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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, 11 est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cesssire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le mAthode. y errata id to It ie pelure, 9on A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 PI CO OMB OP THK LOi Tuite le in facolta dell' a zione delie ide DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, THEORETICAL, AND HISTORICAL, OP COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. i BV \« J. R. MCCULLOCH, ESQ. \ EDITED BY Hi^NRY VETHAKE, LL.D. ONK OF THE PROFESSORS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PH(- LOSOPHICAL society; author OF A TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY; ETC. Tune le invenzloni Ic piA benemnritc del genere umano, e che hanno svillupato I'in^ngno e la fncnltft deir animo nostro, sono quelle che accnstano I' uomo all' uomo, e facilitano la cominunica- zione delle idee, dei biaogni, dei sentimenti, e riducano il genere umano a inassa. Vebbi. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. PHILADELPHIA: THOMAS WARDLE, 15 MINOR STREET. / oc / v. / STEREOTYPED DV L. JOHNSON. 184 0. Pro- :^' r .;' e i.H M> Un;vc.-..-y oi J. I JV i i "TliMiiirli iiiiiiH'diiitcly and prininrily written fi)r tlip inprrtiantf, lliis Comniprrial Dirtionary will ho of use Id ivcry man i)t' hiisincss or cif ciirinsity. 'I'luTi' is no man who is no! in sipinc dt'LTcc a nicr- I liaril : \\ Im liaH nul sonii'lliiii)! ti> Imy and sdnirtliinu tlrm t .1,.. ...^..-.w..: ,1 ,...1 t.;.. ....... ....^....... I ti... pr.'iliiilidiis dl' llic I llii' s|ic'rnlalisl » illi any Im iIii' s|ic'riilaiisl » illi any ciihiT iNatnral lliiitiiry. 'i'lic ili'sirijilidiis nf piirls and lilics may in>lrni ( till' i.'>'ci(ria|iln'r as wril as it' tlicy were t'liiiiid in Imoks a|>|irci|irialc^d oidy In liis own S( ii'iiic ; ami lln- iliM'iriiii'S Ml' Inmls. insiiraini'K, ciirri'iicy, ni<>nn|iMlirs, i'\i'liani.'i'H, and dniirs, is sci dim issary to tli conlrilinte to Ihc^ adraiila|,'e ol an iiiai niaKe or ri'ceive laws. oi an inai Imy or sell, of all that wish to kuup or iiiiprovu their pus^vssiuiis, of all lliat desire to he rich, and all th;il desire to he wise.' JuilNSUN, Vrefaceto Hull's Diet. Entered accordhiK to Act of (;on|;resi), in the year If'Sd, hy Thomas W uini.i:, in the Clerk's Ollice of the District Conrt of the Kaslerii District of I'eiinsvlvania. In o( Comme and plai author's With fined hii citizens, artichis Imports articles ralty Co Tiiere procurini Besides 1 Treasury consulted our large " Financi fjister," c contains i injr tilt) i Hazard's weekly r patronagf It is p Enirlish { time, a p; in the i)( second V( lions by 1 article Fi others, a] brought (] PREFACE OP THE AMERICAN EDITOR. In offering to the public an American edition of Mr. M'CuUoch's valuable Commercial Dictionary, it is unnecessary to add any thing, concerning tlic object and plan of the work, to what will be found in the s\ibjoined extracts from the author's prefaces to the several editions of it wiiich have appeared in England. With respect to the labours of the present editor, he has for the most part con- fined himself to matters relating to his own country, or of especial intt>rest to its citizens. Considerable information of this nature will be found appended to the articles Aliens, IJanking, ('oal, Coins, Cotton, Importation and I'^xportation, Imports and Exports, Iron, Roads, Silk, and TarilT, as well as others. A few articles have been inserted on sul)jects not treated by the author ; such as Admi- ralty Courts, Liverpool, London, &c. Tiiere is, generally speaking, an extreme dilficulty in the United States of procuring statistical information, which may i)o depended upon for its accuracy. Besides tiie reports, from time to time made to Congress, by the Secretary of the Treasury, and by committees of that body, the principal sources that have been consulted for the purpose are the commercial newspapers i)ublished in some of our large cities, particularly the Philadelphia Commercial List, — Mr. Ilaguet's " Financial Register, — and the " United States Commercial and Statistical Re- gister," edited by Samuel Hazard. Tlie former of the two works just mentioned contains a greater mass of facts, mingled witli mucii valuable dis(piisition, respect- ing the subjects to which it is devoted, tlian is to be found elsewhere. Mr. Hazard's work has just reached the close of its first volume. It is published in weekly numbers, abounds in useful information, and is deserving of extensive patronage. It is proper to mention that this American has been reprinted from the last English edition. Tiie supplement to this, however, not having been received in time, a page or two was unavoidably omitted to be incorporated with tlie rest of it in the body of the work, hut will be found in a supplement at the end of the second volume. In the same supplement, too, the reader will find further addi- tions by the American editor ; some of which, relating to the United States, (the article Fish, for example,) could not be prepared for an earlier insertion; and others, again, consist of the statistics of the commerce of certain foreign ports, brought down to a later date than is given by the author. iii B (A ■ i \ EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Tt has tirrn llic wish of the Autlior ami PiiltlishiTs of this Work, that it should ho an cxtoiisivi'ly iisclul as |)ns.sihlo. If they he not dcccivi'd in thoir rxprctations, it may be advantaRfously cniiiloycd, as a sort of nide miciitii, l>y nu'rchaiits, tradi'rs, ship-ownrrs, and slii|)-iiiasl('rs, ill condiu'tiiiu; the di'taiis of their n'spi-clivc l)usiiicsscs. It is hoju'd, howrver, tliat this oliji'c't has hci'n altaiiicd witliout omitliiiLt the coiisidrration of any ti>]iic, incident to the sulijfct, that srcnicd cak-uiated to niajits the hook generally serviceable, and to reconi- inend it to the! attention of all ela^sses. J I id our oliject been merely to consider commert'c as a srienee, or to inves|ii;atp its prin- ciplis, we should nut have adopted the form of a Uielionary. Unt eommerce is not a f-'ciiuee <»nly, l)Ut also an (irl of the utmicit praeti('ai)le importance, and in the prosecution of which a. very lart;e pro|)ortion of the population of every civilist-d country is actively eriiriiired. Hence, to be generally useful, a work on eonnuerce shouhl combine practice, theory, and history, IJillereut readers may resort to it for ditlerent pur])oses ; and ivery 4ine slioidd be alile to fnul in it clear and accurate infonnalion, whether his object l)e to make liiinself familiar with di'taiis, to ac(iuire a knowledije of principles, or to learn the revolu- tions that have taken place in the various departments of trade. 'i'he followiujj; short outline of what this Work contains may enable the reader toestimate the probability of its fulliliiuK tlu^ objects for which it has been intended: — I. It contains accounts of the various articles which fi>rm the subject matter of com- mercial transactions. To their English names are, for the most part, subjoiucd tluiir synony- mous appelliitions in French, (ierman, Italian, Russian, Spanish, lui\c iiiiuli' rnnsiiJrrnMo hit of the trratiHO of liortl 'IViittrdcii on tlif hnw of S|ii|)|iinfr, — a work that rfllfctM very ureal rrnlit on t\w Icureiinn and tali'nU of its noMo aiillior. Tin- Konistry Act ami llu- Navigation Act an- Riven with very little aliriilninent. To this heaii may also he referred the urticien on the Con, Hkuuinu, I'lLCHAiin, and Wiulk fislieries. IV. The prinei|ilert and practice of coinniercial arithmetic and accounts are unfolded in the articlcH UooK-Ki:Ki'iN(i, I)isi:orN-r, KxciiaMiK, Intkhk.st ami Anmi'ITIKs, Ac. 'J'he article Hook-kkkimnh has lieeti furninhed liy one of the ollicial as.sii;nee>' under the new bankrupt act. Ii exhihitM a view of thiri important art aH actually iiraetised in the most c.itenHivc mercantile houses in town, 'i'he tallies for calculating interest and amniitieH nro believed to be more complete than any hitherto given in any work not treating profesiiedly of Buch Hubjects. V. A eonsideralile class of articli>s may be regarded as dcRcriptive of the various menUK and devices that have been fallen upon for extending and f.icilituting cmiunerce anil naviga- tion. Of these, taking them in their order, the articles Banks, Uiiokkhs, IJtovs, ('a.nai.s, Cauavans, ('auiiikiis, Coins, <'ol(inii:s, Comcaniks, Co\sfi,s, ('onviy, Docks, Fac- TOHS, FaIIIS ami MaHKKTS, LlliMT-MOI'SKS, MoNKV, 1'a ItT > K USUI I', I'll.oTAOK, I'oST- Ofkick, Kaii.-ii(iaiis, Uoahs, Thkat-ks (('oMMnaci ai.), \V'i;i(iiiTs ami M»:tsi hks, Ac. are among thiMiiost important. In the article Hanks, the reailer will lind, besides an I'X- position of the principles of banking, a pretty full account (derived principally from otficial hources), of the Hank of England, the private banks of liondon, and the KiigliKh provincial banks; the Scotch and Irish banks; and the most celebnited foreign banks : to complete this dejiartnient, nn account of Savinu's' lianks is sulijoiiied, with a set of rules which may bo taken as a model for such institutions, 'i'here is added to the article Coins a 'J'abic of the assay, weight, and sterling value of the princijial Ion ign gold and silver coins, deduceii from assays made at the London and Paris mints, t;»ki:n, by permission, from the last edition of iJr. Kelly's Caiuliist. 'I'he article Coi.omks is one of the most extensive in the work : it contains a sketch of the ancient and modern systems of colonisation ; an exuiniimtion of the princi[iles of colonial jiolicy ; ami a view ef the extent, tr.iile, population, and resource.-i of the colonics of this and other countries. In this article, and in the articles Cai-i; ok (■(Kill lIoi'K, Hai.iiax, C^iKHKc, Sviinkv, and Van Dikmi.n's liANii, recent and authentic information is given, which those intending to emigrate will lind worthy of their atieiitioii. * * • The statements in the articles liWiiiT-iiorsKs and I'ilotauf. have been mostly fur- nished by the Trinity House, or derived from Parliamentary papers, and may be implicitly relied upon. In the article VVkkihts anii .Mkasi'uks the reader will lind tables of the ecjuivalents of wine, ale, and Winchester measures, in Iin|ierial measure. VI. Besides o general article on the constitution, advantages, and disadvantages of Com- panies, accounts are given of the principal associations existing in (Jreal IJritiin lor the. purpose of conducting commercial undertakings, or undertakings subordinate to and con- nected with commerce. Among others (exclusive of the IJnnking and Dock ('ompanies already referred to) may be mentioned the East Iniha CoMi-ANV.the (Jas Companiks, the Insi'Kanck Companiks, the Minini; ('ompaniks. the Watkii CoMPAN'ir.s, &c. The article on the J']ast India Company is of considerable length ; it contains a pretty conipleti^ sketch of the rise, progress, and present stale ^,( the Hritish trade w itli India ; a view :A ihc- revenuc, jiopulalion, &c, of our Indian dominions ; anil an estimate of the inlluence of the Company's monopoly. AA'e have endeavoureil, in treating of Insurance, to supply what we think a desideratum, by giving a distinct ami plain statenu'nl of its principles, and a brief notice of its history ; with an account of the rules and practices followed by individuals and companies in transacting the more impurtant departments of the business; and of the terms on which houses, lives, &c. are commonly insured. The part of the article which peculiarly respects marine insurance has been contributed by a practical gentleman o'"inuch knowledge and experience in that branch. VII. In addition to the notices of the I'xcisc and (,'usloms regulations airecling particular commodities given under their names, ihe reader will lind ariicles under the heads of Cc s- TOMS, EXCISK, ImPOIITATION anii EXPOIITATION, I.UKXSKS, .SmViJIH.IN;;, W'AUKIiOl'SIMi, &c. which comprise most of the jiractical details as to the business of the Excise and Cus- toms, particularly the latter. The most important Customs' Acts are given with very little abridgment, and being printed in small letter, they occupy comparatively little sjiace. 'J''he article Taiufi-- contains an account of the various duties, drawbacks, and bounties, on the importation and exjiortatiim of all sorts of connnodities into and from this country. — (See Preface to Second Edition.) We once intended to give the tarili's of some of the principal ('ontincntal states; but from the frequency of the changes made in them, they would very soon have become obsolete, and would have tended rather to mislead than to instruct. Bui the reader will notwithstanding lind a gooil deal of information as to foreign duties under the articles Caiiik, Uantzic, Havuk, Napi.ks, Nkw V'ouk, Thikstk, C£ Ut TuAUE, UAKKllUrXcr, Cu:4TUAUAMJ, CuiiDlT rUKFACE. Ttt Han«*kvth' Lr,A(ii'r., iMPonTA aih IIm-hutm, iMPHKHsMr.fT, Ihmiax Isi.aniii, \f aimtimii Law, I'atkm'h, I'awvhidikixii, I'ihaiy, INti'ri.Ariox, I'iikchmh Mctai.*, I'iiiikh, I'lti- VATKt.llS, I'rHI.H'AXIH, CJI'AHANTINC, H».VK»IK AMI IjX I'KN IlITI'Il K, 'I\l.l.r 'I'lllllF, Thick Hvstkm, A.c. 1\. Aci'iiimtM nrc ijivrn, uiulrr thoir proprr hcailH, r)f tlii> priiicipal (>in|ii)riuinN with which thlH counlry litis iiiiy iiniiiriliati' indTcoiirsi' ; of tlir ciiiiiiiuiiliticM ihiimIIv t'\|iiirti'il fnini and iiiiportfd itito thfiii ; of (hrir iiioiiii'H, vvt'ii;lits, iiiiil tnt'iiHurcH ; mid of niuIi of tlirir iristitii- tiiiiH, ciistoiim, ami rc'^'iihitioiiM, with rrMpect lo coiiiuiitci! mid iiaviijiitioii, us Hi'einrd to di*- wrvr iioiicf, 'I'licrc urr occasionally Hiili|oiiicd to these iiccouiits of the urcat sca-portn, jirctty full Ktatt'inciits of tlui trade of the countries in which Ihey are Nitiiated, us in th« in- stunccH of 'Vlkxaniiuh, Amstkiiuvm, Hoimikaii, Caihz, (3\i.ci ita, Cw io>, ('iir»;>- IIAIiKM, I)A\i'/lC, MaV\NNAII, llvVIlK, .\ V i'l.KS, IS' K W VlHIK, l*AI.KHMII, I'l.'l' KIIS II I' lllill. Km UK .lA.Nr.iiio, Smviin >, 'I'ltif.si'K, Vi;iu (3«i/., (Stc. 'J'o have atteiiiiitcd to lio voluiues, and moro tiiaii is contained in Macpherson's Annals of (!ommerce, in four lari;e volumes ipiarto, puli- lished at n/, Hk.\ This extraordinary condensation has lieeii etrected without any sacritice cither of lieauty or disiiiictness. <'oiild we suppose that the siihstance of the hook is at all cipial to its form, there would Im' little niom for doulit us to its success. Aware that, in a work of this niliire, accuracy in matters of fad is of primary import- ance, we have rarely made any staii'iiicnt without mentionini; our authority. I'lVcept. too, in the case of Ii.miUs in every one's hands, or Dictionaries, the pu'^e or chapter of the works referred to is ijenerally specilied ; experience havini; taught lis that the coineiiient practice of Htrinuinij together a list of authorities at tho end of an article is much ol'tener a cloak for ignorance than nn evidence of research. Our oliject I'cing to descrihe articles in the state in which tliey are olHred for sale, wo have not entered, except when it was necessary to give precision or clearness to their de- scrip'i^ii, into any details as to the processes followed in their maiinl'icture. • • » Such is a rough outline of what the reader may expect to iiu'ct with in this Dictionary. We do not, however, (latter ourselves with the notilirtlinl lit i'liriM in liV.I, iii Isvn \ii|iiiiii'm Icilin : ii xii|i|i|i'nii'iitiil miIiiiik' U'ltiK iiclili'il in li:ll). 'I'IiIk wiim the lirit work iifllii- kirul lliiil ii|i|iniri'il in nnHlrrn Kurii|>f; llMil luiH rurin>lu'il till' |)iilii'ipiil part nf tlii' in.iti'riulH I'ur liioM ot (linsi- hy wliirll it liai lirriv t'nlliiwi'il. Till' iinili-rtakiliL; wns lilu'rally |iiitriiiiiM'il liy lln' Trriirli Kiivrrnnii'iit, who jiiHtly cii|iiii(lrrril llial a ( 'oiiiiiicrcial Uirlioiiary. it wi'll lAi'iutril, wniilil In- iiI' nutiniiul iiii|iiirt.iiii'i'. Hftii'i! II ciiiiNiili'ral''", unil, iuilt'rtl, (liu iiiohI viiIii.iIiIc, |iiirtiiMi ol' M. NavuryV work i-* coin* Iiili'il troiii Mriiinirs Hnit liiiii, liv iirilrr of uuxcniiiK'nt, l!i, Uiiil till' lait in IV(i.'). More tli.iii till' liiilf of tliiK work (•oll^i,'t« of inallor nlt<)«Hli(r forclRn to Uh proper olijirt. It in, in fact, II Horlof Dinionary of ManiifacliirrH as wi II im of ('oiniiH'rci'; ilrwriplioiis In ini; given, wliii-li are, neceKHiirily |ierliaps, in nio-tt iiiiitiiiire.-i exeeeiliimly iiii'oiii|ilet(', iiiiil wliicli the waiil of plati'H olteil remltrM uiiinti llii;ll\veM'r, iieeil look into it Inr any tU'Vilo|piiieiil of s. mini prini'i|ileH, or for enlarijeil \iews. it is \aliiali|e an a re|ii'rtoiy of faetH n'latiiiif to co'iiineice ami iiiaiinl'aetiiri's at the eiiinineneeiiieiit of last eentiiry. <'o!li'ileil with luuilalile eare iiiii! imlll^lry ; hut the spirit wliieli per\ailes it is that of u eiistonis ollirer, ami not that of a inerrliaiit or a philosopher. "Siiunut dtiiin stx rijUxlnns, il lemf p/iili/t if ii^arcr tru liflinrs i/ii'ii lis rniiiliiirc, il tim iiiiixi/iiis niilxili/rii tin priiurm du cinninirce tt dc I'illi/listrii iililintiu III /iri,'i\ vuliinii's folio. Tiiis l'ro>pertns is a wmk of sterliiiir merit; ami fVoin the iie- kiio\vli'ilL;e(l iearninu. talents, ami eap.ii ity of its author for lahorions exertion, there ran he no ilouht that, liail the projecti'ii J)ii'lioiiary lieen coinpleteil, it woiilil liave hern iiil'initely Hll|ieriiir to that of Sa\aiy. it appears (I'rospeeliis, pp. ;t.');j — '.i'l'.t.) tliat .Moreilet h.el hieii t>ii){aueil for a iiiiiiiher of years in pieparations lor this threat work ; ami that he hail aiiiasseil a lari>e eolleition of liook^^ ami iiianiisiripls relative to the eoiiinieree, navigation, ciiiniiirs, orts, t'i:!'. of I'' ranee ami other rountni's. 'l"he enterprise was lieiiUii uiiiler the auspices of M. 'IVuilaine, liitemlant of rinaiiie, ami was patroiiiseil hy .Messrs. I, 'Averily ami IJeitin. Co'ii|)troili'is ( Jeiieral. iJul whether it wereowiiii; to the ui'.;iiiilie liatine of the umler- takini;, to the author having; heeoiiie too inueli eni;rosseii witii other pnr-iiits, the want of BuHieielit eneoiiranenieiit, or some other Ciiiise. no part of the proposed IJietioiiiiry ever ap- jienrcd. \\'e are iiinoraiit of the fate of tlie valnahle collection of inaiiuscripts iiiiuli! hy the Ahhe .Moreilet. His hooks were solil at I'aris witiiiii lliese lew years. A (Joinniercial Dietioiiiiry, in three volumes ■Ito, foriniii'.; part of the I'hiei/r/oprdle Ni't/iiii/ii/iir, was imhlisheil at I'aris in 17s:i. Il is very unei|uully execiiteii, ami contains numerous artieli's tliat iiiifht have liten advanlaneously left out. The oiiilors acknowle(l;ri> ill their IVi'face that tliey have, in most instances, heeii olilined to liorrow from Savary. 'J'he best parts of tlie work are copied from the edition of the 'J'niiti Ginvriil dc diiniiitrcc of Kicard, puiilished at Amsleniani in 178 1, in two vohmies Ito. 'I'he earliest (commercial IJiclionary ]mhlished in Kiit^laiid, was compiled hy Malachy Postletliwayt, Ksij,, a diligent and indefatit;ahle writer. The first part of the first edition iijipeured in 1 751. Tiie last edition, in two enormous I'olio volumes, was puiilished in 1774. It is charj{eahle with the same defects as that of M. Savurv, of wliieh, imieed, it is for the most part a iiti'ral translation. 'I'lie author has made no elVort to condense or comliine the statements under dillerenl articles, which are frei|uently not a little contradictory ; at tlic same time that many of them are totally unconnected with commerre. Ill 17 l» liy Mr. Morlimor. Wo iintlrrittninl, howo/tT, llml he hml Iml lillli-, if nny thina, to do with ilM riitiipilution, Il in i|uili< iiiiwortliy i>t' llic Hiilijrri, ami nt ilic i'| Ii when it ap|i<>arciit li-w |M'iiiliiir irifritn. H«'ini{ riof only ii hirliomiry of (Jotiiinrrcc itinl NiiviKutioii, Imt of .MuiiiiliniiiriM, it rotituiiiit iiccniiiilH of till' cllllrrfitt iirlx : Imt to ili>Hi'rili<> t|icM<< in it Na'infiii'lory iiiiil rriilly UHcfiil rniiliiicr, would r<"|uirr Hrvt'riil voIiimiim, iiiiiI |Iii< i'ii-o|M'riilioii of >niiiiy iniliviiliiulH : no that, whilo thn nf('oiiiit-< rrfcrn-d to iirt- worth vrrv liltlr, lliry occu|iy ko |iirt{<' a H\inrt' thnt room Ihim not htrri Irfl for the propfr diNciixhioii of tlioHC NnlijrctH Iroiii winch :ilonf tlio Work diTivcH wliatfvcr \aU\v it jiohhcmhi-k, 'I'Iiiih, iIiiti- it an arlirli' of Iwnity-lwo pu^rii tcrhniiMlly dfwriliinn *'"' varionn procrHm-H of tin' art of painlin'^, wlnli- the u'i'iirral iiMii-li' on roinnicrcc in roniprlHi'd in Ufn than (U'o |iagi'i«, 'I'hf articlrH on I'oin and iiioncy ilo not togrlhrr oroiipy four paic>4, lii'iiiir roiiNidi'ralily \v»n than the Mpacc allodcd to ilic arlirlcs on onvrnvirn; and ctrhiiiff. Thrri' \* not a word naid an to the cirruinHtanct'K which dctcrininit the I'ouiiw' of I'xchanno ; anil the iinportani Kiiliji-ct of crcilit l^^ diKpoMi'd of in ^•^^s ilian tint iiiim .' l'«ihB|iM, howivcr, Ihf urcatcst defect in the work in itH imil want of any lliinn like Kcieiiei'. No attempt in ever made to cxphiii the principles on which any operaiiori (lepeiid«. Hvery ihini; iH trrateil ax if it were enipirieal and arliitrary. Kxeept in the le^iil artieleH, no authorities are (pioted, ho that very little dependence can 1)C placed on the nlati^ nients advanced. In another ("ommercini Dictionary, rrpuhliHhrd within ihene few yenrH, llie ueneral article on roininerce roiisistx of a di»ieiissiiiti with rexpect to tirnple and coiii|ionnd deniaiul, and Himple and doiilile competition: luckily the article doen not fill ipiite a |iui;e ; heiii^ consi- derably shorter than the description of the kaleidoscope. I'luler these circumstances, we do think llial there is room for n new Dictionary of Com- nieree and ('oinmercial .Navii^ntion : and whatever may he thought of our work, it cannot be said liiat in bringing it into the ticld wc arc encrouching on ground already fully occupied. ■ ■I i EXTRACTS FRO.n TUB PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 6 1 The first impression of this Dictionary, consisting of 2,000 copies, was entirely sold off in less than nine months from the tiate of its publication. We feel very deeply indebted to the public for this une(|uivoeal proof of its approbation; and wc have endeuv.iired to evince our gratitude, by labouring to render the work less un8, within four years of its establishment, down to the present time. We have also [)rocured a statement, from authority, of the mode of transacting busi- .less in the Bank of Scotland ; and have been able to supply several additional particulars, both with respect to British and to foreign banks. We have made many additions to, and alterations in, the numerous articles descriptive of the various commodities that form the materials of commerce, and the hisioric;d notices by which some of tiiem are accompanied. We hope they will be found more aicurate and complete than formerly. The Ciazetteer department, or that embracing accounts of the j)rincipal foreiuii emporiums with which this country maintains a direct ii; rcourse, was, perhaps, the mi st delective in the old edition. If it be no longer in this predicament, the improvement bus been princi- pally owing to ofl'icial co-operation. 'J'he sort of information we desired as to the great sea- port towns could not be derived from books, nor fiom any sources accessible to the public ; and it was necessary, therefore, to set about exploring others. In this view wc drew up a series of queries, embracing an investigation of imports and exports, commercial and ship- ping regulations, ])ort charges, duties, tScc, that might be transmitted to any port in any part of the world, 'i'here would, however, in many instances, have been much dilliculty in getting them answered with the recjuisite care and attention by private individuals; and the scheme would have had but a very partial success, had it not been for the friendly and eflt'ctual interference of Mr. Poulett 'i'homson. Alive to the importance! of having the queries projierly answered, he voluntarily undertook to use his inlluence with Loiil I'aliner- gton to get them transmitted to the Consuls. This the Noble Lord most readily did ; and answers have been received from the greater number of these functionaries. 'J'liere is, of course, a considerable inequality amongst them ; but they almost all embody a great deal of valuable information, and some of them are drawn u\) with a degree of skill and sagacity, and display an extent of research and a capacity of observation, that rellect the highest credit on their authors. The information thus obtained, added to what we received through other, but not less authentic channels, supplied us with the means of describing twice the number of foreign 8ca-porta noticed in our former edition ; and of enlarging, amending, and correcting the accounts of such as were noticed. Besides much fuller details than have ever been previ- ously published of the nature and extent of the trade of many of these places, the reader will, in most instances, find a minute account of the regulations to be observed respecting the entry and clearing of ships and goods, with statements of the dilferent public charges laid on shipping, the rates of commission and brokerage, the duties on the principal goods imported and exported, the prices of provisions, the regulations as to quarantine, the practice as to credit, banking, &c., with a variety of other particulars. We have also descrilied the ports ; and have specified their depth of water, the course to be steered by vessels on entering', with the rules as to pilotage, and the fees on accounts of pilots, light-houses, &c. As it is very difiicult to convey a sufficiently distinct idea of a sea-port by any description, we have given plans, taken from the latest and best authorities, of about a dozen of the ])rincipal foreign ports. Whether we have succeeded, is more than wc can venture to say ; but we hope we have said enough to satisfy the reader, that we have spared no pains to furnish him with authentic information on this important department. The Taiuff, or Table of Duties on Imports, &c., in this edition, is highly important and valuable. It is divided into three columns : the first containing an account of the existing duties payable on the importation of foreign products for home use, as the same were fixed by the act of laot year, 3 &4 Will. IV. cap. 5(!. The next column exhibits the duties pay- able on the same articles in 1819, as fixed by the .Act 59 Geo. III. cap. 5*2. ; and the third and last column exhibits the duties as they were fixed in 17S7 by Mr. Pitt's Consolidation Act, the 27 Geo. III. cap. 13. The duties are rated throughout in Imperial weights and measures ; and allowances have been made for dilferences in the mode of charging, &c. The reader has, therefore, before him, and may compare together, the present customs' duties with the duties as they stood at the end of the late war, and at its commencement. No similar Table is to be met with in any other work. We arc indebted for it to J. D. Hume, Esq., of the Board of Trade, at whose suggestion, and under whose direction, it has been prepared. Its compilation was a work of great labour and difficulty ; and could not PREFACE. XI less Ixed lay- liird _ » Ins Int. Id. lias Lot have been accomplisheil by any one not thomu^hly ac(iuaintccl witli the customs acts, and the various chanu;t's in the mode of assessing the duties. Its accuracy may be rchcd on. The article Slavks ami Slavf. Tuadk contains a full abstract of the late iiiiportaiit statute fur the abolition of slavery. Amona; the new articles of a miscellaneous description, may be specified those on Alikns, Ionian Islands, Popilation, Tai.lt Thadi:, Trl'ck Svstkm, &c. On the whole, we trust it will be found, that the work has been improved throughout, either by the correction of mistakes, or by the addition of new and useful matter. IStill, however, we are well aware that ii is in various respects defective ; but we are not without hopes that those who look into it will be indulgent enough to believe that this has been owing as muoh to the extreme difficulty, or rather, perhaps, the impossibility, of obtaining accurate information respectinir some of the subjects treated of, as to the want of care and attention on our part. Even as regards many important topics connected with the eoinmerco and manufactures of Great Britain, we have had to regret the want of authentic details, and been obliged to grope our way in the dark. Nothing, indeed, can exceed the accuracy and luminous arrangement of the customs accounts furnished by the Ins[)ector (Jeneral of Imports and Exports. Hut, owing to the want of any details as to the cross-channel trade between Great Britain and Ireland, the value of these accounts is much diminished. The condition anil habits of the people of Ireland and of Great Britain are so very dilfiTcnt, that conclusions deduced from considering the trade or consumption of the United Kingdom en ntas.se, are generally of very little value ; and may, indeed, unless carefully sifled, be the most fallacious imaginable ; while, owing to the want of any account of the traije between the two great divisions of the empire, it is not possible accurately to estimate tiie consump- tion of either, or to obtain any sure means of judging of their respective progress in wealth and industry. As respects manufactures, there is a still greater deficiency of trustworthy, comprehensive details. We submitted the articles relating to them in this work, to the highest practical autti'i"iies ; so that we incline to think they are about as accurate as they can well be rendered in the absence of ollicial returns. It is far, however, from creditable to the country, that we should be obliged, in matters of such importance, to resort to private and irresponsible individuals for the means of coming at the truth. Statistical science in Great Britaiti is, indeed, at a very low ebb : and we are not of the number of those who suppose that it will ever be materially improved, unless government become more sensible, than it has hitherto shown itself to be, of its importance, and set machinery in motion, adequate to procure correct and comprehensive returns. The statistical Tables published by the Board of Trade embrace the substance of hun- dreds of accounts, scattered over a vast mass of Parliamentary papers. They seem to bo compiled with great care and judgment, and are a very valuable acquisition. We have fre- quently been largely indebted to them. But their arrangement, and their constantly in- creasing number and bulk, make them ((uite unlit for being readily or advantageously consulted by })ractical men. Most part of the returns relating to the principal articles given in this work, go back to a much more distant period than those published by the Board of Trade. We have seen no reason to modify or alter any Pkinciple of eoMMnneiAL poi.icv ad- vanced in our former edition. In some instances, we have varied the exposition a little, but that is all. In every case, however, we have separated the practical, legal, and historical statements from those of a speculative nature ; so that those most disposed to dissent from our theoretical notions will, we hope, be ready to admit that they have not been allowed to detract from the practical utility of the work. * * * The important service done to us, or rather to the public, by Mr. Poulett Thomson, in the obtaining of the Consular Returns, is a part only of what we owe to that gentleman. We never applied to him for any sort of information which it was in his power to supply, that he did not forthwith place at our free disposal. That system of commercial policy, of which the Right Honourable gentleman is the enlightened and eloquent defender, has nothing to fear from publicity. On the contrary, the better informed the pulilic become, the more fully the real facts and circumstances relating to it are brought before them, the more will they be satisfied of the soundness of the measures advocated by Mr, Thomson, and of their bein? eminently well fitted to promote and consolidate the commercial greatness and prosperity of the empire. It is proper, also, to state, that besides the Board of Trade, all the other departments of government to which we had occasion to apply, discovered every anxiety to be of use to us. We have been particularly indebted to .Mr, Spring Rice ; Sir Henry Parnell ; Mr. Wood, Chairman of the Board of Stamps and Taxes ; Mr, Villiers, Ambassador at Madrid ; aiid Mr. Mayer, of the Colonial Olfice. ■ •4 \ ADVERTISEMENT TO THE LAST ENGLISH EDITION. In this cilition all the more important returns and accounts as to the Trape, Navioa- Tios, and CoNsuMr-Tiox of Great Britain and other countries, have been brought down to the latest period. In some iriHtance^, too, the form of the returns has been changed, and new ones, (iriiwn up on a more comprehensive plan, and embracing various additional parti- culars, have been suiistituted for those previously embodied in the work. In illustration of this, the reader is referred to the tables now given under the article Imi'outs and Exi'oitTS ; they will, it is l)elieved, be found to contain, within a brief space, the conipletest view hitherto laid before the public of the recent trade of the en)pire. A few articles have also been rewritten, among which may be specilicd those on Liuhthouses, Bom hay, Malta, SriiNKv, &c. The Sui'i'i.KMKNT given with this edition has been greatly enlarged, and, it is hoped, materially ini()roved. It contains as much matter as would till, if printed with types of medium size, a large octavo volume, and embraces a good deal of important information not elsewhere to be met with. Neither labour nor expense has been spared to render it in- structive and trustworthy. It embodies the principal part of the Supplement issued in De- cember, 18H(), and has, among others, articles on the following subjects; viz. Austriait TAUiKh-, and Commercial Treaty with Austria ; Joint-Stock Banks, embracing a complete list of these establishments, with an examination of the principles on which they should be founded; New Ccstoms Act for Bknoal; New Coinaoe of America and India ; State of the Buitish Cotton Manifactlmie from 1816 to 1838, both inclusive; Tables showing the extent of the Forekjn Trade of the Country during each of the ten years ending with 1838. with remarks; Trade with Prussia, Prussian Commercial Leaoue and Taiiikk; Railways and Railway Legislation; Classification of Siiii's; State of the Sugar Trade; Alterations in the British and Russian Tariffs; Commercial Treaty with Turkey; with notices of Civita Vecciiia, Galacz, Guay- AauiL, Port Lamar, Montevideo, Moulmein, Rostock, &c. The author has been able to avail himself, in preparing this edition, of some very valuable communications. In this respect, he is under especial obligations to the govern- ment of Prussia. With a liberality of which there are a few (if any) examples, it has not merely taken pains to supply him with ample and authentic details as to the Commerce, Population, Finances, &c., of that flourishing kingdom, but has authorised him to make any use he pleased of the information so communicated, without stipulation or condition of any kind. We ha\e also been indebted to various private and ofTicial gentlemen, at home and abroad, for many useful hints and valuable statements. Mr. Porter, of the Board of Trade, allowed us the use of several unpul)lished returns belonging to his department ; Mr. Wood, Chair- man of the Board of Excise, and Mr. Mayer, of the Colonial OHice. gave us every assist- ance in their power; the intervention of Mr. Hall, late vice-consul for the republic of Uriiguay, at Liverpool, and of Mr. Kreeft, consul for Mecklenburg, has enaliled us to furnish the commercial world with accurate details as to the ports of Montevideo, Rostock, &c. ; and gentlemen resident in Bombay, Calcutta, Malta, Singapore, &c., have supplied im- portant inforinalion. We arc sorry that our limits will not permit of our specifying the difl'erent parties to whom we have been indebted ; but we beg them to accept our best thanks for their attentions. We are most anxious to have the means of correcting the errors into which we may have fallen, and of rendering our book as accurate as possible. This, however, can only be etiecled by gentlemen apprising us of the changes that are con- stantly taking place in the regulations under which commerce is conducted, and in the channels in which it is carried on. This information, so important to the mercantile world, might, sometimes, be communicated without much trouble, and will always be most grate- fully received by us. xU i DICTIONARY or COMMERCE xTin COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. -ii-AM, j\rM, or Aii>r, a measure for liquids, used at Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburgh, Frankfort, &c. At Amsterdam it is nearly equal to 41 English wine gallons, at Antwerp to 36i ditto, at Hamburgh to 38 J ditto, and at Frankfort to 39 ditto. ABANDONMENT, in comnierec and navigation, is used to express the abandoning or surrendering of the ship or goods insured to the insurer. It is held, by the law of England, that the insured has the right to abandon, and to eompcl the insurers to pay the whole value of the thing insured, in every case " where, by the happening of any of the misfortunes or perils insured against, the voyage is lost or not worth pursuing, and the projected adventure is frustrated ; or where the thing insured is so damaged and spoiled as to be of little or no value to the owner ; or where the salvage is very high ; or where what is saved is of less value than the freight; or where further expense is necessary, and the insurer will not undertake to pay that expense," &c. — {Marshall, book i. cap. 13.'