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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata to pelure, n d n 32X 12 3 FI 4 AMERICAN ANNALS; OR Er i I A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA FROM ITS DISCOVERY IN MCCCCXCH TO MDCCCVI, * IN TWO VOLUMES. By ABIEL holmes, d.d. a.a.s. s.h.s. MimsrsR OP Tsa first cburch iv cjiubridgb. SUUM QUXQ0E IN ANNUM REFERRE. TAar. JOfUAL, VOL. I. COMPRISING A VKRIOO OF TWO HONORED YEARS. CAMBRIDGE, PRINTED AND SOLD BY W. BILLIARD, 1805. ..": >, ,i » ^ H V.I B. DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, ro wir. >E it remembered, that on the fourteenth day of October, A. D. i8o.f, in the thirtieth year of the Independence of the United States of America, ABIEL HOLMES, of said district, has deposited in this office, the title of a book, die right whereof he claims as author, in the words following, to wit : " AMERICAN •* ANNALS ; or a Chronological HISTORY OF AMERICA from its discovery "in 1492 to 1806, in two volumes. By ABIEL HOLMES, d.d. a.a.s s.h.i. •• Minister of the First Church in Cambridge. Suum qusque in annum re* " ferre— 7a«V. jinnal. Vol. I, comprising a period of two hundred years." In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, intitled, " An *' Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, " and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times there- •« in mentioned :" and also to an Act intitled, " An Act supplementary to an Act " Intitled, An Aci: for the enconragement of learning, by securing the copies of " maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during " the times therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits thereof io the arts of ** designing, engraving, and etching historical and other pi jnts." N. GOODALE, Cleri oftht District nf Massa-hitsetL', A true copy of Record, 7 Attest, N. GOODALE, Clerk.J , ...^ -, PREFACE. A NEW WORLD has been discovered, which has been receiving inhabitants from the old, more than three hundred years. A new empire has arisen, which has been a theatre of great actions and stupendous events. That remarkable discovery, those events and actions, can now be accurately ascertained, without re- course to such legends, as have darkened and disfigur- ed the early annals of most nations. But, while local histories of particular portions of America have been written, no attempt has been made to give even the outline of its entire history. To obtain a general knowledge of that history, the scattered materials, which compose it, must be collected, and arranged in the natural and lucid order of time. Without such arrangement, effects would often be piaced before causes ; contemporary characters and events disjoined ; actions, having no relation to each other, confounded ; and much of the pleasure and benefit, which History ought to impart, would be lost. If history however, without chronology ,is dark and confused ; chronology, without history, is dry and insipid. In the projection therefore of this work, preference was given to that species of historical composition, which unites the es- sential advantages of both. It has been uniformly my aini to trace facts, as much as possible, to their source. Original authori- ties therefore, when they could be obtained, have al- ways had preference. Some authors, of this charac- ter, wrote in foreign languages ; and this circumstance may be an apology for the occasional introduction of passages, that will not be generally understood. While originals possess a spirit, which cannot be infused into a translation, they recite facts with peculiar clearness • > w PREFACE. » and force. Quotations however in foreign languages are always inserted in the marginal notes. There also are placed those passages in English, which are obsolete, cither in their orthography, or their style. To some persons they may, even there, be offensive ; but they may gratify the historian, and the antiquary. The one may be pleased with such marks of authentic docu- ments ; the other, with such vestiges of antiquity. The numerous references may have the appearance of superfluity, perhaps of ostentation. The reason for inserting so many authorities was, that the reader, when desirous of obtaining more particular informa- tion, than it was consistent with the plan of these An- nals to give, might have the advantage of consulting the more copious histories for himself. Should these volumes serve as an Index to the principal sources of A- merican history, they may render a useful though hum- ble service to the student, who wishes to obtain a thor- ough knowledge of the history of his country. Professions of impartiality are of little significance. Althaugh not conscious of having recorded one fact, without such evidence, as was satisfactory to my own mind, or of having suppressed one, which appeared to come within the limits of my design ; yet I do not flatter myself with the hope of exemption from error. It is but just however to observe, that, had I possessed the requisite intelligence, more names of eminence would have been introduced j more ancient settlements notic- ed ; and the States in the Federal Union more propor- tionally respected. For any omissions, or other faults, which have not this apology, the extent of the under- taking may obtain some indulgei.>ce. CiunhridgCy MassachusetfSy lo October ^ 1805. V < tive of the figu ed the western temptin which t his plan t^me, w ries on^ ing a w guese k but sm^ ten to t favourit ship, be tempt a througt in the c ridicule Indig bus lefi 1 Som was led to country, d journal of en from it tire credit unto him (Plato exci fore Chris of any oth hope, that luyt, iii. 2 A'v ,i ' t M 'vrrftii .■J.^'h- '. H :.s i; :-M J. 7 Y-:avH;,: !,< j:f ■■■• '.;■ .-'P'^ ij; '. fjS'T ; AMERICAN ANNALS. !i 1i Christopher columbus, a na- tive of Genoa, having formed a just idea of the figure of the earth, had several years entertain- ed the design of finding a passage to India by the western ocean. ' He made his first proposal of at- tempting this discovery to the repulDlic of Genoa, which treated it as visionary. He next proposed his plan to John II, king of Portugal, -who, at that time, was deeply engaged in prosecuting discove- ries on the African coast, for the purpose of find- ing a way to India. In this enterprise the Portu- guese king had been at so vast an expense, with but small success, that he had no inclination to lis- ten to the proposal. By the advice, however, of a favourite courtier, he privately gave orders to a 5hip, boimd to the island of Cape de Verd, to at- tempt a discovery in the west ; but the navigators, through ignorance and want ofet rrprise, failing in the design, turned the project of C olumbus into ridicule. Indignant at this dishonourable artifice, Colum- bus left Portugal ; and, having previously sent 1 Some Spanish authors have ungenerously insinuated, that Columbus was led to this gre?.t enterprise by information, which he received, of a country, discovered far to the west, with the additional advantage of a journal of the voyage, in which the discovery was made by a vessel, driv* en from its course by easterly winds. It Is affirmed, howevor, with en- tire credibility, that " Columbus had none of the West Islands -X't foorth unto him in globe or card, neither yet once mentioned of 9ny writer (Plato excepted and the commentaries upon the same) from 942 yeeres be- fore Christ, untill that day ; neither understood he of them by the report of any other that had scene them ; but only comforted himselfe with this hope, that the land had a beginning wh^re the sea had an ending." Hak- hijt, ill. 23. Robertson, i. Note xvii. 1 *■',' «- AMERICAN ANNALS. Kis brother Bartholomew into England to solicit the patronage of Henry VII, repaired to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. It was not till he had surmounted numerous obstacles, and .spent seven years in painful solicitation, that he ob- tained what he sought. To the honour of Isabella, and of her sex, the scheme of Columbus was first counicnanced by the queen. Through the influ- ence of Juan Perez, a Spanish priest, and Lewis Santangel, an officer of the king's household, she was persuaded to listen to his request j and, after he had been twice repulsed, to recall him to court. She now ofFered to pledge her jewels, to defray the expense of the proposed equipment, amounting to no more than two thousand five hundred crowns' ; but this sum was advanced by Santangel, and the queen saved from so mortifying an expedient. ' On the seventeenth day of April, 1492, an a- greement was made by Columbus with their Cath- olic majesties : That, if he should make any dis- coveries, he should sustain the office of viceroy by l^nd, and admiral by sea, with the advantage of the tenth part of the profits, accruing from the pro- ductions and commerce of all the countries discov- ered ; and these dignities and privileges were not to be limited to his own person, but to be heredi- tary in his family. ^ f This denomination of money, used by ipost historians, may, ivithout explanation, essentially mislead the reader. They were doubtless goU crowns. Vega [Commentaries of Peru, 433.] says, the expense was " six millions of maravadies, making the sum. of x6ooo dueats." A Spanish ducat of exchange is equal to 4s, iid. 1-2, and lacks therefore but a half penny of being equal to an English crovn. If the 16000 ducats of Vega be estimated as equal to so maaiy English crowns, they make exactly j^4000 sterling ; and this is the very sura, which, Dr. Robertson says, the expense of the equipment " dit not exceed." % Life of Columbus, c. xi,xii, XV, with the principal autliorities, cited under A. D. 149 a. 3 Harris' Voyages, i. 5. The instrument, containing the terms of this agreement, is inserted entire in Hazard's Collections, i. 1 — rj ; but it it there dated April 30, 149Z. Though the name of Ferdinand appears connected with that of Isabella in this compact, he refused to take any pat in the enterprise, as king of Arragon. The whole expense of the ej(« 'm i» AMERICAN ANN;VLS. Columbus, oii tlie third day of August,' set ^\"Kii't .^ sail from Palos in . SptiW, with three vessels' i^n^i !'S^^^^^^ ninety men, on a 'voyage the most daring and grand sj.uin. in its design, and the most important in Its result, of any, that had ever been attempted. He, as ad- miral, commanded the largest ship, called Santa Maria j Martin Alonzo Pinzon was captain of the Pinta ; and Vincent Yanez Pinzon, of the Nigna. When the fleJ^t was about two himdred leagues to the west of thq Canary islands, Columbus observ- ed that the nragnetic needle in the compasses did . . . not point exactly to the polar star, I 't varied to- i . ward the weM. ^ This discovery made an alarming <* impression on his pilots and mariners ; but his fer- y fV^J;*' tile genius helped him to assign a plausible reason of the com- for this strange appearance, and to dispel their pJ'"'"^''"*" fears. Expedients, however, at length lost their effect. The crew, with loud and insolent clamour, insisted on his return, and some of the most auda- cious proposed to throw him into the sea. When his invention was nearly exhausted, and his hope nearly abandoned, the only event, that could ap- pedition was to be defrayed by the crown of Castile, and Isabella reserved for her subjects of that kingdom an exclusive right to all the bent-fits, that should accrue from its success. Robertson, i. book ii. Throughout this transaction, the conduct of Isabella was truly magnanimous ; and diough she did not, like the Tyrian queen, conduct the great enterpribC )n persoa, yet she has strong claim to similar honour : Dux fam'iva factl. I He sailed from Gomera, one of the most westerly of 'the Canary is- lands, on the 6th of Septembet, " which may be accoupt^d the first set- ting out upon the voyage on the ocean." l^ife of Colii^nlJus, c. xviii. % One of these vessels had a deck ; the other two, called Caravels, had Hone. They are thus described by Peter Martyr : " Ex regio fisco desti- hata sunt tria navigia : unum onerarium caveatum, alia duo levia merca- toria sine caveis, qua: ab Hispanis caravela: vocantur." De Nov. Orb. p. 3. 3 Stow erroneously ascribes this discovery to Sebastian Cabot, five yeslrs after this voyage of Columbus. It unquestionably "was made in this first voyage. With the correction of the name and date, the remark of this venerable antiquarian is just : " Before his time, ever since the first finding of the magneticall needle, it was generallie supposed to lie pre- , ciscly in place of the meridian, and crosse the equator at right angels^ respecting with the points dulie north and south." StoW's Chronicle, p.8 1 1. AMERICAN ANNALS. Friday.Oct. 12, land discuverej. CoIimil»u5 and his men 1492. pca:;c the mariners, happily occurred. A light^ . . seen by Columbus at ten in the night of the eleventh of* October, was vjcwed , as the harbinger, of the wished for hind ; and early the next morn- ing land was distinctly seen. ' At sun rise, all the boats were manned and armed, and the adventur- ers rowed toward the shore, witn warUke music^ and other martial pomp. The .cpast, in the mean time, was covered with people,* who were attract- ed by the novelty of the spectacle, and whose atti- tudes and gestures strongly expressed their aston*^ ishment. Columbus, richly dressed, and holding a naked sword in his hand, went first on shore, ana gooii shore, was followed by his men, who, kneeling ^own witii him, kissed the ground with tearsj of joy, and re- turned thanks for the success of the voyage. Tha land was one of the Islands of the New World, cab- led by the natives, Guanahana. ' Columbus, as- suming the title and authority of adniiral, called it^ San Salvador j and, by setting up a cross, took' possession of it for their Catholic majesties.*, ^,iror> Many of the natives stood around, and gazea a,t the strange ceremony in silent admiration. Thougjx shy at first through fear, they sooii became famil- iar with the Spaniards. The admiral, perceiving that they were simple and inoffensive, gave thein I The voyage from Gomerawas 3s ', is, thut, confidently believing th:\^ these visitants had come down from heaven,* they ardently desired to have Something left them as a memorial, 'i'hcy gave the Spaniards, in return, such provisions, as they had, and some cotton yarn, which was the only valuable commodity they could produce. * Columbus, after visiting the coasts of the island, proceeded to make farther discoveries, taking with ^'^- ^j* him several of the natives of San Salvador. He saw several islands, and touched at three of the largest of them, which he named St. Mary of the Conception, Fernandina, and Isabella. On the twenty seventh of October, he discovered the island ^^^ ^^ of Cuba, which, in honour of the prince, the son of cuiia di the Spanish king and queen, he called Juanna. covered. Entering the mouth of a large river with his squa- dron, he staid here to careen his ships, sending, in the mean time, some of his people, with one of the natives of San Salvador, to view the interior parts of the country. Returning to him on the fifth of No- vember, they report, that they had travelled above ^ > sixty miles from the shore ; that the soil is richer and better, than any they had hitherto discovered ; and that, beside many scattering cottages, they found pne, village of fifty houses, containing about a thousand inhabitants. ^ Sailing from Cuba on the fifth of December, he arrived, the next day, at an ^^ec. 6. island, called by the natives .'J Hayti our of the kingdom, by which he was employed he named Hispaniola.* X — " Oentem esse missam i coelo autumant." P. Martyri p. 4. r ft Life of Columbus, c. xxlii, xxiv. Robertson, i. book ii. Hcrrera, ?. 47. 3 Robertson, i. book li. Herrera [i. 54,] says, '« a whole generation lived in a Iiouse." *■ 4 " Ab Hispania -- - diminutive Hispaniola." P. Martyr, 345. Iler- rera, i. 107, zj 8. Hispaniola discovered. ) f ' $ AMERICAN ANNALS, 1492. On the shoals of this island, through the care^i Dec. 14- lessness of his sailors, he lost one of his ships. The One of the ti* • i • .r-t i*** ships lost. Indian cazique, or prince, Guacanahari, receiving intelligence of this loss, expressed much grief, and sent all his people with their canoes, to save what they could from the wreck. " We lost not the val- ue of a pin," says the adiniral, " for he caused all our clothes to be laid together near his palace^ where he kept them till the houses, which he had appointed for us, were emptied. He placed armed men, to keep them, who stood there all day and all night ; and all the people lamented, as if our losa; had concerned them much." The port, where this misfortune happened, Co- lumbus called Navidad [the Nativity], because hfl entered it on Christmas day. Resolving to leave a colony here, he obtained liberty of the ca?:ique to Columbus erect a fort, which he accordingly built with the timber of the ship, that was wrecked ; and, leaving it in the hands of three officers and thirty eight men, prepared to return to Spain.* ._ ;. ... builds a fort. Jan. 16. Columbus returns to Spain. II I : 1 1493. ," Columbus, having taken every precaution for the security of his colony, left Navidad on the fourth of January ; and, after discovering and naming most of the harbours on the northern coast of His- 1 This title, which signifies lord or prince, is rightly applied to the princes of Hayti ; for, according to Clavigero, " it is derived fVom the Haitin tongue, which was spoken in the island of Hispaniola." But it was afterwards inaccurately applied to the nobles of Mexico, who» though divided into several classes, with appropriate titles to each, " w«?re con- founded together by the Spaiuards under the general name of taxiquu'* Hist. Mexico, i. 346. a Life of Columbus, c. xxvii, xxx, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxv. Herrera, i. i I— ? 75, 78. Purchus, i. 730. Univ. Hist xli. 487. Robertsan, i. book n* In the Life of Columbus, the fort is said to be named Navidad ; but Her- rera, and Robertson after him, say, that this name was given to the fort. This fortification was finished in ten days ; the poor natives unwarily help- ing it forward ; " that simple race of men," to use the words of Dr. Ro- bertson, " labouring with inconsider^e absUluitjr in erctiug thU ^at Qio- ftuweat of their own servitude." • » ,. .; - '^ paniol: with h of Feb pest, a the ma minglei and ac his dis( lost, h« wrappe in a ca] and thi cured ii that, if and on But his for he ■< destruct safely a fifteenti: of bono stituted Colu countri< those V the nam in Euro name o: 1 Purch the other fi gether witl zique at Hi a « Sed( panos amoi Martyr, p. 3 Rober Belknap Bi 4 Robert to be perma was detecte the oatne lu AMERICAN ANNALS. paniola, Set sail, on the sixteenth, for Spain, taking with him six of the natives. ' On the fourteenth of February, he was overtaken by a violent tem- pest, and, in the extremity of danger, united with the mariners in imploring the aid of Almighty God, mingled with supplications to the Virgin Miiry, and accompanied by vows of pilgrimage. That his discoveries, in case of shipwreck, might not be lost, he wrote an account of them on parchment, wrapped it in a piece of oiled cloth, and inclosed it in a cake of wax, which he put into a tight cask, and threw into the sea. Another parchment, se- cured in a similar manner, he placed on the stern, that, if the ship should sink, the cask might float, and one or the other might possibly be found. But his precaution, though prudent, was fruitless ; for he was providentially saved from the expected destruction, and, on the fourth of March, arrived safely at Lisbon. On his arrival at Palos on the fifteenth, he was received with the highest tokens of honour, by the king and queen, * who now con- stituted him admiral of Spain. ^ Columbus adhering to his opinion, that the countries, which he had discovered, were a part of those vast regions of Asia, comprehended under the name of India, and this opinion being adopted in Europe, Ferdinand and Isabella gave them the name of Indies. "» 1 Purchas, i, 730. Two of these natives died on their passage to Spain ; the other four were presented to his Catholic majesty by Columbus, to- gether with a quantity of gold, which had been given to him by the ca- zique at Hispuniola. Univ. Hist. xli. 487. 2 " Sedere ilium coram se public^, quod eat maximum apud reges His- panos amoris et gratitudinis, supremique obsequii signum, fecerunt." P. Martyr, p. 8. 3 Robertson, i, book il. Harris' Voyages, i, 6. Herrera, i, 84, 86, 93. Belknap Bidg. i. loi. 4 Robertson, i. Book ii. Names, however improperly applied, are apt to be permanent. " Even after the error, which gave rise to this opinion, was detected, and the true position of the New World was ascertained, the name has remained, aad the appellation of ff^at Indies is given by all H9i AMERICAN ANNALS. h li' n 1493. '^^^^ Portuguese, having previously explored the The Portu- A^orcs and other islands, instantly claimed the new- j;uese con- ly discovered vv^orld, and contended for the exclu- Kc'wiy dil'-' **'"" ^^ ^^^^ Spaniards from the navigation of the .. ovtred western ocean. * Their competitors, however, were v.'biid. careful to obtain the highest confirmation possible of their own claim. While orders were given at Barcelona for the admiral's return to Hispaniola ;* to strengthen the Spanish title to this island, and to other countries that were or should be discovered, their Catholic majesties,^ by the admiral's advice, applied to the Pope, to obtain his sanction of their claims, and his consent for the conquest of the West Indies. An ambassador was sent to Rome.. The Pope, then in the chair, was Alexander VI, a Spaniard by birth, and a native of Valentia. Read- ^\n]ud:cd- ijy accediug to the proposal, he, on the third of Pope" May May, ■» adjudged the great process, and made the .]• celebrated line of partition. He granted in full right to Ferdinand and Isabella, all the countries, inhabited by infidels, \vhich they had discovered, or should discover, extending the assignment to their the people of Europe to the country-, and that of Indium to its inhabit- luits." Ibid. I. Clialmers' Annal», i. 6. a. The second commission to Columbus is dated May i8, 1493. It is inserted entire in Hazard's Collections, i. 6 — 9. ?,. The king of Portugal, according to Peter Martyr, agreed with them in a reference of the dispute to the Pope of Rome ; but it might be at a subsequent period. By this contemporary historian it appears, that the queen of Spain was a niece of the Portuguese king, and that this « onnexiou facilitated an adjustment of the controversy. " Dum ita in coni'uso tcs tractaretur, pars utraque pacta est, ut a summo Pontifice de« cerneremr quid juris. Futures se obtemperantes Pontificiae sunctioni, fide jubeiu utrinque. Res Castellaj tunc regina ilia magna Elizabetha cum vi- ro re«cbat, quia dotalia ejus regiia Castellae sint. £rat regina Joanni regi Portugallix coiisobrina : propterea facilius res est composita. Ex utrius« que partis igitur assensu, lineam ex plumbata bulla summus Pontifex Al- exander sextus, &c." P. Martyr, p. 161. 4. One bull, granting their Catholic majesties " the sovereign dominion of the Indies, with supreme jurisdiction over all that hemisphere," was passed on the 2d of May. But the Great Bull (on every account entitled ^ to that name) was issued on the day following. A copy of i\ in the ori» gIn;U Latin, with an English translation. Is preserved in Harris' Voyages, J; 6 — 8. It i» also in Haz. Colli, 3— 6. Sec Herrera, i. 96. ' 1 f AMERICAN ANNALS. J i/s and successors, the kings and queens of Cas- 1493. tile and Leon. To prevent the interference of this grant with one formerly made to the crown of Por- tugal, he directed that a line, supposed to be drawn from pole to pole, at the distance of one hundred leagues westward of the Azores, should serve as a boundary ; and bestowed all the countries to the east of this imaginary line, not actually possessed by any Christian prince, on the Portuguese, and all to the west of it, on the Spaniards. * How astonishingly great, at this period, was the Remarks. influence of the Pope of Rome ! This sovereign PoctiiF, " in virtue of that power which he received from Jesus Christ, conferred on the crown of Cas- tile vast regions, to the possession of which he him- self was so far from having any title, that he was unacquainted with their situation, and ignorant even of their existence."* Although neither the Spaniards, nor the Portuguese, now suspected the validity of the Papal grant, yet the other nations of Europe would not sxmtr them quietly to enjoy their shares. ' In the progress of these Annals, we shall ifind different nations planting colonies in the New World, without leave of the Catholic king, or even of his Holiness. It early became a law among the European nations, that die countries, which each should explore, should be deemed the absolute prop- erty of the discoverer, from which all others should X Life oi Columbus, cxlii. Herrera,}. 96. Robertson, i. book ii. Chal« iners, i. 6. Belknap Biog. i. Z03 ; and the authorities at the close of this y«u-. The Portuguese, it seems, were dissatisfied with the Papal partition. The subject vas therdfbrc referred to six plenipotentiaries, three chosen from eadi nation, whose conferences issued in an agreement. That the line of partition, in the Pope's bull, should be extended two hundred and seventy leagues farther to the west ; that all westward of that line should fall to the ware of the Spaniards, and all eastward of it, to the Portuguese. This agreement was made 7 June, 1493. It was seJed by the king of Spain % July that year i and by the king of Portugal a; Fvoruary, 1494. Herrera, i. 116, 117. Harris* Voyages, L 8. t Robertson, L book ii. 3 Mont«8(^ui«u, Spirit of Laws, book xxi. c. xvti. 10 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1493- flerond Voyu;;c of C'olr.illbua. He discov- ers Domi- nic ;i, M.ir!g'a- Guaih- loujic iuid other l&l- iind;;. Nov. a8. Arrives at Nuvldad, be entirely excluded." Above a century* after tills pupal grant, the parliament of England insist- ed, That occupancy confers a good title by the law of nations and nature. On the twenty fifth of September Columbus sailed from Cadiz, on his second voyage to the New World. Tiie equipment, made for iiim, proves in what an advantageous light his past discoveries and present enterprise were view'ed. He was fur- nished with a ileet of three ships of w^ar and four- teen caravels, with all necessaries for settlement or conquest,' and 1500 people, some of whom were of the best families of Spain." On the Lord's day, the third of November, he discovered one of the Caribbee islands, which, because it w-as discover^ ed on that day, he called Dominica. ^ Going on shore at an adjacent island, he called it by his ship*8 name, Marigalante, and took solemn possession be^ fore a notary and witnesses.*^ On the fifth he dis- covered Guadaloupe;^ on th^ tenth, Montserrat* and Antigua. After discovering, to the northwest, fifty more islands, he came into the port of Navi^ dad. Not a Spaniard, however, was to be seen ; I Chalmers, i. 6. a A. D. 162 1. Ibid. 3 Uaiv. Hist iilL 4%"^' ** Ultra ducentos et miUe armatos pedites — in- ter (|uos oiiiniuri median tear urn artium fabros et opifices innumeros— tquites quosdani cxteris armatis immixtos." P. Martyr, p. 9. This aU' thor is of primary authority on this article ; for he received and recorded ills information of the facts, relating to this voyage, soon after the depar- ture of Columbus. " Ha;c nobis intra paucos dies ab ejus discessu renun- ciata fuerunt." Decade, i. dated, 1493.. 4 Hakluyt, iii. 4. Univ. Hist. xli. ^45. Two of the brothers of Co* lumbus wiTe among the passengers. Harris Voy. i. 269. 5 Herrera, i. io6. 6. Ibid. 7 This island was thus named, from its resemblance to a chain oF mountains of that name in Spain. It was the principal residence of the Ciribbees, who called it Carucueria. To these wild and savage people, the Spaniards could obtain no access. " Hi, nostris visis, vel terrore, vel scele- rum conscientia pcrmoti, inter sese exorto murmure, alter in alterum oc- ulos flrfctentes, cuneo facto ex insperato, celerrime.ut mnltitudo avium, con- citati, ad nemorosas valles pedem referunt." P. Martyr, p. i Jj i66, Univ. Hist. :cli. 237. ' 8 'i'hus named, for its lofty mountains : " quoniam altis monti^us in- «tr;rj:.u's:et, Moniem' Serratum illam vocant." P. Martyr, p. ij. I Ro a I. if chas, i. ' versa 1 I Ajvikrican annals. * rr snd the fort, wliich lie had built here, 'vVlis entirely 1493. demolished. The tattered garments, broken arms, ,,,^, j^,,^^;^ and utensils, scattered about its ruins, too cle;uiy in ruim. indicated the miserable fate of the garrison. "While the Spaniards were w^ceping over these relics of their countrymen, a brother of the friendly cazique Guacanahari arrived, and confirmed ail their dismal apprehensions. He informed Columbus, that, on his departure, the men, whom he left behind, threw off all regard to their commanding ofricer y that, bv • familiar intei'course with the Indians, they lessened that veneration for themselves, which was first enter- jtilined, and, by indiscretion and ill conduct, effaced isvery favourable impression, that had first been made ; that the gold, the women, the provisions of the natives, became subject to their licentious prey ; that, under these provocations and abuses, t tie ca- zique of Cibao surprized and cut off several of them as they straggled about, heedless of danger ; that then, assembling his subjects, he surrounded the fort, and set fire to it ; that some of the Spaniards " were killed in defending it ; and that the rest pe^ rished, in attempting tQ escape by crossing an arm of the sea. ' Leaving Navidad, he sailed eastwardly ; and,^^*^-^* at the samj island, anchored before a tQwn ofaroiher Indiana, where he resolved to plant a colony. f« of *^** He accordingly landed all his men, provisions, and '*' ''" ' utensils, in a plain, near a rock on which a fort might be conveniently erected. Here he built a builds tha town, which, in honour of the queen of Castile, he ^"j^j'J'^^ii-* called Isabella. This was the first town, founded luiks. by Europeans in the New VvTorld. ' I Robertson, i. bo( k ii. a Life of Columbus, c. ii. & xlv— . — li. Herrcra, i. io(» — 1\^,. Pur- rhas, i. -^ r. P. M;irtyr, 1 1 — it,. European .Scttlcniuuts, i. ly, SO. Uni- versal Hist. xli. 255}. Hobcrtsoni i. book ii. 12 AMERICAN ANNALS. May J. Columbus discovers Jamaica. \ 1494. Columbus in the spring dispatched twelve ves* sels for Spain ; and after a prosperous voyage they arrived safely in April at Cadiz. * Leaving Peter Margarite the command of three hundred and sixty foot and fourteen horse, to re- duce Hispaniola under obedience to their Catholic majesties, he now sailed for Cuba, which he descri- ed on the 29th of April. Sailing along its southern shore, he discovered on* the fifth of May another inland, called Jamaica. * Here, on landing, he me^ with much opposition from the ferocious natives ; but, after repeated defeats, they became tractable, and even brought food to barter. ' Although Cor lumbns appears to have made no settlement at Jan maica ; yet, so favourable was the opinion, that he entertained of the island, that he marked it out a^ an estate for his family.* A hurricane, more violent than any within the re- hurricane. membrance of the natives, occurred in June at His- paniola^ Without any tempest, or fluctuation of the sea, it repeatedly whirled around three ships, lying at anchor in port, and plunged them in the deep. The natives ascribed this disorder of the elements to the Spaniards. * I p. Martyr, xo. a Jamaica is probably an Indian word, for Oyiedo mentions a river in Hispaniola, of that name. Univ. Hist. xli. 346. 3 Univ. Hist. xli. 346. " Pluribus in locis volenti Praefecto terram ca- pere, armati ac minitantes occurrerunt, pugnasque sspius attent&runt : eed victi semper, amicitiam omnes cum Prxfecto ini^re." P. Martyr, p.29. 4 The son and family of Columbus, considering Jamaica as their own property, built upon it St. Jago de la Vega, and several other towns, that were abandoned on account of the advantages attending the situation of St. Jago, which increased so greatly, as in a short time to contain, accord- ing to report, 1700 houses, 2 churches, a chapels, and an abbey. The court of Spain, notwithstanding its ingratitude to the father, granted both the property and government of Jamaica to his family ; and his son Die- go Columbus was its first European governor. But the descendants of Columbus degenerated from his virtues, and they, or their agents, mur- dered 60,000 of the natives. Univ. Hist. xli. 348. 5 P. Martyr, 45. " Gentem hanc perturbasse elementa, atque porten- fa |ixc tulisye, inimurmurubunt insulares." Ibid. Terrible AMERICAN ANNALS. ti Columbus, on his return to Hlspaniola, to his inexpressible joy, met his brother Bartholomew at Isabella, after a separation of thirteen years. * The brotljer's arrival could not have been at a more /seasonable juncture. Columbus essentially needed Jiis friendly counsels and aid ; for all things were in confusion, and the colony was in the utmost danger of being destroyed. Four of the principal sovereigns of the island, provoked at the disorderly and outrageous conduct of the Spaniards, had unit- led with their subjects to drive out their invaders. * Columbus, first marching against a cazicjue, who had killed sixteen Spaniards, easily subdued him ; ^nd sent several of his subjects prisoners to Spain. ' 1494. Sept. 29. He finds his brolliur Bartholo- mew at f?- abella. M.irclies u* giijjist the natives of Hisponiolii, ^ Herrera, i. 138. Bartholomew Co)iin?hu$ was so unfortunate, in hu voyage to England, as to fall into the hands of pirate^, who detained him a prisoner for several years. When he had, at length, made his gens, qux f'f sefectum in ea navigatione secuta fuerat majori ex parte in* domita, vaga, cui nihil pensi esset, Ubertatem sibi, quoque modo po<:set, quxritans, ftb injuriis minimi se abHtinere poterat, Insularium focminus, an- te parentum, fratrum, et virorum oculos raptans, stupris rapinis que inten- ta, animos omnium incolarum perturbarat. Quamobrem pluribus in locis quotquot tmparatos i nostris incolae reperiebant, rapide, ct tanqu^n\ sacru offerentes Deo, trucidavenut." De Nov. Orb. p. 39. 3 Life of Columbus, c. liv— Ixi. Robertson, i. book ii, European Set- tleinents, u %a. 14 AMERICAN ANNALS. March 34. 1495' The unsubdued caziques of Hispaniola still [» War with showiug R determination to destroy, if possible, continujr ^^^^ Spanish colony, Columbus set out from Isa- bella, to carry on the war against them. His army consisted of no more than " 200 Christians, 20 horses, and as many dogs ;'* but the In- dians are said to have raised already 100,000 men. The Spaniards soon routed the Indians, and obtained a complete victory. The admiral spent a year in ranging the island ; and, in this time, re- mil'sion'ajvd ^uced it uudcr such obedience, that all the natives tribute, from fourtccH years of age and upward, inhab* king the province of Cibao, where are gold mines, promised to pay as a tribute to their Catholic ^ majesties, every three months, a hawk's bell full of gold dust J and every other inhabitant of the island, twenty five pounds of cotton.* JeHefoT" The tranquillity of England, at this period, be- Coiumbus ing propitious to the increase of its commerce and manufactures, London now contained merchants from all parts of Europe. The Lombards and Venetians, in particular, were remarkably numerous. Among these foreigners, John Cabot, a Venetian, and his three sons, Lewis, Sebastian, and Sanctus, were living in London. The father, perfectly skilled in all the sciences requisite to form an ac- complished mariner, was led by his knowledge of the globe to suppose, that a shorter way from England to India might be found by the northwest. The famous discovery of the New World caused great astonishment and much conversation in the court of Henry VII, of England, and amongthe Eng- X Life of Columbus, c. Ixi. Herrera, i. 14*. The measure, said by Her- rera to be " a small hawk's bell," is wrought up, unmercifully, by some historians, into " a large horse bell." It was, in tnith, a little bell, worn by the hawk in thfe sport of a falconer. Herrera [i. 145.] says, that " on- ly king Manicatex o-ive, every ivonth, half a gourd full of gold, being wovth 150 pesos or ; i.-ci's of eig!;.." excite at tention in England. AMERICAN ANNALS. '5 lish merchants ; and the specimens of gold, carried 1495. home by Columbus, excited an ardent desire of prosecuting this discovery. The adventurous spi- rit of John Cabot was heightened by the ardour of his son Sebastian, who, though young, was ambitious, and, at the same time, well versed in e- very science, subservient to a mathematical know- ledge of the earth, and to navigation. With these incitements to the meditated enter- Commiw- prise, he comr.iunicated to the king his project, cabo°»! ' which was favourably received. A commission was accordingly, on the fifth of March, granted to him and his three sons,* giving them liberty to sail to all parts of the east, west, and north, under the royal banners and ensigns, to discover countries of the heathen, unknown to Christians ; to set up the king's banners there ; to occupy and possess, as his subjects, such places ?.s they could subdue ; giving them the rule and jurisdiction of the same, to be holden on condition of paying to the king one fifth part of all their gains. * 1496. While Columbus was successfully establishing the foundations of Spanish grandeur in the New World, his enemies were assiduously labouring to deprive him of his merited honour and emoluments. The calamities, arising from a long voyage and an unhealthful climate, were represented as the eiFects I The style of the commissicn is, " Joiantii Cabolto, Civi Venetta- rum, ac LudovUo, Setajtiano, et SanetOt Filiis dlcti Johannis" &c. (t is dated the jth of March in the eleventh year of the reign of Henry VII. Henry was crowned Oct. 30, 1485. If that year be reck- oned the frst of his reign, thii commission is rightly placed by Hak- luyt, Robertson, and others, iu 1495 ; but, if the first year of his reign bf: reckoned from i486, the commission must be placed, where Rynier ai.'d some others have placed it, in 1496. Z Hakluyt, iii. 4, 5, 7 ; where may be seen the Letters Patent ; as al- so in Rymer's Foedera, xii. S9S 5 ^nd >n Chalmers' Annals, i. 7. Chal- mers says, it is the oldest American State Paper of England. See also Pun-has, i. 718. Life of Columbus, c. Ixiii. P. Martyr, 46. Eelknaji Biog. i. 149, jjo. Rcbertson, book iz. 16. Forster's Voyages, j66. \ ,4^^ i6 AMERICAN ANNALS. Spain. 1 496. of his ambition ; the discipline, maintained by his prudence, as excess of rigour ; the punishments, that he inflicted on the mutineers, as cruehy. Re- solved to return to Spain, to vindicate himself from these false charges, already made against him to the Spanish court, he exerted the small remains of his authority in settling affairs for the preven- tion of such disorders, as had taken place during his former absence. He built forts in the princi** pal parts of the island ; established the civil gov- ernment on a better footing ', and redoubled his Coiumbui diligence for the discovery of mines. Having * fails for made these prudential arrangeitients, he set ^ail from Isabella, on the tenth of March,* with 225 Spaniards and 30 Indians ; leaving the supreme power in the government of the Province to his brother Bartholomew, with the title of Adelantado ; and the administration of justice to Francis Roldan, with the title of Alcalde* • The natives of Hispaniola, by wart with the Spaniards, ^nd a pestilential disease, occasioned by the damp places in which they concealed themselves to shun tlieir enemy, were already essentially re- duced in numbers and in strength. It is asserted by a very credible historian, that one third of these wretched inhabitants had now perished. ' Three ships having arrived in July at Isabella with provisions from Cadiz, Bartholomew Colum« bus, on dispatching them for their return to Spain, sent on board three hundred Indian flaves. This measure was in compliance with the royal mandate ; for their Catholic majesties, on receiving informa- tion, that some caziques had killed the Spaniards, had ordered, that, whoever should be found guilty of that crime, should be sent to Spain.* X He visited several of the West India islands, before his departut^ for Spain, which was not till the aoth of Aptil. Herrera, i. 1^4. a P. Martyr, 8, 46. Herrera, i. 153. 3 Herrera, i. 147. 4 Ibid. i. iCS. m t AMERICAN ANNALS. »7 ITic country on the southern coast of Hispanio- la, appearing very beautiful, was judged an eligible place for settlement. Bartholomew Columbus, hav- ing received written orders from his brother Chris- topher in Spain, to remove the colony from Isabel- la to the south part of the island, now began a settlement there,* and, in memory of his £ther, Vhose name was Dominick, called it Santo Domin- -go.* H97- ^ Henry VII on the third of February gave per- Royal pcr- Wission to John Cabot, to take six English ships in J^'^'°cab*- ■any haven or havens of the realm of England, be- ot for six mg of the burden of two hundred tons or under, ''"i^'* with the requisite furniture, and all such masters, mariners, and subjects of the king, as should be willing to accompany him. ' Whatever might have been the cause, an equipment appears not to have 1t)een made, to the extent of the royal licence. In the beginning of May,* Cabot and his son Se- Voyage of liastian and three hundred men^ with two carav-* *" els, freighted by the merchants of London and Bristol, commenced a voyage of discovery. ^ On the twenty fourth of June they were surprized by the sight of land, which, being the first they had june 44. seen, they called Prima Vista. This is generally They dis- supposed to be some part of the island of New- ^^""^^ foundland. A few days afterward they discover- ed a smaller island, to which, on account probably I Herrera, 16?, 169. a Life of Columbus, c. Ixx'iii. P. Martyr, 66. - 3 Hakluyt, i. 511, «rhere is inserted a record of the rolls, relating to this voyage, entitled, " Billa signata Anno 13 Henrici 7." See Hazard Coll. i. la Chahners, i. 8. Ilrit. £mp. in America, i. JntroiL vL 4 See Note I. at the end of the volume. 5 P. Martyr, aja. i Fabian, in his Chronicle, says, that one ship at Bristol was manned and victualled at the king's cost ; that divers merchants of London ven- tured in her small stocks ; and that in the company of the said Aip sailed also out of Bristol three or four small ships, " fraught with sleight and groise merchandizes." Hakluyt, i. J15. ts AMEHICAN ANNALS. (he cuiiti tiiiL-iit of tlu- Nl'w World. Pitiirn to l,ii^laiid. Remark. li 1497. of Its being diocovered on the day of John the Biiptiiit, they gave the oameof St. John. Contin- uing their course westwardly, they soon reached the cominent, and then sailed along the coast Coajt along northwardly to the latitude of d'] and a half de- grees. ' Finding that the coast stretched towarpa" wretched people to Ihe most grievous oppression. ^ mob. s ton?. Vincent Yanez Pinzon having, in connexion with voy?jre Ariez Pinzon, built four caravels, sailed from Palos °^ ^'''' ^''"' for America.* He stood boldly toward the south, and was the first Spaniard, who ventured to cross the equinoctial hue. * In February he discovered a cape, in eight degrees south latitude, and called it Cabo de Consokcion ; * but it has since been called Cape Augustine.' Here he landed, but could obtain no interview with the natives. ^ Sail- historiaos remember, and it ought not to be forgotten, that the CAnoTS ivere the first discoverers of the Continent of America. See A. D. 1497. X Robertson, i. book ii. t Herrera, i. ail. 3 Robertson, i. book ii. 4 Prince [Chron. Jntrod. 8i.] says, lie sailed from Palos 13 November, 1499 5 *"vas from the river of Maragnon, or Ama- zons, to the river of Plate. * The implacable enemies of Columbus renewing their complaints against him, the king and queen of Spain sent Bovadilla as a judge, with power to inquire into his conduct ; atad with authority, if he should find the accusations proved, to send him in- to Spain, iind to remain himself, as governor. Bov- adilla, on his arrival at Hispaniola, thoroughly ex- ecuted his commission. He assumed the govern- ment of the Colony, and sent Columbus home in chains*' Portugal^ at that time still in her glory, disre- garding the donatioii made by the Pope, and the compromise for half the world, to which she had re- luctantly agreed, viewed all the discoveries, made by Spain in the New World, as so tfxdiny encroachments on her own rights and property. Under the in- fluence of this national jealousy, Caspar de Corte- real, a Portuguese, of respectable family, inspired with the resolution of discovering new countries, and a new route to India, sailed from Lisbon, with two ships,' at his own tost. In the course of his nav- igation, he arrived at Newfoundland, at a bay, which he named Conception Buy ; explored the t Purchas, V. 1437> % Life of Columbus, c. Izxxv, Ixxx^n. Herrera, i. iiS-^^Ai- 'Bei'kaa.f I)mc. on Discovery of America, X15. The captain of the ve8sel,.in which Columbus sailed, touched with respect for his years and nr.orit, offered to take off the irons ; but ke did not allow it. " Since the king has com- ** manded, that 1 ^ould obey his governor, he shall find me as obedient " to ^s» as I have been to all his other orders. Nothing, but his com- ** mands, shall release me. if twelve years hardship and fatigue ; if con- *' tinual dangers, and frequeift famine ; if the ocean, first opened, and five * times passed and repassed, to add a new world, abounding with wealth, ** to the Spanish monarchy ; and if an infirm and premature old age, ** brought oft by those sehrices, deserve these chains as a reward ; it is *■ very fit I should wear them to Spain, and keep them by me as memo- * rials to the end of my life." Europ. Settlements, i. 43'~->45. He :ic- cordingly kept them until his deathv " 1 always saw those irons in hit room," tayt his son Ferdinand, " which he ordered to be buried with lus body.*^ Life of Columbus, c. Ixxzvi. Herrera, i. i4>t I Herr«n [i 314.3 tsft, they were Cu-aireisi 25 1500. , --r.V.- 1 A new gov- ernor ar- rives at Hispaniola, and in Oc- tober sends home Co- lumbus ia chains. Corlereal'i voyage to Newfound- land t d6 AMERICAN ANNALS* nV Proceeds to Ciuadu ; discovers Terra Verde, siace culled Terra de Cortereal ; and Labra- dor. On liis re- turn to this country, he Is Lbt. whole eastern coast of the island ; arid prociiided to the mouth of the great river of Canada. He af- terwards discovered a land, which he, at first, nam- ed Terra Verde, but which, in remembrance of the discoverer, was afterwards called Terra de Corte- real. That part of it, which, being on the South side of the fiftieth degree of north latitude, he judg«» ed to be fit for cultivation, he named. Terra de Lab- rador. Returning, and communicatirig the news of his discovery to his native country, he hastened ])uck, to visit the coast of Labrador, and to go to India through the straights of Anian, which he im- magined he had just discovered. Nothing, howev- er, was afterward heard of him. It is presumed that he was cither murdered by the Esquimaux sav- a^^es, or perished among the ice. On this disas- trous event, a brother of Cortereal undertook th4^ same voyage, with two ships ; but probably met with a similar fate j for he was heard of no mpre. * }|i t ill 1501. Voyage of Rodcrigo dc Bastidas, in partnership with lotirt Jf.^n-'iSHl, de la Cosa, fitted out two ships from Cadiz. Sail- mg toward the western continent, he arrived on the coast of Paria ; and, proceeding to the west, dis- covered all the coast of the province, since known by the name of Terra Firma, from Cape de Vela to the Gulf of Darien. ' Not long after, Ojeda, with his former associate Amerigo Vespucci, set out on a second voyage, and, being unacquainted with the destination of Basti- das, held the same course, and touched at the same places. These voyages tended to increase the ar-^ dour of discovery. ^ ^ I Forster Voy. 460, 461. Harris Vojr. i.a 70. Venef as California! i. I xS> ' 4 Robertson, i. 199. Prince, Chron. Introd. 81. Hanis Voy. i. 270; but Galvaiio, cited by Harris, puts this voyage in 1503. 3 Robcrtuon, i. book ii. Josselyn Vopges, 230. In Bibliotheca Amer* Second voy.ige of Ojcda. 11 AMERICAN ANNALS. «7 1502. . f Columbus exhibited so many charges at the . (Court of Spain against Bovadilla, demanding justice at the same time for the injuries, which he had done him, that their Catholic majesties resolved to send another governor to Hispaniola. Nicholas de O- Vando, knigfit of the order of Alcantara, being ap- pointed to this office, he sailed on the thirteenth of j, ,^ February for America, with thirty two ships, in a new which two thousand five hundred persons embark- srnnishgc- , . , 1 . . f ,. / , viTiior sails ed, with the mtention 01 settlmg m the country, to America This was the most respectable armament, hitherto ^^"'^ "^soo Utted out for the New World. On the arrival of P'^''^"'* • this new governor, Bovadilla, whose imprudent ad- ministration threatened the settlement with ruin, resigned his charge ; and was commanded to re- turn instantly to Spain, to ansv/er for his conduct. ' Ovando was particularly charged by the queen, that ^he Indians of Hispaniola should be free from ser- vitude, and protected, like the subjects of Spain ; and that they should be carefully instructed in the Christian faith. By command of their majesties, both Spaniards and Indians were to pay tythes ; none were to Uve in the Indies, but natives of Castile ; none to go on discoveries, without leave firom their highnesses ; no Jews, Moors, nor new converts, to b" tolerated in the Indies ; and all, that had been taken from the admiral and his brothers, was to be restored to them. * In the large fle^t, that now arrived, came over ten Franciscan Friars ; and these were tlie first ec- clesiastics of that order, who came to settle in the indies, * 1 118* 1170; Imer* icana is pre5erved tlje following title of a bonk : " Anierici ^'esputii Navl- gatio tertia a Lisboiix portu cum tribiis Conservantiac Kavibus ad Notum prbem ulterjus detegendura, die Maiidecima 1501." I Herrera, i. 247 — ^S7>' Robertson,!. 188, 189. a Herrera, i. 448, SjO. 3 Ibid. i. 249. , ■ ,. . > I i k'l II I? I 1502, AMERICAN ANNALS, Columbus, acquitted at the court of Spain with the promise of restitution and reward, required but few incentives to engage once more in discoveries* His ambition was, to arrive at the East Indies i and thus to surround the globe. On this pros** Svoya^e P^^^' ^^ ^^^ ^"^^ °^^ ^^ ^^X °" ^^^ fourth and of coiun;- last voyagc, under the royal patronage, with a fleet ^"*" of four vessels, carrying one hundred and forty men and boys, among whom were his brother Bartho- lomew, and his son Ferdinand, the writer of his .. life. * In twenty one days after his departure from Cadiz he arrived at Dominica ; and in twenty six June aj. at Hispauiola, Scon after his arrival at this island, ^JISoIu apprehending an approaching storm, he advised a fleet, then ready for sea, not to leave the port j but his advice was disregarded. The fleet, consisting of eighteen sail, within forty hours after its depart- ure was overtaken by a terrible tempest ; and of the whole number of vessels, three or four only were saved. Among those, that were lost, was the ship, in which was Bovadilla, the governor, who had sent Columbus, in a tyrannical and scan- dalous manner, to Spain, * Roldan and the greater part of the enemies of Columbus were swallowed up at the same time, with the immense wealth, which they had unjustly acquired. The fate of the Indian king of Magna, now also lost, was less horrible, than the outrage, that preceded it, He had offered to 1 l.ife of Columbus, c. Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii. P. Martyr, xo», ao6 ; but he wys, there were 1 70 men ■ " cum hominibus centum teptuaginta.'* Herrera, i. 25 a. Belknap Biog. i. |<6, 117. 2 Life of Columbus, c. Ixxxviii. Europ. Settlements, i. chap. vii. Bel- knap Biog. i. 116. Herrera [i. 253.] says, the fleet consisted of 31 ships; the Author of Europ. Settlements says, it consisted of ao, and that 16 pc^ rished. I have followed Ferdinand Columbus. On board the ihip, in which Bovadilla perished, was a mass pf gold, estimated at 33 10 pesos, which was designed as a present to the Spanish king und queen. P. Mar- tyr ascribes the loss of the ship partly to the weight of the gold : " prx nimio "entium et auri pondere, summersa interiit." De Nov. Orb. 101. Purthas rer.idrks, this is « a fit emblem for Christians, who, when they will lade •themselves with this thick clay, drown the soule io destruckion And |jerdition." Piljjrims, i. 72$. C ■">-..• , AMERICAN ANNALS. ^i> t'-ll the ground, to the extent of fifty niiu.s, for the 15024 Spaniards, if they would spare him and his people from the mines. A Spanish captain, in return for this generous proposal, ravished his wife ; and the unhappy king, who secreted himself, was taken and *ent on board the fleet, to be carried to Spain. ' After the storm Columbus sailed to the conti- J^"^• *^. pent, tnd discovered the Bay of Honduras, * where the'^Buy <.f he landed ; then proceeded along the main shore Honduras^ to Cape Gracias a Dios ; and thence to the isthmus of Darien, where he hoped, but in vain, to find a passage to the South Sea. ^ At the isthmus he found a harbour, which he entered on the second of November j and, on account of its beauty and security, called it Porto Bello. * PortoBclicv Porto de la Plata, or the Haven of Silver, thir- ty five leagues north of St. Domingo, was built this year by Ovando. ' >/ Hugh Elliot and Thomas Ashurst, merchants of Bristol, with two other gentlemen, obtained letters patent from Henry VII, f Dr the establishment of co- lonies in the countries newly discovered by Cabot^ Whether they ever availed themselves of this per- mission, and made any voyages to the New World, neither their contemporaries, nor subsequent writ- ' ; crs, inform us.*' On this charier of Jicence, An- . Z Purchas, I. 913. a Columbus called it. The Port of Casinas. Hcrrera, iii. ^f,^. 3 Herrera, Ibid. Robertson, i. 203, 206. Prince, Jntrod. 8z. Belknap Biog. i. 118. 4 Herrera, i. 969. Life of Columbus, c. xcii. It was probably from personal observation, that Ferdinand Columbus drew thib description : * The country about that harbour, higher up, is not very rough, but til- led, and full of houses, a stone's throw or a bow shot on$ from the other ; jmd it )opk* like the finest landscape a man can imagine." A water spout near Porto Bello 13 December excited great alarm among the Spaniards. The same writer remarks : " If they had not dissolvttd it by saying the Gospel of St. John, it had certainly sunk whatsoever it fell upon." Ibid. 5 Univ. Hist. xJi. 518. This haven was formerly reckoned the second place of consequence in Hispaniola ; but in 1763 it wa« a mere fishing village. Ibid. 6 Forster Voy. 189, 431. This con^mission, \n the original Latin, i« ij^ Hazard ColL i. Xi"— i^. m x AMERICAN ANNAI.S. derson observes, that king Henry pays no regard to the imaginary line or division n;ade between Spain and Portugal by the Pope's authority ; and that, according to his genius and former practice, Jie does not pretend to give one penny toward the enterprise. *' It therefore," he subjoins, " suc- ceeded no better than Cabot's voyage ; for private adventurers rarely have abilities and patience suffi- cient to perfect such undertakings, unless support- ed by the public," * (ii III III Columljus rt'stjlves to nettle a co- lor.-/ vt !J: 150.3- Columbus, leaving Porto BelK), entered the riv- er Yebra on the nmth of Ja^inary. The beauty and fertility of the adjacent country invited him to begin a plantation. Remaining at Yebra, he sent his brother Bartholomew with sixty eight men in Veraguay ; jjQ^ts to the river Veraguay, whence they proceed- ed to the river Dnraba. Finding abundance of gold here, it was conclud .^. to establish a settlement, llie Spaniards actually began to erect houses ; but their insolence and rapacity incensed the natives, who, falling upon them, killed several of their ^ .^^ number, and obliged them to relinquish the de- puised by sign. * Thcsc Indians were a more hardy race, tiie natives. (|^an those of the islands ; and this was the first re- pulse, sustained by the Spaniards. But for this ad- verse occurrence, Columbus would have had the honour of planting the firstcolony on the continent of America. Leaving this hostile region, he now sailed for Hispaniola ; but by the violence of a storni . was obliged to run his ships ashore at Jamaica. In wrecVed at his dlstrcss at this island, he sent some of the jiimaica. hardiest of his men to Hispaniola, to represent his • I Hist. Commerce, li. 7. 2 P. Martyr, 214, 215. " FiVcre ibi pedem fuit consilium: sed inco- Ise futuram perniciem olfacientu's, vetueruiit. Facto agmine, cum hor« rendo damore ruunt in nostros, qui domus ;i:dificare jam cxperant." Ibid. AMERICAN ANNAtS. fcaiamitous situation to the governor, and to solic- it vessels, to carry him and his people away. lie remained however ;it Jamaica eight months, without the least intellirjencc from his messengers, or assist- ance from the governor. The natives becoming exasperated at tlie delay of the Spaniards, the bur- den of whose support was intolerable, the inver - tive genius of Columbus had recourse to an admira- ble device, to regain his authority. Assembling the principal Indians around him, he caused them to understand, that the God, whom he served, pro- voked at their refusal to support the objects of his favourite regard, iiitended to inflict on them a speedy and severe judgment, of which they would soon see manifest tokens in the heavens J for on that night the moOn should withhold her light, and appear of a bloody hue, as an omen of their ap- proaching destruction. His metiacing prediction was ridiculed ; but its actual accomplishment, at the precise time foretold, striidk the barbarians with terror* This eclipse of the moon, which he ha.■> Bastidas, with the leave of king Fcrilinanii, went with two ships, to discover that part of Terra Fir- ma, where lay Carthagcna. ' Landing on the is- land Codego,* he took six hundred of the natives ; proceeded to the Gulf of Uraba ; and returned to St. Domingo, laden with flaves. * Some adventurous navigators from Biscay, Brc- Newfoupd- tagne, and Normandy, in France, came this year Imidfisiar/. in snu'U vessels, to fisn on the banks of Newfound- land ; and these were the first French vessels, that appeared on the coasts of North America. * ^ '»1 505- ^K The Indians of Hispaniola having made several war re- attempts to recover their lil^eity, the Spaniards con- '■^'^w.^wiih sidered their conduct as rebellious, and took arms, „t iiiJlai;. to reducr them to subjection. They made war a- ''^*''- gainst the cazique of Higuey, ^ who,after signalizing himself in defence of his countrymen, was . igno- miniously hung. Anacoana, the female cazique of Xaraguay,'' being accused at this time of a design to exterminate the Spaniards, Ovando, the Spanish go- vernor, mder pretence of making her a respectful visit, marched toward Xaraguay with three hun- dred foot and seventy horsemen. She received him 1 This name liad been given to that port by Cohimbus, on account of its 1 semblance to a port of that name in Spain. 1*. Martyr, 105. a k lay near the f ort ; and this was the hidian name. *' IiiBulan^ vo- cant incoias"Oodt'go." Ibid. 3 Harris Voy. L 270. 4 Anderson Hist. Commerce, ii. 9. Brit. JKmp. in America, Litrel xlvi. Encyc. Methodique, Geog. Art. Canada. 'I'his fishery appears to hi.ve been immediately productive. The French account is : " De« 1504, U» Basques, les Bretons et les Normands, utiles et audacieux navigatuurs, < try, and were exasperated with her for endeavouring to rvttiaiu their e.v.< evutt, Kebertson. "4 Aj\:krtcan annals. ' Avith every token of honour, and feasted him seVtf. ral days. Amidst this security, the Spaniards, at a preconcerted signal, drew their swords, and rush- ed on the defenceless and astonished Indians. Their princess was instantly secured. Her attendants were seized and bound, and left to perish in the flames of the house, where they were assembled, which was set on fire. Anacoana was carried in chains to St. Domingo, where, after the formality of a trial, she was condemned to be hanged. This atrocious conduct toward the Haytin princes com- '^tTamT' P^'^^^^y humbled the natives, who, in all the prov* final subju- inces of Hispaniola, now submitted, without far- gadon. ther resistance, to the Spanish yoke. * 1506. Columbus, exhausted by age, fatigues, and dis- appointments, died at Valladolid in Spain on th« twentieth of May, in the fifty ninth year of his age, and was buried in the cathedral of Seville, " He died with a composure of mind suitable to the magnanimity which distinguished his character, and with sentiments of piety. Death of Coluuibus. becoming that su- preme respect for religion, which he manifested in every occurrence of his life." * On his tomb is this Spanish inscription : A Castilla ya Leon, Nue- I Robertson, i. book ili. B. de las Casas Relation, p. 14. Casas says, that after this unjust war ended, with such a destruction and massacre, the Spaniards, having reserved few beside the women and children, di- vided these among themselves ; some keeping 30, others 40, others xoo, some »co, according to the interest they had with the tyrant [governor] of the Island. Ibid. 16. a Robertson, i. book ii. Columbus waR tall of stature, long visaged, of a majestic aspect, his nose hooked, his eyes grey, of a clear complexian, somewhat ruddy, his beard and hair, when young, fair, though through many hardships they soon turned grey. He was witty and pleasant, well spoken and eloquent, moderately grave, affable to strangers, to his own family mild. His conversation was discreet, which gained him the affec> tion of those he had to deal with ; and his presence attracted respect, hav- ing an air of authority and grandeur. He was always temperate in eat- ing and drinking, and modest in his dress. He understood Latin, and composed verses. In religion he was very zealous and devout. He was a man of undaunted courage, higli thoughts, and foud of great eaterprisea. ■^W»)r^^^ AMERICAN ANNALS. vo MuNDo Dio Colon ; in English, '* To Cas- f tile and Leon Cplumbus gave a New World.**' Some slips of the sugar cane were now brought from the Canary islands and planted in Hispaniola, where they were found to thrive so well, as soon to become an object of commerce. ' Jean Denys, a Frenchman, sailed with his pilot Camart, a native of Rouen, from Honfleur to New- foundland, and drew a map of the Gulf of St. Law- rence and of the coast of the adjacent country. ^ IS 1507- Ferdinand, king of Spain, established a Board Spanish of Trade, composed of persons, eminent for rank ^^^'^^ of and abilities, to which he committed the adminis- tration of American affairs. * Pursuant to bulls of the Pope, Father Garcia de Padilla was nominated the first bishop of St. Do- ;, y,,^ mingo. Their Catholic majesties ordered the Ca- thedral church of that city to be magnificently \_ built at their own expense. ^ The inhabitants of Hispaniola, computed to have been, when Columbus discovered the island, at least i one million, were now reduced to sixty thousand. " Herrera, who gives this description and charncter of Cohimbus [i. 311, 311.], adds, " Had he performed such a wonderful enterprife in the an- cient days, as the discovery of a New World, it is likely that he would not only have had statues, and even temples, erected to his honour, but that some star would have been dedicated to him, as was done to Hercu- les and Bacchus." I Life of Columbus, c cviii. Belknup Biog. i. 123. % Robertson, i. book iii. Anderson, ii. 13. 3 Forster Voy. 431, 43a. Conduite des Francois, Note 9. Anderson, Hist. Com. ii. 9. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 406 ; the Authors of which suppose, that Cabot's discovery of Canada thus early attracted the attention of the French. 4 Robertson, L 226. The Spanish name of this court was Cata dt Ceit' tratacion. In Robertson, iii. 264, this establishment is, by a typographical . error probably, put in 1501. 5 Herrera, i. 318, where are particular instructions to the Prelates on ecclesiastical affairs. 6 Robertson, i. 217. An author, cited by Purchas [i. 9x4], says, that in , three or four months, while he was in a certain town in one of the West India islands, 6000 children died for the want of their parents, who were seat to the mines. See B. de las Casas, Relut. p. 23. , 3^ AMERICAN ANNALS. The natives of the Lucayo islands, to the num^ ber of twelve hundred thousand, wasted in the mines of Hispaniola and Cuba, or by diseases and famine, had previously become extinct, * 1508. Juan Diaz de Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzoa sailed from Seville, with two caravels, to the coast of Brasil, and went to the thirty fifth degree south latitude, where they found the great river Parana- The-name S"^''-"> which they Called Rio de Plata, or River of' Silver. * Proceeding to the fortieth degree, tliey erected crosses wherever they landed, took formal possession, and returned to Spain. In this voyage they discovered an extensive province, known af- terward by the name of Yucatan. ^ Sebastian de Ocampo by command of Ovando sailed around Cuba, and first discovered with cer- Voytlire <»f Di.iz (le iSolis :ind V. Y. Pin- zon. the Rio de Plata. Discover Ydcatan. Ciilia dis- covered to bo an ii land. ' *■ tainty, that this cc".'try, which Columbus once supposed to be a part of the continent, is a large island.* Piocrress of The gold. Carried from Hispaniola in one year. Commerce, about this time, amounted to four hundred and six- • ^ I Purchas, i. 904. The Spaniards, understanding it to be the opinion of the Lucayans, that depnrted souls, after certain expiations on cold north- ern mountains, would pass to a southern region, persuaded tbem to be- lieve that they had come frrm that place, where they might see their de- parted parents and children, acquaintance and friends, and enjoy every deli"-ht. Thus seduced, they went with the Spaniards to Hispaniola and Cuba. But, when they discovered that they had been deceived ; that they had come to dark mines, instead of Elyitian fields ; that they should not find any one of theif parents or friends, but be compelled to submit to a severe government, and to unwonted and oriel labours ; abandoned to despair, they eitner killed themselves, or, obstinately rejecting food, they breathed out their lan)5;uid spirits. P. Martyr,, 481. " Quando vero »e deceptos fuisse conspexerunt, nee parentibus aut optatorum cuiquam oc- currerent, scd gravia fmperia et insuetos ac saevos labores subire cogeren- tur, in desperatioriem versi, aut setpsos necabant, aut electa inedia langui- — do8 emittebant spiritus, nulla ratione aut vi persuasi, ut cibum siunere Vellent. Ita miseris Lucain est finis impositus." t Though it now first re«:eived this n^me, it was previously ditcoVt •red by the Portuguese. See A. D. 1500. .■} Herrera, i. 333. Life of Columbus, c. ixxxix. Robertson, i. 130. ' 4 Robertson,!. 231. AMERICAN ANNALS. ■ir ty thousand pieces of eight. Cotton, sugar, and ginger, now also became considerable articles of exportation from the West Indies to Spain. ' The Spaniards, finding the miserable natives not Ncgroe, ^o robust and equal to the labour of the mines and i"^'"!'"^ fields, as negroes brought from Africa, began about punioU." the same time to import negroes into Hispaniola from the Portuguese settlements on the Guinea coast. ' A hurrica^p demolished all the houses in St. Hurncane. Domingo, and destroyed upward of twenty vessels in the harbour. ^ ^Thomas Aubert, a shipmaster, made a voyage The French from Dieppe to Newfoundland ; and, proceeding ''•^'t Mil up thence to the river of St. Lawrence, war, the first stl'i'.aw-'^ who sailed up this great river to the country of Ca- f*;nce. nada. On his return he carried pver to Paris some pf the natives.* ,,'^,, ' 1509. ' • Don Diego, son of Christopher Columbus, now Don Dio-a succeeding Ovando in the government of Hispan- s.'ccmu ' iola,^ repaired to the island, accompanied byOv.ndo us his wife, his brother and uncles, and a numerous s^^vcmor. retinue of both sexes, many of whom were marri- ed here, apd the island began to be populated. He placed a lieutenant over the island of Cuba." A- 1 Anderson Hist. Commerce, ii. ij. Z Ibid. Robertson [i. 178.] says, a few negro slaves were sent to Ame- rica in the year 1503 3 Purchas, i. 910. 4 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 406. British Emp. Iiitmd. xlvi. Anderson H!st. Ccftnrtierce, ii. 15. Forster [432] says, he made this voyage in a ship cal- led the Pensee, belonging to his father, Jean Ango, Viscount of Dieppe. 5 For two years after the death of Columbus, this son had made in- cessant but fruitless application to king Ferdinand for the offices and rights, to which he wis legally entitled. He at lasi commenced a suit against the king before the Council of the indies, and obtained a decree, in con- firmation of his claim of the viceroyalty, with all the other privileges, etipulated in the capitulation with his father. Pvobertscn, i. l;ouk ill. 4 Harris Voy. i. 171. Robertson, i. bock iii. \ $$ AMERICAN ANNAL§. An attempt to settle rhe co;ui- greeably to instruction from the king, he set- tled a colony in Cubagua, where large fortunes were vsoon acquired by the fishery of pearls.* Alonso de Ojeda, having sailed from Hispaniola with a ship and two brigantines, carrying three hundred soldiers, to settle the continent, landed at Carthagena ; but was beaten oiF by the natives. While he began a settlement at St. Sebastian,* on the east side of the gulf of Darien, Diego Nicues- rroves un- sa with six ves >els and seven hundred and eighty •uccessfui. jj^gjj began another at Nombre de Dios, on the west side. ^ Both however were soon broken up by the natives.'' j>ulf of Puerto 1510. A small The greater part of those, who had engaged with tieii"u d-.e Ojeda and Nicuessa in the expedition for settling the continent, having perished in less than a year, a few, who survived, now settled, as a feeble colo- ny, at Santa Maria on the gulf of Darien, under the command of Vasco Nunez de Balboa. ' Juan Ponce de Leon, who had commanded in the eastern district of Hispaniola, under Ovando, now effected a settlement, by his permission, on Puerto Rico. "Within a few years this island was subjected to the Spanish go .ornment ; and the na- tives, treated with rigour aiid worn out with fa- tigue and suiferir.gs, soon ijecame extinct. " X Robertson, i. book ill. 3 Harris [i. 271.] from Galvano, calls it a fort, and says, It wast he first Inii'.t by the Spaniards in Terra Firma. 3 Nicuessa obliged all his men, whether sick or well, to work on his fort, and they died at their labour. The 780 men, whom be brought from Hispaniola, were soon reduced to T!po. Herrera, i. 359. 4 ELcrrera, ibid. Harris Voy. i. ayi. Robertson [i- ^^ Ui.] says, that thsst Indians were fierce and warlike ; that their arrows were dipped in a poison so noxious, that every wound was followed with certain death ; that in one encounter they skw above 70 of Ojeda's follolvers ; and that the Spa)'.j;ii-ds, for the first time, were taught tc dread the inhabitants of the New World. 5 Robertson, book iin Prince Chron. Intrad, ''J. 6 Ht-rrera, i. 369. Uubertson,i. book iii. This island was discoven«i ^ f : • i ii If. 39 lllTliittAv American ANNAts. John de Esquibel sailed from Hispaniola, and j began a settlement at Jamaica. ' 1511. Don Diego Columbus proposing to conquer the cs;^ension not long after arose between Vasco Nunez and Arias. Vasco, charged with calumny against the government, was sent for by the gov* ernor, and put in chains ; and, after some formali- ties of a trial, was condemned, and beheaded. ' Puerto Rico, the chief town on the island of this name, was founded, and John Ponce de Leon ap« pointed its governor. ^ Pearl Is- lands dis- covered. Bermudas discovered. Gasper Morales, sent by Pedro Arias d'Avila, marched from Darien across the land to the South Sea ; and discovered the Pearl Islands in the bay of St. Michael in five degrees north latitude.'' John Arias began to people Panama on the South Sea, and discovered two hundred and fifty leagues on the coast to eight degr^^es thirty minutes north latitude.* Gonsales Ferdinandus Oviedas discovered the is- lands of Bermudas, ''' 1 2 degrees north of llispaniola. i. 27 1. F. John de Quevedo, a Franciscai friar, came over with bim, as bishop of Darien, accompanied with several ecclesiastics of that order. Herrera, ii. 69. Herreia, ii. 128. Robertson, i. 2.50, 251. 1 Herrera, ii. 68, 69, Robertson, i. 257. B. de las Casas [23 — a6.] says, that this " merciless governor" ran through above 50 leagues of the finest country in the world, and carried desolation with him wherever he Went ; that before his arrival there were many villages, tov.;:5 and cities, which excelled those of all the neighbouring countries ; that this country abounded in gold, more than any that had yet been discovered ; that the Spaniards in a little time carried away above three millions out of this kingdom ; and that here above 800,000 people were slaughtered. 2 P. Martyr, 320. 3 Univ. Hist. xli. jao. Encyclop. Methodi(iue, Gaog. Art. Juan tnt Puerto Rico. 4 Harris Voy. i. 271. Prince Chron. IntroJ. 83. 5 Prince, ibid. 84. 6 Ibid, from PurchavS. Many authors ascribe this discovery to JohnBer« mudez,a Spaniard, in ij%2. 7" AMERICAN ANNALS. 43 '\ 1516. Juan Diiiz de Solis, a*: that time reputed the ablest navip,;7'ir in the world, ' was appointed by the kinrr of Spain to command two ships, fitted out to discover a passage to the Molucca or Spice Islands by the west, and to open a communication with them.' Having saHcd ihe preceding October he entered the Rio de Plata in January.^ In at- tempting a descent in the countr)- ' about this river, De Solis and several of his crew were slain by the natives, who, in sight of the ships, cut* their bodies in pieces, roasted and devoured them. Diocourag- ed by the loss of their commander, and terrified by th'S shocking spectacle, the surviving Spaniards sailed to Cape St. Augustin, where they loaded ■with Brasil wood, and set sail for Europe, without aiming at any farther discovery. ^ Voyage of Juan Diaz Dti Solis, Jan. I. Enters tho Rio de Plata. Is sl.^iii by the natives. The enter- prise abano doneil. I Herrera, a. 79. a Robertson, i. book iii. 3 Ibid. On the autiiority of Purchas I had conctudtd, that the Portu- i;uese first discovered the river de La Plata about A. D. i jco [See ^.36, note a.] ; but, on a careliil ii;spection of Hakluyt and Purchas, I am led to believe, that the honour of that discovery may belong to Juan Diaz de Solis, in 1508. Hakluyt's account, taken fii.m tlie san e MS.* which Pur- cbas afterward more completely published, says, that Don Emanuel, on hearing the news of Cubral's discovery in the west, " sent praently ** shippes to discover the whole countrey, and found it to be a part of " America." But it does not satisfactorily ajipear, that these ships went 60 far south as La Plata. A controversy arising between the kings of Portugal and Spain, " they agreed in tie (■/; into Ame- rica, sold it for twenty live thousand ducats to some Genoese merchants, who first brou canoes, full of Indians, decently clad in cotton gar- ments ; ^ a spectacle astonishing to the Spaniards, who had found every other part of America pos- sessed by naked savages. He landed in various places ; but being assailed by the natives, armed "with arrows, he left the coast. Continuing his course toward the west, he arrived at Cam peachy. ' At the mouth of a river, some leagues to the north' I Herrera, il. iot. Robertson, i. book iil. a Robertson, i. 279. 3 This port is 'called in the language of Cuba, Agaruco ; H. Diaz, i. 3 5 in that of Spain, La Havana. Purchas, v. 1415. 4 Bernal Diaz del Castillo, who was with Corc!«>va in this expedition, fays [i.J.], an Indian chief, who came with 12 canoes to the Spanish ^(^s- •els, made signals to the captain, that he woiild bring them to land, sayin;^ " Con-Escotoch, Con-Escotoch," which signifies, " Come to our town,' ' whence the Spaniards named it Punta de Catoche. J De Solis had previously seen this coast. See A. D. 1508. 6 The women of this place were remarkably delicate. " Fo-min.T; a clngulo ad talum induuntur, velaminibusque diversis caput et pectora te- gunt, et pudice cavent ne crus, aut pes illis visatur." P. Martyr, 290. 7 The Indians called the place Q^uimteeh, wlience the name of Cam» sea^hy. Herrera, ii. 113. tM» 46 AMERICAN ANNALS, ward of that place, naving landed his troops, to protect his sailors wliile filling their water casks, the natives rushed on them with such fury, that forty seven Spaniards were killed on the spot, and one man only escaped unhurt. Cordova, though wounded in twelve places, directed a retreat with r^Tir"!! ?J^^'^^ presence of mind, and his men, with much difficulty redlining the ships, hastened back to Cu- ba, where, ten days after their arrival, Cordova died of his wounds. ' The cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland kndiishe- had already attracted the attention of several Eu- t' ropean nations ; for fifty Spanish, French, and Portuguese ships were employed in it this year.* by Newfouiu'^ Voyage of Cirijulva. Discovers the Mexi- can cop.st ; and calls the coun- try New Spain. 1518. Don Diego Velasquez, governor of Cuba, en- couraged by the account, that he received from those, who went on the expedition with Cordova, now fitted out a second armament. Juan de Gri- jalva, to whom he gave the principal command of the enterprise, sailed on the fifth of April from St. Jago de Cuba, with four ships and two hundred Spanish soldiers, to Yucatan ; discovered the south- ern coast of the bay of Mexico to Panuco toward Florida ; and first called the country New Spain.* I Purchas, i. 783. P. Martyr, 289, 290. Herrcra, iii. 113 — 117. B. Diaz, i. chap. i. Robertson, i. book iii. Univ. Hist. xli. 468. 3 Anderson Hist. Commerce, ii. .^4. Thar respectable author says, this is the first account we have of tliat fishery. But he allows, that French vessels came on the coast of Newfoundland as early as 1504 ; and the French writers are probably correct in affirming, that they came that year to ash. See A. D. 1504. If Hakluyt's conjecture is right, we are in- debted to Sir Thomas Pert and Sebastian Cabot for the above information respecting the Newfoundland fishery. Ho supposes that Oviedo,a Spanish liistorian, alludes to their voyage [See A. D. IJ16], when he says, «« That in the year 1517, an English rover under the colour of travelling to dis- cover, came with a great ship unto the partes of Brasillonthe coast of the Firme Land, and from thence he crossed over unto this island of Hispanio- la" &c. This English ship, according to Anderson, had been at New- foundland, and reported at Hispaniola the above statement of its fisherx. See Hakluyt, i. 516, and iii. 499. 3 Herrera, ii. 120. Purchas, i. 783, 8i2, 813. B. Diaz, i. chap. ii. Int mei Sacr Juan sive Fr tainc of th niam< soldie who degre< dred i theba degree This ; dians c 3 Vel present having appoint He Soils, i, cyclop. M, I " Bec! looked the horrible wt ed, were th and their ei a "Ah, sometimes i it became u side, which 4 Harris 5 B.Diaj 6 He wai tate in the i 3J. The A finding that *he inland ci ^bis great m all the best h Jn this celebr liiFi! 1 AMERICAN ANNALS. 47 111 this voyage lie discovered tlu island of Cozu- me! ; also an island, vviiich he called the Inland ot' Sacrifices ;' and another, which he called St. Juan de Ulua ; ' and heard of the rich and exten- sive empire of Montezuma. ^ Francis Garay, governor of Jamaica, having oh- r,,myu tained from the bishop of Burgos the government ^">'";!«?' of the country about the river Panuco, sent an ar- mament of three ships with two hundred and forty soldiers, under the command of Alvarez Pinedo, who sailed to Cape Florida, in twenty five ' degrees north latitude, and discovered five hun- dred degrees westward on the northern coast of the bay of Mexico to the river Panuco, in twenty three degrees north latitude, at the bottom of the bay.** This armament however was defeated by the In- dians of Panuco, and one ship only escaped. ^ 15 '9- Velasquez, anxious to prosecute the advantage;}^ presented to his view by the expedition of Grijaiva, having provided ten ships at the port of St. Jago, appointed Hernando Cortes'' commander of the ar- De Solis, i. ao — ^j. Robertson, 1. 297. Prince Cliron. lairoil. 84. En- cyclop. Mcthodiquc, Ocoij, Ait. Mkxiouk. I " Bccuuso, going in to view a house of liine iiiiil stone, wiiich over- looked the rest, they found several idols of a Iiorrible figure, and a more horrible worship paid to them ; for near the steps, where tiiey were plac- ed, were the carcases of six or seven men newly saciifKed, cut to pieces, and their entrails laid open." De .Soli^, i. 29. a "A little island, of more smd than -ioil ; and wliith lay so low, that sometimes it was cov-Ted by the sea. But from tliese humble beginnings, it became the most freciuented and celebrated port of New Spain, on that side, which is bounded by the North Sea." Ibid. 3 Ibid. 28. 4 Harris Voy. i. 271 Prince Cliron. Introd. 84. 5 B. Diaz, ii. 162. This ship, says Diaz, "joined us at Villa Rica." 6 He was a native of Medelliii in Estremaduru, He possessed an es- tate in the island of Cuba ; where he had been twice alcalde. B. Diaz, i. 35. TTie Authors of the Universal History [xli. 468.] say, that Grijaiva, finding that the coast of New Spain furnished abundance of gold, and that the inland country was immensely rich, formed a scheme for subduing this great monarchy, and imparted it to Cortes. This may be true ; but all the best historians agree in ascribing the first movements of Cortes, in this celebrated expedition, to Velascjuez. 4S AMERICA^J ANNAIS. for the in- vusioii of A'Ifxicu. ,'i Takes the lov/ii of Tabubt'o. 1519. manient. Cortes sailed from Cuba with elevfeii Corten sails ships, and fivc huiidrcd and fifty Spanish soldiersj from ciii.a .^^^^^ hiRclcd first at the island of Coziimel. ' On the tliirteenth of March he arrived with the whole armament at the river of Tabasco or Grijalva. Dis- embarking; his troops about half a league from the town of Tabasco, he found the borders of the river filled with canoes of armed Indians. Perceiving them determined on hostilities, he prepared to at- tack the town, in which above twelve thousand warriors had already assembled. The Indians, ob- serving this preparation, assailed his troops in pro- digious numbers ; but were driven back by the Spaniards-, who, having effected a landing, entered the town ; * and Cortes took formal possession of the country for the king of Spain. ^ The next day he marched out with his troops to a plain, where he was met by an immense body of Indians, who, billing furiously en the Spaniards, wounded above seventy by the first discharge of their v/eapons. The Spanish artillery did great execution ; but when the cavalry came to the charge, the Indians, im- agining the horse and rider to be one, were' extremely terrified, and fled to the adjacent woods and marsh- es, leaving the field to the Spaniards.* , I B. Diaz [i. 47, 48.] says, at a review of the troops at this island, they amounted to 508, the mariners (of whom there were 109) not included ; and subjoins, " We had 16 cavalry, 11 ships, 13 musketeers, 10 brass field pieces, 4 falconets, and (as well as I recollect) 32 cross bows with plenty of ammimition." a Tobacco is said to have been first dli'covered by the Spaniards near thi» place, though it is assigned to the next year : " Cette plaii^e [Tabac] acre etcaustlque trouvce, en ijao, pres de Tabasco dansle golfe du Mexitjue." Precis Sur L'Amerique, p. 116. 3 Drawing his sword, he gave three cuts with it into a great ceiha tree, which stood in the area of a large enclosed court, and said, that against any, who denied his majesty's claim, he was ready to defend and maintain it with the sword and sliield, which he then held. B. Diaz,i. 61. 4 B. Diaz, i. 57 — 66. De Solis, i. 80 — 87. P. Martyr [308.] gives a very lively description of this action : " Miraculo perculsi miseri hjEsita- bant, neque exercendi tela locus dabatur. Idem animal arbitrabantuf hominem equo annexum, uti de Centauris exorta est fabella." A town was afterward founded on the spot where this battle was fought} and named Santa Maria de La Vitori.i. D. Diaz, i. 67. X Rober » He •oin than v 3 B.B,ai 4 DeSoL AMERICAN ANNALS. 49 "Cortes next sailed to St. luan de Ulua, where he 1519. disembarked his troops, and constructed temporary April iz. barracks. At this place he received ambassadors ^"juande from Montezuma, king uf Mexico, with rich pre-yiua. sents ; and a message, expressing the readiness of Receives that sovereign to render the Spaniards any services, anibapsa- but his entire disinclination to receive any visits at Mexk^"* his court. After repeated and mutual messages and gifts, Montezuma caused his ambassadors to declare, that he would not consent, that foreign troops should appear nearer his capital, nor even allow them to con- tinue longer in his dominions. * ** Truly this is a great monarch and rich,*' said Cortes ; " with the permission of God, we must see him." The bell tolling for Ave Maria at this moment, and all the Spaniards falling on their knees before the cross, the Mexican noblemen were very inquisitive to know what was meant by this ceremony. Father Bartholome de Olmedo,* on the suggestion of Cortes, explained to them the Christian doctrines ; and they promised to relate all, that they had seen and heard, to their sovereign. He at the same tim.e declared to them, that the principal design of the mission of the Spaniards was, to abolish the practice of human sacrifices, injustice, and idola- trous worship.' , While at St. Juan de Ulua, the lord of Zempoalla sent five ambassadors to solicit the friendship of Cortes, who readily agreed to a friendly correspon- dence.* Cortes now incorporated a town, and named it Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, designing, how- ever, to settle it at another place. * In the first council, holden after this incorporation, Cortes re- nounced the title of captain general, which he had X Robertson, ji. book v. A He was chaplain to the expedltioni and not less respectable for wis- dom than virtue. Robertson. 3 B. Biaz, i. 84* 85. De Solis, i. iia. 4 DeSolis,!. 1291I30. 5 Ibid, tjz, 132. H ■5'^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 15 1 9. lioldeu from Diego Velasqpez, and the town and people elected him to the same office. ' The council of Vera C'ruz now wrote to the king of Spain, giving an account of their new town, and beseeching him, . . that he would grant Cortes a commission of captain general in confirmation of that, which he now held from the town and troops, without dfly dependence July 16. on Diego Velasquez. Cortes having written at the patchcs'to same time to the king, giving him assurance of his iipaiii. hopes of bringing the Mexican empire to the obe- dience of liis majesty, sent dispatches by one of his sliips to Spain, with a rich present to king Charles. ^ This present partly consisted of articles of gold and silver, received from Montezuma ; and those were the first specimens of these metals, sent to Spain, from Mexico. ^ Four Indian chiefs, with two fe* male attendants, now went voluntarily to Spain.* Cortes had some time since received the ultimate order of Jylontezuma to depart instantly out of his dominions ;*" but that mandate, like the former messages, being preposterously accompanied with u present, served merely to inflame desires, already kindled, and to renew the request of an audience. Intent on his design, he first marched tlirough Zem- poalla to Chiahuitzla, about forty miles to the northward of St. Juan de Ulna, and there settled SettiesVera the town of VilU Rica de Vera Cruz, and put it in ^™*- a posture of defence. ^ Determined to conquer, or " to die, he now completely destroyed his fleet, and commenced his inarch toward Me;idco.' Having "• .1 B. Diaz, i. 91.' De Soils, i. chap. vii. * < « De Solis, i. i68, 169. ' . 3 Ciavigtro, i. 425, 4?6. 4 P. Martyr, 3 II. , ■ 5 Robertson, ii. book v. 6 " Till then it moved with the army, though observing its propef distinctions art a republic." De Soils, i. 152. It was now settled on the ..,.,. plain between the sea and Chiahuitzla, half a league from that town [ibid.], and 200 miles south east of the city of Mexiio. It has since become a city, remarkable for the great traffic carried on between the opulent coun» tries of Spanish America and Old Spain. Europ. Settlements, i. 75. 7 De Solis, i7», 177. He took with him joo men, 15 horse, and 6 S ps w] CI fed abi vin of vin( toi cmi: the Cor lyei were of t] opan edth ande ratior ion; 2 86s^ib n taJ allies^ I forbec sitibrt'jl fiejd pier The Ior*<( AMERICA!^ ANNAlS. 55 persuasion of Cortes, Montezuma acknowledged [ljr"'J^J^^j hi.AScif a vassal of the king of Castile, to hold his oi ca tiiL^ crown of him, as superior, and to subject his do- minions to the payment of an annual tribute. * He now firmly expressed his desires and expectations, that Cortes, having finished his embassy, would take his departure. * 1520. At this juncture a fleet and army, sent against ^""" Cortes by Velasquez, under the command of Pam- "^'a^nst philo de Narvaez, made a fruitless attempt to re- Naiv^tzr duce the Spaniards of Vera Cruz. Cortes, hav- . iig m:ide overtures of peace, that were rejected by Narvaez, departed from Mexico, leaving a part of ' his forces in that city under Alvarado, and marched Conquer* to Zempoalla, where he attacked Narvaez in '^""• his quarters, obtained the victory, and obliged his troops to serve under his banner. Receiv- p^turn^^ ing intelligence, that the Mexicans had taken up Mexico in arms against the Spaniards, whom he left with J*' Montezuma, he now marched back, strongly rein- forced, to Mexico.' Alvarado, it appears, in the apprehension of dan- ger from the Mexicans, who were enraged at the detention of their sovereign, had fallen on them 'while they were dancing at a festival in honour of their gods, and mutual hostilities had succeeded. I Robertson, ii. book v. Montezuma accompanied this profession of feal- ty and homage with a magnificent present to his new sovereign ; and his subjects followed the example. The Spaniards now collected all tlie treasure, which the]' had acquired hy gift or violence ; and having melt- ed the gold and silver, the value of these, without including jewels and various ornaments, of curious workmanship, amounted to 6co,ooo pe?os. Robertson, ii. book v. B. Diaz [i. 248.] ! ays, upwards of 600,000 crowns. ' a Robertson, ii. book v. De Solis, i. book iii. 3 Robertson, ii. book v. Clavigero says, that 140 soldiers, with all their ^Ues, had been left in Mexico ; that Cor.es now returned to that city with an army of 1300 Spanish infantry, 96 horses, and 4000 Tlascalans ; and that his combined forces amounted to 9000 men. Hitt. Mex. ii. 96, xpi, 104. They marched into Mexico Z4 June. Ibid. lune> S6 AMERICAN ANNALS; men templt im I520. Cortes, on his arrival at Mexico, assumed a haughj ly air and indignant tone, both toward the captivd king and his people. Irritated afresh, the Mexicans fell furiously on a party of Spaniards in the streets, and attacked tlieir quarters at the same inomenti Early the next morning the Spaniards, sallying out with their whole force, were met by the whole force of the Mexicans ; and after an action, fought with mutual desperation, were compelled to retreat to their quarters. Having spent one day in mak- ing; preparations, a hundred Spaniards at day break sallied out again, and, amidst showers of arrows^ Engage- made their way to the great temple, in the upper ^ area of which five hundred nobles had fortified themselves, and were doing essential injury with stones and arrows. ' After making three attempts to ascend the temple, and as often receiving a vi-» gorous repulse, Cortes, though suffering from H severe Wound in his left hand, joined the assailants in person, and, tying his shield to his arm, began to ascend the stairs with a great part of his men. Their passage was obstinately disputed ; but they at last gained the upper area, where a terrible en* gagement, of three hourSj ensued* *' Every man of us,*' says Bernal Diaz, ** was covered with blood ;" and forty six Spaniards were left dead on the spot. * Cortes j ordering the temple to be set on fire, returned in good order to his quarters. X Their station was " so very high and neighbouring," that it entirely coinniaiided the Spanish quarters. Clavigero, ii. 107^ 108. Robertson represents this action, at the temple, as aher the death of Montezuma ; but I follow Glavigero, who followed Cortes. 2 B. Diaz, i. 310. Not ore of the poor Mexicans, engaged in the action survived it. Inflamed by the exhortations of their priests, and fight- injr in defence of their temples and families, under the eye of their gods^ and in view of their wives and children, they contemned death. Part of them died by the point of the sword, and part threw themselves down to the iowr floors of the temple^ where they continued to fight until they were all killed. Robertson, ii. book v. Clavigero, it Z08. B. Diat [1.311.] says, while the Spaniards were setting fire to the temple, above 3000 no- bb Mexicans with their priests attacked them with great violence, ' .'hick CHused thetn t0 retreat. 4 AMERICAN ANNALS. a I'roilOKals (■ ,;v.t; tliL' Mcxi- CUIIH. The violence of hostilities still continuing, nnd T5i»n. the situatioi; of the Spaniards soon becoming abso- lutely desperate, Cortes applied to Montezuma by a message, to address his subjects from a terrace, and request them to desist from their attacks, with an offer from the Spaniards to evacuate Mexico. The captive monarch, standing at the railing of the terraced roof, attended by many of the Spanish sol- diers, affectionately addressed the people below him, to that purpose. The chiefs and nobility, when they saw their sovereign coming forward, called to their troops to stop, and be silent. Pour of them, approaching still nearer to him, addressed him w ith great sympathy and respect ; but told him, that they had promised their gods, never to desist, but with the total destruction of the Spaniards. A shower of arrows and stones now fell about the spot where Montezuma stood ; but he w as protect- i^d by the Spaniards, who interposed their shields. At the instant of removing their shields, thar Mon- tezuma might resume his address, three stones and an arrow struck him to the ground. He v/as car- ried to his apartment ; where he died, in a few i^p^th of days,' " less of his wound, which was but incon- '^^•'"'*"" Isiderable, than of sorrow and indignation. * iu;u 1 B. Diaz, i. 257— i3i4. Clavigero, ii. 103 — 112. Robertson, ii.book V. De Soils ii. book iv. chap, xiii — iv. 2 Europ. Settlements, i. chap. xi. Clavigero [ii. no.] thinks it proba- ble, that he died on the 30th of June. He was in the 54th year of hi;* age. His body \vu.s honoUrabiy borne out, and delivered to the Mexicans, who received it with strong expressions of sorrow. B. Diaz, i. 315. Cla- vigero, ii. no. Of its treatment the accounts are various. P. Martyr ^366] stops here. " Corpus huniandum civibus tradidcrunt nostri. Quid liltra nesciunt." Monlezuma was a prince of majestic and graceful pres- ence ; of vigorous understanding ; of martial genius, and distinguished bravery. He was just, magnificent, and liberal ; but his justi.e often de- generated into cruelty, and his magnificence and liberality were supported by heavy burdens on his subjects. !n every thing, pertaining to religion, h^ was exact and punctual, and was jealous of the worship of his gods and the observance of rites. Though often zealously 'irged by Cortes to re- nounce his false gods, and embrace the Christ!;'!: faith, he had always re- jected the proposal with horrof ; and to thi^ 1 ejection he inflexibly adher- ed in the prospect of deiith. See ClaTigefo and Robertson. Why did he I ..j/i $ 58 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1520. The Mexicans now most violently attacked thtf Spaniards, who, making another sally in retun>^ had twenty soldiers slain. Death being befor* their eyes m every direction, the Spaniards deter* mined to leave the city during the night. On the July I. first of July,' a little before midnight, they silently NmUi.hie. comnenred their marcu, but were scon discovered from Met- b) the Mexicans, who assailed them on all sides ) i^* and it was with great loss, and the utmost hazard of entire destruction, that they effected their retreat. On tlie sixth day, this maimed and wretched army> pursued by hosts of enraged enemies, was compeK Battle of led to give them battle near.Otompan, toward the (jtiuiipmi. confines of the Tlascalan territories. This battle v/as extremely bloody, and lasted upwards of four hours ; but the Spaniards, with their Indian aux* iliaries, obtained a decisive victory over the whol* power of Tvlexico ; and, proceeding in their march^ reached the city of Tlascala, where, in the bosom of tlieir faithful ally, they found entire security. * Cortes having subjugated the districts in the vi>- ciuity of Tlascala, and as opportunely, as fortuit- July 8. iarf^g Miter 'I'laiicalu. Dec. 18. Cortr* marches to- ward Mex- ico.' aiiiuit Cortes into liis capital, and subject himself to the grossest iiidigni'- ti«!i, vvlu'ti he might unquestionably have expelled, if not annihilated, hit army ? Antonio De iiolig, the Spanish historiographer, is at iiu loss for a reason : " The very effects of it have since discovered, that God took Ui'e reins into his own hand on purpose to tame that nipnster ; making his un- usual jjentleness instrumental to the first introduction of the Spaniards, a df^rhin.'/igyro/n ivhi-ncd iificrri'ard resulted the eonvcrtton of those heathen nj!- tiotis." Conquest Mexico, ii. 141. We ought to adore that Providence, which we cannot comprehend ; but it is impious to insult it by assigning auch reasons foi' its measures, as are contradicted by facts. The natural causes of the abject submission of Montezuma may perhaps be traced to a lon[r and traditionary expectation of the subjection of the Mexican em- pire to a foreijfu power ; to the predictions of soothsayers, with their ex- positions of recent and present omens ; to the forebodings of a supersti- tious mind ; to the astonishment, excited by the view of a new race of men with unknown and surprizing implements of war ; and to the ex-< tr:u)rdinary success of the Spanish arms from the first moment of the ar- rival of Cortes on the Mexican coast. I This disastrous night was called by the Spaniards Node tritte ; and by thin name it is still distinguished in New Spain. Ciavigero, ii. 114. Rolwrtson, ii. book v. a Clavigero, ii. 113 — ijo. B. Diaz, i. 317 — 333. These authors here disagree in their Jutes ; I t'ullov Clavigero, who thus adjusted them i^tf^ I'll >*r, AMERICAN ANNALS. 59 «usly, received a fresh succour of men and ammuni- 1520. tion,* marched back toward the coast of Mexico, lix months after his disastrous retreat, and made an p,,^^.^, entry into Tezcuco on the last day of the year. * 1 tv^cuia Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese gentleman, on stra'tr, of a voyaee for the discovery of the Molucca or Spice Majrtii.M T I J • 1- • r c. • . J ^1 r discovered. Islands, m the service or Spam, entered tne tamous Straits, which bear his name, on the eleventh of November, and on the twenty eighth of that month, entered the great Southerly Ocean, which he called, JJ*,'"|JV^tL fjie Pacific, * paciik. Cortes, having fixed his quarters at Tezcuco, re- Expcriition solved to make an assault on the city of Iztapala- =^«^7'^ '"" pan. * Leaving a garrison, of more than three nun- « careful comparison. De Soils, ii. 178 — 189. Herrera, ill. 74. Roliert- lon, ii. book y. Dr. Robertson [ibid. Note xci.], after examining the va- ri«U8 accounts of the Spanish historians, p;ives it as his opinion, that the loss of the Spaniards, in this retreat from Mexico, cannot well he estimated ftt less tlian 600 men. Clavigero [ii. n6.], following the computation of Oomara, inclines to the opinion, that " there fell," on the sad night, " be- tide 450 Spaniards, more than 4000 auxiliaries, and among them, as Cor- tes says, all the Cholulans ; almost all the prisoners ttie men and women, who were in the service of the Spaniards, were killed, also 40 horses ; and all the riches, they had amassed, all their artillery, and all the manu- '*■ scripts belonging to Cortes, containing an account of every thing which had happened to the Spaniards until that period, were lost." Many of the Spanish prisoners were inhumanly sacrificed in tUe great temple of Mexico. Ibjd. xao. ' I A merchantman from the Canaries, with fire arms, powder, and war- like provisions, coming to trade at Vera Cruz, the captain, master, and 13 Spanish soldiers, who had come to seek their fortunes, went with Cor- tes' commissar}' to the catnp, and joined the aimy. Cortes received sonie other reinfor<:ements about this time, " beyond all expectation^" Pe Solis, ii. a54> »5^« Robertson, ii. book y. a Clavigero, ii. 138, 139. Tezcuco was the second city of the empire^ situated pn the banks of the Mexican lake, about twenty niiles from Mex- ico. Robeit«on(ii.book V. 3 Herrera, iii. aa. Encyc. Methodiqae, Geog, Art. Pacifique. Prince Chron. Introd, 85. Harris Voy. i. 12— -19, where there is an entire account of this voyage. Magellan sailed fjrom Seville lo August 1519, with 5 ^ ships and 234 men ; and in December of that year discovered Patagonia, See He|rera, ii. 175, 176. Robertson, ii. 375. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 215. Biblioth. Americana, 52. Encyc. A^thodique, Geog. Art. Maukllan. Venegas California, i. 1 20. 4 This was in revenge for the offences, received from its ancient Ior<} (hiitlahuatzin, whom Cortes knew to be the autlior of the memorable de- feat of the first of July. Clavigero, ii. 14a. fo . AMERICAN ANNALS. 152 1, dred Spaniards and many allies, under the command of Gonzales dc Sandoval, he marched with upwards of two hundred Spaniards, and more than three, thousand Tlascahms, with many of the Tezcucan nobility, who were met by some troops of the ene- my, that fought them, but retreated. The assaiii ing army, on entering Iztapalapan, and finding it " almost entirely evacuated, began in the night tQ back the city j and the Tiascalans set fire to the houses. The light of this conflagration discovering v- to them the water overflowing the canals, and be« ginning to inundate the city, a retreat was sound- ed ; but so far had the inundation risen, that the Spaniards made their passage back with difficuU ty ; some of the Tiascalans were drowned ; and the greatest part of the booty was lost. ' This disaster was soon compensated by new confedera-i cies, formed with several neighbouring cities by means of their ambassadors. * .^ . Cortes, who never relinquished the thought of trans^J^wtl" the couqucst of Mcxico, had taken care to have tpTezcuco. thirteen brigantines built, while he was at Tlascala, in aid of the great enterprise. ^ These vessels he now caused to be transported by land to Tezcuco. The command of the convoy, consisting of two hundred foot soldiers, fifteen horsemen, and two X Clavigero, ii. 142, 143. B. Diaz, 11. 34, 35. The citizens, in order to drown all their eneniie*, broke the mole of the lake, and entirely delug<^ ed the city. Two Spaniards only, and one horse were lost ; but upwarait of 6000 of the hostile natives were slain. Ibid. B. Diaz says [li. 48.], that he received a wound in his throat, *' the marks of whico,^ he adds, « I carry tp this day." 2 Ibid. 3 He had obtained of the Senate joo men of burden, for the transpor-^ tation of the sails, cordage, iron, and other materials of the vessels, which he had unrigged the preceding year, with a view to this very use ; an4 •1 for tar had extracted turpentine from the pines of a neiehbourine mountain. The materials were so prepared, that they might be carrlea in pieces ready to be put together. The first brigantine was built by Martino I^opez, a Spanish soldier, who was an engineer in the army ^ Cortes. After that model the other twelve were bu^lt by the '^}aourinf; country ; a • fruitless attempt at a negocialicm wiili Mexico ; and the suppression -if a conspiracy a;,;ainst his owi^ life J Cortes made his final preparation For the seiee of'Mexico. On the twenty «i>'hrh of April y^'""''-.-^* : O , . . , 1 i'' " 1 Ts/T • Launched. the brigantmes were launched nito the Mexican Jake. Notice of the grand move- ents wis '^iven ^q tliM allies, who now poured into Tezcuco, in grea; "'um- bers, to the aid of the Spaniards. On the twe 'd Jth of May Cortes collected his people in th-^ f^rcat market place of Tezcuco, and made a disposition 'if them for i-J^.^.L"^ the siege. The whole army, destined for this service, futile consisted of nine hundred and seventeen Spaniards, ^^^^^°l and more than seventy five thousand auxiliary troops, which number was soon after increased to piore than two hundred thousand. ^ Cortes, resolv-. May .3?. ed to possess himself of the three causeways Jf^j,'p"'"'^ of Tlacopan, Iztapalapau, and Cojohuacan, divid- titg^. ed his army into three bodies, and committed the f expedition of Tlacopan to Pedro de Alvarado j that pf Cojohuacan to Christop/Aw dp Olid ; and that of 1 Sandoval had orders to proceed by a place, called by the Spaniards ]^ebla Moresca, to indict au exemplary puni.sliment on the inhabitants, who had robbed and put to dent': 40 Spanish soldiers, who were on their march from Vera Ciuz to Merico, for the relief of Alvarado. In the temples at that place wt e ibund many traces of their blood upon the walls ; their idols were besmeared with it ; " and we found," says B. Di- aZy " the s^ins of two of their faces with their beards, dressed like leather, ^d hung upon the altars, as wctc also tlie slioes of four horses, together with their skins, very well ch essed.'' True Hist. Mex. ii. 40. '*■ 2 Clavigero, ii. 146. I].piaz,ii. 41. Kobert!>on,ii. book v. But these authors differ from eac|i other in tbejr account uf the number of armed Indisys, that guarded this convoy. 1 have followed Clavigero. The line- of march, according to B. Diaz, extended in sonie places, above 6 miles ; fmd the entire materials for 13 brigantines weie thus carried over land, .|;!hrough a mountainous country, 6c miles. 3 Cl^yigerP) ii. 160. ' V 6^ AMERICAN ANNALS. H: Sturm. 1521. Iztapalapan to Gonzales de Sanr^oval. Cortes hlm^t self took the command of the brigantines. * After several days, spent in various acts of hostility, Cor^ tes, with much difficulty, effected an entrance into the great square of the city j but was so violently assailed by the citizen.^, that he found it expedient to retreat.* Twenty days having passed, during which the Spaniards had made continual entrance into the cliy, Cortes determined on a general asr July 3. sault. On the appointed day he marched with Attempt to twenty five horses, all his infantry, and more thaa Vty by* a hundred thousand allies ; his brigantines, with more than three thousand canoes, forming the two wings of his army on each side of the causeway. Having entered the city with little opposition, and commenced a most vigorous action, tlie Mexicans made some resistance, and then feigned a retreat. The Spaniards, pushing forward with emulation to enter the square of the market, unwarily left be- hind them a broad gap in the causeway, badly filled up *, and the priests at this instant blew the horn of the god Painalton,' when a multitude of Mexi- cans assembling, and pouring with fury upon the Spaniards and allies, threw them into confusion, and compelled them to retreat precipitately. In at- tempting to pass the gap, apparently filled up with faggots and other light materials, it sunk with the weight and violence of the multitude j when Span- iards, Tlascalans, horsemen, and infantry,, plunged in promiscuously ; the Mexicans at the same mo- ment rushing upon them fiercely on every side. A z To Alvarado he assigned 30 horses, 168 foot soldiers, 20,000 Tlasca- lans, and a pieces of artillery ; to Olid, 33 horses, 168 foot soldiers, 2 pieces of artillery, and more than 35,000 allies; to Sandoval, 24 horses, 163 Spanish infantry, a cannons, and more than 30,000 allies. Among the brigantines he distributed 335 Spaniards, and 13 falconets ; assigning tn each brigantiae a captain, za soldiers, and as many rowers. Cla^^ero^ ii. 160. a ibid. 161 — 167. 3 This h(im was reserved for times of extreme danger, to ^cite tlif people to arqiSk Clavio^ero. Repulse, t?em to th Jengt six cl hono ous a for tl flewt •with whoh his ge diers him him 01 his enc Var Ceeded temotz the gr( surrenc honour ity, he I B.Di by the bes and i^ pieci iards, some immediate] lebrated th in their ter pears to ha at our quar We heard t /irom the to] the whole c •ic of the inJ leagues. T to their idol •on, « was dor, that tl ?riest8 busy 'hrough tl: the whiteni thi{ and seamen be provided for him at the roy al charge, ' now arrived there with three hun- dred artiilcers, " all wearing crosses." Gonzalo de Ocumpo not allowing him to execute his commission •without directions from the governor of Ilispanio- la, Las Casas went to that island, to obtain the governor's sanction. Gonzalo going there also from New Toledo, followed by many of tlie inliabitants, and some of the new colonists incautiously trading along the coast, contrary to the express orders of Las Casas : the natives, seizing this opportunity, demolished the houses at Cumana ; burned tne monastery ; and killed all the golden knights, and otiiers, remaining there, excepting a few, who escap- ed in a small vessel. Not one Spaniard was now left alive, from the gulf of Paria to the borders of Darien. ^ r:i I CJ. iv'>r(?ro, ii. Iino'e r. B. tihz, i«. 124 — T16. Robertson, if. book t. Nithi'ic; w.'.a wantscl, lijit a jrood cause, to render this conquest one of the most illustrious achieysinentit, recorded in ancient or modern history. Bkit, whils wfr admire the action, a» great, we cnndemn it, as criminal. The n^ii'-iiinary customs of the Mexicans were incteed aboJished by the intro- ilf mercilesB niii«ssbcre, Bacriiiced niMre human victimtv ro avarice >aaii ambition, than the Indians, dunnjf the existence of their empire, devot«d to their gOih. The forms of justice were establi.shcci. Kut by wiwt means ? The Indian princi.'S were despoiled of their territo- ry and tri!)iites, tortured for gold, and their posterity enslaved. The Christian Relipinii was intrf)duced. But in what manner, and with what cflTt'ct ? " Ilur mild parental voice," to use the words of Clavipero, " was siiSorned to terrify cor lounded savages ; and her j^entle arm 'in violence lifted up to rize t!icir temples and hospitii .e habitaticns, to ruin every fond relic a.id revered monument of their ancestry and origin, and divorce tliem in anjruish from the bosom of their coimtry." Fer m farAtr attount ff Mexico, tee Nate J I, at the end of the volufltt, " a Vega;-66i. 9 lictrera, iii. x8r, iSz. V^, 66», 66ji Robertai9|H i.bodi iil; .V-J^-fV'.' .»^-» - • W z % 4 5 6 liltimi fiirch jook T. of the . Byt, The intro- i Thft victtmtv their jllahec!. territo- The th what "vas wlence n every divorce ateettnt AMERICAN ANNALS. fiTt r Panama wag constituted a city, with the proper P»n»'"» privileges, by Charles V, ' city? 15^2* The emperor of Spain appointed Cortes captain cortosap. peneral and eovernor of New Spain ; and certain r"'"'''^K'>- commissioners to receive and admin iter the royal New Spain, revenue there, with independent jurisdiction.* f - * ' ^ , ' Villa del Spiritu Santo, in the province of Guas- caca in New Spain, was built by Gonzales de San- doval, 2 Newfoundland, settled by different nations, is ^'-^e of said to have contained at this period fifty houses. " j^j] Cortes, witli three hundred foot a:'d one hun- Cort^nvts dred and fifty horse,conquered Panuco, On the river J,!jf,,tTof*" Chila he built u town, called Santo Stephano del ti e Span- Puerto,and left in it a hundred foot ynd thirty horse. ^ '^''*' He now rebuilt the city of Mexico, on the model of the European towns, dividing tlie ground among the conquerors. The Spanivsh Quarter was now be- gun with twelve hundred inhabitants.'^ Alvarado^ Sent from Mexico with three hundred foot, seventy horse, and four field pieces, to discover and con- quer Qaahutemallan, iind other towns toward tiic South Sea, discovered and subdued all that coun- try 'f and built the city, called St. Jago Quahutemal- kn. Gonzales d*Avila discovered and peopled a f)lace in the bottom of Ascension bay, in fourteen X Univ. Hist, xxxix. 158. ft Herrera, iii.jzj. Rohemcn, ii. book v. 3 Encyc. Mcthodique, Geog. Jrt. ViLtA u«L Spirits 5ant<». 4 Ibid. Jrt. Teehe Neuvk. 5 Herrcra, iii. 178. Harris Voy. i. 572. '' 6 Herrera, iii. 179, »8o. Venegas California, i, i.^j. The city wa» ultimately built with roojDOU hoiKcs, ** fairer aiid stronger than before." Jfurchas, 1. 788. 6i AMERICAN ANNALS. degrees north latitude, and called the town Gil dt buena Vista. ' Baron de Lery formed the first project in France for obtaining a settlement in Amerifa.* > . 1524. _ Yojigttf John Verraz7ano, a Florentine, having hoc j sent; '^'^h^the' °^^ ^^^ preceding ye air by Francis I, of Francei^ •ennceof with four shlpf!, to proseoite discoveries in the ^"'"««- northern parts (if America, no>y coasted fVorn the twenty eighth to the fiftieth degree non'i lai tude.* In this viyage he discovered, with a considerable degree of accyracy, the toast of Tlorida. ♦ Thq whole extent of his discovery was upv/ard» of seven J Hirris Voy. 1. 27 a. 'i Miiiot Hist. Muisachvsetts, i. 126. The French AnnotPtor Qn am English work entitled," The Cotu'tict of the Frtach with respect tc No- vi> Scotia," [notQ 4. p. 7,0.] says, the settlement of Lery was prujected il| 1 J i 8 : " Dis I / 18, le Baron de X-ety & de Saint Just, avoit enttTpns de former une habitation sur lies cdtes d • 1' Amerique septentrioriale." I pre- fer a known tp a dubious authority. The Annotator [p. 10.] also suyt, JLery yeries in the years 1523, 1524, 1525. It appears, that Verrazzano wa« sent out by the French king iii 1523 ; that he at first cruized with suc-^ cess against the Spaniards ; that he at length sailed with one of his four ■hips on a voys^e of discovery ; that he " departed from the dishabited rocke by the isle of Madeira the 17th of January the yeere 1524 ;" and that he made another voyage in .1525, with the design of settling a colony, t)Ut was heard of no more. Forster supposes, that in his voyage of 1524 . he ^st arrived off that part of the American coast, where the town of Savannah now stands ; ** a hew land," says Verrazzano, " never before seene of any man either ancient or mode^e." Having sailed thence ta^ the southward as far as to the 30th deg. north lat. it appears, that he then sailed northwardly to the 34th deg. and thence still northwardly, until he found the coast " trend toward the east ;" that hefe he attempted to send hit boat ashore, but was prevented by the roughness of the sea* ; that pro- ceeding to the east,ward, he found a well cultivated islandf , and a little- deyond it a good harbour, in which were more than 10 canoes,'belonging to the natives ; that he proceeded still, northwardly to JO deg. along the 4 Chalmers, i. 512. * Forster tupptses this to have happened^ ** semevuhere ahwt Nev> ^ertey, *K StaicH Island." In lat. 40 deg. be entered a iarBwr, vibieb, iv bit deterifn iitn. Dr. Belknap supposed, mutt be that of Nevt York. ' '• i, Supposed Sy- Forster tt be Nantucket^ er Martba's Vmeyarft. . iost lans. AMERICAN ANNALS, 69 n « is hundred leagues of the North American coast,' 1524. which he named New France. ' He made another voyage ihe next year ; but he and his crew were lost by some unknown disaster ; ' and neither the Jciiig, nor the nation, thought any more of America for several succeeding years." « Historians remark, that it is to the great honour Remark. of Italy, that the three Powers, which at this day possess almost all America, owe their (Irst discove- ries to the Italians : Spain, to Columbus, a Geno- ese ; England, to the Cabots, Venetians ; and France, to Verrazzano, a Florentine ; " a circum- stance which sufficiently proves, that in those times no nation was equal to the Italians in point of ma- ritime knowledge and extensive experience in navir gation.'*^ It is however remarkable, that the Ital- ians, with all their knowledge and experience, have not been able to acquire one inch of ground for themselves in America. This singular failure has been ascribed to the penurious mercantile spirit of the Italian republics ; to their mutual animosities, and petty wars ; and to their contracted selfish policy." Luke Vasqucz, a Spaniard of Aylon, having pre^ Voy^rf "^f viously sailed with two ships to Florida, and per- J^^li^Xi*! foast of the country ; and that then, on account of the faihire of his pro- visions he sailed directly to France. Purchas [i. 769.] says.. Verruzzaro rather sought to discover all aloag the coasti than to seurch or sattle with- ifi land. I Hakluyt. a Belknap. 3, Some authors say, they were n[ias$aci^ed and eaten by the savafros. ^harleyoix [Hist. Nouv. France, i. 7.^ thinks that the story is without foun- dation, tiis account is : " Peu de terns uprds son tirrivcc en Frunce, il fit un nouvel ai^mement i. ^cssein d' ^tablir une Colonic dans 1' Anieriqiie. Tout ce qu' on S9ait de. cette enterprise, c' est que s' etant embarque, il n' a point paru depuis, et qu'on u'a janiaik bien a^H ce qu'il ctoit d^veau." See also Pastes Chrono^ogiques, prefixed to his history, p. xyiii. S' li y pe- |it : On ignore par quel accident," 4 Ce qu' il y a de plus cei^ain, c'e^t que le malheureux S9rt de Veraza- ni fut cause^que pendant plusieurs annees, ni ie Roi, ni la Nation ue songe- rent plus a 1' Amerique. Charlevoix Hist. Nuuv. France, i. 8. 5 The remark appears to be original in Chailevolx f i. 4.] ; the /»/ r; fftu is Forster's. ' ' 6 Forster Voy.437. J^tjrchas, t. 735. 70 AMERICAN ANNAI^, ;524. fidiously carried off a number of the natives,* for "which vile action he had obtained the reward of a • discoverer of new lands, instead of merited punish- ment, now sent over several ships to Florida^ The year following he came over in person, with three more ships ; but, as if in judicial punishment of his cruel perfidy, he lost two hundred of his men, who v/ere cut off by the natives, and one of his ships was wrecked near Cape St. Helena. These losses, with his disappointments in the expected ad^ vantages of his discoveries, induced him to return to Hispaniola, where he died of a broken heart. * Mexicaa Papautzin, a Mexican princess, sister of Monte- jiaptism. 2uma, was baptised j and she was the first person^ "who received Christian baptism in Tlatelolco..* t A. D. 1530. He made thlt voya.^e vrith Rome nsKociaten, in mccAh tion of the inhimian project of stealing Indian*, to supply the icarcity of ■hands in working the Spanish mines. Havine at the place now called St. Helena decoyed a large n\imber on board his ships, he sailed off with them. Most of these wretched captives pined to death, or were wrecked in on^ of the ships, which foundered at sea. A few suffered a worse fate in Span- ish slavery. Univ. Hist. xli. 379. P. Martyr, 470, 471. " Hospitii fidem violamnt Hispani tandem. Astu namque artibusque variis, post cunttsi diligenter vestigata, operam dederunt ut una dieruni ad naves visendi cau- «a multi concurreren:, implentur naves inspectantibus ; ubi refertiis viritf ac fxminis habucre, anchoris evulsis, velis protentis, lugentett abduxerunt in servitutem. Ita regiones eas universas ex amicis reliquerunt inimicas,et «x pacatis pertiirbatas, filiis a parentibus ablatis, ab uxoribus maritis. Charlevoix [Hist. Nouv. Frar ce, i. p. xvii.] says, that Vasquez discovered die Cape of St. Helena, at the mouth of a great river, which has since been Called, The Jourifain, In his map of the C< acts of French Florida [ibid. p» ^4.] he makes the Jourdain the same as the Congaree, ta Santee, of Soutr( Carolina, and near its mouth puts these words : Id devntt etre le Cap St. He lent, I conjecture, that, instead of the Congaree, he should have taken the ComBabee, which empties itself into St. Helena Sound near the island of St^ Helena, whose inhabitants pronounce the name SSnt He-lc'tiahy deriving probably both the name and pronunciatioti from the Spaniards. I have mrv no doubt, but that Vasquez landed on the Carolina coast ; and, but for another St. Helena in the Spanish Florida, I should long since have drawn the same conclusion from the following description of P. Mar- tyr [De Orb. Nov. 471.], which refers to the place where Vasquez landed t •>-" vel Bacchalaos anno abhinc vigesimo sexto ex Anglia per Cabetual repertos, aut Bacchalais contiguas, arbiiror esse HUt terrM." a Univ. Hist. xl. 379, 380. 3 Clavigero, 1.231, m •■-^- AlVIERlCAM ANNAtS. « '.^i Charles V, emperor of Spain, hiving sent Stc-Vorjgeof phen Gomez from Corunna, to find a passage to oomw: * the Molucca Islands by the way of America j this skilful navigator sailed to Cuba and Florida, and thence northwardly to Cape Razo, in the forty sixth degree north latitude, and returned, without making the discovery. He was the first Spaniard, who sailed along this northern coast. * Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro, who had already distinguished themselves among the Spanish conquerors of America, not satisfied with the glory of the past, resolved to perform still great- er achievements. Pizarro, having marched under Balboa across the isthmus of Darien at the time of his discovery of the South Sea,* had received va- rious hints from the natives concerning the opulent country of Peru.' He and Almagro associating with them Hernando de Luque, a schoolmaster and an ecclesiastic in Panama, who had amassed consi- derable wealth, these three solemnly swore in pub- lic, and. entered into articles under hand and seal, never to forsake each other in any dangers or discour- - iigements whatever, until they should have made an entire conquest of that country. * Pizarro, by licence X Pri.:ce Chron. I>»tr»d. 86. Forster Voy. 447. P. Martyr [460, 461.] takes notice of this voyige : " Decretum est, ut Stephunus Gomes alia via tendat, qua se inquit i«pertnrum inter Baccalaos et Floridas iter *d Gataium ; neque aliud habeblt in mandatis, qu&m ut inquirat, an exl- tus ad magnum vulgo Canem ex Oceani hujus nostri v.\riis inflexibus, et vastis ambagibun reperiatur. Is, nee freto neque i se promisso Cataio re- pertis, regre88U8 est intra mensnm decimum a discessu." Venegas [Hist. Califrm. i. ia4.] affirms, that he was sent out in 1514, " and not in 1525* as Qkimara saj-s ;'* and that he returned to Spain in 15 a j, carrying with him 8i>me Indtam. Gt>niez accompanied Mag^an in his great voyage • ^ few yttrs before. Porchas, i. 738. 4 Reb?nsoti. Ses A. D. 1513. He was also w'th Ojcda, iu his disas- tr»tts eic|)editlntt for settling the continent. See AD. 15 10. ' 3 All the people on the coast of the South Sea concurred in informin|; Biilboa, that there Wa« a rai^ty and opulent kingdom, situated at a con- siderable distance toward the south east. Robertstn. '4 Vega, 4t8, 4x6,522. "Luque celebrated m.xss, divided a conse- «|gited host into three, ind reierviiig oae part for kia.gelf, gave tike othtf n AMERICAN ANNALS. Voyapje of Cabut. of Peter Arias d'Avila, the Spanish governor, sailed from Panama to Ptvu on this daring enterprise, with one hundred and twelve Spaniards and some Indians, and Almagro soon followed him ; but both were repulsed, and compielled to kavc the country, which thiey hid InVaded. * , 1526; Sebastian Cabot^ not finding public patronage iii England, had passed over into Spain ; and waf now employed by Charles V, in a voyage for the April I. discovery of the Molucca Islands. * Sailing, front Seville with five vessds,' he first made the island of Patos, near cape Sti Augustine in Brasil. The loss of his principal ship in the bay of Patos, a mu- tiny among his mariners, and the want of provisions, sufficient to carry him through the Straits of Ma^ gellanj induced him to resolve, not to proceed far- ther on the projected voyage; Making a pinnace here, to pass up the Rio de la Plata, he ascended that river sixty leagues and tame to some is- lands which he called. The Islands of St* Gabriel. Here he left his ships, and rowed up the Uraguajr in boat^i three leagues to a river on the right, which two to his a^snciatfes, of which thcjr partook ; and thus, In the name of the Prince of Peace, ratified a contract of which plnnder alid bloodihed Were the objects." Robertson. I Ko!)ertson, iii. book vi. Purchaa, v. 149I1 where froin p. Z491 to p. 1497 is an account of ** the conquest of Peru and CUko." From these- aiithorities, and from Charlevoix [Hist. Nouv. France, h /jpi/r«/.zviii.] it ap- pears, that Piz.irro sailed from Panama 14 November 1524. But tht substance of the allied expedition was in 1515. a He went to Madrid where he entered into a treaty, with the empe- ror, which was signed 4 March 15 «5. Its principal articles were, That Cabot siiould have the command of a iquadron of 4 ships, in quality of captain general, and that Martin Mendoz, who had been treasurer to Ma- gellan's squadron^ should serve under him, at lieutenant ; rhat be should saii through the newly discovered Straits, then cross the South Sea to the Molucca Islands, and thence proceed on the diKovery o^ Tharsit, Ophir and Cipango, which were then thought to be the inands di JaJJIui ; and that he should there load his ships with gold, silver, and the ether pre* g death, whi, With the poor t • ■■ a^, -4.3 ■ • . AMERICAN ANNAtS. lie calltj Rio A. ° "/'"r.«- (^nl,ot next Hi£ fl ""-"f: '^'"^■d by the "ver, issuin,; from ,1 1 " '" ''■'•' mouth of a 5«lly culled b/w.tori „s ' r"r .' ^,"' '•' '^ gen. "ig dispatches to the emperor Y' *""• Send- ^ad collected, he rett^Zj ,t'p ''? ''"^ •"'^^'- "''" '« discovered about two hun l^ 'l i "'"'^ '"'" r^ars ; • f ; and, leaving Nuno It! f^""' "^ "'^ nV- fon Sauti Sph?t^.""w,^%^^™;''« command of the «e,„.^ men. returned to Spain ■ '''''''' "'"^ twenty '''»"'• ■ . H,„„,« ,„ „ . "^ ""^ ''^ "'«■' West Indii. St.. ^,, ^. ' ' *• •381- Harris Vn„ -• ... _. vr l.„i;„„ I HeJrera, iii tgr tr ■ J^eir adn,i.ta„ce ' La a ,fe " "' • 'j'^ '■"^'' which v^'dir'''"^' ^"='''^^ ■ hem an entertainment ^tth T"'' S'^^'^or, i„ token S "'''1'"'^ ^'"■ 'ng directions to jS attend ms'"' "'>^^^' '^^^ SZII^m''"'^''^'^'' 4000 men a^ th;„ ""'^""•ints to set fire tn tl,„ '•^'^t. Mano-ora iriv- »he treacherous pHnc Id '''"'' '> ^-^" th^th r'"^'* - ^"^^ ^^ tut was intercemew ;nV ^V' "P *° him, and '.