), dinde (=turkey-
hen), oncle (=t uncle), tante (=aunt), roi (^king), reine (^^queen).
8. New syntax of Aiyle ( = eagle) may be considered
the UOIins of masculine when it denotes a standard.
two genders. Un aiyh monstrueux enleva un
mouton. (= A monstruous eagle carried oif a sheep).
Les aigha romaines furent partout victorieux.
The Roman standards (eagles) were everywhere victoriouf.
SITNomcAL FRENCH ORAMMAB,
mas^ulin^TflT' ^^^T'^ V"^"® (='^'-K»«) "»y ^ considered
masculine in the singular and common in the plural.
Les yrrt«rf» ou le.s ymu-/^* orguea. (=The bie oreansi
Desamoursta,^./,orMrrfi,-«,(=Iatelove). * ^ '
•O- Delices. (=« delight) may be ussd in the nlural onlv
and be considered feminine. ^ " *
youU,')! "'""''"'*'' ''''''"" "^^ ''"'f""'-''' (=The innocent delight of
.nmLL ■*"*<"""?• (=a"tumn) and enfant (=child) are
common gender. Un automne pluvieux or une . ^,mne pluvieuse
b= uid in^T/^-^'"^''^ Ti ^"^t <='^'->«y) ni^y in »" cases
them ^«"""'"e and have their adjectives to agree with
Tnatruit, or vjiMruifeB par I'experience, les vieiUe» gens sont
prudent.) Cet epic.er a de I'orge mond^. ou perl,', a vendre.
(=lhi8 grocer has hulled and pearl barley for sale).
common Vi'T."?, ^^* hymn or a song) may be considered
common : Le Te Deum est un bel or une belle hymne : (=The Te
Deum 19 a beautiful hymn). ^
/•™„^!,-.f ''''^"'*'"' ^'' '•"y"'"^ "■■"'™^'' f™"?"" «"• '""io'^'/e
^ f it rtt It tS^t
either « Hrii'''"^^^''^'^'^ ™^y ** "'"'' '" *'«' f«'"'°'»« t« denote
either a date or the religious festival. A Paques p,;^hain or a
/_^Net/F'"^'""' "Tu*"'"'™ "" S™""! '''"«■• de famine.
(— JNext Eister we Aall have a big family dinner).
QUE3TI0.N8 FOR E.XAMINATION.
I. What is meant by the gander of a noun ! How many are there »
Fren!:hnmms'?''' ""' '^™'"'" ™'" '"^ ">= '°™''«»'^ "« ""= feminine in
r,,!.,?' n-r "■•' '<""■"■"« of the following nouns and explain the snecal '
rules : Cltoyen, Breton, portkr, lectmr, chliilmr, proph™ ^
maJuine.'™*"" °* """"' "^'"'"' ''"»"»"=*' totally different from the
WITH MATERIAL FOB FRKE COMPOHITION.
HECITATIOX.
Konne nuit' l)i)nnc nuit !
Loin' dc nous' le jour* s'enfuit' ;
Mais' coniine' un flambeau' ci'Ipste,
Ija bontt' de Dieu'" nous reste" ;
Elle nous ^arde et nous suit".
Bonne nuit I Bonne nuit ?
A domain" ! a demain !
Mais demain cht incernain.
Nos paupiires'* vont " se elore ;
Pourrons" nous revoir" I'aurore" !
Nous disons" |)cut etre'» en vein :
A demain ! A demain I
— Viefor Jiuyo.
1. night. J. far. 3. us. 1. d«y. 5 dliwnpfars. 6. but 7. a«. 8 torch
IS. arc going 16. shaU b« able. 17. use again 18. dawn. 19. say. SO. HerhaiM.
NUMBER IN NOUNS.
l-'^. Nnmber. There are two numbers, the singular and
the plural. The plural is generally formed from the singular by
the addition of «. Le Him ( -_ the book) if« livres (the books).
Le clou ( = the nail. Li-x clous { = the nails). L' ,imi ( = the
friend). Leu nmig ( = the friends).
16. Nouns ending in s, x or z remain the same in the
plural : Le bras (= the arm) Les bras (=ithe arms) : La croix
( = the oross) Les i-ralr ( = the crosses).
17. Nouns ending in mi, or eu take x in the plural, except
/anrf«7«, sfirmw { = smock, frock.) Un <■%«««( = a hat). Des
chnpeauT. Vnfeu ( = a fire), Dutifiux ( = fires.)
18. Nouns ending in ou form the plural regularly by adding
», except the following neven which take x :
Le bijou ( = the jewel) Le genou ( ^ the knee)
Le caillou ( = the pelihle) Le hibou ( - the owl)
Le chou ( r, the cabliage) Le joiijou ( =^ the toy)
L? poll f = the louHe.
19. Nouns ending inn/ change this teimination into CT«,r.
Un mat de dents ( = tooth-ache.) Des maux de dents ( = tooth-
aches.) Un general. Des gemraux.
8YN0PTUAL FRENTIl (JRAMMAB,
20. But the following Iw.'ln nouns form the plur»l regularly
Ubal (
Lf hercail t
Lo cal (
Le carnavfti (
\m chacal (
Le iKtail (
1>alll
- sheupfold)
- calloHJtyt
- carnival)
- jackal)
r.^ tlutail)
V ^pouvaiitail ( = ncarocrow)
L' iventail ( - '»"
Le gouvemail ( = rudrler)
U- pal ( ---- «'»'"')
Le portail ( " gate)
Le r^gal ( ™ treat).
•)1 The following i-iyht nouns have two plural forms, one
regular, the other irregular with a different meaning :
L- ol ,a ( = the grandfather) Les mux ' = the ancestors)
Lec-e ='l>e«ky) Les ««x = the heavens)
vUl = the e/e) L-» y«-ar = the ej-es)
Btlail ( =■ cattle) Bestiaux ( - cattle).
•>•' Use of the In all constructions, in which the
plural or the sense allows of the complimentary
sinKlllai. 1""" being consifleref> as either smgu-
lar or plural, either number may be employed.
Des habits do f^mnie or de f»mm>-s ( = Women's clothes).
Des confitures de gro.eilh or gro»-ith, ( = Gooseberry preserves^
lis ont oto leur chipeiu or leurs chap'aux ( = They took off
their hats).
"3 Pliirnl of Proper names preceded by the plural
" ' nponpi- article mav always take the sign of the
nnmea. I>1"™1 ■ C est la gloire de la France d avoir
donne le jour ii des iU,rneilU>, des Raeim^, des f^marh,y> et
des IlurJ, ( = It is France's glory to have given birth to men
UkeCorneille,«acine, I.martine and Hugo) .Le-'^«''~
au.si recherchcs que les Meissom^rs et les Petmlles { = Ui\\et^
pictures are as much sought after as Meissonier s and DetaiUes).
9t Plural of When nouns derived from other languages
foreign have become thoroughly nationalised, they
MOIIIIS may tal^e ^^^ -^'Sn "f »''*' P'"™' '•
Des expnts ( = permission to leave)
Des paturB et des avm.
I', romnound They mav be written without a hyphen :
iionns. D*--" ''hefs d'oeuvre ( = master-pieces.)
Des arcs en ciel ( = rainbow.s).
WITH MATERIAL FOB FREE cnMFOHlTloN. 7
or. Plnrnl of When compounil nouns arr- written in
nouns. f">- the formation of the plural in Himple
"""Un contrevent (M.) Pes contrevents. (p.) ( = shutterH)
L- ch.'vrefeuille (s) Des chwrefeuiUos (].) ( = honeysuoker).
•'7 When a compound noun is made of two distinct vari-
able'words, they both take the plural form :
Le rh.,i Hnl ( = tiKer-cat) Les rh.t. H,,r.> = two nouns.
L" coffr.};>H ( = safe) U-s <-offre> fortn = noun and adj.
-8 If a compouml noun is mode up of a verb and a noun,
a PI .position or an adverb and a noun, the noun alone chanjies.
' 1& h.n,chon ( = a c.rkscrew) Des Ih: hourhm. ( = verb
'""'v.m.us lieutenant ( =a sub-lieutenant) Des sous lieutenants
( = preposition and noun).
-.9 \ compound noun made up of a noun, a pr.;,o>itwn
expr'essec'. or understood, and a «<mn, plural,.os the firM noun
"" ^ ' Une nmrhim a vapeur ( = a steam engim)
Des marAirwx a vapeur ( = steam engmes)
.50 Some compound nouns, consi.lering their meaning, or
on account of their elliptic form, ren.ain always singular or
^'" Un nhatjour ( = shade) De.abafj,.ur =things which bring
'"Tfporf !■■/,/•. or Des porte clefs ( = one who carries the
kevs = a turnkey.)
■ N B -However, there is a tendency to adopt a s<)parato
form forthe singular and for the plural, as we niay seo by the
following nouns.^'whose first components are to bo found m many
other words : ^ ^u ■ i \
Vn cure dent ( = a tooth-pick)
Un tire lignc ( = a drawing-pen)
Un couvre pied ( = a blanket).
QUESTIONS FOB EXAMINATIONS.
1. How n.a.>y numl«,-. are there? How <lo you form the plural of
nouns ?
•2. When are nouns invariable t
8 HVNOPTICAL rHKyOH riRAMMAH,
8. Kow <lo you fi.rni tlu' plural of nouns in an, ,u, at .'
nilJof „1m,'f r"T '"•'/""" '" ""■ ""• "'• *'""'• •'•I*"' '""■ ""' "'•pectiv.
niiM oi nouuH In n', m', on.
a. flive iiouni with a double plural.
6. What IcimlK of noun« can Uke either the lingular or the plural ?
7. How <lo y,m form the plural of proper nanieii ?
8. How do you form the plural of compound nouna ?
HBCITATIOK.
Ma Xi>mmnriie
Quand> tout' renait' it 1' eHpiTanre*,
Et que* r hiver" fuit' loin' Ht' nous ;
Sous' le beau'" ciel" fit- notre" France,
Quand le Holeil" revient" plus" doux" ;
Quand la nature est reverdit" ;
Quand 1' liirondelli." est de retour,"
J'aime" a r.-voir" ina Norniandie
C'est le pays" (lui" m'a donnc'" le jour".
J' ai vu" les champs" de I'Helv^tie,
Et »e» chalets" et ses f,daciers ;
J' ai vu le fiol" de 1' Italie,
Et Venis^, tt ses gondoliers.
En saluant*" cha(|ue" patrie'-' ;
Je nv -Hsai!," ; Aucun"* si'jour"
N' est plus beau que ma Norniandie —
C est le pays <iui m' a donni- le jour.
— Fri'iihk Hn-at.
«■ ^l!f/l.. ^t'j?'^^"''"* 3. 1- born ajain. 4. hoiw. 5. when.
1? JIJ"'.» '• '"»»PP<'«"- 8. far. 9. uml.r. 10. teauUful.
!-• hi^™"- ""'■• "• '"■"• '*• "">">s. 15 more. 16. sweet mild).
aV &'"?,«""'" »»'?'" ^ swallow. 19. return trip. '
M. Srsi^'ourT"- ^•■""''''erland.c^inTy!- 3?ul^ to..y.
THE ARTICLE.
The article agrees with the noun in gen ler and number.
31. Definite /.epore ( = the father^
Article. Ln mere ( = the mother.;
Les peres et meres ( = che fathers and mothers. )
WITH MATERIAL FOR FRBE COMPORITION.
9
0« p*r« ( -. of the father.) An [.ire ( .. to the father.)
J>r la mire ( of the mother. ) A In mere ( to the mother. (
/*» i.*r<-« et mirei ( = of the ^ lu- |>ire« et ni»re« ( - to the father.
father»«ml mother.). anil motlien.
3-'. EliHlon. When If or la cunies before a vowel or A
mute, the vowel a or a in elided.
IVamour ( = h>ve.) Lhomme (lineman.)
llel amour ( ^- of love.) Del'hommc ( - of the man.)
A 1 amour ( to love.) A 1' honime ( _ to the man. )
33. Xo eliNion tal(i"< places in /<■ niizr. h «», la mintf. If out.
34°. Indefllllt*' iin ( = a or an, befoi-e niase. nouns.
Article. «HP( = a or an, before fern, nouns.
I'll livre ( = a biwk.) iirn- plume ( = a ]>en.)
3i5'. Partitive It denote.s a portion or part of a whole
Article. and mu.st always be expressed in French.
It is translated by some, any.
It is : /)n niasc. before conwmants. />« pain ( = some brearl.)
D'hiiem. " " /J*' /« pate ( = seine |>aste.)
/''■fi jilural, both jfenders. Dfs lys I = some lilies.)
/>»•/' before a vowel or A mute. Vh /'eau ( = scmie water.)
36.'
(le In et J
Partitive rf« is used instead of the precedinjj t/ii,
!., after a negative verb :
La femnie u' a pas ofe pain ( = the woman has no bread.)
37. Partitive tie is generally used if an adjective precedes
the ncmn, but rfii, dr la, elc, are allowe<l.