§ 1.) Abandonment very frequently taker place in cases of capture ; the loss is then total, and no question can arise in respect to it. In cases, however, in which a ship and cargo are recaptured within such a time that the object of the voyage is not lost, the insured is not entitled to abandon. The mere stranding of a sliip is not deemed of itself such a loss as will justify an abandonment. If by some fortunate accident, by the exertions of the crew, or by any borrowed assistance, the ship be got olT and rendered capable of continuing her voyage, it is not a total loss, and the insurers are only liable for the expenses occasioned by the stranding. It is only where the stranding is followed by shipwreck, or in any other way renders the ship incapable of prosecuting her voyage, that the insured can abandon. It has been decided, that damage sustained in a voyage to the extent of forty-eight per cent of the value of the ship, did not entitle the insured to abandon. If a cargo be damaged in the course of a voyage, and it appears that what has been saved is less than the amount of freight, it is held to be a total loss. — {Park on Insurance, cap. 9.) When by the occurrence of any of the perils insured against, the insured has acquired a right to abandon, he is at liberty either to abandon or not, as he thinks proper. He is in no case bound to abandon ; but if he make an election, and resolve to abandon, he must abide by his resolution, and has no longer the power to claim for a partial loss. In some foreign countries specific periods are fiixed by law within which the insured, after being informed of the loss, must elect either to abandon or not. In this country, however, no particular period is fixed for this purpose ; but the rule is, that if the insured determine to abandon, he must intimate such determination to the insurers within a reasonable ;)fr/orf after he has got intelli- gence of the loss, — and unnecessary delay in making this intimation being interpreted to mean that he has decided not to abandon. No particular form or solemnity is required in giving notice of an abandonment. It may be given either to the underwriter himself, or the agent who subscribed for him. The effect of an abandonment is to vest all the rights of the insured in the insurers. The latter become the legal owners of the ship, and as such are liable for all her future outgoings, and entitled to her future earnings. An abandonment, when once made, is irrevocable. In case of a shipwreck or other misfortune, the captain and crew are bound to exert them- selves to the utmost to save as much property as possible : and to enable them to do this without prejudice to the right of abandonment, our policies provide that, *' in case of any loss or mifl- A 1 m i 6 1 1 ABATEMENT. fortune, the insured, their factors, servants, and nssiuins, shall be at litierty to sue and labour about the defence, safeguard, and recovery of the goods, and merchandises, and ship, &,c., without prejudice to tiie insurance ; to the charges whereof the insurers agree to contribute, each according to the rate and quantity of his subscription." " From tlic nature of his situation," says Mr. Serjeant Marshall, " the captain has an im- phed authority, not only from the insured, but also from the insurers and all others interested in the ship or cargo, in case of misfortune, to do whatever he thinks most conducive to thu general interest of all concerned ; and they arc all bound by his acts. Therefore, if the ship be disabled by stress of weather, or any other peril of the sea, the captain may hire another vessel for the transport of the goods to their port of destination, if he think it for the interest of all concerned that he should do so : or he may, upon a capture, appeal against a sentence of condemnation, or carry on any other proceedings for the recovery of the ship and cargo, provided he has a probable ground for doing so ; or he may, upon the loss of the ship, invest the produce of the goods saved in other goods, which he may ship for his original port of destination ; for whatever is recovered of the effects insured, the captain is accountable to the insurers. If the insured neglect to abandon when he has it in his power to do so, he adopts the acts of the captain, and he is bound by them. If, on the other hand, the insurers, after notice of abandonment, suffer the captain to continue in the management, he becomes their agent, and they are bound by his acts." As to the sailors, when a misfortune happens, they are bound to save and preserve the merchandise to the best of their power; and while they are so employed, they are entitled to wages, so far, at least, as what is saved will allow : but if they refuse to assist in this, they shall have neither wages nor reward. In this the Rhodian law, and the laws of Olcroii, Wisby, and the Hanse Towns, agree. The policy of the practice of abandonment seems very questionable. The object of an insurance is to render the insurer liable for whatever loss or damage may be incurred. But this object does not seem to be promoted by compelling him to pay as for a total loss, when, in fact, the loss is only partial. The captain and crew of the ship arc selected by the owners^ are their servants, and are responsible to them for their [iroceedings. But in the event of a ship being stranded, and so damaged that the owners arc entitled to abandon, the captain and crew become the servants of the underwriters, who had nothing to do with their ap- pointment, and to whom they are most probably altogether unknown. It is admitted that a regulation of this sort can hardly fail of leading, and has indeed frequently led, to very great abuses. We, therefore, are inclined to think that abandonment ought not to be allowed where any property is known to exist; but that such property should continue at the dis- posal of the owners and their agents, and that the underwriters should be liable only for tho damage really incurred. The first case that came before the British courts with respect to an abandonment was decided by Lord Hardwicke, in 1744. Mr. Justice Buller appears to have concurred in the opinion now stated, that abandonment should not have been allowed in cases where the loss is not total. For furth ir information as to this subject, see the excellent works of Mr. Serjeant Marshall (book i. cap. 1.3) ; and of Mr. Justice Park (cap. 9) on the Law of Insurance. [ The law of abandonment has been pronounced by Lord Eldon to be one of tho most uncertain branches of the law; and Mr. Benecke, in his work on Indemnity, expresses the opinion — an opinion sanctioned by Chancellor Kent — that little reliance is to be put on any general principles in determining what that law is in a particular ease, but that recourse must be had, for this purpose, to actual decisions. See Kenfs Commentaries, Lecture 48. —Am. Ed.] ABATEMENT, or Rebate, is the name sometimes given to a discount allowetl for prompt payment ; it is also used to express the deduction that is sometimes made at the customhouse from the duties chargeable upon such goods as are damaged. This allowance is regulatetl by the 6 Geo. 4 c. 107. § 28. No abatement is made from the duties charged on coffee, currants, figs, lemons, oranges, raisins, tobacco, and wine. ( No abatement is to be made, on account of damage on the voyage, from the duties pay- able on the following drugs, viz: cantharides, cocculus Indicus, Guinea grains, ipecacuanha, jalap, nux vomica, opium, rhubarb, sarsaparilla, and senna. — 4 &l 5 Will. 4. c. 89, § 5. — Sup.) [ In the United States, in respect to all articles imported, that have been damaged during the voyage, whether subject to a duty ad valorem, or which are chargeable with a specific duty, either by number, weight or measure, the appraisers (appointed for the purpose) shall as- certain and certify to what rate or per centage the said goods, wares, or merchandise, arc damaged, and the rate or per centage of damage, so ascertained and certified, shall be deducted from the original amount suliject to a duty ad valorem, or from the actual or original number, weight, or measure, on which specific duties would have been computed : Provided that no al- lowance for the damage on any goods, wares, and merchandise, that have been entered, and on which the duties have been paid, or secured to be paid, and for which a permit has been granted to the owner or consignee thereof, and which may, on examining the same, prove to ACACIA— ACIDS. 8 be (InmacfPil, shall be mode, unless proof, to nsoertain such damage, shall be lodgod in the customhouse of the port or place where such goods, wares, or mereliandiso, have been landed, within ten days after the landing of such merchandise. And every j)erson wlio shall he ap- pointed to ascertain the damage, during the voyage, of any goods, wares, or merchandise, shall take and subscribe an oath or athrmation for the faithful ]n, wlicn wood is exposed to lieat in dose iron cjlinders. Tliis (laid is a mixture of ai-etic acid, tar, and a very voliitile ctlier ; from tliese tlie acid inr\y he separated, after a seeond distillation, hy saturating with elialk, and evaporating to dryness ; an arelate of lirnu is thus proc\ired, wliieh, hyinixtiire with sulpliati! of sndn, (Glauber's salt,) is decomposed, the re- sultinir compounds being an insoluble sulphate of lime, and a very s(dulile aciMate of soda ; thi'se are easily separated from each other by solution in water and filtration ; the acetate of soda being ob- tained in the crystalline form by evaporation. From this, or the acetate of lime, some inaTiutaclurers employing the former, others the latter, y\\i\ acetic acid is obtained hy distillation with sulphuric acid ; (oil ol vitriol ;) as thus procnred, it is a colourless, volatile tluid, having a very pungent and refresh- ing odour, and a strong acid taste. Its strength should be ascertained hy the quantity of marble re- ((uired f impurities with which this distilled vim'gar is someliim^s adulterated, or with which it is accidentally contaminated, are oil of vilriid, added to increase the acidity, and oxides of tin or copper, arising from the vinegar having been distilled through tin or copper worms. These? may bo easily detected; the oil of vitriol hy the addition of a littli; solution of nniriate of barytes to the distilled vinegar, which, should the acid be present, will cause a dense white precipitate ; and the oxides of tin or copper by the addition of water impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen. Vinegar is employerl in many culinary and domestic operations, and also very largely in the manufacture of the carboimie of lead, (white lead.) Benuiie acid — i^xists naturally, formed in the gum benzoin, and may he procured either hy suh. inittinj; the benzoin in tine powder to repeated sublimations, or by digesting it with linn: and water, ■ •I i 1 ! 4 ACIDS. Ktrninine nff the rlenr Rolutlon, nnd nddintr nitirlntic nrld, wliirh pntprn into rnmliinntion with the liiiip, iinil tlir liiMi7,(iic iirid, l>eiiiK nearly iiiMoliihlt^ iii vviilcr, t'alU iin a wliilc |i(i\v(li;r; tliin may bi; fiirtliiT piiritii'd liy a Niildiiiintinii. Ilcn/iiic acid Ih of a liciiiitiriil prarl^' uiiitt' Cdlniir tvhrii purr, lias a vrry peculiar nrnmatic oddiir, and an acrid, acid, nnd liillcr tanlc ; it is nsi'd in ninkinc paslillcs nnd pprt'iiint'd incrnHt;. This acid uIho ucciira in the halsnniB of Tiilu nnd I'crii, and in tin; nrinc o( the luirHH und cnw. Buracir iirid—'nf found in nn nncnndiincd stalo in many nf the hnl pprinps of Tuscany, i\9 also at Rcsso in llic Klorcntinc territory, from whence it has received the name of Sensolin. In Thibet, I'er- fia, and South America, it occiiVh in condiination with soda, and Ih imported from thu former place into !lii.-< country in a crystalline form, under tin.' name of Tirical. These crystals are coated witli ii rancid, fatty substance, and require to be purified by repeated solutions nnd cryslalli/.ationii ; after whicli it is sold under the appellation of borax ;(bi-bnrnte of soda ;) from a hot solution nf this salt tlit^ horacic aciil is readily obtained, by the addition of sulphuric acid in sliffht excess; sulphate uf soda is formed, and the horacic acid crystalli/(s as the solution cools. When pure,tlH!Be crystals are white, and have an nnctnoiis creasy feel ; they are soluble in alcohol, comniunicatiuB a pfeen tinpe to its flame ; when fused it forms a transparent plass, and has been found by Mr. Fnraday to nnite with the oxide of lead, prodncinc a very uniform (.'lass, free from all defects, und wvM adapted for the purpose of telescopes and other ustrcuioinical instruments. Uora.x is much employed in the arts, particularly in ineiallur!.'ic operations as a flux ; also in enamellinp, and in iiharmacy. Carbonic ariil. — This acid occurs very abundantly in nature, combined with lime, maenpsin.bnrytes, Aerial acid, lixed air, mephitic acid ; from any of these it is easily separated by the addition of nearly any of the other acids. In its nncombined form, it is a transparent, gaseous fluid, having a density of IS3, atmospheric nir beins unity ; it is absorbed to a considerable extent by water, and when the water is rendererl slichtly alkaline by the addition of carbonate of sodn, and a larjie quantity of gus forced into it by pressure, it forms the well-known refresliinf; bcvera)!e, soda water. This gas is also formed in very large quantities during comlnistion, respiraticui, and fermentatiiui. Carbonic acid gas is destructive of animal life and combustion, and from its creat weight nrcumulates in the bottoms of deep wells, cellars, caves, &;c., which have been closed for a long period, and numerous fatal accidents arise fre(|Ueiitly to persons entering such places incautiously; the precaution slnnild always be taken of introducing a lighted candle prior to the descent or entrance of any one ; for should the candle he pxtingiiislied, it would be dangerous to enter until properly ventilated. Tlieconiliinalions of carbonic acid with the alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides are termed carbonates. Cilric iicid — exists in a free state, in the juice of the lemon, lime, and other fruits, combined how- ever with mucilage, anil sometimes a little sugar, which renders it, if rerinired to be preserved for a long period, very liable to ferment ; on this account, the crystallized citric acid is to be preferred. It is prepared by saturating the lemon juice with chalk ; the citric acid combines with the lime, forming an iusidiilile compound, while the carbonic acid is lilierated ; the insoluble citrate, after being well washed, is to bi" acted upon by dilute sulphuric and, which forms sulphate of lime, and the citric acid enters into solution in the water ; by filtration and evaporation the citric acid is obtained in colourless transparent crystals. The chief uses to which it is applied are as a preventive of sea scurvy, and in making refreshing acidulous or elTurvescing drinks; fur which latter purpose it is peculiarly tilted from its very pleasant flavour. Flunric arid — is found in the well-known mineral fltior spar in combination with lime ; from which it is procured in the liquid form, by distillation with dilute sulpliiiric acid in a leaden er a short time, on the removal of the acid and coating, an etching will he found in the substance of the glass. A very excellent application of this property, possessed by fluoric acid, is in tln^ roughing the shades for table lainiis. All the metals, e.xcept silver,' lead, and platina,are acted upon by this acid. GiiUic acid. — The source from which this acid is generally obtained is the nut gall, a hard protube- rance produced on the oak by the puncture of insects. The most simple method of proc\iring the acid in its pure foru\, is to submit the galls in tine powder to sublimation in a retort, taking care that the heat be applied slowly and with caution; the other processes require a very long period for their completion. When pure, gallic acid has a white and silky appearance, nnd n highly astringent and slightly acid taste. The nut galls, which owe their properties to the gallic acid they contain, are em- ployed very extensively in the arts, for dyeing and staining silks, cloths, and woods of a black colour; this is owing to its forming with the oxide of iron an intense black precipitate. Writing ink is made on the same principle ; a very excellent receipt of the late Dr. Black's is, to take 3 oz. of the best Aleppo galls in tine powder, 1 oz. sulphate of iron, (green vitriol,) 1 nz. logwood finely rasped, 1 oz. gum arable, one pint of the best vinegar, one pint of soft water, and 8 or 10 cloves ; in this case the black precipitate is kept suspended by the gum. Ifijdrindic acid, — a compound of iodine anil hydrogen, in its separate form is of very little importance in the arts; its combinations with potass, soda, and other of the inctuUic oxides, will he treated of liereafter. Milxc ufirf— exists in the juices of many fruits, particularly the apple, as aUo in the berries of the service and mountain ash. Meronic ucid—ia found in opium, in combination with morphia, forming the meconate of morphia, on which the action of opium princijially depends. Muriatic ncid, or spirit.i uf salts. — This acid (the hydrochloric of the French chemists) is mantifactiired from the chloride of sodium (dry sea salt) by the action of sulphuric acid, (oil of vitriol.) The most economical proportions are 20 pounds of fused salt, and 20 pounds of oil of vitriol previously mixed with an equal weight of water; these are placed in an iron or earthen pot, to which an earthen liead nnd receiver are adapted, and submitted to distillation ; the muriatic acid passes over in the vaporous form, and may be easily condensed. The liquid ncid thus obtained should have n specific gravity of M7, water hi.'ing equal to 100; it has a strong acid taste, and a slight yellow colour ; this is owing to a small quantity of oxide of iron. Uy redistillation in a glass retort at a low temperature, it may be obtained perfectly pure and colourless. It sometimes contains a little sulphuric ncid ; this is detected by a solution of muriate of barytes. Muriatic acid, in its nncombined stnte. is nn invisible elastic gas, having a very strong attinity for water ; that fluid absorbing, at a temperature of 40° Fahri-iiheit, 480 times its volume, and the resulting liquid acid has a density of 121. So great is this attraction for water, that when the gas is liberated into the air, it combines with the moisture always present in that me- dium, formingdense white vapours. Its combinations with the alkalies, &c. nre termed muriates ; those of the greatest importance are, the muriates of tin, ammonia, barytes, and sea salt. The test for the presence of n-.uriatic acid in any liquid is the nitrate of silver, (lunar caustic,) which causes a curdy white precipitate. J\ntric acid, or aquafortis.— Thia, which is one of the most useful acids with which the chemist is ACIDS. [)f the rtiirort most I liciid lorniis lily of Ing to lily he lected |c gas. It, 480 jater. It nie- Itlinse V tho purdy list is neqilftlnted. In prepnrod hy arlinit upon sallpi'tro (iiiirn nr nitratp of potass') with oil of vitriol ; tho proportions hrst siiili'd fur litis piirpcisi' arc, llirri- parts l)y wriL'liI of iiiln' anil two ol' nil nf vitriol ; or 100 nilre, and til) oil of vitri>>l pri'vioiiHly diliiti-il with 'io of wati-r ; )'ltlii'r of Ihrsr |irn hv Hiil|iliiiric iiciil ; ciiliiliiilf ol' liiiir in thii* foriiiiil, iiml tlir tartarir aciil riiliTH jiiId Hulnliiiri, anil may lie dlilairird by rva|)or:ilinii nnil rryotallj- znlion. It in rniiilnynl vrry niiicli JnllicarlH, in(!ili(i)-i(rimiiit.',n» alsn in niakinm' ctrrrvfiicinR draiiglitii nnd imwdiTH in pliarniary. Urir iiriil- iri an animal acid ry lillli' jmpiirlanrc, rxccpt in n sciiMililir ))(iint of vii-w ; it cxisU in thiT.xrri'nn'nls(iffiL'rp(;ntH, tc» tlio unionnt of '.15 p«'r ci'nt.aiiil fnrniB tin: lm»in of ninny uf the urinary cnlcnli and uravcl. N. U. I'/ni iirlirlr, nvil that on nikniif.i, hare hrrn fnrnUhtil hii iiti iihlr prnrfirnl rhemht. ACOItNS ((i(!r. Ekheln, Erktrn ,- Kr. (ildiids,- It. llhiundt: ,- Sp. Bellofas ; Riis. Schedudii ,- Lat. (Jlimde.i), the srcd or fruit of the oak. Acorns formed u part of the food of man in early aRcs, and freiiucnt iillusion is iniidc in the clasHios to this circuinstance. ( I'irgil, Georir. lib. i. liii. 8.; Ovid. Met. lib. i. lin. 106, duly on lulvcrliscmi'iits wrs ri'ibiird to Li.t'irf.; mid iIiih, we liavc luxlnaht, will orciisiim siicli an incrciinc of iidvcrliMini.' ;is to prrvi'iii ilic rrvciiiir Irnm licinc iniitrrially iiijuri'd by the ri'diii'tinii. lint, instead of licinc innililii'd nirrrly, tjiis in a duty that iinelit tu lie wMoily rrpealtMl. Its ('iM'ratiiin is nci'i'ssarily iinist nin'i)nal, ami, in many instaiires, most oppri'ssive. Can any tiling he niiirc ularinuly iinjiisl ilian to impose the same duly im a mitiii- of thi> piildication ol' u sixpenny pamphli't, or ot'a servant lieliiL' out iitplare, as on an Intimation iil'the sap' nt'a valiialile estate f Hut us it is altoprthi'r impnssilih' to impose lln." dnty or. an ml vnlnrrm prinriplr, this injustice ranntit lie ohviatt'd so InnL' as it is maintaiiiri!. In a comnierri.il (•oiiiitry, a dnty on adviTtiseiinMits is peculiarly olijeclionahli', inasmiuli as il checks the circulation ol' iiilormatinn ol' much impiirtuncu to merrantile men. We, thi'refiire, hope; Ihat this unjust and iinpulitic tax may he spredily Kiven up. Its ahandon- nient would not cause any diniiniition of revenue ; for it is almiiilaiitly certain that its loss would he more than ni:ide np hy th^ increased iirodiictiveness of the duties on paper nml newspaper stamps, For an actoiint of the" operation of the stamp duly on liicrature, see JiuoKs. ADVICE is usually given by one merchant or bunker to another hy letter, informing; him of the bills or drafts drawn on him, with nil particulars of date, or sight, the sum, to whom made payable, (Sec. Where bills appear for acceptance or payment, they are frequently refused to be honoured for want of adi'lce. It is also necessary to give advice, as it prevents forgeries : if a merchant accept or pay a bill for the honour of any other person, he is bound to advise him thereof, and this should always be done under an act of honour by a notary public. AGARIC, a fungus growing on the trunks of trees. That produced in the Levant from the larch is accounted the best. It is brought into the shops in irregular pieces of diflerent magnitudes, of a chalky whiteness, and very light. The Im-sI is easily cut with a knife, is friable between the fingers, and has no hard, gritty, or coloured veins. It is used in medicine and dyeing. — (Lewis, Mat. Med.) AG.\TE (popularly Cormklian), {(icr. Achat ; D\i. Aehaat; Fr.A^rife: li. Airata; Rus. Agnt ; Lat. Achates), A genus of semi-pellucid gems, so called from the Greek a;^*Ti:, because originally found on the banks of the river of that name in Italy. It is never wholly opaque like jas{)cr, nor transparent as cpiartz-crystal ; it takes a very liigh polish, and its opaque parts usually present the appearance of dots, eyes, veins, zones, or bands. Its colours are yellowi-sh, reddish, bluish, milk-white, honey-orange, or ochre-yellow, llesh- blood, or brick-red, reddish-brown, violet-blue, and brownish-green. It is found in irregular rounded nodules, from the size of a pin's head to more than a foot in diameter. The lapidaries distinguish agates according to the colour of their ground; the liner semi-trans- parent kinds being termed oriental. The most beautiful agates found in (Jreat Britain are commonly known by the name of Scotch pelihks. and are met with in different parts of Scotland, but principally on the mountain of Cairngorm; whence they are sometimes termed Cairngorms, The German abates are the largest. Some very fine ones have been brought from Siberia and Ceylon. They are found in great plenty at the eastern extremity of the settlement of the Cape of Good Hope; and are still met with in Italy. But the principal mines of agate are situated in the little principality of Rajpepla, in the province of Gujrat, fourteen miles distant from the city of Broach, where they are cut into beads, crosses, snufl'-boxes, &c. They are exported in considerable quantities to other parts of India, and to this country; and hence, perhaps, the jewellers' term " broach." AGENT. See Factor. AGIO, a term used to express the difference, in point of value, between metallic anii paper money; or between one sort of metallic money and another. A Alal, foiim from 'J'be of re HUsee it is used orien papal Franc AL ALADASTER— AT.E AND BEER. xnta; Jrcek and ALABASTER (r.or. Ahhantrr ; It. Afiihistro,- Fr. Allmtre ; Rus, Aluhn.itr .• Lnt. Alatiastriten). A kiml of Btonc rfsM'inlilinn nmrlilp, Imt Hotter. I'lulcr tliin tmiric arc ron- foimilril two miniT.ilH, tlip iiypunms niul riikarrnu^ iilnlmHtrrH ; they nro wholly iliNliiict from onrlt otlicr when pure, hut in some of the viiriotioH mv oiTiiKionally inixnl to>;t'lhiT. Th»' former, when ofii white, or yt'llnwish. or (jreeiiiwh colour, semi-triiiiH|mrent, imil rii|palilo of roreiviiii; it |)olish, is rm|tl()ye. Alcohol cannot Iw frozen by any known dei^ree of cold. It boils at 174°. It is the only dissolvent of many resinous sulwlanccs; and is extensively used in medicine and the arts. — (IJrii. A. T. Thonini')!, Ure, <.\r.) ALDKR, the liefula alntis of botanists, a forest tree abundant in Kn^land and most parts of Europe. It thrives liest in marshy prounds, and on the bunks of rivers. It rarely attains to a very great size ; its wood is extrenwiy durable in water or in wet ground ; and hence it is much used for piles, ])lari'iiing, pumps, pipes, sluices, and generally for all purposes where it is kept constantly wet. It soon rots when exposed to the weather or to damp ; and when dry, it is much subject to worms. The colour of the wowl is reddish yellow, of ditrerent shades, and nearly uniform. Texture very uniform, with larger septa of the same colour as the wood. It is soft, and works easily. — {Tredgold's Principles tf Carpentri/.) ALE and BEER, well-known and extensively used fermented liquors, the principle of which is extracted from several sorts of grain, but most commonly from barley, after it has undergone the process termed malting. 1. Hisloricul Nat ice of Ale and liter, — The manufacture of ale or beer is of very high antiquity. Herodotus tells us, that owing to the want of wine, the Egyptians drank a liquor fermented from barley (lib. ii. cap. 77.). The use of it was also very anciently introduced into Greece and Italy, though it does not appear to have ever been very extensively used in these countries. Mead, or mctheglin,wivs probably the earliest intoxicating liquor known in the North of Europe. Ale or beer was, however, in common use in Germany in the time of Tacitus (.V'*r/i. Germ. cap. 23.). "All the nations," says Pliny, "who inhabit the West of Europe have a liquor with which they intoxicate themselves, made of com and water (friii^e inudidu). The manner of making this liquor is somewhat diircrcntin Gaul, Spain, and other countries, and it is called by many various names; but its nature and pro- perties are everywhere the same. The people of Spain, in particular, brew this liquor so well that it will keep good for a long time. So exquisite is the ingenuity of mankind in gratifying their vicious appetites, that they have thus invented a method to make water itself intoxicate." — {Hist. Nat. lib. xiv. cap. 22.) Tho Saxons and Danes were passion- ately fond of beer; and the drinking of it was supposed to form one of the principal enjoy- ments of the heroes admitted to the hall of Odin. — (Mallet's Northern Antiipiities, cap. 6, &c.) The manufacture of ale was early introduced into England. It is mentioned in the laws of Ina, King of Wessex ; and is particularly specified among the liquors provided for a royal banquet in the reign of Edv^'ard the Confessor. It was customary in the reigns of the Norman princes to regulate the price of ale ; and it was enacted, by a statute passed in 1272, that a brewer should be allowed to sell two gallons of ale for a penny in cities, and three or four gallons for the same price in the country. The use of hops in the manufacture of ale and beer seems to have been a German invention. They were used in the breweries of the Netherlands, in the begiiuiing of tho fourteenth century ; but they do not seem to have been introduced into England till 200 years afterwards, or till the l)eginning of the sixteenth century. In 1530, Henry VIII. enjoined brewers not to put hops into their ale. It would, however, appear that but Httlo attention w.is paid to this onler; for in 1552 hop plantations had begun to be formed. — (Beckinann's Hist. Invent, vol. iv. pp. 336—341. Eng. cd.) The addition of hops renders ale more palatable, by giving it an agreeable bitter taste, while, at the same time, it fits it for being kept much longer without injury. Generally speaking, the English brewers employ a much larger quantity of hops tlian the Scotch. The latter are in the habit of using, in brew- 2 \ I 10 ALE AND nEHR. itiK tliP fine T'MiiiliurKh alo, from a |iuiiiiil tti ii |m)uiiii Urtwiim, in the Nti|ii)liTiii'iit to till' Kncy l<>|>ii''liii Hrilmniiiu : — " Untli iili* niul lii-cr arr in (Jrciil Hritiiin ittitniru'd liy for- mrntiitioii from the mult of Imrli-y ; tmt llicy dilK'r from riicli ollii-r in wvcnil |)iirti<'uIiirH, Alt' in li«lit-ciil()urfd, liriHk, iiml MwnliNh, or iit IimmI frt-e from liilter; while Iwi-r i* dark- coliiurod, hillrr, itnd much Ii-hh hrisk. What in riilli-d pnrirr in Kii«linid in u Miu'cirn of IiiTr; nnd tin- Icrm " porlt-r" itt prcKirit ^il;nifll•H whiit win formerly culled t/roiiij licrr. 'l"he orininiil ilillerence hrtwei-ii ale and heer whk owiiii; to the mult from which they wero |)r<'|)ared. Ale malt wuh dried at a very low heal, and e»>n^*«>^|uently wnn of a pale colour ; while licer or porter malt was driiil at a hiuher tem|H'rature, and hail of coiiKeipience acijuircd 11 hrowii colour. 'I'lii^ incipient diarrint; l>atl developed a peculiar and a^reealile hitter tiwte, which WBH connnuiiicated to the licer alorij; with the dark colour. 'I'Ihh hitler taste rendered heer more a^reealile to the palate, and leHO injnrioUH to the constitution than nie. It was conweipiently niainifactured in ijreater (piantilien, nnd Honn lieenme the common drink of till- lower ranks in llnijland. When malt liecaine hiu[h priced, in eoiHciiuenop of llie heavy taxes laid upon it, and the unat increase in the pnc«' of harley which took place dnrini^ the war of the French revolution, the brewers found out that a greater quantity of wort of a uiven stremjtii could lie prt-jiared from pale mult than from hrown malt. 'I'he eonsc- i' urdarlvenini! thii cnlnar of wnrtii or Immt ; nr any liipior, extriiot, ralx, nr nther mate- rial or pri'p:ir:iti'in nllier than lirown malt, eronnil nr nnuriMnid, as coMiinntily iined in lirewinK; nr shall ri'ci'ivi', nr havi' in his piiHrfession, nr nie, nr mix with, nr put into any wnrts or heer, any mo- lasses, hnney, liipinrire, vitriol, ipiassla. rncrnlns inihcns, uraini nrparailise, (iiiim-it pepper, or opium, or any extract or preparatimi nf mnlasses, Imncy, lii|nnrii e, vitrini, ipiassia, cncciilns imliins, urains of paradise, (iiiinea pepper, nr opium, nr any artirle or i>rei>iiraliun whatgnerer fur or an a milmlilute for mult nr hops, npnn pain that all hui h liipinr, extract, lalx, nxdasses, Imncy, vitrini, qniissia, cncciilns Indicns, (.'rains nl' paradise, (ininra pepper, npinm, extract article, and pri-parntioii as afnrcsaid, and nisn the said wnrts and heer, shall lie fnrt'citeil. together with the casks, vessels, or ollwr packaees, nnd may lie seized liv any nilirer nf excise ; and sncli brewer of, dealer in, or retailer of heer, sooHeiid- ins, shall (nr each otrenci- forfeit '200/. "No driiRL'ist, or vender nf or draler in draps, or rheinlst, nrnthor person whatever, rIihII sell, senil or deliver in any licensed lirewer nf, or dealer in. or retailer of heer, knnwinu him to he so licensed, or reputed tn be so licensed, or to any otlur person fur, nr on uccnuiit »(, or in trust for, or fnr the use of Hiicli brewer, dealer, nr retailer, any cn|ouriiimi." Uy the act 1 Will. 4. c. 51, fnr the repeal of the ale and lioer duties, it is enacted (JIT), " that no brewer shall have in his brewery, nr in any part nf his entered premises, or in any mill connected with ffiich brewery, any raw or nnnialteil corn or uralii ; and all nnmalted corn nr uraiii which shall be found in such brewiin; premiiies nr mill, and all malted corn nr criiin with wliiili such iinmalted corn or irraiii may have been mixed, hIiiiII be forfeited, and may be seized by any ntlicer, tnjri'tlier with all vessels nr packaL'es in which such raw or iiniiialled corn nr erain sliall be contained, or in which such nnmalted corn or urain, and the malted corn or train with which the same may have been mixed, shall be containuii; and every brewer sicill fnr every such {ilfence forfeit 200/." 4. Descriptions if Ale and Beer. — Previously to 1823, there were only two sorts of beer allowed to be brewed in England, viz. slronir beer, that is, beer of the value of 16.i. and up- wards the barrel, exclusive of the duty ; and snidll heer, or beer of the value of less than 16,?. a barrel, exclusive of the duty. In 18~3. however, an act was passed (4 Geo. 4. c. 51,) authorizing the brewing, under certain coiiditiims, of an interinediule beer. But this sort of beer was cither not suited to the public taste, or, which is more probable, the restrictions laid on the brewers deterred them from engaging extensively in its manufacture. This limitation and classification of the dillercnt sorts of ale and beer, according to their I I KiiKland t^cntland Ireland AT.E AND IW.VM. 11 ■nt no IwitU III ll(! cnril bi :ill Isiii'li Lliitll I beer up- Ithan 51,) 1 sort lions Ihcir Ktrrni;lh,nrii;intitcal> cd.iili' mill Ix'tT ni;iy In' lir»'wt'il of any lifjjri'c of NtrrnKlli, 'I'his m mi tiiiniriiNi' mlMiniiiiti'. ft. Httfulationit mi litt/ii: MunufuclHrr uf Air ami Hnr. — Siiicc ilic iiluilititin ol llu- Immt (liitici* (lifMf n-KtiliitionN unr very U Vi inul hiniplt'; iiiid CDiiMiitt only iti lukiiiit oiil n lici'iini-. cntcriiii; tilt' pri-iniHi'M, ami itliHlniniiiK '< '» tin- umcoI any articlt-, oilier iliaii niiill, in tin- |irc|iiirution of (lie lict'r. A Itri'w.-f uwini? any (ilurr or riiiihli-tun, liir llii' |iuriioM' of hrcwinid williout liiivirm ni.uli' ani'ntry (hi-rt'oi «' ilic noarcsi r»( .^eollln', t'orli'ilH I'orrvfry miicIi olli'iicu "0(1/.; anil all llii' world, linr, atitl nrnti^ialu for niaklnu l\>*' buini", londlicr with the inahli- luii, Hr«> forliiit'd, an, to.; fi. ljiceii.tr Dulirg. — i\iiiiilicr iif Urnrrm. — The llci-iise dolii's payable by brcwiTM of uio and b«Tr, under the art (i (ieo. 4. c. 81, uiid 'lie nunilierri of Kuch lietiis* ■< granted durinij iho ycam 182'J uiid i*^.Vi ure iw fulluwH : — Niiiiilicr II ' Llri'iiHuii Sillll<< rli:i rci'il irriii li'il fur LIct'iKcii, l»2ll. 1H32. £ >. it. roninion liri'wcrH of «trnnii licpr, nnt rxcpcilInK 20 Jinrrcls - 10 2,^54 H.sns Exccriliiif! 2(1 uiiil not exriH-itiiiK .Ml linrriiU - m m - 1 4,N71 I),«I4 — .^O — 1(10 — • - . 1 10 (1 fi.Wl 0,102 — 1(K) — 1.000 — - . . 2 n 11,5C.2 10,H2S — l,n(K» — 8.(KI0 — • a . .1 2(17 010 — a.lHIO — 5,000 — - > . 7 10 n 2411 i>^ — ft.lMK) — T,.")!)!) — • ■ . 11 5 f.3 121 — 7,500 — 10,000 — - . . 15 21 71 — 10.0(H) — 20.00(1 — - • . :io 32 hi) — aO.O(K» — 30.00(1 — ... 45 5 23 — .10,000 — 40,000 — ... lid 2 (1 V,\e lini: - - - 40.000 — ... 75 n 12 10 llri'WiTs iiflnlilc lieernnly, not exct't'illiiit 20 burn Im 10 22 51 I'Uti'ciilni; 20 ami not exii'viliiiK ,'iO hiirritlit ... 1 H U — 'M — loo — ... 1 10 13 12 KuiTiliiic . . - . luo — ... 2 111 27 Uclall ItrfwcnxifntronBliPor - . - . . 9 S () 1.27U 50 Till' cri'iit ini'ri'ndi' in llic iiiinilifr oflirowern in 1H32, nR roinpnrpd with 1S20, Is In Im' nsrrilicil to tliu aliiiliijiiii of ilii! I r (liilirH in Ih3ll. 'I'lu; iiureaMi' Hiiire 1N32 Iiiih mil lircn very iiialenal. N. It. 'I'lie liurri'l I'onlalim 30 iiallnim, iir 4 llrklMH of KalliiiiH eaili, liii|ii'rlal iiieni'iiri'. It '\* nnacteil (I Will. 4. c. 51. J 7), lliiil, rriim till! KHIi of Oitolier, 1^30, lirewerH are lii pay lliiir liremie duly \\c- corilini! to III!' malt used hy Ihi'iu In lirewiiid, '"id Iliat every brewer hIiuII be ileemed to have breweil one barrel of heer for every two biiHlieU of malt used by tnuli brewer. Arroiint of the Number of llrewers, Mi'cnHed VictiiallerH, I'ersoiiM Iicen»pd for the xrile of Deer, tn be ilniiil( on and otrilie i'remiseH, Ue..; with tlii! Uiiaiililiex of Malt iiHed by sin h llrewerH, &c. in Eng- land, Scotland, and Ireland, diiriiiR the Vear \hib.— (l>arl. Paper, No. 251). rte»8. 1H30.) Colleclioiif. Number of Nunilier tvhn brew their own Beer. Buiheli ot Mill cnniunieJ by each Clan. i 'i % 1 > Peranni Hcenied lo It'll H«r. d > ITrwuia llcrtlBlti to ■til Hl'lT. e % > Penoni licenmi lo 1 sell Heer. | To !» drunk on ihF FrcniiMi. Nnl lo Ik- ilrunk on Ihc Premises. Tu be Jrunk on tllB Prt-nii^eB. Not lo be drunk on the Preiniiri. To b« drunk on the Preniites. Not to be drunk on the Prt-niiie*. Knelaml Scotland Ireland 2,(l!) — 2,924,845 8 1810 5,753,319 — l,0.35,5s8 — 3,040,218 « 1811 5,iHI2,903 — 1,649,.')64 — 3,116,407 18 1812 5,8(i(),S()9 — 1,. 593.395 — 3,089,774 1813 5,382,916 — 1,455,759 — 2,8.37,048 18 1814 5,624,015 — 1,432,729 — 2,955,280 8 1815 6,150,544 — 1,518,.302 — 3,227,102 4 1816 5,9^2,379 — 1,514,867 — 3,142,676 4 1817 5,236,018 — 1,453,960 — 2,7()3,420 1818 5,361,009 — 1,434,612 — 2,825,168 14 1819 5,629,240 — 1,460,214 — 2,960,644 8 1820 5,29(i,701 — 1.444,290 — 2,7!»2,779 10 1821 5,575,8.30 — 1,439,970 — 2,931,912 1822 5,712,937 — 1,492,281 — 3,(KI5,696 12 1823 6,177,271 — 1,419,589 — 3,230,594 8 1824 6,188,271 ■" 1,401,021 Intermediate Beer. 3,234,237 12 1825 6,500,064 — 1,485,750 — 9,559 5 3,401,296 15 4 1 < It a pul)lic in 17f= fjuulil less, ci eifects Vear, ei Ml Join 182( 1S27 1828 1629 1830 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 N. B. Tl III. An ac( Years ei It has b( since the c and restric the consun 1830. Bi Wales dun the middle increasing, we have se last centur of the pres'i purcha.sc U sumption h southern c< been introd ing general has been re improvemei independen teen million * The alp t_ than the forn B ALE AND BEER. 13 ountof 1 y- ! lOw 8d t 17 4 1 It) U ( 2 8 4 8 4 14 4 14 5 4 7 4 4 8 14 8 19 8 15 8 7 4 13 4 10 4 8 6 8 6 IS 18 8 4 4 14 I 8 J 10 I ? 