• bounded, esnyi,,™ left in the for .Txceod^'&''^'''"^ ^^'^^d ZtauJ^'''''^^ '^« ^^^X. •uccessor of Man^orT a 1' ""^'"•«"Kht before S ir ra f,'' ^"'"7 '^'^'■^- wme passion, which h- . ^ *'^''' ^^ Miranda 1,7^ ' '^ ^'"'h^r and Hurtado. «in>a ordere.V'"'''''!-*"''' ^" hi. br;t"o '^' ^"'•^^ ^he With arrows. Miranda tJ'"' '•'* '''^ '''''^ »" '^ tree a, d ,„ " *^ ^"""^ of ^•■PPliant charms PSed ^r^^ ^••«^lf «t tlTe £^1^^^^^^^^^^ '« death duiged them a rrstrS t' ""^'^ '•'^^"«-- Tnc H-^'""V ^^ ^'^'• he instantly conden,n ^ , ,■ "'*''''^''"''se ; but the hJ , "^'^^ ?'"'"'-■« in- VV. ludiefc 74 AMERICAN ANN/a.S. tj . and was resident there ; whenu. it i8 conjectured, tliat the English merchants already carried on a clandestine trade with those parts of America.* v.iya;,'!', M.iy 20, to N'.'w foiindl.ind rumbt'iju. !" 1527- Tlic scheme for discovering a passage to t?ie East Indies by the northwest being resumed in England, a voyage was made, by the advice of Robert Thorne of Bristol, with two ships, furnished out by king Henry Vlll ; but it proved disastrous. One of the sliips was lost in a dangerous gulf' between the northern parts of Newfoundland and the country, ' afterward calkd by queen Elizabeth, Meta IncognU ta. The second ship, after the loss of the first, sha- ped its course toward Cape Breton' and the coast of Arambec or Norumbega. * The navigators went X Hakliiyt, iii. 50o.« This fact was discovered by Hakluyt in "acer- faine note or le'ttT of reiuemUrance, written i.ss^'i by master Nicholas Thorne, a princii'ill mirchant of Bristol, unto liis friend and factour Tho» m-« MidriiU," ihin at St. l^jcar in Andalusia. It appears, that to the TU 4on above nu'nti'jiu"! ihorne sjiu arnujiir and otl\'.»r commoditicB, specifi* ed in that letter. " This Thomas Tison," says Hakluyt, " (so farre as I can conjecture) may seeme to have ben.; so ue secret factour for M.Thome and other Kngiish marchants in thoss remote partes ; whereby it is prob- aMc thiit some of our marchants hid a kintle of trade to the West bldiet evt'i) in rhii.se ancient tim'js and before also." 4 Gulf of St. Lawre.ice. Brit. Emp. IntroJ. p. vii. 3 Forster [Voy. 2f<9.J concludes, that as Cape Breton was called by this name at so early a period, it must have been thus named by Sebastian Ca- bot in his voyage of 1497. But it is more probable, that it received its QM16 from the Bretons, of Bretagne in France, who early fished on the neighbouring coast. [See Annals, p. 3.^] Forstar himself [431.] mentions this supposition, without stricture. 4 The situation of this coast Forster [Voy. 490.] confesses, is entire!/ Unknown to hi 11 ; but he " rather supposes it to be the coast of what is no^ called Nova Scotia, or perhaps of even a more southerly region." Pur- chaK [v. 1632.] says, " Pemptegoet is that place, so famous under the name of Norombcga." M. Rene Laudonniere [Hakluyt, i. 305.] says, that the country, discovered by Verraraano in 1524, extends from »5 to 54 deg. north lat. and in longitude frtom 4 10 to 330 ; and that" the easterne part thereof i« called by the late Writers, The Land of Norumbega, which be- ginneth at the Bay of Gamo, which separateth it from the Isle of Canada." Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. U3.] says, that M. Denys divided all the eas- tern and northern parts of Canada into four provinces, the first of which reached from Pentagoet to the river of St. John, and was what had before been called Norumbega : " La premiere, depuis Pentagoet^ jusqu' i la Ri- viere de S. Jean il la nomme la Province dts Etecbcmint, & c' est ce qu* oB appelloit auparavant la Norimbtguc.'* m AMKRICAN ANNALS. 7^. id, 1 a East land, lorne king le of •nthc antry, ncogni' t, sha- coast s went n «« a cer- HicholM ;tour Tho- to the Ti- les, specifi- farre a» > M.Thorne it i» pf o)»" Vest In^e* Uedbythii bastian Cac received it» lied on the Lentions this is entirelf »hat i« nour lion." P"'- \ee the name lys, that the to 54 deg. jasterne part ,, which be- .of Canada, [dalltheeas- •st of -which It had before ,^„-ilaRi- ■st ce q« o'* frequently on shore, and explored those regions, and returned in October to Kiiglund. ' 1528. Pamphilo de N;irv;ic/, having ohtiiined from I'-^Pf'JI'" Charles V the indefinite ^nuit of " :ill the hinds ly- Narv',. « to ing from the river of Pahiis to the ('iq^eof Florida," i-^ri.i-. sailed in Miirch from CuIya wiih five .ships and four hundred men, for the conquest of that country.* • Landing at Florida, he marched to iVpalache, a vil- Airil u. lage, consisting of forty cottafi^cs,' where he arriv- ed on the fifth of June. 1 laving lost many of his men by the natives, who harassed the troops on their march, and with whom tliey had one sharj) engagement, he was obliged to direct his course to- ward the sea. Sailing to the v.estward, he was lost with many others, in a violent storm, about the middle of November j and the enterprise was frustrated. * . .• - I Hakluyt, i. J17 ; iii. 139. Robertson, book ix. aj. Forster, 289. Biblioth. Americ. Anno ija;. Hakluyt iriorm. us, that Master Kobert Thome," a notable member and ornairdPt of his counti-y," exhorted the' king with " very waightie and 8ub»tariti?ll rt'JUDns. to t^et forth a discove- rie even to tlie Nortli pole ;" that *' this his motion took present ufTtct ;" and that " a Canon of S. Paul in London, which wus a great muthemati- cian, and a man indued with wealth, did much advance the action, and went therein himself in person." The imperfection of the account of that voyage Hakluyt ascribes to " the nejriigence of the writers of those times, who should have used more tare in j reserving the memories of the wof- thie acts of our nation." a He sailed from St. Lucar to Cuba 16 June, 1517, with 600 men, but he left more than 140 at St. Domingo. Piirchas, v. 1499. His commis- sion authorised him to conquer and govern thtjirro^'itices within the pre- ■cribed limit;. Ibid. 3 ♦' Small low cottages, so built by reason of continiall tempests." Pur- chas, i. 774. . , 4 Purch.i8, i. 769; and v. 1499 — 1518, wliere there is an entire account of this voyage, as also in Harris Voy. i. 790—805. Univ. Hist. xl. 381 ; xli. 469. Herrera, iii. 418 ; iv. a?, 28 ; v. 91 — lO.?. Charlevoix Ncuv. France, i. p. xi.t. Venegas California, i. 142. Prince Chron. lutrod. 87: From the bay of Santa Cruz, where they landed, to the place cf thc^ir em- barkation aa September, it is computed, that they marched above 800 miles. Narvaez is supposed to have been lost near the mouth of the Mis- •isippi. His people, with great difficulty, provided a kind of boats, to cross the rivers in their way, making their rope* of hcrte hair, and th*rir 76 AMERICAN ANNALS. Pizarro, having made very extensive discoverie* in Peru, ' went to Spain, by agreement of the joint adventurers, to ask a commission from Charles V, for the conquest and government of that country ; and, on giving information to the emperor of his discoveries and purposes, and presenting his request, was appointed governor, captain general, and ade-< lantado of all the country, which he h'dd dibcoverr. cd, with supreme authority. * , •».jf -vr."': ■■^<-- ---.r^.- 1529. Cortes, having gone to Spain the preceding year,^ now signed an instrument, which had alsa the signature of the empress of Spain, by which he obliged himself to send ships at his own expense, for the di'^covery of countries and lands in the- South Sea.* lails of the soldiers* shirts. In conchision, 15 only were left alive, 4 of whom, after suffering ahnost incredible miseries, arrived 8 years afterward at Mexico. The bay of Peiisacola is said, by the Spaniards, to have been dis- covered in this expedition by Narvaez, who landed there. Ibid. I See A. D. I52J> He was absent three years on these discoveries, and returned to Panama about the end of 1547. Herrera,iv. 6. Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. p. xix.] says, he discovered about aoo leagues of the Pe- ruvian coast, even to the port of Santo beyond the district of Quito. The sickliness of those regions, and the hardships of the adventurers, may be inferred from the extraordinary mortality, that prevailed among them. Pizarro -tarried out 112 men, Almagro 70. In less than nine months 13a of these died. Few fell by the sword ; most of them perished by diseases. Robertson, iii. Note II. a Vega, 435. 3 He went to Castile in great pomp, carrying 450,000 marks of gold and silver, and was honourably received by the emperor, who conferred on him the vale of / ■ isco in New Spain, with new titles, and extended pow- ers. Herrera, iv. ai — a6. Harris Voy. i. 27a. Venegas CaUfornia,i. 133. 4 Venegas, i. 133. Cortes had, in 1527, sent Saavedra with three ships from New Spain, to find a passage that way to the Moluccas. One of the ships arrived safely at these islands, and returned the same way back to Panama this year (1529), laden with spices. This voyage prepar- ed the Spaniards to possess themselves of the Philippine Islands, in the In- dian seas, which they hold to this day. Anderson, Hist. Commerce^ )i. 51. Harris Voy. i. 279. AMERICAN ANNALS. 77 William Hawkins of Plymouth having commen- Enrriish in^ ced a friendly intercourse with the natives of Bra- ^'^?'?'^^''^., sil, one of the kings of that country voluntarily ac- companied him to England, where he was introduc*. ed to Henry VIII at Whitehall, ' ^^■^■■^ of of gold srred on d pow- three One tnc way 1 prepar-> the In- ,inerce» 1531- . Pizarro, 1 -turning from Spain, landed at Nom- Pij^nrro re- bre de Dios, marched across^' the isthmus of Pana- *t"v'|.'! '^'"" ma ; and joining Almagro and Luque, these three enterprising associates, by the utmost efforts of their combined interests, fitted out three small vessels, With one hundred and eighty soldiers. With this contemptible armament Pizarro sailed, to "nvade a Fobmary. great empire. Landing at the bay of St. Matthew, f„^|^,i'^'„*'2- he advanced toward the south along the sea cost ; Peru, and, after various disasters, reached the province of ** Coaque, and surprised and plundered the principal settlement. Continuing his march along the coast, he attacked the natives with such violence, as 'com- pelled them either to retire into the interior coun- try, or to submit to the conqueror ; and met with little resistance, until he attacked the island of Pu- na, in the bay of Guayquil, whose inhabitants de- fended themselves with such obstinate valour, that he spent six months in their reduction. He next proceeded to Tumbez, where he remained several months,* v " , ,....,- I Hajchiyt, i. 5*0. Purchas, v. 1179."-!— at the sij^ht of whome," says Hitkluyt, " the king and all the nobilitie did not a little marvL-ile, and not without cause : for in his cheekes were holes made according to their sav- age manner, and therein small bones were planted, standing an inch out from the said holes, which in his own countrey was reputed for a great braverie. He had also another hole in his nether lippe, wherein was set ^ precious stone about the bignesse of a pease. Allhisapparell, behaviour and gesture, wfre very strange to the beholders." Th^ change of air and ^iet so affected him, that on hit return with Hawkins he died at sea. Ibid, i Robertson, iii, booli vi. , . . 78 AMERICAN ANNALS the Incu. 1532. Founds the Pizarro, passing forward to the river Pluro, cs- in Pmt"'^ tablished near its mouth the first Spanish colony in Peru, and named it St. Michael. ' Leaving a garri- ii'i't;4- son at tliis new town, he began his march, with a t^Avufrthe ^^^y slender and ill accoutred train of followers, * ^luuiters (i toward Cax'imalca, where Atahualpa, the Inca of tuc iiKu. p^^ru, was encamped with a considerable body of troops, and soon met an officer, dit;patched by the Inca with a valuable present, and an oiTer of his al- liance and ass urances of a friendly reception at Cax- amalca. Pizarro, advancing with pretensions c*^ coming as the ambassador of a very powerful mo..- arch united with professions of friendship, entered the town, and having posted his troops in an advan- tageous station, dispatched Hernando Soto and his m.bxssy to brother Ferdinand to the camp of Atahualpa, which was about a league distant. He instructed them to renew his assurances of a pacific disposition, and to desire an interview with the Inca, that he might more fully explain the intention of the Spaniards in visiting his country. They were treated with the respectful hospitality, characteristic of the Peruvi- ans ; and Ahatualpa promised to visit the comman- der the next day in his quarters. Pizarro now re- solved, with equal temerity and perfidy, to seize the person of the Inca, in the interview, to which he had invited him. For the execution of his scheme he divided his cavalry into three small squadrons, under the command of his brother Ferdinand, Soto, and Belcanazar ; his infantry were formed in one body, excepting twenty, of most tried courage, whom he kept near his own person, to support 1 Herrera, I'v. aai. Robertson, iii. 21. a It consisted of 6t horse and 106 foot, among whom were ao crost bow men. Herrera, iv. 236. In this dangerous enterprise Pizarro incited his men to go forward by the singular argument, " that his main design was the propagating of the Catholic faith, without injuring any person." Had he been but ingenuous enough for the Arabian impostor, he would have made an admirable j^'opagator of ikt M ihometan faith. RcsolvL's to »e.zi; him. nf"''^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 79 )ort cros« icited iesign Irson." i have 1532. him in the dangerous service, whicli he reserved for himself ; and the artillery, consisting of two field pieces, and the cross bow men, were placed opposite to the avenue, by which Atahualpa was to approach. Early in the morning the Peruvian camp was all in motion ; and late in the day the procession, which had been arranged with care, to give an impression of splendour and magnificence, began to move. The Inca at length approached. First of all appeared Approach four hundred men, in a uniform dress, as harbin- "^ "^^^ ''^^ gers, to clear his way. The Inca himself, sitting on a throne or couch, adorned with plumes, and almost covered with plates of gold and silver, en- riched with precious stones, was carried on the shoulders of his principal attendants. Behind him came some chief officers of his court, borne in the same manner. This cavalcade was accompanied by St :eral Lands of singers and dancers ; and the whole plain was covered with troops, amounting to more than thirty thousand men. As the Inca drew near the Spanish quarters, father Vincent Valverde, chap- Address of lain to the expedition, advanced with a crucifix in theSnanisH one hand, and a breviary in the other, and in a long ^?'^'^'" '" discourse proposed to him the doctrines of the Christian faith ; informed him of the donation, made to the king of C-istile L . pojie Alexander, of all the regions in the New World ; and required him to embrace Christianity ; to acknowledge the supreme jurisdiction of the pope ; and to submit to the king of Castile, as his lawful sovereign. ' Most of his harangue, mysterious in its nature, and translated by an unskilful interpreter, was al- together incomprehensible to Atahualpa ; and some parts of it, of more obvious meaning, filled him with astonishment and indignation. His reply, however, hi* repif. was temperate. He asserted his right to his do- minions by hereditary succession j and added, that I Vega, 450, 451. Robertson, iii. book vi. to AMERICAN ANNALSi 1532. he could not conceive how a foreign priest should pretend to dispose of territories, which did not be-* long to him ; that if such a preposterous grant had been made, he, who was rightful possessor, re- fused to confirm it ; that he had no inclination to renounce the religious institutions of his ancestors ; and that with respect to other matters, contained in the discourse, as he did not understand their meaning, he desired to know where the priest had. learned things, so extraordinary.' " In this book,** answered Valverde, reaching out to him his [irevia- ry. The Inca opened it eagerly, and, turning over the leaves, lifted it to his ear : " This is silent, it tells me nothing," said he, and disdainfully threw it to the ground. The enraged monk, running to- ward his countrymen, tried out; " To arms, Chris- tians, to arms j the Word of God is insulted ; a- , venge this profanation on these impious dogs.*' Pizarro instantly gave the signal for a general as- sault. The martial muyic sounded ; the cannon and muskets began t'- fire ; the horse sallied out fiercely to the chaiec; the infantry rushed on, sword in hand. The astonished Peruvians fled witliout attempting resistance. Pizarro, at the head of his chosen band, advanced directly toward the Inca through crowds of his nobles, who fell in num- bers at his feet in attempting to cover his person ; ncais and seizing the Inca by the arm, dragged him to the ground, and carried him, as a prisoner, to his quarters. The wretched fugitives were pursued and slaughtered with deliberate and unrelenting bar- barity, until the close of the day. Above four thousand Peruvians were killed, but not a single Spaniard fell.* • -' > 1 Vega, 454, 455, where is the answer of Atahualpa entire. To us it appears noble ; but it was insuiferable to tlie soldiers of Pizarro, who, " j^rowiiij; weary of this long and tedious discourse, began to quit their pla- ces, and come up close to the hidians, to fight with them and rob them of llieir jewels of gold and silver and precious stones." Ibid. £ Robertson, iii. book vi. Vega [457.] says, that jooo Indian* were €JenrraI a-?' Kiulton til; Ptu'uvians. Til f .ii^-'l AMERICAN ANNALS. The Inca, soon discovering the ruling p;v'?sion of the Spaniards, olFered as his ransom, to fill the a- partment, in which he v/as confind, which was twenty two feist long and seventeen wide, with ves- sels of gold, as high as he conlJ reach. The pro- posal was eagerly agreed to, and a red line was drawn on the walls of the chamber, to mark the height, to wh::h the treasure was to rise.' Ata- hualpa immedi itely sent messengers to Cuzco, Qui- to, and other places, where there was most gold amassed ; and his orders for the collection were promptly executed. * 81 1 us It |who, pla- km of mere ^533- The ransom of Atahualpa was now brought in and it exceeded one million five hundred thousand pounds sterling.^ After the division of this im- mense treasure among the Spaniards, the Inca de- manded his liberty ; but it was denied. Pizarro, resolved on his death, easily found pretexts for pro- curing it. The charge coni;isted of various articles : killed that day, 3500 of whom were slain by tlie sword ; and that the rest were old and infirm mai, women and cl^iUhvn, who were tr^uiijiled under foot ; for an innumerable multitude of all u;;cs and sextg were oil- lected, to sac the wHemutty of this strunj'e and unheard of embassy. I Vega, 460. a Robertson, iii. book vi. 3 Europ. Settlements, i. 141. Vega [474, 481.] says, that the sum to- tal of the ransom amoimted to 4,605,670 ducats ; and that there were 40 or 50,000 pieces of eight to a man. Dr. Robertson [iii. book vi.] says, that after &etcing apart the fifth due to the crown, and 100,000 pesos as a do- native to tlie soldiers which arrived with Alniagro, there remained one i\iillion five liundred and twenty eight thousand five hundred pesos to Pi- jiarro and his followers, and that 8000 pesos, " at that time not inferior in effective value to as many pounds sterling in the present century," fell to the share of t- ach horseman, and half that sum to each foot soldier. Pizar- ro and his oihcets received dividends proportioned to tliu dignity of their rauk . ■ It is an astonishing fact, that when there was a dissatisfaction at the delay of completing the ransom within the limited time, which how- ever was escused by the liica ou account of the distance of Cuzco, three Spaniards only were sent ta that capital, with directions to take possession l)Oth of the city and treasures, though Cuzco was guarded by an army of 30,000 ot' the natives. Two hundred men's loads of gold were brought •<4way, without the least opposition, in BjaSsy plates from the temple of the yim. Harris Voy.i. 79a, Ransom of the Lica. *^ 62 AMERICAN ANNALS. ^5.^3 J' Vul he is t-nildfUm- ^Vnd pu^ to "li* That Atciliualpa, though a bastard, had dlsposses- .sed the rightful owner oF the throne, and usurped t!ie regal power ; that he had put his brother and lawful sovereign to death ; that he was an idola- ter, and had not only permitted, but commanded the offering of human sacrifices ; that he had a great number of concubines ; that since his impris- onment he had wasted and embezzled the royal treasures, which now belonged of right to the con- querors ; and that he had incited his subjects to take arms against the Spaniards. After all the for- malities of a trial, observed in the criminal courts of Spain, Atahualpa was pronounced guilty, and con- demned to be burnt alive. ' Astonished at his fate, he endeavoured to avert it by te^rs, by promises, and by intreaties, that he mighc be sent to Spain, where a monarch would be his judge. But Pizar- ro, unmoved, ordered him to !)e led instantly to ex- ecution. Valverde, at this critical moment attempt- ing his conversion, promised mitigation of his pun- ishmLiit, on his embracing the Christian faith. The horror of a tormenting death extorted from him the desire of baptism. " The ceremony was per- formed ; and Atahualpa, instead of being burnt, was strangled at the stake.'* ' Pizarro, to complete I Robertson, lU. book vi. Montesquieu, having ertalilishcd the princi- pk', " That we should not decicie by political laws things which belong to the law of natiojis," adduces tliis historical example as an instance of its cru',1 violation by the Spaniurds. " The Ynca Athualpa could only be tried hy the law of nations ; they tried him by political and civil laws ; and, to fill up the measure of their stupidity, they condemned him, not by the political and civil laws ved, doubtless, thai, by means of this rite the mui- dt.'Vi'd Inca received as great a recompense for the loss of his life, as his subjects for the loss of their country ; which, Acosta assures us, " was re- compensed to them by the gain which heavcfl w»» to tJieir souli."— ." Bst. fehei fune Pi andi emn Be with count ^d by valou; his vi time, isame J " now," '? such h( " the hou " infinite Comment Spaniards ■was appro to Pizarrc '* first in c " prisonnu * et." Ibic 4<;3-], tak, vfhidifuUo ti sunt ten Carolum \ omens oug I Vega, rop. Settler Z This ^ of the PtTi «poil of thii 3 Herrej "1 their d.,h Roi ertson. 4 Robert quest of Mc ed on thi.s e. back, and, h I^ut in j)assi) tvere frozeji of the men Vorld was - none were o- amoi,g those ; Spanish woin .?1.. AMERICAN ANNALS. 83 the scene of shameless guilt, gave liim a magnificent 1 533. funenil, and went into mourning.* Pizarro soon after forced his way into Cuzcu,* ^'"[T"j.'||'J" and took possession of that capital in the most sol- emn manner for the king of Spain. ^ Benalcazar, governor of St. Michael, marched Qi'''f« *^^- with some Spanish soldiers through a mountainous '^"'■' ' country, and, though frequently and fiercely attack- ed by the natives, surmounted every obstacle by lii$ valour and perseverance, and entered Quito with l^s victorious troops. Alvarado, about the same time, made a most hazardous expedition into the same kingdom^ * " now," says Vega, " to considfr th;it an uloliiter, who hr.d been cruilty of '• such horrid cruehies, as At.ihiialpu had hw\:, slioiild rtcuive li^Dtisni at " the hour of his death, cm he esr.ecintd no otherwise than an effect of tlm " infinite mercy of God toward so ^^reat a sinner as he ^vas, and I mn." Commentaries of Peru, 476. Atahualpa, who ever su:ce the arrival of the Spaniards had been impressed with a persuasion, that the end of his empire . 1 ^ was approaching', was greatly depressed at the si»ht bertson. M'he spoil of this city was immense. See Herrer«, iv. vyi. 3 Herrera, iv. 39a. Robertson, iii. book vi. Historians dilT.-r widely in their d.iUs of the events cf this conquest. I have generally followed Dr. Ho.ertson. 4 Robertson, iii. hook vi, Alvarado, a distinguished officer in the con- quest of Mexico, had obtained the government of Guatiniala. He en.bark- ed on tbi-s expedition with 500 men, above zoo of whom servd on horse- back, and, landing at Puerto Viego, commenced his march toward Quito ; but in passing tlie snowy ridge of the Andes and the dc'^erts 60 of his men were frozen to death,- and before he reached the ])lain of Quito a lifth part of the men and half of their horses died. No expedition in tlie New World was conducted with more persevering courage than this ; and in none were greater hardships endured. Robertson. Vega [41; 2, 493.] say i, amoiig those, who were frozen to death in passing the .^\iideg, was the firsit Spanish wuiaan, who ever came te Peru. §4 AMERICAN ANNALS, The city of l^ima founded. The first voyage of James Car tier to CtUiada. 1534, The Spaniards had already begun to settle a col-. ony in the interior part of Peru ; ' but, for th? better accommodation of trade and commerce, Pizarro now transplanted them to a place near the sea, selected for a new settlement, over against th^ valley of Rimac, and here he founded the city of \o% Reyes 5* since known and celebrated under the name of Lima. ' Though the misfortune of Verrazzano had suspen- ded the enterprises of the Fipench for discoveries in the New World ; yet, on a representation made by Philip Chabot, admiral of France, of the advan-? tages, that would result from establishing a colony in a country, from which Spain derived her great wealth, these enterprises were renewed. James Cartier of St, Malo, by commission from the king,^ ApxU ao. sailed in April from that port with tv^o small ships and one hundred and twenty two men ; and on the tenth of May came in sight of Newfoundland ; but the earth was covered with snow, and great quanti- ties of ice were about the shore. Six degrees to the southward he discovered a harbour, which he cal- led St. Catharine's, Returning to the northward, he sailed almost round Newfoundland, In forty eight degrees thirty minutes north latitude he dis- covered and named the Baye des Chakurs, ox Heats ; ' and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. ^ Having sailed to the fifty first degree of latitude, in the suc- August' cessless hope of passing to China, he returned to France, without making a settlement. ^ T In the valley of Saussa, 30 leagues from Rlinac within land. Vega. » Vega,5ai,5aa. 3 Robertson, iii. book vl. Lima is a corruption of the ancient name olf the valley in which it is situated. Ibid. Hs-'rera [iv 409 ; v. i.] puts the building of Lima in 1535 ; and Robertson 18 January of 'hat year. I fol-. low the historian of Peru, who, after observing the different dates of other historians, fixes on the be;!;inning pf 1534. 4 'ThiH named on account of the sultry weather. ^ J^Tamed from his entering it on the day of that festival. # Charlevoix, Hi»t. Nouv. France, i. p. x<. Jitirtd,. and ^ i, 9. Hakluyti Br it. ■i-' j IVega. lame o£ m the I f ol- hf other lakbyti AMERICAN ANNAL5. \^35' »J Carticr, by royal commission, sailed a second ^if^^''^ time from France, ullh three ships, accompanied titkr, by a number of young men of distinction, who were desirous of making their fortunes under Jiis guid- ance. ' Discovering now the river of Capada, \vhich gradually obtained the name of St. Lawrence,' he •sailed up this noble stream three hundred leagu ri? to a great and swift fall ; formed alliances with the natives ; took possession of thp territory ; built a fort ; and wintered in the country, which lie called New France. He at this time visited Hochchiga, which he called Montreal, a large Indian settlement, * where the French were well received, but were soon infected with the scurvy, of which disease twenty five of their number died. The next spring Cartier re- turned with the remains of his crew to France." Returns t» This was the first attempt pf the French to make a ^'""'-?^ settlement in America.^ ill. i86, 101 — ai3. Purchas, i. 749 : V. 1605. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 4C7. Belknap Biog. i. 34. Prince Chron. Jjitrod. 89. . Torster Voy. 437,438. Brit. Emp. Litrocf. p. xlvii. I Jeune Jingjy enired most of his r pentlemen ac h to learne t the onely ma a Hakluyt tount of this to cast lots, V French ship, ( French, after Some months gainst them b iing, learning violence, indei with impunitj inmiense store is concluded, t «'ut the knowl 3 Venegas ( at its first disco •lent ; for its e Cortes, after wa 4 Ilerrwa, AMERICAN ANNALS. A voyage was made from England to Ntrvvfound- ^r^jl- land by one hundred and twenty personc, thirty of voy'^eua. whom were gentlemen of education and character. * "^^ '^*- The first land, that they m 'e, was Cape33rcLon, N^wtaun* whence they ;^'illed northeaoi.vdrd to the island of i'*"'^ Penguin, and then to Newfoundland ; but, after suf- fering the extremity of fiinine, in which many jjcr- jshcd, ind the survive tc constrained to support life by feeding "on t ^ of their dead compan- ions, they returned ,. .id.* Cortes with three ships discovered the large peil* "^^r- hisula of California ;^ and the island of St. Jago diov™l in its vicinity.' • I Hakluyt says," One Master Hore of London, a man of goodly stat- ure and of great courage, and given to the studie of Cosmographie, en- couraged divers gentlemen and others, being assisted by the king's favour and good countenance, to accompany him" in this voyage of (iiscovery ; and that " his perswasioas tooke such effect that within short space many gentlemen of the limes of court, and of the Chancerie, and divers other* of good worship, desirous to see the strange things of the v/oi Id, very wil- lingly enlred into the action with him." This iiidet'atignble author wrote most of his relation from the mouth of Master Thomas Butts, one of the centlemen adveiuiu-ers," to whom," says Hakluyt, " I rode 200 miles one- ly to learne the whole trueth of this voyage from his own mouth, 3» being ' ' the onely man now alive that was in this discoverie." % Hakluyt,!. 517 — 519, and iii. 129 — 131, where there is .nn entire ac- count of this voyage. When reduced to such extremities, as to be ready to cast lots, whose turn it should be to be devoured next, there arrived a French ship, of which they made themselves masters, and left theirs to the French, after distributing among them a sufficient quantity of provisions. Some months after their arrival in England, a complaint was brougiit a- gainst them by the French for the forcible seizure of their vessel ; but th© king, learning the direful necessity, which had induced them to this act df violence, indemnified them out of his own purse, and allowed them to past with impunity. These adventurers appear to have been ignorant of the immense store of fish on all the banks about Newfoundland ; whence it is concluded, that this fishery must have been in use 32 years at least, with- out the knowledge of the English. Ibid, and Forster Voy, 290, 291. 3 Venegas California, i. i — 4. This name was given to the peninsul* at hs first discovery ; and is supposed to have had its origin in soaie acci- dent ; for its etymology cannot be traced. The Spaniuds, in honour of Cortes, afterward called the Gulf of California, Mar di Caries. Ibid. an«{ [See next /'''^^^ 4 Ilerrwa, v. 74—91 ; vi. 178 — 185 Harri» Voy. i. 273, ^ -,% # '^-^. ■"^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 1.0 :sKfi I I.I 2.5 WUu 2.2 1.8 1-25 \\A 1.6 - ^ 6" ► ■7 7] Hiotographic Sciences Corporation ^ ^ '^ <^ ■^. ^. 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716)872-4503 <(^°^ S3 AMEftlCAl^ ANIMALS. drdinanccB 'fiiQ Suprcfme Coundl of the Indies in Spain madd the'liidS some ordinances for the provinces in New Spain ; y<;^ among which were th6 following : That the Pre-* ^'""" lates should see the children of the mixed race be- tween Spaniards and Indians instructed in the Chris- tian doctrine, and good manners ; that the Viceroy should not permit the Indian youth to live idly, but require that they learn some trades ; that the Col- lege, founded by the Franciscan Frii rs at Mexico^ for teaching Indian boys the Latin Graimiiar, should be finished } and that the Indians, who understood Hot Spanish, appearing before any Court, should be allowed a Christian friend of their own, to assist tbeni) and save them from injustice* * Vit^tro sent Baldivia with a lafge liumber of ^ Spaniards, to discover and conquer the country of Chili ; and they discovered considerable territory, principally on the sea coast toward thfi south east, to upward of forty degrees south latitude. * m Itxpcdition Ferdinand de Soto, governor of Cuba, having to fo HorC projected the conquest of Florida, sailed from the «i^- port of Havanna with nine vessels, nine hundred '^^ '^' men beside sailors, two hundred and thirteen horses, and a herd of swine. Arriving on the thirtieth of May at the bay of Espiritu Santo on the western coast of Florida, he landed three hundred men, and pitched his camp ; but about break of day tlie Pre/. In the Map, inserted in Venega»' History of California, it is called> •♦ The Gulph of California, or Cortex's Red Sea." Robertson, ii. 394 : buc he puts tliis discovery in 1536. Encyc. Mcthoditjue, Geog. ^rt. Cali- ^ rORNIA. X Herrera, v. 154. a Harris Voy. i. 273, who places the enterprise in this or the following year. Alniagro had previously (in 1535) invaded Chili, bnt met with ic.' tuiduble opposition from the native*, and was recalled from his ezpeditJo* by aa ttuez|M'cted revolution in Peru. Aobertioni jui. book vt. m AMERICAN ANNALS. t$ next morning they were attacked by a numerous is driven body of natives, and obliged to retire. ' *^* Notwithstanding the general rejection of Cartier's T^'^d voj* advice relative to making a settlement in Canada,* Jfartkr, individuals entertained just sentiments on the sub. ject. A nobleman of Picardy, Fran9ois de la Roque, lord of Roberval,' more zealous than any of his Countrymen for prosecuting discoveries in this coun- try, fitted out two ships at his own expense ; but not being ready for embarkation himself, he sent Cartier with five ships before him, with a royal commission, as captain general.^ Cartier com- menced this third voyage in May ; and, after en- May aj. countering many storms, landed in Newfoundland ^"^*' on the twenty third of August. Roberval not ar- riving, he proceeded to Canada ; and oh a small river, four leagues above the port de St. Croix, ^'"* built a fort, and began a settlement, which he cal- tiementTiI led Charlebourg. * Canada. I Herrera, V. 225. Univ. HiPt. xl. 38s. Belluap Biog.i. 186. There is an entire account of this expedition in Purchas, v. 1528 — 1556. Soto had already received from Charles V the title of Marquis of Florida. Near- ly zooo men were nused in Spain for the expedition, and among them were many gentlemen of quality. Ten diipt were fitted out to carry them with all necessary stores ; and they sailed from San Lucar for Cuba 6 A- ptH 1538. Henrera, ▼. 494. PtitK^ Cbrca. Ititrod. 9*. Bibiiuth.Americ.57. a See A. D. 153J. 3 Created by the kmg (15 January 1540) lord in Norumbega, vi4 his lieutenant general and viceroy in Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, New- foundland, Belle Isle, Carpon, Labrador, the Great Bay, and Baccalao8,.with plenary authority. Chstflevoix, Nouv. France, i. 21. 4 litis commission, given by Francis I, is inserted entire, in the original Fjench, in HaxardV Collections, i. 19—21. 5 Hakluyt,iii. 23a — 336. Forster Voy. 441, 44a. Prince Chron. /n- IMmT. 9a. Chlltners [i. 8a.] says, Cartier built this fort with the design rather to explore' the great river of St. Lawrence, than to take formal possessiiMi of the country. This first settlement appears to have been at no great dis-' tance from Quebec and the little river of Ciiarles. There is a small place jttit about tkcre, called Charlesbourg. Forster Voy. 444, TraiMlator's N»kk • 9© AMERICAN ANNALS; Orellana dt;scends the Napo and Ama- ton. Aug. z6. February. Capital of Chili foun- ded. (iuatimala thiufly dc- itroyed. June 26. Pizarro a.ssassinat- •d. I54I. ^' Francis Orellana, having accompanied Gonsalvo Pizarro from Quito to the river Napo, followed its course to the Maregnon ; descended that river ; and arrived at its moiith after a voyage of nearly seven months. ' . The reduction of Chili was completed.* , , St. Jago dc la Nueva Estremadura, the capital of Chili, was founded by Peter de Valdivia. ^ St. Jago de Guatimala was principally destroyed by the eru;^tio!n of a volcano, attended with a dread- ful storm, and succeeded by an inundation." The' city, for greater security, was now removed, togeth- er with the episcopal see and king's council, to the distance of two miles. ^ Francis Pizarro was assassinated at his own pal-' ace at noon day, by the friends of Almagro, at the age of sixty three years. ^ 1 Robertson, iii. 85. Harris Voy. i. 172. Harris says, he sailed 500 leagues down this river, which he and Hurrera say is the River of the Ama- zons. Gonsalvo Pizarro went from Quito in 1540 with aoo Spaniard*^ and 300 Indians to carry burdens, to discover the Isle of Cinnamon. Ar- riving at Guana, Pizarro soon after near the Napo left his sick men and treasure with Orellana, and went with a company by land along the river'i* side »oo leagues. Orellana, in the mean time, went down the river. Pi- zarro, not finding him on his return, was reduced to great extremity for want of provisions ; and of the 200 Spaniards, who left Quito, not more than 10 returned to that city. Ibid. 27' 2 With the addition of Chili, seven V'lgdoms, inhabited by a yast number of wealthy and warlike nation!- . now, since the discovery o( America, been compelled to subu-.It to tfte Spatiish yoke. Europ. Settle* ment«,i. 67. 3 Herrera, V. 300. Univ. Hist, rxxit. »o8. 4 It was the capital of th'i audience of Guatimala, and one of the noblest cities of New Spaia Herrera [v. 356.] says, that 600 Indians perished, and a great number of Spaniards. The authors of the Universal History [xzxiz. 147.} say, that, beside a hurricane and volcanic eruption, there was at the same time one of the most dreadful earthquakes, ever felt in any part of the globe ; but their account of the number that perished appears exaggerated. 5 Purchas, i. 814. 6 Vega [612 — 615.] says, that 13 conspirators in Chili went with drawn swords, and assassinated him. Herrera [v. 289 — 291.] says, that John de Rcda was at the head of the conspirators ; that he was joined by 1 7 others, *' all able and daring men ;" that they acquainted 1 2 others, " no ways in- ferior to themselves," with the design, who also agreed to carry it on ; that " they all set out armed from Almagro's house ;" aad^at some stayed to cure Che ttfcutt, '< 80 th;vt Ujiosej who taade to hishousei'^iifte only DJAeteeB.*]! wi May 21. His death. AMERICAN ANNALS. '|| Don Pedro de Alvarado, in assisting to suppress Dcatimf an insurrection of Indians, was thrown down a pre- Aivurado. cipice by a horse, which fell from a high rock a- > gainst him ; and he died soon after of his bruises. ' ^ 1542. Soto, having marched several hundred miles, and progress of passed through the Indian towns of Alibama, Ta- Sow. iise, and Tascalusa, to Mavilla, whence, after a se- vere engagement, he had retreated to Chicaca, re- mained there until April of this year.' His army, now resuming its march through the Indian terri- tories, was reduced to about three hundred men, and forty horses. 3 Soto, having appointed Lewis de Moscoso his successor in command,'' died at the confluence of Guacoya and Missisippi.* Juan Rodriguez de Cabrillo, a Portuguese in th*^ , j^^^,.;^ service of Spain, on an expedition, to search for guez di«- the Straits of Anian, and to explore the western caTe^Meti- coast of America, discovered land in forty two de- dodno. grees north latitude, on the North American coast, and, in honour of the Viceroy, who had employed him, called it Cabo Mendocino. Having proceed- ed to thp forty fourth degree, he was compelled by the sickness of hi,s crew, the want of provisions, the 1 Herrera,v. 351— •i54. Vega, 5210. a See A. D. 1539. He reached Mavilla (a tcnrn enclosed with wood- en walh) in 1541. The engagement there was in October of that year ; and in it 2000 poor natives were slain, and 48 Spaniards. A considerable liumber of Spaniards died afterward of their wounds ; so that their en- tire loss was 8j. They lost aUo 45 horses. The town was burnt, in the action. Chicaca was an Indian village of lo houses. * 3 Univ. HistxlL 391. See A.D. 1543. »i ,- 4 Herrera, vi. 8. 5 Herrera, vi. 9. Purchas, v. 155 a. Belknap. Biog. i. 19 J. Univ. Hist, xli. 392. To prevent the bidians from obtaining knowledge of his death, his body yn» put into an oak, hollowed for that purpose, and sunk in the river. Belknap Biog.i. 191. Harris Voy. i. 809. Herrera, vi. 9. Herrera, who mentions the hollowed oak, defines the place in the river where it was sunk, by saying it was where the river was a quarter of a league over, and 19 fathoms deep. At his death he was 4a years of age, and had ex- pended 100,000 ducats in this expedition. Hersera, vi. 9, where there. is a pl«asing account of his ckaractor^ • 5« AMERICAN ANNALS, turns to france. weakness of his ship, and the turbulence of the sea, to return. ' Cartier re- Cartier, having waited in vain at Canada for the arrival of the viceroy M. de Roberval, and con-? sumed all his provisions ; and now dreading an at^? tack from the savages, set out on his return to France. Roberval, with three ships and two hun-; dred persons, coming to recruit the settlement in Canada, met him at Newfoundland, and would have obliged him to return to his province j but he eluded him in the night, and sailed for Bretagne. Roberval 1 he viceroy, proceeding up the river St. Lawrence winters in four leagues above the island of Orleans, and find? Cana a, -^^^ ^^^^ ^ convenient harboyr, built a fort, ap^ remained over the winter. * 1543- Termina. The Small remains of Soto's army, consisting of {j^°"g°p^J:^ three hundred and eleven men, arrived at Panuco^ tiojD. on the tenth of September ; and the great expedi? tion terminated in the poverty and ruin of all, who were concerned in it. Not a Spaniard was noyf left in Florida.^ Last voy- age of Orellana. May II. ^544- Orellana, having contracted with the king of Spain for the government of as much territory as he could conquer, in the provinces about the river Amazon, by the name of New Andeluzia, sailq^ from San Lucar with four ships and four hundred men, and arrived at the mouth of a river, which he. X Forster Voy. 448. Venegas California, i. x6l. a Hakluyt, iii- 14a Purchas, i. 750 ; v. 1605. Purchas lays, thlit Ro* berval Auilt the fort " faire and strong." Belknap Biog. i. 35. Forster Voy. 44a. Prince Chron. IntroJ. 93. 3 Harris Voy. Purchas, v. 1556. See an account of Soto's expedition entire in Herrt- ra, Decad iv. book vi, chap, i ; book vii, chap, iii, iv, v ) book X, chap, i, ii. See also Harris Voy. i. 805 — 810, for an account of it, written by a Pcrtu2;UQse, who went on the expedition. m AMERICAN ANNALS. 95 f the )r the con- in at- rn to ► hunr ent in would ; but tagne, Rrrence dfindr t, a^id ting of Panuco^ expedi* 1, who lis no'W fmg of* :ory as le river sailq^ iundrol lich he . Forster letpedition iii, iv, V J lowt of iv supposed to be the Napo, that he had formerly descended.' Ascending this river about a hun- dred leagues, he built a brigantine, and staid here about three months, during which time fifty five of his men died. Proceeding higher up, he met with various disasters, and, after much fruitless research for the main branch of the river, fell sick, and, re- iiis death, linquishing the cj^sign, died of his distemper and pf grief.* 1545' . i The mines of Potosi were accidentally discover- Mine* of ed by an Indian, named Hualpa. Cominc: to a ^'"^"^ ^^ pteep place, while pursuing some wild goats up the mountaiii, he laid hold of a shrub, which, yielding to his weight, came up by the roots, and discover- ed a large mass of silver. On the disclosure of this discovery, the min^ s were wrought to immense ad-r vantage.^ h 1546. A pestilence prevailed through the entire king- Penriienc* dom of Peru. It began at Cuzco ; and, spreading '" ^*''™* over the country, swept off an immense number of people.* X See A. D. 1541. On« oflthe ships, carrying 70 men and 11 ho£ses, turned back, on account of contrary winds, and was heard of no more. » Vega, 1006. Herrera, v. 265. vi. 8l, 82. bee an account of Orella- Ba's two voyages ibid. Decad. iv. hook vi, chap, iii ; and Dec. v. book i, chap. iv. 3 Herrera, vi. 89. Vega, 344. Univ. Hist.xxxix. 193. Anderson, ii. 76. Seside the mass of silver, Hualpa observed large lumps of the metal in the cardi, adhering to the roots of the plant. Hastening to his house at Per- ec, he washed the silver, and used it ; and, when it was exhausted, repair- ed to his treasury. A confidential friend of Hualpa disclosed the secret to a Spaniard, living at Porco, and the mine was immediately wrought. The £rat register of the mines of Potosi was in April 1545 ; aud Hualpa's mine was called, TLe Diteevertrt because ic marked the channel to other ojiuM^ )b that mountain. Ibid. • 4 Herrera, vi. 1X2. # 94 AMERICAN annals; '547- . . ^ Civil dissensions among the Spaniards in Peru induced the Emperor Charles V to send to thai country Pedro de Gasca, a very respectable eccle- siastic, with the commission of President. On his arrival, he restored harmony, and established th<;/*«<;<■, and p. 61 — 65. See Prince Chron. 215. Burnet Hist. Reformati- ', lii. 199— 203. Hooper was a zealous, a pious, and a learned man, who l^d gons out of iEngland in the latter part of t;he reign of Henry VIII, anu resided at Zurich. Ibid. Peirce [Vindication of the Dissenters, p. 29.] hence qlMerves, " that the habits have, from the very infancy of our Reforma- tion, been an oiFence to very learned and pious men." The archbishop of Canterbury, with other bishops and divines, having concluded on an or- der of divine worship, an act, confirming that new liturgy, had passed both houses of parliament 15 January 1549. It was protested against however by the bisliops of London, Durham, Norwich, Carlisle, Here- ford, Worcester, Westminster, and Chichester. The parliament enacted, that all divine offices should be performed according to the new liturgy, and subjected such of the clergy, as should refuse the service, or officiate in any other manner^ to forfeitures and imprisonment ; and, for the third of- fence, to imprisonment for life. Whoever should write or print against the book were to be fined £xo for the first offence ; £iO for the second ; • Mid to be imprisoned for life for the third. The Council immediately ap- pointed Visitors, to see that the Liturgy was received throughout Eng-* land. Neal Hist. Puritans, i. jo, 51. See Note III at the end of the vol. J Vega, J 7 8. This historiaa of Peru was carried that year ta sve oxr 96 AMERICAN ANNALS. Bartholomew de las Casas, having zealously la* boured llfty years for the liberty, comfort, and sal- vation of the Natives of America, returned dis- couraged to Spain, at the age of seventy seven years. * The rich mines of New Spain weit-e discovered. " The Portuguese about this time put cattle and swine for breed on the Isle of Sable.* ^i , ^555- The culture of grapes had already succeeded iq Chili.'' J 55 8* 'l The Inca of Peru and his wife were baptized at Cuzco. The inhabitants of the city honoured the tn at plough in the valley of Cuzco, and great nHtnbers of Indians flock- ed from all parts, with astonishment, to behold " this prodigious novel'* ty." Ibid. I Encyclop. Methodique, ArK Casas. He wrote his Narrative of th« destruction of the Indians by the Spaniards, in the year 154a [E*urchas r. t.f <^9* whure the substance of it is inserted], at which time he affirmed," that of three millions of people, which were in Hispaniola of the natural in- habitants, there scarce remain 3C0 ;" " and now," adds Purchas [i. 913.], ** 08 Alexandro tJrsino reporteth, none at all : only two and twenty thou- •arid ncp^roes and some Spaniards reside there." Las Casas died A. D. X j66, .^tat. xdi. Encyc. Method, ibid. * ' a Robertson, ii. 388. 3 Hakluyt, iii. 155. 1 rely on this aecotmt, which is taken fronl a Re- port of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's voyage in 1583, written by M. Edward Haies, a gentleman who accompanied Gilbert, who says, " Sablon lieth $0 the seaward of Cape Breton about 25 leagues, whither we were deter- mined to goe upon intelligence we had of a Portugal, during our abode in (B. John's, who was himselfe present, when the Portugals (about thirty yeeres past) did put into the same Island both Neat and Swine to breede, which were since exceedingly multiplied." See a French account, p. tS, note 2, of these Annals. 4 Vegit, 388. ' Bartholomew de Tettazas, otie of the first conquerors of Peru, first planted them in the city of Chili. This year from a vine- yard in the country he sent soindians, " laden with fair and goodly Igrapes," to his friend Garcilasso de la Vega, father of the historian. " fbt tay part," says Vega, ** I did partake of those grapes ; for my* father hav- ing made me the messenger to carry them, attended with two pages, I de* livertd to every priaeipal bvuie (WQ Urge bwciiei of tb«a*" I1h4 ■# AMERICAN ANNALS* M> l^ay of the baptism with the sport of bulls, and tiirowing of darts, and other signals of joy.* 1560. Don Antonio de Ribera carried from Seville se- oiive» Veral olive plants, and planted them in los Reyes, jjj'"^*'^ ** \vhence one of them was conveyed by stealth to Chili ; and from this time the olive flourished in Chili and Peru** ^562. During the civil war between the Protestant and vop^eof tatholic parties in France, the illustrious but un fortu- {"J J ^^ nate statesman, admiral Coligny,^ formed a project Florida^ for carrying a colony of Protestants to Araerica, to se- cure for them an asyhm, and at the same time pro- mote the interest of his country. * Having obtained permission of Charles IX of France, who was anxious to get rid of his Huguenots, he fitted out two ships, and giving the command of them to John Ribault, i They appeared " in rich attire and costly liveries," says Vega th6 tiistorian, who was present at this CbruttM exhibition. Commentaries bf Peru, 999. a Vega, 39 1'. 3 He is sometimes called ChatUlon, from the place of his residence. ** La maison de Coligny possedoit Ch&tillon^ur Loing, et en a quelfefoid {iris le nom de Chatillon." Encyc. Methodiquc, Histoire, Art. Chatil'<> LoN. This distinguished leader of the French Protestants was assassinat- ed in the beginning of the massacre of Paris 24 August, 1571. In that horrible massacre of Chatillon and the Huguenots (ordered by Charles IX of France), upwards of 70,000 persons were killed. It is commonly cal- led the massacre of St. Bartholbmew. Du Fresnoy Chronol. Tables, ii. 161. 4 Purchas, V. 1603. Chalmers, i.ji^. Chalmers [ibid.] says, " it was hot till this ,year, that Goligny sent a cehny to Florida ;" and with him iiistorians unitedly agree. Mezeray however [Hist. France, p. 700.] says, that he had previously attempted a settlement m that country ; but does not mention the year. His words are : " One of the admiral's principal -^ fcares was to increase the navigation and the trade of France, chiefly in those countries of the other hemisphere [America], as well for the credit of his office, as to plant colonies there of his own religion. He had sent the Chevalier de Villegagnon to Florida, as believing him fixed in the new opinions ; but this man failed him in his promises, and rudely hand- led those of that profession. Afterward, in the year 156a, he dispatched John Ribaud thither with two ships, who sailing a quite different couiM tfaaa the Spaniards had wont to dO|mo8t happily landed at Floridsu*' S3 AMERICAN ANNALS. Ifuuce. M:\y I. ami II. lines tlu; river 1562. sent him over with a colony of Protestants to FIo«< 1.1). 18. *'J'i» Ribaiilt sailed from France in February, anJ the first hmd, that he discovered on the coast of Florida, wa.s in the thirtieth degree north latitudey which he called Cape Francois. Coasting thence to- ward the north, he discovered '* a very fair and great river," which he entered on the first of May, and from this circumstance called it the River of May." 'If Here he was welcomed by a great number of the Muy. natives, and erected a pillar of hard stone, on which he caused the arms of F''rance to be engraved. Pro-- ^ ceeding to the northward, he discovered nine other rivers, ' one of which, in the latitude of thirty twtf I Denominated aftorw.nrd by the Spaniards St. Mutheo [Chalmers, tJ 513.] ; but now called St. John's river. Somu suppose this to have been- what is now calltd St. Mary's river, wliich forms part of the southern' boundary line of the United St.ntes ; but from I.audonniere's account [Hakluyt, iii. 308, 30^.] we should conclude, it was the St. John's. " Hee " [Ribault] arrived in Florida, landing; near a Cape or Promontorie, which " he called .St. rVan(;ois In lionour of our France. This Cape is distant •* from the equator tliirtie degrees. Coasting from this place towards thd ♦' North, he discovered a very faire and jijreat river, which gave hira oc-' " casion to cast anker, that he might search the same. The day foUow- " ing he caused a pillar of hard stone to be planted within the sayde river, " and not farre from the mouth of the same upon a little sandie knappe,^ •'in which pillar the Armes of France were c.irved and engraved. We " c.dlod tins rivrer 'Hw liivcr of May, because we discovered jt the first •' diy of the sayde month." In co.t'ting $wrthit>ardly from lat. 30, Ribault could hardly have passed by St. John's river, a broad navigable stream^ without noticing it. Hawkins, who visited the French settlement on Uie river of May [See page loj, note 3.], found it "standing in thirtie de- grees and better" [tlakluyt, i. 5.V^.]. which latitude perfectly agrees withi that of the mouth of the St. John's. Englhb namei St. Mary's Satilla Alatamah» Newport Ogeechee , Savannah May River [in SoQth Carolina] Broad River Port Royal. I know that Charlevoix's map of French Florida puts the Alatamaha for the Seine • the Ogeechee for the Charente ; and the Savannah for the Oaronne. It may be correct ; but a map, though it contain some rare and curious matter, and aid the solution of some historical problems, cannot claim entire confidence, while it presents us Powhatan or James River at in South Carolina, with James Town in Virginia on its banlu, and Charles-. % Named hy tbt Frsntb at The Seine S^ The Somme 1 'I'he Loire a. The Charente The Garonne Mm 11 I'he Gironde «^ The Belle The Grande g Port Royale ^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 09 aegrces, " because of its largeness and excellent 1562. faireness,** he called Port Royal. ' Sailing many nimoTcr, leagues up this river, he erected on nn island in the ivt Royal, river a pillar of stone, similar to that previously lerected on the river of May ; built a fort, which yvh-n-. he lie called Charles Fort ; and here lel't a colony, pro- ''"''^» * ^lising to return, as socn as possible, with rein- ""' forcements and provisions. * The settlers, whom an,i kmvo^ Jie left behind, soon after mutinied, and killed Al- » coiony, bert, their captain, for his severity. Reduced at length to insupportable extremity, they, by extra- wMch a- ordinary efforts, built and rigged out a vessel,^ and ''.'""J^' f' embarking their artillery, their forge, and other ^ munitions of war, and as much mill, as they could gather," they put to sea. When they had been iput several weeks, and spent all their provisions, they butchered one of their number, who consent- town, the Carolinian capital, at its mouth. 1 pretend however to nothing more than conjecture, v>\\.\\ regard to the ^cverul btrcams, corresponding tu the French names. I Purchas, V. 1603. ILikluyt, iii. 304. " The haven is one of the fair- est of the West Indies." Ihid. 3*4. " Wt-e stroke our sailes, and cast anker at ten fathom of wati-r ; for the depth i"! such namely when the sea beginncth toflowe, tliat tlie {'rcatcst shippes of FranLC, yea, the Arj!;uzc» of Venice may enter there." Ibid. 309. l)i. litlknap erroneously 8uppo»- «d Port Royal river to he the same as the rivtr of May : " Rihalt named the River May, and the entrance he called Putt Roya!." American Biogra- phy, i. 36. He accordingly fixed Ribauk'a colony and Fort Charles at the river of May. Ibid. But the accounts of this voyaci^e of Ribault , and of the voyag* of i.audoniiicre in 1564 [See note 3 in that year], prove, that they were two distinct rivsrs, and widely dlstaiit from each other. 'I'ho French settlement on the river of May was in about 30 degrees north latitude [Hakluyt 1. 539.] ; hut Fort Charlts, built by Ribault on Port Royal river, was in lat. 3a degrees. Ihid. ii'u 309. ; % See Note IV at the end of the volume. 3 They procured turpentine from the pine trees ; and " {jathered a kind of mosse, which groweth on the trees of this country," to calk their vessel ; ahd made sails of their own shirts and sheet?. The moss, men- tioned by Laudonniere/grows several feet in length on the trees along the Southern sea coast ; and is a great curiosity to a person born in New Eng- land. I never saw so perfect natural arbours, as those on the islands of St. Helena and Port Royal, foruud by trees of the forest, covered with this species of moss. The trees appear exceedingly venerable ; and, im- Jiervioui to the rays of the sun, form a most grateful sliade iu thut buruo ng cUniate. J io;> AMERICAN annals; .... ed to be made a victim, to save his comrades^* Soon after they were taken up by an English ship- and carried intp jEngland. " fradeofThe "^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ '^^^ °^ *^^^ EngHsh was Opened EngUsh. on the coast of Guinea. John Hawkins, in the prospect of great gain, resolved to make trial of this nefarious and inhuman traffic' Several gentle- men in London, to whom he communicated the de- sign, became liberal contributors and adventurers for its execution. Three good ships were immedi- ?itely provided, and with these and one hun- 1 After sailing a third part of the voyage, they were so becalmed|| that in threv. weeks tliey sailed not above 25 leagues. During this time their provisions were so far spent, " that every man was constrained to eate not past twelve graines of mill by the day, which may be in value as much as twelve peason" (pease). When the mill was spent, they ate their slioes and leather jerkins. " Touching their beverage," says Laudonniere« " some of them drank the sea water, others did drink their own urine.". This extreme famine continued so long, that several of them died with hunger. A boisterous head wind now springing up, and their vessel be- coming suddenly half filled with water ; " as men resolved to die, every one fell downe backwarde, and gave themselves over altogether unto che will of the waves."- One of their number, at this juncture, encouraging them with the hope of seeing land in three days, they threw the water «UL of the pinnace, and remained three days without eating or drinking, excepting the sea water. No land appearing at the end of the three days, they became absolutely desperate. In this extreme despair, it was suggest- ed, that it were better that one man should die, than that so many men should perish. The direful expedient was adopted ; and executed on Le Ghere (or Lachau), " whose flesh was divided equally among his fellowes : a thing so pitiful to recite," says Laudonniere, " that my pen is loth to write it." Hakluyt, iii. 318. Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. isi^sajs, that l/achau voluntarily proposed to become a victim, and adds : '* U fut pris au mot, et on 1' cgorgea sur le champ, san qu'il fit la moindre resistance. II ne fut~pas perdu une goute de son sang, tousen burent avec avidite, le corps fut mis en pieces, et chacun en eut sa part." 2 Hakluyt, iii. 303 — 319. Purchas, i. 769, 770 ; v. 1603. Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 24 — 35. Pastes Chron. [ibid.] p. 24. Mezeray Hist. France, 700. Univ. Hist. xl. 393 — 395. Hewet S. Carolina and Georgia, i. {8. Prince Chron. Introd. 99. Harris Voy. i. 810. Anderson, Hist. CUtoi. ii. 117. ' 3 He had made several Voyages to the Canary Islands, " and there by liis good and upright dealing being growcn in love and favour with the people, informed himselfe amongst them by diligent inquisition ef th^i state of the West India, vvhereof he had received some knowledge by the instructions of his father, but increased the same by the advertisements and reports of that people. And being amongst other particulars assured that Negroes were very.good merchandise in Hispaniola, and that store c^ fiegroes might easily be had upon the coast of Guinea, resolved with hilU|'* lejf to make (rul thereof." Hakluvt, iii. ^00, • 7 ' - ' ' ' ■■ . ,#*' AMERICAN ANNALS. lOf Urlevoix , France, I, i. J 8. ,ii. 117. Ihere by nth the of th« by the Isementg I assured ; store c^^ lithbin^t Voyape of' oieit! t(> ^yed mpn Hawkins sailed to the coast of Guinea,* ivhere, by money, treachery and force, he procured ^t least three hundred negroes, and sold them at Hispaniola. * 1564. The civil wars in France, among other causes, had prevented the conveyance of the promised suc- cour to the French colony ;it Port Royal. Per.ce Florida being now concluded, and admiral Coligny inform- ing the king, that he had received no intelligence of ,, , ; the men, whom Ribault had left in Florida, ex- pressing concern at the same time, that they should be left there to perish ; the king consented, that he should cause three ships to be furnished and sent out to their relief. M. Rene Laudonniere, appoint- ed by the king, on the recommendation of the adr Apni %%. miral, to the command of the ships, sailed in April sails, for Florida, and arrived on the twenty fifth of June at the river of May. After sailing northward about ten leagues and holding intercourse with the natives, stopping short of Port Royal,' where Rir 1 He sailed from £nglan4 in October is'Sl ; touched at Tcnerl/Te, and proceeded to Sierra Leona. a Hakluyt, i. 511, 522, where there is an entire account of this voyage. Hawkins sold his negroes at three places in Hispaniola ; the port of Isa- \teHa, ; port de Plata ; and Mpute Christi ; and received in exchange, " such quantity of merchandise, that he did not only lade his owne 3 shipper with hidesjginger, sugers, and some quantity of pearles, but he fraighted also fl other hulkes with hides, and other ]ike commodities, which he sent into Spain." Ibid. Anderson [Hist. Com. ii. 1 1 7.] says, "this seems to have been the very first attempt from England for any negro trade." [St e p. 37» 45> of these Annals.] Purchus, v. 1179. Biog. Britann. ^rt. Hawkins, Joselyn Voy. 233. Keith Hist. Virginia, 31. Stow [Chron. 807.] informs ys, that Hawkins in his youth had studied the mathematics ; and that *' he went to Guinea and Hispaniola, which then was most strange and yvonderfull, by reason he was the Urst Englishman that discovered and taught the way into those parts." 3 Much error and confusion had been avoided by historians, had they but carefully observed the traverse sailing of Laudonniere. " Wee sayleJ [from the riyer of May] toward the river of Seine, distant from the river of May about foure leagues : and there continuing our course towarde the Korth, wee arrived at the mouth of Somme, which is not past sixe leagues distant from the river of Seine, where wee cast anker, and went on ehoare." Here the company consulted together respecting the place, which they should choose for '* pluatinjg their h^ibitatioQ ;" whether toward the Cap^ lol AMERICAN ANNALS. nves at Florida from )Frunc& bault*s company had been left, he sailed back t(> Builds Fort the river of May, where he built a fort, which, in J*™}jJJ J* honour of Charles, the French king, he called Ca^, May. roline. ' His ships returned in July to France. * Ribauit It" Ribault, who had been appointed governor td supersede Laudonniere, arriving at Florida with se- ven sail of vessels, took all the best of the men at Fort Caroline for* an expedition against a Spanish fleet, and left Laudonniere with the charge pf the Fort, without the means of defence.^ At this juncture Pedro Melendez was on his way to Flori- da, in execution of an enterprise in the service of Philip II of Spain, who had given him command of a fleet and army, with full power to drive the Hu- guenots out of Florida, and settle it with good Ca- ver. Hakluyt, iii. 336. a Hukluyt, iii. 319, 325,3^9. Purchas, i. 770; v. 1603, 1604. Char- levoix Nouv. France, i. 35 — 40. Univ. Hist. xl. 395, 396. Europ. Settle- ments, ii. a3J. The English writers in general mistake' in supposing Fort Caroline to have been built in the English Carolina. It was built in the French and Spanish Florida. [Univ. Hist. xl. 419.J It has been confound- ed probably with Fort Charles. See A. D. J 56%. Du Pratz egregiously (irrs, when he affirms, that the ruins of Fort Caroline are visible ntar Pctf tacola. Hist, l.ouisiane, i. 3. Sec next />"ge, note 4. 3 Hakluyt, iii. 354. On mustering his men, this is the^ account he pives of them ; " 1 found nine or ten of them whereof not past two ol^ tliree had ever drawen sword out of a scabbard, as I thinke. Of the nin^ there were foure but young striplings, which served captaiixe Rihault and kept his dogs. The fifte was a cooke. Among those that were without the fort, and which were of the foresaid company of captaine Ribauit there was a Carpenter of three score yeef es olde, one a Beere-brewer, one olde Crosse-bowe maker, two Shoomakers, and four or five men that had their wives, a player on the Virginals,' two servants of Monsieur du J.ys, one of Monsieur de Ueauhaire, one of Monsieur de la Grange, and about fourc score and five or tixe in all, counting aa wci :ki0 h, in I Cat., AMERICAN ANNALSi *03 lor to th se- len at panisU pf the ,t thia Flori- /ice of land of le Hu- pd Ga- rth to seeke. mient ; al- but that in place, as of ; was more in goodly lusion was, er of May Hak- Ih of the ri- I604. Char- Irop. Settle- Iposiog -f <"■' Ibuilt in the |i confound- legregiously ^e near Pen- thoiics/ Arriving at Florida, he massacred RI- 1565. baiilt* and all the company, excepting Laudonniere spptemWf. and a few others, who escaped to France. ^ Me- iendez now built three forts on the river of May,* and strongly garrisoned them with S,pani3h soldiers. * Lackeys as women and children. Tliose that were left me of mine ownei company were aboute MXteene or seventeene that could beare armes, and all of them poore and leane : the rest were sicke and maymed." Ibid. . I The Spaniards " pretended those territories belonged to them, affirai^ ing they were the first discoverers." Mezerajr. % Ribault, at thf» first assault, was not far distant, and is said to have •* parled with the Spaniards." He set sail with Laudonniere for France ij September, but was separated from him the next day, and immediately after overtaken with a tempest, " which in fine wruckt him upon the coast where all his shippes were cast away, and he with much adoe escaped drowning,, to fall into their hands which cruelly massacred him and all his company." Hakluyt, iii. 2,$S' Kow many were killed wow, does not ap- pear ; but of Laudonniere's wretched company about 60 appear to haVe Win previously massacred. There were, h(? infbrms us, 85 or 86 in all. At his first escape from the fort, he found " three or foure" of his men, who had ako escaped. When a boat arrived from the ships, to take him off, he went " with the boat along the reeds to seeke out the poor scules tirhich we're scattered abroad, where (he says) we gathered up 18 or 20 of them." Ibid. . 3 Laudonniere had «* fortified and inhabited" in Florida " two summe?* ^nd one whole winter," or " a year and a quarter, as the French king's lieutenant." Hakluyt, iii. 301,319. John Hawkins, the slave merchant, was at fort Caroline in August ; but it must have been previously to Ri- bault '3 arrival. He had made a s2Cond voyage to the coast of Guinea thef preceding year ; and having sold his slaves in the W. Indies, stopped at the River of May, on his return home, to water his ships. Laudonniere had been at war with the natives, and had " not above 40 soldiers left unhurt," - tior above ten days provision. The soldiers had been obliged to live on acorns and roots, and some of them had served a Floridian king against his ene- mies, " for mill and other victualles." Hawkins spared them 20 barrel* of meal and other necessaries, " to helpe them the better homewards," and a bark of 50 tons ; for they had already determined to return to France. On the arrival of Ribault a few days afterward, they changed their pur- pose; and stopped to be massacred. See Hakluyt, i. 539, 540; iii. 347^ 348. Purchas, v. 1604. 4 The authors of Encyclopedie Methodique [Geog. Art. Flo ride] say, that Melendcz now made settlements (forma des etablissemens) at St. Au- gustine and Pensacola. If he now built a fort at Pcnsacola, Du Pratz may have mistaken the ruins of /A/V, for the ruins of Fort Caroline. An ac» count in Hakluyt [ii. 469.] confirms that of the French Encyclopedie : *♦ The Spaniards [in 1571] have two forts there [Florida], chiefly to keepe out the Frenchmen from planting there." 5 Hakluyt, iii. 355. Purchas, i. 770 ; v. 1604. Chahners,!. 513. Hew- «t S. Carol. & Georg.i. 19. Prince Chron. Introd. 100. Mezeray I!ist. France, 700. Melendez, for this act of cruelty, became infamous even a- mong his own countrymen. Disappointed in a naval project ten years afterward, he killed himself. «' liadem tempestate [1J75] Petru* Mclen- io4 American annals. '568. , f/oo.'*"*" '^^^ chevalier Dominique de Gourgues, a sol- guus to f lo; dier of fortune, of a good family in Gascony, i'^i"- hearing of the massacre of his countrymen in Flori- da, determined to revenge their death, and repair the honour of his nation, by driving their murderers out of that country. On this vindictive enterprise he sailed from France, at his own expense, and with- out orders, with three frigates and one hundred and fifty soldiers and volunteers, and eighty chosen mariners, to Florida. * The Spaniards, to the num- ber of four hundred^ were well fortified on the ri- ver of May, principally at the great fort, begun by the French, and afterward repaired by themselves; Tv.'o leagues lower toward thei river's moilth, they had made ty^o smaller forts^ which were defended by one hundred and twenty soldiers, well supplied with artillery and ammunition.* Gourgues, though informed of theii" strength, April proceeded resolutely forward, and with the assist- ^^'^'kh''^ iiricc of the natives, made a vigorous and desperate io'rts at die assault,* Of sixty Spaniards m the fir&t fort, there river of escaped but fifteen ; and all in the second fort were slain. After sixty Spaniards, sallying out from the third fort, had been intercepted, and killed on thef spot, this last fortress was easily taken. AH th«3( ties Cantaber, Florld^e victor, sed inslgni in Gallos perfidia, &pua suos ethni infamis, cum res Americanas Batavicis parum sapieiiter comparet, Bri" lani se allusque portus oUsequio rcdditurum jactabat ; et jam parata dassa missa in Angliam legatio, quae littus et hospitium, si eo venti adigerent, oraret impetraretque. Sed subita morbi lues nautas disjecit, et dux ipse edoctus pollicitationes vanitatem, pudore ut creditum, aut metu vitam finiit." Grotii Annales, 63, 64 & Inc/ex. I His equipment, according to Mezeray (who says he had aoo sol- diers and 100 seamen), was made witii part of his own estate, which he sold, and with what his brother. President of the Generality of Guyenne, lent him. The reason, assigned by this historian, why the Government of Franco did not revenge the massacre, is, that the king's Council was hal£ Spanif.h. Gourgues had recently returned from Africa. loosing no time, he 8,iiled from France in August 1567 to the West Indies, whence, after delays by storms, he proceeded to Florida in the spring of 1568. } One of these lower forts must have been on one side'of the civefi and tbe other on the other «ide ; for the river " passed between them.'' A'lay, th( for tha hui the ver isusj this guei sear] as tc tors, thet I ci toua re Jier de ( Nation, Oration, wanite dctestoit of Spart: immorta jn reven Aerxes : ine, that observati ested, as vvere ffu Charlevo: cd tenets a « Co nad wonn Jiath dom should prj thither, he and in the subjects to three Forti 360. Du fiew post b dom did m ly. makes n thing read) and ancient ^vould defei •tares becai he promisee '(i|||il|f;grr^ AMERICAN Ar^ALS. 105 itiamj Bri- iassei rent, ipse Iritain surviving Spaniards were led away prisoners, with 1568* the fifteen who escaped the massacre at the first fort ; and, after having been shown the injury, that they had done to the French nation, were hung on the boughs of the same trees, on which the Frenchmen had been previously hung. O- ver those devoted Frenchmen Melendez had isuspended a Spanish label, signifying, " I do not this as to Frenchmen, but as to Lutherans.'* Gour- gues, in retaliation, caused to be imprinted with a searing iron in a tablet of fir wood, " I do not this as to Spaniards, nor as to Mariners, but as to Trai- tors, Robbers, and Murderers.**' Having razed the three forts,* he hastened his preparation to re* I Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. 103, 104.] justly condemns this barba- rous retaliation : " Je ne crains pas de dire que 1' expedition du Cheva* Her de Gourgues, jusques-la si glorieuse'pour hii, et si lionnorable poi"' '» Nation, auroit etc iniiniinent plus relevce par une conduite, oil sa mod- eration, et la generosite Fran9oise eut fait un beau contraste avec V inhu« manite des Espagnols, qu' en la terminant avec la m^me fureur, qu* il dctestoit en eux." He pertinently cites the reply, made by Pausanias, kirg of Sparta, to a citizen of JEgina, who had proposed to him, as what would immortalize his name, to hang the dead b««dy of Mardonius on a gallows, in revenge for the like indignity, shown to Leonidas by Mardonius and IXerxes : " Thou must have a very wrong notion of true glory, to imag'^ ine, that the way for me to 'kcquire it is to resemble the Barbarians." The observation of the Catbellc historian may have been as sincere and disinter- ested, as it is just and generous ; it is difficult however to forget, that they were Huguenots, whose mu'^sacre Oourgues revenged ; and that P. De Charlevoix was " de la Gompaprnie de Jr.sus" [a Jesuit], one of whose avow« ed tenets is. That faith is not 1 be kept with heretics. a " Considering he had not men inough to keepe his fortes which he had wonne, much lesse to store them, fearing also lest the Spaniard which Jiath dominions ncere adjoining should renew his forces, or the Savages should prevail against the French men, unlesse his Majestie would send thither, hee resolved to raze them. And indeede, after he had assembled, and in the ende perswaded all the Savage kings so to doe, th<;y caused their subjects to runne thither with stlch affection, that they overthrew-all the three Forte flatte even with the ground in one day." HaMuyt, iii. 359, 360. Du Pratz [Hist. Louisiane, i. 4.] says, that Gouf'gues established a tjew post before his return to France ; but that the disorders in that king- dom did not permit its support.* The account in Hakluyt, on which I re- ly, makes no mention of it» " Finding his ships set in order, and every thing ready to set sayle, hee counselled the kings to continue in the amitie and ancient league which they had made with the king of France, which ' Vrould defend them agunst all nations ; which they all promised, shedding teares because of his departure, Ohcatara especially ; for appeasing of whom 1m promised them to returne within twelve tnoonsi (so they count the P io6 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1568. French ahundon Florida. Solomon Islands dis- eovertsd. turn ; and on the third of May embarked foi^ France. ' His sovereign not avo\ying the enterprise, his countrymen now bade Florida a fifial adieu. • If the settleuvjnt of Ribault at Port Royal, or that of Laudonniere at the river of Miiy, had been suppor- ted by the Parent State, long possession might have furnished a stronger claim to tl*e country, than pri- or discovery, and France might have had an empire in America, before Britain had- sent a single colony^ into this New World., The Licenciate Castro, governor of Peru, to dis- cover certain islands in the South Sea on the Pe- ruvian coast, sent out from Lima a fleet, which, sail-» ing eight hundred leagues westward of the coasty found a cluster of islands in eleven degrees south latitude, to which tlie governor gave the name of Solomon Islands*^ First voy- age of Francis Drake to South A- Rierica. Francis Drake, the celebrated English nisivigatbr;; made his first voyage to South America. Entering^ the port of Nombre de Dios with four pinnaces, he landed about one hundred and fifty men, seventy of whom he left in a fort, that was there ; and with yeeres) and that his king would send them an army, and store of knivei for presents, and all other thinfrs necessary." 1 Hakluyt, iii. 356 — 360 ; and Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 95—106 ; where there are entire accounts of this voyage. Mezeray Hist. France) 701. Chalmers,!. 51.1. Purchas, v. 1604, 1605. Univ. Hist. xl. 413— 417. Anderson, ii. 127. He arrived at Rochel 6 June, with the loss but of a small pinnace and 8 men in it, with a few gentlemen and others, who were slain in assaulting the forts. Hakluyt. When Gourgues went to Pa- ris to present himself to the king, to inform him of the suctess of his voy- age, and to oiTer him " his life and all his goods" toward subduing this whole country to his obedience, he met with an ill reception, and was con- strained to hide himself a long time in the court of Roan, *< about the year 1570." He died in 1582, " to the great grief of such as knew hun.*^ Hakluyt, iii. 360. Purchas, v. 1605. 3 Chalmers, i. 5 1 3. 3 Hakluyt, iii. 467. Purchas, v. 1447. This name was given, that the Spaniards, supposing them to be those islands, from which Solomon fetch- ed gold to adorn the temple at Jerusalem, might be the more desiroiu t* go i^id inhabit them> Ibid. AMERICAN ANNATE. 107 0^ If of cr- ave pri- p'lre ony I dis- Pe- , sail-* loasty south ne of [gator; itering^ ces,hcj ntyof with of knive* 95 — 106 ; It. Frances xl. Ais- le loss but there, who -ent to Pa- ^f his voy- duing this d was con- ut the year ^lew him* . en, that the Smon fetch- I desirout tt the Tfsmaining eighty surprised the town, but was soon repelled by the Spaniards. He next sailed in- to Darien harbour, where he landed, and intercept- ed two companies of mules, laden with gold and sil- ver, on the way froin Panama to Nombre de Dios ; Ipok off the gold j and soon after reembarked. ' The king of Spain gave the islands of Bermudas 40 one of his subjects ; but the Spaniards never ^ook possession of them.* 575' ^ I South A- nierica. John Oxenham, an Englishman, hearing what voyage o£ spoil captain Drake had brought from South Amer- an^EngS- ica, made a voyage, accompanied by seventy persons, nian, to in a ship of one hundred and twenty tons. Land- " ing his men at Darien, where he hauled his ship to the shore, and covered it with boughs of trees, he travelled twelve leagues into the main land, and built a pinnace on a river, by which he passed into the South Sea. After taking some Spanish prizes, ^le and his company were made prisoners by the Spaniards, and executed. ? 1576. All attempts to find a North East passage to In? F'rstvoy- idia having been unsuccessful, queen Elizabjsth sent Mardn out Martin Frobisher with three small sliips, for the irobisher. discovery of a North West passage. Arriving at 1 Hakluyt, iii. 525, 526, 778, 779. He took ayvay the gold only, " for they were not able to carrie the silver through the mouiitaines." Ibid. Two days after this spoliatijsn, he came to the house of Crosses, and burnt above aoopoo ducats in merchandize. Purchas, v. 1180. 2 Univ. Hist. xli. 339. 3 Hakluyt, iii. 526 — 5285779 — 781. The Justice asked the English captain, Whether he had the Queen's licence, or the licence of any Prince or Lord. He answered. That he had none, but that he came of his own proper motion. On this acknswledgment, the captain and his company \ were condemned, and were all put to death at l^anama, excepting tl)« Captain, the Master, and the Pilot, and five boys, who were carried tp Lima, and there the th'-p" men were executed, but the boys were spared* Ibid and FurchM, t. Ji8p, 1446. io8 AMERICAN ANNALS. Discovers the northerly coast of America, he discovered a c^pe, ForTiuiui, ^ which he called Elizabeth's Foreland ; and the Strait, which still bears his name. This strait be* ing impassable, on account of fixed ice, he entered a bay in north latitude sixty three degrees j saile4 sixty leagues ; landed, and took one of the natives ; *; but the ice obliged him to relinquish hi» enterprise^ and return to Engla,nd.* and I'Vo- bisher'g £truit. ^cond •voyage of jpfobisher. 1577- The discovery of supposed gold ore by Frobish* er in his voyage the last year^ encouraged the Socii. ety of adventurers to send him out with three oth- er ships, to explore farther the coast of Labrador, and Greenland, with an ultimate view to the discovr ery of a passage to India ; but he again returnedj without success,* 1 Frobisher, having made presents to the inhabitants (supposed north- ward of Labrador), they came on board his ship. Five sailors, sent to tiike ashore one of these visitants, went, contrary to orders, to the natives, and neither they nor the boat were ever seen afterward. This was therefore called, The five men's Sound. I'he English, upon this, enticed one of the natives to the ship's side, with a bell, and in giving it to him, took him and his boat. Finding himself now in captivity, " for. ver}- choler. and disdaine lie bit his tongue in twaine within his mouth." He died Boon after his arrival in England. Hakluyt. a Hakluyt, iii. 29 — 3Z ; 57 — 60. Purchas, i. 739. Prince Chron. 7«- trod. loi. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia, i. Stow Chron. 680. Belknap. Bi- og. i. 37. Europ. Settlements, ii. 286. Univ. Hist. xli. lOO. Harris Voy. J- SIS' Forster Voy. 274. Anderson [ii. ia6.] places this voyage in 1567 ; but the accounts in Hakluyt prove it to have been made in IJ76. After several attempts to land with the boat, which.,were baiBed by the ice, Fro- bisher commanded his people, if they could possibly get ashore, " to bring him whatsoever thing they could first find, whether it were living or dead, «tocke or stone, in token of Christian possession." Some of his company brought flowers ; some, green grass ; and one brought a piece of black «tone, " much like to a sea cole in colour, which by the waight seemed to be some kinde of metall or minerall." Hakluyt. This stone was tried by the London goldsmiths ; and was pronounced to be richly impregnated with gold ; but while it incited adventurers to new enterprises, it totally ]jalHed their hopes. Ibid. Anderson, ii. 147, 143. 3 See the 'preceding note. 4 Hakluyt, iii. 3a — 39; 60 — 73. Harris Voy. i. 575 — 577. Forstec Voy. 274. Univ. Hist. xli. loi. He sailed 30 May from Harwich witl^ one ship of aoo tons, belonging to the queen, two small barks, and lab •^len. With the professed object of the voyage in our view, we; are struck \ AMERICAN ANNALS. 109 ape, the : be- tered jailed res-,* prise^ •obish* eSoci-i ;e oth- .brador disGOV- 2turned »ged north- sent to take natives, and IS therefore iced one of him, took very choler. He died Chron. /«- Jelknap. Bi- HarrisVoy. igeini567» 576. After theice.Fro- -e,« to bring ring or dead, Tiis company [ece of black It seemed to [was tried by impregnated !S, it totally tjj, Forstet larwich with ^ks, and lao Jieth knighted " this noble mariner<{* after his arrival in England. I- *leni, ihid. The first circumnavigation of the earth was made by ithe ship of Magellan nearly 60 years before. See A. D. Ijao, p. J9. Af- ter Magellan entered the Pacific Ocean, he sailed northwesterly 3000 leagues, and 13 Mnrch 1521 discovered the Philippine Islands, in one of which he was killed by the natives. John Sebastian del Cano, afterward chosen captain, conducted the remainder of the voyage, which was finish- ed 6 September 15 21. Prince Chron. IntroH. 85. The famous ship, called the Victory, was the only one of Magellan's squadfon, that returned tq Bjiain. Charlevoix Par.iguay, i. 30. 3 Harris Voy. i. 20. Hakliiyt,.iii. 735. The inhabitants, consisting of jiot more than 9 housholds, abandoned the town on the approach of thf TtUC sion the prin ,e pure poss pied in hii prop shou] iand the g plete joinin there, zens ii usage Dibite( two hi phrey English. principa pluint of «f it, to b time, asse •eas, equa duct of D ture betw Kh's novus Grotii An . I Harr »• 779. B xoi. Bib this name ard the se; i^ngland, 1 Euroj fall set up and title t< whereupon l-ivai there, ^iijesties h «f sixe pen al*c» writter AMERICAN ANNALG'. Iff -»»<5 J/ U'. ti'iit lo Sir H.Gilbtrt; TtuJe, and called it New Albion. * " This posses- i sion was taken with the best right in the world, j^.^^ ^jj^j^ the principal king formally investing him with his on. principality." * Qtieen Elizabeth granted letters patent toSirHum- J""!^, "; phrey Gilbert, authorising him to discover and take bJths jm- possession of all remote and barbarous lands, unoccu- pied by any Christian prince or people. She vested in him, his heirs, and assigns forever, the full right of property in t^e soil of those countries, of v\ hich he sTiould take possession", to hold of tlie crown of Eng- land by homage, on payment of the fifth part of the gold or silver ore, found there ; conferred com- plete jurisdiction within the said lands, and seas ad- joining them 5 declared that all, who should settle there, should enjoy all the privileges of free citi- zens and natives of England, any law, custom, oi' ^,^1^;^.], ;, usage to the contrary notwithstanding ; and pro- the first hibited all persons from attempting to settle within fj'JJ"*''^ two hundred leagues of any place, which Sir Hum- from tho phrey Gilbert, or his associates, should have occupi- [j^.^^,'^'^ English. Ibiil. SpanIA plunder wm in fact, according to Anderson, tliu principal object of the voyage. Queen Jilizabeth however, on the com- plaint of the Spanish unihabsador, caused this spoil, or at least a great part of it, to be sequestered for the use of the kiiifi^ of .Spain ; but, at the same time, asserted the absolute freedom of her subjects to navigate the Indian •cas, equally with the subjects of that king. Anderson, ii. 150. The con- duct of Drake still gave great umbrage, and h.id inliuence toward a rup- ture between England and Spain. " Nee minora belli semina tentatus,^\n- elis novus orbis, et in patriam perlac:e quas eripuerant Hispanis opes." Grotii Annales, p. 99. See Camden Eliz. 254. 1 Harris Voy. i. 19: — 13. Hakhiyt, iii. 440 — 44S> 730 — 74a. Purchas, i. 779. Belknap Biog. i. 37. I'orster Voy. 452. Prince C'hron. Intraifi lOl. Biblioth. Americ. 53. Two reasons are assigned for Ids giving it this name; one, on account of the white banks and cliffs, which lie tow- ard the sea ; the other, that it might have some affinity, in name, with England, " which sometime was so called." Hakluyt,«/ supra. 1 European Settlements, i. 244. " At our departure hence our Gene- rail set up a monument of our being there, as also of her Majesties right and title to the same, namely a plate, nailed upon a faire greate poste, whereupon was ingraven her Majesties name, the day and yeere of our ar- rival there, with the free giving up of tiie province and people into her Majesties hands, together with her highnes.se picture and armes, in u peice of sixe pence of current English money under the plate, whereundcr was alio written the name of our Generall." llokh\)% ul sitfat Ill V'iy.o;e to {uuudland. Hew Mux- ll I) tliscov- •rcJ. AMERICAN ANNALS* cd during the space of six years. This h the first charter tor a colony, granted by the crown of Eng- hmd. • 1579- Mr. Cotton, a merchant of South Hamptori in England, employed captain Whitburn in a ship of* three hundred tons, to fish for cods on the great bank at Newfoundland ; but the excess of cold ob- liged him to put into Trinity harbour, at thaj: island, v/liere, by fi^h and other commodities, he cleared the expense of the voyage. ' 1580. New Mexico, between twenty eight and twenty nine decrees north latitude, was discovered by Au-<. gustin Ruys, a Spanish Franciscan missionary, ' The French trade to Canada was renewed after* an interruption of nearly fifty years."* I Hakluyt, i. 677 — 679; iii. 135— T.17 ; Hazard Collect, i. 34 — a8 ; jilrlt. }-nip. Inli-oi!, p. viii— rxiv ; wIkti? this patent h inserted entire. Smith Viry;iijl:i, p. 4. Belknap Biojr. i. 198. I'orster Voy. aSj. liiog. Britann. yJr/. Gilbert. UoluTtson,book ix. p. 36. Anderson, ii. 167. a Univ. Hist, xx'.ix. 248. Wliitburn repeated the voyapje, and was at Newfoundland when Sir Humphrey Gilbert arrived there in 1583. Ibid. 3 Encyclop. Methodiqiie, Geoj^. Art. Mkxiql'e (noaveaii). Charlevoia Nouv. France, i. p. XXV. Pastes Chron. Chnrlevoix (ibid.) says, that An- toine de Kspejo, a Spaniard, in 158a made discoveries to the north of' New Spain, additional to those of Ruys, and gave to all that grand country the name of New Mexico. 4 Hikluyt, iii. 187. The cause of this Interrnption was the outrage ot Cartierand his conlpany, in cartylngoffan Iiuliar. king in 1535.' [See note 4 in that year.] " 'I'his outraije and injuriciis dialing X 1 put tlie whole countrey people into such dislike with the French, as never since they would admit any conversation or familiaritie with them, untill of late yeeres, tlie olde mattef beginning to grow out of minde, and being the rather drawen on by /gifts <;f many trifling tilings, which were of great value with thein, they are within these trother, in the quality of vice admiral ; hut in twoor three days (13 June) this bark, on account of a contagious sickness, which infected the whol* ^ip's company, returned to Plymouth. Hakluyt, iii. 149. 4 " Among whom," says Haies, " we had of every faculty goed choicti as shipwrights, masons, carpenters, smithes, and sudi like, reqnisit to such an action : ilso mineral! men and refiners. Be<«idea, for solace of our peo- pie, and allurement of the Savages, we were provided of Musike in good variet e : not omitting the least toyes, as Morris dancers, hobby hor8se,and Mar ke conceits to delight the Savage people, whom we intended to win <; by all faire mt-anes possible. And to that end we were indifferently furnished of all pcctie hubcrdit^Itrie worths to barter with thoie simple peo- ple." Hakluyt, iii. I49. deg. li ti4 AMERICAN ANlSfAL^. Arrivi-i at >r. Ji)h:i's hurbour. Au.s;. ,■' 18 ii5 Patent of Sir A. Gil- bert Q. Eliza- beth's pai tent to Sir W.Ralegh fur discov- ery. Inarch 35. Voyage of lAmadas & fiarluw. AMERICAN ANNALS. Sir Adrian Gilbert obtained from quefen Eliza- beth a patent for the discovery of a Northwest pas- sage to China, to remain in force five years, by the title of, The Colleagues of the Fellowship for the Discovery of the Northwest Passage. ' The renewal of the French trade with Canada, two years since, was so auspicious, that the French had now three ships, one of a hundred and eighty" tons, one of a hundred tons, and one of eighty, em« ployed in that trade. * 1584. Sir Walter Ralegh, observing that the Spaniards had only settled on the middle and southern parts of America, and that there was a vast extent of ter- ritory north of the gulf of Mexico, that was yet un- known, after mature deliberation, resolved on its discovery. Having digested a plan for prosecuting the design, he laid it before the queen aud council, to whom it appeared a rational, practicable and gen- erous undertaking. The queen accordingly gave him a patent, granting him free liberty to discover such remote, heathen and barbarous lands, not ao- tually possessed by any Christian prince, nor inhab- ited by Christian people, as to him should seem good ; with prerogatives and jurisdictions as ample, as had been granted to his brother. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 3 On the reception of this patent, Ralegh sent Phi- lip Amadas and Arthur Barlow, two experienced commanders, to explore the country, called by the I Hakluyt, i. 774—776 ; iii. 96 — 98, where are entire copies of the pa- tent. Belknap Biog. i. 38. Anderson [ii. 157.] says, this" scheme ended in nothing at all." a Hakluyt, iii. 187. See A. D. 158 1. 3 After the death of Sir H. Gilbert's father, his mother married Walter Ralegh, Esq. of Fardel ; and by him was the mother of Sir Walter Ra- legh. An entire copy of Ralegh's patent is in Hakluyt, iii. 243 — 243 ; Hazard Coll. i. 33 — 38 ; and Brit. Emp. Jntrod. i. p. xv-'Xix. It waa ** t« continue the space of 6 yeeres, and no more." AMERICAN ANNALS. M7 ided Spaniards Florida. Sailing from the west of Eng- 1584. land on the twenty seventh of April, they arrived at the West Indies on the tenth of June. Proceed- ing soon after to the continent, they arrived at the American coast on the fourth of July, and sailed J^jJ^ ^ _ along tlie shore one hundred and twenty miles, be- nve v.t the fore they could find an entrance by any riv^r, issu- c''»»tof n. ,.•'- /".-^ 1 11 America. ing mto tile sea. Commg to one at length, ihey entered it ; and having manned their boats, and viewed the adjoining land, they took formal posses- j„iy 13, «ion of the country for the queen of England, deliv- ^""kci'i*. ering it over to the use of Sir Walter Ralegh, the'cwin. This proved to be the island of Wocokon, on the ^n'- borders of which they remained two days without seeing any people of the country. On the third day three of the natives came in a boat to the side of the island near the English, who persuaded one pf them to go on board their ships, where they gave him a shift, and various toys. The next day there came to them several boats, in one of which was Granganimeo, a brother of the king of the countrj , with about forty men ; ' and to this princely per- sonage, whom his attendants treated with profound respect, they made presents of such things, as pleas- Traffick ed him.* A day or two after they trafficked with with thu natives. I " Th« maner of his comming was in this sort : hee left his boates al- together as the first man did a little from the shippes by the shore, and came along to the place over against the ships followed with fortie h.tn. When he came to the place, his servants spread a long matte upon the ground, on which he sate downe, and at the other ende of the matte foure others of his companie did the like, the rest of his men stood round ahcut him somewhat a farre off : when we came to the shore to him witli our Weapons, hee never mooved from his place, nor any of the other foure, nor never mistrusted any harme to be offred from us, but sitting still he bec- koned us to come and sit by him, which we performed : and being set liee made all signes of joy and welcome." Hakluyt, iii. 247. a " When we shewed him all our packet of merchandize, of all things that he sawe, a bright tinne dish most pleased him, which he presently tooke up and dapt it before his breast, and after made a hole in the brimnte thereof and hung it about his necke, making signes that it would dd'ende hiin against his <4iemies arrowes. — We exchanged our tinne dish for twen« tie skinnes, woorth twentie crownes, or twentie nobles ; and a copper ket- tle for fiftie skins woortb fiftie crownes." Hakluyt, iii. 347. H i •118 1584. AMERICAN ANNALS. Vixit the natives. The king's brother afterward went on board the ships, accompanied by his wife and children. After this friendly intercourse, Barlow and seven of his men went twenty miles through Pamlico sound to Roanoke, an island near the mouth of Albemarle Sound, where they found a village, * consisting of nine houses, built with cedar, and for- tified with sharp trees, hi the absence of Granga- nimeo, who lived here, they were entertained with peculiar kindness by his wife. While partaking of the refreshment, that she prepared for them, they \',. were so alarmed by two or three of the natives, who came in from hunting, as to be ready to take up their arms, to repel them ; but she instantly caused some of her men to go out, and take away their ' bows and arrows, and break them, and beat those Indians out of the gate. This generous woman, concerned to see the English in the evening putting off from the shore, carried a supper, half dressed, jind delivered it at the boat side, with the pots in which it was cooked. Perceiving their continu- ed distrust, she ordered several men, and thirty wo- men, to sit on the bank, as a guard to them through the night, and sent several fine mats, to screen then^ from the weather. The ships, the fire arms, th^ clothes, and especially the complexions, of the Eng- lish excited the admiration of these tawny aborigin- als, and produced a sort of magical influence, which procured from them these extraordinary tokens of respect and hospitality. After spending a few weeks in triifiicking with the people, and in visiting SeiitemiKT. s^^^^c parts of the continent, the adventurers return- kiturii to ed to England, carrying with them two of the na- tives. On their arrival, they gave such splendid descriptions of the beauty and fertility of the coun- try, and of the mildness of the climate, that Eliza- beth, delighted with the idea of occupying so fine liii'lliind. AMERICAN ANNALS. iv^ n territory, bestowed on it the name of Virginia, * The coim- as a memorial that this happy discovery was made Virginia."' under a virgin queen.' '585- _ , . . Sir Walter Ralegh sent out from England a y^r^pe of fleet of st»ren sail, with people to form a settlement vliieto""* in Virginia ; deputing Sir Richard Grenviile to be Virginia, general of the expedition, and Mr. Ralph Lane to be governor of the colony. Sailing from Plymouth on the ninth of April, they proceeded to Virginia \)y the way of the West Lidies, and ancliored at Wocokon the twenty sixth of June. From this isl- AiKhortat and Grenviile went to the continent, accompanied Wocokon. by several gentlemen ; was absent from the fleet eight days j and in that time discovered several Li- dian towns. He then sailed to Cape LLitteras, I^Jf"^ JJ^: where he was visited by Granganimeo, the prince, Cai-e Hat- seen by Amadas and Barlow the preceding year.^ ^'^'^'^^' He next sailed to the island of R oanoke, where he . remained a short time, and then embarked for En g- Leaves at land, leaving one hundred and seven persons under ^;"fp'!''^ the government of Mr. Lane to begin a plantation. Knj-iish This was the first English colony, ever planted in ^^""X ''* America. * 1 It has since been called North Carolina ; and the orIy,inal mime ii iapplied to the adjoining country on the north east. Prince Chron. LitioJt 102'. a Hakluyt,iii. 246 — 251. Purchas, i. 755. Smith Virp. a — 4. Bev- erly, 4^ Stith, 9, II, 31. Prince Chron. /«/»W. io3. Stow Chron. loi 8. Brit. Emp. iii. 35. Robertson, book ix. 39, 40. Belknap Biog. i. 138. bldys Life of Ralegh, 23 — 35. 3 Although the short journal of this voyage in Hakluyt <.i;ive« no ac- count of what passed between Granganimeo and Grenviile ; 01n\ Ruunuke, and to the northwest so far, as Chawanook, distant from Roanoke about 130 miles. Hakluyt, iii. 258. 2 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 248. Anderson, ii. 1 6a. Forster [394.] ascribes it to the strength of Spain, Portugal and France, that the English did not venture before to dispute with them the title to this fishery. Anderson simply cor.biders this, as an act against a nation at open war, " Portugal being now united to Spain." Forster erroneously says Sir Francis, instead of Sir JiernarJ Drake. 3 Hakluyt, iii. 98 — 103, where the writer of the voyage says, ** we an- kered in a very faire rode under a brave mount, the cliffes whereof were a» orient as «;olde." Harris Voy. i. j 79, 589. Purchas, i. 741. Forster Voy. 198 — 301. Prince Chron. Introd. 103. Uoiv. Hist xli. 86. Europ. S«t- tl.meuts, ii. 486. Belkaap fiiog. i. 3S. AMERICAN ANNALSj 121 ^as iidvlsed to attack her settlements in America, and 1586. to surprise the Spanish galeons. In prosecution of this scheme, private adventurers in England fitted put a fleet of twenty sail, with two thousand three hundred soldiers and mariners, under the command of Sir Francis Drake. ' This distinguished naval com- mander, on his arrival at the West Indies, captured and pillaged the city of St. Domingo ; and, sailing over to the continent, took the city of Carthagena, and obliged the inhabitants to ransom it. Leaving Carthagena^ and sailing by the coast of Florida, he sacked St. John's fort, near St. Augustine. He next sailed for Virginia, to visit the English colony, recent- ly planted there, and arrived off the coast on the J;""^ 9- ^it ninth of June. Discovering a distant fire, he sent arrives a^t his skiff ashore with some of his men, who found Virginia. several of their countrymen of that colony, and ' " ' took them on board their ships. By their direction, the fleet proceeded the next day to the place, which t^e English colonists made their port ; but some of the ships, being of too great draught to enter, an- chored about two miles from the shore.* From this place Drake, who had been told, that the col- ony was in distress for want of provision, wrote a virfrinian > letter to governor Lane, then at his fort at Roan- "'*"7,'" oke, about c'x leagues distant, making him an offer of supplies. The next day Mr. Lane and some of - * ' his company going on board the fleet, Drake made them two proposals : Either to leave them a ship, J^Jt" " a pinnace, ana several boats, with sufficient masters and mariners, furnished with a month's provisions, to stay and make farther discovery of* the country and coasts, and so much additional provision, as would be sufficient to carry them all into England ; or, to give them a passage home in his fleet. ^ The 1 The fleet sailed I z September 1585; stopped at the islands of Cape de Verd; and arrived at Hispaniola i January 1586. Hakluyt. Prince* a " Without the harbour in a wilde roade at sea." Hakluyt, 3 The whole colony now consisted of 103 persons. Ibid. . R 122 1586. Sturm. June t8. Takes the entire col- ony to England. Occurren- cies during the resi- dence of the first colony in Virjrinia. AMERICAN ANNALS. first proposal was gratefully accepted. A ship was ac- cordingly selected by Drake, and delivered to the col- onists ; but before the provisions were entirely re* ce* ved on board, there arose a great storm, that con- tinued three days, and endangered the whole fleet. Many cables were broken, and many anchors lost ^ and some of the ships, of which number was that, destined for the use of the colonists, were compelled to put to sea. Drake now generously making the colony an offer of another ship with provisions, or of a passage home ; governor Lane and the princi-' pal persons with him, having considered what was expedient, requests d the general, under their hands, that they might have a passage to England. The rest of their company were now sent for ; the whole colony was taken on board ; and the fleet, sailing from the coast of Virginia on the eighteenth of June^ arrived on the twenty eighth of July at the Eng- lish havbour of Portsmouth. ' The Virginian colonists had been in great dangef from the machinations of the Indians, who at first intended to starve them by abandoning them, atid leaving the island unsown. The submission of O- kisko, king of Weopomeok (in March), by which he and his people l)ecame tributaries to the queen of England, had great*^nfluence in defeating that de- sign ; for Pemisapan, vSo projected it, was, on that occasion, persuaded by his ?,ged father Ensenore, an Indian king, to plant a large quantity of ground on the island and main Ian J. Ensenore dying on the twentieth of April, Pemisapan, who succeeded I Hakluyt, iti. a6.i, 164, ?l8, 534—548, 781. Purchas, L 755, 757. Beverly, 9. Stith, 47. Prince Chron. Intrcd. 103. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 1Z7. Brit. Emp. 7»/rorf. I. ai. Of the discoveries of this colony, during its year's residence in Virginia, we might perhaps have had accurate ac- counts, hut for the loss of its papers. The narrator in Hakluyt [iii. 264.] says, when Drake sent his vessels to Roanoke, to fetch away a few per- sons, who were left t'.iere with the baggage, " the weather was so boiste- rous, and the pinnesses so often on ground, that the most of all we had, with ail our Cards, Books and writings were by the Sailors cast overbobrd." AMERICAN ANNALS. 123 him Id the government, next formed a cona^ilracy 1586. for the general massacre of the colonists. This how- ever was frustrated by the vigilance of the English governor, who contrived a counterplot; in execution of which Pemisapan was slain on the first of June, ten days only before the arrival of Sir Francis Drake. The fears of the colonists appear now to have sub* sided. But the hope of finding a rich mine in the interior part of the country, which they had already , . made one attempt to discover, seems to have great- ly influenced their wishes to continue longer in Vir- ; ginia. ' Little did they know the true sources of wealth. Little did they imagine, that a despicable plant would, at a future period, enrich the inhabi- tants of this very teritory, which they were ready to pronounce unfit to be inhabited, unless it were found to contain latent treasures of the precious metals. Had the Virginian adventurers remained but a Supplies little time longer at their plantation, they would Jh'JcoiLy!^ have received supplies from home ; for immediate- ly after their departure, a ship, sent by Sir Walter •Ralegh to their relief, arrived at Hatteras, and made diligent search for them ; but, not finding them, ireturned to England. Within fourteen or fifteen days after this ship had left the coast. Sir Richard Grenville arrived at Virginia with three ships with provisions ; but searched in vain for the colony, that he had planted. Unwilling to lose possession of the country, so long holden by Englishmen, he left fifteen of his crew, to keep possession of the isl- FUtcca aini of Roanoke, and returned to England. - men kit ^t Rounoke. X Hakluyt, iii. 155 — 263. The mine is said to be " notorious" among ihe Indians, and to lit- up the river of Maratoc. The nuirator in Hukhi) t calls it " a marveilous and most strange mineral! ;" a«d adds, " there want- ed no great good will from the niOrt to tlie least amongst us, to have per- fitted this discoverie of the Mine : for that the discovery of a good Miuo by the goodnesse of God, or a passage to the South Sea, or some way to It, and nothing else can bring this Countrey in request to be inhabited by our nation." .a Hakluyt, iii. a6j. Purchas, i. 755, Smith Virg. 13. Beverly, 11. 124 Tobacco carried >'i-')in Vir- (liiiiu iiuo AMERICAN ANNALS. Tobacco v/as now carried into England by Mr.' Lane ; and Sii Walter Ralegh, a man of gaiety and fashion, adopting the Indian usage of smoking it, and by his interest and example introducing i; at court, the pipe soon became fashionable. * to Virgi- nia with a go- vernor (ouncil. 1587. ,. April j6. Sir Walter Ralegh, intent on planting the terri- ^ tS'a .ie- ^^^y within his patent, equipped three vessels, and con.io'oiiy sent auothcr company of one hundred and fifty adventurers to Virginia. He incorporated them by the name of. The Borough of Ralegh in Virginia 5 f^d and constituted John V^hite governor, in whom, with a council of twelve persons, the legislative power was vested ; and they were directed to plant at the Bay of Chesepeak, and to erect a fort Belknap Bisg.i. 316, 217. Robertson, book ix. 46. Sir R. Grenville was luortully wounded five years ::fterward (1591) in an engagement with 4 Spanish fleet, and died on board the admiral's ship, where he was a prison- er, " highly admired by thu very cneiny o" his extraordinary courage and /esoluticn." Stith, 29. I Mr. Thomas Hariot, a man of science and observation, who WM ' with I^ane in Virginia, after describing the tobacco plant, says, " the tnr iliiuis use to take the fume ur smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes mAde of clay. We ourselves, during the time we were there, used to kU.^ke it after their nianer, as also since our return." Camden [Eliz. 324.I tiays, that these colonists were the first that he knows of, who brought to^ bacco into England ; and adds : " Certainly from that time forward ft bep.m to grow into great request, and to be sold at an high rate." Oldys [Life Ral. p. 31] says, the colonists under Lane carried over tobacco " doubtless according to the instructions ^hey had received of their proprietor ; for the introduction among us of that commodity is generally ascribed to Ralegh himselif." I do not call this the introduction of tobacco into England ; because in Stow's Chroni- cle, [p. 1038.] it is asserted, that Sir John Hawkins carried it thi- ther first in the year 1565. But it was then coniiidered as a mere drug, and that Chronicle tells us, " all men wondered what it meant." The description of the use of tobacco in Florida in Hawkins* voyage of 1565 [Hakluyt, i. 541.] confirms the account of its introduction into England $hat year : " The Floridians when they trayele have a kjnde of herbe drye«i, which with a cane, and an earthen cup in the end, with ^re, and the driell herbs put together, do suckc thorow the cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger." After this particular notice of tobacco in Florida, Hawkins probably carried a specimen of it to England, as a curiosi- ty, 'i'his singular plant appears to have been used by the natives in all parts pf America- In the account of Cartier's voyage in I535» we find it used Ih ^•(nndu. " There groweth a certdine kiud vi herbe, whereof va. SooUnex AMERICAN ANNALS. »25 there. Arriving at Hafteras on the twenty second 158/. of July, the governor with forty of his best men ■went on board the pinnace, intending to pass up to Roanoke, in the hope of finding the fifteen F.ng- lishmen, whom Sir Richard Grenville had left there the yeiir before ; and, after a conference with them concerning the state of the country and of the Indians, to return to the fleet, and, proceed along the coast to the Bay of Chesepeak, according to the orders of Ralegh. But, no sooner had the pinnace left the ship, than a gentleman, instructed by Fernando the principal naval commander, who was destined to return soon to England, called to the sailors on board the pinnace, and charged them not to bring back any of the planters, excepting the governor and two or three others, whom Jie approved, but to leave them in the island ; for the summer, he observed, was far spent, and therefore he would land all the planters in no other place. The sai- lors on board the pinnace, as well as those on ^ board the ship, having been persuaded by the mas- ter to this measure, the governor, judging it best iiot to contend with them, proceeded to Roanoak. juiy 21/ At sunset he landed with his men at that place in ^'^"*^ "* the island, where the fifteen men were left ; but "'"^^ ^' they make great provision for all the yeere, making great account of it, and oneiy menuseof it, and first they cause it to be dried in the sunnc, then weare it about their neckes wrapped in alittle beastesskinne made likealittlebagge, •[(yith a hpllow peece of stone or )yood like a pipe ; then when they please they make pouder of it, and then put it in one of the ends of the said cornet or pipe, and laying a cole of fire upon it, at the other ende sucke so long, that they fill their bodies full of smoke, till that it commeth out of their mouth and nostrils, even as out of the tonnell of a chimney." Hakluyt, iii. 324. It was used copiously in Mexico, where the natives took it, not only in smoke at the mouth, but also in snuif at the nose. " In order to smoke it, they put the leaves with the gum of liiquid amber, and other hot and odorous herbs, into a little pipe of wood or reed, or some other more valuable substance. They received the smoke by sucking the pipe and shutting the nostrils with their fingers, so that it might pass by the breath more easily towards the lungs." It was such a luxury, that the lords of Mexico were accustomed to compose themselves to sleep w ith it. Clavi- Jfero, i. 439. [See p. 48, note 4, of these Annals.] Cluvige.ro s..;s, « 3V» taeo is 1^ aaaxa taken from the Haitint language," 125 FindLnne'* fort raMid ; )Uid the place deso- late. i'iriit In- diuii bap- tism in Virginia. Aug. 18. First Eng- lisJi child born in America. AMERICAN ANNALS# discovered no signs of them, exceptinc; the bonef of one man, who had been slain by die savages. The next day the governor and several of his com- pany went to the north end of the isUnd, where governor Lane had erected his fort, and his men had built several decent dwdling houses, the pre- ceding year ; hoping to find here some signs, if not the certain knowledge, of the fifteen men. But, on coming to the place, and finding the fort rased^ and all the houses, though standing unhurt, over* grown with weeds and vines, and deer feeding within them ; they returned, in despair of ever seeing their looked for countrymen alive. * Orderg were given the same day for the repair of the hous- es, and for the erection of new cottages. All the colony, consisting of one hundi'ed and seventeen persons, soon after landed, and commenced a se» cond plantation. On the thirteenth of August Manteo, a friendly Indian, who had been to Eng- land, was baptized in Roanoke, according to a pre- vious order of Sir Walter Ralegh i and, in reward of his faithful service to the English, was called lord of Roanoak, and of Desamonguepeuk. Oq the eighteenth Mrs. Dare, a daughter of the go- vernor, and wife of Ananias Dare (one of the As- sistants), was delivered of a daughter in Roanoak, who was baptized the next Lord's day by the name of Virginia ; because she was the first English child, born in the country. On the twenty seventh Z About a week afterward some of the English people going to Croa- tan were told by the Indians, that the is Ii^nglishmen, left by Grenville,were surprised by 30 Indians, who, having treacherously slain one of them, compelled the rest tQ repair to the house, containing their provisions and weapons, which the Indians instantly set on fire ; that the English, leav- ing the house, skirmished with them above an hour ; that in this skir- mish, another of their nu*nber was shot into the mouth with an arrow, and died ; that they retired fighting to the water side, where lay their boat, with which they fled toward Hatteras ; that they landed on a little island on the right hand of the entrance into the harbour of Hatteras, where they remained awhile, and uiteiward departed, wiiither they l^tievt sot. Hakluyt, iii. 283, 4*4, .,..., AMERICAN ANNALS. of August, at the urgent solicitation of the whole colony, the governor sailed for Enghmd to procure supplie'^ ; but of his countrymen, whom he left be- hind, nothing was ever afterward known. • Thus terminated the exertions of Ralegh for colonizing Virginia, which proved unsuccessful, says Chalmers, ** because ih" enterprize had been undertaken with- out sufficient information, because the project wa« new, and the means employed were not equal to the end."* John Davis, having sailed the last year to Labra- dor,* now made a third and very important voyage. Sailing from Dartmouth with three vessels,* one only of which was destined for discovery, the other two for fishing, he proceeded agair to that northern region ; and on the thirtieth of June was in se- venty two degrees and twelve minutes north lati- tude, where the sun was five degrees above the ho- rizon at midnight, and the needle varied twenty eight degrees toward the west. The whole of that coast he called ^ ondon Coast. Sailing sixty leagues up Cumberland Straits, he discovered a cluster of islands, which he called Cumberland Islands. Hav- ing, on his passage back from the northern seas, discovered and named Lumley's Inlet, he returned Z Hakluyt, iii. zSo — 287, where there is ah entire account of this voyage, vrith the names of all the 117 settlers ; of whom 91 were men, 17 women, and 9 children. The two natives (Manteoand Towaye), who ~^ went to England with Amadas and Barlow in IJ84, returned with this colony to Virginia. See Smith Virg. 13, 14. Beverly, 13, 15. Stith, 47 — 50. Purchas, i. 755. Prince Chron. Introd. 103. Belknap. Biog. i. 39. Stow Chron. 1018. Brit. Emp. iii. 38. Harris Voy. i. 815. Haz. i.40, 41. a Political Annals, i. 515. 3 This voyage, like the other, was for the discovery of a Northwest passage ; but Davis proceeded no farther than to 66 deg. 20 min.north lat. For an account of this second voyage, see Hakluyt, iii. 103 — 1 1 1. Harri« Voy. 580— 58a. Forster Voy. 302 — 308. Purcha8,i. 741. Univ. Hist. xli. 86, 1 01, Camden £liz. 324, 325. Belknap Biog. i^ 38. Forster considered thi« second voyage of Davis highly important ; but " the great fault oi it is, that in constquence of his not having named the countries he saw, it is very tmiatelUgible." 4 •< Two Barkei and a Clincher." Hakluyt. 1587. Aug. 27. Governor Wliite rc- turnn to £nglaniL Second and third voy- agf s of J. Davis. May 19. June 30. Is at 7 2 dg, 12 m. n.lat. DiscQ]rer$ London Coast ; Cumber- land Is- lands ; Lumlcy's Inlet. r *•• -»% 4 123 AMERICAN ANNALS. in September to England. ' The Spanish fleet, and the untimely death oi' secretary Walsingham, hin- dered the prosecution of these discoveries. * The 1588. , of Nombre de DIos about this rbtirid the •'a.ih. Rcmovii ^"'- ^'^y ^^ -WoniDre de Uios was of Nombre time rcmoved to Porto Bello, by order of Philip jl^^J^^^j^IIofSpain.^ . , ,^ ^ * , . ThomjLS Cavendish, an Englishman, completed Caveudi3*h ^^^ circumuavigation of the earth. On this voyagq he passed through the Straits , of Magellan ; and pillaged, and burned several of the Spanish settle- ments in Chili, Peru, and New Spain;* This was 1 Hakluyt, Hi. iii — 118. Forster Voyi 308— 310. Purchas, 1. 74a. UnW. Kist. xll. lot. Brit. Emp. i. a. Forster says, that Davis went fartfier to the north than any of his predecessors ; and that, if the ice had not prevented him, he would certainly then have made the discovery which was afterward happily elTected in 1616, by Baffin. .... a Purclias, i. 74a, where " Master Secretary Walsingham" is styled " The epitome and summarie of human worthinesse." '» 3 Some historians place this event in 1584. See Univ. Hist, xxxix; 156. Ulloa's Voyage to South America, i. 86. But, as it clearly appears from Hakluyt, iii. S53j that the measure was only recommended to the king of Spain in 1587 by his surveyor Baptista Antonio, I presume its accom- plishment cannot have been earlier than the succeeding year. *' If it \vould plea-ie your majestic, it \^*ere good that the citie of Nombre de Dios minjht he brought and builded in this harbour [Porto Bello]." Nom- bre de Dios (built in. 1509) was entirely destroyed in its infancy by the Indians of Darieri ; but some time afterward it was repaired, and the in- habitants maintained their ground until this removal. Ulloa, i. 86. The expediency of this measure sufficiently appears from t'fie account given to the king by his surveyor : " Puerto Bello lieth five leagues frorii Nom- bre Dios westward ; it is a very good harbsur, and sufficient to receivtf great store of ships. Within this harbour there lieth a small creeke safe from all winds that can blow." [See p. ap of these Annals.] '* The ileete shall not passe so many dangers as they dayly doe in Nombre de Dios : neither will there so many people die as there dayly dcie in Nombtfe de t)ioi : and the cause thereof is, that those labouring men which doe use to unlade those merchandize, are all the whole day wading in the water up to the armepits to bring the packs of cloth and other commodities ^land ; for there is no landing place where there can come any boates td land any goods close to the shore, so this wading and the parching of the sunne is the cause why so many doe dye of a burning fever. There are but 60 clwellin^ houses in Nombre de Dios, and but thirtie dwellers which doe continually dwell there, and the rest doe goe to Panama after the fleete is gone, and then this townc doeth remayne desolate, every man forsakinjr it because it is so full of diseases." Hakluyt, iii. jja, SS3- 4 Hakluyt, iii. 803 — 809, where this eminent riavigatd'r ii called CanditB. Churchill Voy. iii. 401. Camden Eliz. 397. It was begun at his own AMERICAN ANNALS. 129 own tlie second English vo)^age round ttie world. These warlike circumnavigations were from this time dis- continued by the English nation until the reign of queen Anne.' Governor White, though detained in England, so importunately solicited Ralegh andGrenville for the relief of the Virginian colony, as to obtain two small pinnaces, in which fifteen planters with suita- ble supplies of provision sailed for Virginia. More intent however on a profitable voyage, than on the relief of the colony, they went in chase of prizes j until at length two men of war from Rochelle, fal- ling in with them, disabled and rifled them, and obliged them to put back for England. * ;:>.: V--: ... ;:•' -.: ,- 1589. ^'''i -[^ A:.-'i :''^ .'■• Sir Walter Ralegh, having expended forty thou- sand pounds in attempting the colonization of Vir- ginia, without realizing the expected gain, made an assignment of his patent to Thomas vSi'nith, and other merchants and adventurers, with a donation of one hundred pounds for the propagation of the Christian religion among the natives, and for the general benefit of the Virginian colony. ^ .., ,.. ^ 1590. ■ •"': The English nation, at the juncture of governor White's arrival in England, being still at war with expense with three ships ai July 1586, and effected in two years and two months. Two of his ships were lost in th« voyage. Ibid. I Anderson ii. 164 ; who there says, "neither this nor Drake's circum- navigations were intended for making any useful settlements in those re- mote parts for the benefit of our commerce, as most certainly they might easily have done ; but their principal aim was privateering against and pillaging the Spaniards, together with some transient commerce." fl Oldys Life Ral. p. 41. Naval Hist. G. Brit. i. 440. Belknap Biog. i. 219. 3 Hakluyt, i. 815 — 817 ; Hazard Coll. i. 445 ; where are entire copies of this assignment. Birch Life Ral. p. zi. Stith, 25. Belknap Biog. i. 220. Robertson, book ix. 48, where the data is erroneous. Oldys Life Ral. p. 49. Ralegh was a generous benefactor to the colony, of which he was the parent. Mr. Harlot assures us, the least that he had granted had been 509 acres of load to a nan only fgr the advuaturt: of his person. Hakluyt, iii. %8o. .Supplies (lesij^ncd lor Vlr^i* nia fail. March 7. Ralegh as- signs his patent to 'I'homas Smith and others. Gov.Whlte returns to Virginia, AMERICAN ANNALS. ,()0. .hao. ._■ lieu ■ J col- ..i.lC u . J ioft Spain, unJ apprehending an invasion by thelnvlneiblie iVrmada ; the governor, who was one of the queen'* Council of war, was obliged to remain there until the spring of this year. Finding himself at liberty to return to his colony, he sailed from Plymouth with tliree ships, and, having passed through the West Indies in quest of .Spanish prizes, arrived on the fifteenth of August at Hatteras. In attempting to go on shore on the seventeenth, one of the boats was overset, and seven men were drowned. This disaster discouraged the other sailors to such a de- gree, that they all seemed resolved to abandon the research j but, by the persuasion and authority of the governor and one of their captains, they resum- ed it. The governor accordingly, taking with him nineteen men in two boats, went toward the place where he had left the English colony, and found on a tree at the top of the bank, CRO : carved in fair Ro- man letters. This he knew to be intended to mark the place, where the planters might be found ; for they had secretly agreed Vith him at his departure for England, to write or carve on the trees or posts of the doors the name of the place where they should be seated, because they were at that time prepai'ing to remove fifty miles from Roanoke into the main land. It had also been agreed, that, in case of their distress, they should carve over the letters a cross ; but, to the great comfort ind encouragement of their English friends, they found not this sign. Coming to the spot, v>'liere the colony had been left, they found the houses taken down, and the place very strongly incloced with a high palisado of trees, in the form of a fc^t. At the right side of the entrance, on one of the chief trees or posts, the bark of which had been taken off five feet from the ground, was carved, in fair capital letters^ CRc3aT0AN, without the sign of distress.' I Witlun the pitliudo thej found aiaaj ban of iron, % pig* of kad, 4 AMERICAN ANNALS. x,^ gn. ecrt the ado side sts, om ters« ss.' «d, 4 Concluding that the colony was safe at the place,' thus designated, they determined the next morning to sail for Croatoan. ' The ship however parting her cables, the weather being tempestuous, their provisions and fresh water scanty, they concluded to sail to the West Indies for supplies, remain there through the winter, and, on their return, visit their Retirr . countrymen in Virginia ; but the violence of the ^"j.^"^! . jtorm obliged them to relinquish that design, and it. jxtura to England, * ' * .1591- A fleet of ships sailed from St. Malo in France for Canada ; the French at that time being accus- tomed to fish at the islands about the bay of St. Lawrence for morses, whose teeth were then sold much dearer than ivory. ^ Thomas Cavendish, distinguished by his circum- Jron fo'.vlera, iron laclc ihot, and " such like heavlo things throwcn heva and there almont overgrowen with grasse and weedes." In the end of an Aid trench thtj found five chesjs, that h»d been carefully hidden by the planters, three of which Governor White says were his ewn ; and i^dds, " about the place we found many of my things spoyled and broken, and my bookes torne from the covers, tjie frames of some of my pictures and mappes rotten and spoyled with rayne, and my armour almost eaten through with rust.'' Hakhiyt. I An Indian to\vn on the north side of Cape Lookout [Marfihall Life of Washington, i. ao.], southward of Hatteras. Belknap Biog. i. aai. Here Manteo was born, and the nafives of the island were the friends of the £nglish. By the account in Hakhiyt it was near Ocrecock Inlet. i HaklHyt, iii. iSy — 195. •Smith Virg. 15, 16. Beverly, 14. 