/>« bon pain or Dit bon pain ( = s.inu. g,s«l bread )
De beaux lys or Deg beaux lys (= some Ix-autiful lilies.)
3S°. Possessive Possession is ex|)re.s.sed by t/f (=of):
Case. My father's house or The house of mv
fath er : = La maison de mon pcre.
goUlTu';;fn*i,"r;e'!j':r™"'°""' "°"'^ ^ ^ ^"''' "■»'^'' " " ""'"' "'
39. Special rnles. The definite article is u.sed in French
where the indettnite is in English, before nouns of measure
weight and number : Du beurre « un franc In livre ; (Butter at
one franc a pound.)
40.° Before names of countries, abstract nouns, adjectives
used substantively, titles followed by the name.
la France est un pays chaud (=France is a warm . ■.)
10
KYNOPTlrAL rRKXt'H (IHAMMAR,
I.II clmritv I'Ht uiic vcrtu (— Charity i" a virtue.)
L- iKilr t'Ht une coulour (le cleuil ( = Black is a ciilor of
mourning.
/,<- Hoi EilouanI rat fiU ile ta Heine Victiiria ( = King
£<lwar(l ix win of (jueen V'ictiiria.)
41'. Repetition The artii-le \» re(>eateil l)efi>re every
of Article. noun : L' frere et In Ho-ur ( The
brother luiil the siHter.)
It may 1k' Huppi-esned when twoadjeetiveHt'onnei'tefl by rt refer
to the «inie ;ioun, but in niich a way as really to denote two
diU'en'i thingn.
L' 'lire anoienne et niixlerne or L' hixtoirc ancienne et la
niodeme ( = Ancient and McKlern History.)
42.° Articles The definite and indefinite articles are
omitted, omitted Ix'fore orilinal nunilx-rH in enumer-
ations, or to indicate the ordc- of |Mii)es, kings, etc., iwljectives
used as nouns or i'ic» rersi'i, nouns in apismition, titles of a b<s>k,
afti'i- iiufl. etc., in exclamations, afier adverlw of quantity,
nieo-sure, weight ; and in proverbs.
Ijivre ilcux, page dix ( = B<K>k the Second, page ten.)
Charles premier ( = Char'.es the First.)
Son pcTc iHt conitc et pair tl'Angleterre ( = His father is an
earl anfl jioer of England.)
Mon pire 1 1 lit ofiicier ( — My father was an officer.
T/c gtniral Cut ri'<,u en trioniphe, honneur qu'il mi'ritait
liipii ( = The general was re<-t'ived in triumph, nn honour he
well desi'rved.)
Giographie du Canada ( = A Geography of Canada.)
Qui'l bf lu tableau ! ( = What a fine jiicture ! )
Beaueoup <\v pain et peu de beurre ( = Much bread and
little butter.)
Pauvretil nest pas vice ( = poverty is no crime.)
4:!., Aliicle in B-fore adverbs plug, mieuK, mmn»,
Coill|)ni'ison8. articles le. la, leu are emplo_,ed and
declined to agree with noun.
Ia- choval est le plus noble dos aniniaux : ( = The horse is
the noblest oi animals.)
Iji riwc est Id plus belle des tleurs ( = The rosi- is the hnest
of flowers.)
null MATKHIAL rUK rilKK rilMPllHITIIIN. II
I^'t liiioii IflU's wHit I'M plus re|iiili>s ilcs iiiw-uux ( = "Dii"
HWiillmvs me t!i' swiftoHt i)f l)ir<N.)
44. Allverbinl it iMiM>rmltt<"l touw /'plm, /"•moins
fnrm of the ftv., <>r Im plus. /<■« inoins, in wntcnci'H
Snperlatlve. Huchas: On n ttUittu li's urlirrs /#•
plus or /»» phis exiMwi'H it In ti'iiii>"to ( = They hiivp fflliMl the
trwH iiiiwt exiHMed to the itorin.)
(JUEHTIOX8 FOR EXAMINATION.
I. What in the ortiilc ?
'2. How iiiAiiy kiixU nf articles ftre there?
.1 Wliat it tlie ileHiiitu article 7
4. l>i.'fliie the wonl KtiiioH f
.'i. (^ hen are wonls elided 1
II. What is the partitive article ?
7. When is partitive dr used 7
When can you use either iU or lUi, il>- fn, etc. ?
H')W is the posso.^sivj case expresse I in French 7
When is the definite article used in French 7
Kaumerate cases wiien no articb is usmI.
^^'hen is tlefinito article repeat. h1 ?
Wliat alsiut /e heTo e //(w, mi Mr, mniHt f
When is the neuter form h plus, allowed for /^- plus '.'
RECITATION.
Le fifrrf tt le I'ltttiff.
Le lierro', eti' serpentaiit" le lonK* <1 uno niurailli"*,
V'it' un petit' nwier' et so rit° do sa taillc'".
L'arbustf" lui" n'pond" — " Apprcnds'* que", sans" appui''
J'ai pu" inclcver" par" moi mrme'" ;
Mais" toi", dont" ror^-ucir^' est" extrrme,
Tu"' raini)orai.<" encor'", sans le sejours d'autrui"'.
--/-^ Ji,iill>/.
1. Ivy. 2. whilst. 3 wtndlnr. 4. alonif. i. wall. 8. saw. 7. small
8. ros'-hush 9 snored. 10. size II. shrub. 12 to hinl (Itl. I?, replies.
I), linrn 15. that (conj.) 18 without. 17. help. 18. I have been abl.-.
IC. nil.^e or rl»e. 20 by. 21. niyclf. 22. but. 23. thou. 21. whose.
2S. prldp. 28.1s. 27. thou. 28. wouldst be crawling. 26 sllll. a), others.
12
8YX0PTICAL FRENCH GKAMMAR,
THE ADJECTIVE.
Formation of the J'f.viinine.
45. Adjectives are of three sorts :
Qnalif}'ln|r : L' homme est nmrtel ( = Man is mortal).
Determinative: CV rosier est petit ( = This rosebush is small).
Indefinite : Chnque peuple a ses di'fauts (=: Every nation has
its faults).
46. Agreement. Adjectives agree with the nouns to which
they belong both in gender and number ; Le petit rosier —
Les petits rosiers : La petite muraille — Les petites murailles.
47. Tlie Feminine. It is formed by adding c mute to
the masculii unless the masculine already ends in e mute.
48. Adjectives in : eil, el> en. et, On, double the final /, n or
t and add e mute.
pareil (m) pareille(f. ) ( = alike).
morteljni) mortelle (f) (-niorlftl).
ancien (m) ancienne (f) {=ancient).
niuet (ni) muette If) (=(lumb).
Imn (m) bonne (f) (=good).
49. Adjectives in :er, ei" and amipfet, ei»ii-ivt, dim-ret, inrpiiet,
replet, secret, instead of doubling the final consonant, take a grave
accent on the e preceding the r or the t.
^^^This rule stands good with almost any e followe<l by a
single consonant and e mute,
altier (ni)
herger ( ni )
coniplet (nO
50.
altiere (f) ( = haughty J.
Iwrgere (f) ( ^^shepheni and s'.iephenless.
cjniplite (f) ( = complete).
Adjectives with a double niasc. form.
Beau, bel (m) belle (f) ( -beautiful),
junieau, junicl (m) jumelle (f) ( — twin),
nouveau, nouvel fni) nouvelle ff) (-new),
fou, fi.l (m) folic (f) (=f<nliph).
nu>u, niul (m) niolle (f) (=sfift).
vieuy, vicil (m) v!eU!e (f) (=ol(3).
^^ The s(?coiid ma.sc. form is used only before nouns begin-
ning with a vt^wol or A mute.
Un h-'aii <;ar(;on ( = A fine b*tv)
Un bel enfant { = A fine child).
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COM POSITION.
13
I
51. Adjectives Change X into « and add « mute :
ending in X. jaloux (m) jalouse (f) ( = jealous)
heureux (m) heureuse (£) ( = happy).
^The three adjectives : faux ( = false) roux ( = saniy [of colour] ) diiux
( = 8weet, mildl, form their feminine : fausac, i-ousse and douce.
52. Adjectives in : f. Change /into V and add e mute :
neuf (m) neuve (f) ( = new),
craintif (m) craintive (f) ( = fearful).
53. Adjectives in :C. Changer into ?« and a-ld e mute.
public (m) publique (f) ( = public),
turc (m) turque (f) ( = turkish).
5 i. Bllinc ( = white) fran-, ( = frank) sec ( = dry) frais,
( = fresh) form their femini.ie respectively : Blanch^'/mnche,
ttech"-, fra leh*!.
N. B.— Greo (m) Grecque (f) ( = Gi-eek), keeps the c and
adds qu,'..
5-^. Adjectives in : ons take in the faminine ue. Lon" (m)
longue(f) ( = long). "^ '
56. Adjectives in :gn place a diwr.-sis (■■) over the final
e mute: aigu (ni) a'gue (f) ( = sharp or acute.)
57. Adjectives in : enr form their feminine in euae if
derived from a verbal stem :
trompeur (m) trompeuse (f) ( = deceptive), from Iromppr.
Those in teur have trice in the feminine :
ac^usateur (m) accusatrice (f) ( = accusing).
58. Piicheur ( = sinful) enchanteur ( = charming) vengeur
( = avenging) make respectively : pecheres,se, enchanteresse,
vengeresse.
59. Meilleur ( = better) majeur ( - greater) mineur ( = min jr)
supurieur ( = superior) etc., add e mute to the masculine.
60. The following adjectives double the final consonant
before taking e mute :
bellot ( = pretty) las { = tired)
pWot { = palish) ipais ( = thick)
sot ( =^ foolish) exprcs ( = positive
vieUIot ( = oldish) gros ( = big).
Ui ( ^ low) „ul ( =, „u,
gras ( = fat). gentil ( = amiable).
14
61.
SVNOPa'ICAL FHENCH GRAMMAR,
Some adjectives do not follow any general rule,
Wniii (m)
™alin (ni)
f«vori (m)
coi (ni)
nissous (m)
htibreii (ni)
b^nigne
maligne
favorite
coite
diHNntite
h^hrai.jue (f)
( = good-natured).
( = malicious. )
( — favourite.)
( = (luiet. )
( = (liHsolved.)
( ^ Hebrew.)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
tions.
11.
12.
eiir?
13.
ing in til
14
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMIVATIOX.
How many kinds of adjectives are there '
Are adjectives variable words '
How do you form the feminine of adjectives '
How „ the feminine of adj. in eil, el, en, el, „„, forn.el '
How 1 ^^'^''^•J''' h^^ng a double masculme form
How do you know the feminine of adjectives '
"hat IB the feminine of adjectives ending/'
" hat ,s the feminine of adj. in . generally ? and name exoep.
How is the femimne of adj. i„ o,,, and y„ formed '
How many ways do you know of forming the feminine of adj. in
l^::,: etc"" "^'^ ""''•'""^ "«' '-» ^n-nant, though not end-
Give the feminine of coi, traUre, hlhreu, malin, etc.
RECITATION.
Apres^ la pluie'
La pluie a verse* ses ondt^s* ■
Le ciel' reprend' son bleu chan«eant •
Les terres' luisenf fecond,«s»
Comme'» sous" un ri^seau" dWent ■»
i^ petit rui.,seau'* de la plaine
l^our une heure" cnfie", roule" et traine"
Bnns d'herbes-, le^ards'endonnis " '"
Court et, pr.-cipitant»* son onde,"
Du haut»»d'un caillou" .,u'i] inonde,
i'ait dps Niagaras aux" fourmis.
19. draes. 20. bliSi. '21 „a° J^-i''"'?''- "-"foils. H rolls
^ w«er. 21. top. .7. ^>>'Srri>.t'k^Ci^£!trtlt'S^k
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION".
15
THE ADJECTIVE.
FORMATION OP THEIR PLURAL AND SYNTAX.
62. (jeiieral rule. The plural of adjectives is fdiiiiorl by
adrling s to the singular, unless the singular is already in s or .»■.
Vn homine tjrand et maiijre ( = A tall and thin man.)
Dos hommes (/randu et inaii/ fs ( = Tall and thin men.)
Un ymg lezard, — De yros lezards.
Un y/orieux combat — Des (nnibats ylorieux.
63. Adjectives (like lionns in al) change al into nux in
the masculine plural.
egal (m. s.) egaux (m. pi.) ( = equal.)
loyal (m. s.) loyaux (m. pi.) ( = faithful.)
amiral (ra. s.) amiraux (m. pi.) ( = admirals.)
64. Adjectives fatal, ylacial ( = icy) final, naval, etc.,
take s.
65. Adjectives in eau or eu like nouns with the .same end-
ings form their plural by i'.
Un beau ruis.seau — De heatix ruis.seaux.
Le peuple hi-hreu ( = Hebrew people.) Le livres hi'bre.ux.
66. Two adjectives in cm : bleu ( = blue), feu ( = late,
deceased) take «.
