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Obbbk, 22 Thb AsYBBBUii-DATiya Ttfb of PBBOioATioir nr (6) PomvCLAancAi Obbbk, , - - ^6 Thb Pbbpobtiohai. Ttfb of Pbbdioatxok ni (o) Glabbicai. Qbebk, - 29 Thb PBBPotrnoiiAX Ttfb of Pbbdioatioii n (6) Pow-C r .t wiiO A T . Qbbbk, 89 OovaLDnoM, 48 ■?s!i»vj!^;ifl«.-p,'»www^^=*' f Bebnhasdt, Q. BlJl8B,F. Clawen, J. Donaldson, J. W. JXBB, R. 0. ' KBeoKR, K. W. EB^aER-POKXL. Kchnkr-Obrth. Madvio, J. N. MlDDLKTON, T. F. MOMICSXN, T. MoNBO, D. B, Padl, fl. SOHMID, W. boboemann, o. f. Steinthai^ H. voobinz, o. Cttouxl, Ch. dobhseutkh, i. EoOEBjE. ElOHHOBST, O. EuAS, S. FITU.BB, A. L. BIBLIOGRAPHY. OBNERAL WORKS. Wisaenachaflliche Syntax. Berlin, 1829. Die attiiche Berediunkeit. Leipzig, 1887. BeobaohtUDgen tiber den hom. Sprg. Frankftirt A. M., 1867. New Cratylna. London, 1860. The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeui. London, 1876. Historisch-philologische Studien, Vol. II. Berlin, 1 861. Griechische Sprachlehre. Leipzig, 1891. Ausf&hrliche Qrammatik der griechiachen Sprache, Part II. (Satzlehre). Leipzig, 1898. Syntax of the Greek Language. London, 1873. The Doctrine of the Greek Article, etc. London, 1841. Beitrage zu der Lehre von den griechiichen Prapo- Bitionen. Berlin, 1896. Homeric Grammar. Oxford, 1891. Principles of the History of Language. New York, 1889. Der Attirismus, Vol. III. Stuttgart, 1893. Die Lehre von den Redetheilen. Berlin, 1862. Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen and Romem. Berlin, 1868. Grammatik des homeriachen Dialektes. Paderborn, 1889. SPECIAL wrnKS. Eaaai sur la langne et t* ^Uyle de I'orateur Antiphon. Berlin, 1882. De articalo apnd Graecoe eiusqne usu in praedicato. Amsterdam, 1866. Apollonios Dyscole, eseai sur I'histoire des theories gnmmaticales dans Tantiquit^. Paris, 1854. Die Lehre des ApoUonius Dyxoolus Tom Artikel. Phi- lol. 38, pp. 399-422. Qaaestiones Lycnrgeae. Halis Saxonum, 1870. De articuli in antiqnis Oraecis comoediis usu. Leipzig, 1888. 5 Bibliography. OlI.DRIIU.BITB, B. L. GCTTCMTAO, I. Hjkuumo, R. houwdmio, f. Kallkmbkro, H. u u Matbb, H. Pbookwh, A. SnxxxB, E. H. fiflOLZ, FB. Amar. Jouni. of Philol. 2, 88 ff., 8, 218 ff, 9, 187 ff., 17, 810. De mbdito qui inter LuoUnMi l«gi iol«t dialogo Toz- ■ride. Berlin, 1860. Ueber den Oebrsuch dee echten und woiatiTen Dutire bei Hf rodot. KurUmhe, 1898. Ueber den eocifttiT-inatnimenUlen Gebnuoh dee grieoh. DatiT bei Homer. Burg, 1880. OommenUtio oritioa in Herodotum. Berlin, 1884. Jehreeber. dec philol. Vereini lu Berlin, 1897. ObiervEtionee in Ljronrgi oratoris tuum dioendi. Freiburg, 1889. Ueber den Qebrauoh dee Artilcele, inabeeondere beim Pradicat, PhUol. 40, pp. 1-47. Qenitive Abeolute in the Attic Orators, Amer. Joum. of Philol. 6, 810 ff. Der attributire Oebranch Ton aMt beim looiatiTen DatiT, Wiener Studien, toI. 20, p. 244 ff. THE LIMITATIONS OF THE PREDICATIVE POSITION IN GREEK. THE GREEK ARTICLE. A study of the limitations of the predicative position in Greek calls for a brief treatment of the origin and historical development of the Greek article. Aristotle (Poetics, o. 21) is the first writer by whom the pro- noun is referred to as a separate part of speech. He expressly makes mention of the Svofia, the f>fjfia, the (mepe). The following statistics for the pronominal and articular use of 6, ij, to are quoted by Vogrinz (1. c.) from Stura- mer (Ueber den Artikel bei Homer, Progr., MUnnerstadt, 1886, p. 66). In the Iliad 6, ^, to is used as a pronoun 3,000 times, as an article 218 times, i. e., in the ratio of 14 : 1 ; in the Odyssey it is found as a pronoun 2,178 times, as an article 171 times, i. e., in the ratio of 13 : 1. These statistics, as Vogrinz observes, hanlly justify us in claiming an advance in the use of the article. That it began to be used with a greater de>rree of frequency in Homer can be seen by an examination of the later portions of the Odyssey, and in parts of other books. Vogrinz, p. 198, on the basis of Stummer's investigation, illustrates freely the Homeric uses of the article. Some of these may fitly be noted here. (1) With particu- lar words : Toto am«To? (A 322, 7 388, 262), tov -rrpovxovra (^ 325); substantivised adjec- tives : TO Kp^yvov (A 106), t6v Svtrrijvop (y 224), top apiarop (f 19). TO fiiXap Spv6 iii Oreek. The Limitationa of the Pmlicntive Position in Oreek. 