3 Hakluyt, iii. 189. Anderson, ij. i8o. They also made much oH from these animals, which the English call Sea horses, the Dutch and French Sea cows. They are calJed in Latin Bovet Afarini, or Vacca Mci' riW, and in the Russian tongue Morsses. Hakluyt, iii, T91. Anderson, ibid. 184. Hakluyt [ibid.] says," 1 have seene the hide of one as big as any oxe hide, and being dressed \ hay^ yet a piece of one thicker then any two oxe or bttis hides in England. I'he leatherdressers take them to b'.^ txcelient good to make light targets agamst the arrowes of the Savages ; and I hold them tarre better then the light leather targets, which the Moores use in BarUariu against arrowes and lances. 1 he teeth of the sayd lishes, whereof I have seene a dry fat full at once, are a footeand somctinifs more i»i length ; and have been sold in England to the ronibe and knif«* ^kkerk.. at 8 groats and 3 shillings the pound weight, whereas the best 1- Sf«ry i» sold for halfe the money." Asx English voyager [ibid. 191.] says, ihera w«r* i joo killed this year (1591) by one email bu-k at KatiiQH. Frenrli fleet ^.<:,'- to Cun.i'j ^ Cai'enui •• attempts i pass the Straits r.i IVIagrll.i'.!, 1,3 i Dies. AMERICAN ANNALS. navigation of the earth, undertook a voyage wi«-h five ships to the Straits of Magelhrn ; but, unable to pass them on account of bad weatiier and contra- ry winds, he was driven back to the coast of Bra- sil, where he died. ' r.xpeditlon Indies. Juan de fuca. 1592. Christopher Newport, with three ships and a s^-u"hrdr ^^^^^ bark, conducted an expedition against the itfVhcW. Spaniards in the West Indies ; and took several prizes. On the coast of Hispaniola, in the Bay of Honduras, and other places, he plundered and burnt several towns, and obtained considerable booty.* Juan de Fuca, a Greek, in the service of Spain^ sent by the viceroy of Mexico, to discover a North* west passage by exploring the western side of the American continent, discovered a strait, which bears , his name, in the forty eighth degree of north lati- ;, tude.3 ■ ■■= 1593- " ■: Voyage of Gcorge Drake, an Englishman, made a voyage to s. Law- up the gulf of St. Lawrence to the isle of Ramea,* rence. and carried home intelligence of the profitable trade of the French and otliers in these par \- of America. * I Camden Eliz. 457, there called an untimely ^eath. ^i a Hakluyt, 111.567 — 569, whcie there i» an entire account of this voyage. Stith, 43. Josselyn Voy. 240. 3 Belknap Biog. i. 39, 224 — 230, from Purchas. Fuca supposed it to l« the long sought passage. 4 Lying within the Straits of St. Peter, back of Newfoundland to the southwest in 47 deg. N. lat. Hakluyt. 5 Hakluyt, iii. 193. This diligent author notices three voyages " of our owne men, the first of Mr. (leorge Drake, the second of M. Silvester Wyet, the third of M. Charles Leigh ; because (he says) they arc the Erst, for ought that has hitherto come to my knowledge, of our owne Nation, that have conducted English ships so furre within thisgulfe of S. Laurence, and have brought us true relation of the manifold gaine which the French, j^ritaynes, Baskes and Biskaines d( yerely return from th^^ sayd partes ; V'h'.le wee this long time have sto >d still and have bene idic looker* on, miking courtisie who should give the first adventure, or or. :. . ' AMERICAN ANNALS. . Other English shins w^nf ,h' '^'^ ton i .ome for moS inl /""/ "" ^'-^P^ ^re- i eg, ^sliing. . This is the fir "^''"'^ ""'^r' ^'' ^l^^le^J^^. the whale fishery by thelS^ ^^f^, -^ ^n^. offnt-J^- found no ivhales in th.'s iimfn'l ^^^^^"gli they ii«h. ' ed on an island eiol, ". "f ^"^^' ^^t they discover- ' ' Biscay ship had tnos^;^.^ "^"^^^ ^"•^'' ^^^^^^e a . ; this is the Lf ^r. 1 f^^^-ee years before . anH '^^-'- ^^^ the eKS' i^ a^ftte;;;"; "'"-T «•— '• '^ one of the i-vlunds of Be™,M ' ' '? '"'^''^'^'^'J onH-M./' Englishman, who 4 foot o;^%,-"'-T^"^ fr^^?*- compaffy, having saved the r,? ."'""''• '^'''e "'-'«• «» of cedar a bark of ZomchrhT"'"' *°°''' ''"i't ™"''"' ?^d .payed the seams wS^ -;»" • - and, after remainino- on f?i..,\.^ ™r provisjons ; from tnftland itth ■ • *"'' '*° «''ips, fitted out „ ' , *^cov^ of a Northwest'^^SgT^St^'^ *! ^^^ 1 Anderson, ii, 184 Hnw i j- « eotirp 'ri,A J/,^) 5/4> where is Heni-v at . of Henry Mav w 'n '. f '""'^ "^'^'^^ ^J-ifwrTvk nnd of^.i, ^^' '' ^^ «'' ^34 AMERICAN ANNALS, •';*^ of Labrador. In sixty one degrees forty mlnutet *' north latitude, he saw the entrance of an inlet forty leagues broad, up \vhich he sailed nearly a hundred rariation leagues, and returned. The variation of the com- of the pass here was thirty five degrees to the west. SaiU mvci^Mu jjjg along the coast of America, he entered an inlet in the fifty sixth degree of latitude, and had great but delusive hope of finding a passage. After a voyage of thre^ months he arrived in England.' 1 April 4> Voyage of S. W^yet to ^t. Law- rence. Plac^ntia. August 34. Voyage of J. Lancas- ter against the Span- iarda. ': 1594' Silvester Wyet of Bristol, in a bark of thirty five tons, made a voyage up the bay of St. Lawt rence as far as the isle of Assumption, lor the barbs or fins of whales, and train oil. Ten leagues up the bay of Placentia, he found the fishermen of St» John de Luz, Sibibero and Biscay to be upwards of sixty sail j of which eight ships only were Span<« ish. At Farrillon* he found twenty sail of Eng* lishmen ; and, having in this harbour satisfactori- ly made pp his fishing voyage, he returned to Eng** land.^ James Lancaster, sent out from London with three ships and a galley frigate, and two hundred seventy five men a'^id boys, took twenty nine Spanish ships, and, associating Venour an Englishman, and some Hollrjiders and Frenchmen, who wer^ roving in the iFouth American spas for booty, sur- prised Fernamluck, the port town of Olinda, in Brasil. After keeping possession of it thirty days, he carried off tl e freight of a rich East Indian car- rack, with which, and sugars, Brasil wood, and cotton, procured there, he loaded fifteen sail of ves» sels, and returned home.* 1 Forster Voy. 31a — 317. a To the northward of Cape Brace 14 leagues. Hukluyi. 3 Hakluyt, iii. I94> X95> 4 Hakluyt, iii. 70S— 715. Camden EKz. 489. And'.'rion, IL 186. - . ac CO tin six Tr Wai Pre of Spa sear and miJe tole ed in of re purp. sailed toth. by h\ treat) » Gu between noque is Vessels n led to ezi **esea. » He ried him the dhei •ure, by before, af V» Itap extreme tives form their deiiv bees of Gu ianded am Spaniards ; ili^ii! ^stt. \ AMERICAN ANNALi* 1595" *i3 !>r Sir Walter Ralegh, having the preceding year Voyage ef sent to Guiaaa captain Whiddon, an old and ex- fegh^o perienced officer, from whom he received flattering owian*. accounts of the opulence and grandeur of that country, resolved now to visit it in person. * Fit- ting out a fleet at a great expense, he sailed on the sixth of February from Plymouth. Arriving at March i«. Trinidad, he spent a month in coasting the island, TrSidaiT waiting at the same time for the arrival of captain Preston. Learnings during this period, the state of St. Joseph, a small city, lately built by the Spaniards on that island, and knowing that the search for Guiana must be made in small boats, and that his ships must be left several hundred miles behind j he perceived it would not be safe to leave at his back a garrison of enemies, int -^vest- ed in the same enterprise) and in daily expecta::'on of reinforcement from Spain* Determined in his purpose, in the dusk of the evening he boldly as- ^ sailed the Corps du Garde ; and, having put them to the swoi'd, advanced with one hundred men, and Tafce« tK# by break of day took the city, which, at the en^ w*h & treaty of the Indians, he set on Are. * Leaving his bunu L X Guiana lies eastward of Pen< "r.dfriiie equinoctial [Purchas, i. 833.]^ between tht Oronoque and the river of Amazons. Ralegh says, the Oro- noque is navigable for ships little less than 1000 miles, and for smaller - Vessels near adoo ) latef writers say, 1800. The country, where he wai led to expect to find inittiense treasures, lay 6n this river, 600 miles front the sea. 2 He took Antonio de Berreo, the Spanish governor, prisoner, and caf> ried him, and a companion who was with him, on board his ships ; but the o^her Spaniards he dismissed. Berreo provoked Ralegh to this mea- sure, by treacherously ciipturing eight of captain 'N^'hiddon's men the year before, after giving his word that they should take wood and water' safe- ly. It appears too, that he and his Spaniards had treated the Indians with extreme cruelty ; which accounts for the attachment these oppressed na- tives formed for Ralegh and the English people, whom they considered a* their deliverers. Hakluyt. Bancroft, so lately as 1766, says. The Charib- bees of Guiana retain a tradition of an English Chief, who maay years since landed among them, and encouraged them to persevere in enmity to the Spaniards ; promising to return and settle among them, and afford them tUNtance. It it Mid, that they still preserve an English Jack, which he 136 AMERrCAN ANNALS. ^595' Voyage of An lias Preston. May 19. June 3. Aug. 20. Returns to England. Aug. 28. Voyuge of Drake and Hawkins to \V. In- dies. ships ut Triiiitliul, he proceeded whh one hundred men in boiils four hundred miles up the Oronocjue ; but the river beginning dangerously to swell, he returned, without effecting the great discovery." Several petty kings of the country however resign- ed their sovereignties into his hi^ids,,fbr the use of queen Elizabeth. It was his indention to seek for his colony in Virginia on his return to England j but extremity of weather fg^cej hiiw fron; tlje Vir- ginian coast." ••:■.' -,''.r'..'' : rrifj-./ Captain Amias Preston, arriving after Ralegh on the coast of South Ainieric.a, landed at the isle of Coche, near Margarita, where he took a few Spaiii^ iards with their negro slaves, and a small quantity of pearls. Proceeding to Cumana, the Spanish in- habitants, after a parley, agreed to pay hinj a ran-* som, to save their town from conflagration and plunder. He next took the city St. Jago de Leoh, which was sacked, and burnt. Having afterward burnt the town of Coros, he sailed to Hispaniola, thence to Newfoundland, and thence to England.* Sir Enuicis Drake and Sir John Hawkins sailed from England with six of tlie queen's ships, and twenty one private ships and barks, on an expedi- tion to the West Indies. On the way from Gua- daloupe to Porto Rico, Sir John Hawkins died ;♦ left with them, th:it they mlj^ht distingiii.sh his countrymen. This, adds Bancroft, was undoubtedly Sir Walter Raleigh, who in 1595 made a de- scent on the coast of Guiana, in search of the fabulous golden city of Ma- noa del Dorado. Hist. (Juiana, 458, 259. I " The fury of Orenoijue bt-gun daily to threateti us with danger* in our returne ; for no halfe day passed, but the river bi^gun to rages and o'/erflowe very fearefuUy, and the raines came downe in terrible shower*, a:'d gustes in great abundance." Ralegli, ibid. a Purchas, i. 828. V. ia6(;. Hakluyt, iii. 627 — 66a, where is Sir W, Ralegh's account entire. He seemed to believe, that what he had writ'* ten of Guiana would be suflicieiit to incite the " lady of ladies" [Elizabeth] to possess it ; " if not," ho adds, " I will judge those men worthy to ha kings tliereof, that by her grace and leave will undertake it of theiu* selves." 3 Hakluyt, 111.578—58,?. _ ; ._ 4 Stow [Chron. 807.] say;;, " as It was supposed of melancholy." Hii armcs, " emblazoned iii memory of his uoble atchivvcmcQts," preserve Bt l-ai to Ra de td\ off oft] obJij A vern four sign disco whici roy c do^a, the ki Sir fleet fi tween Jiis approf t|emy Al, his arms { X iHafe the Spani'i pearl), wt that the gc " the chur shared the proach of 1 hut after a the last of the remain harbour an teepe the 1 » Ibid. a- ing at too vl 3 Coll. if these Aariit AMERICAN ANNALS. ^37 la- . 4 9 igei't Bscrve lind was succeeded in command by Sir Tliomas Baskerville. The next day Drake made a despe- )rate attack on the ...ipping in the harbour of Porto Rico ; but, obtaining little advantage, he proceeded to the main, and took the towns of Rio de la Hache, Decembej; Rancheria, Tapia, Saint Martha, and Nombre de Dios. ' Sir Thomas Baskerville now march- fed with seven hundred and fifty men for the reduction ' of Panama ; but the Spaniards, having knowledge of the design, were strongly fortified, and he was obliged to abandon the enterprise. * Alvaro de Mendana de Neyra, a Spanish go- The Mar- vernor in South America, sailing from Callao with Jover^t*" four shipc> and four hundred people, with the de- sign of making a settlement in Solomon Islancjis, discovered four islands in the South Pacific Ocean, which, in honour of the marquis of Cannete, vice- roy of Peru, were called Las Marquesas de Men- do9a, and were taken possession of, in the name of the king of Spain. * Sir Francis Drake, proceeding with the English Death «)f fleet from Nombre de Dios, died on his passage be- S'^J"""^* tween the island of Escudo and Porto Bello. His jan. 28. his appropriate honours ; " Upon his helm a wreath, Argent and Azure, x Demy Moore in his proper colour, bound and captive, with amulets in his arms and ears." Biog. Britan. Art. Hawkins. See A. D. 1563. X Hakluyt, iii. 583 — ^590. Purchas, d. 1183. The pearls, brought by the Spaniards for the ransom of the Rancheria (their fishing town for pearl), were so highly rated, to make up the offered sum of 24000 ducats, that the general sent them back, and burned that town, and R. de la Hache, '< the churches and a ladies house onely excepted." The other towns shared the same fate. The people of Nombre de Dios fled on the ap- proach of the English, excepting about 100 Spaniards who kept the fort ; out after a few discharges they also fled, leaving nothing of value. On the last of December the general burned half of the town, and x January the remainder, « with all £fie frigates, barks and galiots, which were in the harbour and on the beach on shore, having houses built over them to keepe the pitch from melting." Hakluyt, ibid. a Ibid, and Naval Hist, of G. Brit. i. X03 ; where it is observed <* grasp* ing at too vn?^y things spoiled all." 3 Coll. Hist. Soc iv. 238, 239. See p. zo6» and vol. ii. A. D. 179X1 v£ these Amxals. T ^3? Socond voy.ijfe to AMEIIICAN ANNALS. l)c)Jy, according to uaval custom, was sunk in the sea, very near the pLicc where he first laid the foun- dation of lii.s fame and fortune. ' The fleet anchor- ed at Porto Bello on the jiune day ; but the inhab- itants fled at the approoich ,of the EngUsh, carrying away their goods.* Sir WaUer Ralegh, at his own expense, fitted out two vessels under Lawrence Keymis, who L-Kcymi^. iTti'itle fiirthcr discoveries relating to Guiana.* !,.4lt \,H ;.'!l Tiiird ftiy. agti to GiiJantt. L. Berriu. Voyage of Sir A. fahirley. T.Jcos Ji- 1a 'hr. '597-. Leonard Berrie, fitted out with a pinnace by Sir Walter Ralegh, arriving in March on the coast of Guiana, entered into a friendly correspondence with th.e natives, and re u' ned to England. -* Sir Anthony Siiirley, commanding an English squadron, landed at Jamaica on the twenty ninth of January, aad marched six miles into the island to the principal town.f The inhabitants of the town and island submitting to his mercy, he resic^- ed here about five weeks, and then sailed to Hon- duras J took Puerto de tavallos j ^ searched in vain for a passage to the South Sea j aad returned by Newfoundland to England. ' I Hakluyt, iii. 588, 593. N.ival Hist. G. Brit. 1. 104. Stow Chron. 808. ' i Hakliiyt, ihid. " Jn JHierto Beljo were but 8 or 10 houses, beside a jrrint new house which they were in building for the Oovernour that slipuld have bene for that place : tliere was also a very strong fort all to the water "iidv. There tliey ment to have builded a great towne." Ibid. This place was taken " before the town and fortifications thereunto be- longing were one quarter finished." Churchill Voy, viii. 76a. « 3 Hakluyr, iij. 07J — 69a. Oljys Life R»l. 89. ' 4 Hiikluyt, iii. 692—697. OWvs Life Ral. io8. This voyage was bfegun 17 December 1596, and finished a8 June IJ97. ■ 5 " The people ^11 on hprsebaclt made shew of great matters, but did nothing/' Hakluyt 6 "The most poore and miserable place of all India." Hakluyt. 7 Hakluyt, iii. S99-^6qi. This voyage was begun 23 April 1596* Shirley arrived at Dominica 1 7 October ; ftaid there till is November ; landed at St. Martha pn tlxe Spanish main December ^i ', remained there Over wiiristmus ; and oil Kcw Vear'ii df\Y sailed fof Jamaica. Ibid. 5. •»! ',■••■!. /IJk. ' . hsii^^or q:siZ. . --. ' T-' ■■■ • " AMERICAN ANNALS. ^jO The earl of Cumberland, Imving received a com- ^ 5')7» mission from queen Klizabeth, to attack and destroy ^'ij'f '|jf'"" the territories of her enemies, took the island of cumber- Porto Rico in the West Indies, and carried off jj"'' *^ ^'• nearly eighty cast piectj of cannon, eight ships, and iruch wealth ; ' but the expedition was disastrous, -^ f4)r seven hundred men were lost before its com- pletion. * M. de Pointis appeared with a squadron of French jm ;- French privateers before Carthagena, and forced vintirs,,ii. it to capitulate ; but his soldiers, in breach of the tlla^rcna! capitulation, pillaged the town. ^ ,.! Charles Leigh, merchant of Londoii, made a y"y'g'' ♦*■ voyage with two vessels to the Isle of Ramea and J„' ^.''Jr.J. Cape Breton. Having given umbrage to the ton. French at Ramea,'' two hundred Frenchmen and Bretons from all the ships in two liarboiirs on the i-'i island assembled, and planted three pieces of ord- nance on the shore agamst the English, and dis- charged on them one hundi-ed small shot from the woods. There were also in readiness to assault them about three hundred Indians. On a parley liow- ever the contest subsided. In this voyage Leigh obtained a considerable quantity of codlish and train oil, and had some little trafilck with the na- tives.* li. 1.1*1 1596. (mber ; there 1 Purchas, i. 903. Josselyn Voy. 24c. At Puerto R.Ico, the capital, which gives name to the island, there was a bithop's see, and cathedral church, with a friery, 400 soldiers in pay, beside 300 ethers. " It was accounted the maiden towne and invinciblp, and is the Spanish key, and fheir first towne in the Indies." 2 Univ. Hist. xli. 522. About 60 men were slain in fight at Porto Ri- co ; 600 died of the bloody flux ; «uid about 40 were cast away iu the it jrcturn. ' 3 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 160. 4 By taking the powder and ammunition from a vessel (In one of tlie harbours) supposed to belong to Spain ; but which proved to belong to the subjects of the French king. 5 Hakluyt, iii. 195 — 201. Both vessels were of London, the Hope- well of 120 tons, and the Chancewell (if 70, and were " set to sea at the sole and proper charge of Charles Leigh and Abraham Van Herwick pf ^oadon, »erchant«.'* They left Falmouth 28 April, and x8 Ma/ verc * 4 . f40 AMERICAN ANNALS. Jan. IV Comniij- conquer conv4ct« on the Isle of «ttbl«. 1598. France, after fifty years of internal commotion, having recovered her former tranquillity, was ena- Ro"i*!-^'* bled to renew her enterprises for colonization.' The marquis de la Roche, receiving from Henry IV a commission to conquer Canada, and other coun- tries, not possessed by any Christian prince, sailed from France, in quality of lord lieutenant of those countries, with Chetodel of Normandy for his pi- lot, carrying a colony of convicts from the prisons. Leayes 40 Having landed forty of them on the Isle of Sable, he sailed for Acadie ; made researches in that re^ gion ; and returned to France, without attempting a settlement, or having it in his power to carry back those miserable outcasts, whom he had set on shore. He was prevented by various misfortunea His death, from returning to America, and died of vexation.^ 1 600. On the death of La Roche, his patent was re- newed in favour of M. de Chauvin, who now made a voyage up the river St. Lawrence to Tadouss- ac, where he left some of his people ; and return- ed, freighted with furs. * on the bank of Newfoundland. On the 33d the Chancewell ^as ca«( away " u;)on the maine of Cape Breton, within a great bay 18 leagues yrithin th^ Cape, and upon a roche within a mile of the shore." The Hopewell, having fished successfully at the isle of Menr.go to the north of Cape Breton, and at Brian's island, arrived 18 June at Rumea. Ibid. I See A. D. 1540, and 1549. a Charlevoix Nouv. France,!. 107 — iio. Univ. Hist. %t.-iCvi\ 408, 409. Forster Voy. 444. The French king, hearing at length of these convicts^ sent Chetodel .to take them away ; and after seven years the survivors of that forlorn company, twelve in number, were taken off, and carried home. On their arrival in France, king Henry having at hia own desire seen them, ji^st as they were when they left the place, in their seal skin clothes and long beards, gave each of them jo crowns, as a recompence fo^r their sufferings ; and remitted the punishment of their crimes. Ibid. 3 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 1 10, X 1 1. Tadoussac is 90 leagues from the mouth of the St. Lawrence. The French people, left there, woul^ have perished by hunger or disease, during the following winter, but for ^e C9aipas$ion of th(| natives. Ibid. Cbauvia the next year nude a eo* Chauvia leaves French people at laqoui^c. AMERICAN ANNALS. MI Sebald de Wert, a Dutchman, having passed *'• ^^^ ""^^"J^^ through the Straits of Magellan into tlit South Sea, Ihtsokii- discovered without the Straits three islands, which '''"•' >*i- the company, in honour of their captain, called the ""^ '* Sebaldine Islands. ' He appears to have been one of the company of Oliver Van Noort, sent out by the Hollanders with four ships, one of which, after the passage through the Straits, proceeded to the tast Indies ; and, having traded there for pepper, returned home by the Cape of Good Hope. * This was the fourth general navigation of the globe j but the first, that was ever performed by the Dutch.' 1 60 J. William Parker sailed from Plymouth in Enc:- vopge o*- 1 ■ 1 • 1 1 • • I 1 1 W. Pxrlar land with two ships, one pmnace, and two shal- lops, to Cubagua ; and, having taken the pearl fishery in that island, with the governor of Cuma- Tav^s th» na, who was there with a company of soldiers, he p'-tI f'she- received five hundred pounds in pearl for the ran- [n^na.^"' soni of the whole. Proceeding to Pqrto Belle, he 'i' I cond voyage, with the same good fortune as the first, and sailed up the St. La\\Tence as high as Trois Rivieres; but while preparing for a third voyage he died. Ibid. Brit. £mp. i. Introd. p. 47. IJiiiv. Hist, xxxix. 469. . , I Harris Voy. i. 33. They are laid down in a map, ibid, and lie in 53 deg. 40 min. S. lat. about 60 miles from the land. a Monson [Naval Tracts, p. 40a.] says, there were five ships, that went from Holland on this voyage ; that several Englishmen went in them ; that Mr. Adams of Lymehouse was on board that ship, which returned ' by the East Indies ; and that, while he was at Japan, he sent intelligence to England of his being there, informing tlie English merchants of the state of that country, and expressing!; a desire, that they would undertake the trade of Japan. Chailevoix mentiuns the same Adams, us commander of the entire Dutch squadron : " Guillaume Adams, Anglois, en qualite de fremier Pilote do I'Escadre." 3 Anderson, ii. 194. Charlevoix Nouv. France, [Pastes Chron.] i. a8. It was begun in 1598 ; but was impeded by adverse winds. Historians do not perfectly agree in the names of the Dutch navigators ; but I apprehend that several, who difier in this respect, refer to the same memorable voyage. Grotius expressly mentions it, with his accustomed neatness : ** Longinquas ad navigationes crescebat Batavis audacia, quippeetfretum, quod Magellanicum a repertore dicitiir, Draconi et Cavendisso Anglis emensum postea, quartus eorum, quos fama excepit, Oliverius Nortius Ror terod^mensispeoetraver:'.!." Aunales,p. 5913, A. D. x6oi. *4» Plunder* Porto March 26. Voyi'.ge of B. Gosiiold and 3 a Jv.iglisli- jiicn to the northern parts of Virginia. May 14. Discover land ii) 43 deg. Friendly interview ythh. the nativca. AMERICAN ANNALS, made himself master of that rich town ; remained in it one day ; plundered it without molestatiopt from its inhabitants ; apd left it without injuring its buildings. ' • I - ' 1602, Although the disastrous issue of Ralegh's at- tempts to elFect a settlement in America, together with the war with Spain, checked the spirit of co- lonization in England, it was now revived. Bar-^ tholomew Gosnold sailed in a small bark from Fal- mouth with thirty two persons,* for the northern parts of Virginia, with the design of beginning a plantation. Instead of making the unnecessary cirr euit by the Canaries and West Indies, he steered, as near as the winds would permit, due west, and was the first Englishman, who came in a direct course to this part of America. ^ After a passage of seven weeks, he discovered land on the American coa»t ; and soon after met vvith a shallop with sails and oars, having on board eight Indians, with whom the English had friendly intercourse. •* Sailing along I Purchas, i. 901 ; v. 1 243. Harris Voy. i. 747. Porto Bello was now en^ tirely finished [See p. 138, note 2.] ; but Parker obtained there no mofe than 10,000 dollars ; for within a few days before iiO,ooo dollars were con- veyed thence to Carthagena. Churchill Voy. yiii. 76a. Parker, in his de- scription of" the stately and new bullded town of Porto Bello" [in Purchas], says, it " had two goodly churches in it fully finished, and six or seven faire streets, whereof two were full of all necessarie artilicers, and of mer- chan's, with three ^nutll forts on the townes sides, besides the great fort of Saint Philip on the other." a Of this number 8 were " mariners and say^Iers ;'• la purposed, after the discovery of a proper place for a plantation, to return withthe thip to England ; the rest were to " remayne theie for population.' Pur- cii;is. At whose expense the voyage was made, does not appear ; but it was with the consent of of Sir W. Ralegh and hin associates. Belknap. 3 Belknap liiog. i. 231 ; ii. joo. Robertson, book ix. 51. Biog. Britan. Jrt, (iREENviLLE, *W( K Smith [Hist. Virg. i6.] says, this course wa? ♦« shorter than heretofore by 500 leagues." 4 'i'hese natives first hailed the Eiiglish ; who answered them. After signs of peace, and a long speech made by one of the Indians, they went boldly on board the English vessel, " all naked," saving loose deer skins about their shoulders, " and neere their wastes seale-skinnesjtyedfast like to Irish Dimmie Trouses." One of t'\eni, who seemed to be their Chief, were a waistcoat, breeches, cloth stockings, shoes, and a haf; one or two AMERICAN ANNALS. U3 ained atio|i aring 's at- rether of COr Bar^ n Fair rthern ning a iry cirr red, as id was urse to • seven. coa»t ; Us atid whom along IS now en? moye than |were con- in his de- Purchas], |x or seven id of mer- leat fort of I purposedi with' the Ion.' Pur- but it ^Iknap. 3g. Britan. tourse ^wi^ ta. After Ihey went Idber »kinii Id fast lika lelr Chief, lue or two the shore, they the next day discovered a head i6o2* land in the latitude of forty two degrees, where they miv 15. came to anchor ; and, taking a great number of cod ^"chor at at this place, they call d it Cape Cod. On thewMch'they day following they coasted the land southerly ; and, "H Cape in attempting to double a point, came suddenly in- to shoal water, and called the place Point Care.' Point Gar*. While at anchor here^ they were visited by the na* tives. In surveying the coast, they discovered ■ breakers off a point o£ land, which they named Gilbert's Point ; and, passing it on the nineteenth Gilbert'* of May, anchored about a league to the westward i*"'"*- of it* On the twenty first they discovered an is- land, which they called Martha's Vineyard. * Com- Martha's ing to anchor, two days afterward, at the north- Vineyard. west part of this island, they were visited the next morning by thirteen of the natives, with whom they had a friendly traffic. On the twenty fourth they discovered another island, which they called Dover Cliff j ' and the next day came to anchor, a Dove? quarter of a mile from the shore, in a large bay, ^ '^* \vhich they called Gosnold's Hope.* On theoosnoid's northern side of it was the main ; and on the Hope. southern, four leagues distant, was a large island, which, in honour of the queen^ .hey called Eliza- fi,nd'i,f beth. * A little to the northward of this island 4* de^ ao ^as a small one, which they called Hill's Hap j and iithers had a iiew things of European fabric ; and " these with a piece of cfaalke described the coast thereabouts, and could name Placentia of the Newfoundland j they spake divers Christian words." Piuchas. Their Vessel is supposed to have belonged to some unfortunate fishermen of Bis- cay, wrecked on the coast. I Supposed by Dr. Belknap to be Malebarre, or Sandy Point, forming the soudieastern exti'emity of the county of Barnstable in Massachusetts. Belknap Biog ii. no. a Not that, which no^v bears thxt name ; but a small island, cow called No- Man's Land. Ibid. in. 3 Oay Head. Beiknsp. 4 Buzzard's Bay. Belknap. The narrator iu Purchas says, it h " one of the stateliest sounds that ever I was in." 5 The westernmost of the islands, whidi now bear the nam? of Eliza* betib's Islands^ Its Indian name is Cuttyhnnk. Belknap. min. i44 AMERICAN ANNALS. l6oi. on the opposite northern shore a similar elevati6ri^ which they called Hap*s Hill. On the twenty eighth they consulted together upon a fit place for a plantation ; arid concluded to settle on the wes- tern part of Elizabeth Island. In this islaftd there is a pond cf fresh water, two miles in circumference, in the centie of which is a small rocky islet ; and Here they here they began to erect a fort and store house. ind house! While the liien were occupied in this work, Gos- nold crossed the bay iA his vessel ; went ort shore ; trafficked amicably with the natives ; and^ having discovered the mouths of two rivers, * returned in five days to the island. In nineteen days the fort and store house were finished ; biit discontents aris- ing among those who were to have remained m the tountry,' it was concluded, after deliberate consul- fune i8. taiion, to relinquish the design of a settlement ; f!i EiirTaiui. ^"^ ^^^ whole company returned to England. ' i brie was that, near which lay Hap's Hill ; i .id the otKei- that, ort the banks of which the town of New Bedford is now built. Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 434. .The two harbours of Apooneganset and Pascamanset. Belle. 4 " 'I'he 13th beganne sonie of our companie that before vowed to Btay, to make revolt ; whereupon the planters diminishing, all was given over." Purchas. .■? Purchas, i. 755 ; v. 1646 — 1653. Hubbard MS. N. fing, p. 9. Ma- ther Magnal. b6ok i. p. 3. Belknap Biog. ii. 100 — ill, where the errors Ui his own first account of Gosnold [in Amer. Biog. i. 431—239.1 are corrected. Harris Voy. i. 816. Smith Virg. 16 — »i8. Josselyn Voy. >5*> I57» *4.V Prince Chron. Introd. 104. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 269, 370. Brit. Emp. i. 154. In 1797 the Reverend I3r. Belknap \vith several othet- gentlemen went to the spot, which was selected by Gosnold's company on Elizabeth Island, and " had the supreme satisfaction to find the cellar of Gos^ nold's store house ; tiie stones of which were evidently taken from the neigh* bouring beach ; the rocks of the islet being less moveable, and lying in ledges." Belknap Biog. ii. 115. In a map, entitled, " I'he South part of New England, as it is planted this yeare, 1634," inserted in the first edi- tion of Wood's New England Prospect, 1 find a place near Narraganset Bay, named Old Plymouth ; and in the same map the Plymouth, settled in 1620, is denominated New Flymoutb, It hence appears, that Gosnold's ephemeral settlement (though not correctly placed in this map) was kept some time in remembrance in New England ; for the name of " Old Ply- mouth" was doubtless intended to distinguish it. Hutchinson [Hist. Mas. i. I.], speaking of Gosnold's settlement, observes : " This I suppose is what Jfisselyn, and no other author, calls the first colony of New Plymouth, for i)t suys it was bcguo in l6c2, and near Narragigitet Bay." Josselyn's ac- AMERICAN ANNALS, I4i Ma- Sir Walter Ralegh, not abandoning all hope of the Virginian colony, made one effort more for its discovery and relief* Having purchased and fitted out a bark, he sent, on that benevolent enterprise, Samuel Mace, an able mariner of Weymouth, who sailed from Weymouth in March ; fell on the A- merican coast in about the thirty fourth degree of north latitude ; spent a month there j proceeded along the coast ; but returned home without any thorough attempt to effect the purpose of this voyage** ^he discovery, liiade by Gosnold^ waS an incite- fnent to farther adventures. By the persuasion of Mr. Richat'd Hakluyt, aiid with' the leave of Sir Wal- ter Ralegh, the mayor and aldermeli, and some of the jaost considerable merchants of Bristol, raised a r ck of a thousand pounds, and fitted out a ship 6f about fifty Ions, called the Speedwell, and a bark of twenty six tons, called the Discoverer, under the command of Martin Fring, for the fuller discovery of the northern parts of Virginia. The ship, carrying thirty men and boys, the bark thirteeen meti and a boy, both victiialed for eight iftonths, sailed on the tenth of April from Milford Haven. In the beginning of June they fell in with the American July saw land in about the fortieth AiA'Xi tMrt, pretending tliat the extremitie of weather, and lotit of som^ principal ground-tackle, foiPced. and feiaved them from seatehing the Port of Hatarfeske, to which they were sent." Ibid. I At a place, named the year before, by Gosnold's men. Savage Rock. a It is called in Purchas a " great gulf ;" which, according to Belknap, watt the Vineyard Sound. , ' 3 The haven, described m the joirrilal iiiserted in Pupchas," must hav» been that of Edgar-Town, generally called Old-Town." Note of Peleg Coffin, Esq. in Belknap Biog. ii. ia8. The place where the voyagers cast sinchor is said in Purchas to be '* in the latitude of 41 degrees and odde minutes." 4 One of their birch canoes was carried hoiife to Bristol, as ^curioui specimen of their ingenuity. 5 Purchas, v. 1654 — 16561 Belknap Kog. iJ. laj— "ISS* SWiih Virgi l.^. Beverly> 17. Stith, ja. Prince 6. Brit. Emp.i. /n/rW. 21. (AMERICAN ANNALS. '47 Rock. Llknap, degree of latitude. Adverse winds preventing liim from reaching Chesepeak Bay, at which he aimed, he came to anchor on the twenty ninth about a mile from the shore, and landed with four of his principal men ; but every one of them was killed by the natives. The rest of the crew, intimidated Ijy this disaster, weighed anchor, and returned to "England. ' Henry JV of France granted to Pierre du Cast, Sieur dt Monts, a gentleman of his bed chamber, a patent of the American territory from the fortieth to the fcrty sixth degree of north latituf^e, constitut- ing him lieutenant general of that portion of the country, with power to colonize and to rule it, and to subdue and Christianize its native inhabitants. * The king soon after granted him and his associates an exclusive right to the commerce of peltry, il} Acadie and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. ' '^ Samuel Champlain of Brouage in France sailed up the St, Lawrence ; jiiifhoTad at Tadoussac ; smd made discoveries in the neighbouring territory.'* Two hundred ships were at this period annually engaged in the Newfoundland fishery, and employ- ed at least ten thousand men.^ X Ptfrchasjir. i6jf6— *t658. Prince, io. Stith,33. 4 Hazard Coll. 1. 45—48, where the patent is inserted entire, in the original French. An Engliisk' translation of it is in Purchas, v. 1619, i6zo ; In Harris Vqy. 1. 813 ; and in Churchill Voy. ^ii. 796 — 798. In the last pi Lhese places it is introductory to L'Escarbot's Description, of New France, an English translation of which is insertec ibid. 796 — 917. De Monti) was a Calvinist ; but the king allowed him and his people the exercise of his re%ion in America. On his part he e-tgaged to people the country, and to establish the Catholic religion arflong the nutives. Charlevoix Nquv. France, i. iii, iiz. The country, described in the patent of D« Monts, is ih^te called Acadie ; but tl\h name was afterward restricted to what is now called Nova Scotia. " Cadia, pars Cbntinentis, triangularis est foirma: •? - - qui duo sinus e:^iguo terra spatio disjunct!, hanc Provin- eiam pen^ Insulam efficiunt." Lact, cited by Charlevoix, ibid. " Acadie, 1C03. Nov. 3. Patent df Do Monts for the teiv ritory from 40 to 46 dig. N.la^. . >*iii* State of Newfound- land fishe- out depuis le Cap le Sable jusqu' a Camceaux, & p' est ce que les Anglois 4* abord nomm^ IfouvelU Ecoste." Ibid. 3 Chalmers, i. 8a, from L'Escarbot. 4 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. m. Harris Voy. i. 811. Univ. Hist, sxxix. 4I0- Belknap Biog. i. 41, 322. 5 Biog. BritAn. A-' '^' w^. from Joiiah Child's DiKourse on Trade. , « J 1 481 AMERICAN ANNALS. .-■^ 1 1 Voy.i;»e of Dti Monts. March 7. May 6. Confiscafes a vessel at Port R08- iignoL Pert Mut- ton. Eaye Fnn- <:oise. fortRcya,!. i6o4, Thw Sleur de Monts, taking Champlain as hia pilot, and attended by M. Poutrincourt with st number of volunteer adventurers, * embarked with two vessels for America. Airiving at Acadie, he confiscated an interloping vessel in one of its har* hours, which was now called Port Rossignol.* Coasting thence he arrived at another port, which his people named Port Mutton. ' From this port they coasted the peninsula to the southwest ; dou- bled Cape Sable ; and came to anchor in the bay of St. Mary. After sixteen days, they proceeded to examine an extensive bay on the west of the pe- ninsula, to which they gave the name of La Baye Francoise. ♦ On the eastern side of this bay they discovered a narrow strait, into which they entered, and soon found themselves in a spacious bason, en-, vironed with hills, and bordered with fertile mea- dows. Poutrincourt was so delighted with this place, that he determrhed to take his residence here ; and, having received a grant of it from Dc Monts, he called it Port Royal. * From Port Roy- This estimate Includes seamen, fishermen, and shoremen. They were ac- customed to sail in March, and to return in September ; and to spend every winter at home what they acquired in thfjr summer fishery, that isjlipwardsof /^loovcxjo. Ibid. I Some were Protestants and some Catholics. " II 9ssepabla nombre ^e Gcntils-hommes, et de toutes sprtes d' artisans, soldats et autres, tant d* une que d' autre religion, Prestres et Ministres." Ckamplain, 43, who •ays (ibid.) that they were pne month only in the voyage to Cap de la Heve, which lies several leagues to the eastward of Port Rossignol, in 44 deg. 5 min. After they left this cape, it appears, that Cliamplaia parted from De Monts and wept by his ordef in quctti. of 9 place for settle-^ nient. Ibid. 44, 57, 60. a From Rossignol, one of his countrymen, who was trading there with the Indians without licence ; for which reason his ship and cargo were seized. Charlevoix Nouv. France,!. 115. The harbopr is on the (southeast side of Nova Scotia, and is pow called Liverpool. Belknap ;Biog. i. 324. 3 Eenvuse a sheep leaped overboard there, and was drowned. I^'Escarb^t, 4 Nf/w called The Bay of Fundy. Belknap. H Now called Annapolis. Belknap. " In this port (says Escarbot) we dwt It three yeeres after this voyage." Henry IV confirmed this gift to Pou rncourt : "en V an 1607 Ic feu Roy Henry le grand luy ratifi,ca v"^ (pn^^ina f» dpn." Champlain, AMERICAN ANNALS. M$ a1 De Monts sailed farther into the great bay, to 1604, visit a»':o_'>per mine.' Champlain in the mean time, in examining this bay pursuant to* the in* structions of De Monts, came to a great river, which he called St. John. From this river he coasted the bay southwesterly twenty leagues,* and came to an island, in the middle of a river, De Monts, on his arrival, built a fort, and passed the winter on this island, which he called St. Croix. ' This situation proving very inconvenient, he, the ensuing c™'"' ^'t spring, removed his settlement over the Baye Fran^ therer*^ coise to Port Royal. * This was the first settlement ?t. John'* river. Builds a fort at St, that there cargo the tlknap :arbQt« i It was a high rocic, on .1 promontory, between two hays [Menis]. Belknap. 7, This w-j along the coast of the Etechemins ; " The people that be from Sr.int John's river to Kinniheki (wherein are comprised the rivers of Sc Croix and Norombega) are called Etechemins." Escarbot. The river St. John was called by the natives Ouygondy. Champlain. The French did not now sail 50 leagues up this river (ns Dr. ^elknap seems to have supposed), but in 1608. I'urchas, v. 1622. 3 The river, named by t^e natives Scoodick, in which this Mand lies, IS also called St. Croix ; and, being part of the boundary' between iSe ter- ritory of the Unit"'' jiatesand the British IVovince of New Bnmswick, it hasbeco ne a stream of great importance. After the treaty of 1783, by which the river St. Croix was made a boundary, i' became a question, which was the real St. Croix ; whethevthe river, \nown by the name of Scoodick, or that, known by the pame of M3g::guadavick, It has how- ever been satisfactorily determined, by Crmmissioners appointed for that purpose, that the Scoodick is the river, originally named St. Croix ; and tlie line has been settled accor»3ingly. Professor Webber, who accompanieJ the Commissioners in 1798, informs me, that they found an island in this river, corresponding to the French descriptions of the island St. Croix, and, near the upper end of it, the remains of a very ancient fortification, overgrown with large trees ; that the foundation stones were traced to a considerable extent ; an4 that bricks (a specimen of which he showed me) were found there, There is no doubt, but that these were the re- liques of De Monts* fortif.cation. 4 Escarbot, in Churchill Voy. iji. 798— 815. Purchas, 1.751,752. T. i6ao — i6a6. Champlain, 42 — 44. Charlevoix, Nouv. Fra.ice, i. 115, and Pastes Chron. a8. Harris Voy. i. 813 — 815. Belknap Biog. i. 324 — 33a Univ. Hist, xxxix. 41 1. Minot Mass. 1.127. The stores, which had been deposited at St. Croix, were removed across the bay, but the build- ings were left standing. New houses were ertcted at tlie mouth of the river L'Equiire, which runs into the bason of Port Royal j and here the people and stores were lodged. The winter had b«en severe ; all the peo- ple had been sick ; 36 had died, and 40 only were left alive. As soon as these were recovered, De Monts sought a comfortable station in a warm- (BT climate. He sailed along the coast to Penobscot, Kennebetk, Casto, JSacp, :^id ultimately to Malebarre, which was at that time the Fr»;uch ■■'.(■ ..■^im ViSf '(JP*18*^»*SHr- tso AMERICAN ANNALS, 1604. in Acadie [Nova Scotia] ; and was begun four years after the temporary residence of Pontgrave's company in Canada. * Two Jesuits, introduced by Poutrincourt into Port Royal, leaving that place soon after on account of some controversy, went to Mount Desert, and began a plantation there. * ? Toyage of G. Wey- mouth. March 31. Sails. May 18. Lauds on an island, which he calls St. George. Pentecost ^rbour. 1605, King James having recently made peace with Spain, and the passion for the discovery of a North West passage being now in its full vigour, a ship was sent out with a view to this discovery, by the earl of Southampton and lord Arundel, under the command of George Weymouth. He sailed from the Downs with twenty eight persons on the last of March ; and on the fourteenth of May discovered land in about forty one degrees, thirty minutes, north latitude. Being entangled here among shoals, he quitted this land, and about fifty leagues distant discovered several islands, on one of which belaud- ed, and called it St. George. Within three leagues of this island he came into a harbour, which he called Pentecost harbour j then sailed up a great river' forty miles ; set up crosses in several places ; namcof Cape Cod; but the natives appeariilg numerous and unfriendly, and hit company being small, he returned to St. Croix, and then to Port Royal, where he found Duppnt, in a ship from France, with supplies and a reinforcement of 40 men. Having put his affairs into good order, he embarked for France in September 1605, leaving Dupont as his lieute- nant, with Champlftin and Champdore, to perfect the settlement, and ex- plore the country. Escarbot. Belknap. M. de Poutrincourt returned to France with De Monts, if he had not indeed previously returned ; for he " made the voyage into these parts with some men of good sort, not to winter there, but as it were to seeke out his seate, and find cut a land that might like him. Which he having done, had no need to sojourn there any longer. So then the ships being ready for the retume, he ship- ped himselfe, and those of his companle, in one of them." Purch. v. 1622. I « Ce fut en 1604 que les Fran9ois s* etablirent en Acadie, quatre ant avant d'avpir eleve la plus petite cabane dans le Canada." Precis tur T Amerique, 56. a Belknap Biog. i. 41. Putchas, v. 1807, 180S. 3 «The discovery of which they seem to be proudest was that of a river, yilisk th«y do upon maaj accounts pref«r to any knows Americaa x'vkh," ■{ a nver, . rixur." AMtRICAl^ ANNALS. atidiliad some traffic "with the natives. In July he returned to England, carrying with him five In- dians ', one, a Sagamore, and three others of ijiem^ persons of distinction. ' 1606. Although one hundred and nine years had elaps- ed since the discovery of the continent of Ame-* tica by the Cabots, in the service of Henry VII of England ; yet the English had made no effectual settlement in any part of the New World. » Twen- ty years had passed since the first attempt of Sit Walter Ralegh to establish a colony in Virginia H but not an Englishman was now to be found in all the Virginian territory. The period however of English colonizatron at length arrived. The grant, made to Sir Walter Ralegh, being void by his at- tainder,' several gentlemen, by the incitement of Mr. Richard Hakluyt,* petitioned king James, t3 Sn Belknap, in hit first volume of American Biography, says, thU grea': river is supposed to be either Penobscot, or Kennebeck ; but, before the publication of his second volume, he had satisfied himself, after careful n- wnination and inquiry, that it was the Penobscot. Americ. Biog. i, it i ii. 149. Purchas [i. 755.] says, Weymouth " discovered three score mile* up a most excellent river." See Harris Voy. i. 817. Z Rosier's account of this voyage is in Purchas v. 1659--.1676 $ A^^d io SmithrVirg. x8 — 10. See also Harris Voy. i, 8x7, 818. Keith, ja. Prince, J4i Stith, 34. .'% Three years before, at the time of queen Elizabeth's death (1603), Vrhich was no years after the discovery of America by Columbus, neith- er the French, Dutch, nor English, xlor any other nation, excepting th« Spanish, bad made any permanent settlement in this New World. 1» JNerlb America not a single European family could be found, llic French had tioto (i6c6) just begun to make settlements in Canada and Acadie ; and these, with the Spanish soldiersj maintained at two or three posts in Florida, appear to have been all the Europeans in.North America. 3 He had lieeB arraigned for high treason, and declared guilty ; but was reprieved, and committed t9 the Tower of London. Oldys Life of Ralegh, 15a— 137* 4 Mr. Hakluyt, at that time prebendary of Westminster, wal <* the most active and efficacious promoter" of the English settlements in Ame- rica ; and to him *< England is more indebted for its American possess- ions thaii to any man of that age." Robertson, book ix, 55, where thera is a sketch of his character. He published his first volume of Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation in 1589, and the third, to 1^00 i a 151 i'i AMERICAN ANNALS. t6o6. iApiil 10. K. J;iir.e» t>jr p-.itfnt •lividos Vir.'ririia into nvo col' lilies. '[lie rirst Colony is allotted to tliciomJoQ Company ; the Mccnn J, to thti Plv- nioui.i Company. Colonial govei n- mcijt. grant ttieni a patent for the settling of two plantatldriS on the main coasts of America. The king accord* ingly, by a patent, dated the tenth day of April, divided th;it portion of North America, which stretches from the thirty fourth to the forty fifth degree of latitude, into two districts, nearly equal. * The Southern, called the First Colony, he granted to the London Company ; the Northern, called the Second Colony, he granted to the Ply month Com- pany. He authorized Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hakluyt, Kdward Maria Wingfield, and their associates, chiefly resident in London, to settle any partj that they should choose, of the Southern district j and vested in tLem a right of property to the land, extending along the coast fifty miles on each side of the place of their first habitation, and reaching into the interior coun- try a hundred miles. The Northern district he al- lotted, as a place of settlement, to several knights, gentlemen, and merchants of Bristol, Plymouth, and other parts of the west of England, with a si* milar grant of territory* * The supreme government of the colonies, that were to be settled, was vested in a Council, resi- dent in Englatid, to be named by the king, accord- ing to such laws and ordinances, as should be giv- en under his sign manual J and the subordinate ju- work, which will perpetuate the praise, due to hi» learning, diligence, »nd fidelity ; and which will always i'urnish some of the best materials for American history. 1 " That vast country, being found upon experience and tryal too large to be moulded upon one entire government, it was thought meet should be divided into a first and second colony." Hubbard MS. N. Engi 29. 2 The Southern Colony was desirous of " beginning their Plantation and Habitation in some fit and convenient place" between 34 and 41 de- grees nortli latitude, along the coasts of Virginia ; the Northern Colony- was desirous of planting between 38 and 45 degrees ; and the Charter gave liberty accordingly ; " Provided that the Plantation and Habitatioil «f such of the said Colonies, as sliall last plant themselves shall not be made within one hundred English miles of the other of them, that first ](t£»n to ntiik« iheir Hantation." Charter. :■:' ~( : ■ fif AMERICAN ANNALS. '53 iis<51ction was committed to a council, resident In 160G. America, which was also to be nominated by the king, and to act conformably to his instructions. The charter, while it thus restricted the emigrants privilegeik in the important article of internal regulation, se- cured to them and their descendants all the rights of denizens, in the same manner, as if they had remained or had been born in England ; and grant- ed them the privilege of holding their lands in America by the freest and least burdensome tenure. The king permitted whatever was necessary for the sustenance or commerce of the new colonies to be exported from England, during the space of seven years^ without paying any duty ; and, as a farther incitement to Industry, he granted them liberty of trade with other nations ; and appropriated the duty, to be levied on foreign commodities, for twen- ty one years, as a fund for the benefit of the colo- nies. He also granted them liberty of coining for , their own use ; of repelling enemies ; and of stay- ing ships, that should trade there without leave.* King James, on the twentieth of November, issu- Nov. 20. ed " orders and instructions for the colonies,** un- Jjr^s^tsue",! der the privy seal of England. He invested the for the co^ general superintendence of the colonies in a coiin- '''°'** cil in England, composed of a few persons of con- sideration and talents, who were empowered to make laws, and to constitute officers for their go- vernment, with a proviso, that such ordinances should not touch any man's life or member ; should only continue in force until made void by the king, or his council ; and should be, in substance, con- sonant to the laws of England. * Lord chief justice Popham, Sir Ferdinand© Gor- ^"&- ^^ ges, and some others of the Plymouth Company, h! c&^ Ions. % Stith Virg. Appendix, No. i, and Hazard Coll. i. 50 — 58, contain anttre copies of this Patent. Purchas, v. 1683, 1684. Harris Voy. i. 818. Smith Virg. 403. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. cha^. xv. Brit. Emp. Jatrad. u 94* RobertMB, book ix. 56. % Chalmsri, 1. 15, 16. W 'V; i ;.: ,\ V ■■■I '54 AMERICAN ANNALS. sent Henry Challons, in a ship of fifty tons, to niiikc farther discovery of the coasts of North Vir- ;;iiiia ; and, if it should appear expedient, to leave as many men, as he could spare. In the country. On his passage however from the Weft India isl- ands toward the American coast, he and his crew, Nov. II. consisting of about thirty persons, were taken by a I* tak. n Spanish fleet, and carried into Spain, where his ves- atiil earned *, /• i i into Spain, scl was connscateu. Although this misfortune considerably damped the courage of the first adventurers ; yet the lord chief justice Popham having immediately after the departure of Challons sent out another ship, un- der the command of Thomas Hanam, whose busi- ness was not so much to plant, as to make discove- ry in order to planting ; the account, given of the country on the return of this ship, was so favour- able, that the people of England were encouraged, and the year after came more boldly forward, as, adventurers. * 1607. , ' This is the remarkable aera of the arrival of the first permanent colony on the Virginian coast* On the rt,ceptiQn of the patent from king James, several persons of conseque;nce in the English na- tion undertook the arduous task of planting the Southern Colony. Having choseo a treasurer, and appointed other ofl^Ciers, they provided a fleet of three shipsj to transport the emigrants, one hun- dred in number, * to Virginia. The charge of this 1 Purchas, v. 1827, 183a — 1837, where there is an entire account of this voyage. See also Prince, 18; Chalmers, i. 79. Univ. Hist, zxxib i: 270. Josselyn Voy. 244., Harris Vpy. i. 851. Brit. Emp.l. %SS-i 'tj :> z Purchas, v. i8»7. Harris Voy. i. 851. Prince [19] says, that Mar- -L tin Prinn was in this voyage with Hanam ; that they had supplies for ■ Ch^illons, but, not finding him, returned to England ; and that Sir F. Gorges said, Prinn brought the most exact account of the Virginian coast, that ever came' to his hand. He is generally named Prhg, See AtD* z603f i Most of their namet are preserved in Smith Virg. 43, 44. AMERICAN ANNALS. '55 embarkation was committed to Christopher New- port, already fiimous for his skill in the western navigation, who sailed from the Thames on the twentieth of December the preceding year, carrying with him the royal instructions, and the names of the intended colonial council, carefully concealed in a box. " To this singular policy," says Chalmers, *' may be attributed the dissensions which soon commenced among the leaders, and which contiini- ed to distract them during a voyage long and dis- astrous.** ' It was the intention of Newport to land at: Roa- noke ; but, being driven by a violp^'t storm to the northward of that place, he stood directly in to th spacious Bay of Chesepeak, which seemed to invlt. his entrance. The promontory on the sor^b of the bay he named Cape Henry, in honour of i ht Prince of Wales ; and that on the north, Cape Charles, in honour of the Duke of York, afterward king Charles First of England. Thirty men, going on shore at Cape Henry for recreation, were suddenly assaulted by five Indians, who wounded two of them very dangerously. At night the box was opened, and the orders were read, in which Bar- tholomew Gosnold, John Smith, Edward Wing- field, Christopher Newport, John RatcliiFe, John Martin, and George Kendall, vei>: named to be of the council, and to choose froui their number ii president for a year, who, with the council, should govern the colony. The adventurers were employ- ed in seeking a place for settlement until the thir- teenth of May, when they took possession of a pe- ninsula on the north side of the river Powhatan, called by the English James River, about forty 1 Chalmers, i. 17. Smith Virg. 41. Purchas, i. 756 ; v. 1685. He- followed the old course by the West Indies ; which accounts for the in- terval of four months from his embarkation to bis arrival off the AnMiri- can coast. Robertson, book ix. 60. ^ 1607. ' " / April a6. Ncwp"rt 'Jiiest-pcak i^ay with tlie fiis» j)crni;v ■ t Virginian colony. Box con- taining the royal in- structioiig opened. May 13. 'J'iike poiji- I'ssion of a pt;llifi>ula (111 Powha- tan river ; %s^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 1607. where they yrttpare to buud a town. X.aw3 pro- Jiiulgated. Wingfield chosen |)resident. ■yown na- med James Toyrn. miles from its mouth. To m^ake room for their projected town, they here began to • "it down the trees of the forest, which had for centuries afforded shelter and food to the natives. The cod^ of laws, hitherto cautiously concealed, was at length pro- mulgated. Affairs of moment were to be examin- ed by a jury, but determined by the major part of the council, in which the president was to have two voices. The council was sworn ; "Wingfield was chosen president ; and " now commenced the rule of the most ancient administration of Virginia, con- sisting of seven persons, and forming a pure aris- tocracy." ' The members of the council, while they adhered to their orders in the choice of their pre- sident, on the most frivolous pretences excluded from a seat among them, Smith, famous in colonial annals, though nominated by the same instrument, from which they derived their authority. Animosi- ties arose. Appeased in a degree at length by the prudent exhortations of Mr. Hunt, their chaplain. Smith was admitted into the council j and, receiving the communion the next day, they all turned their undivided attention to the government of a colony, *' feeble in numbers and enterprise, which was thus planted in discord, and grew up in misery." * In honour of king James, they called the town, which they now built, James Town, This was the first permanent habitation of the English in -America. Newport and Smith, sent with twenty men, ttii discover the head of the river Powhatan, arrived in six days at a town of the same n^me,' consisting of about twelve houses, the principal and hereditary seat of Powhatan, emperor of the country. Al- though they received kind treatment throughout this excursion ; yet, on their return to James Town, they found seventeen men hurt, and a boy slain, by I Chalmers. a Ibid. i. 17 — 19. ^ Pleasantly situated on a hill, a little below the spot where Richmond is now built, fielknap £iog. i. 2j6. AMERICAN ANNALS. the Indians. To guard against frequent and sud- . den assaults and ambuscades, the fort was now pa- ""lisadoed ; the ordnance was mounted ; and the men were armed and exercised. On the fifteenth of June the Indians voluntarily sued for peace ; and Newport set sail for England, leaving one hundred men, with provisions, arms, ammunition, and other necessaries for a settlement. * On the prayer of the colonists, king James is- gued an ordinance for enlarging the number and authority of his commissioners for directing the af- fairs of the colonies. Encouraged by favourable reports, and invigorated by this increase of power, the Virginian treasurer and council in England exerted themselves with laudable diligence, to trans- mit proper supplies to the plantation. Captain Nelson was sent to James Town with an additional supply of men ; and, before the close of the year, Newport arrived with seventy more, making two' hundred in all the colony. These accessions con- (Sisted of many gentlemen, a few labourers, several refiners, goldsmiths and jewellers. "^The various denominations of these men," says Chalmers, ** e- vince the views of the whole.'* The ships were at length sent back ; the one, loaded by the min- ers with a glittering earth, which, they vainly hop- ed, contained golden metal ; the other, loaded with cedar. These are recorded as the first Virginian products, as constituting the first remittance, and as indicating the earliest pursuits of an infant people. * Smith, while attempting to discover the head of Chickahominy river, was taken prisoner twenty miles in the desert, by a party of two hundred In- dians, who tied him to a tree with the intention of 1 Stith, 46, 47. Other authorities for this and the preceding articles are, Purchas, i. 756, 757 ; v. 17C6, 1707 ; Smith Virg. 43 — 4J i Keith, 59 ; Neal N. Eng.i. x8. " 2 ijmith Virg. 54. Purchas, v. 1709. Chalmers, i. il. Prince, 24, %6( 157 1607. Ju'ie 15. Indians !>ue for peace. March, Or(linanc(^ for enlarg- ing the number and aiithu* rity of commiisl- ou«;rs. Virginian colony increused, First re- mittance t9 England. Smith tak^ en prison- er by the Indiana. w 158 1607. Brought hataii the Indlun His life »avi'il by Pocahontas the king's daughter. AMERICAN ANNALS. shooting him to death. Already had they assem- bled around him with their deadly weapons ; but Opechancanough, a brother of Powhatan, and com- mander of the party, holding up a compass, that Smith had given him, they all instantly laid down their bows and arrows. Having conducted their prisoner in triumph to numerous Indian tribes,* they at length brought him to Werowocomoco, where Powhatan then resided in barbarian state, with a strong guard of Indians around him. * When the prisoner entered the apartment of the sovereign, all the people gave a shout. The queen of Appa- matuck was appointed to bring him water, to wash his hands ; and another person brought a bunch of feathers, instead of a towel, to dry them. Having feasted him in their best manner,' they held along consultation, at the conclusion of which, two great stones were brought before Powhatan. As many of the Indians, as could, laying hands on the devoted prisoner, dragged, him to the stones, and placed his head on them, with the intention of beating out his brains with clubs. At this moment Pocahontas, I « Their order was this : drawing themielves all in file, the King in the midst had all their peeces and swords borne before him : Captaine Smith was led after him by three great lubbers, holding him fast ; on each side went six in file, with their arrows nocked." Smith Virg. 47. Purchas, v. 1 708. a Above 200 of " his courtiers stood wondering** at the prisoner, " until Powhatan and his train had put themselves in their greatest bravery. Be- fortt a fire he sat on a seate like a bedsted, covered with a great robe of Karowcun [racoon] skinnes, all the tailes hanging by : on each hand did tit a young wench of sixteene or eighteene yeeres of age ; along on each settlers, invested with the government j and receiv- ed letters patent to be president of the colony. The MSde*pre- wisdom of his administration infused confidence ; sident of its vigour commanded obedience. The military ex- ^^'^ "'""^r* X Pamaunk [now York], ToppahanockfRappahanockJiPatowmek [?o« towmac],Sasquesahanough [Susquehannah]. Smith's map, compared with later maps. % Smith Virg. ai, 25, S5 — 6j5 Purchas, v. 1690, 1715 ; in each of wkich volumes a copy of Smith's original map is inserted. Stith, 83, 84. Purchas, i. 767. Keith, 78, 79. Chahners, i. si, ^2. Hobertson, hait^ b. 66, 6f, ..^^m'l^i ^^ y, 163 1608. Newpoir arrives with sup- plk'S. T'irst mar- liajjc ill Virjfinia. The cdlopy at .S;'gada- hock re- tiiriiit dis- couraged to feigliaid. AMERICAN ANKALS^ erciseS, '.vhich he obliged all to perform, Struck ttid Indians with astonishment, and inspired them with awe. ' Newport arrived at Virginia witii a second sup- ply for the colony, bringing over KeVeniy prifi'^ien- gcrs, many of whom were persons of diiitinctic 11. * Eight Dutchmen and Poles came over it ^'lis tin.,, to introduce the making cF tar^ glass, and potashes.' John La}<.1on was soon after maiiied to Ann Bur- ras ; and tbis was the first marriage in Virginia.* Fresh instructions, now tran'^mitted, exprc.sly :e- quired the [•resident and council of the colony to. explore the western countr/, in order i. > procure certain intelligence cf the South Sc;; ; to transmit,. ii' a token of success, a lump of gold j and to find euc of the lost company, sent out by Ralegh. '• Tliese orders demonstrate,** says Chalmers, *' that the chief object of the most active project- ors was, at this time, rather discovery, than colo- nization.** The punishment, threatened in case of disobedience, struck the colonists with horror : *' They shall be allowed to remain, as banished men, in Virginia.'* ' On the return of Newport to England, he left about two hundred persons in the colony. " Ships, now arriving with supplies for the colony at Sagadahock, brought intelligence of the death of Sir John Popham, and Sir John Gilbert. These i Chalmers, t. aa. a Smith Virg. 7a, 73 ; where the principal names of the passengef} are preserved. Mr». Forrest and Ann Burras, her maid, who were aniony tJiese passengers, are said by some historians to have been the first Englisk women, ever in this country. They were, with the exceptiom of the de- voted colony of 1587, which contained 19 women. The marriage, jus* mentioned, as the first in Virginia, must be understood with the same ex- ception ; though no mention is made by the early writers of any marriage )n that first colony ao years before. Stith, if we may rely on Smith's au- thority, errs, in omitting the name of Mrs. Forrest, and putting Ann Bwr* ras into the rank of a lady, in ler place, attended by a maid. 3 Smith Virg. y^. Chalmers, i. aj. •* 4 Smith Virg. ibid. Kekb, 80. 5 Cbalaien, {, 22. * # Saiitk Virg. 70* AMERICAN ANNALS. 163 misfortunes, with the death of captain George Pop- 1 608. ham, in whom very great confidence was reposed, ^ '- together with the loss of the stores the preceding winter by fire, so dispirited the whole plantation, that the colony unanimously resolved to return in these ships to England. * The patrons of the co- lony, offended at this unexpected j*eturn, desisted several years froir ^ny farther attempt toward ef- fecting a settlement. Meanwhile, the English thus seeming to relinquish their pretensions to this coun- ThcFrench try, the French availed themselves of the occasion, pimtcoio- and planted colonies in various places within the Ihe'iinguiJ English limits. ' Hmits. Poutrincourt having returned from Canada to France the last year, and presented to the king the fruits of the country ; the king now confirmed to M. de Monta the privilege for the trade of beavers witi. the natives, for the purpose of enabling him t'j establish his colonies in New France. ^ De Montst accordingly sent over three ships with families, to commen<;:e a permanent settlement. * Champlain, who took the charge of <:onducting thi^ colony, afn ter examining all the most eligible places for settle-! ment in Acadie, and on the river St. Lawrence, se- lected a, spot at the confluence of this river and St. Charles, about three hundred and twenty miles from the sea. Here he erected barracks ; cleared the ground ; sowed wheat and rye ; and on this spot laid the foundation of t^iKjl^c, the capital of Fom»datio« Canada,* July .•?• of Quebec X Smith [Virg. a04] says, that the country was esteemed as a cold, bar- ren, mountainous, rocky desert ; and that this colony " found nothing but extreme extremities." a Gorges N. Eng. 19. Purchas, v. i8a8. Harris Voy. i. 851. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. 30. Prince, 25. See also the authorities in note 5, p. i6a 3 Purchas, v. 1640, 1641. 4 " There," suys L' Escarbot, '♦ to beginne Chriftian and French Com- wonwealths." Ibid. 5 Champlain, 115. Chai'levoix Nouv. France, I. 121, and Fades Chron. IMialmen, i. Sa. UbIt. Hitt. sxxix. 41 %. lit it. Enip. /of/W. i. 47. Mi|to.t 164 AMERICAN ANNALS. ■It' m ill May 7,3. Second charter of Virginia, il%** ' 1609. ' The company of South Virginia, not reafiz?ng the expected profit from its colony, obtained from, king James a new charter, with more ample privi- leges. * This measure served to increase the num- ber of proprietors, among whom we find the most respectable names in the nation. With this aug- mented wealth and reputation, they pressed forward witK bolder steps. The council of the Virginia company now appointed Thomas W^est, lord Delaware, governor of Virginia for life ; Sir Thom- as Gates, his lieutenant j Sir George Somers, ad- miral ; and Christopher Newport, vice admiral ; and fitted out seven ships, att(;nded by two small vessels, with five hundred people for that colony. Lord Delaware remained in England. The ship, ^Iffor vir- in which the three other officers * sailed, becoming ginia. separated from the reft of the fleet in a violent storm, was wrecked on the island of Bermudas, where all Jniy 24. the company, consisting of one hundred and fifty ^gj.^^'^ on persons, were providentially saved. One small Bermudas, ketch was lost in the storm j the other ships, much tune 2. Nine ves- •els with 500 people Mass. i. 127. Quebec 'was the Indian name of the place. " Trouvant ua lieu le plus estrolt de riviere, que les hahitans du pays appellent QuebeCj^ j* y bastir et edificr une habitation, et dcfricher des terres, et faire quel> ques jardinages." Chainplain. It wa& " some fotue leagues aboye the riv- er of Saguenay." Purchas, v. 1643. I Copies of this second chai'ter, containinjir the names of the proprie« tors, are preserved in Stith Virg. Appendix, Mo. ii ; and in Hazard Coll. u Jj8 — 7a. By this charter the Company was made " one 3ody or Com- monalty perpetual," and incorporated by the name of Tte Treasurer and Company of Adveniurers and Planters of the City of London, for the J'irst Colony M y'irginia. Charter. To them were now granted in absolute property, what seem formerly to have been conveyed only in trust, the lands extend- ing from Cupe Comfort along the sea coast Southward two hundred miles ; from the same promontory two hundred miles Northward ; and from the Atlantic Westward to the South Sea. Chalmers. a Each of these gentlemen had a commission ; and he, who should first vrlve, \n» authorized to recall the conunission, that had been previously given for the government of the colony ; but " because they could not a- •« gree for place» it was coQciu^d thejr ihould go all in one ship." Soutb Vir^.83, AMERICAN ANNALS. 165 proprle- CoU.t. Cotn- urer and Colonf operty, extend- undred and damaged and distressed, arrived about the middle 1609. of August at James river. ' The infant colony was still destined to calamity ; and the very accession to its numbers, which should have added to its security, heightened its danger. ' President Smith having detached tv*o hundred of these newly arrived adventurers to the falls of Jaraes River, and to Nansamond,' they imprudently of- Nan«a- fended the neighbouring Indians, who cut oiF many "^°"<^- of them ; and the few, who escaped, returned in despair, to beg the protection of tliat authority, ♦ ' which they had lately contemned.* A systematic design was now meditated against P'ot of the. the whole colony by the sovereign of the country ; *'!^i,'^".^ti^e but it was providentially discovered and frustrated. EngiiJi. Pocahontas, the tutelary friend of Virginia, though ■ • but a child of twelve or thirteen years of age, went ^ % in a very dark and dreary night to James Town, and, at the hazard of her life, disclosed to the pre- Disciose<* hy Pcca- I Smith Virg. ?9, 164, 174. Keith, iij, 1 16. ' Purchas, }. 758 ; v. J^"""** 1729 — 1733. Chahiiers, i. 17, 28. StowChron. 1019, loao. Belknap Bio^. ii. 33 — 35. This Ktorm came from tlie nottl> east, and began on Monday 34 July. After it had blown twenty four hours with extreme violence, the ship sprung aleak ; and three days and four nights the whole company (ftbout J 40, exclusive of women) laboured incessantly at the pump. On Friday the fourth morning " it v anted but little," says the narrator of the voyage, " Ljtthat there had bii a general determination to have shut * up hatches, and cvommending our sinfull souls to God, committed the •hippe to the mercy of the sea ;" tut, in this desperate extremity, Sir * George Somers, who during the whole time had not once left the quarter deck, discovered land. Not expecting to save the ship by coming to an» chor, they ran her aground within three quarters of a mile of the shore, ^ whence all the company (about X50 in number) by the help of their boats arrived safely at the island. Purchas, v. 1735— 1737. This perilous and ^ distress] n[T scene appears to have occurred in the (}ulf Stream [Belknap Biog. ii. 25.], the course of which, off the coast of the Southern States, is from southwest to northeast. A gale from the northeast, in direct oppo&i* tion to the current, makes a great sea in that gulf ; a fact* which I have had repeated opportunities to observe. 2 Smith [Virg. 90.] calls the people, who last arrived, « a lewd cotnpa* * ny," containing " many unruly gallants, packed hither by their friends, *' to btcape ill destinies." To them he ascribes the anarchy and c(»ifusion» |hat soon pervaded the colony. See also Stith, 103. 3 Nansamond was the most southern settlement in Virguiia, under the 36th degree of north latitude. Chalui^rs, 1.5x8. 4 Smitb Virg. 90. dtithy X03. 1(5(5 AMERICAN ANNALS. *6o9. sMcnt a plot of her father to kill him and the Eng- lish people. ' This timely notice put the colony on its -iiard { and some incidents soon after contri- buted still farther toward its preservation. An In- dian, apparently dead through the effect of a char- coal fire in a close room, was, on the applicati n of vinegar and aqua vitce by the president, reanimated. This supposed miracle, with an explosion of pow- der, which killed two or three Indians, and scorch- ed and wounded others, excited such astonishment, mingled with such admiration of the power and art feMii v.hh of the English, that Powhatan and his people came ^'*'"^'^"'' to them with presents of peace; and the whole country, during the rcmiiinder of Smith's adminis- tration, was entirely open to the unmolested use of ' the English. * Frogressof The coloHy now pLirsued its business with suc- ikecoiony. ^^^^^ jj. j^^j^^jg ^^^ and pitch, and an experiment of glass J dug a well of excellent water in the fort ; built about twenty houses ;^ new covered th© church ; provided nets and weirs for fishing j built a block house, to receive the trade of the Indians ; and brok^ up and planted thirty or forty acres of ground.* l^residcat Smith, enfeebled by an accident to hiSt person from an explosion of powder, and disgust- ed with distractions in his colony, returned to Eng- land toward the close of the year ; leaving three ships, seven boats, upwards of four hundred and; ninety persons, twenty four pieces of ordnance, the eoiony, three hundred muskets, with other arms and am- munition, one hundred well trained and expert soU • diers, a competent supply of working tools, live stock, and ten weeks provisions. * James Town was strongly pahsadoed, and contained fifty or gix-s J 3mith Virg. 77, lai, i»a. a Smith Virg, 8j. Stith, 97. ,{ It appAiirs, that 30 or 40 houtes were bulk before. 4 Stith, 97. 5 £t;th,i07iioS. Smith Virg. 92,164. FurchasJ. 758, Ch«l««ri,i.2)r Smith rC' turns to IiiglauJ. ■Jkate of AMEPXAN ANNALSi i&; . ty houses. There were five or six other forts and 1609. pLintations in Virginia. ' Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of y"y'.T|' "^ the Dutch,' left the Texel in the beginning of this year, with a design of penetrating to the T .st Indies by sailing a northwestward course. Having attempt- ed in vain to accomplish this purpose, he followed the track, which the Cabots had marked for him above a century before. He coasted along the foggy shores of Newfoundland ; shaped his course for Cape Cod ; looked into the Chesepeak, where the Eng^ lish were settled ; anchored off the Delaware ; sail- ed into the river Manhattan ; ^ and departed in Oc- ^.^ ^\.' tober for England.* The Dutch sent ships the Ma»h:>tt5ii next year to Manhattan, to open a trade with the "^'^'* natives.* After several attempts of ilnglishmeh to discov- Net^ at- er the country of Guiana, and about the river of set^Gili- the Amazons, Robert Harcote undertook to settle aim. a plantation in this region. Leaving his brother Michael Harcote with sixty petsons at the river ^ I Smith Virg. 93. Smltti's ik'scriptioh of the Virginian culonists at that time is too curious to be omitted. There was " but one carpenter in the country ; two blacksmiths ; two saylers." Those, described as " labourers," were for the most part footmen, and gentlemen's attendants, " who never did know what a dayes work was." Excepting the Dutch-* men and Poles, and about a dozen others, " all the rei>t were poore gentle- men, tradesmen, serving-men, libertines, and such like, ten times more fit to spoyle a commonwealth, than eitlier to begin one or but help to n:aiii- tain one." Ibid. 94. 4 Chatlevoix, Forstei^ and others affirm, that Hudson undertook thi« Voyage in behalf of the Dutch ; yet «omc historians say, that ke sold to the Dutch Svhatever right he may have acquired to the coiiutry by his discov- ferj*. It is said in Biog. Britan. /lit. Hudson, that he was fitted out by the Dutch East India Company, which furnished him with a fly boat, e- quipped with all necessaries, and with ao men, English and Dutch. 3 He did not land at Manhattan without opposition ; he did not, like Cabot, take formal possession. Chalmers. 4 Purchas, i. 743. Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 143. Chalmers, i. 567, 568. Forster Voy. 332, 333,411,422. Harris Voy. i.566. Europ. Settlements, ii. 286. Prince, 49. Brit. Emp. i. 2. Smith N. York, 2. *' Third Voyage of Henry Hudson towards Nova Zembla, and, at his re- tarn, to Newfoundland and Cape Cod." Title of a book in Bibliothcca Americ. p. 76, under A. D. 1609. 5 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 142. "DesTannce suivante quelques MSKthomit 4' Anystanidm »nToyei-ent iet R^rket d»ii« Ci'tte Rivier« I', I H,l' 1i' 168 Indians in Virginia 1>ccome itoiitilfc'. Ixtreme famine. May 13. The Eng- lish, wrec- ked on Ber- mudas, ar- rive at Vir- ginia. AMERICAN ANNAL^. Weapoco,* he returned to Enghuu;. vhcre by the favour of prince Henry, he obtuhied a patent for all the coast of Guiana, together with the river of Amazons. The projected settlement however did ■ not succeed, for want of due support from home, • 1610. Nothing could have been more inauspicious to the colony, than the departure of Smith. The In- dians, finding that the person, whose vigour they had often felt, no longer ruled the English people, generally revolted, and destroyed them wherever they were found. Captain RatclifF, in a small ship with thirty men, going to trade, and trusting him- self indiscreetly to Powhatan, he and all his people were slain. * The provisions of the colony being imprudently wasted, a dreadful famine ensued, and prevailed to such extremity, that this period was many years distinguished by the name of The starv* ing time. Of nearly five hundred persons, left in the colony by the late president, sixty only remain- ed, at the expiration of six months. ♦ The company, wrecked at Bermudas, having built two small vessels, and paid the seams with lime and tortoise oil, put to sea on the tenth of May, [Manhattan], pour 7 faire la traitte." Hudson can scarcely be caUed the nrst discoverer of a coast, which had been often explored before, frorr^ the days of the Cabots to the present. As he had never occupied the land* he could not transfer what ht never possessed. The sovereign of France in 1603, and the king of England in 1606, had formally declared their in- tention to appropriate the same region, which their subjects immediatel/ planted. Chalmers, i. 568. I Here captain Ley settled with some Englishmen in 1605 ; but, sup- plies miscarrying, they were forced to abandon that settlement. Ander- son, ii. 225. a Smith VIrg. eontinueJ, chap. xxiv. Anderson, ii. 234. Unexpected dilliculties occurring, Harcote merely sent over a few passengers, " with certain Dutchmen," and the country lay neglected several years. See A. D« s6z 7. Henry, prince of Wales, mentioned above, died in i6ia, Xu 19. 3 Keith, lio. Stith, n6. 4 Smith Virg. X05, xo6. Stith, xzo. Beverly, $4. CbalmeHi i. jOk AMERICAN ANNALS. lOg Lay, ader- oected p with 19. mcnt. and on the twenty third arrived at Virginia.* Find- 1610. ing the small remains of the colony in a famishinj^ condition, and seeing no other means to preserve them, than by abandoning the country, they tooic them all on board with the intention of returning to England. " None dropped a tear, because none -. , had enjoyed one day of happiness..** Lord Dela- i.oM Dehr ware, arriving at this juncture with three ihips, one JjYc!;w^th hundred and fifty men, and plentiful provisions, and suppHci. meeting his forlorn countrymen in James river, caused them all to return to James Town, where he resettled the colony. * Having published his commission, which invested Pniiiisiict him with the sole command, he appointed a council nJiJu,"." of six persons, to assist him in the administration. A very essential change now took place in the form q]^^j^„^ ;„ of the ancient Virginian constitution ; for the orig- tiicRo^cm- inal aristocracy was converted into a rule of one, o- ver whose deliberations the people had no controul. Under the auspices of this intelligent and distin- guished nobleman, the affairs of the colony were soon reestablished. He allotted to every one his partic- ular business. The French he commanded to plant the vine ^ ; the English, to labour in the woodlands ; and appointed officers, to see his orders obeyed. All patiently submitted to an authority, which experi- ence had taught them to be wise and necessary ; and peace, industry, and order now succeeded tu- 1 " The three and twentieth of May," says the narrator in Purclia* [v. 1748.], " we cast anchor before James Towne ^vhere we landed, and «ur much grieved Governour first visiting the Church caused the bell to he rung, at which ali such as were able to come forth of their houses re- payred to Church where our Minister Master Buclee made a zealous and aorrowfwU prayer, finding all things so contrary to our expectations, sn full of misery and misgovernment. After service our Governour caused niee to reade his Commission, and captaine Pcrcie (then President) deliv- ered up unto him his Commission, the old Patent, and the Councell Seule." See also Stow Chron. loao. a Smith Virg. 106. Stith, 115. Beverly, 34,35. Prince, 31. Chal- mers, L 30. Belknap Biog. ii. 25 — 32. 3 A Qiunber of Freochmen had beea imported for the culture of vines. Bdkiup. " i I/O AMERICAN ANNALS, irovisioiis. 1610. mult, idleness, and anarchy. ' Lord Delaware prof ceeded to build two forts at Kecoughtan, and called the one Fort Henry, the other* Fort Charles.* Jan.' 19. ^^1 ^^e report of his deputy governors of the feiv George plenty, that they had found in Bermuda?, he dis- goes to Ber- P^itchcd Sir Gcorgc Somers to that island for pro- mu'ius for vlsions, accompanied by captain Samuel Argal in " ° another vessel. ^ They sailed together until by contrary winds they were driven toward Cape Cod ; whence Argal, after attempting, pursuant to in- structions, to reach Sagadahock, found his way back to Virginia.* He was next sent for provisions I Smith Virg. 107. Cha/mers, i. 30, 31. « Sniitlh Virg. 108 iio. Sikh, i20. They were built hear Southampton river. Ibid. 3 Smith Virg. 108. Somers went in the Patience, tlie same vessel, that had brought him from Bermudas to Virginia. It had not one ounce of iron about it, exi;epting one bolt in it»keel. Univ. Hist. xli. 340. Ber- mudas Vv.19 full of hogs ; and it was the object of this voyage to kill and )tak them for provisions. The English people, who were wrecked on tkis island, found them in abundance, and most historian') suppose, they had escaped from some vessel, previously wrecked on the island. Sir William Mousort [Naval Tracts, Churchill, iii. 43*).] gives a different account of »henr. " This Island [Dtrmudas] at the beginning was disc^ercd by th« l*ortup;uese nation, and inhabited by them, till they found little profit ac- crued Ironi ir, and then they abandoned it, and left behind them such food, e,'pec!u!^y h(ijrs, a* they coul* not carry with them ; and thus itlay wasa* for many years." We regret, that this respectable author does not men- tion ^3i; //«(,• when the Fortiiguese discovered Bermudas. If his account bie correrX, the account of tht* discovery of that inland b/ Bermudez in 15*8, and that of its' discovery by Oviedus in 1515, it seems, must be erroneous. This last account was inserted in these Annals under A. D. 1515, in reli- luice on the accuracy of Mr. Prince, who is distinguished for correctness, and on Piirclias, ^vho is there mentioned as Mr. Prince's authority. But CTie passage in Piirth-'s, which I have siicir tound, convinces me, that Ov'uJiis JU net discove, Bci/nuihs in istS- Some facts, incidentally men- tioned there by O'viodns, relating to Cliarles V, do not possibly admit that date! [Compare Purchas v. 1738 with Roberlison's Charles V, v«rf. ii.] I suspect, that there is an error in the^^ttrw, and that it tvas originally i^ts ; a year, v/hich agrees with the facts, incidentally mentioned by Oviedus. If this correction be admitted, John Bcrmitdez may yet claim the hon- our of making the discovery in 15*2, three years before the voyage of Oviedus, until Sir W.Monson's accoimt of its discovery by the Portuguese be more clearly est iblished. An extract from- Oviedus, in the marj'/A of Pur- chas (ibid.), apjiears to me to imply, that John Bermudez had made the voyage 6ejhn' him, and that the island was already called by his name. 4 Purchas, 1758 — 176a. Argal, before he left the coast of what is now Nl'vv England, landed at an island "halfe a mile about, and nothing but a rotke, which seemed to be very rich marble stone." It lay in 43 deg. 40 uiin. N. lut. ; and, on ;icv9uat of niuucrQus seals ta]ien tberei ^ascaUvi ■^-•alHock. Uii^, - '" " ' " hie firs pari I Somer . a ioi8. «}?e, at Dorset pears b Nathai atcne. Were p stone. Iiiarbie and, aft Sn^ith 3 Qh\ AMERICAN ANNALS. l/i to the Potowmac, where he found Henry Spelman, 1610. an English youth, who had been preserved from the fury of Powhatan by Pocahontas j and by his assistance procured a supply of corn. Somcrs, af- ter struggling long with contrary winds, was driven to the northeastern shore of America, where he re- freshed his men ' 5 and at length he arrived safely at Bermudas. Here he began to execute the pur- pose of his voyi r;e ; but, exhausted with fatigues, to which his advanced age was inadequate, he soon after expired. Previously to his death he had ui* «^«^^t}i. charged his nephew, Matthew Somers, who com- manded under him, to return with the provisions to Virgin':.. ; but, instead of obeying the charge, he re- turned to England, carrying the body of his deceas- ed uncle for interment in his native country. A town, built in the very place where this worthy knight died, was named, in honour of him, St. George.* It is not unworthy of notice, that Somers, when coming to America, being a member of parliament, the commons declared his seat vacant, because, by accepting a colonial office, he was rendered incapa- ble of executing his trust. This appears to be the ''. jrst time that Virginia was noticed by the English parliament.* ^ , . I Accordingto Prince [3a.], it was at Sagadahock, the place to which Somers had instructed Argal to repair. a SnMth Virg. 176. Stith, 119. Belknap 5iog. ii- 35. Stow Chron. 1018. Univ. Hist. xli. 340. Sir Georpe Somers wa.-. above 60 years ol" * age, at the time of his death. His body was buried at Whitchurch in Dorsetshire, but his heart and entrails were buried at Bermudas. 1/ aj . pears by his epitaph, that his death did not take place until 1611. Iri 1620 Nathaniel Butler, Esq. then governor of Bermudas, caused a laige marble stene, handsomely wrought, tt) be laid over the place where his remains were p)>irttjiliy interred ; -.tnd enclosed the spot with a square wall of hewn 6tone. The «pit;^ph, composed by the governor, and inscribed on the piarble, begins, in the style of that age, ♦'. fn theyeere i6ii, *' Noble £ir George Summers went to heaven •," and, after four encoiniastic lines, thus concludes : «' At last his ^oule and body being to part, " He here bequeath'd his entrails and his heart." Sn)|ith Virg. 193. Purchas, v. 17;,,^ 3 Chalmers, i. ; 7. «7^ " AMERICAN ANNALS, The spirit of adventure was at this time so prev. alcnt in England, that even the barren and inhospU table island of Newfoundland \v twice ;" that " this Savage was doathe'd ih fiklns, and his arrows forked with iron ;" and that " this attempt of Hudson l^as given u? knovyle'dge of ^00 leagues (urther than was ever known before.",' 'I'he same .author was of opinion, that the iron of tJie dart of the Indian, who visited Hudson, " shewed maniiestly, he' used (o jrade with Christians." Naval Tract§ in Clujrchill, iii. 430, 433. 4 Harris Voy. i. 634. Within the straits he gave names to several ' places. Desire Provokes, The Isle of God's mercy, Prince Henry's Capie, King James', Cape, Queen Ann's C^pe &c. Iljid* He sailed three Hun- dred leagues west in those straits, and on the second of A.ugust (1610) came to a narrower passage, having two headlands ; that on the south he called Cape Wostenholme, the opposite one on the northwest, Digges's hland. Through this harro^y passage he parsed into the Bay, which has ever since borne his name. Having sailed above a hundred leagues south into this bay, he imprudently resolved to winter in the most southern part of it, with the intention of pursuing his discoveries in the spring. Oji the third of November his ship was dra>vn up in a small creek, where he provi- dentially found a supply of provisions. When the spring arrived, he wis unable to induce the natives to come to him, and was therefore necessitated to abandon the enterprise. With tears in his eyiis he distributed to his men all the bread he had left. In this extremity he had let fall threaten- ing words of setting some of his men on shore ; and now a few of the fturdlctt of tbein, who had before been mutinous, entered his cabin in tlu: night, and tying his arms behind him, put him into the boat. Bh^;. B; it« VI. Art. HwviON. I Pi I^urop. voyage, they la one onlj her) a fi a Th Onondao Theyhai Ibund an rondacki ed above bee. Ti Nations hut at lei the Man Adironda , .3 Char hattle wa oii ie lit ^ Je nom 4 A CO «J'-^j ^0, i AMERICAN ANNALS. ^75 through the heart, and several of his companions i6n. were mortally wounded. 'I'he remnant of the wretched company hastily embarked for England. * Champlain, when commencing tie settlement of 9^="-r'^'-" Canada, found the Adirondacks engaged in an im- Adiron- placable war with the Iroquois or Five Nations ; * ^acks. and being now settled on the lands of the Adiron- , dacks, he espoused their cause, 'mJ accompanied them in an expedition against their enemies. He now first penetrated into the country of the Iroquois by tlie river of their name, and discovered a lake, which he called Lake Champlain j ^ a name which j^^lk? '""' it retains to this day. cbampiuir. l6l2. For the encouragement of the adventurers to March u. Virginia, the king issued a new charter, by which ^^j|",!^'J.j. ^^ he not only confirmed all their former privileges, and Virginia, prolonged their term of exemption from payment of duties on the commodities exported by them, but granted them mote extensive property, and more ample jurisdiction.^ By this charter all the islands, X Purchas, i. 744, 745. Harris Voy. I. 567 — 572. Univ. Hiat. xVi. 86; F,urop. Settlements, ii. a86. 1 heir best sustenance left, while on theif voyage, was seaweeds, fried with candles' ends, and the skins of fowls, which they Lad eaten. Some of them were starved ; the rest were so weak; that one only could lie on the helm, and steer. Mcetinjr at length (6 Septem^ ber) a fisherman of Foy, they with his aid reached England: Ibid. a These nations of aboriginals, imder the iiantes of Mohawks, Oneydai Onondagas,Cayugas, and Senekas, had been confederated from ancient times. Theyhad already been driven from their possessions ar6undMontreal,and had found an asylum on the south eastern borders of lake Ontario. The Adi- rondacks had, in their tbrn, been constrained to abandon their lands situate cd above the Three Rivers, and to look for safety behind the strait of Que- bec. The alliance of the French turned the tide of success. The Five Nations were defeated in several battles, and reduced to extfeme distress ; but at length procuring fire arms from a Dutch ship, that arrived high up the Manhattan river, they became formidable to their enemies, and the Adirondacks were soon annihilated. Chalmers, 1. 586. 3 Charlevoix, N.France, i. 144 — 146. &. F.Chron. Champlain Voy. 15a. A tattle was fought here, and a victory gained over the Iroquois. " Ce lieu oi 86 fit ceste charge est paries 43 degrez & quelques minutes de latitude, £c le nommay le lac de Champlain." Ibid. 4 A copy of this third'charter is preserved in Stith l^%i. Virg. Appcrf- Jwj iio, iii ; and in Hazard Colt i. 7a— 81. li . !:serts, an island, that had been thus named by Champlain, lying at the eiitrance o€ rhe river Pentagoet. The pilot conducted the ves- sel to the east end of the island, where the Jesuits fixed their settlement ; and, setting up' a crossy cele- brated mass, and called the place St. Saviour.* Scarcely liad they begun to provide themsdvts with accommodations in this retreat, before they were surprised by an enemy. Captain Samuel Ar- gai of Virginia, arriving at this juncture off the isl- and of Monts Deserts far the purpose of fishingy was cast ashore in ii*storm at Pentagoet, where he 1 It appears by Champlain [Voy. lOi.], with whom agree 3 Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. iij-], that these two Jesuits, Biart and Muse, arrived at Port Royal on the lath of June, i6ir. Had Dr. Belknap seen Champlain, he would not have placed their arrival in 1604, The reader may observe, that this anachronism has been copied into these Annals (p. iso)- Had I seen tht original French author in stason, that error would have been pf- vented, i U was in 44 dej, and ao irip, lat. Champlain. Argiil cap- tures the IVench at ■^t. Saviour, ?ng ves( blyon possess 1 this ver lish hist this yea] » It ed to pi ed that " Condu ftn^eignfe m I :■ ■^' AMERICAN ANNAL3, ^79 arlevoix rrived at amplain* observe, Had I leen pr*- tcceived notice from the natives, that the French 1613. were at St. Saviour. Such was the account of their number and state, that he resolved to attack them without hesitation or delay. The French made •, some resistance j but were soon obliged to yield to the superior force of the English. ' In this aciion Gilbert de Thet, one of the Jesuit fathers, was kilr led by a musket shot ; some others were wounded j and the rest, excepting four or five, were taken pris- oners. The English seized the French vessel, which lay there, and pillaged it. The French people, be- ing furnished with a fishing vessel by the English, principally returned to France ; but Argal took fif- teen of them, beside the Jesuits, to Virginia. The Virginian governor, after advising with his Compietei council, resolved to dispatch an armed force to the Iheir"ettft coast of Acadie, and to rasp all the settlements and ments in forts to the forty sixth degree of latitude. No time ■^"'^•^• was lost. An armamept of threp vessels was im- mediately committed to Argal, who sailed to St. Saviour, where, on his arrival, he JDroke in pieces the cross, which the Jesuits had erected, and set up another, inscribed with the name of the king of Great Britain, for whom possession was now taken. He next sailed to St. Croix, and destroyed all the remains of De Monts settlement. He then sailed to Fori Royal,' where he found not a single perr son, and in two hours he reduced that entire settle- , < , ^ , T The French had a small entrenchment, but no cannon. CharJevoIx N. .. i France, i. 131. Argal had 60 soldiers, and 14 pieces of cannon ; the num- ber of his vessels was 1 1. Champlain, 106. The ^yw/^ww/ of tWse fish- ing vessels might give occasion to the belief, that they were '* sent ostensi- bly on a trading and fishing voyage, but with orders tp seek for and dis- possess intiuders." See Belknap Biog. ii. 54, U is certain however, that this very respectable writer, in common with Prince and other Eng- lish historians, has confounded the two voyages of Arjjil, made to Acadi-J this year. a It has been said, that father Biart, to be revenged on Biencourt, offer- ed to pilot the vessel to Port Royal ; but Champlain says, the French refus- ed that service, and that the English obliged an Indian to pilot them : " Conduit d'un Sauvage qu'il print par force, 'es Francois ne Ic voulact erWigrifer." p. IC9, •^v .%.. /" i8o AMERICAN ANNALS. 1613. ment to ashes. ' Having thps effectually exec ae4 Noven.b.9. tJip business of his commission, he returned to Vir- ginia. * Remaiki. Tlic only pretcxt for the hostile e: 1603. 4 See p. 10 of these Annals. 5 Purchas, V. 1828. Brit. Dominions in N. America^ book xiv. 24v/. Bal' luiap Biog. ii. SS- Stith, 133. 6 pr. Belknap [Amer. Biog. Ii. $$^ says, the settlementi, which Ax^A *!.- AMERICAN ANNALS. i8 .«4 Ar- icU- i'lshf Vir- ided ench deed 3 the lonts ritory lati- tually egrec, r any iserted Had s, the lund of as ei- jsented howr which lames. * 1 Dutch ig that crowns. English au- 38 ; Smith j)i; Prince, |8a. ; Brit. a4vy. Bal- lich Arg4 Hudson, an English subject, could not alienate from 161 3. the English crown what w as properly a part of Vir- ginia, demanded possession. The Dutch governor, Hendrick Christiaens, incapable of resistance, peace- ably submitted himself and his col ly to the king of England j and, under him, to the governor of Vir- <^inia. * These conquests abroad were succeeded by pro- Mr Roir? portioiuitt successes at h John Rolfc, an Kn- ^5,",',(^^ *^'' glishman, married Pocal he celebrated daugh- ter of Powhatan ; and .iHce secured peace to Virginia many years. vi 'g been carefully in- structed in the Christian nligion, she not long after openly renounced the idolatry of her country, made profession of Christianity, and was baptized by the name of Rebecca. * Sir Thomas Dale, accompanied by captain Argal Treaty and fifty men, went to Chickahominy, and held awj^.*'t'^B treaty wiih an Indian tribe of that name, a bold hominy in- and free people, who now voluntarily relinquished ^^^^^^ their name, for that of Tassantcssus, or English- men ; and solemnly engaged to be faithful subjects to king James. ^ i To prevent idleness, and other evils, resulting Policy t» from the prohibition of private property, and from T";' "'* then vir.ited, was " hear the spot where Albany is now built ;" und it appears to have beeti the principal establishment of the Dutch on Hudson's river, . >.>*.. at that time. They had however taken possession of the mouth of the river, and it seems to have been here (where New Yoik now stands), that their governor resided. Smith says, that Argal " found at Maiiliattas isle, 4 houses built, and a pretended Dutch governor." [Hist. N. Jersey 26.] ; but a,ccording to Chalmers [i. 568.] there was nothing more than " a trad- ing house," which tke Hollanders had built near the confluence of the ri- ner Manhattan. I Stith, 13.'^. Chalmers, 1.568. a Smith Virg. 113, iia, Stith, 136. Beverly, 39. Brit. Emp. iii. 6t, 6z, 3 Stith, 130. They had no werowance, or single ruler, but were gov- erned in a republican form by their elders, consisting of their priests, and * wme of the wisest of their old men, as assistants. Smith [Virg. 114.] says, that they submitted to the English, " for feare," lest Powhatan and the English united would bring them again to his subjection. " Tlniy did rath:- jer chuse to be protected by us, than tormented by him, whom they held a ^yrant." Keith [1I7] puts this submission ih 161 2. • IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '/// ^9 lis MJ i/j 1.0 I.I Jl: i^ IIIIIM '■ '■ IIIIIM 18. 1.25 1.4 1.6 6" ► ^ <^ /} PhotDgraphic Sciences Corpordlion 23 WIST MAIN STRf IT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ill u 1! i«2 AMERICAN ANNALS, the subsistence of the Virginian people on a piib»» lie store, Dale now allotted to each man three acres of cleared ground, in the nature of farms ; re- quiring him to work eleven months for the store, out of which he wz^s to liave two bushels of corn ; and allowing liim one month, to make the rest of his provisions.* Bermudas. lu the coursc of the year five hundred and forty persons arrived from England at Bermudas ; anc the island now became settled. * V'iiginia, Putth son i river. ' 1614. Early in this year Sir Thomas Gates returned tq England, leaving in Virginia scarcely four hundred men. ^ The administration of the government of the colony again devolved on Sir Thomas Dale^ who, " by war upon enemies and kindness to friends, brought the affairs of the settlement into good orr der/'-* A new gpvernor from Amsterdam, arriving at the claim Hud- settlement on Hudson's river with a reinforcement, asserted the right of Holland to the country ; refu- sed the tribute and acknowledgment, stipulated with , the English by his predecessor ; and put himself in- to a posture of defence. ' H9 built a fort on the Build;. fort soutli cud of the island Manhattan, where the city at Man- q^ ^cv/ York now stands \ and held the country many years, under a grant from the States General, by the name of the New Netherlands. "^ I Stith, 131. 1 Prince, 37. SceA. D. i6ia. ! 3 Stow Chron. lOtS. "Encyc. Methodique, Geog. y^r/. VitoiNM. ? - 4 Chulmcrs, i. 36. 5 Stith, 133. 6 Josselyn Voy. 153. Smith N. York, a. Smith N. Jewey, 19. Belk- nap Bioff. ii. 56. It is affirmed [Univ. Hist, xxxix. 346.], that the Dutch now applied to king Jamos for a confirmation of Hudson's conveyance; but that all, which they could obtain, was leave to build some cottages for the '.■ ' convenience of their ships, touching for water on their way to Brasil. A writ- er in 1656 [Hazard Coll. i. 604, 605, fiom Thurloe.] says, that the planta- tions, then by the Dutch called the Nethet lands, were " until of very late years better known and commonly called by them the New Virginia, as a place dependent upon or a relative to the Old Virginia ;" and that this appella-* tion renders still more credible the common report, that " by the perni;j«- sian of king Jarnea th?y had gr.intesi from him to their Stateij only a cer* L pub.* three s *, re- store, corn ; rest of d forty ; : anc irned to ^ tiundred ment of Ls Dale, ) friends, good QTf ng at the )rcement, ry ; refu- ated with limself in- )rt on the re the city country General, moiNiA. ey,i9- ^''\ that the Dutch fflveyance; but :ottage« for the Braiil. A writ- that the planta- ■? very late years rinia, a» a place wtthisappella- by the perni^ liei, onlyacet. AMERICAN ANNALS. John Smith, distinguished in Virginian history, tvras now sent out with two ships from England to North Virginia, at the charge of four Englishmen, with instructions to remain iri the country^ and to keep possession. * Leavifig tlie Downs on the third of Mlx'ch, he arrived on the last of Ap'rjl at the isl- and of Monahigon in latitude forty three degrees four minutes. After building seven boats, he in One of theni, with eight men,* rariged the coast cast and West from Penobscot to Cape Cod, and barter- ed with the natives for bfeiver and other furs. By this voyage he made a profit of nearly fifteen hun- dred pounds. From the obiser'vations, which he tiow made on shores, islands, harbours, and head- lands, he, ori his return home, formed a map, and presented it to priiicfi Chatles, whb, in the warmth of admiration, declared, that the country should be called New England. * Smith, in his late \^oyage to* this countiy, made several discoveries, and distinguished them by pecu- liar nimes. The northern promontory 6f Massa- chusetts Bay, forming the eastern entrance into the bay, he named Tragabigzanda, in honour of a Turk- ish lady, to whom he bad been formerly a slave at Constantinople. Prince Charles however, in filial respect to his mother, called it Cape Ann ; a name, which it still retains. The three sniall islands, lying at the head of the promontory, Smith called the iain ittlan'd, called therefore by them' States Island [Staten Island], as a wa- tery place foi' their "Wtst fndia fleets ; althoiigb as they hate incrns^lied vpon, so they have given it a new Dutch name, wiping out the old English names in those parts in America in their old Sea Charts, aiid have new Dutchified them." I "^ I was to have staled there," says Smith [Virg. m], « with but six- teen men." » His whole company consisted of 45 men and boys ; " 37 of the com- pany fished." Purchas, v. 1838. 3 Smith Virg. aoj. Purchas, v. 1838. I. Mather N. Eng. i. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. 9. ; and Ind. War, 201. Mather Magnul. book i. 4. Harris Voy. i. 850. Chalmers, i. 80. Belknap Bi(;^. i. 305. Robertson, book x. Z31. ' L Madier taya, it had be«n known sevural years before by the nami^ •fthcNortbsra Plaautions. •S3 1614; First voy- age of J. Hinith tu North Virginia ; whiih is now ciilloil New Etig- luiid. Dlscovcrif* of Smith iu N. K ng- Idnd. C'X'C Ann, 1^4 AMERIGAN ANNALS; 1614. 'riiree Turks' Heads* I. of Shoals, Hunt car- ries oil' 24 of the na- tives. (ndiansdis' posed to revenge the injury. Three Turks Heads, Id memory of his victory ovei' three Turkish champions ; but this name was ais and establishing a trade with the na- tives J but it was found next to impracticable to set- tle anywhere within their territories. * Two In- dian?., Epenow and Manowet, who had been carried by Hunt to England, were brought back in Hob- son's vesselj to be serviceable toward the design of a plantation \ but they united with their country- men in contriving means, by which they might be reVenged on the English. Manowet died soon af« ter their arriyah Epenow, not allowed to go on shore, engaged his old friends, who visited the ves- sel, to come again, under pretext of trade. On their approach at the appointed time with twenty canoes, he leaped overboard, and instantly a shower of ar- rows was sent into the ship* The Indians, with des- perate courage, drew nigh, and, in spite or the Eng- fesh muskets, carried off their countrymen. Several Indians were killed in the skirmish. The master of the ship -and several of the company were wounded. X)iscouraged by this occurrence, they returned to England.* The treasurer and company of Virginia, having AppiJca* expended immense sums of money in attempting the gu,"a°[^-' settlement of a colony, without any adequate profit, panytopar* applied to the commons of England for assistance in "^'"'^"'^"'^ the prosecution of that enterprise. The attention to their petition is said to have been " solemn and unusual," but nothing appears to have been resolv- ed on. Thus early were the affairs of the colonies brought before the parliament ; and it is noticed by an English historian of distinction, as '< extremely I 1. Mather [N. Eng. s, 3.] expressly says, it was because Htint*s scan» ixiam condact had excited ** such a mortal hatred of all men of the English Vation." Z I Mather K. £i>g> 3- Hubbard MS. N. Eng. 33. Brit. Smp^ i. 3J7> Zs aid. i86 AMERICAN annals; ^*^^ ' remark able, that before the colonists had acquired property, or a participation in a provincial legisla- ture, the commons exercised jurisdiction."' 1615. jiitroduc- Landed property was now introduced into Vir- uon of „jj^j,^ .^j^ J f^j. |.j, jg important privilege the colony i..rt> inro \\"A'i indebted to governor Dale. Mot only the lands Virginia, generally, that had been granted by the Virginia company for the encouragement of adventurers, but the farms, that had been allotted to the settlers, Avere holden by an unstable claim. " The farmers did not possess the lands that were assigned tlieni by a tenure of common soccage ; but enjoyed them as tenants at will." To every adventurer into the colony, and to his /jeirs, were now granted fifty acres of land ; and the same quantity for every person, imported by others. * An humiliating tenure, un- worthy of freemen, vt^as thus changed into that of common soccage j and '* with this advantageous al» teration, freedom first rooted in colonial soil."' Smith, since his last voyage, had become intent on settling a plantation in New England*^ The X Chalmers, i. 35. It was objected in parltamenf, that, were this enter' ^ prise undertaken by the house and kinur,it might prove the cause of a war» Lord Delaware answered, that this were ria just ground of offence : for, said his lordship, the country was named by the queen : the Spaniards 4®^ ,, , .., fend the West Uidies ; the Portuguese, the East ; the French, the river St i !* . , Lawrence ; the Hollanders, the Moluccas. Ibid. a A greater number of acr»3 intent The this enteiv se of a war* "ence : for, mniar Js 4^ le river St each adven- cooditiot} Trade's In* e jkpow not do with it ': ore of ship- been at io cm thence. * a66. inhabited," irould rather vere we but This very nd just esti- AMERICAN ANNALS. 187 Plymouth company, though much discouraged by 1615. the ill success of Ilobson's voyage the last year, •was incited by Smith's account of the country, and by the spirit of emulation with the London compa- ny, to attempt a settlement. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, in concert with Dr. SutlifFe, dean of Exeter, and several others, equipped two vessels, one of two ^ hundred tons, the other of fifty, on board of which, beside seamen, were sixteen men, who were destined . • :i^ |o begin a colony in New England. The command j^^.^rfi,. ivas given to Smith j but, before he had sailed one ^mku sail* hundred and twenty leagues, he lost the mj^ts of I";^"^J"^" his largest ship, and was obliged to return under is obiig-d jury masts to Plymouth. He soon after sailed a- '" '^^'"'"'• gain in a bark of sixty tons with thirty men, six- teen of whom were the same, M'ho had accompanied siiisaj^uin; him in the last voyage, as settlers ; but he was ta- ''"' ',' "'•'■ ken by four Erench men of war, and carried into tiicrreiKi>. Rqchelle. The vessel of fifty tons, that had been separated from him in the first of these voyages, was commanded by Thomas Dermer, who pursued his voyage, and returned with a good freight in Au- gust ; but the main design of the enterprise was ^ frustrated. ' Captain Richard Whitburn, who with other Eng- ncw- lishmen had made several voyages to Newfoundland, f""i"iianu. now arrived at that island, with a commission from the admiralty to empannel juries, and correct abuses and disorders, committed among the fishermen on mate of the healthfulness and fertility of this portion of the country. He had the highest expectations from the fishery of this coast ; and time iias proved the exactnes« of his judgment. Before settlements were formed here, he made this remarkable discrimination : " The country of the Mas- «achusit8 is the paradice of all those parts." Ibid, aio, 215. I Smith Virg. aai— az3. t'urchas, v. 1838. Harris Voy.i. 85 1. Univ. ■Hist. xxxix..47i. Beiicnap Dlog.i.^iif^is, 359, .i^o. The Loudon com- pany ia January sent out 4 ships for New England. The voyagers, arriv- ing off the coast in March, fished until the middle of June, and then freighted a ship of 300 tons for Spain. That ship was taken by the Turks ; " one went to Virginia to reheve that colonic, and two came for England with the greene fish, traine oj'le and furrc?, within six moneths.*' Pur- cji.is, V. 1 8^8. ■ ' . . , -..■*•- ^ isa AMERICAN ANTNATA M i1' ^'is >T ,♦ tht» cousf. On liii) uitIvuI, ha Immcdiutely held a CDiMl ol luimirallVt wncl rrcdvdd fompliiinis from owv liuiulrcd ami Mevct\ty masttuN of Ku^tish vcsncIs of iniuiioN, (lone in tnulc anil navigation ; u fact, V'liicii nhvyxH the JIouriMhiufi; 8tutc of the J''.np;hsh Kul fish(M V, at titat early period. ' Many thouNands of l''nglislv, Trench, Portuguese, und otiicrti, were already settled at Newfoundland.* o»toiH«r. Sir Uichanl VlawliinN, hy connniiision fron» the jliiKr* riynu)uth company, of which lie was this year the Urtwiunfc president, nuule a voyaj^c to New England, to search tile opuntiy and its commodities ; j)ut, finding the natives at war among themselves, he passed idong to Virginia, anil returtied hoinC| \yithuut making i^^ |\Y nc\v ^)bscryations.* Vit^lwi!' n. 1616. Sir OeiM'gc Yeardlcy, to whotn the p;ovcr{v. ment of the Virginian colony was now committed^ having sent to ijie Chickahominies for the iribntt: corn, and received an insolent answer, proceeded with one hundred men to their principal town, whcrq ho was received with contempt and scorn. Per- C*"'»ving the hidians to b^ in a hostile and menacing posture, he ordered his men to fire on them j auij twelve were killed ot> the spot. Twelve also wer^ taken prisoners, two of whom were senators, or el- ders ; but they paid on^ hu^idred bushels of corn for their ransom, and, as the price of peace, loaded three English boats with com. * Tobacco. Tobacco was about this time first cultivated by the English in Virginia. * Eight d\ipi Four ships sailed from London, and four from £"^1^4 Plymouth, to New England, whenc? they carried I Univ. Hist, xxxix. a 49. a l*rince,43. • 3 Gorges N. Eng. aa« Prince, 43. Belknap Bio{i^. i. 360^ '4 Stith, X4I. <^v. Dale sailed for England ewlj thtt fvUy ^ i C)xaluen,i.^6. RobwtifH, V«ok i% ^ i\ 7* AMERICAN ANNAUi, 109 licU a from u fact, s, were rom the I' car the L) 8earch ling tlic akiug i*,^ pjovcrnn ,c tribute )roccedc4 11, whcrt! n. Per- iTvcniicing LMii J atiij also wer? )rs, or el- ls of corn c, loadc4 tivated by Jour from ;y carrie«H f[tr:»t quJintliu'H of finh ami oil, whirh wrre «olcl ad- ifjiC, Viiniiif^touNly in S|niinan(l (lie Canary iHlandn. ' 'llif lulwiu, a vrhHcl Iruin one of ihn Wf«t India '*•"""'' '^^ i.slaiiils, (ouiing into Ikrnuul.iM with (i^i* |)inr!fi, nn* car cancN, plauianrM, j/apaiirH, and various other })lantr;, they t^crr iininnlialvly rc)y llu: inliahiiantH, who brought him hcuI Nkins and liorns, in exchange for iron. lie named the |'"" plaic Morn Sonnd. On this voyage he also discov- i,*!')"'" ' crrd aiKJ named Cape Dudley Oiggcs, Wolsten- .'""'"i* >»'"* holme's Sonnd, "Whale Souiul, llakluvtVi Island," Cary's Islands, Alderman Jonea's Sound, and Jamei l.ancaster'vS Soimd.' William Baffin, on a voyage for the discovery o(^' .>7.'■^;' a northwest passage to Ciiina, sailed to the seventy * " eighth degree of north latitude, where he discovered ;i Day, wliich he called by hi'i own name ; but he Jj;|J['"'» returned, without fmdi^ig the desired passage. I Smith VirR. aaR. Purr.lun, v. <839. H.irri» Voy. i. 851. Andcrnon, !!. 269. A qu. rto vulunif, piihliftlicd thin yisu ul Loudon, thowt the pro- grt'Mive nttcntioii nf the J''i)gliiili t<> titti nortlicrn partt ot this country. It was vntitled 1 " A DoRcription of Nr.w I'^nulano, Or, the Obttfrvationt «nd DiHcovericn of Capt. John 8niith (Admiral of that country) in 1614, vrith the RUcceM of 6 ditipn (hat went the next year 1615, and the accidentt; befel hin> ainoni; tiie French men of War ; with the proof of the pretent benefit tliin country affords, whither, tliit year x6l6, eight voiunury ship h 9re gone, to make further trial." Prince, 145. a Smith Vir}r. 184. 3 Fomter Voy, .•jja — 357. Whale Sound is in 77 deg. 30 min. 4 Brit. Kmp. i. 3. Anderson, ii. 268. Baflin, in a letter to J. Wolstea- fiolme Esq. writes : << In Sir 'l*homas Smith's Sound in 78 deg. by diyere Bty. good observations I found the compass varied above 5 points, or 56 degreti rd •, ^ that a N. E. by E. ii true north, a thinj; incr^ dibie, a.ntf %o the westward \ 190 AMERICAN ANNALS. 111! 1616. The States General of Holland having, in favour SoSen! °^ ^^^'^ ^^^^ ^"^'^ company, prohibited all others from going to India, either by the Cape of Good Hope eastward, or through the Straits of Magellan westward ; it was projected to attempt the discovery of a new western passage into the Sputh Sea, south- ward of those straits. Isaac le Maire, a merchant nf Amsterdam, the first projector of the design, and William Cornelitz Schouten, a merchant of Hoorn, fitted out two ships, on this enterprise, of which Schouten took the command Having sailed from the Texel in June the preceding year, he in January, three degrees to the southward of the ^agellannic |;in«ary. Straits, ' discovcred land, the east part of which he £ mIit"* "^"led States Land, and the west, Maurice Land, between which he foijnd a new strait, which he nam- ed after his partner, Le Maire. Passing through this strait, he doubled a cape, which he called Cape Hoorn. Crossing the Southern ocean, he proceed- ed to the East Indies, and thence to Holland. This was the sixth circumnavigation of the globe. * In this voyage Schouten took formal possession of sev- eral islands in the southern hemisphere, in the name of the States General. ' Strait. liuorn. matchless m all the world besides." Harris Voy. i. 593. After this voy- age, the English made no attempts to discover the Northwest passage un> til the year 163 1. Ibid. 634. 1 Monson Nav. Tracts Churchill Voy. iii. 403. 1 Harris Voy. i. 37 — 45. Anderson, ii. a68. One of the two ships was lost by fire. The other, on its arrival at Jacatra (now Batayia), was seized, to- gether with the goods on board, by the president of the 13utch East India company ; and Schouten and his men took passage home in one of that company's ships, completing their navigation .in two years and eighteen days. Ibid. In Bibliotheca Americ. [81] there is this title of a book : " Diarium vel Descriptio laboriosissimi et molestissimi Itineris facti, a Gu« lielmo Cornelii Schoutenio Homanp aunis 1615, 1616, et 1617. Cum Fig. (Quarto. Amst. 1619." Purcha5[v. 1391.] says, " the Hollanders challenge the discovery of new straits by Mayre and Schouten before twice sailed a- bout by Sir F. Drake ;" but I have found no satisfactory evidence to set aside the Dutch claim, the justness of which is conceded by the best Eng- iisli historians. . . 3 Chalmers, i. J9J. See Hairi* Voy. ii. 8oj. ill /:»!ERICAN ANNALS. I9t favour others Good agellan jcovery , south- erchant gn, and Hoorn, f which ed from fanuary, Tellannic vhich he :e Land, he nam- through led Cape proceed- nd. This 36.* In )n of sev- the name fter this voy- it passage un- ships was lost ras seized, to- ;ch East India in one of that and eighteen le of a book : is facti, a Ou- 7. Cum Fig. ders challenge ;wice sailed a- idence to set the best Eng- IOI7. Captain Argal, arriving at Virginia as governor, state of found all the public works and buildings in James vi'ginw. Town fallen to decay ; five or six private houses only, fit to be inhabited ; the store house used for a church 5 the market place, streets, and all other spare places, planted with tobacco ; the people of the colony dispersed, according to every man's con- venience for planting ;' and their entire number re- duced nearly to four hundred, * not more than two hundred of whom were fit for husbandry and tillage. ' Pocahontas, having acconipanied her English nus- Dcith of band, Mr. Rolfe, to England, was taken sick at i^""'"""^'^ Gravesend, while waiting to embark for Virginia, and died, at the age of about twenty two years** Unsuccessful as repeated attempts had been, for jj.Enghn S2—851 ? .It)i5 AMERICAN ANNAUi 111 1617. wh city of St. Thome, which they sacked, plurvJcx* ed, and burned.' Having staid at the river C;:lici- na until the fourth of December, Ralegh dcputcci captain Keymisto the service of the discovery ol' the mines, with five vessels, on board of which wore five companies of fifty men each, who, after repeat- ed skirmishes with the Spaniards, returned in Feb- ruary without success* Disappouited again in his sanguine expectations, he abandoned the enterprise, and sailed back to England. The hostile assault^ made on St. Thome, having gtveii umbrage, king James had issued a proclamation * against Ralegh, who, on his arrival, was again committed to the tow» cr ; and not long after was beheaded. ' He was one of the greatest and most accomplished persons o( the age, in which he lived. He was the first Eng- lishman, who projected settlements in America ; and is justly considered as the Founder of Virginia. * To z TIlis it told to hdve l!>eeh tke only tbwA in dulaha, then posiessed hf the Spaniards [Josselyn Vo/. a47.] ; though the English adventurers found many fortifications there, '* which were not formerlr." St. Thome consist- ed of 140 houses, though lightly bu^t, with a chapel, a convent of <^rancis- can friars, and a (garrison, efected on the main (Channel of the Oronoque^ about 30 milus distant from the place where Antonio Berreo, the govern- or, taken by Rakgh in His firtt aiscdvety and conquest here, attertipted M plant. Heylin Oosmog. t086. See A. D. 1595. Stow Cbron. lojo. Walter Ralegh, a son dT the knight, having accompanied his father, wat slain in the assaViIt. Ibid* a It was dated it June, and entitled, ** Proctamatio coniiernetls Walte- rum Rawleigb Militem 8c Viagium suum ad Guianam." It it in Rymer'i ^a:dera, xvii. 92; and Hazard C6lh i. 85, 86« 1 Birch Life Raleigh, 67, 79. Stow Chron. 1039. JosselyU Voy4 447< Oldys Life Ral. 195—233. Anderson, ii. »7«. Prince, 59. Oondemari llie Spanish ambassador at the court of king James, havine gained the ear- liest intelligence of the transaction at CkiiaiUi complained of it to that king, *' as what tended not only to the infringement of JMs mAjesty's prom- iac, but of that happy union*' from the projected matcn between young Charles) prince of Wales, and the lAfanta of Spain, " nojK in a hopeful de- gree of maturity." Oldys. Ralegh returned from Guiana 9 July i6t8 ; was committed .t6 die tower 10 August ; brought to trial at king's bench 28 October, and condemned to su£»r death on his sentence of 1603 ; and be- headed the next morning at the age of sixty six years. The sentence of 1603 was on a charge of conspiracy for dethroning king James, in favour of the king's cousin, Lady Arabella Stuart. Burnet [Hist Own Time, i. 13.] says, the execution of Ral^h *' was c0U9t«d a barbarous sacrif c« iog him to the Spaniards." ' 4 Stithi, 12^* C.ulVIfist.8oc.uc.5JU A- AMERICAN ANNALS. 193' liim and Sir Humphrey Gilbert is ascribed the hon- our of laying the foundation of the trade and iiival fewer of Great Britain. * 1618. On the solicitation of the Virginian colonists for i ordD ill supply of husbandmen and implements of agricul- f^;! y '^"[* ture, the treasurer and council sent out lord Dela- nL ' ^ ware, the captain general, with abundant supplies. He sailed from England in a ship of two hundred and fifty tons, with two hundred people ; but died on the voyage, in or near the bay, which bears his ^^^ ^^^^^^^ name. His ship safely arrived at Virginia ; and, Tuyy^jiL'S soon after, another ship arrived with forty passen- gers.* ^ On the death of lord Delaware, the administra- Tyranny rtf tion of Argal, deputy governor of Virginia, became S'^^"^*''''** Unusually rigorous. Martial law, which had been pro- claimed and executed during the turbulence of form- er times, was now, in a season of peace, made the common law of the land. By this law a gentleman was tried for contemptuous words, that he had spoken of the governor, found guilty, and condemn- ed ; but his sentence was respited, and he appealed to th6 treasurer and council, who reversed the judg- pi„ta„. ment of the court martial. This is the first instance peal from of an appeal, carried from an American colony to ^,"yjjjjj' ^'* England. ^ "^ ""^ ' Argal published several edicts, which *' mark the TM\rt^ of severity of his rule, but some of them evince an at- '^2^'* Z Eiog.Brltan.w4r/. Gilbert. a Purchai, V. 1774. Beverly, 51. Sdth, 148. Belknap Biog. il. la Prince, 54. Chalmers, i. 37. Brit. £mp. iii. 65. Stow [Chron. 1029.] sayt, that lord Delaware " could not recover his perfect health" after his t-etum about six years since from Virginia, " until the last yeare, in which he builded a voy fuire ship, and went now in ithimselfe with abqut eight •core persons, to make good the plantation." He was a person of a noble «tid generous disposition, and expanded much in promoting the cq|onizap* tion of Virginia. 3 Chalmers,!. 38, 194 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1618. tention to the public siifety.*" He ordered, that all floods should be sold at an advance of twenty five per centum, and tobacco taken in payment Sit three shillingvS per pound, and not more nor less, on ihc penalty of three years servitude to the colony j that ther6 should be no private trade or familiarity vv'ith the Indians ; that no Indian should be taught to shoot with j»uns, on pain of death to the teacher and learner ; that no man should shoot, excepting in his own necessary defence against an enemy, until ii new supply of ammunition were received, on pain cf a year's servitude ^ and that every person should, go to cluirch on Sundays and holidays, or be kept confined the night succeeding the offence, and be a slave to tlie colony the following week ; for the se- cond offence, a slave for a month j and for the third, a year and a day. ' Twelve years had elapsed since the settlement of the colony ; yet, after an expense of more than eighty thousand pounds of the public stock, beside other sums of private planters and adventurers, there were remaining in the colony about six hundred persons only, men, women and children, and about three hundred cattle j and the Virginia company \vas left in debt nearly five thousand pounds. ^ The only commodities, now exported from Vir- ginia, were tobacco and sassafras" , but the labour of the planter was diminished, and the agricultural interest advanced,by the introduction of the plough. ^ Powhatan, the great Virginian king, died this year. '^ . -■ :; .i.s ..--V. ■•' - Z..'/r:^ 7." 1 Marbhall Life of 'Washington, h 60. ' .. •,-; •' ^ Stith, 147- 3 3tith, 159, a8i. 4 Stith, a8i. 5 Ibid. 149. Chalmers, i. 37. 6 Smith Virg. 125. He was a prince of eminent ser.ise and abilities, and deeply versed in all the savage arts of government and jwlicy. Pene- trating, crafty, insidious, it was as diflicult to deceive him, as to elude hii own "Stratagems. But he w;;8 cruel in liis temper, and showed little regard to truth or integrity. Beverly, j:i. Keith, 132. Sttth, 154. DcUuiap Sioj. ii.63. . fjtate of Virginia, AMERICAN ANNALS. 