67. Tout ( = all) becomes Uma. The feminine is regular.
68 Position of
Adjectives.
precede it :
Adjectives are placed after
in French, but the folluwin
? noun
nerally
ancicn
beau
bon
cher
grand
gros
jeune
- ancient) j'dH
beautiful) maiivais
(
(
( = good)
( = <lear)
( = great)
( = big)
( = young)
( =
nieilleur
:io«veau
])etit
vieux
vilain
retty)
( - tiad)"
( = l>ctter)
( — new)
( " little)
( - old)
( - ugly)
69. Concord of tlie In
Adjective. de
always agree with the subject :
venir ii bout ( = She guarantees to succeed.)
the expres-sion
( = to guarante<!)
/aire fort
forf mav
Elle se fait fort or forte den
16
70.
SYNOPTICAI, FRENCH ORAMMAP,
nouns r"" "u '*''^'"'"* S'^''^'^'-^. it >na,
line. whateSe gender of t^^^^-^ ""'^ ~-
Ai,,.artement.s et chambres m>;ihl>-3
{ = Furnishefl apartments and rwms.)
r If ?„;.■■ '' '" ^■""" """^ < = ™"- «-h and fi,h.)
-t --^ of'L*tr::„dt:"*i,r,,«-i- t «'^^-"-
.»rf«™», (^Sleeping lizard, and J^entf) ''' ""^'"P'^"*'
witJL ^nl^H^^!^' j,:^r 25ln^ = '"'- -^ ^^'-
^^r^CeTStrTHZlJf' "^^ "" "^** "' "" *^'^ < = ^^ -Iks
Une *„„• heure or *„u> heure d'am-t ( = half an hour stoD i
ehar-tX/^"^'" ^-•'-="'^-^-^'* ( ^ the late Quel X^
theJtuK£!^[^-,Si;'-l«b,^^^ .,,
aKlu'^ ( = wheS' """ '=""'?"' ' = "»' including)
ciinch,, ( = h"Scl„se<l, S^.r™''"'' T '"^'•"""«'
ci jomt ( = hereunto annexed). i£>,i = "'^"H*)
except* ( = except) ' ^1™,,. = K"™ «" etc.)
"PP"™ ( = 8uppo.sed)
n; • . , . . ™ ( = examined)
Li j„j„< or j,nnte», les lettre.s demandOe-s.
( = hereunto annexed the required letters)
^«.^or/,v,«j.^„ *^„,,,,, „,are'handi^:dXre:d-'r'''' "^
( = 1 a,n .^nd,ng you, carriage paid, the g Js deti^:;'beWr"
( = She has a mild expression^ ^ '' '"" '''""•' "' '^'^'^
.n^^Z^r ''^'"-^''^^^ ^■•-^''^-. -demoiselle ( = You look
fies several
iers, it may
and mascu-
• Stop.) I
1
WITH MATERIAL POK FREE COMPOSITION. 17
7<i. Compound They may be written in one word (with-
adjectives, out hyphen) an<l follow the u»ua rule
of agree.nent of the last component alone.
Un lil» miwemnt ( = a new-born son).
II ■ ,"""."<""•' -"'"<■■■ { = a new-born .lauL-hter)
line Uit.ire co„rlrelu- ( =^ a 8hort-»ki,te.i milk-mai.l )
I -•» a,t.ire8 co„./,.,-,„e,, ( =, »hort-»kirte.l milk-m^ » '
Ihs fruits a,»r«;o«a- ( = half-sweet, half-«o„r fn'it)
-- 4j. ■; ' pears.
.u' . .r-"®*^*,'*®^ employed adverbially never airree
neither do those denoting colours. ^ '
Catte femme chantey««^ ( = This woman sin«s out of tune )
La vUla-eoise porte une robe bleu clair ( = The viUa-^e S
wears a pale-blue dress.) ^ ine village girl
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.
1. How do vou form the plural of adj ?
2 How do _v , J writ* adj. in a/ in the plur ?
How do you form the plur. of a<ij. in tau and ,u ?
\\hit IS the plur. of hhu,fim, toiitj
Where are adjectives placed in French »
Naau adjectives g-^norally placed before the noun they qualify.
How does/ort agree in the expression >e fain fort rfe «
How does an adj. agree when qualifying several nouns ?
Wliat 18 to be said about h«, demi,feu '
What are the rules of agreement of appro,,,^, ,.„, rOoi,,,, etc'
r„ir . " ''*' ""^ ""^^ »8r- which goes with the expression a^ir
con,^undltUive°s^ ""'' "*""' "-^ '^reement and the formation of
13. Do adjectives used adverbially vary? Examples
Why arc not the adjectives feminine in : u,k robt bku c/air !
RECITATION.
Le ntiroir.
La petite Laura s' admirait dans la glace
ba mere dit :" Remets' ce miroir a sa place "
" Je veux» me voir' ! " repond 1' enfant
tn pleurant,* criant, trepignant. '
" Tu le veux ? Oh ! alors," regarde' ta grimace."
M Laura vit,' dans le miroir.
Un enfant en colore" opou van table'" a voir.
—Hat^ahiynne.
3.
4.
9.
10.
11.
14.
.. Put back. ._wa„t. _3.^. ^j. «.j^,^ , „„„^,,„„, „ ^^^„
. look at.
2
18
SyNOPTICAl FBENCH OHAMSAR,
OF THE POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLA
TIVE DEGREES IN ADJECTIVES
.>J™-„Jl\Cr:''" " ^'^ "'J^*'- '*-« ■■ l^n enfant
ity or equality : "parison either of tupenortty, in/erim:
Laura „■ estpo. „• "^Zl IZ, Zi T >"f«7,""t.v.
i^aura est ««*„• ^m,,* ,„, ^^^^^ ^ ^^^i^^^
by le, ,a, u. in/ect,:t*b;z„:'::'"L '* " "'^"^'^ p^"^'^^-^
notr^pS = /;,ti.':''" " ^^ ^'"^ •"''" P^y' <!" -«"<le e.t
J/b» ^/«, jeune ami est ici = relative.
La Normandie est tr^s riche - absolute
-Th. bread .s very good ..„d extremely cheap)! absolute.
folWing '"' ™'^ '™^''"- '"^J^'-'=' i" Freneh are the
^"i Meilleur -i^ „.„•„
ManvnJu u- 1 ^* meilleur
more than twenty years old?) '"gt ans ( ( = Are you :
/^«. oTtVte'^rtrchat:i:;rr n^ ^^^^ ^
one listens to that song, the more one likes it.) ^ ^ ^''^ '"'"'"
subjutctive'' ml^''. ^tvl'"* 1 ^"Perlative is generally in the
and most solid I know^ ""^^ ^'^ "'^ ">-«' ^
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE C0MP08ITI0N.
19
J
I
85. There are two kinds of numeral adjectives, those denot-
ing the quantity ~ cardinal, and those denoting rank - ordinal.
Trente
Quaranto
Un
Doux
Troi«
Quatre
Cinq
Six
Sept
huit
neuf
dix
Onze
Douze
Treize
Quatorze
Quinze
Seize
Dix sept
Dix liuit
Dix neuf
V'ingt,
Cinquante
S<)i Xante
Soixante dix
Quatre vingts
Quatre vingt dix
Cent
Mille, etc.,
Are cardinal numbers.
86. The ordinal are formed by adding «;m« to the cardinal
numbers, with the following euphonic changes : cinqtii^nw,
neuvihne and premier for the very first.
^^Use the cardinal numbers in speaking of dates and
order of succession.
87. Yingt and Cent may take an a when multiplied by
another number, even though no number follows : Quatre vingts
dix honimes. Cinq cents qratre vingts chevaux :
|^°No hyphen i.s necessary between numbers : Dix sept.
Vingt trois.
88. In dates, mille or mil may be used indifterently.
L'an mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix or L'an mille neuf cents
quatre vingts dix :
89. Demonstrative ndjeetives are :
ce (ma.sc. sing. bef. consonants.) j
Get (masc. sing. bef. vowels.) this or that.
Cette (fem. sing.) )
Ces (plural, common to all.) . . J- these or those.
g)ir"'VVhen it is necessary to show whether the person or
object spoken of is mtar or far, add ci or /('( to nouns, with or with-
out a hyphen.
Ce miroir ci or miroir-ci et cette glace lii or glace-la.
90. Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number
with the noun which follows them.
Singular. Plural.
• , '
BOTH GENDERS.
Mes ( = my
Tes ( = Thy
Ses ( = His, Her, its.)
MASU.
FEM
Mon
Ma
Ton
Ta
Son
Sa
20
"V-VOPTICAL PBE.VCH OHA.MMAR.
■■"""•'■*«i
the ^^mr'tlme."'-' *'"" *" "''J^'' belongs to several per«,„s
i^'iKular.
BOTH OEXDERS.
Notre
Votie
Leur
Plural.
BOTH (iE.VDEHs,
Nos ( = our) '
V^o« ( = your)
-». take the nWeot""*"'"''''^
"n8ular„ou„: Cllr-"'- -hen t^
^ ^ Son h„.eur tr.te ( = H^U „' ^ "^ ^"""'^
--po.£--C^';;:«S--not„,
=ttir-'^^'-*^-^°"™T;::^--^
wh^'it Ju^atC'wittuTdSl'^*''^ -- "fa town
people and the town itself """°"*'"" "^ meaning between the
appaSrnS:::rr^-^'-»'-'''"^-ur ( = .„ Hon,e
Ty'^^'^:^y:''c:^:r^r^:iZ "P«*"«. one „.a. a.o
M de son fiJs ( _ Thi. „otherl aZl' **"" ''^•"''^"^ ''"s
of her son.) """"" " imte happy in the success
n.areha„d,ses de .... .„,.,, or'.tt:f 7.''ro^--^^I^es
93- Aucun, used with ,.„
- r'' - in the singular ' £' 'fails '^"'P'"^'^' '" *'"' P'-al ■
?»•'»«« ) = Make no plans.) ^' """"" ^'•">'« or „„.„„
theSLSra::^-^^ g3;^e „ou,^r pronoun in
Nous mi'mes ( = o i "^ ^ "'«'''•
Gods themselves.) "'■se'ves.) Le., dj^y^ ^.^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^
WITH MATBHIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION. 21
P«"on» at jthey1^jMW^i%'„'irfin™vB7"'"P''''™ .hen, whenever
difficile ( = difficult) lent ( = «lowl
dlspiM* ( = disposed) prtt ( = ro<i.ly)
faci e ( = eauv) prompt ( = .luick)
habile ( = ,kifful) propre ( = At)
: Laura est prompte '! pleurer
: Elle est facile a mettre en colore.
(JUESTI0N8 FOR EXAMIXATION.
What are the degrees of comparison in adjectives ?
How many comparatives are there !
(iive the comparative and superlative of hon, mam-au, pttil.
How do you form the superlative degree ?
In what cases do you use * instead of que in comparisons ?
What word is uied after the superlative degree ?
How many kinds of numerals are there ? Discuss them.
What have you to say about ringl, «,,(, milh ?
Discuss the demonstrative adjectives.
Say all that you know about the possessive adjectives
What peculiarities do you note about aucun, mtl, loul, mime '
What adjectives take <i before an infinitive.
RECITATION.
L' reureuil ^-bleaan*
Vn ecureuil blesse, sur le bord' du chemin*
Appelait" au .secours' et soupirait' en vain.
Un de sea freres pas-se et le regards a peine.'
Le malheureux" allait" pi-rir de faim",
Quand'-" un loir'», sautillant" sur les branches d'un cWne",
intend' " sa plainte ; vite", il lui porte" de.s glands"
S'assied" a ses cotes'* et lui 16che" sa plaie." '
La p»uvre bete con.solee
Sent" renaitre" sa force en ses membres tremblants,
be releve bientot" et rejoint .sa famille,
Qui pleurait" son absence au fond" d'une charmille"'
Le cceur«>, et non le sang»>, fait la fraternite;
Cast en lui qu'est ta source, 6 sainte charite.
— F. BntailU.
^F «•' l\^^ t"T*-"«°^-"- '^^. ™-^e..\."s=
^b"<^. "^'' ®- "'"'• ""Oteot P«rt 30. arbor. 31 heart.
8.
9.
10.
12.
22
SYNOPTICAL PREJCCII ORAMMAR,
96.
reflexive.
THE PRONOUN.
Theconjaiictiveare.
Subj.
Dir.
Ind.
Subj.
Der.
II, elle(-he, she, it.)
le, la ( = him, her, it
lui ( = tohim,her,it
SIKOULAH.
.. Je , = I). Tu(.-,thou)
obj. Me ( = Me). Te( = thee)
obj. Me (-Tome) Te (to thee)
PLURAL.