12 1 8 r 12 1 15 It appears from the forPc;oinp; tabic, tlint the quantity of strong beer manufactured by the pul)lic brewers had increased about a third since 1787; but the quantity of malt consumed in 17fi7 was quite as prreat as in 1828; a fact, which shows conclusively, either that the «* quality of the beer brewed in the public breweries has been deteriorated since 1787, or that less, comparatively, is now brewed in private families ; or, which is most probable, that both effects have been produced. II. An acroiint nniio (liiiiiitily of , 'ill tlip diflToront f nrts of Hccr, statfid in Hiirrcls, niiidc inrnrli Vcir, from 5rli of.l:iim:iry ls25,"lo 5tli of January 1830; thi- Hates of Duty prr Harri'l in carli Y(!iir. and Total Amount llicrc'of in (•;i(li Year in Eniiland and Hcotland.— (f«W. Pnjicr, No. UK). Sess. 1>30.) Ypan ended 5tJi Janu.try. 1S28 1S27 1828 1629 1830 1826 1827 I 1623 I 1829 I 18,30 I ENGLAND. Nunibpr of Birrels, Imperial Measure.* Strong. 7,0(18,1)3 4,177.225 2,512,707 3,895,220 2..5()0,(l 13 ■3.911.519 2,(il7.ti91 3.5t)9.3(14 2,379.930 Rile HIT Darrel. S. :!, &c. extended to this act.— J } 7, t*. !). I'er.-ons trading in partnership, and in one house, shall not be oblisjed to take nut more than one licence in any one year : provided also, that no one licence shall authorise any [lersoii to sell beer, in any other than the house inentioiiiMl in such licence.^ — J 10. In cases of riot or expected riot or tumult, every person licensed under this act, and keepinc any hnnse situate within their jurisdictions, shall close his hoiiseat any time which the justice or justices shall direct ; and every such person who shall keep open his house at or after any hour at which such justices shall have so ordered or directed such house to he closed, shall be deemiMl lo have not main- tained good order and rule therein, and to be guilty of an ollenci^ against the tenor of his license. — D 11. livery person licensed to sell beer by retail, shall sell (except in cpiantities less than a half pint) by the galiim, quart, |iint, or half pint measure, sized according to the standard ; and in default thereof, he shall fur every such otVeiice I'orfeil the illegal measure, and pay not exceeding lO.*., together with the costs of the conviction, to he recovered within thirty days next after that on w liicli such ofl'ence was coinmitteil, before two justices ; such pi'iially to be over ami above all penalties to which the of- fender may be liable under any other act. — J 12. Kvery seller of beer by retail, having a licence under this act, who shall permit any person to be guilty of drunkenness, or disorderly conduct, in tlii^ house ineiitioneil in such licence, shall fnrfeit the Slims following: for the tirst otVeiice, not less than 10.-. nor more than .'i/. as the justices, belnre whom such retailer shall he convicted, shall adjudge ; and for the sei(}nd ntlince, any sum not less than 5/. n disiiualitied from sellim.' beer by retail for the space of two years next ensiiinij such conviction, and also that no beer shall be s(dd by retail, by any person in the Inuise mentioned in the liceni e (d" such oHeiidi'r; and if any person so licensed shall, knowingly, sell any beer, ale, or porter, made otherw ise than from mall and hops, or pliall mix, or cause to he mixed, any drugs or other pernicicuis ingredients, with any beer sold in his house, or shall fraudulently dilute, or in any way adulterate, any such beer. >iicli clVinder shall, for the first olfeiice, forfeit not less than 10/. nor any niorc than 20/., and for the ai com! such ofieiicu aucU 16 ALE AND BEER. offiindor shall be nrtjiidcfirt to be (lif^qunlifleil from aplllng beer, ale, or porter, by retail, for the term of two yr!>.r:<, or to fi)rtrit not less thiiii 20/. nor iiiiiri! than Ml., and Hliall bo subjft't to a like penalty at every lion^ir wli(ring into such rccogni/ance, such conviction shall remain good and valid; and tlie said justices who shall take such recognizance are also reiiuired to bind the person w ho shall make such charges to appear at such ueneral or iinarter sessions, then and thereto give evidence against the person charged, and, in like manner, tn bind any other person who shall have any knowledge of such offence ; and it shall be lawful for the said general or quarter sessions to adjudge such person to be guilty of such third offence against this act, and such adjudication shall be llnal : and it sliall be lawful for such general or quarter sessions to punish such offender by fine, not exceeding 100/., fogetlier with the costs of such appeal, or to adjudge the licence to be forfeited, or that no beer be sold by retail in the house for the term of two years, and if such licence tiball ho adjiid(ieil to bo firfiMtcd. it slinll hence- forth be void ; and whenever, in such case, the licence of sucli oflemler shall be adjudged to be void, such ofhiiider .shall be deemeil incapable of sidling beer, ale, or porter, by retail, in any house kept by liim. for the space of two years, to he computed from the time of such adjudication; iind any licence granted to such piirson during such term shall be void. — !/ 11). In detViiilt of payment of penalties, proceedings may he had against the sureties. — } 19. Any person summoned as a witness, who shall iiesilect or refuse to appear, and not make such rea- sonable excuse for such neglect, &c. as shall he admitted by such justices of sessions, or who, appear- ing, shall ret'iise to be examined, shall, on conviction, forfeit not exceeding 10/. — J 20. Offenders refusing or neglecting, within seven days after conviction, to pay the penalty imposed, and any costs assessed, such justices may issue their warrant, to levy the amount by distri'ss and sale, together with the costs of distress and s.-'ile; and in every such case,"such offenders, if in cnstoily. shall he forthwitli discharged ; but if the goods and chattels are not siiflicient, such justices may commit the offender to Uw. common gaol or house of correction for not exceeding one calendar month, if the pe- nalty shall not be above 5/. ; for not exceeding three calendar months, if the penalty shall be above 5/. and "not more than 10/. ; and for not exciMMliim six calendar niontlis, if the penaltv shall be above 10/.; provided, that whenever such offender shall pay to the gaoler or keeper, or to wiiomsoever such jus- tices sliall have appointed, the penalty and costs, togetli(!r with all the costs of apprehension and con- veyance to gaol, at any time previous to the expiration of the lime for which such offender shall have been committed, such offender shall be forthwith discharged. — } 21. No conviction under this act, nor any adjudication made upon appeal therefrom, shall be quashed for want of I'oriii, nor removed by certiiirari.—i '27. Everv action against any justice, constable, or other person, for any thing done in execution of his duty under this act, to be coiumeiiciul within three calendar months, and not afterwards ; and if any person Ik- sued, he may plead the ueneral issue, and give the special matter in iividence.— J 'iS, This act not to affect the two universities, nor the vintners' company in liOndon ; nor to prohibit the sale of beer at fairs, as heretofore. 11. Scotch Ah and Beer Duties. — The duties on ale and beer in Scotland have been for a lengthened period the same as in England. At the union in 1707, the English duties on ale and beer were introduced into Scotland. But, besides strong and small beer, the Scotch had an intermediate species, which they called two-penny, and which was their favourite beverage. The duty on this description of beer was fixed, at the union, at 2s. \^d. a barrel. For thirty years after its imposition, the quan- tity of two-penny that paid duty was always above 400,000, and .sometimes exceeded 500,000 barrels a year. But in 1760 the duty on two-penny was increa.scd to 3s. 4:}rf. and the consumption immediately fell off to between 100,000 and 200,000 barrels! The quan- tity that paid duty in 1800 amounted to 149,803 barrels. The manufacture of this species of beer cea-sed entirely in 1802. No account has been kept of the quantity of beer brewed in Ireland since 1809, when it amounted to 900,300 barrels.— (.If-wfitwwr/ o/j Intoxicating Liquors, p. 3,53.) Perhaps it may now amount to from 1,000,000 to 1,200,000 barrels. 12 mere any i niana was tlierci same 2s. 7fl the 1) lirc\v» nieus. sum o In from t mode the coi costing) porter, 1834, premisf subscril cost of on the ALE AND BEER. 17 iaslieil 1 of his I if any Iroliiliit Icn for ItlanJ. Icallcd beer Iquan- IccJcd /. and |quan- pccies !ien it laps it 12. deffuhtiniys as io the Exportation uf Beer. — Aln or beer exported to foreiKti pnrts as mercbaiulisc in allowed a (Irawback olTw. the barrel of 30 gallons, Imp. hums, lint before any debenture for the above (lra\vt)aek shall be paid, the exporter or bis principal tliik or manager shall make oath theicon, before the proper otlicer of excise, that fneli ale or beer was put on board the exporting ship as merehandise to be sent beyond seas, and no part thereof for tlie shii)'s use ; and that, aecordin}!; to the best of his knowledRe and belief, tlio same lias been brewed wholly from malt which lias been eharu;ed with and paid the duty of 2s. "ad. a bushel, and shall also specify in such oath the time when and the place where ; and the brewer, being an entered and licensed brewer for sale, by whom such beer or ale was brewed, and that the quantity of malt used in brewing was not less than two bushels (Imp. nieas.) for every .'iO gallons of such beer or ale. Persons making false statements forfeit the sum of 200/. and the debenture is void.— (1 Will. 4. cap. .'jl. § 11.) In consecpience of the complaints, whether well or ill foun|ilyiMt! fur a liiiMicc tii sell liicr orciiler liy ri'tiiil, tii hii dniiik in tlie li')iis(' iir cin the preiiiiscs, shall, in iiddition to IIh' npiilicatimi siitlnu I'orlh the iiarlicniiirs rniniri'il by till' ail 1 Will. 1. c. til., a II null My pniiliK e to ami ilcpnsit with the (iiniiiiissiiiiirrs (ilCxriM', idllcitur. nr oilier persiin antliiirisi'il tn iiraiit such liicnci' within the parish nr place in which the pirsiMi appUiii); intends to sell heer or cider liy retail, a certil'icate sifincil liy persons ri'sidinu in and lieiim and ile- scribiiii! Iheiiiselves to lie inhabitants of such parish, place, &c. and respectively rated therein to the poor at not less than (i/., or / , none of whom shall he maltsters, coininoii brewers, or persons licensed to sell spirituous lii|Uors or beer or ci- der by retail, nor owners or proprietors of any Iiouses licensed to sell lii|Uors, beer, or cider by retail, statintr that the person applyim; for the liceiici! is of L'ood character; and at the foot of such certificate one of Ihe overseers of the parish, township, or place shall certify (if the fact be so) that sm h fi per- sona are inliabitaiil.s respectively rated a.s aforesaid ; and such cerliticate shall respectively be in the form of the schedule aniii'xeil to' this act: provided always, that in any parish, township; ofdistrict ninintainiiif; its own poor, in which there are not 1(1 inliabitaiiis rated to their relief f> the anioiiiit of fi/. each, or not occiipyiiis; hoiisis respectively rated to the poor at b/. each (not beiiis! maltsters, coin- inoii breweis, or persons licensed to sell spiVitiioiis li(|iiors or beer or cider by retail.) the certificate of the majority of the inhabitants of such parish, township, or district inaintaiiiinl., lojieiher with the costs of conviction, to be recovered within 'M ilays bel'ore one or more justices ; and it shall be lawful for any two or more justices, upon any persiui heiiin convicted of siichotfence for the second time, to adjiidue (if they think tit) that such oHeiider he distiiialilied from selliiift beer, ale, porter, ci- der, or perry, by retail, for 1! years after sutli conviction, or lor sutli shorter space as they may think proper. — i 7. Penaltii for makimr or vsin/r fiilsc Certijirnles. — Persons certifyinc any matter liaviug reference to this act as true, who know the same to be false, or nsina any cerliticate, knowiii!.' the same to be forced, shall, on conviction of such olfence before 2 or more justices, forfeit and pay the sum of 20;.; and every licence ijranled to any person niakiii)! use of any cerlitiiate to obtain the same, such person knowing such certilicatc to bo forged, or the matters cerlitied tlioroiu to bo false, sliall bi; void to aU b2 3 ■ i ) •i 18 ALE AND BEER. intents ami piirpnsrs; nml tiny person usinu siirh rprlificnte slitill be dlii(]imlificil for ever from ob- lai?iini; a liirnif to sell hecr or rider by riitnil. — } 8. JVii lirrnrr In br aninttd without ii Ce'rtijicnle.—^n licenre for the pnl(( of liror or cider by retnil to be cnnsMined or drniik in tlin linnse or on tlie premises stiiill lie cranted, except upontlie eortifirnte hereby recpiired : provided, tliat in all extra-parocliinl places tbncerlificate rei|nired by this act may beaignud and t'iven by inlialiitants rated to the jioor at (i/. in any adjoininu parish or parishes,—} !). /{(tiiilers to proihice their /.ireiicc.i on Keqiiisition if'i, Miiri.itriite.i.—hx case any complaint he laid bo- fnre a justices against any licensiMl person for an ofTence ncainst the tenor of his licence, or afaiiist this act or the act 1 Will. 4. c. t>4., the said jnslices may reipiire such person to prodnce his licence he- fore them for their examination ; ami if he wilfully neglect or refuse so to do, he shall forfeit for such olfence any sum, not exceediii); S/., the said jnslices shall think proper ; and snch person may lie con- victed. pro( (veiled apaiiist, and dealt with for such olfence in the same manm-r. miilatis iiiiilui'iilis, as ia directed hy the act I Will. 1. r. (il. with repard to persons jruilty of a first olfence against said act; nnd the penalty imposed for such olfence is to lie apjilied in the manner that a penalty for a lirsl of- fence against said act is directed to he applied.—} l(t. CiiiiliniKuirf of Fdirrr.i, i*fc.—'Vhc powi'rs, provisions, nnd penalties of 1 Will. 4. c. 64. to apply to persons licensed iimler tliis act, and to their sureties. &c. — } 11. Jlrl 1 ll'ill. 4. f. til, to continue in force, except as hereliy altered.—} 12. l)iitii.< on Beer Licencen nniler the I K'ill. 4. r. (il. refeo'ial^ mid iieir Dniir." prnnted in lieu thereof. — From and after thi! passing ;. F. ~ U. II. I. K. L. M. N. (). P. Q. I do hereby certify. That all the alwve-jnentioned persons ss-hose names are subscrihcri (or township, &c.] of (cl [Here xtate the ruid£nce c suns signing.] of the per- to this rprtificate are itihabj tints oi ihe parish rated to 6/. to the relief uf the poor of the said pnrisli. C. D. [Overseer of the parish or township, SiC] Date. Sup.) [Ale, porter, and beer, are made in the United States in large quantities ; and their con- sumption appears to be steadily increasing. Tlie early emigrants from Great Britain brought with them their tastes and habits ; and we find, at an early period, that breweries were established on a small scale in all the princi- pal seaports. Their success to the south of the Potomac was prevented by the lieat of the i ■^ ALEXANDRIA. 10 aii'l to si-ll Blreet *■ lh€ per* lie parish |>, &c.] •) con- 1; and Irinci- If the climate, together with the short Juration of the winter. In Buhimore, Philadrlphia, New Yorlt, and Boston, however, they have succeeded, and continue to flourish. Breweries are also to be found in large numbers throughout the state of New York ; and there is scarcely a village in it where good ale cannot be procured. Along the banks of the Hudson river, almost every town has one or more breweries, and some of these are of a considerable she. At Al- bany, the business is carried on to a great extent. Beer was brewed in Philadeljihia previous to the revolutionary war. The manufacture of porter was introduced here at^er the peace ; which was soon followed by that of ale. These two articles are now generally manu- factured ; and beer, properly so called, is rapidly going into disuse. A continued extension of the business of brewing has been taking place in Pennsylvania, and throughout the western country. We find breweries at all the principal towns along the banks of the Ohio. At Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Cincinnati, there are a number, which not only supply those places and the surrounding country, but furnish large quantities for export down the Ohio and the Mississippi. And large raoli-rn niilo of the town. A rork rjillcil llir Dlanmnil IIps a litllc tn IIm' I'list iifllic I'liiiroH inwiT; nnil Hliips cntiTini; the purl nnL'lil Id have lliis rock almnt ' rn- lilcV li'ML'th im the riehf. Iftlicy i.'''t mncli t'nrrhi'r id IIm' h'Tl, iIm'v will cinni' in rniiiMrl \\ iili n -jiniil which strclrhcs westward rrinn llie I'harillrin. or little Inwer. on \\\r east side ol'lhe purl. 'I'he \vat«r inwnedialely within the pcirt S, VV, fr(nn the I'harcH is I'rDni liO to 1(1 feit deep; lint the spaie fur aii- rhiira'.'e is very limited, an. I is exposed Id the norllierly irales ; iind the eronnd hein',' I'mil and roeky, Initipen raldes are verv apt t'l chafe, ainl several aicidenls have happened In rnnseiinenre Id fihips nn- proviiled with iron rallies. Ordinary tides rise 2 feel ; Imt ilnriii!.' the overtlnw nf the .\i|, tlie rise in 4 f''el. Variation IH^ west.— (See I'lmi of .llrmndrin. hv I. lent. I'allie.) JInrieni miil Miiltrn Cf'ir— I'lnler the I'toleniies and Honians. Alexandria was the first rtinmiprciM rity in the Wdrld. It sntfired ereally hv its redtntion hy the Sarai'ens in (illl; lint it rontiniied to ho h place ofconsiilerahle commercial ilnporlance till Ihi' despotism of the .Mamelukes and Turks, and the discovery nCihe rnnte to India hy the Cape of (Jood Mope, ((inipleted its rnin. I'lnler the I'lideniie.s, the popnlation is helieved Id have ainonnled to aliont .'l(Hi,0()(l. and the city was adorned hy a vast num- ber of mas-'nificent strnctnres. At present the population varies wilh the seasons of the year, hut, when irre.itest, it is imt siiiipcised to exi'eed 2.'),II(H); anil may vary lietween this amount atlil 1(1.(11)0 or is.nno. 'I'll,, appearance of the modern town is most nnprnniisinL' "It may hejnstly said, that in the new city of Alexamlria we liml a poor orphan, whose sole inheritance has lieen the veneralile name of its father. The vast extent of the ancient city is contracted in the new, lo a little neck of land lifi- tween the two ports. The most sn|ierli temples are ihan(!eil into plain mosiines ; the most manniliceiit Jialaces Into houses of a had slrncliire ; the royal seal Is Income a prison for slaves ; an opnletit ami linmerons iieople has L'iveii way to a small nnmlier of f 'reji;ii traders, and to a mMllilnile of wretches, tlial are lhi> servants of those on whom Ihey itepirnl : a place formerly so famiins for Ihe extent of its rrimnierce. is no longer any lliiiiL' more than a mere place ofemharkint', in line, it is not a phienix that revives from It.s own ashes, it is, at most, a reptile, sprnnir from the dirt, the ilnsi, and corrnption with which the .Mcoran has infected the whole connlrv." — (.N')ri/c»'< 'J'rarrls, \',na. trans. Hvii ed, p. H7.) There is reason, however, to think that this strikinL' description, thonyli ace n rale at Ihe time wlien il was written (IT.'IT). conveys tnnnnfavonralile an idea of the present stateof .Mexaiiilria. The visorons i!0- VernimMit of Mohammed Ali. hy iiilrnilMcinp comparative security and l'ooiI order into i;i:ypt,has lat- terly revived the coinniercu of Alexamlria, which has again hecinne a jihice of considerahli.' importance ill the tradini; world. 7'™(/c e/ ,4;fr(/«(/ri«.— The imports principally consist nf cotton stnlTs, tiiiilior, hardware, iron and till, tohacco, macliinery, ammniiilion. silk goods, WDoUeiis, slaves, &c. The exports consist of raw cotton, wheat and harley, rice, linen, Max, linseed, sugar, coU'ee (from the lied Sea), drugs, gums, sal- ammoiiiac, salfroii, w.ix, &c. The princi|i,il articles of importation into this conntry from Kgypt are cotton, flaxand linseed, senna, and gnin. Of these, cotton is hy far the most important. We hegan to iiin)ort it in l>2;t; and since thuM the imports have been as tollows : — Folic Years. Hales. :^,()22 111,023 •i:,(i21 Years. Hales. Years. Hales. 1S21 182.') 1S2() 1V2T l^2'^ 1S20 22,l.'>0 ,T2.syi ai.T.'i!) Is.'iO is;tl IS32 lt,7.-|2 ,'!'^,12l 41,183 In 1S32, the Trench imported 2.').80T hales of F.gyptian cotton ; the imports at Trieste dnringthp same year were ahont .10.000 hali's; and those at Leghorn and Cenoa were, tngetlier, ahont the same as at Trieste. The hale of Egyptian cottmi weiglis alioiii 220 lbs, This important trade owes its existence iitirely to the exertions if the I'acha, hy whom the cotton plantations have been estahlished. 'd is all long-staple, but of two sorts : one called in Kg.., , _ island seed, called in Egypt Sennaar, and in Kngland almost en The cotton export imich below an average. Heans are , ^, ,.,.-,,. ,, ,,,,,,,„,,,,, , _ Kiigland, but rarely, if ever, with advantage to the importers. They are very inferior to Knglisli heans, and are peculiarly subject to the worm. iNo oats are raised in ligypt. the horses being entirely ' i .-i ■■ Hesides cotton, the I'acha has turned his attention to the culture of sugar, indigo, fee. ■ ■■ ■ ' not verv considerahli fed upon harley. - The first has long been raised in Kgypt, hnt the exports are not very conside. .some extent. The date-palm thrives in every part of I'gypt, and the fruit is largely exported. It is ■>ilk is grown to , ..,..,, ., , .,,,,,,, , of Kgypt, and the fruit is largely exported. It is singular, that notwithstanding the luxuriance of many of its vegetable productions, Kgypt shonld be tute oftimher. — {LnrcLs' Jieparl iiMiii:, duty would compensate the I'acha for the abolition of most of his moiiupulies ; and there can be little ALEXANDRIA. 21 IP as at istflnce ilislicd. '.iisliind Incliind iiles of TllR oin soa- ■ipally ■ir rral irodiice of till! amity I'.vpry very ;lit to InL'lish liliri'ly iScc. own to It ia mill lie 1'20., hieiish Intilish iiaiiK.'s zauro iriples niTce. IStOIMS little PfiUa/ of the Pacha. — It is to be roRrpttcd that Mohammed Ali, who, in many rcspcets, is one of the most extrnonlinnry persons of the ape, should have no Ju»t idea of tiie |iriiu'i{iles, by the adoption of whirh his plana of improvement micfht be perpetuated, and industry be rendered really flourishini?. He leaves nolhinR to the discretion and onter|)riKe of individuals. He may, indeed, he said to bo the sole proprietor, manufacturer, farmer general, and whole- sale merchant of Egypt. He has monopolised the entire foreign trade of the country ; and has fixed the prico to be [laid for every article to the cultivator, and the price at which it is to bo sold to the foreigner. Hence the extension of cultivation, and the growth of conuiierce and manufactures, have been of no real advantage to the bulk of the nation ; and hence, also, tho risk, ill the event of the reins of government falling into less vigorous or able hands, that the fabric of apparent prosperity which the Pncha has been attempting to niise, may fall to pieces : but wc would fain hope that the influence of the many intelligent Europeans now in Egypt, and the obsi>rvations which the Egyptians sent to England and France by the I'acha caimot fail to have made upon the advantages resulting from the security of property and tho freedom of industry, may be instrumental in paving the way for the gradual introduction of a more enlarged and liberal system. Ancient Trade of Alrxandriu. — As already remarked, Alexandria was, for a long series of years, — first under the Greek successors of Alexander, and subseijuently under the Ko- mans, — the principal c??/rey)o/ of the ancient world. Most jiart of the trailic between Asia and Europe that had at a more early period centered at Tyre, was gradually diverted to this new emporium. An intercourse between the ports on the eastern coast of Egyi)t, and those on the op])Ositc coast of Arabia, had subsisted from a very early pcriwl. That between Egv'pt and India was more recent. It was at first carried on by ships, which having sailed down the Red Sea from Myos Hormos and Berenice, coasted along the Arabian shores till they reached Cape Kasselgate, whence a short course brought them to India near the mouth of the river Indus. This was the course followed during the dynasty of the Ptolemies : but about 80 years after Egypt had been annexed to the Roman emi)ire, Hippalus, the com- mander of an Egyptian ship trading to India, having observed the regular shifting of the trade winds, ventured to sail with the western monsoon from the Straits of Babelmandeb right across the Arabian Ocean ; and was fortunate enough, after a prosperous voyage, to arrive at Musiris, in that part of India now known by the name of the Malabar coast. Having taken on board a cargo of Indian produce, Hippalus returned in safety with the eastern monsoon to Egypt. This discovery was deemed of so much importance, that the name of the discoverer was given to the wind which had carried him across the ocean to India : and how trifling so- ever this voyage may now appear, those who consider that Hippalus had no compass by which to direct his course, and that owing to this circumstance, and tho otherwise imperfect state of the art of navigation, the ancients seldom ventured out of sight of land, even in seas with which they were well acquainted, will be forward to admit that his enterprise and few details will, perhaps, servo to pivc a faint idea of the importance of Alexandria in the commerce of antiijuity. It is impossible, indeed, for any one- to p;lance at a map of the world, or of the ancient hemisphere, and not to |ierceive that Kiiyj)! is the natural ciilrrpof of the commerce between Hindostan and Europe. Nothinii but the barbarism in which it has been so lonp; involved, could make the intercourse with India and the Kast be wholly carried on by the (Jape of (Jood Hope. The dillicidty of navicalinc; the Hed Sea Rcema to have been much exajjijerated. (Jenerally speakiu)^, its western side is shallow and infested with coral reefs ; but on the Arabian side the water is deep and unobstructed ; and vessels availinir themselves of the proper seasons for sailiii)? up and down the sea, may navigate it oxju'ditiously, and in perfect safety. — (See Ciiptdin Chrnnei/s Report in I'aprrs rcliillnfr to India, printed by order of t'u House of Commons, Auprust IC, 1832.) We have, therefore, little doubt that, in the e\ent of frood order and civilisation beinc; aprain establii-hed in Egypt, some considerable pji-tun of the Indian trade will revert to its ancient chaiuicl. There is not, we apprehend, much reason to think that the project entertained by the J'tolemies, of cutting a canal across the Tthmus of Suez, will ever succeed. The distance is not great, but, notwithstanding this circumstance, and the flatness of the ground, the fact of its consisting almost wholly of moveable i);>.rehed sand, presents obstacles to the undertaking, that Volney ( Voyage en Si/rle, &c. cap. xiv.) and other good judges, have declared insuperable. The route by Cosseir (nearly the same as that by Myos Hormos) seems, nil things considered, to present the fewest obstacles. The water in the port of (^osseir is deej), and the anchorage pretty good. — (Chesnci/'s Report.) The distance from Cosseir to Kenno (Coptos) may be taken a; 'bout 70 English miles ; and it would not be very difficult to construct a road between these points. After reachingKenne, the goods would, as of old, be embarked on the Nile for Alexandria, «Stc. Hence the im- portance, in a general point of view, of the civilisation of Egypt. Even were it productive of no other consequences than the facilitating of the correspondence between Europe and the East, it would not be easy to overrate its importance ; but the fair pre3umi)tion undoubt- edly is, that other results would follow ; and that the Mediterranean ports would in future derive the principal part of their Indian commodities by way of Alexandria. The more westerly European ports would continue, we believe, to use the present channel of inter- course with India. Whether these anticipations are ever destined to he realised, it is impossible to say; but the progress already made by Mohammed Ali in introducing a better order of things into Egypt, and the present state of the Ottoman empire, which seems fast falling to pieces, would apjiear to warrant the conclusion that important changes may be expected in the East. At all events, the brief statements now made, can hardly be deemed out of place in a work in- tended to exhibit, however imperfectly, the history, principles, and channels, as well as the details of commerce. AJilCANT, a sea-port town of Spain, in Valencia, in lat. 38° 20' 41" N., long. 0° 30' W. Population about 14,500, and declining. The port is an open and spacious bay, between Cape de la Huerta on the north-east, ond Isla Plana on the south, distant from each other S. W. and N. E. about 10 miles. Ships may enter on any course between these points, steering direct for the castle, which stands on an eminence about 400 f(;ct high. Those of considerable burden moor N. and S., distant from i to 1 mile from shore, in from 4 to 8 fluhoms water; they are exposed to all winds from E. N. E. to S. by W. ; but the holding ground is good, and there is no instance during the last twenty years of a shij) having been driven from her moorings. Small craft lie alongside the inoje, which is already ;120 yards in length, and is to be projected still further into the sea. There are no pilots, 'i'he trade of A I leant, though still considerable, has declined much within the lust few years ; a consequence partly of the emancipation of America from the Spanish yoke, but more of the oppressive duties laid on the importation of most articles of foreign produce in Spain — (see Baiicelosa), and the extensive smuggling carried on from Cadiz and Gibraltar. Its exports 'I I ALIENS. 93 0°30' Ills buy, oin each tlll'SC et hij^h. in from l)iit the liaviiifj lily :i20 1;. The c-ars; a of the II — (see exports conHist principally of harillti, ahnonds, wine, ami rnisinn, with amall (pmnlitiiM , '" oHvph, olivo oil, liraiuly, fins, salt, wool, silk, aiiisi', I've. Tlif iiariila of Alicaiit, wliirli is >>( llu" finest (|Uality, is almost wholly takrii olV by Entilaiul. The exports aniouiil to from 5((,()()() to yO.Odit (|uintals.* The celebrateil sweet wine, tent (vitiu tiiitu), is exported from this port, principally for Hra/il; a little dry wine )joes to liibraltar. Almonds, of which about 10, 000 (piintals are exported, no mostly to llamburnh, 'I'lie raisins are not of the finest (juality ; thoso l)ro\in!it to l'hii;land are prnicipally used in confectionary. Oil, whicli was formerly Kent in lar^e «|uantities to iStmih America, is now comparatively neglected. Dates are ex- ported, and are not unfreciuently sold here as Uarbary dates. The imjiorls consist [irinci- pally of linen, salted lish, tobacco, nridii, iron, tindier, sunar, coilt-e, indigo, cochineal, cotton and cotton stntls, &<•. The linens, of which from H.'iO.tlOO to .'iOO.OOO yar'im tons; of these were Dritish .'Jl, burden ii.Tl'J tons; French '1.5, burden ;},080 tons; S^ardiniaii 40, burden '1,1()() tons; Wwedish .'), burden 1,U50 tons, A:c. It was statctl in the fiirmer edition of tliis work, that hirgr (|unntilies of Benicarlo wiiio were shipped at Alicant for ('ettc : hut this is a mistake ; almost all the Uenicarlo beinn shipped from the northern ports of \ alchcia, and principally from Benicarlo, whence it has its name. — (/«^'/l*s's Spain in 1 8:10. i . 'M'2.) Sliipiiin/r Chiirirr.i.~'¥\\v!>i: vary ai-i ic' iif to lilt? Iinrilcii of tlic ship, ami llir oiMiiitry tn wliirli sin; li('lciii|.'H. On a slii|i ut'3UU toil!) uiiluadi lit; and loading iiii.vud cargoi^s, lliey would lie, iiicliidlng cmidul- U({u, US Iblliius : — £ .1. d. !) 4 Swcilisli 11 12 1} Kiish'inii - IS 7 10 Diili'h 15 111 III} Aini'rican £ s. d. 13 t nil II U ia| 13 I'.i \\i 1,1 17 lOJ Spanish Hrillsli I'rriicli Daiiisli Ciinlom-l/ouse ReiriiUitions. — A nianift'st of (lie rartio, llii' hIi1|>'s toniinpe, and niinilirr cifircw, must bo lirrsi'iiti'd williiii '21 limirs alter pratli|iM' liciiiu ulvrii. when two iiU'iirrsari' put nil liiiard In prrvcnt siiiii)!i!llii);. 'I'lic ciinsiuni'i'H thrn niaki; entry iil'the artlili'sninsipned tn them, and iililain iiii nrderto land and lirinL' tliein tn the (.'iistdin-hiiiise, where they are iiispected, and the ihities iiscertiiined ; lint hetore oliiaiiiini.' this order, the lonsiunees must pnidiiie a rrrtijiciile nf uriirin from the Spanish cipiisnl at the part nf ladliic, if it he in a fnrelmi roiintry. for wlthinit this the entry is not allnwed, and llio Kiiiids are depiisiteil In the ('nsliini-hiiiise until It he ohtaiiii'd. When the dis('liart.'e is iiiinpleted, the vi'HSid is searihed liy the surveyor, wlm reports liavinu dune so to the collectdr. To load the wlinhs or part of an mitward carL'o.the master has to report his intention to the collector, who fives his order permlttiiii; cooils to lie shipped, and the shippers make their specihc entries. When the vessel is loaded, the waitini; oHieers make their return to the colleitnr ; who, on heinc presented with the receipts of tlip ciiptain of the pnrt iiiid of the Pratii|ne ntliie fur their ri'spective charges, grants Ilia clearance, iipnn which a hill of health is ohtained, and the vessel is clear for sea. If'urehoiisiiiir Kiji^trm. — (ioods that leay he lecally imported, may he deposited in honded warehouses for twelve months, payiiij;, in lieu of all charges, 'i per cent, ad valorem, but at the end iif the year they must be either taken for liome consiimplion or re-shipped. The 2 per rent, is charged, whether the goods lie for a day or the whole year. In charging duties, no allowance is made for waste or damage in the warehouses. Ka'rsiif Comiiiifsinnnn^ usually 21 -percent, on sales and purchases ; i per cent, is commonly charged on tlii^ ne^'otiatioii of hills, (joods are conniioiily sold at three moiitliH' credit. Ordinary discount at the rate ofO pur cent, per annum. Alicant is not a favourable place f.ir repairing ships, and provisions of all sorts are ncarco and dear. Vessels with foul bills of health, or coming from an infiMted or suspected place, though with clean bills, are usually ordered to I'ort Mahoii to perform i|iiarantine. But vessels coining with clean bills obtain, under ordinary circumstances, immediate pratii|Ue. Mineij. — .\ccounls are kept at Alicant in liliras of 20 siieldog ; each sueldo containing 12 dineros ; the libra, also called the peso, — 10 reals : and a real of Alicant - 27-2 inaravedis of plate, or 51'2 nia- ravedis vellon. The libra may be valui'd at 'in. tW. sterling, and the real at •lii)'. ditto. H'cUrht.i and Measures. — The cargo- 2j quintals = lOarrohas. The arroba cf insists either of 24 large pounds, or of 30 small ditto ; thi; latter having 12 C^astilian ounces to the pound, the former 18. The arroba = 27 lbs. (i o/.. avoirdupois ; but at the Custom-house the arroba = 25 lbs. of Hi o/.. each. The principal corn measure is the cahiz or calhse, conlainins; 12 barchillas, 06 medios, or 192 quar- tillos. The caliiz = 7 Winch. Iiiishels, nearly. The principal liquid measure is the cantaro of 8 medios, or If) qtiartilloa. The cantaro= 303 Eng- lish wine gallons. The toniielada or ton contains 2 pi|ies, Ml arrohas, or 100 cantaros. The yard or vara, divided into 4 palinos, is = 2'.I'JH, or very nearly 30 English inches. (Consul's Jinsicer to Circalar Queries ; Iiiglins's Upaiii in 1830, vol. ii. p. SOl.&c; Kelli/s Cambist, &.C.) ALIENS, According to the strict sense of the term, and the interpretation of the com- mon law, all individuals born out of the dominions of the crown of England {alibi natus) are aliens or foreigners. It is obvious, however, that this strict interpretation could not be maintained without very great inconvenience ; and the necessity of making exceptions in favour of the children born of native parents resident in foreign countries was early recognised. The 25 Edw. 3 stat. 2. enacts, that all children born abroad, provided bufh the parents were at the time of their birth in allegiance to the king, and the mother had pas.sed the seas by her husband's con- sent, might inherit as if born in England. And this relaxation has been carried still fur- ther by several modern statutes : so that all children born out of the king's legiance, whose fathers, or grandfathers by the father's side, were natural horn subjects, are now deemed to be themselves natural born subjects; unless their ancestors were outlawed, or banished *■ This is the consul's statement. Mr. Ingliss represents the exports as considerably greater. < f i 6 1 ! 24 ALIENS. beyond soa fi)r hiffh treason, or were at the birth of kuoIi children, in tho sorvice of a prince utrnniity with (jrrnt liritnin. JV*(i/Mr(//»«./'Mri ./.'J/i(/i«. -MictiK mnv hf nntiirnli!Ji'< t", <'\i'i pt lliiit iIk'V iin- iii('ii|)alili' nf Ihmiiu iiii'iiil»'n< iit' tliii J'rivy ('iiiiiii il, dl' lH-iiii( I'liM led III MiTvr in parliaiiirnt, or of liiililjng any iilliie laiiils liv piiri'liasi' iir ili'\ iir, liiit rmt hy iiilii'ril.uu'i' ; ami may iriiii^mlt hik li lands In IiIh ( liililrrn liiirn allir Ins ili'iii/.alinii. Iml iini in i|iii:4i> linrii hifi^n- —iHliuk^ioHi'^ dun. ImmiK I rap. 10.) An iiliiMi may aUn lie naliiralMnl liy I'lTvrtiK nn hnaril any nf Iiim Ma.|i'iit\'H xliipx of war, in tiinc of war. fnr lliri'i' v>' ir.i, or. If a proclaniulinn liaa bfcri ImmiiviI In tliut rtrutt, for two yearn.— (0 «(». 4, cup. 111'.), i i in; IT.) hiftucncc iif Ihf Renidetif.e nf Aliem. — There eon bo no doubt tlint, generally npeakintr, tho resort of torfi(Tiiern to a eoiintry, and their renideneo in it, are highly eoiuhicivo to itH iiitere.