195 The Somer Isles, by direction of tlifi council and company of Virginia, were divided by lot into tribes ; and a share r/as assigned to every adven- turer. * This measure essentially promoted the in- terests of the infant colony settled in those islands. * I619. ' ' This is the memorable asra in the history of Vir- ginia of the introduction of a provincial legislature, in which the colonists were represented. Yeiirdley, appointed governor general of the colony, arriving in April with instructions favourable to freedom, convoked a colotiial assembly, which met at James Town on the nineteenth of June. The people were now so increased in their numbers, and so dispersed in their settlenients, that eleven corporations appear- ed by their representatives in this convention, where they exercised the noblest function of freemen, the power of legislation. They sat in the same house with the governor and council, in the manner of tho Scotch parliament. * The king of England having formerly issued his letters to the several bishops of the kingdom for collecting money, to erect a college in Virginia for the education of Indian children,* fifteen hundred pounds had been already paid toward this benevo- lent and pious design, and Henrico had been select- ed, as a suitabb plaxre for the seminary. The Vir- ginia company, on the recommendation of Sir Ed- win Sandys, its treasurer, now granted ten thousand acres of land, to be laid off for the projected univer- sity. This donation, while it embraced the origii;- t The names of the adventurers, and the number of the several shares, are in Smith Virg. 188, 189. % Ibid. 187. It had previously been " but as an unsettled and confused chaos ; now it begins to receive a disposition, foim, and order, and becomes indeed a plantation." Ibid. 3 Stith, ];6o. Of the 11 corporations 4 h.id recently been set oiF. lb. i6r. 4 " for educating hifidd tLililren in the true knowleJge of God." .Stith, 1 6 J. 161B. Sufiul IhIuiii'.s, June T9. First VI r- jijinian us- sembly. Cnllc;::e nt Ileiirko. ivaj:4 its minis^ X CHalmers, i. 47. The reason, assigned f«r tli^lk^g^s proclamation, i^ tliat " divers conceal and utter tobacco withiout pacing any impost^* Ibid, a Selknap Biog\. ii. 65. * ■ 3 Smifh [Viig. 239.] says, every sailor had j^ifi lofcrhis seven pionth'i t^rk ; and Harris [Voy. i. 851.], that every sailor had, beside his charges, £17 clear money in his pocket." 4 Smith Virg. 127, 129. I*rince, 63. Purchas, v. 1777, 1778. Der- mer (whose account of this passage is in Purchas, ibid.) says, *' Wee found a most dangerous catwract amongst small rockie Hands, occasioned by two tinequall tydes, the one ebbing and flowing two houres before the other." This was doujitlcss what is now well known by tlie name of Hell Gate.** Dcrmcr sailed again to N. England the next year (1620), and, arriving at Capawick, [Martlia's Vineyard], he was suddenly assaulted by Epenow and other Indians, and received fourteen wounds. Returning tu Virginia, he soon after died. Harris Voy. i. 852. Ptirchas, v. 1830, 1831, 1839. * From the ZtuUL : " gucm iiostri inferni ds, vulf^o let fffUfj^atf affeJlatit-^ Laet, 7 J. s See A. D. 15 jo. ' . . ' , • ,, AMERI^'^AN ANNALS. '9r ter, and Mr. Willi.iii Jrewster, afterward its ruling 16 ig, elder.* I'his churciu in common with other d.is-' senting churches throughout England, being ex- tremely harassed for its nonconformity, sought at length an asylum in Holland, where religious toler* ^tion was sanctioned by the laws, Mr. l^obinson and as many of his congregation, as found it in their power, left England in the years 1607 and >6o8, and settled in Amsterdam ; whence in 1609 they removed to Leyden.' After residing several year$ in that city, various causes influenced them to en- tertain serious thoughts of a removaj to America, These causes were, the unhealthiness of the low , ^country where they lived ; the hard labours, to which they were subjected ; the dissipated manners of the Hollanders, especially their lax observance of the Lord's day j the apprehension of war at the conclusion of the truce between Spain and Holland, which was then near its close ; the fear, lest their young men would enter into the military and naval service j the tendency of their little community to become absorbed and lost in a foreign nation ; the natural and pious desire of perpetuating a church, which they believed to be constituted after the sim» pie and pure model of the primitive church of Christ ; ai^d a commendable zeal to propagate the gospel in the regions of the New World. ^ In 1^17, ha- ving concluded to go to Virginia, and settle in a distinct body under the general government of that colony, they sent Mr, Robert Cushman and Mr. John Carver to England, to treat with the Virginia company, and to ascertain, whether the jcing would grant them liberty of conscience in that t Prince, 19, 30. a Prince, 13, 214, a6, ay, from governor Bradford's MS. History ; hy tvhich " it seems as if they iegan to lemove to Leyden at the end of i6o8." {bid. 3 For illustrations ^nd proofs on this subject, and on .the character nnd f rinaiples of Mr. Robinso^ and his Society, see Note V at the end of the vulunte. t !J X5j^ ii X98 AMERICAN ANNALS. ^ 1619. distant country. * Though these agents found the "Virginia company very desirous of the projected set» tlement in their American territory, and willing to grant them a patent with as ample privileges, as they had power to convey ; yet they could prevail with the king no farther, than to engage, that he would connive at them, and not molest them, pro- vided they should conduct peaceably. Toleratioa j^i religious liberty, by his public authority, undeif his seal, was denied. The agents returned to Ley* den the year following ( 1 6 1 8), to the great discour- agement of the congregation. * Resolved however to make another trial, they sent two other agents to England in February of thisyear(i6i9),to agree with the Virginia company ; but, dissensions then arising in that body, the busi- ness was necessarily procrastinated, -After long at- tendance, the agents obtained a patent, granted and confirmed under the seal of the Virginia company ; but, though procured with much charge and labour, it was never used, because it was taken out in the name of a gentkman,' who, though at that time de- signing to accompany the Leyden congregation, was providentially prevented. This patent however be- ing carried to Leyden for the consideration of the people, with several proposals from English mer- chants and friends for their transportation, they were requested to prepare immediately for the voyt «. age," 1620, It was agreed by the English Congregation at Leyden, that some of their number should go to At raerica, to make preparation for the rest. Mr. Rob- inson, their minister, was prevailed on to stay with 1 Hubbard MS. New Eng. 38. a Prince, 56, 57. Hazard Coll. i. 361. P, Mr. John Wincob, " a religious gentleman, belonging t« the countess of Lincoln." Prince, 65. 4 Pjince,65. Hazard CoB.i. 87—89. ' ' ', . '* Fttbnr'tjr. Agents Ki'Dt from Holbmd into Kng- laiid. .J».itert iibtiuncd. Prepara- tions for rtinoving to Ameri- AMERICAN ANNALJj. ia<4 tiiE greater part at Ley den ; Mr. Brewster, their cl- i62'o» der, was to accompany the first adventurers ; but these, and their brethren remaining in Holland, were to continue to be one church, and to re- ceive each other to Christian communion, without a formal dismission, 6r testimonial. Several of the congregation sold their estates, and made a common bank, which, together with money received from other adventurers, enabled them to purchase the Speedwell, a ship of sixty tons, and to hire in Eng- land the Mayflower, a ship of one hundred and eighty tons, for the intended enterprise. Preparation being thus made, the adventurer j^n,rii. ioy, nofe t, . r .u ■., Dr.-. r;;. C'onij'-.i'iy ;T0 on 'hot!'. A.MKRICAN' ANNALS. io J but, \d\ans immi- st in a caped, iglitb ; vas the [\ pious island* . The, d found explored ^rnfields be con- the wel« and prd- ;red portt On the shore for lip. 9n ing divind i on some ewing the li ground, d, and the ny of thft on shore, designated use. On Coll; Hist. Soc Mark, the ma?* it still retain* [nd in full view let's Nose ami Ihatwhatisw-iP etween Clark *■■ Lord's day the twenty fourtli, the people on bliorc 1G20. were alarmed by the cry of Indians, and expected an assault ; but they continued unmolested. On Monday the twenty fifth they began to build thej^^., j, first house. A platform for their ordnance demand- Uuiii t; « ing the earliest attention, they on the twenty eighth ^"'^ ''""'°' began one on a hill, which commanded an extensive prospect of the plain beneath, of the expanding bay, and of the distant ocean. ' In the afternoon they divided their whole company into nineteen families y measured out the ground ; and assigned to every person by lot half a pole in breadth, and three poles in length, for houses and gardens. Though most of the comjxmy were on board the ship on the Lord*3 day, December thirty first j yet some of them kept ^■';' ''* sabbath for the first time in their new house. Here !J' h.,'ii^ therefore is fixed the aera of their settlement, which, in grateful remembrance of the Christian iViends, whom they found at the last town they left in their native country, they called Plymouth. This wa^ ^^M^h i^ the foundation of tlic first English town, built in |^^S,f '^* New England.* After the departure of the adventurers from the ^ -w v-^- coast of England, a new patent, dated the third day lliomi'i^''" of November, was granted by king James to the comnun/ duke of Lenox, the marquisses of Buckingham and Hamilton, the earls of Arundel and Warwick, Sir Ferdinand© Gorges, with thirty four associates, and their successors, styling tli;.nit, "'The Council estab- I This fortification wasniado on the suniniit of ilio Iiiil, on vliich Ply- moutli burying jjround now lies ; and tlie nriiqucs of it aro still visible. ■i P^rchas, v. 1842 — i8i)9. Coll. Hist. Soc. viii. aOj — 122. Alortnn. I — 25. Hubbard MS. N. ling. chap. xvii. Prince, 71 — ')s. .Smith Viry;. 230 — 233. Joiselyii Voy. 24H. J. .Mather N. ling. 5. -' A Rcbtion ov Journ.'.l of a Plantation settled at Plymouth in New f aigland, and Prorted- ingi ihert'of," cjuoted by liistorians a.s " Mourt'd Rt^lation," and 1!. Wint.- lov/'s " CJood Naws irom New England," arc reprinted, vvith explanatory Notes by the Editor, in the Vlllth. volume of the Collections of the Mas- •achiiseits Historical Society. Those Notes and the valuable paper.s in that volume by the same hand, with the obscure signature of r. s. w ill be read with attention, when i: is tnown, that they were composed by the present Recoiding Secretary of the Historical Society, the Revcrer.d J.isiUi Prek- MAN, 204 AMERICAN ANNALS, II Virginia 1C20. Ilshcd at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, fqr the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New England, in America." By this patent that part of the American territory, Avhich lies between the fortieth and the forty eighth degree of north latitude in breadth, and " in length by all the breadth afore- said throughout the main land from sea to sea," was given to them in absolute property ; the same authority and privileges, which had previously been given to the treasurer and company of Virginia, were now conferred on them ; and they were equally em- powered to exchide all from trading within the boundaries of their jurisdiction, and from fishing in the neighbouring seas. This patent was the only civil basis of all the subsequent patents and planta- tions, which divided this country. ' While the foundation of a new settlement was laid in the north, the Virginian colony was making rapid progress in the south. Eleven ships, which had sarled the preceding year from England, arrived at Virgmia, with twelve hundred and sixteen persons for settlement. * Nearly one' thousand colonists were settled there, previous to this accession.' One of the methods, adopted for the increase of their number, if not the most delicate, was perhaps the most politic. The enterprising colonists being generally destitute of families, Sir Edwin Sandys, the treasurer, proposed to the Virginia company to send over a freight of young women, to become wives for the planters. The proposal was applaud- ed ; and ninety girls, " young and uncorrupt," were sent over in the ships, that arrived this year ; and, the year following, sixty more, handsome, and well recommended to the company for their virtuous T Mather Magral. i. 4. Prince, 95. Chalmers, i. 81. This patent is in Hazard Coll. i. 103 — 118. a Smith Virg. 126. Of these immigrants 650 were destined for the public use, and 611 for private plantations. Ibid. 3 Harris Voy. I. 840. New tpart :n the titude afore-, sea/' e same y beea I, "were. Aly em- \n\ the ihuig i^ he only . planta- ent was ; making ,s, which 1, arrived n persons colonists :cession. * [icrease of Ls perhaps lists being I Sandys, impany to o become 5 applaud- icorrupt/* this year ; [some, and ;ir virtuous This patent is iestined for the AMERICAN ANNALS. education and demeanor. The price of a wife, ;it the first, was one hundred pounds of tobacco ; hut, as the number became scarce, the price was increas- ed to one hundred and fifty pounds, the value of which, in money, was three shillings per pound. This debt for -wives, it was ordered, should have the precedency of all other debts, and l)e first recovera- ble.' Beside the transportation of reputable people, the king commanded the treasurer aujd council of the Virj^inia company, to send to Virginia a Iiun- dred dissolute persons, to be delivered to them by the knight marshal j and they were accordingly sent over as servants. * The early custom of trans- porting vicious and profligate people to that colony, as a place of punishment and disgrace, though de- signed for its benefit, yet became ultimately preju- dicial to its growth and prosperity. ^ The Virginia company, disliking the almost ex- clusive application of their colony to the culture of tobacco, encouraged various projects for raising ar- ticles of more immediate necessity and benefit, and particularly the culture ci' silk. " In conformity to this new policy, one hundred and fifty persons in the colony were sent to set up three iron works ; direc- tions were given for making cordage ; it was recom- mended to the people to make pitch, tar, and pot- ashes ; and men, with materials, were sent over, for the purpose of erecting several saw mills. ^ A special commission was issued in April by king James, for the inspection of tobacco** ; anda procla- I Stith, 166, 176, 197. Bi-lknap, ii. 68. Chalmers, i. 46. % Smith [Hist. Virg. 117.] says, thiit jo servants were, this year, sent for public service ; 50, whose l\;bours were to bring up 30 of the Injid:l\ dnldren ; and that Others wei e stnt to private planters. 3 Stith, 168. 4 Stith, 183. Belknap Eiog. ii. 70. 5 Stitli, 177. 6 Rymer's Foedera, xvii. 190. Hazard Coll. i. S9 — 91, where it is in- serted entire. Its title i?, " Coinmissio Specialis concernens I;: Garbling Herbx Nicotiar.x." 201 16:^. i j; II co6 AMERICAN ANNTALS. fiji imported iiiM Vir- "Jiiiii, I lollun.l \V, India CJlllJUUV. 1620. mation in June for restraining the disorderly trading 111 tliis obnoxious article. * This year is remarkable in Virginian history, for the introduction of freedom into colonial commerce. The monopoly of the treasurer and company, which had depressed the settlement, was relinquished, and the trade laid open to all without restriction.* A Dutch ship, putting into Virginia, sold twenty negrofi's to the colony ; and these were the first ne- groes imported into Virginia. ^ There were at this time but five ministers in Vir- ginia ; and eleven boroughs, erected into eleven par- ishes."* ' •' , 1 • The West India Company of Holland was now established by a charter from the States General, in- vesting it ' with an exclusive trade to the western coast of Africa, and to the eastern shores of Ameri- ca, from Newfoundland to the Straits of Magellan. * The island Margarita was invaded by the Dutch, who demolished its castle j and after this period it was chiefly abandoned by the Spaniards. '^ (^^,iJnJ About a year after the death of Sir Walter Ra- legh, king James granted Roger North a commis- sion to inhabit and settle a colony near the river of Amazons in Guiana j so great however was the in- fluence of Gondemar, the Spanish ambassador, that the king in May issued a proclamation to recall him ; and another, for regulating the trade with that coun- try.' I Rymer's Feed. svii. Z22i. Hazard Coll. i. 93 — 96, vvhtre it is inserted entire. i Chalmers, i. 49. j Smith VIrg. ia6, where the Dutch ship is called a man of war. Stitiv '' l^x. Dniv. Hibt. xli. 528. Chalmers, i. 49. 4 Stith, 173. J, '-.'hclmers i. 569. l^Iazard Coll. i. 121 — ijr, \*here Uw; Charter; instTtetl Clltilr. '■ / , '" 6 Univ. Hiit. xli. 5' 7. 7 Oi'i I? Life K.1I. 2.- j, Rymer's Fa-dera, xvii. JIJ. Sec n. 19;,, AMERICAN AKNAI^S. ?t)7 rading »ry, for imerce. , \vhich Led, and I.* 1 twenty first nc- rs in Vir- ieven par- was now rcneral, in- Q western of Ameri- Magellan.* the Dutch, is period it /alter Ra- , a commis- 1 the river oi: was the in- ^ssador, that . recall him y hthatcoun- vhtrc it IS in^-'ted un of v.-ar. Stitiv lerellu: Chancr : • 1621. The Plymouth colonists on tlie ninth of Jannar)' Piymontht proceeded to the erection of their projected town ; which they huilt in two rows of houses for greater Security. ' On the fourteenth their Common House,* that had been built in December, took fire from a spark, that fell on its thatched roof, arid was entire- ly consumed. * On the seventeenth of February they met for settling military orders, and having chosen Miles Standish for their captain, conferred on him the power pertaining to that office. * On the sixteenth of March aii Indian came boldly March i^. alone; intb the street of Plymouth, and surprised f ''J?* . . the mhabitants by callmg out, " Welcome, English- men ! Welcome, Englishmen !** He was their first visitant ; his name was Samoset, a sagamore of thd country^ lying at the distance of about five days* journey. , Having conversed with the English fish- crmen^ who had come to this coast, and learnt of them to Speak broken English, he informed the Plymouth p6ople, that the places where they were seated, was called by the Indians Patuxet ; that ali the inhabitants died of an extraordinary plague, a- bout four years since ; and that there was neither tnan, woman, nor child, remaining.* No natives 1 The same street, which leads from the old church in Plymouth to the water side. It has teen proposed hy several respectable gcntjinien of Plym- outh to call it Leyden Street. Coil. Hist. Soc. viii. z2t,. It was on the eleventh of December i6ao [See p. ao2.] that tht* viiioraSle fathers of New England first stepped on that rock, which is sacrodly prL-served in memory of their arrival. A ponderous fragment of it has been removed into the main street of Plymouth. The tivenfy s,\oiul day of Dm-tnber, new style, corresponding to the elevejitli, old style, has hciMi lony; observed at Plymouth, and several years at Boston, as the Anniversary of the Landin;; of the Fathers. a Purchas, v. 1248. In 1 801, in digging a cellar, sundry tools and a plate of iron were discovered, seven feet below the surface of the ground on the place, where ' is supposed that this common house stood. Coll. Hist. Soc. viii. 313, ^^' verbal infomi •'^n at Plymouth. 3 Purchas, v. 1849. Coll. Hist. !)earaDce. 1 62 1 . therefore were dispossessed of this territory, to makd room for the English, excepting by the providence of God previously to their arrival. Samoset,. treated with hospitality by these stran-^ gers, was disposed to preserve an intercourse with them ; and, on his third visit, was accompanied by Squanto, one of the natives, who had been carried off by Hunt iii 1614, and afterward lived in Eng- land. They informed the English, that Masassoit, the greatest king of the neighbouring Indians, was Mawssoit near, with his brother and a number of his people ; SnginSes and withiu an hour he appeared on the top of a his first ap- hill ' over against the English town, with a train of sixty men. .. Mutual distrust prevented for some time any ad- vances from either side. Squanto at length, being sent to Masassoit, brought back word, that the English should send one of their number to parley with him. Mr. Edward Winslow was accordingly sent. Two knives, and a copper chain, with ajew- e' in it, were sent to Masassoit at the same time ; and to his brother a knife, and a jewel, " with a pot the time of the pliigue. Some of them say, if: was thiee or fbiir years before the first arrival cf the English n*: Plymcjth ; some, that it was two or three ; while others place it in 1619, ^^^ Y*^^'" preceding the arrival. See :vlorton, 2.V ; Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 108 ; Prince, 46 ; Neal N. Eng. i. 87. Johnson [Wonderwork. Prov. x6.] says, it was " the summer after the blazing starre," which was seen about three hour$ above the horizon " for the space of 30 sleeps," or days, and which led the Indians to " expect rtrange things to follow." This was probably the remarkable comet of 1618, mentioned by Alsted [Thesaurus Chron. 314,493.]: " Eotf. anno (1618) et seq. fulget horribilis cometa mense Novembri, Decembri et Jan- iiario." If Johnson be correct, and if this were the blazing star, to which he refers, the plague must have been in 1619. Intelligence of its desolating ofToct hau ^ached England before the charter of Nov. 3, 1620 ; for in that instrument king James mentions this desolation as a special reason for grant- ing the charter : " Also for that We have been further given certainly to knowe, that within these late yeares there hath by God's visitation raign- ••"J a wonderful! Plague, together with many horrible slaughters, and mur- thers, csmmitted amoungst the Savages and bruitish people there, heerto- fore inhabiting, in a manner to the utter destruction, devastacion, and de- populacion of that whole territorye, so that there is not left for many leagues together in a manner, any that doe daime or challenge any kind of inter- cuts therein." Charter, Hazaru Coll. i. 105. I Watson's hill, on the jouthsidc of Town brook. Coil," Hist, Socviii. Zi9' AMERICAN ANNALS* 209 to makd avidence ;se strati^ irse with janied by 2n carried L in Eng- yiasassoit, iians, was s people ; I top of a L a train of ne any ad- agth, being I, that the er to parley accordingly with ajew- same time ; ' with a pot fbur years teforc lat it was two or the arrival. See eal N.ETig.i.»7. 5unimer after the [the horizon "tor idiansto «' expect narkable comet ol 3.^ : « Eotf. anno I Decembriet Jan- ing star, to which ice of its desolating i6zo;forinthat A reason for grant- I given certainly to 1*3 visitation raign- auehters, and mur- Ue there, heerto- .vastacion, and de- .ft for many leagues ' any kind of inter- |;Hi3t.Soc.viii.a*7* of Strong water," a quantity of biscuit, and some butter, all which articles were gladly accepted. Mr. Winslow, the messenger, in a speech to Masas- soit, signified, that king James saluted him with words of love and peace, and that the English gov- ernor desired to see him, and to truck with him, and to confirm a peace with him, as his next neighbour. The Indian king heard his speech with attention, and approbation. After partaking of the provi^m, which made part of the English present, and u^ parting the rest to his company, ^ IdWced on Mr. Winslow's sword and armour, with an intimation of his desire to buy it : but found him unwilling to part with it. At the close of the 'nterview, Masas- soit, leaving Mr. Winslow in the custody of hi;; brother, went over the brook, which separattxi him from the English, with a train of twenty men, whose bows and arrows were left behind. He was met ar the brook by captain Standish and Mr. Williamson, with six musketeers, who conducted him to a house then in building, where were placed a green rug, and three or four cushions. The governor now ad- vanced, attended with a drum and trumpet, and a few musketeers. After mutual salutations, the governor called for refreshments, of which the In- dian king partook himself, and imparted to his fol- lowers. A league of friendship was then agreed on' ; and it was inviolably observed above fifty years." On the following day the English concluded their military orders, with some laws, adapted to their present state. They also confirmed Mr. Carver as their governor the succeeding year ; but he died soon after, to the great regret of the colony. He ! Purchas, v. 1850 ; Morton, 26, 47 ; Prince, loi, loz ; Hazard Coll. 146 ; Coll. Hist. Soc. viii ; in each of which places the articles of this League are preserved. a Until king Philip's war, A. D. 1675. Prince, lOi. Coll. Hist. Soe. viii. 225, 226. Cc 1 62 1. G.')v. Car- ver dic8. I' ' )!, !»''!! ill iKiHK'; TvLirci: zz. i •''"' '1 LeagiK' witli Mj- sassoit. 1 ,^i m V ; : H 1 '' f I il i ' ^^ 1* .11 lO AMERICAN ANNALS. \V. JJr.i.I- (i)rcl i-liDS- «'ii ^overiv 1621. was a man of singular piety, Inimility and comic* sccnsion ; and possessed a considerable estate, the i';rc'atc3t part oF wliicli he expended in promoting tlie interests of the infant colony, over which he ])resided.' Soon alter his death, Mr. William Bradford was chosen governor, and Mr. Isaac Aller- ton his assistant ; and, by renewed elections, they were continued in oflice several years.* A great mortality, that commenced among the people soon after their arrival at Plymouth, swept oiVlialf of th«ir number within the first three months, leaving .scarcely fifty persons remaining.^ The first marriage in the colony was solemnized on the twelfth of May, between Mr. i.dward Wins- ^''y'"^'"^^'- low,.and Mrs. Susanna White.* The first duel in New England was fought on the eighteenth of June, on a challenge at single combat w ith sword and dagger, between two servants ; both {)[' whom were wounded. For this outrage they were sentenced by the whole company to the igno- minious punishment of having the head and feet tied fogeilier, and of lying thus twenty four hours, with- *)Lit meat or drink. After sulVering however in that painful posture one hour, ai their master's interces- i ii't mar- .Oiu-I. T ATorfoii, 33. Tlu- bro.ul sword of governor Carver is preserved in ihc c;i!'ii!t'r i)fthe Miissuchii^etts Historical Society. 2 Morten, .^4. Prince, 104, 105. 3 Moitdti, Z4, 25. Hubbard MS. N. Enjj. 45. Tradition gives an af- iicttiig picture of tlie infant colony, during tliis critical and distresf^inj pe- riod. The dead wi.-re buried on the bank, at a little distance from the rock where the fatiiers landed ; and, lest tlie Indians should take advantage of I hi' weak and wetched state of the Enj'.Iish, the j^raVes vere levelled, and biiwii, for the purpose of concealment. This information I received at Plym- outh from deacon Kphraiin Spooner, a respectable inhabitant of that town, who aocomjianied me to the spot where tliose first interments were made. Human bones have been washed out of the bank l)y hij>h tides, within the nif mory of tlu; jircsent ;;eueration. Deacon Spooner, now upwards of sev- «'nty years of ag«, had his information from Mr. Thoma-, Faunce, who was a rulii'.g elder in the first church in I'lymoutli, and was well acipiainted with several of the first settlers, iildcr I'ainue knew the rock, on which they first landed ; and, hearing that it \va» covered in the erection of a wharf, was so affected, that he wept. His tear* perhaps suvvd it from oblivion. He died %j Feb. 1746, ^'Rtat. xcix. 4 Prince, ic,T. AMERICAN ANNALS. 21 I condc* tc, the iiTioting lich he c AUer- Lis, they 3ng the i, swept months, lemnized •d Whis- ht on the e combat Its i both age they the igno- \ feet tied Lirs, with- er in thut intcices- s preserved in gives an af- lUstresBlng pe- from the rock advantage of levelled, and ivedatPlym- cif that town, ts were made. les, within the pwards of sev- [nee, who was [jiuiinted with jn which they on of a wharf, from oblivion. 3ion, and their own humble request, with the prom- lo'ci. ise of amendment, they were releuscd by the gi)V- ernor. ' Governor BniJford, by advice of tlie comp'jny, J"'\'-,. •' i'. Will** sent Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins, with iow;,i.as. Squanto for their puide, to Masussoit, to explore ^^<>?^-'-'^'' ^1 ,-11 -11 visit M.i- tlie country ; to coniirm the league ; to learn trie s.,^„ir. situation and strength of their new friend ; to carry some presents ; to apologize for some supposed in- juries ; to regulate the intercourse between the Kng- lish and the Indians ; and to procure seed corn for the next planting season. They lodged the first night at Namasket. * In some places, they found the country almost depopulated by the plague, whicli had desolated the neighbourhood of Patuxet. They passed through fine old corn fields, and pasture grounds, that were destitute of cattle and of inhab- itants. Skulls and bones appeared in many places where the Indians had dwelt. On their arrival at Pokanoket,^ the place of Masassoit's residence, for- ty miles from Plymouth, they were kindly welcomed by that Indian sovereign, who renewed his assurances of continuing :he peace and friendship. * , X Prince, io,v a A town under Masasi^nit. It was that part of Middlrhtirotr^h, whiih Jthe Eiijrlish aftinvavd first phinted. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 148. 3 Pokanokct was a general mime for the northern r-l,oic of N;irra}';an'-.i t Bay, hetweun Providence and Taunton rivers, compVclieiidinj',' t!ie present. townships of Bristol, Warren, and Burrington, in the State ol Rhode Inland, • and Swaiizey in Massa( hiiseftn. 'j'he principal seats of Masassoit were ar Sowamsand Kikemuit. 'I'he fornitr is a neck of l-.md formed by the co;.- fluence of Harrington and Palmer's rivers ; the latter is Mount Mope, litl- knap Biog. ii. i2i. VJallender Cent. Disc. 30. 4 Purchaa, v. 1851, 1S52. Coll. Hist. SoC. viii. Z^,l — 237. Hubbard MS. N. Kng. 53. Morton, .34, ,^^. Prince, 105 — 107. Belknap Biog. ii. 220,221. " The manner of reception and treatnieiit of the envoys at tl.i court of Masassoit is worthy of notice. Wlien the king had taken them into his house, and seated them, he heard their nielluge, and received their presents. He then put on a horseman's red coat, and a ciiain about hi^ neck, these having been umoiig the preser.ts,and " was not a little proud to behold himself, and his men also to see their king so bravely attired." Hav- ing given a friendly answer to the message, his men gathered around liini ; and, turning himself to them, he addressed them in a speech : " Am not I, Masassoit, co)nmandcr of the country around ynu ? U r.ft such a ti'wn ; } ; 'I' I / l:i •M 1 iW AMERICAN ANNALS. A'>ir. 14- 1621. 7) ftcr the league with Miisassoit, Corbitant, one i'y;v-.itioa ^^f j^j^ pcttv siichcms, bccominc; discontented, medi- tiir-ii r>.Na- tilted to joui tiic iNarragansets, who were nnmicul to mjsk>t, t|^(3 English ; and he was now at Namasket, at- tcnijulng to alienate the subjects of Masassoit from their king. Squanto and liobomuck, two faithful friends of the English, going at this time to Na- masket, to make observation, were threatened with de;ith by Corbitant, who seized and detained Squan- to, but Ilobomack made his escape. To counteract the hostile machinations of Corbitant, and to libe- rate Squanto, ih.e governor, with the advice of the company, .^ent Miles Standish and fourteen men, with Ilobomack for their guide, to Namasket. On their arrival, tlie Indians of Corbitant*s faction fled. Tlie design of the English expedition was explained to the natives of the place, with menaces of revenge, in case of insurrection aganist Masassoit, or of vio- lence to any of his subjects. ' This resolute enterprise struck such terror into the neighbouring Indians, that their chiefs came in, iiept. 1,1. and solicited the friendship of the English. On the suhmis.ion ti-^ii-j-eenth of September nine Sachems voluntarily cl.euiV came to Plymouth, and subscribed an instrument or submission to king James, * It was peculiarly hap- mlnc, .'lUil ili" people of it ? Will you not bring your skins to the English ?" Afcer this manner he named at leasit thirty places, to every one of which they p.-.'Wf an answer of consenr and applause. At the close of his speech he li;;hii"d tobacco for tl'.o envoys, and proceeded to discourse about England, and the English king, wondering that he would live without a wife. Ho talked aloo of the Freiichmen, bidding the English not to sufier them to come to N.u-raganset, for it was king Jan\es' country, and he was king James' man. It now grew late, " but victuals he offered none ; for indeed he had not.>ny," having but ju>t returned home. The envoys therefore, finding no piij.^j)i.ct ot refret,li;r.ent, but from sleep, desired to go to rest; yet they were disappointed even of repose. " Hee laid us," says the narrator, " on the bed with hiauelfe and his wife, they at the one end and wee at the - other, it being onely plan.ces laid a foot from the ground, and a thinne mat upon thnm. Two more of his chiefe men for want of roome pressed by :'.:id upon us ; so that wee were worse wearie of our lodging then of our journey." Purchas, v. 185 a. I Morton, 35. Prince, no. a Prince, m ; Belknap Biog. il. US ; Hazard Coll. i, 141 J where are mt, one I, medi- mical to ket, at- oit from , iVitliful ! to Na- iled with d Squan- ounteract [ to li^S" ice of the een men, iket. On ction fled. ; explained )f revenge, or of vio- terror into fs came in, h. On the vohmtarily 5trument of iliarly hap- ,to the English ?'• Iry one of whicli of his speech hi: about England, „vovit a wife. He [fier them to come Ivas kinfj; James* Ifov indeed he had Iherefore, finding Ito rest ; yet they l.he narrator, " on ^d and wee at th^' and a thinne mat 3onic pressed by Iging then of o«v I. M7 i where are AMKRICAN ANNALS. py for the colony, tliat it had secured the friendship or Masassoit ; for his influence was very extensive. lie was reverenced and regarded hy all the native^ from the bay of Narraganset to that of Mas such u- setts. The submivssion of the nine sachems h as- cribed to their mutua' connection with this soverci:.,!!, as its primary cause. Other princes under hini made also a similar submission, among wliom are mentioned those of Pamet, Nauset, Cummaquid, and Namasket, with several others about the bays of Patuxet and Massachusetts. ' The colonists judging it expedient to send to the Massachusetts, to discover the Bay, sec tlic country, make peace, and trade with the natives ; the gov- ernor chose ten men, who, accompanied by S!]u.uito and two other hidians, sailed in the shallop, upon that enterprise, on the eighteenth of Sejuembcr. Arriving the next day at the bottom of the bay, they landed under a ciitP, ' and were kindly receiveil by Obbatinua, the sachem, who had subscribed the submission at Plymouth a few days before. He re- newed his submission, on receiving their promise of assistance against the Tarratines, and the squaw sachem of Massachusetts, who were his enemies. Having explored the bay, and collected some beav- er, they returned to Plymouth. ^ On the eleventh of November Robert Cushman arrived at Plymouth in a ship from lilngland, with thirty five persons, destined to remain in the colony. By this arrival the Plymouth colonists received a charter, procured for them by the adventurers in London, who had been originally concerned with them in the enterprise ; and they now acknowledged their names, amonfj which appear those of Caunblt:\nt [supposed Corbitatit] ; Obbatinua, a sachem of Massachusetts Bay ; and Chikkatabak, sachem ef Neponsct. I Belknap P.iop;. ii. ai.V Prince, 112. a Supposed to be Copp's Hill in Boston. Belknap Biog. ii. 224. 3 Morton, 36. Prince, iia, 1x3. Belknr.p Biog, ii. 324. ^^3 iGit, 'lie T-iy of Mas.> rhti!,ftt-* explored. Sept. i(>. Nov. ri Arrival vi new set- tlers with a tharttr. 1: ;|i ',:iii :i ■■ >I 11 B;^M 214 AMERICAN ANNALS. 3^tpt ••km Ml its I'l.'- tiuu by tli« Triuch. f62i. ihc extniordinary blessing of heaven, In directing their course into this part of the country, where tliey had happily obtained permission to possess and enjoy the territory under the authority of the presi- dent and council for the affairs of New England.* The ship, witli a freight of beaver skins, clapboards, ;ind other articles, collectively estimated at nearly five hundred pounds, sailed on the thirteenth of De- cember ; but, drawing near the English coast, was sei/.ed by the French, carried to France, and robbed of all that was valuable. The people at length ob- tained a release for themselves and their ship, and in February arrived at London. * On the departure of this ship from Plymouth, the governor and his assistant disposed the people, who had come over for residence, into several families : and restricted the settlers to half allowance of pro- visions, which were estimated to be scarcely suffi- cient, at that reduced rate, for six months.^ Sir Francis Wyat, appointed governor of Virgiu- ia, arrived there with nine sail of ships, and nearly seven hundred people. * H^ now brought an ordi- nance and constitution of the treasurer, council, and - compiany in England, for settling the government of that colony in a governor, a council of state, as his assistants, and a general assembly. This ordinance " is no less remarkable for the wisdom of its pro- visions, than for being the principal step in the pro- gress of freedom." It ordained, that two burgesses should be chosen for the assembly, by every town, hundred, or particular plantation. All matters were to be ilecided by the majority of voices in the assem- bly, reserving to the governor a negative on the whole ; but no law or ordinance, though approved by the three l)rariches of the legislature, was to be of force, until ratified by the general court of the I Prin.-o, IX J 1 15, from Mourt's Relation. ■y, Prince, r 15. 3 Ibid, and .Smith Virg. 234. 4 riuxtusj V. i;8j. 'I'iu'y snik'd from England in July. Chalmers, si- constitu- tJoti for -J. council iif state ami ^f'-nenil a* AMERICAN ANNALS. :y irecting where jess and 16 presi- igland.* pboards, at nearly th of Be- oast, was id robbed ength ob- ship, and tiouth, the jople, who I families : nee of pro- arcely sufFi- s. ' r ofVirgiii- and nearly ;ht an ordi- ■ouncil, and eminent of Istate, as his ^is ordinance of its pro- in the pro- o burgesses every town, matters were [n the assem- |c\tive on the ;h approved ,^ was to he Icourt of the Chalmers, 55- company in England, and returned iintler its seal ; 16:1. no order of the general court, on the other liaiid, was, to bind the colony, until assented to by tlie as- sembly. ' Thus, at the expiration of fourteen years from the settlement of the colony, its constitution became fixed ; and the colonists are from this time to be considered, not merely as servants of a com- mercial company, but as freemen and citizens.* With the Virginian constitution Wyat brought a insmKtii>M body of instructions to the governor for the time *"*^"*i''*'^ being, and the council of state, recoii unending pri- tountiL mariiy to them, " to take into their special regard the service of Almighty God, and the cbservnnce of his divine laws j and that the people sliould be train- ed up in true religion and virtue ;*' commanding them, in the next place, to keep tlie people in due obedience to the king j to provide for the equal ad- ministration of justice according to the forms and constitution of England ; to pievent all corruption, tending to the perversion or delay of justice ; to pro- tect the natives from injury and oppression ; and to cultivate peace and friendship with them, as far a.^ it should be consistent with the honour of llie nation, and safety of the people. ' William Newce obtained a patent of land in Vir- wiiiiiigj einia, for settlement, and was constituted marshal of ^"'^; '^■; . Virgmia, to take mto his charge as well the tortinca- vii-.n; ... tions, arms, and forces of the colony, as to cause the people to be duly trained up in military discipline. To the office were annexed fifteen hundred acres of land, and fifty tenants. * It was determined to build a school in Virginia, at Charles city, which was judged to be a place the I This ordinance, dated July 24, i6ai, is Inserted entire in Stith Virp. Appendix, No. xv ; and Hazard Coll. i. 13a — 135. Sec alau Suitli, x^^ ; Giialmers, i. 54, £S > Jefferson Virg. Query x.uii. a Robertson, book ix. 87. ^ Smith Virg. 139, 140. Stith, 194. 4 Stith, 18?, I>ICWC>; dwd soon -.liter his avrivaj, Ibid.' 1^ ■■;■ '4, 1: ■!;■'«} :■'•*% }''■ I' m I 1 1. h 2lC) AMERICAN ANNAL S. irliool. lauds. Minister's jtipcnd. 1621. most convenient to all parts of the colony ; and it 1, ,„,^j^ was n.uTicd T/jc East India School. The company lulottcd, for the maintenance of the master and ush- cr, a thonsaud acres of land, with five servants and ail overseer. ' This school was to be collegiate, and to have dependence on the college at Henrico ; into which, as soon as the college should be suffi- ciently endowed, and capable of receiving students, pupils were to be admitted, and advanced according to their deserts and proficiency in learning.* The Virginia company having ordered a hun- dred acres of land in each of the boroughs to be laid off for a glebe, and two hundred pounds sterling to be raised, as a standing and certain revenue, out of t!:e profits of each parish, to make a living ; this stipend was tlius settle:? : That the minister shall receive yearly fifteen hundred pounds of tobacco, and sixteen barrels of corn ; which were collectively estimated at two hundred pounds sterling.' There were at this time five ministers only in the colony." The English parliament resolved, " that all fo- reign tobacco shall be barred ; but that of Virginia, or any of the king's dominions, shall not be held foixign.'* A bill, for the restraint of the inordi- nate use of tobacco, was soon after brought in, which, after various amendments, passed in May. Its requisitions are very remarkable. No tobacco was to be imported, after the first of October 1621, but from Virginia and the Somer Isles ; and, after that day, none was to be planted in England. There was to be paid to the king, for custom, six pence a pound, in consideration of the loss, which he might sustain in his revenue. None was to be sold by the merchant for more than eight shillings, and I An account in Purchas [v. 1785.] says, tliat seven persons were sent " for the planting the thousand acres." 7, i..tith, ao4 ; who says (ibid.), that carpenters were sent over to erect tbe liouse for this school, early the next year. p, Ibid. 17. ^ 4 Chalmers, i, 50. Parlianieiv tary acts I;.' ncctiiig fvjbaCCO. ; and it :ompany and ush- ants and ollegiate, rienrico ; be sufFi- students, according • ed a hun- 1 to be laid sterling to ue, out of ing; this nister snail >f tobacco, collectively r.J There he colony.* that all fo- of Virginia, lotbe helci the inordi- Drought in, led in May. No tobacco tober 162 1, and, after ,and. There six pence which he IS to be sold hillings, and persons were sent Lent over to erect AMERICAN ANNALS. 2 - bjr tile retailer none for more than ten shillings, the 1C21. pound ; but they, who should sell tobacco by the pipe, might make the most they could* ' This is the first instance, which occurs, of the modern poli- cy of promoting the importation of the colonies, in preference to the productions of foreign nations. * The measures of king James embarrassed not the iii effects company only, but the plantation. Individuals, who'**^^'^^"*' had suffered extremely from the irregularity of his conduct, and from these exclusive regulations, ap- plied to parliament for redress. During the debate on the subject, two planters of Virginia complained of the irregularities bf the farmers of the revenue. A committee was appointed, " to examine this busi- ness, and to consider in what manner to relieve them j with power to send for the patentees^ and to see the patents ;** yet no relief was obtained* The treas- X Chalmers, i. 5k. The parliamentalry debate on this subject is inserted tt>id. 70—74. A specimen of it will give an id6a of the whole. ** Mr. Cary :-^To banish tobacco generally, and to help Virginia by «onie other means. Sir Edward Sackvyle : — Fit for Us to study a way for us to enrich our Dwn state. Amoy Incipit a teipto. We make treaties for ottr own good, and not for their's with whom we treat [ Btf erring to Spain.]. Sir J. Perrat i-^-Not to banish all tebacco, in respect of Virginia and the Somer isles. To give them some time ; elte overthroweth the plantation. Mr. Solicitor i^ — Loveth England better than Virginia. A great hurt to all the state of our kingdom. To contribute rather to Virginia otherwise. Mr. Ferrar : — Not nt to banish all ) yet now 4000 English live there, who have no means as yet to live on. Sir George Moore t — ^To divide the question : 1st. Whether to banisk foreign ; adiy. For our own dominions. Sir Guy Palmes : — ^That tobacco hindreth all the kingdom in health and totherwise. To banish alL Sir H. Poole -.—Against all in general: — ^To pull it up by the rootSk To help Virginia otherwise. Sir J. Horsey {—Thought not to speak of this vile weed. When he first b parliament-man, this vile weed not known. I'housands have died of thii vile weed. Abhorreth it the more, because the king disliketh it. Prohib- ited to be used in ale houses. No good ground for Virginia. To banish all." It was in vain that parliament discouraged the use of this vile weed. In Nrain king James assured his subjects, that the smoking of it was a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, and dan- gerous to the lungs. Opposition made proselytes ; and the wnited influence of fashion and habit extended the practice through the kingdcM. Sao Chalmers, i. iii. A Chalinersti.ji. ^ U I i.( i (.: 2lS AMERICAN ANNAIA !'^ ' 1' I' 1^ Mr i (>2 f . iirer and comp^iny of Virginia addressed another pe> tition to king James ; but, obtaining nothing, they sought a more elVectual remedy of their evils. They procured warehouses, and appointed factors, at Middleburgh and Fhishing, and compounded with thf^ magistrates of those towns at the rate of a pen- ny a pound on the import, and the same on the ex- port, of their only merchandize. King James soon felt the ill eiTect.s of his own mistaken policy. No Virginian products were exported to England this year j all were sent to Holland. The defalcation of the revenue, which was the immediate effect, occa- jioned an order in October, that no tobacco, or other productions of the colonies, should thenceforth be carried into foreign parts, until they were first land- ed in England, and the custom paid. This order however was either disregarded or eluded ; for to- bacco was still sent from Virginia, and even from the' Somer Isles, to Holland. ' Sir Ferdinando Gorges, intrusted wi:h tlie princi- pal direction of the affairs of the Plymouth compa- ny, reflecting on the prodigious extent of the region to be planted, and on the little progress of coloniza- tion, conceived the design of persuading the Scotch -nation to form a settlement within the limits of N6w England. JCasily procuring the consent of the com- pany, and the approbation of Sir William Alexan- der of Menstry, a person of considerable influence, Sipt. ic, he pros:ecuted that enterprise ; and king James gave Nova Su)- Alexander a patent of the whole territory of Aca- ti.i to Sir die, by the name of Nova Scotia. * It was erected 'i^r '''"''"" *^^^ '^ palatinate, to be holden as a fief of the crown I Chalmcn, i. 51, 5a. Robertson, book !X. S7, ?8. 7, It was bounded on the north, east, and south, by the rivor St. l.zvr- rt'nce and the ocean ; and on the west by the river St. Croix. See the riiurter, in the Latin original, in Hazard Coll. i. 134 — 145. Chalmers, {.■ 91, 91. It was given under the great seal of Scotland ; yet, as Chalmen* xeniarks, " it would probably liuve embarrassed the wisest civilian of that kin}:;doni to discover by what right tke kin^f of Scotland conveyed that cx- fcnHvu dominion." AMERICAN ANNALf5. 2T.5 ther p(f> ig, they s. They tors, at led with )f a pen- 1 the ex- iles soon cy. No ;land this ication of ct, occa- , or other •eforth be first land- ^his order ; for to- w from thcf the princi- th compa- the region f coloniza- :he Scotch lits of N6W f the com- Im Alexan- influence, ames gave ry of Aca- as erected the crown river St. I.aw- :roix. See the Chalmers, i.' ^et, as Chalme* civilian of that iveyed that cx- of Scotland ; and tlie proprietary war. invested with lOzu the accustomed regal power, liclonging to a count palatine. An unsuccessful attempt wiis soon alter made to effect a settlement of the territory ; und the French continued their occupancy.' The States General of Holland, historians afllrni, N. ^Tpther, made a grant of the country of New NclheiLuids to ''',!'^',i|J^.^ ^^ the West hidia company ; ' but the English deny, w. huti* that they had power to grant what had been given «:"'»p^"7- to the Plymouth company, the year l:)eforc, by tjie king of England. ^ Sir George Calvert, a Roman Catholic, having t^-»t "'" obtained from the king of England a grant of part j^','j'['j.''ra!,fl of Newfoundland, that he might enjoy in this retreat, »^^i to lora that freedom of conscience, which was denied him in ^'*' ^"""'■'^' liis own country, sent Edward Wynne with a small colony to that island, to make preparation for his ;E Chalrtjers, 91. Belknap Biog. ii. 55. Purchx^, v. 1871, 1873. PL- William the iH'Xt year seiit j ship with a colony " of purpose to plant ;" but the season w;i» so late, that they were ohlifjod to stay through the win- ter at Newfoundland. Another ship witii provisions was sunt the next year (1623) ; yet, " hy reason of some unexpected occasions," they resolved not to plant then, but merely to discover ami take possession. S;iiling from Newfoundlai/d, they coasted along the shofe of Nova Scotia, ^nd on I'ort Toll river found u fit place for a plantation. Returning to Newfoundland »n July, they Jet't their ship there, fand took passage for England, with thu intention of resuming the enterprise of planting a colony the next year. Purchas, ibid. Laet, 6j. Both these writers step here, in their accounts of Nova Scotia, excepting Laet's mention of the change of the old names of places by the Scotch patentee : " Quid post ilia in illis partibiis gestum sit, mihi non constat ; nisi miod nomina harum provinciarum a Wilhelmn Alexandro njutata Kiveni, in tabula Geographica nuper in Ani.i;lia excusa ... Cadia Nova CaliJonia, septent. pars Nova ALxandriu noniinatur . . ." &c. a Smith New York, 3. 3 Chalmers, i. 570. Chalmers (ibid. 369.) says, tliat this charter of New Netherlands, given by the States general, though often mentioned by writ- ers, and relied gn by governors, has neither been given by them to the world ; nor have they informed us where it may be found. Laet asserts, ■the fact, but without adducing any authority. Having mentioned the ad- ministration of H. Christiaens, and a subsequent one of J. Jilkens, under the auspices of the States general, he adds, Uiat the Hollanders thus held North River several years, until it l)ega;i to be settled by the West India company under a new anil most ample patent from those States : — *■' atc^ue ita nostji ab anno clciocxivod aliquot succedentes tenuerunt : Donee a •ocietate Indi^: Occidentalis, novo et amplissimo eorundam pr.xpotentum Dominorum diplomate ipsis concesso, porro ab ipsis hoc flumen adiri et co^ Ipniis dcductis amplius habitari cienit." Nov. Orb. 73. Kee A. D. 1614, S.-l ■4' tM 1' I ii f:ao AMERICAN ANNALS, The Nar- riij!;aii8eto threuttu II I' w reception. The proprietor, now created lord BaItU more, was so delighted witli the account, which he received, of the flourishing state of the colony, that he afterward removed to it with his family ; built a house, and a strong fort, at Ferryland } and resided on the island many years. * 1622. The Narraganset Indians, conscious of their pow- er, * aspired at an extension of empire on the ruins of their neighbours, who had been wasted by mortal diseases. The English, they foresaw, might be an obstacle to their ambition ; for Masassoit, their own most potent rival, had already taken shelter under their wings. No sooner therefore did Canonicus> the chief sachem of the Narragausets, understand that the people of Plymouth were distressed by the burden of additional settlers, without proportionate means for their support, than he bade defiance to their power. Regardless of the peace, recently con- cluded, his tribe first offered them repeated menaces ; and he next sent to them, as a signal of challenge, a bundle of arrows, tied together with a snake skin. * The governor, having taken advice, sent an answer. That if they chose war, rather than peace, they might begin when they would ; that the English had done them no wrong ; nor did they fear them, nor should they find them unprovided. By a differ- I. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 150. Chalmers [i. aoi.] says, that Calvert estab- lished the settlement at Ferryland the next year [1622], and governed it by liis deputy ; and that he visited it in person in the keginning of the reign of Charles I. The original English appellation of the territory, ceded to him, wras Avalon. Ibid. a Prince [ii6.] says, they could raise above 5000 fighting men. Goofc- in, who was his authority, received his information from " ancient Indians ;" and says, " all do agree they were a great people, aiid oftentimes waged war with the Pawkunnawkutts and Massachusetts, as well as with the Pe< quots." Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 148. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. s6. There is a remarkable coincidence, in the form of this challenge, with that of the challenge given by the Scythian prince to Darius. Five arrows made a part of the present, sent by hl)^ ^ier» ^ld to tke Persian king. See RoUid Anc. Hist, book vi'. sect <4»v AMT.RICAN ANNAM, •«i I BaItU hich he colony, family ; d; and leir pow- ; ruins of y mortal rht be an their own iter under lanonicus* .nderstand led by the portionate lefiunce to cently con- l menaces ; lallenge, a lake skin.' an answer, eace, they he EngUsh fear them, 5y a differ- Calvert estab- governed it by ng of the reign rritory, ceded to _:irg men. Gook- indent Indians-," tentimes waged as with the Pe: )incidence, in the by the Scythian :,8entbyhi^^er. ^t messenger, and in more direct acceptance of th« challenge, the sn:ik| skin was sent back, cliarged with powder and bullets. The Indians however re- fused to receive it. They were even afraid to let it continue in their houses ; and it was at lengtli brought back to Plymouth.' Although policy dic- tated this resolute m'^asurc, on the part of the Eng^ jish ; yet prudence required them to use the means of farther security. They accordingly impaled the town* and fortified it, and erected in four bulwarks pr jetties three gates, which were guarded every day, and locked every night. In the succeednig summer, they built a strong and handsome fort, with 9. flat roof and battlement, on which cannon were mounted, and a watch kepi j it was also used as a place of public worship, ' Thomas Weston, a merchant of good reputation in London, having procured for himself a patent for a tract of land in Massachusetts Bay, sent two ships with fifty or sixty men, at his own charge, to settle a plantation.* Many of these adventurers being sick on their arrival at Plymuath, most of the company remained there during tlie greater part of the sum- mer, and were treated with hospitality and kindness by the inhabitants. Some of their number, in the mean time, finding a place in the Bay of Massachu- setts, named Wessagusset, which they judged conve- 1 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. 58. rrince, 116. Morton, 37 ; but he places this article at the close of 1621. a " Taking in the top of the hill under which our town is seated." Gov. Bradford, in Prince, n6. 3 Prince, 116, 121. Intelligence of the massacre in Virginia reached Plymouth in May, and was the immediate incitement to the erection of thi« fort. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. 58. Mather Magnal. book i. 10. 4 Prince, II «» Weston was one of the merchant adventurers, who, i»i 1619, sent proposals to Leyden for transporting the English Congregation to America. He appears to have been active in promoting the Plymouth eettlement from that time until this year. Why he now withdrew his pat- Tonage we are not informed ; but by a letter from him, received at this time, addressed to governor Carver, " we find," says governor Bradford, •* he has quite deserted us, and is going to settle a Plantation of his own." fee Prince, 63, 70, 114, 11^. 1623. Fi'bnmry PlyinoutH impaled and fortit fied. Wenfon's setileniein, at Wessa- gusset. :| i:^ ill i I 4 |?2>2 AMERICAN ANiVALS. j' ■' 'ir March a;. Massacre fH Virj; iiiia 1622. nient for settlement, tlie whole company removed t» it, and began a plantatioji. * « What had been dreaded merely at Plymouth, was experienced in all its horrors in her sister colony. By a preconcerted conspiracy, the Indians • in the neighbourhood of Virginia, on the twenty seventh of March, fell on the English, three hundred and forty seven of whom, unresisting and defenceless, were cru- elly massacred. The massacre was conducted with indiscriminate barbarity. No regard was shown to dignity ; no gratitude, for benefits. Six of the coun- cil were slain, one of whom, Mr. Qeorge Thorpe, a very respectable and pious man, who had the princi- pal management of the lands and affairs of the col- lege, had been a distinguished friend and bene- factor of the Indians. * An exterminating war be- tween the English and the Indians immediately SUC7 cx^eded this massacre. The people, concerned in the care and culture of the college lands, experiencing a great slaughter, those lands were now abandoned ; and no public institution was again attempted for the benefit of the natives of Virginia, until benefactions "irere made by the Honourable Robert Boyle. ^ To the horrors of massacre were soon superadded the miseries of famine. Of eighty plantations, which were advancing fast toward completion, eight only remained ; and cf the numerous people, who had X Morton, 44. Mather Magnal. i. ii. Prince, lao, lai. SeeA. D. 1624. a Smith Virg. 144 — 149, vvhtre are the names of the personn, who were massacred. Purchas, v. 1788 — 1790. Beverly, 61, 6a. Keith, 138. Stitli, 211. Nvinattanow, a famous hidian warrior, believed by the natives tt> be invulnerable, was killed by the Englisli in i6ai ; and Keith [137.] t>ays, it was in revenge of his death, that Opechancanough plotted this massacre. Chalmers [j8.] says, " it ought to be observed, that the emigrants, notwith- etanding the humane instructions of their sovereign ai;.d the prudent orders of the company, had never been solicitous to cultivate the good will of the aborigirios ; and had neither asked permission when their country was oc- cupied, nor had given a price for invaluable property, which was taken without aulhority." 3 Stith, 217, 295. Mr. Boyle's donation was annexed to the profeisor- «hlps of William and Mary college, as a sixth professorship, for the instruc- tion of the Indians and their conver«u.i to Christianity. Jefferson Vii-J. <2uery xv. AMERICAN ANNALS. 2inovedi# louth, was ;r colony. inS' in the ;y seventh d and forty }, were cru- lucted with s shown to if the coun- ; Thorpe, a I the princi- of the col- and bene- ing war be- sdiately suc- erned in the :periencing a abandoned ; ipted for the benefactions oyle.* . superadded lions, which , eight only |le, who had I. See A. D. i6a4- Jpersona, who were iKeith, 138- Stitli, 1 by the natives ta I Keith [137-] '^y* Vted this massacre. Iiigrants, notwith- Ihe prudent orJers le good will of the Ir country was oc- 1 which was taken to the r>rofe«8or- tp,for theinstruc- Jefferson Vii-jf. 2^j 1622. Icen transported to Virginia at a great expense, eighteen hundred only survived these disasters. ' Much as the colony lost of its inhabitants and pos- Suppi-c* sessions by the recent calamities, its losses were con- {'^"'J ^''" siderably counterbalanced by supplies from the par- ent country. From May 1621 to May 1622, twen- ty ships transported thirteen hundred persons, and eighty cattle, from England to Virginia.* King James made the colonists a present of arms out ol the tower, and lent them twenty barrels of powder y lord St. John, of Basing, gave them sixty coats of mail ; the city of London, and many private persons, made them generous contributions. * Such had now become the extent of the settle- inferior ments j and the number of the inhabitants, in the '^""«* ^?- Virginian colony, that it was found very inconveni- ^"'"' ent, to bring all causes to James Town. Inferior courts were therefore appointed in convenient places, to relieve the governor and council from the heavy burden of business, and to render justice less expen- sive, and more accessible, to the people. This is the * origin of county courts in Virginia, " I Purchas, v. ijgi. Chalmers, i. 59. In tlie year 1620 there were a« bout aai6 inhabitants in Virginia. [See p. a04 of this volume.] In 162 < povernor Wyat brought over nearly 700, which addition makes 2916. De- ouct from this number 347 for the loSs in the massacre, and the remainder, iJ 4519. If, as Purchas leads us to believe;, there were but 1800 left afte# the massacre and famine, upwards of 700 are still unaccounted for. The tiatural deaths in the colony since i6«0 may partly accoout for this deficien- cy ; but some accessions to it have probably been wnitted, which might coun- terbalance that loss. It is indeed expressly said [Purchas, v. 1785.], that " in the yeeres 1619, i6ao, inA i6ac, there hath beene provided ani sent for Virginia two and fortie saile of ships, three thousand five hundred andsevcn- tU men arid women for plantation, with requisite provisions." I am inclined^ therefore, to ascribe this extraordinary reduction in part to an emigration from the colony, seldom noticed by historians. It is afTirmed, that several Englisli families, to shun the massacre in Virginia, fled to the Carolinian coasts, and settled at a place, called Mallica, near the nver May. It is also affirmed, that they converted the inhabitants of the neighbouring Apahches. Athw Geographus Americ. V. 688. Univ. Hist. xl. 420. Brit. Emp. iii. 210. This last history says, they were driven on the coasts of Carolina ; whiA stems to imply, that they made their escape by water. a Purchas, v. 1783. > % Smith Virg. 147. Stith, 233. Univ. Hist. xli. $% Stith, 907. Srit. £wj^. iu> 6S. -glo ; his party killed Wittuwamet, and the other Indian ^ and hung the youth. Proceeding to another place, Standish killed an Indian ; and -vterward had a s];ir- mish with a party of Indians, which he put to flight. Weston's men also killed two Indians. Standish, with tTiat generosity, which characterises true brav- ery, released the Indian women, without taking their beaver coats, or allowing::; ihe least incivility to be Wessagus- offered them. The English settlers now abandoned doned by Wcssagussct ; and their plantation was thiis broken the Eng- ^^p^ withiu a year after its commencement. Standish, having supplied them with corn, and conducted them safely out of Massachusetts Bay in a sviiall ship of their own, returned to Plymouth, bringing the head of Wittuwamet, which he set up on the fort, '^riiis sudden and unexpected execution so ter- rified the other natives, who had intended to join the Massachusetts in the conspiracy, that they for* .sook their houses, and fled to swamps and desert places, where they contracted diseases, which pr ~ -ed mortal to many of them ; among whom were Caud- cam, sachem of Manomet ; Aspinet, •'achem 01 Nan- set ; and lanough, sachem of Mattachiest.^ I A chief of the Massachusetts, said to be " a notable insulting Indian/^ I'riiice, 128. a «' A notiible Piuese, i. e. Counsellor and Warrior." Ibid. 131. Wins- low says, Pccksuot had made the point of his knife as sharp as a needle, and ground rhe back also to an edge. Purchas, v. 1864. The natives were in the habit of wearing knives, suspended at the breast, in sheaths tied s- bcut the neck One of these Indian sheaths, a part of the spoils in the old wars with the l^ruich and hidians, is in my possession. It is seven inches long, and terminates in a point. It is made of leather, curiously wrought with some hard but pliant substance, of various colours, and trinnned at the upper edge with a fringi; with little pendant rolls of brass or some other metal. It was probably nanufuttured by the French. 3 Purchas, V. t86o— 1865. Coll. Hist. Soc. viiL a j 7— »63. Mathcv AMERICAN ANNALS. A severe drought prevailing at this time in Plpn- 1623. outh, the government set apart a solemn day of hu- miliation and prayer ; and soon after, in grateful jind pious acknowledgment of the blessing of copious phowers, and supplies of provisions, 11 diiy of public thanksgiving. ' The first patent of Plymouth had been taken out in the name of John Pierce, in trust for the company of adventurers ; but when he saw the promising state of their settlement, and the favour, which their success had obtaiiied for them with the council for New England, he, without their knowledge, but ii; their name, .procured another patent, of larger ex- tent, intending to keep it for his own benefit, and hold the adventurers as his tenants, to sue and bo sued at his courts. In pursuance of this design, he, in the autumn of the last year, and beginning of this, made repeated attempts to send a ship to New Eng^ land ; but it was forced b^ck by storms. In the last attempt, the mariners, about the middle of Eeb- ruary, were obliged, in a terrible storm, to cut away their main mast, and return to Portsmouth. Pierc^ was then on board, with one hundred and nine souls. After these successive losses, he was prevailed on by pierceNp:,^ the company of adventurers, to assign to them, for t''«t assign- five hundred pounds, the patent, wh^ch had cost him p|y °o^fh but fifty. The goods, with the charge of passen- a.Uemuir gers in thia ship, cost the company six hundred and forty pounds. Another ship was hired, to trans- port the passengers and goods ; and it arrived at Plymouth in July. Soon after arrived a new vessel, of forty four tons, which the company had built, to remain in the country ; both brought supplies for the plantation, ^nd about sixty passengers. '■ ers. Magnal. book f. 1 7 . Morton. 47. Prince, i?8 — 133. 14 — if*. Belknup Biog. ii. 314 — 327. I Purchas, V. 1866. Prince, 137,138. a Morton, 50 — 53. Mather Magnal. booki. la. Neal N. Eng. i. 113, iij. Belknap Biojj. ii. 234, 235. I. Mather N. Enjf. Pilncc, 136 — 139. tzS AMERICAN ANNALS. 1623. Sfttle- Kients 1 e- gun at Pas- tatacjUii ri- ver. F. West arrives, as admirnl of N-Englaud. September. K. Gorges arrives, as general governor of N. iand. Eng- Jorm Mason, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and others, having obtained patents of the New England coun- cil for several portions of territory, sent over, in the spring of this year, David Tomson, Edward and William Hihon, and a few other persons, to begin a settlement. Tomson and some of his company be- gan one accordingly, twenty five leagues north east from Plymouth, near Smith's Isles, at a place called Pascatoquack. The place, first seized, was called Little Harbour, on the west side of Pascataqua river, and near its mouth ; where was built the first house, called Mason Hall.' '' The Hiltons, proceeding higher up the river, set- tled at Cocheco, afterward called Dover. * Scatter- ed settlements were also begun this year by different adventurers, at Monahigan, and at other places. ' Francis West arrived at Plymouth in June, with a commission to be admiral of New England, with power to restrain such ships, as came either to fish or trade on the coast without licence from the New- England council ; but, finding the fishermen too stubborn and strong for him, he sailed for Virginia. The owners of the fishing vessels, complaining to the parliament of this attempted restraint, procured an order, that fishing should be free.* Robert Gorges, son of Ferdinando, sent by the Plymouth council as general governor of New Eng- land, arrived at Massachi setts Bay with sev^eral pas- sengers and families ; an 1 purposed to begin a plan- t Hubbard MS. N. Eng. (jhap. xx '.i. The chimney and some part of the ^tone wall of this house werestandin,; when Hubbard wrote his history. lb. Tomson, from dislike either of the place, or of his employefg, removed within a year after into Massachusettt , where he possessed himself of a fer- tile island, and a valuable neck of land, j- which was afterward confirmed to him, or his heirs, by the Massachusetts court, on the surrender of all his' other interest in New England. Ibid. chap, xviii. He vitited Plymouth in 1623. PurchaSjV. 1867. \ Sjuantum tfci, Belk. Biog. ii. ^^J^. 1 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xxxi. Prince, 134. But few building* \\'ere erected about Pascataqua river until after the year 1631. In tbatjcar, ther« were but three houses there. Hubbard, ut supra. « ' 3 Prince, 134. 4 Morton, ^ a. Prince, 137, AMERICAN ANNALS. £29 d olhera, lid coun- er, in the ward and :o begin a ipany be- lorth east iace called vas called iqua river, irst house, river, seN Scatter- )y different places. ' June, with ;land, with [her to fish m the New lermen too jr Virginia, ining to the rocured an sent by the New Eng- several pas- ;gin a plan- 1 some part of the Ite his history, lb. Woyei's, removed I himself of a fer- tard confirmed to [•render of all his \vhited Plymouth I"- 334- .,,. lut few building^ ^631. to ihatyart tatlon at Wessagu^set ; but he returned home, with- 1 623. out scarcely saluting th«j country within his govern- ment. Gorges brough ; with him William Morrell, an episcopal mini.?ter, who had a commission from the ecclesiastical courts in England to exercise a kind of superintendence over the churches', which were, or might be, established in New England ; but he found no opportunity to execute his commis- sion. * This was the first essay for the establish- ment of a general government in New England ; but, like every succeeding attempt, it was totally unsuccessful. * Notwithstanding the late disasters in Virginia, c;tatc oi there were now in that colony above two thousand Virginia five hundred persons, sent over at the expense of thirty thousand pounds of the public stock, beside the charges of particular societies and planters.' The cattle were increased to above a thousand head. The debt of the company was wholly discharged. During the four last years, great sums were expend- ed, and much care was bestowed, by the officers and company, for promoting useful arts and manufac- tures J particularly iron works, wine, silk, sawing mills, and saltpans. Numerous Indians, of various tribes, contiguous to the Virginian colony, were kil- led this year by the English ; among the slain, were X Gorges soon returned to England. Morrcll staid behind, and resuled at Plymouth about a year, making inquiries and observations respecting the country ; the result of which he wrought into an elegant and descrip- tive liatin poem, which, with his own English translation, is published in vol. i. p. I2J — 139 of the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. % Morton, 54 — 57. Prince, 141, 14*. Belknap Biog. i. 367—369. The grant of the council for the affairs of New England to Robert Gorges it in Hazard Coll. i. 152 — 155. 3 Smith [Virg. 236.] says, since he left the colony the Virginia company had been " humble suiters to his majesty, to get vagabonds and condemned men to goe thither ; nay, so the business hath been abust-d, that so much scorned was the name of Virginia, some did chuse to be hanged ere they would goe thither, and were." Not long after the massacre however, ha Jemarks, " there is more honest men now suiters to goe, than ever hath leene cgn^^'aineu knaves." 1: A V I 1 m \ ti !,vl:: 230 AMERICAN ANNALS. New !>.'- St. C*;ris. phirtf.l l>y the iiijj- lUh ; 1623. some of their kings, and several of their greatest warriors. ' Mterary Onc of the carliest literary productions of the |,voduction. j^np-Iish colonists in America, of which we have any notice, is a translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, ma(ic this year by George Sandys, treasurer of the Virginia company,* The Dutch at New Netherlands, ip defence of tJicir colony, built several forts ; one, on the east side of Delaware Bay, which they named Fort Nassau ; one, a hundred and fifty miles up Hudson's river, v.'hich they named Fort Orange ; and a third, on, Connecticut river, v^hich they naiBed the Hirsse of Good Hope. At the mouth of the Hudson, they built a town, which they called New Amsterdam. ^ Ralph Merificld, having, in connection with cap- tain Warner, obtained letters from king James to plant avid possess the island of St. Christopher, ar- rived there in January with fifteen Englishmen, and commenced a plantation at one end of the island, where he built a fort and a house." The French, I Stith, 30J. 3 Stith, 304. This historian calls It " a very laudable performance for the times." Sandys, in his dedication ol" it to king Cliarles, informs hint, that " it was limned by that imperfect l!jj;Iit, which was snatched from the hours of night ar.'^ repose ; and that it is doubly a stranger, being sprung tro^\ an ancient Roman stock, antl bred up in the New World, of the rude- ness of which it could not but participate ; especially as it was produced a- nrong wars and tumults, instead of under the kindly and peaceful influencea of the muses." Ibid. About tills time Dr. William Vaughan, educated at Oxford, wrote at Newfoundland his Poem, entitled The Golden Fleece, •which was printed in quarto in i6?,6. Vaughan was the author of several publications in vorso and prose. In 1615 he purchased a grant of the pa- tentees of Newfoundland for part of th>i island, and resided there several years. Brit. Eir.p. A. i. 7 — 9. Ancient Right Eng. Nation to American Fishery. 20. 3 Smith N. Yor.'-, a. Brit. Emp. A. i. 237. Smith N. Jersey, 20. Governor Bradford say.;, ♦■bat the Dutch had traded in those southern parts several years before he and the other English adventurers came to Ply- mouth, but that they began no plantation there until after this time. See Prince, 165 ; and p. i8a of this volume. 4 Cluirchill Voy. ii. chap. xxv. These English adventurers planted various seeds, and raised a crop of tobacco ; but a hurricane " drove away" tliis cr,->p in Septembei*. Until that time they lived on cassada bread, p«»-. tatots, plantanes, pine apples, turtles, guanas, and fish. Ibid. Univ. Hi&t. xli. 267. Many historians place this lettlenient in 1625. AMERICAN ANNALS. 23> greatest s of the have any Drphoses, rer of the lefence of le east side ; Nassau ; >n*s river, thh-d, on, ; Hirsse of Ison, they sterdam. ' L with cap- ; James to topher, ar- jhmcn, and the island^ hie French, performance for informs him, tched from the , being sprung rU, of the rude- vas produced a- aceful influence* lan, educated at Golden Fleece, uthor of several jant of the pa- 'd there several on to American N. Jersey, 40. ie southern parts s came to Ply- • this time. See ^entu^er8 planted I «» drove away" lissada bread, p«»-. Bid. Univ. Hist. platitf.d themselves at the same time on the other ^"«^ frer>c/f> end of the island ; ' and this was their first settle* inent in the West Indies* * 1624. The fame of the plantation at Plvmouth hcing set^:(*'nfn< spread in the west of England, Mr. White, a celc- '2i2'''' brated minister of Dorchester, excited some mer- chants cUid other gentlem.en, to attempt another set- tlement in New Engiand. They accordi'\'.^ly, on a common fitock, sent over several persons, who began > plantation at Cape Ann, and held this i>iace of the i lymouth settlers, for whom they set up here a fisliing stJvge- ^ 1 he Plymouth colonists, who had hitherto ap- f' " M^-'-f- pointed but one assistant to the governor, on the i*i!\i/S»i,* motion of governor Bradford, added four othert; ; »!< luh co- but, instead of acceding to a motion, which he made ^*^"^'" at the same time, for the change of their governor, they reelected him j and gave this officer a double voice." On making lequest to the governor, that Land ?iv- they might have som.e land for permanent u?c, in- en to Lt- stead of the accustomed assignment by annual lot, ^^"^'" he gave every person an acre for himself and his family, as near, as it was convenient, to the town.^' Plymouth at this time contained thirty two dwelling houses, and about one hundred and eighty persons. The inhabitants had erected a salt work ; and this year they freighted a ship of a hundred and eighty tons* In the last three years, notwithstanding the 1 Churchill Voy. ii. rhap. xsr. 2 Europ. Settlements, ii. 6. It is a remarkahte clrcunist.ince, that tfie English and the French took possession of this island the same day. Ibid. The Spaniards soon drove both these colonies out of the island. 'Ihe Eng- lish returned, and possessed themselves of the largest and most fertile quar- ter ; the French veturned, and left a small colony in another jiart. But the / most adventurous of the French went in quest of new places, and, after va- rious fortune, made settlements in Martinico and Guadaloupe. Ibid. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Fng. chap, xviii. Prince, 144, 151. 4 Hubbard MS. N. En;;, chap. xvi. Trince, 14J. Chalmers, i. 87. J Prince, 147. » i 1; 232 AMERICAN ANNALS. M Wey- tiiouth, Spirit of tlu- Vir- '^iiii 111 us ■.enAtly. 1624. great want of necessaries, not one of the first plann- ers died. ' Edward Winslow, having been sent to Knghmd the last yciir, as an agent for the colony, on his return home, brought the first breed of neat cat- tle to Plymouth. * The few inhabitants of Wessagusset receiving an accession to their number from Weymouth in Eng- land, the town is supposed to have hence been called Weymouth.^ About fifty English ships tame in the spring of this year, to fish on the coasts of New England. ^ The calamities, which had befallen the Virginian colony, and the dissensions, which had agitated the company, having been represented to the king and his privy council as subjects of .oinplaint ; a com- mission was issued under the great seal to Sir Wil- liam Jones and six others, or any four of them, to inquire into all matters respecting Virginia, from the beginning of its settlement. The king also appoint- ed commissioners, to go to Virginia, and inquire in- to the state of the colony. After their departure a writ of quo ivarranio was issued by the court of king's bench ay»ainst the company. ^ Early this year the commissioners arrived in Virginia, and a general assembly was called, not at their reqnest } for they kept all their designs as secret, as possible. The colony however had received information of the whole proccedin^i'fs in England, and had already in its posses&ion copies of several papers, which had been exhibited again «^t it. The assembly, meeting on the fourteenth of February, drew up answers to the charges, in a spirited and masterly style ; and appointed an agent to go to England, to solicit its cause. The laws, enacted by this assembly, are the oldest to be found in the colony records. One of I Prince, 151. a Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi. Prince, 146, .-; Prince, 150, 151. 4 Ibid. 144. !, Nwviraber lo, 1623. AMERICAN ANNALS. 233 rst plant- n sent to olony, on • neat cat- celving an :h iti Kng- jeen called e spring of ngland.-* e Virginiaji igitated the Lie king and nt ; a corn- to Sir Wil- of them, to lia, from the also appoint- id inquire in- • departure a the court of Early this rginia, and a leir request; , as possible, mation of the id already in 5, -which had [bly, meeting jp answers to y style ; _ and to solicit its mbly, are the irds. One ot them is equivalent to a bill of rights ; for it defines 1624. ihe power of the governor, the council, and the as- sembly ; and decliires the privileges of the people, in regard to taxes, burdens, and persor d services. ' The nuQ warranto being brought to trial in the (>|,„tt'rof tourt or king',} bench, judgment was given against viiKUii^ the Virginia company ; and the charter was vacated. ^'^'^'^''^^ * The company, which was now dissolved, had con- sisted of gentlemen of noble, and disinterested views, who expended more than one hundred thousand pounds of their own fortunes in this first attempt to plant an English colony in America ; and more than aine thousand persons were sent out from the mother country, to people this new settlement. * The an- nual exportation of commodities from Virginia to England did not exceed twenty thousand pounds ui value ; and, at this dissolution of the company, scarce- ly two thousaiid persons survived.' So fluctuating was their system of government, that in the course ur eighteen years, ten different persons presided as governors over the province.* The colonial historians have deeply deplored the dissolution of the Virginian charter, as if the fate of t Stith, 318—310. a Stith, 305,319 — 312,330. Univ. Hist. xli. 530. Belknap Blog. ii. 91, 93, 97. Chalmers [i. 69.] says, the transportation of the Virginian sct» tiers was " at the enormous expence of i50,ooo>(^. 3 Smith [Virg. (Continued, chap, xxi.] says, " After ao years spent in com- plementj and trying new conclusions, were remaining scarce ijoo, some say rather aooo." Chalmers says, " but about 1800 ;" and takes in New JBngland, to make up the number of 2000 colonibts. " If to this iiumlicr we add about 200, who had nestled on the coast of North Virginia, the a- mount of the English colonists, settled on the American continent at thu accession of Charles I, will be zooo." The prices of provisions in Virgin- ia, at this period, were enormous. They are thus stated in Purchas [v. x8o6.] : a hogshead of meal, I0;{^ sterling ; a gallon of alligant, 16 shil* lings ; a hen and chickens, 3^ ; i pound of butter, 3 shillings -, i pint of milK, 6 pence, ready money ; a day's work (carpenter's), bt.ide meat and lodging, 10 or la shillings. The colonists however, under all their disad- vantages, appear to have possessed a public and generous spirit ; for thej about this time made a contribution " for the building of a house of enter- tainment for new commers at James Citie, aniouoting to the VAllie of M- reene hundred pounds." Purcha«, Ibid. X;S^, .4 Robertson, book is. xoi. \m '5 i ;ia , J '(9 2)1 A:\IERICAM ANMALf). Au r. -xL £624. tlic colony IkuI il.*peiKK-.l on it. " Ncvcrtlicless,*' .s:iys Ciuilinci".';, " tlic lcii;^-t!i ofits infancy, the mise- ries of it.s youfh, the ui^astcrs of its riper years, may nil be attributed to the monstrous government under uliirh it .sulTered." ' Iviiio; James now issued a new commission for the governir.cnt of Vir[:;inia, continuing Sir Francis Wy- iit governor, uith eleven assistants or counsellors. The governor and council were appointed during the king's pleasure. No assembly was mentioned, or allowed.* Though the commons of iuigland were submissive to the dictates of the crown, yet they showed their regard to the interest of the Virginian complainants, as well as to the interest of the nation, by petition- ing the king, that no tobacco should be imported, but of the growth* of the colonies ; and his majesty condescended to issue a new proclamation concerning tobacco, by which he restrained the culture of it to Virginia and the Somer Islands.^ N. Nctiur- 'rhe returns from New Netherlands this year lands, were four thousand beavers, and seven hundred ot- ters, estimated at twenty seven thousiuid one hun- dred and fifty guilders."* Sept. ?.'). Procl.uu.i- tii)ii ifi- 1625. -\' l> Charirs I "^'^^ dcmlsc of thc crowu having annulled all for- makcsvjr- mcr appointments for Virginia, Charles the First, ^umtnr.n ^^lio now succecdcd to the throne of England, reduc- (•he crown, cd that colouy uiidcr the immediate direction of th« I PoIitIc:il Annuls, i. 63. ' , a Ry.'ner's I'a'dura, xvii. 618'. Belknap Blog. il. 97, 98. 3 Belknap Bio;:;, ii. 95. The proclamation is entire in Rymer's Focdera, xvii. Oil, and in Hazard Coll. i. 193 — 198. 'I'he king, steady in his aver* iion to tliis noxious woed, losus no opportunity of testifying his royal disap- probation of its 'jse. Oil this o»;casi<)ii, he proclaimed, that he considered England and V/ales " as utterly unfyt in respect of the clymate to cherish the same for any medicinall use, which is the only good to be approved in yt." Ibid. Another proclamation to the same purpoif was issued % March 1625. It is in Rymef's Fccdera, xvii, 66S, 4 Ha2iu:dColl.».3?7. . ■'' ^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 27.5 hclcss" [he misc- ;ivs, may mt uiulcr )U for tlic Lucis Wy- lunscllors.' \iirinp; the .ioned, or , ■'[. '.■■ ' submissive owed their nplainants, )y petition- e imported, his majesty I concerning ture of it to s this yeaif lundred ot- nd one hun- uUed all for- ;s the First, land, reduc- ection of th« 98. 1 Rvmer'8 Tcedera, steady in his aver- ng his royal disap- hat he considered clymate to chensli to be approved m }0i« WM iMW*'^ * crown ; appointing a governor and conrril, and rr- 1625. dcring all piitcnts and pr()ccs:;{';i to issue in his (n\n name. His proclamation "•' ibr settling the pl.inia- tion of "^Irginiii" is dated tlie tliirltcnth of May.' The commission to the new governor and coiincil was accompanied with arbitrary in.^tructions. " '1 lie commerce of the Virginians," says Chalmers, " was restrained, at the same time that their persons were enslaved."* Captain Wollaston, and a few persons of some r.tti. m.-nt eminence, with thivtv servants, rame j'rom luitrh.nd •' ^'<'^'^' to Massachusetts J^ay, and on the southern side ot the bay, at the head of a creek, began a plantation, which they called Mount Wolla.ston. ' Among- these settlers was Thomas Morton, wlio was after- ward the cause of much trouble 10 the sober inliab- itants of the country.-* 1 This Proclpjiiatlon is entire in HazarJ Co'.l. ii. 20" — 205, and in Chalmers, i. I a6 — 12X. Ir sliovvs Iiow hij^h the Iciiijr at the royal pre- rojjativu at the commmcemeiit df hi.-; ri ij;;i, ami iirL'i'.rts us to i xju'ct the miseries, which I'lisued. "Our iuU rvscliiiioii if, tl^ut tlurcinaybe cue ii- Iiiforme course of government in and throuf^li err uhoie nioratchic, tliat the government of the colony of Vir^\inia sliall ynmiediately depend upon ourselfe, and not he commytted to anie company or corporation; to ^vhc!\l itt maie he proper to trii'^r. matters <.f trade and cmmcrce, Imt car.not be fitt or safe to communicate the crdt rinj;; of state afli.ires', he tl:ey of never 5oe mean consequence." 'I'iiis rcstlution of the kir.g oxitcd ;i.rious ul;'iru among- il'e I'uiitans at I.eyden, one of wlioni ^vI(Jte to ^jovernor I'vr.diord of Plymoutli, that some hence conceive " i.e will have both the Hime civil iuid ecclesiastical jnivernment that is in England, whicli occasionttli tlieir fear." Coll. Hist. .Sue. iii. 4,-^. Kinj>; James luul set tlic example, tins ear- ly and thorougiily foUdWid by Ills s(;n. fTe had aimed to make the mp'*- riority of tlie colonies to be only of the kinij, and not of tlie crovn of i"»'g- land ; with a view, it is Bupjinsud, to make tlitin a source of revenue to l.im- lielf and his successors, tiiat they mi;;ht nut depend on parliament ; " but *■ the commons did net give up the matter, as appears by their Journals of 1624 and i<)25." Stokes Constitut. of lirit. Colonies, p. 4. a Political Annals, i. 11 1 — 11.^ ; where is a summaiy of the royal in- ttructlons.. For governor Yardley's (;omnussion,6ee Hazard Coll. i. 230 — 234- 3 Morton, 75. Prince, 153. Belknap Kioo-. ii. 3 ",3. It fell into the township of iiraintree. Dr. lielknap (ibiJ.) says," tiiey called an adjoining hill," not the settlement itself," Mount Wollaston." Since the division of Braintrce into two towns, this hill is in Culncy, not far d'stant IVom the kjat of the Honourable John Aoa.ms, T.squire, late Prewdeii: of the Uuitdi, States. 4 Moitou'n Memorial, 76. Prince, 1,52. m I, ill i !■ ' 'k mi 'I 53(5 1625. R. Con ant removes from Nan- tixskct to Cape Ann. Discovers Naumkeac S'lip from Plymouth taken by the Turks. Wiles Stan- dish goes to England. AMERICAN ANNALS. Roger Conant, a ir^n of piety and dlscretioa, having lately removed from Plymouth to Nantasket, was chosen by the Dorchester adventurers in Eng- land, to manage their affairs at Cape Ann. On this appointment he removed to that place, accompanied by Mr. Lyford, a preacher, who had been invited at the same tin^e by those adventurers to be minister to the plantation. In the autumn Lyford's people at Nantasket removed to Cape Ann.^ Conant, finding a better place for a plantation a little to the westward, called Naumkeak, and conceiving that it might be a convenient place for the reception of such English people, as might be desirous of a settlement in America, gave notice of it to his friends in Eng- land. This information gave rise to a project for procuring of the council of Plymouth a grant for settling a colony in Massachusetts Bay. * The merchant adventurers at London having, sent two ships on a trading voyage to New England, one of them, was sent back by Plymouth colony, laden with codfish, with beaver and other furs, to malie payment for goods alrea,dy received *, but, af- ter it had shot far into the English channel, was surprised by a Turkish man of war, and carried in- to Scilly, where the master and his men were made slaves. 5 Miles Standish went to England, as agent, to con- clude some matters of difference, yet depending be- tv.-een the colony of Plymouth and the merchant ad- venturers at London, and to transact some business with the council of New England ; but the troubles in the kingdom, and the plague in London, prevent- ed him from completely effecting the objects of his commission.* I The reason, assi^ed for their removal to this place, is, that it was more convenient for the fishery. They had resided at Nantasket " a year and pr>me few months." Hubbard MS. N. Enp. chap, xviii. j'rince, 15". a Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xviii. Smith Virg. 14 ;. Brit. Emp. i. 264. Poujjias, i. 407. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi. Morton, fiS, 69.. Prince, 155. if>(>- ^ Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi. Yet they " were happily accomplish*'^ cretioti, ntasket, in Eng- On this mpatiied 1 invited minister, *s people Conant, ;le to the ng that it 311 of such settlement Is in Eng- project for grant for on having. jj England, th colony, ler furs, to I ; but, af- annel, was carried in- were made |;ent, to con- pending be- lerchant ad- he business [the troubles Ion, prevent- Djects of his L is, tkat it was tantasltet " a year tiii. Prince, IS"- JBrit. Emp. »• a64- I rrince, ^5Sj}^^, Lily accoropu*'*^ AMERICAN ANNALS. Sir William Alexander obtained from Charle« I a confirmation of his title to Nova Scotia, under the great seal of Scotland. * 1626, A bill for the maintenance and increase pf ship- ^^fffi,")!^!. ping and navigation, and for the freer liberty offish- c — ZT.A ; and is nearly in the same words, as the original charter, given hj king James. See p. a; 8 of this volume. a This must have beqn the revival oi {he bill, brought forward by t!i« Jiouse of commons in 1621, if an anonymous Essay amonj: Colonial I'ructs Jn Harvard J^ibrary may be relied on. The author of that Essay obscrven, ihat on the occasion of the original measure the secretary of state made the following declaration to the house from the king [James] : " Ameri- ca is not annexed to the realm, nor within the jurisdiction of parliament ; you have therefore no right to interfere." 3 Chalmers, i. 114. Now commenced the quarrels between Charlrs I and the Parliament of England ; the latter perceiving, that the king was j^esirous of extending the royal prerogative, and of rendering himself inde. pendent. Henault's Hist, France, ii. 50. " No one was, at that time, suf- ficiently sensible of the great weiglit, which the commons bore in the bal- j>nce of tjie constitution. The history of Englarid had nyver Iiltlierto nf- I i'illM '' ,:( I 238 Disorders Sit Mount ■%'olli'.ston. AMERICAN ANNALS. niiat profit of about cue hundred and thirty fivB thousand pounds sterling.' Wollnston, after much time, hibour, and cost had been expended in planting Mount Wollaston, trans- ported a great part of tlic servants to Virp;inia. In his absence, Morton advised the remainder of the company to depo.^:e Filcher, who had been left be- hind as heutenant, and to keep possesoion for them- selves. The counsel was folloVv'ed j and dissipation ensued. Having traded with the Indians awliile, with what goods they had in possession, they spent the avails of their traffick merrily about a May pol^> ;ind called the place Merry Mount..* 1627. Plymouth Tlic Plymouth colony had, the preceding year, eoionypur- g^^^^ Isiiac Allcrton to England, to make a composi- cliQst^s ail * * 1 1 1 1 tiie proper- tiou With the adveuturers ; to take up more money ; ty of the .^,^(1 jQ purchase more goods. Allcrton returned in adveSr-' the Spring cf this year, after a successful execution of his commission. He had procured a loan of two hundred pounds, at thirty per cent, interest,^ and forded an instance, where any pjreat movement or revolution had proceed- ed from the lower house." Hume Hist. Eng. Charles I, chap, i. I Smith Virj;;. 244. a Hubbard M.S. N. Eng. chap, xvlii. Morton, 76,77. Prince [162 — 167.] places the last transaction in 1627. Morton himself confirms th» yrincijial statements of the New England historians on this subject, but complains of abuse in this name of the hill ; afiirniinj!:, that he called k JVIwrc-Mouni. See p. 93 of a work, entitled " New English Canaan, or New Canaan, by Thomas Morton of Clifford's Inn, (Jent." Printed at An«- sterdam 1637. This is the same Morton, mentioned above, who, secretary Morton [Memorial, p. 76.] says, had been " a petty fogger at Furnival'ij hm." 3 Hard as these terms were, they were less hard, than those, on which they had their goods the preceding year, those having been at 45 per cent. Gov. Bradford's Letter Book in Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 46. 'I'he pious govern- f)r, after mentioning these " straits," might well add : " so that it was God's marvellous providence, that we wore ever able to wade throii;i;]i things." ibid. Enormous as was this rate of interest, it was increased tht* next year. Mr. Shirley writes froml^ondon to governor Bradford (1628) ; •' It is true, as you write, your engagements are great, not only the pur- chase, but you are yet necessitated to take up the stock you work upon, and that not at 6 or 8 per cent, as it is here let out, but at 30, 40, yea and iiiine so r»^r '^•'"'' wLich, were not your gains greats anil God's blsssing m •ts AMERICAN ANNALS. ^3') rty fivg ost liad 1, trans- uia. Ill r oi- tlie left be- x)V ilicm- IssiiTcitiou .3 uwhile, hey spent May pol^x jding year* a composi- ore money ; returned in ^il execution loan of two terest,^ and uon hacl proceed- clwp. i. Prince [i^l — Icelf confirms th« this subject, but that he calU-d A iglish Canaan, or " Pjhited at Ani- we, who, secretary ger at l now formed, into v/hich were admitted every he:'' •' a family, and every young man, of age and J. ' uce. It was agreed, that the trade should be managed, as before, to pay the debts ; ev- ery single freeman should have a single share j and every father of a family, leave to purchase one share for himself, one for his wife, and one for every child, living with him ; and that every one should pay his part toward the debts, according to the number of his shares. To every share twenty acres of arable Division of land were assigned by lot ; to every six shares, one ''"^*' cow and two goats j and swine in the same propor- tion.* ,; ..,. ,,^; your honest endeavours more than ordinary, it could not be that you sliould long subsist, in the maintaining of and upliolding of your worldly affairs.** Ibid. p. 58. t The heads of this agreement are in governor Bradford's Letter Book, in Coll. Hist. iioc. iii. 47, 48. It was subscribed by Allerton and 42 adven- turers 15 November 1626. a Morton, 71, 72. Prince, 165—167. The previous allotments of a jrarden plot, and of a slngic ncrc to each individual were not affected by this new division. The manner, in which the first lots were located, i* distinctly shown, in an extract from Plymouth Colony Records, in Hazard Coll. i. 100 — 103, entitled «« The MEERsxEAtis and Garden Plotes of those, which came first, laid out." The agreement, for the division of 20 acres to a share, was made " ia a full court" 3 January 1627, according to the reckoning then in use [I-r.\zard Coll. i. 180.], but- it was truly 3 January SiiaS. Th« y«ar was it'&m computed I'rotn the' 2jth of Marei), i ill 1 11 : li Jl m t^y AMERICAN ANNALS, liil! 'm 1 027. ? r .rch. (\r. sen- y Ts como i'.-.!n N. 1 .Is to Messengers now arrived at Plymouth, from th4 governor of the Dutch plantation at Hudson's river^ with amicable letter?, w.'itten in Dutch and French, * In these letters, the Dutch congratulaited the Eng- lish on their prosperous and commendable enter- prise ; tendered themi their good will, and friendly services j and offered to open and maintain with tbem a commercial intercourse. The governor and council of Plymouth sent an obliging answer to the Dutch, expressing a thankful sense of the kindness, which they had received in their native country 5 and a grateful acceptance of the offered friendship. * *Vr.iJe es- For greater convenience of trade, the Plymouth tiiT'ishedatcoJoTiists this summer built a small pinnace at Mon- amet,^ to which place they transported their goods. Having taken them by water within four or five miles, they carried them over land to the vessel, and thus avoided the dangerous navigation around Cape Cod, and niade their voyage to the southward in far less time, and with much less hazard. For the safe- ty of their vsssel and goods, they also built a housc^ and kept some servants there, who planted corni liaised hogs, and were always ready to go out with the bark. * The Puritarts, hh at Leyden, deprived of theif revered and beloved pastor,^' were desirous to como i Morton, 74. The letters Were dated at tlie ManhattM, in the Fort Anisterdam, March 9, zCzj, and signed by Isaac de Razier, secretary. Gov- ernor Bradford sa/s, that K-A^ier was thdir upper aitinfii, or chief rnerchantj and second to the governor ; and a man of a fair and geateel behaviour* Coll. Hist. Soc- iii. 54. % I'rince, 1.65. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 5 1, j:4 J where this let'tei" is entire. 3 A placo on the sea, 20 niiles to the south of l^lymouth, now ciUleJ Sandwich. See p. zaj, not&3. 4 Prince, 167, t68. 5 The Reverend John Robinson died i March 1625, in the fiftieth yeai' of his age. Until hia death, the congregation at Plymouth, had oot a> liandoned the hope of his coming to America, with their bretluen^ who re- xnained in Holland. The difhculties, which then attended a voyage across the Atlantic ; the expense of an equipment for a, new colony ; the hard* ships, incident to a plantation in a distant wilderness ; tiie debts, already contracted by the Plymouth coUnists ; and the poverty of the congregation M Leydun, picventtid hi» rsmovali Bulknap fiiog. ii« 17^ Hutchiasos AMERICAN ANNALS. 241 om thd 'rench. * tie Eng- ie enter* friendly ain with jrnor and er to thei kindness, country ; lendsliip.* plymontbi ;e at Mon- leir goods, ►ur or five vessel, and round Cape iward in far ?or the safe- lilt a house:* anted corn, ro out with /cd of theif ous to come att»s, in the Fort :r, secretary. Oov- jr chief merchant, ^ejjteel beh*viow. s letter is entire. Liouth. wiw sallti'* inthefifuethyeai' mouth, had oot a- bretlurenswno re- led a voyage acroit colony, thehwd. I tl.e debts. aJreadf oithecongregawoo I J7^ Butchmso* to New England, and join their brethren at Plym- 1627. outh. In correspondence with their wishes, the people of Plymouth were solicitous to aid their re- moval from Holland ; but were unable, without ex- traordinary efforts. On this occasion, the governor and se/en other persons* made a hazardous adven- ^i\n7 '^ ture. They hired the trade of the colony for six others hi. c years ; and for this privilege, together with the shal- ''jy/^'J'? lop, and th? pinnace, lately built at Monamet, and outh c'olo- the stock in the store house, undertook to pay the ">'• eighteen hundred pounds, and all other debts oi" *he planters ; to bring over for them fifty pounds a year in hoes and shoes, and sell them for corn at six shillings u bushel ; and, at the end of the term, to Ireturn the trade to the colony. ' On the return of the ships, Allerton was again sent ^fpin to England, to conclude the bargain with the com- merchant pany, and deliver the bonds for the stipulated pay- ^i^vcntur- ment ; to carry beaver, and pay some of the recent *"""" ""''* debts ; ' to procure a patent for a convenient trad- ing place on Kennebeck river ; * and to make inter* est with the friends of the colony in London, to join with the eight undertakers for the discharge of the debts of the colony, and for helping their friends from Ley den. He closed the bargain with the com- [ii. 4J4.J o'^'j"- that " he was prevented by d!sa/,j)o!ittments from those in Eng- land, who underi.^'ok to provide for the passage of hirn and his congrega- tion." See Belknap, ut supra } and Morton, 70, The d>?ath of Robinson caused the dissolution of his congregation at Ix-yden ; some of whom re- moved to Amsterdam ; and others, among whom were his widow and chil- dren, to New England. Belknap Biog. ii. 168. See Not;; V at the end of Ihe volume. 1 Edward Winslow, Thomas Prince, Miles Staiidish, William Brewster, John Alden, John Rowland, and Isaac Allerton. 2 Prince, 168, 169. 3 " For," says governor Bradford, " our excessive interest still keeps us low." Prince, 169. 4 A special reason, assigned for this article, is, that " the planters at Pascatoway and other places eastward of them, as also the fishing ships en* vy our trading there, and threaten to get a patent to exclude us } though we first discovered and began the same, and brought it to so good an issuu.'^ Prince, ibid, from governor Bradford. Nn 243 AMERICAN ANNALS. New pro- ject tor set- tling Cati- Swedes and Fins fettle u- bout the JD,atters of worship and discipline. The company soon after chose Matthew Cradock governor, and Thomas Gof/e, deputy governor, with eighteen as- sistants ; ^ and sent over a few people under the gov- who wnd ernment of John Endicot, to carry on the plantation \^{i^ ^ fw at Naumkeak, and pi\.pare for settling a colony.'* r«"i^i*j*" Endicot, on his arrival at Naumkeak, laid the foun- N'iumiea. dation of Salem, the first permanent town in Massa- chusetts. Several servants were soon sent over from England, on the joint ctock of the company ; but upon their arrival at Naumkeak, an uncultivat- ed desert, many of them, for want of wholesome I John Wimlirop, IsL:ac Johnson, Matthew Cradock, Thomas GofF, and Sir Richarrl Sahonstall. Hubbard MS. N. Enj;. chap, xviii. They are said to he persons " of like quaUty," as the first purchasers of the patent, ibid. » Hubbard. (ibid.) says, they bought of them all their right and lnterc>t in New England : but Prince [171.] horn the Massachusetts colony charter and records concluded, that three only of the six original grantees wholly sold their rights ; and that the other three retained theirs in equal partneir ship with the new associates. 3 Beside those gentlemen, there were 20 or 30, who suhscriScd £1035, to be a common stock to carry on the plantation. The next year ,(^745 more were lent on the same account by several gentlemen. They gener- ally ventured hut £25 a piece ; some, ^^50 ; a hw,£js ! ^"d ^^he gov- vrnor, £100. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxii, 4 Johnson says, that Endicot, who came with them " to govern," wa$ " a fit instrument :o begin this wilderness work ; of courage bold, undaunt-^ ed, yet sociable, and of a cheerful spirit, loving, ot austere, as occasion »erv>, «4." Wt»ndenvork. Providence, ly. ft 244 AMERICAN ANNALS. »!■" 1628. A few pcr- 61HIS set- tit: iit Mull- awxim. Prvtent for Kenne- beck. The Dutch trade with the people of Plym- outh. diet and convenient lodgings, died of the scurvy and other distempers. * Six or seven persons, with the consent of gover- nor Endicot, travelled from Naumkeak through the woods about twelve miles westward, and came to a neck of land, betweei\ Mystic and Charles rivers, called Mishawum. It was full of Indians, called Aberginians ; and, with the unconstrained consent of their chief, they settled there. * The Plymouth colonists obtained a patent for Kennebcck ; and up this river, in a place conve- nient for trade, erected a house, and furnished it with corn, and other commodities. While the trade of their infant colony was thus commencing toward the east, it was becoming gradually extended toward the west. A Dutch bark from Manhattan arriving at the trading house at Manomet, with sugar, linen, stuifs, and various other commodities ; a boat was sent from Plymouth for Razier, who conduct- ed this commercial enterprise ; and he, with most of his company, was entertained at Plymouth several days. On his return to the bark, some of the people of Plymouth accompanied him, and bought various goods. After this commencement of trade, the Dutch often sent goods to the same place ; and a traffick was continued several years. The Ply- mouth colonists sold much tobacco for linens, stuffs, and other articles ; and derived great advantage from this commerce, until the Virginians found out the Dutch colony. ^ I Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xviii. Prince, 171 — 178. Mather Mag- nal. i. 16. Chalmers, i. 1 j6. The Reverend Mr. Bentley [Hist. Salem Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 330.J says, " The natives had forsaken this spot [Naumkeak] before the English had reached it. On the soil they found no natives, oil' whom we have any record. No natives ever claimed it, and the possession was uninterrupted." » Prince, 174,175. This chief was called by the English John Sagamore. He was the oldest son of the old Aberginian chief, who was then dead; The few Englishmen, who now settled at Mishawum, found but one English house there, " thatched and palisadoed, possessed by Thomas Walford, a jimith." Ibid. 3 Prinee, 171—173. The Dutch, on the visit recited' above, acquaint- T and gover- gh the le to a rivers, called :onsent ent for I conve- ished it he trade toward 1 toward arriving I sugar, J a boat conduct- b. most of \i several e of the d bought of trade, ice ; and The Ply- ns, stuffs, idvantage bund out Mather Mag- ist. Salem Coll. t [Naumkeak] no natives, of "the possession [ohn Sagamore. Ihen dead; The ^t one English nas WaKord, a joye, acquaiot* AMERICAN ANNALS. John Endicot, arriving at Nciumkeak, as an ap;cnt, to carry on the plantation there, and manage all the aiFairs of the Massachusetts patentees, visited the people at Merry Mount ; caused their May pole to be cut down ; rebuked them for their profaneness ; and admonished them to reform. Morton, their principal, was incorrigible. Hearing what gain the French and the fishermen made by selling guns, pow- der, and shot to the natives, he began the same trade in his neighbourhood, and taught tlie natives the use of fire arms. The English, meeting them in the woods, armed in this manner, were greatly in- timidated. The chief persons, in the scattered plan- tations at Pascataqua, Naumkeak, Winisimet, Wes- sagusset, Nantasket, and other places, met, and a- greed to solicit the people of Plymouth, who were stronger than all the other New England colonists combined, to unite with them in the suppression of the alarming evil. The Plymouth colonists, after re peatedly sending friendly messages to Morton, ad- vising him to forbear his injurious courses, and re- ceiving insolent replies, prevailed with the governor of their colony to send Standish, with some aid, to jipprehend him. This gallant officer successfully performed the enterprise. Dispersing the worst of the company, he brought Morton to Plymouth, whence he was soon after sent to England. ' Sir Thomas Warner, and a number of English- men, attempted the settlement of Berbuda ; but, finding it a rocky and barren island, they left it, and settled at Nevis, to the number of about one hun- dred, many of v/hom were old planters of St. Chris- topher's. * At the island of St. Christopher there ing the people of Plymouth with the trade of wampum, they were induc- ed to purchase that article of the Indians, to the v;iiue of about £50. For the two first years it was unsaleable ; but it became afterward a very im- portant article of trade, especially with the inland Indians, who did not make i\ 1 Hubbard MS. N. Eng chap, xviii. Prince, 175 — (77. Josselyn, 251. 1 Anderson, ii. 333. Smith Virg. contin.chap xxvii. Univ. Hist. xli. 5,88. MS 162S. Kndicot vif.it'^ Mdiitif WolUlblOH Morton tL-aches tn« natives the use of fir« arm>>. ''W I'K lie i'^ »i'i''- ?B od and -sei.t ■ '-xm to linglanii. 'i^ ' i Nevis set- 1; 4|i tled. 11 State of St In Christo- 1'^ pher 't. ifl MS 2i^X u* AP.IERICAN ANNALS. r;i iff' ill i .MurJi A. ■»» itt-nt >•( JvIas'Lichti' *rnieod, thefur- Ll plantation, |a77- Chalmers,!. Is was first printed 1 in Hazard Coll. ' Lt, if th« yc« ^'■ Ai comfo'-t, encouragement, and future benefit" of 162'^. the company, and of otlicrs, concerned in the com- mencement or prosecution of t!ie work. The per- sons, thus appointed, were to be entitled " The Governor and Council of London's Plantation in Massachusetts Bay, in New England.**' The same court elected John Endicot to be gov- omcers crnor of the colony ; and Francis Higginson with '^'»"^«" six others to be the council. These seven counsel- lors were impowered to choose three others ; and such of the former planters, as were willing to live within the limits of the plantation, were empowered to choose two more, to make the council to consist: of twelve ; one of whom was by the governor and council, or the major part of them, to be chosen dep- uty to the governor* for the time being. These per- sons were to continue ift office for a year, or until the court of the company in London should appoint others ; and the governor, or in his absence the deputy governor, might call courts at discretion. At a court of the company, holden at London in Encourajrc* May, it was agreed^ that every adventurer, who had "^JJl[.r,'.' advanced fifty pounds^ should have two hundred acres of land allowed him j and that fifty acres a piece should be allowed them, who went over at their own charge. Several persons, of considerable importance in the English nation, were now enlisted among the adventurers, who, for the unmolested en- joyment of their religion, were resolved to remove into Massachusetts. Foreseeing however, and dread- ing, the inconvenience of being governed by laws, made for them without their own consent, they judg- ed it more rational, that the colony should be ruled by men, residing in the plantation, than by those, dwelling at the distance of three thousand miles, and over whom they should have no controul. At the same time therefore, that they proposed to trans^ ■J This act for settling the government :• in Husard Col! !. 36^ — 2-r. I !fl 'M8 AMERICAN ANKALS. I ^1 If. ■tVli- : \ I 1629. Aug. i^i- Aurceiut-nt tt Cain- brij^e ill Enjiand. AiiR. 59'. Govern- ment of the colony transferred «o England. Progress of Mauaikcak. port themselve.'^, their fiimilie:^, and estates to this country, they insisted, that the charter should be transmitted with them, and that the corporate pow- ers, conferred by it, should be executed in future in New England. An agreement was accordmgly made at Cambridge in England between Sir Richard Saltonstali, Thomas Dudley, Isaac Johnson, John Winthrop, and a few others, that on those conditions they would be ready the ensuing March, with their persons and families, to embark for New England, for the purpose of settling in the country. ' The goveriK)r and company, entirely disposed to promote the measure, (failed a general court ; at which the deputy governor stated, that several gentlemen, in- tending to go to New England, were desirous to know, whether the chief government with the pa- tent would be settled in Old or New England. This question caused a serious debate. The court was adjourned to the next day, when it decreed, that the government and the patent of the plantation should be transferred from London to Massachu- setts Bay^ An order was drawn up for that pur- pose ; in pursuance of which a court was holdeii for a new election cf officers, who would be willing to remove with their families ; and John Winthrop was chosen governor ; John Humfrey, deputy gov- ernor ; and Sir Richard Saltonstali, Isaac Johnson, Thomas Dudley and others, were chosen assistants.* The infant colony at Naumkeak had, in the mean time, been making progress. In the lord treasur- I " V,'"e will 80 really endeavour the execution of this vvorke, as by God's assistance we will be ready in our persons, and with snch of our severall familyes as are to go with us — to embarke for the said plantation by the fust of March next — to passe the seas (under God's protection) to iuhubite and continue in New England. Provided always that before the last of September next the whole government together with the patent for the said plantation be first legally transferred," &c. Hutchinson Coll. 3j, z6, where is " I'lie true coppie of the agreement at Cambridge, August 26, 1629." z Hubbard MS, N. Fug. chap. xxii. Prince, iQ^ — 195. Chalmers, i. AMERICAN ANNALS. 249 to this ould be ite po\y- . Future in lordmgly - Richard on, John ;onditions vith their England, y.' The 3 promote which the lemen, in- [esirous to ■h the pa- and. This court was creed, that plantation Massachu- that pui- was holdeii I be willing I Winthrop ieputy gov- ac Johnson, assistants.* in the mean Drd treasur- _is worke, as by vith snch of our le said plantation I's protection) to ^8 that before the ^ith the patent for tchinson Coll. ij. iridge, August 26, [95. Cljalmcrs. i. fr*s warrant for the colonists to go to New Eng- 1629* land, dated the sixteenth of April, liberty was given to sixty women and maids, twenty six chil- dren, three hundred men with victuals, arms, ap- parel, tools, one huiulred antl ibrty licad of cattle, some horses, sheep and goats ; which were trans- j5orted in six ships in the summer of this year. Three of the ships sailed from the isle of Wight in May, carrying about two hundred persons, with an abundance of all things, necessary to fo' n a settlement ; and in June arrived at Naumkeak. This aboriginal name was exchanged by these set- tlers for one, expressive of the peaceful asyluwi. which they found in the American Vvildernessi They called the place Salem. It contained, at the Now called time of their arrival, but six houres, beside that of governor Endicot ; and there were in tlie whole colony but one hundred planters» ' , I Chalmers, i. 142, 143 ; who says, there were then at Salem eij^ht ^liserablc hovels. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 278. Prince, 183 — 188. In Haz- ard's Coll. [i. 277—285.] there is a letter from the company to " Captain Jo. Endycott, and the Councell in New England," d.ated London %i May, and Gravesend3 June, 1629, (giving notice of theestablishnU-ntof En- *iitot as " present governor," and subjoining instructions for the munawc- ment of the colony. The govl'rnOr and council were desired to " appoint a carefull and dilligent Overseer to each familio," to see that the servants, sent over for the company, were employed in their proper business. Blank books were sent^ to be distributed among the overseers, who were " to keep>l perfect Register of the dayly worke done by each perso 1 i ■ each familie, ' a topy of which was to be sent once every half year t , ' .igland. The instructions say, " for the better governing and ordering of our people, especiallie such as shall be negligent and remiss in the performance of their dutyes, or otherwise exorbitant, our desire is, that a house r,r correccon be erected and set upp, both for the punishment of such offender^, and to deterr others by their example from such irregular course ." Caution was given against the culture of that vile weed, wliich was considered as the source of great evil to society : " And as in our fornier, soe now againe wee espctial- Iv desire you to take care that noe tol)accy bee planted by any of the new Planters under your governn\ont ; unless It bee some small quantitie for nieere necessitie, and for phisick for preservaton of tiieu- liealths, and that the same bee taken privately by auntient men and none other." An injunc- tion was given, " to bee very circumspect in the infancie of the plantacon, to settle some good orders," to promote industry, " that noe idlj drone ha pemiiKed to live amongst us ; which if you take care now at the first to es- tablish, wil be an undoubted meanes, through God's assistance, to prevent a f'orld of disorders, and many greviims fiuns and sinners." l\ I ;. ^ AMERICAN ANNALS. Hi Nil I "li: i',''j;' '<'■ ;62g. Oiieluiii- tlred per- sons '•e- niove to MMT, and found Charlcv town. Church g-athpred anc, minis- UTS ordain- ed at.Sitlem Dissiitisficd with the situation at Salem, Thorns Graves, with some of the company's servants under his care, and others, to the number of one hundred m all, removed to Mishawum, where they laid the foundation of a town, to which, with the consent of governor Endicot, they gave the name of Charles- town. Mr. Graves laid out the town in two acre lots, one of which he assigued to each inhabitant ; and afterward he built a great house for the accom- modation of those, who were soon to come over to New England.' Two hundred settled at Salem, and, by general consent of the old planters, were combined with theiii into one body politic, under the same governor** It being early resolv£d to settle in a church state, thir- ty persons^ who commenced the church, judged it needful to enter solemnly into covenant, tc walk to- gether according to the Word of God. Inviting the church of Plymouth to the solemnity, that they miglit have its approbation and concurrence, if not direction and assistance, they solemnly declared their . assent to a confession of faith, drawn up by one of their ministers, and entered into a religious cove- nant.^ They then ordained their ministers,* and a ruling elder, by the imposition of the hands of some of the brethren, appointed by the church ; and gov- ernor Bradford and others, messengers from the church of Plymouth, gave them the right hand of fellowship. " They aimed," says Hubbard, " to settle a Reformed Church, according to their appre- I ColLHist. Soc.i. 12,'^, 124. Chalmers, L 143. Prince, x88. a Hlggeson'^s N. Eng. Plantation in Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 123. 3 A copy of this Covenant is in Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 283, 284 ; and ift Mather Magnal. book i. 18, 19. 4 One of them was Mr. Francis Higginson, » minister of Leicestershire, ■who had been silenced for his Nonconformity ; the other was Mr. Skelton, n minister of lancolnshire, who had also suffered for the same cause. Both were eminent for Icarumg and virtue, and came to New England by invita- tion of those, who were engaged in prosecuting the settlement at Salem. Muflier Magnal. hook i. 16. They had been ordained by bishops in the thurch of Kngland ; tills ordination was only to the pastoral care 01 that fat* , tuuhrJloe/t,iv"ndvd on their free election. Prince, 191. AMERICAN ANNALS. 25c under indred lid the sent of harles- ro acre 3itant J acconi- over to general th therti lor.' It .te, thlr- udged it walk to- Inviting hat they :e, if not .red their jy one of us cove- s,* and a s of some and gov- Tom the hand of ard, " to eir appre- 188." •■■■■' 184; andift Leicestershire, IS Mr. Skelton, i cause. Both and by invHa- nentat Salem, bishops in the •are ot <*««/"* fienslon of the rules of the gospel., and the pattern i62t). of the best Reformed Churches.*" A commission having been given by Charles I to David Kertk* and his valiant kinsmen, to conquer the American dominions of France, Kertk had at- tacked Canada in July 1628, and still carried on his military operations with vigour. Louis and Thom- as Kertk, appearing again at this time ofFPoint Levi, sent an officer on shore to Quebec, to summon the city to surrender. Champlain, who had the chief command, knowing his means to be inadequate to a defence, surrendered the city by capitulation.^ July 19-. The terms of this capitulation were very favourable ttiken from to the French colony ; and they were so punctually the 1 rench and honourably fulfilled by the English, that the ^J^^^^ greater part of the French chose to remain with their , ' . " captors, instead of going, as had been stipulated, to France. * Thus was the capital of New France sub^ dued by the arms of England, just one hundred and thirty years before its final conquest by the celebra- ted Wolfe. ^ Although the subjects of different nations now traded with the natives in the bay of Delaware ; no settlements appear to have yet been formed on either I Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. XXI. Mather Magnal. 17, 19. Chalmers, j. 143. Josselyn Voy. 251. Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 219. a Tlie English writers commonly write the name K!ri. I follow Cham- plain and Charlevoix, one of whom gives the name, as slgniJ at the capitu- htioii ; the other infonns us that it is a Frvmh name, Kertk having been a native of France, and a Protestant refugee in England : " D;'-id Kertk, F'ran9oi3, natif de Dieppe, mais Calviniste ct rsfugie en Angletcrre." Nouv. France, i. 165. 3 Champlain Voy. sec. part. 157 — i6o ; 214 — %%o 5 where are the Let- ters of correspondence between the Kertks and Champlain, and the ArticL's of capitulation. The spirited answer of Champlain at the/rj/ summons to surrender in 1628, and Kertk's ignorance of the real state of the French j!;arrison, are the only apparent causes of the failure of the English in their first attempt on Quebec. Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. 1^)6.] says, the French in Quebec were tk^n reduced to seven ounces of bread each, a day ; and that they had but five pounds of powder in the magazine. Some time before the surrender, their provisions were entirely exhauited : " trois mw* apr^s que les vivres eurent manque ab:olument." Ibid. 4 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 423. Brit. Emp. JnlroJ. i. 47, 5 Chalmers, i. 93. --, • . • • , w I i! -4 252 AMERICAN ANNALS. :f !|''v ■m\ 1629. Col. my at'ttlt'd at Manhat- tan. New at- tempt to settle Gui- ana, W. Indw islands. margin of it, hy the Dutch or Swedes. * The Hol- landers, resolved to establish a colony at Manhattan^ appointed Van Twilier governor, who arrived at Fort Amsterdam in June, and began to grant lands the subsequent year ; at which time commenced the first permanent settlement of the Dutch.* " "" >'• ' ' The project for settling Guiana was now revived. Four ships with nearly two hundred person^s arrived there from Eagland j and preparations were made for another embarkation. One hundred English and Irish people went from Holland to the same country, cpnducted by the old planters. Roger. North, who was a principal person in effecting this settlement, seated his colony about a hundred leaguesi in the main land.^ .• ' * ' ' ~ • ' f : In the Somer Isles there were, at this time, be- tween two and three thousand inhabitants. Charles Saltonstall, son of Sir Samuel Saltonstall, sailed from England to Barbadoes, with nearly two hun- dred people, accompanied by Sir William Tufton, governor for Barbadoes, and carrying what was ne-y cessary for a plantation. There were now on that island, and going to it, about fifteen or sixteen hun- dred people ; and in all the Caribbee islands, inclu^ sive of those actually preparing to settle in them, there were nearly three thousand.* About this 1 Chalmers, i. 227. See p. i^i of this volume. ■ ':•'.'• .' t . •• ; a Smith N. York, .v Chalmers, i. 570 ; who supposes, that settlement " now probably acquired the name of Ntw Netherlands ^ though this people, Jike the French and English, were never able to assign to them any specific boundaries." W' have already, for convenience, used the name of iV.w NithcrlanJi^ and styled the D.utch people there a colony [See p. 180 — 182, 430.] ; hut neither term appears to be strictly applicable, until this period. 3 Smith, in Churchill Voy. ii. chap. xxiv. A party of men, sent out for discovery, found many towns well inhabited ; most of the people eutirelv naked ; but they saw " not any such giant women as the river's name (Amazons] importeth," Ibid. Oldys does not expressly notice this settle- ment of 1629 ; but says, that " some other little attempts were made there" neveral years after i6zo ; and subjoins : " But how all this spacious and fruitful country has been since shamefully deserted, by the English especial- ly ; the quiet possession there by the Spaniards, to this day, is sufticient witf Jiess." Life Ralegh, 223. 4 Smith, ut supra, chap, xxii, x.xv, xxvi. AMERICAN ANNALS. ^53 le Hof- hattany ived at It lands iced the revived. ; arrived jre made English the same Roger. :ting this d leagues. time, be- . Charles 11, sailed two hun- i Tufton, It was ne-f w on that teen hun-* ds, inclur in them, .bout this [hut settlement igh this people, [em any specific jiame of iV^sw p. i8o— i8a, nil thi3 period, [en, sent out for I people eutirelv \e river's naniL- jtice this settle- tre made there" lis spacious and pnglish especiulV b suflkient wile I/ist I'utent of r |ime, the English are said to have begun to plant on the island of Providence, the chief of the Bahama islands. * , 1630. By the agency of the earl of Warwick and Sir Jan. i.^ Ferdinando Gorges, Plymouth colony obtained from the council for New England its last patent. This mouth. patent, dated the thirteenth of January, conveyed a considerable territory around the original settlement. The limits of that part of the grant are thus defined : ** All that part of New England lying between Co- hasset rivulet toward' the north, and N:irrag:insct river toward the south j the great western ocean []the Atlantic] toward the east, and a strait line ex- tending into the main land toward the west from the mouth of Narraganset river to the utmost bounds of a country in New England, called Pokcnakut, alias Sowairset ; and another like strait line, extending directly from the mouth of Cohasset river toward the west so (-.r into the main land westward as the utmost limits of Pokenakut, alias Sowamset.'