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Les diegremmee suhrsnts Hlustrent ie mithode. 12 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MiOMoa -^ wuoumoH mi chait (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 1.1 lit LM ■ 2.5 132 ISA uo |g|U| 1.6 Jl >^PPLIED IM4GE he 1653 EoM Main StrMt ^ (716) 482 -0300- PhonT^ (716) 288-9aSB-F»CAT»D mr TIW AVTMOa. V, - „ I PREFACE . T™ author, in gpending four years in Am- eric^ has com^ in contact with different c^ of people who have raised serious ques- tions concerning modem Persia. ^ Those who are interested in poKtics and gov- ernment, have asked: Is modem Persia a pro- vmce of Turkey? Is it as large as the State of Michigan? Is the king still' absolute, as in an- ient times? Have the laws of the Medes and Persians undergone no change? Are there any renuuns of Persia's ancient beauty and gran- These, and questions like these, have been ftom fame to time presented to the author. On the otiier hand it is to be observed that many journalists traveling through Persia have greatly misrepresented that country. Their limited stay made it impossible for them to acquire any d- curate knowledge of the country. It is no easy.task to familiarize oneself with the Ideas and customs of that ancient" and his- toric country. To thousands in Persia the liter- at^ and history of their own hmd is a sealed JJuestions the most ^ous and earned have been raised by godly ministers and devojted peo- » PKBFACB. pie who haxe tot jma been generous givers to the cause of Foreign IGssions. I have been asked questions Wke these: Is there a soUd fmm- dation eetablidied by missions in Persia? What has the Gospel done? What changes have taken place? What are some of the fruits of our mis- sion work over there? What are some of the temporal improvement*? Very recently Bev. 0. N. Hunt of Edwardsburg, Mich., wrote the author asking what is the moral condition of Persia to-day in feomparison to what it was when the missionaries began their work? Questions like these prompted the author to write this small book. . Its object is to encourage the mission spirit; to quicken and kindle anew the fires of divine love in the hearts of all those to whom, it will come; to promote and advance the blessed Gos- pel of our Lord and His Christ; to hasten the day when millions that now sit in darkness and the shadow of death may set their faces toward the light. (Ml, Jehovab rf the Bast! Who wu once bmti in the Baat, Who preached and was crucified in the Biast, When wilt thou again visit the East? tne^^mlu!'^^ T«^»t» ■•» that. Ill the ■orrey of modern Penim weeuje WM made of the Intera^Monal Vncfelopedia, eqwcteily in the matter »l»e?5f ittS^* **"^ ^•■*^ "" *^ «»««*«» to the aooooit The learea of the tn«a are the gift of the poor. V- INTRODUCTION rpniS book ig by a native, who knows at first- hand of what he writes. He writes of those features and facU of Persia as a country, and a people in which an intelUgent American is most sure to be interested. Very ancient and renowned among the Asiatics, Persia, persisting m her nationality and gradually improving her condition excites enquiry abroad. In this vol- ume we have a view of her geographical divi- wons, her form of government, system of taw- M, methods of merchandise, educational con- ditions and the state of religion. The author also particularizes and portrays the character, creed and course of Mohammed: how Moslemism was propagated by violence and perpetuated by deceit, and of such false doctrines as haired toward enemies, and rewards in heaven and hell. The reader h informed of Bobeiam, a new sect which has arisen in oppo- sition to government and orthodox Moham- medanism. The book was written for the read- ing public, and by its style, movement and con- tents is calculated not only to enlarge one's general knowledge of tll«»land of the Shah, but to quicken interest in the enterprise of Chris- 8 INTlODUCnON. tian MiBuoni, whidi aio the chief hope of the country. Bev. John L. Withrow, D.D., LL.D. Ex-Modsraior of Gmerdl Aasimbli/, Chicago, lU., July 19, '97. Mr. Mooshie G. Daniel is an excellent repre- sentative of the Syrian nationality and the Nes- torian Church. He has completed his course of study in McCormicJc Theological Seminary, and it is his purpose to return to Persia, his native country, as a missionary. His little work on Persia is quite interesting, and is written with full knowledge of all matters of which it treats. The author first wrote part of it in Persian, and with the* assistance of fellow-students has ren- dered it into good Ensrlish. It contains inform- ation not readily accessible to most, and is per- vaded by a fine spirit. The beliefs and prac- tices of the religious sects of Persia are described with the intimate knowledge of one who is a native of the country, and has given special attention to the subject. Mr. Daniel's little book ha,* received commendation from excellent judges. Bev. Wm. Cayen, D.D., LL.D.. \PrMicti Toronto, 23rd June, 1898. ipal Knox College. CONTENTS Life of Mooshie G. Daniel in Persia .... 13-20 Life of Mooshie G. Daniel in America . . >l-88 PART I. Chapter I, General Survey of Persiar-Climate and Productg — Inhabitantg — Mannfiictories and Trades—Gov- . emment and Taxation — The • Anny n. The Ancient History of Persia . in. Architecture of Persia IV. The language and Poetry of Per- sia ... . 25-30 30-38 39-43 44-50 PART II. SOiffioru. L Bmee Religion — Bibl^ and Doc- TT ^^'»«'- Their Bituals. . . . 61-58 II. Mohammedanism — Mohammed— His Birth and Character— The Conquest of Islam 68-67 m. ^e Mohammedan Religion. . . C8-69 IV. The Creed of Islam. . . 70 71 •»*' CONTINI'S. V. The Frierthood — Knjtiliidt — Aich - Mnjtahidi, Common Mnjtthidf — MoUah — The Say-yids ~ Danriihes — Their Service. yj.^^ VI. The Ltymen— Middle Claie— Low ClMt. ......... ai.90 VII. The Mosques and their Services- Special Service 91-9o VIII. Moslem's Private Prayer and Fast- ing. . ^. 95.99 IX. The Pilgrimages — Preparation — Almsgiving— Carrying the Dead — The Motive in Pilgrimages for the Dead — The Female* Pilgrims — Their Betnming. . 100-10 X. The Shiite Moslem's Mu-har-ram— Singers no-go XI. Heaven and Hell 181-84 XII. Matrimony. 184-89 PABT III. I. The Boyal Family— The King in His Palace — His Tahle — - Treasury— Wives. . . . . .189-37 II. Governor — Prisons — Execu- tions- 137-43 ni. Cbunts or Lords 143-45 IV. Cities, Schools and Holidays. . . 145-53 X - CONTENTS. U PAW IV. I. BobeiMn — Bobe — Hig Doctrine— ; Hi« Pergonal Appearance. . . . 154-61 II. The Kurds — Occupation — Their Character — Houses — Reli- f^^^ /V168.G8 PART V. I. The Nestoriana— Their Place— Lan- ' II. Their History , .172.73 III. Clergy j^g.^^ IV. Churches and Ordinances. . .175-79 V. Assyrian or Nestorian College. . 179-80 VI. Assyrian Missionary Spirit. . . . 184-86 VII. Their Persecutions 186-91 VIII. Their Condition at the Time Amer- ican Missions were Started. . . 191-92 PART VI. I. Introduction of Mission Work. . . 193-96 II. Method of Work 195-98 III. Development of Mission Work. . 199-202 IV. Beligious Education — College — Indies* Seminary — Medical Schools — Country Schools — Translation of Books. , , . . !?05{.212 li ooKrmm. V. Tlw 0<»p«l and T«Dpond Improre. mfttit — Tempenmoe — Conrer- ■ion to MohaiiimiBda]iiim-.]Con]s _ Elm^. jij.,,j VI. MiMion Work Among Motlemt. . M9.8S8 M. 9. DAMIML. UFE OF MOOSHIE Q. DANIEL IN PERSIA. rTHE anoMton of M. 0. Daniel, a true stock of the Xeeforian sect and Syrian nation- ality, came down from Kurdiston mountain in 1740 and lettled in Persia at Oroomiah district. The one fami' , now increased to fifty, all live in Tillages » m each other. O. Daniel, with hia four brothers, settled in a small yi' ige four miles east of Oroomiah city. The inhabitants of this village aro composed of fifty Moham- medan famUies and twentyeight Nestorians. His parents had four sons and two daughters, all died in their childhood. Daniel was their seventh child, bom in 1861. His native vUkge was visited by BeV. G. Coan, D.D., and Dr. Per- kins, missionaries from America, who preached the Gospel message to the Nestorians of that village, at the same time also started a school for their children. At this time Daniel was thirteen years old. The parents were very glad to gend their children to this school, which in- creased to thirty students. Daniel was very anxious to attend this school. This desiro was encouraged in every possible way by his earnest, self-sacrificing Cfhristian 14 LIf« OF MOOltHIR O. DANril. awtbw, Baehtl, who eamt of high §aA noble MiMNIo. But hit fuOm Tiforowlj objoctod for fitr liif ion would ehango fh»m hit old Ket- toritti fUth. When Duiiel mw other boyi loing to ichool he would often ery and pray that Ood would change hie father*! heart and Mad him to tend hii ion to achool. Thit kinoen dMire on the part of the young and aident Moled to an eamett diaouiaion and diffetenoe between hit parentt at to the future policy with their boy. FinaUy, after two montht' ferrent pftyer on the pirt of the mother and her ton, the Spirit of Ood reoonoUed the oppotition of the fkther and made him willing to tend hit ton to tchool Daniel continued hit ttudiet ip ^ tchool four yeart, and read a chapter of the Wble to hit parentt erery nifl^t The father ttiM beeaae intereeted, and in theWmd year wt Dtidel't two littert and brother to tchooL He toon became the ilrtt ttudent in the tehooL IteT. Coan, when rititing the tdiool, em- hraced I^el and hit tittert and lotted them with the holy kitt of joy at the firtt-fruit of hit ahoa. After four yeart thit tchool doted on account of lade of ttudentt. There aroae a dark doud ^Borrow and ditappointment to poor Danid. What thall I do to continue my ttudiet, wat the deipairing cry of the consecnt^ boy. But IN PtMIA. 15 •iit««i ywt old. Then wit « hmU tUi^, of ■a« dfateni froM hii hoRM town. GoliMMhaii Z^"^ 1 ^^5 "S^^ ""^ • fti.bjtorii« diMdi of thiM Imadrtd moBben. DuUd do- ««• to fo to idiool tt thJt pltc^ bnt i^n "Mite qpiNMitioii froB hi! itthtr, who wioto h m to itoy tt homo tnd work for him. But hit mothor nMrt hit fkthtr with the itrong'tfri- rnwit thpt ih« htd contemtod her chUd to G««l nu^^ *J^ ^ "^^"^ ^ «•»• him to me tfter the detth of my tix children. But the mother Uved in eontinntl fetr thtt her • n woold be deronrtd by woWet on hit wty to •Aod, ijnd th« the «dd, 1 will go do%n to my £IJ! V !!Sr^' ~"^ " Bnttheion. ;jflHy to ttcrifloe eiren lif e ' for uudy, tdd. «iJ!r«*V^**'*"' *'™'^« m God tnd yonr pimyert. Bwntt toon proved thtt the mother*, fetrt wenB wdl folded. Once, rery etrly in ^T^ "^^ on hii wty to lehool he wt. tttMked by t Itige, ferociont wolf, bnt he m«de good hit ewape np t tree netr by. He woelTed ioeh t ihook from this ttttck thtt he wwprottimted three months, tnd hit life wt* detpMied of by tU hit toendi. Bnt CM gra- Cloudy rertored him to health for Hit holy min- Mfay. Daniel always believed in the out- 10 LTF^ OF MOOSHXE G. DANIEL stretched hand of God that snatched him from the wolf. Hundreds of times he thanks Qod in his prayers for this deliverance. When Mr. Daniel was seventeen years old he reached the greatest crisis of his life. His par- ents decided to marry him to a girl a few steps only from his reudenoe, because the parents of the couple had (lecided when they wese chil- dren to marry them to each other. This was in accordance with a foolish custom of the Nwto- rians. His father had firmly decided to make the match, bu^ his mother said, ''Only if he himsdf wishes." But Daniel's aim was very high; he was running to obtain a higher prise. He said to his mother, ''I am married, to my studies.'* His mother replied, "My son, I hav« dedicated you to Qod, I cannot compel you to many." His father was full of indignation and anger against the disobedience of his son, and he said, " I will never send you to the Pres- byterian college. I cannot spend one cent on you." Daniel was very fond of fishing, hunting and raising grapes, and was one of the best hustband- men in Persia. One morning when fishing a young man whose name was Abraham, and afterward a classmate for seven years in college, handed to hiin an envelope in which was writ- ten by Dr. Oldfather, a missionary, and Presi- „_ TN FEKSTA. ir A«t Of the Presbyterian College .t Oroomiah, Dtoiel ttought this . calliBg from Jesus Christ, tt«r fishing. He threw his net on the shore Zr^' "^' f?* ^'^^°« ^^^ t»^«»k«^ God n»v!J^K l*t*''i'.'*^«- ^^8 ^P from hi. pmjer, he took h,s net «id started for home. On arnval he told his parents that he wanted to go to^coUege Again his father objected, saying th^^e conld not spend any money for his e^- But his mother sold all her jewels and tent him to ooll^. CX>LLBGE LIFE. F«?#iif''*J*""'*^ ''®°* *** Oroomiah College. J^fl ^1 ^^ ^' ^' ^^^iher ^ Resident of the college. In tiie second year he ^' Dr. Oldfatiier, whose singing quicker,! doping souls of sinners. HisX'at'the ^ only twelve He studied very hard, sitting up One of hw classmates, Ber. Abraham, was his bosom friend. They recited in a smkir^o^T often until midnight and then had ^^T^ before gomg to bed. Dai^l g«dnated iS 1883 18 UPE OF IfOOSHIE G. DANIEL. 1 r sn'W the presidency of Dr. J. H. Shedd, one of the most eminent men ever sent as a nli^ sionary to Persia by the Presbyterian Church. All his classmen are leaders in the Presby- terian Church afi well as of the Nestorian nation, for two of them have lately been offered the title "count" by the hte Shah. Dr. S. J. Alamsha, a noble, consecrated Doctor of Medi- cine, one of the fellow-graduates of Daniel, shows the tenor of the spirit of Christian fortitude and dcTotion in declaring his faith in the Trin- ity in the Very face of the GoYemor of State, who had just threatened him with persecu- tion by cutting off his hands if he insisted on repeating the confession. But Dr. Alamsha replied that he was a Christian, and if ever questioned as to his faith would confess it not only at the cost of his hands, but his head also. He further stated that he would not impose his faith on any one unless they requested, and that if the Governor did not want his confession he had better not ask for it. Two weeks after Daniel's graduation he was elected instructor in the high school for three years. Each year he had a week of revival meetings, which was very fruitful in the con- version of many students. Nearly one hundred students were graduates under him in high school. In 1886 Daniel was married to Miss t i win AND DAtrOHTEH OF THB AUTBOB. trntmumtesmmammmi^itm i.. IN PES8IA. 19 Swah Geoige, a young Uidy gmduate of the l^ilMs Seminary, whose mother wag instructor m this seminary for seven years. In 1886 was ^end to him the chair of Ancient Syriac in Oroomiah College, which he occupied for seven years. His many friends r^oioed with him in tail caU to this higher and wider field of labor. When he moved to college, Mrs. Daniel was ""*? •Jf^?!®"* '^' ^^ «»^»«» ^ college; She Mid, ^Wlb to teU you I want you to teach yonr studies better than any professor in the college; I wart you to devote all your time to your work; I wimt yon to be a shining ewmple to aU students; I want you to love all rtudeL as your brothers; I want you to respect your- self. Be kind to aU students; let our home be as then- homes. I want you to preach the be^t sermons; then you win be the crown of my ;, "Z.^ "^ ^**^® y^^ w *J»« P^Pil of my eyes. This was a very hard charge, and very precious work, but it proved foi Daniel very precious jewels Mrs. Daniel is one of the most mtelligent ladies of Persia. For the first three ye»s he went to bed always at eleven o'clock, and taught each week twenty-six studies. Three times a week he conducted Gospel meetinift, and each alternate SaHbath conducted Sabbath 8cho^. He was a leader of the college church, eecretart of Board of Edncation, Superintend' I so LIFE OP MOOtBXE G. DANIBL ■;. ent tnd Quester of County «chooli. The tetii^ mony of Faculty and Boud of Ednoation was that he taught ancient Syriac better than any of hit predeceaaon. Daniel was the youngest member of the Faculty. He had students ten years older than himself, but they all loyed him as their brother. Sometimes he would spend as much as two hours a night talking and pray- ing with individual students. Four months of winter for several years he was visitor of the county schools. B^des this he worked in re- vival meetings during one week in his own church. While working with the pastor he preached twice each day, and forty-two persons were converted. When he was leaving town all elden^ deacons and other prominent men escorc- ed him a long distance with much gratitude. His piety and integrity were taken as an ex- ample by Christian and non-Christian. LIFE OF M008HIE Q. DANIEL IN AMERICA. CHO«CH, SCHOOL AND CLASS. ^«h of the CoTCDMit, Dr. W. 8. Hummer *^,p«tor. It i. impoMible to «,t down In .'^thlJ'h °°°"°''' ••'«""»8«»'«»t .nd .Mirt. M faend. Hw »rm«n, have been to me . ^ «d D>^. M«., of them hare I^ , lai*- »« m,pre«.«, „po„ my mind. One I t- memhw with great distinctnee.. It w., nJ^ fte M «ven word, of Chnat; ,o real a^d Zl Z, , ,^°* "PP*»' *^«* the "hole of that moumfol tragedy wa, emicted before my «« i« my nghl hand forget her conning. If i do "^remember thee, let my tongne ciLe to the «bOT. my duef ,«y .» js,^ t^„^ j ^^^ 28 LIFE OP MOOSHIB G. DANIEL the other tide of the globe, I will not foiget the v kindneif of the church end itf peetor. t^atunOly my life ei the seminary at firat waa lonesome; but aa aoon aa I became ac- quainted with professors and students the sem- inary became a home to me much priied and enjoyed. From my studies I derived much pleasure. Systematic Theology was to me a con- tinual banquet of delicacies. In Pastoral Theo- logy and Homiletics I waa inspired with the high and sacred duties of the Christian min- istry. By the study of Qreek Exegesis I was taught ' the invaluable benefit that comes from dose at- tention to the original texts and manuscripts which are the source of interpretation in the study of New Testament Greek. In Old and New Testament literature belief in inspiration was reinforced and fortified. The whole scheme of the Christian relif(ion was to me rendered plain and reasonable. MY CLASS. The class of 1897 is unique and original among all the classes graduated from McCor- mick Seminary. It was said by one in position to know that it was perhaps the strongest class ever sent out from the Seminary. This was evidenced l>y the character of the orations de- IN AMERICA. 