- avail themselves of whatever foreign sagacity, skill, or jiractice has produced that is most perfect. It is not easy, indeed, to overrate the benefits conferred on most countries by the resort of ahens. Previously to the invention of jirinting there was hardly any other way of becoming acquainted with foreign inventions and discoveries ; and even now it is far easier to learn any nijw art, method, or process, from the example and instruction of those familiar with its details, than from llie best possible descriptiens. The experience, indeed, of every ago and country shows that the progress of nations in the career of arts ami civilisation depends more on the freedom of commerce, and on the liberality with which they liavc treated foreigners, than on almost any thing else. En!(li,sh Iii'ifi.slafion as to Aliens. — 13iit, notwithstanding what has been stated above, an antipathy to resident foreigners srems to be indigenous to all rude and uncivilised nations. Whatever is done by them ajipears to be so much taken from the employment, and, conse- quently, from the subsistence of the citizens; while the advantages resulting from the new arts or improved practices they introduce, for the most part manifest themselves only by slow degrees, and rarely make any impression on the multitude. Hence the jealousy and aver- sion with which foreigners are uniformly regarded in all countries not far advanced in civilisation. The early Greeks and Romans looked upon strangers as a species of enemies, with whom, though not actually at war, they maintained no sort of friendly intercourse. " Honlis,'' says (Jicero, "aptid majnres nostros is dicebatur, fjuem nunc perfi;rinuin did' mus." — (J)e Off. lib. i. cap. 12.) It may, therefore, lie considered as a striking proof of the good sense and liberality of those by whom it was framed, that a clause is inserted in Magna Charta which has the encouragement of commerce for its object; being to the effect, that " all merchants (if not openly prohibited before) shall have safe and sure conduct to depart out of and to come into England, to reside in and go through England, as well by land as by water ; to buy and sell without any manner of evil tolls, hy the old and rightful customs, except in time of war ; and if they be of a land making war against us, and such be found in our nation at the beginning of the war, they shall be attached without harm of hody or goods, until it be known unto us, or our chief justice, how our merchants be entreated in the land making war against us ; and if our merchants he well entreated there, shall be so likewise here." But until the era of Edward I. the stipulation in the Great Charter as to foreign mer- chants seems to have been little attended to. It is doubtful whether, previously to his reign, they could either hire houses of their own, or deal except through the medium of some Englishman. Hut this intelligent prince saw the advantage that would result to the trade and industry of his suiijects from the residence and intercourse of Germans, Flemings, Italians, and other foreigners, who, at that time, were very superior to the Engli.sh in most branches of manufactures and commerce. He, therefore, exerted himself to procure a repeal of some of the more oppressive restrictions on aliens, and gave them a charter which con- veyed considerable privileges.* Down, however, to the reign of Edward III., it continued to be customary to arrest one stranger for the debt, and even to punish him for the crimes ♦This charter was ronfirmcil by Edward III. in 13i*. Amonp otiior clauses, il has tho following, viz : Isl, That on any trial hclwrcn foreigners and Englishmen, ihe Jury shall he half foreigners ; 'M, That a proper person shall lie appolnied in London to he juslii iarv for fonifM im'rchaMls ; and 3d, That there shall be but one weight and measure throughout the kiiigdoui.— (.artiiiM rcuuliiliiin cmt prrniilti'd it to ln' iiilijitt'd ; mid yrl it wa^ proliiilily. iit one jMri'id, the (•iiiifiiori liivv lit iiin^t Kiirii|i>'iiii nlatt-n. Ax hhhii, Iiuvvcmt, im the t'lUiiidiitiiiMM of L(iiiid unliT and lixiliKntioii liei^'iti In lie laid, ilH operatinil wmh Nem tn l>e inoHt periiiciiaH, In IM'^T), Kiiward II. i ulcrcd iiitn a tdiivenliiin with llie N'eiirliiiiw, in vvliiili it \v,h e\|ire>M|y Ktijiiilaled tliat thev >)iiiii|ii have tidl lilierly to ennie to I'higland to buy and m'II enininodilieM, willruit being Italilr fur Ihe deblrt or criniex of iitherM. (.'nnventionH In the Haiiie r'tfecl were (*nt4'r<'d into with dtbrr Inreimiern. At lei^lh, in 1:15:), lhi'« liiHgraeeful prai'tiie wiit put an end to by '-'7 I'Mwanl :i, stut. ii. cap. 17.; il being providi'd in thin Htiitiile, nol only ili:it no «traiii;er shall br iii< )ii'iii'hed fur tlie trespaNH or ilebt of uimiher, but that, in the e\iiit , an act is passed for the better protection and security of foreign merchants and others, by which ja'ii.Jtics were inllicted on all who gave them any disturbance. This seems to have liad the ellect, for a while, at least, of preventing any outrages. The corporations of London, liristnl, and other great towns, have been at all times the principal enemies to the immigration of foreigners. Perhaps, indeeil, they were not nioro hostile to them ibaii to such of their own countrymen, belonging to another part of the king- dom, as shoidd have attempted to settle amongst them without being free of tlieir corporation. But in denouncing foreigners they had the national prejudice on their side ; and their att.'mpts to conl'irm and extend their monopolies by their exclusion were regarded as the noblest elfjrts of patriotism ! Edward III. was fully aware of the real motives by which they V. ere actuatccl, and steadily resisted their pretensions. But in the reigns of his succes- sors they succeeded better : some of these were feeble and unfortunate, whilst others enjoyed the crown only by a disputed title, and in defiance of powerful competitors. The support of the great towns was of the utmost consequence to such princes, who, whatever might be their own opinion as to its policy, could hardly venture to resist the solicitations of such powerful bodies to exclude strangers, and to impose restrictions on commerce. From the death of Edward III. to the reign of Eli/.abeth, the progress made by the country was not inconsiderable, but it was little promoted by legislative enactments. 'I'hroughDUt the whole of this period, Ihe influence of corporations seems to have predominated in all matters relating to trade and the treatment of foreigners ; and our legislation partook of the selfish, monoiiolizing character of the source whence it was principally derived. \V'erc the acts and proceedings as to aliens the only memorials of our policy from i:377 to 15G0, we should certainly seem lo have retrograded materially during the interval. Some of these acts were passed with so little consideration, and were so very absurd, that they had to be immediately repealed. Of this sort was the statute of the 8 Henry G. cap. 24., to the effect '* that no Englishman shall within this realm sell, or cause to be sold, hereafter, to any merchant alien, any manner of merchandises, but only for ready payment in hand, or else in merchandises for merchandises, to be paid and contented in hand, upon jjain of forfeiture of the same." But as an enactment of this sort was very speedily found to be more injurious to ourselves than to the foreigner, it was repealed in the following sessions. The more tyrannical their conduct in other respects, the more were our princes disposed to humour the national prejudice against foreigners. If not a cheap, it was, at least, an easy method of actjuiring popularity. In the very first parliament after the accession of Richard III., ft statute was passed full of the most ridiculous, contradictory, and unfounded allegations as to the injury sustained by the inllux of foreigners, and laying ihein under the most oiipressivc restraints. Considering, indeed, the sort of treatment to which aliens were then exposed, it may excite surprise that they should ever have thought of visiting the country ; and, in point of fact, it apjK'ars that the resort ol foreign merchants to our ports was materially im[iaired by the statutes referred to, and others of the same description. This is evident from the act 19 Henry 7. cap. (>., where it is stated that " woollen cloth is not sold or uttered as it hath been in divers parts," and that " foreign commodities and merchandises are at so dear and exceeding high price, tliat tlie buyer cannot live thereon." But in despite of tliis authorilu- C 4 ■ 26 ALIENS. 1 tive exposition of the mischiefs nrisinp from the restrnints on aliens, and on trade, they were both increased in the reign of Henry VIII. And it was not till the reign of Elizabeth that the pretensions of the corporations seem to have been disrcRardcd, and an attempt made to act. not by starts, but consistently, on the policy of Edward III. The influx of foreigners during the reign of Elizabeth was occasioned chiefly by the per- secutions of the Duke of Alva and the Spaniards in the Low Countries. '. i.e friends of the reformed religion, which, at the time, was far from l>eing firmly established, and the government, were glad to receive such an accession of strength ; and from the superiority of the Flemings in commerce and manufactures, the immigrants contributed materially to the improvement of the arts in England. It would seem, however, that the ministers of Elizabeth contented themselves, perhaps r.hat they might not excite the public prejudice, with declining to enforce the laws againr, aliens, without taking any very active steps in their favour. In the reign of James I. the corporation of London renewed with increased earnestness their complaints of aliens. In 1622, a proclamation was issued, evidently written by James himself, in which, under pretence of keeping " a due temperament" between the interests of the complainants and those of the foreigners, he subjects the latter to fresh disabilities. Since the revolution, more enlarged and liberal views as to conduct to be followed with respect to aliens have continued to gain ground : several of the restraining statutes have fallen into disuse, while others have been so much modified by the interference of the courts, which have generally been inclined to soften their severity, that their more offensive provi- sions are become inoperative. In 1708, an act was passed, notwithstanding the strenuous opposition of the corporations, for the general naturalisation of all foreign protestants ; but the prejudice against them was still so powerful that it was repealed within about three years. Some unsuccessful attempts have since been made to carry a similar measure. One of these, about the middle of last century, occasioned the publication by Dr. Tucker of two excellent pamphlets, in which the policy of the naturalisation act is most ably vindicated, and the argu- ments against it successfully exposed.* But no such statute has hitherto been passed, and aliens still continue subject to various disabilities. Dhabililirs nf Jtlienn. — The jirinripal of tlipsp rejiards the po?s«ssinn nf fixed property. It is ruled that lands piirchasod by an alien fnr his own use, may ho seized by the king. "If," says BInckstone, "hrt could acquire a permanent property inlands, he must owe an alleuianc.,!, equally pi^rnmnent with that property, to the king of Kngland ; which would probably be inconsistent with thiit which h(! owes to his own natural liege lord; besides that, thereby the nation might in him he subject to foreign influence, and feel many other incon vrnitmces. Wherefore by the civil law such contracts were made void, but the prince had no such advantage of forfeiture thereby as with us in England." — (Commen- taries, hook i. cap. 10.) An alien cannot take a benefice without the king's consent, nor can he enjoy a pl.tce of trust, or take a grant of lands from the crown. Aliens may, however, acquire property in money, goods, or other personal estate, and may have houses for the purpose of their habitation, and for carrying on their business. They may bring actions as to their personal elTects, and may dispose of them by will. The droit iVauhaine (jus ulbinatii.i, i. e. alibi nalus), or the right of the crown to succeed to the effects of an alien at his death, so long the custom in France, never obtained in England. If an alien abroad die intestate, his whole property here is distril)uted according to the law of the country where he resided; but such residence must have been stationary, and not occasional, otherwise the foreign nuinicipal regulations will not apply to the property. Aliens may trade as freely as natives ; and for these many years past, the duties of package and tcavupe in the port of London, repealed in 18311, were the only peculiar duties with which they were burdened. The statutes of Henry VIII. restraining alien artificers from working for themselves, are understood to have been repealed by the Stat, 5 Eliz. cap. 7.; and they are quite at liberty to employ themselves as they please. Aliens indicted for felony or misdemeanor are tried by a jury of which half are foreigners ; a privilege they have enjoyeii, as already seen, with some partial interruptions, from the reign of Edward I. Conditions of Residence. — During the late war, aliens were placed under the surveillance of the police ; they were obliged to send frequent reports of their residence, and of the mode in which tliey were employed ; and were liable to he sent out of the kingdom at any moment by an order from the secretary of state. The conditions under which they now reside amongst us are embodied in the 7 Geo. 4. cap. 54. This act re(|uires every master of a vessel arriving from foreign parts to declare in writing the names, rank, occupations, &c. of all aliens on board such vessel, or who have been landed from it any where within the realm. Such declaration to be made immediately on arrival : neglecting or refusing to make it, or making a false one, is punished by the forfeiture of 20/., ami a further sum of 10^ for each alien in such vessel, or landed from it within the realm. Aliens ftona/(/e employed in the navigatic i of the vessel are e.vcepted. — J 1. The act then goes on to lay down the conditions of residence, which are merely that every alien is required to m,".e a declaration and registry, renewed half yearly, or oftener if required by the secre- tary of state, of his name, abode, and occupation. Aliens neglecting to make such declaration, or making a false one, are, for every such offence, to forfeit any sum not exceeding 50/., or be imprisoned any time not exceeding six months, at the discretion of two justices. Policy nf the Laws as to Aliens. — The reasons assigned by Mr. Justice Blackstone and others for preventing aliens from acquiring fixed property seem to be very unsatisfactory. In small states there might be grounds, perhaps, for fearing lest the easy admission of aliens to the rights of citizenship should give them an improper bias ; but in a country like Eng- land, such apprehensions would be quite futile. In this respect the example uf Holland seems * Historical remarks on the late Naturalization Bill, 1731 ; Queries occasiuned by the late Naturali- zation Bill, 1752. ALIENS. 27 quite decisive. Notwithstanding the comparatively limited population of that country, it was " the constant policy of the republic to make Holland a per]ietual, safe, and secure asylum for all persecuted and oppressed strangers ; no alliance, no treaty, no regard for, nor nolicitat' Ml of any potentate whatever, has at any time been able to weaken or destroy, or make the state recede from protecting those who have fled to it for their own security and self-preservation," — {Propumds fur amending the Trade of Hulland, printed by authori- ty. Lond. 1?51.) A short residence in the country, and a small payment to the state, was all that was re- quired in Holland to entitle a foreigner to every privilege enjoyed by a native. And it is of importance to remark, that it has not been so much as insinuated that this liberal conduct was in any instance productive of a mischievous result. On the contrary, all the highest authorities consider it as one of the main causes of the extraordinary progress made by the republic in wealth and commerce. It is said in the oHicial paper just quoted, that '' Through- out the whole course of all the persecutions and oppressions that have occurred in other countries, the steady adherence of the republic to this fundamental law has been the cause that many i)eople have not only fled hither for refuge, with their whole stock in ready cash, and their most valuable etfects, but have also settled and established many trades, fabrics, manufactures, arts, and sciences, in this country ; notwithstanding the iirst materials for the said fabrics and manufactures were almost wholly wanting in it, and not to be procured but at a great expense from foreign parts." (Ibid.) With such an example to appeal to, we are warranted in affirming that nothing can bo more ridiculous than to suppose that any number of foreigners which it is at all likely should ever come to England under the most liberal system, could occasion any political inconve- nience ; and in all other respects their immigration would be advantageous. A general natu- ralisation act would, therefore, as it appears to us, be a wise and politic measure. It might: be enacted, that those only who had resided three or four years in the country, and givea proofs of their peaceable conduct, should be entitled to participate in its advantages. (Sonin parts of this articln have heen hnrrowud from the Treatise on Cummerce wriltcju for the Society for tlie Uilfiision of Useful Kiiowh-'dire, hy the author of this Work.) (The act 7 Geo. 4 cap. 54. referred to in the Dicfionari/ (p. 20.), has been repealed by the act 6 Will. 4. cap. 11., which enacts in its stead some new regulations of which the principal are, that — Every master of a ship arrivincr from foreign parts shall, to the hest of his knowledge and belief, immediately derlare, in writing, to the chief otiicer of customs, the name or names, rank, occupatioti, &c. of any alien or aliens on hoard his ship, or who may have landed therefrom at any place within the realm, under a penalty of'U)l. for omission or false declaration ; and of 10/. for every alien omitted in tlie declaration: this regulation does not, however, e.xtend to foreign mariners navigating the vessel. — $ 2. On arrival in tliis country, the alien is to declare his name, description, &c. and to produce his pass- port ; which declaration is to be registi'red hy the olhcer of customs, who is to deliver a certilicate to the alien. A copy of this declaration is to he transmitted, within two days, to the secretary of state, or (if the alien lami in Ireland) to the chief secretary of the I,ord Lieutenant. The original certificate given to the alien is to he transmit'ed to the secretary of state on his leaving the country. New cer- tificates to he granted in lieu of sncli as may he lost, without fee, under a penally of "iO/. forging certificates, or falsely personating aliens, i)uiiishahle hy imprisonment, not exceeding three months, or hy fine, not exceeding lOOZ.— { j 3, 4, 5, &c. — Sup.) [There are no denizens in the United States. Every inhabitant of the country is either a citizen or an alien. Citizens are either natives, or such persons as have become citizens in accordance with the laws which have been enacted by Congress on the subject of naturalization. Native citizens again are, first, all persons who have been born within the jurisdiction of the United States since the declaration of American Independence, on the 4th of July, 1770 ; and secondly, every person who was a native of the territory of the United States previous to that date, provided he remained in the country afterwards. Naturalized citizens are, in the first place, all persons who fulfil or comply with the con- ditions prescr'hed in the acts of Congress, concerning naturalization, of the years 1802, 1804, 181S, 1810, 1824, and 1828. The.se conditions are, first, that the person applying to bo na- turalized be a free white person, of the age of 21 years or more. Secondly, he must, on oath or affirmation, before some federal or state court, or its clerk, two years at least previous to his application to becom.e a citizen, have declared his intention to take this step ; un- less he has been a resident in the United States before and ever since the 18th day of June, 1812, the date of the declaration of war against Great Britain; or unless he has resided here during the last three years of his minority, with the intention, during the last three years of his residence, of becoming a citizen. Thirdly, he must have resided with- in the United States five years at least, and within the state or territory, where the court to which he applies is at the time held, one year at least; but the oath of the applicant shall, in no case, be allowed to prove his residence. Fourthly, he must cause it to appear to the satisfaction of the court that, during the time of his residence, he has behaved as a man of a good moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and liappiness of the same. Fifthly, he must renounce ( ery I 28 ALKALIES. order of nobility which he may have held in the kingdom or state from which he came. Sixthly, ho must make oath or affirmation that ho will supjmrt the constitution of the United States, and renounce and abjure all ullogiance to any foreign sovereign or state. No alien, however, who shall be a native citizen, denizen, or subject, of any sovereign or state, with whom the United States shall be at war, at the time of his application, shall be then admit- ted to be a citizen of the United States. Besides the persons who may have complied with or fulfilled the conditions above enume- rated, their children, as also the children of snch persons as, previous to the passing of any law on the subject by the government of the United States, may have become citizens of any one of the said states, under the laws thereof, being under the age of 21 years, at the time of their parents being so naturalized or admitted to the rights of citizenship, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens of the United States; and the children of persona who, on or before the 14th day of April 1802, were citizens of the United States, shall, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, be considered as citizens of the United States. And again, it is enacted that if any person, who shall have made the preliminary declara- tion of intention to become a citizen as required by law, shall die before he is actually natu- ralized, his widow and children shall be considered as citizens of the United States ; and they shall be entitled to all rights and privileges as such, upon taking the oaths which the law )>re- scribes. Every citizen of the United States enjoys the same rights and privileges ; excepting only that a naturalized citizen must have been such for seven years to be eligible as a member of the House of Representatives, and for a period of nine years to be eligible as a member of the Senate of the Union, and that none but a natural born citizen, or a citizen at the time of the adoption of the federal constitution, can be elected to the office of President of the United States, or of Governor in some of the states. Aliens cannot act as jurors ; they have not the right of voting at elections ; and they are disabled from holding any office, either in the states, or under the government of the United States. In many of the states (chiefly the older ones) they are incapable of acquiring and holding any real estate. If an alien purchase land, or take it by devise, it is at once liable to bo forfeited to the state. His rights to and power over personal or moveable property are the same precisely as those of citizens. (See Kent's Commentaries, Lec!ure a.*).) The general reader may also, for an abstract of the law relating to aliens, as it regards their right of holding and conveying property in the diflferent states of the Union, consult the " American Almanac" for 1838.— /1»». Ed.] ALKALIES. The distinguishing characters of these bodies are, a strong acrid and power- fully caustic taste ; a corrosive action upon all animal matter, destroying its texture with con- siderable rapidity ; exposed to the atmosphere, when in their caustic state, they absorb car- bonic acid with great rapidity, and become carbonated (or mild). Their action upon vegeta- ble colours also alTords us means by which the presence of an nncombined or carbonated alkali may be detected ; the yellow colour of turmeric is changed to a red-brown tint when immersed into solutions containing them ; the blue colour of the litmus, after being reddened by an acid, is again restored; the infusions of the red cabbage, the violet, and many other purple vegetable colours, are converted to green. Litmus paper reddened by carbonic acid is, however, the most delicate test of the presence of an alkali. With the various acids they also combine, forming the very important and extensive class of compounds generally called salts ; a salt being any compound formed by the union of an acid with an alkali or a metallic oxide. .Alkalimetry.— TUp nietlind by wliich tlie value nftho alkalipp. or carlionatod alkalies, is ilotnrmined, bpins of ((insidpriihlc iiii|inrt!iiic(? in a fnininerciiil point of view, wt? sliiill here treat it somewhat in detail. It is an established f;ict, that 49 parts by weiulit of oil of vitriol of the sijecifu- cravity IHISS, are exactly equivalent to the ncMitralisiiliou of 7(1 pans by weiiiht of pure i:irb(uiiite of potash, or 48 of pure po"i:iss, or 51 of tarlionate of soda, or 32 of soda ; and that 70 parts of oil of vitriol will there- fore bi? necessary to neutralisi! KM) parts of carbonate of potass ; hence, by employing a plass tube of about two ounces' capacity, ami accurately divided into 100 ei]Mal parts, takiiitf 70 (,'raiu3 of oil of vitriol, and dihitini! it with water, to make the 100 measures ccunplele, every measure of this dilute acid must be e(|ual to a grain of pure ( arbonate of potass. The per ceiitage of real carbonate of potass existing in any sample of pearlash may be at once ascertaineil by taking 100 grains of tlie sam- jde, dissolving it in hot water, straining, and adtling by degrees 100 [ueasures of the test acid above mentioned ; the point of iieMtralisation (when it ceases to atfect litinus paper or reddeui d litmus) being accurately ascertained, thi> residual acid will L'ive the per centage .')0 parts from the bottiun. .-iti extra line should be made, and soda marked opposite to it ; at IS'.IO potass should be marked in the same way ; at ,')lt>H, carbonate! of soda ; uimI at t>.i, carlionate of potass. .\ diluted acid is m)w to be prepared, which shall havi' a specific gravity 1 127; and this is niudu by mixing intiiaatuly togethur 19 parts by weight of oil of vitriol, and 61 of ALKALIES. 29 tormined, '\vli;it 171 ty IHISri, irili, or 48 .-ill therc- lass tiiho of oil of lis dilute! lonnte of 'tlio siini- rid iihovn litinii.s) iiistiinci!, of pi'iirl- hi' saiiio hi' !ilk:ili ad of TO. illows ; — linilriial ICC oicii- inlo 101) I tnarkr'd 'da ; mid uravilv nd til ot water. The method to he fdllnwed in the eiinilnyiiient of tlii-i nriil is as follows -.—The ililiite arid is to lie nieasiired in the liilie up to the line ii|)|i(isile to which the alkali soiichi lor is marked ; if harilla, which rcinlains carlKiiiate of soda, Mli;! measures are to he taken. 'I'lic KM) iiieasures are then made up hy the addition of water, and is then ready for use, followiiiL' the nirlhod hefore slated. 'I'lic alkalies are four In niimhrr, namely, ammonia (or volatile alkali), potass (or veacialile alkali), sniia (or miniiral alkali), and litliia ; which last is of so little importance that we shall not treat of it here. The coiuliinations of these alkalies with the various acids, whenever they form compounds of any importance, will he ii'iticed. .Immiiiiiii, or Spirits of Jliirt. iiiiMure, and then . Carhnnale of Jliiimonin, or VohiliJe Suit, or Suhrarhounte of Jimyiwnin. — This salt, which is very much employed in various processes of the arts, was formerly olilained hy the action of chalk (carhonate of li'iie) upon miiriaie of ammonia ; a dmihle deciunposition takes place. Carhonic acid and nnimo- iiia ari! suhlimed in vapour, and muriate of lime remains in the vessel. A iiiiich less e.xpcnsive pro- cess is, however, now followcril, namely, from the waste gas lii|uors ohtained in the piirificalioii of coal gas ; these are evaporated, and the lilack impure sulphuric acid addi'd. Hy this means a sulpliatH of ammonia is formed, and the carhonate procured from it hy the action of powdered chalk, as in the former process. Its uses are principally in forming other compounds of ammonia, as smelling salts ; and it is like- wise employed rather e.vtensivi'ly hy pastry-cooks for making light pastry, which is caused hy the vidalile carhonate of ammonia t'scaping anil raising up the pastry hy the heat of the oven. It is en- tirely dissipated during the haking, so that no ill I'd'ect can arise froin its use. Hoth this ((unpoiind and the preceding act as violent stimulants on the animal system. Muriate of Amuwnia, or Sal Ainmnniuc—\\;\f formerly hrought to this coiinliy from I'gypt, where it was procured hy suhmitting the soot of camels' dung (there employed for tin I) to siililimation in closed vessels ; it is, however, at present manufactured in very large (luantilies in th' country in a variety of ways. The most economical processes are either suhmitting sulphate of aimiionia mi.\y slllnnittint; tliR salt, which riMuaiiis after the niannfactnre of nitric acid from nitre and snlplmric acid, to a red heat, or by ne iitrali-iini.' the e.vciss of acid i ontaim'd in tlial salt hy snlicarlmiiate of potass. Bisiitphiite. vf l'(itii.sliire and Droitwich, in this ciuintry, and those in Poland, Hungary, and Spain, and many others, afford immense quantities of this compound. It is also obiained by the evaporation of sea water, both spontaneously in pits formed for the purpose, and in tame iron boilers ; the uncrystallisable fluid is called the bittern ; basket salt is made by placinn the- salt after evaporation in conical baskets, and passing through it a saturated solution of salt, which dissolves and carries off the muriate of magnesia or lime. I'lire salt should not become moist by exposure to the air ; it decrepitates when heated ; it is employed for the prepa- ration of niiirialic acid, carbonate of soda, muriate of ammonia, and many other operations ; jilso in glazing stone-ware, pottery, &,c.; and from its ttreat antiseptic properties, is used largely for the pre- servation of animal food ; as a dux also in iiietallurgy. Biirnte of ifoilii, or Biiriir. — This salt is found in Tliibetand Pi^rsia, deposited from saline lakes; it is called tiiical, and is imported into this country, where it is purified hy solution ; the fatty matter with which the tiiical is always coated being removed ; and the solution evaporafeil and crystallised : its principal uses are as a Hux, from its acting very powerfully upon earthy substances. .\LKANET, OR ANCHUSA (Ger, Orkanet ,■ Da. Onsehmr ,■ Fr. Orcaiutte ,■ It. An- cusa ,■ Sp. Arcanefa), a species ot" bugloss {Anchutocotrine aloes. — (.linslie'n Jfal. Iiitlini ; 'I liomnon'ii iJinpeiisalnrii and Altit. JUedka.) Last year the duty on aloes was reduced lo 'id. per lb. on those from a lirilisli possession, and to Hrf. on those from a t'oreian country. The duty produced 1,H1(V. C)s. 2rf. ofiielt revenue; hut as Ihe old rates of duty e.visted during a part of the year, it does not afford the means of determining the con- sumption. ALOES-WOOD (GcT. Aloefwh ; Da. Aloehouf, Paradi/shouf ,- Fr. Bois (T Aloh .- It. Leipiu di. Aloe,- Sp. Aloe ehino ; Lat. Lignum Aloes; Sans. A guru ; Malay, Agi/a; Siam. Ki.ma), the produce of a large forest tree, to be found in most of the countries be- tween China and India, from the 24th degree of north latitude to the equator. It seems to he the result of a diser.scd action confined to n small part of a few trees, of which the rest of the wood is wholly valueless. It appears to be more or less frequent according to soil and climate, and from the same causes tn ditl'er materially in ()uality. It is produced both in Ihe greatest quantity and perfection in Ihe countries and islands on the east coast ofthe gulf of Siani. This article is ill high repute for fumigations, and as incense, in all Hindu, M(diammedan,nnd Catholic countries. It formerly iirought a very liigh price, being at one time reckoned nearly as valuable as gold. It is now comparatively cheap, though the finest specimena are still very dear. The accounts of this ar- ticle in most hooks, even of good authority, are singularly contradictory and inaccurate. This is more surprising, as La I.oub^re has distinctly stated, that it consisted only of " certains endroils corrontpua dans des arbres d'lnie cerUiine esp(ce. Tonte arlire de ccttc espire n'eii a pas ; et cenx qui en ont, ne les vtit pas luus en mimecndroUV—(\U^yti\\m^' de Siam, t. i. p. 45. 12mo ed.) The dithcujty of finding the trees which happen to be diseased, and of getting at tlie diseased portion, has given rise to the fables that have been current as to its origin. Tlie late Dr. Uoxburgh introduced the tree which yields this production into the Kotanical (jarden at Calcutta, from the hills to the eastward of Sylhet, and de- scribed it under Mie name of Aqidllaria Agalocha. ALUM {Ger.Alaun ,• Du. Aluin ; Fr. Aliin ,• It. Alluvie; Sp. AUumhre ; Pus. Kwasszd; Lat. Alumen ,- Arab. Sheh), a salt of great importance in the arts, consisting of a ternary compound of aluminum, or pure argillaceous earth, potass, and sulphuric acid. Alum is sometimes found native ; but by far the greater part of that which is met with in commerce is artificially prepared. The best alum is the Roman, or that which is manufactured near Civita Vecchia, in the Papal territory. It is in irregular, ochtahedral, cry.stalline masses, about the size of a walnut, and is opaque, being covered on the surface with a farinaceous efflorescence. The Levant, or Roch alum is in fragments, about the size of the former, but in which the crystalline form is more obscure; it is externally of a dirty rose-colour, and internally exhibits the same tinge, but clearer. It is usually shipped for Europe from Smyrna; but it was anciently made at Roccha, or Edessa. in Syria; and hence its name, Roch alum. English alum is in large, irregular, semi-transparent, colourless masses, having a glassy fracture ; not efflorescent, and considerably harder than the others. It is very 84 AMBER— AMIANTHUS. inferior to oithrr tho Roniiin or Rorh iiluni. Tho principnl iisr of iiliim is in tlie nrt of (lyoincr, na (I mordant f"f llxiiig and Biviiig ponnancncy to colours wliich otherwise would notadlipro at all, or but for a very short time ; but it is also used for a great variety of other purposes. ncrkniaiin lias sliinvn (Ifiitary af Tnrriilioiif:, vol, i. art. " Alum") that tlic atu'lPiils wrrt! iinar- (|iiaiiil('(l with alum, and that the siitislaiirc wliiili they drsiu'tiati'ij as surli was iiirrrly vitrinlic earth. It WHS first (lisriivcrt'il hy tin- Oriciitalfl, wIid cstahlislicil ahiiii wiirk< iiiS\rla in tliu llilrlrciith or t'liiirti'i'iith I'lMitiiry. Thi' iihlesl alum works in KMrope with erriti'il ahoni tiir miililli! ot'thc lil'ti'i'ntli icnlnry. Tow.irds tin' conrlnsiDn of tin' rriun of Unrrn lOli/.alii'lli, Sir 'I'lioinas ChaloniT cslahlishrd thi' first alnrn work in r,iii;laiid. ni'ar Wliltliy. in Vorkshiro, wlicri' lln' ]>rin(i|ial works of ihi; sort in this country are still larrini on. 'I'lirri' is a larne ainiii work at llnrli'tt, nrar I'aisli'V. Alum is laru'i'ly nianufactiired in Cliiiia, and istlii'iicc exported to ull the western Asiatic coiiiitrieu. In Itilll, 11,77!) piciils ('fib tons) were e.vportcd from Canton. AMBER (Gc.T. liernsfehi ; Du. liarnsfefn ; Da. Herns/ cm, Jiav. ; Ft, Amhre jatine; It. Ainhra ir'niUa ,- 8p. Ainfmr ,■ Kus. Jmilur,- Pol. liinvzfi/ii ,- Lat. SiicrinuDi, Ekctrtim), a brittle, liglit, hard sul)staiiee, usually nearly transparent, sometimes nearly colourless, but cotnmotdy yellow, or even deep brown. It has considerable lustre. S])eeific gravity 1*0()5. It is found in nodules or rounded masses, varyinc; from the size of coar.se sand to that of a man's hand. It is tasteless, without smell, excejit when pounded or heated, when it emits a frasirant odour. It is liighly electric. Most authors assert that atnbcr is bituminous ; but Dr. Thomson states, that " it is undoubtedly of a vegetable origin ; and though itdiHers from resins in some of its properties, yet it agrees with them in so many others, that it may witii- out impropriety be referred to them." — (^C/iemix/ri/, vol. iv. j). 147. .5th ed.) Pieces of anilier occasionally enclose parts of toads and insect? in their siilistancc, which art; heaii- tifiilly preserved. It is principally found on the shores of I'onierania and Polish Prussia; hut it id Roiiietimes diisr out of the earth in Piical Prussia. It is also met with on the hanks of the river (iia- reita. in Sicily. Sometimes it is found on the east coast of Itrilain. and in travel pits round Lon- don. The larijest mass of aiiiher ever loiind was L'ot near the surface? of the (.'rfuiiid in Lithuania. It weifilis l.S Ills., and is preserved in the royal cahiuet at llerlin. Most of the amiier imported into this country comes from the Italtic, hut a small qnaiitily comes t'rom Sicily. Aiiilier was in very liigli estiniiition amonf; the anciiMits, hiil is now comparatively iietilected. AMBER-GRIS, on AMBER-GREASE (Ger. Amber ,- Bii. Amber ,- Yr. Amberrdam, which ceased in 1796, merely a luink of deposit, hut a bank of deposit and circulation formed un the model of the liank of England. — (>)ee Banks, FoHKKi.N.) For an account of the Dutch fisheries, see the arlicica Hchiiimo FiaHsiir and Whale FlSilKRT. 8lii|is i^iitvring the port of Amsterdam (liirinc the thnte Yenrs nndiiig with 1631, 8|iecifyiiig the Cnaii- trifs whence they cuiiiif. (;oiintrir!<. 1H2!>. 1H3(). 