Datrve of place,, thmg,, etc, y (=t„ it, to him, to her, to them
»o. Ihe conjunctive pronouns used as diivw-t ,.- ,„ i-
objec^ precede the governin'g verb orThe^au^ in olro
prec'e^^rhSr."" "' ^"^ '"'"^ ^"»"' ^"^ '^'-' o^-J--
^ En : foi;>,w8 every pronoun and en follows : „ •
With a verb in the imperative affirmative thev follow and
me, te are changed into mot, lot. ' *°''
Kegardez moi (Look at me.)
Ne me regardez pas (=Do not look at me.)
r«D«8el; 1"^^^' ^^^^' '"''^ ^^'•'' ^'"-^ """d some other verb,
the second, it remains invariable "^ ' '"
Etes vous la m6re de mon ami 1 Je la suis ( = person )
Etes vous malade, madame ? Je le suis ( = K)
. J-^^' .P'SJnnct've pronouns. These are used to estahU,!,
'^''tte "^re^r"'"'•"'°^'" ^--ations, ^Z aUrib^t of
TheVa^? ^ ""' conjunctions and with m^^( = self)
SINOULAR.
1st person Moi ( = 1) xr "CBAL.
2ndpersonToi "Lu) vZ l^^"")
ardperson Luiorelle ( = He o,! she.) E^x^or elles ( = Sy!)
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COHPOalTION.
23
sjunctive or
B, she, it.)
lim, her, it.)
>him,her,it.)
( = they.)
( = them.)
to them.)
ir, to them. .
or imlirect J
in order of I
reet object *
- I
follow and i
Hoi ( = one self, themiielveg, himself.)
Chacun pour mi ( Everyone for himself.)
C'est lui <|ui est blewte ( = It is he who is wounde^l.)
II est plus charitable que loi.
98. Reflexive prononns are used in conjugating verbs in
»hich the subject and the object are the same person.
They are ;
SINdULAR. PLURAL.
Nous nous
Vous vous
( lis se
Elles ne
I Les gens se
l.st " Je me
•2m'. " Tu te
I II se
.Ird person Elle se
I On se
(=1 sit down).
Nous noua aaseyons
Vous vous aii.juyez
lis a* asseyent
Klles s' asseyent
Les gens s' asseyent
They take the place of persons and
things in connection with a verb or
99.
ther verbs,
a the first
plural ; in
)erson.)
itate.)
i establish
^tribute of
^( = self.)
a.
= We.)
= You.)
= They.)
Je m' a-Hsieds
Tu t' ast)*eflH
II a' aasiei!
Elle h' aasied
On s' aHHie<l
Demonstrative
pi'onoDns.
a preposition, etc.
They ai e :
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Neut. ce ( = this, that, it)
Ma.sc. cclui ( = he, the one) Ceux ( = these, the one)
Fern, celle ( = she, the one) Celles ( = these, the ones).
CV doit etre un ecureuil ( = It must be a squirrel).
6V -i le rend grand, c'est sa charito.
Celui qui aide son prochain seul comprend la fraternitc.
Vos chenes et ceux de notre pare.
100. Ci and la are added to the pronouns to express dis-
tance, with or without a hyphen.
Cette famille ci est plus heureuse que celle lit
101. Ce is a pronoun when used with a verb.
Ce ci, ce la may each be written in one word, without
distinction between ; Qu' est ce ci ; qu'est ce la as: Qu'est ceci ;
(ju'est cela 1
Ce is used for il, elle, eux, elln, with verb etre when it has
a noun for its attribute.
C'est un Franjais ( = He is a Frenchman).
Cest sa soBur ( = 81'- -s his sister).
«T!fomcAL PRKlfCH ORAHMAR,
1 02 PmsMshe proBoins tn -.
iHt penon
2nd "
3rfl "
■IMIULAR.
/ mane. Le mien
' fcm. Lamienne
i mue. Le tien
I tern. La tienne
t maw. Jje sien
\ lent. La aienne
rLURAL.
( Leg mien* ( - mine)
) I^ieg miennea.
/ Le8 tien* ( » thine)
I Lea tiennex
/ Leu HienH ( - his, hern, iV,)
I Le* aiennen.
COLLRCTIVK
aiNnuLAR.
l»t person / "■*=• ^ "'*•*«
I fern. La nfltre
2nd " ' "•*«■ le vi.tre
) fem. La vdtre
3rd " / "'"c. Le leur
I fem. La leur
PLURAL.
j Leu ndtres ( - oura)
j Le« vfitres (-yours)
I 1*8 leurg ( t: theirs).
Un de V08 fr^res pame avec h mien.
1^ branches de leurs ch6ne« et celles d« „^tr^,
per^nai pr^r^'lXprpT"' '^ """'""^ '^ -^'^J"-"-
Ce numlin est a /«• (-Thi, mjn i, hi»).
my own) """ ""'"" """"< = ' "'"° •'"^^ » ^ouse of
104. Belntlve and Interrogatire pronouns a.. .
Oue - "k"' *'•'!'.''' that, persons and th-ng.,).
Wue ( = whom, which, that <' " )
Ue qui ( = whose, of whom, persons only)
A qui ( = to whom, .. ^i
MASr.sI.vo. FKM.8IN0.
Jfiuol Laqu.lle (= who, which)
AuS ^, ""'"f ^ 1 = "'' "'• *-■" -horn, which).
Auquel A laquelle ( = to whom, to which).
WITH MATIBIAL FOR ntt COMPODITIOX.
25
HAM. PM-H. riM. PLUR.
Leiu|U('lH Jje* quelleH ( =: who, which)
DpiH|ueli< Denquellei ( ^ of, from, whom, what)
Aux<|UfIh Aux<|uellea ( ^ t<> whom, to which).
Lri/nfl dea deux appeUit au aecourit \
Q>t' entt-ndez-vouN done t ( ^ What do you hear) ?
Qiii attendpz-voUK ? ( ^ Whom do vou expect ')
106. The aeljretiven ifuel, quelle, etc., mav be used a» pro-
nouns MimetimeH :
Qu'llfH et«icnt hcs vue» ' ( ^ What were his views)
(Jiifl Hge avei-vous T ( s= How old are you ))
Ok may be considcnx'. aa a relative pronoun of place and
time in the dative case.
Les temps o!i nous vivons ( =: The time in which we live). ,
107. Indefinite prononns are :
autrui ( = others) rien
chacun ( = every one) rien . . ne
on or I\m ( = one, people, they) I'un Tautre,
pemonne (ssomelxxly) L'nn ct Tautre
personne. .ne ( = nobody)' L'un ou Taiure
quieonqne ( - whoever)
quel(£il iln ( -— «omeb<Kly ).
( = something)
(-nothing)
( = one another)
(=l>oth)
( -either)
ni Tun ni I'autre ( — neither)
nul ( —no one), etc.
108. Cliacnn placed after the verb and referring to a plural
subject (»r complement, may be referred to by either son or leur :
Les I'cureuils jouaient chacun de snn or /»■«/• cntii
(=The squirrels played each on his(?) or their .side).
109. In answers, without the verb : PerstDDie, rinn, are used
absolutely, withnut ne :
Que cherchez-vous ? Jtieti, (=What are you looking for 1
Nothing.
110. Qui que ce Noit qui, >-miI'J. Qni que re soit que. obj.
( — whatever the person may be) requires the following verb in
the subjunctive.
Qui qui' ce suit que nous ititju/nii, faisons le di-licatcment.
(= whatever the person may be whom we help, let us do it
delicately).
Their translation,
^^ SYNOPTICAL FRENCH GRAMMAR,
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.
1 . How many kinds of pronouns are there ?
2. What are the conj. personal pronouns'
3. How are they used when objects of verbs »
verb^te?"*"*' ''° ^'°"' ''"°"' **""' ^'' '"• ''" "'"' »» a""l>"tes
5. What are the disjunctive pronouns ?
7. How and when are they used ?
8. Conjugate a verb reflexively.
9. What is to be said about en and v '
position, etc. * '
10. Give a list of demonstrative pronouns.
11. When are c> and M used ? and how ?
12. Explain the use of pronoun c€,
13. What are the possessive pronouns and how are they used ?
14. Say what yon know about relative and interrogative pronouns,
pronluns.'^'''''''" *''° '^"''^"'""^ **'*<*» '"variable and variable reUtive
16. What kind of words are qud and oht
17- (Jive a list of indefinite pronouns and the special rule of cAockh.
r.>»,'eic. "''*"•'' y™ ''"'"' »l>o"t "?«•■ ?«e ce mit qui or que, p.r»onm.
RECITATION.
La lanteme et la ckandelle.
Une chandelle un jour disait a la lanteme :
"Pourquoi de ton foyer' me faire une prison ?
Ton vilain (sil de bojuf » rend ma lumiire terne
Ouvre' toi, qu' a mon gre« j' ,!claire« I'horison.)
La lanteme oWit, I'autre qu' y gagna-t-elle ?
Bonsoir ! un coup de vent' a souffle' la chandelle.
— Le Baitty.
«in"a" '7!"£f;w'iu''u""'' "^"^ ' "■«"■ *• "'» «• ■»»" "«". 6. gush of
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION.
ittributea of
translation.
used?
pronouns,
able relative
3 of chacun,
te, ptrsonne.
■)
lie.
Bailly.
gush of
THE VERB.
Ill- Stem and The verb is for ned of two parts, one
term illation, invariable, 01 the stem, the other
variable, called terminatioa.
112. Nnmbers and persons. There are tvo numbers,
singular and plural, as in Eaglish, ai. i ihrec persons which re-
quire different endings in the verb.
113. Moods. There are five moods in French.
1st. The indicative (=Jemarche (|= I walk.)
2nd " imperative (=Marchons (=letu8 walk.)
3rd "conditional (=Jemarcherais volontiers ( = 1 would
willingly walk,
subjunctive ( = Ilfaut quevousmarchiez (= You must
walk)
infinitive (=Marcher (= to walk.)
11*- Tenses. There are five primary tenses from which
all others are formed by a change of termination :
4th
5th
1- Inflnitive .
a. Future.
b. Conditional present.
3. Past participle.
'i. Present participle.
a. Present indicative, in the plural.
b. Imperfect.
c. Present subjunctive.
4^ Present indicative.
a. Imperative.
>. Past definite or pre-
terite.
Past subjunctive.
a. Present perfect.
b. Past "
c. Past " 2d form.
d. Future "
e. Conditional.
f. Present perf. subj.
g. Past
h. Infinitive "
IIS. Anxiliary verbs are amir and ^<re :
CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILI.\RY VERBS AVOIR AND fiTRE.
Infinitive Present.
avoir to have #tre to be
Participles Present.
ayant having £tant Iming
28
SYNOPTICAL FRENCH ORAMMAR,
j'ai
tu aa
ila
nous avons
VOU8 avez
lis ont
J avais
tu avais
11 avait
nous avions
vous aviez
lis avaient
PARTICIPL.K8 Past.
had iU
Indictativk Mood.
PRESENT.
/ halt
thon hast
he has
uv halt
you halt,
they have
je SU18
tu es
11 est
nous sommes
vous fetes
lis sont
IMPERFECT.
/ had
thou hadst
he had
we had
you had
they, had
j'^tais
tu ^tais
11 ^Uit
nous ^tions
vous ^tiez
lis ^talent
been
I am
thou art
he w
ire are
you are
they are
J iiHi^
thou uxist
he was
ve vrere
you were
they were
J eus
tu eus
il eut
nous efimes
vous efites
lis eurent
/ had
thou hadst
he had
we had
you had
they had
je fus
tu fus
il fut
nous ffimes
vous ffttes
lis furent
/ wan
thou wast
he tcaii
v'e were
you were
they were
J aurai
tu auras
11 aura
nous aurous
vous aurez
lis auront
J aurais
tu aurais
11 aurait
nous aurlons
vous auriez
Us auraient •
aie
qu'il ait
ayotis
ayez
^ju'ilsaient
/ aha/f have
thou wilt hare
he wifi have
we shall have
you will hare
they will have
je serai
tu seras
il sera
nous serons
vous serez
Us seront
Conditional Present.
/ should have
thou woutdst have
he would have
we should have
you would have
they would have.
je serais
tu serais
11 seralt
nouf serious
vous serlez
lis seralent
have (thou)
let him have
let us have
have (ye)
let. them hat'e
Imperative.
SOIS
qu'il aoit
soy on B
soyez
qu'ils Sulcnt
/ shall be
thou wilt h"
he unll he
we shall be
you will be
they will be
I should he
thou wouldst be
he would be
we should be
you would be
they u*ould be
be (thou)
let him be
let HI* be
he (ye)
let them be
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITIOX
29
SuBjrNCTiVE Present.
que j aie
que tu aies
qu'il ait
(I'le nous ayons
que vous ayez
qu'ils aient
that I may are
that thou mayst
hare
that he may hare,
that tre may hare
that you may ha ve
that they may
have
que je m>ih
que tu sois
qu'il soit
que nous soyons
que vouH woyez
qu'JItj aoient
that I may he
that thoit mnyfft
that hf- may ht
that u't may hf
that yon may fie
that they may he
SuBJCNCTiVE Imperfect or Past.
que j'eusse that I might ham que je fusae
que tu euaaes \at thou mighst que tu fusses
have
qu'il eftt that he might
have
que nous eussions/Aa^ we might
hatv
que vous eui^siez that you might
have
qu'ils eussent that they might
have
that I iright he
that thou inighft
he
that he m ght he
qu'il fat
que noua fussions that we might he
que vous fussiez that you might
be
quMls fussent that they might
te
N. B. — To conjugate any verb in compound tenses, use aroir
or ttre in all their simple tenses, together with the past participle
of another verb.