93 ivered at the gr.di«itii,g exerciw.. Amonir • IfT !; ^T"'^ *^"^- ^"' I hope, will meet ^ with much success in winning souls to In personal appearance there are among them pnnees and lords; but one thing made me sorry every time I looked upon their faces, mimely, that so many shaved their musUches. My ad- vice to all of them is to raise mustaches, and not appear like girls, but as princes. Some of them had such long and difficult names that I could not pronounce them, but a few had very easy i«ames, for instance Mr. McOaughey, which means in Persian language, "Don't say so," a phrase used by young girls. Mr. Earhart, which means m ancient Syriac, «I will run." Mr Boss in Arabic means "head." My chiss was >^ry loving and kind to us two Persians. Every time we made good recitations in cUsses they were gladder than we were, and when we failed tney became even more sorry than we. I re- member once failing in my recitation, and after /^•f ^' ^^^ "^"^^ ^°*<> °»y ^^ to com- fbrt me. The memories of my class are to me like sweet spices, and will be cherished bv me everywhere I go. I t '• 'ih ■TT ■H^ PART I. OHAFrBB t OBfsiAi. itmvBv oy pkuia. ^' QNCE, In tg* i«Bg p„^ jv^ ^ „,, home of h«,0M ^ „, „„ja^ ^^ «0M h«. toJ rtU, «eh oth« fa ringtag rf Dmw ind othm « ,„g„^ i. ,^B^ • letten on the piget of hietoi;. ^ To.d.y though her glo,, hw llo«n my ud her q,lendor h« IMed, her n.tud heeoto ,► •re rtin tree: "It i. , f,^^^ mSSig men ^ Jhoee rt««m. w^a «,, ^^ „, ^^ _& MM, in the TO between Perm n>d Bn.- «^ a., tomtory of the former «. g„.tly „. w fliree tmiee the number in Fruee or Ger- «^y. It i. di^ed into thirt.™. rt^ „ M MnnsilN nCMlA foUowi: Ghiloo, Masandaron, Ofiorobad, in the north; Aierbijon, Penitn KurditUn, Lurii- ton, and Khuaiaton on the weat; Fariaton* Ixiiiiton, Kennan, with MogiKton, in the lonth; Irakeaton, the capital atate, where the king reaidea, being in the centre. On the ef liea the large State of Khoraaon, which it mainly defert. Peraia ia dotted with many great and amall monntaina, interftperaed with fertile Tall^a, 'flowing fonntaina and aiWery atreama. Denae JQiiglea ftboimd .in the Statea of Maaandaron and Ohilon. • i'l- CLIMATE AND PROOUCTl. The great extent of the country girea riae to an extremely varied climate. Cyraa aaid of it: ** The people periah with the cold at one extidm- ity, while they are suffocated with the heat at the other." Peraia may be conaidered to poa- seaa three olimatea: that of aonthem Duhtis- ton; of the elevated plateau; and of the Caapian provincea. In Daahtiston the antumnal heats are exces- nye, thoae of summer are more tolerable, while in winter and spring the climate is delightful. In the plateau the climate of Fariston is tem- perate. About Isphahon, in the same plateau, the winters and summers are equally mild, and :il AiNUAt, nmvRT or n»MA * r a* '^■uity of the mmom ipptm rem«k. m. II. npoMd to flm. h«t daring the «,»- "•OMjto md Borth-w«t proriBce.. th. .«»,«. pher. of B«» „ wmtrfaM, .bore th.t 'of .11 ther connMo. for if d,p»« „d purfj,. «!rrV**« "-^ wh«t in the worM. Oth« portly. Mnlbeme. .nd rillr «re two other f«n. witn which fbt hnd b enpeted. wi^'tifr^ •/ "" *^''"" •»«""«•'"» •l»nnd inW bo«n, foxea and the Cupton at Deer UoHnd't' is""** ~- »' «•* ■»-'"^' rteron. Among domestic inimali the horw norws of Penrf, h.Te .lw.7. been celebnit«l t- 28 MODERN PERSIA E'.: ! the finest in the East. They ore larger ai^ more handsome, but are not so fleet as the horses of Arabia. Sheep are one of the main iourees of wealth of the country. AH the rivers are well stocked with fish, especially with sturgeon. SU- ▼er, lead, iron, copper, salt, antimony, sulphur and naphtha are mined in large quantities. The late Shah found a little gold, but not in quanti- ties sufficient to pay for mining. INHABITANTS. In the days of Darius and Cyrus the popula- tion numbered not less than 40,000,000, but that number has diminished until now not more than 10,000,000 people dwell in this once popu- lous land. These are from different nationali- ties: the Kurds, numbering 600,000; Arabs, 500,000; Jews, 20,000; Nestorians, 60,000; Ar- menians, 60,000; Zoroastrians, 16,000, and the remainder are a Mohammedan sect. MANUFACTORIES AND TRADES. The manufactories of Persia are by no means extensive, but Persian rugs and shawls have a reputation the world over. The deft fingers of the women have contributed for centuries to the glory and wealth of this country. In the marts and markets of the world these rugs and shawls seU for fabulous prices. At the World's Fair I saw a single rug valued at |16,000. GENERAL SURVEY OF PERSIA ^0 Trade, both domestic and foreign, ig carried on by ae. who too,«ht P«,«U to \n Z^ d»trf eminence of power «,d pro.perity T^ tin.. W ^^^ '*"* *• «» *«»>« «t thi. GenX-^r '"Tr' "" *"« "o-gok -nde, . Sn ST, "■* "^ «~"^"' KhnUUcnn. hi. »• ™J"™«' »M « Christim. During Sri.™h".„t'^r\'""' '" *^'' Nestori^ patnarch and nnder him the Chnroh was verv -»»«f«I. The Mongol dp««t, illTn^S llf. ; I "* J"""" "' tW' line waa Isniael r^?^ , ." '"™ ™'<"' '"" *»' the hi/th ^^ff "'J"°"'- =«"■"«•««-«.« he rtjr -.^ TnAoman and made Azerbijon th«, captel He then rapidly subdued weS Pema, and m ISll took Uoraaon and BalkT THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF PERSIA 33 from the Usbeks. In the year 1614 he enconn- toed 8 far more formidable enemy in the mighty Salim, Snltan of Turkey, whoae zeal for conquest was fanned by religions hatred of the Shiites, who were followers of Ismael, and who in tnm were fiercely inflamed against a sect called Snnites. In the ensuing conflict Ismael was defeated, but Salim did not gain greatly by his Tictory. The son of Ismael, Shah '^- roasip, who reigned from 1523-1676, subdued aU the Usbeks of Ehorason, and frequently de- feated the Turks without suffering the loss of a single battle. He takes rank as a prudent and spirited ruler. Shah Abbos I., the great, who was one of the most glorious of Persia's modem kings, ascend- ed the throne in 1685, and ruled until 1628. He restored intemfd tranquillity and repelled the invasions of the Uzbeks and Turks. In the year 1606, he gave the Turks such a terrific drubbing that they made no more trouble dur- ing his long reign. He also restored to his kingdom Kurdiston-Mosul and Lriarbekir which had long been separated from Persia. Abbos* government was strict, but just and equitable. Boads, bridges, caravansories, and other conven- iences for trade were constructed at great cost, and the improvement and ornamentation of the towns were not neglected. Many of his large 34 MODERN PBKSIA «iniv«i8one8 which hear his name remain to, thii day. Iiphahan, hit capital, in a brief pteiod of hif mgn, doubled itt population. Hit toler- Mce waa remarkable, oontidering the character of hit ancettort and tubjectt, for he encouraged th^ Armenian Chrittiant to tettle in the coun- T» well knowing that their peaceable, induttri- out habits would enhance the protperity of hit Kingdom. Hit tuccestors were ^h Sufi (1628- 41), Shah Abbos II. (1641-66) and Shah Solimar. (1666-94). During the reign of Shah Sultau Huttem (1694-1722), a weak and fooHsh prince, pnests and slaves were elevated to high officys, and the Suft-nites suffered sore persecution. TJifi result was that Afghan beseiged the King in Isp- Jiahan. Hussein abdicated the throne in favor of his conquereor, who ultimately became insane and suffered deposition in 1726 at the hands of his brother, Ashrab. The atrocious tyranny of Ashrab was suddenly checked by the celebrated Nadir-Shah. Hussein and Ashrab belonged to the dynasty of Syydes, a holy sect, descendants of their prophet Mohammed. Nadir-Shah was one of the greatest warriors of Persia. He raised Tah-Masip (1729-32) and his son Abbos III. (1732-36), of the Suffivian race, to the throne, and then on some frivolous pretext deposed Abbos III. and seized the scepter himself (1736-47) Nadir was assassinated by Imam-Kuli-Khan of r" XlifO KARIM KUAH KURD. wt AMcntfT mnoRv or nutA u re^WAArf pe,ee „d unity in w«t«n Pwi,, »nd the latter by Lutf-Ali M«im. i„d^„T ^"*'":?"'' "'«»• M«.>>a«ron been,, "^dependent under Agh. Mohammed Khm I Kh^ *t '"^ •" *'"' "'»"»"• •' Moh«n3 Wb. 'J." '*" ""'"« "'*™' •»'' took c.pti« A«h. Mohammed Khan, a boy ,nly «, ^!! ;^d, making him a e«n„cb. Thi. boy wTo" MMIi he kept thinking how hi, crael m„ter "hen he Mt on the royal rug,, he would take Ln ^«v * ?• ' " twenty-fire year, old, he MnTl u". T ~'"*^' M«»ndaron, and jowed h,m«,lf to his reUtion.. He frequenHy MOOUN nttttAi •onthera put ' n«» flied the Iwundan be- *»« paid the sum of IsooonnnAA I^i .^^.rt!r"hi^^r^:rJ;:r5^r^"f in tbe «DtW. -/^ yew" ago he TO, goymior L of ^^' T^- •"* <»"« *• ^»« the C«I. P^I ,^r , '^f^'^ »>> • hundred "• ^"*' *« ««'«> of the Gowu Prince tOUHDER OF TOM PRBSSST DYSASTV, v.. ^ THE ANCIENT HISTORY OP PERSIA 37 «di Of the MYen song claimed to be inheritor «e the throne while the father was rtiU hying. At the Mme time the Crown Prince, Abbw JlJwa, had a. son named Mohammed. Putteh- Ali, wh^ quite old and near to death, by the aid of Bnsria made Mohammed, his grandson, kmg (1834^1848). Nayib-Al-Saltana' acted as rjgwit daring the boyhood of Mohammed. When he came to power for himself he con- wiyed the idea of restoring Bloogiston, Ai0um- f^ «d a great part of Turkoman to Persian S!? ' ^^ J^ *** ^^> ^^ ^« resisted by ifingland. The war was terminated in 1838. Ni^ruddin (defender of his religion), the late Shah, who was assassinated May 1, 1896 a yowig mhn eighteen years old, i^d very enir- getic, succeeded to the throne of his father in 1848, Following his father's example, the new Wiah tned to restore Afghaniston and Bloogig- ton, but was compelled by Enj^d to sign an J«lrwmient on January 25, 1868, by whidi he was boimd not to interfere further in the internal •ifwrs of Herat. fo 1856 he violated this treaty and took the Oity of Herat. After a severe war with Eng- hmd in 1857, in which his loss was 20,000 sol- dws, he relinquished Herat, but he added to Persia many provinces in the western part of H - 38 MODERN PERSIA m Twkomm. He wu one of the bett JdiL of fsr TT k1^^ ^""P* *^ «»". <«« ^ JlZtJ" ^P^ ««", and was . weU- ednatednum. He rt«ted . good s„tem of po.- M teegraph, and had trained after the Bnro^ a^^t-f ^T •"'^''^ AboTeriI,hefonn^ a beanfaful coUege in Teheran, which i. called m Peman DwJfnoon (or the pUee of wience). ^e preeent Shah, Mo«dr«mddin w.. bom March f..V ^' f ""'o^^ to the throne of his father May 1 1898. I„ igjs the anther saw him «ue to v.B«, being entertdned at the home of Dr. Cochran. The work of the college pleased hm. «.d he made it a gift of thirty pS^ndTS h a yery kind and liberal „an, espiiKw^ mrte bin. to be good to the oppressed Christi.™ «» regular kmgs make a total of 855. ASCHITECTUSE OF PERSIA $9 OHAPTEB in. ARCHITECTURE OP PERSIA. rpHB ardhitechue of Penda is of consider- able interest from the fact that the Per- sians added to their own the architecture of Assyria and Egypt, when they conquered those mighty empires. Hence the composite nature of the designs of some of her most faoTous buildings. A brief study of the old City of Persepolis will enable ua the better io under- stand the nature and architecture of this Und, so ridi in magnificent ruins. (Tae author wishes to giye credit to McCJlintock and Strong's En- cyclopedia for a large part of the following pages. He has extracted many quotations from this work.) This city, called' "The Glory of the EasV' the ancient capital of Persia, is situ- ated in tiie Province of Paris, on the Biver Arwes. Darius, Hastaspes, Xerxes, Artaxerxes and others tried to make it one of the grandest cities in all the world. Unfortunately it was destroyed by Alexander the Great, and now contiina only some ruins of the royal palaces. Pittt is the Chehly Minor (forty piUan); also caUed Tokhtie-Jamshid, or throne of Jamshid. Some suppose that Jamshid was the founder of the dty. Next in order is Nakhshie-Bustum, to the northwest. Near each of these palaces 40 MODERN PERSIA nX l^^ *"'■''• "*"**» t th. fort of f«t ^ Je :^S ' *« "''?:^ "^"(r 'boat .800 «r«M.ed h.„ i, thf"o,;.t ^»"^ v**°- dW Chehly Minor by ^ of^li JL^ one .We the other intZ^Z^T'^ «I» on thi, ierawe -PI.- T^^ "T*"^ "« «««.tic ^„„e block., ^l i„"^'i ^ '"^^ to the great platform ie made by tm^K^ P-P^Ieum of Xerxe, i. oon.po«d X"^ AmCHITECTUKB OF PEK8IA 41 of ftone wor]^ which prohtbly fonii«d an en- taiaoe for foot pastengen. The stepi are paved with gigantio akba of polished marble. The portal is stiU standing, and bears figures of animals 16 feet high. The bmlding itself is conjectured to have been a haU 88 feet stiuare, doeely resembling the Assyrian halls of Nine- veh. It bears the following inscription: "The great God Ahroomasda, He it is who has given this worid, and who has given life to manlond, who has made Xerxes both king and Uwgiver of the people. I am Xerxes the King and Great King, the King of Kings, the King of the many peopled countries, the supporter of the great world, the son of King Darius, the Achoemenian.*' "Says Xerxes the King by the grace of Ahroomazda I „ave made this gate of entrance. There is many another nobler work besides this —Persepolis, which I have made, and which my father has executed." An expanse of 162 feet divid. this pUitform from the centre one, which bears many of those columns of the Hall of Xerxes, from which the nuns have taken their names. The stairs lead- ing up to the Cfhehly Minor are still magnifi- cent, according to the statement of Prof Jooseph, whose residence was near this historic palace. The walls are superbly decorated with 4» MODKftN FBItIA yMi, gigmtit bull,, comtati wUh wfli Bewti P»«-i<»|. «.d «.. like, ,u„ fc«,k„ e,^' "W» 'na tmneiform iBKription. corer the north to »nth ud S80 fwt from .Mt to w^ "d mort Bugniilcent rtractro, t£ XldT! q-ently covered tw," ^' ."^ ^ "^ "* ? ' ceotnl group, tii deep eroy wn and are tU that no» renurin of the number. S form ,. rerj be«.tiful. Their heighthM^T the circnmfereiice of the ihtft. iff w !?' l»gth from the cepif, .: tte^ur^'^J'f*' Nert don^the west front rtood the priLe^i i. ^^""1 ?° I''*^* •rehitecture of Persia mr JheTl'^" """ " "«'• " » '«»• How- ever, the work m Bome ciUe. is equiwlent to AkCtlltECTURS 01» PItMiA 4d ancient buildings. In modem iimet tome splendid palaces have been erected of brick, either of raw or hardened by fire. These tower to a considerable height. The custom of Persia is to beautify without rather than within, so the exterior is painted with different col- ors. Blue, red and green are favorites. The walls are adorned with the picture* of flowers, birds, lions and many verses of Al- Kuran. Favorite poems also appear. Inside^ it is more phun, whitened by chalks. But the roof is wonderfully decorated with delicate chalk work. Here are sculptured designs of ladies holding bouquets of flowers, pkying with doves on their shoulders and surrounded by beautiful objects. UsuaUy in the centre is a large mirror. This is aU hand work. A single mason may work a month in completing the loof deconiions of one room. All buildings are square. ViHage architecture is very poor. Buildings are one story in height, especiaUy of Mohammedans. Most all are built of unbumt bricks. A Mohammedan peasant does not know the joy and jdeasure of Uving. Though he has plentjjr of money, he is content to live in a small cottage, spending little. Christians, on the other hand, are the direct merie, and are learning to enjoy having things 44 MODUM rUBlA CHAPTEB IV. ' TH« lAWOUAOB AND POKTSY OF PBBSIA. ^HB Mci«,t iMgMg,. of IVrt, ^ t^^. ri., 1 ' '^^ Zn«d or But tanlm, „ B«to. e^rf the Zorotttri.,, hmgui^^, b,e.». th. ra« M«M»ft Pwiun iMWuge, the chief «m- •eripUan, »'y Holy Bible to them; they behirred that its teachings should be accepted by aU Pkrsees. All writers in the country now as a nmtter of course, became Mohammedans.' witn the fanaticism characteristic of a con- quering leKgion, with the ruthlessness which ^^ ,. 'i^^ ''**''^' »*^ *^« TepresentatiTcs ^ the old Persian literature and science were «ri«Tously persecuted by Omar's general, Sayid Ihn Abou Wakkas. All priests and writers were compelled to accept the new order of tt^ « Allah the only Gtod, and Mohammed His^phet." So the pure language of the P^neM was infused with Ambic words to sucK « extent ttat one-third of the words of the lan- K««g« tw Arabic. til'. 'bj»» About 1.000 AJ), IwSrtJ^^ hi.^r^ .