1831. Ports of Norway and North Sea ..... Halt ii'. and Archiinei^l ..-.-.. Mcclitrrrancan, Franco, Sjiaiii, and Portugal .... Monlli Anivrica ........ North Anifrica ........ West liidii'S ........ Great Uritain .._.-... East Indies and China ....... Total Hhips. 4!ll) 1.134 113 7 4fi 7!t h2 18 Hhi|iH. 7HH Wll 105 10 57 95 114 26 t^hiiiH. (lOl 505 !)» 10 40 77 209 23 1,!*75 1,996 1,624 There are no means of HHCertainine tin; tunnrigu and the crews of tliese vessels. Alioiit 220 or 2,'iO large ships helonit to AniHterdaiii ; they a'e eiiiplnyed in tlie Kast and West India traders, and in traiiinK to tlie Baltic, tlie Mediterranean, &r. There is comparatively little roasting trade at Ani- Btcrdani, the cnmmiinicatinn with most other ports in the vicinity lieiiig principally kept up by caiiaLs, and that with Fricsluiid liy regular packets. Tlie total number of ships of all sorts annually entering the port uiiiouiits, at an average, to about 2,200. Account of some of the principal Articles, specifying their Quantities and Values, imported into AiiiEterdam by Hea during the Years 1829, IH30, and 1831. DeDominatinn of Mer- chandise. Coffee, East Inlia — West India — lliltn Sugar, West India — HavaDnah — nnzil — .Mauritiuf — £a«( India — Ditto — Ditto Cotton Wool, American Eiyptian West India Eail India Tobacco, Maryland • Virf^inia Kentucky - Hides Pepper Hice Linseed Wheat Rye Barley . 1831. (Quantity. Baft Casks Bags 121,500 1.190 24,iK0 l,617 »2.tiiX 90,219 r>5,liO 2l,Jti3 »6,300 40,540 157,875 38,154 7R,(tOO 14,900 31,980 2,655 JS,S37 29,070 &1,610 .^300 (i3,743 80,312 2l,4fi9 68,45.5 23. 550 i,y«3 93,')C0 41,125 IN,i44 9,R54 0IS508 34,042 4,570 380 >6,igo 54,083 M,300 366,858 10,900 320,075 i2,W0 3,528 and ty lli<: I'unal, witi'. In IH.'W, OH fulillWH: — Arriviiic from (I'ri'at llritaln. Arrivinp fron Mi.'dili.'rranc Ihe an. £ g. d. £ d. (/. Lock diii'M in Ilin canal, and chargBS— inwards Djilii - • - outwards 4 10 2 10 8 5 10 10 (1 MnasoriiiL' llic Kliip . . - . - ToniiaKc duett, inwards and outwurdt - • - A rliartfi' calli'd Port iiioiii'y - . . - Haven nioiK'v .-.-•- 1 10 S.'i 12 1 12 13 1 2 8 ,5 2 18 (1 () 6 I 2 10 12 i:t U U 6 Hiiav or key in.ini'y . . . . - I'l-riiiilto coiisiiiiH' provisions freu of excise duca Clr.aranci! ...... Expeiistjn of clearing, fees, &c. - - - - Total (1 1 (1 2 2 12 18 fi £11 £18 IG Thrri! is Ill-Hide.'!, the merchants' and hrokers' coniniirtMinn on recovering and procuring freights, generally settled liy acreenient. The Innmifre (/wfi/ is l.'( ceiitrt ('Ml.) the Netherlands ton (nearly equal to the llritish) inwards, and the same (Hitwards, with the addition of the Syndieale lax of 13 per cent. It is p.'iyalde only anre a year liy ships lieariiic llie fidlowinj! tiacs, viz. Netherlands, llritish. North American, Danish, Iliinover- iaii, liainhiirtth. Hreiiieii, l.iiliei k, Merklenliiiri!. Dldeiihuri;, lliissiaii, I'ortiiiJuese, Austrian, .Syrian, Salonira, Swedish, NorweBian, I'russian, Turkish, Itio de la I'lata. Others pay 571 cents (llj(/.) per ton inwards, and the same outwards every voyaiie. Thecliarire calleil Purl money is payalile half on entry, and half on departure; and that called ha- ven money the same. Tlie hire of a horse for towing along the whole line of the canal amounts to 12 llor. 10 cents, or ahoiit I/, l.i. Qiiiirandnf.— The i. Ulbi. or 21 MIU. or JOIIit. . 2 «iirr rent, and 2 per cent. •1 1 Li'pmrico .... Spicei, iwpprr • • ■ cinii.iinon - • clovt-N and mice pinicntd • • Dutnif)(9 • • KinRfT . • - Sugan, MariiniijUf ■ St. ]>'land Virginia . rfil tare .... tillM. 8jk Mlbi. . - . r^M Urr and 4 Iba. jijlbs. or Mlbi . Ci2 H<4. and above < im ( li per rent. • • • »ll)i. a )6lb«. • • J per rfht and I |«T rent. £ |H-r rt-iit. and I prr rrnt. 1 \m rent. I jwr cnit, }2 prr rrnt. and 2 ) prr crnt. il |MT mil. aiut I^ pT rrnt. I 2 piT rrnl. and per rent. 1 per cent. f I pf r cent. i per cfDt. .2 pfr rrnl. ud 2 lier Mill. MINI. 48 lU. - t ;} 21 Ibii. h 24 lbs. Tin plates ■ Wool, Spanish Wines • - . Madder ■ ISIbi. - • . [ jlSltji. a 42 lbs. ranks f.ired ■ • . 2 and H per cent. • 2 per cent. • • 5 ban taret), and 24 " J lbs. per 17'> M)S. months* dis. count, 2 per cent, and 2 per ctnt. }2 prr cent, and 2 J per cent. 1 per cent. per cent. casks tart'd Ilerrinp Smaltz Flax, hams, seeds, geneva, (Crain Butter Hidi-s Cheese, Rdam . • • . Gouda • ■ ' . 2 per cent, and 1 per ri-nt. da- maged, and 1 per cent. I per cent. l2l months' dis- > count, and I y per cent. I per rent. 10 Ibn, per cask, and 2 per cent. 1 per cent. 2 per cent, and 2 per ». cent. 2 per cent 1 per cent none. 2 and 1 per cent 2 |jer cent. I per cent. •{ The above are the customary; tares and other allowance made by the merchants in their traniaclioni with each other. But in paying the import duties at the Customdinuse. the tare upon goods paying duty by weight is, with the exceptions undermentioned, fixed at 15 per cent, for such as are in casks or tiarrels, and at H per cent, for such as are in packages, canisters, mats, baskets, Sic. Merchants dissatisfied with these allowances may pay the duty according to the rtal weight, ascertained by the customs oflicers at their expense. Exceptions,— The tare upon grain imported in sacki is fixed at 2 per cent. Porcelain, 15 per cent. inH;»« S '" cheats, 2; inaijo ^ 1^ lerons, 15 per cent, rchesls from Havannah, 18 per cent^ other places 20 per Sugar ( in cheats, 25 per cent. ) i cent. canisters, lOper cent. casks and packages, 15 and 8 per cent. The tare upon sugar refined in the interior and exported, is 12 per cent, per barrel, 8 per cent, per package. lllvHiwnfnr tenkngf ii» made opon all Ihjuids, inrluv%%, v>/. I'otniiK rr'iiii DiiKliiid, Uir norlhero ports of l^uroir, and Franrt*, by iiilan>t t).ivi<.iiiiiii, H f>rr rrnt. Kdhi I'rKiirr liy le.i, jiidlntiii other countries by the rivers HhiiM an>l W.tal, 12 per rrnt. Fntni anv "iher i«irt or pUre. 14 per rent. Fiti:tlly. fntiii Mn.ite\rr pi in llii- Mint may come, upon train oil, 12 (ttT rrnt. ; l>lul>)ii-r, H piT rrnt, lu rasr hipixls sli.ill tiiw- 1 |[h nt'orrd, Ufum tlir vnyifr, mirh leak- axe as nhall riusr llir iiii|Hirti'r ro lir iliMRh«|)ed wnh (he alliiWAnrn tirlnrr ipenhrl, he is |irriiiiltrd tn piy Ibr duly iipmi ilie actual i(uanlity, to be aiCertainetl by the officers at the tiii|*ortrr'n es|Hnst-. W"»i/v.— Arcimnts usid to br kept at Amsfer«l;im bv tlir pound riemiih:^6 itorinsM 20 schillings^ 120 slivrrs- 21U irroars. 1920 (•rnnings. Ilul in Ih20, the dentiial sysirm wab intrMiUirtil. In order, however, lo cauw* as IjHIh incniivriurncr as (Hissitilr. ihi- fturiu It. Hi(i/. strrliiiK, was made ihr unit of the new syaieni. I'he ttorin II ■np|H)«ii| to l>e rlivided iiilo U)0 e<)u;il parta or rents; and Ibn oihi-r tilvrr coins an> eipial muHipIrs or sub.niultip'rs of jr. 'I he new (old coin It calleit the florin pirre, and is worth Iti*. A.|rf. \rry nt^irlv. flut acrniinls are itill wiini'iiiiira krpt in the nid w.iy or by the |Hiund FIrinish. I'ar of rxchaiiKi> bt-lween Auiateidaui and Lou* don is tl flirr. Its divisions are the kubicke (talni, kubicke duini, aiul kubicke Ntrcep. The term trii/e is (riven to a kubicke elle of firewooourid of Anisterdaiii was= to 1-09 lbs. avuinlupois, or 100 lbs. Amstrnlani --. IOS-f(23 lbs. avoirduftois. Thr laat or measure for corn =27 mudden =:: 10 qurs. 5} busheN Wiochesler measurr. 1'hi- aain liquid meaiiiru ~ 4 ankers r. S steckans— 21 viertels— &t sloops or stoppen = \2% mingles = 250 pints s 41 F.n^lish wine Kallons, The stoop ciintalns f» l-8ih pints English wine measure. 100 mingles are equal to 32 Knclish wine gallons, or 26 l*5th Eniflish beer gallons, or 26 '2*3<1 Imperial gallons. French wine is sold per honheal of IH) mingles. Spanish and Tortuguese wine, per pipe of . • ■ • 349 ditto. French bmidy, per hogshead of •-.... . 30 viertels. BetT, per barrel (equal to Iheaam) of I2H minglea* Vegetable oils, per aam, of 120 ditto. Whale oil, per ditto 16 ditto. Rum is sold per anktr of 2 steckan — 10^ English wine gallons. The foot of Amsterdam— I) I'Tlh English inches. The Rhineland foot = 12 ditto. The ell, doth measure = 27 M2th ditto. RockttUt is sold per hondert of 401 maaten, making 20 tons, or 4,000 lbs. Dutch. Ptt ctxil Is sold per hoeil of 38 maaten ; nine hoeds are five chal* dronsof Newcastle, or six hm-ds are five chaldrons of I/mdon. Bxitttr is sold per barrel ; the barrel of Levden is 320 lbs. nett. — that of Friesland 28 lbs. nett— and the common Dutch barrel 33€ lbs- gross. A latt of kerringi is reckoned at 12, 13^ or 14 barrels. A latt of pitch is 12 barrels. A last of tar 13 barrels. A bag of seed = 2 1-2 Winchester quarters. A last for freight Is reckoned 4,000 lbs. equal to two English tons, Eicht hogsheads (nroxhofts) of wine Twelve barrels of pitch Thirteen barrels of tar Twenty chests of lemons, &c. 4,000 lbs. of iron, copper, and colonial produce 4,000 lbs. of almonds 2.000 Itw, of wool or feathers A last of wheat is considered 10 per cent, higher than one of rye, and the latter 20 1-2 per cent, higher than oats and 10 per cent, higher than seed. A last of ballast is only 2,000 lbs.— These details have been derived from the answers by the British Cfinsul to the circular querien, the /Jtcttonnatre du Commerct, (F.ticy. Method,) torn. ii. pp. 664— €50., Kdly'i Cambitt, private information^ 8fC. I are reckoneil u one l:ist in settling the freiuht or ships. Magnitude nf the Commerce of Holland in the seventeenth Century. — Causes of its Prosperity and Decline. — We believe we iieed make no apology for embracing this oppor- tunity to lay before our readers the following details with respect to the commerce and com- mercial policy of Holland. It forms one of the most instructive topics of investigation; and it is to be regretted that so little attention should have been paid to it in this country. Previously to the commencement of the long-continued and glorious struggle made by the Dutch to emancipate themselves from the blind and brutal despotism of Old Spain, they had a considerable marine, and had attained to distinction by their fisheries and commerce ; and the war, instead of being injurious to the trade of the republic, contributed powerfully to itii fxln comtiirrt'c I cipiilly to coiumiTcial III lOO'J cioiirt iiilhii imporliiiirc, Illijc llllllllir till' ('i)inp:iii with tiictn t wrrt' ill III) HiiUi (iiiir, with Hrvcnil and in Mirin liiilnvin, ill (pii'rrd by li itx |)iirl was Arcliipoinijci striinift'ly "I" Kvery lir;i the Ualiic pO.SSC.-jHioll, lu'lbro tiu'ir i dam fi'Diii I), the sixtcciiil ilullaiiil, am di'pi'iuii'lit (II tlu- Haltic ha from them t and tar, tallo ships, and in i\w Uutcli, a They have, s wiiich are pe in a sort of s and prices lo protitiiig liy t year. Kepua govornment t of tliis enligh corn ; and lu'i 'I'lidse scurcit trade in con Holland, but ready and ad dam," says & the growth o Holland for s there were c 200,000/.; c 3,000,000/. n Miscel. Worl The very observes, in t parties du mt its n'l/ manq Tlie Bank meat was to coins import! coin or bullic bank-money ; of one indiv invasion of t Between I the French, 1 estimates its fully a half. AMSTFRDVM. 80 to '\U rxtiMiNioii. Aftrr tlio rapluro of Anlwi-rp liy the Spntiinnli*. in I.IS;', tin- rtiriHivo coiiiiniTie of wliicli it hml Ih'I'ii |Ii(> cciitro wiw r.'iiiovcd to tlir |iorln of llolliiiul, mid |iriii- cipiilly lo Atiisicrilaiii, vvliicli tlii-ii ittluiru^d to tlio (liMtiiii'tion hIic long t-iijoyi'il. of ilu' lirot coiniiirrciiil city of Kiirupc. In IfiO'J, ttu- Diitili F'^iiHt India Coinpnny whm formcil ; and notwithfitniidini; tlir pc-ni- rioiiK iidhii'ucf of that nsHociation. llii- Indian trade incrcasnl rapidly in inaijnitiidc atul iniporlancp. Ships (iticd fither for coinnirrcial or warlike purposex, and havim; a coiihider- nlile nurnlier of Hoidicrrt on hoard, were Kent ont within a few years of the estalihshriieiil of the eonipany. Ainhoyna and the MoluecaM werii first wresteil from the i'orlnnni'-'e. and with them the Dutch ohlaincfl the monopoly of the Hpiee trade. Factories and f iriilicatioriH were in no loii^ time eHlal)lisiied, from Bn-morah, near the month of tlie TiifriH, in ihe i'er- Hian (Jnll, .domj the roasts and islands of India as far an Japan. Alliances wi're fi)rmeil witli several of the [iidiaii |)rinces; and in many parts, jiarticiilarly on the coasts of Ceylon, nnd in \ttriouH districts of .Vlalahar and ('oroinandel, they were themselves the Hovcreinns. Uatavin. in the iari^e and fertile island of .I.iva, the greater part of which hail liecn eon- 1701.) ' ,. . ;. It may, therefore, be fairly concluded, that, during the seventeenth century the foreign commerce and navigation of Holland was greater than that of all Europe besides; and yet the country which was the seat of this vast commerce had no native produce to export, nor even a piece of timber fit for ship-building. All had been the fruit of industry, economy, and a fortunate combination of circumstances. Holland owed this vast commerce to a variety of causes : partly to her peculiar situation, the industry and economy of her inhabitants, the comparatively liberal and enlightened system of civil as well as of commercial policy adopted by the republic ; and partly also to the wars and disturbances that prevailed in most European countries in tlic sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and prevented them from emulating the successful career of the Dutch. The ascendancy of Holland as a commercial state began to decline from about the com- mencement of last century. After the war terminated by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the attention of the government of Holland was forcibly attracted to the state of the ship- ping and foreign commerce of the republic. The discovery of means by which their decline might be arrested, and the trade of the republic, if possible, restored to its ancient flourishing condition, became a prominent object in the speculations of every one who felt interested in tlie public welfare. In order to procure the most correct information on the subject, the Stadtholder, William IV., addressed the following queries to all the most extensive and intelligent merchants, desiring them to favour him with their answers: — " 1. What is the actual state of trade ? and if the same should be found to be diminished and fallen to decay, then, 2. To inijuire by what methods the same may be supported and advanced, or, if possible, restored to its former lustre, repui ■ and dignity ?" In discussing these questions, the merchants were obliged to enter into an examination, as well of the causes which had raised the commerce of Holland to the high pitch of pros- perity to which it had once attained, as of those which had occasioned its subsequent de- cline. It is stated, that, though not of the same opinion upon all points, they, speaking generally, concurred as to those that were most important. When their answers had been obtained, and compared with each other, the Stadtholder had a dissertation prepared from them, and other authentic sources, on the commerce of the republic, to which proposals were subjoined for its amendment. Some of the principles advanced in this dissertation apply to the case of Holland only ; but most of them are of univcrsiil application, and are not more comprehensive than sound. We doubt, indeed, whether the benefits resulting from religious toleration, political liberty, the security of property, and the freedom of in- dustry, have ever been more clearly set forth than in this dissertation. It begins by an enumeration of the causes which contributed to advance the comm' rce of the republic to its former unexampled prosperity ; these the authors divide into three classes, embracing under the first moral ; marking AMSTERDAM. 41 the first those that were natural ami physical ; under the second, those they doiiominateJ moral; anil under the third, those which they considered adventitious and external; ru- marliing on them in succession as follows : — " 1. The Miifiirnl and physical rai\sps arc the advantages of the situation of the roiintry, on tlie sna, and at tin; mouth of coiisidt'rahlt' rivi'rs ; its situation between the norlliern and soiitliern parts, which, hy hcini; in a nianiiiT llic centre of all Kuro|)e, made the republic become IheKeiicral market, where the merchants on botli sidi's useil to briii!! Ilieir superfluous commodities, in order to liarter and exchanpe tlie same for other poods they wanted. "Nor have the barrenness of the country, and the necessities of the natives arisiiiij from that cause, less contributeii to set tlieni upon exertiiig'all their application, industry, and utmost stretch off;enin>-, to fi'tch from foreign countries what they stand in need of in their own, and to support themselves by trade. " The abundance of fish in the neighbouring seas put them in a condition not only to supply their own occasions, but witli the overplus to carry on a trade with foreigners, and d the wisdom and prudi.'uce of the administration ; the intrepiit firmness of the councils ; the faithfulness with which treaties and engagements were wont to h(! fulfilled and ratified ; and particularly the care and caution practised to preserve tranquillity and peace, and to decline, in- stead of entering on a scene of war, merely to gratify the ambitious views of gaining fruitless or ima- ginary conquests. "By these moral and political maxims was the glory and reputation of the republic so far spread, and foreigners aiiiinated to place so great a confidence in the steady determinations of a state so wisely and prudently conducted, that a concourse of them stocked this country with an augmenta- tion of inhabitants and useful hands, whereby its trade and opulence were from time to time in- creased. " III. Amongst the adventitious and external causes of the rise and flourishing state of our trado may be reckoned — "That at the time when the best and wisest maxims were adopted in the republic as the means of making trade flourish, they were neglected in almost all other countries ; and any one, reading the history of those times, may easily discover, that the persecutions on account of religion throughout Hpp.in, Brabant, Flanders, and many other states and kingdoms, hive powerfully jiromoted the esta- blishment of commerce in the republic. " To this happy result, and the settling of manufacturers in our country, the long continuance of the civil wars in France, which were afterwards carried on in Germany, England, and divers other parts, have also very much contributed. " If must be added, in the last place, that during our most hurthensome and heavy wars with Spain and Portugal (however ruinous tl>:ii period was for commerce otherwise), these powers had bolli neglected their navy ; whilst the navy of the republic, by a conduct directly the reverse, was at the same time fori;. ;ed by law; and there were endless regulations with respect to the size of the barrel- ' • ..umber and thickness of the staves of which they were to be made ; the gutting and packing of the herrings; the branding of the barrels, &c. «&c. — (Hisfoire des Peches, ^c. d:i)hi le.i Mers du Nord, torn. i. chap. 24.) These regulations were intended to secure to the Hollanders that superiority which they had early attained in the fishery, and to prevent the reputation of their herrings from being injured by the bad faith of individuals. But their real eifect was precisely the reverse of this. By tying up the fishers to a system of routine, they prevented them from making any improvements; while the facility of coun- terfeiting the public marks opened a much wider door to fraud, than would have heen open- ed had government wisely declined interfering in the matter. In despite, however, of the East India monopoly, and the regulations now described, the commercial policy of Holland has l>een more liberal than that of any other nation. And in consequence, a country not more extensive than Wales, and naturally not more fertile, con- quered, indeed, in a great measure from the sea, has accumulated a population of upwards of two millions ; has maintained wars of unexampled duration with the most powerful monarchies; and, besides laying out immense sums in works of utility and ornament at home, has been enabled to lend hundreds of millions to foreigners. During the occupation of Holland by the French, first as a dependent state, and subse- quently as an integral part of the French empire, her foreign trade was almost entirely destroyed. Her colonies were successively conquered by England, and in addition to the loss of her trade, she was burdened with fresh taxes. But such was the vast accumulated wealth of the Dutch, their prudence, and energy, that the influence of these adverse circum- stances was far less injurious than could have been imagined ; and, notwithstanding all the losses she had sustained, and the long interruption of her commercial pursuits, Holland continued, at her emancipation from the yoke of the French in 1814, to he the richest coun- try in Europe ! Java, the Moluccas, and most of her other colonies were then restored, and she is now in the enjoyment of a large foreign trade. Her connection with Belgium was an unfortunate one for both countries. The union was not agreeable to either party, and has been injurious to Holland. Belgium was an agricultural and manufacturing country ; and was inclined, in imitation of the French, to lay restrictions on the importations of most sorts of raw and manufactured produce. A policy of this sort was directly opposed to the interests and the ancient practice of the Dutch. But though their deputies prevented the restrictive system from being carried to the extent proposed by the Belgians, they were una- * For prnofs of ihis.Hop the nrticle on the Commerce of Ilulland in the Edinburgh Review, No. 102., from wliich uiostpurt of those statements have been taken. i i i 1 C d 44 ANCHOR. ble to prevent it from boino; rnrried to an extent that materially affreted the trade of Holland. Whatever, therefore, may be the eonseqiicnees as to BolRiuin, there ean be little doubt that the late separation between the two divisions of the kingdom of the Netherlands will redound to the advantaffe of Holland. It must ever be for the interest of England, America, and all trading nations, to maintain the independence of a state by whose means their productions find a ready access to the great continental markets. It is to be hoped that the Dutch, pro- fiting by past experience, will adopt such a liberal and conciliatory system towards the natives of Java, as may enable them to avail themselves to the full of the various re- sources of that noble island. And if they do this, and freely open their j)orts, with as few restrictions as possible, to the ships and commodities of all countries, Holland may still be the centre of a very extensive commerce, and may continue to preserve a res])ectable place among mercantile nations. Even at this moment, after all the vicissitudes they have under- gone, the Dutch are, beyond all question, the most opulent and industrious of f]uropean nations. And their present, no less than their former state, shows that a free system of government, security, and the absence of restrictions on industry, can overcome almost every obstacle ; " can convert the standing pool and lake into fat meadows, cover the barren rock with verdure, and make the desert smile with flowers." (Principal articles of Merclinndise imported into Amsterdam in 1834 and 1835, with the Stocks on hand on till" 31st Di!cember each year. — (Circular vf Liibuuchere Jj^« hb,000?000 7;^ 2,750,000 26,470 ^|,„_ 3-™ """"• ,3.^*; 5,750,000 L cliestj. 2,TJiJ 700j 2,s20j 323 J Tobicco • - 5 M. hhds. " } V and K. 10,203 68 7,176 53 7,369 8M2 4,664 8 -.2 Collon • - tnlfs, &c. I3,'-,23 1,418 11,718 1,697 Rice, CarolimL casks 9,000 2,000 5,H00 300 Java • Lags 34,000 24,000 13,000 2,3(0 Pfnper • ■ - AMlVB ' • • — 2,9!i3 1,200 3,300 800 barrels 4,469 440 2,585 20 Hides - - - nuniher 105,100 26,000 120,800 46,700 Indieo • • - J cases I serniis 750 470 1,493 1,215 80 100 66 116 Dyewoods • • kiloi!s. 2,840,000 2,725,000 i;,294,000 4,210,000 Sup.) [The principal imports from Amsterdam, as also from Rotterdam, into the United States, are gin, madder, liTiseed oil, nutmegs, Khenish and Moselle wines, and sailcloth or duck. This last article has a decided sujieriority to the corresponding article of any other country. yVe may make the same remark concerning the bolting cloths which are manufactured in Holland. Our millers give them a preference to all others. The herrings of the Dutch fisheries have long been accounted superior to those caught elsewhere. They are of small size, but very fat ; and the Dutch surpass all other nations in the art of curing them. They are well known to epicures, but are, nevertheless, imported into the United States only in small quantities. The cheese of Holland is another article in much repute ; yet, like the herring of that country, it is imported by us only to a very limited extent. It may be here added that, while we export a certain amount of coffee to Holland, we also import thence a quantity of old Java, commonly called " government colfee." The wealthier portion of the inhabitants of our large cities are its principal consumers. Our exports to Holland, which very much exceed in value our imports from that country, are, in the order nearly of their relative importance, tobacco, cotton, whale and other fish oils, rice, brown sugar, teas, cotfee, pot and pearlash, raw hides, sSec. — Am. Ed.] ANCHOR (Fr, Ancrc ,- Lat. Anchnra ; Gr. Ajxu^a), a well-known maritime instru- ment used in the mooring or fastening of ships. It consists of a shank having two hooked arms at one end, and at the other end a bar, or stock, at right angles to the arms, with a ring to which the cable is fastened. The arms, shank, and ring should be made of the very best and toughest iron; the stock is for the most part of oak, hut it is frequently also, especially in the smaller anchors, made of iron. On being let go, or cast into the water, the anchor sinks rapidly to the bottom, and is thrown by the stock into such a position that the fluke, or point of one of the arms, is sure to strike the ground perpendicularly, and being kept in that direction, unless the bottom be particularly hard or rocky, sinks into it, and cannot be dislodged, where the ground is not soft or oozy, without a violent effort. When the anchor is dislodged, it is said, by the sailors, to crnne home. Seeing that the safety and preservation of ships and crews are very frequently dependent on their anchors and cables, it is needless to say that it is of the utmost importance that these should be of the most approved quality and construction. Every ship has, or ought to have, three principal anchors; viz. 1st, the sheet anchor, the largest of all, and only let down in cases of dunger, or when the vessel is riding in a gale of wind ; 2d, the best bower anchor ; and 3d, the small buuier anchor. There are, besides, rill smaller ai (ir seven being usu bower ant ton. To rii.'^U I miiv t'kc li i'n lints I or thrnniili ing 111" till' '/'i> ircisli J.air «.s- til posHi'ssion wlit'thiT ill witliiii flirt} fIi;iII know iiiit ilH lii-ii nii'iit as fii disrri'tiiin any iinrliiir rrpiirtins viT the iirti iinilrr .t poi oath of oni; rstalilislKM And overy i port, crt'ck, any term no Invent in is of very President i and that tl the sea, a p Eng. trans, lib. vii. cap. period ; sor Since this r gone very li ANCHO ther be too 1 hold, and in In a rocky 1 liable to cha be neither t( pendicular, i expo.'ted to t water that ii little import! The anchoj and ronimerc tirst which it out ballast, oi never conies, on view, or f penalty is inc In pursuance regulations fr ships, in all tl where or nen wharfs or mo placed in any other persons his Majesty, t of the Navy. It further p said aiithiiriti quantity, unii allowed". It board shotted after sun-sett further srives of seo.rch in s AxciioiiA ANCHO encrasicutiLs from Gorgor fresh pickled ANCHORAGE, ANCHOVY. 45 kilnn. 5,750,000 instru- hooked th a ring ery best pecially anchor Jiuke, kept in mnot be anchor pendent [at these hor, the gale of besides, smnllpr anchors for mooring in rivers, ports, &c. The largest class of mnn-of-war have six <>r seven anchors. The weight of an anchor is determined principiiiiy liy the tonnage ; it being usual to allow, for every 20 tons of a ship's burthen, I cwt. for the weight of lu-r best bower anchor ; so that this anchor in a ship of 400 tons should weigh about 20 cwt., or a ton. To riift, or let rro, ilir av-hor, is to let the anchor fall from the ship's bows into the water, so that it may tiki' hold nf tho crouiiil. 7'fl tlritir the. anchor, is In iiiakn it conm homn ; that is, to dialndst! it from its bed, and to drair it ovor or throuuh Ihi' proiind. This may be ocriiaiciiicd by tli« uiichor Immhk too lii!ht, by the violent ptrain- ing of till' ciilili' ill a storm or a current, by tlii' ton grrat hardnnnH or aofliii'ss of llie irnmnil, &<■. Vi) irriirh the anehnr, is to disloilso it from its hold, and hravi! it up by iiii'aiis of tin- capstaii, &r. J.air «.s- to ^liirhiirs left, purled fnim, I'j-c. — By the 1 &. 2 (Ji^o. 4. c. 75., [liliils and othrr persons takiiiij possession of ancliors, rahli's, and other ship materials, parted with, cut fnuu, or left by any vessel, whether in distress or ollierwise, shall give notiro of tlio same tn a deputy vii'e-admiral, or bis agent, witliin forty-eiijilt hours, on pain of being considered as receivers of stolen gooils ; and if any person shall knowingly and h ilfully purchase any such anchor, &c. that shall have been so obtiiiiied, with- out its being sorepiirleil, he shall he held to be a receiver of stolen goods, and suder the like punish- ment as for a inisdeineanoiir at conmion law, or be liable to be trans|>i>rti'd for seven years, at the discretion of the court. Any masli" nf a ship or vessel outward-bound finding or taking on board any anchor, &c. shall make a true entry of the circumstance in the log-book of such ship or vessel, reporting the saiiii' by the lirst possible opportunity to the Trinity House, and on his return sliall deli- ver the article to the deputy vice-ailiniral, or his agent, nearest tn the port where he shall arrive, under a penalty of not more than 100/. nor less than 30/., on conviction before a niagistratn on tlio oath of one witness ; one half tn go tn the informer, the other half to the Merchant Seaman's Society, established by 20 (Jen. ,1. c. .IS. : ho shall alsn forfeit double the value of the article to the owner. And every pilot, hnveller, bnatman, lie,, who shall cnnvey any anchor, &c. tn any foreign harbour, port, creek, or bay, and sell and dispose of the same, shall be guilty of felony, and be transpotted for any term not exceeding seven years. — (See Salv.\oe.) Invention of f he Anchor. — This instrument, admirable alike for its simplicity and clTect, is of very considerable antiquity. It was not, however, known in the earliest ages. Tho President de Goguet has shown that it was not used by the Greeks till after the Trojan war ; and that they were then accustomed to moor their ships by means of large stones cast into the sea, a practice which still subsists in some rude nations. — ( On'injr.—T\ been as follows Years 1824 1825 182a Of the 800 sh Hull, 48 from H from Rio .hineirc February 1820.) The commerce gians and Dutch. Comparative 81 Articles Aihes, U. s. — KuasJa Coflfee . . CoKoa . . Hi.les, S. A. ■ lodigo . . Pimento . . Pepper, unill • nice . . Sunr Tea . . Tobacco . . Logwood . . Fuitic . . In the Imports o for this pott. Tilt Thi Places. Great Britain - - . S. America and W. Indi United States . . . Continent of Europe - Eaillndiej . . . . Jeney and Ouemiey . TolaU . . . ANTWERP. 47 ttorins =2(1 siliilliiius^ 120 slivers " Ui (fronts = 1, 1120 penninjis.— (Sci! Table of Coins.) The par of cxclianai; lietween Antwer|> London is 11 tlorins 58tcnls per pniiiul sttrliiijf. Weijihts and Mai.snres.—tt\, a law of IHlti, tlii^ 1 .1 ii system of weiclits and measures was adopled in llie Netlierlanda on tlie Ist of January, 1820 ; 1ml the old denominalions are relaiiied. The punil is IhK unit of weiaht, and iinswers to Ihe French kilogramme.— (See AMSTtRDA.M.) Of the old weights, wliich are still occiisioniiUy referred to, the iiiiiiitiU of 100 llis. is eriual to 103i Ihg. avoirdupois, 100 lbs. avoirdupois being consequently equal to 908 lbs. of Antwerp. A schippound is equal to 3 quintals, or 300 lbs. ; a stone is equal to 8 lbs. Of the old measures, a viertel of corn =4 macken ; .'iTJ vinrtels = last ; and 40 viertels = lOJ Impe- rial quarters very nearly. The aam of wine contains 50 stoopen, or 3tii Enijlish wine ftallons. Of the weiirhts and meiisures now current, 50} lbs. = 112 lbs. Eniilish ; 100 lbs. = 100 kilopramincs of Krance, or 212} Antwerp old weight. One barrel =20^ fiallons Kiiflisli = 100 litres I'reiich, Custom-huuse He^rulatiutig.—Ca\na\i\a of ships arriving at Antwerp, or any of the lielgian ports, must make, within 24 hours, a declaration in writing, of the goods of which their cargo consists ; specifying the marks and numbers of the bales, parcels, &c. ; their value, according to the current price at the lime when the declaration is made ; the name of the ship or vessel, as well as that of the captain, and of the ctnintry to which she belongs, &.c. Wii/ipin^'.— The ships entering the port of Antwerp, during the five years ending with 1828, have been us follows : — Years. 1824 - 1825 - 1826 - Ships. Years. 681 1827 800 1828 928 Ships. 822 955 Of the 800 ships entering Antwerp in 1825, 114 were from Liverpool, 119 from London, 44 from Hull, 48 from Havre, 41 from Bordeaux, 24 from Petersburgh, 24 from New York, 25 from Cuba, 26 from Kio .Janeiro, 11 from Uatavia, SLC.~(BulUtin ties Hcicncea Ocographiques, for January, 1829, and February 1826.) The commerce of Antwerp sufTered much, in 1831 and 1832, from the hostilities between the Bel- gians and Dutch. In 1831, there were only 388 arrivals of foreign ships. Comparative statement of the Imports of the undermentioned Goods, at Antwerp, since 1827, and of the Stocks at the Close uf each year. Articles. Imports. Stocks, 31st December. 1 1827. 1828. j 1829. ! 183(1. 1831. 1832. 1827. 182S. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. A>ha,U. S. . - barrel! 7,1.38 9,647l 11,&12 6,951 7,432 8,306 600 800 2,950 214 650 1,800 — Kussia • • caaki 4,420 1.501, 3,987 1,639 72S 3,338 1,000 200 1,200 250 550 750 Cotfee .... tons 23,100 22,900 23,0S0 21,110 10,300 14.700 8,250 8,6->0 8,«0 4,000 2,700 1,900 Cottoa .... balei 23,108 18,324: 33,983 21,845 13,720 28,687 4.420 5,583 6,153 4,700 1,050 900 Hi.le<,S.A. - • . No. 211,349 148,584 462,577 340,507 228,896 362,878 4,000 1,150 43,600 22,500 38,500 92,000 Indigo .... cheits 1,337 2,103 1,846 1,063 4:3 649 287 606 717 286 17S 210 serons 599 380 723 206 120 232 247 268 360 101 55 63 Pimento .... bap 1,*19 1,870 1,340 2.220 576 .562 500 500 200 100 200 200 Pepper, imall • - do. 22,149 6,340 11,522 12,999 6,4U6 4,960 12,500 6,000 8,400 3,000 4,000 ),000 Bice ■ . - ercea 14,303 13,961 IS',712: 23,221 6,029 14,438 2,300 1,200 .5,000 4,500 700 300 — . . bags 16,697 38,8S9 9><,827! 41,530 16,483 10,133 9,400 30.000 13,-.00 2,500 3,500 1,600 Sugar tons 18,000 17,800 24,7?0 10.511 9,800 12,200 3,370 2,600 8,050 1,250 1,400 1,450 Tm ... uk-igej l,3frl 91 186 1,233 814 3,778 2,255 1,878 1,335 391 15.5 1,600 Tobacco .... hhds. 1,101 2„T28 1,552 2,233 8,361 12,823 373 717 225 40 1,119 3,200 Logwood .... tons 706 2,260 855 952 1,23(1 1,200 700 900 350 130 500 380 Fgitic . . . • do. 573 822 1,639 2,033 2-.5I 313 220 300 490 570 340 25 In the Imports of 1831 and 1832, are included those received through Ostend which were destined for this port. The stocks of these goods now at Ostend, or on their way thence, are also included. The following goods were imported at Antwerp in 1832 from all places : Places. Coffee. Sugar. Hides. Cotton Casks. Ilarrels. Bags. Cask!. C. Braz. Rx.Hav. Can. 2,451 Rarn'ls- Bags. Ox Si Cow. 65.164 203,7.56 66,079 20,262 7,616 362,878 Bales. Great Britain .... S. America and W. Indies United Slates .... Continent o( Europe - • East Indies Jersey awl Guernsey • . Totals .... 211 90 1.5 2 162 101,285 71,424 60,102 11,660 19,298 62.3 1,375 tMl 992 488 8,103 30,088 1,732 291 83 443 147 208 260 16,316 3-4 13,602 1,078 12,789 1,623 13,754 521 301 179 246,769 2,8139 1,480 40,299 2,451 1,033 31,3.50 28,687 8 i I I I 48 APPLES, APPRENTICE. PItl.CS. I'ljppcr. n.iifv I'illll'litO llaili. 212 360 AsllcD. Kiel'. IlliliKi. Toliiic. Tea. Dycwoiids. >r;ljticnlnf Europe Ki»t ImiiM Jf my inJ OuernRy . Tnl.ilf . . . 9U) 6,000 779 7,7W 2j 1,522 2,046 1,030 10,7:11 1,791 i>,l)5H IM 46 1,103 I0,fi.19 6b3 l,l'>'i 2,263 "1 315 662 H,W6 .'l..')68 U,4'i'< 10,153 2i2 12, Ml 3,73!< l,20(i 31.5 Condilinnsxiniltr ir/iirA GondK are golil.—On pon') per rent, iirr iilliiwcd, and IS per cent, on it rredit of2 or .1 inonttis. On UHlieM, liideti,und Hngar, 3 pur cunt, for 20 days, and IJ per rent, lor 3 niontliH' credit. 7!ir(x.