J' ai eu (=1 have had) .V avals ete (=1 hadb?en).
Jeui ouvert (=1 had open. ^^ aerailmie (=\ »\u.\\ he
praised).
116. The regular COnjUgaviuns are four in number.
The Ist has its infinitive present ending in er.
The 2nd " " " ir.
The 3rd " " " oir.
The 4:th " " " re.
THE REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
Ist Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
Infinitive.
porter to carry finir tojtniah race voir to receive vendre to self.
Participles.
port-ant
carrying
porte carried
finiss-ant
Jinishing
fini jiniahed
recev-ant vend-ant
receiying selling
re?u receimd vendu
gold
30
SYNOPTICAL FKENCH GRAMMAR,
Indicative Mood,
present tense.
/ carry
/ Jiniah
/ receive
/ sell
je porte
je finis
je re^ois
je vends
tu portes
tu finis
tu re^ois
tu vends
il porte
il finit
il re^oit
il vend
nous portons
nous finissons
nous recevons
nous vendons
VOU8 portez
vous tinissez
vous recevez
vous vendez
iU portent
ils finissent
ila re^oivent
ils vendent.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ ira» carrying
/ VX18 Jinxiihing
/ uxis receiving
/ (ra>t selling
je portais
je finiasais
je recevais
;e vendais
tu portais
tu finissais
tu recevais
tu vendais
il port ait
il finissait
il recevait
il vendait
nous portions
nous tinissions
nous recevions
nous vend ion 8
VOU8 portiez
vous finissiez
vous receviez
vous vendiez
ils portaient
ils finissaient
iis recevaient
ila vendaient
PAST
TENSE.
/ carried
/ Jiinf^hed
/ received
Isold
je portai
je finis
je re^us
je vend is
tu portas
tu finis
tu revus
tu vendis
il porta
il finit
il reput
il vendit
nous portAmes
nous finimes
nous renames
nous vendinies
vous portfites
vous finltes
vous refutes
vous vendites
lis port^rent
ils finirent
ils reyurent
ils vendirent
FUTURE TENSE.
/ ahail carry
/ shaJI finish
/ shall receive
/ shall sdl
je porterai
je finirai
je recevrai
je vendrai
tu porteraa
tu finiras
tu recevras
tu vendras
il portera
il finira
il recevra
il vendra
nous porterons
nous finirons
nous recevrons
nous vendrons
vous porterez
vous finirez
vous recevrez
vous vendrez
ils poiteront
ils finiront
ils recevront
ils vendront
Conditional Mood.
/ should carry
/ should finish
/ should receive
/ should sell
je porterais
je finirais
je recevrais
je vendrais
tu poiterais
il porterait
tu finiraie
tu recevrais
tu vendrais
il flnirait
il recevrait
il vendrait
nous porterions
nous finii'ions
nous recevrions
nous vendriona
VOU8 porteriez
vous finiriez
vous recevriez
vous vendriez
ils porteraient
ils finiraient
ils recevraient
ila vendra-ent
Imperative Mood.
porte
finis
refois
vends
qu'il porte
portons
qu'il finisse
finissons
qu'il re9oive
recevons
qu'il vende
vendons
portez
<iu'il8 portent
finisiicz
recevez
vender
qu'ila finissent
qu'ils refoivent
qu'ils vendent
WITH MATE'UAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION.
31
Subjunctive Mood, Prbsent Tksse.
I that I may carry that I may Jini»h that I may receive
que je p<^rte que je finisse que je re9oive
que tu portes
qu'il porte
que noiiB
portions
que voue portiez
qu'ils portent
i[u tu finiaaea
qu'il tinisse
que nous
Hnissions
que tu recjives
qu'il re9oive
que nous
recevions
que voua finissiez que vous receviez que vous vendiez
quails finisseut qu'ils re^jivent qu'ils vendent
that I may neU
que je vende
que tu vendes
qu'il ventle
que nous
vend ions
Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense, or Past.
that I might carry that I might finish that I might receive that I might sell
que je portasso
que tu portasses
qu'il port&t
que nous
portassions
que vous
portasaiez
qu ils portassent
(jue je finisse
que tu finisses
qu'il finit
que nous
Hnissions
que voua
tinissiez
qu'ils nr.i^eent
que je re9usso
que tu re9U88es
qu'il re9at
que nous
re9assion8
que voua
re9ussiez
qu'ils re9ussent
que je vendiase
que tu vendisaes
(ju'il vendit
que nous
vendisaiona
que voua
vendiasiez
qu'ils vendissent
I parts.
QUESTIONS FOB EXAMINATION.
How many parts are there in a verb ?
How many numbers an<l persons do you know ?
(live the moods in French verbs.
What do we call primary tenses? what are they ?
Give the secondary tenses formed from the different principal
What are the French auxiliary verbs? Conjugate them in full.
7. How do you conjugate verbs in their compound tenses?
8. How many regular conjugations are there inFrench? Name them,
\ with their distinctive features.
9. Conjugate a model verb in any of the four regular conjugations.
RECITATION.
La Chnnson du Co'dier^.
A reculons,* a petits pas,
Le cordier va* chantaat^ tout bas :
Blonde filasse* que je tire,
Dis nous a quoi tu serviras ?
Feras tu* virer un navire',
Boulinette^, drisse* ou grand^^ bras ?
32
SYNOPTICAL FRENCH GRAMMAR,
A reculons, k petits pa8,
I^ cordier va chantant tout bas :
Pendue" au clochei" du village,
Feras tu sonner le bourdou" ?
Enterrement" et mariage,
Messe et tocsin", guerre" et pardon" ?
—Dfi Belloi/.
I. Rope maker. 2. backwards. 3. goes. 4. hummlnjr S. heiiii,.
6. hoave about. ,. ship. 8. bowline. 9. halliards. 10. braccV.
n. hanirlnf. 12. belfry. 13. great bell, looi bell. 14 burial.
I.X alarm, bell. 16. war. 17. angelue.
PECULIARITIES OF CERTAIN VERBS.
1 1 7. Verbs ending in . . ger insert e after the g whenever
the next letter is a or o.
: Le temps changea subitement ;
: Mangeons lentement :
118. Verbs in , . cer take a cedilla (i;) under the c whenever
the next letter is a or o.
: II for^a son camarado h, se lever.
: Commenfons notre le(;«n.
119. Verbs in , . eler and . . etcr double t and I before e
mute or ent, in the Ixxly of a word as well as in the termination.
; TJ n ecureuil blessu appe/le au secours.
: Les ecoliers jettent dcs pierres :
: Nous appel/erons au secours.
IS" A few verbs, such as : acheter, (=to buy) celer, ( = to hide) geler,
( = to freeze) modeler, ( =to model), peler, ( = to peel) becqueter, (=to
pick) do not double the t or /, but talie a grave accent over the e preceding
these letters when the termination is e mute :
; II g^le fort ce soir.
: Les enfants p^lent leurs oranges.
1 20. Verbs having e mute in the last syllable but one, for
euphonic reasons take a grave accent over that e whenever the
next syllable has e mute also.
: Nous nous promenons en mfme temps qu'il se promene
( ^ se promener).
WITH MATEBIAL FOK FBBK COMPONITION.
U.J
121. Verbs haviii;,' an acute accent over the f of the last
Mvllabk but one, chaii«i this into a grave accent wlien the next
syllable lias « mute (except in the future and conditional)
; Li loir l«che la plaie du blesse, (Ischer)
On espcre souvent contre toute espiVance (esprrer).
rj2. Verbs in . , yer change y into i before f., etc.
: Payez bien. vous aurez ues amis, (payer).
: II paie sa pension toutes les semaines.
; J'ernploie moins do temps que vous ii nion travail,
(employer).
123. Hair ( = to hate) is sjunded as one syllable in the 1st
and 2nd persons sing, of the Present indicative, and 2nd person
imperative: Je hais, tu hais ; hais: otherwise it retains the
(liieresis : nous haissons.
1 24. Compound verbs may be written without apostrophe
or hyphen : Eiilmid'mi nous ! ( = Ljt us help each other).
Likewise ; Entrouvrir, entrecroiser, etc.
||ir"No hyphen need be used between the verb (interroga-
tive) and the pronoun subject.
Obi'it il promptement ? ( = Does he obey promptly!)
125. luterrogative rerbS. «» verb ends in a vowel
and the subject begins with one, a I is inserted between the two
verbs : Que gagna-<-il ? ( = What did he win ?)
126. In the first person .sing. « mute is accented »'. Porte
je ? ( = Do I carry ?) , , . ., ^
J*- But a coined sentei;i;e is frequently used in the present
and other tenses, which leaves the verb affirmative : Esl i« que \
E^t ce ,/u'i\ vend de la chandellet ( = Does he sell candles?)
Pourquoi e«f i:h qui\ n'ouvre pas ? ( = Why does he not open?)
127. y'liKl CO /"" !>* 1' f"""™ "f speech e(iuivalent to such
English forms as : Do you ? have you ? etc.
; Vous le ferez, n'est ce pas? ( = You shall do it, will
^"" Nous ouvrirons la boite, n'est ce pas ? ( = We shall open
the box, shall we ?)
«-Anoai) subject of a verb cannot be placed after the /erb as in
KngliBh the following construotioua munt he adoptert ;
Votre ^T,-Umr a-t-il U Unterne ? | * = «»f your servant
Est c« qiK votre serviteur a la lanterne ? \ the lantern !)
3
34
8VN0ITICAL FHKIfCH OBAMMAB,
Intransitive, reilexire,
1:.'H. Verbs are transitive,
impersonal <>r passive.
1 1'9. Sonie intranHitive verb, of moei,m and mamuv nf Imn,/
"^tel "^^ """^ ^nJUKated with ^«™ in their compound
Here are the most important ones :
»JriL. i = '"«"'. , "'"nter (- to ascend, go up).
T 2i ,' " '" ^r"™) mourir ( - to <lie) * ^
.ecMer = to , .,) „aHre ( = to be W..)
.leseendre ( = to .lesceiirl pirtir ( = to ko awavl
^Qho,r = to fall due) Ltir ^= to So oW? '
More ( = to be hatched) toniber (= to fell)
entrer (= to enter) venir (=. to come) and
, „ , , compounds of all noits.
130 Agreement of tlie verb witli its subject. The
verb and the subject must be of the same number and person
If adverb has two subjects in the singular, it is put in the plural.
La lanterne et la chandelle de notre fable ,se /mrlaUiit.
a*"If the subjects are of different persons, the verb is in the ulural
ami rS. "'"■ "'"" '' * '^™' P*™™'- "' ""= ^-»"''. " the'r"e isa^ecomi
Ma mere, vous et moi partirotu demain.
Lui, nion frere et vmui, irez a 1' ecole ensemble.
131. CoHectlveS. When the subject of the verb is a
collectl^■e accompanied by a plural complement, the verb mav
agree with either. -
Une nut-e de .sauterellea „h,ourcit or ,^;unirent les airs
( = A swarn of locusts obscured the air).
Un pcu de connaLssances ne niffil or ^iffi^u pas. ( = A little
amount of knowledge does not suffice.
132 Pins d'un. ( = more than one) may also be con-
structed with the singular, but the plural is required when it
calls torth an idea of plurality :
PhM fl'nn de ces horames e»t or sont a plaindre ( = more
than one of these men is to be pitied).
133. C'est : Ce sont. ( = Iti8: they are). Before a
plural noun or a plural third personal pronoun cW n- -vlwavs
be used : C est or Ce ncmt des montagnes.
134. Verb preceded by several snbjects. If the sub-
jects are not summed up by any indefinite word such as lout
rteu chr^nm, etc., the verb may always be put in the plural :
ba bontc, sa chantc, sa douceur le/mU adn"rer.
WITH MATEKIAL FOIt FKEK COMt OMlTKiN.
■.ir,
135. SlnKolar subjects connected by nl.couinie, ainsi
que. • 11 y ivlways have their verb in the jiIui-hI ;
?;i la richesHe iii la graiifleur ne luius iv ttili-nt \fitueux nr lie
noun fftiil v^rtueux.
I^e chat aiiiNi que le tigre ml un cHrnivcire or m.iil (lis
carnivores.
QUESTIONS FOK . XAMI.. MION.
1. What pt;culiai-itit't* do you note alMuit verlw in */*•»■,
•J. Mention verhs in *Ur ami ffi-r wliicli do not doulile the / or tlif /.
3. When in f mute accented or ^ acute accented rt-nderwl nnite in
French verbs?