*• "* ««««^ to ««* on. of k» poem, not 1., a^ f,,,^*^ «h^ ^ "r^ArMr"^™*"' cnl«™t<^ fRB LANOUAOB AMD VOBTtY 09 nntlA 47 ipMk ill aU^gorioil lomi in glowing longi of wine and loro. Again in this prb?inoe we itnd Snnayee in the thirteenth oentniy end Faridnddin Attar, bom ltl6. A etill greater man in thit peenliar field waa I^jaha Eddin Bomi, bom at Balkh, and who died 1966. He wat the founder of a •till eziating and meet popiOar order of Dar- wiihea. Hii poema on contemplatiTe life have made him the orade of oriental myatieiam w to thia day. I will giye one cf hid rhjmea which will •how the gpirit of hit myiticiim: **Gar Ka^i waftf on Zman PoMid, bidil os biniihon chign- jan has, athikon kiuhtagon maahookand, bar najajad Z kooahtagon awaa." The thirteenth centoiy waa one of the moat brilliant in the an- nala of Persian poetry. The greatest seer of fhe era waa Sheikh Mnsli Eddin Sahdie of Shiras, who died in the year 1891. He atanda nnrfraled a* Peraia's foremost didactic poet. Hia Boston and Gnliaton—^the fruit of the garden and rosea''— are universally known and loYed in Enrope. At the beginning of the fovteenth century we made sereral meritorious imitations of Sahdl in didactic poetry. But far above all these, as above all other Persian lyrical and emtio poets» shines Hafis. The "Sugar Lip» is a book in 4ft MODnti rikMA lii •»* «ow«^ b» and toiai. b-i' u^StI^ tr «d 2 • » ""^ «-» m th. H,^ ui. HUB MM, and tre nmg by nearlv i»v»f» l«M mow thm m, rth«r imect. From ItJ tnt tAttOUACt AMD tOtttiV OP PtMlA 4ft Uff of Ughi it throws UmH into «*« fin, m evfiyoiit hat Men in AnmieA e umiMr ermiiif tboat an •laetrio lamp. Sahdi takaa thii 'nounplt for himielf to Ulnttiate hit lovo to Ood. He lajt tht loto of th« miller if more than the lore of the nightingale, hecaue the nightingale ihowt itf love hy tinging and mak- ing noiie; hnt the miller, though it hae a liring hodj, maket no noiie when it ii homing in the fire. "So," says he, <* ought to he my lo?r to God." The city of Shiras from the h^nning until thit day haa heen the teat of religion and eq>eci- ally of poetry hecauie theie two eminent poets, Sahdi and Hafls, were horn, liTod, wrote and died here. Their tomht are viiited annually hy thouaandf of pilgrima. They are dead hut their influence still lives, and it has much effect on Persia and especially on the inhahitants of the dty of Shins. Many students are enrolled at the great cathedral mosque in the dty, where some of the ahlest professors of the country are instructors. Frdfessor Yooseph, a graduate of this institution, told me that the air and the Tery dust of that dty has in it the spirit of poetry. Even the small boys who sell grapes, apples, etc., in the streets sing some very charming poems about ihdr fruits, though they themselvei may nerer hav« learned to reed« 80 MoDnir PSftsiA THE twmnitt OF ». ,n«AH imiooao, m* romy. - ^J^ luT. <»• poem rtoBt th. n„rt- pSS; i» '^^,J<»«»»g» i. lurd. bS th. jrtrfAriatic hng«g», if „rt d« of B,„pe,„ ungiugca, for the ezpranion of poetry. x^ PART II. RELIGIONS. CHAPTBBL PARSES KBLIGION. ■ ^ rPHIS was the preyailing religion of Persia in ancient times. Zerdush was either the founder or a refomer of that religion. The gen- er ' belifll it that he was the founder, since the rdigion and its followers are called by his name. Some suppose that this reKgion and the religion (rf Hindoo were originally the same, and that th^ were divided by some political affair be- tween the Iranians and the Aryans. The Hindoo branch took the^ name of Brahminian. The doc- trines changed somewhat after the sepantion, but the fundamental principles remained the same. Different dates are given for the beginning of the Zerdush religion. Some authorities date its beginning at 1200 B.C., while others place it at 500 B.C. The latter is generally agreed upon. There are two prevailing ideas about hiti 58 MODERN PERSIA plwe of birth, both Babylonia and Oroomiah, Peraia, being claimed as his natiye dty. There are many good reasons for believing that Oroo- in»F^»tt his birthplace. First, the original wor- shippers were Persians, and the religion was started in Persia. Second, all Oriental scholars and writers supposed that this was his native city. Third, in the district immediately sur- rounding Oroomiah the writer has seen more than thirty immense hills of ashes, the remain- ing monuments of the fire worshippers of tMs religion. Kre was their god, and a continuous flwne was kept burning through the centuries. Some of these Aiountains of ashes are so huge in sise that it would take a man an entire day to walk around it, and as high as the Masonic Tem- ple of Chicago, a twenty-story office building Some of these hills are named as foUowing- De-ga-la, Sheikh— Ta-pa, Gog-ta-pa, etc. Among these hills we find the ''Tower of SUence," a large structure built of stone and containing the ramains of kings and other notable men of an- dent times. BIBLE AND DOCTRINES. ' The bible of the Parsees is called Avesta, which means the revelation. The language is Zend, from which the Persian language is de- rived. The founder of this religion taught as \ PARSEE RELIGION S3 pure monotheiua as was taught by Mohammed. Zerdnth taught the existence of but one deity, who was called Max-daw, or, as it is pronounced now in Persia, Hunnizd. To this god was attri- buted the creation of all good fortune, goTem- ment, long life, honor, health, beau^, truth, joy, and happiness. But later this doctrine of monotheism became dualism, ».«., the supposi- tion of two primal causes of the real and intel- lectual worid, the Vahu Mano; the goo^^ind or reality and Akem Mauo or the naught mind of naught reality. Ah-ra-man, the god of dark- ness has created devils, he causes evil thoughts, evil deeds, wars, misfortune, sorrow, death, and hell. Zerdush taught there are two Uves, one mental and the other physical. He believed in the immortality of the soul; that there are two abodes for the departed, heaven, the house of angels, and hell, the dwelling-place of the devil and his angels. Between the two there is a bridge of judgment over which only the follow- ers of Zerdush will be able to cross safely. Be- fore the general resurrection the Sosiosh, the son of Zerdush, will be spiritually begotten. He will come as a messenger from Ahuramazdoo and will foretell the time of the resurrection and judgment. The world at that time will be utteriy steeped in wretchedness ajid darkness and sin; will then be renewed; death, the arch- 54 MODBKN PBR8IA fiend of crettioii, wffl Iw ibdn ^d life will be ererlMtixigiy holj; ind righieoiuneM wiU dwell in the renewed world. Thit Zoroastriftn ereed flourished until the time of Alexander the Great throughout aadent Ironiona including Gahu- liston, Bakhria, Media and Persia, and then declined. But again under Ardashir, who has been called Bobe^on, and who churned to be the descendant of Zai^liish, the zeUgion of his ances- tors was renewed, and the lost parts of the holy book, Ayesta, were found and put together. He chose a magician the ablest of 40,000 magician priests, to translate the book into TemaeuUur knguage, thus renewing the religion. Unfor- tunately the Avesta was utterly destroyed in A.D. 640 by the followers of Mohammed. Now we have in Persia only 16,000 Zoroas- trians. The Mohammedans called them gs- brees, %.$., ungodly. Most of them liye in Ker- man Yeid on the soil of their motherUnd. The men are good citizens, humble, honest and generous, especially to their own brethren, and are industrious, intelligent, luuidsome, dean in appearance and faithful to their religion. The women are most beautiful, delicate in frame, small hands, small nose, dear complexion, with pink cheeks, black eyes and eyebrowi. They do not cover their faces when in public, except to Hohammedans, whom they consider wicked PAMR KELIGIOlf 65 imh. TIm womai m, good, fkithfol houMwifw and honott to tlwir knsbandi. THEIR miTUALS. A Pfenee child mugt be bom on the ground floor of the houM of its parentt m a gign of humility, and that the child may begin it* life with good thoughts, words and actions, and as a «ign of loyalty to its parents. The mother ^. not go ont for forty days. After that she waAw herself with holy water which has been sancti- fied by the priest. A Flttiee rises early, washes his hands and face, and redtes his prayers towards the snn. Ho ie^«Bti p«»k, ham and camel flesh and will not eat anything cooked by one outside of the •nnee rdigion. Marriages can be contracted <»ly with psffsons of thtir own creed. Polygar my is forbidden except after nine years of ster- i%, then a man is allowed to marry another woman. Divorces aie entirely forUddm. 'The crimes of fornication and adultery are very str- «ely punished. They worship the clean cfea- tions of the great Hurmisda such as the sun, moon, fire, etc. Ah*.ramaada is the fettt rkMtA for thiM fbqn wiUdiif naar the tomb where the^ deed bodj it kid. The fourth dey the gttet of heftfen will be opened tad he will appioteh the bridge of Ohin-vat. Hira the food end efil deeds of hie Uf^ wiU be wei^^ed in the behmeei of Jmtioe. If the good deeds of his life ont- wei|^ the bed, he will pest oter the bridge into heftTen. If the bed are hetTier than the good . the candidate falls beneath the bridge into hell. Ill botii hMTMi and hell there are three states. In heaTen, good words, thoughts and deeds; In hell, bad words, ,thoBghts and deeds. i \ CHAPTBBa MOHAMMEDANISM. 'JLCOHAlOfED means " Praised One." Ope '^^ of the Mohammedan divines ones spoke in the pfesenee of the writer of the similarity in tiie Amino language of ''Ahamad" and the ^Holy j^nrit," and he claimed to belieye that Ahamad or Mohammad was tiie KtAj Spirit which Jesus promised to send into the world. When told in reply that Christ promned to send the Comforter Into the world immedifttely alter His departure, and that Mohammed did not Uto MORAMMIDAIfltM imtfl 670 ymn titn Ohiitt» tht priwt liad no mora to My. Tliit giMi nrophot of tlM Hmni who oon- ▼erted tho wilC Aitbt wu bora about A.D. 6Y0, at Mecca. Ho was tbe only child of AbdnUa, and hit mother, HaUma, both from thtf noble lunily of Koreiah, who claimed that they were tho deaeendanta of bmael and that their ftaiily waa hereditary guardians of the sacred KaiSa Hoaque, in whidi was kept the holy bUusk stone worshipped by all Arabs. The Moslems h&To many legends 'and tradi- tions regarding the birth of Mohammed. The son moTed from its place and gare a more bril- liant light, with the seven colors of the rain- bow; the angels bowed themselTes to him and tang a new s h«r, and after her death alwayt eherithed her memory, at the wat the tfwt perton to bdiere in hit doctrinet. On hit jovrnqra to BUettino and Syria he be- eamo aoqnainted with Jewt and Chrittiana and got an imperfect knowledge of their religi» ^««M. Ht ilutid pnMUaf to tiM ifBonat oImms of Ainbi^ imO^ thm tlitt tiNve was only .t Indy, wire hv^Unt ditdplei of thit luw- roj'gion. And ,^. .t veiy J«iwiitlil in tprwfidin^' the wnMt '.'hen he pnblidy •nnonneo'l that i... m\ n aommuid from God, and hid l)oon k'vim tue divine offiee ••proiAet and kw-giver. A» ijs notoriety ■pwid, pilgrimt iloekecl Meocu, and he prndied to them, attacking the idohitrr of J^cei. When hit enemiet demanded a miraele fhmi him, ho leqwnded by piodneing the Ko- laa leaf hgr leaf at ocoation demanded. He pro- vided peneention; and citil war followed. In A.D. 6M ho wat foroed to iee for hit life from Mecca to Medina* a dittance of fSO mile«. Thit iii^t it called Higira, meaning the flight (July 15, 688), from which the era of Idam begint. In Medina he wat genemlly accepted as a prophet of Gfod. Hi* method wat at first tolera- tion. He taid: "Let thero be no compnlilon in religion," but afterwarde taid; « AH infi» etc. y^attaa a* onei^biil dietalai mm nh^iiii to u> that 4m Wmm wm dejiieied eH% ud waa aeattered w^l ^tar Wm- frnffk^t 6m^ it wai w^eetai bf i^iAa, j^ andZaid. Alef H^afwifltettia eal pee^. It ia await m the but it looiee its Ungnages. THE IfORAMMtD IBLIGION. |9 Jt^aauMd did Bot inyent « mm idigkm, but cj^ mort «f hi. doctrine, from tt?J«ri.h. 1*^ M^ Ch,i.ti«a rdigioiii and ChrirtlM «w«^. MohuiiiMd wu greftUj indebted to • Jf ertonwi nioBk named Sugins Be-hi-nu a m^i^,^ .bility, irtiom the prophet kept in ^ hoine for lefenri jean and leaned all he to«r ^ Chiiitian doetrines and tradition,, Mt^il fia viM ooMMelt, itoriea, teaching! ^of on, dntie. k» Gad and brethi«i in tfcelath, tlitt are ftlatad in tht OM and Vew Teatamente mi^Mnc^l, the K««, ^ the langnafi ^*«HM «ii t^ oi4« «| their oeewtSoefa '^WM. The Koian aoataine «iftak«, eiMh ai "Mkiiig the Virgin Mary the mother of oar Leid tta nma penon at Mary Ike eiatw of Maaee TT* ^^ ^'i^*^ fwrtion the Koran ia «^*ht graateat hooka af tiia vwU in the •nd rrtgfoim kir, 9O9>i00/Me XohaMnedani ■»»d an over the vorid to-d^ are leOeidM »• «Md^ of the Konm. The boalt castite ■JjA^ it good and wm, but one e# its meal ^yr *•'*»*• ^ ^ prominence and ap. piOTrt giTen to polygamy and lengualirai. 4\- 1 : i' ' i'i ^* noDwiif pnsiA « OHAPTEBIV. THl CRKBp OF ISLAM. ]jjj[ 0N0THBI8M if tli« oomtr-itoM of bUun. Th«r creed ooaneU of lix ntielei— God, ptedeatiiution, the angel* good and bed, ^ hooka and inditiong of the 194,060 pn^ttt, the reennection and jndgment, eternal reward and pmiidunent. The fdmrak contimiallx le- parted by the Mohammedans ja thia: *'TlMre it no god hut God^aiBd Mduunmed ia Hia pi«> phet." Allah, or €ki, haa infinite power and wiadom and ia holy, <»inipot«nt, nmniffwimt, cwrtor of the nniTeiae, npholdar of alL He ia m arbitmry niler, but dealt ^latfy wMi man. H« ia an e|^ of f«r a^l smnne*, latiMr thm of Iwre and gniiliide. The Mtrhammedan *ee not look upcm Ctod aa the lUker. Be fiays^od ia the Almighty Creator, and men oi^t to Imr and trem^ bef<»e Him aa davea. The writer waa reanning with a Mc4iammadn mt d^ and spoke of God aa " our Uk twriy F^ither." He said, «Yon hla^eme; don't eaU God a father. Thia oonld not he, aa he never had a wife. AUah has f oreorda»ed aU thinga, good and eriL An mioonditi the highert order of the prieethood, bat this order ii divided into fonr dogreei. The members of the highest de- gree reside at Karballa, the sacred dty. The chief of this degree is oaUed Naib^l-emam and. in the bdiel of Shiites Moslems, he is the r^ire- sentative erf H<^iammed. His position is the ■ame as that of the Pq»e in the Boman Catholic Choroh; and he is beliered to be infallible. His authority extends over the entire clergy and in some respects o«?er goTWBment. He rendes in the most holy mosqne, vkich was built on the tombs ' «"> "Mstere while others are pe.SM,t8. Somettoe, Ihev l^te .nJ e«ll^tW . ''?'*''^ "*'''"«' *» aem. (Sen- money of the s»r,^„n«^%jf "*' j^J""" (.the, are not freely given fs^Stwil.K. "^ with authority to LLnd LT^t I^e ?S home., vmeyardg and gardens and rather tw! ^ a?^h? f ''^ ""^ ■"•*'"! ji; Is *^ ' 1^1, I, iik >■ m \ |r \ •il ( f*S'- f i iiw iU m hr 80 uooEur ?£isu TBKIS CaASACTEK. ..■*.?*^ <» expected to be, and uwUv i. Cinfn "•"»"«« •" «» trouble of lif, „J^ hve ,n „ h„„ble condition bec.«« thi, i, holi" nM«. He I. required to be well informed in M «Ug.ou, .tone., tr^lition ,md Komn „d J »^ree, the father of the Darwishes. Some of srre^" X' 'xr f\*™ *'«'"™^ •' J poems. Most of them are anfflei. ently educated to rem! ti.. t^. t '"""" moat f.i»fc«,T V * Darwishee are the W^J M V'"""''^ "^ P"« o' •" the fol- n^« h«rd t""""^- '" '" -y '«« I have on*.!, ' '^«'* '■""«'»' »^i*- Some of them are rery intelUgent and well educate md f™j,„ w.th all their religion, ritee On w"i.ttTt™e^?^'' SlL^" "'«'^»"' C" torn™ /' °" ""«■'»» ''y '■o'h enter- ing a burmng fire, and the one who came o„t unharmed would have the true reli^on Ttow J."n to enter the fire and if he w., not bu-L^ I X THE PRIESTHOOD fi| would believe in hin religion ami In'oonie a Mo- honimedan. He did not dare do it, and wa* atthamed. THE NATUI K OF THEIR SERVICE. The Darwighea' work is to tell gtorieg, tales and traditions during week dayg in the streets. JiVl- day 18 holy day among Mahommedans and is to be observed in worshipping God. The Dar- wishes begin at one o'clock p.m. on that day sing- ing poems on the streets and continue until even- ing Their poems are for the glory and bono: of Mohammed and Ali, for they believe these two men were the supreme creation of Gdd. One of their poems reads as follows: "The first of creatures is Ali; the supreme of beings 18 Ali; the true calif of the prophet all 18 Ah; the lord of all the world is Ali; the lord of my soul is Ali." The Darwish wears long hair, and a pointed orange-shape cap, a cloak of patchwork and a long white robe, and in his right hand a toma- hawk with a fancy handle with some poems writ- ten on the blade. In the other hand is held a kashkul for the collection of money. These are the rituals of his office. A dozen or more of them may be seen on every street, not far from each other, standing in front of the stores wnging some poems for the praise of Ali in a M» MODERN PKIWIA Tl .f. ^ "" P~ ■>» kwhk"! and th« m« "« «met.m« .„Iy . bit rf .„g„ ., 2^„. rough, K>me cletr u the eoond of . bell of «,I<1 m«^«,e other for the p«i« of All. Oncol Ah Mid when he h«l finished mother mpond- n.^ he b "^ fT""^ " '•'• pemn.1 holi- new he hu enlightened the darlcne* by per- ^ be.nty; be.ntif»l «e ril hi, deed,, ^e dX'strrk!"^ ""' " *"" ''*^ ^-^ ™" 1.,'^°^'' '""'' ** ""^^ »««» h« em- broidered npon it . Terse from Kobu, .nd rigni- Ite huhlnJ « , box in which to collect money for the poor Mid sick. The white robe i, , sigA of Pim.y. The sheepskin on his shoulder is . sign of meekness. Tht- beads on his neck are to remmd him of the duty of p„yer. Z f TUB PRIESTHOOD g) tomaluiwk is . gign of war and victoiy for the m their holy gervice go to their leader and he l^Zr ''' "'^".!^' *'^ "«^* .houider^f the iMrwigh an uiwnption which renming ag a gign of consecration and honor. ^ tnT"^^. " • ^""'^ *^^*** **' Darwighegwhoare verr Ignorant, supergtitioug and fanatical and are like ^ggsrg. They pitch their tentg at the gates Tt nch people and will not go away until they have been gatisfied with money. Sometimra large crowd of thig dasg will gather in a mogque and gpend .everal hourg in howling unto Mhh ^ion ^'"^ *' "°*" '""'^® ^^"'y V the ex- i„ J^r ^K?"^ ^"^''^ ^"^^ h°°»« ^^y even, mg, he will have gathered some money and He will keep for himself and family enough to last one week; the remainder ig given to the poor. ^ THEIR PLACE IN MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION. from the royal family to the mogt humbla. No man dares to beat or lay hands on one ^hem. as it would be considered a great crime. In case a Darwish does wrong or commits crime, the gOTemment does not punish him, but refers R4 i I! MODRRN PKKSfA tho nwittor to the leailer of the order. Some- tmie. they .re called KidUnder, which mean, humble and holy men of Allah. They are ax- empted from paying Uxes and from military ler- vice. Many prcMnts are giTcn to them by the people. The salutation is different from the common people. The fint gays, « Ya-bo '» which meani: «0 living Qod "; the renponte ia "Ya- life'' ^^'""^ "*^"''*' "^ ^*^ **** ^^^^ **' 80 it ig plain that the DanHsheeareoneofthe two pilkrg that gypport klamigm. Thank God we have gome Darwiiihefl converted to Chria- tianity. CHAPTER VI. . : . THE LAYMEN. ^ HE laymen are divided into three clasaeg, via., the countg or lords, middle class and low clasf. jmmddle class livfe mostly in towns and citieg. Their occupation is merchandise; to Mrry goods to Europe and import goods into Persia. Others are manufacturing carpets, rugs. THE LAYMRN «F^ etc. Other, tre ironi.inithf, wlTer^mltlw, mnM.n. ter. druggift., butcher* and maiM>ni.. A Jrett mimher are iecretariet for lordi, counts and in mihtary ^iee. The life of thi. claJ i- verj happy indeed. Their home, are quite comfort- !n!!:/"^*^'^ *" '^^ **'*'^''- Their tables are aligned to the lower cla«^.. Pride would not allow ,t. Oujtom requires them to have smooth them'^ "^' ''^'**' '"' *^"*' P'*^'***' **> ''>•'* The women of the middle clws take life eagy. They are not often allowed to go outside without permiwrfon of their hu*l«ndg or mothers-in-law. in some instances the older ladies spend their time making rugs, shawls, and carpets-some of which are very beautiful and costly. The young ladies and brides spend their time in making «ipa, purses, head-covering, dresses, etc. An un- married girt is positively required and it i^ the duty of her mother to teach her how to make rugs, carpets and embroidery work, etc., for her marriage. One of her first duties is to learn to dress herself handsomely. The face and brow will be colored with red and white paints. The eyes and eyebrows with black paint. The hands and feet are dyed with hana, a kind of paint that colors them red. 7 M MODERN P£KSIA CbSTUMES AT HOME jnie duilwar « dmiu, jo the orfinanr skirt °'''' 1* " "'y Aort. Some r«„ fr,„ 7hrw to »d teamed with gold laoe. The he.d »«S, " ^^ <*«'-k«t .nd is made ,,„„« ofTiZ J^l rt **."'^'' ''^ ""n- Sometime, .t i: ~* """ - -^'^ ^ HIR JEWEtRy. jn.e middle dam of women «« found of iewel- ^ but do not burden themselre, with Zt ornunents m do ,ome of the lower ouj. ThS Zli^z*^:: " .