9 18. Cf., f. g., >£*... Kr;\a i oi Saae, rib ononiinal and ) from Stum- iratadt, 1886, 000 times, as le Odyssey it imes, i. e., in erves, hardly rticle. That 3y in Homer the Odyssey, the basis of io uses of the Vith particu- vBvi (B 278, fivOov (B 16, 39); (2) with : T^? fi^v lrj(i 8k Bvto i0ev. uage : Noater ponds, in the e use of the its. We are bio Greek as oily confined )utable cases Dial. 50, 4, }nerio. The I; uncommon 1 substantive le possessive pronoun. The three or four cases that may Iw vaUh\ arc incon- clusive. Cf. Krilger, Dial. 50, 3, 6. There arc a few examples of the adjective in the prev t^J (rrparevfiari — our possessive use ; (3) Kar avro /lovov dirKffv dvatftopdv. The last is the commonest of all, and in it, as Apollonius saw, is to be found the essential characteristic of the Greek article, viz., dva^opd. The generic article was characterised by him by the word aop/8a)9, inasmuch as it was not limited, or defined, like the others. Viewed rhetorically, the article distinguishes the subject from the predicate in accordance with the principle which has been stated. While it may be true that it is not indispensable to a language, as, e. g., Latin, it is invaluable as a means of gaining 10 Tke lAinitations of the Predicative Position in Greek, precision, e. g., 0eormal one, the eleven times, le preference. , however, is iirse of above . twofold one, md noun. It edtia; for we ises similarly dication." oeseary for a take account the adjective, ildson, in hia as primary, paiticiple by expression of 9 in this par- ig, The Epic The Limitationa of the Predicative Position in Cheek. 11 and Attic Use of the Circumstantial Participle (Johns Hopkins University Circulars, December, 1897), has well set forth the affin- ity between the two in these words : " The adjective represents a quality at rest, the participle represents a quality in motion, and the difference between the two is a difference in the degree of mobility." Not only, however, does the adjective assume the function of the participle, but the participle in attribution sinks to the level of the adjective. This degradation of the participle is sufficiently familiar to students of English in such words, e. g., as " interesting," " charming," and the like, which are ordinarily felt as adjectives. The field of personal observation in this study of oblique predi- cation has been limited to the Orators and Thucydides. Two types in particular have formed the basis of this investigation. They have been denominated " Adverbial-Dative Type of Predi- cation " and " Prepositional Type of Predication." The first explicit reference to the subject of oblique predication, which has come under the writer's observation, appears in a disser- tation written by S. EHas, Quaestiones Lycurgene, Halis Saxonum, 1870. On p. 17 he has something to say of the predicative use of the adjective in connection with an oblique case of the substantive. He observes that the construction is found in all the Orators, but that it is used oflener by some than by others. It is found, e. g., four times in Andocides — the fourth oration is included — three times in Antiphon, four times in Hyperides, nine times in Dinarchus. For the rest of the Orators, he contents himself with general state- ments. He remarks that it occurs often in Demosthenes, oftenest in Isocrates, whose example is followed by Lycurgus. The next reference to the same subject is made by H. Mayer, Observationes in Lycurgi Oratoris Usum Dicendi, Friburgi, 1889. On p. 33 ff., Mayer notes the marked fondness of Lycurgus for the predicative position, as it is called, of the adjective. " Si enira, quomodo collocata sint adiectiva, qu&erimus, oratorem in praedi- cativa quae dioitur collocatione adhibenda quasi exultare intell^i- mus." He cites a number of examples from Lycurgus, and quotes the figures for other Orators given by Elias in the dissertation mentioned. There is added a remark on the stylistic effect of the construction : " etiam tali adiectivorum collocatione plus ponderis aMi^MHWfirfwg«g«iiiiiiy-' 12 Tht Limitaiions of the Predicative PosUUm in Oreek. orationem nancisci manifeetum est." With this judgment, the present writer is in accord. It is quite evident from the figures given by Elias that he has examined somewhat carefully the usage of certain of the Orators. If one has regard merely to the number of occurrences, the state- ment with respect to Demosthenes, Isocrates, and Lycurgus is cor- rect as far as it goes; but looked at in relation to the bulk of Greek which each Orator represents, the statement is far from correct. ' A table of the usage of the Orators and Thucydides, in which the speeches of Thucydides are separated from the narrative, is subjoined, giving the number of predicative adjectives or parti- ciples used by each writer. Only those orations generally con- sidered genuine are included. lu the case of Demosthenes, the division of Blass (Dindorf's edition, revised by Blass, vol. i, pp. 45-6) has been followed. Rakoe op Oblique Predication. Fired. Adjs. and Pta. Teubner pagei. Percentage, Lycurgus 33 45 .73 Thucydides (Speeches)... 