— West India, Itra/.il, and .lava cnlTee, in sinRlu hacB, 2 per rent., and Ilavannali in joncs, ^ 1h. perliai! e.vtra. Uniirlion, in wliole huan, -U lli»., and in I do. 2< IIih. IMniento, pepper, and einper in bays, 2 per cent. ; on tin'su articles, aw also colTee, in caskii and liarruls, real tare. (lassia liirnen, and cinnamon in hales, 10 per cent.; and in cln^stB, to Hi llis. per chest. Ashes, 12 per cent. . It trinftfd that no person should, for the future, exereise any trade, craft, or mystery, at that time exercised in Englund und Wales, uidess he had jireviously served to it an a{)prenti(U'shi|> of mvin years at least; so that what had before been a bye-law of a few corporations, became the general and statute law of the kingdom. Luckily, how- ever, the courts of law were always singularly disinclined to give ellect to the provisions of this statute; and the rules which they established for its interpretation served materially to mi- tigate its injurious operation, Uut though its impolicy had been long apparent, it was con- tinued till 1814, when it was repealed by the 54 Ueo. H. c. "Jti. This act did not interfere with any of the existing rights, privileges, or bye-laws of the diilereiit corporations ; but w her- ever these do not interpose, the formation of apprenticeships, and their duration, is left to be adjusted by tlie parties themselves. The regulations with resfiect to the tiUving of apprentices on board ships, the only part of this subject that properly comes within the scope of this work, are embodied in the '1 tieo. 4. c. 25, They are as follows: — Frnm tlin 1st of January, lH2t, rvrry iiiaater of a inrrrlinnt sliip oxceedind llip l)iir(Icn of SO tons shall havi! on buaril Ills ship, »t tlu! tiiae nl' smli sliip ilearint! out I'niiii any port ller at the Custoin-hiMise of the port whence such vessel shall lirst clear out after the execution of such indentures. — i 2. Kvery !ippri'Mlic'. shall be charged upon the indenture of any apprentice hound to serve at sea in the merchant service. [It may be stated, as a general rule, that apprentices in the United States may be bound to serve some master or mistress, if a male, till the age of twenty-one years, and if a female, till the age of eighteen. Every person, however, has the right, in accordance with the principles of natural equity, as well as of the common law of England, to employ himself at pleasure in every lawful occupation, even though he should not have served an apprenticeship to it. This is, at least, the case in all but a very few occupations, such as that of an auctioneer, and the professions of law and medicine, the door of the admission into which is guaided, either by requiring a previous apprenticeship, or by restrictions and regulations of a diflerent descrip- tion, and is thus guarded on the ground of securing to the public, in the most eflectual man- ner, the due performance of the services to be rendered. — Am. Ed.] AQUA FORTIS. See Acin (Nitric). AQUAMARINE. See Behtl. AQUA VIT.iE. (Ger. Aquavit ,• Fr. Eaude vie ; It. Acqua viie; Sp. As;ua de vida ; Rus. Wndka; Lat. Aquavitse), a name familiarly applied to all native distilled spirits; equiva- lent to the eau de vie, or brandy, of the French, the whiskey of the Scotch and Irish, the geneva of the Dutch, &c. In this way it is used in the cxciric law relating to the distilleries. AR.\NGOES, a species of beads made of rough cornelian. They are of various forms, as barrel, bell, round, &c., and all drilled. The barrel shaped kind, cut from the best stones, are from two to three inches long, and should be chosen as clear as possible, whether red or white, having a good polish, and free from flaws. The bell-shaped arc from one to two inches long, being in all respects inferior. Considerable quantities were formerly imported from E 7 '< 5 \ fiO ARCHANGEL, ARGOL. Bombay, for rr-cxportation to Africa ; l)ut since the abolition of the slave trade, the importa and exports of orangoes have l)efn comparatively trifliii)^. — {Millturn'n Oriinl, Com,) ARCHAXOEIj, the principal commercial city of the north of Hussia, in iat. 01° M' N,, long. 38° r)U' E. It is situated on the right bank of the Uwina, about 30 English miles above where it falls into the White Hea. Population, 7,000 or 8,000. The harbour is at the islatid of 8ollenliole, about a mile from the town. The bar at the mouth of the Dwina has generally 14^ feet water ; so that ships drawing more than this depth must be partially loaded outside the bar from lighters, 'i'he Uwina l)eing a navigable river, traversing a great extent of country, remlurs Archangel a considerable e/j/re/w/. It was discovered in 15.54, by the famous Richard (Jhaiiccllor, the companion of Sir Hugh Willoughby in his voyage of discovery ; and from that period, down to the foundation of I'etersburgh, was the only port in the Russian empire accessible to foreigners. Though it has lost its ancient imiwrtance, it still enjoys a pretty extensive commerce. The principal articles of export are grain, tallow, flax, hemp, timber, linseed, iron, potash, mats, tar, &c. Deals from Archangel, and Onega in the vicinity of Archangel, are considered superior to those from the Baltic. Hemp not so good as at Riga, but proportionally cheaper. Tallow is also inferior. Iron same as at Pctersburgh, sometimes cheaper and sometimes dearer. The quality of the wheat exported from Archangel is about equal to that from Pett^rsburgh. The imports are not very exten- sive. They consist principally of sugar, coffee, spices, salt, woollens, hardware, &c. The merchants of Archangel arc said by Mr. Coxe to be distinguished for honesty and intelligence. (Travels in the North of Europe, vol. iii. p. 150.) Account of tliu Qauntitios of the principal An ides exported from Archangel during each of the six Years cnilini; with 1832. Articles. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1931. 1832. Flax - - poods 49,855 54,877 131,160 162,383 266,495 120,719 (jrain, Hurley cliuts. 3,(170 550 11,765 1,897 8,657 323 O.its - do. 308,810 47,l:)7 352,792 81,639 226,109 27,779 Ryo - do. 44,10.S 39,100 96,4(K) 157,645 174,102 189,486 Wheat do. 2,017 11,777 113,739 83,400 101,0.37 37,728 ITcntp - - poods 46,079 45,693 57,317 63,057 53,855 51,142 Iron - - - do. 6t,3l() 65,013 117,261 116,372 89.675 47,.369 Linseed- - chets. 78,612 131,801 136,969 14"., 158 9,'i,039 103,494 Mats - - pieces 1,363,334 530,3.'.3 051,438 674,481 421,119 841,450 I'ltch- - barrels 13.460 9,973 8,407 17,917 8,2.37 13,434 Potashes - poods 10,166 3,9t)7 3,209 10,065 12,823 9,205 Tallow - - do. 100,634 196,120 15ti,778 13.M57 119,264 100,263 Tallow candles do. 2,813 3,422 3,773 4,750 3,491 2,937 Tar - - barrels 91,226 70,985 37,764 92,548 52,467 58,014 Train oil - poods 21,217 17,004 16,534 19,169 4,129 8,989 Wood, Deals pieces 382,215 246,526 260,771 41ij,989 238,660 234,313 liattens do. 84,745 7.3,13,t 75,.1.35 121,426 63,175 43,354 Deal ends do. 74,644 56,620 04,160 101,285 53,303 44,535 The total value of the exports in 1831 was estimated at 14,750,756 rubles, while that of the import:! was eslinmted at only 1,155,872 rubles. Dnrlni; the same year there arrived at Archangel 443 ships ■ of which 349 were Uritish, 12 Dutch, 14 Prussian, 12 Mecklenburg, &c. ' Account of the Number of Ships that sailed from Archangel during each of the Six Years endini: with 1832. ** Years ... 1827. 1828. 1929. 1830. 1831. I8:t2. Ships 386 290 450 505 445 364 The trade of Archangel is very much influenced by the demand from the more southerly parts of Europe, and especially from England, for corn. When a brisk demand is anticipated, oats are brnuzht in large (|uantiti(!s from the interior, sometimes even from the distance of 1,.500 miles, in covered barks cap:ible of holding several hundred quarters. But as there are few extensive mercan- tile establishments here, the supplies are scanty, except when a larue demand has been expected for some time previously to the season for bringing them down.— (Orfrfy'a European Commerce, and pri- vate information.) JMunted, IVeighu, and Measures, same as at Petersburg; which see. ARGOL, ARGAL, or TARTAR, (Ger. Weinstein ; Du. Wynsteem Fr. Tartre : It. Sp. and Port. Tartaro ; Rus. Winnni. kamen,- Lat Tartarus), a hard crust formed on the sides of the vessels in which wine has been kept ; it is red or white according to the colour of the wine, and is otherwise impure. On being purified, it is termed cream or crystals nf tartar. It consists principally of bitartratc of potash. White argol is preferable to red, as containing less drossy or earthy matter. The marks of good argol of either kind are, its being thick, brittle, hard, brilliant, and little earthy. That brought from Bologna is reckoned the best, and fetches the highest price. Argol is of considerable use among dyers, as serving to dispose the stutl's to take their colours the better. Pure argol, or cream of tartar, is ex- tensively used in medicine. It has an acid and rather unpleasant taste. It is very brittle, and easily reduced to powder: specific gravity 1-95. The duty on argol, which was judiciously reduced in 1832, from 2s. a cwt. to (id. produced in that year 678i. 3s. Id. of nett revenue. This, supposing the whole to have been charged with the low duty, would iihnv varied, llol 48« to50». ARINT Aristnlnch Y\'i\\l, anil iiion head, matic smt puiiGfent ta AR.VIS Aiuii;i of lead ()r< ) tarts into varnish ; a England it glass, ARRA( Sp. Arak . in the EaK Arrack i sort of spir ments as ti of Goa anc inferior to t from the ve fera), Afi eighth part and rice, wi tran.sparenl differs consi and the un to give flavo recently iiic 30,000 gallo in India as } of the royal Its prime coi gallons are bay. It is si In 1829, the per gallon, Pariah-arra to be often rci turn, in the vi arrack be ine: Koinetiines dls barks of varici J^ul Tree, p. 1 ARROW- its common i Indians. Tl nutritious foe toes. It is a where it forn it may so be The plant is as to be a co Maranta an extremely w (Ainslk's M At an avera amounted to 4 possession wa sumption may 10({. per lb. ARSENK Arsenicum). of brilliancy. of garlic, whi ARISTOLOCIIIA— ARSENIC. fil 1832. 12<),71!) 3i3 27,770 1H'.),4«B 37,728 51,142 47,3«9 103,404 841,450 13,434 9,205 100,2H3 2,937 58,014 8,980 234,313 43,354 44,535 18:)2. 364 artre : It. rmed on the colour ystak of to red, as id are, its reckoned 8 serving &r, is cx- •y brittle, would ulinwnn impornt'on nf 27,rr rwl. The iirlro ot'iirijdl in llic I.diiilon mnrktt, In AiiRnst, 1833, vnrii'il. Ildlouiiii I'nini !>'h. to 5H.i. piT rwt., Li'^liurii 4h,<. to 5(lji. [irt ilittd, N:i|iIl-m Via. In 48ii., Khi.'timh •18ji toOOj. ARIHTOI.OCHIA (Ft. Srrjjentaire ; Grr. Schlans;enwurzel ; h, Serpenlnrin ,• Lnt. Arintnliichia serpmturia), the (Irit'd root of Virginia Hnuke-root, or liirthworl; it is Hinsill, linht, anil huHhy, c'onHiHtinpf of n number of (ibrcH nuittP'l together, sprung from one com- mon head, of u brownish colour on the outside, and pale or yellow within. It has an aro- matic Hmell KomethiiJi; like that of valerian, but more agreeable ; and a warm, bittcriMhi puncent taHte, very much rcHembiing camphor. — {Ency. Mdrop.) ARMS. See FniK-AiiMt*. AlUil'IFOUX (Ger. lilei/irlanz .• Ft, Artfiiifou ,• \l. Archifoi^lio ; Lat. CH/cna), a sort of lead ore, very heavy, easily reduced to powder, and hard to melt; when it is broken, it parts into shining scales of a whitish colour. The potters use it to give their works a green varnish; and in Kiiglund it is commoidy called jwtfers' ore, Arquifinix is exported from England in large lumps; it should l)e chosen heavy, the scales bright and resembling tin- glass. ARRACK, OB RACK (Ft. Arac .• Gct, Arrack, Rack ; Da, Arak, Rak .■ h, Araco .- Sp. Arak ,• Port. Aracu; Rus. Arak), a spirituous liquor manufactured at ditlerent places in the East. Arrack is a term applied in most parts of India, and the Indian islands, to designate every sort of spirituous lii|uor; a circumstance which accounts for the discrepancy in the state- ments as to the materials used in making it, and the mode of its manufacture. The arrack of Cion and Hatavia is in high estintation ; that of Columbo or Ceylon has been said to bo inferior to the former ; but this is doubtful. Goa and Columbo arrack is invariably made from the vegetable juice, fodffi/, which flows by incision from the coco nut tree (Cocus nuci- fern). After the juice is fermented, it is distilled and rectified. It usually yields about an eighth part of pure spirit. Hatavia or Java arrack is obtained by distillation from molasses and rice, with only a small admixture of todily. When well prepared, arrack is clear and transparent ; generally, however, it is slightly straw-coloured. Its flavour is peculiar; but it dilfers considerably, no doubt in consequence of the various articles of which it is prepared, and the unequal care taken in its manufacture. In England, arrack is seldom used except to give flavour to punch : formerly the imports were quite inconsiderable ; but they have recently increased so as to amount, at an average of the years 1829 and 1830, to above 30,000 gallons a year. In the East its consumption is immense. It is issued to the soldiers in India as part of the established rations; and it is supplied, instead of rum, to the seamen of the royal navy employed in the Indian seas. It is one of the principal products of Ceylon. Its prime cost in that island varies from %d. to lOrf. a gallon ; and from 600.000 to 70(),000 gallons are annually exported, principally to the presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bom- bay. It is sold in Ceylon by the legger of 150, and in Java by the legger of 160 gallons. In 1829, the first (juality of Java arra"k sold in Batavia at 160 florins the legger, or Xs.Q^d. per gallon. The second quality fetci jd 125 florins. Pariah-arrack is n phrase used to (lesignnte n spirit distilled in the peninsula of India, which is said to be often rendered iinwliolesome by iin admixture of gaiign {Cannabis salioa), and a 8i)ccie9 of Da- tura, in the view of inrrciislng its iritoxicatinir power. Hut it is not clear whether the term pitriah- arratk he niinmt to imply that it is an inferior spirit, or an adulterated compound. This liiinor is eometiinps distilled from coco nut toddy, and sometimes from a mixture ofjaKHPry, water, and the barks of various trees. — (See Jiliiburn's Orient. Cum.; and Mr. Marshall's valuable Essay vn tlie Coco JVut Tree, p. 18.) ARROW-ROOT, the pith or starch of the root Maranta arundinacea. It has received its common name from its being supposed to be an antidote to the poisoned arrows of the Indians. The powder is prepared from roots of a year old. It is reckoned a very wholesome nutritious food ; it is often adulterated, when in the shops, with the starch or flour of pota- toes. It is a native of South America ; but has been long introduced into the West Indies, where it forms a pretty important article of cultivation. An excellent kind of arrow-root, if it may so be called, is now prepared in India from the root of the Curcuma angustifolia. The plant is abundant on the Malabar coast, where the powder is made in such quantities as to be a considerable object of trade. Some of it has been brought to England. Thn Maranta arundinacea has been carried from the West Indies to Ceylon, where it thrives extremely well, and where arrow-root of the finest quality has been manufactured from it. (Ainslic's Mat. Indica.) At an averajje of the three years endini; with 1831, the arrow-root entered for home consumption amounted to 441,556 lbs. a year. Previously to last year(l832), the dutv on arrow-root from a British posses.^ion was Os. id. a cwt. ; but as it is now reduced to U. a cwt., a'coiisiderable increase of con- sumption may be expected. It was quoted in the London market, in August, 1833, at from 9d. to Is. lOd. per lb. ARSENIC (Ger, Arsenlk ,- Ft. Arsenic ; It. and Sp. Arsenica ,■ Rus. Miischjah ,- Lat. Arsenicum). This metal has a bluish white colour not unlike that of steel, and a good deal of brilliancy. It has no sensible smell while cold, but when heated it emits a strong odour of garlic, which is very characteristic. It is the softest of all the metallic bodies, and so brittle S ', 5 8 I I 5% ASAFCF/riDA— ASSIGNEE. thnt it may oncily W rpiUirod to n vrry fine powdrr by trituration in n mortar, Itn Bprriflc gravity is.')-7fl. — {T/ioniyiin's Cfirminfri/,) Mfliillii- iirKciilr M n.it iisi'il In llic iirtu, nml Ix not, thorcrirc, cxtrnrlril fnim ttu' ore, rxiTpt fi)r tin- Iiiir|i()!, IcavliiK nii tlir iiiiimir ii hwi'I'IIhIi iiii|ir)'Ki IIih,, lint tlii'V liavi- not hi'i'n so larirr Mlnri> ; ami In l^.'tO, only s,7'j'i ||m. wrn^ Iniporti'il. Wo liavr not lisirnril tin' ipiaii- tily I'liarnl fur coniinmption, lint It niiist In.' tritlinil. In IIiIh cnnnlry, it u iihimI only in Ihr matiTia nil ilira. In rrani'i', It ii iisnl liolli in that tvay, anil to hoiiii' rxti'iit, iiIko, an a rnmlimont. It H worth in lionil, in Ilir l.onilon niarkut, from '2/. to M. pi;r cwl. — (Milburn'a Orient. Com.; I'nrl. I'liprm; luiil jtnntir infnnimHun.) AS.MUJM {Vt. Asaref ; (in. Hdzelwurzel ,• 8p. Anaro (k Eimipa), the root or driod Iravrs of the asarnbacca. Tho loaves are nearly inodorous ; their lufto Hlightly aromatic, bitter, acrid, and nauseoui^. 'I'he powdt r of the leaves is the liasis of most cephalic snulVs, A good deal of their acrimony is lost in keepini? : they should, conseiiuently, be used in as recent a state as possible, and dried without tlie ap)ilication of much heat. Asarabncca growa in several jiarts of Kngland, particularly Lancashire and Westmoreland. ASH (Cf)MMO\), the Friixiiiiin excrl.sliir of liotanists, a forest tree of which there arc many varieties. It is abundant in Kngland, and is of the greatest utility. Till' ash is of vi-ry rapid L'rowtli ; and, nnliki' most other trees, its valne Is rather inrreased than dirninisln'il liy this firrnmslaiire. Like the rhi'sniit, the wood of yiuiiiK trees is inoHt esteemed. It grows on a ureal varii'ly of soils, Inn Is lii'st when' the ^jrowth has luen most viiioroiis. It is inl'i.'- rior to ihi' o.ik in slilfni'ss, anil is more easily split ; hnl in toiiuhness and elasticity it Is far superior to the oak. or to any other species of tinihpr. Hence its universal employment in all those parts ol* machinery which liave to siislain sudden shocks, such as thiMircnmfiiri'nce, IitiIi, and spokes of wheels, siiip-lilocks, Arc. and in the niannfactiire of acricnltnral implements ; in the laltir. Indeed, It is alinost exclusively made use ot'. The want of prolonu'eil dnraliilily is Its L'reutest ileliil ; and it is loo flevihle |o lie employed in huilillne. The wood of old trees is of ii dark hrnwn colour, sometimca beautifully ti)!ureil : the wood of youniflrces is lirownish while, with a shade of jfreen. The texture is allirnalely ciinipact and porous; where the (.'rowlh has lieeii vigorous, the compact part of the several layers hears a greater proportion to the sponfiy, and the tinilier is comparatively toiiuh, elas- tic, and ilnrahle. It has neither taste nor smell ; and, when youii)!, is ditlicult to work. The moun- tain ash {I'linis :i iic ii pariii) is nuile a ilill'ereni tree from the comiiion ash, and its timlier is t'ar less valiialile.— (Trfi/^fu/i/'s PniicipUs of Curpeiitnj ; Timber Trees and Fruits, in Lib. of Entertaining Knoirlrdire. tfc.) ASHES (Fr. Vedasse.,- Ger. Waidmche ; Du. Weedcui ; Da. Veeda. in law dt ilir (cdintiir, nnil nn ni!riiini«ri:. Ar(;'ri().\, « imlilic Kalc i(('ko()<1« to tlio lii)iht<8t l>iililrr, Aiictinnnnro ncncrnlly notifirii liy iiilviTtiMcniiMit, and arc ht'ld in Konic i)|H'n pliu-o. Tlu' l)iil(lini;H may he inadr ritlitT by liartii'H iircMtnt, or liy the ant'liunter under authority Riven to him ; thu Hale in Uhuully ternii- liiiird hy the fall of u hammer. AICTIONRKII, a perHoii who rnnducts Knlrs hy luietion. Ft is hin duty lo Htate tho conditioiiH of Hule, to declare the reH|H'('tive liiddin^x, and to t)'rminate the Hale hy humhiiin ilium the thini; m)|d to the hi|;heKt bidder. An ntirtioneer iH held to be lawfully authnriMMl liy the jiurehaHer to hIkii a eoiitrnet (or liim, whether it be for lands or koimIm. .And hi^ writing "riiilly . ^.iiirrj. Ill niiisi iiIhii tiiki' iMiI siii'li lircnrp, iiiili-i<(i the (!hiii1h lie llie iirdpi'riv "I' » li riKeil I'lTiin;,, 11 a r '),< •. i» liiH lii-liiill'nriilnnlilii enttreit preniiReii, In whicli cute inch uilililioiiul livci n I; ,iot rMiiii!« fiip. 4.r,M ) AurlinniMTs wllliin the lliiiltH of the rhlef exrine (itTli'P In I.iiiiilini ire iiniiti.!. nhe 1 tin- rirelvn tlli'ir lliiiici', III irivr Hi'iiinly In the rxrJHr liy hoiiil, theiiiHi'lvi'H In 1,()(MI^ iip.i !•" ,1 nueo,'! in 'MH. each, 10 ililiver in within iwenly-eipht iliiyo iif any h.-iI" 11 true iiiiil piinii'ii'i r iiMiiiir.' r( bik fi iale, nnil to |iny the ilntii'K mi tlir s.iiiie. Ani'liiineerH Vi'l'iiHlnu iir ^'iliiyii'B I" (i.ij ilr- ihnien •.■.•.'.'.liii the HpcTiCii'il time, fiirl'eil their lioiiil unit the IiimuIh ot" their Biiretieii, an''! il'.ulilt! I iV a-.i.ouni i>( M : diitieb. — (l!l«i-«. 3. c. i(\.) Amtinnecrs ciirryinB nn their Irnde without the lltnit» of the henil n(lii«> niv, \ninA. tlietniielveii lit S(HI/, anil iwii nnrrlii'H In 50/ eiieh, to reinler an iicroiiiil i>t' the iliitie> 1 rniinc "'' >.il>'». i"iil '': ."iiy Iheiii within nix weekii, nniler the penullieH nireaily nientioneil -(ri f,,c 3, <. .Nl, !ii.i' .n Of.;. 3. r .VI,) A IIi'I'mhi'iI nnrtinneer (rninif from town to town hy n piihllr nt.'n, eonrh, . 111! siniliniiBuor i hv a piih- lir t'linveyanri', anil KelliiiK llieni on riiniinifisiiin hy retail iir iiiu tixe, .x i' .ra:i»tff jier- - 'vishiii thO SO (ii'ii. ;<. r. tl. i aaht at .•.ii>-|liif ,01 tno hi'iii'tll of the Kriiwers nr lirKt piirrhaHerM respectively of any Dheup'ii wool, the ftrovvtll or pioiluci? of any part of the lliiiti.'il KiiiKiloin, Id. For every Sh.i. of the pnrihaHe nioney arising or payahle hy virtue of iny snic nt ancti.irv < fiiny ir,- teresi in possessiiiin or re vers inn in any freehold, riistoniary, ri.iivhnld or hiisehiMl lae.:»- •"neiii''(it«, hniisi's, or hereditainenls, and any share or shares in the eapifal or joint stoi'' ni'i>,;y I'.i'p.irHtlnn or charteri'il I'oiiipany, and of any anniiitii's nr siinis of money rharuid then nii, , mil r.'. any ^hipsla •• rliandise fiul'i Yuenlav, r.nd hy .12 Geo 3. c.'ll., all whale-oil (and by 41 (Jen. 3. c. 42., all elefi'Min o', prodiici il from sea-cows or sea-ele- Iihanls, and coininonly called " elepliant's oil,") A'h.U''b.)iie, ambergris, and head-matter, and all skins of seals and other animals living in the 1 a. .ind also elephant's teeth, palm-oil. dyeing-wood, drugs, and other articles for dyers leie, and all iii:'.hogany and other niaiiufactnred wood for the use of cabinet-makers and other mnnuu> -.un rs, i.iipnrted in Brilinh ships frnm Jifrtcu and (by 12 (ieo. 3. c. '.13. } 3.) Jime.rica,ut tiuy B'ttish setthiiient abroad, shall be free of the excise duty nn the first sale tliereofat auction hy nr fnr the account of the original importer to whom the same were consigned, and by whom they were entered ai the Custom-house, so as such sale be made within twelve moiitha after such goods are imported, and the same be sold by a licenced auctioneer. Hy slat. I'.Kieo, 3. c. ,M). } 13., no duties shall be laid (I.) on any sale by auction of estates or chat- tels made by order of the Court of Chancery or E.xcheiiuer, nr courts nf great sessions in Wales : (2.) on any sale made hy the F.n.il hilia or Hiiitsuv's Bay companies : (3.) by order of the commissioners of customs or excise : (4.) by order of the Board of nrdnance : (.i.) by order nf the coniinissinnerB of the navy or victualling olfices : (C.) on any such sales made hy the sheritr. for the beneiii of creditors, in execution of judgment : (7.) on sales of goods distrained {'or rent : (H.) on sales for non-payment of tithes ; (9.) on sales of effects of hankriipts sold by assignees : (10.) on goods imported hy way of merchandise from any Brifi.s/i colony in ^iiierira, the same being nf the growth, produce, or iiiann- factiire o such cnlnny, nn the first sale thereof nii account of the original importer to whom they weri! cnnsiiined, and by whom they were entered at the Ciislnm-hnnse, so as such sale he made within twelve inontliB after importation (see 59 Ueo. 3. c. 54. i 3.) : (U.) un any ships or their cargoes s2 r (1 uties, in each of the Three Years, nding the 5th of Janu- ary 1833, distinguisliing tile Amount paid under separate Heads. England - - _ . Scotland - - - - Ireland . . - - Year ended ."Jth of January, 1831. Amount of Auction Duties on the Sale of Total Produce. Esl.ite«,Hous«», Annuities, Ships.i'lale, Jewels, kc. Household Furni- ture, Hontes, Carri.t;i'8, and all other t^ods and Ctiattels, Sheep'j Wool. Foreign Produce (First Sale thereof.) £ s. d. 72,348J9 6 7,150 6 7 1,952 13 5 £ s. d. 12.8,184 13 1 12,.387 11 3 9,004 18 8 £ s. d. 11 14 9 19 9 6 9 £ 8. d. 2,865 13 4 85 10 11 £ 3. d. 203,411 8 19,624 8 6 10,957 18 10 gl,451 19 6 149,577 3 13 1 3 2,951 4 3 233,993 8 England . - - . Scotland . - . - Irelaiul . . - . Year ended 5th of January, 1832. 76,164 .1 4.803 9 7 1,610 8 5 122,088 8 11 12,014 11 3 8,847 2 7 25 10 11 16 9 7 3 2,857 3 8 69 7 2 1 7 5 201,135 6 6 16,948 4 9 10,465 5 8 228,548 16 11 82,644 1 142,950 2 9 26 14 11 2,927 18 3 England - - - . Scotland - _ - - Ireland .... Year ended ."ith of January, 1833. 79,218 9 8 5,436 13 8 2,213 5 5 126,126 15 2 12,291 3 7 8,180 5 4 15 10 6 1 2 2 2,604 13 8 136 2 13 2 208,055 9 17,867 19 7 10,394 3 11 86.868 8 9 146,601 4 1 16 12 8 2.831 7 2.16,317 12 6 E.\cise Office, London, 5th of August, 1833. [Sales at public auction, in the United States, are restricted in various ways. In some of the states, a limited number only of auctio.ieers is appointed by the government ; while in others, every person who undertakes to act as an auctioneer is obliged to pay a certain sum into the public treasury for a license to entitle him to do so. — Am. Ed.] AVER.\GE, a term used in commerce and navigation to signify a contribution made by the individuals, when they happen to be more than one, to whom a ship, or the goods on board it, belong, or by whom it or they are insured ; in order that no particular individual or individuals amongst them, who may have been forced to make a sacrifice for the preserv- ation of the ship or cargo, or both, should lose more than others. " Thus," says Mr. Ser- jeant Marshall, " where the goods of a particular merchant are thrown overboard in a storm to save the ship from sinking ; or where the masts, cables, anchors, or other furniture of the ship, are cut away or destroyed for the preservation of the whole ; or money or goods aro I i ■l-J 66 AVERAGE. .given ns a composition to pirates to save the rest ; or an expense is incurred in reclaiming tile sliip, or defim ling a suit in a foreign court of admiralty, and obtaining lier discliarge from an unjust capture or detention ; in these and the iilte cases, where any sacrifice is de- liberately and voluntarily made, or any expense fairly and bona fide incurred, to prevent a total loss, such sacrifice or expense is the proper subject of a general contribution, and ought to be rateably borne by the owners of the ship, freight, and cargo, so that the loss may fall equally on all, according to the equitable maxim of the civil law — no one ought to be en- riched by another's loss : Nemo debet locupletari aliemjactura." Upon this fair principle is founded the doctrine of average contributions ; regulations with respect to which having been embodied in the Rhodian law, were thence adopted into the Koman law; and form a prominent part of all modern systems of maritime jurisprudence. The rule of the Rhodian law is, that " if, for the sake of lightening a ship in danger at sea, goods be thrown ovcrboanl, the loss incurred for the sake of all, shall be made good by a general contribution." — (Dig. \ih. 14. tit. 2. § 1.; Schomberg on the Maritime Laws of Rhodes, p. 60.) Formerly it was a common practice to ransom British ships when captured by an enemy, the ransom being made good by general average. But this practice having been deemed disadvantageous, it was abolished by statute 22 Geo. 3. c. 25., which declares, " That all contracts and agreements which shall be entered into, and all bills, notes, and other securi- ties, which shall he given by any person or persons, for ransom of any ship or vessel, mer- chandise, or goods, captured by the subjects of any state at war with his Majesty, or by any person committing hostilities against his Majesty's subjects, shall be absolutely void in law, and of no effect whatever ;" and a penalty of 500/. is given to the informer, for every offence against this act. Average is either general oi particular ; that is, it either affects all who have any interest in the ship and cargo, or only some of them. The contributions levied in the cases men- tioned above, come under the first class. But when losses occur from ordinary wear and tear, or from the perils naturally incident to a voyage, without being voluntarily encoun- tered, such as the accidental springing of -.nasts, the loss of anchors, &c., or when any pecu- liar sacrifice is made for the sake of the ship oiili/, or of the cargo onli/, these losses, or this sacrifice, must be borne by the parties not immediately interested, and are consequently de- frayed by a particular average. There are also some small charges called petti/ or accustomed averages ; it is usual to charge one third of them to the ship and two thirds to the cargo. No general average ever takes place, except it can be shown that the danger was immi- nent, and that the sacrifice made ivas indispensable, or supposed to be inn spensable, by the captain and officers, for the safety of the ship and cargo. The captain, on coming on shore, should iiniuediately make his protests; and he, with some of the crew, should make oath that the goods were thrown overboard, masts or anchors cut away, money paid, or other loss sustained, for the preservation of the ship and ($oods, {\nd of the lives of those on board, and for no other purpose. The average, if not settled before, should then be adjusted, and it should be paid before the cargo is landed ; for the owners of the ship have a lien on the goods on board, not only for the freight, but also to answer all averages and contributions that may be due. But though the captain should neglect his duty in this respect, the suf- ferer would not he without a remedy, but might bring an action either against him or the Owners. The laws of different states, and the opinions of the ablest jurists, vary as to whether the loss incurred in defending a ship against an enemy or pirate, and in the treatment of the wounded officers and men. should be made good by general or particular average. The Ordinance of the Hanse Towns (art. 35.), the Ordinance of 1681 (liv. iii. tit. 7. § 6.), and the Code de Commtrce (art. 400. § 6.), explicitly declare that the charges on account of medicine, and for attendance upon the officers and seamen wounded in defending the ship, shall be general average. A regulation of this sort seems to be founded on reason. But other codes are silent on the suliject; and though the contrary opinion had been advanced by Mr. Serjeant Marshall, and by Mr. Justice Park in the earlier editions of this work, the Court of Common Pleas has unanimously decided, that in England neither the damage done to a ship, nor the ammunition expended, nor the expense of healing sailors wounded in an action with an enemy or pirate, is a subject of general average. — {Abbot on the Law of Shipping, part iii. cap. 8.) Much doubt has been entertained, whether expenses incurred by a ship in an intermediate port in which she has taken refuge, should be general average, or fall only on the ship. But on principle, at least, it is clear, that if the retreat of the ship to port be made in order to obviate the danger of foundering, or some other great and imminent calamity, the ex- penses incurred in entering it, and during the time she is forced by stress of weather, or adverse winds, to continue in it, ought to belong to general average. But if the retreat of the ship to port be made in order to repair an injury occasioned by the unskilfulness of the master, or in consetjuence of any defect in her outfit, such, for example, as deficiencies of water, provis setting out. When a s because of a the accident indispensable pense incurrt Supposing worthy, or in which has sji occasioned b ascribable to to the freight and for whatc These, ho\ come who in different en liord Tenterd she had taken moved by lati during such an intermedia object of gene may also be h nature of its p Perhaps tlu cur with Lord nations of the on any other 1 The questi( intermediate p of opinion ; bi pretty obvious avert some in however, hardl that injuries d( average, or sho this princijile g If in doing his no satisfaction bound, both by cargo to its des taining any ac( their own exp such subsidiary hire was a subj considered as tl when a ship pi entering the po hie for leavini^ sustained by w the wages of tl fall wholly on t It has been, had been oblige coming into c( absolutely meet Judges, howev( discover any gc «. 482.)— It se of Rhodes {Dti law with respec the judgment. in which he all certainly is) to It is now usu belonging to pa AVERAGE. 57 water, provisions, sails, &c., with which she ought to have been sufficiently supplied before setting out, the expenses should fall wholly on the wners. When a ship (supposed to be seaworthy) is forced to take refuge in an intermediate port, because of a loss occasioned by a peril of the sea, as the springing of a mast, &c., then, aa the accident is not ascribable to any fault of the master or owners, and the retreat to port is indispensable for the safety of the ship and cargo, it would seem that any extraordinary ex- pense incurred in entering it should be made good by general average. Supposing, however, that it could be shown, that the ship was not, at her outset, sea- worthy, or in a condition to withstand the perils of the ? u • that the mast, for example, which has sprung, had been previously damaged ; or supf osii -r that the mischief had been occasioned l)y the incapacity of the master; the whole blame would, in such a case, be ascribable to the owners, who besides defraying every expense, should be liable in damages to the freighters for the delay that would necessarily take place in completing the voyage, and for whatever damage might be done to the cargo. These, however, are merely the conclusions to which, as it appears to us, those must come who look only to principles. The law with respect to the points referred to, differs in difterent countries, and has differed in this country at different periods. " A doubt," says Jjord Tenterden, " was formerly entertained as to the expenses of a ship in a port in which she had taken refuge to repair the damage occasioned by a tempest ; but this has been re- moved by late decisions. And it has been held, that the wages and provisions of the crew during such a period must fall upon the ship alone. But if a ship should necessarily go into an intermediate port for the purpose only of repairing such a damage as is in itself a proper object of general contribution, possibly the wages, &c. during the period of such detention, may also be held to be general average, on the ground tbat the accessory ^ould follow the nature of its principal." — (Law of Shipping, part iii. cap. 8.) Perhaps the reader who reflects on the vagueness of this passage will be disposed to con- cur with Lord Tenterden's remark in another part of the same chapter, " That the determi- nations of the English courts of justice furnish less of authority on this subject (average) than on any other branch of maritime law." The question, whether the repairs which a ship undergoes that is forced to put into an intermediate port ought to be go-eral or particular average, has occasioned a great diversity of opinion ; but the principles that ought to regulate our decision with respect to it seem pretty obvious. Injuries voluntarily done to the ship, as cutting away masts, yards, &c. to avert some impending danger, are universally admitted to be general average. It seems, however, hardly less clear, and is, indeed, expressly laid down by all the great authorities, that injuries done to the ship by the violence of the winds or the waves should be particular average, or should fall wholly on the owners. The ship, to use the admirable illustration of this principle given in the civil law, is like the tool or instrument of a workman in his trade. If in doing his work he break his hammer, his anvil, or any other instrument, he can claim no satisfaction for this from his employer. — (Dig, lib. xiv. til. 2. § 2.) The owners are bound, both by the usual conditions in all charterparties, and at common law, to carry the cargo to its destination ; and they must consequently be bound, in the evt "t of the ship sus- taining any accidental or natural damage during the voyage, either to repair that damage at their own expense, or to provide another vessel to forward the goods. In point of fact, too> such subsidiary ships have often been provided ; but it has never been pretended that their hire was a subject of general average, though it is plain it has quite as good a right to be so considered as the cost of repairing the damage done to the ship by a peril of the sea. Hence, when a ship puts into an intermediate port for the common safety, the charges incurred in entering the port, and down to the earliest time that the wind and weather become favoura- ble for leaving it, ought to be general average ; but the repair of any damage she may have sustained by wear and tear, or by the mere violence of the storm, or an accidental peril, and the wages of the crew, and other expeiices incurred after the weather has moderated, should fall wholly on the owners. It has been, however, within these few years, decided, in the case of a British ship that had t)een obliged to put into port in consequence of an injury resulting from her accidentally coming into collision with another, that so much of the repair she then underwent as was absolutely necessary to enable her to perform her voyage should be general average. The Judges, however, spoke rather doubtfully on the subject; and it is exceedingly difTicult to discover any good grounds for the judgment. — (Plummer and Another i;. Wildman, 3 M. 4r S. 482.) — It seems directly opposed to all principle, as well as to the authority of the laws of Rhodes (Dig, 14. tit. 2.), of Oleron (art. 9.), of Wisby (art. 12.), and to the common law with respect to freight. Lord Tenterden has expressed himself as if he were hostile to the judgment. It is, indeed, at variance with all the doctrines he lays down ; and the terms in which he alludes to it, " yet in one case," appear to hold it forth as an exception (which it certainly is) to the co'irse of decisions on the subject. It is now usual in this country, when a vessel puts into port on account of a damage belonging to particular average, which requires to be repaired before she can safely proceed 8 I 5 i 5 c 'J 58 AVERAGE. on her voyage, to allow in general avcrngc tlie expense of entering the port and unloading, to charge the owners of the goods, or their underwriters with the warehouse rent and expenses attending the cargo, and to throw the expense of reloading and departure on the freight. According to the law of England, when a ship is injured hy coming into collision with or running foul of another, if the misfortune has been accidental, and no blame can be ascribed to either party, the owners of the damaged ship have to bear the loss ; but where blame can be fairly imputed to one of the parties, it, of course, falls upon him to make good the damage done to the other. The regulations in the Code de Commerce (art. 407.) harmonise, in this respect, with our own. According, however, to the laws of Oleron and Wisby, and the famous Fmnch ordinance of 1681, the damage occasioned by an accidental collision is to be defrayed equally by both parlies. The ship and freight, and every thing on board, even jewels, plate, and money, except wearing apparel, contribute to general average. But the wages of seamen do not contribute ; because, had they been laid under this obligation, they might have been tempted to oppose a .sacrifice necessary for the general safety. Difl'erent states have adopted different modes of valuing the articles which are to contri- hute to an average. In this respect the law of England has varied considerably at different periods. At present, however, the ship is valued at the price she is worth on her arrival at the port of delivery. The value of the freight is held to be the '.ear sum which the ship has earned after seamen's wages, pilotage, and al. such other charges as come under the name of petty averages, are deducted. It is now the settled practice to value the goods lost, as well as those saved, at the price they would have fetched in ready money, at the port of dcliven/, on the ship's arrival there, freight, duties, and other charges, being deducted. Each person's share of the loss will bear the same proportion to the value of his property, that the whole loss bears to the aggregate value of the ship, freight, and cargo. The i-""essity of taking the goods lost into this account is obvious ; for otherwise their owner Woald be the only person who would not be a loser. When the loss of masts, cables, and other furniture of the ship, is compensated by general average, it is usual, as the new articles will in all ordinary cases be of greater value than those that have been lost, to deduct one third from the value of the former, leaving two thirds only to be contributed. But the mode of adjusting an average will be better understood by the following example, extracted frf^m Chief Justice Tentcrden's valuable work on the Law of Shipping, part Wi, cap. 8. " The reader will suppose that it became necessary, in the Downs, to cut the cable of a ship destined for Hull; that the ship afterwards struck upon the Goodwin, which compelled the master to cut away his mast, and cast overboard part of the cargo, in which operation another part was injured ; and that the ship, being cleared from the sands, was forced to take refuge in Ramsgate harbour, to avoid the further efl'ccts of the storm. AMOUNT OF LOSSE.S. o3 (foods of A. cast overboard - . - Daiiiiee of the pooils of II. by the Jettison Frciijht of the gooils cast overboard Price of a new cable, anchor, and" mast £300 Deduct one third - - - 100 J K.vpcnse of bringing the ship off the sands Pilotage and port duties going into the harbour and out, and conuiiissionto the agent who made the disbursements Expenses there . - . - - Adjusting this average . . - - Postage .