*'"" "^^^ *•«»' -^n "^- frequently . Urge emerald, incased in gold. THE LAYIIEN ar hanging from the neckUce, bearing thi, in«rip. tion: There is no god but Allah." Beautifnl ornaments of gold and silver are attached to the ends of their braided hair. „,]"'f ' T;"* *"« perfumed and adorned her- ^. she W.U await the eoming of her husband re urn home. An hour before his coming she mU go before the mim,r to see if she is iL^ braufafully enough to please her husband. Ten minutes before his arrival she will prepare a de- h!Z r ^r"* " ' "»"'=« ■""» ''«^' pipe)- hm the kalyon, saying, "My lord, command your Pte«u«/. He will take the pipe and sm'oke. mule he ,s s.t ,ng she wiU sprinkle perfume on his head and clothes. For seveml minutes they IS the first thing which a husband of the middle eta. ex^t, of his wif^not to work for ht SrJ^lTi'™" ""^ P'^ him. It cannot be said that the Mohammedan does not love his «fe. He buys her whatever she asks for; not Wuse he considers her his equal, but fo^ the saKe of hig own pleaawe. men's costume. M«. go on a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. 88 MODERN PERSIA U ■1 lid i mZ^^ P'^™ "*««■» he « given the title of X twt. T ""■' " "'''* '» <»'«- The durt w^ . button on the right shoulder. The trou- ZZw '7. ""* '*« 'he bloomer, worn by wr^ztf "' "■"'r *""«' •■"' »" p-pi' wear garments even wider than bloomers. Ther are made of wool or cotton and are usually black. The coat .s called ,ar-k..Iook. Some are long Zuf th •^'' f' "■»"' ""•« -a"™ ««ch ^Uhe t-Tf* °^ *' "'«''• The deeves fasten «t the wnst by a button of silk cord. There is woo, «r.™rrea^.^n:*'t;:rr r r^^ part of which is Dleat«i w • ' .^ "" and fastpn^ " pieated. It is opened in front Sit ^ a U ^ • '"""'*' "' •»"'<»'»• The and the aged shave iZ ?• '^^^"* "**" ^ snave the entire surface of the THE LAYMEN 89 head. The young men shave the beard, except the musUche tHl the age of thirty years, after which time the beard is clipped at the length of about one inch till the age of forty. After the age of forty the beard is never cut. The mug- tache IS never shaved by young or old. It is a mean thing to do, and is against their religion No man has been seen in Persia with a smooth^ upper hp except Europeans. A man who will shave his mustache is not a Mohammedan but an infidel; not a man, but a girl. The long mus- tache is regarded as the glory of man. I THE LOWER CLASS. The lower class of people are farmers and day laborers and among them is much misery. They work long hours and get from fifteen to twenty- five cents a day. Their clothing is of cheap material, poorly made, and shorter than the gar- ments of the higher classes. In order to save time and soap their clothes are sometimes not washed for a month. Some farmer's wives use the sickle all day long in the field during harvest- time. Many women do the lighter work of kill- ing weeds. Sometimes a woman will take her babe to the field with her and leave it in the care of an older child while she labors. In the fall of the year the laborers are busy in the vine- M UOOESN PEKSIA homew«d be.rmg heavy burdens of fruit ^7 »■»., etc .tored in Wkei,. Some of he^ldren .« empl^ed through tho d.y looking Xrtnd "the duty of others to carry f«Kl and Zk to the worker. i„ the field. I„ the winj^rthe men are employed feeding cattle or iT wtvL, ^ '^oth, for the clothing of the W^f :^^»'°kinl'T"!^r'to'te' ?"'' 1" "" carayans. ^ ""* °'*'** ™ *"*«? The women of this class spend the winter in pmnmg cotton and wool, maSng c.rpe";*Ib" etc and m sewing garments for the^ child.*!, and hnsb^ds. Young girl, .„ busy in p„™ " •ng useful articles for their wedding. The dren or more holidays that come d«ring%he yl^ a^ and the women cease from the heavy burdens of ^h^Tr "^^ "" '•'"o" <" the women of the higher classes with paint and finery ■raeir taste not being cultivated in that art tW o^n make themselves more hideou. than b^au- THE MOSQUES AND THEIR SERVICES 91 CHAPTER Vn. THE MOSQUES AND THEIR SERVICES. rpHE mosque is the Mohammedan holy temple or church. There is one in almost every community which has been erected by lords or rich people. In the cities they have some mag- nificent mosques built of stone and brick. A mosque is divided into several small rooms and two large halls. One hall is for winter service, the other for summer. The summer hall is in the front end of the building, is enclosed Avith three walls, the front being open. The pillars that guard the entrance to this hall are adorned with artistic designs. The interior walls of the mosque are painted white and on them are in- scribed in large letters numerous verses from the Koran. The floors of the halls are not covered with carpets or rugs, as they would be stolen, but there are cheap mats made of reeds on the floor. There are no chairs, as the worshippers sit on the floor. It is believed that any man who builds a mosque has remission of his sins. It gives him great reputation, and he is known as a holy and religious man. There are some very old mosques, a few having stood as long as 900 years. In some instances Christian churches have been converted into mosques in times of persecu- I 98 MODEJIN PERSIA tion. In the city of Oroomiah one verv fln« church was convertpi? in*« ^ ""® ycarg aim ;^ . ®^ ''^^^ » mosque about 600 h^stTple ta\" T- '"^^ ^"'^^^^^ '^itl^ a '"gn sieepJe and stands in the heart n/ ♦»,« * ^rounded by fine ground, of.'l^ul t^\2' The ^„„d, ,pe 8«rro»nded by . hiJhT.uT ^^e of which .,« „„ 0, .m.iAuiwS» «" into room, .„d „ged by students TW -r:^i:h ct™ire':te.L'';to''::,^"'"f '-^ remains. When thp. mT ^ """P ''*""' ««« of ihrbdidit^terdt"" ""' p*^'- the south Side faeVthTho.rcirof^Mr meaans knew that dogs sometimes enter Chris- ^.n churches, they would despise Christians he X. r^Z «■"' Christian, .re not ..lowed to r.:: VndTc -soii^Lr "-'^ ''-^ •""•" *-•' The Mohammedans have no bells on their mosques. They say Satan is in the be",, ^d th. .ts sound is the sound of Satan. Some- times they stop our bells, saying that Allah will not accept their payers on account „f our be" Mool-Iah, who ascends to the roof of the mosque three t,me. daily, morning, noon ,„d „ight, and THE MOSQUES AND THEIR SERVICES. 93 in a loud voice calls men to prayer. The call is made in the following words: "Allah Ak-par." This means Almighty God and is repeated three limes Then he continues: « Ashuddu-iu-nah a il-la-ha ella Allah" meaning. «I testify that there is no god but God." "Ashud-du in mih- Mohammed nis-sool Al-lah," meaning, "I TaJ «i* Mohammed is the only apostle • entire .»d«nc. dc the «m.. They believe .1! p»,,„ which «e pnyed in that wit m iccented throngh hi. inedi.fori.l prayer "^ • !^ CHAPTEnvm. Moslem's Private Prayer and Pastino. PR-XYFR. pRAYKR caiTies the Mii8«elman half way to heaven. There is no salvation hy grace or by atonement. Allah forgives his sins Zy on the condition of good works. Hence, it i's an obigaf:on with eveiy one to p«y. Wer i^ not a duty issuing from his love to Allah hiif a yoke which binds him against his will. It is wduced to a mechanical act without spirit. The Moslem always • washea with cold water before prayer. He will take a Jar of water and say, ■• MODitir mitA. I do Uii. holj .enrioe/' Then dipping hi, right hM»d in tht witw. hi nibt hit trmi from the wrift to the elhow; with the Upe of hie ilngen Hi will wet hii forehead end the iniide of hie etre, end the lurface of hie feet Trovelen in the deaert uie aand u e auUtitnte for water. The worahipper muat have a leal of Mecca, which to made of clay and ii about the lise of a hiOf- K r^' ,?»'*•'» *J>« '^ordt, "There ii no god but God." Facing Iffecce, he puta the aeal on the gronnd, and, standing erect, he raiaes both ^«a to his head, kneels to the ground, puts his brow on the seal, then kisses it. BUini to his feet he puU both index fingers in his^; «d also makes numerous other gestures. They haye one prayer which is always repeated. They hare fiye stated seasons daily for prayer; day- break, no<», soon after noon, after sunset (to KtaMg. The general pUwje of prayer i. the mosque, but few of the Moslems pray there, as they prefer praying in the streets, open squares ttd in meadows before mosques, where they will be seen by more men and can better show their pie^and integniy. In the midst of his prayer he inll stop and speak a few words to the sur- rounding people as a religious custom, or to re- ▼lie children whose noise while at play may J.«. Chri.1. It r^, "0 Altah, I „.k wfag, to th.. from thton tnd .11 .rtl .pirft,. o iZ "» U.0- who Wlm to tfc, Triait,. th. ^ ho^ Uiwr w<»a«. thdr dUldm. thdr nU- t^,, f-^O^ thrir IM., thrip WMlth. M^, Thjr «Uy p«,pl,, I«d of ril .». ^IT"-. 'i^T' wwrf to igiiiut th. UMied tNch. WW. thOB thtt com JOT, do good to thMB thS »^e yon, «>d pny for than wUoh dMpitefaU, »«• Jon u>d pammte job." Tho MohaminriMi nligion dow not nqnln woman to pny. » i. , ,a«rtion if A. hi; th. •Mie KWJ thrt nun hM. How««, „m, WMnm •mong th. highCT cUmm mi torn, old «idow» do pny. But th«y cMiiiot prey in the mott holy ta th. rtrert^ for they onght not to I. «en of 98 MODERN PERSIA. While prayer carries a Musselman half way to heaven, fasting carries him to the gate and alms admit him. So fasting and alms are the keys to paradise, and eveiy man must practice I.T' „ ?***«^«"» ^^^ only one month of fasting, called the ramadhan. Their month be- gins with the new moon; but sometimes in some V^Bot the land it is cloudy and they cannot see the moon. So men will be appointed by the goremment throughout all the empii* to ^tch carefully for the new moon, sometimes from the peaks of mountains. When she is dis- covered telegrams are sent announcing the be- ginning of the fast on the morrow. They will last from one hour before sunrise to one half hour after sunset, or till it becomes too dark for a man to discriminate between red and black ttread. During this time they abstain from eatmg drinking and smoking. The poor class work till noon. The rich do not work at all. The most of the day is spent in reciting the Koran, praying \nd sleeping. Christians cannot eat m the street, for the Moslems might long to eat, too, or even take a taste, and thus break their fast. Boyp and giris above eight years must fast, while sick men are not compelled to dunng this month. However, when they re- cover, they are required to fast thiriy days as soon as they are able. They do not converse MOSLEM'S PRIVATE PRAYER AND PASTING »d much » the day, but wear a sad coimtenance. They do not aUow a ChriBtian to speak to them. At mornmg and evening in the cities a cannon wfired for the beginning and ending of the fast. Dnnng this month much alms is given. The ords and princes especially send meals from their table. They believe fasting and giving secure absolute forgiveness of sins and admif- f ? to heaven. The night is changed to a iwwt. They eat and drink and converse till twelve o'clock. Then they retire, but are up a«^n at three and eat and drink till one hour before, sunrise. Death among them occurs most often m that month, because many eat too much. So many different meals hurt their stomach and they fall sick and die. The Mo- hommedans say they go to heaven, for its gates we open during this month for Musselmans. Hnndreds of them eat everything they want, and at any time of the day. They do not believe m fasting. But they must be careful that the high pnest does not catch them breaking the jMt, for he would punish such offence severely. The wnter has seen many Mohammedans eat- ing in this month. They would eat and smoke m their houses and then wash out their mouths and tell everyone they were fasting. Thou- sands fast either for their own glory or from fear 01 men. a 100 HODBSN PERSIA J. i OHAFTEBIX. TBK riLGKIIf AGES. th«L ^' ^°' T-y Moh«nn,ed«. to Tint toew dmne. unless drctmurtances hinder him ftlgnmage. secwe not only forglyene,, ,, .j^' but . great reputation as weU. Of aU Moi,a„. medan shnneg there aft, four nut remarlc^ M^"' " '"l^a™*-, K was the birthpIarS Moh«nn,ed Her. tu, lived till he was rir ye.^ »rl fiuthfull, nourished him and took him lo M^ , But lu. last days were spent in Me^ii" -^ ^ " ftT^ m *he ar™ 0, Ayesha, Omar rt. h^^, """wered: "Throw the rein of angel Ojhrrei ,„i, ^^ ^^^^ ^^ »t^ed off, but soon stopped and would not pro. c«d further So they buHed Mohammed tC ^d a magnificent mosque stand, above his grav^ 2' bmldong J, adorned with silver and*^^ »nd Mohammedans worship it. ITie second pUce is Mecca. This city is the most holy for all the Mohammedan worS "^ " *■" "'^ ««■»?'« of the Arab,, the Ka«» flourished, ancient to™, of the Chri.ti,n Neetoriu,,. Hew Ihdr f^ «I .• ^*' ** ^**"' »' "•'■.mmed h« In? t^W.. ""T*"" ''™'*'"*' ♦•"" P^ hTttL^v r ^ ** Nestoriw,. Later . Uttle t«k phice hero between these caliphs ,m\ I^TTT. •'"«""""«' to decide which ^e chphs w«re snccessfnl; the grandchildren a^l"^ Thejj were bnried here «,d npon ^Z ^r,Z' ™"^ » "«8»ifi««'t mosque. ^I?. ,»"■'• ^™*'^'' "* "* »'«» '«>"> all S^.I.f^?^ •? **"'"" """•»"«»• Some ^»tl- ' "'"* "' ^"f"' ««'*«''« place "•rt^, otter, the pl.ce of those holy men H«c m this city i, the pope of .„ PersiLTh- crilhim prophet. In his h«,d, is .11 the power kw" p'*^"^'"^'"' ■"" '»*"' P""" *'»» the King. ETctything he commands they most do eren t, the killing or mass«,ring V" 11 tt n.r,.t«,ns. The king must do him formal" The fourth pl^e is Mashhad. This city is «tu.ted in the north-erst part of Per^ to the THE PILGRIMAGES 103 .tote Of Khorason, near the Caspian Sea. Thi. » tt. mort holy cit, in Pe»ia. Here are bnri«l many famon. person., a, the grandchildren of Moh«nn.«i Thi, mo«,«e i, more rich than ^T T^ ^'""'- '^' ''•"'« » PWed wits gold out«de and inride. Generally each king of u r^** "Pe'^ve preaente, but the most remarkable event in this connection wa. tw.^ hundred year, ago. Nadirshah, . powerful king of Per,w, he that conquered India and despoUed Mh ,.f ,ta trea^re,. made a p,e«rt to thi, raectr.«ty Building at the Columbian Exposi- hX n i^ .V* "•/"•"O-Mok.ad.,, meaning ««ly. It 1. a place of martyrs. No Chri,tiaM rf th!^^r"L "'"^'^ *" ™ the ctLd«" of the archbishop of the Nertorianj. PII.GRIMAGES TO THE HOLY PLACES Mohammedan law commands all to go to these a'irn^H ■ ™: '^' »' <»«mony*emphZ: the ^portance of such pilgrimages. The hope of remission of sins k given to all visitors aid from Z^"^*^ ""«' "^ • *«--' -"e from ordinary men. Everyone h« confidence C *k' ', T""** '»' » "*»«« they call from thi, cte of men. Their bw is. .ve,/ ma. 104 MODERN PEB8IA able mmt go and God will be merciful to hi» Mmily, and afterward he will be rich. Every- one who refuses to go is not a true Moslem and does not love his religion. • PREPARATION FOR THE JOURNEY. Before going on this journey many fast and pray. They must repent of every sin, and some- times one sees men praying in various ways, and It 18 easy to see that they are preparing for o pilgrimage. They put on a sorrowful counten- ance and walk about sadly— all of which u merely for vain-gloi^. : very day they must wash and cleanse themselves and go to the mosque. If they are at enmity with any man. they must first be reconciled before their journey will be recognized. Some days before starting some Say- yids, descendants of Mohammed, who wear a blue turban and are considered most honorable and holy men, who do not work, who are not pun- ished for any violation of kw, will ride on blue horses with long spears in their hands. Tliey will walk in the streets crying in a loud voice to all those who are to make a pilgrimage to pre- pare themselves and be ready on a certain day. Together with this command is uttered words of comfort and encouragement. They tell the people not to fear. God will send, for the sake of Mohammed, His angels and prophets, riding THE PILGRIMAGES 105 on blue ho«e«, to deliyer them from dl robbers and thieves. Yet many do die on this pilgrimage at the hands of desperate characters of the desert or mountains. ALMS-GIVING. One month before starting each man must gire according to his ability for alms. They are beseiged by the others to prepare food and drilik for feasts. If the man is rich the demand is re- nted. Before starting the pilgrim goes to the leader to inquire what is neoessaiy for him to Z Z *^ ^^ "' ^^^ *»" pilgrimage be ac «^pted The priest will say, if the man is rich. You found a mosque." If a man is poor I smaller amount of money is required. The very poor are commanded to fast from ten to forty dayB. Those who make their pilgrimage on horsi- tack scatter money on the way for the benefit of the beggars and the poor. As the pilgrim sets out he IS accompanied by friends, for some dis- tance as a mark of honor to the faithful Islam. Before the band of pilgrims the leader rides call- mg out in a loud voice, "Salawat." CARRYING THE DEAD. Their law requires that not only the living, but also the dead, shall go to these places. The dead are sometimes carried to the sacred citien 106 MODEXN PBISIA II' forty ,«,. Mei. burW. Soimrtiiii., ,h«, , •p m hit lifrtnue, he ezwts « pronUii f«m wiJl be UMd to any hit body to . holy citT H ;'•• P5T~ •• »»* kept, th.'pri«t Ju cLn wnen the poor nun it (boot to die, he tdmini. tnr« wUl be bleued rf God uid made rich 1*. ^nteTt^^S? '"•'"''» *"" •"-'*^ pomw time the remain, may be eriinmed and tamrfemd to . n«, box and rtmpped to tt. «»<* of a ho«e «.d curied to the hordh ft matter, not if the body ha. decZ B tfc. ^nea^n^nHienott'ooUte'SpSr^! »ge. If the deceawd haa been yen t^^i ^»n^::f 'toT'^ *t "^ » '«"»»' ^ ^ 1^.1^*^::^'^ •' horae^^mrttoe. thou- baclK on their way to the holy place,. MOTIVE m PILGRIMAGES FOR THE DEAD. for the dead. Their leMgiM, teaehea that ,!i X TBI PILGRIMAGES 107 who die in t holy city or who are buried there find a home in heaven. Some say Ood has a multitude of apiritual camela with riders who will come and carry the dead bodies to heaven. If you gay to them, «Fle«h and bones cannot inherit the holy place of God," they will answer, ' " Their spirit is taken to heaven, not their body." Others will say, "The bones are not the original ones, but likenesses of them." Others say, "H^ is an honor to the prophets who are buried in the holy city for other dead men to be buried there." At an appointed time after burial it ia believed that the dead will rise and bow to the tombs of the prophets. This ia the manner of their wor^p: Those who go to Medina must arrive before a certain day, because on that par- ticular day their worship is commenced. For two or three days various ceremonies are per- formed, such as fasting, prayer, purification and washing of their bodies. When these are con- cluded, on the fourth day, they array themselves in a special robe for worship. Without any cover- ing on their feet they walk around the mosque - seven times. When they enter the mosque they bow themselves before the tomb of Mohammed. After this bowing they walk seven times around the tomb of the prophet. They then kneel down and kiss the tomb, at the same tinio placing, such money upon it as they can spare. Upon 108 **"*™»: On that dmr ««J^l^ •MrifleiiU ^^ together witK;!. " *^* ■»■« dty. tWi manner. ^^'^ ^ conducted S THE FBMALE PILOWj,. no* accepted » jmimrlh^rL^ '"^ "« owue the hw «n „„"Zr^' """ "<»»d Ix>- pa«*»w Joi^^te rr*".."""" ""**«•*• • TBI "BTOSW OF THE PIIOMMS. tnree to fire ni(mtlu. likewiw '^ TBI nLGlIMAUIOI 109 thoM going to Uathhacl. Every Und of pil- grinw when returning to their own oitj will •end ft menenger sbovt ten daye eheftd to sn- noonce thit in m mftny dftyi ft bend of pilgrims will ftppeer in the dty. On the dfty of the^ sr- rivftl many hundred men. will meet them ler- eral miles from the dty. The Say-yide ride be- fore them crying ** ■ftlawftt^." Friends and rela- tiyes kill lambs aa a sacrifioe before them. This sacrifice is a holy thing and no man can touch it till its blood is shed; but, when it is beheaded, it belongs to Ood, and the strongest man takes it for his own. This being a sacred thing, all are very anxious to partake of it. The weak will do all they can to keep the strong from owrying the sacrifice away. So there is always quarrelling when the pil|^ims return. The ac- quaintances < the pilgrims will come and say, **My portion be as thy portion. Blessed art thou. May your pilgrimage be accepted/' and the pilgrim will answer, "God grant that yon may also go to this Holy Place and receive re- njisBion of sin.