70 125 .56 " (Narrative). 81 473 .17 Isocrates 189 508 .37 Dinarchus H 54 20 Lysias 28 200 .14 Pseudo-Lygias 19 17 j 12 Isaeus 16 133 .12 Antiphon H 99 n Demosthenes 73 737 jy Pseudo-Demosthenes.... 45 521 .09 Hyperides 4 44 ,09 Aeschines 17 188 . .09 Andocides 3 37 ^04 Pseudo-Andocides 2 12 .17 An examination of this table yields the following results : — Pseudo-Lysiaa, Lycurgus, Thucydides (Speeches), Isocrates, and Dinarchus stand out from the rest in the preference they give to this construction. At the opposite pole stands Andocides, to whom i I Greek. judgment, the ias that he has )f the Orators, nces, the state- ycurgus is cor- bulk of Greek ■om correct, lides, in which e narrative, is itives or parti- generally con- raosthenes, the lass, vol. I, pp. I. Percentage. .73 .56 .17 .37 .20 .14 1.12 .12 .11 .10 .09 .09 .09 .04 .17 results : — Isocrates, and e they give to sides, to whom The Limitations of the Predicative Position in Greek. 13 the construction was in no wise congenial. Of the remaining Ora- tors, we may say generally that they pursued a middle course. A sharp difference is noticeable between the usage of Thucydides in his speeches and in his narrative. Especially striking is the large use in the Epitaphios of Pseudo-Lysias. The foregoing results warrant the conclusion that the true home of oblique predication is not in simple narrative which keeps close to the language of everyday life; on the contrary, it is quite with- drawn from that sphere, and is found in language which aims to be elevated, weighty, impressive, and, in a word, strives after effect. Hence the marked preference for it in that much-discussed specimen of epideictic oratory, the Epitaphios. Hence the favor it finds with Thucydides, when he is striving to be impressive. Hence, too, the fondness for it shown by Lycurgus, and, in a less pronounced manner, by Isocrates and Dinarchus. Hence, on the other hand, the marked avoidance of it by Andooides, who was not swayed by the schools of rhetoric, and was, perhaps, the least artistic of the Orators. The following is the tabular statemeut of the results reached in an examination of the range of the adverbial-dative and the prepo- sitional type of predication. Advebbial-Dative Type. Pted. Adji. and Ptd. Teubner fogei. Ptnentage. Thucydides (Speeches)... 5 125 .04 " (Narrative).. 12 473 .025 Lycui^us 1 46 .022 Isocrates 6 508 .012 Aeschines 2 188 .010 Isaeus 1 138 .007 DemoBtheues 2 737 .0027 Pseudo-Demosthenes 1 621 .002 Pseudo-Lysias 1 17 .06 Lucian 76 1268 .06 Dion GbrysoBtomus 12 708 .017 Dion Cassius 10 668 .015 Diod. Siculus 6 444 .013 14 The Limitations of the Predicative Position in Greek. Prepositional Type. Thucydides (Speeches)... " (Narrative). Dinarchus Demosthenes Pseudo-Demosthenes Aeschines Andooides Isoorates Autiphoo Lysias Pseudo-Lysias Lucian Dion Cassius Dion Chrysostomus Died. Siculus These tables yield the following results : — Half of the Orators are not represented at all in the adverbial- dative type. Thucydides shows the same decided preference for these constructions in his speeches as compared with his narrative. Especially is this to be seen in the prepositional type, where the proportion is above 9:1. Lycurgus is the foremost of the Orators in his use of the adv.-dative type. Except in one possible instance, he seems to have avoided the prepositional type. This may be due to the small amount of his writing which has come down to our time. Four of the six examples of the adv.-dat. type in Isocrates are found in one particular section. Aeschines, while using both types with comparative frequency, prefers the prepositional type. Especially marked, so &r as variety of usage goes, is the prefer- ence of Demosthenes for the prepositional type. Its ratio to the adv.