* It also conveyed a tract of land on the river Kenne- beck, extending from the utmost limits of Cobbisc- conte, which adjoins that river toward the \\estern ocean, and a place, called the Falls at Nequam.kike, and fifteen miles each side of Kennebeck river, and all the river itself. By this charter the colonists were allowed to make oiders, ordinances, and con; stitutions, for the ordering, disposing, and govern- ing their persons, and distributing the lands within the limits of the patent.' The colony of Plymouth then contained nearly three hundred souls. ^ I Anderson, ii. 339 ; " till then quite uninhabited." % IHymomh l.dws, Frefice. Prince, iy6 — 198. Hazird Coll. i. -298 — 303 ; where is an entire copy of this Puteiit. It has been erroneously sup' DOsed, that the Plymouth colonists, previous to the reception of this ciiartt-r, had no right to their lands, but what arose from occupancy. The truth is, that, as soon as they knew of the establishment of the Council of New Ent;- 3 Chiilmcr»,i. 9;. NcalN, Tuj;. i. 1:8. CallenJci: R. Isliuid, i^j. 9^ fV ^i ■in shore lestown, English er, who r Charles itent ; Sir F. ras suctcasfuJ. ind wrote to Ihartcr" &^<- e colony. I" It, in his own this volume. I EHgland all 139, 241,244 366 ; ii. »?4- es within the r conbented to (i ij.iy autboiily he margin of in jOii.an'l •ity to govurn at Southamp- ive cattle &c. from I'rince redfroD^Feb- (ide Winthrop er, Newel, T. inent ministers ohn Warhain. jiver, until it became narrow and shallow, they land- 1 630* ed their goods at a well watered place'; whence, a Dorcheter few days after, they removed to Matapan ; and here settled. began to build a town. ' On the arrival of the principal ships of the fleet at Charlestown, the governor and several of the pa- tentees, having viewed the bottom of the Bay of Massachusetts, and pitched down on the north side of Charles river, took lodgings in the great house, built there the preceding year ; and the rest of the company erected cottages, booths, and tents, about the town hill. Their place of assembling for divine service was under a tree. The whole fleet having f^jj^jj safely arrived, a day of thanksgiving was kept in all giving. the plantations. ' The first court of assistants was holden at Charles- A"g. 13. town on the twenty third of August, on board the S'aLuv'"'' Arabella. The first question proposed was. How ants. the ministers should be maintained. The court or- dered, that houses be builtj and salaries raised, for them, at the public charge^" It also ordered, that Morton,of Mount Wollaston^^ be presently sent for ; I Afterward called Watcrtown. Prince, 2c8. They landed their goodi %'ith much labour, " the bank being steep." At night they had notic-.- of 300 Indians " hard b^' ;" but the old planter (who had accompaniea the adventurers ?rom Charlesto>vn) going, and requesting them not to come near the English, they complied with his request. The whole number of ihe English did not exceed ten. The next morning some of the natives ap- peared at a distance ; and on? of theni at length holding out a bass, a mat» was sent with a biscuit, which the Indian received in exchange for it. Af- ter this ir.troduction, the natives \vere very friendly, and furnished the English with lish ; " giving a bass for a biscuit." Ibid. a Prir.ce, 207, ao8. Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 98. They had « order" to come to this place, " because there was a neck fit to keep their cattle on." Ibid. 3 Wintlirop Juurn. 19. Hubbard MS. N. Eng, rhap. xxlv. Prince, an. 4 Sir R. Saltonstall undertook to see this provision made at his plauta- llon for Mr. Phillips; and the governor, at the other plantation for Mr. Wilson. Mr. Phillips was to have ;^30 a year ; Mr. Wilson, until his wife fhouldcome over, £ao. Matapan i;:d Salem were excepted, in tlie order ofthe court. Prince, 247. 5 Morton was sent to England, with a messenger and letters of informa» tion against him to the New England council, in 1628 [See p. 545,] ; but the Council did not even rebuke him, and he returned ro /,!iikachusett« tb« $sgiX year. Prince, 177. Ill i| ■Hi ^>r-^,v ill ^s^ 1630. *:hurch fouiiditJ. "iVatcr- r.iv si't- AiMERICAN ANNALS. settled tliC price of the labour of mechanics j aria chose Mr. Bradstreet secretary. ' All carlv attention was paid to" the great object of the enterprise. A day of solemn prayer and fasting was kept on the twi nty seventh of August, wlvm the governor, c ;puty governor, and others, entered into church covenant ; Mr. "Wilson"' was choscfi pastor ; a ruling eld;^r and two deacons wer* also chosen ; .md thus was laid the foundation of the churches c>f Charlestown arid Boston.^ It was the general intention of the coVapany to settle at Charlestown ; where the governor ordered hisho.ii^ to be framed; but, the prev.iience of a mortal sickness, ascribed to the badness of the wa- ter,* induced several of the people to explore the neighboiu 51 jj country, for more eligible situations. Some of tiiem travelled up into the main land, imtil they came to the place,* recently visited by Mr. "War^ ham and others ; and here Sir Richard Saltonstall, I^Ir, Phillips, and some others, settled a piaritation. On the south side of the mouth of the fiver Charle??, on a peninsula,' Called by the iiatives Shaw- mut, but by the Knglish, Trimountainj*, there lived at that time, in a solitary cottage, Mr. Blackston,** I Winthrop Joiirii. ao. Prince, 246, a47.' The order, relating to the price of labour, was, that carpenters, joiners, bricklayers, sawyers, and thatchcrs', bite no more than two shillings a day, on penalty often shillings to giver and taker. Iljid. Z The ReV. John Wilson had formerly been ai minister of Sudbury Iti fhe cciinty of Suffolk in England ; and is characterised as a man of distin- guished piety .xfid zeal. Mather Magnal. i. 22. " We used imposition of hands," says gov. Winthrop [Journal, io.], " but with this protestation by ;*.ll,that it was oiily as a sign of election and confirmation, not, of any intent that Mr. Wilson should rehounce his ministry he received id England.'* ,t Winthrop Journ. 20. Mathef Magnal. i. 4'2. jprince [243.], places this article 30 July; but he had not //Jv/i seen governor Winthrop's Journal. 4 The neck cf land, on ■v«*hich Charlestown is built, abounds With good water ; but the settlers had only found a brackisH spring, by the water side, to which they had no access, excepting when the tide was downj Prince, 244. 5 Mr. Prince [249.] supposed the name Trimountain was given, on the account of three contiguous hills, in this peninsula, appearing from Charles* town in a range. Wood [N. E. Prosp.] writes the aboriginal name, Mhhaumuf, f> He is said to have been the first Englishman, who slept On the penin* ■ I ■! AMERICAN ANNALS* 257 ', and tasting , wWra chose I'i rer* also 1 of the apany t6 ordered :nce of a f the wa- plore the lituations. nd, until Mr. War^ altonstall, laiitation. 1 the tiver ves Shaw- re lived ackston,* relating to the sawyers, and of ten shillings of Jjudbury Iti I man of distin-, d Imposition of protestation by ot, of any intent li England." e [243-1 P^"" throp's Journal., tirids w/ith good ;, by the water Vide was downi ras given, on the ng from Charles- lame, Misfx""""^* ;pt on the peniw ah Episcopal minister ; who, going to Cliarlesto'wn 163^' at this juncture, informed the governor of an excel- lent spring of w^.ter at Shawmut, and invited him over to his side of the river. Johnson and the prin- cipal gentlemen of the company, induced by this in- vitation, crossed the river ; and, finding the place as eligible, as they had been led to expect, they began Boston a .settlement there by the erection of smalP"''''^- cottages. ' At the second cof^rt of assistants, holden at ^:t*; 7-, ^ Charlestown, it was ordered, that no person should sistauts. plant in any place, within the limits of the patent^ without leave from the governor and assistants, or the major part of them ; that a warrant should pre- seiitly be sent to Agawam, to command those, who were planted there, to come immediately away ; and that Trimounta''i be called Boston ; Matapan, Dor- chester ; and the town on Charles river, V\ atertown. The governor with most of the assistants, about this time, r^imoved their families to Boston ; having it in contemplation to look for a convenient place for the erection of a fortified town. * Mr. Pynchon with some others chose a place for ^^'"^'mry settlement between Dorchester and Boston, and cal- led it Roxbury.' The first general court of the Massachusetts col- oct. 19. ony was holden at Boston. At this court many of ^^j^'^^^^"^" the first planters attended, and were made free of the Massachu- colony.* This was the first general court, which ^^^J*" sula. He dwelt in that part of West Boston, now cn.Hcu Barton's Point, Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 241. 1 Prince, 241 — 244. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 241, 242. ' 2 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xxv. Wonderwork. I'rovidence, .■^9. Prince, 249. Dudley says, it was the previous intention of the settlers to give that name to the place, which they should " first resolve on" [Lett. to countess of Lincoln, 14.] ; and Hubbard, that it was in respect to Mr. Cotton, an eminent minister in a town of that name in Lincolnshire ; who, it is probable, was soon expected from England. See A. D. 1633. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xxv. Dudley's Lett, to countess of Lin- coln, 14. Fleet's Register (1792) puts its incorporation 28 Sept. 1630. 4 Wonderwork. Providence, p. 39 ; where it is said, the number of free- men t|M year was iiq. See their principal names in Prince, ii. 4, Pp m C5b' AMERICAN ANNALS. i|:!" m' i\ 1630. the freemen attended in person. It was now en^Ct^ cd, that the freemen should in future have power ta choose assistants, when they were to be chosen ; and the assistants were empowered to choose out of their own number the governor and deputy govern- or, who, v/ith the assistants, were empowered to make laws, and appoint officers for the execution of rhem. This measure was now fully assented to by the general vote of the people ;' but when the gen- eral court convened, early the next year, it rescind- ed this rule, and ordained, that the governor, depu^ ty governor, and assistants, should be ehosea by the freemen alone. * In consideration of the mconvenienees, that had arisen in England from the custom of drinking aijoiishea. licalths, governor Winthrop restrained the practice at his own table, and discountenanced it among the people ; whence it became gradually abolished. ^ The infant colony sustained a great loss, in the death of Isaac Johnson ; who was the first magistrate that died in Massachusetts.^ He was distinguished for piety, wisdom, and public spirit ; was one of th? ffve undertakers^ of th« plantation ; and a principal founder of the town of Boston. He was buried in his own lot ; and the first burying place in Boston was hid out around his grave. ^ . I Prince, ii. 3. Chalmers, 1 153. a Chalmers, itid'. , 3 Winthrop Journal, 10. 4 The other 4 wore, gov. Wintlirop, dt-p. gov. Dudley, Sir R. Saltonstall, and John Revell, caquirc. Prince, ii. 4, 14. J Prince, ii. i, z. He died 30 September. The lot, that he had chosen, was the great square, lying between Cornhill on the southeast ; Tremofit street on the iwrtinvest ; Queen street [now Court street] on the northeast ; and School street on the southiuist [I'rince, ii. 4'.] ; a description, which pre- cisely marks the present burying place near the Stone Chapel. His wife, lady Arabella, coming from " a family of a noble earldom into a wilderness of wants," was inadequate to the trials of so great a transition. She was ta- ken sick soon after her arrival at Salem, where she first landed, and there died. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xxiv. 'I'he ship, in which gov. Win- throp came oyer, was named for her. Of the people, who came in the ships with gov. Winthrop, aoo at least died from April to December. Ibid. p. 6. About 100 persons, totally discouraged, returned in the same ships te England. Chalmers, i. 15 a. • ^ (.'ustnrn of • Irv-.^iny; he.ilt'h Djath of I. Johnson ;#:■ AMERICAN ANNALS. 2<;o John Billington, indicia! for murder, wiis found 1630. R. Sdltonstali, guilty " both by grand and petty jury," and exe cuted. This was the first execution in Plymouth colony. ' Some cf the scattered planters in the Bay of Mas- sachusetts having purchased lands of tiie natives a.- bout Pascataqua ; and John Mason having obtained from the council of Plymoutli a new patent for a tract of land in the same region ;' the west country adventurers were not less attentive to their interest. They now obtained from the council a patent for Edward Hilton, for all that part of the river Pascat- aqua, known by the mume of Hilton's Point, with the south side of the river up to the falls of Squam- scot, and three miles in breadth into the main land. ^ Sir William Alexander sold all his right in Nova Scotia, excepting Port Royal, to St. Juienne, lord of La Tour, a French Huguenot ; on condition, that the inhabitants of the territory should continue sub- jects of the Scottish crown* The French still re- tained possession. •• The Dutch continuing their pretensions to the land lately settled by the Swedes, one of the Swedes built a fort within the c^ip^s of Delaware, at a place called Hoarkill. * Sir Robert Heath, attorney general of Charles I, obtained a grant of the region, which stretches southward of the Virginian coast from the thirty sixth degree of north latitude, comprehending the I Hubbard MS. N. Enjj. chap. xvii. Prince, ii. 2, ^. He " was one pi* the profanest aniong us. He came from Loudon, and I know not by what friends shuffled into our company." Ibid. a This tract was callid New Hamhshirk. Belknap N. Hamp. i. 14. The grant is in Hazard, i. 289 — 193. Those transactions were in 1629. 3 Belknap N. Hanip. ii. 10—15. The patent sets forth, that Hilton and his associates had at their own proper charges tr.msporteel servants, built houses, and planted corn at Hilton's Point, now Dover, ar.d intended tho farther increase of the plantation. Ibid. See p. 218 of this volume. 4 Chalmers, i. 93. Conduite des Franc. 103. Brit. Em p. i. 170. This grant of Sir W. Alexander is in Hazard Coll. i. 307 — 309. 5 Smith N. Jersey, 2a. The place has since been civUed Lewis Town, lb. Vllstt M-Cl!- tJOM ill l'I\- inuutii cc!- I'.itc.tit'^ in Nt.\\h„n'[ • shiie. Nova Si.a- tia sold In l.a Tmu-. Swedes build a lrALS. 261 land, " as their proper inheritance forever," to be laid out near the river, commonly called Pemaquid. ' King Charles gave a speciul commission to the earl of Dorset and others, " for the better planta- tion of Virginia.'** The same king granted a licence, under the sign manual, to William Clayborne, " to traflick in those parts of America, for which there was already no patent granted for sole trade." Clayborne, and his associates, with the intention of monopolizinij the trade of Chesepeak, planted a small colony on the Isle of Kent, situated in the centre of the }-rovince, soon after granted to lord Baltimore. That province afterward found cause to regret, that a people had nestled within its limits, v/ho paid unwilling obedi- ence to its laws. ^ Neither the soil, nor the climate, of the inhospita- ble island of Newfoundland ansvv'cring the expecta- tions of lord Baltimore ; that worthy nobleman, hav- ing heard much of the fertility and other advantages of Virginia, now visited that colony. Observing, that, though the Virginians had established trading houses in some of the islands toward the source of the bay of Chesepeak, they had formed uo settle- ments to that northward of the river Potowmac, he determined to procure a grant of territory in that happier climate. Charles I readily complied with his solicitations ; but before-the patent could be 5- nally adjusted, and pass the seals, this emintnt statesman died. * The Massachusetts colonists early determined to build a fortified town. The governor, with the as- sistants and other principal persons, having already agreed on a place for this purpose, on the north- 1 Hazard Coll. i. .115 — 317, where is an abstract of this grant, called «• The Pemaquid Grant." It appears that " the people or servants" of Ald- worth and Elbridge had been settled on this river three years. Ibid. i This Commission is in Hazard Coll. i. 312 — 314. ^ Chalmers, i. J07. 4 Ibid.i. joi. lie died ij April 1632. 163I, Virginia. ATay. I.icfiicc to W. Clay, borne to trade. Kle of Ker.t in Maryland planted. Lord Balti- more visits Virginia. A fortified town ii bci gun; 1 ■ i ' '' !l '■ iffl ' r 1 I Bf "i III" I:f ^' w 163!, and is cnl- k'd New- town. Ouirchrs gijhcrcd. ^Tay 18. (Qualifica- tions (if ficcinun. AMERICAN ANNALS. west side of Charles river, about three miles from C'liarlestown ; ' they, in the spring of this year, com- menced the execution of the design. The governor set up tlie frame of a house on tlie spot where ho iirst pitched liis tent, in the selected place. The deputy governor completed his house, and removed his family. The town was taken under the patron- age of the government, and was called Newtown. It soon appearing however, that Boston would be the principal place of commerce ; and Chicketawbut, a sagamore of the neighbouring Indians,* now mak- ing voluntary professio^is of friendship ; governor Winthrop, in the autumn, removed the frame of his house into Boston j and the scheme of a fortified town was gradually relinquished. ^ The ecclesiastical concerns of the Massachusetts colony were sacredly regarded ; and now the third church was gathered at Dorchester ; the fourth, at Roxbury ; the fifth, at Lynn j and the sixth, at Water town." At the first court of electron in Massachusetts, " that the body of the commons might be preserved of good and honest men," it was ordered, that, from that time, no persons be admitted to the freedom of the body politic, but such as were members of some of the churches within its limits. * At this election, one hundred and sixteen took the oath of freemen.*? T They first agreed (6 December 1630) " to build a town fortified upon the Neck" between Roxbury and Boston ; but that place was soon after giv- en up, I. Because men would be forced to keep two families,, ai. There was no running water ; and if there were any springs, they would not suffice the town. 3. Most of the people had built already, and would not be able to build again. After many consultations, the place, described iu the text, having been agreed on by all to be " a fit place for a beautiful town," was determinately fixed. On this spot a town was laid out in squares, the streets intersecting each other at right angles. All the streets were named ; and .1 square, reserved for a MarL't Place, remains open, and retains it name, to this day. See the authorities at note 3. i At Neponset. lie disd of the small pox in 1633. Winthrop Journ.56, 3 Winthrop Journ. ai. Prince, ii. 6, 7. Coll. Hist. Soc.vii. 6—8; viii. 41. 4 Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 15. Mather Magnal. i. 23. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Eiig. chap, jfxvi, Wonderwork. Prov. 39. 6 Princu, ii. 29. Johnson says, " about 83," and Hubbard, 107 ; but from com- srnor re ho The [\oved itron- town. iild be Lwbut, r mak- veriior of his ortified husetts le third irth, at xth, at husetts, •eserved t, from edom of of some election, eemen.*^ rtified upon on after giv- ^. There d not suffice not be able iu the text, town," was 8, the streets lar s it name, to p Journ.5^»' —8 ; viii. 4}' ,107 5 American annals. :6y > ware. Thomas Williams having undertaken to set up a i(\]i' ferry between Winisimet and Charlcstown, the pen- "^^'"'^'^ ■«;« eral court established the rate or the ferry between liihcd. those two places, and between Winisimet and 15os- , ton.' An order of the court of assistants at Bos- J"'j ^; ton, for levying thirty pounds on the sevcnd planta- tions, for clearing a creek, and opening a passage from Charles river to the ncza tozun, shows that this town was yet destined for the benefit of the colony at large ; and marks the progress of the several towns o,.t. i??. in the colony. * The court of assistants ordered, Cum madu that corn should pass for payment of all debts at iJ jj;:^'''' ''^^"" the usual rate, at which it was sold, unless money or beaver were expressly named. * The small pox,, breaking out among the natives smidi jiox. at Saugus, swept away the aboriginal inhabitants of whole towns. " The Swedes built a fort on the west of the Dela- swt^i.scet- ware, and called it Christeen. Peter Lindstrom, ''''^^ ^"^''" their engineer, having at this place laid out a small town, they here made their first settlement. * follow Prince, who hail reviewed those authors, and would not ha/e varieil from both, without special cause. Whichever was the true number, there were, to use the language of Hubbard, " enough for a fmindatinn." 1 Prince, ii. 19. The court enacted, that he should li;'.ve ^1. a person from Winisimet to Charlestown, and 4d. from Winisimet to Boston. IbicL 2 Ibid. ,^0, 3t. The order was, th it there be levied from Boston - - £s. Dorchester - 4. 10. Roxbury - 2' Salem - - 3. Charlestown - 4. 10. The passage from Charles river is still open. 3 Prince, ii. 35. Chalmers, i. 154. In 1630, corn was 10 shillihrs '< a strike;" and beaver, 6 shillings ,1 pound. " We made laws," says Dudley, " to restrain selling corn to the Indians ; and to leave the price of beavtr at liberty, which was presently sold for los. and 20s. a pound." Prince, ii. i. A milch cow, in 163 1, was valued from £25 to ,^30 sterl, Hutchinson, i. 27. 4 I. Mather N. Eng. 23. When Dr. I. Mather wrote, there were living Bomc old planters, who, on that occasion, helped to bury whole families of the natives at once. In one of the wigwams thvy found an infant sucking at the breast of its dead mother ; every hidinu of the place being dead. Ibid. Many, when seized with the disease, were dese '.iJ by their relations, and '* died helpless," unless relieved by the English, \s ;;n visited their wigwams, and contributed all in their power to their assistance. Wonderwork, Providence, 51. 5 Smith N. Jeisty, 22. Winisimet - ^^o. 15s. Wessagusset - 2. Saugus [Lynn] :. Nantasket - lO. Watertown - 5. M' 4^4 AMERICAN ANNALS. m-'^' E'::!': im ■ -I' ii[> m 'Ml eon'a Bay. 1631. After a long relaxation of the spirit of eaterpristf^ Voyage of Lucas Fox made a voyage to the northern parts of America, in search of a northwest passage to India; Toward this enterprise Charles I furnished one ship, completely fitted, and victualled for eighteen months; and, when Fox was presented to him, gave him a map, containing all the discoveries, made by his pre- decessors, with instructions, and a letter to the Ja- panese emperor, if he should reach Japan. Near Discoveries the main land on the west side of Hudson's Bay, about Hud- Yox discovered ah island, which he named Sir Thom- as Roe's Welcome ; and afterward discovered and named Brook Cobham Island (now called Marble Island), Dun Fox Island, and a cluster of islands, which he called Briggs's Mathematics. He also discovered king Charles's Promontory, Cape Ma- ria, Trinity Islands, C^^ok's Isle, lord Weston's' Portland, and the land, stretching to the southeast of this last promontory, which he called Fox's Far- thest. On his return, he gave names to every point of land on that coast, and to every inlet, and adja- cent island.' Thomas James, sent near the sartle time on the same voyage of discovery, visited Hudson's Bay ; came to a promontory, which he named Henrietta Maria ; and ran his ship aground on an island, which he afterward called Charles. on Island ; where he re- mained with his crew during the winter. His dis- coveries were beyond those of Hudson, Baffin, and other navigators. * " <. I Fo.ster.yV>y.359— 367. a FM»tfer Voy. 367 — 375. Harris Voy. i. 634. Univ. Hlstxli. 102. Fpryflfeir shelter, they made huts of pieces of wood, which they placed in an inclined posture around a tree, and covered with boughs of trees and with their sails ; but they all became frozen in their limbs. After suffering extreme hardships, they returned, in 1632,10 En;^land, Ibid. Voyage of 1". James. .•I! il '!:!' ■I : " ('!' AMERICAN ANNALS. 265 arts of India; le ship, lonths; ; him a his pre- ( the Ja- . Near I's Bay, rThom- ered and I Marble islands. He also Vape Ma- Weston*s' southeast 'ox's Far- very point and adja- rie on the )n's Bay ; Henrietta md, which lere he re- His dis- Jaffin, and HUt.xH. loi- f. they placed in rhs of trees and After suffering >id. 1632. Charles I, by the treaty of St. Germain, resigned March 17. the right, which he had claimed to New France, A- tia''Ind^°" cadie, and Canada, as the property of England, to cnada re- Lewis XIII, king of France. Chalmers says, the f "^^^^c!^ signal event of the capture of Quebec was unknown, when peace was reestablishec m April, 1629 ; and assigns this as the reason why king Charles, at that treaty, absolutely restored to France, those territo- ries generally and without limits j and particularly Port Royal, Quebec, and Cape Breton.' From the restitution of these territories to France, may be dated the commencement of a long train of ills to the colonies and to England. To this transaction, in the judgment of the able historian, last quot- ed, may be fairly traced back the colonial disputes of later times, and the American revolution. ' Soon after this restitution, the French king grant- ed to De Razilly the lands around the bay and riv- er of St. Croix. * The patent, designed for George Calvert, lord June 20. Baltimore, was, on his decease, filled up to his son i[,J;^"![an!i. Cecilius Calvert, lord Baltimore. When king Charles signed the patent, he gave to the new prov- ince the name of Maryland, in honour of Im queen Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry the great, king of France. Lord Baltimore held it of the crown of England, paying yearly forever two Indian arrows. ' The king of Enerland, " informed of great dis- J'"- ^9- traction and disorder m the plantations in New tng- tin.- privy- land," referred the subject to the consideration of t'n"Kii m I Chalmers, i. 93. Brit. America, book xiv. 246. llnzdrd Coll. i. 319. Z Chalmers, i, iiz. 3 Ibid. i. 186. This grant was made in 163^^. Chailevok Nouv, France, i. 17"- iiuiciunson [Massachus. i. 128.] says, it gave "■ 12 leagues oa liio sea, and 20 leagues mto the land ;" but he mistakes in siyiLij, tlint the grant was made to La 7our,if Ch.ilmers and the bVench hlston-a;!; are correct. 4 Univ. Hist. xl. 466. It was originally included in tht pacent ot" the South Virginia company, and consi '.ered as a pure ot" Vitvuiiia ; but, on the dissolution of that company, the king uwde llw j^ranito ivid Ealiimott:, lb. avcur vi i-vi.i:.u,lai-i. i' n 266 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1632. mv ill ;'l, ,■ W ■•' ■ Feb. ^. 'I 'ax for fortifying Newtown ; whicli now becomes i>ettled. Freemen fho(>SL' i!i;;;>idti;ite5 his privy council. The council, after examination^ passed a resolution, that the appearances were so fair, and hopes so great, that the country would prove beneficial to the kingdom, and profitable to the se ' ;rs, as that the adventurers " had cause to go on c. "fully with their undertakings ;'* with an assurance .it, if things were conducted according to the design of the patent, his majesty would not only maintain the liberties and privileges heretofore grant'!id, but supply any thing ftirther, which might tend to the good government, prosperity, and com- fort of his people in those plantations. ' The court of assistants in Massachusetts ordered, that sixty pounds be levied out of the several plan- tations, toward making a palisade about Newtown.* The first considerable accession of inhabitants to that town was made this year by a company, which had recently arrived from England, and had begun to settle at Mount Wollaston ; but which removed to Newtown, in August, by order of court. ^ The choice of magistrates in the colony of Mas- , sachusetts was, for the first time, made by the free- I Hiitcliinson Mas-j-iclnis. i.^r, .^3, and Coll. 5 2-^54 ; Hazard Coll. i. 32/^, ,Ti5 ; IMortiin, 96 ; wliere is tlie order of council. The infurmation of the king- was derived from :i Petition of Sir Christopher Gardiner, Sir Ferdinando (iorges, c;ipt. M.ison, and others, exhibited against tlie cv>lonies of Plymouth ■and Massachusetts. " The conclusion," says governor Bradford, " was, a- gainst all men's expectation, an order for our incouragement, and much blame and disgrace upon the adversaries." Ibid. Gardiner was a high jn pist, who came to New England ; but for some miscarriages left the country. Ibid. a I'rince, ii. ^G, 57. The prnportic^ was as follows ; 7 7 5 1. 10, I'he reason for reneivUi^ the design of a fortified town is not assigned. It ■was probably on account of new dangers. Hutchinson [Massachus. 47.] says ; " They were frequently alarmed this year by the Indians." The for- tification was doubtless made. A fosse, dug around the New Town [Cam* bridg'-], is, in some places, visible to this day. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 9. 3 Wimlirop Journ. 4}, " These were Mr. Hooker's company." I. Watertown £8 Salem - j a. The New-town :? 8. Boston - .1- 4- Chariest own Meadford - - 7 3 9- JO. Roxbury Dorchester 5- 6. Saugusand ' Marble Harbour ' 6 J I. I a. Wessagusset Winisimet ation^ jre so would ible to luse to jvith an :ording uld not •etofore 1 miglit id corn- ordered, ■al plan- wtown.* itants to y, wliicli ad begun removed ■ 3 ir of Mas- • the free- ,rdC:oll.i.324< ion of the king ir Ferdinanda s of PlytHouth ord, " was, a- nt, and much er was a higK iages left the 4. IDS'. 7 7 5 1. xo. lot assigned. U Massachus. il-l lians." Thefor- !W Town [Cam- Soc. vii. 9. ipany." 1 AMERICAN ANNALS. men, whose number was now increased by the ad- dition of about fifty three. ' A fortification on the Corn hill, in Boston, was begun ; and the people from Charlestowii, Roxbu- ry, and Dorciiester, worked on it in rotation. ' Conant's island, in Boston harbour, was demised to governor Winthrop, and was hence denominated Governor's Garden ; but it is now called Govern- or's Island.^ ■^he first church at Boston was begun to be built • the congregation of Boston and Charlestown.* I'he greater part of the members of the church hav- ing early removed from Charlestown to Boston, and the entire number of members being now one hun- dred and fifty one, t ley am-cably divided themselves into two distinct churches. The church in Boston retained Mr. Wilson for its pastor ; the church in Charlestown, invited Mr. Thomas Jam.es to its pas^ toral care.* The court of assistants ordered, that there be a house of correction, and a house for the beadle, built at Boston with speed. It also ordered, that no person should take any tobacco publicly , ? ad T Wonderworking Providence, p. 53. a Winthrop Joiirn. 36. Prince [ ii. 6r.] supposes this to be vhat is now cMed Fort Hill. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 243. 3 Coil. Hist. .Soc. iii. 299. Tt hus continued in governor V -ihrop's fam- ily to the present time ; and is now in the possession of the Honourablt; James Winthrop, esquire, of Cambridy;e. 4 Winthrop Journ. 42. It hud mud walls and a thatched roof ; un'l stood on the south side of i^tate Street, a little bilow tl;i- plan', where tlu* old State house now stands. Coll. Hist. Soc. i.'. 189. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Fdg. chap. xxv. Prince, 250. Tlie number of mem- bers, who asked a dismission from the church at Boston, in order to form a new church at Charlestown, wio 33. They were dismissed 14 October ; and embodied into a distinct congregational church I Novem- ber, at which time Mr. James, who had recently arrived front England, was ordained their pastor. Mr. Wilson, who had been previously ordained their teacher (not fador, as was stated p. 267 from Mr. Prince), was chosen and ordained pastor at Boston 22 November. Win- throp Journ. 46. Prince, ii. 69 — 73. If the first church at Boston be con- sidered as trjiulated, in its organized state, from Charlestown to .Shaw- mut, it was the secuiui church, gathered in Massachiif-ctts ; if, as a tieiv and distinct church from the tiine of its division, it was the stvintii. The order "f the first churches, as stated in Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 15, was given in reli- i.Bce on Johnson (Wondeiwork Piov.) j but it is not entirely accnrite. 267 1632. May 24. l'orrif;c:i- t!on in Boston. Governor'* Island. August. First church built at Boston. Oct. 14. Two churches formed. October. House c4 corre<:tion. 268 AMERICAN ANNALS. u.e of to- that every one should pay a penny for every time of baccn re- taking tobacco in any place." In this early period of colonial history, the duties and the expenses rf office were more formidable. Penalty for than its houours were alluring. The general court ^'"'sr "V ^^ Plymouth passed an act, that whoever should re- ^^ ^'^^ ^ fuse the office of governor should pay twenty pounds sterling, unless he were chosen two years successive- ly ; and th;it whoever should refuse the office of counsellor or magistrate should pay ten pounds. * Sir Thomas Warner, governor of St. Christo- pher's, sent a smaH colony of English people to in- habit Montserrat. ^ Some Zealanders, trading about this time to the Leeward Islands, were so well pleased with Toba- go, that, on their return home, the company of mer- chants, to which they belonged, undertook to settle that island, and gave it the name o'i New Walche- ren ; but this settlement was soon brokc;n up by the Spaniards. * <:e$, Montser' IMt. Tobq|;o. The grant of M;iry- lund ,o;ives offtuire to Virsjiuia, The grant to lord Baltimore gave umbrage to the planters of Virginia. They therefore presented a petition to Charles I, remonstrating against " some grants of a great portion of lands of that colony, so near their habitations, as will be a general disheart- ening to them, if they shall be divided into several governments." The privy council, having heard I Prince, ii. 68. a Prince, ii. 75. Such an example cannot perhaps be found in the an- nals of any other nation. The iaiv alone proves, that no demagogues then aspired at the chief magistracy. An historical fact confirms the remark. Edward Winslow was the next year (1633) chosen governcr, " Mr. Brad- ford having been governor about ten years, and now ty importunity got of." Winthrop Journ. 47. 3 Univ. Hist. xli. 318. 4 Univ. Hist. xli. 321. The number of settlers soon increased to about 400, and beg.sn to erect a fort ; but the Caribbean Indians applied for assis- tance to the Spaniards, who sent a force, which deinolishcd the rising forti and exterminated the colony. Ibidi AMERICAN ANNALS. 269 Ime of ; duties lidable, i\ court 3uld re- pounds xessive- office of inds.' Christo- Die to in- ne to the th Toba- ly of n?er- <: to settle f Walche- up by tbe rage to the )resented a 1st " some colony, so ^\ disheart- nto several ving beard Found in the an- Bemagogues then Jnis the remark, Vitjr, " Mr. Brad- hfortutiUy got off. Icreased to ahout ] applied for assis- [i the rising fort, what was alledged on each side, tliought fit to leave 1 633. lord Baltimore to his patent, and the complainants to the course of law ; but gave orders for such an intercourse and conduct, as should prevent a war with the natives, and farther disagreement among themselves.' William Cleyborne continued to claim Kent Island, and relused submission to the jurisdic- tion of Maryland, because the government of Vir- ginia, knowing no reason why the rights of that place should be surrendered, gave countenance to his opposition. This transaction oilers the first ex- ample, in colonial history, of the dismemberment of an ancient colony- by the formation of a new prov- ince with separate and equal rights. '■ The jealousy of Virginia was directed toward its ^?wsin religious, as well as territorial, concerns ; for its le- aJafmtsec- gislature now enacted severe laws, to suppress relig- tarie*. ious sectaries, which began to appear in the colony. This measure induced some people, who had already gone to Virginia, to flee into other colonies ; and prevented others from coming for settlement. ' The French, in taking possession of Acadie pur- jsuant to the treaty of St. Germain, had dispossessed the Plymouth colonists of their trading house at Pe- nobscot. "^ Additional calamities were now expect- Njii^^Mia,,,- ed. Intelligence was brought to the governor of aianncd by Massachusetts, tliat the French had bought the ^^^ ^'^'"'^ Scotch plantation near Cape Sable j that the fort there with all the ammunition v/as delivered ud to A. them ; that the cardinal of France had sent over some companies already ; and that preparaticm was made to send more the next year, with a number of I The order of council is entire in Hazard CoH. i. 337. a Chalmers, i. 209. 3 Brit. Emp. in. 180. 4 Chalmers, i. 154. Winthrop Journal, 37. If the account in p. 244 bt correct, this trading house was on Kenniiak river, unless another hous(.> had been erected since. But I adhere to my authorities. 'Vh.v French plnr.tler- ed the Plymouth trading house in 163a, •' carrying thtiue 300 wei^jiit of ))eaveran«i ether goods." Ibid. m If ■■.i\% M 'if ^i ^yo AMERICAN ANNALS. l.tiWS pas- sed;-^ Vlas. 1633* priests and Jesuits. Alarmed at this intelligence, the governor called the assistants, and principal men in the colony,' to Boston, to advise proper measures. If was agreed to finish, with all expedition, the fort, begun at Boston ; to erect another at Nantasket ; and to hasten the plantinjr of Agawam, * lest an en- emy should prevent them by taking possession of the place. John Winthrop, a son of the governor, repaired, by order of the government, to Agawam, with twelve men, and began a plantation. The a- larm however was groundless. The French, aiming at trade merely, did not molest the English planta- tions ; yet their spoliation of the Plymouth trading house gave just occasion for suspicion and vigilance. ^ The legislature of Massachusetts passed an act, prohibiting the purchase of lands from the Indians, without licence from the government.' "While it thus cautiously guarded against the danger of sav- age hostilities, it equiiily guarded against the evils of idleness, luxury, and extortion ; for it required con- stables to present unprofitable fowlers, and tobacco takers, to the next magistrate '/ and ordered, that artificers, such as carpenuers and masons, should not receive more than two shillings a day ; and labour- ers not more than eighteen pence, and proportiona- bly ; and that merchants should not advance more than four pence in the shilling above what their goods cost in England.^ Three ministers of celebrity, John Cotton, Thom- as Hooker, ant? SaUiUel Stone, together with John Ha) es, afterward governor of Connecticut, and iwo hundred emigrants from England, arrived at I " TIjc ministers and cnptains and some other chief men." Winthrop- i " Being the best place in the land for tillage and cattle-' 'bid. 3 Winthrop Joiirn. 47, 48. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxvii. 4 Belknap Biojr. ii. 417. 5 Wynne, i. 74. 6 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xxvi. "■ Those good orders," regulatlrj^f the prices of labour, and the profits of trade, " were not," says Hui)ban,l, '' of long continuance, but did expire with the firft golden age in this New World." Ibid. Hept. 4- Arrival of eminent mini'iters and other? ■-1''*ili AMERICAN AKNALS. */ 1 :nce, men ures. fort, ,ket ; ,n en- 3n of ernor, iwam, ["he a- aiming planta- trading ance. ^ an act, Indians, mn\e it of sav- : evils of red con- tobacco •ed, that lould not [l laboar- portiona- ice more lat their I, Thom- ath John lent, and [rrived at WinthroF' 'hid. Ixxvji. |s," iregulatlue says Hubb-.ird, in this Nov Boston; Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone proceeded to 1633. Newtown, where the one was ordained pastor, and q^^ ^^ the other, teacher. Mr. Cotton remained in Bos- ton, and was an assistant in the ministry to the first church in that town. His example and counsels were patriarchal. It was he, who principally delin- eated the ecclesiastical polity of the New England churches, which, from this time, were styled Con- gregational. ' The fame of the removal of these eminent men invited over great numbers of Puri- tans, who could find no rest under archbishop Laud's merciless administration. * Wahquimacut, a sachem on the river Connect!- colonists cut, having solicited the governors of the New Eng- invited by- land colonies to send men to make settlements on to'sltt'ieon the river, ^ the Plymouth colonists had already made connecti- discoveries on that noble stream, and found a place, •^"'"^'•''' where they judged a trading house might be advan- tageously erected.* Governor Winslow and Mr. Bradford now visited Boston, and proposed to gov- ernor Winthrop and his council to join with Piym- T Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxvill. Hutchinson, I. 419. See Note \'\ at tiiC i;nd cf che volume. A'lr. Cotton had iin early and iiitiiuate con- nection with the Massachusetts colonists. At the embarkation for N. Enjj- iand in 1630, he preached a sermon to gov. Winthrop and lu> company, from a Sam. vii. 10. entitled " God's Promise to the Plantations." On hi» arrival at Massachusetts, he had very great influence in the aflfairs of church and of state. Hubbard says, "whatever he delivered in thi pulpit was .',oon put into an order of court If of a civil, or set up as a piaorice in the church if of an ecclesiastical, concernment." » Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. i.v Neal ssys, th-it for several years hardly a ves- sel came into these parts, but was crowded with passengers for New Eng- land. Ibid. 3 The Pequots were conquering the river Indians, and driving their sa- chems from that part of the country. Wahquimacut, in 1631, made a journey to Plymouth and Boston, hoping that, if he could pc siiade the EncUsh to settle there, they would be his protectors. Gov. Winthrop ^^eated him with generosity, but paid no attention to his proposal. Gov. Winslow se^ms to have gone soon after to Connecticut, and discovered the river and the adjacent parts, " when the Dutch had neither trading house, nor any pretence tea foot of land there." But whether the Dutch, or the English of Plymouth, were the first discoverers of the river, is uncertain. Trumbull, i. 15, 16. 4 Near the mouth of Little river in Wlndjor. Ibid, and Coll. Hist SoCi V. 167. I ,tfv ■I- '.n .m K ' i\ ■' 1^2. AMKRICAN ANNALS. October ?iM)t (VolK If'lyiiiuuili 1633. outh in a tracle to Connecticut for hemp and bearer, iuul in the erection ol ;i liousc For the purposes of coinincrce. This proposal hciug declined, the peo- ple of" I'lyn.oulii deteriniiu'd to undertake the enter- prise .U tluir own risk. ' 'i'he miuerial;-; for a house, entirely pri pared, were put on boanl a vessel, and commitleil to a chosen company, which sailed for Connecticut. The Dutch of New Netherlands, hearing of the design, had just taken a station on that river, at the place where Hartford now stands; made a light fort ; and planted two pieces of can- non.* ()n the approach of the Plymouth lulven- tuvers, the Dutch forbade them to proceed up the river, ordered them to strike iheir colours, and threatened to fne on them. But the commander of the enterprise, disregarding the prohibition and the menaces, went resohitely forward, and, landing on the west side of the river, set up his house about a mile above that of the Dutch, aad soon after fortifi- in toimoct- ed it with palisadoes. This was the first house e- rected in Connecticut.^ The river and country of Connecticut now began to attract much attention from the colonists. Sev- r( lu.'Ster, .S;inui- cl llall, aiul two other i)ers()ns, travelled vv est ward into the country, ;is far as this river, on whidi tliey diticovered many eni.;il)Ie situations for settlement. ' The jealousy of tlie parent country, or rather of '"'•''•a'- ,. ^ 111- !• Oi (li r of Its arburary monarcli and liis court, was, at this ii„, ,.„„,. carlv period, directed ai^ainst tiu- inlaiit colony (jF<.itoht<.i. ,,-'', . , . 1 1 .1 • liii)'. inthc Massachusetts. An order was issued by the privy .ii^^.uei. council, to stay several ships in tlie river 'Ihames, ready to sail, freighted with passcn;.';ers and j)rovis" ions : but it uj^pears not to liave l)een effect ually executed ; for, during the year, {.^reat numbers emi- grated to New En^dand. By llie same order of council, the letters patent for the plantation in New Kngland were re(iuired to be broufj^ht to the council board.* . A specimen of rye was l)rought to the court of ^.J'^j'^''" Massachusetts, as the first fruits of Kn;;,lish grain.' A ship of sixty tons was built at Medford ;♦ and a j,'',|'ii'|fyj'i" water mill, at Roxbiiry.^ At the close of this year, and in tlie following Small pox winter, the small pox broke out again among the j',^jj'"^;_''*' natives of Massachusetts, and made great devasta- tions among this unliappy race, destined, by various means, to ultimate extennination.''' The colony of Plymouth added two assistants to ^,'j^^^°"'^ the former number, making seven in the whole ; and l^ven as- 1 Hubbard MS. N. Enjr. chap, xxvii. Trimihull, 1. so. s Chalmers, 156. This ordi-r is in Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxvl ; Hutchinson,!. 31, 33 ; and Hazard Coll. i. 341. 3 tiutchjiison, i. 14. ,«' This poor pcoplij," says Johnson, " gre'atl/ re- joiced to see the land would bear it." 4 Medford was begun to be si-ttled very earl/ ; but we have scarcely a- ity account of its first settlement. Deputy governor Dudley, bpci.king of eoe first transactions of the colonists, who arrived in 1630, Siiys, " some of us" planted " upon Mistick, which we named Meadforii." Lett, to count- ers of Lincoln, 14. It was so considerable, as to be taxed with the other sowns in 1631. See p. a66. J Winthrop Journal, 56. 6 Ibid. 56. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xxix. Morton, 100. Hub- bard says, this part of the country, Wiiich had bean most populated with /idiins, was almost " unpeopled" by this disease. Rr sutants. W'i m ir 274 A:\ir.RICAN ANNAL3. 'I' ■• f .■.If ■'i'l: .' '!'i; this numbci wa^; never exceeded in it.^ subsequent elections.' "^or*^"'f ^'^^^^ Baltimrre laid the foundation of his prov- frnd^uriti- ince on the broad basi.s of security to property, and niniv. of tVeedom in religion ; granting, in absohite fee, fif- ty acres of land to every emigrant ; and establish- ing Christianity agreeably to the old common law, of which it is a part, without allowing preeminence to any particular sect.' George Calvert, brother of the governor, arrived early this year at Point Comfort, near the mouth of the Potowmac, with the first colony, consisting of nbout two hundred Roman Catholic-; from England.-* Proceeding to Potowmac river, lie passed by the hidiaa town of that name, and went to Pi:;cataway, where, by pre- sents to the head men, he conciliated their friend- "■t'fi.mVnr '^^^'P ^^ ^^^'''^^^ '^ degree, that they olTered to cede one pnrt of aielr town to the settlers, and to live in the othir until they could g^ither their harvest ; after which tliey were to resign the whole to the English. Calvert, thus amicably obtaining possession of the whole town, gave it the name of St. Mary's ; anci applied himself, with great assiduity, to the cultiva-" tion of his new colony ; the settlement of which is said to have cost lord Baltimore above forty thou« sand pounds sterling.^ The settlements in Massachusetts were now ex- tended more than thirty miles from the capital ^ ; and the number of freemen was greatly multiplied. So remote were some townships from the seat of gov- ernment, and so great the inconvenience of assem- t Iliihbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi. a Chahners, i. 207. 3 Chalmers, ibiil. Belknap Biog. ii. .176. Humphreys Hist. Account, •1?. They sailed from England in November 1633 j and Were chiefly gciitltimen of good families. Ibid. 4 Univ. Hist. x!. 46P. Chalmers, i. 207. Europ. Seltlemetits, ii. aaS. 5 Hutchinson, i. 437* Maivh .1. Virst colo- ny arrives at I'otow- iif Mary' land. ■■i| cqiicnf s proV" ty, and fee, fif- itablish- on law, minence brother at Point ac, with hundred geding to town of ;, by pre- ir friend- cede one ive in the St ; after I English, ion of the ry's ; and le cukiva- •which is )rty thou- re now cx- tal ^ ; and plied. So at of gov- of assem- Hist. Account, ndVs-ere chiefly metits, ii. 4*8. AMERICAN AXNALS. bling all the freemen for the business of Icgisl.uion ; that the constitution was altered, by general con.sent of the towns. At a general court for elections at Newtown, twcr.ty four of the principal inhabitants of the colony appeared as the representatives of the body of frci uen. Before they proceeded to the choice of magistrates, they asserted their .ight to a greater share in the ^ )vernment, t! hey had hitherio been allowed, and passed ' resolu- tions,' defining the powers of the gen \ and ordaining trial by jury. After the t -f ma- gistrates, they farther determined, thcu Lhere bliould be four general courts every year ; ' that the whole body of freemen should be present at the court of election only ; and that the freemen of every tov/n might choose deputies, to act in their names at the other general courts, which deputies should have the full power of all the freemen.^ The legislative bo- dy thus became settled ; and, with but inconsidera- ble alterations, remained in tliis form during the con- 1 They resolved, that none hut the General Court liiis power to chusc and admit freemen ; to make nud establish laws ; to elect and appoiiit oth- cers, as governor, denuty {governor, assistants, treasurer, secretary, cuptain, lieutenants, ei.si^ns, " or any ol' like moment," or to remove such n^ion misdemeanour, also to prescribe their duties and powers ; to paije money and taxes ; and to dicposi; of lands, " viz. to give and conJir'n pyopj'ieties.'' It was farther oulejed, that the constable of every plantation shall, upon precept I'eeeivod from the secretary, j^ive timely notice fo ijie freemen of the plantation where he dwells, to send so many of tljeir said members, as the precept shall tlirect, to attend upon public service. !t was also" agreed, that 110 trial shall pass upon any for life, or banishment, but by a Jury so iummoned, or by the General Court." Hasard Coll. i. 320, 321. The representatives, at the same time, imjx)sed a fine on the court of assistants for violating an order of the general court [Hutchinson, i. 36.] ; but it was " remitted again before the court brolce up." Winthrop Journ. 65. a 'I'he courts wen; soon reduced to two in a year. Hutchinson, i. 37. ■ 3 " It shall be lawful for the freemen of every plantation to choose two or three of each town before every general court, to confer of, and prepare juch publick business as by them shall be thought fit to consider of at the next general court ; and such persons as shall be hereafter so deputed by fhe freemen, .shall have the fyll power and voices of all the said freemen derived to them for the making and establishing of lawes, granting of lands ^c. and to deal in all other affairs of the commonwealth wherein the free- men have to do, the matter of election of magistrates and other oHicefs on- ly excepted, wherein every freeman is to givw hik own vote." Hazard C'oll.i. 3ZI. i6u, rirst repre- ientatives in Massa- chu.ettk. Trial by jury. House of r».'prese:ua- tive* e.itab- Uslu-d. r dih IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. //^ A^ l6 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ [f IIIIIM :^ 1^ 12.0 LA. ill 1.6 6" VQ <^ /2 /: y ^ Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716)873-4503 <\ ll''- ' («' i*^ i 11 k''i-sm] I- i • • ^!,'i&! 2^6 1634. Massachu- setts aims to prevent the Dutch from set- tling Con- necticut : and the Dutch aim to prevent Massachu- setts ; hut in vain. AMERICAN ANNALS. tmuancc ot the charter.* This "was the second house of representatives in the American colonies. * This innovation exciting an inquiry into the nature of the hberty and privileges of the people, which threatened disturbance to the colony ; the ministers, and the most prudent citizens, were consulted, res- pecting a body of laws, adapted to the state of the colony, and a uniform order of discipline in the churches. ' The colony of Massachusetts took early car: to prevent the encroachments of the Dutch. Some persons, dispatched in the bark Blessing," after mak- ing farther discovery of Long Island, proceeded to the Dutch plantation at Hudson's river, where they were kindly entertained by the Dutch governor Van Twilly, to whom they showed their commission, purporting, that the king of England had granted the river and country of Connecticut to his own sub- jects ; and requesting him to forbear to build in that quarter. The Dutch governor wrote a courteous and respectful letter to the governor of Massachu- setts, signifying, that the lords the States had grant- ed the same territory to the West India company ; and requesting, that the colony of Massachusetts would forbear to challenge it, until the matter should be decided between the king and th?^ states.* It was resolved however, by a number of people in this colony, to plant Connecticut ; and persons were deputed from the towns, to view the country. The account, which they brought back, of the advanr tages of the place, and of the fertility of the soil, determined those, who had concerted the measure,, to begin several plantations there immediately. *^ I Ha?ard Coll. i. 3*0, jai. Hutchinson, i. 35 — 37. a The first was in Virginia. See p. 19J of this volume. 3 Hubbard MS N. Eng. chap. xxvi. 4 Built at Mistic in 1631, and culled the Blessing of the Bay,. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xjcvii. '. 6 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xli. AMERICAN AJTNALS. ^n Storms, in the mean time, were ijathcring, \vhicli threatened to desolate the country. A special com- ipission was given to the archbishop of Canterbury and eleven other persons, for governing the Ameri- can colonies. • An order was also sent by the king's commissioners to the lord warden of the cinque ports, and other haven towns, to stop the promiscuous and disorderly cjeparture out of the realm to America. * The Indians in Connecticut began hostilities a- gainst the English. Captains Stone and Norton of Massachusetts, going in a small Bark into Connec- ticut river, to trade, apd casting anchor about two leagues from the entrance, were visited by several Indians. Stone, having occasion to visit the Dutch trading house nearly twenty leagues up the river, procured some of these Indians to go to it, as pi- lates, with two of his men. These guides, putting ashore their skiff before their arrival at the phice of destination, murdered the two Englishmen, while asleep. About tv/elve Indians, of the same tribe, remaining with the bark, taking the opportunity when some of the English were on shore, aitd^he captain asleep in his cabjn, murdered all on board, and then plundered and sunk the bark. The Pequots, if they did not actually perpetrate the murder, partook of the spoil. ^ The council cf Massachusetts, on this occasion, sent messengers to 1 This conimifision, in the original Latin, is inserteJ in Hazard Coll. .> 344 — 347 ; and, in English, in Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxvi. a This order is in Hazard Coll. i. 347. There also is inserted," A Con- clusion of the Lords Commisbioners for the government of New Encj- tAND," in these words : " Sir Ferdinando Gorges is made Governor of the whole country. — They h;ive divided the country in twelve Provinces.—- And they disposed it into the hands of twelve men — out of which twelve jnen thete is u governor continually to be chosen." 3 Some say, that the Pequots did this mischief. Dr. I. Mather [N.Eng. i4, 45.] says, that though they were not native Pequots, yet they had fre- quent intercourse with theui ; and that they tendered them some of the spoliated goods, which were accepted by the chief sachem of the Pequots. He adds, that some of the goods v/ere tendered to the chief «achtm ©f Niantick, who als* received thi.m. See Truinbiill, i. to, 61. 1634. Di'.njMTs from the tyranr.y of ;.MiVcrn- n.ei.t abroad ; and from the native* at hoiiic. StonejNor- ton, and 8 others, niunL-nd iiv the hi- dianii at Connecti- cut i jver, m ^75 AMERICAN ANNAL^^ J 634. Roger Wil- liams is banished from Mas- sachusetts. Ipswich ktJttkJ. Arrival of Air. Huni- frey. Port built on Castle inland. Progress pf Boston. treat with them, but obtained no satisfaction. The Pequots however sent messengers afterward with gifts to Massachusetts colony; and the governor and coun* cil, after a conference of several days, concluded with them a treaty of peace and friendship.' Roger Williams, minister of Salem, holding te- nets, which were considered heretical and seditious, " tending equally to sap the foundation of the es- tablishment in church and state," * and being found irreclaimable, was banished the jurisdiction. ' Some people of Halem went to Agawam river, and began a town, which was called Ipswich j* where a church was now gathered.* Mr. Humfrey, who had been chosen deputy governor at the formation of the colony in England, came to Massachusetts with his noble consort, the lady Susan, sister of the earl of Lincoln, bringing a valuable present to the ministers in the colony. '^ The governor and council, with several ministers and others, met at Castle island, in Boston harbour, and agreed on . the erection of two platforms and one small fortification to secure the town.' These workswereaccordingly erected at the public expense. ^ In the infant capital we now perceive the first ef- forts toward a police, and the earliest dawnings of • ; — 16. JoFselyn was " really placed I Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxiit ; Ind. ^ [N. Eng. Rar. 107.] says, tie country during this • in a posture of war." Trumbull, i. 60, 6;, Z Chalmers,!. 156. 3 Hutchinson,!. 37, .?8. Callcnder R Island, 18. Hubbard in chap. XXX of his MS. Hist. N. Eng. gives a ir inu'e account of the " disturbances both civil and ecclesiastical in the Mrissachusetts, by Mr. R. Williams in the year 1634." 4 Winthrop Journ. 68. It was t .is named at the court 4 August, " in acknowledgment of the great honi^jr and kindness done to our people which took shipping" at the place of that name in England. lb. 5 Wonderwork. Providence, 66. . Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 133. 6 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. xxvii. The present consisted of 16 heifers, valued at ^^ao each, sent by Mr. Richard Andrews, a private friend to the plantation. One was assigued to each of the ministers, and the remaii.Jtf to the poor. Ibid. Winthrop Journ. 67. 7 Winthrop Journ. 6 J. Gov. Winthrop says, "to secure the city," but this metropolis has never yet bciJii incorporated by that name. S WoiidtTWOik. Prov. 194 i " ut I'uc expt^rice of th^ country in gencvil" I I The I gifts :oun-» luded ngte- itious, [he es- found river, ^vich y* deputy ngland, )rt, the inging a ny.' ninisters larbour, rms and These xpense.* first efr^ aiings ot Jofselyii 1 really placed (ard in chap- |« disturbances ]. Williams in August, « in |to our people lb. \,i i6 heifers, I friend to the Ithe remaii.vltf Ire the city," ime. , ., Iry jngeo'^i"*- AMERICAN ANNALS. tommerce. Select men were first chosen, this year, in Boston, for the general management of town af- fairs. A market was erected. A house of enter- tainment was set up. The first merchant's shop was opened. ' , 1655. The colony of Massachusetts, apprized of the op- pressive measure of a general government for New England, prepared to counteract it. The ministers, considered at that time as the fathers of the com- monwealth, were consulted by the civil magistrates. At the request of the governor and assistants, all the ministers in the colonyj excepting one, met at Bos- ton, to consider two cases J one of which was, V/hat ought to be done, if a general governor should be sent out of England. They unanimously agreed^ that if such a governor were sent, the colony ought not to accept him, but to defend its lawful posses- sions, if able ; " otherwise, to avoid or protract."' The deputies of this colony apprehending great danger to the commonwealth from the discretionary power of the magistrates, in many cases, for want of positive laws ; it was agreed, that some men should be appointed " to frame a body of gro"»ids of laws, in resemblance of a Magna Charta, which, being allowed by some of the ministers and the gen- eral courtjshould be received for fundamentallaws." ' When the English parliament began to inquire Into the grievances of the nation, the patent, by which the council of Plymouth was established, was complained of as a monopoly ; and when those griev-* ances were presented to the throne, the patent of New England was the first. The council itself was in disrepute with the high church party for having I Winthrop Journ. 6z, 77. It Is conjectured, that by the marktt nothing more is meant, than a marketplace^ to which the market men might resort. Coil. Hist. Soc. iii. 25 4. a Winthrop Journ. 78^ 3 Ibid. 8z. 2f<) Jan. 19. Opinion of the minis- ters in Mas-* sachusetti about a general governor, May. AgreemenS to frame fundament- al laws. June 7. Charter of Plymouth council is surrender- ed to the crown. s8o AMERICAN ANNALS: *^35- m^"r'^^ Quo war- ranto a- jjainst Alasb^ichu- jetta. Ttemovjl from the first settle J towns. encouraged the settlement of the Plymouth and Mas* sachusetts colonists, who fled from episcopal perse- cutions. Discouraged by th? the con- built to gland, and le launch- )unt of tnc: ences from other, hc- i. %ii- expiring interesr ii The Act ot Lt, ib. 39^>— ^'^' gati to emigrate from the first settled towns. Some 1635. of the principal inhabitants of Ipswich, obtaining leave of the general court to remove to Quascacun- quen, began a town at that place, and called it New- ^^.^\,^,^ bury. Mr. Parker, a learned minister, who had settled. been an assistant of Mr. Ward in the ministry at Ipswich, accompanied them. * Liberty of removal ^ Was also granted to Watertown and Roxbury, on condition of their continuance under the government of Massachusetts.' Musquetequid was purchased of the natives, by some of the Massachusetts colo- nists, who settled the place, and called it Concord. ^ Concord, The reverend Peter Hobart and his associates, from Hingham, in the .ounty of Norfolk in England, be- gan to settle a town, to which they gave the name Hingham. of Hingham.* Sudbury was also now settled.* A sudbury. church was gathered at Scituate, in Plymouth colo- ny, composed of members regularly dismissed from Ssituate. the church in Plymouth. ^ Settlements were now begun to be made on Con- necticut river. Some of the people of Dorchester had made preparations for a settlement at a place on the west side of the river, called by the Indians Mat- 1 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxviii. Mr. Parker and the people, with whom he now removed, came from Wiltshire in England. Ibid, a Winthrop Journ. 82. 3 Wonderwork. Providence, 79, 81. Hubbard MS. N.Eng. chap, xxvii. tt was called Concord, " on account of the peaceable manner, in which it Was obtained." Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 24O. The tract was six miles square. 4 Hingham Records, copied by President Stiles. The house lots of the settlers were drawn 18 September 1635. I'he Rev. Peter Hobart wa^ there on that day, " and drew a lot with the twenty nine." Ibid. He urrived in N. England 8 June witli his family. Hobart's MS. Journal. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Eug. chap, xxxii. 6 The Rev. John Lothrop's MS. Records of the churches of Scituate and Barnstable, copied by President Stiles.who foundthe AIS. in 1 769 in the hanu- of the Rev. Elijah J^othrop of Gilead in Connecticut, and remarked : " I account it the more valuable, us these churches of Scituate and Barnstubli' have no records till many years after their gathering." The ieltltwi!.t of -Scituate commenced in 1634. The Rev. Johu Lothrop arrived there aj September ; the dismission of the members from Plymoutli, " in case tliey joyned in u body att Situate," was 23 November, 1634. The church wii*. formed by covenant 8 January, and Mr. Lothron wa^ iuducti-d into ihe liastora^t^ce XQ January, 1635. Ibid. S « -^ if" ¥'■ .) }• 1 h ■; f^. l:. CS2 Oct. 15. Rtmov.ils to Con- necticut. AMERICAN ANNALS. tane?.ng- ; Oct. 8. J. Win- throp, jun. arrives from Eng- Jand with a coni- nuiision. and tlie inhabitants of Newtown and Wa- tertown had been contemplating a removal. On the fiftcentlii of Octo])er about sixty men, women, and children, with their horses, cattle, and swine, commenced a removal from Massachusetts, through the wilderness, to Connecticut river ; and, af- ter a very difllcult and fatiguing journey of four- teen days, arrived at the places of their destination. Mr. Warham and Mr. Maverick, the ministers of Dorchester, who were accompanied by the greatest part of their church, settled at Mattaneang, which ihey called Windsor. Several people from Water- town took possession of a fine tract of meadow at Pauquiaug, lower down the river, where they com- menced a plantation, which they called Wethers- field. Others from Newtown began a plantation at Suckiang, between those two c^ttlements, which was afterward called Hartford. * John Winthrop, a son of the governor of Massa- chusetts, returning from England, brought a com- mission from lord Say and Seal^ lord Brook> and others, to be their governor at the river Con- necticut ; with men, ordnance, ammunition, and two thousand pounds sterling for the erection of a fort.* 1 Hubiiard [MS. N. Eng. chap. xli.}sa)'s, some of the Dorchester peopye wer.t to Connecticut at the closu of the last year ; Dr. Trumbull [:. 49.] says, they went this summer. The place, which they selected, was near the Plymouth trading iiouse. Plymouth was dissatisfied with this sup- piantaticn by Massachusetts ; and there was danger of contention betwerti the two colonies ; but the Dorchester settlers made such offers of satisfac- tion, that Plymouth accepted them.* Winthrop Jourrr. 86. Hutchinson, i, 4i. TrunibuH, i. 50. The Rev. Dr. M'Clure of Windsor [Coll. Hist. Soc. V. 167.] says, The right of sertling here they purcha^ ^d of the old Plymouth company in luiglund ; and the soil, of the natives the year preceding their removal. • Tl.c compensation ivas £^0 ; ^0 acres nf t.-eaduiu \ and a lurgc irart of upLiui. Coll. Hist. Soc. ix. 15J. .-■. .^ ■ . - a Trumbull, i. 50. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 167; ix. 154. ' " ' ' ' ' 3 Trainbull, i. 49, 50. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 166, 167. Hub. MS. N. Eng.xli. 4 Winthrop Journ. 88. Trumbull,!. 50,51. The Articles of agree- ment between the lord viscount Say and Seal and others, on the one part, and John Winthrop, esquire, on the other, dated 7 July, 1635, ^id Mr. T\'inthrop's commission, to be " governor of the river Connecticut, with the places adjoining thereunto during the space of one year," dated l8 July> arc in TrurobwUi ibidt Appendix No, II j Hazard Coll. i. ^pj, 396. AMERICAN ANNALS. 2'6' iWa- On otnen, swine, id, af- ■ four- ation. ' sters of greatest J -whiclii Water- adow at ley com- ATetbers- itation at J, whicli )f Massa- tit a com- 3ok, and ,-er Con- and two )f a fort." :hester people nibull l.:'.49-] [cted, was near with thissup- [nlion betwetfti fers of satisfac- , Hutchinson, i. |coH. Hist. Soc. ; old Plymouth .receding their \u ; and a large _4S.N.Eng.xI!. licks of agree- In the one part, I1635, and Mr. Innecticut, with l'datedi8July> \h 396. Soon after his arrival at Boston, he sent a bark of 1635. thirty tons with twenty men, to take possession of the mouth of that river, and begin a fortification. A few days after their arrival at the place desig- nated, a Dutch vessel appeared off the har- bour, sent from New Netherlands, to take posses- sion of the entrance of the same river, and to e- rect fbrtilications j but the English, having two pieces of cannon already mounted, prevented their rortbu;ii ianding.' The fort, now erected, was called Say- J^^^^'>'" brook fort. ' The commission of Mr. Winthrop interfered witli the settlements projected by the Massachusetts col- onists ; three of which they had already begun ; but the agents of the lords in En/dand, disposed to pror mote the general good, permitted them quietly to enjoy their possessions.* The general court of Massachusetts prohibited Acts of the currency of brass farthings ; and ordered, that J^:f;^^''''; musket bullets should pass for farthings. It also^'^'''' established a commissioner for military affairs, with power of life and limb.* An extremely violent storm of wind and rain from crea the south east, on the fifteenth of August, did grci?/ injury in New Enghind. Immense numbers of for- est trees were destroyed. Many houses were un- roofed ; many, Ijiown down ; imd the Indian corn was beaten to the earth. The tide rose twenty feet perpendicularly. At Narraganset, the natives were obliged to climb trees for safety ; yet, the tide of flood returning before the usual time, many of them were drowned.* TMf ^? ' ■■■\ , ■ :, ,. 1 Trumbull, i. 5 1. . > , a Gov. Tiuinbuli MS; in Mass. Hist. Society. • ' ''''■' 2 Winthrop Journ. 88. Trumbull, i. 50. Hutchinson, i. 47. 4 Winthrop Journ. 80. 5 Hubburd MS. N. Hn>^. chap, xxvii, xxix. Hutchinson, i. 53. "None now living in these parts, either English or Indian, had seen the like." The extremity of it continued live or six hours. " The marks of it \vi!l remain many years, in those parts where it was sorest." Morton, 103. tf>rm. 1 hu^ 2B4 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1 C) 3 5. Sir Henry Vane, the younger, with a fleet of twcn- t^Tiata! ^y ^^''' ^^'^^^ provided with stores and passengers, chu»etts! ciimc to New England. ' During the year, nearly three thousand people, * among whom were eleven ministers,' came from England to Massachusetts ; and about one hundred and forty five freemen were added to the colony. ♦ TheFrench "^i^q compauv of Ncw Francc conveyed the terri- Rionof I'e- tory on the banks of the river St. John to Saint Eti- nobscot. enne, and to La Tour, the general of that colony. » Rossillon, commander of a French fort at La Heve, on the Nova Scotia shore, sent a French man of war to Penobscot, and took possession of the Plym- outh trading house, and all the goods. * The Plym- outh colonists hired a large ship, and employed Girling, its master, attended by a bark of their own with twenty men, to displace the French, and re- cover possession. The French, amounting to about eighteen men, having notice of the expedition, for- tihed the place ; and entrenched themselves so strongly, that Girling, after nearly expending all his ammunition, was ready to abandon the enter- prise. The Plymouth bark coming to Massachu- setts for consultation, the colonists agreed to aid the Plymouth neighbours with men and ammunition, at their charge ; but not as in the common cause of the country. Such however was the scarcity of provisions, caused by the late hurricane, that they could not suddenly victual out a hundred men, the number requisite for the expedition. The subject was deferred for consideration ; Girling was forced to return ; and the Plymouth people never after- ward recovered their interest at Penobscot.' N. Nether- The returns from New Netherlands, this year, were fourteen thousand eight hundred and ninety I Univ. Hist, xxxix. a8i. 4 Wonderwork. Prov. 87. 3 Josselyn Voy. 256. 4 Wonderwork. Prov. 71. .- ; 5 Chalmers, i. 186. 6 Hubbard MS. chap, xxvii. 7 Winthrop Joum. 87. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxvii. land ■i ! r AMERICAN ANNALS. 585 twcn- ngers, nearly eleven isetts ; n. were e terri- int Eti- olony.* 1 Hevc, man of ,e Plym- le Plym- mployed tieir own and re- to about :ion, for- jeWes so iding aU te cnter- 'assachu- :o aid the ^nition, at cause of :arcity of that they linen, the le subject las forced |ver after- 7 this year, bd ninety Im one beavers, and one thousand four hundred and thirteen otters, estimated at one hundred thirty four thousand guilders.' Rene Rohault, having entered into the Snciety of Jesus, resumed a project, which had been interrupt- ed by the English conquest of Quebec, of founding a college in that city. The institution succeeded, ^nd was of essential service to the colony. Many of the French were now encouraged to embark with their families for Canada,* r4« Champlain died at Quebec, justly regretted by the colony of New France, of which he was the parent. ^ . The French, under the conduct of M. Brctigny, established themselves on the island of Cayenne, and on the adjacent continent. "• 1636, Preparation being made for a settlement at Sucki- ang, Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone, the ministers of Newtown, with their whole church and congrega- tion, travelled above a hundred miles, through a hideous and trackless wilderness, to Connecticut. They had no guide, but their compass ; no cover- ing, but the heavens. They drave one hundred and sixty cattle, and subsisted on the milk of the cows, during the journey. On their arrival at the place X Hazard Coll. i. 397 ; where are the returns for almost every Interme- diate year from 1624 to 1635. In 1624, the returns were 4000 beavers, and 700 otters, estimated at 47125 guilders. The Dutch W. India compa- ny failed in 1634. J'rom a state of its accounts, it appears, that Fort Amsterdam in N. Netherlands cost 7 Guilders. Stuyvers. the company - - 3 4i7*' 10 and that the Province of N. Netherlands cost - 412800. zi Ibid. 4 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 196, 197. Rohault had projected this seminary ten years before, at the time when the Jesuits first went into Canada. Ibid. 3 Ibid. Champlain was a man of great penetration, courag^e, constancy, probity, and patriotism. Charlevoix (ibid.), in addition to these traits of his character, ascribes to him various and distinguished merit : " un histo- rien fidcle et sincere, un voyageur, qui observe tout avec attention, un e- crivain judicieux, un bon gcometre^et un habile homme de mer." .^ Univ. Hist, xxxix. 232. Bretipiy was killed by the natives. C<.IIfj;o founcitil at ^ut-liuc. June. Tlif ser- tlf.TS (It NL-Wtt,W!l nni ove to Coiinccti* cut ; and r.cttle HartJoid. aS^ AMERICAN ANNALS. I. Uy':'t>r' fil !:i Com lic-ccicut. Acts "f 1 roil 1636. of their destination, they began to build a town, w'liicli they afterward called Hartford. ' Covern- ■^'^^''^ ^^^'^ ^"^ the Other towns recently settled tmiitforin. on ConHccticut river,* finding themselves without '" the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, entered into a vol- untary aj'sociation ; chose magistrates ; and made laws ibr themselves, after the example of the colo- ny, from which they proceeded. The first court in Connecticut was holden on the twenty sixth of April. ' For the better government of the Indians, and .-onct-rning ^^^ ^^^^^^' improvement in civility and Christianity, iiic luUiaus. the colony of Plymouth made several laws for preach- ing the gospel to them ; for admitting Indian preach- ers among them ; and, with the concurrence of the principal Indians, for making orders and constituting courts, for appointing civil rulers, and other officers, to punish misdemeanors, with the liberty of appeal to the county court, and court of assistants. •* Roger Williams, on his expulsion from Massa- chusetts, went to Seconk [Rehoboth], where he procured a grant of the land from Osamaquin, the MoosiwL- chief sachem of Pokanoket. Advised by governor *^'^* Winslow to remove from that place, which was within the jurisdiction of Plymouth colony, he held several treaties with Miantonimoh and Canonicus, the sachems of Narraganset, who assured him, that he should not want land for a settlement. With this assurance, he went over Seconk river, to a place, called by the Indians Mooshausick, where, in con- junction with several of his friends, who followed tvhich he i^Ij^ hg began a plantation : which, in grateful ac- calls Pro- » o * «j vidt'uce. I Winthrop Journ. 100. Trumbull, i. ss- Coll. Hist. Sec. vii. 15. The land was purchased of Sunckquasson, the sachem aqd proprietor ; but tli- evidence of this purchase being ii^iperfect, a new purchase was made of ti:t Indians in 1670 ; the deed, which is still on record, counting on the fornitr purchase. Coll. Hist. Soc. ii. 6. a Windsor and Wetlierslield. 3 Hubbard M^. N. Eng. chap. xli. Trumbull, i. 54. The first rour: was holden at Newtown [Hartford]. The settlements on the river, a few of the first years, bore the same names with the towns in Massuchusett ; from which the settler.^ c;imc. Trumbull, ibid. 4 Plymouth Laws, 3;, 38. RogerWIl li;uiii be- jrirs a set- tlement at s t AMERICAN ANNALS. 287 I town, settled without to a vol- nd made :he colo- court in )f April.' ans, and •istianity, )r preach- in preach- [\ce of the instituting lY officers, of appeal its.* >m Massa- where he •aquin, the Y governor Vhich was ly, he held [Canonicus, him, that :nt. With to a place, ire, in con- ^o followed ;rateful ac- boc.vii.i5- '^Y Wtor; but the ■was made of tl.t Vg on tUe formcv The first «■""" the river, afevv Massuchusett : knowlcdgement of the providential goodness, which 1C36, he had experienced, he called Providence. ' Complaint having been made to the general court "^^ '"i'- of Massachusetts against John Whcelwriglit, lor hr>!i!".'i'...i preaching a seditious sermon, he was sent lor to the *^'""' '•^'•"• court, and convicted of sedition and contempt of au- thority. On his refusal to make the least retracta- tion, the court ordered his removal out of the juris- diction. Many of his adiierents now removed from Massachusetts, and made a plantation at Rhode Isl- and.* Sir Henry Vane, who came to New England tlie ^^^y *<• preceding year, was now chosen governor of Tvlassa- s.-n'^'ov!.''^' chusetts. ^ Short however was his administration, ern«i. and transient his popularity.* The general court of Massachusetts, about this v.iri-.ii< time, enacted, that every particular township should ces ir^rg- have power of its own aiFairs, and to set mulcts up- sathujetu. on any offender against public order, not exceeding twenty shilling.s ; and liberty to choose prudential . . men, not exceeding seven, to order the affairs of the • town. For the public safety, the colony was divid- ed into three regiments ; which were put under the command of three colonels with their lieutenants. * I Callender R. Island, i8, 19. Hutchinson, 1. 3?. Adams N. Eng. j6. a Hubbafd MS. N. Enw. cliap. xxxvii. Wheelwright )»ad be^n a silenced minister in England. Ibid. chap, xxxix. Some oltliese adherents removed by order of the same court, for their justification of his doctrine, and for their reflections on the proceedings of the court. Ibid, xxxvii. Hulibard, in chap, xxxviii, gives a particular account of the disturbance in Miissadii^ setts, from 1636 to 1641, by Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Hutchinson. 3 Winthrop Journ. 100. 4 Though he was not more thnn 24 or 25 years of age, his solemn de- portment conciliated for him aimobt the whole colony. H'i appear-, to have been of a very eiithi'.siasvic temper ; and the early colonial wilter;; re- marked, that his election would nmain a blenush on tin; judj^mert of the electors, " while New England remains a nation." Chalmers, i. 160. It is allowed however, that his writings exhibit proofs of a rtrong mind, as well as vivid fancy ; and that he was distinguished for his integrity and zeal. He returned to England in 1637 ; and suffered death in i66i, on the charge of high treason. Though Hume considered him as an enthusia.st, yet he has described his deportment at his execution so as to render him an object of admiration. Coll. Hist. .Soc. v. 17a. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxii. t^s AMERICAN ANNALS. p 1, ll-l 'f Kif'"; %f' '■ iif.' Kife'' !■ m ■ i 1i' " ' l:< 'II it '" I'', ' 1636. There were already twenty towns built and peopled in Massachusetts. ' A ship of a hundred and twen- ty tons was built at Marblehead, by the people of Salem ; and five mills were fcreeted in the colony, in the course of the year. * The number of freemen added to the colony, this year, was about one hun- dred and twenty five j the number of deputies was ordinarily between thirty and forty.* A new thurch having been gathered at NewtoWn, of which Thomas Shepard was the pastor, this society, on the removal of Mr. Hooker's congregation to Con- necticut, purchased their dwelling houses and lands, and made a permanent settlement. * This place was still under legislative patronage ; for the general court now contemplated the erection of a public school here, and appropriated four hundred pounds for that purpose. ^ A new church was also gather- ed at Dorchester, atid the reverend Richard Mather Was chosen its minister." Ministers ^ Warrant was issued to the lord admiral of Eng- restrained land, to stop ministers, who did not conform to the beTond s"a. discipline and ceremonies of the church, from going beyond sea. By this order, no clergyman was to be suffered to go to the Somer Islands, but such only, as should have the approbation of the archbishop of Canterbury, and the bishop of London ; and all ministers, who had already gone thither, without such approbation, the admiral was to cause to be immediately remanded to England. The severe cen- sures and fines in Star chamber, and the rigorous impositions of ceremonies, with the suspending and 1 Hubbard Ind. Wars, 13 ; " considerable towns." 2 Coll. Hist. Soc. vi.a^z. Winthrop Journ. 105, 108. Of these millS) 2 were windmills, built at Boston and Charlestown ; j were wateimills, built at Salem, Ipswich, and Newbury. Ibid. 3 Wonderwork. Providence, io6, 108. 4 Coll. liisit. Soc. viii 15. Mr. Shepard and his people arrived at Bos- ton from England in Oct. 1635. The church wa« organized, in the presence of a great assembly, i February', 1636. Ibid. Winthrop Journ. 9J. J Massachusetts Laws. 6 ColL Hist. Soc. ix. 155. i- . . . AMERia\N ANNALS. 2S9 silencing of numerous ministers, for not reading in 1C36. the church the Book for Sports to be exercised on the Lord's day, caused many people of the Engliiih nation to sell their estates, and to embark for New- England. ' John Oldham was murdered in his bark by the ^T'''" °^ Indians near Block Island. * The Indians, Avho per- petrated the murder, were principally Blocki^land- ers, with a number of the Narragansets, to whom these Indians were then subject. Several of the murderers fled to the Pequots, and were protected by them ; and they were therefore considered as a- bettors of the murder. ^ Massachusetts government therefore judged it ex- Endicot's pedient to send eighty or ninety men, under the *^^r*^'^'^"^"- command of John Endicot, of Salem, witl^ commis- sion to treat with the Pequots, and to offer terms of peace, on condition of their surrendering the mur- derers of the English, and forbearing farther acts of hostility ; or else war. ■* On their arrival at the Pe- quot country, they, by an interpreter, sent a mes- sage to the Indians, who, on understanding the pro- posal, first concealed themselves behind a hill j and soon after ran into the woods and swamps, where I Rushworth Coll. ii. part ii. 410. Hazard Coll. i. 4^0, 4 An island about ao miles S. H. West of Newport in Rhode Island. la Laet's map of Nova Anglia &c. it is caikd A J. Block LyLiid ,- deriving its name probably from a Dutch admiral. Oldham had formerly belonged t'j Mr. Warham*8 congregation at Dorchcst .r. Trumbtdl, i. 63. Hubbard [MS. N. Bng. chap, xvi.] says, he was convicted of being concerned i:i send- ing letters to England of complaints against the colony and church of Ply- mouth, in 1624, and was sentenced to dep.>rt froni the jurisdiction. He returned, without licence, in 1625, and beiiaved in such a manner, that he was sent out of the colony, with a passport ; aiid fiom this time he traded generally with the Indijiis until his death. 3 Trumbull, i. 63. The Pequots were seated on a fair and navigable river, la miles eastward of the mouth of Connecticut river ; and wore a more fierce, cruel and warlike people, than the rest of the hidi;irs. Hi b- bard Ind. Wars, 14. Their principal sachem Sassacus. lived at or near Pe- quot [New London] ; and his tribe could raise 4C00 men, fit fur war. Coll. Hist. Soc. i. X47. 4 His instructions were, to proceed to Block island, and put the men to the sword, and take possession of the island, but to spare the women and children. He was next tg sail to the PeQuot country, atid demand \.\\< muj - Tt t ii'^ll » ' "pwir *5 ■ '?ll il m I miu 290 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1636. pursuit was impracticable.' Little was eflTected By this expedition. One Indian only was slain ; and son" J vvi ^(^37- wViich is burnt. Return of the troops. mMl moment, Mason cried out to his "men, " We must burn them." Entering a wigwam at the same in- stant, he seize] a fire brand, and put it into the mats, with which the wigwams were covered ; and the combustible habitations were soon wrapped in flames. The EngHsh, retiring without the fort, formed a cir- cle around it ; and Uncas with his Indians formed another circle in their rear. The devouring fire, and the English weapons, made rapid and awful devasta- tion. In little more than the space of one hour, seventy wigwams were burnt ; and, either by the sword or the flames, five or six hundred Indians per- ished. ' Of the English, two men were killed, and sixteen wounded. Soon after the action, about three hundred In- dians advanced from the remaining fort ; but Mason, with a chosen band, met them with such warmth, as checked their onset ; and encouraged him to order the army to march for Pequot harbour. * When this movement began, the Indians advanced to the hill, on which the fort had stood. The sight of its ruins threw them into a transport of rage. They stamped the ground, tore their hair, and, regardless of danger, descended the hill with precipitancy to- ward the English, whom they pursued nearly six miles, with desperate but impotent revenge. The English reached their vessels in safety ; and, in about three weeks from the time of their embarkation at Hartford, they arrived at their habitations, where they were received with every expression of exquisite joy, and pious gratitude. 1 Mason says, 6 or 7 hundred ; ^r. Trumbull supposes, about 600. 2 Their vessels had been ordered to sail from Narraganset bay, the nigiif before, for Pequot harbour. When the action at the fort was ended, there was no appearance of them in the Sound. About an hour after, while the officers were consulting, in deep perplexity, what course to take, the ves- sels, " as though guided by the hand of Providence" to their relief, appear- ed fully in view ; and, under :i fair wind, were steering directly into th-:; harbour. 'IVumbuli, i. 79. ?; AIMERICAK ANNAIS. The body of tlif P ''■^ pursuit of the EnElishVrml""' '^.''''"•"S from the ,6„ the royal fortrJZ^y'l'P'^''^^d^o Sassacu. at .'ff; concluded, that thpv ^„ fj "Consultation, it ,..„ •)"<«.- country ^i.fa" t^. ""^IrLr^'''? '°"?- '" "j^ --»■ W'gwams and fort/ they fled T^ '^'''^°'' "'^"- "^• he country. Sas/acu Ldtv " " T"",' P^""^ °f chief counsellors and warriorr'^ , ^'■K'"> "^ 'he ward Hudson's river. '°°'' f''^^"'' ■■"«« to. -ce^vS^e^ce^rhS^^ on W ticut troops, judged it needfi.T* ' "J ''"^ f-o"Wc- '•f'""" one hundred a'ndVenty men .Tlf '""™"^ hut ^'""• der the command of capt^rQ, ^^^'^ ''""Ps, un- Pequot harbour in Jan^ " °"^^!°"' arriving at from the NarragansetTn'diaL '""'"'"^ »^^'««nce body of Pequots in a sw-,m ' '""ounrfcd a larce 7- The 'men. thirty TnnS;!"' ""''' "^""r 4- *ne women and rh;ul ""'"her, were killed hnf wised by ConnecS ? 7'"" ^"^^''- ^oZ'Jl' of the hiroic C!'m:de fiur,'" "'^ ^^S ton's company at Pequo U^T'7 '""' Stoujrh- 'ODgthe shore, theSv^f ^"'' "'" ^^'«^'» sailed r ■ • g.t.ve Indians by I'nd, :te^Pr "^'' the ft. S^?' .on.e scattering ^equot's ^n ?uTS' t' '°""'' .■M„„.h«„„, . '"• Receiving ireed to send co^ yumLuJl, i. 71, ^ . ^h ^ -''^ '"t-fpedien,- •Boston - _ CharJestovvn Roxburjr I^orchester - ^eymouth . "ing-ham . ^^edford . 36 • iz 10 13 5 6 3 Newbury . o' Ipswich > j_ Salem - . jo Saugus[Lynn] r6 watertown - 14 Newtown - Tfl ^Vfarbleliead , , 'iff. ■ . III? Ml 296 AMERICAN ANNALS, July 13. Oreut 1637. information at Quinnipiack, that the enemy were at a considerable distance westward, in a great swamp, they marched in that direction, with all possible dis- patch, about twenty miles, and came to the swamp,*' where were eighty or a huildred warriors, and near- ly two hundred other Indians. Some of the Eng- lish, rushing eagerly forward, were badly wounded j and others, sinking into the mire, were rescued by a few of their brave companions, who sprang forward to tlieir r'='lief with drawn swords. Some Indians were slain ; others, finding the whole swamp surrounded, desired a parley ; and, on the offer of life, about two hundred old men, women, and chil- dren, among whom was the sachem of the place, gradually came out, and submitted to the English. The Pequot warriors, indignantly spurning submis- sion, renewed the action, which, as far as it was prac- ticable, was kept up through the night. A thick fog, the next morning, favouring the escape of the enemy ; many of them, among whom were sixty or seventy warriors, broke through the surrounding troops. About tvt^enty were killed, and one hun- dred and eighty captivated. The captives were di- vided between Connecticut and Massachusetts, which distributed them among the Moheagans and Narra- gansets.* Sassacus, the chief sachem, fled with a- bout twenty of his best men to the Mohawks, who, at the request of the Narragansets, cut off his headj 1 Near where Faitfield or Stratford now stands, Hubbard. a It was judged, that, during the summer, 700 Pequots were destroyed, among whom were J,^ sachems. About 200, beside women and children, survived the Swamp l-'ight. Of this number the English gave Soto Mian- lonimoh, and ao to Ninnigret, two sachems of Narraganset ; and the otiier 100 to Uncas, sachem of thu Moheagans ; to be received and treated aJ their men. This division was made at Hartford in September 1638 ; at which time, among other article^ it was covenanted, That the PequoM should never again inhabit their native country, nor be called Pequots, but Narragansets and Moheagans. Trumbull, i. 85 — 87. A number of the male children were sent to Bermudas. Hubbard Ind. Wars, 54. Hutchin- son, i. 80. Gov. Winthrop [Journ. 134.] says, " We had now slain and cak- en in all about 700. We ser.t 15 of the boys and two women to Bermudai 'by Mr. Pierce, but he missing it, carried them to Providence Isle." AMERICAN ANNALS. 297 ire at amp, le dis- imp/ near- inded v >dby a or ward Indians swamp offer of ind cVil- t\e pVace, English. g submis- was prac- A tlVick ape of the •e sixty or irrounding one hun- is weredi- ietts, which [and Karra- [ed with a- Lwks, who, his bead > Ijard. , Iwere destroyed, Ln and children, Lye Soto Nlian- Id and treated » that the Pequo« Ia number of the ten to Bermuda, Uce l3l«-" of the 'K- and his country now became a province of the Kn^i^- 1637. iish.' A proclamation was issued in April by the king Prp.-iima. of Enghind, to restrain the disorderly transportation J" of his subjects to tlie American colonies. It com- manded, that no licence be given them, without a certificate, that they had taken the oaths of supre- macy and allegiance, and conformed to the discipline of the church of England. * To ^\\e effect to this ordiiuincc. aibitrary measure, an ordinance was passed, which enacted, that none should entertain any stranger, who should arrive in the colonies with an intention to reside ; or allow the use of any habitation, with- out liberty from the standing council.^ On com- plaint of several disorders in New England, the king in July appointed Sir Ferdinando Gorges general governor ; but the measure was never carried into eifect.* ' , Ann Hutchinson, a woman of familistic princi- i\nn Hut- pies in Boston, holding lectures for the propagation chinson of her peculiar tenets, attracted a numerous audito- "gj,u6 dil ry, and gained many adherents. The whole colony sension* became divided into two parties, which stiled each other Antinomians and Legalists. Such was the warmth of the controversy, that a synod was judged I Winthrop Journ. A. D. 1637. Morton, 107—114. Hubbard Tnd* Wars, 36—54. I. Mather Troubles with the Indians, 35, z6, 4 ', 48, 50. Trumbull, i, 66 — 87. Hntchinson, i. 76 — 80. However just the occasion of this war, humanity demands a tear on the extinction of a valiant tribe, which preferred death to what It might naturally anticipate from the pro" ([ress of the English settlements — dependence, or extirpation. " Indulge, my native land ! indulge the tear, That steals, impassion'd, o'er a nation's doom ; To me each twig, from Adam's stock, is near, And sorrows fall upon an Indian's tomb." Dwight's Greenfield Hill, Part IV, entitled, " The Destruction of the Pequocis." a Hazard Coll. i- 421, where the proclamation is entire. Chalmers, I. l6l, 3 Chalmers, i. i6j ; " enacted with a signal folly." lb. 4 Chalmers, i. 163. Belknap Biog. i. 385. This failure is thus account* ed for. The troubles in England and Scotland checked the business for the present ; and, soon after, archbishop Laud and some other lords of council^ "'Vho had been zealous for the measure, lost their authority. Ibid. U u ■t 1 1 ,:| 'l| 'I fill fii ' , i: ' r 298 1637. First synod in Ameri- ca. Familists disarmed. Banish- ment of Gorton. Dcdliani. Concord. AMERICAN ANNALS. expedient, to settle it. A synod was accordingly convened at Newtown, composed of all the teaching elders in the country, and messengers of the several churches. ' After a session of three weeks, the syn- od condemned eighty two erroneous opinions, which had become disseminated in New England. This was the first synod, holden in America. * The gov- ernment of Massachusetts, apprehending a breach of peace from the Familists, caused fifty eight per- sons in Boston to be disarmed, and several in tlic towns of Salem, Newbury, Roxbury, Ipswich, and Charlestowii. ^ It also passed a law, that none should be received, to inhabit within the jurisdic- tion, but such, as should be allowed by some of the magistrates. * Samuel Gorton, of the familistic sect, giving great disturbance in New England, was banished from the colonies of Plymouth, Rhode Island, and Massa- chusetts. * The town of Dedham began to be built ; and here a church was soon gathered. * Mr. Jones was or- dained pastor, and Mr. Bulkley teacher, of the church in Concord. ' X The magistrates were also present, and were not hearers only, ♦* but speakers also, as they thought fit." a Hubbard MS, N. Eng. chap. xl. Winthrop Journ. 137 — 140. Hutch- inson, i. 66 — 69. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 16, 17. The church of Boston soon after, «' with one consent," agreed to pass the sentence of excommunication on Mrs. Hutchinson, " for many evils in her conversation, as well as for corrupt opinions." Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, ixxix. Mr. Hutchinson, her husband, being one of the purchasers of Aquetncck, sold his estate in Massachusetts, and removed with his family to that island. On his death (about 164a), Mrs. Hutchinson, being dissatisfied with the people or place, removed to the Dutch country beyond New Haven ; and, the year after, she and all her family, consisting of 16 persons, were killed by the Indians, with tlie exception of one daughter, whom they carried into captivity- llutchinson,!. 72. 3 Wonderwork. Prov. iji. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxviii. 4 Minot Mass. i. 49. 5 Josselyn Voy. 259. Josselyn calls him " a blasphemous atheist ;" and Hubbard styles him " a prodigious minter of exorbitant novelties, even the very dregs of familism." MS. N. Eng. xlvii, where there is a distinct account of the troubles, occasioned by Gorton and his adherents to Massachusett?. 6 Wonderwork. Prov. laj. Winthrop [Journ. 163.] says, it was gatl.- ered 9 Nov. 1638. 7 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxvii. AMKRICAN ANNALS. 299 rdlngly caching several the s)rn- s, which [. This [he gov- 1 breach light per- ral in tl>e jvich, and hat none ; jurisdic- ,me of the iving great ished from andMassa- t ; and here es was or- ,er, of the irers only, " but J 7—140. Hutch- kh of Boston soon fexcommunication Ion, as well as for 1 Mr. Hutchinson, sold his estate in U On his death L people or place, 'id, the year after, led by the Indians, [ied into captivity- Ihap. xxxvlii. Lus atheist;" am; Inovelties, even the Is a distinct account 1 to Massachusetts. says, it was gat'-' xxvii. Ten years hat! now elapsed since the commence- ment of the set dement of Massachusetts. During this period, ninety four ministers came from Eng- land ; of this number twenty seven had returned ; thirty six had died ; and thirty one were yet living in the country. The number of ships, which, dur- ing this period, transported passengers to New Eng- land, was estimated to be two hundred and ninety eight ; and the number of men, women, and chil- dren, twenty one thousand two hundred. ' M. de Enambuc, the father of the French colony at St. Christopher's, brought from that island to Martinico a hundred soldiers, all of them well pro- vided for forming a colony. Landing at Basse Ter- re, he built a fort, called St. Peter, and made the first settlement on the island. ' John Davenport, a celebrated minister of Cole- man street in London, accompanied by Theophilus Eaton and Edward Hopkins, merchants of London, with several other respectable persons from that city and its vicinity, arrived this summer at Boston. The unmolested enjoyment of civil and religious lib- erty was the object of their emigration. Not find- ing in Massachusetts suflScient room for themselves und the numerous friends, whom they expected to follow them, and being informed of a large bay to the southwest of Connecticut river, commodious for trade, they applied to their friends in Connecticut to purchase for them, of the native proprietors, all the lands, lying between the rivers Connecticut and Hud- 1 Josselyn Voy. 258, and N. Eng. Ran 108. This article, though it has been quoted by respectable authority, and may be substantially true, is nei- ther stated with precision, nor with confidence. The language of Jos«elyn is, " in the ten fust years cfjhjly ," und (in reference to the number of em- igrants) " as near as can be guessed." Some writer, whose name I have lost, allirms, that " by an exact computation, 4000 planters had now come out of E.gland ; in all the four grand settlements." See Hutchinson, i. 931 2 Univ. Hist. xli. 228. He died soon after ; and his colleague. Sir Thom- as Warner, did not long survive him. At the time of his death, St. Chris- topher's is said to have contained twelve or thirteen thousand English in- habitants. Ibid. 271. Several historians, I now find, place this article in 1635. RftroMpR;t of Massa- chu'jutct. Martinico settled. Arrival of J. Daven- port und others ; \n f Pif'i f! ■■. ■• '! '■: .,y 'Ml' 4: m li, '*l:::siF B ' ■ \ ii- .■,! .-^oo AMERICAN ANMAI.S. Mirrli .",0. (iiiil for Quiniupi- .ick. son ; and this purchuse they, in piirt, efTcctcd. In the aiilunin, Mr. Katon and Moint; others oF tlic com- pany made ii journey to Connecticut, to explore the lands and liavhours on the .sea coast ; and pitched Nvhoptp- upon Qninnipiacic for the place oF their settlement. I^ont oiii. '- li counsellors, for the lands of (Juiniiipiack. \±. iVlonauguin, in consideration of being pnnected by the English from the hostile Indians, yielded up all his ric^ht and title to all the land of Ouinnir.iack, of which he was the sole sachem, to "i'l'eopliilus Ea- ton, John Davenport and others, their heirs and as- signs forever ; and they, in return, covenanted, that they would protect him and his Indians ; th:U they shfjuld always have a sufficient quantity of land to plant, on the east side of the harbour ; and, by way of free and grateful retri1:)utioii, they gave him, his council and company, twelve coats of English cloth, t wcl /e <) .:hymy spoons, twelve hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen of knives, twelve porringers, and four I Uy this covenant they solemnly enjraged, that in the gathcing and or- dering of a church, and in all public olHces, relating to tivll ordur, thfv would be guided by the rules of Scripture. Trumbull, i. 91. iNov. 24. '^:r:,. AMERICAN ANNALS. 301 I. In I com ire tlio (itched cment. igh the on, and Uon for rived at pril they r a l;irgc Lichtd to hilt they nincd to rising co- ; of such Kility. In lent with country, innipi'.ick. >tcctcd by cd up all ir.iack, of ■liiUis Ka- li rs and as- ntedjthat th:\t they :)f land to d, by way lehim, his lish cloth, elve hoes, and four Lthcing and or- ,\\ ordLT, the% cases of French knives and scissors. In December, 1638. they made another purt Ii ise of a large tract, lying principally north of the other, extending eight miles east of the river Quinnipiack, and five miles west of it toward Hudson's river. ' Near the bay of Quin- nipiack they laid out their town in squares, on the plan of a spacious city ; and called it New Haven. New Ha- This town was the foundation of a flourishing colony **"'" of the same name, of which it became also the capi- tal. ^ Kicft, the Dutch governor of New Netherlands, J^^^yJ^ protested against this plantation ; but his protest was disregarded, because unsupported. ' The religious differences in Massachusetts were, Purchase in the mean time, giving rise to a distinct colony, in mt^nJ^'uf'*" another direction. John Clark and some others, Rhode iinding the decisions of the synod supported by the *'''''"*^" general court, went to Providence, in search of a place, where they might have peace, and liberty of conscience. By the advice and aid of Roger Wil- liams, they purchased Aquetneck^ of the Indian sa- chems ; and the natives of that island soon after a- greed, on receiving ten coats and twenty hoes, to remove before the next winter. The adventur- ers, to the number of eighteen, incorporated them- .sL'lves into a body politic, and chose William jL^oddington to be their judge, or chief magis- 1 'lliH tract was purchased of Montnwese, son of the great sachem at M.ittaht'sc'ck ; :iiid was lo miles in length, north and sciith, and 13 miles ii! Ini'.idth. it incliidod all the lands within the ancient limits of the old towns of Niw H;iven, Branford, and Wallingford ; and almosf the whole within tl'.e liniitb of tliose towns, and of the more modern towns of East Havin, Woudlisorder at Pascataqua. where many of the first settlers of New England re- ceived their education, v/as called Cambridge. ' Several gentlemen in Boston and its vicinity, hav- ing formed themselves into a military company, pe- tioned to be incorporated. The council, adverting to the examples of the pretorian bands among the Romans, and the templars in Europe, was cautious of erecting a standing authority of military men, who might ultimately controul the civil power. The patriotic associates however were allowed to be a company, but subordinate to the authority of the country. * 'This is the origin of the company^ distin- guished in the military annals of Massachusetts by the merited riame of The Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company. John Wheelwright, who had been banished from Massachusetts, went, accompanied by a number of people from Braintree, to New Hampshire, where he laid the foundation of the town and church of Exeter. * The inhabitants of Pascataqua attempted,- about this time, to gather themselves into a church state J butj through dissensions, they appeiir not to 1 MS. Records of Massachusetts. Winthrop Journ. 155. Hubburd MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxii. There were several benefactors to this college, be» side Mr. Harvard ; and " the other colonies sent some small help to the undertaking." Mather Magna], book iv. 126. The primary object of this institution was, to furnish a succession of learnied and able ministers. Ibid. By Massachusetts Records it appears, that tlie court gave it the name of Harvard in 1639 ; but the name of Newtown was altered by the court in May 1638. a Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxiii. 3 Hutchinson, i. 106. Pres. Stiles MSS. The next year (1639) 25 per- sons, settlers of Exeter, entered into a combination, and erected a civil gov- ernment. The reason, which they assign for the measure, is ; " Consider- ing with ourselves the holy will of God and our own necessity that we should not live without wholsom Lawes and Civil Government among us of which we are altogether destitute." The Constitution, with the nances of the 35 signers, is in Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxi, and Hazard Coll. i. 463. Their rulers were Isaac Grosse, Nicholas Neodham, and Thoma* Wilson ; each of whom continued in office one year, having two asslstantfi The laws were made in a popular asrembly, and formally consented to by the rulers. This combination fubsist«d throe years. Belknap N. Hamp. i. 37. It was a few miles only beyond the north eastern boundary of Massa^ chusetts, amid the forest, which then skirted the s^hore of the great bay tf Pascatacjua, that Exeter was planted. Chalmers, i. 475. AMERICAN ANNALS. So$ and re- j « ^* y, hav- ,ny, pe- Iverting )ng the :autious ■y men, er. The to be a ( of the /■^ distin- isetts by nourablc led from jmber of 2, where :hurch of :tempted,' a church ;\r iiot to Hubbard MS. collesj;e, be- help to the object of this e ministerSr (rave it the as altered by 639) 35 ?"• d a civil gov- " Gonsider- ■ssity that we ent among ui ith the naive* Hazard Coll. and ThomaJ two assistuntfi isented to by p N. Hamp. i- ary of Massa^ great bay of have succeeded in the design. * Josselyn, whom we have quoted as an original authority, made his first voyage to New England this year. * Boston at this time was " rather a village, than a to' vn ;** con- sisting of no more than twenty or thirty houses. ^ There was a great earthquake in New England on the first day of June. The earth shook with such violence, that, in some places, the people could not stand, without difficulty, in the streets ; and most moveable articles in their houses were thrown down. This phenomenon formed a memorable e* poch in the annals of New England.* About one hundred and thirty freemen were ad- ded to Massachusetts ; and there arrived this sum- mer twenty ships, with at least three hundred per- sons. * The first New England built ship arrived in the Thames. '^ Uncas, sachem of the Moheagans, having given umbrage by entertaining some of the hostile Pequots, went to Boston in June, with a present to the gov- ernor of Massachusetts $ promised submission to J Hubbard MS. Nt Eng. chap. xxzl. Hubbard says, <* they fell into fac- tions, and strange confusions." % Josselyn Voy. 20. It is a curious fact, that Josselyn brought " from Francis Quarles the poet," the translation of several Psalms " into English tneti^," and delivered them to Mr. Cotton, minister of Boston, " for hi* approbation." Ibid. 3 Ibid. 173. There were two licensed inns then in Boston. " An officer visits them," says Josselyn, whenever a stranger goes into them ; and *' if he calls for more drink than the officer thinks in his judgment he can so* fcerly bear away," he countermands it, and « appoints the proportion be- yond which he cannot get one drop." Ibid. 4 Winthrop Journ. 155. It occurred between the hours 6f three and four P. M. The weather was clear and warm, and the wind westerly. " It came with a noise like a continued thunder, or the rattling of coaches in London, but. was presently gone." It was felt at Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, Narraganset, Pascataqua, and the circumjacent parts. It shook the ships, which rode in Boston harbour, and all the islands. " The noise and the shaking continued about four minutes. The earth was unquiet 20 day* after by times." Ibid. Josselyn N. Eng. Rar. 109. Hutchinson, i. 90* Trumbull, i. 9Z< Professor Winthrop Lect. on Earthquakes, l6. M«is«ir» Americ. Acad. i. 26 2. Brit. £mp. i« 276. 5 Winthrop Journ. 156. 6 Punberton MS. 1638* Bcstotit June I, Earth- quake in New Eng' land. Accession to Massa< chusettii Friendsht|» of Unca<« \I^A '1 '1: 1 ll' M I :' I, 1-1, ■ P. I •■,.i!.|. ii';' m 306 1638. Murder of an Indian punished. Tlie Dutch remon- strate a- fifiiinst the 'jcttlfinent cf the Swiss Ht Dela- ware. r.a-R's of ihe legis- lature of Maryland. AMERICAN AKNALS. the English ; and was ever afterward faithful to their interests. ' In September, articles of agreement were made between him and the colonists of Connecticut. * The government of Plymouth colony caused three Englishmen to be put to death, for the murder of an Indian near Providence. * A Swedish factory, conducted by Minuitz, hav- ing reared htibitations for shelter on the eastern banks of the Delaware, near its confluence ; Kieft, the governor of New Netherlands, transmitted a re- monstrance against the proceeding ; laying claim to the whole South river, as the property of the Dutch. Minuitz however retained possession.* The assembly of Maryland prepared a collectioH of regulations. The province was divided into bar- onies and ra'anors, the privileges of which were care- fully regulated. Bills were passed for settling the glebe ; for the liberties of the people ; for swearing allegiance to their sovereign ; and for securing titles to their estates. The law for civil causes and for crimes was ascertained. Laws were passed for the payment of tobacco, and for the planting of corn j and various other regulations of domestic economy and of commerce were established. * The acts of this assembly are the first, of which any record ap- pears in the province. ** I Winthrop Journ. 155. Hubbard MS. N. Kng. chap, xxxiv i Ind. Wari, 40, 41. In 1640 he conveyed his lands to Connecticut. s Gov. Trumbull MS. State and Origin of Connecticut. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap.lxxvi. Morton, izo, 121. 4 Chalmers,i. 571,572, 631. Kieft asserted, " that the whole South riv» «r of New Netherlands had been in the Dutch possession many years, a- bove and below beset with forts, and sealed with their blood." Disputes •rose. A bloodless war ensued. The Dutch dictated the terms of peace. At the treaty of Stockholm, in 1640, " Sweden and Holland prudently pas- sed over in silence colonial squabbles, and American territory ; for the pre* tensions of neither party could have been supported by fair and accurate discussion." Chalmers, ibid. Smith N. York, 3, 4. 5o«/A river was the Dutch name of the Lelaioare ; North river, the name of the Hudson : In the Dutch language ZuyJrhier, and NeorJt rivier. SecLaet's map at p. 62- 5 Chalmers, i. 211. 6 Ibid. 232. It was from the Virginia Papers in England, that notice ma^ obtained of the proceedings of an assembly, holdcn at St. Mary's if AMERICAN ANNALS, \^7 to their ;nt were ;cticut.* led three urder of tz, hav- ; eastern ; ; Kieft. tted a re- ; claim to ie Dutch. collectioa into bar- were care- sttling the • swearing iring titles ;s and for ;ed for the r of corn ; c economy he acts of record ap- »v iInd.Wan, [hole South r*iv» many years, a- jod." Disputes [terms of peace. \ prudently pa»- [y ; for the prc- |ir and accurate river was the Ihe Hudson : li» I's map at p. 6Z' Ind, that notice It St. Mary's if The English at St. Lucia were surprised, i)i the Mas^sacr* night, by the Caribbean Indians j and almost all"^'"^'''' were killed in their beds. A few escaped to Mont- serrat. ' The Spaniards attacked a small English colony, ^^'^J^J**,^ which had taken possession of the little unoccupied ^' "^'"^ island of Tortuga, and put every man, woman, and child to death. They even hanged such, as came in and surrendered themselves, on the promise of mercy, after the first attack. * M. Poincy attempted to make a settlement at Attempt t^ Grenada 5 but was driven off by the Caribbeans. ' ^j^^ 1639. The inhabitants of the three towns on Connecti- jan. 14. cut river, Windsor, Hartford, and Wetbersfield, ^"^j'"' finding themselves without the limits of the Massa- tion of chusetts patent, conceived the plan of forming them- Conaecti^ selves, by voluntary compact, into a distinct com- ' monwealth. All the free planters convened at Hart- ford on the fourteenth of January ; and, after ma- ture deliberation, adopted a constitution of govern- ment. This constitution has been thought, by the judicious, to be one of the most free and happy con- stitutions of civil government, that has ever been formed. The formation of it, at so early a period, " when the light of liberty was wholly darkened in most parts of the earth, and the rights of men were so little understood in others,'* does great honour to the intelligent colonists, who framed it. It has continued, with little alteration, to the present time ; and the happy consequences of it, which, for more than a century and a half, the people of Connecticut have ej^perienced, exceed description. * I Univ. Hist. xH. aij. , % Edwards W. Indies, i. 139.. Univ. Hist. [xH. 516.], instead of an " Eng- lish colony," says, " the freebooters of all nations, who had settled on thc- Uland of Tortuga." 3 Univ. Hist. xli. aaj. 4 Trumbull, >■ 95—98, where is a sketch of this constitution ; iu Has- i . ■ P'! 308 AMERICAN ANNALS. t*\Pf 4 ^ 1639. Apiil. First gene- ral election at Hart> ford. June 4. The plant- ers at Qiiiiinipi> ack form a constitu- tion. Agreeably to the constitution, the freemen con« vened at Hartford in April, and elected their officers for the ensuing year. John Haynes was chosen governor ; and Roger Ludlow, deputy governor. * The general assembly proceeded gradually to enact a system of laws. The first statute in the code of Connecticut is a declaration or bill of rights.* The planters of Quinnipiack had continued more than a year without any other constitution, thaa their plantation covenant. Having received a res- pectable accession to their number, by the arrival of the reverend Henry Whitfield, William Leet, esquire, and others,^ they were now prepared for a more sys- tematic combination. All the free planters in the settlement convened on the fourth of June, and pro- ceeded to lay the foundations of their civil and relig- ious polity.* Among other resolutions, they re- solved, that they would all be governed by the rules of scripture. Having bound themselves to settle civil government according to the divine word, thiy determined, that church members only should be free burgesses and that they only should choose ard ColJ. i. 4'? 7 — 441, it Is entire. Though dated 14 January 1638, its true date, according to the pra.vit reckoning, is in the ye;ir 1639. The constitu* tion decreed, that there shall be yearly two General Assemblies, or Courts ; that at the first, called the Court of Election, shall be yearly chosen so ma- ny magistrates and other public ofilcers, us shall be found requisite, one of which to be chosen governor for the year ensuing, and no otiier magistrate to be chosen for more than one year, provided there be six chosen beside the governor, who being chosen and sworn according; to an oath recorded for that purpose, shall have power to administer justice according to the law here established, and for want thereof according to the rule of the Word of God. That rhoif.e was to be made by all the freemen who had taken the oath of fidelity, and did " cohabit within this jurisdiction." No person might be chounty Pala- powers, he Stiles' MS CoU. •as " almost win- :ho8e four of the waste continue [when ti\«ir pow- tdmit," in Aptil ich ;" when "the the civil power •ritinj: resign all II Mr .Davenport » pillars. Ruggle« 'a good scholar, a ither oitheplan- oyed one of the le a large person- Guilford.here- , his native coun- his own expense, Inhabitants," was 5. Ibid. Trum- Ruggles* History ,18. part of the put- p 80on after theii las buried near the lent remembraBcc, constituted a government within his province; and 1639. incorporated the plantation at Agamenticus into a AgamenU- city, by the name of Gorgeana, which, with a lofty cus incor- name, was but an inconsiderable village. The prov- rorat*;^- ince did not flourish. * kowley, in Massachusetts, was settled by about *'j'jj*'"jf *ixty industrious and pious families from Yorkshire, ^ °^^ ''' under the guidance of Ezekiel Rogers, an eminent minister. These settler>, many of whom had been clothiers in England, built a fulling mill ; employed their children in spinning cotton wool ; and were the first, who attempted to make cloth in North Ameri- ca.* A settlement was begun on the north side of Mer- ^i"T>uryr, rimac, and called Salisbury ; another at Winicowet, vimSu and called Hampton. Yarmouth and Barnstable, ^ ^^^ ^arn- in Plymouth colony, were settled. * A church was ^^"^ ' *^* gathered at Braintree, of which Mr. Thompson, a pious and learned minister from Lancashire, soon after became its pastor ; and Henry Flint, a man of similar piety, its teacher. ^ There were now two regiments in Massachusetts | which were mustered at Boston, to the number of I Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xv. xxxi. Belknap Biog. i. 385 — 388. Sullivan, 71. Brit. Emp. ii. 3. The confirmatory grant is in Hazard Coll. 1.441 — 456. The name of the Province was given in compliment to the queen of Charles I, who owned, as her private estate in France, the Prov- ince of Meyne. Sullivan, 307. a Wonderwork. Prov. 130; Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxii. Thia article is there put in 1638; but Winthrop [Journ. 175.] puts it in i639,Maa. 3 The church at Scituate was in a broken condition several years. TJie Rev. John Lothrop, with part of that cliurch, removed to Cape Cod, and settled Barnstable, n October 1639. Lothrop *s MS. Records, and Pre- sident Stiles MSS. 4 Winthrop Journ. 172, 183. It appears by gov. Winthrop (ibid.), that Sudbury was settled in 1639 ; though, on the authority of Hubbard, I had placed it in 163.C. 5 Winthrop Journ. 188. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxvii. « Mount WoUaston [Braintree] had been formerly laid to Boston." It was given to tliat place " for upholding the town and church there." The inhabitants of * Boston, wlio had taken their farms and lots at mount Wollaston, desired t» gather a church there in 1636 ; but the measure was then opposed at Bos- ton, lest, " by the removal of so many chief men as would go thither," '!»« original design shovW be frustrated. Winthrop, ib. 107, 187. I : ' ' I Hi i!>r f'l 3r« 1639. Printing presi. Act to en- r.ouru(;e the fishcrf . Civil privi" leges re- •tnred to Virginia. House of assembly established in Mary- land. AMERICAN ANNALS, one thousand soldiers. ' About eighty three free* men were added to the colony this year.* The church in Boston was sold by the proprietors ; and another was erected near the market place. ' The first printing press in North America wai set up this year at Cambridge.* The legislature of Massachusetts passed an act to free from all duties and public taxes all estates, cm- ployed in catching, making, or transporting fish. All fishermen, during the season for business, and all ship builders were, by the same act, excused from trainings. Sumptuary laws were also made for restraining excess in apparel, and other expenses.* The commission of governor Harvey was revok- ed in the beginning of this year j and Sir William Berkeley was appointed governor of Virginia. The king's instructions to the new governor evince a prodigious change in colonial policy. While pre- parations were making in England and Scotland for civil war, there were given to the w.'shes of the Vir- ginians, a provincial legislature, a regular adminis- tration of justice, a government of laws.** The legislature of Maryland passed an act " for es- tablishing the house of assembly.*' It enacted, that those, who should be elected pursuant to writs issu- ed, siiould be called burgesses, and should supply the place of the freemen who chose them, in the same manner, and to the same intents, as the repre- sentatives in the parliament of England ; that the gentlemen, summoned by the special writ of the pro* Z Winthrop Journal, 176. 2 Wonderwork. Prov. 134. 3 Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 257, The old one was » out of repair and to* small" Ibid. The new one cost about ^^looo. which were raised out of the weekly voluntary contribution. * Winthrop Journ. 217. 4 Winthrop Journ. 171. It " was begun by one Daye at the charge of Mr. Glover," who died on his passage to America. « The first thing, which was printed, was the freeman's oath ; the next was an almanack, made for New England by Mr. Pierce, mariner ; the next was the Psalms, newly turned into metre." Ibid.„ Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 19. 5 Hutchinson, i. 94. 6 Chalmers,!. 119, 120. Gov. Harvey's Commission, given in i636»i' in Rymer's Feed. xx. 3, and Hazard Coll. i. 400 — 403. AMERICAN ANNALS. 3^3 lerica wai prictary, and those freemen, who shoiiKl not have i^^^g. voted at any of the elections, together with the gov- ernor and secretary, should be called, The House of Assembly ; and that all acts, assented to by that body, should be deemed of the same force, as if the proprietary and freemen had been personally pre- sent. The assembly, thus Ibrmed, passed what seems to have been intended for a code of laws, un- til a complete system of provincial jurisprudence could be established.' Inconsiderable, at this early period, must have State cf been the numbers, wealth, and power of Maryland j ''>^^"'o"y for a general contribution was thought necessary, to erect a watermill for the use of the colony. Sla- very seems I'o have rooted in Maryland with its orig- inal settlement ; for an act of the new assembly de- scribes " the people'* as consisting of all Christian inhabitants, " slaves only excepted.'*' A nunnery of French Ursulins was founded at ^ nunnery- Quebec. Madame de la Peltrie, a pious Catholic ou"bec. "^ lady, devoting her person and fortune to this relig- " ious design, went to Quebec with three Ursulins, attended by le Jeune, superior of the Jesuit mission in Canada. Entering the city under a general dis- charge of cannon, they proceeded in triumph, amidst the acclamations of the people, to the church, where Te Dcwn was solemnly sung for their arrival.^ I Chalmers, i. 213. a Chalmers, i. 414, 315. 3 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 206 — 209. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 428, 429. Charlevoix (ibid.) says, that M. de la Peltrie had such zeal for the conver- sion and cumt'ort of the Canadian natives, that she cultivated the earth with her own hands, to increase her power to promote their benefit. The hospital, called de 1' Hotel Dieu, was founded the preceding year at Sileri, by M. la Duchesse d' Aiguillon. Ibid. Mrs. Ann Winslow, a respectable lady, who resided several years in Canada, informs me, th:.t both these in- stitutions are now in a flourishing btate, especially the Hotel Dieu. X X I if I 3 I If I H AMERICAN ANNALS. V'ivginii; 1640. An uttcmpt was made in the Kngiish parliament to cstablisli once more over Virginia the government of tlic ancient corporation, and tlnis to annul the charter of Maryhmd ; but it was vigorously oppos- ed by the Virginian assembly, and the measure wdn relinquished.' Opechancanough, an Indian emperor in Virginia, being dead/ governor Berkeley made a firm and lasting peace with the natives.^ Muryliimi. Among other useful law8, now passed by the as- sembly of Maryland, was its inspection law, which established many Salutary regulations for the im- provement of the staple of the colony, and for the protection of purchasers from frauds.' Several of the inhabitants of Lynn, finding them- selves straitened for land, went to Long Island in search of a new plantation ; and agreed with lord Stirling's agent there for a tract of land near the west end of the island, and with the natives for their right. The Dutch at New Netherlands, hearing of these contracts, sent men to take possession of the place, and to set up the arms of the prince of Orange. Ten or twelve of the English company, beginning soon after to erect buildings, took down the prince's arms j in the place of which an Indian drew an ugly face. Provoked by this indignity, the Dutch sent soldiers, who brought oft' the Englishmen, and im- prisoned them ; but after a few days, liaving taken an oath of them, they set them at liberty. The ad- venturers now removed to the east end uf the island ; where, to the number of forty families, they settled 1 Chalmers, i. 415. The reason assigned for the opposition of Virginia is : 'J'liis " ancient dominiort liud now learned from t.xperience, that more liberty was enjoyed under any form, tlian bencatli the riilt; of a commei- cial company." Ibid. 2 While a prisoner in the hands of the governor, he was sihot by .u* English soldier. Keith, 146. 3 Ibid, 4 Chalmers, i. 216. Inhabitants of Lyim purchase ttnd on Long Isl- and ; AMFRICAK ANNALS. 3K^ rliament crnment nnul the f oppos- sure was Virginiii, firm iinci )y the as- w, whicli r the im- id for the hig them- ; IsVaud ill with lord i near the s for their licaring of ion of the >f Orange, beginning le prince's w an ugly utch sent |i, and im- ing taken The ad- ]ie island ; liey settled Ion of Virginii lice, that more [of a coinmcL- Lis !>liotby w the town of Southampton. Inviting Mr. Picrson, a 1^40. man of learning and piety, to be their minister, he ^^"'^^^'^'^jj^^j^^ and several of the compiuiy formed themselves into a ton. church at Lynn before their departure ; and the whole company, with the advice of some of the ma- gistrates of Massachusetts, erected themselves into a civil government. ' The inhabitants of "Providence, to the number of J;'^y7- forty persons, combmed m civil government, accord- mtntfonn. ing to their own model.* Some of the Providence ^'j'-" I'l'ov- people began a plantation at Patuxet, comprehended in their grant. ' I'lie settlers on the north side of Pascataqua river and at Pas- already experiencing serious inconveniences, ?nd ap- «^"*^"'' prehensive of greater, for the want of civil govern- ment, formed a government of their own, indepen- dent of the proprietary lords. •• The oldest record of New Hampshire is dated this year. ^ I'he first general court in the province of Maine Maine. was holden at Saco.'^ The general court of Massachusetts gave liberty Various for two new plantation ; one of which was called MLsachu- Haverhill j the other, Andover. ^ It also granted setts ic^h- the income of the ferry between Boston and Charles- ^^^^'^' town as a perpetual revenue to Harvard college.** It made provision i'or x public registry.'-' It prohibit- ed the use of tobacco. ' * The magistriiies with the ministers of Massachu setts chose the reverend Henry Dunster, to be presi dent of Harvard college. ' ' President of Harvard college chosen. I Winthrop Journ. 204. Huhliard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxili. Mather .■Magnal. book iii. yj. Neal N. Eng. i. 208. a Callender, 43. Douglass, ii. 78. 3 CallwidwT, 35. Adams N. Eng. 6^. 4 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxi, where is a copy of the compact. 5 Chalmers, i. 498. 6 Sullivan, 308. 7 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxii. The names were given " with re- fcrence to some of the planters, who belonged to those towns in Enghuid." lb 8 Mabsacbusetts Laws. Douglass, i. .543. Adams N. Eng. 73. 9 Hutcbinson, i. 455. 10 Chalmers, i. 4?. H Mulher Magnal. iv. IJ7. 