** Women will sometimes cut pieces from the pilgrim's garments, which are supposed to be holy. At the pilgrim's home many sheep are killed and a variety of fine meats are cooked. People gather there to eat and drink, and they say to the host, "God bless your pilgrimage." He wOl answer, "May the I 110 MOOXKir FliiIA. «*»<» or .iSSTt. - '•'^ '" !»«» of con, Writ* W oS^'^Jlr,-;™"'* !«-«». Th. don't blow- Orf i. » „ ^^ "y. "W. ,,,^^^^/Viy. I li.r« no hoi»_lKrt ctad i, **•"]' of them vonld Kceiw, puj^ » .. •«• fr-don, of wonhip. ^1?J^ *^ ""'• •om* true Chri.ti.». • *" •'" now thom. '^ * *»' »' freedom for ♦ OHAWBB X ^ iiemre to be sncoeeded bv Ali i»« «».-.- «.e fonr cJi./r^.»-K Tni SHIITE MOSLBm's MU-nAR-IAM 1 11 the hMd of the faith, ind AH had died, then •row airhiom in the church. HaMan and Hue. •eln, loni of AM, claimed to he the rightful ctllpha after the death of Abbnbaker. They ^1^!^ th«» their grandfather had made Abbnbaker caliph becauw he was old and fUth- ful. and therefore that that office ihonld not liTT^i/'i^!*^^^'*"- A «^t bodj of Mo- em. followed them. One of them, Hawan, wa. too timid to pnth hi. claim.. His death came won from a doM of poimn administered to him gr Mme of hi. enemie.. The energetic yonng Hu«ein continued to awert hi. claim., bnt he had no army. With wvonty men, mo.tly reU- tiTM, he Parted for a fortified city, but wa. surrounded by the army of Yaald. Taking and hi. followers defended themwlvea for three day. and thiee night.. At lant they were driren o desperation by hunger and thint Drawing ^ZTl^' ^^"I "•*"" **"* "^ ™«* •» •"'J of Huiwin and hi. men were overcome. Huwein wa. captuiped alive. The Shiite Moslem, of Per- Z r ^* ""^^ ^"'"^'" ^"^ *«k«» ^foro the ^nf.?L r 'o' execution, he wa. very thir.ty and ajked for a drink of water before being b.; headed. But thi. requct wa. not granted^an^ he w«. executed with hi. thir.t unquenched In 4 118 UObfiRN PERSIA. memory of this tragedy there may now he seen l^Z T **^*' '' ^^^" '"^^ ^^'^ -«^m summer day men carrying a bottle or jar of water, and crying aloud: "Sakkaw, sakkaw" (their name , dnd giving water to any who may Wee this dnnk m a cup carried by the sakkaw, but a Christian must furnish his own cup or dnnk from the palms of his hands. If offered one or tnro cents the sakkaw will take it, but he never asi:g for money. > ^ "« The killing of Hussein and his followers oc cmred m the monfh called Muharram. This entire month and ten days of the following month are observed as a time of lamentation for and child of the Shiite Moslems are under obli- gations^ to wear black gannents. The last ten days of Muharram are observed in a fanatical S ? u ''^"""^ °^ '""«^«°- This period is called Ashara, meaning ten days. The first seven days are for preparation. The mosques will be crowded with men and women. The Mas-ya-Khans, or revivalist priests, are in charge of these services. Followed by a large proces- sion, this pnest goes to the mosque and mount- mg a high pulpit preach€8 to large crowds. His general theme is tragic tales, stories of martyrs *HE SHIITE MOSLEM'S Mi;-HAR-«AM UJ and tte w.,lmg «,d mouung .f their friends o?. It- ^^^ '" *' -'""''"di'-S word, t^m« nmnbering thouwnds, will be deeply palm, of their hands, will cry aloud to gire vent IJ r" r^u""'- ^'* '»»^'«» cannot ««Z: modate all the worshippers dnring this peri^' so some parte of a street are Uid^with ^u tTp,:riC *" '"'"* "' """^ "'^"^ IJ^i^vT f*f ""^ "'* "'"^^ ""J »» business of any kind IS tn«.«,cted. At an early hour on ^.^r **' "'"""' •"P"'"*'™- ««Pt the old In and near the mosque a national and a reli- f^r '^'' '" ™'"'*' "" » p"" by ""X Slrers^r '" ''"'* ''*'^' "»« *•>« standard! bearers change eTer,r few minutes. Headed by ^, Z !""' **" '"** "»''^' ««e° -"mber- ng 3 000 to «,000 people, will march through the streets. Each comp«.y visits from one mosque to another. Passing through the sireet. the men hearing the natiomil and religious em- bkms «« fonowed by musicians playing mourn- m dirges with such instruments as drum, flute 114 MODERN PERSIA. and C3^balg. Surrounding the musicians are hundreds of men marching with bare breasts, shouting "Hassan, Hussein Hassan, Hussein- and pounding upon their breasts with ba« hands. Following them is another band sur- rounding a Say-yid. a descendant of Ali, and all of them are shouting "Hassan, Hussein," and beatmg their breasts. Next in the profession comes a band of ascetic darwi^hes, wearing neither hat nor shoes nor other garments than a pair of pants, when the weather is mild. Hold- ing m their hands a whip about two feet long and one or two inches in diameter, made of small iron strands, they beat their bare shoulders and f?ori Following comes another band of dar- wishes bearing in one hand a knotty club to which ,s fastened nails, bits of brass, etc. With !«w f; '"^ *^*^ ^^^ ^^'^ ^'«««t«' «« they repeat the cry of the preceding band. These worshippers torture the flesh by beating it thus and bruise it black. The procession is cLpIet^ by a crowd of boys and girls and women follow- ing. The marching commences early in the morning and continues till eleven; is taken up sT o'clock'''' '° *^^ afternoon and continues tUl The greatest demonstration of all occurs on THE SWITB IIOSLEII'S MO-HAR.RAM US tt. iMt Of the t«, days. At nmriw the crowd. ^om„ d.y, gather .„^a «,. m«^^t •tort .g„n on the m«ch«. On thi. dT^ •w •tao fresh recruit. In fcn«* -< .v ^^ i» . bmd of mTioo ™.» i t ** "^" The left h.nd^t. :: he beU^^e "Z^' next in front ti.- i j ^ *°® soldier •nd the o4^ St "^j "AU«fc » Ood of God J'AU^hif^l^rt** P7^ ^e^'^rt "o r°°^^ "^^ "«p "<» vZ. blood on the ^r°wi: '"f "^ *»*• »' i»««ttlHo« J^^ ^"^ "^ theniMlw, \ 116 MODKKN PBS8IA . This bond first marches to the oourt-honse to be seen by the goyemor. Every band hat a right to ask the governor lor the freedom of some one prisoner, and these requests are always granted, no matter what the crime of the imprisoned. These bleeding men are as martyrs, and would go direct to heavwi if death resulted from these self-inflicted wounds. After the parade ends, the bloody shirts of these men are divided among their friends and kept as holy relics. The men who conipose these bands are usually the most wicked in the community. They go through these ceremonies for the remission of sins, and to redeem themselv^Bs in the eyes of others; but they usually conHanue in their wickedness as timje gom on. •Another importai^t feature of the last day in the procession, is a richly decorated hearse con- taining a coffin, in which lies a man repiresenting the corpse of Hassan. Beside the coffin sits a woman, the widow of Hassan, dressed in sack- cloth, and her head covered with mud. Follow- ing the hearse are three beautiful Arabian horses, finely saddled and harnessed, with a flake of gold, embedded with pearls, on their foreheads. On two of them are seated two girls, representing : the daughters of martyrs. The tops of the girls' h^ds are povered with mud and straw. The third horse is riderless to remind one of the TBK MITTE MOSLEM'S I,U-HAR.«A1I W J^g m^tjrr. Following no,t i. , u™ „„„. M^JTt- ^'' "■" S'"' "* «»»• "•«. *^ed tehmd them, seated on hor«, «.d mnle.. ^ "e to repre«„t the cptive, token b, laod, the captom who killed Huwein w«, j-a-ed^-i^jw-oir::: ^d^'r "*" '»'«• l>e»ds, raised aloft on Dole. rp„~ snilS^^ y ""* ""° «**''« •ronnd them ^^ at and reviling th«n. Gathered Z' Me aword-hearere, chain-atrikeni .nJ^ *t ' m» Seating thei; b^ast^tt^" ^.e, ™^ iert^hY • T' "'•*'' '"" f»»<'«<^ bands S *~'5.'^« *° ««»1 the other in self-mnt lation. Then are frightful easheo ont. tl thumping of chains on bmi^ed^L™*' It" P^^aing of br^sts is he^tud^Ctot" With an npwaid sweep of the riirhtT„ • man cries in a l„„d vBRN PBK8IA PJt thou my Umn in Thy hottle, GocL"» to^« ^ "^^^^^ ""°y ^^*« Mo«l««n* walk to the mo.q«e in bwe feet, wearing wudcdoth. 1 nn 157«™<>' o' lord* accompanied by 40 to ,»« a«nBs the „,ght to ,.lk .„„„d .nd keep end In 1 1 ^^^"t^ *?*~ "'«""' «">»<»!«» nr ^r*''"* " "^^ " condenmftion « «n. There ig no moral teaching Noth .Bd^r ' '**""^*'' *" "»ke Wm . purer enlr«^ ^' *° ""'^ "'P'""'"' » '»'««» to Compare thi, religion with that of on, ble«ed *e X'auZ'*""' ^■™"'- Ho g'^o His * 5?'/" ""tions, even His enemies. He calk r th^t-'rr""'"' '"* " "" • P«ettltu i^' » ^7 ""^ *« ?•»«■■ ""J li^e a higher and nobler We. Christianity is as the sun sw" "K m ,ts fulness, whUe Mohammed«usm, in^te ^orance .„d superstition, i, .. ,he darkless ot HIAVBN AND BELL m CHAPTER XI. . Heaven and Hell. HEAVEN. Jj^OHAMMED declared in the Koran that there are seven heaveng. Above all is the heaven for prophets, martyrs, those who die in battle for religion's sake, and for angels. Cbi^ among all in this heaven is Mohammed, mediator between God and believers. The other heavens will be inhabited by believers, the degree of piety and integrity determining to which heaven they ahall go. Heaven was pictured as an earthly paradise. There are beantiful gardens, vineyards, green pastures, fresh fountains, the river of living water, many bathing pools of glass, a palace of marble and glass, ornamented with pearls and diamonds. The trees bear fruit continously, some in blossom, others ripe with fruit. Promi- nent are the palm and grape, fruits which were favorites of Mohammed while on earth. Choice fruits grow in abundance and on low trees, so that a man can stand on the ground and eat of the fruit. Bach vine bears 7,000 clusters of grapes, and every grape contains 7,000 gallons of juice. The past ires are eternally green, an*d lit Mooiur mtu in them grow muny thooMuid TiArietiM «# a^ k«T«.. M Uiflr iw not nwdrf. TbZmil fiMw CFMtunt are describeil in *h« b- •"«'»• j<^,*ir. with rt^"^x bS^^:^ ^ taw Dot (eon on enth. Ifartjr/ rod mZ *" M*"*"™* " proportion to tho believT, ^»»~n.. The beUeve, wiU rit nndTlZ fwrt. a. bine, will b* .boat him uid off» oTJ"^ 7fe™ented wine in . golden cnp Theee were the prottiaes with which V ham- med «,n.ed the enth»i«» of hi, foUoweA. Fanatical zeal ha. leen no enkindled in men that RIAVIN AND BKLL mukj ilioaniidf liatt periiM in an effort to tVntA doetrinM throvi^ont tlM world. Saintt will Uj€ nmnt to Allah than ordinary beUtren and will hare conyenation with him. Ko people can enter heaTen nnleee they he Moe- lemi. The gate to heaven ia reached hy a hridgo* Thif hridge if as narrow as a hair, and only be- lievers can walk ii When a sonl approaches the gate it finds Fatima, the daughter of Mo- hammed, standing there. She asks him to ledte the creed: "AUah is the only God, and Moham- med is his prophet." If repeated, the sonl en- ters heaven; if not, with a breath Fatima blows him off the bridge and he falls into hell, the regions below. HBLL. As there are seven heavens according to de- gree of integrity of believers, even so there ane seven hells. Gehenna is beneath the lowest part of the «arth and the seas of darkness. It is a place of fire, as a great ocean without limits. It horns with Inrimetone and like materials. There are thousands of terriUe flames and bad smells. Satan is there with all infidels. Christians, Jews, fire-worshippers and aposUte Mohammedans! Tlie torture of the hitter wUl be worse than the torture of others. There are in heU thousands of wild animals, as lions, tigers, vipers and ser- pents. Every Jion las in his mouth 7,000 teeth. m MOmM •^MiA •»* WMy tooth hu T.0OO liiff.,..,, ^, f**""^ So with th. tir^r.^^ J^ " nmlt will h, th. 21?K .. '"^ ""I*- Their than with „S„ .i"^ '"1 "*"•»*• »"l torture ■""> tpMn and iwordi of inn Tk^.. •. "» no «.t tor th«n d.» „ ni^; i"* *'" women win gn„j, th.i, L.^ ^ "•" "^ "•"Wren. AUm h. L^ •*^'* "">'' »»" at is CHAPTER XII. MATRIMONY. »' the tori's ran™, ^^v !? ** wemment 1««P« to it m tZ S p *' "'*» '«- i 5 \- I •--— <..''. MATmioify lITr mg of or f«f«rriiig to nuunfiagt in tho prflNDor of their pirents or Ytn^en, If. • joui^ omui loTW a yoviig lady, he doee not adc his pumtt' oqUmbI to tearrUige, hat telli hie amit or mar- ried iieter ahont what cnpid hat done for him. Thia newi ia tMioii conyeyed to hie motiier, and then it ia proper for her to eall on tiie mother of tiie yoong kdy. If not already acquainted with the young woman, tiiie Tint will giro her a& ^ffottmaifj to foam an q^on- of htr, li that opinion it faToraUe, all is well and the tiiat- tir will he farther eoneideMd. Bnt if ^ opin- ion ie nnfaroialde the rtttnms hmne and tells her son ^t she is not pleaasd and does not wairt him to many tiiis giri. This aetibod ^ust be resorted to aa the iiils and h({ys in Aayiia do not have an opporlnhity to associate aa Hktsj do in America. MoOiirs alwaya aiviio Mr giili' not to walk with hoys and yoong hmd^ an# ew^ iem does not permit it. TherefiHse, ^ sho meete a yonng man in the street, she howi, isid per^ haps Mnshes a Uttle, as she pasiss. If lorers are passing eseh othor, custom does not allow them to tU)p and ctmverse, hat it does allow the yonog man to telegraph hia message of hire wi& a w^dr. Seforal mon^ nsmOly ekpse hetureoi tiie en- gaguppnt and aumiiage. The mefibod of making as engagement is.qnite dfllerent from that of Amerieans. After a M6 ■OfiEKK PBKSU motBo ha. ««,«<[ heiwlf that a certain n'rl WMd to ti^e pri's parents that thev wiU call ,t - irL:s:r' - ^,r;irr.re^ ^ae™t.n.'Vei-::k'ttrt':5? agam in two or three weplr« f„, "«* w can ^k.'jj - * "uice weeKs for an answer A Bwer t^ rj'-Ti^^^^ to a. request for an an- 8WM- that the girl does not belong to him. He Z In: '" 1 '^^ *^'^*^«' The brotht wen says he gave her to his sister, etc until tte person is reached who can givj h^\^,';' This man rises and savs «T ^iJ 7 T^' to Mr. and Mrs - ^ L \^l *'''' ^""^^^^ /.«-«*,• • ** * handmaiden " Tb« wimessed from an openine in th. i^* if xi young n«m ,ho i. „ort LZ^M Th { ^' anaoudy awaiting the re™lt iT- .7''° " iod of the hetmtLi !k ^"°« ""« !»'- to n»Ire buf ^^^ jr T? ""V '' "'"'^ «» hi. hetrottrf Zm aft " "»*.•"»'«' '« "" '""' 'fter marriage. The ij MATRIMONY 1S7 Aiiyriaa idea of a Tiigin is a pure maiden who i» not married nor has ever heen kissed by any man. Two weeks before the wedding the young man's parents make another caU to settle the amonnt of dowry with which to purchase wed- ding garments for the bride. The wedding feast lasts two or three days. On the last day a com- pany of the groom's friends go to bring the bride. Dressed in her wedding garments, and seated on a fine horse she is taken to the groom's home. The company make merry on the way with music of drum and flute, and dancing. The horse is stopped about fifty yards from the huuse, and the groom appears on the roof of his father's honse with three red apples in his hands. Kiss- ing each one he tries to throw it oyer the bride. When the apples strike the ground there is a crowd of boys ready to scramble for them, as there is a superstition that the lucky boy will be the next to marry. The bride now goes to her new home. The wedding ceremony, which is performed by a minister and a deacon, is taken largely from the Bible. It hists about two hours, during which time the bride and groom remain stand- ing. The bride's dress coren her bodv anj face from view except her forehead. She 'wears a crown and is called a queen. The groom wears t :1 II01>KRN PEKSIA tte wedding thqr „<, criled king „d qnaT HOSLEM MARRIAGES. ^ Bhc .bout . week Wore the fom.Twtl! contnchng pertie. go to a ^«t ,nd «t two ce«anoB,ri letten. one for thTbrifc, thfotW »nr for the poom to p.y, if he erep divorce, the wonum. It ftjrther rt,te, th.t it i, tt^ S't^rfh^ We thi. wonnu. „d lu"otht Tft!!^*/^"""^ *«"«"«• That it ^ bnde-. doty to love the groom „d no on. «-?*5 P'*"'"°« '•» regard for woman growr l«t words he charged hmbanda not to vuJ ^ SThT tte - '' T*^ ?• -'«^ ^ti^' ^nS:-^.""»'^«'*eoH-.e«.d^ *w!!.'/*?'