-dat. is about 7:1. With respect to the usage of Demosthenes, it may be remarked that he uses the prep, type eleven times in his public orations (ten of them being in Forensic speeches), four times in his private orations. Taking bulk into consideration, the public Pred. Adjt. and Pies. 7 Teubner pages. 126 Percentage. .066 3 473 .006 2 54 .037 16 737 .022 2 621 .004 4 188 .021 1 67 .015 7 608 .014 1 99 .010 1 200 .006 1 17- .06 94 1268 .074 16 668 .023 11 708 .016 2 444 .005 ■ »- iMaw *«* f W T mr- I Greek. ti. Peremlage. .056 .006 .037 .022 .004 .021 .015 .014 .010 .005 .06 .074 .023 .016 .005 the adverbial- preference for his narrative, ^pe, where the of the Orators isible instance, lis may be due e down to our >e in Isocrates ile using both jsitiona) type, is the prefer- is ratio to the Demosthenes, a times in his ss), four times on, the public The Limitaiiona of the Predicative Position in Greek. 15 and private orations cf nnot be differentiated on this score. The plain style of Lysias avoids the dat. type altogether and uses the prep, type once only, but that in an effective passage, in the 12th oration, where Lysias himself is the speaker. The Epitaphios stands out from all the rest. It is interesting to compare the usage of post-classic Greek as seen in the writings of Lucian. In the dat. type Lucian outdoes all except Pseudo-Lysias, while in the prep, type even Pseudo- Lysias is not to be excepted. This excessive use of oblique predi- cation is the result of a desire on the part of that writer to impart elegance to his style. Cf. Prof. Gildersleeve in A. J. P. 17, 518. Dion Cassius and Dion Chrysostomus, as compared with Lucian, are very much nearer the norm. As to the true sphere of the adv.-dat. and the prep, type, the writer believes that he is justified in aflBrming that, of the two, the second strikes a decidedly higher note. The first undoubtedly takes its rise in the language of everyday life. Demosthenes em- ploys it when characterising his opponents, and only in a contempt- uous sense. Thucydides, it is true, gives it a higher tone than it usually has by withdrawing it from its ordinary associations and transferring it, as a rule, to the naval sphere. The second, on the other hand, is distinctly elevated in tone, though it draws near, in the hands of certain writers, to the language of ordinary discourse. Demosthenes makes use of it with telling effect in passages intended to be impressive. Lucian does not seem to have appreciated this difference of tone between the two types. They are almost alike to him. Thucydides, by his marked preference for the construction in his speeches, and his corresponding avoidance of it in his narra- tive, shows that he regarded it as more elegant. A class of i)articiple8, having the value in translation of an , PRED. PTC. EQUIV. "^i^t "°"%r" ^7 ""Tl*" '"^u OF ABSTRACT NOUN. ®' ^"^^ """"^ '*"* * ^^'^ group in the Orators. Antiphon, 5, 36 : Si avrov rod a-wfiaro^ diroWv/iivov. Andocides, 3, 27: ix yhp toO "TroXe/iov xpovtaOivroii. Lysias, 4, 10: ix t^? av6pmirov fiaa-avi^ofievri^. Lycurgus, 30: ev rot? AetoKparov^ olieeiaKi Kal depavalvait /3aaavtp' ifiweBov aidi iievoiev \ voaivofiivij aviovri fi 429, yfr 362, 2 136. &Ha B" iJeXiV icaraBvvTi ir 366, A 592, 2 210. Herodotus goes beyond Epic ust^, and uses &fia quite generally for " with." See Mommsen, p. 360. Hdt. 2, 44: &fia Tvp

blique 0(9 T^9 cev. i)n den Homer of the lerally echten ightly itc. my M . See « (C 9. cpres- Xen, Cyropaedia 8, 7, 6 : aiiv r^ -y^povtp Trpoiovri. Cf. Mommsen, p. 364.' In addition to the examples of the particular type just noticed, the following may be cited as illustrative : Hdt. 1, 34: fierei 8k So\a>i>a olj^ofievov. " 2, 22 : diro rt) ko fievqs ;^toi/o9. " " itrX ^^toft weaovat). Thuc. 1, 100: TO ■)(wpiov ai ^E^vvea oBol kt i^ofiepop, 2, 49 : fierh ravra \a>^iji^aifiepf)aiBp^ t^J irpoatairtfi. The sociative, rather than the instrumental, sense of such datives as the foregoing is now recognized by Kuhner-Gerth, Ausfiihrliche Gramraatik der griech. Spraohe, § 426, 6, as a comparison with the preceding edition will readily show. "Attendant Circumstances," " Manner," and the like, are simply 8i)ecial manifestations of the same dative. It may be remarked at this point that the participle employed is generally the perfect, occasionally the present. The reason for the predominance of these particular tenses is, in the