4. What liave you to say aiwut veriw in j/fi- ami hfiir :
'h When can the apostrophe and hyjilien he supjjret-sed Y
How do you conjugate veri)M interrogatively?
What do you understand hy the expression : »V^/ <■*- jftt^ .'
How do you construe an intcircgative .entence witli a nrtun
li.
8.
subject ?
9. How many kinds of verbs are tliere in Frencli and with what
auxiliaries are they respectively conjugated in their compound tensc;fV
10. tSive the most important intransitive verbs in French which take
f/iY as auxiliary.
11. (iive rules of agreement of verba with its subject or subjects.
12. What do you know of tlie agr. iiient of a verb with a collective
subject, ji/n-^ (Vitit, etc.
KECITATION.
Vtli'fliUJI-.
Uu jeune enfant inordait' dans une orange :
" Oh I s' tcria-t-il en eounoux',
Le niaudit' fruit ! Se peut* il qu'on le mange !
Qu'il est anier' ! On le disait si doux I"
" Faux' jugenient, lui n'pondit le pore ;
Ote?.' cette ecorce' Icgere,
Vous reviendrez* de votre erreur."
Ne jugeons pa.s toujours'" sur un dehors" trompeur'*.
1. was bltins. 2. anf.-or. 3. horrible. 4. is poKible. 5. bitter. 6. false.
7. take off. 8. skin. 9. shall get over (alterl. 10. always. 11 outward
appearance. 13. deceiving.
36
HV.VOPTKAL FHK><;iI .iKAMMAH,
devoir ( ^ mint, owt.)
entemlre ( ^^ hear)
faire ( -^nmke, do)
talloir { - he iiecewwrv)
Uimer ( .= let, allow) "
cr
THE INFINITIVE
propliHUiun """""' ^■'■'•''" ""'*■ *•«■ -fin'tiv,. «,t,..,..,t „
oser ( . ilare)
pouv.iir ( ^ onn, Iw bI i. |
"avoir ( -kiiowho« i„)
"eiitir ( _ feci I
"■'■• ( -hear)
Vf)ulr)ir ( .. wish).
b« „f motion follow the >«ii,,e rule
.Nous „//„„, ,-,ter rc^c-orc ,lo „„,s oranKes.
any ^»;' "'"'"■'«''"■' """king usually take the i„H„itiv.. without
The principal are :
atfirmer ( = aHirni) croipd , i , ,
aimer nnoux ( = prefer) ,le, rer ='*ll<^ve)
cimipter l = e»wnfl ',,. ( = ilesire
rix Axr. , '-"?<"=«) prefcrer (= prefer)
■ ; ^''i *">« ;"""• Plairo k me« amis.
< — / '!' '' '" please my friends).
IJii ie dit jMur vous troniper.
( =They say it t„ deceive vou).
ve.h;Le^Si:r:^i:^.tr;'"- -^^-^ '^"-
accoutunier ( = accustom )
*»'*^'' (= assist)
aimer ( = like)
t^nseigner
exhorter
appremlre
aspirer
(s) attendre
avoir
chercher
consentir
conspirer
d^ieriiiiner
employer
encourager
(8) engager
{ = learn )
( = aspire)
(= expect)
( = have)
(=-Beek)
( = consent I
( = conspire)
( = determine)
( = U8ei
{= encourage)
(-Iiend one self)
gagner
t^aiter
iMviter
(se) niettre
niontrer
IJarvenir
pencher
pt'nser
|8e) plaire
(»e)r<Mudre (=deciclei
( = teach)
( = exhort)
( = earn, cjaiu)
( = hesitate)
( = invite)
( = twgin, set to)
( = show how to)
(= succeed)
( = incline)
( = think)
(= delight)
tenir
travailler
{■
lie anxious)
vork).
WITH MATKKIAL FOR KHKK COMFdSITfON.
: Mi's i'l.'\ PS Hppi'ciiiirnt '/ purlfr, <i lire ct ''i ifriri' le fi-niivnis.
: Aeuiiutuiiicz vims /( ju){pr sainciiifiit tie tout™ fhiws.
1+0. Jlost trunsitivp Hrid ini|H>i'si>iiHl vi-rlw, hIsii imuns nml
ailjffti' (N, mid i/n- ( — than) after an atljm'tivp in thi- C(ini|iiini-
five (leKi-ee take rln before an infinitive.
avtTtir ( = waml
hl-fller (j:liurii, lon(jl
i-esser ( = i-eam)
coiweillsi- ( = advise)
(»e) conteritiT ( =lie Hatislieil)
oraindre ( = fear)
ilifenilre ( = fdrbid)
dire ( -tell, nay, liiilj
dnuter (= hesitate)
(») eH'cin:er ( -enileavour)
(«') empressur (= hapten)
entrcprendre ( = lmilertake)
pssayer (-try)
(s') i^tunner
Hiiir
mmiaoer
miriter
offrir
(irdonner
pemi-ttrc
persuader
prier
pnmiettre
prM|w(ser
refuser
(s:! soucier
(=:Willlller)
( = tiiiisl), end)
( = threaten)
( = deserve)
( =<>ifer)
( = order)
( = permit, alhiw)
( = persuade)
( = rieg, )>eseei-h)
( = promise)
( ^intenil)
( - refut )
{ - rare)
: Jp brftle f/c voir nies amis.
; II refusa df* ri-pondre.
: II inijiorte H" diri- la viriti'.
: II s' agit dn bien choisir .ses conipaKnons.
: Aypz la honli- dr. nie passer les fruits.
; V'ous avez ntigim de ne pas ju){pr sur un dehors tronip«'ur
An adjective attribute of: i/ mI .U gcnerallv followed hv *, hut, if
it is iittrihute of : rVs/ by i} :
: II est ism fft savoir cela.
C est bon (i savoir.
141. V'erb I'tre is often used with u before an infinitive to
express an English passive infinitive.
Cela est I'l voir ( = That ii* to be seen).
142. Verb aveir is used in French in the followinj; expres-
sions contrary to the English which takes In:
avoir age ( =t(» be old)
avoir ehaud ( = lie warm)
avoir faim ( = be hungry
avoir froid f = lie cold)
avoir raison ( = beriglit)
avoir soif ( = tie thirsty)
avoir soninieil ( =be sleejiv)
avoir tort ( = lie wrong).
Elle a tort r/r so niettru en colere.
Quel age nvez vous ? J' ni quinze ans.
Arez vous froid? — Non, j' ni bien chaud.
J' ai bien .sommeil.
38
"VNOITI.AL FHESTH ..lUMMAH,
«UE-ST10NH POH EXAMINATION.
»■ »l»"'i.'otra„.|«t„||,v/«„^.
<• <five a li.t „f v«rl« which r«,„i„ j .ft-rth.m h.f
«• In what m-... i. / . . *"*""••'" I*'"™ •ninHiiitive.
<.ivoalr«t<rf verb, ukinu*.
-■ What h«v« y,M, ,„ r,„,„k „„ ,, ,^, ^^^ ^,^^^ ^
RECITATION.
In Mmt (k Lllivtr
Ce matin hch yeux se «ont cl<«.
II est' inort d'uiie mort trf., douce.
On n entendr»« point de Nanglotn*.
On lenterrero* sous la mouni.
Oui, ce matin I'Hiver est mort.
On va le cl„uer» hous J« pla„che.
11 e»t la, le bon vieux, qui dort,
Avec sa grande barbe blanche.
Et »ur m poitrine' aex mains
feuivant' I'usage sent croi8,:*s'.
Ouvrez, aux parfums des jasmins
i-t des jacmthes, les croisws' !. .
Le lis fleurit et le glaieul"
Le geniH" d'or et la pervenche"
t- "'^e"" est mort, ce triste aieul • '
Le jeune Avril prend sa revanche" !
I- ha, died 2..h.MK ~^<^»">nd Kmtmid.
"■ golden broom. 12. wriwi„kle. wl^taJtati. """■ '"• ^
WITH MATERIAL FOR FRM COMPOHITION.
■I'J
THE PARTICIPLE.
143. There nra two kindH of partiiipli-s, the present
anrl the put |>articiple : Aimant ( = prenent |«it.) Aimc
( = paHt [wrt.) Finiwuint — Fini. Mordant— Monlu.
U4. When the prew-nt (nrtieiple expreKWN un Hction, i. e.
hmi u complement, it renutins invariable.
I.ieH enfantH sunt lii Imh mant/mnt de« oran)(eN.
CVRut when UHetl attributively it rnunt agret* ai* :
Vueces enfantH Mint aiman/o/ ( = Howalfe<tiontttelhiw iliildren
are!)
146. The pHHt participle UHetl without an auxiliary agreen
an an adjective : De« fruitH mordiu den guepeH ( = Fruit bitten
by waMpx.)
146. The paHt participle omjngated with auxiliary verb vtr>-
agrees with the SObiect in gender and number.
L' worce de ['orange rM 6t«.
Lbh orangeH/ursn/ mangiWn au dewiert.
147. The pant participle conjugated with nroir agrees with
the direct object, when it precedea and remains unchanged if
it follows, or if there is norrfi : Les/rutto qw noun avons mangi'd.
but : Nous avcma mang^ \estjruiu.
1 4«. The paat participle preceded by a collective and its
complement may be made to agree with either :
tAfmile d'hommeB que j' ai yu« or vug ( = The throng
of men I h.i>t ten,
149. When conjugated with avoir and followed by an
infinitive, a present or past participle may remain unchanged :
1«» oranges que je me suis laisa^ or laisHi'm prendre (= The
oranges I allowed to be taken from me).
Les sauvages qu' on a trouve or truuv/o errants dans les
bois ( = The savages whom they have found wandering in the
woods.
QUESTIONS rOR EXAMINATION.
1. How many kinds of participles are then!
■2. When is the present participle invariable ? When variable »
.3. State the rules of agreement of the past participle.
4. State the rale of the past participle preceded by a collective wor^l.
infinitive, etc.
State the rule of agreement of the past participle followed by an
40
SrWOPTIOAL PRKKCH fJHAHMAB,
BKCITATIOK.
Pii.nd»' ta faux', ton bidon« pour boiro',
Prends ton m.rtea«« ta pierre noire',
FaucheuH! Car c'e«t en juin
yue 1 on feuche le foin.
L' ttoile' du berger" dispute
Un eoni" du del au matin" blanc.
J* faucheur a quitto sa hntte,
II arrive au pre" d'un pas" lent".
II monte" sa faux amincie"
Par les coups" du marttau carre" ■
il 1 aiguise* afin" qu' elle scie"
Kas terre" les herbes du pr.5.
La faux s'en va de droite»« h gauche"
Avec un rythme cadencu ;
Tombe" et s' aligne" en mn^ press, K
De niulots" une troupe folle
Est interrompue en ses jeux" ■
Oiseaux, abeilles, tout s' envol'e" ■
La couleuvre" e«t coupee" en deu'x.
CourW* le faucheur se dem.W»
Inondt" de larges sueurs" ■
Sur ses pas, la mort" se promine",
Llle tranche" le Hl« des fleurs.
L'herbe" est ooup.e et les faneuse:=«
V,ennent« aveo leurs longs rSteaux"
*;n c lantant des chansons ioyeuses
Jaucheur, laisse" dormir" ta faux.
_ — f' Dupimt.
2. morning 13. nickdow. 14 stiL m'^P""- .1' "='™"-
K. odKM off. 18. blow,. 19 „u,Te \ *^°^\ >«• Jots up.
21. in ordop that. 22. cuta down ^ n£.3 "''"*. ("harpensj
%'& »^oo!-37:~i:?'»7r- IS. ^^.
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION.
41
requii-es
THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
150. The snbjnnctlre mood i» used after verbs or
adjectives together with verb krc, expressing feelings or opera-
tions of the mind, and impersonal verbs, other tlian those of
certainty.
II f mil que vous vmiiez faner.
Vous vmilez que je /Mrlx !
EUe ent/iJrhiK que je me sow attarde.
151. The present subjunctive may always be used in a
subordinate clause depending on a principal clau.se in which the
verb is in the present conditional :
II faudrait qu' il vienni ou vint.
152. In sentences dependent on a conjunction requiring the
subjun<;tive m(K)d, the general rule may be followed :
INDICATIVE
Present
Future
Imperfect
Conditional present
Past tense
Past indefinitf
Future anterior or past
Past perfect
Conditional past
W/aut que vous finUz.
Wfaudm i|ue vous lisii-z.
II J'aUnit que vous lunsiez.
II ftiHiirait que vous litaavz or lisifz.
Il/nJ/ut que vous ai/ez lu.
II nfallu que vous nyez In.
II anrn/nHu que vous ayez In.
II nvnitfalln que vous /•iissiez lu.
II mirait J'aJlu ijul vous euimifz hi.
\o^^. The subjunctive and sometimes the indicative
required after the following conjunctions.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
Present
Imperfect or Past
Imperfect or Pre.sent
Perfect
Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect.
de mani^re (|iie
En or de sorte
si ce n' est que
jue
smnn
tellement
que
— so that)
= in such a manner that)
— were it not that)
— except that)
= 90 much that).