*°' «<«•"" *itk Mi wife W fc ^'««««^ rf 'he goe. before or trm Wli fcL^ die Aonid foUow. A man «„ iS^ZT^'- but «m divorce any on, of tj^j ^^. THE ROYAL PiVMILY 189 But • woman cannot get a divorce from her hui- band. A man i» angry when hig wife gives birth to a girl babe, and hia friends fear to break the news to him. One man wu known to be so angy when his fourth daughter was bom, that he d,d not speak to his wife for three months, rhe mother of a son is loved the more, and tne hnt person who breaks the news to the father is given a present. If a man murders his wife he may be fined a sum of money, but can't be executed, because''' woman is not equal to man. The question as to whether a woman hjis a soul is sometimes dis- cussed Men do not salute women in meeting them, but women are expected to bow their heads to men. ♦ PART III. OHAPTBB I. THE ROYAL FAMILY. ^HE present dynasty is caUed the Kajar dy- nas^. It began with Agha Mohammed JUian, who was taken captive by the enemy when he was a child, and all of the prominent 130 MODERN PERSIA If memben of the family excepting children were ««m. A^ha Mohammed Khan, then a boy six yean of age, was made a eunuch by" the new king to senre in his harem. But at the age of twenty or twenty-five he escaped from his mas. tw and returned to his relatives and former fnends. Collecting a force he attacked the king's ajrmy, and after several engagements overthrew the king and took possession of the throne. As A ruler he was very cruel to his enemies^ bul very kind to his officers and subjects. One night while resting in his tent ♦wo servants or subordinate officials in an adjoining tent quar- relled and awakened the king with their noise. This angered him, and the next day he ordered that both of them be beheaded. The follow- ing night, before the time for execution had c m^«n nilroid into P*™., but th. prie,t. w,re brttjrl, .ppo«d to it, „d th. king h«l to giy. rtilrotd., on. pnMt gir. two nMont: Firet, oni country i, wok. If w. bnilt nilrori., Enro- PMD. Mrfd ran in on n> uid tdc. onr conntty. Se««.d, rt wonld d«tToy onr r.ligion. and w. wold not control o.ir witm. If we be.t th.iB they oonid take the tnjn md U in Euron. in one d.y, whij. now it Uke, twontr dtyi. Agra, IN MOOIBir PRltlA •om of oar womon mi^tlit umny Christiuit and MMp* to Euope." THl XING IN HIS PALACK. The r^al ptlaoe it •unrounded bj high itoiio w»Ut. The gwmiidi are entered by fonr beauti. M gate., pe wall, at the tide, and abore the ^tet are adorned with the picture, of former tongt and farafe fenetali; alM decoratiye carr- ^ of hon., the .tandard. of Pewia, and of ^tte road, leading to tha king', pabce intte ^t« and beai,tifled with omamenfl tree. Md hedge, of romm of yaried hue.. Guarding le^ to the palaoe do8r» are numerous offioeia ^J!?-^"^.?^' *^^ "••'^^ **»« P^<» ever •^du^r with drawn «rord.. When^, king Mt. in judgnwnt he um. the peacock throne, u^ 1. .unrounded by hi. «, cabinet officer., who are adYi.er. He i. abwlute, and may oremile ... J^**?*^/"!!^""** Thi. body make, the Uwaoftteland. The king appoint, the mem. ben of hi. cabinet, the people having no voice whatever in government. When the Shah tires of the routine of governmental dutie., hi. ^}^y,J^^ to. him from Shahnameh, a poetical hiiiMy of Pewian king.. It i. one of tne king'a duties to become very familiar with THB KOYAL rAMILY IM th« hittory of Penui and her fonner mien. Whtn tht king retirtf to hit prirate room at night, the antrance to th« room b goardoA by two mott trait' 1 officials with drawn iwordi. One of the four gatea in the walls aroond the pakce is oalled the king's gate, •s he always enters through it. No other per- son, be he lord, oount, or high official, is per- mitted to pass through thU gate on horse^ek or in carriage. He must dismount and 'walk throng^. When the king goes from the pakce for a hunt or racation, he U escorted out of the city by a large guard. First, coming down the street will he seen about thirty infantry, bearing each a golden dub, and shouting: "Oet out! get out!" Whereupon the street is cleared of all tra- ffic that the royal procession may pass. The iiifantry is followed by about fifty oayalrymen with drawn swordf. Next comes ten or a down rideriess Arabian horses. These horses are beau- ties, and are adorned with bridles of gold and many precious stones. HIS TABLE. The king's table is set with the luxuries of the land. From the time of the purchase until it appears on the table, the food is inspected by two truited officials, who6e duty it is to see that 18« ■ '1 MODEMN PUISIA TKKASUKY. '^e late Shah left tSOOOOOonn * i.- neariy half of which w JT'*k , ^ ^' ^"' •tone, and jeweuf ?Jk \'^"" **' ?"*««" yean ago, waa prised at il2 aoa rmn W, and ia worthmbe thl'n^T "^"^ ^^^ WIVES. The late Shah had fortv «..mi« • .•»«t ,i,t, concubine,. Se'r^!*'^'? "O ieven witmL T1»^ «-i , P'^ent Shah has wives iIL-^S!'!. , ^""^ ^° '^^^^^ *h« kin«'« Wives reside i. almost as beantiful ai the ki4't X GOVBBNOS 137 pri«», neir which it is located. A number of ioldieri guard the entrance to this palace. There are no men inside the palace except a few ennnch senrants. There is also a large number of maid senrants therein. When the king has many witcs he marries some of them against their will. If he fancies a beautiful daughter of a lord, her parents will frequently marry her to the king in order to get an office or a title. The eunuchs have authority to rebuke the wives of the king. Sometimes a number of the wo- men will playfully resent the eunuch's author- ity and push him against a wall or knock his high hat down over his es. Once they picked an old fellow up and threw, him into a pool of water, greatly damaging his fine suit of clothes. At times they give a valuable present to a eunuch, such as a nice robe. li,)- CHAPTER II. GOVERNOR. T>£BSIA U divided into thirteen sUtes. The king appoints a governor over each state; this governor appoints a mayor ovdr each city within his territory. Tliis office is not awarded OB the basis of education, ability iw worthmess, 138 -MODSKN PBS8IA money, provided hit «,certiy i. ^Ay «»a Jhnjr ,nvo« of citi« ,„ ^^d to tt^ ^ hTuir. °'. '^" • ""''" " "-^ Wo" •^ «d^,nt.TS!:f r" •* • •^*'' «•• wlAer^ wJl go three milM out of the^ to «to»g« rf luwierr. The«, lord, ride on to^ "3 eecort the in,,o^ Jajo the city. The n» gOTonior of the citT (dmim th. /- i. ^ hill )nni. ._j .. *°°""' "•• nne hotsee of "d beioie hu tetm expire, find, , -„ J^ P^..nofitbyheIpi»,thel.„,',7of*°X r -0 »te» the CitT. "4.^ ^"U Xt^ loid. .-J •'"™ '" « «> he . Z uTt "" "~^ ^^ .condemned m« M to he executed he i. bon^t from the ceU h«.d. chdned behind him, -rf^th . ch.in about h^ineck He i. enmnnded with . group hri no Uth «aoe tot i»pri»ned. he i, v.* dii^, hu bur and bend an long and ahacn with blood-ied gamenta and a knife in hia hmd Thu. they proceed to the puUic squaw, •nd before the awembled crowd the execationer V GOVSKNOIt 141 •tept behind the kneeling Tictim and with a ■lagle itroke of the keen knife cuts his throat, Md another sonl takes iti flight, hating com- Pl«*ed its part in the drama of life. A common mayor who has not the authority to behead, may kill criminals by fastening them to the mouth of a cannon and sending a ball through the body. Another method is to bury the condemned alire in a cask filled with ce- ment, leaving only the head exposed, .^e cement soon hardens and the victim dies. Some- times when their crime is not very bad the pun- jsjwnent is the severing of one hand from the body. If the man thus punished should com- mit a second crime the renmining hand would be severed. If a Mohammedan becomes drunk with wine and gets loud and abusive, he is ar- rested, and the executioner punctures the parti- tion skin between the nostrils of the drunken man, and a cord of twine, several feet long, is PMsed throui^ the opening. Then the execu- taoner starts down the street leading his victim. The man soon gets sober, and is veiy much Mb"^ 1 Shopkeepers give the executioner pemiies as he passes along the street. Men who quarrel and fight are punished by tying their feet to a post, with the bare soles upward, and then whipping the feet until the flesh is bruised and bleeding, and, frequently, the naUs torn u$ MODlUtN PBRSIA 1 from the t06fc The yictinu frequently heoome >M«ii«hIe under thia pnnkhment. One good ttdng in the lair»of punWiment ii that no Chrie- tim or Jewi are ever beheaded. The Moham- medani consider the Chriitian and Jew aa being nndeM, and think it would be a mean thing to behead thenu Princee, lord* and counts are never beheaded. ^ moet severe punishment for a prince is to pluck out his eyes. The method of execution for counts and lords is of two kinds. The kimr wiU send a bottle of sharbat to the condemned man, which is given him in the form of a sweet dnnk, but it contains a deadly poison. He is compeUed to drink this, and soon dies. Another form IS for the condemned man to be met by a servant from the governor after having taken a b«h, and the servant cuts blood vessels in the •m of the condemned until death results from loss of blood. Thus it wai be seen that the contrast in modes of punishment in a Christian nation and a Mo- hammedan nation is very great. The kind of punishment inflicted on criminals in any conn- tjy grows out of the prevailing religious belief of that country. A religion that has much cruelty in it wiU lead a people to torture its cnminaU. But a nation whose religion is based npon love wUl deal with its criminals effectively. V • COUNTS OR LORDS 14S bat IS kindly ti poMible. The writer hu ritited priiOM in both Penis snd Americs, snd finds thst the contrast between the prisons of the two countries is like the eontnst of s ptUce snd s cellsr. PriM^iers in Americs ought to be yery thsnkfnl for the hnmsne trestment they recei?e nnder this Christisn goyerament CHAPTt)U m. ' COUNTS OR LORDS. ^HE counts snd lordg live in Inzuiy. Their title wss not obtsined by grest s^ce to the nstion or by high edacstion. It descends from sncestors, snd msny ignorant snd unwor- thy men besr this title. Weslthy merchsnts sometimes pnrchsse s title for their ions. The titled cissg in Persia is yery numerous. In one city of 30,000 inhsbitsnts there are more than 500 counts. They own slmost sll of the Und m Persis. In some instsnces one count owns ss much as one hundred vilUges. All the inhabit- snts of a village are subjects of the count and t^y pay taxes to him and also to the Hng. The men pay a pdl tax of one dollar a jesr; a tax is levied on sH horses, eews, sheep snd wiiokens. 11 V 144 MODBiif mtu Tht Montgeti two-thii^ ol aU gnin niMt ^th« Wfi, and ht ttp«^ . portioii of dl^ M tlui "pwwnt'* k Bot hrgB enongli tTidtMe th! «iS!h ^\^ " mAToukUe opinioii of IS^K^S**; "^ •«» fl»^ l^ilti in him ttd intiihold. 1«T0». AU of the oottnt'. work it ?^ 1^ hit nibjecti without pty. Wh« ho Mdt a p^ or caltiT.t6i • Tiii^jwd ho "S; J*^,^ ~>^«*- to do tho il^ a I««»At» hi. object, if th^ „bel or «. dl.. ' ^J«tj«« to W^^ J^ll!^. ?^* ***^ ^ *^ "^*- Thooount f«r mort tHTid oifeiices or diMonrtayM, and ttjjBo numoroiii fine, keop tho •objeeti T017 , poor. • rf Tho ooimti aio the mott immonl obn of P^plemlW Thoy MO without odnooticm, knowing nothing of the soionoti, gwjgitiihy mttiemtio. or politick ooonomy, 'burffif th«n cMi rend tnd write the Penitn langiiago and know wmething of Perdan hirtoiyTlt ii not nrnch wonder that this leiwre cla« beoome. immo«^, f orit i. a di^j«ce for them to do any ^L Tl* "f^ "^^ find, work for idle hMds to do." A oonnt can't k^ hi. own ao- count, or mU good, in a rtoie. Thew » ^o Cmw, KBOOU, AMO ■OLIDATl 14S "^»Ww *ai mtguiim ebetdiM thnwrii. !r.K ••. •^" "nd J«d out the thought poUuhed i> r«ri» i, „ right. ,^"^ lidirt mi, th«. weeki It d«irB«»»* to tqiul on lupu. Eight htptt muI {?7i-^ «~" »•»». corn. «tc Tw«t». M denan 00 deuuv 100 dtnan 500 denan 1*000 denan 10,000 denan * I flent * 1 oeni = t cant. = 10 cent = «0 cent = l«.00 ^banker. »it on .nuiU rng. Won the .hop. with boie. of money in their lap.. Their chtef CnUM, 9CUOOIM, Alfp BOUOAVB 14t biidMit ^fm«ii tht dty i. to duuif. BOMj: For efttagiQf 10 etntt into ooppn, thtj diti|t out ewt, and tht fw inerMMt in 'proportioii to ikt wiomit of the biU changed. Interwt in Pwrit, iiiMeiiaij amonf Mohtmmedant, U toiy W«li, bring from It to 15 p«r omt p«r annmn. But tht Sjnod of tht PrMbjrttrian Evangtlioal Chweh hat a law whieh forUda any of ito mamban from diaiging mort than 10 or 11 vex oant *^ Thaw ara no gaa or eltotrie lighta In \h> •traeta of a Fenian citj. The major •pvomu an offioer, who has a number of aMiitaiitx i » w^ orer the city day and night Erey day of the year ia giren a name by the mayor, rw Jwn. •agla, Cynu, fortune, etc. Thia woid is *nown only to the oAeiala and tnoh peraona aa may ha?e been giten permiition to be ont at • late hour. If an officer find* a man on tha itraet after o*eloek he ealli to him to give the Bttne of tha night If ha can't do thia he ia ar- wated. One of the worat thingi in a Paraian Hty la the laiga grarejarda, which contain two • to Are aerea of ground. Mohammedani dig up the remaina of a dead retetiye to carry it to n •hrine place, and theae remoyalf often fill the city with bad odon. Thew grareyards make excellent hiding pbcea for robben and tWeres. There are many robben outside of the city walls. ISO modun FiiitA ■M nA it hmrj drafnow to go out after ijflit. ef«B a diituiM of out mile. Victiiiii aio bmSt J^i^toatadiatMio^or.^ Tho haiiimaiiit, t» Uth-plaoat. m q«tt, «„. SJT!^,.^*^*^ Tliqr aw uwaUj wdl-lmiU W^ biuldiagi, and hare within two or thno P«J of water, lome hot, othm oold. Ifm oan bathe any day in the week except Friday, which dv i» rwenred for women. The thavge ii three or four centt. Chrirtians cannet enter a Mo- nMWMdan hammam, aa they are conridered un- clean. I HOUDAY8. ^e llohaaiifiedanf hare sereral holidays. Neither the goremment nor the priesthood com- pti cjMnrance of thoM dayi, but they are uroally obMHrred either lor the lake of iwt, re- Ugioua profit or amnaemeni There ii, how- •jw, one tet of hoUdayi — ten dayi known as MohrFam— that ia gtrictly ohaerfod by all faith- M Kohammedani. There ia alio one national holiday generally obwrred in memory of the beginning of the Ptonian nation. It ia called NewTooi, mean! g new day. This name wat gi?en by a Persian king in ancient times. Two weeks before this day all stores will be deco- nted with dUferent kinds of fruits, such as anil, fcHoou, aiid houdays 161 Vtima, tgs, pomegnnatet, tpplat, almonds and nitina. Alfo tome fine ihawU and ngg an hong before the itoret. During these two weelM moit people buy of these fruits and pie- pm for the national feast. On that day nearly •▼ery man, woman and child puts on some new girments of clothing and new clothes through- out if poMible. People also clean their houses for this occasion. On the evening of Newroos • table is spread with the finest fruits, and the family will gather around and feast until a kte hour in the night. The poor aie remembered on these occasions and presents of fruit are sent to them. Christians are also frequently remem- bered in this way. SCHOOLS. There is no system of public or state schools in IVrsia. There are schools in all Uige towns «id dties which are taught by the priests in a room of the mosque. These schools are wlun- twy, no peiMm being obliged to send his chil- dren. The stndoits pay the priest each from 5 to «5 cents per month. Those who can't pay •nything are admitted free. The priest's food is brought to him by the students. The ages ^the pupils range from ten to twenty years. These schools are for boys only. There are no schools for girls. If a girt geU any education at til tn "OI»W» KMU «J1 tok. hi. child to , t«Mh„ ^ ^ J^ hm Mto th. g,tttl» k«piBg .f th« «ZI^ hT,^!^' ,2!* '***•'" - '*w«i with a» w«nt bo^ Pot .aiM otoc a, Zi^ ^t th» rtodent ow th. h.rf ,^ r^ "*«*. which i. d„« kj^ rLii!f »«*«* th. w«k«, but ms« him to Mtin Z "»J^ .r th. Now, h. hM reaJT-Z onn, SCHOOLS, ahd houdays m t^*?***! ^ «• "wmie oft«i siiMk the tta- £;!CLSS^ AU ttio« wlio «. to b.. •«• »#Aidi itiidj It this plMs. iB smna !L?!w!ff. ***^ *^ ^^ ■*«>'• i%W w* tlM the ordiBtty moeque school in wWch •^«w «f PertiMi litentiire ii giTea. It !• t Jf~w to itste thiit the kte ShiOi, irfier hie T«ttto «o«e of flie wui^itie. of BurtTpe, cidkd «ie Piece of Scieace. The French, Eiig- ^tad B«»Hi Unguegee •» tenght, «,d Ihe T^ of eoBie modern idenoes are b«ng intro- J?^^* !*"*^ " "^^ '*»' P^«« "d fhe ciiiMnn of neh people. It is only one flower " ! T* wilAwnew. The proUem of Moham- ™x^"!" *li*^ ^ common peoide ignor- MK|» the pikit otn continue to rule them. ™T^ *^ pri«Uiood does not fkTor hi^er TS!^: ffT **"*■<»' Jo"^ *«d their sons to I^ to be ednoM, b«t the ordtnsry Tonng mm hufe no opportunities for education 1 1 ii 154 MODBtir mtu PART IV. CHATTBBI. BOBBISM. 2*HB MokMMBrfM irdigioa it to-% dirided Ml*0 iboot i% di«WBllt iWlfc ThUdiYi- *'^!r^^ ''•■'*" ^ The Bdbt »ct w« ^^ \W» Hohtmmed Ali of Shirw, . «^i» whkh Nttdb the most intellectiial tmi poetieal eeholui of Pirria. He hegin to pfam the new rdigion •* the age el eighteen, Imt did BO* med it imtil he was tnwty.flTe je»» ««. The fomidatieii of hit IWIi « thii: Hohoa- Bied, ^e Chiiit, tan^it thai Wm hitter dm wfl] b^l^]eimi««. mr hinre a t«ditien J»« * the pwpUli had ^ed, er had Wkd ^ their«w«iei, a ion six jeara of eptnw, J »e «witio»«f A!UA, hid m an unhnawn wil. » w» to i«Min there oMN tte tiaM^ &r tha It va6 believed that he mmMt be •f tii9 Mohamme^MM in AMa ]^ di^8. ^ He una to lead bath his tietorione mm^ mat coiifuer all the woild, and Utm wonid beeaaw 90BB1SM 165 »• wdnmi nXifpon. Ifim Mohammed Ali WMd Ilk ioeiriiie on thk tliMfy, but chmgecl It ttmmht^ At th« age of twentj-fire he m^le Mvwal TpHgrmmgm to shrines, such as Karballa, Meooa, and Meduia, and then retunied to his Mthe town of Shina. At lint he began to taadi his doctrine to his confidentiia friends and relatlTci until it was daefmied in their heart*. And then he befn im pHMsh to the fah^ ihat he was Mehdeialaunaa. Hia POCTKIITE. He tanght that eyeiy age mnst have its own pn>rM, inspired from Qod. He daiaMd MmI Iw m» inspind and that he had frequent eom- mmrieatioas f^om Ood teUing him how to dtect t^ Fopie. He epmljr elaamed to be MehM- ahmm. Aad he taiii^ that tito prieatlMiod and ^ rd^iiea www oonvftt mi Mm! he appointed to reiMiw iktm. Be «d m« Ike Kena, birt at tiie smne tee said flMrt e^ a mm UUe. He claimed to h#^ • bale horn Ood. This book is ealkd mmtimg ei^osition. He taught the ^ both ioes aad paid homai^ to He Aowed Uu^ it was agaioH the Uw ef (M la many more than «~>W with two «d... -**«• rt.t. to .tot. ..d f»« .ity to «t. BOBIISM m Bobe, tht fowidw, and knew of him only throw* J^ 8he«idib«IOodh.dtndowad^hM wiiiiiiiU pft. for thi. holy ««»•. By the powij PBMONAL APP£ARANCB OF BOBB. •rihi^^* w«. UU Md .lender, eye. biBck; a. eowitenwice wu re^r pleuuit .nd tttntts tnre. In conrerMtion with high md low chwie. ^ l»^ Bhhe he .howed hiinMlf • .erriBt of dL JwLi!!' ??*^**^ • «mt oiBtor and • tti ii^ m e^on. touched the heJtTci "«». When orthodox Hohanunedant mw that P«««»ood and the goTemaent loi^ iJ ,». ^ifTT"*^ ***• ^»P*« of the n«r Ida «— »• IwopW anMUDM eighteen otikuM- ^7«. •^«k» MVMted flirt thi. bU. k, fol- ■M IM tvrtK dKciplM were ureated ia SUna V J68 MODnif pniiA li . 