writer's opinion, that given by Boiling (The Participle in Hesiod — Cath. Univ. Bull., vol. III., p. 466, Washington, 1897) for the Homeric use of participles in direct attribution. " The reason for the predominance of these tenses (i. e., the present and the perfect) is that lasting actions are the ones that lend themselves most readily to attribu- tion, and these are to be found either in the continued action of the present or in the perfect as denoting attitude and resulting con- dition." The relation of the participle to the adjective, so far as numbers go, is in the Orators 1 : 12, in Lucian 1 : 6. A widely different view of these datives is that of Classen who, in the course of his remarks on the expression arekel t!) vikji (Thuc. 8, 27, 6), notes that we have here a " Dative Absolute," of which he has given several examples from Homer, Beobachtungen 38 The Limitationa of the Predicative Poaition in Greek. ADV.-DAT. TYPE, (a) Clasbioal Oreek, Uber den hom. Sprg., p. 166. Compare, further, his notes on Thucydides, 1, 6, 3 and 2, 100, 6, which bear in the same direc- tion. Monro, Homeric Grammar, p. 213, recognizes in a number of these examples from Homer an approach to a " Dative Abso- lute." He characterizes them as extensions or free applications by the help of the participle of the true dative {dat. dh.). Classen's use of the term " Dative Al)solute " has received merited strictures from Spieker, Genitive Absolute in the Attic Orators, A. J. P., 6, p. 316. The pro|)er {wint of view, in the writer's judgment, from which to regard these datives in given by Ktthner-Gerth, vol. ii. §423, 18, e, f, and g. See also Wdlfflin's Archiv, vol. 8, p. 48 ff. Having treated of the origin of the adverbial-dative ty|)e of preuW only l)e incidental. Although Herotl- ■otus frfH]uently ii.«''s the sociative dative, the example cited ahove is the (Illy one of tliia ty|M>. Heihing, p. 84 ff., has overlooked it. Similar datives from Xenophon may be noticed here: Anab. 1, 7, 14 : trvvTerayfiivip t^ arparevfiari. lb. 4, 2, 1 1 : opdioiv rot^ \6xoii. Hell. 1, 6, 14 : BieairapfievaKt Tai^KvKaiepdf repov fjLeriartjaap. lb. ], 120, 6: ivOvftxlrai yiip oiiSeU ofiola tjj iriarn KtiX ipftfi iwe^ipxtTai. lb. 2, 38, 2: fif}Bh> olKeioripq, rrj airoXavtrei rci avrov dyadh ytypofieva Kapirovadai. lb. 2, 100, 2 : Acal rp &Wj) TrapaaKevj} Kpeiaaovi. lb. 3, 38, 1 : yhp iraOmv t^J hpdaavn dp,fi\vTipa rp opyy iwe^epxfrai. lb. 6, 65, 3: TroW^J t^ trepiovri tov da\ov^ Kare- Kparijae, Classen sees in the first and last examples an equivalent for the genitive absolute construction. The dative point of view, as has already been remarked, forbids such a comparison. In the second example, the MSS read ofiota, which some editors adopt. The edi- tors are warranted in making the slight change of accent. In the last case, we have a favorite Thucydidean use of the neuter parti- ciple. It is equivalent to iroWfi r^ irepiovtrla. The usage of the Orators is as follows : Pseudo-Lysias 2, 18 : iXevdipatfi rai^ '^v^^aZ? ^TroXt- revovro. '?#»• 24 Tht LimUaiions of the Predicative Position in Greek. Iboc ^tea 15, 126 : avaireirraiiivai^ avrov iSixovro rat^ IsaeusS, 59: XoiSop^trerat fieyaXj) t^ ^tav^. Lycui^us 145: o fiijXo^oTov rr/v 'Ani,Kr)v elvai tftavepf, T^ V^^^9> icara'^ri^urdiievo^t. Demosthenes 19, 199: ipel \afiirpd t^ wv'p. lb. 57, 11 : ipKaa^ftei learifiov to;^v koI iroWtt Kai /leydXi) rfj tfxovp, lb. 43, 82: i^avepq, rp '^17^^ e-^^iVaro. Aeschines 1, 19 : 8? ovSk xadapip SiaXeyerai t^ atofiart. lb. 2, 7: ttW' io^** does not, in the writer's opinion, carry any weight. In Aeschines 1, 19, for am/iaTi there is a V. 1. (TTOfuiTi. There is no doubt, however, of the oblique predication. With 4077 t^ evvoCa of Aeschines 2, 7, may be com- pared 6/ji.oia Tji TTiWet of Thucydides 1, 120. Especially to be noted are the substantives in the foregoing list^ They are such words as yjrvxv> iiotvri, yjrr)av€ - ^ iro\\av\apdKT^ ry arparoviBip iviirt- aovrev. I 26 The Idniilalions of the Predicative Position in Greek. lb. 2, 39, 3; lb. 4, 122, 5 ; wh€lopai^ irepUireaov. Aeschines 3, 146: ipa>v .... tov kIvBvvov dirapaaxev^ rrj TToXei,. These are all, likewise, datives of the indirect object, with which the predicative adjective or participle stands in agreement. Lucian, who is generally conceded to be the best of the Atticists, has been made the basis of this study, and his usage is instructive _ for the period. One cannot fail to ADV.