42
154.
8TV0PTICAL FBEVCH (JBAMMAB,
The subjunctive is alwayH required after •
afin que
H moina que
av«nt que
Wen que
/(le peur que
Idecrainteque
en ea« que
encore que
juKju' 1 ce que
loic que
non que
pour que
pour pen que
pourvu que
Bans que
8oit que
Buppoa^ que
> = in order that)
( = unless)
( = before)
( = although)
|( = for fear lest)
( = in ease)
( = although)
( = until)
( = far from)
( = not but that)
( = in order that)
( = for ever so little that)
( = provided that)
( = without)
( = whether)
15-5 TT-'Vii'- ( = apposing that)
the «ubiu„^:e "'"*^ ^'■""'"'"^ ■"" '^"«'*'"" '"""" "'«• take
quelque ( = however)
quel que ( = whoever, etc),
qnoique (= although)
quo. que ( = whatever)
qui que ( = whoever).
»f* k ; ^ "Jependent verb m put in the subjunctive when thp
:"r?!?° *"• verb in the principal clause is .L^J^^^ll
mul(=i only one) premier, dernier, etc.
Vousctes le »eid qui vous vous effrayiez :
T^ ^ ~ You are the only one, who are becoming frichtenedi
La rose est la plusjolie fleur quele connai^ : gntened).
(— 1 he rose IS the prettiest flower that I know)
147. Ne may be omitted in subordinate clauses depending on •
que
' etc.
empicher
d^fendre
c^viter
craindre
d^seap^rer **
avoir peur "
de peur "
douter "
contester "
nier »•
iltientipeu "
il ne tient pas li moi
or toi, etc. q»t
il s'en faut que
i moins '•
avant
= hinder)
= forbid)
= prevent)
= fear lest)
= despair)
= to be afraid)
= for fear lest)
= doubt)
= contest)
= deny)
= there is no difficulty in)
- it is not ray or your fault that)
- far from, is wanting, is nearly, etc)
= unless)
= before)
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION.
43
Le mauvais tempH empgche quelquefois qu' mt fmiche, or
qu' OT4 itAfaiiche en juin.
Les fermiers d^fendent qu' on prune or qu' on im /jnnio- dans
leuFH pr/'K
La faneur craint qu 'il pleuve or qn' il u» pleuve.
De peur que vous vous coupiez or que voui ne vous mupifz.
Je ne doute pas que vousfaniez or nifnniez hien.
II tient a pea qne^ m'tni ai/le. or ne m'e.ii aUle.
II ne tient pas Ji vous que notwt myim* or »w my<m» richen.
II s'en faut de peu que ce bidon soil or rui mit p/nn.
A moins qu'll/atige or qu'U n' fa»»e chaud.
157. Ne may again be omitted in clauses dependinjf on
comparatives and words indicating comparison ; such as :
autre ( ^ other)
autrement que ( = otherwise than)
Les foins ont et^ plus abondants qu' on Vegpirait or qu' mi
ne I'esperait.
La moisson a etc autre qu' on le croyail or qu'on ne le croyait.
158. Order of words. As a general rule French prose
admits of few inversions.
However, the verb of a dependent clause introduced by a
relative pronoun or relative conjunction is generally followed by
its subject, either a noun or a pronoun ;
: La feuille que promenait le zpphyr.
: Le vallon oil paissent les mtmtons.
|^"Inver8ion of the pronoun subject also takes place in
sentences beginning with the following adverbs or adverbial
phrases :
It peine ( = hardly, scarcely)
aumi ( =: thus, likewise)
encore ( = moreover, further)
en vain ( = in vain)
peutttre ( = perhaps, it may be)
etc.
: Pent ^tre savez voua cela ?
A peine ai je fini un travail qu'il m'en faut commencer
un autre.
** SYNOPTICAL FRENCH nRAMMAR,
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.
1- When is the subjunctive used?
a. When is it optional to use either the present or past subjunctive »
■„„.L„'i™ •'■'"' ^■'^■^^■"'e of tenses in clauses dependinK on a con-
junction retiuinng the subjunctive.
subjunctive"' """J""""'"" '^""i^g the indicative and sometimes the
S. Give a list of conjunctions requiring the subjunctive always.
clauses b^We's "clnjunotZs"' ''^'' "^'"""' *'"' "■''^■"™"™ '" "«'«"''-'
7. When can tie be used or omitted in the subjunctive ?
inve^ionJoflh;™"" "' """*' '" ^^"'''' *'""'""• f""'™"*
RECITATION.
La FeuiUfi.
/)e ta tige dc'ttachi-e,
Pauvre feuille desstchee,
Oil vas tu ? — Je n'en sais rien :
L'orage a brwii le chene
Qui seul I'tait mon soutien.
De son inconstante haleine,
Le zephyr ou I'aquilon,
Depuis ce jour me promene,
De la forrt a la plaine,
De la montagne au vallon.
Je vaia oil le vent me mine,
Sans me plaindre ou m' effraj-er ;
Je vais oi'i va toute chose,
Oil va la feuille de rose
Kt la feuille de laurier.
— A. V. Arnattft.
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOSITION.
45
THE ADVERB, THE PREPOSITION AND THE
CONJUNCTION.
139. A<I verbs modify the sense of a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb. They stand by the verb or auxiliary, generally
after :
: II fauehe hntem'nl : La fau.x est Ir^s trancht.nte.
: EUe coupe fort bien.
160. Adverbs of place.
ailleurs ( = elsswhere)
alentoar ( = around)
anprii ( = noir)
Vaest lit ( = lijia aal th^re)
tleja, dM ( = on this uv that side)
The principal are ;
dedans
d3h')rs
dessous
d^asua
devant
en bis
161.
( — in^idj)
t = oiit'iide)
( = below)
( = above)
( = before)
( = down below)
en haut
ici
Ik
loin
nulle part
oil
p:ir ici
pir lit
pjrtout
= up above, up stair^i)
= here)
= there)
= far)
= nowhere)
= where)
= this way)
= that way)
= everywhere)
etc.
Adverbs of time are:
k jamais ( = forever)
alors ( = then)
k present { ^ now)
aprt ^ demain ( = the day after to-
morrow)
aujourd 'hui ( = to-day)
encore ( = still, yet, again)
eiidn ( — at last)
ensuite ( = afterwards)
hier ( — yesterday)
jadis ( = once upon a time)
jamais ( — ever)
aussitot ( = immediately) longtemps ( = for a long time)
autrefois ( = formerly) maintenant ( = now)
avant hier ( - the day before naguire ( = formerly)
yesterday) plus tot ( = sooner)
bientot ( =. soon) puis ( = then, next)
conibien de ijuand ( = when)
temps ( ^ liow long) (lueliiuefois ( = sometimes)
il'abord ( = at first) souvent ( = often)
lUjk ( =already) tantot ( = soon)
ilemain ( = to-morrow) tard { — late)
dea lors ( = from that time) tot ( = early, soon)
deaorniais (= henceforth) toujours (= always)
162. Adverbs of manner are formed by adding nurnt to
the feminine form of the adjective, unless the masculine ends in
a vowel.
Lent = L nUftneiU. L:)ng = Louyw.nip.nt. Vif =
Fou = FolUmeni,
= mmnuint.
46
HYNOPTICAL FRENCH nRAHMAH,
1 6a. For euphonic rea«onH the mute « iiwy be Hccented ■
Aveugle = Wr«u<//?(w»<( = blindly).
Profond = Pntfimdimfnt (deeply).
N. B.— There are other irregulariHes which practice will teach.
164. Most adjectives ending in ant and mU form their
aaverbn m amnifiU and'^mmeiit :
Constant = C'mixtammenl. Prudent = PmdemmfiU.
165. Some adjectivcM may be used adverbially without
modifying their spelling :
Le foin nouvellement coupu sent huH.
Les oiseaux chantent tou jours >«te ( = in tune).
166. There are two adverbs of manner with irregular
comparatives : *.
Bien ( = well) mieux ( = better) le mieux ( =the best)
Mai ( = l>adly) pis (=worse) le pis (=theworst)
or
plus mal
167. Adverbs of quantity
preposition di'.
le plus mal.
generally take after
thoni
(=enoU"h)
(== little,' few)
( ^- more)
(^^less)
take du, de
They are ;
cuniUen ( = how much or many) assez
Iwaucoup (=much, many) peu
trop (=^ too much or many) plus
taut (—30 much or many) moins
autant ( =as much or many)
, ,'^'Blen ( =much), la pinpart (= most) take
la, d^K, while davantage is used without a complement.
Le zephyr emporte des feuilles mais 1' aquilon en emporte
davantage.
^^Peu : has an irregular comparative :
Peu ( = little) moins ( = less) le moins ( = the least)
l6ti. Adverbs of interrogation are :
comment ( := how) ,jue . . i,e ( = why not)
pournuoi =why) a' oh (= whence)
ijuana (=when) etc.
oil ( = where)
169. Adverbs of affirmation and negation are :
(=ye8)
SI (= yes, answering a neg-
ative question)
ccrtes ( = indeed)
vraiment ( = truly)
assuriiment' = assuredly)
pcut Mre ( perhaps)
non ( = no)
pasdutout ( == not at all)
WITH MATERIAL FOR FREE COMPOaiTIOX.
47
Adverb* formed with »« before the verb or its auxiliarv
whilst they stand after ai-e :
ne.. jamais (= never)
ne. .plus (=no more)
ne . gucre { = hardly, aca eel v )
ne.que (=only)
"6 ( =»nmetimeHalui)e)
( = neither)
locutions are of frequent
ne..pa3 ( = not)
ne.. point ( = not at all)
ne. .penjonnel — nobody)
ne.,rien ( = nothing)
ne..goutte ( = not a hit)
Ne or ni. .nonplun
170. The following adverbial
occurrence :
, ~ cheap)
[ = on the riuht)
= thoroughly)
= on the left)
[ -- at once)
= 8c-arcely)
[ — early)
- from time to
time)
en mfime temps ( = at the same
time)
k Iwn march^
k droite
i fond
li gauche
i la fois
li peine
de bonne heure
de temps en temps
|>ar an
par hasarrl
par jour
par mois
peu k pen
tout k coup
tout h fait
tout kr heure (
tout de suite (
toutiruncoup(
=^ yearly, a year)
=^ by chance)
= daily, a day)
= monthly)
=^ by degi-ees)
— suddenly)
= quite)
= just now)
= immediately)
= all at once)
171. Prepositions are of five kinds :
2. Place.
1 Time.
avant
= Iwfore)
apres
= after)
depuis
= since)
durant
= whilst)
pendant
= " )
vers
dans
chez
devant
derricre
entre (
vis k vis de (
a travers (
antra vers du
( =
parmi ( ;
3. Manner or means.
avec ( = with)
par • ( = by)
ae • • ( = by)
sans ( ^ without)
* After a passive verb of action.
*• After a passive verb ot feeling and uctim 3nt.
selon ( .
malgr^ C
nonobstant \
~ to, at, in) l>efore
names of towiix
= towards)
= into, in)
— at, at tlie house of)
— Ik; fore)
= behin<I)
= in) Iwfore names of
countries and ab-
stract words)
= between)
= opjwsite)
= through)
, de la, etc,
= through)
= among), etc.
■■ according to)
notwithstanding
48
SYNOPTICAL FRENCH nRAMMAR,
' OriKlii. Caase.
"^ Tendency.
<le ( =^ of, from)
pour ( ^ for), eti!.
<li« ( = fnnu)
envers ( = towards)
pour ( =. for)
contre ( = against)
HUB k ( = to), etc.
, ^^All prepositionH (except en which takes the preHent par-
ticiple) call for the infinitive after them.
172. CODJnnctionS may be simple a.s :
et
ou
Hi
maia
or
puis
done
car
{ = ami)
( =or)
( = if)
{ =hut)
{ = now)
( = then)
( = theiefore)
( = for)
comme ( — aa
quand
que
ni ni
quoique
plutot
puiwiue
n^nmoins
cependant
lorst^ue
= when)
-^ that)
= neither, nor)
= though)
= rather)
= since)
= nevertheless)
= meanwhile)
= when)
173. The conjunctive lOCntionS are made of two or more
words, of which que is the last generally : The following must
always have the indicative after them :
ainsi que ( :
k mesure que (
apr^B que ( ■■
attendu que ( ^
au lieu que ( =
dis que ( ■
durant que (
non plus que (
outre que (
parce que (
( =
even as)
in proportion as)
after)
whereas)
whilst)
since)
as soon as
whilst)
no more than)
besides)
because)
auseibienque( =
ausaitdt que { =
autant que ( :
de m6me que ( =
depuis que { =
pendant que ( =
peut Atre que ( =
tandis que ( =
tant que ( =
vu ([Ue ( =
= as well as)
= as soon as)
= as much as)
■■ the same as)
■■ since'
= whilst)
■ mav be that)
' whilst)
'■ as long as)
■■ considering that)
: Aussitot que le faucheur arrive dans le pre, il commence k
couper le foin.