1 |l •ad takm to IiplMluui. Whib impriwnied tlMit Wi doetrinw wwv bting npidlj OArriad on 1^ Ml foUmrwB. Ht wm iiuUIy buiiditd to Ma- Ieoo, an obfouo town between IVnia and Bne- iia, M it WM thooglit hie itUgioii eooU not •pvead from radi an obwofe plaee. Bat hie dootrine toon pmailed there. At lait tlM prieatliood and goTernment decided to bring bim to Tabrees to be »hot. After hia arriyal in 'TilHfeei many learned prieeU eaae to dit- ooia dootrinet with him, bnt none were aUe to •Biwer hia qnertiona; bat hit enemiei were do- termined to kill him. Bobe and hit twelre die- d^ were hanged to a waU before the aoldiera. Before the order to fire, the AiuAi^m were gires a chance to aave their liTca bj denying Bobe'i faith. Only one denied the faith and wai wTed. The othen atwrted that they were willing to die for the tnith. When the wldieri obayed the command to ihoot, aU the diMipke on the wan were kiUed. Bat Bobe wai not ttradc by the baU; it atmek above hii body, eottiag in two the rope hy which he was laspended. Bobe Ml to the ground onharmed and tried to eeome throagh the crowd. He ran into a hoaM, which prored to be the home of an officer, who promptly arreited the fleeing prophet and r«. turned him to the executioner. Before the aecond •hot waa flred Bobe wat again promiwd freedom ■OMMM IM tor «>• terti. «d thrt h^ too. „, rtSTto «• in thii holy torttaBB^ «• wiung » Altor tko unbw o« Bob. i»d hi. OmMm. Brtj. toW to UU tfc. Shdi. Soon .(tor tt. *»a, bjtw. WW bjr , »ldi«. Aftafftl.1,. •WW. Ik. tortm. iniltotod in n«ny la*al« w. TBT arnd TU man pragdnoit TieUaH tool ■■■ -^ * — '^ P«»«i»"t ma fj^ r:,S~ ""ii'i'. "*«* otauni In 11^ T^.? * " * i« !.>« WM «Mr fcitt to q>IN>.M to tok» Brt.', ibm.m, m, U ]4N) MODnif PIM lA •«-* to iimtdiiiff thfir mUckm. bat thtb l»«wto iibet ana arv kumm bj « Meral tiiii. iTit malty betWMn tlm and the ortlmdox W^ ol Bobt until tb« piMmt tin* tli^ hat • S;L^ Jf,^"L*^ "^^ In thd, flit t- ^«P*ttjr iWM Imt • 3w ago while the Shah Z!L!rt^^ *" 1^ '^ "»*^y P»^ •^ *»>• B^*' ^»»"« «»aer»dlHrul«p, .hot tlie kiiig, who «l^ two mlaotet aftenrafd. Some thought that* tt^Tenunent would again peneeute them, bat M^i^r^ hj»ai«,ea. whieh would not ^ "If*!; /" *^!^ P»^ «Mrir wllgion i. 1^ leeret; it la inpoMlble to imow who beloiigi to th^newiect. Secondly, many of the high X-a. •ad roj^l oActti belong to thii leet, and for thii wJS i T^ *^y ^^"W leaoh two hundred thooand, and to UII thii immenae oom- W would certdnly damage the gorernment. I^L ^!?~ ^J"* **^ goreniment and «tirdy by the lack of freedom of .e;.^ou. woiw BOIBniM Mt thm Ml to dbn. rtliHon «Jth thnn. Yrt LV!i !" "^ "•"* *• """rt «'-«. far »«» dortita. to wewMiUI, UMi tW, Mg». «ri^ of VMA ud ,rf Bb dortrln. owr thrtof JZ-f? T^ •»<«rfiMt mmy eonmta fma Ho. ^« «o«d opportanity of p«Mitog th. 4- Miaocopv HMuinoN ran chait (ANSI and ISO TEST CMAKT No. 2) 1.0 1.1 las ■2.8 lit u 116 IM 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 125 i 1.4 1.6 A >^PLIED IN/MGE Inc 1U3Egi< Main Strt*! (7U)3M.a8a9-Fo>i 162 MODERN PERSIA OHAPTEB 11. THE KURDS. ^HE Kurds are the wildest tribe of nomads in all Asia. They have been known in Europe as raiders for a long time, and during the past two yeare they have attracted the at- tention of the civilized worid by their horrible massacre of the Armenians. It may be of in- terest to the reader to know something more of the Ufe of this tribe. A former student of the writer, who spent several years among the Kurds as a physician, and who mastered their language and is intimately acquainted with their lives, manners and customs, has kindly given some of the information that follows. In regard to their ancestry, it is very difficult to trace back to the original stock from which they came. They have lived under the author- ity of several governments, and it is bdieved that in their blood is a mixture of old Assyrian, Chaldean, Babylonian and Arabian. It is sup- posed that some of the wildest characters in all of these old nations formed the tribe of Kurds of whom there are to-day about 4,000,OOo! rhmr dwelling place is in the Kurdiston moun- tains, a large territory through which runs the boundary line between Turkey and Persia. Most of It lies m Turkey. The Kurds are nominallv THF KURDS 1G3 subjects of these two countries, but practically they are a band of outlaws beyond the control of any government. Those who live in the mountain districts pay no taxes to Turkey or Persia, but those residing in the villages of the plains are required to pay taxes the same as other citizens. Great numbers of them residing in the mountains and deserts are nomads, tra- veling where they will with their herds ajid flocks. A Kurd is very wild and independent m spint. He would rather live in a cave under a projecting rock and be unmolested, than to dwell in a palace and be subject to higher au- thonty. Some of the tribes have a small village to which they return in in the mountains, winttT. Recognizing the wild and daring spirit of these men the Sultan of Turkey has trained some of the dwellers in villages of the plains for cavalry- men, and called them the imperial cavalnr. Mounted on splendid Arabian horses and pro- yided with modem firearms, they are well nigh invinciWe. The Persian government has no con- fidence m the Kurds, and so employs none of tnem m the army. OCCUPATION. The Kurds seldom cultivate the soil, but keep herds of cattle and horses and flocks of sheep. I'M W\ 164 MODERN PERSIA "«c ox carpels. One of their princioal oc- aren how to become «ucceMfuI thieve. A fcther ,11 give hi, «,„, ., .u or «ven vL of robber with the child, ,ho«ng him how to «^ he« d«dly instrument,. A Kurd "Ice to^ the wnter of hi, timid «,n. The child w« afraid to .te.1 '.he fether w„ted to iZ Z a .«cce«f«l thief, «,d «, tried the foU^tri^^ Phm The firrt night he «nt the chUd ZZ g^from h,. own ™,ej«d; the «cond night com from h« own crib; the thiri night. ct^I tt» to enter , hou«, «,d «, on, nntfl the yonti ^■Z, tb J^k""^ "^f <»' highw./^,. fc^\- !^ ft '•*«■»•« Pw^a of hi, «4 and told hm, ttat he had become a man and could W « e,l.bl,,hed. -niey want to be a^ured that S. ** "*•"' '"" ™"- A, before stated, the Kurd, are divided into THE KURDS 16S irifcw. ««* trike hating , chief. Thew tribe. «*«ene«ll, enemies with .„e .„„her. xt^ ^l •'. • «•» »"I l«»d hi» men again.! a«! fl^f 'J:^""* *"■ •» ^^ "» «"d tote the fl«d» herd, and aU other property .rLtr «^ he ^ Ar* """""^ •'y • «•»• They mg bnt to feed sheep. The man m*t highK ^«^ « the «.e who ha. killed n«ny mZ he >. honored at the funeral by the ringing of »»ny jonge, in weeping and in tamentatin nl^* dX *"" '" "■«■ ""» »- *« • ho^*' T T*'y *""" •""««»». «nd have fine horee., wh«h become very intelligent under sr:fpi:i"'"'^-'""^'""'«-p^«'-Tur. THEIR CHARACTER. off^I ^^^' T ''''^ q"»«J^-t«niper£,1. A slight offence wJI make one an enemy, and he will at in^Z ""^"T '^'^ *'« ^^ *««d ot fight- ng and war. Veiy active and nimhle in cliLh- mg monnbuns and in mnning and fighting. nmj trying to invent new and mor» severe ex- pressions of hatred. It is their natnre to qnar- ta'J 166 MODERN PERSIA rel and fight. Brother, often become angeretl over a small matter and fight to death. They tta»k no more of killing « man than we do of e-pwially tho«e living in towng and cities. Hug- hand and wife are not loyal to each other and thiB ,g frequently the cau«e of murder As a people they have no foresight, havinjr no thought for the morrow. Theylve a 11^ mg among them. "God will be merciful for to- morrow." They are very «sh, acting on the impure of the moment, and haVing no l«id! IZZ u '^°«^r»ee«- They never forget a kindness shown them. If a Kurd eat bread given him he will never tiy to rob the giver. This IS a^inst their law. They treat tmfelers very kindly who may come to their tents or caves and will offer him food. But it would not be well for him to show any gold while there, as they would follow and rob him The most prominent characteristic of the race U Turkey are Kurds. A Kurd was once arrested m Persia for steaUng and a hand waa cut off as punishment. Soon after he was again arrested nff *^' «*"l^ f ^^^c^' ^^ the other hand was cut * i"^ ^'"^ *'"^ ^^ ^«« ^«""^ stealing and arrested^ There being no other member of the body left which ig used in the art of stealing M THE KURDS except the head, that w«8 cut off. poor Kurd's career enc'ed. HOUSES. 167 Thui the Their houses are made of stone and mud, and are »*«ally under rrojeetiong rocks or in the side In^ LT^'nT^ " ^ ^^^ *»»•* » ™«° ««nnot I erect. The writer once visited a Kurd's home. The wife brought a carpet and spread it m the centre of the laige room, on which to be seated, and then prepared some bread and milk for a luncheon. In one comer of the housfe were tied a pair of fine horses; in another stood sev- eral cows quietly chewing their cud., while a few sheep were lying on the opposite side of the T"':^ i' °^^^'' ^^^ ^y **»«* *hi^ h»"«e. like «1. ^*^' ^">^>«^ h«««es, was a dirty, filthy P hwe. The men are tall and slender, with very black hair and eyes. Living a wild out-door life, they are very healthy apd strong. The womAi are very beautiful. Sometimes Persian lords nnarry them. The food of the Kurds con- RELIGION. ♦i.^'^l'^'r *'''*' ^""^^ «''^ Mohammedans of q^r ^^"'*^- ^^'''' ^^>^^ P"«^t8 are called Sheikhs, and are honored ae gods. They kneel lit 168 •|ii I MODIRN PKUIA Wo« , oh..f pri«t .„d ki„ hi. h.nd., cNh« lorgin their iiai. He hu .bwlote power^ .ymen. They believe hi. ,oKU iT'l^ K^rf.^ T;^ ?* ~»'»«n^ed .boot 100.000 Kurt* He toM them not to U .fmid of Z h,g «„„on thrt would be seen when Lj ^ ."' A"«k,'»"»d the mouth, of thew annon and the Kurd. „ldly i^ i„to the face of the big guM, end many thoiuand. were «hin. There nre prie«U of different ranic but .11 .r. perehhou. and toatical than the Moh,m,medan, ™.^^^"^ The^ have no written Un- ^Kurd. have been died wild awe. of the de«Pt, tknty to .bed blood and eager to plund" ^ THR NESTOR lANS 169 PART V. CHAPTER I. THE NESTORMNS. I^n.«h of Antioch. Bem^ learned in lit..J! of OoMtantmople in «8. Qyrii, p.tri.«h of .»ed «»i««>me p.tri,^h of Con.t«.tinopl, him- chunmg that h. tanght that there are in Chrot two dutoct pemn, and two nature.; and that ^ the ™»m Marr the mother of God. Thi, ont.c«m of Nestoriurt teachings k without ^nd.to.n, a, h« did not teach .fything X' fand. M^y wntere of chnreh hirtory hare made th« m.stricen criticira.. There are now in a. 170 MODtRtt PKMIA if' n I«J««rtoB Of prominent Nertoriw, muatcriph of Nettonm from 600 to »00 mn old uid h. »o». of th.m i. th.t doetrin. W? t;rLi" onhl^";;^"' ''•'• '^''"* "•-'-« »^^« N«t«riu. believed that M.17 wu the mother other but not mingl«i. He rojected pict«n» L^n.. r "?,""»«»(? <'hri.t. M.,y or the «.«.. Upon thi. b«i. he ,„ MMtaMtUert Tr^^ ."."I: " '^' *""»y Cyril prorided .t then »»>!.•".*• ■"". •"'" *» ""• "• »«-»"» th«, nnited h.m»lf with the ^yri.n churoh, •^ doctnne. .greed with hi. own. He «^ ««- Mine Nerton«„ wm given to the Met bv « stranger. Bo.' most unedunUed people glorv m b«ng died Neatorian,. The tT'originM fV. ^' ""^ descendant, of Arphaxad, the ton of Shem. "^ ' THE NRSTORlANil J7| THEII PLACE. They originally dwelt in or netr the cradle of mankind .„ eastern Me^ptomia. A^yria and to Babylon and Nineveh, and the g«at en.pi,; of Ai.«yna wah e>4tabli*hed. LANnirAfJB. All A«yri,n «holim believe or rappoM that fu«on 0/ t«„g„„ ,„ A„y,i,„, ,hi,, „„^ other KhoLr, believe it wm the Hebrew Ian- Ko^. It i. believe,! th.t in time it ,^11 ^ generally .Kree.1 th.t A.,vri.n w„ ,h. .ri^,^ language. It i, evident that Ab«h.m Z a .•l^"*'"'/' Abe,. g„,nd«,„ of ArpCd' th-rf «,n of Shem. The A«yri.n UngnL w„ truth that Abrabam .pojte the language of hi. A^ynan parents But when he dwelMn cC«.,n •»y >««»»« their patriarch from 205 to 220. During this period tte^ The ht^er th«. ruled oyer Persia, Assyria Ji B^yloma. The patriarch of Jerusalem, a sub- Mder the Ptethiana, to elect a patriarch who wa. over Persui from 220 8.0. tintil 226 A.D. In CLERGY 173 all the changes of government the Asayrians have kept in office a succession of patriarchs even to the present time. The residence of their first patriarch was in Ktispon, and since that time at various pkces, as Baghdad, Babel, Nineveh, Mosoel, and for a long time at Elkosh, the town of the prophet Nahum. He now resides in Kurdiston mountain, in the village of Kudsha- noos. His home is located on a hill surrounded^ by much beautiful scenery. The church in which Marshimon administers is called St. Ruben, a building made of granite. I CHAPTER m. CLERGY. rjlHE Assyrian Church believe they have an apostolic succession from St. Thomas and St. Bartholomew. There are seven orders in the clergy. The patriarch, metropolitan, episcoi^s, archdeacon, elder, deacon and reader. The first three are forbidden marriage. The eating of meat is prohibited; but fish, butter and eggs can be used. In olden times the presence of twelve metropolitans was required at the or- dination of a patriarch, but to-day they require 174 |1. > MODERN PESStA cte^ ItTAv''T."' *™ <"*"" the lower b«ntJ™«1 ''"'•""^' *■""* ^"e^ "»t have p™4t '.tt:c^' hT,' i„t.r rs tTj: aU tte men who belong to his sect Kfty yZ now Th«^! '^'^ «"»'<'"'" not obserred of X,r^ * . '"""'' ""^ 0' the mort faithful of whom „ a Hster of the present patriarch. * Ml m JfSSTOIUAN ARCHBISHOP, MW 1^: CHUKCHBS AND OSDINANCBS 175 CHAPTEBIV. Churches and Ordinances. their faith. rpHEIB faith 86 it is described in gome ancient MSS. about 600 years old, was entirely evangelical. They believed in the Trinity-God the Father. Son and Holy Spirit, three persons equal m power and nature, working together for the salvation of mankind. Some western his- torians have made the error of stating that the Assymns deny the divinity of Christ or believe that He has two pesonalities. ^From the beginning until the present time they have believed in the merit of saints. Their rfeigy does not chum the power to forgive sins. They accept the creed of the apostles and it is recited by the cl«gy and by religious men. Many days of fasting are observed, as fifty days before Easter, twBnty-five days before Chri^- mas and others. On these days old people take no food until noon. In times of persecution their schools and books were destroyed and the people became ignorant. Catholics introduced among them their literature which changed pre- vailmg doctrines. 1 1 If *''• MOOEIN PEKSIA THEIK CHURCHES. Muiy of their chnrehw are built of stone whU. otter, .re made of briclc «,d ctay 22 rf *e building, .re 1,300 yeer. old .„d^ Wi^tHetop. In the older chnrches the d»« stoop in entenng. It i, beijeyed by gome that Ithttrd'""* " '.'"■' "'^ *■»* thelu'lS. stones in the doorway after enterinir ' Oth.™ »y he object was to prevent hors^^?.:" 1 ~„^T'' *'"" '■"*""«■ The^ «h«Z le^^g to Sf'roo^Thi^b ■" "'""" '*^""y Mirin5 fk r ' "* " necessary for re- P^ng the roo or ;,„„lling off sn"w. ^e faTf^* r^ " "''^ *' * 8™™y«rf- Extend- mg from each comer of the roof is a nair „f horns from a wild im«t „i„-.i. . * f " P"' »' fice Tl,«^ • * r ' ™"'*' '- » "8" of sacri- ace. There is a small room in the rear of th. building which is called the most ^^ ph^ In this room the priests carry on ceHrin i^" momes and no other people a^ allo^Tt! e^^ .u oH^T- ^'"" *"" "»■" '« " ™«" P«^- ' ' "" *•"* »■* Pl^ood a cross, Bible, and other CBUSCHB8 AND OKDINANCES 177 cerMionial books. The only window* are a few •maU openings jxut below the room. Candles are burned during hours of service to light the room, and incense is burned as a ceremonial and to produce a pleasing odor. There are no pic- tares on the walls, but there are some decora- tions in the way of finely embroidered silk tow- els brought by some of the worshippers. Read-- mg Scripture and prayer-book, and chanting ftotaui are the main features of worship. There M no music except a numb* of small bells on the walls which the worshippers ring as they en- ter the building. The audience sits on the floor or stands through the service. Assyrians believe the two chief ordinances are the Lord's supper and baptism. The ordaining of pnests and marriage are ordinances that rank next in importance. Baptism is administered by bishops and eld- ^ AU the children of a member are baptized by mimersing three times. Some believe that baptism regenerates a child, while others say it inll have a good effect provided the parents give the child proper training thereafter. '^^ ^^*^ ®^PP®' " administered with much ntual on festival days, such as Easter, Christmas and Ascension day. This ceremony is more highly honored than any other ordinance, as it commemorates the death and victory of Christ. 178 ¥OOESN PERSIA hi! 1 • ; .1 Botii Wine Md bread aw Hied. A f ew veMi aw (and even now in wme place*) it was a cnrtc^i to mtUce the bread and wine from gleaninn broughtin from the fields and vineyardt by vS- ging. This waa considered pure and more ac- ceptable, as it had belonged to no num. They do not believe, with the Catholics, that the bread and wine become the flesh and blood of Christ, but they put much emphasis on these ingredi- ents after the same have been consecreted. They are then holy. ^ On the night previous to communion day, the priest and d^ns go to the chureh shortly aft* midnight, and, entering into the most holy place. pnest himself kneads the dough. This bread is considered more sacred than that made in the ordinary way. After the bread has been made, the iemamd€T of the night is spent in chanting psalms. Scripture and prayer-book. An hour Wore sunri^ the people flock to the chureh. When the chureh is full of worshippers the priest mounts the pulpit, chants the sacred words for an hour or more. The audience remains in per- feet silence until he reaches the end of a psdm or the end of the service, when all the people say Amen." The priest and a deacon stand m tho pulpit to administer the sacrament. Com- municanta come foruard one by one, and the ASSYRIAN OR HXSTOUAN COLLIGB 179 priMt puti » mudl piece of bretd in their monthi, and the deacon giyet the wine. Children nnder •eren yean of age do not partake of the mcra- ment. On these occasiong the priest and deacon wear long white rohes of silk or co*ton, tied abont with a long sUk girdle. A turban is worn on the head. CHAPTER V. ASSYRIAN OR NESTORIAN COLLEGE. ^piE golden age of this Church wair the period from the fourth to the thirteenth century. They had twenty-five flourishing colleges. The most important schools were located at Oddessa Nesihis and Urhai. The latter was called the queen of schools. These schools, while they flourished, were the secret of the Church's strength. The instructors were the most learned meu of their age. Aiwaz and St. Basil of NeM- bis and Urhai were among the most learned teachers. The Assyrian, Arabic and Greek Ian- guages were taught classically. Medicine, as- tronomy and .nathematics, including geometry were taught. Especial attention was given to the study of theology. There were as many as 180 MOOBIN fnaiA »,000 moiiln and ttndenii In ■ohm *.# ♦v the heretic «# w ^•*^* '««*"»•. •!! a«iintt f^^iwir^ MSB. « .»w t. b, •o.ttwrtiflr'i^ .