-DAT. TYPE. .. • *. t • • r *u (6) P0BT.CLA8810A1, Qbmk. °o*>°e/ »° **ie Lucianic usage of the sociative-dative type, the salient fact, to which attention has already been called, that it has, first and chiefly, to do with the body and its parts. But, looking deeper than this general resemblance, it will lie seen that, while he observes the letter of the law, he kills the spirit. The Attic Greek used it in drcumstanoes justifying its nee. The Atticist paid no regard to circumstances. With him, it is simply affectation. The Limitaiiona of the Predicative Poaiiion in Oreek. 27 « (( In clasaifying the datives, it in found that, as in the Orators, so in Lucian, the dative of military accompaniment finds no scope. There remain, then, the dative of attendant circumstances and the dative of means and instrument. Here, too, the classification, it must be premised, is one of convenience, and is more or less arbitrary. No attempt was made to discriminate the genuine from the spurious dialogues. (1) Dative of Attendant Circumstances: — Lucian, Nigrinus 4 : arevei xal avairewrafiivri r§ "^v^P' " Timon 9 : fieydXfi rp <}>wvg (saepe). " lb. 41 : dvaireirra/jLepot^ rot? koXitoi^. " Dial. Deor. 20, 6 : t^ rpaxn^^ dTrerrrpa/iniv^. " Dial. Mar. 4, 3 : dveqiyfjUvotii rot? o^BaXfuth. " Dial. Mort. 21, 1 : drpiwrt^ t^ irpoirtair^, " Menippus 9 : i^pe/uila rp (ftwvp. lb. 18 : Tpaxeia kuI dmivei rp , ^wvp. (Cf. Bis Accus. 31, and De Morte Peregr. 3.) De Merc. Gond. 34 : XeTrr^ rg ^mvp. Hermotimus 1 : fuiKp^ r^ 'xpov^. Zeuxis 4 : v-irearaXfihn) t§ oirXp. Quom. hist, oonscr. 1 : Xivtipei r^ trvper^. " 45 : it'inrov oxoviiAvff r6re rp Gunuchus 1 1 : ^vxp^ t^ iSp&Tt. Amores 13 : Xiirapoi^ roU xeiXetriv. lb. 36 : {nrearaX/iiv^ r^ 1^9 T(. « <( (( <« tt u « 28 The Limitalions of the Predicalive Potiiion in Greek. « Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 4, 5 : iirirpoxv "^V 7^<»''t17' " De morte Peregr. 32 : iivpitp r^ vXridei. " Fugitivi 10 : arevitri rot? 6 r&v trrev&p vapara^afiAvtov. (2) Dative of Attendant Circumstances : — Dion Cass. 43, 43, 2: rij re yhp ivBfjri x'^vvoripq, iv iraaiv ivr)ffpvveTo. lb. 46, 22, 4 : Sre yovv yv/ivoi^ roi^ ^i^eaiv i^ rijv ayopiiv iv§. (Cf. 1, 83, 3.) lb. 3, 27, 3: KaTaic\i0eU Bi adp6

pot9. lb. 4, 48, 2 : itnraaiJpoK rot? ^'^«rt. (Cf. 4, 52, 4.) (3) Dative of Means and Instrument : — Dion Cass. 40, 43, 3: iKiim^at airoi)^ ix r^f ayopav irXayloiv Kal irXarivi roi^ (l«f>€tri iratovra^. By " prepositional type " of oblique predication, is meant ob- lique predication introduced by a preposition. The plan, pursued in the previous chapter, of notine the PREPOSITIONAL TYPE. i „• i • xu i • x • ans and Orators, and of comparing or contrasting with it that of poat-olassical Gre^k, is also followed here. Herodotus : — Hdt. 6, 92, 7: 8ti ivl -9 rwh tBoiev iv avearijKvlji t§ X'''PV dypbv ed i^epyaa/Uvov. 30 The lAmitatiom of the Predicative Position in Greek. These are the only cases found in Hdt. There is a special reason for the predicative position of the adjective yjrvxpov. " Into the cold oven " is an incorrect rendering. It might be rendered " into the oven when it was cold." But the brachylt^y of the Greek has disappeared. avepifjiv fierci, XP'?^'"^? '''V^ eXir/Sov eyiyvaMTKe fiov Karay^evad/ievoii, rovrqt Bua-'xy- pL^ero rip Xoytfi. MS N omits the article. MS A has it. Some of the editors follow the one MS, some follow the other. Graffonder, De Cripp- siano et Oxoniensi Antiphontis Dinarchi Lycurgi Codicibus, Berlin, 1882, p. 70 ff, remarks that this is one of those expressions which the Greeks are wont to enrich with the article, whereas we are wont to do without it. He compares Dinarchus 1, 67 : rlva^ rh^ ikirihaK i^ofuv; 1, 77: h rovrtfi tA? ikiriha^ Ij^**" » 1» 1^2: iv Tot? efo) tA? iKirihai} ^^ere. Bienwald, De Crippsiano et Oxonienei, etc., Gorlitz, 1889, p. 29, holds that the reading with, or without, the article is correct, but, inasmuch as Antiphon uses the article more frequently in the case of iKnrl.oKpaTOViiivv rfi troXei iyivovro. Lipsius (Andocides, Leipzig, 1888) brackets if. In this he follows MS A (according to Dobson). There is no gw)d reason for omitting the article. The same expression is found ma law in Demosthenes 24, 56, and is used by Demosthenes in 24, 76, where Kennedy misses the point by rendering it « in a democratioal state " It is rightly interpreted by Hickie, " when the