--..-- Total of losses ... £ 600 200 100 200 50 VALl'E OK ARTICLES TO CONTRIDl'TE. Goods of A. cast overboar('. ... Sound value of the goods of B., deduct- ing freight and charges ... Goods of (;. - ofD, of E. Value of the ship ..... Clear freight, deducting wages, victuals, &.C. 100 25 4 1 ,1S1 Total of contributory values ~ irif^orT7rw«rr'io/; ' £ too 1,000 600 2,000 5,000 2,000 800 £ll,NOn Then, 11,800/. "That is. each person will lose 10 per cent, upon the value of his interest in the cargo, ship, or freiglit. Therefore, A. loses 50/., H. 100/., C. 50/., I). 200/., E. .500/., the owners 280/. ; in all, I.ISO/. Upon this calculation, the owners are to lose 2.S0/, ; liut they are to receive from the contribution .'Ml/., to make good thiMr disbursements, and 100/. more for the freight of the goods thrown ovrboard ; or 480/., minus 280/. They, then-fore, are actually to receive ......... £200 A. is to contribute .50/., Imt has lost 50')/. ; therefore A. is to receive ... 450 B. is to contribute 100/., but has lost 200/. ; therefore H. is to receive ... 100 Total 10 be actually received - ^'".'iO cc. "JTso On the other hand, C, D., and E. have lost nothing, and are to pay as before ; viz.-' I). 200 (.E. 500 Total to he actually paid - - £7M which is exactly equal to the total to be actually received, and must bo paid by and to each person in rateable projiortion. « In the which app value is tal< of insuran< ranee, to dr by the insi cither bi/ a receive, aga of a general the goods, t average whi The subji as insurers, contribution quently occi which shoul arising from the perishab tion, it seenii by the famoi M. Valin), it exceed om Commerce ,■ three or four constantly st liarly perisha tain others li liable for part and freight, h is made by a lowing tenout average, unles are warranted under 3/. per The form oi London Assu that a ship ha dum ; and thi partial loss up< words " or the selves liable to total losses. ' The reader Marine Insu Shipping, par ance, cap. 7. ; Marine Insun [On this v( Law. Lecture AVOIRDU Wkiguts ami BACON (( Lat. Lardum) impregnated v dried and smol Berks, and M fed, nor so wcl Dumfries, Wi hams, of which markets. The imports AVERAGE. 59 £ 1,000 500 2,000 8,000 2,000 600 "■ In the above estimate of losses, I have includv 1 the freight of the goods thrown overboard, vvhich appears to be proper, as the fitight of the goods is to be paid, and tiicir supposed value is taken clear of freight, as well as other charges. In this country, where the practice of insurance is very general, it is usual for the broker, who has procured the policy of insu- rance, to draw up an adjustment of the average which is commonly paid in the first instance by the insurers without dispute. In case of dispute, the contribution may be recovered cither by a suit in equity, or by an action at law, instituted by each individual entitled to receive, against each party that ought to pay, for the amount of his share. And in the case of a general ship, where there are many consignees, it is usual for the master, before he delivers the goods, to take a bond from the diilerent merchants for payment of their portions of iho average when the same shall be adjusted." The subject of average does not necessarily make a part of the law of insurance ; though as insurers, from the terms of most policies, are liable to indemnify the insured against those contributions which are properly denominated general average, its consideration very fre- quently occurs in questions as to partial losses. But in order to confine assurances to that which should be their only object, namely, an indemnity against real and important losses arising from a peril of the sea, as well as to obviate disputes respecting losses arising from the perishable quality of the goods insured, and all trivial subjects of difference and litiga- tion, it seems to be the general law of all maritime states, and is expressly, indeed, provided by the famous Ordinance of 1681 (see liv. iii. tit. 6. § 47., and the elaborate commentary of M. Valin), that the insurer shall not be liable to any demand on account of average, unless it exceed one per cent. An article (No. 408.) to the same effect is inserted in the Code de Commerce ,■ and, by stipulation, this limitation is frequently extended in French policies to three or four per cent. A similar practice was adopted in this country in 1749. It is now constantly stipulated in all policies, that upon certain enumerated articles of a quality pecu- liarly perishable, the insurer shall not be liable for any partial loss whatever ; that upon cer- tain others liable to partial injuries, but less dilHcult to be preserved at sea, he shall only be liable for partial losses above _^t'e per cent. ; and that as to all other goods, and also the ship and freight, he shall only be liable for partial losses above three per cent. This stipulation is made by a memorandum inserted at the bottom of all policies done at Lloyd's of the fol- lowing tenour : — " N. B. Corn, fish, salt, fruit, flour, and seeds, are warranted free from average, unless general, or the ship be stranded ; sugar, tobacco, hemp, flax, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 6/. per cent. ; and all other goods free from average under 3/. per cent., unless general, or the ship be stranded." The form of this memorandum was universally used, as well by the Royal Exchange and London Assurance Companies as by private underwriters, till 1 754, when it was decided that a ship having run aground, was a stranded ship within the meaning of the memoran- dum ; and that although she got off again, the underwriters were liable to the average or partial loss upon damaged corn. This decision induced the two Companies to strike the words " or the skip be stranded" out of the memorandum ; so that now they consider them- selves liable to no losses which can happen to such commodities, except general averages and total losses. The old form is still retained by the private underwriters. — (See Stranuinc.) The reader is referred, for the further discussion of this important subject, to the article Marine Insurance; and to Mr, Stevens's Essay on Average,- Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. cap. 8. ; Marshall on Instirance, book i. cap. 1 2. s. 7. ; Park on Insur- ance, cap. 7. ; and Mr. Beneke's elaborate and able work on the Principles of Indemnity in Maritu Insurance, [On this very perplexed subject of average, see also Kenfs Commentary on American Law, Lecture 47. — Am. Ed.] AVOIRDUPOIS, a weight used in determining the gravity of bulky commodities. — See Weights and Measuhes. e \ 5 8 I £11.800 sliipi or II, l,bo;, ion ;i.Sli/.. ouril ; or £200 •ino 100 £JM £ SO 200 500 HTsmi ill B. BACON (Ger. Speck.- Du. Spek.- Fr. Lard,- It. Span. and Port. Lardo ,- Rus. Solo ; Lat. Larduni) is made from the sides and belly of the pig, which are first thoroughly impregnated with salt; then suftered to remain for a certain period in brine ; and, lastly, dried and smoked. The counties of England most celebrated for bacon are York, Hants, Berks, and Wilts. Ireland produces great quantities of bacon ; but it is neither so clean fed, nor so well cured as the English, and is much lower priced. Of the Scotch counties, Dumfries, Wigton, and Kirkcudbright are celebrated for the excellence of their bacon and hams, of which they now export large quantities, principally to the Liverpool and London markets. The imports of bacon and hams from Ireland have increased rapidly of late years. The 60 BAGGAGE, BAHIA. average quantity imported during the three years ondinp the 25th of Marcli, 1800, only amounted to 4 1 ,958 cwt. ; whereas during the three years ending with 1830, tlie average imports amounted to 804,380 cwt. ; and during the tiiree years ending with 1825, they had increased to 338,218 cwt. In 1825, the trade between Ireland and Great Britain was placed on the footing of a coasting trade ; and bacon and hams are imported and exported without any specific entry at the Custom-house. We believe, however, that the imports of these articles into Great Britain from Ireland amount, at present, to little less than 500,000 cwt. a year. The quantity of bacon and hams exported from Ireland to foreign countries is inconsiderable ; not exceeding 1,500 or 2,000 cwt. a year. The duty on bacon, being 28s. the cwt. is in cflect prohibitory. The duty on hams is the same as on bacon. By the 7 Geo. 4 c. 48. bacoa is not to be entered to be warehoused except for exportation only ; and if it be so warehoused, it cannot be taken out for home use. BAGGAGE, in commercial navigation, the wearing apparel and other articles destined for the sole use or accommodation of the crews and passengers of ships. The following are the Custom-house regulations with respect to baggage : — BiifTSngn nnd appnret nccompnnicdby th« propriiHor, worn and in use (not made up for the purpose of being introduced into tliis country), exempted from nil duty on importation. Arlicli's in baggase suliject to duty or prohibited mriy Ik; left in custody of the olfirers of cufltoms for a period of »ix months, to Rive the party an opportunity of paying the duty or taldnc them back. — ( Custom Order, AuBUSt 6. Ib'ifi.) If unaccompanied by proprietor, proof must be made by the party that it is as aforesaid, and not Imported ns merchandise, otherwise it is suliject to a duty of 20 per cent. If not cleared at the expiration of six months from the date of landing, it is liable to be sold for duty and charges, the residue (if any) to be paid to the right owner un proof being adduced to the satisfaction of the honourable Board. One fowling-piece and one pair of pistols accompanying the party, bonH fide in use, free per Cus- toms Order, July 5. 1825. Spirits, being the remains of passengers' stores may be admitted to entry. — (0 Geo. 4. c. 107. } 107.) One pint of drinkable spirits of whatever strength, or half a pint of cordial or Cologne water, in baggage for private use— free.— ('/"rensiiri/ Order, October 20. 1820.) Carriages of British manufacture, in use — free. — (Treasury Order, September 26. 1817.) Glass, in dressing or medicine cases, of Britisli manufacture, free upon proof that no drawback has been received. — {Treasurij Order, December 5. 1S21.) — (JVyrcii'* Tablen.) English Books reprinted abroad. — Not more than a sin/rle copy of each work is allowed to be im- ported in a passenger's baggage, and for the private use of the party himself — (Cti.^loms Order, SOth of June, 1830.) — Such works are absolutely prohibited to be imported as merchandise. — (See Books.) Passengers denying having Foreign Goods in their Pos. over those drsi the business o the least expe or 99,000/., wi duce, or any c would be expc different from its exportation in fact, be qui as it is to exp< where it is Ic balance of pa; out causing t merchant wil possible to in\ for 100/. excl under the infli would atfemp his object by i The argun themselves. Custom-hous( of the old the 500,000,000 is supposed U thing — if it h single except! an annual irr But it is cert! proportion, w BALANCE. 03 estimntrd nt the moment of its beinp; sent ahroiul, nnd fiffme its value is inrrraseil by the ex- pense incurred in transporlinn it to the place of its destinutinn ; wiiereas the value of tiio commodity imported in its stead is estimated after it has arrived at its destination, and, con- sequently, uilcr its value has been enhanced by the cost of freight, insurance, importer's profits, &c. In the United States, the vahic of the imports, as ascertained by the Custom-house returns, always exceeds the value of the exports. And although our practical politicians have been in the habit of considerins? the excess of the former as a certain ])roof of a disadvaiitaKeous comnierce, "it is nevertheless true," says Mr. Pitkin, "that the real gain of the United fStiites has been nenrh/ in proportion a.i their imparts have exceded their exportn." — ( Commerce of the United Stales, 2(1 cd. p. 280.) The great excess of American im|)orts has in part l)cen occasioned by the Americans generally exporting their own surplus produce, and con- sequently, receiving from foreigners not only an equivalent for their exports, but also for the cost of conveying them to the foreign market. " In 1811," says the author just quoted, " flour sold in America for nine dollars and a half per barrel, and in Spain for fifteen dol- lars. The value of the cargo of a vessel carrying ."1,000 barrels of flour would, therefore, bo estimated at the period of its exportation at 47,.'i00 dollars; but as this flour would sell, when carried to Spain, for 7.5,000 dollars, the American merchant wouM be entitled to draw on his agent in Spain for 27,500 dollars more than the flour cost in America ; or than the sum for which he eoulii have drawn, had the flour been exported in a vessel belonging to a Spanish merchant. But the transaction would not end here. The 75,000 dollars would be vested in some species of Spanish or other European goods fit for the .VmcTicnn market; and the freight, insurance, &c., on account of the return cargo, would probably increase its value to 100,000 dollars; so that, in all, the American merchant might have imported croods worth .')2,500 dollars more than the flour originally sent to Spain." It is as impossible to deny that such a transaction as this is advantageous, as it is to deny that its advantage consists en- tirely in the excess of the value of the goods imported over the value of those exported. Ami it is equally clear that America might have had the real balance of payments in her favour, though su<-h transactions as the above bad been multiplied to any conceivable extent. 11. In the second place, when a balance is due by one country to another, it is but seldom that it is paid by remitting bullion from the del)tor to the creditor country. If the sum due by the British merchants to those of Holland be greater than the sum due by the latter to them, the balance of payments will be against Britain ; but this balance will not, and indeed cannot, be discharged by an exportation of bullion, unless bullion be, at the time, the cheapest exportable commodity ; or, which is the same thing, unless If maif be more adranlas;eousli/ exported than any thins; else. To illustrate this [irinciple, let us suppose that the balance of debt, or excess of the value of the bills drawn by the merchants of Amsterdam on London over those drawn by the merchants of London on Amsterdam, amounts to 100,01)0/.: it is the business of the London merchants to find out the means of discharging this debt with the least expense ; and it is plain, that if they find that any less sum, as 96,000/, 97,000/., or 99,000/., will purchase and send to Holland as much cloth, cotton, hardware, colonial pro- duce, or any other commodity, as would sell in Amsterdam for 100,000/., no gold or silver would be exported. The laws which regulate the trade in bullion arc not in any degree diflcrent from those which regulate the trade in other commodities. It is exported only when its exportation is advantageous, or when it is more valuable abroad than at home. It would, in fact, be quite as reasonable to expect that water should flow from a low to a high level, as it is to exp«!ct that bullion should leave a country where its value is great to go to one where it is low ! It is never sent abroad to destroy, but always to find its level. The balance of payments might be ten or a hundred millions against a particular coinitry, with- out causing the exportation of a single ounce of bullion. Common sense tells us that no merchant will remit 100/. worth of bullion to discharge a debt in a foreign country, if it bo possible to invest any smaller sum in any species of merchandise which would sell abroad for 100/. exclusive of expenses. The merchant who deals in the precious metals is as much under the influence of se//'-/»/ecM/, as he who deals in coffee or indigo; but what merchant would attempt to extinguish a debt, by exporting coffee which cost 100/., if he could effect his object by sending abroad indigo which cost only 99/. 1 The argument about the balance of payment is one of those that contradict and confute themselves. Had the apparent excess of exports over imports, as indicated by the British Custom-house books for the last hundred years, been always paid in bullion, as the supporters of the old theory contend is the case, there ought at this moment to be about 450,000,000 or 500,000,000 of bullion in the country, instead of 50,000,000 or 60,000,000. which it is supposed to amount to ! Nor is this all. If the theory of the balance be good for any thing — if it be not a mere idle delusion — it follows, as every country in the world, with the single exception of the United States, has its favourable balance, that they must be paid by an annual importation of bullion from the mines corresponding to their agsregate amount. But it is certain, that the entire produce of the mines, though it were increased in a tenfild proportion, would be insufficient for this purpose ! This rcductio ad absurdum is decisive m (3 ji G4 BALE. of tlip (Irnrrr ofrrri!it thnt ouRht to bo nttnrhrd to thr ronclusions rrappctinpr the flourwhing Rtalc of" lti(> romniiTcp of iir) ! Not only, thorcforo, \n the roinniDii throry with rrspoct to the Imlnnrc of tradr ••rronoouH, but Ihp very reverse of that theory i» true. In t\wjir.st plnro, the viilue of the commodities im- ported l)y every country wliich ciirries on lUi ndvnntiiu;eou8 commerce (and no otiicr will bo prosecuted for any considerable jteriod), invariably exeoedn the \aiue of thoHO which whc ex- ports, rnlesd Huch were the case, there would plainly be no fiuid whence the merchnntH and others eiiRaped in foreii»n trade coulil ilerive either a profit on their capital, or a return for tiieir outlay and trouble; and in the KFCond |)lace, whether the balance of liebtH be for 4)r npiinst a country, that balance will ne-'.her be paid nor receiveil in bullion, unless it be at the time the commodity by the exportation or importation of which the account njay be mo«l profitably settled. Whatever the partisans of the doctrine as to the balance may say about money beinp a preferable product, a Diarr/inndi.sc par excellence, it is certain it will never ap- pear in the list of exports and imports, while there is any thinp else with which to carry oii trade, or cancel debts, that will yield u InrKcr |)rofit, or occasion a less expense to the debtors. It is ditlicult to estimate the mischief which the absurd notions relative to the balance of trade have occasioned in almost every commercial country ; — here they have been particular- ly injurious. It is principally to the j)revalencc of prejudices to which they have given rise, that the restrictions on the traile between this country and France arc to Ihj ascribed. The prcaf, or rather the only, arpumcnt insisted upon by those who prevailed on the legislature, in the reign of William and Mary, to declare the trade with France a uumiure. was founded on the statement that the value of the imports from that kingdom considerably exceeded the value of the commodities we exported to it. The balance was regarded as a Irilmte paid by England to France ; and it was sagaciously asked, what had we done, that we should be obliged to pay so much money to our natural enemy ! It never occurred to those who so loudly abused the French trade, that no merchant would imt)ort any commodity from France, unless it brought a higher price in this country than tlie commodity exported to ])ay it; and that the profit of the merchant, or the naticniil gain, would be in exact proportion to this excess of price. The very reasi'ii assigned by these persons for prohibiting the trade allords the best attainable proof of its having been a lucrative one ; nor can there be any doubt that an unr«'stricted freedom of intercourse between the two countries would still be of the greatest service to both. [There are some circumstances which have hiid an influence in determining the relation of exports to imports in the United States, and which are in a great measure peculiar to this country. These it may not be uninteresting brietly to notice here. Our readers will bear in mind that we use the terms exports and imjiorts in their ordinary and mercantile accepta- tion, as including all h. \n of eniiiinoilificD, specie only being excepted. 1. While the exports have been valued at the exporting jiort, the imports, until the .Id day of .March, 1S3.3, were valued "by adding 20 per cent, to the actual cost thereof, if im- ported from the ("ape of Good Hope, or from any place beyond the same : and 10 per cent, on the actual cost thereof, if imjiorted fr' il nhoiit wliii'li tl Craiikiii'SH, I lailiiii; SI) aN ti liiiril ; fur win li'vcr, wliirli i Idsi's lii'r iiiast.' Ki'iici" the iir Sllll|)!' (if till" Vl mill tn laiti' III iiiIiIkIiIiih : sill- (Si'c Fnlrnnrr': The iiilscliic'v pcriciu'i'il liy hI S|):iiii. Till" lia liiilil. to liiiiiliT viiilpntly ; lint priiiit ns III sqiii afliT •.'I'ltiiiB to tlii'ir fiiiinilrriii ciiiployt'il— (Si' Sliips thai ha nfcoriliin! to the ballast iillowtMl Ouiu. To iin 1 100 ! iW S 90 1 HO 1 74 1 04 1 .TO 1 44 39 Till' iron linllai is sprimil and lev The soil of the ratiiin, and a siii witlioiit iliii' aiitl qnarrii's. pin. & her ofliinst iintitii fiilrrinp. No li;i a ton. The Trin all liallast il'inan l''or every ton i in the coal irailR, I'"or every such For every such For every ton c of 2.1. I''or every ton f For every ton < Anil for every ti siini of [fill.; and tlio further sum o the further sum n India Dock, the i Outward East In r 3 DALKS, BALLAST. 05 inuler the hair, or umlor thr fnrdi*, h n term um-tl in Fruiirp nnd otIuT countries for nrlliii^ ({(loils wliolcMiilf, wilhoiit s:iiii|ili> ur |)atti'rii, uiiil uiu>|k>M(mI. U.MiKS, liirijc |iiiMfH ("ftiiiilH-r. HAI,l-AS'r(lJu. Ililldst ; Vt. List; (Scr. lialhiM i h.Sfiviirrn,- Sp. J.ustre .-iHw. Ilil/a-f), a (lunntity of iron, NtoiioR, siiiul, (jruvt'l, or any other lu'iivy iDntcriul, hiid in n nlii|>'» hold in oriiiT to Hiiili her (K'i'|)cr in the wulfr, iiml to render her ciiitiihle of e;irryini< sail without be- 111)1 overnet. All Hhijw eleariiiir oiitwardn, hiivin^ no H[uotl» on hoard othir tliaii the |ierMoiiul iid to l)e in lialhist. hiivjtjase 01 the passenKers, are Hai Till' iiiiiiMlily i>r hiilliiHt rri|iilri'il In 1)1 )rii|ii>rlliiii Uviwg iihviivH Irsm iir iiiorc, iii'ionlliiK In llie nliiir|tiii'iiM or lliitiit'HS of tliu Klijp'a liDitiMii. ciilli'il hy si'iiini'ii. ilic rtiiiir. i'lii' |irii|>"'' l>:illiHiiiii! "t'ii »"lii|> ilcKiTvcK pcriilMir allt'iillon, for, iiIiIkhisIi It lie known llml slilin in pi'iiirai l^ ill ni>t carry HiiHiiii'iil nail, till they art' lai|i-ii ho IIiiU llirsiirriiri> ol'ilit' walir iii'arly uliinri'i* on Ihi' I'Mri'iiir hri'adtli .iiIiIhIij|h, inoriMlian tlilH ucni'ral knowli'difi' in rri|ilirril, IT llir nlii|i liavi- a LTi'at NVi'iirlil of lii'iivy lialliiMl, hh lead, iron, &('. in llii' liiilloni, llir fciilri' of yravily w ill Im' Imi low III llii' liidil ! Ililx no doiilit will cnalilc lirr lo iiirry a nrrnx of Hail. Imt it will, at llii! Htiiiii! tinii', iiiako liiT Hail heavily, and ndl ho violi'iitly, an to run iIk' riMk of lii'ini! disinaHti'il. 'I'lii' oliji'i't in liallaHtinit a hIiIii i!<,'tlirri-fori', hii to diHpiiHi' of tlin lialluHi or I'ariio, that Nile may be duly poJHt'il. and inaiiitaiii a proprr i'i|iiililirliini on Ilir water, ho an neither to lie too stif, nor ton rritiili, ijiialitieH ei|iially pernirioiiH. If too Mtill', nlie may carry iiincli nail, lint lier velocity will not hi! priiportiiinalily iiicreaned; whilst her iiia»tH are endanitered liy Hiidden jerks and exteHHive lahoiirint;. If Inn crank, hIic will he iiiitlt to carry nail wilhoiil the rink of nvirHeltiiitf. StItrni'HH in IrilhiHlini! in ocraHioneil hy dinposini; a Inn ureal (|iianlily iif heavy hnllnst. an lead, iron, fiC III the 1. illoni, which thrown thr centre of uravity very near the keel ; and iIiih lieint the cenlrt! nhiiiil which the viliratioiiH are made, the lower it ih placed, the more violent in the rollini;. ('raiikiiesH, on the other hand, Ik nccaHinned hy liaviiii; tnn little liallant, nr hy dliiposinii the nliip's ladiiii! HO an to raise the centre of (iravity ton hijili : thin alnn eiidanu'erM the inaHH when it hlnwH hard; fnr when the iiiaHtH ceane to lie perpeiiiliciilar. they strain on tlie HhrniiilH in the nature of ii lever, which increaneH an the nine of their nlilli|iiity ; ami It in itiiperllilouH to add, that u Hliip that IdSi'H her iiiaHlH is in creat daiii;i r of heini! hint. Hence the art nf liallastiiiK ennsiHlH In placlns the centre of gravity to correspond with the trim and shape nf the vessi-1, Hd nn to he neither loo hicli nor too low ; neither Inn far t'orward, imr loo far alt ; nnil In lade the ship ho deep, that the Hiirface nf tliii water may nearly rine to the extreme hreadtll iiiiilsliipH : HJie will then carry a Kood quantity of aail, iiielinu hut little, and ply well to windward. — (See h'lilronrr'n Marine Dictionary.) The iniHiliievoiiH conse(|iii'nceH of not iiltendinK to the rlrciiinHtancea now mentioned are often ox- pcrieaced hy slilpn loadine harilla, hrlniHtone, and hiicIi heavy arliclen, on the coasts of SiciU and 8|i:iiii. The lialiit there in to cut larve i|uaiililieH of liniHliwood and fa);i!ntH, and tn Hpread them in the hold to hinder the raruo from sinkiiiL' the centre of i;ravity ton low, and caiislii)! theHhipto lalmiir vinlcnily ; hut it very freiiupiilly happeiiH that the prensiire of the carKo on thin Hurl nf diiniiaiie in ho great as In Hqiiee/,e it into ,i much hiii iller sp ico than could at tirHt have lieeii HUppoHed ; ho ilial shipa after ■.'ettiii!.' to sea are sometimes nlilii;edtn return to pnrt, tn iinlnad a part nf liieir carifn, lo prevent their fnunilerinL'. In such cases, tirm diinnaL'e, such as nak staven, Hhoiild, if poHHihIe, he alwayH caiplnyed — (See .lark.inn'/i Cnaiiiifrcf nf Meililerranean, pp. i'i^ — l"2S.) Ships that have carL'nes of light gondsou hoard re<|uire a i|uaiitity ofliallast ; increasing, nf course, nrriirding to the greater lightness nf the guodi). The fullnwing tahlu shows the average (|iiantity of bulhiHt allowed tu nhips of war : Ballast allowed to the following Hhips. Gum. T'lnnifP. Iron, Ton*. .ShinglCT, Tons. ifuim. Tiinnnf. Imn, TonJ. Shin8 2.110 lliO 3,'iO 2.S 000 00 100 flO 1,N70 100 S.'iO 24 .500 50 S) 80 1,620 140 300 22 4.')0 50 70 74 1,7(M) HO 270 20 400 50 00 04 1,370 70 2(i0 Sloop - .300 50 40 50 1,100 65 170 Urig - 160 30 15 44 »00 (i.'i IliO Cutter - 20 l-selduniany. 33 930 70 170 SInnp - — IS The irnn linllnst is t^rst stored fore and aft, from bulk-head to bulk-head; then the shingle ballast is spread and hovelled over the irnn. The soil nf the River Thames from I.nndnn Hridge to the sea is vested in the Trinity House cnrpn- ration, and a sum nf 10/, is to he paid for every ton of ballast taken from the channel of the river wilhiiut due authority frnin the said cnrporatinn. .Ships may receive nn hoard land ballast from the quarries, pin, &c. east of Woolwich, provided the quantity taken in a year do not exceed the num- ber nftons untitled tntlie Trinity cnrpnration. Land ballast must he entered, and !(/. paid per ton on entering. No ballast is tn be put on board before entry at the ballast ottice, under the penalty of .'i/. a ton. The Trinity Corporation is authorised by the 3 fleo. 4. c. 111. to charge the following rates for all ballast d 'inanded and entered at the ballast ottice, viz. ; — I'nr every Inn (20 cwt.) of ballast, not being washed ballast, carried to any ship or vessel employed in the cnal trade, the sum of Is. For every such ton carried to any other British ship or vessel, the sum of 1». 3i/. Fnr every such Inn carried to any foreign ship or vessel, the sum nf l.«. Id. For every ton of washed ballast carried to any ship or vessel employed in the coal trade, the sum of 2.^. For every ton of washed dilln carried to any other Drltish ship or vessel, the sum of 2«. 6d. For every ton of washed ditto carried to any foreign ship or vessel, the sum of 3s. id. And for every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the Inward West India Dock, the ftirther sum of lOi/.; and fnr every ton of ballast delivered in or uiilailen from the Outward West India Dock, the further sum nf 4rf.; and for every Ion of ballast delivered in or unladen from the London Docks, the further sum of 4(/.; and fnr every tnn of ballast delivered in or unladen from the Inward Kast India Dock, the further sum of lOi/.; and fnr every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the Outward East India Dock, the further sum of id ; and for every ton of ballast delivered in or un- r 2 9 e s m i ! a on RAT.SVM. Ind^n (Vom Iho CommiTrlnl I)nrk, llir fiirllior mitn nf W.; nnd for rvnry ton of l)iilln«t <)cllvprcil In nr iiiiIikIi'Ii t'r I III' i::i->t <'oiiiilr> l><( Ul ; mnl I'or ivcry I mi nl IhiIIihi ili'livrriil in iininliKlrii t'niiii III'' t'lly r:iii:il. Ilir I'lirllii'r xiiiii >>t' li/ ; iiliil lor rvi r) Ion hI' IiiiII.ilI ilrhviriil In mi iinliiilin I'nini llir piiirrry Ciiiiiil, llii' riirllnr iiini i>( U ; mnl fur rvrry Inn nf liiillnHl ilrlivcri'il In nr liiil:iili'ii Iroin Ihc Ki'tfi'iil'* Ciiniil. tin- fiirlhi'r ciiiii nf \il. Willi h fiirlliir riiliH nr priirit iilinll In' |iiiy.ililt' unit |iiilil nviT nnil nhovo llm ri'KpiM'llvn rnln Hrit nn'iilliinril III I'^Ti. Ilir ertt-'i' riTrl|il of llii' Hiirn* |mi(l nn iicniiMil nf IiiiIIiikI In llir hiillnul nlllrc, nn Ihr Tliiiiiii'ii, niinniiili'il in 'M.U'JII/ l<)n. \J. 'I'lin i'\|ii'|iki-h iiiiiniiiili'il, iliiriiiK llic hii yi'iir. In iilimil 'XIJIIKI/ 'i'lii' li;il|ii> ii liulitrl , i\l the rlnirui' nf I'll/. II Inn If any luilliiKl hr llirnw ii nr iiiilnilrn frcnii iiiiy i«lil|i nr vrwrnl liilnilii' Tliiiinri, llin r!i|itiiln, iiianlnr, Atr. Hiiiill fnr I'Vrry «iirli ntfi'iiri' fnrfi'll 'Ml. Nn liiilliiHl In In lir riM I'lvnl nn Imaril nllinrwlm' lliiiii frniii ri liulili'r. ily llir olul AHinn. :i. r. MU. il Ih t'liiicli'il, lliiii nn iirriinii kIiiiII, iiiiilcr a iniiiilly nf In/, iivrr anil alinvr all i'\|h'iiMi'i4, ilimliarili' any li.'illaxl, riilihlsli, /kc. In an^ nf Itii' |iiirl«, liarliniir'*. rnailMliailH. naviL'alili' rivirK, fir. nf tin.' Hiiltcil kiiiKiliiin ; iinr laki' liallaHl Irnin any plai u |iri>liililii il liv lln> l.nrilH nf ilir Ailiniraliy. 'I'lii' iiniHlrrs nf all slii|M I'li'.'iriiiir mil m l>allaHt, an- ri'ipilri'il In iiiixwrr any i|iii'Nlliiim llial iniiy lin put III llii'in liv till' iiilli'i'inritnr cinniitrnllirii, tniuliliiK llii' ilrpartiirr anil tlrnliiiatlnii nf mitli HlilpH.— (:i «( I II ill i r. yi.i HI.) II wfirnuii ship ilrar mil In Imllast.thr iiiiiHlnr may takr wllli liliii llrlliHli inaniifarliirKi! giiudH nf 111!' valiin nf 'JO/., till' liiiili' nf till' value nf 10/. ami ."i/. Wnrlli fnr rath of llif r. Vrr.) 1. Copitirii (Fr. Ituiimr lir Copalin ,• Gor. Knpnivn na/nnm; S|). Copayrn), ohtnined from a tree (Cuniiifirii) Rrowiiitf in Noulh America and the West India islands. 'J'he JarRc.st quantity is furnished by the province of Para in IJrazil, It is imported in small casks conlain- in<; from 1 to 1 } cwt. (ienuine ijood copaivu or copaiba balsam has a |MTuliar but a);reeablo odour, and a liilterisli, hot, nauseous taste. It is clear and transparent ; its ronsistence is that of oil ; but when exposed to tlie action of the air it beronips solid, dry, and brittle, like resin. — ( T/ii>niii<)ii\i Di^peiiKiitori),) 2. Ojxihii/saiii (Fr. Hii/smnier ik /ii Meri/ne ; It, Opohnlsamo ; Pat. Itahamum verum ulhiini, .V.fj^iiptiiicum, Kfjypt, /iiilr.sKiii), the most precious of nil the haUnms, commonly railed Halm of (iilead. It is the |iroduce of a tree {Aiiiip'is niUiukii.ii.i) indigenous to Arabia and Abyssinia, and trans]ilanted at nn early jM'riod to Judea. It is obtained by cut- tim; the bark with an axe at the time that the juice is in the stronRcst circulation. The true ImlMam is of a pale yellowish colour, clear and triuisparent, about the cunsistoncc of Venice turpentine, of a strong, penetrating, agreeable, nromatic smell, and n slightly bitterish pungent taste. By age it becomes yellower, browner, and thicker, losing by degrees, like volatile oils, some of its liner and more subtile |iarts. It is rarely if ever brought genuine into this country ; dried Canada balsam being generally substituted for it. It was in high repute among the nncients; but it is now principally used us a cosmetic by the Turkish ladies. — (Dm. Vrv and Tluiinsun.) The Canada balsam, now referred to, is merely fine turpentine. It is the produce of the Pinus liiilsiimrii, and is imported in casks, each containing about 1 cwt. It has a strong, but not a disagreeable odour, and a bitterish taste; is transparent, whitish, and has the con sistencc of eopaiva balsam. — (See TrnpEXTiNE.) " S'/.afra anil IIimIit am the only plan's in tlic Jledjaz where tlin linlflam nf Mi'rim, nr Balessan, ran be prnriiri'il in a pure stale. 'I'lit' Iri'c frniii wliicli il is collcctt'd (jrnws in the iieiplihniiriii); iiiniin- lains, lint priiici|ially upnii Djehi'l .>. 'Di.'ii. Tolu). ']•! Peru; it be fi. //(/;:(/ Hi iiziiiiiiiin article of iiiii tioncil. It but |iarticula tained by ni three years, 1(1 or I a yen wood. Till diller wiilelv Il is iiiiporti'il liglit-colourci rarely, liowev Tlie worst SI iiifiiniiiilioii.) Mr. Crawf this article:— general article islands. lien ncrording to ( 45, 18. IJenz from adventiti tiiiporia to wl: from S,') to 4 benzoin, in his Sjianish dollar is more esteem don market, th worst S^ times quantity geiier principal use ceremonies of i by the great in it with tobacco the steady deni which is inher people, as in tl p. 418.) The ■M,^m lbs. a y An inferior i is produced in 7. Dni Balsamo n Pcrtti- . by inci- : sliops is om 20 to 10 Urn. wrislif. Tf hni n friirrnnt nroniulir uilotir, miirh ronrntJilintr tltut of iH'ttanin, wifli u Wiiriii liittiTixh tii^li'. It IS vir«-i(l, of II ilfc|i ri'ililiHh linivMi culniir, lunl of tlu> cuiiiiiMifiu'i* of honey. — {Thiimxiins IHs/Mniiifurj/.) 1. S/iirnr (Vt. S/,ir, nrid Mtorax in the Ininp. or red Htornx, wliicli in tnixcd with diiwdiiMt and oilier iinpiirilii'H. Jliilh kiiiilH art' lirounht from thel.rvnnt in chi'nti* iind hoxcx. Htonix haw a fr;itrT:iiif odour; and a pIcaHant, Muli-aridiiloiis, iili){htly pungent, nnd aroiiiiUic (ahti- ; it in of ii ri'ddinh lirown colour, and hritllc. — ('niiiiiiMiii'.i Itispfn.tiitnri/.) .'), 'I'li.'ti, ltf impurities. — {Mitfmrii'.s Orient. Ctuii., i\nA private iiijhniiiitioii,) Mr. ('rawfurd lina given the followinfj^ interestinof and authentic details with rr^spect to this article: — Benzoin, or frankincense, called in commercial laui^iiaife Benjamin, is a more Reueral article of commuree than camphor, though its jiroiluction he confined to the same islands. Beii/.oin is di\ided in commerce, like camphor, into three fiortu (iieaii, lielly, foot), nccordiiip; to (jualily, the comparative value of which limy l>t' expressed hy the tiufurcH 1().'