3i6 AMERICAN ANNALS. i^ May 25. Parsonage at Ports- mouth. Stamford bouglit of : h [W '1 1640. After a long recess, the parliament assembled j Emigra- j^^^j persecution was stopped. On the change of af- tion from r---nii ■ • jo ifi Ent^iuiid nin-s in England, emigration ceased. Several oi" the ceases, j-(^ost Considerable colonists, and many of the minis- ters in New England, now returned to their native country. ' The inhabitants of Strawberry Bank [Ports* mouth], having voluntarily given several sums of money for building and founding a parsonage house and a chapel, now granted fifty acres of land to be annexed to them as a glebe." Nathaniel Turner, in behalf of the town of New thenativcs; Haven,purchased of Poiius, sagamore of Toquamske, and of Wascus8ue,a sagamore of Shippau,allthe lands belonging to them, called Rippowance, excepting a small parcel, reserved by them for planting. A part or the whole of this tract was soon after purchased of New Haven by some of the inhabitants of Weth- ;^,nd sutled. ^^gg^l^^ who Settled upon it the town of Stamford.^ 1 Chalmers,!. 165, 166. Hutchinson, i. 93. Ncal [N. En2n made ■j opportuni- for the beii" ll pive us. ■ c-.ise, the decision Ual court, in 1640, linen cloth, "whi^^ Ln after, a tratUi feuch, awoui!; othci lorn the \V.U.d>«j lirecdingihc.'p.»"J themselves \vit»- efit of New England ; and to give advice, if requir- 1641. ed, for settling a form of church discipline. ' It hence appears to have been no pa.rt of the ob- Cobniai ject of their mission, to solicit parliamentary aid or patronage ; although the colony had been advised to this measure. The reason, assigned for not fol- lowing that advice, is very remarkable. It was the apprehension of subjection to the authority of parli- ament. * A very cold winter closed this year. The har- Coid win- bour of Boston, where ships ordinarily anchored, "'*• was so deeply frozen over, as to be passable for horses, carts and oxen, live weeks.' The lords and gentlemen, holding a patent for the i^o^er and lands south of Pascataqua, finding no means to gov- „°„"J as- signed to 1 Winthrop Journ. aa^, 224. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xlv. Chal- Mi'.ss.jurij- mers, i. 172. The persons, sent to England on thisj occasion, were Hiigh diction. Peters, minister of Sak-m ; Thoma.i Welde, minister of Roxbury ; and Wil- liam Hibbins, of Boston. They sailed from Boston 3 August. Ibid. Mr. Bentley [Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 253.] says, that Mr. Peters was much engaged in trade, and knew all Its embarrassments ; and that, as he had often done the business of the colony with success, he was thought a proper person to return to England, and to represent the sense of the colony upon the laws ef excise and trade. The historian of Salem ascribes the rapid improve- ments in that town to the influence of Mr. Pete 8, during the five years of Lis ministry. " The arts were intr'^duced. A watermill was erected ; a ylass house ; salt works ; the planting of hemp was encq^raged, and a reg- iilar market was established. An almanack was introduced to direct their affairs. Commerce had unexampled glory. He formed the plan of the Ji'hery, of the coasting voyages, of the foreign voyages ; and among many other vessels, one of ,^co tons was undertaken under his influence." Id. ibid. Neither Welde nor Peters ever returned to N. England. The first was e- jected in the reign of Charles II ; the other came to a tragical end. Hut- ihingon, i. 98. 2 Winthrop Journal, 218. " Upon the great liberty which the king had Itftthe parliament to, in England, some of our friends there wrote to us ad- vice to send over some to solicit for us in the parliament, giving us hope that we might obtain much &c. hut consulting about it, we declined the motion for this consideration, that if we should put ourselves under the protection of the parliament, we must then be subject to all such laws a« tliey should make, or at least such as they might impose upon us ; in v/hich tourse though they should intend our good, yet it might prove very preju- dicial to us." Ibid. On this pafsage governor Tnunbuli, nearly 140 years afterward, remarked : " Her.; observe, that as at this time, so it hath beea «!ver since, that the colonies, so far from ackr.owledging the parliament to li.ive aright to make laws bindirg on tliem in all cases whatsoever, they liive ever denied it in any case." Lett, to J. D. Vandcr Capellan in ColL Hist. Soc. vi. 156. ;• Wonderwork. Prov. 170. ■' i.. Iffi! I '!' ! 320 AMERICAN ANNALS. }■"■. U'. •■ i <^m M 'I- mm- ?"t Mi'Tch 2. Plymouth patent transferred. Trading house at Narragan- set. The Dutch lay claim to Hartford. !*■ ! 1641. ern the people there, nor to restrain them from spoil- ing their timber, agreed to assign all their interest of . jurisdiction to Massachusetts, reserving the land to themselves. The inhabitants at Dover and Straw- berry bank were accordingly declared to belong to the Massachusetts jurisdiction. ' William Bradford, governor of Plymouth, surren- dered to the freemen of that jurisdiction the patent of the colony, which had been taken in his name. * Richard Smith purchased of the sachems a tract of land in the Narraganset country, remote from the English settlements ; erected a house of trade ; and gave free entertainment to all travellers. ^ The Dutch governor at Manhattan pressed the English with his claim to all the territory of Hart- ford. The governor and council of Connecticut re- turned an answer to the Dutch, without determin- ing the question of yielding more land to their trad- ing house, which had now but thirty acres. Dis- satisfied with this answer, the Dutch sent soldiers to be biiletted at their trading house ; but the Indians, at this juncture, killing some of their men at fort Au- rania, they were constrained to keep their soldiers at home, in their own defence. ** The Caribbee islands about this time at .i-acting the attention of the people of New Englrnd, many persons sold their estates, to tra.isplant tuemselves and their families to the island of Providence 5 but their hopes of settling a plantation there were soon frustrated by the Spaniards. * X Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xlv. a Hazard Coll. i. 468, where is the instrument of surrender. Mather Magnai. boolc ii. 5. Tlie " Purchasefs or Old Comers" made a reservation of three ti.Kts in the patent for themselves. See Hazard i.466, 467, where the names of those first purchasers are preserved. 3 Coll. Hift. Soc. V. 216. The hnd, which Smith bought, was" among the thickest 01" the Indians ;" his house was " on the great road of the con- try." Ibid. 4 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xlix. 5 HubL-ird MS N. Eng. chap. xlvi. Tlie English had been in possef- «Ion of the isle of Providence, and had partly planted it, ever since 1639; N.E. colo- nists at- tempt to settle at the island of Provi- dence. AMERICAN ANNALS. •rom spoil- interest of he I'cind to nd Straw- belong to th, surren- the patent lis name.* ems a tract ite from the trade *, and 5 pressed the ry of Hart- nnecticut re- at determine o their trad- acres. Dis- it soldiers to the Indians, n at fort Au- [heir soldiers le auracting Iglrnd, many tuemselves Tidence ; but re were soon lirrender. Mather made a reservation light, was "amonj It road of the cot'i- ad been in po^'*^'" ever since 1629; 321 The French began the preceding year (1640) to Surinam, plant at a place on the continent of South America, by''|if°""^ called Surinam, in nine degrees of north latitude, French, from the mouth of th6 river Oronoque, southward to the river Maroni ; but that country being low, marshy and unhealthful, they abandoned it this year. The English, the same year, at the expense h settled by of lord Willoughby, first settled there.' the English. 1642. The house of commons passed a memorable re- solve in favour of New England, exempting its im- ports and exports from custom, subsidy, or taxation. * The ministers of New England received letters from several pious people in Virginia, earnestly so- liciting a supply of faithful ministers. At a lecture in Boston three ministers wer*? agreed on for the so- licited mission ; and they went with letters of re- commendation from the governor of Massachusetts to the governor and council of Virginia ; but their residence in that colony was short ; and the pious design was unhappily frustrated. ^ The assembly of divines at Westminster being called by the parliament, to consider and advise a- Resolve of house of commons in favour of N. Eng. Ministers invited to Virginia. but they were now (1641) attacked by the Spaniards with a great force, and obliged to surrender the island to them. The Spaniards however, hav- ing nothmg in view, in driving out the English, but to keep up their pre- tensions to all the Bahama islands, did not settle on the captured islatxi ; •nd the English again took possession of it. Anderson, ii. 391. I Anderson, ii. 389, 392. a Chalmers, i. 174. Hutchinson, i. Z14, where the order is inserted, "rhe introduct'on of it is remarkable : " Whereas the plantations in New England have, by the blessmg of the Almighty, had good and prosperous success, ivithaut any public charge to this state" &c. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xxvii, xxviii, xlvii. Tlie three ministers, lent to Vitginia, were Mr. Thompson of Braintree, Mr. KnoUes of Watei- town, and Mr. James of New Haven. They went in 1642, and returned the next summer ; for the government of Virginia had made an order, that all such persons, as would not conform to the discipline of the church af England, should depart the country by a certain day. Ibid. Mather Mag- nal. book iii. 119. " Though the state did silence the ministers because they would not conform to the order of England, yet the people resorted to diem in private houses to hear thenn." Winthrop Jounu ^^%. N. Em^. ministers invited to attend the assembly of divines at West- minster. .?# !.t 'li^ X^'^- AMERICAN ANNALS.. y ,■ 3i' ml m «1ct. 9, L-irst com :;aence- :.-m;iit at liarvarc! College. TiMayhew sc'ttltrs VineyiirJ. 164?, bout the settling of church government ; severa? lords of the upper house, and about thirty membery. of thehouse of commons,\vith some mini':cers in Eng- land, who were for the independency of churches,, sent letters to Mr. Cotton of Boston, Mr. Hooker of Hartford, and Mr. Davenport of New Haven, to ask their assistance. in. that synod ; but they declined. the invitation. * The first commencement at Harvard College was holden at Cambridge on- the ninth of October 5. when nine candidates took the degree of baclielor- of aits. Most of the members of the general court \Anere present ; and, for the encouragement of the students, dined at the " ordinary commons." * Thomas May hew of Watertbwn, having recently obtained of l6rd Stirling's agent a gnint of Martha's- Vineyard; with the adjacent islands, removed his family to the Vineyard, and began a settlement at Edgarton, of which lie was the ruler, and his son the minister. Hb appears to have been the first. Englishman, who settied'on that island.^ Darby Field, an Irishman, living nearPascataqua,; rhe White went in June, accompanied by two Indians, to the Mou:itain.c. ^^j^j^^ j^jjjg j^^ j^^^^ Hampshire, nearly a hundred miles west of Saco. About a month after, he went again to those mountains, ^nih. five or six persons ; ► •"■ and, by a report of strangf stones, excited great ex- T Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xlvl:, Winthrop Jouin. 2,5:4, 255. Hut- cl^iiisoii, i. iij, X16 ; where is-a copy of the inviUition, with the names of the signevB. z \Vinthrop Journ. 264, 265. The bachelors, now graduated, " were yo\uig men of good hope, and performei' their parts so as gave good proof of their proficiency in the tongues and i rts." Ibid. Tiie Ihescs of this, iiist class of graduates are published entiri'in Hutchinson Mass. Appendix, .No. X\. 3 Neal N. Ehg. i. 435. Hutchinson, i. 161. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 155.- ^lai tha's Vineyard and Nantucket were not included in either of the four. Niiw England gpvernnient.s. The earl of .Stirling laid claim to all the is- lanfis, between Cape Cod and Hudson's river. Together with the convey- M\M of territory to Mayhew, he granted, according to the opinion and us- .'.^ii of his day, the same powers of government, which the Massachusetts. people enjoyed by their charter. Hence it was, that Mayhew wai called. Journey to ■■"V.,' ''f;''-^:;^' Ko^'ernor of the Islands. Hutchinson, ibid. « ^- h. A^iERICAN ANNALS. several 2mbery- n Eng- iirches,, looker ven, to tecUjaed- sge was ctober y- lielor- of il court : of the >»» recently Vlartlia's- oved his .emetit at i his son the first scataqua,; s, to the hundred he went persons ; great ex- \a, 'iSS' Hut- Ithc names of luted, " were Ire good proof Zhacs of thiS' Iss. Appendix, . Soc. iii. 155" Lr of the four. [to all the is- li the convey- linion and us- Massachusetts. Iw was called- yfjcctation of precious metallic substances ; but they '1642, .were never found. ' The general court of Massachusetts made an or- Order 'der for riie preparation of houses for saltpetre, with p^™'''''' 'the intention of manufacturing gunpowder ; but it was not carried into eftect for several years. * A village was granted at '.Ipswich river ; which TopEfieiu afterward was called Topsfield. ' Richard Blinman, who had been a minister in oioucestc. Wales, went with a few people from Green's Hiu-- *'-'"^"'^- hour, near Plymouth, where he had been seated a short time,. and settled at Cape Ann, v/hich, at a general court this year, was established £0 be a plantation, and called Gloucester. ^ Gorton, the famiiist. exile, and eleven other per- Warwki; sons purchased of Miantonimoh, the Narraganset ^'^"^'^''" sachem, a tract of land at Mishawomet, where he built a town, which was afterward called Warwick.* A village having been begun the last year within wbbun the township of Charlestown, a church was now gathered there, and the settlement was called Wo- burn.'* : ". ' . . I Winthrop Journ. ^47, 148, 265. Bolltnap [N. Hamp,i..i9— -ax.] h.lo placed this article in 163Z ; but gov. Winthrop is doubtless correct. •;,. 4 Wonderwork. Prov. x8i. ',.,'• 3 Hubbard MS. N. Kng. chap. xlv. 4 »Vinthrop Journ. 244. Wonderwork. Prov. 169. 5 Callender, 36. It was built about 14 miles northward of Smith's trad- ing house. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 117. The purchasers paid for the land 144 fathoms of wampum. Hutchinson, i. 118. Gorton and his friends 19 Au- gust 1644 procured a solemn submission of the Narraganset sachems to king Charles;; and Gorton, Greanc, and Holden went to England, and ob- tained an order, to be suifered peaceably to possess their purchase. Their tract being incorporated in the provim.e of Providence Plantations, they re- turned, and carried.«n their^ improvements ; and tbut, in honour of the earl of Warwick, who had, given them friendly patronage, th^y named the :place Warwick. Callender, 3^5.37. 6 Winthrop Journ. a68. Mr. Carter was ordained pastor of the church. Ibid. Wonderwork. Prov. 175. In the first settlement oi" New England, Johnson observes, when the people judged their number competent to Tnaintain a minister, " they then surely seated themselves, and not before ; it being as unnatural for a right New England man to live without an iibte .■ministry, as for a smith ,to w^tk his iron without fire.'* Ibid. >. .1 f^'- *¥ .k-V •*, & 3H AMERICAN ANNALS. 1642. Progress of N. Eng- land. The Eng- lish on L. Island im- piided l)y the Dutch. Fort Hope seized. Colonists of N. Ha- ven set lip a trading house at the Dela- ware. About twelve hundred and thirty two frccmea were added this year to Massachusetts colony. * There had now been settled in New England sev- enty seven ministers, who were driven from the pa- rent country, beside sixteen students, who afterward became ministers ;* fifty towns and villages had been planted ; thirty or forty churches, and a great* cr number of ministers* houses had been erected ; a castle, several prisons, and forts. Ships had been built from a hundred to four hundred tons j and five of them were already at sea, ' Emigrant colonists from Connecticut had already overspread the eastern end of Long Island. En-f couraged by a title, given by earl Stirling in 1639, they now advanced westward to Oyster Bay ; but were driven back by Kieft, the Dutch governor at; New Netherlands, because they appeared with- in sight of his residence. The inhabitants of Con- necticut instantly seized the garrison of Fort Hope on the river Connecticut, in the vicinity of Hart- ford, and obliged the Dutch to recede within ten miles of the Hudson. * The people of New Haven, intending to make a plantation at Delaware, sent agents, who duly pur- chased of the natives several tracts of land, on both sides of Delaware bay or river, to which neither the Dutch, nor the Swedes had any just title ; * and e- rected a trading house. It did not however remain long unmolested, Kieft, the Dutch governor at I Wonderworl. Prov. ^71. . i • ' - •■ u . » Univ. Hist, sxxix. 289. ' J"'- •' 3 M. Eng. Firs; Fruits, in Coll. Hist Sc<;. u 147, 248. 4 Chalmers, i. 571. See p. tjl, %j&, of this Volume. J Hazard Coll. ii. 164. The occasion* of the success ef the New Haves agents is remarkable. A Pequot sachem, in the time of the Pequot war, had fled from his country, and settled on Delaware river. He, at this junc- ture, gave an honourable testimony in behalf of the English people, by whom his nation had been exterminated. He told the Delaware sachem, that, although they had killed his countrymen, and driven him out ; yet they ^^ere honest men, and hud just cause to do what they did ; for the Pe- quots, he acknowledged, had done them wrong, and refused, when demand- ed, to give them reasonable satisfaction. Hubbard MS. N. En^. chap. xlvi. Vv m M' rccmca K ind sev- the pa- terward ges had a great* scted ; a ad been and five I already id. En^ in i639> ay ; but vernor at ed with- s of Con- ort Hope of Hart- jvithia ten ler remain Ivernor at AMERICAN ANNALS. New Netherlands, without any legal protest or warrjng, sent armed men to .^e Delaware, who burned the trading house, and seized the goods, * Emigrants from Maryland having taken posses- sion or the Dutch Schuylkill,* the governor of New Netherlands, hearing of what he deemed an intru- sion,. «'»ntAlpendam from Manhattan with two sloops, and e^JIy dispossessed these English colonists, un- prepared for resistance. The weakness of Mary- land, yet in its infancy, and the distractions of the parent country, involved in civil war, prevented ex- pressions of provincial and of national resentment. * Intrigues of Cleybo*'pe, in Maryland, infused jeal- ousy into the natives. The rapid increase of the English, threatening their own annihilation as a people, gave them much uneasiness* Individuals procured their lands, without the authority of gov- ernment, for considerations totally inadequate, with which therefore, in review, they were greatly dissat- isfied, These combined causes, in the beginning of this year, brought on an Indian war, which, with its accustomed evils, continued several years. * The Iroquois had already entered into a consider- able commerce with the Dutch at New Netherlands, to whom they disposed of their peltry, and who, in return, furnished them with fire ^rms." Maisonneuve, a gentleman of Champaigne, who, the preceding year, brought over several French families to Montreal, now entered with them into possession of their new habitation and chapel of this island, with many religious solemnities.* I Hazard Cell. ii. 164, 4x3. * HliSng Creel. % Chalmers, i. 633. 3 Chalmers, i. Zi6. See p. a6z, 269, of this volume. In 1644 there was a sudden massacre ot 300 English people in Virginia. All the Indians for 600 miles had confederated to exterminate all strangers from the country. Hubbard MS. Nf. Eng. chap. xlviL 4 Wynne, i. 308. See p. 175 of this volyme. 5 Wynne, i. 307. Cnarlevoix Nouv. France, i. 417, 228. In 1640, the French king had vested the property of the island in 35 associates, of whom Maisonneuve was 9ne ; and ij Oct. 16411 he was dedared governor of the iiluid. IbiJ. m m. ^ 1 1 3*5 1 1 1642. 1 1 1 1 Colon ififi ii of Mai y- , i! Lnd tai:e i pOKfcJJ'iijIl 1 of the 1 Schuylkill; i II^^^H 1 but are dis- jJ possessed. u 1 Indian war W in Mary- P if^^^H 1 1 iiH A H Iroquoia s trade with j' theDuuh. r, ■ 1' V Montreal. | ! 1 ] 'EI^HRflfflsitnl 1 I 1 1 IHWBfBilfW^BI ■■-'•■ X ■ ' \ 1^ f '5i 326 AMERICAN ANNALS. t's f.'i 'id f SRI1 Reasons /or the 1643. May 19. xhis is the memorable tcra of the first union of theREng. the New England colonies. This confederacy had •oioniei. been in agitation several years. As early as the year 1638, articles of union between the four colo- nies of MassachusettF, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven, for amity, offence and defence, mutual advice and assistance on all necessary occasions, were drawn up, and referred to a future time for conside- ration. Difficulties however occurred, which retard- ed the execution of the design until the present year ; when commissioners, appointed by those colonies, completed and signed the art'c'es of union at Bos- ton, on the nineteenth of M-.y." 'JTlie reasons, as- signed for this union were, the dispersed state of the colonies ; the vicinity of the Dutch, Swiss, and French, who were inclined to encroachments ; the hostile disposition of the neighbouring Indians j the appearance of a general combination of these savage tribes, tc extirpate the English colonies ; the com- mencement of civil contests in the parent country :, the impossibility of obtaining aid from England in any emergence : and, in fine, the alliance, already foimed between these colonies by the sacred ties of religion. The commissioners declared, that, as in nation and religion, so in other respects they be and continue one ; and henceforth be called by the 1 The articles were now eigned by all tjie ccmmissionfirs, excepting those of Plymouth, " who, for want of commission from their general court, deferred their subscription till the next meetinjj ;'* and then (Sept. 7) they also subscribed them. Winthrop Journ. 282. Hutchinson, i. 12.1- In Plymouth colony, beside the town cf PlymoMth, there were now settled Duxborough, Scituate, TauntoHj Rehoboth, Sandwicli, Barnstable, and Yarmouth. Hutchinson, i. 207. It t)ught to have been mentioned l>/-/orc^ that DuxBOROuoii was Incorporated in 1637 ; and that many years before, there were several families settled in the place [Coll. Hibt. Soc. ii. 3.] ; and that Taunton and Sandwich began to be settled in 1637. Winthrop Journ. 147. Tecticut was the Indian name of the place where Taunton is fettled. A plantation was begun there " by a gentlewoman an ancient maid one Mrs. Poole,; she went thither, and endured much hardship, aniJ loit much cattle." Sandwich was begun " by many familiis which rr anovfd from Sa^ •» otherwise Lino.'" Ibid. ^ # .» f» iV MERICAN ANNALS. 3^7 union of eracy had ly as the four colo- icticut and ce, mutual sions, \vere or conside- \ich retard- esent year •, se colonies, ion at Bos- reasons, as- sed state of , Swiss, and iments ; the Indians •, the these savage s ; the com- ;nt country :, 1 England in mce, already [sacred ties of 1, that, as in ects they he [called by tlu^ Lion£rs, excertlnn Wir general court, Ld then C^ept- 7 ' liutcliinson, i- 1^5' lewerenowsettka I, Barnstable, a»w h mentioned l"'for(^ Imany years belore, Lsoc.ii.3-1'.^"'^ li 1637. Wintbror Ice where Taunton iwoman an ancioi. J;,uch hardship, an*. lfamUi*s which rr uamc of The United Colonies of New Eng- land.* J. . ' :■ The members of this league were deemed by all their neigliborirs as one body, with regard to their public transaCi ions, though the peculiar affairs of each continued to be managed by its own courts and magistrates. Rhode Island, petitioning to be admitted a member of it, was absolutely refused, unless, by submitting to the jurisdiction of Plymouth, it should cease to be a separate colony. It prefer- red however the flattering benefits of independence to all the advantages of dependent union. * On the completion of the colonial confederacy, several Indian sachems came in, and submitted to the English government ; among whom were Mian- tonimoh the Narraganset and Uncas the Moheagan chief. ' The union rendered the colonies formida- ble to the Dutch, as well as Indians, and respecta- ble in the view of the French ; maintained general harmony among themselves, and secured the peace and rights of the country j preserved the colonies during the civil wars and unsettled state of England ; vas the grand instrument of their defence in Phil- ip's war ; and was essentially serviceable in civil- izing and Christianizing the Indians.* The pro- portion of men, assigned to the colonies by this al- liance, was a hundred to Massachusetts, and forty five to each of the other three colonies, Plymouth, Hartford, and New Haven.* Massachusetts was divided this year into four counties, or shires ; Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk, and Norfolk.^ -it' ' ', . ' , " I Trumbull, 1. I afi. Morton, i.^Oi Hotchfnson, 1, 124, 126. The ar- ticles of this Union are entire in WiAthrop Journ. 276 — 282; HubbarJ' Mi». N. Eng. chap, li ; Brit. Emp. i. 281 — 287 ; Neal N. Eng. i. 223. This union subsisted more than 40 years, until the abrogatioo of the charters of the N. England colonies by king James H. 1 Chalmers, i. 178. 1 Wonderwork. Prov. i8j. 4 Trumbull, i. 117. 5 British Emp. i. 84. 6 Hutchinson, i. 1x7. 1643. R. Iilanti not admit* ted into tlir Union. Advanta< ges of the Union. Division of Mass. into 4 countiea. m I ,r^8 A^fERtCAN ANNAlg. rn i. V assist- tiita. I ^43. Several persons, arriving at Boston, ittempted (a prc^byte- establish prcsbytcrian government, under the au- riatii. thority of the assembly of divines at Westminster, wliicli met this year s bnt they were baffled by the general court.' r.T 1 rr of I'lic Massachusetts general court otdered, that, in the yearly choice of assistants, the freemen shuiikl use Indian corn and beans ; the Indian corn, to maiifest elections ; the beans, the contrary ; with a penalty oF ten pounds for putting in more than one Indian corn or bean, for the choice or refusal of any pul)lic officer. * The same court ordered, Wampam- that Wampampeag should pass current in the pay- ri!> T^'^'' ment of debts to the amount of forty shillings ; the tender, white, at eight a penny, the black at tour, except- ing in payment of country rates.* Plough Pa- Mr. Rigbee, a wealthy gentleman in England, a TdJ!' *fc' coi^^sellor at law, and a member of the long parlia- **'* °*' ■ ment, having purchased the Plough Patent, at Sa- gadahock, called Ligonia, sent over Mr. Cleaves with a commission to govern the people there, as his deputy. A legal controversy respecting the right to this territory ensued. Rigbee, or his agent, and assignees, at length relinquished their title to any part of it.* Township The township of Wells, in the province of Maine, of Wells, was granted by Thomas Gorges, deputy governor, as agent to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, lord proprietor of that province, and was confirmed by a court, holden at Saco the following year. * On complaints against Gorton and his adherents, for injuries done to the natives, and other crimes, they were sent for, to appear at the general court at Boston. On their refusal to acknowltdge the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, Gorton and several of X Chalmers, I 165. Massachtisetts Laws. Hutchinson, i. < I /t a Massachus.Jtt'* Laws., 3 Ibid. 4 Huhburd MS. N. Eng. chap. sliv. 5 Coll. Hist. Sec. ili. Ij8. Btnpted id r the au- stminstct^ ed by the ;re ral of the colonics. i 33° AMERICAN ANNALS. \t'm mm i m !'«; 1 .', .'; 1643. CompUinU of N. Ha- ven against the Dutch & Swedes. Governc.s of Harvard College ap- pointed. Lancaster jcttled. The English people of New Haven, in all their attempts to settle a plantation at Delaware, found the Swedes open enemies, and the Dutch secret un- derminers of their interest. This year Mr. Lamber- ton, in the name of the settlers, complained to the commissioners for the United Colonies of many gross injuries, which they sustained from both ; of the Dutch, for burning down their trading house on the river ; and of the Swedes, for complicated a- buses. Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, pre- sident of the commissioners for the United Colonies, wrote in September to William Kieft, the Dutch governor of New Netherlands, and to John Prince, the Swedish governor at Delaware, on the subject of these injuries ; and soon after received answers, " but without any satisfaction.** ' The commis- sioners however authorized Mr. Lamberton to treat with the Swedish governor, and gave him a new commission to proceed with the trade and planta- tion at Delaware ; and harmony was restored. * The government of Harvard College had been committed by the general court to all the magistrates and the ministers of the three nearest churches, with the president j but the court now enacted, that all the magistrates and the teaching elders [ministers] of the six nearest towns, ^ and the president for the time being, should be governors of the college for- ever.* Some of the inhabitants of Watertown began a plantation at Nashaway, which was called Lancaster. ' r Hazard Coll. ii. 3 ao. ' a Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xlix. 3 Cambridge, Watertown, Charlcstowii, Boston, Roxbury and Dorchester. 4 Winthrop Joum. 319. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 21. They met the first time, by virtue of this act, a? December 1643, " considered of the officer* of the college, and chose a treasurer."' Ibid. 5 Winthrop Journ. 321. * ' ;f^ hll AMERICAN ANNALS. lU their , found :rct un- .amber- 1 to the f many oth •, of g house icated a- etts, pre- Colonles, te Dutch ,n Prince, subject of answers, ; commis- m to treat lim a new id planta- ored. * had been .lagistrates rches, with ;d, that all 'ministers] "ent for the college for- vn began a yancaster.' . chap. xllx. J and Dorchester, ley met the first ed of the officer L' 33' •Hf- 1644. ^ Roger "Williams, having been sent to England, Patent for as agent for Rhode Island and Providence, by the pf"*'*'-"^, interest of Sir Henry Vane obtai ^ed of the earl of Warwick a patent for the incorporation of the towns of Providence, Newport, and Portsmouth, with the power of governing themselves } but agreeably to the laws of England. * An interesting change took place in the govern- Massachu. ment of Massachusetts. The deputies in the gen- '^j" g*°«- eral court moved, that the two houses might set a- abided' im- part, the magistrates by themselves, and the depu- ^° two ties iDy themselves ; and that what the one should *"""' agree upon should be sent to the other, and, if both should agree, then the act to pass. The motion, after considerable controversy, and some delay, took effect ; and, from this time, votes were sent, in a parliamentary way, from one house to the other. * The castle on Castle Island having fallen into de- castie on ' cay, ^ the six neighbouring towns undertook to re- Castle is- build it, at their own charges ; but, when completed, ^^•^"P''*'' the other towns in the colony contributed somewhat toward the expense. A captain was now ordained, and put in possession of the castle, with a yearly stipend for himself and his soldiers, whor he was to keep in constant readiness on the island.* There were now twenty six training bands in Military state of 1 Callendcr, 43, 44. Chalmers, I. 271, 372. Hutchinson, i. 39. ^^j. "•^*acnu- ams N. Eng. 66, 67. The patent is in Hazard Coll. i. J38— 540. It is there dated 14 March 1643 i ^ut that was according to the eU method of dating. Williams went to England in 1643. 2 Winthrop Journ. 328. Mass. Laws. Hubbaid MS. N. Eng. chap, xlvi. Hutchinson, i. 143. Chalmers, i. 166. 3 The reason of this early decay was, that " the country afforded no lime, but what was burnt of Ooyter shells." Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 298. Hub- bard [MS. N. Eng. chap, xlix.] says, that the towns, which rebuilt the cas- tle, were alarmed by the menaces of the Dutch, and apprehended, that, without some fortification at the entrance into Boston harbour, they lay " exposed to the invasion of a mean and contemptible enemy ;" that the assistance from other towns was in 1645; and that afterward the general court completed the establishment. 4 Wonderwork. Prov. 194. setts. # I' i!:^ re'v:^yiiii ii ?i:: ;644. Oct. 8. Treaty be- tween M issachu- setts gov- ernment & the French. Lawa- gainst An- abaptists. Nantasket named Hull. EAsthom built. B-ehobotb. AMERICAN ANNALS. Massachusetts ; and the soldiers, composing them, ivere ordered to " be exercised and drilled," eight days in a year. * Their officers were chosen by a major vote of the militia, * A horse troop was also enlisted. ^ It was ordained, that there be one gen- eral officer, in time of war, under the name of ma-t jor general. * Thomas Dudley, esquire, was appoint- ed to this office, at the general election in May ; and was the first major general in Massachusetts. ^ The reverend Mr. Wilson of Boston, among other donors, gave a thousand pounds for the procure- ment of artillery. ^ A treaty of peace was made at Boston between governor Endicot and the assistants, on the one part, and M. Marie, the deputy of M. D' Aulney, the French governor of Acadie, on the other ; with a proviso, that it be ratified by the commissioners for the United Colonies at their next meeting. ' The Anabaptists beginning to grow troublesome in Massachusetts, the legislature of that colony pas- sed a law against them, with the penalty of banish- ment for adherence to their principles, and contempt of civil and ecclesiastical authority. * Nantasket, having now nearly twenty houses, and a minister, was by the general court named Hull. ' Eastham was built by the people of Plym- outh. ' " The reverend Samuel Newman with part of his church removed from Weymouth, and settle4 mm v 1 Wonderwork, Prov. 191. a Pemberton's MSS. 3 Ibid. 4 Jealousy of the military power is discernible in Johnson's account of this transaction. He represents the government, as " labouring to avoid high titles," yet as ordaining this office, and conferring this title, from a conviction oi the necessity of order and subordination. See p. 304. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xlv. . 6 Wonderwork. Prov. 1 94. 7 Hubbard MS. N.Eng. chap.liii ; and Hazard Coll. i. 536, 537, where this 'I'reaty is inserted. See also Hazard Coll. ii. 53, 54. Winthrop Journ. 360. The commissioners did ratify it in September 1645. 8 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xlv. Hazard Coll. i. 538, where the law is inserted. 9 Winthrop Journ. 339. 10 Morton, 13*. ; them, ' eight jn by a ^as also ine gen- ; of ma-- ippoint- n May •, lusetts.* ng other procure- between the one ' Aulney, ler ; with nissioners ing.' )ublesome )lon) pas- of banish- contempt y houses, ,rt named of Plym- [th part of Ind settled AMERICAN ANNALS. Rehoboth.' The towns of Reading* and Wen- ham, in Massachusetts, were founded.' Martha's Vineyard, by an act of the commission- ers i'^r the United Colonies, was annexed to Massa- chusetts." William Brewster, ruling elder of the church in Plymouth, died in the eighty fourth year of his age. * St. liUcia lying uninhabited. Parquet, a French- man, sent to that island forty men under Rou- sellan, well provided with stores and ammunition. Rousellan, marrying a Caribbee woman, was left unmolested ; and the Indians traded with his colony. * 1645. The commissioners for the United Colonies' sent Armvrais. rressengers to the sachems of Narraganset and Mo- ed against heagauj r , rring their appearance at Boston, and, ^'^^arra- 333 Reading & Wenham. Martha's Viceyard. Death of W. Brews- ter. St. Lucia settled. 134. ill the mf ,-n lime, a suspension of the wars between the two nations. The Narragansets treated the mes- sengers kindly at the first, but soon, changing their I Pres. St'les liit. Diary. Here he completed his Concordance, using pine knots for his dtudy light. lb. He spent a year and a half at Dorches- ter ; 5 years at Weymouth ; and 19 years at Rehoboth ; where he died in 166.1, .^tut. LXIII. Mather Magnal. book iii. 113— 116. It is ih work, " wliich passes under the name of The Cambridge Concordance." ColL Hist. Soc. ix. 191. One edition tad been printed in England. a Wonderwork. Prov. 188. Hubbard [MS. N. Eng. chap, xivii.] says, a church was gathered there the next year. 3 Wonderwork. Prov. 189. Wenham was built between Salem and Ipswich ; and a church was now gathered there. 4 Pembt;rton MSS. 5 Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 108, 113. Morton, ia6 (there wrongly placed in 1643). Belknap Biog. 25a — a66. He was educated at the University of Cambridge in England ; and was a man of considerable abilities and learn- ing, and of eminent piety. Though well qualified for the pastoral office, yet his diffidence would not allow him to < undertake it. In the destitute state however of the Plymouth church, his public services were of the highest utility. In his discourses he ^vas discriminating, yet pathetic ; ia the government of the church, resoiuf-', yet conciliatory. 6 Univ. Hist. xli. an. 7 The meeting of the Commissioners was called 28 June, before their ordinary time of meeting, " partly," says Morton [133.], " in regard of some differences between the French and the Government of the Massachu- setts, abotit their aiding of Monsieur Latore, and partly about the Indians, who had broken their former agreements about the peace, concluded the year bcfwe." gansets. m "> "> Jt AMERICAN ANNAIa'.. !''•■••, V :i' vr fii -I •. ,1 ,x; 1 ■; ., 1 '^^ \i r :1 ■: 1 t' -.■■ 1 pi'.lCO. 1645* tone, c!cchin.'d their determiiutioii to have no peace, without the head of Uncas. Roger Williams of Providence giving notice to the commisvsioners', that the Narragansets would suddenly break out against tlie English, they drew up a declaration, containing those facts, which they considered suflicient to justi- fy them in making war against the Narragansets. ' In prosecution of such a war, they determined im- Axj^jtr^T .70. mediately to raise three hundred men.^ The news Treaty of q( i\iq preparaciou of tliis army intimidated the Nar- ragansets,- who nov/ submitted to peace, on terms proposed to them by the commissioners. These terms were, That, as their ])rearh of covenant had been the cause of all the expense in preparing for war, and it was but reasonable that they should re- imburse it, they should pay, at dilFcicnt period.,, two thousand fathoms of wampum ; restore to Un- cas all the captives and canoes, which they had ta- ken from him, and make satisfaction for destroying his corn ; submit all matters of controversy ])etween them and Uncas, to the commissioners, at their next meeting ; keep perpetual peace with the English and all their allies and subjects ; and give hostage^ for the performance of the treaty. This treaty was signed on the thirtieth of August ; and Indian hos- tages were left. The small English army, already prepared to march, was now disbanded ; and the •fourth day of September, which had been appointed for a fast, was ordered to be observed as a day of thanksgiving.^ t Iti» Mifitled, " A Detlaracon of formnT passupffs and proceedings be- twixt the English and the Narrohigganssets, with their confederates, wheiL- »n the grounds and justice of the ensuing warr are opened and cleared." This Doclaration Aras published by order of the Commissiunem at Boston, on the 19th. of August, 1645. A copy of it i» preserved in Hazard Coll. ii. 45 — JO, and in Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. 1. In this Declaration it is affirmed, that the English Colonies, " both in their Treaties and converse with the harburuus natives of this wildernest, have had an awful respect tu divine lules." a Massachusetts was to furnish 190 ; Plymouth, 40 ; Connecticut, 4c ; NfW Haven, 30. Hutchinson, i. 1,^9. 3 Hutchinson, i. i:>8 — 142. Trumbull,, i. 152 — j.56. The ptiriios m 1 i ■ v: AMERICAN ANNALS. 335 1 peace, i.ims of ;rs, that ; iigaiust ntaining to justi- riuisets.' lined im- 'hc news the N;ir- on terms I'hese :n;int h\K\ )iirin!^ for ihould re- t periods, ire to Un- sy had ta- iestroyiug ;y ])etwccn their next nglisii and )Stage^ for reaty was ndian hos- y, already ; and the appointed i a day ot jiroceedinf^s be- |derates,\vlieie- 1 and cleared." bntru at Boston, 1 Hazard CoU. declaration it is L and converse twful respect to [onnecticut, 40 > The pirtlcs >» The general court of Massachusetts laid an iin- 1645. post on wines and strong liquors, for the support '"'i'"=''- of government, the maintenance of fortifications, and the protection of the harbours.' Most Juiglish manufacturers having already be- ^rm worV- gun to llourisli in New England, liberty was grant-''' ^''"' ed this year, l)y the legislature of Massachusetts, to make iron. An iron work was accordingly set up at I-ynu, wirh good patronage, and for a consider- able time wa; carried on with spirit j but at length, through som.'j fault, it failed.* A remarkable insiance of justice occurred in M:^s- ^ "'"^'^* . sachusetts this year, ni the execution or the law, a- ofth«i)ur- gainst buying and selluig slaves. A negro, who '•'""''' -J' liad been " fraudulently and injuriously taken and '*'" "' ' brought from Guinea,** and sold to Mr. Williams of Pascataqua, was demanded by the general court, that he might be sent home to his native country. ' Manchester, in Massachusetts, was incorporated.* A ship, built at Cambridge, sailing for the Cana- ries, carrying fourteen pieces of ordnance and about thirty men, was attacked by an Irish man of war twi!.^i"a"^ with seventy men and twenty pieces. A severe ac- Ni-'iKianj tion ensued, which continued a whole day j but a " "'' "'"^ '* vcniiiicuu Manches- ter. this Treaty were, the Commissioners of the United Colonies of New Eng- land, and Pessecus Mexanno, the eldest of the sons of Canonicus, and other Sagamores of the Nurragansct and Niantic Iniians. Hazard Coll. ii. 40-.^ 43, whe. ' the Articles of thia Treaty are inserU'd entire. The co^nmibal^ncrs, " considering that the colonies of Connecticut and Miiw Haven have ctj>ended more than their proportions in the late cxpeJi- tion, and that they have been out of purse a good value a considerable tyme before the other colonies were at any charge about the same,' ordered, that those two colonies should have the 500 fathoms of wampum, due on the first payment, deducting the lirst hundred fathoms ordered to be given to Uncas. Hazard Coll. ii. 44. I Massachusetts Laws, len shillings were to be paid for every butt of Spanish wine, landed in the colony. Hubbard MS. N. £ng. chap. Iv. a Hubbard MS. N. Eng. ciiap. xlv. " Instead of drawing out bars of iron for the country's use," says this historian, " there was hammered oul nothing but contention and lawsuits." 3 Belknap N. Hamp. i. 75, The court was *' resolved tg senJ him back without delay." Ibid. 4 Coll. Hist. Soc, vi, 333. man of war. 33^ AMERICAN ANNALS. i^'M;i';;i iv'^ Sliii ."• i' PL ■;! . ■ ' (.311 1645. Provi- dence. Towns in the colo- nies of Connecti- cut, and New Ha- ven. Acadle mortgaged. Virginia currency. shot at length raking the steerage of the man of war, the New England ship escaped. ' There were in Providence and its vicinity, about this time, one hundred and one men, fit to bear arms. * In the colony of Connecticut there* were eight taxable towns ; Kartford, Windsor, Wethersfield, Stratford, Fairfield,^ Saybrook, Southampton [on Long Island], and Farmington.* In the colony of New Haven there were six ; New Haven, Milford, Guilford, Southold [on Long Island], Stamford, and Branford.* Charles de la Tour, for the sum of two thousand and eighty four pounds, mortgaged fort La Tour, and all his lands and possessions in Acadie, to ser- geant major Edward Gibbons.'' The legislature of Virginia prohibited dealing by barter ; and established the Spanish piece of eight at six shillings, as the standard of currency for that colony.' , • . , , . X Hubbatrl MS. N. Eng. chap. Ivi. . ' » Pres. Stiles Literary Diary. 3 Fairfield was settled soon aftc. the Pcquot war. Mr. l>udlcw,who went with the troops in pursuit of the Pfequots to Sasco (the great swamp where the battle was fought), was so pleased with th.it fine tract of coun- try, that he soon projected a settlement there ; and in 1639 he with a number of others began a plantation at Unquowa, which was called by the settlers Fairfield. At first there were but 8 or 10 families, which proba- bly removed from Windsor with Mr. Ludlow ; very soon after, another company from Watertown joined them ; and a third company, from Con- cord. Trumbull, i. 104, 105. The settlers from Concord brought with them a minister, Mr. Jones ; who came from England an old man, and died St few years afterward. Pres. Stiles Itinerary. 4 Farminoton received its name this year (1645). It was part of a tract, purchased by governor Haynes in behalf of Hartford in 1640. The Indian name of that entire tract was Tunxis ; which included the towni of Farmington and Southington, and extended westward to the Mohawk countiy. Trumbull, i. 1 15. 5 Trumbull, i. 157. Branpord was settled about 1640, by a number of people from Wethersfield. The Indian name of the place was Totoket; which was sold to the Wethersfield people by New Haven, for what it 0- riginally cost that town. 7 he Rev.* Abraham Pierson, with apart of his church and congregation from I^ong Island, united with the people of Wctlitrsfield in the settlemc-nt of Branford. Ibid. 144. 6 JIazard Coll. i. 541 — ^544, where there is a copy of the mortgag'. 7 JtlfLTson Vi -g. 147. U ^N AMERICAN ANNALS. 337 e man oi :y, about ;ar arms. * rere eight therslield, ipton [on colony of , Milford, Stamford, 3 thousand : La Tour, lie, to ser- dealing by ce of eight icy for that fir. Ludlow, who the great swamp ne tract of coun- 1639 he with a was called by the ;s, which proba- m after, another pany, from Con- d brought with lid in;\n, and died It was part of a d in 1640. The ided the t»wni ot to the Mohawk 40, by a number lace was Totoket; len, for what it 0- Uith a part of his [h the people of the mortgag.-- A conspiracy of William Cleyborne and Richard Rebellion tngle, aided by the turbulent spirit of the times, rais- J"^^!?'"^" ed a rebellion in Maryland. Calvert, the governor, unsupported by any real power, was constrained to flee into Virginia. Cleyborne and Ingle instantly seized the administration, which they exercised with the accustomed violence of the rebellious. ' The fort of the Swedes at Delaware was burnt, Sviredish with all its buildings ; and all their powder and *^°" ''""*' goods were blown up. * The Dutch governor at Santr Cruz about this SantaCru?. time surprised the English governor on that island, and murdered him. A war ensued on the island, and the Dutch were defeated. * 1646. The general court of Massachusetts passed the Act of the iirst act to encourage the carrying of the gospel to Massachu- the Indians ; and recommended it to the ministers SreTr' to consult on the best means of effecting the de- carrying sign." ^ By their advic., it is probable,, the first ln-'^,^X! dian mission was undertaken ; for on the twenty dians. eighth of October the reverend John Eliot com- menced those pious and indefatigable labours among the natives, which ultimately procured for him the title of The Indian Apostle. His first visit was to the Indians at Nouantum, whom he had apprized of his intention. ^ I Chalmers^ i. 217. This rebellion was suppressed in August 1646. 1 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xlviii, 3 Univ. Hist. xli. a6i. 4 Hutchinson, i. 161. 5 Hutchinson, i. i6i — 163. Coll. Hist. Soc. 1. 168 ; v. 256, 457 ; vii. 7,4. They wer.i situated on the south side of Charles river, about 4 or 5 miles from his house at Roxbury. On his approach to their village, ac- companied by three other persons, Waban, a v/ise and grave Indian, at- tended by five or six others, met him, and welcomed him and hit compan- ions into a large wigwam, where a considerable number of his country- men assembled, to hear the new doctrine. After a short prayer in Eng- lish, Mr. Eliot delivered a sermon, of an hour's length, in the Indian lan- guage ; and was well understood by his new and attentive auditory. Ma« 117 of the hearers listened to his dissourse with tears. Waban received re-» A a 8 X ■ "14 ;i i . mi ft. ' m% X '* .K) 8 AMERICAN A^'XALi). exports from Con necticut river. 1 646. By a motion of the general court of Massachir-' so^-ond sy. setts, a synod, called for the purpose of settling a Maswciiu- unilorm scbeme or ecclesiastical discipline, met at ^'^"*- Cambridge^' In an agreement, made in 1644, between George Feuwick and agents of the colony of Connecticut, it was stipulated, that a certain duty on- corn, bis- cuit, beaver, and cattle, which should be exported from the river's mouth, should be paid to Fenwick for the space of ten years. This agreement was confirmed, the succeeding year, by the general court. Impost on which, at the same time, passed an act, imposing a duty of two pence per bushel on all grain ; six pence on every hundred weight of biscuit j and a small duty on all beaver, exported from the mouth of the river during the same period.. The object of thii- duty was the maintenance of the fort at Saybrook. At a. meeting of the commissioners for the United Colonies this year ( 1 646), the commissioners from Connecticut made complaint, that Mr. Pynchon and spriri,?;rieia tlic inhabitants of Springfield refused to pay the impost. * The board of commissioners judged the fort at Saybrook to be of great importance to the towns on the river j but, the subject of an impost having not been laid before the general court of Massacliusetts, and the commissioners of that colo- ny having had no instructions respecting it, it wa,-? deferred to the next meeting. At that meeting li^jious impressions, wiiich were never afterward lost, and which happily qualiiied and disposed Iiilrt to aid the' pious design of converting his coun- trymen to the Christian faith. Ibid* 1 Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. aj. See A. D. 16481 a Spkimoiiki.i), according to several respectable anthoriries, was set- tled by William Pyuchon and others from Roxbury in 1636. Hutchinson, i. 98, yy. Ciialmers, i. 287. Trumbull, i. 57. For about two years it wab united in j^overnment with the towns in Connecticut. Trumbull, ibid. Jolinson [Wonderwork. I'rov. 199.] 'erroneously places the settlement of mis town about 1645. In a MS. account of ministers by Pres. Stiles, I lind, that Goi>i;;i; Moxon settled at Sprinj!;field'in 16.^7 ; that u church was .▼athcred iu 1645, when he was chosen pastor ; and that he returned t(» Mi;;^!and in 1652. 'i'his is a traditionary account received from Rev. .Sf( - phen. Williams D. D. and Rev. Mr. lircck, ministers of Springfield. Tli- xiuircli and town RacorJj were burnt in the Indian wars. ri.lu* i. AMERICAN ANNALS. ssachtr-' ttling a met at George lecticut, >rn, bis- jxported Fenwick leut was ral court, iposing a six pence i a small ith of the :t of tliu> Jay brook. tie United ners from nclion and o pay the adged the nee to the an impost court of that colo- it, it was ,t meeting kvhich happily iriinj; his coi.n- Irirles, was stt- liutchinson, kvo yours it w;ib JriumbuU, ibid. |e settlement of Pres. Stiles, I lit a church w.v'. 1 he returned to Ifrom Rev.Sti- Iringfield. 'lb- 339 1646, hut is re- quired to (1647), the commissioners, on a full hearing, de- termined, that it was of weighty consideration to all the plantations on the river, that the mouth of it should be secured, and a safe passage for goods, up and down the riter, maintained, though at some ex- pense ; and that, as Springfield enjoyed the benefit, the inhabitants of that town should pay the impost of two pence a bushel for corn, and a penny on the pound for beaver, or twenty shiUings on every hogs- pay it. head.' A few persons of some influence in Massachu- P'^"-,'' *" setts, opposed to its civil and ecclesiastical institu- pres^yteri- tions, and imagining that the parliament of England angovern- would establish the presbyterian form of church go- prussed. vernment only, presented a petition to the general court, to establish that form in this colony. The court, being slow to censure them, they associated with themselves a few more persons, and framed a bill of complaint, containing gross charges against the government of the colony, with the intention of presenting it to parhament ; but the magistrates de- tected and suppressed the design. * Edward Wins- low, already chosen an agent for the colony, to an- swer the complaint of Gorton and other Familists, was now instructed to make defence against these new adversaries, who had actually taken measures to render the colony obnoxious in England. ^ Wins- low, by his prudent management, aided by the esti- mation in which he was holden by many members of parliament and the principal persons in power, successfully vindicated the colony. * I Trumbull, 1. 1'68 — 170. Previous to this decision of the commissioR- «rs, Massachusetts had unfairly prejudged her own cause. For the resolu- tions of tiie general court of tliis colony respecting the import, and gov- ernor Hopliins' reply in behalf of Connecticut, see Hazard Coll. ii. 81, 82, where they are Inserted entire. See also Ti^mbull, ut supra. a Wonderwork. Prov. ao2. Tlie suppression " was effected by a small £ne la d on them." Ibid. 3 Ibid. This appears, by a petition to the earl of Warwick and the o- t'.ei commissioners for foreign Plantations, found among the papers of tliese malcontents. The substance of it is in Hutchinson, i. 148, 149. 4 Morton, 134. The Petition and R'-morstrancc of the governor and Ki- \y^'h;, i" ''' . 1 '11" 1^ '.II ^tr i '1 ' i' \ ■ft 1' i, '* . ; ^ (■ \4 >1'f A ,'-■ I*- ii. ill* '■^ ;■ ^^1- 1H: m ■'x rl% m 1646. Law* in iA issachu- ^ett» againtt Quakers. Hemoval* from New toOldEng. land excite concern. Freemen choose eommis* sioi.et'S. AMERICAN ANNALS. Meanwhile new troubles arose. The Quakers making their appearance in Massachusetts, the Icgis^ lature of that colony passed laws against their toler- ation. No master of a vessel was, from this time, allowed to bring any one of this sect into its juris- diction, on penalty of a hundred pount'-^. ' The inclination or ministers and others to return to the parent country exciting serious concern in New England ; the commissioners for the United Colonies proposed, that measures be taken to detain in the country such scholars, as should receive con- tributions toward their education at Cambridge. * The freemen of Massachusetts, viewing the com- missioners for the United Colonies as general offi- cers, now chose their own commissioners for them-: selves. ^ company of Massachusetts, tp the carl of Warwick and the other commis- sioners for Foreign Plantations, in answer to the Petition of Gorton, is it) Hazard Coll. i. 547 — 550. The order, obtained by Gorton and others, tq be suffered peaceably to possess their purchase [See p. 323 note 5. of this volume], was obtained tbu year. That Order, or Passport, is in Hazard Coll. i. 546 ; dated 15 May 1646. However disorganizing and vexatious may have been the conduct of Gorton and his adherents, it is pleabing to find the first characters in England endeavouring to moderate the exercise of colonial authority, and to check the current of popular indiguation. The commissioners of parliament, in 1647, sent letters to Massachusetts Colony (in reply to its Remonstrance and Petition), in which, with delicate address, they at once paid great deference to the just rights of the colony, yet strongly inculcated the toleration of those, who had been once driven into exile. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. liv. I'he Letters are in Hazard Coll. i.j 5 1—553. I Massachusetts Laws. Hazard Coll. ii. 563. a Hazard Coll. ii. 74, 75. The claim to their public services was found- ed on the charity, that had been repesitedly bestowed by the colonies for the maintenance of poor scholars at Cambridge. In 1644, the Rev. Mr. Shepard of Cambridge wrote to the commissionars, representing the neces- sity of farther assistance ; and desired them to encourage a geutral contri- bution in the colonies. The commi^ioners recommended it to the consid- eration of the several legislatures ; they adopted the recommendation ; and an annual contribution was made through the United Colonies several sub- sequent years. Trumbull,]. 148. Coll. Hist. Soc.vii. 45. In the diihciilt case abnye stated (1646), the commissioners for Massachusetts desired to advise with the general court and ministers of that colony, " for the or- dering such a course, and how such schcllars may be iinployed and in- couraged wlien they leave the CoUedge, either in New Plantations, or as •choole Masters, or in ships, till they be called and fitted for other service. II'. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. liii. They had previously been chosen, ever since the confederation, by the ma!;;;btrates and deputies. Ibid. Quakers :he legis- cir toler- his time, its juris- to return )ncern in e United to detain ceive con- ridge.* r the com- eneral offif for tliem- ; other commis- of Gorton, is in n and others, ta 3 note J. of this t, is in Hazard ,g and vexatioui it is pleasing to rate the exercise liar indiguation. ■o M.issachubctts th, ^with delicate [ts of the colony, ,een once driven are in Hazard [•vices was found- I the colonies for I4, the Rev. Mr, Lnting the nects- la general contri- 1 it to the consid- Iimendation ; and Tnies several suh- [ In the dilhcult liusetts desired to Iny, " for the or- Imployed and i"- Vlantations, or a« ,■ other service. U'. lusly been choseiij Titles. Ibidt AMERICAN ANNALS. Captain Dobson, in a ship of eighty tons, double manned^ fitted out from Boston for trade, with a testimonial for the Gulf of Canada, ran, in stress of weather, into a harbour at Cape Sable, where he discharged several pieces of ordnance. While the natives were trading with the people on board, D* Aulney the French governor sent twenty men from Port Royal, who captured the English, and carried them with their ship into that port, where the ship and cargo, valued at a thousand pounds, were kept as confiscated. The men were sent home. * By an ordinance of the lords and commons of England, all merchandise, goods, and necessaries for the American plantations, were exempted from duty for three years -, on condition, that no ship or ves- sel in any of the colonial ports be suffered to lade any goods of the growth of the plantations, and car- ry them to foreign parts, excepting in English bot- toms. This was the foundation of thos«. subsequent navigation acts, which may be termed the Commer- cial Palladium of Great Britain. * A great and general battle was fought, near the confines of Connecticut, between the Dutch and the Indians, with mutual firmness and obstinacy. The Dutch ultimately kept the field.' I'he Dutch governor (Kieft) and the senate of ^ew Netherlands protested to governor Eaton of I Ibid. Iv. Tiic ground of the seizure and confiscation appears to have been an illicit trade with the natives. a Anderson, ii. 404, 405. The preamble of the ordinance recites," that whereas the several plantations of Virginia, Bermudas, Barbadoes, and oth- er places of America, have been much beneficial to this kingdom, by the increase of navigation, and of the customs arising from the commodities of the growth of those plantations imported into this kingdom &c." The or- dinance enacts, " that all merchandizes, goods and necessaries, for the sup- portation, use, and expence of the said plantations, shall pay no custom nor duty for the same, the duty of excise only excepted, for three years to come, except to the plantations in Newfoundland : Provided &c." 3 Trumbull, i. 163, 164. In that part of Horseneck, commonly known by the name of Strickland's Plain. " Great numbers were slain on both sidts, and the graves of the dead| for a century or more, appeared like a iumiber of smalj hills." Ibid, 1646. A ijc'toti ship is seized and confiscated by the fruich. Commcr- cial ordi« nonce. Battle be- tween tlie Dutch and thelndians. ' {;!' ' 1 14 • r 5 l»»i''M i:n m->* 343 ATNIEniCAr: ANNALr». New Haven af;ainst the English colonists, for enter- ing within their limits. ' The French were expelled from Cayenne by the Dutch under the command of admiral Binks. * 1647. May 15. The first general assembly of Rhode Island, con- fj" K^"»^" sisting of the collective freemen of the several plan- biyifR." tations in the colony, met at Portsmouth on the Wiird. nineteenth of May ; established a code of laws ; and erected an institution of civil government.^ The legislative power was invested in a court of commis- sioners, consisting of six persons, chosen by each of the four towns of Providence, Portsmouth, New- port, and Warwick. Their acts were to be in force, unless repealed within a limited time by the vote of the major part of the freemen of the prov- ince, to be collected at their respective town meet- ings, appointed for that purpose.* The whole exe- cutive power appears to have been invested in a pre- sident and four assistants, chosen from the freemen by their several towns, and constituting the supreme court for the administration of justice. Every township, forming within itself a corporation, elect- ed a council of six, for the management of its pecu- liar affairs ; and the town court had the trial of small cases, but with an appeal to the court of the presi- dent and associates. ^ Tiie French The Freucli at Canada, in their trade with the ^"^'" Mat- iieighbouringlndians, had several years been obstruc- sachusetts. ted by the Mohawks. Unable to subdue that i'e- I The words of the Protest are " for cnterlnp the limit of New Netht-r- land." New Haven is called in that Protest " Red Hills ;" and elsewheri, by the Dutch, " Red Mounte ;" from the colour of the hills, which Bur- round the town. The Protest and j^ov. liaton's Answer are in Hazard Coll. ii. J5, $(>• ^or a farther rnrreppondence between the l^nglish and Dutch governors on thi.s cubject, see Hazard, ibid. 68 — 72. a Univ. Hist, xxxix. 132. ^ Chalmers, i. 273. Backus N. Enp. i. 198. Adams N. Trg. 91. 4 Callender, 44, 45. Douj^luss, ii. 80. J Callender, 45. Chiilir.ci?, i. 27;^, r enter- . by the >• Liid, con- Till plan- h on the and The avvs ; it.' ,f commis- si by each ,uth,Ne\v- to be in ime by the f the prov- tovvn meet- I whole exc- :ed in a pie- the i'reenun the supreme Ice. Every •ation, elect- of its pecu- trial of small jof the pre?i- vde with the )een obstruc- )due that I'e- It of New Ncthir- ■s •," and elsewhere, le hills, which sur-^ Ter are in Hazard the I'nglish .'"'1 AMERICAN ANNALS. Tocious people, they, about this time, sent M. Marie as an agent, to solicit aid of Massachusetts, with of- fers of liberal compensation ; but the government of that colony agreed not to the alluring proposal.' The legislature of Massachusetts passed an act against Jesuits. ' The town bridge, at the entrance of Salem from Boston, was built. It was made of earth, secured with stone. The children of the poor in Salem were put under masters, and into good families, by the town. ^ Peter Stuyvcsant, succeeding Kieft, as governor of New Netherlands, laid claim to all the lands, riv- ers, and streams, from Cape Henlopen to Cape Cod • Several persons of good quality in Kngland ven- tured their estates on an iron work, which they be- gan at Braintrce j but the price of labour was so high, as to render it unprofitable.* An epidemical disease passed through the Ameri- can continent. The English, French, Dutch, and Indians, were seized with it. It extended to the West Indies. In each of the islands of Barbadoes and St. Christopher's five or six thousand died. In these islands it was accompanied with a great drought, which caused an extreme scarcity of pro- visions. ^ I (lookiii's Historical Collectlcr.s of the Indians, in Coll Hi' ^or. i. 161. Marie was " a person of oiders, and most probably u Jesuit." ' < ' .sat pay" was offered by tha rreiich " fi^r such succour" against the Moiiiiwks. " The l-nglish," says Gookin, " were no: willing to engage themselves in that airair, for.ismuch as the Maquas [Mohawks] had never done any injury to the English, and in policy and reason were like to be a g.ad bulwark between ti»e linglish and I'rench, in case a time should corne of hostility between these two nations. For these and other reauon, hi. Marie return- ed without succour." Ibid. a Hazard Coll. i. 550, where the act is entire. i CoU. Hist. Soc. vl. a29, 437. 4 Hazard Coll. ii. 11,3, 216. Kieft took passage the next year for Hol- land, in a sliip, laden to tlie value of ;{| 20,000 ; but the mariners, mistaking the channel, were carried into Severn, and cast away on the coast of Wales Hear Swansey ; and Kieft and about 80 other persons were drowned. Hub- bard MS. N. Engj. chap. 1. 5 Wonderwork. Prov. 207. 6 Hubbard MS. N. Hng. ciiap. Ivi. This historian dcnuminate« it a plague or pcitilcntial fever. _ _ 345 1647. Act againit Jesuitt. Salem. Dutch claims rr- iiewcd. Iron work at Brain- tree. Epidemic disease. in I ; ¥'i!^ 344 AMERICAN ANNAii. It! hi* :;h l»u;.»ic;it!on «« The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America,** of N. Wall,, j^ y^yQYk composed by the reverend Nathaniel Wr^'d^ was published this year, in a quarto volume, at London. * Devh of Thomas Hooker, Aiinister at Hartford, and the T. Hooker, father of the churches in Connecticut, died, at the age of sixty one years. * 1648. propoMi of Tlie New England colonists sent to the gciverndr [irtc-^ he- ^"'^ council of Canada a proposal, that there should twien N. be perpetual peace between the colonies, even though FuLhco- ^^^^-''^ mother countries were at war. The French lonies. governor D'Ailleboust and his council were so well pleased with the proposal, that they appointed fa- ther Dreuillettes to go to Boston, and finish the ne- gotiation, on condition that the English colonists would assist the French against the Iroquois. The same reasons however, that had already prevented them from acceding to a similar proposal, operated against their compliance with this condition ; and the negotiation was without effect. It was after- ward renewed by the French, but in vain. ^ Since the consultation, in 1634, respecting a bo- dy of laws, adapted to the civil and religious state sett laws printed. X Bibliotheca Amerlc. JJ. If this were the year of its first publication, it must have had a rapid currency ; for I have seen a copy of the ybi/r/A ei/i- Hon, printed in 1647. It is a production entirely original, and the work of a master. It was written durinp; the strtipj^Ies between Charles I and the parliament of England ; and seems to have been inteildcd to influence both parties to moderation. It contains many important truths, seasoned with inimitable wit and luimour j but its style is ohsolete. Thn author was the same person (mentioned p. 317 of this Volume), who composed The Body of Liberties for Massachusetts. He was forced out of England for Non- conformity in 1634, and was minister of Ipswich until 1645, when he re- turned to England, where he died at about the age of LXXXIII years. Mather Magnal. book iii. 167. 1 Trumbull, i. 306. He was preeminently distinguished, as a preacher »nd a writer, and as a man of piety. His most celebrated work was " A Survey of the Sunune of Church Discipline ;" which was printed at Lon- don, in a quarto volume of nearly 500 pages, in 1648, under the inspection' of the celebrated Dr. Thomas Goodwin. See Mather Magnal. book ii>> jg_-68 ; Morton, 135; Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 38-^41. 3 Univ. Hist, zxxix. 4-\2. Sec A. D. z647< merica, cl Wp'd^ (lume, at and the ed, at the • govertidr [ere should yren though 'he French rere so well )pointed ia- nish the ne- sh colonists ^uojs. The y prevented jal, operated dition; and It was after- in.» lectuig a bo- iligious state Led, as a preacher Led work was' A Us printed at Lon- Vderthe inspection MivgnaLbookw- AMERICAN ANNALS. of Massachusetts, committees, consisting of magis- trates and elders, had been appointed almost every year until this time, to prepare a code for that co- lony. Meanwhile laws of the greatest necessity had been successively enacted. This year, for the first time, the whole were collected, ratified by the court, and printed.' The first instance of capital punishment for witch- craft, in New England, occurring in colonial histo- ry, was in this year. Margaret Jones of Charles- town was indited for a witch, found guilty, and ex- ecuted. * The synod, which met at Cambridge in 1646, protracted its session, by adjournments, to this year, when it was dissolved. This synod composed and adopted the platform of church discipline, called " The Cambridge Platform,** and now recommend- ed it, together with the Westminster Confession of Faith, to the general court, and to the churches. The churches of New England in general complied with the recommendation ; and the Cambridge plat- form, with the ecclesiastical laws, formed the relig- ious constitution of the New England colonies.' Marblehead, hitherto a part of Salem, had the consent of the town for separate town privileges* * The town of Maiden was built on the north side of Mystic river, by several persons from Charles- town, who gathered themselves into a church. * The inhabitants of Boston being now too numer- k Hutchinson^i. 437. Josselyn Voy. 463, 165. a Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ivi. Hutchinson, 5. 150. 3 Mather Magnal. book v. 3 — 38, where the Platform is inserted entire. Trumbull, i. 303. Neal N. Eng. ii. 33. Adams N. Eng. 89, 90. ColL Hist. Soc. vii. aj. The ministers and churches of Connecticut and Nevr Haven were present at the synod, and linited in the form of disciplincr which it recommended. By this platform the churches of New England in general walked for more tlian 30 years. This, in connexion with the ecclesiastical Itiws, was the religious constitution of Connecticut about 6a years, until the compilation of the Saybrook Platform. TrumbuHi i. iQ» 4 Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 233. 5 Wonderwork. Prov. an. Bbl^ 345 1648. June. J'inleTCCU* tlon for witchcraft. .Synod dis- solved. Cambridge platform. Marbl»> head. Maiden. t" '^■ m km ' ;,if p* ^64,3. Church j^athfrerl at north end «f Boston. New Lon- don settled. C'on^trpja- tional ch!irch in Virginia. .{ill, Ar^IfJlICAX zMsNA'LS. oas to meet in one assembly, the people in the itortTi east part of the town formed a distinct church ',^ and, the next year, erected an edifice for public worship. * Several persons having begun a plantation at Pe- quot Iiarbour,^ the reverend Richard Blinman had removed from Gloucester to this new settlement ; "^Afhich, after his arrival, received considerable acces- sion. The inhabitants now consisting of more than forty femilies,. the genera! court granted them', for their enGouragement>, three- years* exemption from colonial taxation. John Winthrop, esquire, was au- thorized to superintend th« a>irairs of the planta- tion ; ' which was afterward called New London. " A- Gongregatfonal church in Virginia, founded by the ministers sent from New England in' 1642, was now increased to the number of one hundred and eighteen persons ; but its magnitude afforded it no security. Sir William Berkeley, governor of the colony, had already banished Mr. EHirand, its elder ; f Johnson [Vfcndcrwork. Fro v. »X2.] says, tlifs was tlic 30th church m Mass-ichiiscttS.- 4 Wonderwork. Prov. ziz. That part of the town was separated from flu- icFt " bj' .1 natrow stream," whtdi, Johnson says, was " cut through a neck of land by industry." Ibid. It is the stream, which passes under Mill bridge; Hec Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 457. 3 1r. 1646. The Indian name of the hnJ, on which the first settle'menti) were begun, w.is Nameau;*:, aliaj, Towawog. Trumbull, i. 17;^. 4 IbiA- Mr. Blinman continued at Now London until 1658, when he reaioved to New Haven. Returning afterward to England, he was settled at Bristol, where he died. He wrote i« defence of Infant fiaptism. Pres. Stiles MSS. .9 In i'6^4', tfic wnole tnict, now compriscJ in New London and Gro- trt*i, was called Pequot ; and retiiined this name about feur years ; but in 1658 (March j) the assembly of Connecticut passed an act for its altera- tion. " This court, considering that there hath yet no place, in any of the colonies, been named in rrteniory of the city of London, there being a new plantation, settled npcrn that fair river Moheagan, in the Pequot country, Toeing an excellent harboUr, and a fit and convenient place for future trade, it being also the only place whicfi the English in these parts have possessed hy conquest, and tliat upon a very just war, upon that great and warlike, people, the Pequots, that therefore they might thereby leave to posterity the memory of that renowned city of J.ondon, from whence we had our triinsportation, have thought fit, in honour to that famous city, to call the said plantation Ni:w London." The name of the river was also changed, and called the 'ihamfs. Trumbull, i. 17J, 174. AMERICAN ANNALS. 347 ic nortli iircli ;•' • public >n at Pe- nan had •lement ; )le acces- tore than hem', for ion from 3, was au- le planta- .ondon. ^ mnded by [642, was idred and rded it no lor of the ,, its elder ; 30th church m separated from ' cut through a :h passes under first settlement* [6j8, when ho L he was settled feaptlsm. Pres. and Mr. Harrison, its pastor, now enjoined to depart from the country, came to New England. * Of the Susquehannah Indians, not more than one Susqutowinac, ilpepper, to make irch, sud- Ignatius, horn, ex- ;tts, died, AMERICAN ANNALS. aged sixty three years ; * and Thomas Shepard, min- ister of Cambridge, aged forty four years. * Governor Endicot of Massachusetts and deputy governor Dudley, with the assistants, signed a de- claration against men's wearing long hair, as un- scriptural.^ The complete establishment of the American church in all the Spanish settlements in South A- merica, at this period, comprised one patriarch, six archbishops, thirty two bishops, three hundred and forty six prebends, two abbots, five royal chaplains, and eight hundred and forty convents. " The Jesuits, about this time, remonstrating at the court of Madrid against the immorality of the Span- iards, ascribing to this cause the failure of success in their missions j their remonstrance was listened to with attention. The sphere of their labours was marked out ; an uncontrouled liberty was granted to them ; and orders were given to the governors of the adjacent provinces, not to interfere, nor to sufl'er any Spaniard to enter within this pale, with- out licence from the fathers. * I Mather Magnal- book ii. 8. Morton, 142. Belknap Biog. ii. 337, The talents and virtues, the wealth and influence, of this eminent man, sig- nally qualified him for the chief magistracy in an infant plantation, of which he was tlie father, as well as governor ; and the same rare af^semblage of qualiiications would have enabled him lo shine in a larger sphere, and more elevated situ^'tipr.. a Mather Magnal. book !<«'. 3; — 68. Morton, 14a, Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 42 — 4'. Mr. Shepard was sn eminently pious man, an impressive preach- er, and a very distinguished divine. As a writt^r on experimental religioo, he was one of the most judicious, discriminating, and useful, that has ever appeared in New Enghnd. 3 Hutchinson, !. 152. " Forasmuch as the wearing of long hair, after the manner of Ruffians and barbarous Indians, has begun to invade Nevr England &c." 4 Robertson, HI. 409. 5 Europ. Settlements, i. 279, 48o, The Jesuits agreed conditionally to pay a capitation tax, in proportion to their Hock ; and to send a certain number of their subjects to the king's works. Terms being thus settled, they gathered about 50 wandering families, which they united into a lit- tle township ; and within a century their subjects amuunted to 300,000 >lamilies, and could raiio 60,000 armed men. Ibid, 1649. T. Shepard. Declara- tion igainit long hak. Hcclesiasti- cal tate of S. America. Jesuits in S. America. iff, A ' I I 35'j .»j. .:,i. V;'*,iH I': •11 ^:^:nli^! • j i )i ,1' il atpt. 19. Boundaries settled be- tween tho Dutch and £ngli«h< Firtt. chnr- t«r f>f Har> ^m\ Col- lege. Fire at Charlcs- towu. Chutches in N. Eog- hi 1': AMLIUCAN ANNALS. 1650. Stuyveiiant, the Dutch governor of New Nether- lands, arriving at Hartford, demanded of the com- missioners for the United Colonies a full surrender of the lands on Connecticut river. After a co'-es- pondence ard an altercation of several days, the controversy was referred to arbitrators, \vho con- cluded on articles of agreement at Hartford. ' The college at Cambridge wss made a body cor- porate, by an act of the general court of Massachu- setts ; and received a chnrter, under the tea! of the colony, by the name of " The President and Fel lows of Harvard college/** In \ i'.c depth of winter, there broke out in Charles- town a tcrribfe lire, which, blown from one building to another ijy a violent wind, consumed the fairest lion^ics iii the lovvn.' There were now about forty churches in New England, and seven thousand seven hundred and fifty communicant^. ♦ I Gov. Trumbull's MS. State and Origin of Connecticut. Hubbard MS. N.Eng.rhap. xUi. Hutchinson,!. Sj, 159,514. Hazard CoU.ii. 170 — 173; ai8 — 120,452,549—551. Trumbull, i. 197 — 199. The com- missioners chose Mr. Bradstreet of Massachusetts, and Mr. Prince of Plym- outh ; the Dutch governor chose Thomas Willet and George Baxter. In regard to limits, it was agreed : That on Lonp; Island a strait and direct ;ine, run from the wcstermost part of Oyster Bay to the sea, shall be the hounds ; the ensterly part to belong to the KnglisJi, and the westermost to the Dutch : and that the bounds un the main land begin at the west side f)f Greenwich bay, about four miles from Stamford, and run a northerly Hnc xo milt"., and, beyond that distance, as it shall be agreed by the two governments cf the Dutch and New Haven, provided the said line come not within 10 miles of Hudson's rivr. It wac also agreed, that the Dutch should not build any house within six miles of the said line ; the inhabit- ants of Greenwich to remain (till farther consideration) under tho govern- ment of the Dutch. Another article of ap:reement was, that the Dutch i'houid hold all the land's in Hartford, of which they were actually possess- ed ; and all tlie residue, on both sides of Connecticut river, was to remain to the English there. These limits were to be strictly and inviolably observ- ed until a full and final determination in Europe, by the mutual consent of England and Holland. Ibid. The articles of agreement are in the three last cited places of Hutchinson, Hazard, and Trumbull. 1 Hutchinson, i. 171. Ncal N. Eng. i. 297. The college was governed under this charter until i^>85, v.hen the colony charter was vacated. Hut- chinson, ibid. ^ Wonderwork. Prov. 231. 4 Stiles Christian Union, 116. ' !■, Kcthcr- tie com- ir render lys. the iliO coil' )ody cor- La^isaclui- -al of the I and 1' e^ \ Charles- e building the fairest es in New ^ndred and ici't. Hubbard ;art\ Coll. ii. 170 99. The co»n- rrince of Plym- ,ige Baxter. In jtrait and direct sea, shall be the \c westerniost to lat the west side run a northerly [reed by the two ic said line come L that the Dutch l\c ; the inhabit- kder tho govern- that the Dutch 1 actually possess- J was to remain to Inviolably observ- Inutual consent ol It are in the three ee was governed U, vacated. liut- AMERICAN ANNALS. On the Island of Martha's Vineyard there were a- bout forty families of Indians, who professed the Christian religion^ and attended the religious in- structions of Mr. Mayhew. The whole island liad, in a manner, embraced Christianity, and adopted the English customs and manners, in their husband- ry and other concerns. * The south part of the town of Barnstable in Mas- sachusetts was, about this time, amicably purchased of Wianno and several other sachems. * Charles II transmitted from Breda a new commis- sion to Sir William Berkeley, as governor of Vn-- ginia, declaring his intention of ruling and ordering the colony according to the laws and statutes of England, which were to be established there. Thus, while that prince was not peiuilLted to rule over England, he exercised the royal jurisdiction over Virginia. ' The authority of the crown continuing to be ac- knowledged in Virginia, and in several of the West India islands, the parliament issued an ordinance, for prohibiting trade with Barbadoes, Virginia, Ber- muda, and Antego.^ The constitution of Maryland was established. A law was passed for settling the provincial assem- bly. It enacted, that those members, called by spe- cial writ, should form the Upper House ; that those, chosen by the hundreds, should compose the Low- er House ; and that all bills, which should be pas- sed by the two houses, and assented to by the gov- ernor, should be deemed the laws of the province, 1 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixxv. • % Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 15. 3 Chalmers, i. 121. Robertson, book ix. iro. For the prevention of Ae r^ibellion of subjects, or the invasion of enemies, the commission em- powered the governor and council " to build castles and forlilications, at the expense of the planters." 4 Chalmers, i. 122, 123. In consequence of this or Jinancc, Massachu- setts, the next year, passed an act against trade witli those places, until their " compliance with thu Commonwealth of Filmland," or f:trtluT order rtf rii9 Gimeral Court. Ha^^ard Coll. i. 55;>. :55»' 1650. Natives of Martha's Viiicyard are C'hriit- ti.-inizc(i. IJarn^ublr, June. Commi*. Mon of Charles n to r.he gov- ernor of Virginia, Oct. 3. Ordinance of parlia* ment. Constitu . tionofMar ryland set- tled. 352 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1'! II-'. i"'' llf.. fit w ■ ''l • IKtli, 1650. Colony di- vided into cuunties. Salutarj fiarbadocB. t»a Par- quet buys Martinico & other titlands. and have the same effect, as if the freemen were pei- sonally present. The colony was now divided into three counties, which contained eight hundreds. Laws were enacted for peopling Maryland. An order was made for the relief of the poor. Punish- ments were provided for various crimes. The fees of office were regulated. The interests of agricul- ture and commerce were encouraged. Public pros- perity and private happiness were thus promoted by salutary laws, which were as prudently executed, as wisely planned. ' ^^ Barbadoes, though settled but little more than twenty years, already contained more than fifty thou- sand whites, and a much greater number of blacks and Indian slaves. ' The king of France granted the old French West India company his licence to sell Martinico, St. Lu- cia, Grenada, and the Grenadines, to Du Parquet, governor of Martinico ; who purchased those islands for fifty thousand livres. ' Resolved on an invasion of Grenada, Du Parquet collected upwards of two hundred hardy Frenchmen for the enterprise. On meeting unexpectedly with a kind reception from the natives, he affected a regard to moderation, and opened a treaty with the chief of the Charaibes for the purchase of the territory. Having made the natives a few trilling presents,* he considered the I Chalmers, i. aao,22i. The constitution of Maryland continued above HO years, until the revolutionary war. At the time of its adoption the most common and useful arts must have made but small progress in the col- ony ; for the preceding year (1649) an order was passed, "providing for tbe smith." Ibid. » Europ. Settlements, ii. 86. Univ. Hist. xli. 134, 137. It could muster 10,000 foot, "and 1000 horse. Ibid. About this year, the planters in Bar- badoes obtained tlie true secret of making sugars ; by sufFering the canes tft ripen 15 months, instead of la, an^ by boiling and curing them to a white consistence. After this discovery, the value of the lands on the island in- creased to sudi a degree, that land, which could have been previously pur- chased for /^,2C0, cost afterward ^'7000. Ibid. ^ 3 Univ. Hist. xli. 126. ' 4 •♦ Some knives and hatchets, and a large cjuantity of glass beads, beside two bottler oj l)nin(h- for th',- chief hini'^elf !'* Du Teitre.a French hist*' fn AMERICAN ANNALS. iS5 re pei ' id into idreds. . An Punish- :he fees agricul- iic pros- oted by xecuted, ore than fty thou- of blacks ich West ), St. Lu- . Parquet, )se islands 1 invasion rds of two rise. On ion from ation, and iraibes for iT'dde the dered the ontinued above ;» adoption the ;res8 in the col- i* providing for It could muster planters in Bar- ing the canes to them to a white »n the island in- previously pur- lass beads ^"'"^« l.aFrenchbUt*' Aiigiiilla settled. purchase as complete ; established a colony in Grc- .''ctiics jiada ; built a fort for its protectior ; and left the ^'^^»'''^»- government of the island to a klnsniim, named l.e Compte. A war soon after ensued, and the natives Nativis «- . • ^ J , terminated* were exterminated. ' The Caribbee isle of Anguilla was now first set tied bv some English people. ' The Spaniards of the garrison on the isle of St. st. Mar- Martin, unable to maintain themselves, dismantled t''^'»- the fort, and destroyed all their houses and cisterns. The French and Dutch soon after, by accommoda- tion, divided the island between them. ^ The parliament of England passed the famous Navigation Act of Navigation. It had been observed with con- '^'^^' Cern, that the English merchants for several years past had usually freighted the Hollanders' shipping for bringing home their own merchandise, because their freight was at a lower rate than that of the English ships. For the same reason the Dutch ships were made use of even for importing American products from the Engllbh colonies into England. The English ships meanwhile lay rotung in the har- bours ; and the English mariners, f )r want of em- Han of the expeditioTi, quoted by Edwards, Hist. W. Indies, i. 346^ The French afterward " considered the refusal of the poor savages to confirm the agreement, as contumacy and rebellion." I Edwards W. Indlt , i. 345 — 348. Father Du Tertre says : " Forty of the Chataibes were massacred on the spot. About 40 others, who had esc'.iped the sword, r;;r. toward a precipice, from whance they cast them- selves headlong into the sea, and miserably perished. A beautiful young girl of IS or 13 years of age, who was taken alive, became the object of dispute between two of our officers, each of them claiming her as his law- ful prize ; a third coming up, put an end to the contest, by shooting the girl through the head. The place from which these barbarians threw them- selves into the sea, has been called ever since le Morne des Smtcurs [Leap- •rs Hill].'* The French, after massacring the natives, proceeded to massar- tre each other ; and Du Parquet, having injured his fortune in planting the island, and supporting his authority, sold his property in the island, irt 1657, to the count de Carillac for 30,060 crowns. Ibid. Univ. Hist. xli. 2a6. a Univ. Hist. xli. 230. Anderson, ii. 414;" whose posterity still hold it.*" ,; Univ. Hist. xli. 163. Anderson, ii. 412. : m'. \r- ^ ■ I J II Mil , 354 AMERICAN ANNALS. 1651. ployment, went into the service of the Hollanders* These considerations, principally, induced the par- liament to enact, *' That no merchandise, either of Asia, Africa, or America, including also the English plantations there, should be imported into England in any but English built ships, and belonging either to English or English plantation subjects, navigat- ed also by an English commander, and three fourths of the sailors to be Englishmen ; excepting such merchandise, as should be imported directly from the original place of their growth or manufacture in Europe solely : and that no fish should thence- forward be imported into England or Ireland, nor exported thence to foreign parts, nor even from one of their own home ports, but what should be caught by their own fishers only." ' MaiJen The churcli at Maiden having called a minister to fined for the pastoral ofHce, without if not against the con- Useuii"" sent and approbation of neighbouring churches and ment of a allowauce of the magistrates ; the general court im- mmister. pQggj ^ fjj^g q^ .j\[^ ^Jjq ^g^g concemcd in the trans- action ; * and soon after passed an order, that no minister should be called to office, without the ap- probation of some of the magistrates, as well as of the neighbouring cliurches. ^ Sumptuary -^ Sumptuary law was passed this year by the le- Uw. gislature of Massachusetts.* 1 Anderson, ii. 415, 416. Dr. Robertson [book ix. 11 1.] assigns a dif- ferent reason for this act : " Not satisfied with taking measures to subject the colonies, the commonwealth turned its attention towards the most ef- fectual mode of retaining them in dependence on the parent state, and of securing to it the benefit of their increasing commerce." a Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ix. The procedure of Maiden was " con- trary to the approved practice of the country." The court, according to Hubbard (ib.)," passed an handsome .fine or mulct." The people of Mal^ den acknowledged their miscarriage. Ibid. 3 Ibid. It was now left to the power of every county court throughout the jurisdiction, to make sufficient provision for the maintenance of the ministry in the respective towns of the colony ; and to rectify any defecr, " on complaint of any such, for want of means whereby comfortably to subsist." Ibid. 4 Mas*achu8ett9 Lavri* The law itself) and the language in which it i^ AMERICAN ANNALS- 355 ,nders# le par- :her of English Ingland 5 either lavigat- fourths ig such ly from ufacture thence- ind, nor from one le caught ['mister to the con- rches and court im- the trans- ^ that no It the ap- well as of by the le- assigns a dif- ures to subject 5 the most ef- it state, and o£ ldenwa»"con- t, according to eople of Mai' jiurt throughout itenance «f the [tify any defect. comfortably to le in which it »•' . The general court of Massachusetts having, at 1651. the motion of the reverend Jolui Eliot, granted the '"diangov. land at Natick to the natives ; a number of them iiutick. combined for the purpose of government. * A forge iron manufacture was set up at Rayn- ironforge ham in Massachusetts, a town recently settled.' ham/"' The town of Salem voted, to build a fort on the Fo" ^t ' Winter expressed, arc curimis. The court, lamenting the ineflicacy of former « Declarations and Orders against excess of apparel both of men and wo- men," proceed to observe : " We catmotbut to our grief take notice, that intolerable excess and bravery hath crept in upon us, and especially among people of mean condition, to the dishonour of God, the scandal of our pro- fession, the consumption of estates, and altogether unsuitable to our pover* ty." They " acknowledge it to be a matter of much difficulty, in re- gard of the blindness of men's minds, and the stubbornness of their wills, to *et down exact rules to confine all sorts of persons ;" yet " cannot but ac- count it thfir duty, to commend unto all tliM sober and moderate use of thost blessings" &c. 'I'he court proceed to order, that no person, whose visible estate shall not exceed the true and indifferent sum of j(^aoo shall wear anf gold or silver lace, or gold and silver buttons, or any bone lace above two •hillings per yard, or silk hoods or scarves, on the penalty of lo shillingt for every such offence. The law authorizes and requires the select men cX every town to take notice of the apparel of any of the inhabitants, and to assess such persons, as " they sinU jndge to exceed their rankes and abili- ties, in the costliness or fashion of their apparel in any respect, especially in the wearing of ribbands and great boots," at £*o° estates, according to the proportion, which such men use to pay to whom such apparel is suitable and allowed. An exception however is made in favour of public officers and their families, and of those, " whose education aad employment have been above the ordinary degree, or whose estates have been considerable, though now decayed." We smile at the simplicity of our forefathers ; but the motlit- r country had set an example of similar measures, effected in a more tummury manner. !n the reign of queen Elizabeth, " began in England long tucks and rapiers," which succeeded the sword and buckler ; " and he was held the grtatt&t gallant, that had the deepest ruffe, and longest rapier. The offence unto the eye of the one, and the hurt onto the life of the subject, that came by the other, caused her majesty to make proclamation against them both, and to place selected grave citizens at every gate to cu; the ruffes, and breake the rapiers points, of all passengers that exceeded a yeard in length of their rapiers, and a nayle of a yeard in depth of their ruRiES." Stow Chron. 869. I Mather Magnal. book iii. 197. Coll. Hist. Soc. I. 180. Mr. Eliot advised them to adopt the form of government, proposed by Jethro to Moses. Accordingly on the 6th of August 1651 about one hundred of them met together, and chose one ruler of a hundred, two rulers of fifties, and ten rulers of tens. After this transaction, they entered into covenant. See the form of the covenant, ibid. a Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 170. It was set up by James and Henry Leonard, who came to this town in 165Z," which was about two years after the first settlers had planted themselves upon this spot." Ibid. Thh article tugjLt ttitand in A, D, l6ja. ■1.! •!■' m ,■!'■' ^ , :^' ^ 356 1651. Miuci. Norwalk & Middlf. town set- tled. Dut'-h tra- at Dclu- warc. Taken br the Swtrii's snd n.ui cd I'ort Cabi- mir. AMERICAN ANNALS. south cast point of Winter Island ; toward '^hlch the general court gave one hundred pounds. ' The assembly of Connecticut passed an act to en- courage the discovery of* mines.* The settlement of ilie towns of Norwalk and Middletovvn in Con- necticut commenced about this time.' The Dutch erected a trading house, rather than a iortification, on a low point of land,* which com- nr.mded the Delaware. Hudde, left to rule and trafiick there, purchased of the Minquaas the lands on the western shore of the Delaware, from Chris- tiana creek to the river of Bompthook ; which was the earliest Indian purchase, made there by the Dutch. The Swedes, observing this conduct of their rivals, prqusted against it, with little effect. Risingh however, the Swedish governor, took the place by force the subsequent year, and named it Fort Casimir,* 1 Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. J28. " The first fort was on Beverly side, and f- rected l)y Coiiant's me'i before Endicot arrived. It was called Darble or Derby fort." Ibid. 7l>ii artkh ou^bt to stiind in A. D. l6j2. i 'Irunibull, i. loi. This act was passed on the motion of John Win- throp, afterward governor of Connecticut, who judged there were mines and minerals in the colony, which might be improved to great advantage. See the ei tire act, ibid. The W^inthrops were men of inquisitive minds, and of philosophical learning. John Winthrop (son of the aboveiiamed), ivho also was governor of Connecticut, sent a specimen of a non-descript mineral to Sir Hans Sloane. Dr. Ramsay of Edinburgh, a member of the Royal Society, informs me, that he eaw that specimen in the British Muse- um ; that it was denominated Colu.vibium ; and that it attracted much no- tice. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences has been some time endeavouring to make farther discoveries of this mineral ; but has hitherto ascertiincd the place merely, where the original specimen was procured, foimerly called l)y the natives Nant-ncague. It is about three miles from New London. 3 Ibid. i. 201. The Indian name of the place, where Middtetown wai settled, was M;;ttabeseck. The principal planters were from England, Hartford, and Wethersfield. There was a considerable accession from Rowley, Chelmsford, and Woburn, in Massachusetts. The legislature nam' cd the town in 1653 ; ao years after*, the number of housholdcrs was 52. lb. 4 Near where Newcastle now stands. Chalmers. J Chalmers, i. 632. Having strengthened and enlarged that fort, he goon after, on the same river five miles higher, erected Fort Christiana, in honour of his queen. Ibid. ^ AMERICAN ANNALS. vhlch l ' :t to cn- ttlcment in Con- bcr than lich com- rule and the lands )m Chris- vhich was e by the induct of ttle effect. , took the , named it ;rly sitle, and e- :alU-d Darbie or of John Win- lere were mines reat advantage. quihUive minds, abovenamed), a I'.on-descript member of the British Muse- ractcd much no- leen some time )ut has hitherto was procured, three miles from Middletown wa« from England, accession from legislature mm' jldcrswas 5 a. lb. red that fort, he 'art Christiana, in 357 1652. ir George Ayscuc, who had been appointed S"^"«'<'» miindcr of the parliament's forces for the reduc- °o crom^* setts. s commiindcr of the pari tiou of Barbadoes, sent captain Denis,' pursuant to w«U. instriK'tions, with a small squadron of men of war, to Virginia, to reduce to obedience that colony ; which, last of all the king's dominions, submitted to tlic govtrnnuiit of the Protector.* 1 lie inhabitants of the Province of Maine were, sXu?s!ion by their own request, taken under the protection of oiMainet* the colony of Massachusetts. ^ Commissioners, ap- ^^""^"" pointed by the general court of that colony, repair- ing to Kittery and Againenticus, summoned the in- habitants to appear beiore them, and received their submission. Fifty persons then took the oath of freemen. ■• Agamcnticus was now named York.* Tlie province was made a county, by the name of Yorkshire ; and the towns, from this time, sent dep- uties to the general court at Boston. ^ I This expedition to Virginia was after tlie reduction of Barbadoes and the otiier Caribbee islands. Robertson, book ix. ill. Drit. F.mp. iii. 177. Univ. Hist. xli. 140 — i/i?. Ayscue arrived at Barbadoes with the fleet 16 October 1651, " and succeeded at length in bringing the island to capitu- late." Kdwards W. Indies, i. ^536. aKtith, 147. Beverly, 81. Univ. Hist. xli. 432. Governor Berkeley took arms, to opjiose the formidable armament on its entrance into the Chesepeak ; but tlie contest was short. His bravery however procured fa- vourable terms to the colony. A general indemnity for ail jnist offence* was granted ; and the Virginian colonists were adrritted to all the rights of citizens. Robertson, book ix. Hi, 'Hie Articles of agreement, and the Act of indemnity, both dated 12 March 1651, are in Jefferson Virg. un- der Query XUI, and Hazard Coll. i. 560 — 564. The true date, according to the present reckoning, is 1652. I'he histructions to Denis and others, •ifiined by Presid'nt Bradshuw at Whitehall, are dated 26 Sept. 1651. Those Instrucfio) s are in Hazard Coll. i. 556 — 558. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. ch.ip. Iviii. Belknap Eiog. i. 390. Massachu- »ett8cliiimed the jurisdiction of that Province, as lying within the limits of its charter of 1628. Coil. Hist. Soc. iii. 8. Hutchinson, i. 177. 4 Hazard CoH. i. 515, where is the Return, made by the Commissioners, laken from the Records of the county of York. The conmiissioners were Simon Bradstreet, Samuel Symonds, Thomas Wiggin, and Brian Pendle- ton. The names of the freemen are also iu Hazard, ibid. 5 Hazard i. 576, where may be seen the Privileges, granted to that town by the Commissioners. 6 Hutchinson, i, 177. The towns of Wells, Cape Porpus, and Saco, did Bot subscribe a decWatioD of tb«ir submiision until the next year (5 July „5ji -i''i,i *i:';i^ if ■ ' •1? "**. I! '. \ i'V; 358. 1653. First coin- age of money. Act about tobacco. Parliament assumes the govern- ment of Maryland. Rl iode Isl- and* t)eath of J. Cotton. AMERICAN ANNALS. The first mint was erected in New England for coining money.* To encourage the staple commodity of Virginia, the English parliament passed an act, which gave legal force to the injunctions of James and Charles against planting tobacco in England. * The government of Maryland was taken out of the hands of lord Baltimore, for disloyalty to the ruling powers in England, and settled in the hands of the parliament. * By an order of the council of state for the com- monwealth of England, the government of Rhode Island was suspended ; but that colony, taking ad- vantage of the distractions, which soon after ensued in England, resumed its government, and enjoyed it, without farther interruption, until the Restoration.* John Cotton, minister of the first church in Bos- ton, who has been styled the patriarch of New Eng- land, died, in the sixty eighth year of his age. ' 1653). The villages, lying still farther eastward, appear not to have sur- rendered their independence until 1658. Chalmers, i. 480, 499, 501. I Hutchinson,!. 178. Chalmers, i. 182. The money coined was in shil- lings, six pences, and three pences. The law enacted, that " Massachusetts and a tree in the centre be on the one side ; and New England and the year of our Lord, and the figure XII, VI, III, according to the valae of each piece, be on the other side." Massachusetts liaws. The several coins had M. £. on one side, and the number denoting the number of pence, with thcjyear x652, on the other. This date was never altered, though more coin was stamped annually for ^o years. Hutchinson Coll. 480. a Keith, 148. Robertson, bookix. 112. 3 Hazard Coll. i. 626. In 1654 it was settled in the hands of the Pro> tector . Ibid. For the reasons of *'.\ •■ i procedure, with evidences, that " the province of Maryland had more need of reducing than any plantation in America," see ibid. 621 — 630. 4 Chalmers, i. 274. Douglaso, ii. 81. 5 Mather Magnal. book iii. 14 — 31. Hutchinson, i. 179. He isde* scribed by Hubbard [MS. N. £ng. chap. Ixi,], as a man " of excellent learn- ing, profound judgment} eminent gravity, Christian candour, and s\v*et temper of spirit" i% y AMERICAN ANNALS. 359 md for Virginia, ch gave Charles n out of ty to the he hands the com- of Rhode taking ad- ter ensued enjoyed it, storation.' rch in Bos- ' New Eng- j age.' not tohawsur- oincd was in siiu- t «« MassachusetH England and the the value of each several coins had ,er of pence, with ed, though more \. 480- IhandsofthePro. Idences, that "the 1 any plantation i« 179. He isde. of excellent learn- ndour, and »w»et The commissioners of the United Colonies, ap- P^epara- prehensive of hostilities with the Dutch, concluded war wUh provisionally, that five hundred men should be the the Dutch; number raised out of the four jurisdictions. * On this occasion, Plymouth colony appointed a council of war, and agreed on several military orders. In May, the council of war issu^ d warrants, in the name of the state of England, for pressing sixty men, the number required of that colony, on condition of the need of them, to be taken out of the several towns within the jurisdiction of Plymouth ; and Miles Stan- dish was appointed their captain. " The commissioners of the colonies, finding it ne- ^P*- *?• cessary to make war with Ninnigrpt^ the Niantick Nimiigrot. sachem, concluded on that measure ; and voted, that two hundred and fifty foot soldiers, officers and commanders included, be immediately raised by the several colonies. * J Hazard Coilii. 231. Massachusetts was to send (commanders included) Plymouth ------- Connecticut ------ New Haven ------ - - 3.1s <* - 60 - - 6s - - 4z 500 « All the commissioners, excepting those of Massachusetts, were of the o- pinion, that there had been a horrid and execrable plot, concerted by the Dutch governor and the Indians, for the destruction of tb : Englisli colo- nies." Trumbull, i. 209. a Hazard Coll. i.580, 581. The towns in Plymouth jurisdiction were to raise men in the following proportions 7 6 \Plymouth Duxborough Scituate - - - - - 9 Sandwich ----- 6 H,Taunton ----- 5 Yarmouth ------ 6 Barnstable ------ 6 Marshfield ------6>< Rehoboth ------ 6 Eastham ------ 3 3 It appeared, that he had spent the winter at Manhattan, with Stuyve- «mt, on the business of the conspiracy. Trumbull, i. 409. 4 Hazard Coll. ii. 493, 495. The ajo men were to be raised by the col- onies in a due proportion, as was agreed on at the first meeting of the com- missioners at Boston this year. Massachusetts was to raise and send - - - - 166 Plymouth -------.-30 Connectii^ut --- .. .,« - 2% New Haven --------- tx hit' I 3*0 North line of Massa- chusetts. Fire in Boston. Montreal. Death of T.Dudley. AMERICAN ANNALS. To clear the title of Massachusetts to the province of Maine, skilful mathematicians were ordered to run the north line of the Masvicliusetts patent ac* cording to the late interpretation of its bour.ls ; and it was run, a,c;recably to that order, in (October. ' The first fire in Boston, recorded by the early historians, was in this year. * The incursions of the Iroquois havinpj oblip^cd M. de Maisonaeuve, governor of Montreal, to repair to France for fresh recruits ; he returned with one hundred men. Margaret Bourgeois, a respectable lady, who afterward instituted the order of the Daughters of the Congregation, now came with him to Montreal. ^ Thomas Dudley, formerly governor of Massachu- setts, and a principal founder of that colony, died, aged seventy seven years. "• MafisachysettR, not satisfied with the reasons for the war, decllnrd raisin jj her quota. The geiier'ai court of that colony resolved, that no dcfenuina- tion of the commissioners, though they should all agree, should bind the general court to join in an offensive war, wliich should appe:ir to such court to be unjust. This declaration gave great uneasiness to the sister col- onie?, and nearly effected a dissolution of their union. Trumbull, i. aij, S5l6. Sec Hazard Coll. 11. z88 — 295 ; Hutchinson,!. 179 — 183. 1 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, iviii. Hazard Coll. i. .1:91. a Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 26'). Josselyn [Voy. 267, N. ]'.ng. Rar. iii.] call*; h '♦ the great fire ;" but no p.irtictilars of it can be found. 3 CharIevoi.x Nouv. France, i, 31a, 313. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 454. Char* Irvoix Citisnates jM. Bourgeois as a greater acquisition to the colony, than all the soldiers. " Mais la plus heurcuse acquisition, L' colony, th.m jlit dans ce voy- lu son nom cher I Itchinson, i. 18.V Iford, Mr. D'"l- koxbury, where Itej^rity, of vub- [cu toward rchg- ch he lived ; ;"» ! civil and rellK- [e and generous, [cter, and of the Is, during the ui- Tdcnuty governor f own [See r- ^^>» [at dlssatisfactwn. lor an end ol tU* Icni a minutfV ^^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 1654. The colony of Connecticut receiving an order from the parliament, requiring, that the Dutch should be treated, in all respects, as the declare^ en- emies of England ; the general court of that colony passed an act, sequcstring the Dutch lu^use, lands and property of all kinds, at Hartford, for the ben- efit of the commonwealth. ' Although the colony of New Haven could not effectually engage the confederate colonies in a war against the Dutch ; yet some of the principal per- sons of the colony, going this year to England, pre- vailed so far with those in power there, as to obtain a commission for certain ships and soldiers, to seize the Dutch plantation at New Netherlands, for the use of the English. A fleet sailed from England for that purpose ; but the voyage was long, and news of a peace, concluded between the States of Holland and the powers in England, reached America before the arrival of the fleet. The commander in chief, hence induced to turn his forces, with those raised in Massachusetts, into another direction, attacked the French forts about St. John's river, and reduced them, and the adjacent places,' under the pov ' of the English.^ The peace with the Dutch, with Newtown, and contribute some to his maintenance for a time ; or if he could not by the spring tfTect tliat, then to give the deputy towards his charg;s in building there £10" Thegoven;or promised ci;:iij)hance ; but, on making payment of that sum, Dudley returned it to him, with strong professions of personal estimation. Winthrop Journ. 43. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. It. I Trumbull, i. Z25. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. A point of lane!, which form- ed a part of their possessions, is still called Dutch Point. Ibul, a Penobscot &c. The English " met witl^ no threat resistWice." Hut- chinson, i. i8,v All the country from Penobscot to Port Royal was con- quered at this time. Sullivan, 158. Port Roy.d capituhited in August. Ciiulmers, i. 187. The Trench pretended, that tiiey had purchased the English right at the price of £5000 ; a price, v\h jh, if there was such an agreement, was never paid. The conquered country was confirmed to Eng- land the following year. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 256. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. lix. Intelligence of the peace, sigi ^.d $ April, was received 23 June. Hazard Coll. i. 589. A short tune before ^is intelligeuce arrived, Massachusetts had consented to the raising oi Ddd 361 April 6. Dutch Ihju- ■ and innd at Hartford sequester- ed. New Ha- V -n colony olitains help irom England. Peace be- tween Hoi* land and England. w 3^2 AMERICAN ANNALS* »i i^. .m on 1 654. " the hopeful establishment of government in Eng- Thanks- land,'* occasioncd a public thanksgiving in Massa- givin-. chusetts. ' September. Massachusctts nc t joining her confederates in a Sone'rTof '^^^^'^' ^gainst Niuuigret, that sachem prosecuted his T.I. Colonics war with the Long Island Indians, who had put Nimii'<'ret. tlicmselves uuder the protection of the English.' The commissioners in September sent a messenger to him, demanding his appearance at Hartford, where they were convened, and the payment of tri- bute long due, for the Pequots under him ; but he refused to appear, and sent them a spirited, inde- ©ctarmine peudcut auswcr. Determining therefore on a war "ithS with him, they ordered two hundred and seventy infantry, and forty horsemen, to be raised. ' Orders were given, that twenty horse from Massachusetts, twenty four men from Connecticut, and sixteen from New Haven, should be immediately dispatched into the Nehantick country. The commissioners nomin- ated three men to the chief com-r.r J, leaving the appointment to Massachusetts ; 6ut the general court of that colony, disregarding the nomination, appointed major Simon Willard. The commissioi]- t'roops for an expedition apjainst the Dutch ; but It was not until Cromwt!!. Lord Protector, had signified to them his plea-'jre that it should ha done, TJie geiiural court, hiivlrig received a letter from his highness " declar;- (9 Juiic), th.it though they understand that this colony is not in such u ca- pacity as may he :ip]/rehcnded to s^end forth such numbers of men, as niiglii vigorously assist in tluit undcrtakinp;, yet do freely consent and give liberty to his Higlmess'o commissioners major Robert S3dg\viik and captain Johr. Leveret to raise within our jurisdiction the number of 500 volunteers fur- nislied vvittr all necessary accommodations to assist them in their enterpri?.'.' iigjin^it the Dutch ; provided tlie person' be free fromjLgal engagements." Haiiard, i. .■;S7. By "legal engagements," Hutchinson ['. 183. j suppos- es, must be inteniU d " apprentice ship and other servitude, as well as pro- cesses from court:;" &c. For " Proceedings of tile council of war at I'l; ■ inouth," on the same subject, see Hazard Coll. i. 587 — 590. I Hutchinson,!. l3j. The thanksgiving was 30 September. S Trumbull, i. 120. He had hired as auxiliaries, the Mohawks, Pocon:- tocks, and Wampanoags. It was supposed, that his design was, to destroy the I'Ong Island !ndi;in=, r.:id the Moheagans ; but a collection of sucb a iiumbei- i)f Iiii!i..i).> from various (quarters would have end>ii)gered thi; g'-:it ■ ral peace of tiie country. 1I>. ;{ Massachupttt-i was to raise the 40 horsemen, and 153 footmen ; Coii' Bccticut, 45 ; and New Haven.. 31. 'I'rumbuH, i, S31, 1 Eng^ Massa- :es in a jted bis lad put uglisb. * essenger lartford, nt of tri- ., but be ted, inde- on a war id seventy 3 Orders sacbusetts, xtcen from \tcbed into lers nomin- leaving tbe ;he general lomiintion, :ommissioi;- wntU Cromwt'l. should b« done. Ighness " decLirc not in such a cu- of men, •'IS migh' t und give libcrt> ;md captain ]>;hr. po vohuiteers iur- lin their enterprir.v'^ tal enRagemcntb. Pif;. iS.vl'-^rF^- lle'uswelUspro- Lil of war at V\) • k'mber. iMdlwwks, Pocoiv.' Un was, to destroy tfollection of such a fiviigered the ijv.u ■ 1 53 footmen; Cor.' AMERICAN ANNALS. ers gave him a commission, to command the troops, with instructions to proceed with such of them, as sJiould be found at the place of rendezvous, by tlie thirteenth of October, directly to Ninnigret's quar- ters, and demand of him thePequots, who had been put under him, and the tribute, that was still due ; also a cessation of hostilities with the Long Lsland- ers. If Ninnigret should not comply with these de- mands, the instructions were, to subdue him. Wil- lard marched with his men into the Narraganset country ; and, finding that Ninnigret ^^ ith his men had fled into a swamp, fourteen or fifteen miles dis- tant from the army, returned home, without attempt- ing to injure the enemy. About one hundred Fe- quots, who had been left with the Narragansets ev- er since the Pequot war, voluntarily came olf with the army, and put themselves under the protection and government of the English. ' New Haven colony, from its first settlement, at- tended to the interests of learning, as well as to those of religion and civil polity. Beside establish- ing a ministry in each town by law, to be supported by the inhabitants, it established schools in each town, for common education ; and a colony gram- mar school, to prepare youth for college. This year the reverend Mr. Davenport brought forward the institution of a college, to which the tov*n of New Haven made a donation of lands. ^ 1 Hutchinson, i. 185 — 187. Trumbull, i. 419 — 23-2. Trumbull (Ibid.) says, Ninnijjrot had left his countr)-, c«rn, and wigwams, without defence, and they night have been laid waste, without loss or danger. The com- jTiisaioiiers were entirely dissatisfied with the conduct of the commander of the expedition ; but historians ascribe the defeat of their design to the se- cret intrigue of Massachusetts. Hutchinson, the historian of that colony (ut supra), says, " this was the second time of their preventing a general war, contrary to tJ'e minds of six of the commissioners of the other colonics." •J Pres. Stiles Hist. Judges of king Charles I. p. 40. On a donation to this college of perhaps ^'400 or £500 sterling by governor Hopkins, who (lied at London va 1656, the general assembly erected the colony school into a college for teaching " the three learned languages, I^atin, Greek and Helnew ;" and for " the education of youth in go:)d literature, to fit them for public service in church and comuionwealch ;" and settled ;f 40 a y*ar 3^3 X654. Willard's exiieditioti to NarrU" ganset. Con.;gi. projecteci at New Haven i mHH i 1 l|liHB|l' 1 m^ii 1 tjuflnn^ li ,;!■:«:: ^.1 B >.;* 3 ;i j^ov- eriiuic'Mt at Kuimebcc. 1654. The whole number of ratable persons in the col- Projiossof ony of Connecticut, this year, was seven hundred and seventy five ; and the grand list was seventy nine thousand and seventy three pounds.* Thoinas Prince having been appointed by the general court of Plymouth colony, the preceding yt ar, to settle a government at Kennebeck ; he now issued a warrant, directed to the marshal of New Plymouth, requiring the inhabitants on the river Kennebeck to make their personal appearance at Merry Meeting en the twenty third of May. The people generally assembled ; and sixteen took the oath of fidelity to the State of England and to the present government of Plynouth ; and fifteen laws were established for their government.* r.n- 1< John Eliot, minister of Roxbury, having previ- jr. u,,,.dfor Qygiy received encouragement from the general court or Massachusetts to proceed m preachmg the gospel to the natives, now obtained several parcels of land for those Indians, v^ ho should give any just hope of their embracing the Christian religion.^ out of the colony treasury on the preceptor or rector, beside the salary fronj 1n\.>v UaV'ii s>.l.>iol, V. ii £100 fur a library. Mr. Davenport had the care Oi t'^" coloi'v school sevorul years ; but in 1660 the reverend Mr. Peck vas cstablislied ir. it, according to the act of aascmbly, and taught the learned la' guagesand the sciences. The convulsions of the times however in 1664, and the wr'-nt of adequate support, ciused this college to terminate in .! public grammar school ; which is still pieserved, and holds the Hop- Twins' fui;ds, and the other endowments of college estate, to this day. Yale Coile^e was not built on this foundation Ibid. — 1 — The general court of Coi'.'ietticut II) I' 5^ ordered, that £20 be paid to the support of a fellow- shjp in Harvard college. Trumbull, i. 2ia. I Trumbull, i. aja. The number and list of each town are subjoined : Towni« Persons. Eb-ates. Hartford ------ 177 ---,-, ^19.609 ■W'litdsur Weth rsfield Fairfield - Saybrook 165 94 5.1 {Stratford ------ 7a- Farniington ------ 46- Middletown » - - - - .31 12.60Z '■ '34 4.437 7.938 J..519 a,i7i JJorwalk -------24------- 2,309 775 79.073 i Hazard Coll. I 583 — 586, from Plymouth Records. ,3 Hubbard MS. N. Erg. chap. Iviii. Hubbard (ib.) mentions lands at ;4:3 he col- undred seventy by the receding he now of New :he river trance at ly. The took the nd to the [teen laws ing P'^^**" [\eral court the gospel :els of land ast hope of the salary from .Mipcrt had the eiendMr.Peck a„a taught the . times however ■ec to terminate holds the Hop- , this day. ^■-'■^% ceueral court ot Jortotafellow- 1 are subjoined ; tb-Jtes. , JC19.609 - 15.^33 12 ')0i . . ".'34 AMERICAN ANNALS. 365 79>°73 mentions lands .u Colonel Wood, living at the falls of James river Discove- in Virginia, sent suitable persons on an enterprise of qSo "nd* discovery. Having passed the Alleghany mountains, Missiaippi. they entered the country of the Ohio, and, in ten years, discovered several branches of that river, and of the Missisippi, ' The Iroquois about this time so effectually exter- Destruc- minated the Eries, that, without the great lake, on £j"^° * * the borders of which they were situated, and which Still bears their name, we should have no evidence of their existence. * ^ ^ l^ John Haynes, governor of Connecticut, died. ' of gov. Haynee, 1655. Toward the close of the preceding year Cromwell English had fitted out a fleet of thirty sail, under vice admi- o^fagafnl ral Penn, with land forces commanded by general Hispanioia. Venables, for the conquest of Hispanioia. Arriving at that island on the thirteenth of April, they were rt pulsed by the Spaniards, with great loss. On the is repulsed, second of May they landed on Jamaica, and laid siege to St. Jago, which at length capitulated. The Reduction vhole island was soon reduced ; " and has ever since of Jamaica, remdincd in the hands of the English. Hasanameset, " a place in the woods heyond McdOeld and Mendon," and at PuiiciJi) ig, beyond Dorchester, beside Natick. I Brit. F.tiip. iii. 195. Adair, 308. z Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 32*. This historian calls them" la nation ies F.riez, ou id. Stuy. The Onondagas sent deputies to Quebec, accom- Pr^ncH panied by a large number of their nation, to solicit r^erto"th'e missionaries of the French. Missionaries were ac- o«ioud:iga$. cordingly sent to that tribe of natives ; and several of the heads of it became their proselytes. ' Edward Winslow, distinguished in the annals of ^^"^^.^'r- Plymouth colony, died on board the English fleet whisiow. in the West Indies, in the sixty first year of his age. * 1656. *^ The Quakers, at their first appearance in New t^o"o"/'t',^e England, were considered equally hostile to civil or- quaker*. der and to Christian truth. The legislature of Massachusetts therefore passed sentence of banish- ment on twelve of that sect, the whole number then in the colony.^ « . . ■;,.';; vesant arrived at the Delaware 9 Septemher, and soon after anchored be^ fore Fort Casimir, and landed his troops. This fort, commanded by Suen Ikutz, surrendered 16 September, on articles of capitulation. The whole strength of the place consisted of 4 cannon (14 pounders), 5 swivels, and some small arms ; all of which were delivered to the conquered. Fort ', eiwistiana, commanded by Risinji;h, surrendered to Stuyvcsaut 25 Septem- ker. About 30 Swedes took the oatii of fidelity to the States General ; the rest, with a few exceptions, went to Sweden. Smith N. York, 6. I Univ. Hist, xxxix. 457, 458. Charlevoix Nou v. France, i. 320. a Morton, 153. Hutchinson, i. 187. Cromwell appointed three com- missioners to superintend and direct the operations of Penn and Venable* in their expedition to the W. Indies, of whom Winslow, then in England, v/as chief. His reputation was so great, and he found so much employ- ment, that he hid never returned home after hii departure as ageivt in 1646. Tile commanders disagreed in tlieir tempers and views ; and the commis- sioners could not controul them. Winslow participated the chagrin of the defeat ; but not the pleasure of the subsequent victory. In the passage lietween Ilispaniola and Jamaica, the heat of the climate threw him into a fever, which, aggravated by his dejection, terminated his life. Belknap Biog. ii. 281 — 309. His actions form his best eulogium. In New Eng- land, his name will never be forgotten. His portrait, an excellent piece ef painting, is in possession of Dr. Josiah Winslow, who inherits the old family estate, called Cireswell farm, at Marshfield. The eye is black and expressive, and the whole countenance very interesting. The portrait is taken with whiskers. Josiah Winslow, son of Edward (also governor o£ Plymouth colony), is drawn without them. " Beards were left off early ia New England, and about the same time they were in Old. Leveret is the fivot governor, who is painted without a beard. He laid it aside ia Cromwell's court." Hutchinson, i. 15^. 3 Hutchinson, i. 197. Neal N. Eng. i. 311. Hazard 1.630 — 631, where she act is entire. An act was passed, laying a penalty of ;^ 100 on the mas- ■.-T of any ve»;,eJ, who sliould brin^ 4 known quakor into any part of the i ! U'. P-c ^; •'^n !(^j!ii 369 1656. Pk-opof>^l to settle Ja-' maica. Billerica. Groton. Ruler of Indians chosen. Acadie granted to St. Etienne *ad others. AMERICAN AiJNALS. Oliver Cromwell, protector, made proposals to thecoK^iiy of MASsachiisettJ for tlie removal i>f som(e of its inhabitants to Jamaica ; but the general court very respectfully declined compliance. ' A township was granted at Shashin, wtiich was called Billerica j and another, above Co-icord, cal* led Groton. ' General Daniel Gookin of Cambridge was the first Knghsh magistrate, chosen t;) be ruler of the praying Indians in Massachusetts.^ Cromwell granted, under the great seal of Eng- land, to Charles Saint Etienne, William Crown, and Thomas 'I'emple forever, the territory denominated Acadie, and part of the country commonly called Nova Scotia, extending along the coast to Pentago- et and to the river St. George. It was erected into a province, independent of New England and of his other dominions, and the three grantees were ap« pointed its hereditary governors. * colony; : nd requiring him to give security to carry him back again, the quaker to be iiumediiately sent to the house of correction, receive twenty &.. 'i';>s, ^nii be kept to hard labour until transportation. A penalty was e- narcfid v'i £5 {;)r importing, and the same for dispersing or concealing qua- hers' booifs ; ^nd for defending the doctrines of their books 40 shillings for the first oft'er.ce ; £4 for the second ; and for the next, commitment to the house of correction, " till there be convenient passage for them to be sent out of the land." Another severe law was passed the next year (1657) a- gaiiist bringing quakers into the jurisdiction, or harbouring them in it. See Huf hiuson,i. 198. This law is entire in Hazard Coll. ii. 554. See A. D. 1646, p. 340 of this volume,where the quakers are noticed ; but that arti- cle seems to have been inserted fen years too soon. If that be un error, it is copied from the printed laws, and from Hazard's Collections, both of which give tf'posals to lI ui some eral court which "waJ cord, cal- e was the Liler of the :al of Eng- ::rown, aud enominated lonly called to Pentago- erected into X and of his es were ap* 11 back ngain, the i, receive twenty A penalty was e. ,r concealing qua- es 40 shillings for |,nimitment to the [r tiiem to be sent xtyear (1657) a- ig thcni in it. See 554. SeeA. D. Id ; but that arti- fut be, an error, it lllections, both of quakers who ap- [utchinson, 1. 19*' Memoires de 1* lat confusion with latesmen in after- lat were in truth Id Acadie advanc- 1 England. For it Aary of Acadie, as lo 40th degree of lotia, as appoint':* New Amsterdam, afterward called New York, New York was laid out in several small streets. ' '*''^ °"^- An insurrection was raised in Maryland by Josias insurrec- Fendal, a man of restless intrigue, which greatly '»""»" i^-^- distressed the province, and added to the burden of '^^'"''^* its impositions.* Miles Si ndish, the hero of New En inland, died Death of at Duxborough, at an advanced age.^ Staudisii. 1657- The governor and council of P , about india« plot, this time, hearing that Alexander, 8. .a ..jcccssor of Masassoit, was conspiring with the Narragansets against the English, sent for him to the court. Ma- jor Winslow, with eight or ten men, surprising him, and requiring his attendance, he was persuaded by one of his own chief coiuisellors to go to the gover- nor's house ; but his indignation at the surprisal threw him into a fever. On his promise to come back to Plymouth, if he should recover, and, in the mean time, to send his son as a hostage, he had ^^^''' °^ leave to return ; but he died before he reached home. * *'^"'""^^'' The Indians at Ponkipog having sold all their Lands giv- land, the town of Dorchester, at the request of the «« to the reverend John Eliot of Roxbury, empowered four '"'^*'"'' persons to lay out a plantation at Ponkipog, not ex- by the patent of James I in i6ai, was the river St. Croix. And thus was the stream of St. George now affixed as the outmost extent of both toward? ihe south-west." Ibid. i88. , .. ^ I Smith New York, iz. % Chalmers, i. 224. 3 Morton, 155. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixii. Belknap Biog. il. 335. Coll. Hist. Soc. ii. 4. Hubbard (ut supra) says, he was allied to the noble house of Standish in Lancashire, and inherited some of the virtues of that honourable family, as well as the name. In the military annals of Ply- mouth he stands preeminently distinguished. Dr. Belknap [Biog. ii. 335.] says, after the encounter at Mount Wollaston in 1628, we have no particu- lar account of him. We find however, that, so late as 1653, he was placed at the head of the troops, provisionally raised by Plymouth colony ; and th:.. ne was chosen one of the assistants of that colony, as long as he lived, His sword is preserved in the cabinet of the Massichuictts Historical So. clet". 