*•" "• "unj of them •oattered in the libnriu of Europe. r- MIM H^^ if*tl>'*** lme of the Kja fumly being CSirirtians. The Chri^ t«n» were Mitagonized by the fire-wonhim^ fi^T *^lr^«*^ «"* "" ana moon »d'S^ filed fee. Other objeetiona were that the CW b««atenght that God had b«»me incarnated . «™e to earth; ^i a«, that they preferred poy- eriy to weaia .nd did not many, thn, diita- u 188 VODBKN PBSSIA i«hing the rtrength „f the mtion. Th<( em wo«hip the ,m and the moon Bhould pit . lorxe tnm of money. The netri-^T . ^^ ! tlint «..i.:i„ r, J ... patnaich aneweied tlwt, while God u the creator of tb« .nn we c.n„ot enb^titnte the elated for Z Z^Z Concermng a fine, we have no moT^yT™, yonr towi the ,„m required, a. onr lid eo^ Znlh".""**" "^ "" "" *^"~ » «^" te Tut to ^'Z r?""*"^ *^' "' Ch^i"" p.tna«h Him he wonld .pare to the lart, that worship the sun. But St. Shumon meantime wae "»ng the Chrietian, to stand firm in th^to" fceen a custom to proetrate himself before the he wished to avoid any show of worship^ ^ creatnie, and did not pr^tmte himse« fc^^ s^n ^.-^ "^ '^'^ "» to^ip ;*: '""■ St. Shumon replied: "If i ^fi^ J^ *jp the «ng, how c«i you expect Tto Z Mup the eun, a creature without life?" B«anir tte patriarch was token before the king agrin On hie way he met a steward of the ktog. who X- THEIR PERSECUTIONS ]«•) ■"■",• ^•««'' but W been w«r.hippi„, the touched b, th« !eh:keXa, 1X1';^'^ ^ » r i^V '*'«»"'<^- But he requested that pnegts, St. Shumon was brought before the kino. Je«n^ rhJ!i ^"Z' "*•»« one God and wr«hi„ n r .*'"'°"' " *•"= object of our me night m a dungeon was epent in prayer ami S° PauT aufl*" ""y 'rfo^ing to the faet that St. l-aul and the apostles spent many niehts in prison. He «u°>1 "Tk. • . """■' ■"g'i'S in f "" eariji ; to-morrow vn wJii i> crowned." Taking ih^ xr n. ^"' ^ lalnng the New Testament in his IM , MODMN PMStA Tfc! 1?? ." """* tat the fleA i. w«i m«b b. to God that ,. ^ ^ becolZJ: ^ on the Mae day of the week « did Ohifat" htSSi td ^*' *."•* WAl» w«e fi,;t be- K"^„r.ixr:;e,''td"':^^ ^tnotrt^eelSrjt^^^^relL* tat he wMinot heard. At Iwt cmm W. ^ "tt two chief WAop.. When heXe w«^t' ta «ng , „ng of thuJc. to God CZZ m headed with «i Me. Th» he wa, be- Another wrrere persecntion was in the I4fl, *»ke. Baddirkhnnback and NnrnUaback and the» «»ae, c«„e whirling down fiomZ^Kn" \. AUIUCAH msiIpH IJl tw»m« „d , gi,i ,e„ killed „ mwt^ thwne of God. hmdwh of m,rty™ fn,„ thi. chaptebViii. THE.R CONDITIOK AT THE TIME AMERICAN MIS- SIONS WERE STARTED. ^HK college, rf th. A«iyri.„, ,ere de,tn,yed four hmdred ye.« before tke Ameriau, teMhmg dead IwgMge. to Mpi«,tg for the S^t^-, If^ ^'^ «"• •»»-*• who wmuWl of th. Hrfrit of ChTiH in spreading the G^I .t home «,d .broad h«l ,I| y^^. fcwai hrairf in times of pemcution by the Mo- ^Z^.v" "*" »• ""^ them^gno™;! Sometm.* there to only one priert to , do«n 19S MOOBSN PSBfiA VI I.ge8. The doudi of ignomnce .prend over «n the nation. Their .«n went down^l! e«t,rn and conversion were unknown toTm. TrBdit on» prevailed among priesU and laymen They trusted in saint, and in ancient and holr ehmeh b„ Idings. In their ignorance they of^ nTl r"^r *^ "^^'^ «°d built tomb^ to prophets; put more hope in the merit of fasting han m Christ. A small number of New tJ tament manuscript., which were written in dead " anguages were used only in taking oaths. Some- times laj^en kneeled before them and kissed them instead of o!>eying the truth that was written m them. The candlestick of the church was turned down and the light quenched. More- over the Mohammedans had threatened to mas- sacre them if they did not accept their faith. The Assynans had lost about all of their Chris- tZ ^nT^V*^' ''•'"'• "^"^^^^ ^^'^^ Chris- turns in Kurdiston and 60,000 in Persia there was only one lady who could read, and she w~ « nun sister of the patriarch. The worfs of the daughter-m-law of Eli when she said, « The riorv niTlODUCTIOIf OF MISSION WORK 193 PART VI. CHAPTEBI. INTRODUCTION OP MISSION WORK. ^j^lLE the sky of Pewia wag covered with hea^ clouda of ignorance and even the ^^"T ^^^5^* ^ ^"y^* ™ *»"»«•* quenched, .ndd^ily God, in His gmt wisdom and wise providence, awakened the consciences of irodlv men m America to think about mission work ii Fem^ In the year gi 1832 Messr*. Smith and Dwight were sent by the A. B. C. P. M. to ex- amine tl d^erate and antiqne Churches of the Bas^. They taivelled through Syria, Asia Mmor, Armenia and Persia. In the latter coun- tiy they remained in the city of Oroomiah for several weeks, and met the bishops and lead- ^"*^ !^ ^^"^ Church, with whom they visited^ 1i« vilkges of Assyria. Men. women ^children everywhere greeted them with ^t joy. In this way they became acquainted Jith the needs of the nations. Mr. Smith said at that time: «I see that this field is white and ready for the harvest. In aU my journeys I have ii IH MODnir mtiA far the WMtT^ ^^ ^^ »'»««ood«5d •»?l>'Sti:lSri*th*^ "*-^ Smith to the work ^'-^ !• the mm ,MiMrf found the IbT.ZL"^,?'' jr-^f"" •" .hone i. X^^TSZ."' /t^"* w»tojtb. meet them WtttJ^^;^ Were they .i«l»^ . ^T* ^^ ■ni"ion«ries. «on? ne ^^"^ tfc *•" ''«*»•• coBdi. e««l to their gr^ „.«, ., .pj^^j.^^ ^^ MBTBOO OF WOKK m tk^w^T" *^J* '•'^ '^^ ^ '^^cW Pitn of CHAPTER* n. METHOD OF WOBK. »en one of th«ir number, bv •flAn^i-TTiT? Tbt AufruB chnrehM wen open to the neir r7»n- «d they P«.ch«J tro .rtlS^ a«y the Awynan, have iiBmerou, «c«d or I»G HOUM msiA •^*^ *r«Tav of th. «A th. mWonrti ^,^^ ""^ •«• • bo, of Dr. Com iodgi„ „ tad^. cnp.^ whieh w. .p«rf wh«, ^ their f.„ril,„„„d th^, ^,,^^, «^ one t«U« B BMd when the family U yerv U™ Th. m-b .el before the mtoioirie. ^3,' tf^J"" wh.t they h«i been .::i;*5 "ive, „T„„ ?i « "•"•io-rie. humbled them- "T*' f* ™ "•« floor, end ate „f the poorly cooked food with their flnfien "^ " Miraos or wouc in nUw fa th. .tad. of , t«. ,»d for «, ho«r «^ to the meM|*. Ibny tinm theM meet. k»o»» Flddi. Fbk. «d menu othe, boW. wo, fa the Md or Ttoejard, end while helping them fa the,, work WO.M rtri,, to ennoW. the* li»« l» telkmg 0/ Chrirtien principles «Ll*7.ti°^ "' ' "'"'""^ •'>• •»• '••y STu ' •'^P'""* "Bong hli flocki. He eeked 1- '!!*"' »•' ■"•» ^- When the Ko^ him the I*rf', p„ye,. b„j ,^, ,^ ,,^^ ^^,» n^memonie it. Bemembering how tht. diep- herd knew emy d,«p in hi, ««,k by nmie, , t»m thonght ftrnck the miwionMy. He would "•me . ,m.ll „„„,«, „, ^^^ ^ ^.^^ or phn«, . the Ix.r,r, p„ye,. Celling the •beep end giving them thew new „,m4 the 198 MODEKN PBSSIA When paMing that way a tew weekg later the wweionaiy asked the shephe,^ if he still lemem- bewd the prayer. Calling his sheep, the herds- ™^went tiurongh the prayer with but one w * f; 1.:^® missionary complimented him, sm." "Did ir replied the diepherd, -Qh,^ w • r i*,.^PP«°^' 'Forgiye onr siis' took sick and died a, few days ago/' This made It necessary to point out another sheep and name It Forgive our 8ins> Missionaries have to re- sort to various methods to teach truth. Many times the hearts of parents ai» won by the mis- Bionanee kissing one o^ their beloved children. They proved to the people that they were not ashamed to be aa brothew to them. This kind treatment will touch the human heart X' clime. any DEVELOPMENT OP MISSION AND CHURCH 199 CHAKi:)]! III. DEVELOPMENT OF MISSION AND CRGANlZATiaN OF THE CHURCH. ^FTp seyeral years' work by Justin Per- king and Dr. Grant, his medical assistant, ZJT'''^ ^'^ ^"^ until, more workers were needed. From tim^ to time other workers came, I^V" ^^"- Stoddard, Stakings, Dr. Coan and Mr. Bhea. The latter was known among the natiyes as the prince of preachers. He died in that conntiy and his widow, Mrs. Bhea, now re- '!. u'\^^' ^"'^*' '"• ^»»«' worker, who should be mentioned are Dr. Larabee and Mr. uochran. . Dunng these years of preaching, seed was W L T^ ^^^'^^^^ ^«'^- Revival meet- 3 r ^"J'' the .churches, and, in an- TrZ Lf*^*'' ?^ ^^ P^"'^ «"* His Spirit th^ l>oth preachers and listeners. At some of one hundred men and women crying aloud and t^ng to learn what they must do to be saved. In those times some of the penitents, in their piorwics, prayed prayers that they would to-day elder, became terribly in earnest when he was under conyiction and was seeking conversion. 200 MODEftN PERSIA -\ »> In hi» angnuh he nniTed thus- «o T.»«i /i-j Father of Chrirt. rend St h^. °, ^ ^^' "»oh inten« eme.tne«, th.t woihe? seA« •»«b, thought the ton would «u^ T^!, once; „d «,, ^.ehing for hi. Lnrp^L ■-rF--^'-;Ch'/^: r j^h;* Lrt t::i;:-%- td' not yet learned how to pray. ^^ ^^ Until the time of these revivals there had been l«^^"*nr I' '^' «i«"onaries from the old take of the Lord's Supper from the hands of A^an pndrts. Mr. Cochnin, president of th; Oroomiah Conege, thought it was now time to form a separate organization. Accordinriy the new converts we,^ organised into a tLr^l church on evangelical principles. ^^ This separation aroused the bitted opposition of the bishops and priests of the old Chu^^h for secrTh ""'^^r"^*^ ^-fi-»y to hi sects. The ancient Church tried to attract and 'V DEVELOPMENT OP MISSION AND CHURCH 201 hold the people by adopting the same kind of preaching and Snnday gchools aa w*re being earned on by the evengelical branch. Preach- ing germons was a new work for priests of the Old Church, and many amusing mistakes w^e made at &8t. One priest in an enthusiastic dig- course, when intending to call the Mohamme.- dans dogs, made the sad mistake of addressing his audience as, « Ye dogs and sons of dogs.^ At another time a bishop having announced that he would pr«ich a sermon, carefully wrote his fr^Tt- Jf'*^ ""^ expectant audience greeted lum When it was time* to deliver the address the bishop felt in every pocket for his wntten sermon, but failed to find it. Turning to tiie audience, he said: "Satan, th« accursed; has stolen my sermon out of my pocket and dis- appeared with it » Being unable to make the J!"* ^"^ '^^'^''^' ^** dismiflged the audience. Ihe Chuwh has developed along this line however, and to^y in Oroomiah their serviced differ veiy Uttle from that of the evangelical rwl'l* ^"" ' *^^ "^^*' *»»« evangelical Church has become a brook which flows in beauty and waters much of a thirsty knd. It is the hope of Persia. ^ The statistics of mission work in Persia in 1896 Fere as follows: Five presbyteries, fifty- five churches, 2,600 members, 4,000 Sun&y sm MODUN PEISIA tave p^cher. in the dii&Mnt fo,^ iSTL.^" Oroomoh i. the mother .totien mJ^ #?v mi^«« ■« dependent ^n'^^onj^^b:'. ^ o 5:i.i:nrrfr "*• "^^ *»^ --^' X CHAPTEB IV. Beugious Education. COLLEGE. nnmber of deacon, and pri«,u to teach lZ» fa^^eT' •' -P^^ «*« GoepeTl^e*™ then, for the °„t It, 'vM '"" " P"'"" * *"* *'"" children, DO he-opened KELIGIOUS EDUCATION 203 » rode tdhool in a cellftr a* *u ^ x- nvi^u^. • * '" » cellar. At that time th« TJ«.i.- frequently drunk. When rh- Perfan, opened hi, .chool for the n.t"e prif^ wine for use during whool hours Dr PeAin. ^ vL'y^ " *« «'»'" t» bring Ul They repUed that they would not come U, Z^ ^1 '™ "•* ""'"'«d to bring wine Z wno they b«,ught. One native plover' who « now en old man and a fine sin^ tow' »T recent avnnA ^* xl- T "«ger, tola at a ^a m^v "' *■"'/«'? "ehool, of which he kms caUed to than and aeked them to dance . iney would dance slower, but kept on dancine total «bet.nence waa firmly established *X"coX-L:st.i'"L''-^ ^1 MM MOOOH PEniA geometry, g«,g„phy „a ^j » ^*« «d tADIES' SEHINAKY. wJ^oSv't.""^"""" "^^ *• P"^» 'here »M only one woman amonr the 800 000 A.. ^». who could read. Girl. we«^'7cot uered to be naelees. This behrf originated in Molded, teaehi^K,. Fidelia m.T^ ^. »nd detennined to open a wminarr At «~. u «.hop.„pHe,t,T«J^^ra,^-;'Xnl st^^'l""'^ ""' ""o *" »»' have ?ime j eTehtl^^f). * '""J? '^'^"■^y ••^ krfore her «» opened for gu^k, where the branches taneht were „m,I.r to those of the college. PiS n* Ubored fdthfnlly in her duties „ telcW ToLZ '" "" ' '"'""^ ""'■"'«•■' - *«" f„M *'.?'*'*'"* "•' "''«'' »e™«'y taxed It i, tow of her that once after she h'd b^me „Id atHGIOUS EDUCATION . £05 tiful brick b Jdi„» iT "* "*»°'' • l**^' eduction, u ttev ^v. "'^ fP^^ition about -f min«7 girls h.™^^,^' m» I!!* '"'^'"" •he can niig fi,.;, VT;!™' •'^"ey know that home cl,^^ ind bet '^'™. '*««'' keep tho F^a^J'^ '*?'"'y "" ''""ded by PideK. i-MK It was dereloped lanwlv k, t ■ ''oelia A. a retM Xor,f T "' •" '""""«»»• aof 'WDnM natu «w*«y helped. There are tUo four ©ther^ir ««««• m FtonU for Udiet. ^" MEDICAL SCHOOLS. P^ beauty and hleatung of medi«il «• • n»«iy quack doetfir. »fc« u j ^^' ^oweyer, oIA.r men. Btade, .? ^2^1. T ^"^'^ •»' which u, kno^T to ™ J T ^'°*' "' «™"«» tor. could d. .LwnX *..• r "' *''* "*<»■ " the, co».id^ ,T Jat of M°™ •' f"^' MLIOIOU8 SOUCATION f07 on the pttienff arm. I find thm* u t a tweny d.^ ere, the f m' tW t " A^ll' «re« .ttack of colic .„d crie,, «I dTl d" " . 'hrtl™ '" *« "«""' ^''-■-^ed' ti I«™ by firmly preumg t^^ ,„ ^ surface of h« cranium against the surface of the »ttenf . Wy near^t the «at of pain. ManywlSS •nato. when bound on the j^, afflicted. Ihere are now some medical men in Persia fo« tTSr^ often consult the Mujtahid b.^ ' dis^s^ fL '^^T'- °'"» « »» with . ■ mrt tJ. „ T\^ "'■• ^"o"™" 'or treat- U sayed^t ""l **" '"■'° *•"* W" '«* could ' fce aaved by amputating the foot. The patient f08 MODBXN PUSia bodr Th«tJr A^ " "^ member of the needed in* P^^T « "^"^ '"'^''''^ ^ ««»«T aT;** !7 ""*•' •• n»»ny women die for w.«* « tttention, and it ii a«,n^ *k i . *^*"* I^tri WM fJL!^ .*^*'"*°'- Themunehoi- iMw wu unknown in PeniA lw»f• -- »on, the ^d„?^ ~«M-t>-t their *<"'> work «non« hi. nl!!^i S^ **' to a pw- «h«r pupil, inl.hl'^^S'- ?*' -**■' •«•' <«« for hi, flock A mlr' " ' ""?''"<» for te.che„, .t »Lh thTw LrJJ"«;"' """ •»« are di,cu„ed. One of ^! '!^' "' '«'*- eonsidered i, how »„ j . P""«P«I "objects iftew meeting, «„ ,efre.hing to BlUGIOUS EDUCATION f]| w w« loTf Of Cfcrirt. iMUoat to ipnad Hii it hdd in the whool.hou« for ■tudent.Tnlv Thwe meetingi often beer blened fn,«r i- * roch meetiDTin • vn^t^T^ . '° *"* the writer kIm '*"'*?!**'y •«hool oTer which e«. W iK-i «Penri«on, thirteen bo^. of nniTed wuV * • !^ "*® ®P*^^ «' <^, they Kn^ JT* '" *^'^' '^**- S<>°>« o^ them neve unce become preachew of the GotDel Tn the coimtry whools .ome of the tee^!^ . u S,.^".'"* •"'**^ ""h-. fatal d,'^^' rf he d.d „ot know that Christ w„ . 4i^|^ •nd tnth . ™,ie on hi, b.^,h fac, he S ■ Xve ^. l^r ""J^l ■"' •°'" '«"' «• flight of the fatal di«Le %!.^. ^'' *°"' ""» *«« inir on ii« r"?*-. ™e missionaries are cariy- "g on 113 .ch«,I, in Pe„ia and the Kurdi Jn sm WOIIKRN PERSIA total 2,541. • *^ ^' "^^ ^»0 girU; TRANSLATION OP BOOKS. with «,me n.tiTC^i.r^^"' ^"'«*' »•»•. •boat hro ^ ,2 ? "* "*• °«^«™ Syri«c, OOWEIANDIEMPO.AHMP.OVKMENT 813 CHAPTEB V. The Gospel and Tempoeal Impeovement. ^I^HE A«yri,n hou«. ,«« «ne-«torey, low fl,t «K)f, «,d bmlt of mud. Mohammedan U» w» oppoMd to Chmt«UM buildmg boZi Z m». ttan on. rtore,. The ho««,*wei:^,w ^« wt« ."" ""'"•"^'O- Thi. wa, the o.^ !i»t,L T" '" "'IJ-to^o and could hare ^.rded .omothing better. F^niUes we« U™ »» » fame at taut, tinder the parental roof S hlfi: :'.?"•" ~ "P«»e'a„thoritrfa the home, but they oould not always control the ""•' '"•"W'ter, and grandchildren, ,nd th^re « mnch qu^rrelUng and fr«,nently fighting W «^ When the wnter married hi. wedding «»™<«.y wa, performed at the preparZ; not toke hu bnd. to hia tother-. home. He ^ m^ber, that hi. g««, mother wa. grievrf .^ ^^th*t^"^ ™' *"«"■'«' *» '-^ -PO" » nroaUy dtyided into meral room.. There su MODERN PERSIA •w often fonp beds {» .»«^ i ^^^iB .th„ w.j^ W thi. .ice i. y^'^. ~.T w«rTy S:i «?"<' «'-*'^- They c^X thing m^^' """r'™^' "''""■'8. «»»e- niceclothinir S^, ?T '"'''*"'' ""^^K ChriBtian, m^Ttj^ „" 1'. T' .-"'^ ""'" Moden.8 «ud- «^„ fi v ^'^^^ '<" ^e donkey, fryou .?1,"*^^. ^ '« " ««« ing a how. met' . v , ^^"'^'">- "ho was rid- bow to h^' i * "'"'*°'' ** *<>»"3 dismount M«.^h.d'^""»» •«*•'•<'--«> the The per cent of death in infancy was very OOSPEl.ANDIWro«AL.M™oVE«ENI 815 «po«d them t^^XTJ^.a^'^L'^Z TEMPERANCE. i 216 MOOBRN PBKSIA wonia *. iL ^ journeying homewurd, he ^d«i with win^tr. /S^m' "" ""- aniw^ f/. 1-* . ™®^- -Tne women were re- rn^f^ It "r* "»* ^'y •»'«•" "^ mocB food for these degenerate Chriman. n„ thl^ cTrr"^ ""^ ~"'P'''**>>' broken np ,^ T? T '** wangeUdd ohnrch forbid rfO» mo.t beWed of JI mi»ion«ie,, .pent one t1hri?!r "*"* "" *b« "Wee* "d bronrtt the.r w,ne.. n.„y Urrels, .nd pinrrf it into T GOSPEL AND TEMPORAL IMPROVEMENT 217 •treeti. They believed it would h« . «« * »Pon u u object of Aaiae. ^™""' " "»'"*> g.th«i„g.. Mo...™ .z „?»: L rth^tr More than half the diiv« nf *i. days of fastinir with thl ^Ia^I . ^^^ ^^'^ ^®'« changed. '^^ ***« °o^ l>een 11 *^* MODBSN PBISIA COKVMWION TO MOHAIIMBDANISII. Before the nuMion^ie. ctme numy b«i«ti£«l f* «<\ J^et were converted by f 0,0^0^ ^ hi' » « MohaaiineAm s.w , beautiful ^1 h. would «,, "God creted he, for u, «S P*un to Uie goTen^nent, u the goTerament i. M»h.mn,«i« „d it i. iu the MohLu«ed«. do^ tone that when . man converts a Chri.tian ^ ha. don. a good thing and dl hi. riL" ,S U »»* qne*.njd. The conTerrion, now a. com- I»«,AL IMPROVEMENT ^0 tkt ari^tmarie. of ^ deii«nui.iion, w« u »ng an angry search for ., "™T*V °*' ^•'^ ™*k« to fcw MtiT. Till, ™ Z™"" '^ ,'•'"» W •tote. «>d cmj^Ti. „!3l^ '„.*"' ■»• •*•» Modem. K .h. „. .^ *"'"* '» >*«>">• r' MORALS ELEVATED. ™ni there, bat m lon^ i..j \- . " "*' *">» •»»aed the MoeL jw .^ ', ''* '"^ *' he i»T«ea Tirii X the^JT'*^^- '**'• "»- t» l«ec<»ne «!qSinted li^WlT". ".,''PP"'*'»'ty "••p. « .ttemptTSdll^.^' ^'^''' "^ P«- •» A«yri.n home S h!M^~^*"*^ «wtlem«ii or he i. ^^^ . '*'"''«• !*» » »' l>e .. ord«ed to i«,y.. Them,,,, MODBIir mszA fc«od tnd indepoidtiioe of ih» old Aagyrian ha» ^ • BAtioiial eonfomioe of the IVotitliiiii f^»^.K"' '''\ """^ Chn«he,,Tr ; tow BiMittii ago mlei and id«i. for tho dtrriop- ««t ^ th. ntti• Mtive yonng men who hare been educated by the nuMionaries have become able imm and influential dtiaen.. There are some of them who can stand before the king and neak . «jeater pow«r than any of the govern- ^i*,^"*"; ™« *'*»««»* contrast with the condition of As^rrians before the missianar- 'ZT\ h ^"^ ^^ ^^^« Assyrians could not stand before even a low oowt to plead their canse, riJL^!?!jL?r^' ^"^ *° ^ gOTemment, ^ted Oroomiah ooUege. When he saw the tnramg of th^ young men he was impressed and •nenrards, in a conference of lords, said- **The y^nng men who are being educated in the mis- rtott dohpoll Would become leaders in- the politi- s ootru AND niiioiAL ivnovniBifT Ml wlT!? • **r 'I?" «»•»»»« titty wfll hoU W«k«»«-. ««l th. «n. rf tort. ^ fc, ^ M woik Md »;. thir «. lidpfaw uTmX »eUy, rf nrt dtacUjr, aod«n rf«e.ti«,;^ 2LSt^ a^ We mnch p,^,rfi4 1. «^ oontt, but win Unlf mesMd gnduUy. Ilttnta to God. iium; of th. old oppnaiau bnd of hma. th^ ,„». UoOm, «n »o I<«g^ S^ *?'**'" 1» "a to mark thdTfalS.^ %. AH tltt« „, the fnrito of th. bl«»a O^ IO«LBItt MS »ri«. who .W^ th. bith d^Sn. d«th. ^ ^^'^ "«• who WM kUM tft