city was under democratic government," and by Marohant, "in the time of the democracy." Dobree, Adven»ria Cntica, vol. 1, p. 325, oomimres iu ^i^Kparovy^ivv rv ^^X« of Dem. 24, 66 with Sv/^- .parovMur,^ r^v '^6Xem of Dem. 24, 68. This compar«on ^ms apt for in the former passage iv Bvf^KpaTovfievj, rp iroXet and iiri r&l rpidKovra are contrasted expressions, while in the latter passage we have ^p^KpaTovpAv^'i t^« irhX^f^i and M i&vrp^dKovra. In other words— with no intention of applying mathematics to lan- g„age-^v BvpoKparovpAvv rp 7r^X«t and Bf,f^KparovpAvv^ t»,9 ir&Kem are practically equivalent expressions. Lysias: — Ly8.X2,97: oi ph^ iv iroXep-itf t^ trarpiSi tov9 iratSai /eoToXtwovre?. ^ Pseado-Lys. 2, 49: ^o^^p^oi fi eit lpi?/*ov t^v x»P«»' ipfitihMV. The force of the predicative adjective ttoXcm^. which is in keep- ing with the vigorous utterance of Lysias at this point, is height- in Greek. i judgment, not I it in connection lettling the ques- ng back to § 31 he word iKirlt is », the expression F the predicative rhuc. 6, 68, 2: late Greek, Luc. :8os. Cf. Som- kivri Ty TToXet T^. In this he is no good reason is found in a law ithenes in 24, 76, < in a democratioal irhen the city was ant, " in the time a, vol. 1, p. 325, 24, 66 with ^fM- comparison seems ; Tp iroXet and irri D the latter passage '&v rptdKovra. In tathematics to Ian- MKparovfUinii rrjfi rpiSt TOW? Trotfio? jliov riiv xmpav ^, which is in keep- lis point, is height- The LimUationa of the Predimlwe PotUion in Greek. 33 ened by the contrast with the words iv ^ivp 7^ which follow. The word ;^9 Bih AiXia^ rrj^ y^mpa^ dird^ei', also 4, 1, 8. Anab. 6, 4, 2 : a>9 Bih i\la^ ^ m St^ iroXe filaf! wopevaotrrai rfji} ^cupa?. Arrian, Anab. 3, 3, 3 : hi iprf iiov, oi) fievroi Si^ upvBpov r^v ^i/ 'EWi^i/aii/. Abandoning for the moment the plan of indicating consecutively the usage of the individual Orators, the writer will attem,>i to give a general view of this class. With these examples from Isocrates, are to be compared : Dem. 20, 16 : vtto t&v ofiolwv eKovrmv. lb. 38, 28 : trap" eKovrwv eXafiov t&v iirtTpoirotv. Aeschin. 3, 68 : Trap" eKovrwv t&v 'EWi/voji' airoXa/Setv. Dinarch. 1, 37 : trap kKovTwv koL ^ovKofievfuv t&v 'EKXijvotv. They reappear in certain pos( -ciassical writers, e. g., Strabo 5, 3, 2 : Trap' ckovto'v t&v vrntKowv. lb. 5, 2, 3 : Trap* exovTuv eXafiov 'Tafutiotv. Dion Chrysostomus 11, 60 : Trap' eKovTwv t&v olKeimv, Dion Cassius 37, 3, 6 : Trap' eKovToav t&v einxtuplotv. lb. 63, 2, 6 : irap^ eicovTav t&v avdpdnrmv. (Often with pronouns, e. g.,) lb. 41, 35, 1 : Trop' i«oi/T09 p-ov. lb. 43, 34, 2 : Si kKovTutv re axn&v. lb. 46, 47, 1 : Trap' eKovrwv atrr&v. lb. 47, 29, 2 : Trap' kKovro^ ainov. lb. 63, 17, 3 : Trap' kKowL a^iaiv. These clearly form a group by themselves. The type became crystallised. aafftm^ -+ — The Limitationa qf the Predioatm i 'otitioH in • '•eek. To return to the usage of the individual OratorH : LycurgUH : — Lye. 144: ov8' iv iXevdipip iSd^ei t^v irarplio^ avroin Taei ; Aesohin. 3, 134 : irepl toO tj}? iraTpiBo^ iBdovov^ tov t^s TroXero?, etc. — it is a question as to whether there is any s|)ecial point to be gained by the use of the predicative position. H. Mayer, Observatipnes in Lycurgi ora- toris usum dicendi, Freiburg, 1889, p. 19ff, treating of Lycurgus's use of the article, says that he does not use it with the former of two substantives, in proof of which he cites the passage under dis- cussion and 149: xal ret^ ylr^ovei arffiaivoneva. Lucian, Timon 57 : iv kXevdipa TJ7 troKei, and elsewhere. Demosthenes : — Dem. 4,55: vvv S iw dhriXoi,^ oict roi^ dirb To&rmv i/uttn^ yevriao/iivoi^. lb. 18, 298 : air opdfj^ koI Bixala^ KaBia^Oopov 1^9 ^*fXV^' lb. 21, 30 : iir dBijXoi,^ fikv rol^ dBiK'qa-ovtriv, dSi;- Xo(f Bk Tot9 dBiKiir)? itri i\evOipoiv, lb. 18, 206: &f if Sov\evovep6vT(ov, and Plato, Apol. 20 e : «/« d^ioxpemv tov \eyovTa, Also in late Greek, as, e. g., Lucian and Dion Cassius. In the fourth example the reading of Voemel is followed. Noting that the article is generally omitted, he says : " Ti)v S, unde Scheibius, Obs. in Orr. Attic, p. 66 coniecit, ut habet Laur. 8, ttoW^? t^? i. e. iroWi) ^i/ ^ evSeia fieO' rj^ iTpd9 Kotvov 6vtov without 6vTUiv, Sandys and Paley (Private Orations of Dem., Part II., Cambridge, 1886) follow Dindorf. On general grounds it is Instter to omit the copula. In the ease of ev BovKevovajj rjj TroXet, the context