4 Hubbard Ind. War. 49, 50. ' i\']^.y-?. ^^% %^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 I.I 'i ui 1110 1.8 1.25 1.4 ||.6 *" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716)872-4503 ^ 4< •s^ ;V is. 370 1657. ^j^l^H Licence to supply the natives m with arms. A ship lost. Pcf.iqtuni- scut pur- chase. Canonic ut . Tnsputes ■ coi)ci;niiug baptism. Mm i 1 m'M 1 K<^!*f| 1 Synodical siKfting at Jioston. "Death of W. B.-ud- lurJ, AMERICAN ANNALS. ceeding six thousand acres of land, and gave thaf tract for the exclusive use and benefit of the Indians. * Massachusetts legislature granted a licence to cer- tain persons, to supply the eastern Indians with arms and ammunition for hunting, on paying an acknowl- edgment to the public treasury. * A ship, with inany worthy passengers was lost in a voyage from Boston to England. ^ Several gentlemen on Rhode Island and other as- sociates made the Petaquamscut purchase of the cliief sachems of the Narraganset country. The island of Canonicut was also purchased of the In- dians by WilUam Coddington, Benedict Arnold, and others.'* V The question of enlarging the subjects of baptism having been much agitated, the magistrates of Con- necticut had, the last year, sent several of their num- ber to Massachusetts for consultation. The magis- trates of both those jurisdictions united in calling together several of the ablest ministers of each col- ony, and recommended to their consideration several inquiries on the disputed subject. Twenty six min- isters met at Boston in June ; and the result of their disputation was presented to the magistrates of each jurisdiction, and afterward printed. ^ William Bradford, governor of Plymouth, *' The- I Coll. Hist. See. j, lOO ; ii. 9. Ponkipog (novir Stoughton) was then witiiin the limits of Dorchester, a Belknap N. Hamp. i. i6o. 3 Morton, 163. Among the passengers lost was Mr. Thomas Mayhew •iun. who had been the principal instrument in the conversion of the na- tives on Mai tha's Vineyard. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixii. 4 Callender, 39. Brit. Emp. ii. 135, 148. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 417. The smaller islands had been purchased before. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xli, Ixiii. The title of it was " A dispu- tation concerning church members and their children, in answer to XXF Oiiesiiions." 6 Morton, i j6. Hutchinson, i. ao6. Gov. Bradford, at the time of his death, was in the I.XlXth year of his age. Piety, wisdom, and integrity, were prominent traits of his character. Though he had hot a learned edu- cation, he read and wrote much. He very assiduously studied the Hebrew lan^^uage ; thi; French and Dutch languages were familiar to him ; and he had considerable knowled^vc of the Latin and Greek. From the time of his first flection in J 6x1, lie was annually tJiosCH governor, as long as he J AMERICAN ANNALS. 37't ophiks Eaton, governor of New Haven,* and Ed- T. Eaton, ward Hopkins, formerly governor of Connecticut, JJlfjf '"''^'' died this year. ' 1658. A considerable settlement was made this year be- Southorton, tween Mistic and Pawcatuck rivers, by several fam'- eli'stoning- Jies from Massachusetts. ^ The settlers, finding that ton, wuieU. Jived, excepting three years. See Belknap Eiog. ii. 217 — 451. Hubbard [MS. N. Eng. chap. kii.J says, " he was the very prop a«d glory of Plym- outh colony during all the whole series of changes that passed over it." I Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. xlii. Gov. Eaton died 7 Ji'.nuary, JEtat. LXVII. For several years he had formerly been an agent for the king of England, at the court of Denmark. He was one of the original patentee* of Massachusetts, and soon after his arrival was chosen one of the magis- trates of the colony. On the settlement of New Haven he was chosen gov- ernor of that colony ; and was annually reelected until his death. In pri- vate life he was very amiable ; his public character was distiuguibhed for integrity and dignity, wisdom and piety. Trumbull, i. 240. a Trumbull, i. 241,242. He was governor several years, and highly .esteemed, as a wise and upright magistrate, and as a man of exemplary pie- ty and extensive charity. Having occasion to go to England, he was there chosen lirst warden of the English fleet ; then commissioner of the admiral- ty and navy ; and finally a member of parliament. These unexpected pre- ferments induced him to send to N. England for his family, and to spend the remainder of his days in his native country, where he died, ^tat. LVIII. He gave ^^5'^° ^^^ "^ his estate in England to trustees in N. Eng- land, " for the upholding and promoting the kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ, in those parts of the earth ;" which donation was considered as made to Harvard college, and the grammar school in Cambridge, and, by virtue of a decree in chancery, was paid in 1710. The money hus been ,. laid out in real estate in a township in Massachusetts, named, in honoi'r of n Mather Mugnal. bookvii. 23. See A. D. i66£. ,3 Coll. Hist. Soc. V. 217, 218, 240. " One lying to the southward of Mr. Smith's trading house [See p. 330.], and the other to the northward of it." Ibid. The next year (1660) the Narraganset sachems, " for valuable consideration, mortgaged to major Atherton and partnere the remaining part of the whole Narraganset country, containing the Cowhesset and Ni- antick countries." Ibid. Atherton had about 20. associates. The consida- ation, here mentioned, was a sum of money for the Indian sachems, to re- deem their lands, that they had mortgaged. A longer time was allowed for payment ; but^the sachems, failing also in this new engagement, sin- rendered their lands, in 1662, to those associates, " and gave them quiet and peaceable possession and seizin, by turf and twig." Ibid. Backus >% E»g- »• 343- 4 Gov. Trumbull MS. State and Origin of Connecticut. Coll. Hist. Soc AMERICAN ANNALS. 375 lition ;rant- tiould ion to presi- 1, and before tenced 1 asso- ns two nd set- leagan, , agent mdered ivince now ;tion can Le toper house, /as disuolv- country." this sen- ^emselves dy on con- urs, and, if to tlie gal- executed. A Declim- vas soon af- ind Hazard ■ii. 33- Sse >uthward of trthward of or valual)l« e remaining set and Ni« rhe consida- lems, to ve- was allowed ument, siu'- theni qiutt Backus >!. oil. Hist -S". Thomas Macy removed his family from Salisbu- 1659. ry, in Massachusetts, to the west end of Nantucket, Nantucket and began a settlement at Madakit harbour. There were, at that time, nearly three thousand Indians on the island. ' Francis de Laval, who had been abbot of Mon- First bish- tigny, now appointed bishop of Canada, came over, ^^^°l^' bringing, for the first time, monks of otha* orders beside Jesuits. * Sir Christopher Mims took the Spanish town of Campea- Campeachy.5 chy taken, Henry Dunster, president of Harvard College, ^eath of died. * Petr.r Bulkley, minister of Concord, died, Dunster' in the seventy seventh year of his age. * and p- Bulklef. is. 85. Trumbull, i. 444. The planters of Connecticut made repeated purchases of their lands. ** The colony not only bought the Moheagan, country of Uacas, but afterwards ail the particular towns were purchased again, either of him or his successors, when the settlements in them com- menced." Ibid. 114. I Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 156 — 160. The natives were willing to sell their lands ; and the English gradually purchased them, until they obtained the whole, excepting some small rights, which are still retained by the aborig- inal proprietors. Peter Folger was the most distinguished man among the first English settlers of the island. His daughter was the mother of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, who, it is thought, " inherited a part of his noble'.pub- lick spirit from his grandfather, Peter Folger." Ibid. a Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 339. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 466. 3 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 141. Harris Voy. ii. 903. 4 Morton, 170. Mr. Dunster is considered as the first president of Harvard College ; and the commencement of his presidency was in 1640. [See p. 3i5» and Harv. Catalogue.] But the first master of the college was Nathaniel Eaton, " who was chosen professor or master" of that seminary in 1637 ; " for not only the tuition of the scholars, but the care and man- agement of all donations for erecting edifices &c.were committed to him." Pres. Stiles MSS, He was a distinguished scholar ; but was removed from his office for his severities, and went to Virginia. See Winthrop Tourn. 184 — 187. Gov. Winthrop (ibid.) says, Euton " had been some time in- itiated among the Jesuits." Mr. Dunster was well esteemed for his learn- ing, piety, and spirit of government ; but, imbibing at length the princi- ples of antipoeuobaptism, he excited uneasiness among the overseers of the college, and was hence induced to resign the presidency 24 October, 1654. Mather Magnal. book iv. ia8. He was a great master of the oriental lan- guages ; and when a new version of the psalms had been made by some of the New England divines, and printed in 1640, that version, requiring " a little more art," was committed to him ; and, with some assistance, he re- vised and refined it, and brought it into th^.t state, in which the churches of New Englj.nd used it for many subsequent years. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. a Neal N. En^-. i. 3ai, [See A. D. 1637, p. 298.! He was descended 'A 37^ AMERICAN ANNALS. Restora- tion of Charles II. firmed. Ingliih colonies in America. i'iK^ ''I 1: i mi m I 1 1 i 1 ml ^^H^n 1 - i66o. King Charles the Second was restored to the Brit- ish throne on the twenty ninth of May ; and made his entrance into London on the eighth of June. ' Navigation The parliament passed an act for the general en- act con- couragement and increase of shipping and naviga- tion, by which the provisions, made in the celebrat- ed Navij^tion Act of 165 1 , were continued, with ad- ditional improvements.* It enacted, that no sugar, tobacco, ginger, indigo, cotton, fustic, dying woods, of the growth of the English territories in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be transported thence to any other country, than those belonging to the crown of England, under the penalty of forfeiture. The most submissive colonists considered the act as griev- ous, and contrived various methods to evade it. ^ The only English colonies on the American con- tinent, after the emigrations of half a century, were Virginia, New England, and Maryland j which are supposed to have contained, at this time, no more than eighty thousand inhabitants. * At the commencement of the civil wars in Eng- land, the population of Virginia had increased to a- bout twenty thousand souls. The cavaliers resort- ing to that colony, during the distresses of those timei, Virginia contained, at this epoch of the Res- from an honourable family in Bedfordshire, and educated at one of the English universities ; and was distinguished for his knowledge in theology, for general literature, and for piety. He was a moderator (Mr. Hooker was the other) of the synod in 1637.. P. Stiles MSS. and Election Sermon, X09. Mather Magnal. book iii. 96 — 98. I Blair's Chronology. Henault, ii. 140. a Anderson, ii. 45 3« [See A. D. 1651.] The second article of the act is, * None but natural born subjects, or naturalized, shall henceforth exercise the occupation of a merchant or factor in those places" [Asia, Africa, or America], " under forfeiture of goods and chattels." This is judged to have been a good improvement on the former act ; " it having been before common to have Dutch merchants to be factors and agents in our colo- nies." Ibid. 3 Chalmers, i. 241, 242. While the parliament restrained the colonial trade to England, it conferred the privilege of the sole production of tobac- co on the plantations. Ibid. 243. 4 Chalmers, i. 239. Number of people in Virginia. AMERICAN ANNALS. %ri to a- resort- those Res- of the theology, Hooker Sermon, colonial oftobac- toration, about thirty thousand persons.' Tlie 1660. province of Maryland, notwithstanding its various distractions and revolutions, continued to increase in population, in industry, and in wealth j and con- tained about twelve thousand persons. * The generals Whalley and Goffe, two of thcj„iy. judges of king Charles I, arrived at Boston. Hav- wi'-ii'^y ^ ing left London before the king was proclaimed, ri"^.Jit"Jo,. they did not conceal their persons or characters. »"»• They immediately visited governor Endicot, who gave them a courteous reception ; but, choosing a situation less public than Boston, they went, on the day of their arrival, to Cambridge. ' A tract of land, six miles square, having been Mdho- cranted to some of the inhabitants of Sudbury ; it "'"^''' '"'. " . Ill r-i.«- 11 ^ 1 , corporated, Was now incorporated by the name or Marlborough. ^ Several of the inhabitants of Ipsvich, on petition BrookCcIJ to the general court of Massachusetts, obtained a s'-'^^ie'*' grant of land, near Ouabaug pond, six miles square ; which was soon after settled, and named Brook- field.* 1 Chalmers, 1. 14^. 2 Chalmers, i. 226. 3 Hutchinson, i. ai5, ai6. Chalmers, i. 449. President Stiles hi it cf Three of the Judges of kinp Charles I. a^ — 26. The act of indemn ty was brought over the last of November. It appeared hov/evcr, that Whalley and GofFc were not excepted, with those, to whom pardon wa» offered ; and some of the principal persons in the government were alarm- ed. The governor summoned a court of assistants aa February 1661, to consult about securing them ; but the court did not agree to it. Findingr it unsafe to remain longer where they were, they left Cambridge a6 Feb- ruary, and airived at New Haven 7 March. A few days after their remo- val, a hue anH cry was brought by the way of Barbudocs ; and the governor and assistants issued a warrant 8 March to secure them. I'o avoid all suo< picicn of their sincerity, they sent Thomas Kellond and Thomaa Kirk, ?.ealous royalists, to go through the colonies, as far as Manhattan, in Be.\rcli of them ; but deputy governor Leet favouring their concealment, and Mr. Davenport, minister of New Haven, and a few other confidential persons, .ictually aiding it, they effectually eluded discovery. Ibid. 4 Coll. Hist. See. iv. 46. It s Indian name was Okommakamesit ; and it \ppears to have begun to be settled by the English about the year 1654. lb. % Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 258. The court required these conditions : " Pro- vided they liavc 2o families there resident within three years, and that thef N:vr> at' able minister settled there within the laidteroif lucb a« the court J78 AMERICAN ANNALS. '\ 4 Woolwich Norwich 'jM,. )' Ml Towns of prayinjc Indians. Woolwich, in the Province of Maine, was settled. *■ The township of Norwich, in Connecticut, hav' ing been purchased of the natives ; the reverend James Fitch, witli the principal part of his church and congregation, removed from Saybrook, and planted that town. * The town of Huntingdon, on Long Island, was received as a member of the Connecticut jurisdiction. * There were, at this time, in New England ten Indian towns, of such as were called Praying In- dians.* The first Indian church in New England was now embodied at Natick. * About this time a few adventurers emigrated from Massachusetts, and settled around Cape Fear.^ 1661. imtrae- Gharlcs II, in his instructions to Sir William governor of Berkeley, governor of Virginia, required him to call Virjjiiiiu. an assembly, as soon as might be, and to assure it of the royal intention to grant a general pardon and oblivion of all persons, those only excepted, who were attainted by act of parliament ; provided that body should repeal all acts, made dujing the rebel- lion, derogatory from the obedience, which the col- onies owed to the king and government of England ; sliall approve ; and that they make dtte provision in some way or other for the future, either by setting apart of lands, or what else shall be thouglir mete for the continuance of she ministry among them." The Indian pro- prietor, Shattoockquis, gave a deed of the land to the English 10 Novem- ber 1665. Ibid. See a copy of it, ibid. I Sullivan, 169. Mills were now erected there. Ibid. % i'rumbull, i. Z45, 246. 1'he township is about nine n.iles square. la June 1659 Uncus and his two sons, by a formal deed, made it over to Thom- as l,clHiij;weU and 34 other proprietors ; who, at this time, gave Uncas and his sons about ^'70, us a farther compensation, in addi^ionto a former ben- efit, on account of which Uncas had given Leifingwell a deed ^of a great part, if not of the whole town. Ibid, 3 Trumbull, i. 246. 4 Hutchinson, i. 166. 5 Coll. Hist. Soc.i. 181. 6 Chalmers, i. 5 1 J. These emigrants, from the unpropitious soil and climate, and the want of a good fishery, for some years experienced the miseries of want. On their solicitation of aid from their countrymen, the r;eneral court ordered a universal contribution for their relief. Ibid. 51^. vfor!!or, deputy governor, and twelve assist- ants, V. r'. tv^() deputies from every town or city. Jolhi V/mihvjp was appointed governor, and John Muscn, deputy governor, until a new election should be \v.<\dc. The governor ;:ind company were author- ized to have a common scul, to appoint judicatories, make freemen, constitute otlicers, estahlijh laws, impose fines, assemble the inhabitants in marshiil .'r- ray for common defence, and to exercise martial law in all necessary cases. It was ordained by the char- ter, that all the king's subjects, in the colony, should enjoy all the privileges of free and natural subjects within the realm of England ; and that the patent should always have the most favourable construc- tion for the benefit of the governor and company. ' religious theories of the Quakers or Friends at this day, their deportment in society excites respect, and conciliates esteem. z Coll. Hist. Soc, i. 176. It was dedicated to Charles II. a Sullivan, 117. It was sold to Antipas Boies, Edward Tyng, Thomas Brattle, and John Winslow. Ibid. See A. D. 1628. 3 Trumbull, i. 259, 260. Chalmers, i. 293, 294. Stokes Brit Colosius, 63 — 67. Brit. Emp. ii. 169 — 171. See the entire Chatter, prefixed to the Acts and Laws of Connecticut. The general court of Connecticut, in 1661, prepared a Petition to the king for a charter ; and John Winthrop, then governQr «f th« colony, went to Eogland to procure it. Ao extraordiaarj J* w 3«2 1662. Kew Ha- ven does not accept the charter. September, flfynod at Boston. AMERICAN ANNALS. Licensers •f the press. Hampshire county formed. The charter included the colony of New Haven ; but that colony did not accept it, nor agree to be u- nited under one government with Connecticut. ' A synod of all the ministers in Massachusetts, with messengers from the churches, was holden at Boston, by appointment of the general court, to de- liberate and decide on certain subjects of ecclesiasti- cal controversy.* The result of its deliberations was delivered to the general court ; which ordered it to be printed, and recommended its observance to all the churches in its jurisdiction. ^ The general court of Massachusetts appointed two licensers of the press. * The three townships, settled on Connecticut riv- er, in the colony of Massachusetts, were made a county, by the name of Hampshire.* ring, tliat Mr. Winthrop now presented to Charles 11, which the king's fa- ther Charles I had presented to Mr. Winthrop's grandfather, Is thought to have been influential in procuring the royal favour. Ibid. Governor Win- throp did not arrive with the charter until after the genenil election in May ; and the freemen made no alteration in their ofTiceis until 9 October; on whirh ilay Mr. Winthrop was chosen governor, and Air. Mason, depu- ty governor ; magistrates, or assistants, were also chosen ; and the charter was publicly read to the freemen. Trumbull, ibid. Mather [Magnal. book i. 24.] says, it was " as amply priviledged a charter, as was ever en- joyed perhaps by any people under the cope of heaven." The Petition for it is in Hazard Coll. ii. 586 — 588, and Trumbull, i. Append. No. VII. It cost the colony about ^£1300 sterling. Trumbull, i. 263. J Chalmers, i. 29ft. Trumbull, i. s6o — 277, where the objections to the union, with the arguments for it, and the negotiations to effect it, art recited at large. See A. D. 1665.' Z Mather Magnal. book v. 63, 64. Hutchinson, i. 22.1. Trunabull, i, ■^aj. Two questions were referred to its decision : i. Who are the sub- * jects of baptism ? 2. Whether, according to the Word of God, there ought to be a consociation of churches ? In answer to the first, the synod declar- ed, " That church members, who were admitted in minority^ understand- " ing the doctrine of faith, and pnl)licly profesring their assent thereunto, " not scandalous in life, and solenmly owning the covenant before the church, " wherein they give up themselves and children to the Lord, and subject " themselves to the government of Christ in his church, their children are " to be baptized." This answer " was sul)6tantially the same with that given by the council in 1657." The synod also gave their opinion in fa- vour of the consociation of churches, tieo " The Answer of the Elders and other Messengers of the Churches," with Remarks, in Mather Magnal, hook V. 64 — 84. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixvi. 4 Hutchinson, i. 25 7. Daniel Gookin Esq. and Rev. Mr. Mitchel. < Ibid. 226. • ■ i -,.:.,*. ,.,., . _v 2 willing " sue and to them.' this tir •d hin 3 4 the wa nacted ling; above it in p; culated rylaiid tolonia dance S CI AMERICAN ANNALS. 385 The town of Dorchester voted, that Unquety 1662. fMiltonl should be a township, if it have the con- Milton in- sent or the general court. Metacom, sachem of Pokanoket, afterward cele- August 6. brated under the English name and title of kincj ^"^[''P *f 111 •!• J 1 • 1 r ni Pokanoket Fhilip, made his appearance at the court or riym- renews a- outh, and solicited the continuance of the amity and mttywith friendship, which had subsisted between the'govern- ^"°'* or of Plymouth and his father and brother ; and promised for himself and his successors to remain subjects of the king of England. * The authority of lord Baltimore, the proprietary Govtn- of Maryland, being reestablished at the Restoration, Ji*!^!^^ he appointed Charles Calvert, his eldest son, go- reverts to vernor of the colony ; who now assumed the ad- J^of^*^* ministration. ' The assembly of Maryland besought the proprietary *' to take order for setting up a Law for a mint,** and a law was passed for that purpose.* ^^^ The prosperity of this province was considerably checked by the incursions of the Janadoa Indians ; Indian ia- but, by the aid of the Susquehannahs, they were '=""°"'" repelled, probably annihilated.* The ancient constitution of Virginia being restor- March, td, the grand assembly of that colony was convened .^^^.^ t Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 100. It w:is incorporated this year. ^ a Neal N. Eng. 1. 351. Morton, 171, 172. The court expressed its willingness to continue the friendship ; and promised to aiford the Indians " such friendly assistance by advice and otherwise, as they justly may ;" and to « require" their " English at all times to carry friendly towards them." Ibid. I. Mather [Troubles with the Indians, 70.] says, it was at this time, that Metacom desired an English name, and that the court nam- «d him Philip. 3 Chalmers, i. 360. Univ. Hist. x1. 469. Europ. Settlements, ii. 229. 4 Ciialmers, i. 248. " The great hindrance to the colony in trade, for the want of money," is assigned as the reason for the measure. It was e- nacted, that the money coined shall be of as good silver as English stcr« ling ; that every shilling, and so in proportion for other pieces, shall weigh above nine pence in such silver ; and that the proprietary sliull accept of it in payment of his rents and other debts. This coin being afterward cir- culated, the present law was confirmed among the perpetual laws of Ma- ryland in 1676. This is the only law for coining money, >vhich occurs it) colonial history, previous to the American revolution, excepting the ordi- nance of Masachusetts in 1652. Chalmers, i. 248. J Chalmers, i. 349. 'I'heir « name geemi novr extinct or forgotten." I 'U $84 AMERICAM ANNALS* Cape Hen lopcn. 1662. in March, agreeably to the governor's instructions. The church of England was now, with the approba- tion of the people, regularly established by the as- sembly ; churches were ordered to be built ; glebes were laid out, and vestries appointed ; ministers, who had received their ordination from some bish- op in England, were to be inducted by the govern- or ; and all others were prohibited from preuciiing-, on pain of suspension, or banishment. ' The same assembly enacted a law " against the divaigci s of false news." * The Dutch retired from the country around Cane Henlopen ; and Calvert, governor of M.uyland im- mediately occupied it. ^ By an act of uniformity in religion, which took effect on the twenty fourth of August, about two A f u •- ^^o^sand dissenting ministers were ejected from their formity ' bcncfices, wIthout any provision <"or themselves, or their families. Soon after, they were banished five miles distant from every corporation in England. Several ultimately died in prison, for exercising their ministry in private, contrary to law ; but a consider- able number of them found an asylum in New Eng- land.* X Chalmers, 1. 245. The Dutch left it, on the remonstrance of Calvert. 5 Ibid. 346. 'I'he dtr.enibiy " considered how much of the late miserj' had arisen from the falsehood of rumour," and was hence influenced to niake the law. VAd. " Happy had it been for that colony," adds Chal* mers, " had a lulc so promotive of internal quiet been carefully attended to and enforced." Various other beneficial regulations were now established, which long served as the code of provincial jurisprudence. No other no- tice was taken of the late " usurpation," than a declaration of the assembly, " that, in order to avoid like inconveniences, it had reviewed the whole bo- dy of laws, expunjjing all the unnecessary acts, and chiefly such as might keep in memory the late forced deviation of the people from his majesty's obedience, and bringing into one volume those that are in force." The Virginians were now happy in the governor ;irlcr oivi'tl to X The ronton, as- rgned in the charter for such a dispcrifinp; power, is, " it mi^Iu !iapjK'n,ihiit seviTal of the inlmbitaiits conidnot in their privutf opinion* conform to the exercifc of religion uccovdinp; to the liturgy and ccrfmonitis (4 the church of I'njjland." J llewtt, i. 4.C, 46. Chalmers, i. 517. Drayton ?. Carolina, 5. Sotnu AViiScrsTilane iliis article in-i662. \ Chalm.r;, i. 517. The proposals were made at. thf* dciire of " tl( I^Il'w I'Ln^laud p.t:o;ile, settled around Cape Fear." iiec yV. D. i66o% These proposals oJlVrrd, among other privileges, that the emigrantB may present ti) rile prvipriot.'.rics i> p»>fson«,. in order that they may appoint a governor and u ciinnoil of six for three years ; that :m assemMy, composed of the ;4(ivernor, the council, and delegates of the freemen, should he called, a-:' MK)ii as the circumstances of the >"nloiiy woiild all'>w, with power to make laws, wJiich shj)uld he neither contrary to the laws of England, nor of any validity after the publication of the dissent of the proprietaries; that every uue shouh! enjoy the most perfect freedom in religion ; that, during iive years, every freeman should be allowed ico acres of land, and 50 for every servant, paying our. half penny only an acre ; and that the samj freedom froni customs, \\ hitJi had been allowed by the royal chart'jr, should be al- lowed (o every one. 4 lia7.ard Coll. ii. 612 — 623, wlierc the charier is entire. Chalmers, 1.274. Stokes Brit. Colonies, 60 — 62. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. ai8. There were, at that time, but 18 representatives in the colony ; 6 from New- ]'ort, .; from Providence, 4 from Portsmouth, and 4 from Warwick. Doug- lass, i. 87.' They were chos:c:i hall' yearly, by the buvcral towns. Callen» dcr, 46. i.'- d :y or vc lis- :iy. idi- ants :cut- 2tors neas- r the pub- Island ter the powiv, W» turgy '"^^^ Sonic c of " tVc ■ay present a goverjior ,ose(\ of tl>'' ,vt'V to »v.vUi- 1, nor of any that every ' t\uving li>''" ho for every Tpvj freedom [hould \)>-' al- Clvalni'-'i'^' 118. 'i'^'"" from l^*-'^"-'- IvicU. Ooutr- ,ns. Calle"' AMERICAN ANNAtS. -supreme or legislative power was vested in an as- sembly, the constituent members of which were to consist of the governor, and assistants, and such ot the freemen as should be chosen by the towns ; but the governor, or deputy governor, and sixassi'iantd. "were to be always present.* The legislature ot Rhode Island passed an act, that all men professing Christianity, and of competent estates, civil conver- sation, and obedient to the civil magistrate, though of different judgment in religious affairs, Roman Catholics only excepted, should be admitted free- men, and have liberty to choose, and be chosen olK- cers in the coloay, both ■! '■ ':'->'' 1 Chalmers,!. 274. vii.. ■•, . . ■ v •■»i.r.... . f 2 Brit. Empire, ii. 148. 3 Chalmers, 518, 519. This plantation had been made by settlers from ^ansamond, which was settled sio early as 1609. lb. See that year. 4 Smith N. York, 9. 5 Morton, 17a, there placed, according to the oU compatation, in 1663. josselyn Voy. 58. Cluiilevoix JMouv. France, i. 363 — 369. It was felt throughout New Kngland and New Netherlands ; but Canad.i was the chief scut of its concussions. It began there about half an hour after fivt: in the evening. While the heavens were serene, there was suddenly heard a roar, like that of fire. 'I'he buildings were instantly sh:iken with amaz- ing violence. " The doors opened and shut of themselves, with a fearful clattering. The bells rang, without being tuuchcd. The walls split asun- der. The floors separated, and fell down. The fields put on the appear- ance of precipices ; and tho ntouutains seemed to be moving out of their ■yilaces," The first shock continued nearly half an hour. Several violent ••hocks succeeded tJiis, the same evening, and the next day ; nor did the earthquakes cease until the following July. The effects of the first, in Jau- •;.iry, were remarkable. " Many founfcas and small rivers were dried up. i M o;her,R, the WAtei bccaaie sulphuNous ; and in tome, the channul in whit:h 87 1663. Vlantatio: named y\l bcmarle. Dntch ac- cession at Dflawari Jan. ci6 Kaiili- <;h )ko. m vm \^ '»' 388 Death of ministers. March 12. Patent to the duke of York. AMERICAN ANNALS. John Norton, minister of Boston,' Samuel Stone, minister of Hartford, * and Samuel Newman, minis- ter of Rehoboth, died. ^ . 1664. King Charles II granted a patent to his brother, the duke of York and Albany, for various and ex- tensive tracts of land in America. ♦ A part of this th^^y ran before, was so altered that it could not be distinguighed. Many trees were torn up, and thrown to a considerable distance ; and some moun> tains appeared to be much broken and moved. Half way between Tadous- sac and Quebec, two mountains were shaken down : and the earth thus thrown down, formed a point of land, which extended half a quarter of a league into the river St. Lawrence- The island Aux Coudres became larg- er than it was before ; and the channel in the river became much altered." Memoirs Americ. Acad. Arts and Sciences, i. 263— '265. This is a credi- ble account ; because derived from original sources. But, that this earth- quake in Canada overwhelmed a chain of mountains of free stone more than 200 miles long, and changed that immense tract into a plain, though af- firmed, must not be believed. See Clavigero Hist. Mexico, ii. 221. I Morton, J 7 7. Mather MagnaL book iii. 32 — 41. Mr. Norton was an eminent scholar and divine. He was teacher of the church at Ipswich ; but, after the death of Mr. Cotton, he was solicited to return to Boston, and officiated as his successor until his own death. He was much respect- ed for his talents and piety ; and had " an eminent acumen in polemical di- vinity." In the year 1644 William Apollonius having, at the direction of the divines in Zealand, sent over to New England a number of questions, relating to the way of church government there, the ministers of New ling - land unanimously requested Mr. Norton to draw up an answer ; which lie finished in 1645. Dr. Cotton Mather supposes, this was the lirst Latin book, that ever was written in the country. Mr. Norton assisted in model- ling the Cambridge Platform in 1647. He also wrote an answer to a let- ter of the famous Dureus, who laboured for a pacification among the re- formed churches. On the restoration of Charles II, he and Simon Brad- street, esquire, were sent to England by Massachusetts colony, with an ad- dress to the king ; but, returning with a less successful embassy, than their constituents had expected, their reception was at least cold and suspicious ; and the severe reflections of some of the colonists are thought to have preyed on his spirits, and accelerated his death. Mather Magnal. hook iii. 3a — 4t. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixxiv. Hutchinson, i. 220 — 223. 2 Trumbull, i. 326. Mather Magnal. book iii. 116 — nS. Morton, X79. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 41. Mr. Stone was educated at Emanuel coilcge in Cambridge. He was eminently pious and exemplar}'. His sermons were replete with sentiment, concisely and closely applied. He was an a- .cute disputant. He was celebrated for his wit ; and his company was much sought by men of learning. 3 Morton, 176. Mather Magnal. book iii. 113 — 1 16. He was an ani- mated preacher, an indefatigable student, and a pious man. Ibid. See A-D. 1644, p. 333- 4 Smith N. York, 10, The boundaries of the patent are described ibid- and Trumbull, i. 277. r ghei Isle Bey . 3 pendj 3 "to I obtaii king', crowi 4 ert CJ ders tl brotliJ instruJ Englal niinibl ^•^y, tii 4- r, X- lis [any Dun- lous- thu» of a I larg- er ed.'' credi- earth- re than agh aC- lon vrai pswich ", , Boston, respect- micixl di- •ection ol questions, v.hich he rst l^afm in model- 1- to a let- g the re- non Brad- ith an ad- than their lUftwitious ; It 'to have i\. hook iii- Ji/Iorton, luel college is sermons [e vfas an a- Imjiany "^V'" ■was an anl- Ibid. See Ucrihed ihu?. AMERICAN ANNALS. tract was conveyed soon after by the duke to John Lord Berkeley, baron of Stratton, and Sir George Carteret, of Saltrum in Devon, members of the king's council, by the name of Nova Cacsarea, or New Jersey. ' The same king issued a commission, empowering colonel Richard Nicolls, Sir Robert Carr, George Cartwright, and Samuel Maverick, esquires, '' to hear and determine complaints and appeals, in all causes, as well military, as criminal and civil," within New England ; and to proceed in all things for settling the peace and security of the country. * The commissioners, arriving at Boston, laid before the council their commission and instructions, requir- ing assistance for the reduction of New Netherlands. The council advised, that the entire subject be sub- mitted to the general court, which was soon to meet. ' Nicolls, who had been fitted out from England with four frigates and three hundred soldiers, '• for the conquest of the Dutch, proceeded dirtctly to Manhattan, without waiting for auxiliaries. No sooner had the frigates entered the harbour, than Stuyvesant, the governor, sent a letter to the Eng- lish commanders, to desire the reason of their ap- proach, and of their continuance in the harbour I Smith N. York, lo, n. Unlv, Hist, xxxix. 348, 36». This name was gi-^-en in compliment to Sir George Carteret, whose family came from the Isle of Jersey. Thus the New Netherlands became divided into New Jer- sey and New York. Ibid. a Hubbard MS. N. Eiig. Ixv. This commission is in Hutchinson, i. Ap- pend. No. XV, and Hazard Coll. ii. 638, 639. 3 Chalmers, i. 386, 387. Morton, 1 85. The general court, resolvinj " to bear true alle;jiance to his majesty and to adhere to a patent, so dearly obtained, and so long enjoyed by undoubted right," raised aoo men for thfr king's service ; though they did not join tht expedition, because it had beeft crowned with success before they embodied. Chalmers, ibid, and 573. 4 The authors of the Universal History [xxxix. 348.] say. that Sir Rob- ert Carr was sent with a strong squadron, and 3000 land troops, with or* ders to dispossess the Dutch of the country, given by king Charlts to his brother, and to put the duke of York in possession of it. What separate instructions may have been given to Carr, we know not ; but he sailed from flngland with Nicolls, and acted subordinately to him. In regard to the number of troops, I have followed Snuth and Chalmers, both of v/hom jay, there were 3«o. 1664. June 43. CirantcfN. Jersey. Commisr sion to R. Nicolls & others ; V- who pro- ceed a- gainst N. Nether- lands. 1^; !»r,l'il! 390 1 654* Aup. 17. Capitula- tion of N. Amster- dam ; which Is now named Jsew York. i 'Hi Sept. 24. Fort Or- i B; ange taken l)y the Eng- lish, and i H called Al- hanj'. p Si i' Ml AMERICAN ANNALS. without giving notice to the Dutch. Nicolls an- swered the letter, the next day, by a summons. Stuyvesant, determined on a defence, refused to sur- render. Letters and messages were reciprocally ex- changed. The English commissioners meanwhile published a proclamation, encouraging the inhabit- ants to submit ; sent officers to beat up for volun- teers on Long Island ; and issued a warrant to Hugh Hide, who commanded the squadron, to prosecute the reduciion of the fort. These preparations, with the refusal of Nicoi';. to treat about any thing but a surrender, induced the Dutch governor to agree to a treaty for that purpose ; and on the twenty sev- enth of August articles of capitulation were signed, by which the fort and town of New Amsterdam were surrendered to the English. The Dutch were to continue free denizens j to possess their estates undiminished : to enjoy their ancient customs with regard to inheritances, to their modes of worship, and church discipline ; and they were allowed a freedom of trade to Holland. ' In honour of the duke of York, New Amsterdam now took the name of New York. * On the twenty fourth of September the Dutch garrison at Fort Orange capitulated to the English j and, in honour of the duke, was called Albany, ^ I Smitli N. York, l2-r-23. Chalmers, i. 573, 574. The /«f prlvilego NlcoUs had no power to confer ; because a king of England could not dis- pense with the hws, by permitting a commerce, which thty had prohibit- ed. Chalmers, ibid, and p. 596. There were XXHI Articles in the Ca- pitulation. See them tntire in Smith N. York, 19 — 41, and Smith N. Jcr- .sey, 43 — 47. The English deputies, who signed the treaty, were Sir Rob- ert Carr, George Cartert't, John Winthrop, p;overnor cf Connecticut, S-.ini- uel Wyllys, one of the assiiitants of that cohmy, and Tlionuis Clarke uiid John Pynchon, commissioners from the general court of Maspachusutti, who, Smith says, " but a little before brou<:':ht an aid from tli.it provincv." Gov. Wimhrop and sev -ral of the principal men in Connecticut had previ- ously joined the English. Trumbull, i. 279. Z Smith N. Yorlt, II, as. The town was laid out eight years before, iPee A. D. 1656. .3 Ibid. Smith N. Jersey, 60. While Carteret, who had been commis- £ionedto subdue Fort Orangi.-, was at that place, he had an interview with t]ic Indians of the Five Na'.ions,. and entered into a league oJ' fiien-i.l'.ii' en i'( ciUe New the from thee 4 Cr68 CoU. We Wus S 6 Novel •* this 7 AMERICAN ANNALS. 39t e t- 11- •> ith t a :to led, dam were tales with •ship, ired a f the name lutcU lg\ish '} priviles':'* Id not ri VI- ears before. en commis- Irvk-w with uien.lbiv On the first of October, articles of capitulation 1664. ■were made between Sir Robert Carr and the Dutch f^"^"*''^'* and Swedes on Delaware bay and river ; ' which dued.'" * completed the subjection of New Netherlands to the English crown.* Three inhabitants of Jamaica on Long Island pur- Kiizab-th- chased ot certain Indian chiefs a tract of land, on a tiS? *''^" part of which a town was built this year, and cal- led Elizabethtown. ' The reverend John Eliot completed the transla- Indian b;- tion of the bible into the Indian language, which ' *' • was now printed at Cambridge. * The line between the colonies of Massachusetts I'ine be- dnd Plymouth was amicably settled, by a committee MasTand from each colony. " riymouUu A very large comet was seen by the people of comct. New England. * Count de Cerillac sold the island Grenada to the Crenad^ French West India company for a hundred thousand '"''*• livrcs.* with them ; " which," adds Smith noarly a ccntnry afterwlrd (175^), " re- markably continues to this day." Hist. N. York, az. Golden Five Nat. 34, I Chalmers, i. 634. Jefferson Virg;. 175. Encyc. Brit. Art. Dici.aware. a Smith N. York, a.V The history of New NetherlandH, Chalmers [5 7 2.] observes, " contains nothing, but their settlement, their constant tur- moils, their extinction ; and it onj^ht to teach a lesson to nations and to men, how they admit others to invade their rights, because continued posi- ssssion at length forms a title, specious if not just." 3 Smith N. Jersey, 6a. The name of the town is said to have been plv- en lor Elizabeth, the wife of Sir (Jeorj^e Carteret. The entire tract was called The Elizabeth 'I'own Grant. Beside Klizabcthtown, the towns of Niiwark, Middletown and Shrewsbury, were soon built ; and these, with the adjacent country, were in a fiw years well inhabited by muny lii.'ttlers from Scotland ; some, from England ; some of the Dutch, who rcmamcdiii the country ; and some, from the neighbouring colonies. Ibid. 4 Josselyn N. Eng. Rar. ixa. Douglass, ' 233. It was republished (1685') with the corrections of Mr. Cotton, minister of Hymouth. Ibid. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 24. The title of it is : " Mumusse Wunneetnpanatani- we UP-BIBLUM GOD Naneeswe Nukkone Testament Kah Wonk WusKu Testament." 5 Hutchinson, i. 229. Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 100. 6 Josselyn Voy. 50, 272. Hutchinson, i. a26. It was visible from 1 7 November to 4 February. I. Mather [Discourse on Comets, 113.] says, ' "* thir, famous comet was conspicuous to the whole world." 7 Univ. Hist. xli. 1?/). Of 500 French planters, who were settled oa i-Ve ishtnd when Cerillac bought it in 1657, no more th.m 150 notv livctl' m 39* AMERICAI^ ANNALS. f rench W. India com* pany. Martinico. St. Lucia. Union of N. H iven and Con- necticut. Code of laws for N. York. Colbert, prime minister of France, erected on th-ouiity jvjipjiiited. The militia of Massachusetts consistcJ at thfr. time of four thousand foot, and four hundred horse. The colony maintained a fort at the entrance of Boston har!x)nr, with five or six guns , two barter- ics in tiie harbour, and one at Charlcstown. 'J he number of its ships and vessels was about eighty, from twenty to forty tons ; about forty, Irom forty to a hundred tons j and about twelve slvips, abo^•l• a hundred tons.' The second chju-tcr of Carolina was granted by Charles II to the satnc proprietors. It recited and confirmed the former charter, with enlargement;;. C'arolina was declared independent of any other province, but subject immediately to the crown of England ; and the inhabitants were never to be com- pelled to answer in otlier dominions of the crown, excepting within the realm.* Several gentlemen of Barbadoes, dissatistied with their condition on that island, having proposed to remove to the county of Clarendon,* recently laid out by the proprietaries of Carolina ; John Yeamans, a respectable planter of Barbadoes, was now appoint- ed commander in chief of that county. He was or- dered to grant lands to every one, according to tlie conditions agreed on with the adventurers, reserviii];- one half penny sterling for every acre, payable in tiioners however uttemptiiio; to heiir a compl;iint a,n;;iinst the governor an(< company, the gtntiral coviit, -with characttrisUc vigour, published, hy iouiid of trumpet, its disapprobation of this proi-pcdii)}.',, mid jirliibitrd every c;::i f\:oni abetting a conduct, so inconsistent with their duty 1 1 V'.n\, and their .dlc^lance to the king ; :i:id, in May, the commissioneis depaited, threaten- ing their opponents "with the punishmcuc, wliidi so many concerned in the late rebellion had fkict with in linyhind." Ibid, iltibbard MS. N, ling. i-!iap. Ixv. I Hutchinson, i. 244. ■Z rhalmers, i. 531, 5 Z5. Prayton S. Carch 6. JefTerson Virg. 276. .■Vccoruing to t'/ic limits, fixed in this charter, St. Auguftine, as well as the whole of the f resent State of Georgia, fell within tlie English dominion^ ; 'lit the Spania.ds alleged, that this grant was un invasion of their rights, and never admitted the limits of this charter, in any subse'iuciit treaty. 'I'he English therefore had recourse to the claim, founded on prior discov" ery. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 129. See A. D. 1663. 3 Stretchinjj from Ciipe Fear to tlm rircr s>t. ]Mathoo, Chalmers.- I fasy tc are ex; 2 'i*tion, liihiiot 3 Roniai sing L', That this c(ji 4 C 5 C, (lay sal iiarnc I'iiVujii. AMHRICAN' ANNALS. SSS Marcli, iCji^. King Cliiirlcs, in uiJ ol' die hiu»iablc <,'.\crliuns uf his couir*>crs, gave tliciu twelve pieces oF onliKiiicc, vvliicli were now sent to (^harles river, witli a coiisickrabie quantity of warlike stores^. ' In the autiinm Yeamans conducted lioui JJarbaduet; a body of ernigvants, who landed on the fiouihcrn bank of Cape Fear. He cultivated the good will of the natives, and insured a seven years peace. The plant- ers, in opening the forest, to make room for the op- erations of lillnge, " necejisarily prepared timber f(;r the uses of the cooper and builder ; which I hey transmitted to the island whence they had emigrated, as the ilrst object of a feeble commerce, that kindled the spark of industry, which 8oon gave .animation to the whole.'" The English inhabitants of Maryland now a- mounted to sixteen thousand.^ The government of Rhode Island passed an order to outlaw quakers, and to seize their estates, because they would not bear arms ; but the people in gener- al rose up against it, and would not suffer it to be carried into eifect. " Misquamicut was purchased of the Indians ; and a number of baptists of the church in Newport re- moved to this new plantation, which was afterward called Westerly. * 1 Chalmers, i. 530, jai. Yeamans was directed " to make every thing caby to the ]>«)(iie of Now England, from which the greatest emigrations are exj-ecteii, aiithe southern colonies are already drained." Ibid. a Chaliutrs, i. 52J5. The neu year, an account of this new" New Plan- tation, bc^un by the Engliih at Cape I'eare," was published at London. Iliblinthecu i^nicricana, 98. 3 Univ. Hist. xl. 469. Brit. Emp. iii. 4. Governor Calvert, though a Roman cat'ioiic, yet h^d caused the passing of an act, by which all proies- sing Christinas, >[ every denomination, had liberty to settle in the province. That act, with Calvert's mild and impartial administration, accounts for this coiibidorahie iii(.iease of inhabitants. Ibid. 4 Coil Hiat. Soc. v. ^19. 5 Cal jndir, ;,9, 65. '1 hey afterward" generally embraced the seventh day sabbath." Ibid. '1 1, .r plriit.ition was constituted a townsliip by the name of Westerly, in 1669. ib'i' Itfornuily i>elon;;cd to Stoningtoa [TrujiibuJl, i. 360.] ; biit it \$ no^^ , the Stafi' of Khode Island. iCC Ii' uli'iiieiit <;f it byem- il^ranti fi'oiii D.ir« budocs. Maryland. Order of R. Island gov- ernment against quakers op* po»ed. Westerly settled. pit Mil 39^ 1665. Anabap- tiscs. Praying Indians. French forces sent to Canada. Death of gov. Endi- cot. AMERICAN ANNALS. A baptist church was gathered in Boston. * The first prosecution of anabaptists, that occurs in the records of Massachusetts, was in this year. * There were in Massachusetts six towns of Indians, professing the Christian religion. ' M. de Courcelles, appointed governor of New France, transported thei regiment of Carignan Sal- ieres to Canada. * To prevent the irruptions of the Five Nations by the way of Lake Ghamplain, Cour- celles built three forts between that lal^e and the mouth of the river Richlieu. ^ John Endicot, governor of Massachusetts, died in the seventy seventh year of his age.'' I Hutchinson, i. 427. a Ibid. Aqtipccdobaptism had appeared in the colony about A. D. 1640 (ib.) ; and a law had been made against it, with the penalty of banishment. See p. 33Z of this volume. 3 Hutchinson, i. 443. 4 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 381. Josselyn [Voy. 274, N. Eng. Rar. II J.] says, " lOOO foot." A great number of families, many mechanics, and hired servants, with horses (the first ever seen in Canada), cattle and sheep, were transported at the same time. This was a more considerable colony, than that, which it came to supply. The 100 associates [See p. 441 of this volume] soon grew weary of the expense of maintaining their colo- ny ; and from the year 1644 abandoned the fur trade to the inhabitants, re- serving to themselves, tor their right of lordship, an annual homage of 1000 beavers. Reduced at length to the number of 45 associates, they made a total resignation of their rights, in i66a, to the French king, who soon after included New France in the grant, which he made of the French colonies in America in favour of the West India company. Charlevoix, ib. 379. .380. 5 Charlevoix, i. 381. Smith N. York, 44. Jefferys Hist. Canada. The first was placed on the spot, where that of R,ichlieu had formerly stood ; and hut since been called, as also the river, by the name of Sorel, from a captain of the regiment of Carignan, who had the charge of building it. The second fort, built at the foot of a water fall on the river, was calliid I ort St. Lewis ; but M. de Chambly having afterward bought the land on which it was situated, the whole canton, together with the stone fort, since built on the ruins of the old fort, bears the name of Chambly. The third, built three leagues higher than the second, was called St. Theresa. I'). *! Morton, i88. Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. a6i. This is the same person, who camt to Salem in 162^. He continued at Salem until he was requested to remove to Boston, " for the more convenient administration of justice," as governor of that jurisdiction. The historian of Salem characterises him a:; J' a, sincere Puritan." Ibid. AMERICAN ANNALS. 397 .« The s in the Indians, of New nan Sai- ns of the n, Cour- and the tts, died It A. D. 1640 i£ banishment. , N. Eng. Rar. ny mechanics, ia), cattle and e considerable tes [See p. 24* ing their colo- nhabitants, re- lal homage of ssociates, they ich king, who ; of the French Charlevoix, ib. Canada. The irmerly stood ; Sorel, from a of building it. was called It the land on \e stone fort, hamUly. The k.Theresa. I'), ne person, who as requested to of justice," as cterises him ab er, French ex- pedition a- gainst the Mohawks. Indians at Sandwich. 1666. The Mohawks, by incursions on the French in Canada, not merely prevented their commerce with the western Indians, but often endangered their col- ony. It was to repel or subdue this ferocious ene- my, that a regiment had been lately sent over from France. M. de Tracy, viceroy of America, and M. Courcelles, the Canadian governor, with twenty eight companies of foot, and all the militia of the colony, marched from Quebec above seven hundred Sept. 14 miles into the Mohawk country, with the intention of destroying its inhabitants ; but, on their approach, the Mohawks retired into the woods with their wo- men and children ; and the French did nothing more, than burn several villages, and murder some sachems, who chose to die, rather than to desert their hab- itations. ' The natives at Sandwich had made such proficien- cv in the knowledge and observance of the gospel, that the governor of Plymouth colony and several principal men took measures toward forming them into a church state. * The first act, which occurs, of any colonial assem- bly, for the naturalization of aliens, was passed this year in Maryland. •' The assembly of Carolina transmitted a petition to the proprietaries, praying, that the people of Al- bemarle might hold their possessions on the same 1 Charlevoix, Nouv, France, 5. 385, 386. Golden, 23' Smith N. York, 43. Gookin (author of Hist. Collect, of the hidians), who conversed with some Frenciimeni " that were soldiers in this exploit," says, that the march of the French was in the dead of winter, when the rivers and lakes were covered with a firm ice, upon which they travelled the most direct way ; that they were obliged to dig into the snow on the edges of the rivers and lakes, to make their lodgings in the night ; and to carry their provisions, arms, and snow shoes, at their back. Coll. Hist. Soc.i. 161. M. de Tra- cy, though upwards of 70 years old, chose to command the expedition in person. Charlevoix. a Morton, 192. 3 Chalmers, i. 315. The general court of Massachusetts had, as early as t66z, granted to a few French protcstant refugees " liberty to inhabit" in their colony. Ibid. Act of nat- uralization. Petition of Carolina. m 1% ) 398 AIMERICAN ANNALS. Campea' lived. 3ee Hutchinson, i. 258 ; Mather Magual. book iii. 41 — 51. His portrait is in the Historical Society. a Chalmers, i. 484. Hutchinson, i. 260 — 268. The province appears to have betn in a confused state ; aiid some of the principal persons applied to the general court of Massachusetts to reassume the jurisdiction over them. The commissioners, appointed by the court, were major general Leveret, Mr.' Edward Tyng, captain Richard Waldron, and captain Rob- ert Pike. . Ibid. 3 Neal N. Eng. i. 370. The effect appears to have been salutary- The pious zeal of the government, though highly commendable in its principle, was lict always cxercisti. according to kno-wkdge. A licence having been ob- tained this year (1668 J for printing Thomas a Kempis de Imitatione Chris- ti, the general cou.t \ri.% alarmed ; recommended to the licensers a more full revjsal ; and ordered the press, in the mean time, to stop ; giving for 3 reason," that, being written by a popish minister, it contained some things kss safe to be infused among the people." Hutchinson, 'i. 258. Chal- mers, i. 392. 4 CoU. Hist. Soc. i. 115. The Indian war, which commenced soon af- ter, prevented the settlement of the town until A. D. 1685. Ibid. 5 Coll. Hibt. Soc. vi. 33^5. They had u church built as early as 1657. lb.' Iii Massachu- setts re- sumes the govern- , ment of Maine. Attempts a reforma- tion of manners. Grant of Worcester. Beverly in- corporatcvf. \r: li M': f \t ■!■'<. lt(i'"'i ,Jh f 4^ H^ddam. Delawire. Customs at Hoarkills. Snglish subdue St. Vincent & Dominica. Bridge- town burnt. Death of ministars. AMERICAN ANNALS. Hlddaffio in Connecticut, was incorporated; ''- The governor and council of New York gave dv rccticns for a better settlement of the government on Delaware. • Governor Lovelace of New York gave order for customs at the Hoarkills.' Iiord Willoughby, governor of Barbadoes, sent forces to St. Vincent and Dominica, and obliged the natives of those islands to submit to the English government y* Bridgetown, in Barbadbes,was destroyed by fire. * Jonathan Mitchel, minister of Cambridge, died, at the ige of forty three years. ^ Henry Flint, min- ister of Braintree,' Samuel Shepard, minister of Rowley, and John Eliot,, minister of Newtown Vil- lage, died this year.' s I TiTunbulI, i. 332. Therie wefe 18 original prbprietars. Theybegm their settlements on the "wtst side of the river ; and tbete were now incor- porated. The extent of the town was 6 miles east and west of the river. lb. » Jefferson Virg. Query XXIII, frohi Smith N. Jersey. 3 Ibid. ■ 4 Univ. Hist. xli. 169'. 5 Salmon Chronol. riist. i. 193. 6 Mather Magnal. book iv. fjS— 185. Morton, 3bo — ■204. Hutchin- COD, i. a6o. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 47— 51. Mr. Mitchel possessed a capac- ious mind, and extraordinary talents ; and is always mentioned by the New England writers, as one of the most learned men and best preachers in hi-ii day. He was also distinguished for the sweetness of his temper, for hii meekness, humility, and' piety. He was about 18 years in the ministry at Cambridge ; and^'was most intense and faithful" in performing its sacrcci duties. 7 Mather Magnall book iii. IH. Morton (200.) says, he was t man c^ known piety, gravity, and integrity, and of othsr accomplishments ; and Hubbard [MS. N. £ng^. chap. Ixix.], that he was an eminent minister. 8 Morton, 260, 204. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixix. Tlie two las-. named ministers, though of early standing in the ministry, arc represented as very worthy and useful men. Mr. Eliot (who died at the age of abour 35 years) was the sort of the celebrated minister of Roxbury ; and he fol- lowedthe eiamplt of his father; in endeavouring to Christianize the In- dians, lb. Gookin [Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 171.] says, he was a very excellen;. preacher in the English tongue ; that, beside preaching to his Engli^I. church, he, for several years, preached the gospel to the Indians, once 1. fortnight cotlstantly at Vakemit, and sometimes at Natick, and other placo^ ; and that the most judicious Christian Indians (as he had often heard tlicr'» say) cst(.'emed biui as a most excellent preacher in their liuiguagp. Ml ■ AMERICAN AKNALS. 402 1669. • The first a^embly was constituted and convened •in Albemarle county in Carolina. * One of the laws of this assembly indicates the state of religion and morals. It was entitled " an act concerning mar- riage ;" and it declared, that, as people might wish to marry, and there being yet no ministers, in order that none might be hindered from so necessary a work for the preservation of mankind, any two per- sons, carrying before tjie governor and council a few of their neighbours, and declaring their mutual as- sent, shall be deemed husband and wife. * The inhabitants of Boston being now so numer- ous, that the two houses of worship could not con- tain them, and some of the brethren of the first church being dissatisfied with Mr. Davenport on ac- count of his leaving New Haven for a settlement there ; ^ a third church was gathered in May, of which Mr. Thomas Thacher was ordained the first pastor ; and an edifice was built on the main street, for its use. * ^ The friendly Indians in New England, having raised an army of six or seven hundred men, march- ed into the country of the Mohawks, to take revenge for their injuries** After besieging one of their I ChalmcrSji- 5515. A constitution had been given to.that. colony an 1667. The governor was to act altogether by th* advice of a council of twelve ; the one half of which he was empowered to appoint, the other six v/ere to be chosen by 'the as$embly. The assembly was coT^iOsed of the governor, of the council, and of I2 deleg&tes chosen annually by the freehoiut:! s. lb. 524. a Chalmers, 1. 525, " During almost 20 years we can trace nothing of clergymen in the history -or laws of Carolina." Ibid- 3 On the death of Mr. Wilson, he was invited to the pastoral care of the -first church in Boston, and accepted the invitation. Hu^-hinson, i. 270. 4 Neal N. Eng. I. 584. Hutchinson, i, a6o, 470 — 274. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 258 ; iv. ill. The church was built of cedar, lb. 5 There had been a war between these nations about six years. This enterprise of the Indians was contrived without the knowledge, and under- taken contrary to tlie advice, of their English friends. " JVIr. Eliot and myself, in particular (says Mr. Gookin), dissuaded them, and gave them •several reasons against it, but they would not hear us ; but the pr.iylnj3: In- tlians v/ere so cautioned by our advice, that not above fi ve of them wenj;-^ i«fi4 ftll-of thsm wercJiiUed, but eue." Cell. Hist. •'^oc. i, 166. First a»* scmLLy in Albe- marle. Act con- cerning msuriage. The old south church in Boston gathered, Expedition of the N.'E, Indians a- gainst the Mohawks. ,^'i 404 AMERICAN ANNALS. Acadie de- livered up to the I'rendi. May a. Hudson's Bay com- pany. 1669. forts several days, their provisions becoming spent, with nearly all their ammunition, and some of their ^\ r amber being taken sick, they abandoned the siege, and retreated toward home j but they were pursued , i , and intercepted by the Mohawks ; and, though they fought with great valour, their commander ' and a- " '"'" bout fifty of their chief men were slain. This was the last and most fatal battle, fought between the Mohawks and the New England Indians. * Sir Thomas Temple having but partially executed the king's order for the surrender of Acadie to the French, agreeably to the treaty of Breda, a defini- tive order had been transmitted to him, to deliver up that territory, accordii'g to the letter of the agree- ment ; and it was now effectually obeyed. ^ Charles II gave to prince Rupert, and several lords, knights, and merchants, associated with him, a charter, under me title of " The Governor and Company of Adventurers trading from England to Hudson's Bay." * X Josiah, alias Chiclcatawbut, the principal sachem of Massachusetts. Gookin says, he was a wise and stout man of middle age, but a very vicious person. He was a descendant of Chicketawbut formerly meritioned [See p. a6a.]. For a time he seemed attentive to the Christian rtligion ; " f«r he was bred up by his uncle, Kucliamakin, who was the first sachem and his people to whom Mr. Eliot preached." Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 166 — 169. Presi- n ; but it can be traced quite across the point of land where Old Charlestown stood. Dtaytou S. Carol, aco. In an- swer to some inquiries concerning the hiotoiy and .mticjuities of Carolina, Dr. Ramsay wrote to me : " We have no early records of our first settlers. The records in our puldic offices about the year 1680, or even 1700, are scarcely legible. A durable ink, to stand our climate, is a desideratum." 4 Hewet, i. 6c. Ten members were elected at representatives for Col- leton county, acd ten, for Berkeley. A coiVimlttee, appointed to frame some public regulations, proposed these tliree ; the fir?t, to prevent persons from leaving the colony ; the second, to prohibit all men from disposlnj of arms and ammunitioii to Ifldians ; and the third, for the regular buiidlrg <»f CbarleQt^wn. Ibid, Kkfc .Kt'i' n 1 1 4JO AMERICAN ANNALS. l6yi.- The jf!Vst act in Virginia for the naturalization of vivsinL ^^^^"s "^^'^s passed this yeup. All the freemen in that colony, supposed to be nearly eight thousand, were bound to train every month. ' There were- five forts in the colony ; * but not more than thirty serviceable great guns. The Indian neighbours were absolutely subjected. The colony contained about forty thousand persons, men, women, and children j of whom two thousand were black slaves, and six thousand, Christian servants.^ Actnof The assembly of Maryland passed axrts for " en- Maryland. couragiDg the importation of negroes and slaves ;" for making void and punishing fraudulent practices, tending to defraud real purchasers and creditors ; for quieting possessions ; for the advancement of foreign coins ; and for the encouragement of the sowing and making of hemp and flax." Philip, chief sachem of Pokanoket, pretending some trilling injuries done to him in his planting- jFliilip ir.c- 1 " Horse we hiive none ; liecause they would lie too chargeable tx) the- poor people." Gov. Berkeley. 2 " But," .says Berkeley, " we have neither skill nor ability to make or naintaiii them ; ior there is not, nor, as far a 3 my enquiries Can reach, ever -ivasjor.e etij;ineer in the country." 3 Chalmurs, i. 315, 325. 327. It was judged, there arrived annually at Virginia about 1500 servants, of which most were English, few Scotch, and fewer Irish ; and net abo'/e two or three ships of negroes in seven years. Nearly 80 ships came out of England and Ireland every year for tobacco ; a few NtiW England ketches; " but of our own," says Berkeley, " we never yet had more than two at a time, and those not more than ac- tons burden." This account of Virginia in the sixty fourth year of its exist- ence, is taken from Answers of the famous Sir William Berkeley to Inquir- i-ts of the lords of the committee of colonies. See those Answers entire in Chalmers, i. 335 — 328. The 23d answer, which concludes the whole, iu characttristic of the man.a.'! well as descriptive of the colony : " The sanio course is t^ken here, for instructing the people, as there is in England: Out of tov.'ns every man instructs his own children, according to his ability, We have 48 parishes, and our ministers are well paid, and by my consent .should be better, if they would pray oftener, and preach less ; But, as of all other commodities, ;iO of this, the worst are sent us, and we have few that we cun boast of, since the persecution in Cromwell's tyranny drove divert! wcrrhy men hither. Yet, I thank (iod, there are no fret-schools, nor pintirtg ; and I hope we shall not have, these hundred years. For learnin;<; })33 brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects, into the world, and print- ing h^s divulged thtm and libels against the be:t government ; God ke'jp n-. tiori Dotn 4 Chalmers, i. 363. ion of len in usand, e were- thirty rs were [ about ildren r, and six r " en- laves ;" ractices, editors ; ment of : of the etenditig plantin^^ gcatl« to the- y to make or n reach, ever d annually af few Scotch', roes in seven very year for lays Berkeley, more than 20 ar of its exist- iley to Inquir- vvers entire in the whole, lu : " The same England: Out to his ability. ly tny consent But, as of all have few that y drove diverr. ;c-school9, nor Vox learninj rid, and print- nt ; ^'"i " some few settlements" were made there soon after. In 1657 and 1659 ^ parehase Vi?as made of tlie lands of the chief s:igamores, Wetanamovv and R.^.'^kenutc. The planters ajipliod for town privileges in 1671 ; but their number \sms so small, that tht-y weto net allowed to bo incorporated until itJ7i. Ibid. 6 Charlevoix,!. 4iS,.t?9. Univ. Ili-t. ::1. 8, 9^ 411 .1671. April ro. iviakc* subn;i3sion. July 24. Agreement Awa.suncl;? and Plyui' outh. £.^pt. 4. Dartmouth Indians. Population: of Connec- ticut. Derby set* tied. Congress of Irrencii Si Indian: ^ H m '' u W 1! 1 Si \ 1 ll[ fll' iK' J !l ■ I' ■ ^:)l m i:f1 .Hl yv' m. 412 Duties luld by jurlia- luent on the colo? Bies, Spaniards march a- gainst QdT- oliua. Sept. 5. Union of N.England jcuewcd. AMERICAN ANNALS. 1672. The commerce of the American colonies had al^ ready been regulated and restrained, by the parha-. ment of England. The parliament, now considering the colonies as proper objects of taxation, enacted : That if any vessel, which by law may trade in the plantations, shall take on board any enumerated commodities, and a bond, with sufficient security, shall not have been given to unlade them in England, there shall be rendered to his majesty, for sugars, tobacco, ginger, cucoa nut, indigo, logwood, fustic, cotton, wool, the several duties mentioned in the law, to be paid in auch places in the plantations, and to such officers, as shall be appointed to collect them. For the better collection of those taxes, it "was enacted : That the whole business shall be man- aged, and the impost shall be levied, by officers, who shall be appointed by commissioners of the custon"\s in England, under the authority of the lords of the treasury. The duties of tonnage and poundage had been imposed, and extended to every dominion of the crown, at the Restoration ; but this was the first act, which imposed customs on the colonies alone, to be regularly collected by colonial revenue officers. * The Spanish garrison at Augustine receiving in^ telligence of a civil dissension in Carolina, a party advanced from that fortress, under arms, as far as the island of St. Helena, to dislodge or destroy the settlers j but fifty volunteers, under the command of colonel Godfrey, marching against them, they evac- uated ihe island, and retreated 10 Augustine. * The union between the three colonies of Massa- chusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut, was renewed I Chahners, I. 317, 318. The commissionfrsof the customs did accord* ingly appoint colJectors for Virginia, who were well received " in that loy- al dominion.'* Ibid. jxo. a Hewet, i. 6j. of kfi to' was 1 at- irlia* sring ted : 1 tlie rated aritv, ;laud, in the .s, ami collect xes, it e man- 's, who ustoms , of the Lge had 1 of the he first alone, Lcers. * ing in- la parry s far as roy the land of ly evac- z 9 Massa- kiiewed Idid accord* lin that loy- AMERICAN ANNALS. at Plymouth, by commissioners duly authorized, who subscribed new articles of confederation. * An insurrection was made in New Jersey, tp e- vade the payment of quit rents. The insurgents ex- pelled Carteret, and appointed another governor. * The first code of Connecticut laws was printed ; and the assembly enacted, that every family should Jiave a law book. * A mission was attempted, about this time, from Mavssachusetti to the Massawomeks. Six or seven Indians, one of whom was a teacher, accompanied by other persons, who could speak both the Eng- lish and Indian languages, were employed in this pi- ous design ; but, after proceeding to Connecticut river, they returned home, discouraged.* The general court of Massachusetts passed a new act, for confirming the charter of Harvard College, and for encouraging donations to that seminary. * 2672. Insurrec^. tion iu N. Jeisey. Connect, laws. Indian missisn. New char, tor of Har- vard CoU lege, 1 Hazard Coll. ii. ^ai — 526, where the Articles are inserted entirOi The names of.the commissioners, who subscribed them, were John Win- thoipe', Jaiiies Richards, Tiioihas Prince, Josias Winslow, Thomas Dan- forth, and William Hawthorn. The proportion of men for any general service was settled, for ij years to come, asfollo%vs : Massachusetts, 1005 I'lyuiouth, 30 ; Connecticut, 60. Ibid. Hutchinson, i. 283. A particular reason for the renewal of the confederation, with some alterations, was, that New Haven and Connecticut had uow become one colony. a Chalmo:s, i. 616. 3 Trumbull, i. 426, 338. It was printed at Cambridge ; and consisted of between 70 and 80 pages, in email folio. The colony had previously kept its laws in manuscript, and had promulgated them by sending copies to be publicly read iu the respective towns. The compiler of this cod$ was Ku^er Ludlow, esquire. Ibid. 4 Coll Hist. Soc. i. IJ7, 158. This mission took its rise from Indian in- telligence of such a people, " great and iiunierous," 3 or 400 miles south- westerly from Boston, who spake, or at least understood, the language of the New England Indians. The missionaries were provided with Indian bibles, primerSj catechisms, and other books, translated into the Indian lan- guage ; and witli necessaries, to the expense of 30 01 £40. Gook!n,ib. 5 Neal N. Eng. i. 391. The first college edificu being small and decay* ed, a collection was made this year for erecting a new building. It amount- ed to jt|i895. a. 9. In IJostoii were collected £8co, of which £icc was given by Sir Thomas Temple, " as true a gentleman," says C. Mather, " as ever sat foot on the American strand." llutchin^^on, i. 284. Tha Jown of Portsmouth, " which was now become the iichest" in New liamp- ihire, made a subscription of ;^6o per annum for tcven years. Dover gavn £32 ; and Exeter, £10. Belknap N. Hamp. i. 117. These donations in N. Hampshiie wert £a»kdk> ^Jwlier (i^a6//2> .£*-*» /S^c^y^^rM^S^fit^ . Richard Bellingham, governor of Massachusetts^ died, aged upward of eighty years.' Charles I Josselyn N. Eng. Rar. 105. a tiutchinson, i. 283. Thij was th.e fir?t inEtunc; o*^ 1 public declara- tion of war in tiv?.t colony. In the preceding Di .h wars with England, until forces caine to rtauce Ivlanhatta , corrcspondt.ice and commerce con- tinued between the English and Dutch colonies. Ibid. 3 Caliender, 39. After conjecturing the oviirin of the name of Block Island (See p. 2o<;.), I discovered it, in Laet (71.) : " Extima insularum est qvim Navai'chus AJiianui Block de suo nomine appellavit." 4 Smith N. Jersey, 7Z. Encyc. Brit. v. 718. 'I'he inhabitants were now entitled to a free trade, without behig obliged, as formerly, to make entry 3t New York. ibid. 5 Golden Eire Nat. 95. 6 Charlevoix Nouv. Erance, i. 443, Minot Mass. i. t8i. Courcelle: j:rojected this fort as a barrier against the Iroquois ; but he persuaded thuoc Indians, afte* caressing them, and making them presents, that he in- tended it merely as a place of trade, for their miitu.d accomniodation. " Us ne 8'aper5ureut pas d'abord c^ue, sou? prctexte de chercher Icin- utilitc, le gouv ;rneur n'avoit en vui;, que de le' tenir en bride, et de s' a' .-i'lrer un eu- :repdt pour sesvivres ft ses raunitions" &c. Charlevoix, ibid. ? Ncal N. En^. i. 39c. He had lived to be the only surviving patcnfe, AMERICAN ANNALS. 415 y church- i twenty n gland a- Boston ia vvnship by kvare, was York. It ailiir, who ition, and ;, left their s, and set- idson's riv» ida, built a ice of Lake ssachusettSj Charles \ public dedara- •s with Englatiii, d commerce coi:i- name of Block ma insuluium csi .liitants were now ^y, to make entry \\%\. Courcellcr Lut he persuad-'d fsents, that he in- Inmodatlon. " Us Iiei- km-utilite,le le rt'a-urcruncu- 1 ibid. Irviving p^Ucnfe, Chauncy, president of Harvard College, died, In ^ c'^"«»*" the eighty second year of his age. ' ^^' 1673. A second Dutch war having recently commenced, a Dmrh a small squadron was sent IVom Holland, under the ^iStTrt conduct of Binkes andEvertzen, to destroy the com- virgini.w merce of the English colonies in America. This service they effectually performed on the Virginian coast \ and, procuring intelligence of the defenceless state of New York, they seized the opportunity to regain what had been formerly lost. On their arri- J"iy *o, val at Staten Island, the commander of the fort at ?„Jt'at'^ New York sent a messenger, and made his peace N. YorL. with the enemy. On that very day the Dutch ships moored under the fort, landed their men, and enter- ed the garrison, without giving or receiving a single Entire sub^ shot. The city instant'y followed the example of "''^'^■°" ^f the fort ; and, soon after, all New Netherlands con- \^,ill '*''^ sented to the same humiliating submission. * Eard Culpeper, having in 1669 purchased the Lease tw shares of his associates in the Virginian grant, now pcpur.^ named in the charter. Hutchinson, I. 269. Hubbard [MS. N. Enjf. chap. Ixx] says, " he was a notablu hater of bribes ;" and a man " of largur com- prehension, t.lian expression." I Hubbi'rd R'IS. N. ling, chap, Ixix. Hu«;chinson [I. 259.] has placed president Chaiincy's death in 1671, not adver|ing to the old method of com- putation. I. M.ither, in his Discourse on Comets, remarks, " there was a total eclipse of the sun in N. England August la, A. D. 1672, the day be- Tire the comnienccuicnt, and that year the Colledge was eclip'" ] by the >lcatb of the learned President there, worthy M. Ch uncy." 'I'he late president Willatd corrected the date, in the catalogues of Harvard College. President Chauncy was an hidefarigable student, and a very learned and pious man. Ke was eminently skilled in all the learned Lnguages, espe- cially in the oriental. Before he came to America, he was chosen Hebrew .Professor in the University of Cambridge in England, where he was edu- cated ; but, instead of that office, he was made Greek Professor. While minister of Vt'are, he made submission to the High Commission Courc (I'eb. II. 1635.) ; but he soon repented of that submission, and, before he came to N. England, made u solemn " Retractation," wliirh was afterward printed la London. I\Iarher M.ign.il. lumk iii. 133 — 1.}£. a Smith N. York, 29. Chalniers, i. 579. All the magistrates and con- M.ablus from Hast Jersey, I.onjf inland, i'.sopiis, and Albany wire immediate- iy ViMuniancd X.i New York \ ;iud lUe jjre.iter part of them swure allegi- i'<'l'n.,._ .,n I It w\ 4<^ 6tate of N. England. Northfield planted. Fort Fron- tenac built. Discovery ©f the Mis- sisippi. AMERICAN ANNALS. obtained from king Charles a lease, for thirty onft years, of the quit rents, escheats, and other casual-^ ties of the whole. * New England is supposed co have contained, at this time, about one hundred and twenty thousand souls, of whom about sixteen thousand were able to bear arms. The town of Boston contained fifteen hundred families. * The militia of Connecticut a- mounted to two thousand and seventy men. ^ A number of religious people from Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, and that vicinity, planted the town- ship of Northfield, on Connecticut river. " Count Frontenac completed the fort at Dritario, begun the preceding year by Courcelles, and cdled it after his own name.* The t'rench also built a fort, this year, at Michiliniackinac.*' Father Marquette, and Joliet a citizen of Quebec, employed by M. Talon for the discovery of the Mis- sisippi, entered that noble river on the seventeenth of June ; and, after descending it, until they came ancc to the States General, und the Prhice of Orange. This conquest ex- tended to the whole province of New Jersey. Smith, ibid. I Chalmers, i. 330. SeeA. D. 1649 a Chalmers, i. 43, 435. " Observations made by the curious in N. Eng- land; abbut the year lOj^," gIVen to Randolph for his direction, contain, in addition to what is insert .d ih the text, the following statements : " There be 5 iron works, which cast no guns. Tliere are 15 merchants, worth a- bOut ^(^50,000, or abo it £500, oni with another, joo jsersons, wonh j^30C0 each. No houie in N. England has above 20 rooms. Not ao in Boston hath 16 rooms each. The woHt cottagjs in N. England are lofted. No beggars. Not th ce persons put to death for theft annually. There are no musicians by trade. A dancing school was set up ; but put down. A fencing school is a lowed. All cordage, sail cloth and nets, come from Engla^.d. No cloth nude there' worth 4s. a yard. No linen above as. 6d. No allum, nor copperas , nor salt, made by their sun." Chalmci's, ib. 3 Trumbull, i. 340. One quarter were mounted as dragoons. 4 Coll. Hist. See. ii. 50. The Indian name of the place ^vas Squaw- keague. The English ttwn war, laid out on both sides of the river, 6 miles in breadth, and I2 in length. The planters built small huts, and covered them with thatch ; made a place for public worship ; and built a stockade and fort. 'Jhe township was granted " to Messrs. Pinchion, Peirsons, and their associates, in 1672." Ibid. 5 Charlevoix houv. France, i. 444. SmithN. York, 44, Chalinrs, 1.58?' 6 Minot Ma5s. i. 181. m\ AMERICAN ANNALS. 417 iirty onft r casuaU lined, at thousand re able to »d fifteen ecticut a- 1.3 hampton, the town- p Ontario, and cdled Iso built a Df Quebec, oftheMis- leventeenth they came his conquest eX- « irious in N. Eng- ction, contain, in nents: "There chants, worth a- D persons, worth oms. Not ao in gland are lofted, nnually. There ; but put down, nets, come from nen above as. 6d. lahncrs, ib. agoons. lace was Squaw- the river, 6 miles luts, and covered I built a stockade ion, Peirsons, and Chalwrs, 1.587- Frrcmcn of (^'loli•la cl:oo.'.e rep" resell tu- tlves. First parli- ament on record. \\'ithin thi'ee djiys journey of the gulf of Mexico, they returned tDward Canada.' Thomas Prirce, governor of Plymouth colony, Dcnthof died, at the age of seventy three years.* i-^rmce. - 1674. ' All the freemen of Carolina, meeting by sum- mons at Charlestown, elected representatives, to make laws for the government of the colony. There were now a colonial governor, an upper and a lower house of assembly ; and these three branches took the name of parliament, agreeably to the constitu- tions. This was the first parliament, that passed acts, which were ratified by the proprietaries, and preserved in the records of the colony.^ The pro- prietaries transmitted to Carolina vines and other useful plants, and men skilled in the managemei. ^ of them. * A treaty of peace between England and the States General of Holland was signed at Westminster. The sixth article of this treaty restored New Neth- erlands to the English,^ and the English territories in Guiana to the Dutch. "* On this pacification, the duke of York, to remove all doubt and controversy I Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 4J4 — 457. Univ. Hist xl. iz. The French received information of this river from the natives. Charlevoix (ib ) says, Marquette and Joliet went toward the 33d deg. of latitude, «• jusques aux Akansas." Encyo. Methodique [Gcog. Art. Missisippi.] says, they descended from 43 deg. io min. to 33 deg. 49 min. Ferdinand de Soto had discovered the country on the Missisippi, 130 years before ; but, dying toward tiie close of the expedition, the Spaniards did not see fit to settle it. Encyc. Methodique, Geog. Art. Louisiane. See A.D. 154a. 1 Morton [Gupplemenc], 206. He was an upright and verj useful magistrate ; a pious and e.xemplary man. He was a distinguished patron of learning, and procured revenues for the support of grammar schools in Plymouth colony. Mather Magnal. book ii. 6. 3 Hewet, i. 74, 75. Sir John Yeamans, reduced to a feeble and sickly condition by the warm climate and his mdefatigable labours for the suc- cess of the settleiiieiit, returned to Barbadoes, where he died. Ib. Joseph West, who is justly celebrated for his courage, wisdom, and moderation, tucceeded him in the government. Ibid. Chalmers, i. 540. , , - , ,^ 4 Chalmers, i. 531. 5 Smith N. York, 31. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 349. i Bancroft Giii;;na, 10. Eucyc. Methodique, Gecg. Art. Surina.M» JLU Feb. 9. Treaty be- tweenEng- land and Holland restores N, Nether- lands to the Eng'* lish. mA m m ^\''m f.T.'l t; i*. iR I! 418 AMERICAN ANNALS. D. Goo&in Collect, of Indian:. Qpebcc. Death of J. Ox?n- bridge. 1 674. respecting his property in America, took out a new Jadl"^ov! P^^c"^^ ^1^°"* ^he ^"ng ; and commissioned major Ed- ernorofN. Ward Andros to be governor of New York and all ^°'^- his territories in these parts. The Dutch, in Octo- ber, resigned their authority to Andros, who imme- diately received the submission of the inhabitants, as far westward as Delaware. ' Daniel Gookin, of Cambridge, completed his Historical Collections of the Indians, in New Eng- land ; which furnish an authentic account of their numbers, customs,, manners, religion, government, and condition. * Quebec was made a bishopric. ' John Oxenbridge, minister of Boston, died. *" Bancroft says, " in exchange ;" but it was on the principle of uii pouiJeth ; for the treaty provided, " that whatsoever may have been taken, during the war, shall be- restored to the former possessor. Chalmers, i. 579. I Smith N. York, 32. Smith N. Jersey, no. Chalmers, i. 579. Trum- bull, i. 341. Univ. Hist. xx;rix. 363. Brit. Emp. ii. aio, 400, 401. a Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 14a. This work was dedicated to king Charles II, and seems to have been prepared for publication ; but it was not published until the year 179a, when it was printed in the Collections of the Massa- chusetts Historical Society [i. 141 — 227.]. From thifi respectable author!* ty we learn the numbers of the principal Indian nations in iM. England, ii> 1674. There were then within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts : Men. X. The Pequads (formerly 4000 warriors) then containing 300 1. The Narragansets (formerly 5C00 do.) - . - - about 1000 ' ^. The Pawkunnawkuts (formerly about 3000) nearly extinct 4. The Massachusetts (formerly 3000) - ------ 300 5. The Pawtuckets (formerly about 3000) - ----- jja There were, at that time, 7 old towns of Praying Indians : Families. Souls. Natick - -■ ' - Pakemit, or Punkepaog, (Stougftton) Hassanamesit (Grafton) - - - Okommakamesit (Marlborough) Wamesit (Tewksbury) - - - 6. Nashobah (Littleton) - - - . J. Magunkaquog (Hopkinton) z. 2. 3- 4. 5- -9 145 1 2 about 60 Co 'JS 12 10 15 10 99 50 55 49.T \_Sec next pa^e.^ 3C0; vi. 5 (Introd.). 3 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. Renault, ii. 174. 4 Mather Magnal. book iii. aai. Coll. Hist. Soc. ui. He was educated at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in England. In the persecution of Nonconformists, A. D. i66a, he went to Surinam ; thence he went to Barbadoes ; thence, in 1669, to New England, where he succeeded Mr. Davenport, as pastor of the first church in Boston. Mag- nal. ibid. He was one of " the most popular ministers" in N. England. Chalmers, i. 435. .AMERICAN ANNALS. : a new jor Ed- and all 1 Octo- 3 imme- ibitants, eted his 2W Eng- of their ernment, ed.' till possidetis ! iksn, during i. 579- 579. Trum- I, 401. ig Charles II, not published 3f the Massa- tabk author!* <. England, in isetts : Men. 300 about 1000' xtinct - - ioo - a J J ;eS. Souls. about 60 60 50 75 50 IL 495 next pa^'-l vi. 5 (Introd.). 'ge in England. It to Surinam ; land, where he Boston. Mag- in N. England- 4it^ 1675. Andros, governor o^ New York, made cfForts to Andro^, do. iicquire the country, lynig westward oF Connecticut I;|;^'t|J.'';J[''"* river ; but he was effectually frustrated by the spir- tinitory. ited conduct of the colony of Connecticut. ' The public revenue, arising from the customs on state of the productions of Virginia, amounted £0 one hun- ^"'fi""''- dred thousand pounds a year. That colony now contained fifty thousand inhabitants.* There were also seven other towns of Praying hidi;ms, v,-itliin the jurisdic- tion of Massachusetts, which were ciUled the New Praying towns in the Jf pmuck country. Manchage 'Oxford] contained Chabanakojigkoniun (Uudky) Maanexit [N. U, part of Woodstock] (juaiitis^et [S.E, part ol Woodstock] Wabquissit [S. W. corner of Woodstock] Vakathoog [part of Worcester] Waeuntug [Uxbudge] suppoicd 60 45 100 100 ■Cos in all 14 towns end about iico souls, " yielding obedience to the gospel." In Plymi^uth colony, there were 497 praying Indians, of whom 142 read Indian, 7a wrote, 9 read English. Ihere were supposed to be upward of 100 more young Indian children, who had commenced learning, nut in- cluded in this estimate. Martha's Vineyard co»itained at least 3CO f.imi- lies, and they were generally praying Indians ; and the island of Naniuck* et, about 300 families, many of whom also were praying Indians. X Chalmers, i, 581. That country had been cunteircd on the duke o£ York, though it bad been puesestedby tlie Connecticut colonists from the year 1637, and confirmed to them by a royal charter in 1662. lb. On the intelligence, that Andros was about to invade the colony, und to demand ^ surrender of its most import'.'nt posts to the government of the ilukc of York, detachments of the militia of Connecticut were sent to New London and Saybrook. Andros arrived at Saybruok in July with an armed force, and demanded a surrender of the fortress and town ; but captain Bull, ot Hartford, arriving at this juncture with a party of militia, raised the king'n colours, and made an instant show of readiness for resistance, which slop- ped their hostile procedure. The assembly of the colony, then in sessioiu immediately drew up a protest, and sent it, by an express, to Say brook, with instructions to captain Bull, to propose to major Andros a refeieiice uf tjie aflair in dispute to commissioners. Audro«, with his suit, was permitted to land. The proposal of reference to commissioners was rejectea. Andros commanded, in his majesty's name, that the duke's pateiit, and his own commission, should be read. Bull, in his majesty's name, conunatuled hinito forbear reading. When his clerk attempted to persist in reading, Bull repeat- ed his prohibition with energy, and with effect. He th'-n read the asscm- Uy's protest. Andros, despairing of success, abandoned his design, and rc- tiiiiied to New Ycrk. TrambulJ, i- 346. » Clulniors, i. 330. I' il f^/'''i' '- M t' •' ■; " 420 AMERICAN ANNALS. Insurrec- tions ill Virginia. Cotn- inoiii-emcnt ot iting Pli hp's war. 1675. The first English ship, that arrived at West Jer- "V^ J ■ ■ /■ scy, uiriv( d this vcar. ' p.oiJViaine. 'h^q militia in tiic Province of Maine now amoiint- ed to seven hundred. * Two insurrections, raised m Virginia, this year, without grounds, and without concert, were easily suppressed.^ The memorable war between Philip, king of the Wampanoags, and the New England colonists, now commenced. Sausaman, a friendly Indian, having given notice to the English of a plot, that he had diicovered among Philip's Indians against the Eng-. Jish, was soon alter murdered. Three Indians, one of v/hom M'as a counselkv c^nd particular friend of Philip, were convicted of the murder, at Plymouth court, and executed.'' Philip, apprehensive of per- sonal danger, used no farther means to exculpate himself either from the charge of conspiracy, or of having concern in the death of Sausaman ; but had recou.GC to arms. Finding his strength daily in- I creasing, by the accession of neighbouring Indians, he prepared for war. The Indians, having sent their wives and children to the Narragansets for se- curity, began to alarm the English at Swanzey. Af- ter olfering them insolent menaces, they proceeded to kill their cattle, and rifle their houses. Provoked by these abuses, an Englishman discharged his gun at an Indian, and gave him a mortal wound. The Indians instantly fell on the English, and killed all in their power. Eight or nine were slain in Swan- zey and its vicinity, on the twenty fourth of June ^ I Smith N. Jersey, 79. No other arrived for nearly two years. z Chalmers, i. J07. The town of IGttery contained - - - igo York ------ 80 Black Point . - - - joo Wells and Cape Porpus - - 80 Casco Bay - . - - go Saco and Winter Harbour - 100 Sagadahock - - - . go 3 Chalmers, i. 329. " By the prudent vigour of the govcrT)or." 4 This court was in June. Philip and several of his Indians had been previously examined ; and, though they would own nothing, yet they I* could not f'-ee themselves from just suspicion," Hubbard. June 14. First hos- tilities. ^ AINIERICAN ANNALS. 42JI Jcr.. nmt- year, easily 3f the , now raving e h?wd :Eng-. [S, one end of mouth of per- :ulpate , or of )ut had aily in- ndians, ig sent ;for se- ^y. Af- )ceeded ovoked lis gun The lilled all Swan- June ; |rs. - lOO - 80 . 80 [s had been yet the^ and on that day the alarm of war was given in 1675. Plymouili colony. A company oF loot, under cap- J"'"= **■ tain Daniel liiuchman, another company of horse, csairive^ under captain Thomas Preni ce, with one hundred iiw*nz«y. and ten volujiteera, marching from Boston, joined the Ph/mouth forces ai bwanzey, on the twenty ei^jiith. 'ivvelve men of the cavalry, toward the evening of the same day, passing over abridge, that led into Fhilip's lands, tor the purpose of discovery, ■Were fned on by the Indians from the bushes ; one was kilied, and another, whose horse was shot down under tiiui, was wounded. The next morning, the shout of war was heard at half a mile's distance ; and nnie or ten Indians showed themselves on the Knglish side of the bridge. Their challenge was instantly accepted. All the horse, with the entire body of volunteers under captain Mosely, chased They*^* them p/ecipitately over the bridge, and pursued them <:»>a»L'e th« a miie and a quarter beyond it. When the advanc- ^"^"^^ * ea soldiers were just retreating to the main guard, thty discharged tlieir guns on the Indians, who were running into a swamp, and killed five or six of them, ^hoaban- Tins resolute charge of the English made great im- don Mount prcosion on the enemy j and Philip, with all his ^''^*' forces, left Mount Hope that very night, abandon- ing the country to the English. ' Captain Hutchinson arriving as commissioner July i5-, from Massachusettj government, with orders to treat JhTEa!* with tile Narragansets ; it was resolved, the next gansets. morning, to march all the forces into the Narragan- set country, and to make the treaty, sv/ord in hand. A treaty was accordingly concluded on the fifteenth of July.* I Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. 1 ; Ind. Wars, 78 — 87. Hutchinson, i. a86, ab;. Chmxh, 11 — 13. Callender, 73. a Hubbard hid. Wars, 6j — 67 ; Hutciiiiison, i. 289 — 291 5 where the Articles aie inserted. The date is " Petaquaiiiscot, July ij, 1675." The couunihsaoners for Massachusetts were major 'I'homas Savage, captain Ed- yaa^ HuUiiiuson, sind Mr- Josep h l^udley i tiiose ias Conaecticut (wha I'l I """? 4C2 AMERICAN ANNALS. :.^i A party ciHjijtchcd soPocasset, English charge the Indians in a swamp. During this negotiation for peace, captain Fuller and iiauenaiit Church' were ciispiitchcd with fifty iTT'n to Pocusset, * to conclude a peace with the In- dians, if pacific and friendly ; or to fight the'n, if hostile. They found the enemy on Pocasset Neck ; but, such were their numbers, thkit, after some skir- mishing, in which the English expended their ammu- nition, they were taken off by water to Rhode Isl- and. Church, hastening to the Massachusetts for- ces, borrowed three files of men of captain Hench- man, with his lieutenant, and returned to Pocasset, V/here he had another skirmish with the enemy, in which fourteen or fifteen Indians were slain. This loss struck such a terror into Philip, that he betook himself to the swamps about Pocasset, where he lay secreted until the arrival of the other English forces from Narraganset. These forces arrived on the eighteenth of July, and resolutely charged the ene- my in their recesses ; but the Indians, taking advan- tage of the thick under wood, and firing at them, who first entered, killed five on the spot, and wound- ed four ; and, deserting their wigwams, retired deep- er into the swamp.' The English followed them in vain, until night approached, when the command- er ordered a retreat. Most of the Massachusetts companies were now drawn off, and captain Hench- man only, with a hundred foot, together with the had been seasonably sent forward) were major Wait Winthrop, and Mr. Richard Smith. There were four Inolaiis, who subscribed the treaty, as counsellors and attornies to Cijnonirus, Ninigret, Mattutoag, old queen Quaiapen, Quananshit, and Pomham, " the six present sachems of the whole Narraganset country." Ibid. The Narragansets were still very powerful.* 'J'his tribe had promised Philip to rise, in the spring of 1676, with 4000 men : but this number, it is supposed, was meant to contain all the Indians within the bounds of Rhode Island, who, being under the aiithority of the great Narraganset sachem, were often called by this general name. Cal- lender, 75. Hubbard Ind. Wars, ia6. Hutchinson, i. 458. * See p. 418. I Benjamin Church, afterward colonel, a hero of great fame. a Now Tiverton &c. iR miles from Taunton. Hubburd. 3 This swamp on Pocar.S'it Neck is 7 miles long. The Indians had new- ly made wigwams here (about 100 in all) of green bark, which they now Itit ; but the muterials would not admit them to burn. Id< AMERICAN ANNALS. 421 Fuller ,b fifty :ht In- icn, if Neck ; \c skir- ammii- ade Isl- itts for- llench- ocassetj emy, in . This : betook re he lay jh forces on the the ene- g adviin- at them, 1 wound- red deep- ed them ommand- achusettvi n liench- with the Plymouth forces, "was left to watch the motions of the enemy. It being impossible for the Eng.ish to iight in the swamp, but to the greatest disadvantage, t^,y resolved to starve out the enemy ; but Philip, aware of the design, contrived means to escape, with the greatest part of his company. ' Fleieing into the country of the Nipmucks,* this ferocious and vindictive prince, kindled the flame of war in the western plantations of Massachusetts. ^ The Nipmuck Indians had already committed hos- tilities against the English, On tlie fourteenth of July they had killed four or five people at Mendon in Massachusetts.* The governor and council, in hopes of reclaiming the Nipmucks., sent captain Hut- chinson with twenty horsemen to Quabaog [Brook- field], near which place there was to be a great ren- dezvous of those Indians, who had promised to hold a treaty with the inhabitants of Brookfield. Hut- chinson, with some of the principal people of that town, went to the place appointed ; but, not finding the Indians, they proceeded four or five miles to- ward their chief town, until they were ambuscaded by two or three hundred Indians, who shot down eight of the company, and mortally wounded eight more. ^ The rest escaped through a by path to Qua- baog. The Indians, closely pursuing them, violent- ly assaulted the town, killed several persons, and set 1675. Philip makes hit escape. Jul-/ 14. Indi tnskil) scvutal people at JMcndoa. Aug. 2. Indian am-' buscade near Brookfield. mi rop, and Mr. the treaty, as g, old queen of the whole ■ry powerful/' 6, with 4000 tU the Indians thority of the name. Cal- * Sa/>. 4*8. me. linns had new - ich they now 1 The swamp being not far from an arm of the sea, extending up to Taunton, the Indians, either taking advantage of a low tide, waded over, or wafted themselrcs over on small rafts of timber, very early, before break of day, I August. About lOO women and children, left behind, soon after resigned themselves to the mercy of the English. Hubbard. I. Mather. 2 About Worcester, Oxford, Grafton, Dudley, &c. Church. 3 Hubbard Ind. Wars, 72, 73. Neal N. Eng. ii. 8. Church, ai—aj.^ 4 Mather Ind. War, 5. Hutchinson,!. 291. «' Blood was never shed-ift Massachusetts, in a wuy of hostility, before this day." Mather, ib. 5 Captain Hutchinson was one of the wounded. He was carried ta Quabaog, and afterward to Marlborough, where he died 19 August. Hut- chinson. The ambuscade was laid at a place called Meminimisset, " a nar- row passage between a steep hill and a thick swamp, at thfrbead of Wick- akoug pond." Coll. Hist. Scv. i. ajcj. n ■■mm. 4*4 1 Urook&tld >urat. Aug. 4. Its inhabit- »ftts re- lieved. i i Indian h()s< tilities on the Con- necticQt & the Merri- mack. Skirmish at Sugar- loaf HUL Sept.!. Deerfield burnt. Hadley as- saulted by the In- dians ; who are re- pulsed by gen. Gofie. AMERICAN ANNALS. fir* td every house, excepting one, into which all the inhabitants had gathered for security." This house they soon surrounded ; and, after repeated at- tempts to set fire to it, they filled a cart with hemp, flax, and other combustible matter, which they kin- dled, and thrust toward it with long poles. At this critical moment, major Willard happily ar- rived with forty eight dragoons, and dispersed them.* The Indians on Connecticut river, near Hadley, Hatfield, and Deerfield, and those at Pentcook and other places on Merrimack river, began their hostil- ities about this time ; and before the end of August the whole colony of Massachusetts was in the ut- most terror. The Hadley Indians, by fleeing from their dwellings, betraying their conspiracy with the hostile Indians, ^ were pursued by captains Lothrop and Beers, and overtaken about ten miles above Hat- field, at a place called Sugarloaf Hill, where a skir- mish was fought, in which nine or ten of the Eng- lish were slain, and about twenty six Indians* The Indians, who escaped, joining with Philip and his company, were so emboldened, that, about seven days after, they fell upon Deerfield, killed one man, and laid most of the tov/n in ashes. On the same day, Hadley v/as alarmed by the Indians in the time of public worship, and the people thrown into the utmost confusion ; but the enemy were repulsed by the valour and good conduct of an aged, venerable man, who, suddenly appearing in the midst of the affrighted inhabitants, put himself at their head ; led them to the onset ; and, after the dispersion of the enemy, instantly disappeared. This deliverer of Had- I There were about ao dwellinfj; houses, arid 70 souls in the town. a Mather 111 d. Vv'ar, 6, 7. Hubbard Ind. Wars, jii — 114. Hutchin- son, i. 291 — 393. The next day (Aug. 5.) Philip, with about 40 men, be- side a much j^rtater number of wonon and children, joined the Nipmuck Indians in a sw:',nip, ten or twelve miles from Brookfield ; about 30 of them were armed with guns, tlie rest had bows and arrows. Ibid. 3 Philip and the Nipmuck Indians were hiuboured, at that time, ijl the adjacent woods. Hubburd. AMERICAN ANNALS. 425 ley, then imagined to be an anj^el, was general 1675. GofFe, one of the judges of Charles I, who was, at that time, concealed in the tOwn. ' Early in October, the Springfield Indians, who ,!'*''".^''j.^|^ had been itnifor'nly friendly to the English, having iSaas,'' periidionsly concerted with the enemy to burn the town of Springfield, received in the night into their fort, abr^ut a mile from the town, above three hun- dred of Phiiip*s Indians. The plot however being di:.closed by a friendly Indian at Windsor, dispatches were immediately sent to major Treat, then at Wcstficld with the Connecticut troops, who arrived q,,^ at Springfield so opportunely as to save a consider- Spii'!j.,fieldl able part of the town from the flames ; but thirty f"'"'^^ two houces were already consumed. ' On the nine 19. teenth of October, seven or eight hundred Indians j^'fljT'''" furiously assailed the town of Hadley,. on all sides ; but they were repulsed by the Connecticut and Mas- sachusetts forces.^ " • •■'■ '■'■'" V--- ';^>*' The commissioners of the three United Colonies Commt:> having declared the war with the Indians to be just f "",''?''.[ and necessary, had already concluded, that it tjliould nakethe' be jointly prosecuted by all those colonies.'' Find- "^^"^'•"com. "'''■'■ ' men causf. T Stilos Hist. Judges, T09. Hutcliinson, i. 219. See p. 377 of thif? vol- ume, from N. Haven the judj;es Wiialley and Goffe went to West Rock (a mountain about 300 feet high, and about two miles and a half from the towr) ; and were come time concealed in a cave " on tJie very top of the rock, about half or three quarters of a mile fror- the southern cxcreniity." 1 Stiles, ib. 71, 76. They afterward lived in conce;ilmer.t at Milford, at Der- by, and atBranford; and, in 1664, removed from Pvfilfordto Hidley, where they were soon after joined by colonel Dixwell, another of the king's judges. Dixwell took the name of Davids, and some yer.rs jfter removed to iNew Haven, where he married, and left several children. His {?;rave stone may still he seen in the old burying- ground in New H iven, witli this inscription : " ]. D. Esq. deceased Marcli iSth, in the Sad year of h:s age 1688." a Hubbard Ind. Wars, 129 — 131. " The sad tidings of Springfi(iJd ca- limlty" reached Boston 7 October, at the close of a day of Huniiiiation, ap« pointed by the Council. Mather Ind. War, 16. Trumbull, i. 3JI. 3 Hubbard Ind. Wars, 138. Hutchinson, i. 496. . 4 HuziuJ Coll. ii. 534. The commissioners for Plymouth colony pre- sented to the b«dy of commissioners a Narrative, " showing the manner of M xa m I w\ 1* 45^ AMERICAN ANNALS. ^-k itt t'xpedi' tion. 1675. fng that the Narragansets, in violation of their cn# gagements, were accessory to the hostilities of the enemy, they now determined, that one thousand soldiers should be raised, to march into the Narra- ganset country, to obtain satisfaction of those In- dians, or to treat them as enemies. Josiah Winslow, governor of Plymouth) was appointed commander in chief. The Massachusetts forces marched from Boston on the eighth of December, and were soon joined by those of Plymouth. The troops from Connecticut joined them on the eighteenth, at Pet- tyquamscot. * At break of day the next morning, they commenced their march, through a deep snow, toward the enemy, who were about fifteen miles dis- tant in a swamp, at the edge of which they arrived at one in the afternoon. The Indians, apprized of an armament intended against them,, had fortified themselves as strongly, as possible, within the swamp.- The English, without waiting to draw ip in order of battls, marched forward in q\iest of the enemy's camp. Some Indians, appearing at the edge of the swamp, were no sooner fired on by the English, than they returned the fire, and fled. The whole army now entered the swamp, and followed the Indians to — 19. their fortress. It stood on a rising ground in the to"^(^1le "^^^^^^ of the swamp ; and was composed of palisades,. Narrlgun- which- wcTe cncompasscd by a hedge, nearly a rod Tfc. I?. Colonial troops ni«et at Pe tyquam- bCCt. sets. beginnirj: of the pesent war with the Indians' of Mount Hope and Pocas- set ;" \vl\irh was the basis of that determinution. It is inserted ib. 532-— _^,?4. 'j'hc meeting of the conimissiouers, at which the war was declared to be just and necessary, was 9 Sept. 1675. 'Ihcythcu concluded to raise im- mediately looc soldiers out of the colonies, in such proportions, as the arti- cles of Confederation established : Massachusetts, 517 ; Plymouth, 158 ; Connecticut, 3x5. Ibid. 535. At an adjourned meeting a November, thty declined the Narragansets to be " deeply accessory in the present bloody murages" of the natives that were at open war, and determined, that loco More soldiers be raised, for the Narraganset expedition, " in like propor- tion? in each colony, as the former were." lb. 531. I The Connecticut troops consisted of 300 English men, and 150 Mn« l.cigan and Peiiuod Indians ; and were divided into 5 companies. Thii wrrp* was commaiided by major Treat. Trumbull, i. 354, -$£:. AMERICAN ANNALS. 427 their en* es of the thousand le Narra- those In- Winslow, )mmander :hed from were soon )ops from h, at Pet- morning, leep snow, I miles dis- ley arrived .pprized of d fortified the swamp.- ap in order he enemy's adge of the iglish, than .vhole army Indians to )und in the palisades,' early a rod Hope and Pocas- iscrted ib. 532 — was detlartd to ded to raise im- tions, as the arti- Ply mouth, 158 ; November, thty e present blood'/ mined, that loco in like propor- >n, and 150 Mo- Loir.panies. Thi^ xiikk. It had but one practicable en'.rance, which i-^7S' was over a log or tree, four or five feet from the ground ; and that aperture was guarded by a block house. Falling providentially on this very part -f the fort, the English captains entered it, at the head cf their companies. The two first, Johnson and Davenport, with many of their men. were shot dead at the entrance. Four other captains, Gardner, Gallop, Siely, and Marshal, wei^e also killed. When the troops had effected an entrance, they attacked the Indians, who fought dcojperately, and bean the English out of the fort. After a hard fought battle of three hours, the English became masters of the f*""*^. ^3^^"» place, and set fire to the wigwams. The number of bumS"""^* them was five or six "hundred, and in the conflagra- ,1' >r many Indian women and children perished. The ?' ving Indian men fled into a cedar swamp, at ii .jiiidil distance ; and the English retired to their quarters. Of the English there were killed and wounded about two hundred and thirty j of which /mmber eighty five were killed, or died of their wounds. Of the Indians one thousand are suppos- ed to have perished. * The Massachusetts and Plymouth troops'kept the cioscofthe field several weeks ^ but without any considerable campaign, achievement. The Connecticut troops.^ who had suffered most in the action, were so disabled, that it was judged necessary for them to return home. The great body of the Narraganset warrioi's soon after repaired to the Nipmuck country. * I Potock, an Indian counsellor of Narraganset, afterward taken at R. Island, and executed at Boston, acknowledged, that the Indians lost 700 fighting men that day, beside 300, who died of their wounds. What num- ker of old men, woniv'n, and children, perished by fire, or by hunger and cold, the Indians themselves could not tell. Hubbard. a Hubbard Ind. Wars, 141 — 166. Mather Ind. War, 19, 20. Hutchin* soDi i.' a97--30J. Truuibull, i. ZSi—259' *fiii i :>■'[! m 42S > >. Jan. 27. Indian spo- liation at Warwick. Fcj. lo. Lancaster Luint. Mcil!io)i 25. Wcyuioiith. Mnrch 13. — — T7. ■\'/>;rwick. 26. Aiuibo- rou';h. Capt, Picr;:y and cthersblui^u. 28. R-hobodi burnt. Providence. AMERICAN ANNALS. .J April. Chehns- fo.d. ■ 1076. The Narragansets, in retreating from their ccun- try, drove offfrcm one of the inhabitants of War- wick fifteen horses, fifty neat cattle, and two hun- dred sheep. On the tenth of February, several hun- dreds of the Iiidian? fell upon Lancaster ; plundered and burned the greatest part of the town ; and kil- led or captivated forty persons. Two or three hun- dred of the Narraganset and other Indians, not long afterj surprised Medfield, and burned nearly one half of the tovvri. * On the twenty fifth of Februa- ry, the Indians assaulted the town of Weymouth, and burned t;even or eight houses and barns. On the thirteenth of March, they burned the whole town of Grotou' to the ground, excepting four g:\r- ridoneJ houses ; and, on the seventeenth, they en- tirely burned Warwick, with the exception of one house. On the twenty si>ah of March, they luid most of the tov/n of Marlborough in ashes. ^ On the same day, captain Pierce of Scituate, who had been sent out by the governor and council cf Ply- mouth colony with about fifty Knglish, and twenty friendly Indians of Cape God, was cut off by the {::\v:.\wj with most of his j)arty. Two days after- ward, the Indians fell upon Rehoboth, and burned forty dvi^elling houses, and about thirty barns j and, the day after, about thirty houses in Providence. Although there were several parties of Indians scattered over the country, yet the main body of them lurked in the v/oods between Brookfield, Marlborough, and Connecticut river. Early in A- prii they did some mischief at Chelmsford,-* Ando- t AMiou^h there were % or _'?C0 soldier? tliere, the Indians did that mis- chief, and killed about 18 persons, men, women, and ciiildren. I. Mather. % It contained about 40 dwelling houstn. its inhabitants now deserted it. ;; The inhabitants were \-.t\\z^ constrained to de.ert tho town. What few homes were ieit were burnt by t!ia liidians i j Ap.'U- I. Mather, 4 Hu'.)bard ascrib>^5 thU mischief to tho Indians of Wainesit, a place n^Oi- Ch.'hisforu, bordering oa the r^Iiiriir.ack ; bat he does th'.ni the justice AMERICAN ANNALS. 439 T ccun- :f War- vo huu- ral hun- undered and kil- ree hun- not long ■irly one • Februa.- ^y mouth, •ns. On le whole four g;\r- , they cii- Dii of cnc they laid es. ' On who had cil cJ Ply- id twenty IF by the lys aftcT- nd burned irns *, and, dence. of Indians 1 body of jrookiield, ariy in A- d,-* Ando- tns did that mis* n. I. Mather. now deserted it- towu. What I. Mather. sit, a place n'-cu- :in the justice vcr, and in the vicinity of those places.* Having, 1676. on the seventeenth of the same month, burned the few deserted houses at Marlborough, they, the next ^ jj jg^ d ;y, violently attacked Sudbury j burned several Sudbury . houoes and barns ; and killed ten or twelve of the ^^'^^^ iinglish, who had come from Concord to the assist- ance of their neighbours. Captain Wadsworth, sent ,L( this juncture from Boston with about fifty men, to relieve Marlborough, after having marched tvvenr.y five niiles, learning that the enemy had gone through tile woods toward Sudbury, turi^ed imme- diately back, in pursuit of them. When the troops were within a mile of the town, they espied, at no great distance, a party of Indians, apparently about one iiundred ; who, by retreating, as if through fear, drew the English above a mile into the woods ; when a targe body of the enemy, supposed to be a- bout five hundred, suddenly surrounded them, and ^^ ^ piccliided the possibility of their escape. The gaU wadI^ortl\ Unt leader and his brave soldiers fought with des- '^^ ^" perate valour ; but they fell a prey to the numbers, sUiiji, the artifice, and bravery of their enemy. The few, wiio were taken alive, were destined to tortures, un- known to their companions, who had the happiei: lot to die in the field of battle. * to -■'V, that tliey " hud been provok-id by tha ra^jh, unadvised, cruel acts of somt; oi' -^he English," tow-ird the close gf the preceding year. Chelmsporh appears to have Luen incorporated aboat A. D. 1655 ; but it was not men- tioiicd tijat yi-;ir, because not noticed in the earl/ histories. I tltibb ird says, that on the ijth of April 15 houses were burnt on th< 7iort/j side of the fiver, near Chelmsford. a .Some historians say, that captain W^ld9Worth's company was entirely cut off ; others, tnat a few escaped. Some represent his company, as con- sisting of 30; some, as consi-iting of 70 men. All agree, that 50 at least Were killed. Captain Brodebank and some others " fell into his company as he nurched alonir ;" and this accession may account for the difference in the narratives. Preaident Wadsworth (of Hiirvard College), a son of capt tain Wadsworth, who fell on this occasion, caused a decent monument to be afterward erected over the grave of these heroti, from which I copied^ the following Inscription : " Captain Samuel Wadsworth of Milton, his Lieut Sharp of Brooklin, " Capt. Broclebank of Rowley, with about Twenty Six* other SouidJer»» • Tlis^ ii is siipJ^:QSiilj luai the iiumlier cj' liudies fcund. 43C' AMlilllCAN ANKALS. ''{'■if! ii '.ik III S:m ■nm W .Irk "(1,, Km May 8. Biidgewa' tcr. II. Middle- i*orough I J?. ttiyS. About tLe same time, the Indians burned uinc- jscituutc. t'Cen houses and barns at Scituate ; but they were bravely encountered and repulsed by the inhabit- ants. On the eighth of May, they burned and des- troyed seventeen houses aiid barns at Bridgewater. * On the eleventh, they assaulted the town of Plym- piymouth. Quth, and burned eleven houses and five barns ; and, 13- two days after, they burned seven houses and two barns in that town, and the remaining houses in Namasket. * Several large bodies of Indians having assembled at Connecticut river, in the vicinity of Deerficld, the inhabitants of Hadley, Hatfield, and Northampton, on receiving the intelligence, combined for their ex- tirpation. On the eighteenth of May one hundred «4i Fight, j^jjj gjjj|.y. soldiers, destined for that enterprise, marched silently twenty miles in the dead of night, and, a little before break of day, surprised the ene- my, whom they found asleep, and without guards, at their principal quarters. The first notice, that they gave of their approach, was by a discharge of their guns into the wigwams. Some of the Indians, in their consternation, ran directly into the river, " fighting for the defence of their country, were slain by the Indian cneniy " April i8th. 1676, and lye buried in this place." The monument stands to the west of Sudbury Causeway, about one mile southward of the church ill Old Sudbury, and about one quarter of a mile from tlie great road, t'lat leads from Boston to Worcester. 1 The inhabitants courageously sallied forth from their garrisons, to fight the enemy ; and a Ltorm of thunder, liglitcning, and ralii, at that juncture, providentially contributed to save the town iio:;j entire confla- gration. It is remarkable, that Bridgewater, though, by its local situation, peculiarly exposed, never lost one of its inhabitants in this war. Mather Magnal. book vii. 5a. I noiv find, that the settlement of Ukidcf.watkr v.as begmi in the year 1651, by a very religious people ; " thoiigii, by rea- son of the smallness of their number and ability, and the scarcity of candi- dates, they had not an ordained minister till tlie year 1^)63." Their first *vas the reverend James Keith, wlio died 2.^ July 1719, " having been 56 years a faithful minister of thj gospel." Preface to a Syrmon, preached at JBridgewati r by Rev. Mr. Keith in 171 7, id edit, printed 1768. a Soon after the war broke out (about July 1675) the Indians killed several Eng i.^h people at Taunton ; burned about half the town of Swan- ^ey ; and pr^acipally burned tlij towns of Namasket [Middkborough] and Dartmouth, Muher lud. War, 4. fm AMERICAN ANNALS. 43 » \cd Tiinc- hey were : inhiibit- \ and des- gewater. * lofPlym- wns ; and, s and two houses ill assembled erfield, tlit rthampton, or their ex- ne hundred enterprise, d of night, jed the ene- lOUt guards, notice, that discharge of the Indians, o the river, the Iivllancncniy mornmn-nt standi rard of the church ic great road, that heir jrarrisons, to I and raia, at that [ioui entire ccnfia- I its local situation, |his war. Mather )f BuiDOr.WATtK " thouj?*!, by rci- scavcity of candi- U3." Their first 1 ««'having been 56 Irmon, oreached at I the Indians killed [he town of Swan- Iddlcboroughl aud and were drrw^d. Others betook themselves to i676» their bark canoes ; and, having in their hurry for- gotten their paddles, were hurried down the falls, aud dashed against the rocks. Many of them, en- deavouring to secrete themselves under the banks of the river, were discovered and slain. In this action, distinguished by hr.i name of the Fall Fight, the en- emy lost three hundred men, women, and children. * The Indians, recovering from their surprise,^ and falling on the rear of tiie English on their return, killed captain Turner, commander of the expedition, and thirty eight of his men." ,^ .,, On the thirtie<"h of May, a great body of Indians, 30^ supposed /.o be six or seven hundred, appeared be- ^"ackil fore Hatfield. Having burned twelve hoiises and barns, without the fortification, they attacked the houses in the centre of the town, that were surround- ed with palisadoes ; but twenty five resolute young men of liadley, adventuring over the rivei, and boldly chijrging the enemy, they instantly fled from the town, with the loss of twenty five of their men. Though Massachusetts was the chief theatre qf Connect^ the war j Connecticut, her .sister colony, was active JiyVf,,^*^!'^ in the suppression of the common enemy* Valun- war, teer companies had been formed, early in the year, principally from New London, Norwich, and Ston- ington ; which associated with them a number of Moheagans, Pequots, and Narragansets. These companies ranged the Narraganset country, and greatly harassed the hostile Indians. In one of these excursions, in March, captain Denison, of Stoning- I See a particular account of this Fight, by the reverend Mr. Taylor of Dt-erfield, in the Appendix to his edition of Williams Redeemed Captive, 141 — 143. Of the 300 there were 170 fighting men, Mather Ind. War, 31. But one of the English was killed in the engagement. Hubbard Ind. Wars, azj, note. a The English, going out on horseback, had alighted about a quarter of a mile from the Indian rendezvous, and tied their horses to the trees. The Indians fell on the guards, left with the horse», and killed noam of them, 'i'facse arc included in the 38. ' ' -. I I ,11 »f liM, mm « j' 43* AMERICAN ANNALS. m J nil 11 m ml II 1 Assembly r^se stand ing troops. 1675. ton, rendered signal service to the cause, by tlic cap* ture of Nanunltehoo, the head sachem of all the Narragansets. ' Between the spring and the succeed- ing autumn, the vokmteer captains, with their flying parties, made ten or twelve expeditions, in which . ^ they killed and captivated two hundred and thirty of the enemy ; took fifty muskets ; and brought in one hundred and sixty bushels of their corn. They drove all the Narraganset Indians, excepting those of Ninnigret, ' out of their country. The assembly of Connecticut, at their session in May, voted three hundred and fifty men, who were to be a standing army, to defend the country, and harass the enemy. Major John Talcot was ap- pointed to the chief command. Early in June, ma- jor Talcot marched from Norwich with about two hundred and fifty soldiers, and two hundred Mo- heagan and Pequot Indians, into the Wabaquassct country ;^ but found the country entirely deserted, as well as the fort and wigwams at Wabaquasset. On the fifth of June, the army marched to Chana- gongum, in the Nipmuck country, where they killed nineteen Indians, and took thirty three captives ; and thence marched by Quabaog to Northampton. On the twelfth of June, four days after their arrival at Northampton, about seven hundred Indians made June I a. Attack on Hadley. 1 He had ventured down from the northern wilderness toward Seaconck, near the seat of Philip, to procure seed corn, to plant the towns, which the I'nglish had deserted on Connecticut river. This sachem was a son of Miantonimoh,and inheiited the pride of his futlier. He would not accept liis life, when oiTeiiid on the condition, that he should make peace with the linglish. Whtjn he was informed, that it was determined to put him to -IkMta, he said, " I like it well ; I bhall die hefore my heart is soft, or I shall inve spoken any thing unworthy of myself." The Moheagan sachem, his ci)uiisi,'il(jrs, and the principal Ptquots, shot him at Stonington. Trumbull, i. .Tfjz. a 'I'his sichrm had formerly given the colonies much trouble ; but, in this war, Iw; refused to join the other Narraganset sachems. T!ie Narra- fjansat Indians, who joined the Connecticut volunteers, were 6is men. It is very ramarltable, tliat, in all tiiese expeditions, the English had not o;ij man killed or wou:ided. Trumbull, i. 360, 36a. .^ Sec p. 419. It is, to this day, called ut Woodstock, as it is Lere writ- *.t:i after Dr. Vrumhnlli Wdb-a-quai'sct, . ■^'1 American annals. 433 • tlic cap* )f all the ; succeed- eir flyinj; in which md thirty roujj;ht in n. 'ihcy ing those session in who were intry, and t was ap- June, ma- about two ndred Mo- abaquassct y de&erted, ibaquasset. to Chana- they killed J captives ; rthampton, leir arrival idians made oward Seaconckf owns, which the m was a son of wuld not accept e peace with the d'to put him to IS soft, or I shall agan sachem, his ;ton. Trumbull, trouble ; but, in pis. The Narra- i were bis men. 'English had not as it is here writ- a furious attack upon Hadley ; but major Takot 1676. with these gallant soldiers, soon appeared for the relief of the garrison, and drove off the enemy. On the third of July, the same troops, on their barch toward Narraganset, surprised the main body of the enemy by the side of a large cedar swamp, and attacked them so suddenly, that a considerable number of them was killed and taken on the spot. Others escaped to the swamp, which was immedi- ately surrounded by the English ; who, after an ac- tion of two or three hours, killed and took one hun- dred and seventy one. Soon after, they killed and captured sixty seven, near Providence, and War- wick. About the fifth of July, the army returned to Connecticut ; and in their return took sixty more of the enemy. ' The enemy, thus pursued, and hunted from one I'ltiinnsbc; lurking place to another ; straitened for provisions ; couraged" and debilitated by hunger and disease ; became di- vided, scattered, and disheartened ; and, in July and August, began to come in to the English, and to surrender themselves to the mercy of their conquer- ors. Philip, who had fled to the Mohawks, havir.<]f provoked, instead of conciliating, that warlike na- tion, had been obliged to abandon their country j *' and he was now, with a large body of Indians, lurk- ing about Mount Hope. The Massachusetts and Plymouth soldiers were vigilant and intrepid, in pur- suit of him ; and, on the second of August, captain Aujr. «. Church, with about thirty English soldiers and Ju^'Ji.-'Jj^. twenty confederate Indians, surprised him in his loses many quarters ; killed about one hundred and thirty of "^ '"* "^^"' I Trumbull, i. 363—365. From about the beginning of April to the 6th of July, the Connecticut volunteers, and the troops under major Tal- cot, killed and captured about 430 of the enemy. Ibid. a It was commonly reported, that, with the design of drawing the Mo- hawks into the war, Philip had killed some of that nation in the woods, and imputed their death to the English ; but that one of the Indians, who was left for dead, revived, and informed his countrymca of the truth, Hut- chinson- . JStn n 434 AMERICAN ANNAL3. 1676, his men, and took his wife and son prisoners. Phil- ip himself but just escaped with- his life. About ten days after, Church being then on Rhode Island with a handful of volunteers, an In- dian deserter b* ought him inforniation, that Philip was in Mount Hope neck ; and offered to guide him to the place and help to kill him. ' Church, who- never allowed himself to lose a moment's time, jnstantly set out, in pursuit of him, with a small company of English'and Indians. On his arrival at the swamp, he made a disposition of his men at proper distances and stations, so as to form an am- buscade, putting an Englishman and an Indian to- gether behind such coverts, as were found ; and his company soon commenced a fire on the enemy's shelter, which was discovered on the mai^in of the swamp. It was open^ in the Indian manner, on the side next to the swamp, to favour a sudden flight. Philip, at the instant of the fire from the English, seizing his gun, fled toward the thickets, but ran in a direction toward' an English soldier and an Indian, who were at the station, assigned them by captain Church.. When he was within fair shot, the Eng- lishman snapped his gun, but it missed fire. He then bade the Indian fire ;- and he instantly shot Aup. 12. Philip is killed. him through the heart. * I He said, Philip killed his brother jur.t before he came away, for giv- ing some advice, that displeased him ; and that he had fled, for fear of the tame fate. He wanted to kill Philip, in revenge of his brother's death. a The death of Phi'ipi in retrospect, makes diflereut impressions from what were made at t'le time of the event. It was then considered as the extinction of a virulr ntand implacable enemy ; it is now viewed as the fall of a great warrior, a penetrating statesman, and a mighty prince. It then excited universal joy and congratulation, as a prehide to the close of a mer.- cilcss war ; it now awakens sober refltctions on the instability of empire, the peculiar destiny of the aboriginal race, and the inscrutable decrees of Heaven. The patriotism of , the man was then overlooked in the cruelty of the savage ; and little allowance was made for the natural jealousy of the sovereign, on account of the barbarities of the warrior. Philip, in tbe progress of the English settlements, foresaw the loss of his territory, and the extinction of his tribe ; and made one mighty effort to prevent these calomitiesi Our pity for his misfortunes would be still heightened, if we could entirely rely on tlie tradition (mentioned by Callcudcr, 73.)^ Tbut. AMERICAN ANNALS. 