: Des qu' il eut aiguise sa faux, il se mit a faucher.
: Aprh que nous aurons fauch^ le foin, nous le fanerons.
liT" Future actions are always expressed in French by
future verbs.
-— "Conjunctions requiring the subjunctive mood are
given in the chapter of the subjunctive.
WITB MATERIAL WOH FKRC COMPOSITION.
49
QUB8TI0HB FOR BXAMIIIATION.
Uive a definition of the idverb.
dive a liat of •drerbe of (a) place ; (b) time.
How you form adTerb* of manner?
Mention adrerbi fonoed irreguUriy.
Give a liat of adverba of (a) qnaatity, (b) interrogation, (c) afflr-
nation and negation.
6. Mention adverba of quantity which require du, <U la, dct.
7. Point out adverbial locutions of frequent uae.
8. Give a liit of prepositiona of (a) time, (b) place, (o) manner and
means, (d) origin, (e) tendency.
9. Give a liat of aimple oonjunctiona.
10. Name conjunctive lonutiona, painting out aome which require after
them the indicative mqod.
R8CITATI0N.
Varaignie^ et U ver <i» tote —
L'araign^ en ces mots raillait' le ver a soie
" Vraiment, que de lenteor dans tout ce que tu fais !
Vols combien peu de temps j' emploie
A tisser* au mur* d'innomlwables filets."
" Soit, nSpondit le ver ; inais ta toile* est fragile ;
Et puis, ii quoi sert-elle ? k rien.
Pour moi, mon travail est ntile ;
Si je fais peu ; je le fais bien."
— Le Bailly.
I. aplder. 2. lilk-worm. i. Jeer. 4. weave, i. nettings. 6. web, cloth.
!
BO
i
ITHOPTIOAL rBIMOH OBAMr .1,
i
IRREOULAB VERBS.
1
PRIlUnVK TENSES.
Fim '^-ONJDOATIOIf.
Pretentoflhe
Pantdple
Participle
Preteul qfthe Pat
InJinUm.
PraaU.
Pat.
Indicative.
Tenm.
AUer,
logo.
Allut
AIM.
JeraU.
J'allai
Envoyer,
tOKHd.
Raroyul.
Eniroy<.
<r envoi*.
J'enToyai.
Skond Conjooation.
Aoqujrir,
to acquire.
Aoqairut.
Aoqaia.
J'aoquien.
J'aoquia.
Booillir,
toboU.
BooUUnt.
BooUli.
Jeboiu.
Je bouiUis
Courir,
to run.
Cooiut.
Couni.
Jeooun.
Je courua.
CueiUir,
to gather.
CneUlut
CuaUIi.
Je oueiUe.
Jecueillia.
Dormir,
to deep.
Dormaot
Dormi.
Jedon.
Jedormia.
FaiUir,
to/ail.
Fulkat.
FaiUi.
Je fanx.
JefaiUia.
Fuir,
to tee.
Fuyant.
Fui.
Je fuii.
Je fuia.
Mentir,
to lie.
MentMit.
Manti.
Je mena.
Je mentis.
Mourir,
to die.
Moniant.
Mort.
Je mean.
Je mourns.
Offiir,
to offer.
OSnnt.
Oflint.
J-oflirs.
J'offris.
Ouvrir,
to open.
OnTisnt.
Ouvert.
J'ouvre.
J'ouvris.
Purtir,
to eel out.
ParUot.
Fkrti.
Je para.
Je partis.
Sentir,
to/eel,
S«ntant
Senti.
Je aena.
Je sentis.
Sortir,
to go out.
Sortant.
Sorti.
Je son.
Je sortis.
Tenir.
to hold.
Tenant.
Tenu.
Je tienB.
Je tins.
Traaaaillit
, to tiart.
Ti««aillant.TnawiUi.
JetreawiUeJetrea-
saiUis.
Vsnir,
to come.
Venant.
Venu.
Je viens.
Je vins.
V«tir,
to clothe.
VtUnt.
V«tu.
Jertta.
Je Tttis.
ThIHD CoNJtruATION.
Falloir,
to be neceeeary.
FaUn.
H fa..t.
11 fallut.
Mouvoir,
to move.
Houvant.
HO.
Je mens.
Je nus.
Pleuvoir,
to rain.
Pleuvant.
PIu.
n pleut.
11 pint.
Pourvoir,
to provide.
Poorroyaot. Pourvu.
Je pounroia. Je pourvus
Pouvoir,
to be able.
Pourant.
Pu.
Je peux or
je puia.
Je pus.
Priraloir,
to prevail.
Pr«valant.
Pr^valu.
Je ptevaux
. Je pre-
valus.
sje m'assis
S'uaeoir,
to sit down.
S'aiwyant.
Ani*.
Jem'aaaiec
WITH MATBBUL *0B »■■ OOMPORITIOII.
SI
(tovoir,
lo know.
HMhut
Bo.
Je aaia.
Je aua.
Vkloir,
to bt ll>ort^.
Vahot.
Vain.
J« vaux.
Ja raltta.
Voir,
10 tee.
Voyant.
Vu.
Ja voia.
Jevi*.
Vouloir,
to he willing.
Voulmt.
VooJo.
J« vaux.
Je vouliu.
FOVKTH CDNJOaATIUIC.
>tMoudre
toahMlm.
AtvolTuit.
Ahmu.
J'abaoua.
Battre,
tottrite.
BattMit
Batln.
Jebata.
Je battia.
Boire,
lo drini.
Bavut.
Bo.
Jaboia.
Je bua.
Brain,
to Amy.
11 brait.
Cirooncire, <o eircHmem.
Ciroonoiaant Cinoncii.
Jeciroonci
kjeciroon*
Clore,
to >hul.
Ckw.
Je cloa.
cia
Conclnra,
loamdude.
Conolnant.
Coooln.
Je oonclua
Je conolua
Coudre,
to tew.
CoUMOt.
Couni.
Je oouda.
Je oouaia.
Croire,
to helievt.
Croyant.
Cm.
Je oroia.
•Te crua.
Croltr*,
to groK Hp.
CroiiMuit.
CM.
Je croia.
Je onia.
Dire,
totajf.
Diunt
Dit.
Je dia.
Je dia.
ficlore,
to hatch.
fcilm.
11 fclot.
&rire.
to mile.
feriTant
ferit.
J'^ria.
J'icrivia.
Exclure,
lo exclude.
Exoluant.
Exoln.
J'exclua.
J'exclua.
Faire,
lo make, to do
. Faiaant.
Fait.
Je faia.
Jefia.
Joindra,
lojoin.
Joignaiit.
Joint
Je joina.
Je joignia.
Lire,
to read.
LiMUit.
La.
Je lia.
Je lua.
Luire,
to thine.
Luinnt.
Loi.
Je luia.
Mettre,
to put.
Mettent.
Mia.
Je meta.
Je mia.
Moudre,
to grind.
Moulant.
Monlu.
Je mouda.
Je moulua
Naltre,
to he bom.
Naiattnt.
Hi.
Je naia.
Je na(|uia.
Nuire,
to harm.
Naiaant.
Noi.
Je nuia.
Je nuiaia.
Prendre,
to take.
Pranant.
Pria.
Je prenda.
Je pria.
lUpondre
, lo answer.
R^pondaot R^pondu.
Je r^pondi
. Jerd-
pondia.
Jeriaolua.
R^Mjudre
fo retolve.
R^aolvant.
R^aoua,i^aolu Je r^aoua.
Rire,
to laugh.
Riant
Ri.
Je ria.
Je ria.
Rompre,
to hreak.
Rompant.
Rompu.
Je rompa.
Jerompia.
guffire,
lo mjice.
Snffiaant.
Suffi.
Je aofBa.
Je auffia.
Suivre,
lo/ollow.
Suivant.
Snivi.
Je ania.
Je auivia.
8«teire,
to he eilent.
Setaiaant.
Tu.
Je me taia. Je me tua.
Traire,
to milk.
Tnyant
Trait.
Je traia.
Vaincre,
to vanquish.
Vainqtunt
Vainc»i.
Je vaines.
Jevainquia
Vivre,
to live.
Vivant.
\ica.
Je via.
Je v*cuB.
63
avKoPTicAL ratnca obammaii.
PAHSINO.
175. ParHiiig treaU of the mture of woHh, their form, the
pert they perform in the aentence.
Leu Oauloix hsbitaient autrefoiH I'Asie avant Hf> v-iiir danx
notre pays; iU (Staient grandii, forts; leur couri»- ■ gaUit leur
force.
*''^" article, muculinc, plural, limits Oauloiii with which it
a|{ree8 in gendw and number.
"""'"" noon, proper, maK!uIine, plunl, subject of kahUairnt.
ha'iitaieiil.. .verb, transitive, i,v conjugation, indicative mood, imper-
fect tense, 3rd wirson plural, agrees with Oaii/ou.
autrtfoiD.. . advirb of ti-iij, modifies hahitakul.
'' articlo, Billed, standing for la, feminine, singular, limits
Ant.
^'" noun, proper, feminine, singular, direct object of Ao/(iVa>en/.
avant dr. prepositional looution.
'*""■ ™rb, intransitive, 2nd conjugation, infinitive mood
present, depends ou aran/ dt. '
da"' preposition.
"°'™ adjective, possessive, masculine, singular, determines /ays.
^'" pronoun, personal, .3rd person, masculine, plural, subject
of /latent.
*'"'«'"' yorb; subHtentive, (Are) 4th conjugation, indicative mood,
imperfect tense, Srd person pluraH
tiraiidi adjective, qualificative, masculine, plural, qualifies iV*
standing for Oaulou.
/<"■'* adjective, qualificative, masculine, plural, iiualifies »/»
standing for OaaioU
'""" adjcitive, possieasive, masculine, singular, determines
€OHraift.
murage iioun, cinimon, masculine, singular, subject c; Ijalait.
/gtlail 111,, transitive, (tgaler) 1st conjugation, indicative mood,
imperfect tense, .3rd person singular.
''"' adjective, posaeaiiive, fuiiiuine, singular, determines^brce.
/'>'T« noun, common, feminine, singular, direct object ot/galail.
WITH MATKRIAL FOR PRRR COMPOSITIOX.
63
Lmiical Akalysm.
176. Logical anslyiiiN hHuwh the relation in which propo-
HitioHH, itnd alao wordn belonging to the Name propo«ition, ntand
to one another.
Example.
Deux vrai" amiH vivaient au Mondiicotapa ;
L'un ne poumkiait rien ((ui n' appartint & I'autre.
LeH amiH de ce payn U
Valent bien, dit on, ceux du nOtre.
In the above nentenoe, thore are fn propnaitiuM, hecauw there are
.tin verb, in a penonal tenao : nmUiH : ixMMtil : appaHinl : mitml: ail.
I»t propoeition : Dtiur rmi» ami' nmitiil au Moiiomolaixi ■
(principal) '^
amu : duhject, limple, having (or a determinative wimple-
ment deitx rrain.
AnirM ; verb, (tire ia alwaya the verb)
nmul : attribute, aimple, having aa a complement of place :
an Mottoinotapa.
•iaii propoaition : L'un ne pauMail rieH ;
(principal)
L im : aubject, aimple.
itait : verb.
pauManl .- attribute, aimple, having aa a complement and direct
object i*€ . , rien.
Snl propoaition : <Jni «' apjMrliHl ,\ P aiiln :
(attributive relative)
V'"' ■ subject, simple.
nefil : verb.
appnriemnl : attribute, aimple, having aa an indirect obiect
<1 r autre.
4th proposition : Lm amin de ce jiayg /i ralenl hien ceux du vilre.
principal)
Leu amin- aubject, aimple, having aa a complement: de ce
pays tit.
>*ont : verb.
ntlaut : attribute, aimple, having aa complements ceux du
ufitre and hien.
5th propoaition : Dit on.
(e3cpleti\*e nr par
enthetica')
On.
diAant :
subject, simple.
verb.
attribute, simple.
M
8TX0PTICAL FRBNCH QRAMMAR.
4DISTIOH8 FOR BXAMINATION.
1. Give the primitiTe tenaea of any irregular verb.
2. Define paraing.
3- Pluae any aentence.
4. Define: Logical analyaia.
5. Analyae any aentenoe.
Fm \ ? * ' *' ™''' """* ** ^"""^ " '"y propo«t>on which you analyae in
7. How can you tell the number of propoaitiona in a French aentence.
RECITATION.
La mart,
O mort, viena terminer ma misire cruelle !
S'^riait un jour, dans un sombre transport,
Le paiivre Charle, accabl^ par le sort.
S' empreasant & la voix qui I'appelle,
La faux en main, accourt la mort.
Me voili prgte, dit elle,
Or ya, de par Pluton,
Que demande-t-on?-
Je veux, dit Charle.
-Tu veuxIPwle!
-Eh bien !
Rlen.
FIN.