with its prominent ideas containeil in the words SovXeveiv and fier* iXevdeplaii l^fjp prepares ns for the emphatic BovKevovtrf). The form is not unlike that of the example 4v BfifioKpaTovfievfi rfj iroXei, which has been noticed under Andocides. They are, however, different mi thio reH|)ect, that in the former case ev has a local, in the latter a temporal, signification. Drake has aptly compared Hdt. 6, 29 : iv aveartj/cviri rfj X'^PV' which has already been noted. Compare, also, in post-classical Greek, Lucian's Timon 57 : iv tkevdiptf. rp iroXei. The same expression is also found in Nigrinus 1 3 and Bis Accusatus 2 1 , The next example, irpof} BiaiMefierp-qfthrfv rijp rtfiepap, is a technical expression which is explained by Har- pocration. The judicial day was divided into three {mrts, one allotted to the plaintiff', another to the defendant, and the third to the judges. Cf. also f Dem. 53, 17 : irpixi rjiiipav BtafiefieTp'r)fji,ipf)p, and Aesohin. 2, 126 : ^v BiafiefieTpTifiipj) rf/ r\p,epa KpiPOfiai. The last two examples have already been noticed under the Isocratean use of participles. Aeschines : — Aescbines 3, 266: fir) otiv w? vtrkp aWorpia^, d\V d>9 virkp oiKeLafs t^s TroXeo)? fiovKev' ecde. lb. 3, 68 : irap iKoprwp ro)!/ 'EWi/vo)]/. lb. 3, 1 26 : ip Biafttfierprifiipij ry rj/jkipa. Tn the first case, MSS e h k 1 give wepl for vvip in both places. Weidner adopts irepC in the former place. The principle applied to «? irepl aWorpiov rov wpayfiaToti is pointless here. The second and third examples have already been noticed. Dinarchus : — Dinarchus 1, 37: irap* kK6vra>v Ka\ fiovXofiivap t&v ''EXXijvwv. 38 Tlie Limitations of the Predicative Position in Greek. This example has already found a place under the Isocratcan use of participles. The survey of the usage of the historians and the Orators, so far as the prepositional type of oblique predication is concerned, has now been completed. In the course of the exhibit, special notice was taken of one particular type which begins in the Orators and survives in certain post-classical authors. The marks of its crys- tallization were quite evident. No small number of the examples which lie outside this province can be distinguished by the fact that the substantive with which they are connected is frequently X<'>pO') irarpi^, troXi^. Notice was also taken of a small group with the substantivised participle. Another small group may fitly be noticed here. This type is preserved among certain of the post- classical writers. Ant. : fiera xpvo"rV'i t^? ikviBo^. Dem. : a-rr opdij^s xal BiKaia^ xaSiatjidopov t^? V^X^'- Plato, Protag. 357 A : iv opOfj t^ aipetrei. Dion Cass. 37, 11, 2: fierk. uKcpaiov rov ^povqiiaro^. lb. 38, 18, 2 : air 6p6fi^ Ka\ aSia^dopov t^s yvm/itj^. lb. 38, 42, 4 : dir* opBrj^ koI dS6\ov ttj^ yvatfiij^. lb. 44, 23, 2 : ott' 6pdr] fiovKevofievovi Toy? e')(dpov<{. lb. 3, 43, 4 : Trpo? avevdvvov rifv vfierepav uKpoatriv. There are, on the other hand, eleven examples in Lucian : Lucian, Piscator 32 : tt/sov af^voovvTa^i rovi K.Vfia[ov^. lb. Pro Imag. 16 : irpoi ovra \oyn^. lb. Alexander 39 : iv rroW^ t§ irianrp. lb. " 44 : eirl iroW&v t&v irapovrav. lb. De Saltatione 40 : ix iroW&v r&v irapaXekeififiivmv. Cf. also Demonax 31, Gallus 19, Bhet. Praec. 3, Hippias 7, Advers. Indoot. 19, 24, De Dipsad. 2, Dial. Meietr. 14, 2, De Morte Peregr. 19. Similar are Gallus 15, Icaromenip. 17, and Apol(^ia 15. So Lucian uses 0X6709, but not frequently. Lucian, Anacharsis 11 : ^* 0X1701/ t&v jMpT^pmv. lb. Hermot. 58 : air oKiyov tov yev/MTo^. With the former of these examples, cf. Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 1 : iir^ oXlytov fjMi SoKovi- 0T09 iBi^aro. IJMKpo^ is similarly used by Lucian. Lucian Deor. Dial. 10, 2 : \nro fuiKp^ r^ ^6^. lb. De Merc. Conduct. 37 : htk fjMKpov toO xpovov. lb. Jupp. Confut. 7 : inrb /laKp^ r^ \lpi\aei rf/ virodiaei. lb. Quom. hist, conscr. 4 : iv ojHro) 7ro\v^a>vqi r^ xaiptp. (6) The preposition iiri with the dat. is quite common. Demos- thenes is the only classical author who makes use of it in prose. Cf. Lucian, Hermot. 74 : itrX aaOpoh roit defieXioK tovtok. lb. Quom. hist, conscr. 35 : e<^' ovt© fieydXra xal ^^aXcTr^J to5 •trpdyfiari, lb. Demonax 8 : iir 6\,iyoxpovtoi€i koI irpoh'qXtfi r^ 'xprja-f/,^, lb. Rhet. Praec. 24: iirl slriX^ t^J rpi^eadai. lb. Pseudolog. 26 : iwl weTrpayfievq) rjSt) rtp epytfi. lb. De Domo 1 : iirX irpohrfXtfi rrj v6