4:35 1. Phil^ hen on , an In- Lt Philip to guide Church, t's time, \ a small arrival at men at m an am- :ndian to- ; and his ; enemy's gin of the er, on the den flight, c English* but ran in an Indian, by captain , theEng- l fire. He tantly shot e away, ifor giv- l.for fear of the other's death, jnpressions from considered as the riew«d as the fall ■prince. It then he close of a mer- ability of empire, •utable decrees ot ed in the cruelty latural jealousy ot 3r. Vhilip,mt^"; his territory, aiiu rt to prevent those heightened, jf we eudcr, 730»- '^'^^'' i The death of Philip was the signal of complete vie- 1676. jtory. The Indians, in all the neighbouring coun- try, now generally submitted to the English ; or fled, and incorporated themselves with distant and strange nations. In this short but tremendous war, FiTcct^ of about six hundred of the inhabitants of New Eng- ^''"^ ^^''"^• land, composing its principal strength, were either killed in battle, or murdered by the enemy j twelve or thirteen towns were entirely destroyed ; and a- bout six hundred buildings, chiefly dwelling houses, were burnt. In addition^to these calamities, the colonies contracted an enormous debt ; while, by the loss of their substance, through the ravages of the enemy, their revSources were essentially Smiu- ished.* Philip and his chiuf old men were at fust averse to the war ; that Philip wept with grief, at the news of the first English who were killed ; and that he was pressed into his measure^ by the irresistible importunity of his young warriors. I'he assurance, on the oth r hand, of the equity of our an- cestors, in giving the natives an equivalent for their lands, is highly con- soling. The upright and pious governor Winslow, in a letter dated at Murshfield i May 1676, observes : " 1 think I can clearly say, that before these present troubles broke out, the English did not possess one foot of land in this colony, but what was fairly obtained by honest purchase of tht; Indian proprietors. We first made a law, that pone shquld purchase or re- ceive of gift any land of the Indians, without the knowledge and allowance of our Court. And luit yet they should be streightened, we ordered that Mount Hopt, Pocasset, and several orher necks of the best land in the col- ony, because most suitable and convenient for them, should never ho bought out of their hands." See Hubbard's Narrative (where this inipor- tant letter is inserted entire) and Hazard Coll. ii. 531 — 534. I Hubbard's Narrative of the Indian Wars in New England. Increase Mather's Brief History of the War with the Indians in New England. Church's History of King Philip's War. Mather Magnal. book vii. AS— 55. Calleiuler's Historical Discourse, 73 — 81. Neal's History of New England. Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, i. aSj — jo8. Trum- bull's History of Connecticut, i. 34X— 36^, Adams' History of New Eng- land, 118 — 127. Morse and Parish's Compendious History of New Eng- land, a4y — 264. A sketch of the Indian war in another part of New Eng- land is subjoined. Within twenty days after Philip kindled the war at the southward, the flame broke out in the most northeasterly part of the coun- try, at the distance of 200 miles ; and, in the years 1675 and 1676, most of the plantations in the Province of Maine, with those on the river Pascata- tjua, partook in the general calamity. After the death of Philip, the Masc saciiu&ctts forces, which were then at hberty to turn their arms into that quarter, surprised about 400 of the Eastern Indians at Cochecho (Sept. C, 1676) and took them prisoners. One half of them being found accessory to ihe late rebellion, 7 or 8, who were known to have killed ai»y Englishmen, 'Am & 4L 43<^ AMERICAN ANNAI.5;. m'^ 1676. The New England colonies, in this impoverished c..nii.i..ints ^p^i ciil.iinitous Slate, were destined to a new scene ill I'lljrl.UUl . , , i • I I 1 I 1 • • • ..K-imtt ii),. oi trouble, which closed at length very mauspicious- M.i iikI iiui ]y to tlicir liberties. Complaints havinc been broucht against them, the preceding year, by the merchants and manufacturers of England, for their disregard to the acts of navigation ; ' the governors of these colonies were now commanded, by royal authority, to enforce a strict obedience to the laws of trade. Commissions were transmitted, empowering prop- er persons to administer an oath, framed to secure jl strict observance of those laws. To add weight to these measures, it was determined, " that no Medi- terranean passes should be granted to NewKn<;;land, to protect its vessels against the Turks, till it is seen \vhat dependence it will acknowledge on his majesty, or whetlier his custom house ofiicers are received as in oilier colonies."* The malecoiUeuts in Virginia, taking advantage of a war with the Susquehannah Indians, excited tlie people to insurrection. Nathaniel Bacon, a, bold, seditious, and eloquent young man, who had been concerned in a recent insurrection, now olFer- were condemurd and hanged ; the rest were sold in foreijjn parts, for bIuvcs. These were called strange Indians, who had fled from the south- woid, und taken refuge amou^ the Penacooks. This stroke humbled tllu Indians in the east, although the war with them continued until the itprin};- of 1678. See the above cited authorities, and Bi^lknap N. Hamp. i. 13,^ — :^6i. A treaty of peaco (though of little elTcct) was made 6 Novtinber 1676 between the governor and coimcil of Massachustits and Mogg, a Pe- nobscot hidi.in, in behalf of the sachems of Pcnobiicut. This was the first treaty, made with any of the Tar'rateens, or eastern Indians. Belknap, ib. Hutkihinson, i. 347. Hubbard Iiid. Wars, 377 — 380, v/herc the Treaty is inserted. X The complaints stated, " that the inhabitants of New England not on- ly traded to most parts of Europe, but encouraged foreigners to go and traffic with them ; that they supplied the other plantations with tliose for- eign productions, which ought only to be sent to England ; that, having; thus made New England the great staple of the colonies, the navigation of the kingdom was greatly prejudiced, the national revenues were impaircdj the people were extremely impoverished ; that such abuses, at the same time that they will entirely destroy the trade of England, will kave »« sort of dependence from that country to this." Chaimeis, i. 4CO. a Chalmers, i. 400—40;. Baron's ro bt-lllOII Ml Virginia. 'jSJfc*. AMERICAN ANNALS. 437 vcrished ;w scene spicious- brought erchants lisregard of these uthority, of trade. ng prop- ) secure a weight to HO MedU Kno;l-.ind, 1 it is seen s majesty, eccivcd as # advantage IS, excited Bacon, a, , who had now oiTcr- L;l|Tn parts, for lom tl»e 8outh- e humbled titc jiuil the spring Hainp. i. 13.^ — Je 6 Novtinber lid Mogg, ^ I'e- li* was the first 8. Bcllmap, ib. :c the Treaty i» England not on- Miers to go ami ' with tliobi: for- ; that, h:ivin^^ le navigation of were impaircdj ses, at the samt; ,, will leave iitt i. 4C0. jng himself as the leader of the insurgents, was cho- i67$« acn their general ; and soon after entered James- town with six hundred armed followers. Having besieged the grand assembly, then convened in the capital, he compelled it to grant whatever he de- manded. On hnding himself denounced, after his departure, as a rebel, by a proclamation of governor Btrlvcley, he relumed indignantly to Jamestown. The aged governor, unsupported, and almost aban- doned, lied p^-ecipiutely to Accomack, » n the east- cm sliore of the colony ; and, collecting those, who were well alfected toward his government, began t'» oppose the insurgents. Several skirmio.'es w- ve fought, with various .success. A party of the insnr- jawe, geiiis burned James Town, Those districts of the ^'' "* colony, which adhered to the old administrate:;;.:, were laid waste. The estates of tho loyalists v^erc confiscated. Wom^m, whose fathers or husbands obeyed what they deemed the legal government, were carried forcibly along with the soldiers. The governor, in retaliation, seized the estates of many of the insurgents, and executed several of their lead- ers by martial law. In the midst of these calam- ities Bacon, the authorof them, sickened and died ; and the liaines of war expired. This rebellion cost the colony one hundred thousand po'Mids, ' On in- formation of this rebellion, Charles li dispatched Sir John Berry with a small fleet, which transported the lirst trcjops, ever sent to Virginia. * The whole custom of tobacco irom Virginia, col- Custom of Iccted in England this year, was one hundred and *"^^'^'-''- thirty five thousand pounds sterling. ' 1 Chalmers, i. 332 — 335. Beverly, 105. a Chalmers, i. 336. These were the first troops sent to any of the cole- pies for the suppression of a revolt. It was dciermined, in November 1681, to diaband them, " urU-ss the assembly will pay tlieni ;" and they were soon after paid off. Ibid. 35 J. Beverly [n6.] says, these troops- were one regiment of infantry. The whole value of w.irlike stores, sent to Virginia by tjir J. Berry, amounted to ^{[11,178. 38, jd. sterling. Chair iiiers, 1. 350. See Univ. Hist. xli. 538. ' thalxners, i. 354. Marj-land w»6 prgbably included^ lb, Death o^ Bacon. M 4f^« AMERICAN ANNALS. 1^ 1,^76. (Population ,of Mary- land. Death of CCilvert. X^vision of JJ. Jersey into E. & Vf. Jersey. Nov. 27. Fire io Boston. pDeath of gov. Win- j^rop. Maryland now contained about sixteen tiiousand inhabitants ; of whom the Roman Catholics were to the number of Protestants in the proportion of one to a hundred. Ceciliiis Calvert, the father of the province, died, iu the forty fourth year of his gov- ernment, "covered with age and reputation."* Charles Calvert, now succeeding his father, immedi- ately .called an assembly ; whkh, among other acts, passed a law " against the importation of convicted persons into the province." * The country of New Jersey was formed into East and West Jersey. * Carteret, who had returned to that province the preceding year, began now to clear out vessels from East Jersey ; but he was steadily opposed by Andros, governor of New York.* A fire in Boston burned down about forty five dwelling houses, the north church, and several ware Ijouses. * John Winthrop, governor of Connecticut, died, in the seventy first year of his ag«. '^ X Chalmers, i. 363. That province had been prevlcusly divided into ten counties. No parislies were yet laid out, nor ''V.urches erected, nor public maintenance granted £or the support of a ministry ; and there were in the whole colony three clergymen only of the church of England. lb. a Ibid. 364. 3 Ibid. 617. East Jersey was released in July by the assignees of lord Berkeley to Carteret ; and he, in return, conveyed to them West Jersey. The government of the last was retained by the duke of York as a depen- dency of New York ; the government of the first was resigned to Carter- et : " And here commenced a cqnfusion of jurisdiction, and an uncertainty of property, which long distracted the people, and at length ended in the annihilation of the riile of the proprietors." lb. See the instrument of the release of N. Jersey in Smith Hi'sti N. Jersey, 80 — 83 ; and " The Conces- sions and Agreements of the proprietors, freeholders and inhabitants of the province of West New Jersey," ib. 521 — 539. 4 Ibid. 618. Andros saw that Carteret's clearance " tended equally to ru- in the commerce and to lessen the customs of New York." Ibid. 5 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixxiv ; Ind. Wars, 194. Hutchinson, 5. 34y. The churcli was rebuilt the next year. Cull. Hist. Soc. iii. 269. 6 Matlier Magnal. book ii. 30—33. He was the eldest son of the first governor of Massachusetts. lie was educated at the university of Dublin, and afterward travelled into France, Holland, Germany, Italy; and Turkey. With these advantages, he became a very accomplished gentleman, as well as a great scholar. He was a puritan of distinguished piety. To Connec- ticut hi' rcndund most important services, .\nd he was very highly respect- AMERICAN ANNALS. 1677. The controversy between the colony of Massa- chusetts and the heirs of John Mason and of Ferdi- nando Gorges was now settled in England. ' It was determined, that the boundaries of Massachusetts could not be construed to extend farther north- ward, along the river Merrimack, than three Eng- fish miles beyond it. Maine, both as to soil and government, was adjudged to the heirs of Gorges. Before the complaints were fully adjusted, and whil6 Ring Charles was in treaty with Gorges* to acquire his interest, an agent, employed by Massachusetts for the same end, purchased of that proprietor the ^hole territory ; and assigned it oVer to the gover- nor and company. * The second ship arrived from London at West Jersey, bringing two hundred and thirty passengers, most of whom were quakers, some of good estates in England. They landed about Rackoon Creek, ei and esteemed by that colony. He wa$ one of the greatest chymists and physicians of his age ; a member of the Royal Society ; and one of the most distinguished chara,cters in New England. Having gone to Boston, to at- tond the court of the commissioners of the United Colonies, he was taken sick, and died there on the 5th of April, and was interred in the same tomb with his father. lb. Trumbull, i. 36a. . z Edward Randolph, a kinsman of Mason, hid been sent to New Eng- land the preceding year, with a letter to Massachusetts, requiring that col- ony to send over agent's within six months, fully empowered to answer the complaints, which Mason and the heirs of Gbrges had made, of its usurp- ing jurisdiction over the territories claimed by them ; and the colony sent William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley. On their arrival, an hearing was ordered before the lords chief justices of the king's bench and common pleas; and their judgment was confirmed by the king in council. See the authorities in note 3. , . a Ferdinando Gorges, grandson of Sir Ferdinando. Belknap. 3 Chalmers, i. 397. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. kx. Hutchinson,;. 311 — 318. Belknap N. Hamo. i. 164 — 169 ; Amer. Biog. i. 391, 392. John Usher was the agent, employed by Massachusetts to make the pur- chase ; and he gave to Mr. Gorges, for his interest in the Province of Maine, £l2SO sterling. This territory has ever since been a part of Mas- sachusetts. It is now formed into two counties, York and Cumberland ; but the D'utrict of Maine, as established by the laws of the United States, comprehends several other counties, and extends from Pascataqua to St, Croix ;a ten-itory sufficien.ly large, when duly populated, to form a dis- tinct state. Ibid. 439 Controver- sy about the; Province o£ Maine de- cided. Maine bought hf Matsachu^ settst Aug. 16. Arrival of passengers at W. Jer-/ sey. i 1' J i m f! I-, i 5' I ,.v ;h 1677. AMERICAN ANNALS* 4r ISurlington settled. 0«v. Berkele7 recalled. First col- lector of customs in Carolina. Insurrec- tion in that colony. #-'■•' ' 't. Jersey, 93, 104. Proud, i. 141 — 149. Another ship arriv- ed from London in November, with about 60 or 70 passengers, some of whom settled at Salem and others at Burlington. Another also arrived in the autumn, with 114 passengers. Ibid. ■a Chalmers, i. 336, 337. The assembly some tinro after declared, " that he had been an excellent and well deserving governor," and recom- mended to the king the payment to lady Berkeley of jT^oo, " as not only « right, but as due from that colony to his services and merits." lb. 3 Miller collected, from July to December (1677), 327,068 lbs. weight sf tobacco, and £1444. Ss. id. sterling, being the parliamentary duty of one penny a pound on tobacco exported to other colonies. The annual parliamentary revenue, arising in that little colony, amounted to £3000' sterling. Chalmers, i. 558. 4 Chalmers, i. 53Z — .135' Cuipeper had, in 1671, been appointed sur- veyor general of Carolina, and had raised commotions on Ashley river. » AMERICAN ANNALS. 441 1677. Commissioners were sent, about this time, from Massachusetts and Connecticut to the Moliav/ks, to ^'"^''^'jl'. secure their friendship. ' Mutual promises were Skudnhip made at Albany between the Five Nations and colo- j*/';^=^^'^°" nel Coursey, an agent in behalf of Virginia and Ma- ]'i^\ , J,],^ ryland.* The whole force of the Five Nations waf? i^v.^ n.i- tlien estimated at two thousand one hundrcd and fif- '^"'"^" ty fighting men.' The general court of Massachusetts passed a new Newhw^ law for apprehending and punishing, by fine and cor- lemiinir rection, every person, found at a quakers* meeting." i"''i-^r*' The contributions for rebuilding Harvard Col- '"'^"'"^'" lege had been so liberal, that a fair and stately brick Jj^Ji^^^rc- fedifice was erected this year ; and so far finished, built. ■that the public exercises of the commencement were performed there. ^ East Greenwich, in Rhode Island, was Incorporated. ^ ^- ^^'■°'^"" The rr.j al revenue, now seized, aniounting to jC30°o» was appropriated for tmppc/tirtg the revolt. The colonists at Albemarle were far from being numerous ; for the tithailes, consisting of all the worllng hands, from 16 to 60 years of age, one third of which was composed of Indians, Negroes, and Women, amounted to 1400 only ; and, exclusive of the cattle and Indian corn, 800,000 pounds of tobacco were the annual productions of their L' bour. " These formed the basis of an inconsiderable commerce, which, was almost entirely carried on by the people of New England, who supplied their liule wants, who sent their commodities all over Europe, who, in a great measure, governed the colony, and directed the pursuits of the plant- er to their own advantage.'' Some men of New England are charged with cooperating with the conductors of the insurrection, that they " might get the trade of this country into their own handj." lb. See papers, ib. c6ii -i— 56*, illustrative of the origin and progress of an insurrection, little no- ticed by historians, and which, until Chalmers published his Ar.n;ils, hud " remained in perfect obscurity." I Hubbard AIS. N. Eng. cliap. Ixxiii. Hutchinson,!. 34^. This tre.ity Hutchinson supposed to be the first between the Mohawks and Massa- chusetts, a Golden, 37. 3 Chalmers, i. 609. Fighting men. The Maquas [Mohawks] were estimated at - - 300 Oneidas ------- aoo Onoudagos -.-,--- 350 Cayugas -*---»- 300 Senekas ------- loco . ^^^^ 4 Hutchinson, i. 310. " This law lost tlie colony many friends." .5 Hiibbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixx. See A. D. 1674. 6 Callender,39. Petequamscut and the adjacent parts were incorporat- ed in 1674, by the name of Kingston. Ibid. :. O o m m JiA m^ 44^ AMERICAN ANNALS. city of N.York. : _ ' ■ " 1678. --'■^•■■<^^^* ?.i:iga2in«s The assembly of Virginia caused magazine .0 be v"irgin?a. ^^'^^ ^' ^^ hcads of the four great rivers in thpt col^ ony ; and "lied them with arms, ammunition, and guards, tc awe the IndianpS, and prevent their depre- dations. * State of the The piovincc of New York contained, at this N-ToS"^ time, about twenty four towns, villages, or parishes, in six precincts, ridings, or courts of sessions. All : ,. the militia of tlie province were about two thousand'. Its annual exports, beside pease, beef, pork, tobac- co, and peltry, were about sixty thousand bushels of wheat. Its annual imports were to the value of about fifty thousand pounds. * There were now in the city of New York tliree hundred and forty three houses. ^ Major AnJros, governor of New York, having I Keith, r6j. During the administration of lord Culpeper, who suc- ceeded governor JefFereys, those magazines were removed ; and a small par- ty of light horse, called Ranj^ers, was appointed to scour the woods. lb. i66. % Chalmers, i. 6oa. " There is one standing, company of soldiers," says Andros, " with gunners and other ofHccrs, for the forts of Albany and New York. Fortresses are, James Fort, situated upon a point of New York- town, between Hudson's river and the Sound : It is a square, with stone walls, four bastions almost regular, and in it 46 guns, mounted. Albany is a small long stockadocd fort with 4 bastions in it, with la guns, which is sufTicient against Indians* There are no privateers about our coasts. Our mtiChants are not many ; but, with inhabitants and planters, about 2000 able to bear arms, old inhabitants of the place or of jEnghmd ; except in and near New York, of Dutch extraction, and some of all nations : But few servants, who are much wanted, and but very few slaves. A merchant, ■worth £1000, or £500 is accounted a good substantial merchant ; and a planter, worth half that in moveables, is accounted rich. All the estates i5iay be valued at £150,000. Thtre may have lately traded to the colony, in a /ear, from 10 to 15 ships or vessels, upon an average.of 100 tons each» Eni,hsh, New England, and' of our own, built. There are religions of all aO'ts; one church of England; several Presbyterians, and Independents, Quakers and Anabaptists, of several sects ; some Jews ; b\. the Ptesbyteri' uns and Independents are the niost numerous, and substantial. There are about 20 churches c meeting places, of which above half are vacant. Few ministers till very lately." Answers of Sir Edmond Amlros, dated in A- pril 1678, to the Inquiries of the committee of colonies. See the Answers entire in Chalmers, i. 600 — 604. 3 1 nd. 597. It was found, that, instead of the common proportion of inhabitants, there were 10 for each house; but, thus computed) there wire then i i tlie city no mere than 3430 souls. lb. 59S. AMERICAN ANNALS. 443 the preceding year sent a sloop with some forces to the Province ot" Maine, and built a fort at Pemaqtiid j the eastern Indiaijis, who, until that time, had ^'•een hostile from the commencement of Philip's war, dis- covered pacific dispositions. All the succeeding au- tumn and winter, they remained quiet, and lived in harmony with the new garrison. In these auspic- ious circumstances, a treaty was made at Casco, be- tween the chiefs of those Indians and authorized com>missioners ; and an end put to a distressing war. * Massachusetts received but small accessions of planters from Europe for several preceding years. The colony, at this time, imported no negroes. * M. de la Sale rebuilt fort Frontenac with stone. He also, this year, launched a bark of ten tons into Lak-e Ontario 4 and, the year following, another of 1678. Fort biiiit at Pcnia- qui J. April II 'I'reaty at Massachu* setts. Fort Fron- tenac re- built. 1 BeUcnap N. Hastip. i. 15S. Andros cent his forces In Augus'., 1677, "4o take possession of the land, which had been granted to tha duke ot" York." hi the preceding July after the Province had siHtaiued various sufferings from the Indians, an affecting occurrence had hcigSitened the terror and perplexity of the inhabitants. The government having ordered 200 hidians of JNatick, with 40 English soldiers, under captain Benjamin Swett of Hampton, to the assistance of the eastern settlements, they an- chored off Black Point ; and, being joined by some of the inhabitants, marched to seek the enemy, who showed themselves on a plain in thret.* parties. By a feigned retreat, the Indians drew them, two miles from the fort, and then, turning suddenly and violently upon '.hem, threw them into confusion. Swett, with a fevv of the mora rfsolute, fought bravely on the :etreat, until he came near the fort, when he was killed ; 60 more were K^ft dead or wounded ; the rest got into the fort. The victoriouo savages then surprised and captured about ao fishing vessels, which put into the eastern harbours by ni]i;,ht. Ibid. 157. Mr. Bentley mentions [Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. ■263.], that, " in 1677, 13 Salem ketches were taken by the Indians, and some of tbom returned, with 19 wounded men." These ketches were prob;ibiy a part of the 20 vessels, mentioned by Dr. Belknap. 2 Chalmers, i. 436, 437 ; where "re extracts from Answers of the agents Stoughton and Bulkley to the Inquiries of the committee of colonies, de- livered in April that y^ar ; some of which are subjoined. " Cases of ad- miralty are decided by the court of assistants. Foreign merchants we know of none. I'he number of English merchants is very small ; and of the o- ther inhabitants, yfho are chiefly planters, we know of no calculation that hath been made. New planters have Ti-irely come over for many years past ; much less Irish or Scotch, or any foreigners : Nor are any blacks im- ported. A considerable number of small vessels are built in the country under a hundred tons burden ; hut those that arc larger belong to owners OH England, or to otlier colonies." ,, v -,", I I m\\ i ^^' Hif ' S1lr-^;,■*,'-«^Vlt^'^f' AU AiAlERiCAN ANNALS, S-.ilcm JamesT.in- «ixty tons into Lake Erie ; about which time he in- closed with palisadoes a little spot at Niagara. * The town of Salem contained eiglity £ve houses, and three h i' ndred polls. * ; w^^ . ^ i Canonical: Island, in Rhode Island co'ony, wta corporated. incorpcxated by the name of James 'i\)v;n. " Beath of William Coddingtcn, governor of Rhode Island, dinffton & ^^^J^^ ^" the 8tv(.'nty eighth year of his age.* Thorn- •r.ihdchei. as I'hacher, miir.ster in Boston, died, in the fifty eighth year of his age, ^ Jpivine.iid While the a;]jents of Massachusetts were in Enir* ^ iand, ajys or lastmg and prayer were repeatedly ap- ^ . po'nicd by authority, to implore the divine blessing on their ei^deavours for obtaining favour with the I Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 457,458. Smivh N. York, 44. See AJ). 1673. The fort, built that year, appeals ta havi^ been merely a stockade j " n' ctoit que de pieux." a Coll. Hist. See. vi. 323, » t^'i * -'a -<> •' "' ■ J-. ■,■■ .• ^ 'i •'•■ ' .3 Callsnder, 39. 4 He ciime to N. Enjjlancl with governor Wjnthrop, as an assistant, in 1630 ; and was a principal merchant in Boston, where he built the first brick house. In 1637, when the contentions ran hi^K in Massachusetts, he was grieved at the proceedings of the court aj^jainst Mr. Wheelwright and ^)ther,^; but, not availing in his opposition to those measures, he reliiicjuish^ td his advantageous situation at Boston, and "his large propriety and ini- provenieutsat Braintree ;" accomjKinied the emigrants, who, on that occa- sion, left the colony ; and was " the great instrument" in effecting tlie orig- inal settlement of Khode Island. In 1647, ho assisted in forming a body of l,iw.s for that colony, and was the next year chosen governor ; but he de- clirifcd the office. In 1651, he received a commission from England, to bo governor ; but, finding the people jeplous, lest " the commission might af- iect their land* and liberties," h« resigned it. He was afterward repeated- ly prevailed on to acc€pt the chiefinagistracy ; and was in that office at the time of his death. He appears to have been prudent in his administration, and active in promoting the welfare of «* the little commonwealtii, which he had in a manner founded." See Dedication of Qallendcr's Hist. Dis.. course. See also A. D. 1638. 5 Mather Magnal.book iii. 148 — 153. Mr. Thacher was the first minister of the Old South church in Boston, [ike A. D. 1669, in which year that church was gathered.] He was ordained pastor of the church in Weymouth a January, 1644; and was /w/a/^i^^ at Boston 16 February, 1670. He was well versed in oriental learning, particularly in the Heb fw. lan- guage, a corapendious. Lexicon of which he composed. Hi« prayi s were distingui' hud for copiou-ness and fervency. He was a " popular pre^fcher," •*:j eic:.'.pl;ry man, and a. uitlilul miniitcri lb. Cell, Hi^t.fc'ot. viii. 278, AMERICAN ANNALS. 445 he in« X loases, island. Thorn- \e. fifty ■•\}. ■.'•■ n Eng* dly ap- )lessing iith the See AD. 1 stockade ;^ assistant, m ih the first chusetts, he Wright and relinquish^ ■ty and im- i that occa- ng tlif orig- {» a body of )ut he de- und, to be 1 might af- d repeated- office at the linistration, tfc, which Hist. Dis.. a» the first in which e church in •uary, 1670. ebew. Ian- ay ts were pre;icher,'* viii. 27^, king, and the continuance of charter privileges.* 1679. hy desire of the general court, a synod was holden Rtforminc 2t Boston, this year, to give counsel, adapted to the synod. s;;ate of the colony, which was believed to be suffer- ing judicial calamities from heaven. * Suitable meas- ures, in the mean time, were taken, to avert the roy- al displeasure. The general court sent respectful, addresses to the king ; enacted laws, to remove the . ' causes of some of the complaints against the colony J ' ' ' and passed an ordinance, to punish high treason with death, and to require all persons to take the oath of allegiance. The king's arms, at the same time, were put up in the court house. The colony however nefflected to conform to the acts of trade, Il!f ''1"^'* ? • 1 T-. 1 1 requisitions and to send new agents, as required, to England, evaded. For the ^rst neglect, the court alledged to her a- gents, ' that the acts of navigation were an invasion of the rights and privileges of the subjects of his ma- t flutchinson, i. 324. It was the usage of our pious ancestors in New England to observe special days of /mting and of thanksgivings beside an an- nual observance of those two solemnities. z Hutchinson, i. 324. The general court appointed this synod at its session in May, 1679, and referred to its consideration two questions : '' I. What are the reasons, that have provoked the Lord to bring his judg- ments upon New England. 2. What is to be done, that so those evils may be removed ?" The synod convened at Boston 10 September 1679. Mr. John Sherman, and Mr. Urian Oakes were its moderators. After a day of prayer and fasting, the synod spent several days in discoursing on the two great questions. The Result, pointing out the sins of the time, and recommending a reformation, was presented to the General Court ; which, by an act of 15 October 1679, " commended it unto the serious considera- tion of all the churches and people in the jurisdiction." See Mather Mag- nal. book v. 85 — 96. Di*. C. Mather says, " the admonitions of the Synod were not without very desirable effects." Governor Hutchinson [1.324.] does " not censure the authority of the colony for their great anxiety on this occasion, ov for using every proper measure to obtain the smiles of heaven, as well as the favour of their earthly sovereign ;" though, he thinks, " we have no evidence of any extraordinary degeneracy." An English his- torian of more recent date, and of high respectability, but of less candour, sees, or thinks he sees, in these questions, " pious arts," and the " baneful in- fluence of fanaticism." We know very well what was the character of Charles, and what were the manners of his court, at that very time ; but is • it inconceivable, that the principal men in a colonial government, at the distance of 3000 miles from that court, could be religious ? It will be re- corded, to the everlasting honour of New England, that her rulerS| wiieB g[ litr «wn e;tetion^ have generally been Me mtHf /taring Gvd. I i! m \S m w. ".a 446 AMERICAN ANNALS. Soston. rire m 1679. jesty In that colony, they being not represented in the parliament ;** for the second, it apologized, by saying, " that the country was poor ; that proper persons were afraid of the seas, as the Turkish pi- rates had lately taken their vessels ; and that his majesty was still employed in the most important affairs.*'* '^J* R Ran- Although a commission for the appointment of a collector ^f customhouse officer for New England had been customs in granted the last year, it was then judged expedient NJjigiaud. « jQ suspend the departure of such an officer for the present." Edward Randolph, who had at that time been recommended to the lord treasurer, as the most suitable person for cdlector of Boston, now came over in that capacity ; but " he was considered as an enemy, and opposed with the steady zeal of men, who deemed their chartered privileges invaded." * A terrible fire broke out near the dock in Bos- ton about midnight on the eighth of August, and continued until near noon the next day. Above eighty dwelling houses, seventy ware houses, with several vessels and their lading, were consumed. The entire loss was computed to be two hundred thousand pounds. ^ "". 7 Protestants Charlcs 11 Ordered two small vessels to be pro- vided at his own expense, to transport to Carolina several foreign protestants, who proposed to raise wine, oil, silk, and other productions of the south.* I Chalmers, i. 407, 410. a Ibid. 320, 406, 409. 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. cha|). Ixxlv, who says, it was justly suspected to have been kindled by design. Hutchinson, i. 349. Col!. Hist. Soc. iii. 369. The houses and ware houses near the town dock, which were rebuilt, after this great fire, were either constructed with brick, or plastered on the outside with a strong cement, intermixed with gravel and glass, and slated on the top. Several of these plasterttl houses are yet remaining in Ana Street, in their original form. Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 189, 190. 4 Chalmers, i. 541. Many foreigners of various nations emigrated to Carolina, from this time to the Revolution of William and Mary. lb. Hew- et [i. 73, 74.] says, that, after the conquest of N. Netherlands in 1664, the colony, then in its earliest infancy, received a great addition to its strength from the Dutch, who formed a town on the southwest side of Ashley river, which they afterward abandoned. sent to Carolina. AMERICAN ANNALS. 447 ued in ;ed, by proper :ish pi- hat his portant ;nt of a d been :pedient • for the hat time he most )\v came dered as of men, ed."* in Bos- rust, and Above ;es, with )nsumed. hundred ( be pro- Carolina to raise south.* y suspected list. Soc. Hi. were rebuilt stered on the iss, and slated ining i« Ana emigrated to ry. Id. Hew- >in 1664, the its Rtrergth Ashley river. - it. l>'>Tr ■^v-Jew; 1680. New Hampshire became separated from Massa- n. ihmp^ chusetts. A commission for the separate govern- ^^".j 2''^'"' inent of that colony had passed the great seal the Masswhu- preceding year ; and it was now brought to Ports- ''^^'"^ mouth by Edward Randolph. By the form of gov- ernment, described in this commission, the people had a representation in a body chosen by them- '• -' selves ; and the king was represented by a president and council of his own appointment, he retaining the prerogative of disannulling the acts of the whole, at jy^^^^j, ^^^ his pleasure. The first assembly met at Portsmouth First as- on the sixteenth of March. ' ''"'''•y- Plymouth colony petitioned for a new charter, Plymouth with the same privileges, that had been granted to an°wdwv- other colonies, but without success ; for king Charles tcr. was then meditating extensive plans of reformation for New England. * . ^ - Connecticut contained, at this time, twenty six state of small towns, in which there were twenty one cut""^^"' churches ; and in every one, excepting two newly planted, there was a settled minister. The value of its annual exports was judged to be nine thousand pounds. It owned twenty four small vessels. There 1 Belknap N. Hamp.i. 170— 177. The number of qnallfied voters in all the towns was zo^ ; viz. In Fortsmouth - - - 71 Hampton - - - - 57 Dover » - - - 61 Exeter ----- ao Portsmouth stnt to the assembly 3 members ; Dover, 3 ; HamptotJi 3 ; and Exeter, 2. John Catts was the first prcsideau He was" a principal mer- chant, of great probity and esteem at Portsmouth ; but then aged and in- firm." "lb. See also Hutchinson, i. 319. The public expense of the prov- ince of New Hampshire during that year, fxclusivcly of the ministers' sal- aries and the town rates, including the charges of the assembly and coun- cil, the stipends of the marshal and jailers, and the bounty for the killing of wolves, amounted to ,£131.13$. 4d. The province rate on estates, real ' and personal, of one penny in •.he pound of the value, was laid on the onlf four towns, as follows • Portsmouth - £'^9- ''■7- 3 Hampton - - £a3. 17.3. Dover - - ao. - - Exeter -. - - 11. f, 4. Cbalmtrsy i. JII. a Chalmers, i. 98. The agent died ; and the papers were lost. Th* Address of the geuer»l court to Charles U is inserted ib. xoS. I V. i % "Ml 'I ii , 'I 1^ 'a 448 AMERICAN ANNALS. i li State of Rhode Island. 1680. were In the colony twenty merchants, some of v. horn traded to Boston ; and some, to the West Indies and to other colonies. There were few servants, and not more than thirty slaves. The militia amounted to two thousand five hundred and seven. ' The militia of Rhode Island colony consisted prin- cipally of ten companies of foot. There were " nine towns or divisions" in the colony. The principal place of trade was Newport, where the buildings were generally of wood* and small. The principal exports were horses and provisions. The imports were chiefly the productions of Barbadoes.* I Chalmers, i. •507 — 310, where are Aniwers of the assembly to the In- quiries of the lords of the committee of colonies, which disclose a variety of curioas particolars of the State of Connecticut at the end of 44 years. The dat£ is 15 July, 1680. Some dther articles are subjoined. " We have, for the present, only one troop, which consists of about 60 hofse ; but we are upon raisinnr three more. Our forces are train hands : In each county there is a major, who commands its militia, under the general. In Hartford county there are 835 New Haven - - - 62$ New London - - - - 509 Fairfield - - - - 540 The whole militia, 4507. The number of our planted is included in our trainbands ; which consist of all from 16 to 60 years of age. We have one small fort at the mouth of Connecticut river. As for our Indian neighbours ; we compute them to be about 500 fighting men. We are strangers to the Prench, and know nothing of their strength or commerce. There are but few servants, and fewer slaves ; not above 30 in the colony. There come sometimes three m four blacks from L'arbadoer, which are sold {or £.iz each. The increase [of inhabitants] is as follows : The numbers of «rm, iit the year 1671, were 305^ ; in l676,were 4303 ; in 1677, were 136a ; in 1678, were 3490 ; in 16,5, were 2507. Our buildings are generally of Wood ; some are of stone and brick ; and some of them are of gOod strength, and comely, for a wilderness. The commodities of the country are pro- Tisions, lumber and horses. The property of the whole coifporation doth not amount to £110,788 sterling. There are no duties on goods, exported or imported, except on wines and liquors ; which, thoogh inconsiderable, are appropriated to maintain free-schools. The people are strict congrega- tionalists ; a 'ew more large congregationalists ; and some, moderate pres^ byterians. There are about 4 or Jj seven day men, and about as many Qua- kers. Great care is taken of the instruction of the people in the Christian religion, by ministers catechizing and preaching twice every sabbath, and flometimes on lecture-days ; and also by masters of families instructing their children and servants, which the law commands them to do. Every town maintains its own poor : But there is seldom any want, because labour is dear ; being from as. to 28. 6d. a day for a labourer ; because provisions are cheap ; wheat is 4s. a'bushel Winchester, pease 3s. Indian corn 2s. 6d. pork 3d. a pound, beef ad.t-z a pound, butter fid. and so other matters in pro- portion. Beggars and vagabonds are not suftered ; but, when discovered, they are bound out to service ; vagabonds, who pass up and down, are punished by law." a CbalnT.T-, !. 287, — 3^4, where are Answers of the governor and coun- • v.liom lies and ts, and [iour*ed :ed prln- e " nine mncipal mildings principal imports ily to the In- oM a variety of 44yei»»S' •» We have, itse; but we I each county - -• 6a3 ■ - 540 eluded in our Wc have one I neighhours ; ■angers to the rhere are but There come old for £.4* bers of «f«, iit rere 1362 ; in generally of 'Ood strength, intry are pro- poration doth odsr, exported nconsiderable, •ict congrega- loderate pres-* as many qua- the Christian sabbath, and itructing their Every town ;ause hibour is )rovisions are n is. 6d. pork latters in pro- en discovered, nd down, are rnor and coun- 449 1680. Virginia give" oil* 1 ardon and oblivion,'* in reference to the late rcbel- ion, with the exception of the principal authors and promoters of it, was also passed by that assembly. * The half armed trainbands in Virginia amounted to MiUtia. eight thousand five hundred and sixty eight. * cU of Rhode Island to the same inquiries, as those mentioned in the last note. A few more articles are here subjoined. " The French, seated at Canada, and upon the bay of Fuody, are a considerable number ; as we judge, about aooo : But as for the Indians that were inhabitants of this col- ony, they are generally cut off by the late war. We have several men, who deiil in buying and selling, though they cannot be properly called mer- chants ; and, for planters, we. conceive there are above 500, and about 500 men besides. Wc have no shipping belonging to the colony, but only a few sloops. As for goods, exported or imported, there are very few ; and there is no custom imposed. We have lately had few or no new-comer^) either of English, Scotch, Irish, or foreigners ; only a few blacks imported. There may be, of whites and blacks, about 200 born in a year. We have 50 marriages a year. I'he burials for the last 7 years, according to com- putation, amount to 455. Those people who go under the name of Bap- tists and Quakers are die most that congregate together ; but there arn others of divers persuasions and principles, all which, together with them, enjoy their liberty according to his majesty's gracious charter. We leave every man to walk as God shall persuade their hearts, and do actively or passively yield obedience to the civil magistrate. As for beggars and vag- abonds, we have none among us." I Chalmers, 1.3 16. This condition however was anntxed ; " that no- thing shall be construed to give power to foreigners to execute any matter, which, by acts made in England concerning his majesty's plantations, they are disabled to do." Ibid. This was an act of the first assembly after the arrival of loid Culpeper as governor of Virginia. t Ibid. 341. The same act, reciting, that, during the licentiousness of late times, ill disposed persons had taken upon them to asperse the govern- ment, without which the inhabitants could not have been so easily led a- way, imposed severe penalties ou those, who should maliciously excite the people to a dislike of the governor, or who should, by words or writing, defame the administration of the colony. Similar laws against " the prop- agation of false news" occur among the more early acts of assembly of all the colonies. Theu sbalt not raise a false report^ was a precept of Moses, act- ing under a divine commission. A law of Alfred, the admirable founder of the jurisprudence of England, declared, " whosoever spreads a false r*" port among the vulgar shall have his tongue cut out." Ibid. 353. 3 Ibid. .iniet. been complained of as a hardship from the begin- 1680. ning, were taken off this year. ' About this time, a watermill was built near Rankokas creek, and an- other at Trenton. * A number of families removed from Windsor in ^''''^^'j"^* Conwjcticut to the east side of the river, and began the stettlcnicut of East Windsor.* M. de la Sale, having undertaken a farther discov- Fort Cr<- ery of the Missisippi, had, the preceding year, built **'^*"'' a fort on the river Illinois, and called it Crevecccur.* He now sent out M. Dacan with father Hennepin, to trace the Missisippi, if possible, from its conflu- ence with the Illinois, up to its source. These two voyagers left fort Crevecoeur on the twenty eighth of February, and ascended the Missisippi to the for- ty sixth degree of north latitude j where they were stopped by a fall in the river, to which father Hen- ^^JJ^ony! nepni gave the name of the Fall of St. Anthony.* A great comet surprised and terrified the peopl«? Cc ot New England.'' for the governor of New York seized and condemned the ve«sels trading thither ; ■' and, however unjust, this measure was decisive, because it wa» supported by superior power." Ibid. I Smith N. Jersey, 117—124. See the arguments against this impost, ib. a Smith N. Jersey, 114, 'I'he inhabitants of W. Jersey had hitherto ci« ther pounded their com, or ground it with handmills. 3 Coll. Hist. Soc. V. i6y. Fifteen years they passed the river in boatS( to attend public worship on the west side. Ib. 4 " Heart breaker," on account of troubles he met with there. 5 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 460 ; ib. Pastes Chron. 35. Harris Voy. ii. 900. Da Pratz Louisiane, i. 5. 6 Mather on Comets, 143. Hutchinson, i. 348. It was seen in N. Eng- land from 18 November to 10 February. It was also seen in Europe ; and Henault [ii. 192.] says, that it was the largest comet, which had ever been seen ; and that this plienomtnon struck a great terror into the minds of the people in France ; " but," he justly remarks, " we are too much astonished at uncommon events, and not enough at those, which happen every day." It was by observations on this comet, that the great Sir Isaac Newton ascer- tauied the parabolic form of the trajectory of comets ; and demonstrated their regular revolutions round the sun. This admirable discovery, while it made a new epoch in astronomy, contributed to the removal of those ter- rors, which the appearance of a comet had always excited. This phenom- enon, in all ages, and among ail nations, had been previously viewed as a presage of some direful event. It has since been considei ed as a constituent pare of au august system, which, whether examined by vulgar or by philo- I !!r fm^nfi W 1|'¥ ':f1 E!..:-^! 45« Death of AMERICAN ANNALS. State •£ Virginia. Josiah Winslow, governor of Plymouth, died, in u oir ^^^^ ^^^y second year of his age. ' Urian Oakes, R. conant, president of Harvard College, died, in the fiftieth wS'^^^'' y^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^S*^' * Roger Conant, who had the ear- ^"^'^ '" ly care of the settlement of Cape Ann, died. ' About this time also died John Wheelwright, the founder of the town of Exeter. ^ i68i. Virginia contained, at this time, about fourteen thousand " tithables, or working hands." The house of burgesses consisted of forty one persons.^ sophic eyes* ought to lead man to " wonder and adore." The learned pro* fes-ior Wiiithrop [On Comets, Ltct. II. p. 44.] says, " No comet has thre^it- ened the earth with a nearer approach than that of 1 680 ; which, had it come down to the sua a montli later, would have pa!«sf d as near the earth fts tJie moon is." They, wlio are curious to know what opinions learned men of ancient times entertained concerning comets, are referred to Aris> totle, Mj]s«i»g«A. ^ap. v, vi, vii ; Seneca, Natur. Quxst. lib. vii ; and Travels of Anacharsis, ii, ;95, i(>6. 1 cannot forbear to subjoin the following re- mark of Seneca [utsupr^v o. 759.] on this subject ; because it has been so exactly verified, smce the discovery of Newton : " Vcniet tempus, quo ista qux nunc latent, in lucem dies extrahati et longiorie azvi diligentia. Ad in^uisitionem tantorum xtas una non suHicit, ut tota coslo vacet. Veniet tempus, quo posteri nobtri tam aperta no$ nescisse n;iirentur." 1 Morton [Supplement], 207. " Ho was a worthy and well accom- plisiied gentleman, deservedly beloved by the people, being a true friend to their liberties, generous, affable and sincere ; qualities incident to tlie fam- ily." ibid. He was the son of governor Edward Winslow ; and the first governor, 6orn m New Englar!. His discretion as a civil magistrate, and his bravery as a military commander, procured him much respect in both offices. Mather Magna!, book ii, 7. a Mather Magnal. book iv. 186 — 188. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 51 — ^54. He was educated at Harvard College. Soon after he graduated, he went to England, where he was sett'-. I in the ministry at Tichfield. Such was his celebrity for ministerial qualifications, learning and piety, that, on the decease of Mr. Mitchel, the church and society at Cambridge sent a mes- senger to Englanil to invite him ta their pastoral charge ; and he commenc- ed his ministry at Cambridge 8 November 1671. Qn the death of president Hoar, he was invited to the presidency of Harvard College, and entered on that ofRce in 1675. He was a man of extensive erudition, and of distin- guished usefulness. Dr. I. Mather says, " he was one of the greatest lights, that ever shone in this part of the world." 3 Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap, xviii. See A. D. 1615, p. 236. 4 Ibid. chap, xliii. The sentence of banishment of Mr. Wheelwright having been taken off by the general court, he was settled as minister at Hampton ; but afterward went to England. Qn the chai;ge of times there, he returned to New England, and was settled in the ministry at Salisbury , where he continued until his death. See A. D. 1638, p. 304. 5 Chalmers, i. 355, 356, from the ttate of Virgiuia, as delivered to the AMERICAN ANNALS, 453 , died, in \ OakeSy e fiftieth d the ear- iJ About le founder t fourteen s." The persons. * he learned pro- met has threat- , which, had it i near the eartU •pinions learned eferred to Aris- ■ii ; and Travels le following re- ie it has been so tempus, quo ista diligentia. Ad p vacet. Veniet id well accom- r a true friend to lent to tlie fain- and the first magistrate, and respect in both joc. vii. 5 ^—54- luated, he went field. Such was tty, that, on the; lidge sent a mes- nd he commenc- iath of president I, and entered on , and of distin- le greatest lights, |r. Wheelwright |d as minister at • of times there, Itry at Salisbury , 1o4- Idelivcred to the The legislature of Maryland, in this and the sub- i68i. sequent year, made an attempt to introduce manu- Maryiani factures into that colony ; but without much suc- cess. ' Fendal, who had formerly raised an insur- rection in Maryland, and had been pardoned, was now tried for seditious practices, and found guilty. He was fined forty thousand pounds of tobacco ^ imprisoned until pay.\;ent ; and banished the prov- ince. * Edward Randolph came over, the second time, to Randolph Massachusetts, as collector for Boston, and made a "t"™**** . ' - , ' , . Boston. Vigorous, but unsucceooiul, attempt to execute his office. ^ Mason arrived at New Hampshire, and was ad- M'^son mitted to a seat in the council. Asserting, soon af- comesto n. ter, his right to the province, assuming the title of lord proprietor- and proceeding to act according to committee of colonies in Pecember, i68i, by lord Culpepcr. Other par- ticulars are here 3ul)joined. There were lo counties, each of which sent two members to the house of burgesses ; Jamestown sent one. The charges of government were maintained, i. By private levies, raised in each parish, for the minister, church, courts of justice, burgesses' wages &c. 2. By pub- lic levies, raised by act of assembly. 3. By the 2s. a hogshead, with is. 3d. .1 ton, paid for fort duties, wliich amount to £3°°° * year. " The" eccle« siastical " livings are 76 or 77; but the poorness of the country and the low price of tobacco have made them of so much less value, scarcely the half. As to the military power : There is not one fort in the whole conn- try, that is defensible against an European enemy. There may be 15000 lighting men in the country ; and yet they used to count 300 an anny roy- al. In relation to the Indians : We are at pei'cc v/ith all, at least in war >vith none. But that which bids fair to be the speedy and certain luidoing of this colony, is the low or rather no price of the only product of our lands, and our only commodity, tobacco ; For the market is overstocked, and every crop overstocks it more. Our thriving is our undoing ; and our buying of blacks hath extremely contributed thereto, by making more to- bacco : We are too many for that, and too few for any thing else." lb. I Chalmers, i. 366, 367. It made laws for promoting tillage, and rais- ing provisions for exportation ; for restraining the export of leather and hides ; for the support of tanners and shoemakers ; and for encouraging the making of linen and woolen cloth. ft Ch.ilmers, i. 137. See A.D. l6j6, and 1659. 3 Chalmers, i. 410. Hutchinson, ii. 7J. By a letter to the govirnor, Randolph demanded the final resolution of the general court, whether it '"ould admit his commission to be in force, or not ; that he might know how to govern himself. The court remained silent ; " thus," says Chal- mers, " showing equally its contempt for the man, and the embarrassment of its situation." Chalriers, ib. 4x1. i*l» pm If ' t4 if' -^J? 111, ..'I 454 1681. Entries at Ports- tnouth. Amount of ciutomr. March 4. Graat of rennsylva* nia to W. Penn. AMERICAN ANNALS. these pretensions, his conduct was deemed " an usurpation of his majesty's authority here establish- ed," and a warrant was issued for apprehending him ; but he fled to England. ' During the year ending with April 1681, there were entered at Portsmouth forty nine vessels, from ten to one hundred and fifty tons burden.* The amount of the provincial customs, levied at that port during the same year, arising from taxes on wines and liquors, and one penny a pound of the value on the first cost of goods imported, was sixty one pounds, three shillings and one penny. ^ William Penn, the son of Sir Wijliam Penn,* having petitioned Charles II for a tract of territory between the bay and river of Delaware and lord Bal- timore's province of Maryland ; a charter making conveyance of that territory, was signed and sealed by the king, on the fourth of March. It constitut- ed William Penn and his heirs true and absolute proprietaries of the province of Pennsylvania, saving to the crown their allegiance and the sovereignty. It gave him, his heirs and their deputies, power to make laws, by advice of the freemen, anci to erect courts of justice for the execution of those laws, provided they be not repugnant to the laws of Eng- land. ^ The charter being thus obtained, Penn, by I Btflknap N. Hamp. i. 182, 183. Z Chalmers, i. 510. " Many of the said ships were driven in by stress of weat;her, and made no stay." lb. Dr. Belknap, from the Council records, «ays, from 15 June 1680 to iz April 1681, were entered 2Z ships, 18 ketchtis, » barks, 3 pinks, i shallop, and one flyboat ; in all 47. N. Hamp. 1.187. 3 Chalmers, i. 5 1 1. This was money of the province, which was of less value than sterling 33 1-3 per cent. No parliamentary duties were then collected at Portsmouth. Ibid. 4 Sir William was the admiral, who assisted in taking Jamaica. See A. D. 1655. 5 Seethe Charter entire in Proud's Hist. Pennsylvania, i. 171 — 187, and a summary of it in Ciialmers, i. 636. The preamble and the first sec- tion declare the reasons for the grant to be, the commendable desire of William Penn to enlarge the British empire, to promote comm\>dities of trade, to reduce the iavage natives, by just and gentle imanners, to the low of civil society, and the Christian religion ; together with a *• regard to the memory and merits of his Jate father." AMERICAN ANNALS. 45S ncd " an establish- rehending i8i, there jsels, from jn.^ The t that port ; on wines ,e value on sixty one lam Penn,* )f territory- id lord Bai- ter making and sealed It constitut- id absolute ania, saving sovereignty, s, power to and to erect those laws, aws of Eng- d, Penn, by riven in by stress i Council records, retl ^^ s>hlps, i8 11 47. N. Hamp. which was of less duties were then ing Jamaica. Sec ania, i. i?! — ^^7» e und the first scc- meiidable desire of otc commfodlties of vanners, to the lev ha*' regard to thu a public advertisement, invited purchasers. Many - i single persons, and some families, chiefly of the de- nomination of quakers, were induced to think of a removal ; and a number of merchants and others forming themselves into a company, purchased twen- ty thousand acres of his land. ' On the eleventh of j^jy „ July, Penn entered into certain articles with the pur- Conditions chasers and adventurers, which were entitled " Con- cewion*,* ditions and Concessions."* These preliminaries being adjusted, a colony came over to America, this First cob- year, and commenced a settlement above the conflu- "Jp^nn* ence of the Schuylkill with the Delaware. * syivama. Thomas Mayhew, the first settler of Martha's 'T- May- Vineyard, died, in the ninety third year of his age.'* ^'^^' 1682. William Penn, the proprietary of Pennsylvania, P^^nn pub- published a frame of government ; with a body of fringe '^ laws,^ agreed on in England between himself and govern- the purchasers. To prevent all future pretence of '"^"'' claim to the province by the duke of York, or his heirs, he obtained of the duke his deed of release for o^t^'"sthc , . , dukt or _, , , ,, , r ^ r '••'■• York's re- 1 The land was sold at the rate of £20 for every :r:r acres. lease, a These are inserted in Pioud, ii. Append No. I. 3 Proud, i. 170 — 196. Belknap Biog. ii, 395 — 402, 410. Chalmers, i. 640. Univ. Hist. xli. z. Three ships sailed for Pennsylvania, that year ; a from London, and i from Bristol. The John and Sarah, from London, is said to have been the first, that arrived ther , the Amity, from London, with passengers, was blown off to the W. Indies, and did net arrive a; the province until the ensuing spring ; the Bristol Factor arrived at the place, where Chester now stands, on the tith of December. The passengers, seeing some houses, went on shore, near the lower side of Chester creek ; and, the river freezing up that night, they remained there all winter Proud, ibid. 4 Coll. Hist.Soc. i. 102. See A.D. 164a, p. 32a. 5 The frame of government was published in April ; and the chief inten- tion of this famous ciiarter was declared to be " for the support of nower in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of power : For liberty, without obedience, is confusion ; and obedience, v/ith- out liberty, is slavery." The body of laivt, agreed on by the adventurers, and intended as a supplement to the frame, was publibhed in May ; " and it does great honour to their wisdom as statesmen, to their morals as men, W their spirit as colonists." Chalmers, i. 641 — 643. The Frame of Govern-* ment and the Laws are in Proud's Hist, Pcnnsylv. Appendix, No. II. • iin'l "■it ml I 1 1^ mi m -- ul 45« 1682. AMERICAN ANNALS. The terri tories. Oct. 34. Arrives at Newcastle. it ; and, as an additional territory to the province, he procured of the duke his right and interest in that tract of land, which was at first called the territories of Pennsylvania, afterward. The three lower counties on Delaware. * In the month of August, Penn, accompanied by about one hundred passengers, chiefly quakers, em- barked for America ; and landed at New Castle on the twenty fourth of October. The next day the people were summoned to the court house ; where, after possession of the country was legally given him, he made a speech to the old magistrates and the people, acquainting them with the design of his coming, the nature and end of government, particu- larly of that, which he came to establish ; assuring them of " liberty of conscience and civil freedoms," and recommending them to live in sobriety and peace. He also renewed t^ie commissions of the Caihtn as- magistrates. Proceeding d/.erward to Upland •embiy. [Chester], he there called an assembly on the fourth of December.* This assembly passed an act of union, annexing the three lower counties to the prov- ince } ' and an act of settlement, in reference to the I Proud,!. 196 — ao2. Chalmers. 1.641, 645. Belknap Biog. ii. 403-~ 408. The duke of York gave two deeds of feoffment for the territories ; the first was for Newcastle and a district of iz miles round it, as far, as the river Delaware ; the second comprehended the tract from 1 2 miles south of Newcastle to the Hoarkills, " otherwise called Cape Hinlopen." The first tract formed the county of Newcastle ; the second, the counties of Kent and Sussex. Ibid. « This assembly consisted of JZ delegates from the 6 counties, inte which Pennsylvania and DelaVrare had been already divided. The free- men, though allowed by the frame to come, for this time, in their own per- sons, yet declared, that the fewness of the people, their inability in estate, and unskilfulncss in matters of government, would not permit them to act ; and desired therefore, that the deputies, now chosen, might serve both for the provincial council and general assembly ; 3 out of every county for the former, and 9 for (he !;itter. Chalmers, i. 645. 3 Until this union with Pennsylvania, these counties, from the year 1667, had been holden as an appendage to the government of New York. Eacyclop. Brit. v. 719. The want of the royal authorify for this act, with the operation of other cause's, prodnced difficulties, which al'terward render- ed this union void ; and the three lower counties had a separate ubsimbly, though under the same govf'nior. Brlkr.ap Bii^y. ii. 41J, AMERICAN ANNALS. 4S7 *^frgjpc of government." The I^tej^, Sy^edes, 16^2, #nd other foreigners were theo naturalized ; and all tiie laws, agreed on in England, were parsed va. form. ' r . Penn immediately entered into a treaty with the Hoidsa' -natives, from whom he purdiased as mu£h of the ^'■'==»'y ^ith ., , . r 1 1 . J tho native*. .soil, as the circumstances or the colony required, SLud "settled averykind correspondence'* Vvkhtliein, * The proprietary next proceeded, with the ass-ist- cityofPhi- ance of his surveyor general, Thomas Holme, to lay i^fj out* ^ Proud, i. 404 — 206. On the west side of the Delaware, on the land* ^granted to Penn, the Dutch had, at this time, one place for religious wor- fbip at Newcastle ; the Swedes, 3, cne at Christeen, one at Tenecum, and one at Wicocoa (now in the suburbs of Philadelphia). lb. Smith N. Jer- sey, 22. Chalmers [i. 643.] says, " when the proprietary arrived on the i)aDks of the Delaware, he found them inhabited by 3000 persons, composed vf Swedes, Diitcli, Finlanders and English." a Chalmers, i. 644. Proud [ii. 2i2.] says, ,the friendship, now begun, was never interrupted for the space of more than 70 years. One part of Penii's agreement with the Indians was, that they should sell no lands to »ny person, but to himself or his agents ; another was, that his agents should 4 ot occupy nor giant any lands, but those which were fairly purchased pf jthe Indians. These stipulations were confirmed by subsequent acts of As- ,9embly ; and every bargain, made between private persons and the Indians without leave of the proprietor, was declared void. Belknap Biog. ii. 416. Wt-- have no disposition to detract from the merits of the wise and philan- thropic founder of Pennsylvania, or of his pacific colony ; but an exclusive ti- tle to the praise of justice and fidelity toward the natives cannot be granted ,(hem. The author of The History •£ Pennsylvania has cited, on this occa- sion, poetical lines from Descriptio JPennsyl-vania, by Thomas Makin of Phil- adelphia, dated 1729^ ia which New England, in contrast with that colony, -is stigmatized as involving herself in wais with the natives by bar own 4per£dy. f Non regio hxc Indos armis subigendo tenetur, Sed certa emptor! conditioue data est. ' Dira sed infelix, heu ! bella Nov'Aaglia sensit ; In^t qux semper gens malefida fi^it." This latiguage of a poet, when transcribed and translated by an ihiorlaa, .without striaure, becomes injurious. A iittb softening in the tra^slatitiin does not absolve the charge. The facts, recorded in the early histories of iNew England, and especially the laws of the New England colonies, dem« pnstrate a great regard to the rights pf the natives, both in the purchase of jan^Si ai)d in the observance of treaties. Beside what may be found in db.i» .volume, in proof of the assertion, the observations of Dr. B > irly in the ice to Wil- mmediately the earl of >f East Jer- .bout seven halmers [i. 645.! 23 were built in ty, was claimed I larger quantity me of the place, . It had a high lented with pine that, in 1678, a .rare, as Burling- jre, she passed sd trees ; and that own. ).) says, Penn was but he proba- snn, in a letter to that he had com- ithin the space ot 1 to such a large ;ry rapid manner, near 50 miles on ison, assi? ed by le was " cviended • The reason, tes, is, that " they a distant colony." t Barclay, the fa- t Jersey, the next Barclay " some* istration, the gfu Smith. AMERICAN ANNALS. hundred families. * Newark was already a compact ftown, said to contain about one hundred families." A ship arrived, this year, at West Jersey, and land- / ed three hundred and sixty passengers on the Jersey shore, between Philadelphia and Burlington.' Lord Cardross, a nobleman of Scotland, having formed a project for carrying over some of his coun- trymen to Carolina, embarked with a few families, and made an attempt to establish a colony on Port Royal island ; * but this colony, claiming, from an agreement with the proprietaries, coordinate author- ity with the governor and grand council of Charles- town, was compelled, with circumstances of outrage, to acknowledge submission.' Carolina was now first divided into three coun- ties J Berkeley, Craven, and Clarendon.* Gover- nor West, in autumn, held a parliament, which enacted laws for settling a militia ; for making high ways ** through the boundless forest, whioi sur- rounded the capital ;'* for suppressing drunkenness and prophane swearing j and for the observation of the Lord's day.' ^^ - - Randolph, collector of the port of Boston, having written home, that he was in danger of being pun- ished with death, by virtue of an ancient law, as a sub verier of the constitution, was ordered to return to England. Massachusetts was again threatened with a writ of quo warranto ; and her agents in Eng- I Smith N. Jersey, 161. This number was exclusive of the out planta- tions, which were supposed to contain half as many inhabitants as the towns. a Ibid. 159. 3 Ibid. 150. 4 Hewet, i. 88. Cardross soon returned to Britain. lb. 5 Chalmers, i. 544. See A. D. 1686. 6 Ibid. Berkeley filled the space around the capital, as far as Stohd creek on the north, and the Sewee on the south ; Craven occupied the dis- trict to the northward of it, toward Cape Fear, formerly denominated Clar- endon ; and Colleton contained Port Royal and the lands in its vicinity, to the distance of 30 miles. The first of these counties was the only one, so populated, as 10 Wave a county court for the determination of its local af- fairs ; and the 20 members, which composed the lower houic of purliaoieotf were chosen at Charlestown. Ibid. 7 Univ. Hist. xl. 425. Chalmers, i. 544. ■459 1682. W. Jersey. Scotch col- ony settles on Port Royal Isl- and. I Carolina divided in- to counties. RandoIi:di returns t« England. Massacfau* setts threat- ened with a quo luarren- '*^ V.^tiiJliiii'Tf'V^, p^i ■' m% m m m Will 'J ¥$ J -,;«.». WH :;::3» 4^0 AKIERiCAK ANNALSI. • Xv land represented to the general cotfff i)xt t^it d^fJie colony as desperate. ' itate of k Edward Cranfield, arriving at New Haiiilpshire as '*""P****"iieutenant governor and commander in chief, found ^, . that the province contained foiir townships, with ■ .'; four thousand inhabitants, and mustered four hun- , dred and fifty militia.* His administration was ex- jLsk tremely arbitrary and oppressive. ^ ' ^ " M. Sale ]^^ jg ]^ 3 jjg descended the Missisippi to the Se'l ; takes poi- and, in the name of Louis XIV king of France, tak- ing possession of all the country watered by that great river, named it, in honour of the king, Lou- isiana.* . ^ Th6 first assembly of Pennsylvania was holden at session of Louisiana. asiem- pit s'wl""" P^'lsdelphia on the twelfth day of March. On the sy vama. j-gq^g^j. q£ ^j^g assembly and of the freemen for a new charter, it was given them by the proprietary on the second of Aprils and accepted by the provin- cial council imd Assembly on the same day. ^ I Chaliner«, i. 41I1 413. The agents desired the general court fo de£er- nnrie, since many cities in England, and some of the plantations, had sub- mitted, whether it were better to resign itself to the king's pleasure, or to Suffe^a writ to issue* After considerable debate and consideration, it was (ioiichided by the conrt, andby ihfe inhabitants generally, that it were " bet- f ex ltd tKe by the hands of others, than by their own." . Tlie ministers ad- vised the people to this conclusion ; and Hutchinson [i. 337-] says, " the t\ii^i[ tnriled the scale for the last time." Massachusetts had at length s^lit Joseph Dudley and John Richards as agents, in the roam of those, who returned in 1679. They sailed 31 May, 1682,. Hubbard MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixx. The instructions to these agents were given with great caution, and restriction. a Chalmers, i. 494. • ,;,,>. 3 Belknap N. Hanap . i. chap. vKi. Adams N. Eng. 137. . „ 4 Charlevoix Nouv. France, i. 464 ; Fastes Chron. 36. Dil Pratz, i. 3. U^iv. Hisfc xl. 19, ao, 271. Wynno, i. 393. Some of these authors place this discovery in 1683 5 ' ^^^^^ followed Charlevoix. The chevalier de Tonti, who had been left at Fort Crevecqeur [See p. 451]. was oblig'-d by the Illinois to abandon tl»t fortress ; but the persevering Sale placed anoth- er garrison there in i68i ; and built a second fort, which he called St. Lew- is. . Charlevoix Nou . France, i. 464. See p. 417, note i. . J Proud, i. 239, 440. This second charter entitled, « The Frame of the Government of the Province of JPenr.sylvmia and Territories thereunto an- nexed, in America," is in Proud, ii. Append. No. III. By this charter the provincial council was to consist of 18 persons, three from each coiinty ; • ; •. ''t Hut "1 ' ',' ,J'* 1. -Sr-t;'i .•;;;? ':•„'.. -T.r •I.-. 1 .'jijj'. • ilii ..• batte * * w*, »rf *.» iV^'l .«t AMERICAN ANNALS. 461 nlpshire Jt« lief, fdufid tilps, \vith foiir hun- oii was ex- to the 5ea ; ranee, tak- ed by that king, Lou- ,s hblden at li. On tlie lemen for a proprietary the provin- ^y-' ..... ai court to defef- itations, had sub- 's pleasure, or to I'lderdtion, it was \at it were " bet»- I'he ministers a.d- I337.] says, "the ta had at length Dm of those, who ^rd MS. N. EHg. ith great caution, , "Da l?ratz, i. 3* lese authors place The chevalier de R, was oblig''d by [ale placed anoth- le called St. LeW- rhe Frame of the lies thereunto an- I this charter the |m each county ; Among the i?ettlcrs of Pennsylvania sotne, who> Came from Germany, of the denomination of qua- kers, settled seven miles distant from Phihidelphia, and called their settlement Germantown. ' A set- tlement was also made in that province by a large number of the ancient Britons, and called North Wales.' The inhabitants of New York now first partici- pated in the legislative power. Thomas Dongan, arriving as governor of that province, issued orders to the sheriffs, to summon the freeholders, for choos- ing representatives to meet him in assembly on the seventeenth of October. ^ Articles of high crimes and misdemeanor were presented to the committee of plantations, by Ran- dolph, against the corporation of Masssachusetts in June ; and an order of council was passed on the twenty sixth of July, for issuing a quo warranto a- gainst the charter of Massachusetts, with a declara- tion from the king, that if the colony, before prose- cution, would make full submission and entire re- signation to his pleasure, he would regulate their atid the assembly vfzi to be composed of 36, six ftohi each county, " hiefi of most note for their virtue, wisddtli dnd ability." The amendments, in* troduced into this second charter, had previously been agreed on. lb. 139. 1 PFoud, i. 319, 220, 230. I'hey consisted of about 20 families, from the Palatinate. 2 Ibid. Several of these settlers were of the original or early stock of the tociety of Friends in Wales. They had early purchased of the proprie« tary, in England, 40,000 acres of land. In the three first ye&iS, there ar- rived at Pennsylvania, from London, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, Cheshire, Lan- cashire, Holland, Germany, Sic. about 50 sail of ships, with passengers or iettiersi Ibid. 3 Smith N. York, /,4. The cotiticil, the court of aseizes, and the corp»> ration of New York, had concurred in soliciting the duke of York to per- hiit the people to have a share in the governitient ; and the duke informed the deputy govertibr of the province, that he intended to establish the sanvf form of government, as the other plantations enjoyed, " particularly in the choosing of an assembly." Dongan, " a man of integrity, moderation, and genteel manners, though a professed papist," was appointed governor in 1682, and instructed to call an assembly. It was to consist of a council cothposed of iw ihcmbersi and of a hoUse of representatives, chosen by th« freeholders, composed of 1 8 members^ The laws of this legislature wer« to be of no force, without the rBtificBtiM of the proprietary. Chlilm. i. |84> 1683. German- town set- tled. North Wale«. First legis- lative as- sembly in N. York, Quo war- ranto a- gainstMas- sachusetts, 111 I I I 11. 1. Iilli Mm 4^% 1683. Fire in Bokton. Printinp press not aJ lowed in Virginia. ActJ of Carolina. ]Frcnchfort. June x8. Miissacliu- siriviid of k Its diuTter. AMERICAN ANNALS, charter for his service and their good, and with no farther alfi^'rations, than should be nrressary for the supi^ort of his government there, ^^'andolph, the evil genius of Massachusetts, arrived with the quo ivarranto in October.' The Jay after his arrival, a great fire happened in the richest part of the town of Boston. * « Lord Effingham, appointed governor of Virginia, was expressly ordered " to allow no person to use a printing press on any occasion whatsoever."* To remedy the distress, felt by the want of a com- mon measure of commerce, the parliament of Caro- lina " raised the value of foreign coins." It also suspended all prosecution for foreign debts.* The French erected a fort between the lakes Eric and Huron.* • ' • ' it 1684. :^ The high court of chancery in England, on the elglueenth of June, gave judgment for the king a- gainst the governor and company of Massachusetts ; their charter was declared to be forfeited ; and their liberties were seized into the king*? hands. ^ Colo- nel Kirk, of opprobrious memory, was now appoint- ed governor of the colonies of Massachusetts, New z Hutchinson, i. 338. Bibliotheca Amcric. 104. Chalmers, 1.4 14, 462. 2 Hutchinson, ib. It consumed a great number of dwelling houses, ivare houses, and vessels. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 269. 3 Chalmers, i. 34J ; " agreeably to the prayers of Sir W. Berkeley." See A. D. 1671. 4 Chalmers, i. 545. Thejirst of these acts gave rite to the currency of Carolina, which afterward became extr«mely depreciated. The teeondt though at first confirmed by the proprietaries, was afterward dissented from, " because it was contrary to the king's honour, since it was in effect to stop the course of justice ; because the parliament had no power to enact a law, so contrary to those of England." They also issued orders," that all •fHcers should be displaced, who had promoted it." Ibid. 5 Minot, i. x8i. " During the peace, from 1667 to 1683, the French, with a spirit of enterprise and perseverance, which do them honour, form- ed a settlement at Dettoit, established a fort still farther westward at Mis^ silimaklnack, and extended their commerce among the numerous tribes that hunt on the banks of the Missisippi. They wete> however, steadily opposed by the Five nations." Chalmers, J. 589. 6 Hutchinson, i. 3 40 ; ii. 5. Chalmers, i. 415. . ^^^ . ^ .^^:. i ♦ . ; - AMERICAN ANKALS. 4^:5 with no y for the alph, the h the quo arrival, a the town F Virginia, m to use a L of a com- it of Caro- ," It also its.* lakes Eric .nd, on the the king a- isachusetts ; 1 ; and their is.* Colo- iow appoint- iisetts. New mers, i.4I4»46a- dwelling houses, ;ir W. Berkeley." ) the currency of ited. The teeondt erward dissented ce it was in effect lo power to enact d orders, "that all J683, the French, em honour, form- westward at Mis'^ I numerous tribes however, steadily Hampshire, Maine, and Plymouth ; but, before his 1684. commission and instructions could be finully settled, the demiseof king Charles annulled his aj^pointment. ' The iMve Nations, since the peace of 1671, had •'' turned their arms to the southward, and conquered the mntry from the Missisippi to the borders of the plantations, as far as Carolina. Virginia and calamities of their ? to protect, ex- j settle a peace treaty was ac- Aug. a. Peace mad* with the Five Na- Maryland, oft^n involved in Indian allies, whom they wl cept by treaties, found it cxj with the ferocious conquer. cordingly holden at a grand ccjnvention in Albany and, on the second of August, a peace concluded by lord Effingham and governor Dongan in behalf of tions. all the settlements. * * Penn, the proprietary of Pennsylvania, went to penngoe* England, leaving his province under the administra- toEngUnd. lion of five comissioners, chosen from the provincial council.' Philadelphia already contained nearly threehundred houses, and two thousand inhabitants.* In every town in East Jersey, there was a house e. jersey, for public worship, where religious service was per- formed every week. * The line of partition was run between New York Line bf - and Connecticut/ Z^l All the land in the towns of Dorchester and Mil- Connect. ton, in Massachusetts, with the exception of six New grant thousand acres previously reserved for the Indians, off orches* X Chalmers, 1.4 1 7. /. • {■ a Colden,44. Chalmers, i. 587. Smith N. York, 46. . 3 Chalmers, i. 650. Thomas Lloyd was at the head of them, as president. 4 Belknap Biog. ii. 424. Twenty other settlements were begun, includ- ing tliose of the Dutch and Swedes. Ibid. Proud, i. 288. 5 Smith N. Jersey, 186. The people " being mostly New England men, do mostly incline to their way. They have no public laws in the country for maintaining public teachers, but the towns that have them, make way within themselves to maintain them." Newark appears to have been the only town in the province, which had a settled preacher, who ** followed no other employment." Ibid. Letter from John Barclay and others to the proprietors. 6 TrumbuU, i. 385. . It was confirmed by the governor; of those col«' lies 24 February, 1685, ter and Milton* '^m Ml! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V C^x ///// /> V^^«^ 1.0 I.I ■^ lii 12.2 t US 112.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► V] <^ / 'm <*% /A ^'-V^ C»;,-^* Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ^.y ^* ^^'^f ' 4^4 AMERICAN ANNALS. %6B4» wtM granted and cony^^yed m a confirmatory deed item Charlc« Josiah, lU^ifid at $iame distjuice before hjs in.en, v^ich his pipe in Jus mouth, and /• ^ ^ th|e great calumet of peace before him, did nothing but look «t the end af hjit pipe, during this harangue. ^Vlien it was finished, he walk^ five^r df tifies rminaithe circle, mi tbao, standing upright, chus answered 'die jFrench ^eper^l, who was stiJU seated in his elbow jchaif': i< Q^nyiptio, I ^ honour you, and all the warriors, who are with me, honour you. Yoimt <*jpterpiieter has Sniahed your speech; I now begin mine. My worck ** make haste to reach your ears ; hearken to them. Oon^tio, in Mtfifg " out from Quebec, you nvust have imagined, that the scorching beaws of ** the tun Ixad burnt down the forests, which r<^nder our country inaccessi- " ble to the French ; or that the inundations of the 1(^«^ had thvA ys fitf jp " o.ur (;astles. But now ypu are undeceived ; ior I .yid my warr^^trf have ' ** come to assure you, that the Senekas, Cayugas, Onondagos, Oneidas, and " jSi^ob^wks, are y^t alive." -Aftn ascribing the pac^c overtRTies qf che general to the impotence of the French, and repelling the chare?? brp,Mg}>t JtgatBit hK countrymen, he added ; " We are bom free ; weiiave no de- " pendence either on the Onnuntio or the Corlar."* This speech, which furnishes an interesting specimen of the spirit and eloquence of the aborig- inals, has this admintble conclusion : " My voice is-che voice of aH tjkte Five ** Nations. Hear \vhat diey say ; open your ears to what diey speadc. The * Senekas, Cayugas, Onondagos, 'Oneidas, and Mohawks tfiy, that y^en * they buried the hatchet at Cataraouoy, in liie presence qf your predeces- ** soyt, in the very centre of the fur^t, and planted the tree of peace in -the " «ame place, it was then agreed, that the 4on ahovAA be used «s 9 jplaee of ** nnduzvouK for merchants, «ud not -as a refuge for soldiers. Hear, Pn- * nuncio, you ougbt to take care, ihat so grodt a iramber at spldicrs, as ap- *■ {tear there, do not choke -the tree of peace, planted Li sp shmU .a fort, %nd f"bii^r it from >iuuliBg both your country and our« with its branches. I *' do as&uru you, that our warriors shall dance to die calumet c|f peace jm* '^ TULu given, iy tL^r Jndiatit ft tbegrvtrmrt <>f CmituStl "fid If. iT/ii. deed ionof liiada, itryof e sum of en preji^- fathier, pf Fall of St. weeks at le Fren<4» gn •with a :e design- 9Bd SeQ«- n6iaat 3ij4 eif to Ga- uded yvith ipg tfee Ip- Garang)!' nouth, and Iked five^r «wer«d Ae O^nwtio, I ou. Yov My words g beaeas of y inaccessi- 1^ vs »V }^ irrwri have ineidas, and tpr/es qf«hc lave no de- e^h, which the a*orig- aU l^e Five ipeadc. The that v^en If predeces- ;acc in *he I ^ place of Hear.On- U«r8, a« ap- lafort,«nd tranches. I ^ peace ^n- AtV!]&fet€AN XMNALS. rir.iS-! v- •^■' tti ?- 4«J coontiea. CJharles It died on the sixteentli olM'eWuary. tie Dekth of \iiras succeeded by his brother James II, who was Vj^'",/' proclaimed at Boston on the twentieth of April.* proclaimed Connecticut, with the otW colonies, congratulated ** ^****"»* him on his accession to tiie throne, and begged the protection of her chartered privileges ; but m July _^^ ^^ a quo warranto was issued against the governor and ranto a- company of that colony. * A similar writ was issued ^^j"?!^^*" in Octobei- against Rhode Island. ' Randolph was R^iliand. now appointed, by the lord treasurer Rochester, dcp- ^.^^^ p^^^. wty post master of New England. ** King James, on master in the eighth of October, issued a commission, in which ? Dudley^ Joseph Dudley, a native of Massachusetts, was ap- appointed pointed president of N6^ England. « president. ' • The colony of Plymouth -S^as divided into three Plymouth cWUtttits J Plymouth, Barnstable, atid Bristol.* ^^^Ji^ *■ der its leaves, and that we will novet.di^ dp the ax tp tti.% it d6wn, trntil ** the bntiuhtio or the Corlar shall either jointly or separately endeavour *to iiiH'de thfi icoantty, Which the gi«ii Spirit has given to our ancestors. " This belt confirms ttfy words ; and this otlier, the authority, which tli'e *• Five Nations have given hie.'* Enraged stt this hold rejjly, De la Barrc retired to his tent, and priukntly suspended his menace. Two days aftiert at the conclusion of the peace, the thdian chief and his retinue rettimed to their country, and the Fref i. 301—304. They are signed by Edtvard Randolph. 3 Gallender, 47. Adanis N. Eng» i4t. t 4 Chalmers, i. 463. This appears to be the first instance of such ah ap^^ ^ointment in the Englisli colonics. Ibid. 5 Htttdiimon, i. 34i-*34J *, 350-^353* Belknap N. Hamp.i; a30— >31. Trnmball, i. 38B. ColU Hitt. Sec. v. £44. Chalriie.s, i. 418. The rtiyal ^rasp did not at firtt take in '.■■'''■'' ■"* ■• A -■ i 'i VI '.T-; «,.■>>"' ? « 4^6 AMERICAN ANNALS. ,^;«.^ 01 TltH eoU Wctor of Charles- town. Charles- town S. C. regulated. Branforrl cesettltd. Population of Canadu. i^rt Royal broken up by the Spaniards. 't'td;.. that colony' there were, at this time, one thousand fonr hundred and thirty nine praying Indians. * The commerce of Charlestown, the capital of Ca- rolina, began to attract notice in England, and the first collector was established for that port. * The assembly of Carolina passed an act for clear- ing the lots and streets of Charlestown, and for set- tling and regulating a nightly watch in the town.' The town of Branford, in Connecticut, after a Jong period of desertion, became resettled, and rein- vested with town privileges.* ^^' The inhabitants of Canadaamounted to seventeen thousand ; three thousand of whom were supposed to be capable of bearing arms*' ^'^%4 i^» ^ * if ^--r-- 1686- -'"^ J::^ The Spaniards at Sf. Augustine, suspecting that the English colonists inflamed the natives against them, invaded the southernmost frontiers of Caroli- na, and laid waste the feeble settlements of Port Royal. " A writ of quo warranto was issued, about this time against the patent of Carolina. ' 264 X Hutchinson, i. 349. At Pawmet, Billin^rsgatc 7 and Eastham or Nauset 5 Manamoyet - - - - "5 Kackatuckut and iffobscusset Z4l Matakeesec - ... - 70 Scarrttcn ur Scanton - - 51 Manhpei' - - - » w XJ^t Sackanrtset -•<--•- ya Monamet ^ * .'>Va,4 **^ t^U. Saltw» ond - - m 90 Namati a rieicut - * 70 Namati.. ^ omt - - - - , 40 *■<»'. Moxisset • ar a • - 85i* Coojrit' - - - • . • m zao'^ SticdBet ^ m ^ ^ m • 90 » 1439 Beside boys arid girls under IX years old, who were supposed to be more than three time» that nun.ber. lb. a Chalmers, i. 548. Drayton, S. C" ''i. 160. 3 Drayton S. Carol, aoi. " The « first known aet" for that purpose. 4 Trumbull, i. 289, 390. Mr. Piersen, minister of Branford, and almost Kis'wholc church and congregation, tvere so dissatisfied with the union of NeW Haven and Contlecticut in 1665, that they soon removed into N«w- ark, in New Jersey. People from various parts of the colony gradualiy movsd into the dtscrtcd totvh. J Chalm. i. 609. "An accurate account taken by order of the gevernor.*^ 6 Chalmers i. 537, 548. The Carolinians prepared to attack i>t. A'«gus«> tine ; but were restrained by the remonstrance of the proprietaries, -.rd relinquished, the project. Hewet [i. 89.'] says, no attempts were afterward made f(ir many years toward establishing a colony in that quarter. 7 Chalmers, i. 549. « The proprietaries, prudently Vending btfore * AMERICAN ANNALS. 4^7 ■»« -^• ' The attorney general of England was ordeiFed to i686. prosecute writs of quo warranto against East and Q"o war- West Jersey with effect. ' Several persons in East 'y^°^if..jc Jersey having received abuses, and been put in great w. jerwy. fear by quarrels and challenges, a law was made for ■.*'^i their suppression. * King James, determining to establish the same state of the arbitrary rule in New York, as he designed for New ^°y '^'n*^ England, deprived that colony of its immunities. York, Dongan, whose commission was now renewed, was instructed, among other articles, *' to allow no print- ing press." Deprived, at the same time, of the as- aembly. New York was reduced to the condition of a conquered province. There were now in that province four thousand foot, three hundred horse, and one company of dragoons. The shipping, belong- ing to the city of New York, had increased to nine or ten three mast vessels, of about eighty or ninety tons J two or three hundred ketches or barks, of about forty tons 5 ai>d about twenty sloops, of — twenty five tons. * The city was ijow first regular- ly incorporated by a charter.* Albany, on the^u,^y, Hudson, W4S incorporated this year.* storm, which it seemed vaio to resisti eluded the force of 9 blast, that had laid the charters and governments of Ne^y Erjland in ruins." They otl'ered a treaty of surrender. See ibid. 564 — 566. Carolina had as yet no cummodity fit for the markets of !^rope, but a few skins, and a little Ckdv ; l)Oth of which did not amount yearly to ;{^20oo. lb. X Chalmers, i. 621. The proprietaries now represented to king James, that they had paid fo|: this province ;£i 3,000, and that they had already |jnt to it several hundreds of people from Scotland. 2 Smith N. Jersey, 193. The law declared, that none, by word or message, shall make a challenge upon pain of si;c months imprisonment, without bailor maiuprize, and a ^10 fine ; that whoever accepts or con- ceals, the challenge shall also forfeit ;£ 10 ; that no person sliall wear any pocket pistols, skeins, stilladers, daggers or dirks, or other unnspal weapons, upon pain of ^5 forfeiture for the first offence, and for the second to be committed ; and, on conviction, Imprisoned fof 6 months and to pay a fine of ^10. No person might go armed with swprd, pistol, or dagger, on pc- )ialtyofj(|5. Ibid. 3 Chalmers, i> 588, 601. .:: 4 Smith N« York, 195. New York was put under the government of 8 mayor and aldermen in 1665 ; which Smith denominated an incorpora- tion. Se«thiK^ear. ^ Ibid. 198. ")!».r,f»-j'J •i.'I^M-T'^ ^ •.'■f'-.J3.3 }.»- 7 .■!!'* vM. K.lT. .. 4(^8 AMliUICAN ANNAUS. \ -'J « Atsumes i6B$. Sir EdmunJ A'^^''^? arrived at Boston ou the ?dr*«* twentieth of Peccn^l^cf, with 'a commission from Yim tt "' l^iflg Jam? 8 for tb^ governnxent of New Eiigliind* * 9oftoo. lie wa^ iii9trMctccl to appoiiu no one of the council, or any to o^Wr oiTi^e^, but thosf of the betit estates and characters, and to displace none >vithout suffice icnt cause » to continue the former laws of ttie coun- try, so fi|r as t];icy were qo|: inconsistent with his ^omn^issjou or instructionii, until other regulations "^ere established by the governor and council ; to aU low no printing press ; to give universal toleratioi^ in religion, but cncouragen^ent to the church of £ngr land } to execute the laws of trade, and prevent frauds in the customs. To support, u government, that could not be submitted to from choice, a small miht^ry establishment, consisting uf two companies of soldiers, was formed, and military stores wer^ transported, * *^ Before the expiration of the n^onth, Andros, agrce- mwuofR'^^^y to his orders, dissolved the government of Island. Rhode Island ; broke its seal ; admitted five of its inhabitants into his legislative council ; and assumed the administration. ^ w *"d "'k Many of the inhabitants of Roxbury, in Massa- chusetts, received from the government the grant of a trs^ct of land, in the southern part of the colony, for a settlement, which was named Woodstock. * come* to 5amuel Lee, a dissenting minister of London, of NXngiand. gTCat learning and reputation,came to New England. ' Z Sewall'i MS, Diary. Chalmers [i. 419.] suys, he was Appointed ci{ip- tun general and vice admiral pf Massachusett^i Hiiw Hiinuib^ure, Muiuvi, Plymouth, Peniaquid, and Narraganset, during pleasure. " He wm receiv- ed with a satisfaction in proportion only as he was Icm dreaded than Kirk." lb. 4a I. Hume ^Hist. Eog-] calls Rii,-k " a barbarian." See an account of him ib. » Chalmers, i.'4)0, 421. Judge Suwali, who lived in Boston, wd W4* there when Androl arrived, writes in his Djary : " Dec. 24. About 60 red- coats are brought to town, landed at Mr. Pool's wharf, where drew up, and so marched to Mr. Gibbs's house at Fort Hill." 3 Ibid. 479. When Andros d«{«janded the Chart<5r of Clark*, the lute governor of R. Island, he promised to deliver it " at :. fitter (casoii." Ib.42(. 4 Hutchinson, ii. 204. Bounded south by Woudward and S^ffi^ry'ii line. J Sewall MS. Diary. He was scttled'in the ministr)' at Bristol, not long AMURfCAN ANNALS. 4^9 in, oi ccl cap*^ recelv- Kirk." pjj WW . ' the li\te i^ lb. 42 1. y*s line. lot lon^ l)iii]t ill Uoton for' i \vuh tMk(:n by a I'roncti prtvuti'tir, iuiU carritid wta Ki. Muluci in France. Mia family bviii|; nvnt tlit-nce intu Mnjclundi vyitbout hii* knowiudgu, anil he, by thtt king'* oidfr, detained ; hv ft^ll into, » fcytf^ ; and died ax n fvyv di»y«i AiUt. KXIV- He well uud«riitoi«d th% laurnixi l;inguug«it ; ipoko L/utin fluuntly and vlegantly ; was wvll viirtvd i)i iUl th« libtiai arta und St,ib(tceH ; ** waa ^ great niUHlcr in phyoic suid akhytny ; uiui no atran^ri^r to any piut of polite nr uwiful learning." L'abuny'd Con-. tiimation pi Account of injected Miuiti^cra, i. J3 — 56. Amou); the M.S& prciurved in thu %ltii>h Musoutn, there ii one of Samuel Lee, 'entitled| *' /Vniwt^r to muiiy ^uvrius rebtivu to Amurica, cbiufl/ to tho' Natural Pro- fluctioni and Difcaitei. t6';u." Bibiiutb- Anieric 30. I Coll. i-}ist. iSoc. iji. %,SQ. Tlie st;rvice wai« introduced before the arrival ol Androi. Kandoiph was active in praii)otiu){ it, Judge Sewall writes in luH injury : " AugUHt 5 [168H Williaut I-iurrifon ihe boddice luaker ia buried, which it tiic first thut 1 know of buried with the Coiinnun Priiycr Book ill fiotton. lie wus foruieily Mr. Kaiidoipirn lundlord." " Auguht 21. Ml*. Randolph and Mr. Diillivant were liurc Mr. Randolph ni«:n- tioned a contribution toward buil(lin)r them a church, and »eenied to KP« uway displeased because i spake not up to it." ■ Androi, on the day of hi* atriv;il , applied for the use of one of the ihurche* in Uuston. Judge iiewaU (ib.) luiving mentioned, that the guveruor and counsellors took the outh* at the Town house (remarking, that the *' governour stood with hi« hat on when oaths given to counsellors"), writes : " It seems [hcj speaks to the ministers in the Library about accommodation as to a meeting house, thut might so contrive the time, as one house might serve two assemblies." '* Dec. 21. There is a meeting at Mr. Allen's of the Ministers and four of each Congregation, to consider what answer to give the Governour ; and it w^ agreed, that could not with a good conscience consent that our meet* ing liousus should b^ made use of fur the Cwnmon Prayer worship.'* ^ ** March 23, i(>lJl6-7. This day iiis Excellency views the three meetiiie bouses. 23. The Covernour sends Mr. Randolph for the keys of our meet« ing house [Old South], that may ^y prayers there. Mr. Lliot, Frary, Oli- ver, Savage, Davil, aud myself wait on his e:tcellency, show that the land and house is ours, and that we can't consent to part with it to such use { cxliibit an extrSict of Mrs. Norton's deed, and how 'twas built by particular persons, as Hull, Oliver, ^ too apiece &c." "Friday, March 25, 1687. The Governour has service in the South meetinghouse. Goodm. NeedhanOt tho' had resolved to the contrary, was prevailed upon to ring the bell and open the doojr at the Governour'^ command, one Smith and Hill, joiner and bl;(iemaker, being very busy about it." 2 Ibid. 264. 'i'bere was a contribution in New England for their relief. In Salem ^i6 were contributed in September. " The greater part went to \,i)fi wvtk*iifS^ HffUm^ pATticuliurly to Suutiji Carolina." Ilud. yL 465. v ;■> r 47* AMERtCAN ANMALS. rf-f r^,^l'^*ff fJl^rri' rlj Quo w»r* Th^ a(t*6rhey general received ordcr^i from kin^ dwld tt-" Janies, in April, to issue a writ of j«d warranto a gainit Ma r/luid. Andro* as- •ume* the govern- ment of Cnnnecti* «»>w> li,'*/* Order rt'v- • gainst the charter of the proprietor pf Maryland ; but no judgment was ever obtained.* Sir Ldmund Andros went, in October, with his suite and more than sixty regular troops, to Hart- ford, where the assembly of Connecticut was then sitting ; demanded the charter \ and declared the government to be dissolved. The assembly, ex* tremely reluctant and slow to surrender, or to pro- duce, the charter, kept the subject in debate and sus« pense until evening } when the charter was brought and laid on the table, where the assembly was con- vened. The lights were now instantly extinguished. There was no appearance however of disorder. The candles were religiited *, but the patent was gone. Sir Edmund assumed the government \ and the re- cords of the colony were closed. * An order was transmitted from England to the pcrthig£ governor of New York, to permit vessels to pass, Jersey. without interruption, to East Jersey, on paying th £ngland^ '.f. AMERICAN ANNALS. 47 » M' kin^ 1/0 a- md ; h hia Hart- then \ the r, ex* ) pro- ,d sust ought s con- lished. :. The gone, the re- to the J pass, ng th«? i%vorth of je hollow ewrver of ouk Htood len one of lire of the iom time, to an in- Wyllys of rce, which Hill. The f its glory, dud in the ^eiuures IS ch was the to admit * as if it had , £nglandi f.» There were in Massachusetts, at thin time, beside 1687. the principal churcii at Natick, four Indian asscm- JjjJjJ,,, ^ blies of religious worshippers. In Plymouth colo- nnd aHvm* ny, beside the principal church at Marshpce, there ^'^J^'", . >vere five assemblies in that vicinity, and a large con- I'lymoutk. gregation at Saconet. Between Saconet and Cape Cod there were six societies, with an Indian teacher to each ; one church at Nantucket ', and three at " ' * Martha's Vineyard. ' James II detached Sir Robert Holmes, with a small j^JJJ'"'^!^; fleet, and an extraordinary commission, for suppres- irn^"^ratet sing pirates in the West Indies. The governor and «"W.iiidiM. council of Carolinu received orders to show an ex- ample of submission to his powers, and to aHord ev- ery assistance to his armament. ' M. de la Sale, the discoverer of Louisiana, return- Ucath of inc from an enterprise for the discovery of the mouth ^* ** '' ofthe Missisippi, was shot, in a mutmy^ by one of his own men. ^ I Mather Magnal. book iii. 194, X9.<. " There are 6 cKurchet of ba}^ , , ^^ tized Indians, and 18 assemblies of catachumens, professing the name ol , , Christ. Ofthe Indians there are 24, who are preachers of the Word of '^/ Ood ; and beside the.se there are four English ministers, who preach the jfospel in the Indian tongue." Ibid. Lett, of L Mather to ProfeMor f^cua- den of Utrecht. z Chalmers, i. 546, ,747. ■* This sensible project proved successful; : tiH new causes not long after gave rise to piratical adventures, which required 'Al the continued energy of William and Mary to suppress." lb. Oniv. Hist. Ttli. 361, 362. Hume says of James II, that ** his application to naval aJTairf was successful, his encouragement of trade judiciouc, his jealousy of nation- al honour laudable." Hist. £ng. James II, chap. ii. Henault says, the pub- ' lie arc indebted to this prince, when only duke of York, for the contrivance of signals on board a fleet, by the means of flags and streamers. Histt trance, ii. aoo. 3 Univ. Hibt. xl. a6o. After his discovery in 1682, he went to France^ and obuined leave of the king to discover the mouth of the Missisippi, and to make a settlement there. He sailed in 1684 from Rochelle, with 4 ves- sels, 100 soldiers, and a number of people for settlement. Arriving at a large bay, he toole it to be the right branch of the Missisippi, and called it .St. Louis. This was the bay of St. Bernard, at the distance of 100 leaguet westward of the Missisippi. Here he built a fort, and put 100 men in it. He made war on the natives ; and travelled along the coast, to find the true mouth uf the great river, which at length he imagined he had discovered ; and built a second fort. Returning to his first fort, and finding that hif frigate, and most of the men, goodst and provisions were lost ; he took a few men with him, and travell«l through the country« to find out the Uli- f French hoAMitkM. Rikr«fiN A- gainst the Seoelut. 4p AMERICAN Al^NALS. ThI Ffench tbwn aim^ a MbW, \vhie!i thrifiiten* ed to dc«foy all the British liiiettsi in North Ata&e* ica. * M. de D^nonville, ^ucceedifig M. de la Baite, took th« fi«)d with fift^^n hundred Freneh and five! hundred Indians. The Senekis had absolutely rc^ fused to rtieet M. de la Barre at the late,treaty, und were kftown to be most ftnttly attached to *he Etig- lish 9 it ifiras therefore determined to exthrpate tf humble them, and to make themexamj^les of French refietitment to iill the other Indtfttis. M. Denon* vtlie commenced his march ft'om Catarktui foit on the twenty third of June. When the army had reached the foot of a hill, about a quarter of a league from the chief village of the Senekas, the Indies, who lay in ambush,' suddenly raised the war shout, ^ with a discharge 6f ilre arms. This surprise threw " the French into confustori, of which the Senekad, took iftst&!nt advantage, and fell on them with greit f > fury ; but the French Indians rallied at length, and repulsed them. In this action, a hundred French* men) ten lI'WiicK Indians, and jibout eighty Senek^S liifttt killed. The next day Denouville marched for« ward, witli the intention of burning the Village ^ but found it in ashes. The Senekas had bUrnea it, ' and Ked. ^ I^othiiig was left to employ the valour nmki^fpestng by that river (iomfifntoCilfiadi. Od iltin lourtiey h« wa» kilMi The reit of the ptny fnnHwHi hf th< Vhif OS ^e Illifrois to Qae- b«t. The CSairicoet^ an indfcin tribe, Which had been ill treated Hy ««Mte of the Aew aettlen^ no tooihlir heifrd of Sate'^ death, than th^y Mtrpri$6d th» ~ inhiMtaDtv of St. LdnAu, and mtfrdSfM thetti ail, v^ith the ixctpibri of four or five persons, whom they carried to their village. Univ4 Hrat; xL tJ;o— ' a4jv Henmspm m Harrts V(jy.il.$ii-H>if' Du Pirati, i. 6. Ettcydop. Meth<»dt4ue, Cbm^ercif Airf. CoMl'Abftlfe !6\i Missis^t-f j du J^ tA Ibt?- IH*MS. Atlas CHog. Amcs-i^, V. 681. 1 « Tb* vftiT was undtfftaltfcrt. cnonly tift/ti ftWhd M tlM? ftfetlfi #1r* Wers Hiil mb jtf^ci* aiia bollodi to niafce «6tf|i f©r AM ^fMToR afti i Vf..t .■iSr'-«iM^if''t ^ W?^.. AISIERICAN ANNALS. 47$ oF the soldiers, but tlic corn In the fields, which they ^ . eflftjctuully destroyed. Before Dcnonville returned to Cuniida, lie biiih a fort of four bastions at Niaga- ra, and left in it a hundred men, with provisions ; but it was soon after abandoned.' 1688. • The inhabitants of several towns in the county of opposition Essex, in Massachusetts, refused to lay the assess- '° Andro*' ments, without which the taxes, imposed by the Jion.' "* grand legislative council, under the administration of Andros, could not be collected. " The feeble but magnanimous efforts of expiring freedom" were con- sidered as seditious ; and punishments were inflicted, proportioned to the aggravations of the supposed crime. * So great already were the oppressions of the colony, that some of the principal colonists sent the reverend Increase Mather to England, as an a- gent, to represent their grievances to the king. ' It being determined to superadd New York and n. York & the Jersies to the jurisdiclicn of the four colonies of ^dJa't'o' New England ; a new commission was passed in thejurisdk- March appointing Andros captain general and vice Engird!" admiral over the whole. Francis Nicholson was soon after named his lieutenant, with the accustom- ed authority. The constitution, established on this occasion, was a legislative and executive governor and council, who were appointed by the king, with- out the consent of the people. * 1 Colden, 77 — 79. Univ. Hist. xl. 37 — 39. Charlevoix Nouv. France, i.516 — 518. 2 Chalmers, i. 42a. The select men of Ipswich voted, " That inasmuch as it is against the privilege of English subjects to have money raised, with' out their own consent in an assembly or parliament, therefore they will pe- tition the king, for liberty of an assembly, before they make any rates." Sir Edmund caused them to be imprisoned and fined, some £20, some ^^30, and some ^50, as the judges, by him instructed, should see fit to determine. Mr. Appleton, who had been an assistant, and Mr. Wise the minister ol Ipswich, were imprisoned. Hutchinson, i. 365. ,^ Hutchinson, i. 366. Randolph, having failed in one action of defama- tion against Mr. Mather, was bringing forward a new action against him. To avoid the service of the writ, he kept concealed ; and sopie of his chvircb carried him aboard ship in the night, in disguise. lb. 4 Chalmers, 1.425. S ss 474 AMERICAN ANNALS. r.xpcilition cf Andros a;;ainHt the eastern In- dians. I'irit c'iiis- copul chh. built ill Masuuchus. Population ofN.Fruncc Fob. 16. William & Mary yrc claiiiied in England. The eastern Indians having renewed hostilities, ' Andros marched against them at the head of eight hundred men. On his approach, they retired into their ftistnesses j but, by estabUsbrng garrisons, by detaching numerous parties, to attack their settle- ments and destroy their scanty provisions, he reduc- ed them to the greatest distress, and secured the country from their incursions. * The first episcopal church in Massachusetts was erected in Boston, in Tremont street, and called King's Chapel. * The French, settled in New France, now amount- ed to eleven thousand two hundred and forty nine persons. * 1689. King James having abdicated the throne, William, prince of Orange, and Mary, the daughter of James, were proclaimed on the sixteenth of February. * A report of the landing of the prince of Orange in England had reached America ; but before the news of the entire revolution arrived, a most daring one was effected in New England. The colonists had borne the impositions of the new administration ubout three years. Their patience was now exhaust- ed. A rumour, that a massacre was intended in 1 The lands from Penobscot to Nova Scotia had been ceded to the French by the treaty oi Breda. 'I'he baron de St. Castinc had for many years rosided on tiiosc land^, and carried on a large trade with the Indians, with whom he was intimately connected, having several of their women, beside a daughter of the sachem Madokawando, for his wives. In x686, a •.lup, belonging to Pascatuqua, landed some wines at Penobscot, supposing it to be within the French territory. The agents of the duke pf York at Ptniuquid went and seized the wines ; but, by tha influence of the French unibasiiador in P2ngland, an order was obtained for tlie restoration of them. On this occasion, a new line was run, which took Castine's plantation into tlie duke's territory. In the spring of 1688, Andros went in the Rose frig- ate, and plundered Castine's house and fort. This base action provoked Castine to excite the Indians to a new war ; they, on their part, not wanting pretences for its renewal. See Belknap N. Hamp. i. 24%, 243 ; Hutchin- son, i. 370. 2 Chalm. 1.429. Belknap [N. Hamp. i. 244.3 says, Andros had 700 men. 3 Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 259. 4 Univ. Hist. xl. 47. 5 Blair's Chronol. James abdicated, and went to France 23 Dec. t68^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 475 Boston by the governor's guards, uii«; sufficient to 1639. kindle their resentment into rage. ' On the morn- ing of the eighteenth of April the town was in arms, and the people poured in from the country to the assistance of the capital. The governor, and such JjJ'^Jj^ .'j of the council as had been most active, with other aV.d im- obnoxious persons, to the collective number of about p'"«"^J- fifty, were seized and confmed j and the old magis- trates were reinstated. * The new council, inviting others to join with Council oi them, took the title of " A council for the safety ^''^''^^' of the people and conservation of the peace ;** and chose Mr. Bradstreet their president. On the sec- • " " end of May, the council recommended, that an as- sembly by a delegation from the several towns in _ the colony should meet on the ninth of that month. Sixty six persons met, and, having confirmed the new government, it was agreed, that on the twenty second day v^f the same month there should be a meet- ing of the representatives of all the towns in the colony. On that day, the representatives of fifty M'»y2-' jkmr towns met at Boston ; and, after various de- meetriu' bates, it was determined " to resume the govern- Boston. ment according to charter rights.*' ^ On the twen- -; — 5^- ty fourth, the governor and magistrates, chosen in fun^J.^'^"'" 1686, signed a paper, declaring their acceptance of I This rumour might have been the more easily crediteH, on account of the military orders, given out on the reception of a copy oT the Prince of Orange's Declaration. " A proclamation was issued, charging all officers and people to be in readiness to hinder the landing of any forces, which the Prince of Orange might send into those parts of the world." a Captain tiiali vessel hud been sent to Knglaiid express, early in April, to solicit aa- sistance for the reduction of C^anada ; but the Knglish government had too much on its hands, to pay any attention to the proposal. Massachusctt* however determined to proceed ; and Connecticut and New York engaged to furnish a body of men. I'rom tliese two colonies 2000 were expected to march by Lake Cham])lain, and attack Montreal, at the same time when the forces by sea should be before (Quebec. I'he fleet, which sailed 9 Au- j^ust from Nantasket, contained between 30 and 40 vessels, the largest of 44 guns and 200 niei:. 'I'he whole number of men was about 2C300. tlreat dependeiue was placed on tlic expected division of the French force ; but the army, designed against Montreal, had unhappily retreated ; and the news of its retreat had reached Montreal before the fleet arrived at Que- bec. This occurrence must have dispirited the English forces, and propor- tionally have animated the French. Count Frontenac was now able to employ the whole strength of Canada against the little invadi:>fif army. Some writers ascribe the return of the New York and Connecticut troops to a culpable cause. Charlevoix, with whose account Smith seems best satisfied, says, our army was disappointed in the intended diversion, by the tniall pox, which seized the camp, killed 300 men, and terrified our Indian allies. 2 ilutchinson, i. 40a. Belknap N. Hamp. i. 263. 48o 1690. S. Sothel's usurpation. St. Christo- pher's reta^ ken by the English. New Prov- idence. .H. Slough- ter arrives at N. York asgovernor. AMERICAN ANNAL*. on the banks of James river. Others of them, pur- chasing lands of the proprietors of Carolina, trans- ported themselves and their families to that colony, and settled on the river Santee. ' Seth Sothel, countenanced by a powerful faction, and presuming on his powers as proprietary, arrived suddenly at Charlestown, the capital of Carolina, and seized the reins of government. * • Thewhalefishery atNantucket commenced this year. ^ The island of St. Christopher*s was reconquered from the French, by the English under colonel Cod- rington ; and the male white inhabitants, amount- ing to about eighteen hundred, were sent, with their women and children, to Hispaniola and Martinico.* The island of New Providence had now become so populous, that the proprietaries sent Cadwallader Jones to be its governor. * 1 69 1. Colonel Henry Sloughter arrived at New York, with a commission to be governor of that province. The first assembly, after the Revolution, was holden on the ninth of April.'' The province was now, by an act of assembly, divided into ten counties. ' I Hewet, 108. Others, who were merchants and mechanics, took up their residence in Charlestown, and followed their different occupations. These new settlers were a great acquisition to Carolina. It is highly to tlie honour of England, that, even in the reign of king James, large collec- tions had been made for the French refugees ; and tliat, after king William's accession to the throne, the parliament voted ;£ 15,000 sterling to be dis- tributed among persons of quality, and all such as, through age or infirmity, ivere unable to support themselves or families. z Chalmers, i. SH^- Hewet, i. loz — 104. His popularity and power were of short duration. I'he assembly compelled him to abjure the gov- ernment and country forever. The proprietaries dissented from the laws, passed under his government ; and, in 1694, appointed a new governor. 3 Coll. Hist, Hoc. iii. 157. 4 Univ. Hist. xl. 278. 5 Ibid. xli. 33a. 6 Smith N. York, ji — 73. All laws, made in the province antecedent to this period, were disregarded both by the legislature and the courts of law. In the Collection of the Acts of the province, made in I7J2, the com- pilers were directed to begin at this Assembly. Ibid. Leisler, having lefused to deliver up the fort to the governor, was afterward condemned to death for high treason. Ibid. 7 II)id. 186. The division is there said to be into 13 countits ; yet 10 only are described ; and there were no more than 10, so late as A, D. 1755. •Sue Smith, ib. 2c6. AMERICAN ANITALS. 481 them, pur- ilina, trans- hat colony, •ful faction, iry, arrived f Carolina, d this year.* econquered olonel Cod- ts, amount- L, with their Martinico. * LOW become Oadwallader New York, at province. k was holden iras now, by ities. ' chanics, took up ent occupations. It is highly to nies, large coUec- er king William's :erling to be (Us- age or infirmity, larity and power J abjure the gov- d from the laws, new governor. 5 Ibid. xli. 33». jvince antecedent and the courts of n 175Z, the com- Leisler, having ward condemned Major Peter Schuyler, with a party of Mohawks, 1 69 1 . passed over lake Champlain, and made a bold ir- Expedition ruption into the French settlements at the north end sch^'yier. of the lake. ' The general assembly of Virginia solicited and charter of obtained a charter from the crown, for the establish- ^["'^'" f ment of a college, projected in that colony. Theiege7fi^. king and queen gave, at the same time, nearly two /6^ -5, . thousand pounds toward the charge of building ; and endowed the seminary with twenty thousand acres of the best land, together ^with the perpetual revenue, arising from the duty, of one penny per pound on all tobacco, transported from Virginia and Maryland to the other English plantations. In grateful acknowledgment of the royal patronage and benefaction, thecollegewascalledWilliamandMary. ' I Smith N. York, 78. Upiv. Hist, [.xxxix. 350.] says, Schuyler had 300 English and 300 Indians. Golden [129.] says, that, in his several attaekt, tile French lost 2 captains, 6 lieutenants, and 300 men. a Keith, 169. Beverly, 138, 139. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 165. '■'"' Ei^D OF THE FiEST VOLUME. l^His VOLUME brings down the Annals to the Revolution of William and Mary. A very respectable historian remarks, that the legal and con- stitutional history of the American colonies, in their early periods, affords but little instruction., Ceclnlt fralia. His subject was war. Chalmers topposef, that the political annals of the colonies from their settlemeUu to that Revolution may be thought by some the most curious and instructive ; because, during that eventful period, the colonies were planted ; their con- stitutions, after various changes, were established ; the groundwork of their future jurisprudence was laid ; and they were sensibly affected by every change, which the innovations of those days introduced into the parent Country. Tt« couiitits ; yet 10 .te as A. D.I 75 J. V*»' I i # NOTES. • NOTE I. (p. 17, x8.) Historians assign diflerent dates to this voyage. In the Voyages of Ramusius, Scbas* tian Cabot is reprcstntud as placing it in 1496 ; and respectable historians have hence taken that for the true year. On a critical examination of the account in Ramusius, there does not appear sufficient ground for their conclusion. Ramusius derived his ac- count from Butrigarius, the pope's legate in Spain, \^ho derived his infornmtion from /, S. Cab«)t. In Cabot's accotnt, which was merely verbal, the lime of the voyage wan incidentally mentioned, and without precision : " The king commanded two caravels to be furnished with all things appertaining to the voyage ; which was, asfarre at I remember, in the year 1496, in the beginning of somnier." Nor cught this uncertainty of Cabot himself to appear strange, when it is considered, that he was then an old man, as we learn from the same conversation with the legate ; " After this I made many other voyages, which 1 nowe pretermit ; and waxeinii: old I give myself to rest from such travels." Instead tlierefore of trusting to so vague an account, I have cho- sen to rely on " an extract taken out of the map of iSebastian Cabot concerning his dis« covery of the West Indies, which," Hakluyt says, " is to be seene in her majesty's pri- vie gallerie at Westminster, and in many other ancient merchants houses." The ex- tract (which is preserved in Hakluyt, iii. 6.) begins thus : " Anno Domini 1497 lo- annes Cubotua Venetus, & Sebastianus illius filius" &c. — ^The extent, as well as the time, of this celebrated voyage has been involved in obscurity. By some writers tiie Cabots are represented as havhig sailed to 56 deg. north latitude ; by others, to 58 ; by others, to 60. Ramusius, in his 3d volume, says, it was " written" t« him by Sebastian Cabot, that he sailed to " the latitude of 67 degrees and an halfe, under the north pole." Hakluyt, iii. 7 — 9. This account is probably the true one.— Some authors say, that the Cabots sailed no farther to the south, than to 38 dug. or 36 deg. north lat. P. Martyr says, Cabot went nearly as far south, as the latitude of the straits of Hercules, or Gibraltar. Dr. Belknap [Amer. Biog. i. 154.] accordingly considered 36 deg. as the extent of the voyage ; and Dr. Forster [Voy. 267.], on the authority of that passage in P. Martyr, suys, " Sebastian Cabot must have been about as far as Chesa- peak Bay in Virginia." But the entire passage, in the original (p. 232.), seems to im- ply, that Cabot proceeded still to the west, probably southwesterly, as the coast lies, lifter he had reached the 36' of latitude. P. Martyr, having mentioried the obstruc- tion which Cabot found from the ice, in his voyage to the noith, adds : " (^uare coac- tus fuit, uti ait, vela vertere, et occidentem sequi : teteadit que tantum ad meridiem, littore sese incurvante, ut Herculei freti latitudinis fere gradum ajquarit : ad occidentem r que frofectus tanium est, ut Cubam iiisulum a Icevo, longitkdiiiegtaduum pciii purem,ljabu£rit,^* Obscure as this passage is, it satisfies me, that Cabot sailed to Cape I'lorida, which lies in 25 deg. 20 min. north lat. The English founded their original claim to the prin- cipal part of North America on the discovery made of it in this voyage ; but some writers consider the claim as of no validity, because the Cabots made no settlement, ^ee Hazard Coll. i. 603 j Qniv. Hist. xli. 86. See also p. 9, 10, of this volume. The question of right is left to jurists and statesmen ; but it must be granted, tlu-t, accord- ing to tlie pvipvalent notions pf former times, this was a most important voyage : " For the time once was here, tg the world be it known, " When all a man sail'd by, or saw, was his own." Freneau. "- NOTE II. (p. 66.) The Mexicans lived in Aztliin, a country situated to the north of California, until about A. D. 1160 ; when they commenced their migration to.ward the country of Anahuac. After a temporary residence in several intermediate places, they at length arrived at that situation on the lake, where they were to found their city. As soon as they had taken possession of it, they erected a temple for their god Huitzlopochtli, around which they now began to build huts of reeds and ruiiies. Such was the begin- ( 483 ) Ramusius, Scbat* irians have hence , unt in Ramusius, ' 18 derived his ac- information fioin j' F the voyage wa» ided two caravtU was, as f arte as I It this uncertainty was then an old After this I made ;ive myself to rert :ount, I have cho- loncerning his dis« her majesty's pri- louses." The ex- Domini 1497 ^O" in/, as well as the some writers the by others, to 58; •• written" t» him nd an halfe, under ; true one. — Some 38 dcg. or 36 deg. [ude of the straits of igly considered 36 xe authority of that ut as far as Chesa- 232.), seems to im- y, as the coast lies, tioried the obstruc- ts : " yuare coac- utum ad meridiem, uarit : ad ocddenUmt ciii piiretn, habucrlt, Florida, which lies claim to the prin- voyage ; but some lade no settlement, this volume. The •anted, thiit, accord- important voyage : of California, until ard the country of aces, they at length :ir city. As soon as rod Huitzlopochtli, uch was the begin- ning of the great city of Mexico.* SeeClavigero,i. Iia— 143. Tor a distinct view of the situation of the city witli its causeways, see the map prefixed to the ad volume of Clavigero ; or the maps in other Mexican histories. • A. D, 1325. NOTE III. (p. 95) Although the sera of the Puritans commenced in the reign of Edward VI ; yet that pious young prince very soon after began an ecclesiastical reformation. Had he lived 10 perfect it according to liis intentions, the Puritans would probably have been satis- fied. But he died in 1553, at the early age of XVI ; and was succeeded by queen Mary, a bigotted papist, under whose administration John Rogers, of pious memory, was burnt at Smithfleld ; and bishop Hooper, with other pious reformers, suffered martyrdom. On the accession of queen Elizabeth, the reformation, which had been begun by Edward, was, in some degree, restored; but that illustrious queen, addicted to show, and jealous of prerogative, soon made the Puritans feel the weight of her royal power. Bishops and other clergymen were deprived, for refusing the oath to the queen's supremacy. At length (31 Jan. 1563) the Convocation of the English clergy met, and finished tiie XXXIX Articles. Of the lower house, 43 present were for throwing out the ceremonies, hut 2$ were for keepii'g them ; and these, with the help of proxies, carried their measure by one vote. The bishops now begr\n to urge the clergy to subscribe to the Liturgy and ceremonies, as well as to the Articles. Cov- erdale. Fox, Humfrey and others, refused to subscribe ; and this was the epoch of Nonconformity. What hard treatment the Puritan Reformers received under the succeeding administrations of James I, and of his successors, until the Revolution of William and Mary, is well kuown. As authorities, that confirm tliis Note, and give full information on the subject, the reader is referred to Burnet's History of the Re- formation of the Cliurch of England, Peirce's Vindication of the Dissenters, Prince'* Chronology, and especially Neal's History of the Puritans. NOTE IV. (p. 99.) Some Iiistorians entirely overlook this temporary settlement of the French in the Fjiglish Carolina ; others confound it with the settlement at Jt. Matlieo, a few leagues north of St. Augustine. Not one of them has ascertained ^q place of it, with preci- sion. Chalmers says, Ribault built Fort Charles on the river Edisto. The authors of the Univeisal History say, it was built on the river St. Croix, which indeed, Charle- voix says; was the Spanish name of Edisto river. Charlevoix says, Ribault's Fort stood near the place where Charlestovvn, the capitaf of South Carolina, now stands. Mezer- ay says, it was built " at the end of the Streight at St. Helen's." I wrote, some time since, to Dr. Ranuay, tlie well known historian, and made inquiry of him respecting this article. The Doctor obligingly wrote to me in reply •. " I have taken some pain* " to inform myself of the place where Ribaud commenced his settlement of French " Protestants ; but without any satisfactory result. Edisto river, in its nearest part, is " about 36 miles from Charleston ; but there is no evidence of any French settlement " ever having been made in its vicinity. There is no river in South Carolina^ known " by the name of the Shallow or Base river. Mr. Drayton, our late governor, has " been consulted on the points, relative to which you wish for information, who assur- " ed me, that, while writing his View of South Carolina, he minutely enquired into '= the very subjects, which have perplexed you, and found them so involved in dark- " ness and contradiction, thut he did not see his way clear to assert any thing on the «' subject, more than you will find in the 5th page of his work." It would not become me to be positive on a subject, that is attended with such ac- knowledged diflicultius, and that has baffled such intelligent inquiries. I am satisfied however, that neither the latitude of the place where the fort was built, nor its dis- tance from the river of May.f will allow us to fix it so far noith, as the river Edisto. It appears clearly to have been on an island up Port Royal river, in about the latitude of 32 deg. It seems probable, that it was the island of St. Helena, or some island in its vicir.ity. Mezeray's account seems to fix it there. Charlevoix, in his Map of the Coasts of Florida, has placed it in that quarter, though, I apprehend, too far north, at an island towara the mouth of Edisto. It is asserted on the face of the map : " Dans fette Isle Ribault batit petit Fort, ct le nomma Charles Fbrt." There is'dne additional f Sixty Fretiil leag'iyh Cbailevoix, i\ k 1/ i ( 484 ) 9«nfirmatIon of the probable truth of my coniecture, c6heernlng the place of that tort. When Ribault had " sailed about ij leagues** from Port Royal rirer, he found anoth- er, which " had not past halfe a fathome water in the moutli thereof." This he called JSmc or Shallow river. Gov. Drayton (p. 34.) says, " Edisto is shallow and incapable of being navigated far up its stream by boats of heavy burden ;" and, though he de- scribes the numerous rivers of Carolina, this is the only one, which he calh ib>illovf. Hence I conjecture, that the Edisto of the English is the Base or SbaHow river of the French. If so. Fort Charles must have been about 15 leagues from it ; and that is about the (dis- tance of St. Helena from the Edisto. NOTE V. (p. 197.) It is not 80 difficult tojind proofs, in support of the text, as it is to leleet them. They |nay be seen in Morton, 3—5 ; Hubbard's MS. N. Eng. ; Mather Magnal. book i. 6 j Prince Chron. 48, 49 ; Hazard's Collections, i, 349—373 ; Hutchinson, i. 3 ; Bel- jknap Biog. i. 151 — 178, ^r/. Robinson. The motives, .ascribed by some English writers for the emigration of the Puritans from Lcyden, it is easily conceived, might have been readily admitted, without critical inquiry, by the advocates for the EngUsh liierarchy, near two centuries ago ; but it was hardly to be expected, that writers, of Our own age, should copy the injurious rep^'esentations of those early times into the £ages of sober history. The historian who tels us, that the Puritans removed from .eyden into the American wilderness, because they were " obscure and unpersecuted," must not expect to be believed. We endeavoured to assign, in the text, the true causes of that removal ; and have nothing to subjoin, but an expression of regret, that the misrepresentations of foreign writers, on this and the succeeding article, have beeti recently transcribed into the work of a very respectable historian of bxxt own country. The character and principles of Mr. Robmson and his Society seem not yet to be fully known. The reverend John Robinson was a man of learning, of piety, and of Catholicism. At first indeed he favoured the rigid separation from the church of England ; but, after his removal to Holland," he was convinced of his mistake, and be- came, ever after, more moderate in his sentiments rejecting separation." Baylie, who tvas zealously opposed bgth to the Brownists and Independents, allows, that " Mr. Ro- *' binson was a man of excellent parts, and the most learned, polished and modest spirit, *' as ever separated from the church of England ; that he rumed the rigid separation ; ^ and that he Was a principal overthrower of the Brownists." See Prince,86— 94 ; Coll. Hist. Snc. iv. 133 — 140 ; Belknap Biog. Art. Robinson ; Mosheini,'^. 381. chap.xxi; Against the concessions of enemies however, and the demonstrations of friends, the Puritans of Leyden and of New England are, ta this day, represented as Brownists i that is, the followers of Robert &own, a sectary, whose principles were, in many respects, very exceptionable, in the view of all sober Christians \ and who at length abandoned them himself, and conformed to the church of England. Mr. Ro- binson, who ought to be allowed to say what were his or^ principles, has explicitly declared thpm, in " A just and necessary Apologie of certain Christians no lesse con- tumeliously than commonly called Brownists or Barrowists." This Apology profess-