>, 45, IS. Beiiziiin is valued in proportion to its whiteness, semi-transparency, and frtM'd>)in from adventitious matters. According to it» purity, the first sort may he bought at the iiiipiirta to which it is hrouglit, at from 50 to 100 dollars per picul (i:<:M llw.) ; the second from '45 to 4.') dollars; anil the worst from H to 20 ilollars. According to I. inschoten, benzoin, in his time, cost, in the market of yunda Calapa or .lacatra, from l!),;i , to 2.5 1',", Spanish dollars the picul. By Niebuhr's account, the worst InMizoin of tlie Indian islands is more esteemcil by the Arabs tha-i their own In-st olibanitnt, or frankincense. In the Lon- don market, the best benzoin is fourteen times more valuable than (tliliumtm, and even the worst 'Ji times more valuable. Dcnzoin unually sells in England at 1(),«. per pound. The poly, was .312 cwts. The principal use of this commodity is iw incense, and it is equally in request in the religiou^t ceremonies of (Jalholics, Mohammedans, Hindus, and Chinese. It is also used as a luxury by the great in fumigations in their houses ; and the .lapanese chiefs are fond of smoking it with tobacco. Its general use among nations in such various states of civilisation, anil the steady demand for it in all ages, declare that it is one of those commodities, the taste for which is inherent in our nature, and not the result of a particular caprice with any individual peojile, as in the case of Malay camphor with the Chinese, — {Indian Archipf/aixn, vol. iii. p. lis.) The imports of benzoin, at an average of the three years ending with 1830, were yC,397 lbs. a year. An inferior description of benzoin, the produce of a ilitrerent tree from the S/ijrax benzoin, is produced in Siam. It is comparatively cheap anil abundant. 7. Drans lHoud (Fr, San^-Dragtm ,- Lat. Snni/^ui.i Drnconi.t ,■ Arab. Damufdkhwain ,• Hind. Herndukii), the produce of a large species of rattan {Calamus Draco) growing on the nortli and north-east coast of Sumatra, and in some parts of Borneo. It is largely exjiorted to China, and also to India and Europe. It is either in oval drops, wrapped up in flag-leaves, or in large and generally more impure masses, composed of smaller tears. It is externally and internally of a deep dusky red colour, and when powdereil it should become of a bright crimson ; if it be black, it is worth little. When broken and held up against a strong light, it is somewhat transparent : it has little or no smell or taste ; what it has of the latter is resinous and astringent. Dragon's blooil in drojis is much preferable to that in cakes ; the latter being more friable, anil less compact, resinous, and pure than the former. Being a very costly article, it is very apt to be adulterated. Most of its alloys dissolve like gums in water, or crackle in the fire without proving inflammable ; whereas the genuine dragon's blood readily melts and catches flame, and is scarcely acted on by watery liquors. i 68 BALTIMORE— BANDANAS. It. sells in the market ot Singaporr at from IT) to Sf) dollars jmt picul, arronliiig to quality; but the Cliinrsc luive tlie art of purifying and vi'fining it, when it sells at from 80 to 100 dollars per pirul. The price of the best dragon's blood in the London market, varies from 21/. to 2S/, per cwt. — (Milburn's Orienf. Com. ,- Crawfvrd'a East. Archip. ; antii private in f I, r mat ion.) The nett duty on balsams imported into Great Britain in li 32 amounted to 2,440/. 8,9. 10,35.'i 22,)S 1,874 4,40!) 12,777 4,43(i 4 63 48 2,699 S,214 8,708 6,483 5,458 20 2 11 1 In 18.'i2 there were inspected 518,674 barrels, and 17,544 half barrels of wheat flour. The inspec- tions of tobacco durniv' the! same year amounted to 21,150 hhds. [The banking capital of Baltimore had increased in the early part of 1837, to ^8,611,359. The registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to it, on the last day of September, 1837, was 67,107 tons; of which 31,621 tons were employed in the coasting trade, and 6799 tons in steam navigation. The total value of the articles imported into Maryland during the year, ending on the day just mentioned, was S7,8.'>7,033 ; and the total value of the exports for the same period was $3,789,917. — Am. Ed.] BAMBOO (Fr. liambou, Bainhochh ,- Ger. Indlanlscher Rohr ,- It. Bamhu ,• Hind. Rons ; Malay, Bi'duli ,■ Jav. I'renu;), a species of cane, the Bamhos arundlnacea of botanists. It grows every where within the tropics, and is of the greatest utility : strictly speaking, it is a gigantic grass with a ligneous stem. It often rises to the height of 40 or ^0 feet, and soiiietimes to even double those heights. Like most plants lonf and extensively cultivated, it diverges into many varieties. Some of these are dwarfish, while others, instead of being hollow canes, arc .solid. The bamboo is of rapid growth, and in four or five years is fit for many uses, but does not bear fruit or grain till it be 25 -ears old, after which it perishes. The grain makes tolerable bread. The young, but gigantic shoots, as they spring irom the earth, make a tender and good esculent vegetable. The mature bamboo is employ- ed in an immense variety ofways, in the construction of houses, bridges, boats, agricultural implements, &c. Some varieties grow to such a size as to be, in the largest part, near two feet in circumference, and single knees of these are used as pails oi buckets. The Chinese are believed to fabricate their cheap and useful paper of macerated bamboo. The canes used in Europe as walking stick's are not bamboo:), but rattans — a totally distinct class of plants. Bamboos are never used for that purpose. — (I'rirnfc It) for mat Ion.) B.'INDANAS, silk handkerchiefs, generally led spotted with white. They were formerly manufactured only in the East Indies ; but they are now manufactured of a very good <][uality at Glasgow and other places. Banks ai circulation. deposit that that are not which kec|) tion is appit own ]iayal)l( empire ; but a bank of de there are tna (1.) Villi banks has ct mercial trans would otherv vent, in a gr nients, and A merchant little money his banker ; don, to his bt venience of t and would n( however, the of a banker, t for payment arc at his ri.sl noted in the i " This circ in the cour.se These bills t day to preset! of one or two therefore, sa\ also reasonab oversights, fr marking it u| In these ease bill, the amot rarely ; but v —{GlllmrVx It is on f account with bility : and ii cumstances, < him all the a! common prai municate infi To provide f liez/.leinent co for tlie payiiHi acent, with an jurt of the ^'to BxVNKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). 69 BANK.— BANKING. Banks arc cstablishmrnts intendod to serve for tho safe custody of nmnpy ; to facilitate its paymont by one individual to another ; and, someliines, for the accommodation of the public with loans. I. Bankino (Gk!«gral PniNCiPiBs of). II. Bank of Enolaxd (Account of). III. Banus (Enijlish Pbitate and Piiovincial). IV. Banks (Scotch). V. Banks (Iiiish). VI. Banks (Foukion). VII. Banks (Savings). 20 2 11 1 ,611,359. Scjitoinber, trade, and id during due of the Hind. inacen of strictly c formerly very good I. Banking (Genehal PniNciPLES or). Banks are commonly divided into two great classes ; banks of deposit, and banks of circulation. This division is not, however, a very distinct one ; for there is no bank of deposit that is not, at the same time, a bank of circulation, and few or no banks of circulation that arc not also banks of deposit. But the term banks of deposit is meant to designate those which keep the money of individuals and circulate it oidy ; while the term banks of circula- tion is applied to those which do not thus confine their circulation, but issue notes of their own i)ayable on demaml. The Bank of England Ls the principal bank of circulation in the cmi)ire ; but it, as well as the private banks of England and Scotland that issue notes, is also a bank of deposit. The private banking establishments in London do not issue notes, and there are many similar establishments in Lancashire, and other parts of the country. (1.) U/iliti/ of Hnnhs, Private Bnnkins; Companies of London. — The .-sUiblishment of banks has contributed, in no ordinary degree, to give security and facility to all sorts of com- mercial transactions. They atford safe and convenient places of deposit for the money that would otherwise have to be kept, at a considerable risk, in private houses. They also pre- vent, in a great measure, the necessity of carrying money from place to place to make pay- ments, and enable them to be made in the most convenient and least expensive manner. A merchant or tradesman in London, for example, who employs a banker, keeps b»it very little money in his own hands, making all his considerable payments by drafts or checks on his banker ; and he also sends the various checks, bills, or drafts payable to himself in Lon- don, to his bankers before they become due. By this means he saves the trouble and incon- venience of counting sums of money, and avoids the losses he would otherwise be liable to, and vv'ould no doubt occasionally incur, from receiving coins or notes not genuine, Perhai)s, however, tht> great advantage derived by the merchant or tradesman from the employment of a banker, consists in its relieving him from all trouble with respect to the presentation for payment of due bills and drafts. The moment these are transferred to the banker, they are at his risk. And if he either neglect to present them when due, or to have them properly noted in the event of their not being paid, he has to answer for the consequences. " This circumstance alone must, cause an immense saving of expense to a mercantile house in the course of a year. TjCt us suppose that a merchant has only two bills duo each day. These bills may be payable in distant parts of the town, so that it may take a clerk half a day to present them ; and in largo mercantile establishments it would take up the whole time of one or two clerks to present the due bills and the drafts. The salary of these clerks is, therefore, saved by keeping an account at a banker's: besides the saving of expense, it is also reasonable to suppose that losses upon bills would sometimes occur from mistakes, or oversights, from miscalculation as to the time the bill would become due — from errors in marking it up — from forgetfulncss to present it, or from presenting it at the wrong place. In these cases the indorsers and drawees are exonerated ; and if the acceptor do not pay the bill, the amount is lost. In a banking house such mistakes occur sometimes, though more rarely ; but when they do oceur, the loss falls upon the banker, and not upon his customer." — (Gilhart'K Practical Ohnervation.i on Banking.) It is on other grounds particularly desirable for a merchant or tradesman to have an account with a banking house. He can refer to his bankers as vouchers for his respecta- bility : and in the event of his wishing to acquire any inforiuation with respect to the cir- cumstances, or credit, of any one with whom he is not acquainted, his bankers will render him all the assistance in their power. In this respect they have great facilities, it being the common practice amongst the bankers in London, and most other trading towns, to com- municate information to each other as to the credit and solvency of their customers. Tn provide for tlie piitilio serurity, tlie statute 7 & S (ten, 4. c. 2'.». J I'). " for tlie piinishnient of em- liezzlt'iiicMil fomiiiitlfd liy aui'iils iiitnislcd willi properly, " eiiiiclp, ••'I'liiit if any inotiey, or security for ttiu payiiiiMit of iiioiicy, stiall l)e itilriisted to any liankor, inercli.int, lirokor, alloriiey, or otlier ani'ut, with any ilirecliou in irritiiii' to applysiuli money, or any pari lliercof, or tlie proceeds or any part of llie [rocecda of siicli security, fur any purpose specified in such direction, and lie shall, in vio'- c 1 ! Hi 3 i 1 i 5 s •**■'' 70 BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). tntion of cnnd faitli, ami rontrary to tlip piirppsc so ppccified. in any wisp oonvort to bin own iieo nr benefit siirli iiioney, srcnrity, or liroci'eds, or niiy part tliereofrespertivi'ly. every such offender shall be cuilty of a niisiieineen intrusted to him. sell, negotiate, IrnnstVr, pledge, or in any manner convert to his own use or beiielit such chattel or security, or the (iroceeds of the same, or any part tliereof, or the share nr in- terest in stock nr fund to which sucli pnwer of attorney shall relate, or any part thereof, every such offender shall be guilty of :i misdemeanor, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the dis- cretion of the court, to any of the punishments wliich the court may award us hereinbefor'- last mentioned." This act is not to affect trustees and mortgagees, nor bankers receiving money due upon securities, nor securities u|ion which they have a lien, claim, or demand, entitling them by law to sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of them, unless such sale, transfer, or other disposal shall extend to a greater number or part of such securities or effects than shall l)U requisite for satisfying such lien, claim, &.<:.— 1) .^O. Nothing in ttiis act is to prevent, impeach, or lessen any remedy at law nr in equity, which .nny party aggrieved by any such offence might nr would have had, had it not been passed. No banker, merchant, &.c. shall beconvicted as an offender against this act, in respect of any act done by bim, if be shall at any tinu' pn^viously to his being indicted for such f a jiound in the sum, it would hardly be practicable to make use nf the post : how then will A. manage ? He will jmy the sum to a banker in Penzance, and his debtor in Inverness will receive it from a banker there. The transaction is extremely simjile : the Penzance banker orders his correspondent in Ijondon (o pay to the corresjioiK' cut of the Inverness banker the sum in (piestion on account of B. ; and the Inver;iess banker, being advised in course of post of what has been done, pisys B. A small coiniiiissioii charged by the Penzance banker, and the postage, constitute the whole expense, 'i'liere is no risk whatever, and the whole affair is transacted iii the most commodious and cheapest manner. By far the largest proportion both of the inland bills in circulation in the country, and also of the foreign bills drawn upon Great Britain, are made payable in London, the grand fix'us 'm to which al And in orik tropolis are who curries other banke arc drawn Bank of Ei transactions average, tlia In conseq settlement c extensive coi It is not, ind efTfcted ; bu present r;:qu money, for t that "iOO mil business but grounds for importance o dered capable ner, that wot millions are e l.'JO millions circulation, i merce. (2.) Sub.ii may be susta the business ( a large portio paper instead the objects of this substitut of the progre; to enforce the that they won they were ind of whose solve debts due by c this way has ( profit by issuii money in the in whose wea of .5,000/., grai this note pass to hand as cas amount of gol as it continues notes, coins as promise to pa while he thus wealth of the ! ably more com be carried abo observe, that it no greater ^m paper. No do injured him, it to the holder w the wealth of t Promissory i who accept th they feel assuri pi red lo excite additional notes Such, however, declared kgal t BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). 71 hnnfre, or companies cy have all nlry, who objort liy lavmrnt to ui if ihiTO ikf use iif ZrtllCl'. i\iul t'xtreriifly i'sjioik' Iiivoruoss miinissiim 'riit-re is rhoapi'st , (111(1 also rand locus to which all the pecuniary transactions of the empire arc ultimately brought to be adjusted. And in order still further to economise the use of money, the principal bankers of the me- tropolis are in the habit of sending a clerk each day to the ckarinir house in Loniliard-strcct, who curries widi him the various bills in the possession of his house that arc drawn upon other bankers ; and having exchanged them for the bills in possession of those others that arc drawn upon his constituents, the; balance on the one side or the other is paid in cash or Bank of England notes. By this contrivance the bankers of London are enabled to settle transactions to the extent of several millions a day, by the employment of not more, at an average, than from 200,000/. to 300,000/. of cash or Hank notes. — (See Clkauimj HorsK.) In conse()ucnce of these and other facilities alForded by the intervention of bankers for the settlement of pecuniary transactions, the money required to conduct the business of an extensive country is reduced to a trifle only, compared with what it would otherwise be. It is not, indeed, possible to {i>rm any very arcuiate estimate of the total saving that a thus effected ; but, sup{)osiiig that 50 ot 60 millions of gold and silver and bank notes are at present r;:(piired, notwithstanding all th>t with notes that aro declared ligal tender. It is not necessary, in order to sustain the value of such notes, that e ! I 8 .>««' 72 BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). they should be payable at all ; the only thing that is required for that purpose is, that they Bhou\d he \»sueA in limited Quantifies, Every country has a certain number of exchanges to make ; and whether these are eflected by the employment of a given number of coins of a particular denomination, or by the employment of the same number of notes of the same denomination, is, in this respect, of no importance whatever. Notes which have been made legal tender, and are not payable on demand, do not circulate l)ecause of any confidence placed in the capacity of the issuers to retire them ; neither do tliey circulate because they are of the same real value as the commodities for which they are exchanged ; but they circu- late because, having been selected to perform the functions of money, they are, as such, readily received by all individuals in payment of their debts. Notes of this descripti m may be regarded as a sort of tickets or counters to be used in computing the value of property, and in transferring it from one individual to another. And as they are no wise afiected by fluctuations of credit, their value, it is obvious, must depend entirely on the quantity of them in circulation aa compared with the payments to be made through their instrumentality, or tlie business they have to perform. By reducing the supplv of notes below the supply of coins that would circulate in their place were they withdrawn, their value is raised above the value of gold ; while, by increasing them to a greater extent, it is proportionally lowered. Hence, supposing it were possible to obti."i any security other than immediate converti- bility into the precious met;ds, tliat notes declared to be legal tender would not br issued in excess, but that their number afloat would be so adjusted as to preserve their value as com- pared with gold nearly uniform, the obligation to pay them on demand might be done away. But it is needless to say that no such security can be obtained. Wherever the power to issue paper, not immediately convertible, has been conceded to any set of persons, it has been abused, or, which is the same thing, such paper has uniformly been over-issued, or its value depreciated from excess. It is now admitted on all hands to W, indispensable, in order to prevent injurious fluctuations in the value of money, that all notes be made payable, at the pleasure of the holder, in an unvarying quantity of gold and silver. This renders it impos- sible for the issuers of paper to depreciate its value below that of the precious metuls. 1'hey may, indeed, by over-issuing paper, depress the value of the whole currenCj', gold as v. ell as paper, in the country in which the over-issue is made ; but the moment that they do this, gold logins to be sent abroad; and paper being returned uj)on the issuers for payment, they are, in order to prevent the exhaustion of their coflers, compelled to lessen their issues; and thus, by raising the value of the currency, stop the drain for bullion. It does, however, appear to us, that it is not only necessary, in order to prevent the over- issue of paper, to enact that all notes should be payable on demand, but that it is further necessary, in order to insure compliance with this enactment, to prohibit any one from issu- ing notes until he has satisticd the government of his ability to pay them. The circum- stances that excite public confidence in the issuers of paper are often of the most deceitful description ; and innumerable instances have occurred, of the population of extensive dis- tricts having sulFereil severely from die insolvency of bankers in whom they placed the utmost confidence. In 1793, in 1814, 1815, and 1816, and again in 1825, a very largo proportion of the country banks were destroyed, and produced by their fall an extent of ruin that hiis hardly been equalled in any other country. And when such disasters have already happened, it is surely the bounden duty of government to hinder, by every means in its power, tlieir recurrence. It is no exaggeration to aflirm, that we have sustained ten times more injury from the circulation of worthless paper, or paper issued by persons without the means of retiring it, than from the issue of spurious coin. It is said, indeed, by those who are hos'ile to interference, that coins are legal tenders, whereas, notes being destitute of that p'r'.vilege, those who suspect them are at lilwrty to refuse them but, whatever notes may Iks mlaw, they are, in very many districts, /j/-flc//ca//i/ and in fad, legal Uuiders, and could not be rejected without exposing the parties to much inconvenience. It should also be observed, that labourers, women, minors, and every sort of persons, however incapable of judging of the stability of banking establishments, are dealers in money, and consequently liable to be imposed upon. This, then, is clearly a case in which it is absolutely imperative uiwn government to interfere, to protect the interests of those who cannot protect themselves, cither by compelling all individuals applying for stamps for notes, to give security for their payment, or by making sure, in some other way, that they have the means of paying them, and that the circulation of the notes will be a lienelit and not an injury to the public, A security of this sort has been exacted in the case of the Bank of England; and the whole 14,C8G,00U/, lent by the Bank to government, must be sacriliced before the holders of her notes can sustain the smallest loss. Her stability has, therefore, been truly said, liy L)r. 8mith, to be equal to that of the British government. The system of taking seciirities having been found to answer so well in the case of the Bank of England, i.-- a powerful argument in favour of its extension. Were securities taken fro-' the country banks, their ultimate failure, in the capacity of oanks of issue, wtmld be remlered impossible; and a degree of solidity would be given to our mom-y system, which it is idle to ex^ject it can ever attain, so long as it continues on its present footing. It is exf suggested note will engraving, this may notes, their and ti) le.ssi [)roininent pression of (3,) Bai to the prcsc holder, in very ((uestic which mak( branches, ft Bank are this sort w time tl:at it The unjust situation of bullion, not is harder sti latter, as we quence her render assis diminished, were all, ho\ any circuins sold or pledj! exchanged, entertained ti ers of th'-ir i Bank of En establishmen having done gold from the issue about, a healthy state perilous a sit except the ] panics or rur as it appears It was, no referred to v sending note from demant the notes issi would more this notion p system of cu' in the provin London bein of the empir alFected by might be, ai over-issue or always, in tl being, in cor of the count with that of material to o demand upo defect that c, is out of tho and cheaper redundancy > rence canno G BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). 73 is, that they if exchanges of coins of a uf the tiame e been made y confidence lecause they t they cireu- are, as such, ;ripti )n may of property, B aflected by itity of them nentality, or V the supply raised above lily lowered, ite converti- br issued in ilue as corn- done away, ae power to , it lias been or its value ; in order to yal)le, at the ers it impos- ituis. They Id as v.ell as Ihey do this, lynient, they issues ; and ;nt the over- [ it is further from issu- he circum- ost deceitful tensive dis- placed the very largo tent of ruin [»ve already neans in ltd ttm times without the osc who are ute of that ites may lie could not e observed, judging of liable to be ative u|wn hemselvfs, fi)r their ying them, )lic. i ; and the he holders ly said, liy securiti>'s 1 powerful nks, their lie ; and a t can ever It is exceedingly di(Ticult to prevent the issue of forged notes. Various schemes have bcea suggested for this purpose; and though it is hardly possible to suppose that an hiiiiii'i'hle note will ever be produced, it is contended, that by judiciously combining different sor , of engraving, forgery may be rendered so difficult, as to be but rarely attempted. But how. 'cr this may be, during the period from 1797 to 1819, when the Bankof England issued 1/. notes, their forgery was carried on to a great extent. And the desire lo check this pract co, and to lessen the frequency of capital punishments, appears to have been amongst the most prominent circumstances which led to the return to specie payments in 1831, and the sup- pression of 1/. notes — (8ee 'i'able I.) (3.) Bank iif Eniflund Notes kgal lender. — According to the law as it stood j)rcviously to the present year (1834), all descriptions of notes were payable at the pleasure of the holder, in coin of the standard weight and purity. But the policy of such a regulation wiis very (juestionable ; and we regard the enactment of the late stat. 3 «Sc 4 Will. 4. c. 9f^., which makes Bank of England notes legal tender, every where except at the Bank and its branches, for all sums above 5/., as a very great improvement. So long as the notes of the Bank are themselves convertible, at the pleasure of the holder, into coin, an arrangement of this sort will, it is obvious, effectually prevent any over-issue of country paper, at the same time that it is free from many very serious disadvantages that attached to the former jiliui. The unjust liabilities imposed upon the Bank of England by the old system, placed her in a ciituation of great difficulty and hazard. They obliged her to provide a supply of coin and bullion, not for her own exigencies only, but for those of a// the country banks; and, what is harder still, they exposed her to be Jeeply injured by any misconduct on the part of the latter, as well as by the distress in which they might accidentally be involved. In conse- quence her free action has been at all times in some degree impeded ; and her power to render assistance to the banking and ni^ '"'titile interests in periods of discredit materially diminished. The country banks kept but a small supply of coin in their coifors. They were all, however, holders, to a greater or less extent, of government securities ; and whenever any circumstance occurred, to occasion a demand upon them for coin, they immediately sold or pledged the whole or a portion of their stock, carried the notes to the Bank to be exchanged, and then carried the specie to the country. Hence, when any suspicions were entertained of the credit of the country banks, or when a panic originated amongst the hold- ers of th»'ir notes, as was the case in 1793 and 18'25, the whole of them retreated upon the Bank of England, and 700 or 800 conduits were opened, to draw off the specie of that establishment, wliich was thus, it is evident, exposed :o the risk of stoppage without having done any thing wrong. It was not the drain for gold from abroad, but the drain for gold from the country, that nearly exhausted the Bank's coffers in 1825, and forced her to issue about a million of I/, and 2/. notes, The currency could not possibly b'> in a sound healthy state, while the Bank of England, and, through her, public credit, were placed in so perilous a situation. But the making of Bank of England notes legal tender at all places except the Bank, will tend materially to protect her from the injurious consequences of panics or runs among the holders of country bank paper ; and while it does this, it will not, as it appears to us, in any wise impair the securities against over-issue or depreciation. It was, no doubt, contended during the discussions on the late act, that the measure now referred to would lead to the depreciation of provincial paper ; inasmuch as the expense of sending notes from a distance to London, to be exchanged for gold, would prevent any one from demanding Bank c Plngland notes from country banks in good credit, till the value of the notes issued by them -as so much depreciated below the value of gold, that the difference would more than pay the xc'mse of sending men to London, and bringing gold back. But this notion proceeds on a . udica'. misconception of the nature of t!.c old "i tvell as of the new system of currency. There cannot, in point of fact, be the least difference, as repects value, in the provinces, between Bank of Eng! .nd paper, now that it is legal tender, and gold. London being the place where the exchanges are adjusted, the value of money iu every part of the empire must depend on its value in it ; and this, it is plain, cannot be in any degree affected by the late measure. Formerly the provincial currency, gold as well as papcT, might be, and, indeed, frequently was, depreciated. This was brought about either by an over-issue on the part of the country banks, generally in the first instance, the effect, but always, in the end, the cause of a rise of prices; or by the issues of the Bankof England, being, in consequence of an adverse exchange, narrowed sooner or more rapidly than those of the country banks. In either case the provmcial currency being redundant as compared with that of the metropolis, there was a demand on its issuers for bills on London ; but it is material to observe, that, unless their credit was suspected, there was not in such cases, any demand upon them for gold. It is, indeed, obvious that a redundancy of the currency is a defect that cannot be obviated by getting gold from the country banks, unless (as hoarding is out of the question) it be intended to senu i; abroad; and that may always be done httler and cheaper by getting from them Bank of England notes, or bills on London, A local reilundancy of the currency may take place in future as it has done formerly, and its occur- rence cannot be prevented, even though paper were wholly banished from circulation, so G 10 e I < \ 5 < i i S ^1 74 BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). long as the whole currency is not Bupplietl from one source, and as Tiondon is the focus where the exchanges with foreign countries are adjusted. But the statements now made show that it is a radical mistake to suppose that it can take place more readily, or to a greater extent, under the new system than formerly. In this respect no change has been made. But while our ancient security against over-issue is maintained unimpaired, the recent arrangements increase the stability of the Bank of England, and consequently improve our whole pecuniary system. If any doubt could possibly remain as to the operation of the new system, it would be removed by referring to Scotland. Gold has been practically banished from that country for a long series of years ; and yet no one pretends to say that prices arc higher in Scotland than in England, or that her currency is depreciated. The Scotch currency is kept at its proper level, not by the check of gold payments, but by the demand for bills on London ; and it is as effectually limited in this way as it could be were the banks universally in the hal)it of exchanging their notes for gold. On what grounds, then, is it to be apprehended that the obligation to give Bank of England notes or bills on London, will be less etfectual in restrain- ing over-issue in Yorkshire oi Durham than in Scotland ] A banker who issues notes must keep beside him such a stock of cash and bullion, as may be sufficient to answer the demands of the public for their payment. If the value of the cash and bullion in his coffers were equal to the value of his notes in circulation, he would not, it is plain, make any profit ; but if he be in good credit, a third, a fourth, or even a fifth part of this sum will probably be sufficient ; and his profit consists of the excess of the interest derived from his notes in circulation, over the interest of the sum he is obliged to keep dormant in his strong box, and the expenses of managing his establishment. The Bank of England, as will be afterwards seen, keeps an average stock of coin and bullion equal to a third of her liabilities, (4,) Legal Description of Bank Notes. — Bank notes are merely a species of promissory notes. They are subscribed either by the parties on whose account they are issued, or by some one in their employment, whose signature is binding upon them. A Bank of England note for 6/, is as follows : — N' I promise to pay to Mr. Thomas Rippon, or Bearer, N". on Demand, the Sum of Jf (tJ0 Pounds. 1833. September 9, London, 9 September, 1833. For the Gov' and Comp^ of the jg jrCte. BANK of ENGLAND. A. B. M v^i No particular form of words is necessary in a bank note. The essential requisites are, that it should be for a definite sum (in England and Wales not less than 5/., and in Scot- land and Ireland not less than I/.), that it should be payable to bearer on demand, and that it should be properly stamped. Promissory notes, though issued by bankers, if not payable to bearer on demand, do not come under the denomination of bank notes: they are not, like the latter, taken as cash in all ordinary transactions; nor are they, like them, assignable by mere delivery- The circulation of notes for less than 5/, was restrained by law (stat. "• Geo, 3. c. .'51.) from 1766 to 1797. In 1808, it was enacted by stat 48 Geo, 3, c. 88„ ih.it all bank notes, promissory notes, or other negotiable instruments for less than 20s. should be absolutely void : a per.alty of from 20s. to 5/,, at the discretion of the justices, being imposed on their issuers. It was enacted by the 7 Geo, 4. c, 6,, that the issue of all bank notes or pro- missory notes for less than 5Z. by the Bank of England, or by any licensed English bankers, and stamped on the 5th of February, 1826, or previously (after which period such notes were not stamped), should terminate on the 5th of April, 1829. The stamp duties on bank notes or promissory notes payable on demand, are— £ t. d. £ s. d. Not exceeding 110- Exceeding 110 and not exceeding 2 2 0- — 220 — 550- — 550 — 10 00- — 10 00 — 2000- i» 2000 — 30 00- •> 30 00 — 5000- — 9000 — 100 00- £ s. d. 5 10 1 3 1 9 2 3 5 8 6 ^' 1 BANK OF ENGLAND. 75 s the focus now made to a greater been made. , the recent improve our it would be hat country in Scotland IS kept at its lOndon ; and in the habit ded that the 1 in restrain- d bullion, as the value of rculation, he irth, or even ID excess of he is obliged ment. The 1 and bullion f promissory issued, or by I of England N«. of the ND. quisites are, ind in Scot- d, and that not payable are not, like signable by 3. c. 51.) bank notes, absolutely imposed on lotea or pro- ish bankers, such notes s. d. ■0 5 10 1 3 1 9 2 [) Which notes may be reissued afUT payment, as often as shall be thought fit, provided they be issued by a banker or person who h;is taken out a licence, riMiewable annually, and cost- ing 30/., to issue notes payable to bearer on demand. Any banker or other person issuing such re-issuable notes, without being duly licensed, shall forfeit 100/. for every offence. — (55 6Vw. 3.C. 184. §27.) These conditions do not apply to the Bank of England, the stamp duties on the notes of that establishment being compounded for at the rate of 3,500/. per million of its notes in circulation. Notes or bills not payable to bearer on demand, are not re-is8uable, under a penalty of 50/. — (F^or the stamp duties affecting them, sec Exciianok.) By the 9 Geo. 4. c, 23., English bankers not in the City of London, or within three miles thereof, are authorised to issue promissory notes, and to draw and issue bills of exchange, on unstamped paper, for any sum of 5/. or upwards, expressed to be payable to the bearer on demand, or to order at any period not exceeding 7 days after sight {bills may also 1* drawn at any period not exceeding 21 days after date), upon obtaining licences, costing 30/., to that effect, provided such bills of exchange be drawn upon bankers in London, Westminster, or Southwark ; or provided such bills be drawn by any banker or bankers at the place where he or they shall be licensed to issue unstamped notes and bills, upon himself or themselves, or his or their copartner or copartners, payable at any other place where such banker or bankers shall be licensed to issue such notes and bills. Bankers having such licences, are to give security by bond, that they will keep a true account of all promissory notes and bills so issued, and account for the duties on them at the rate of 3s. dd, for every 100/., and also for the fractional parts of 100/. of the average value of such notes and bills hi circulation. Per- sons post-dating "unstamped notes or bills shall, for every such offence, forfeit 100/. (5.) Le!/;al Effect of the Payment cf Bank Notes. — Notes of the Bank of England were not, previously to the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 98., like bills of exchange, mere securities, or documents of debt, but were treated as money or cash in the ordinary course or trans- actions of business; the receipts given upon their payment being always given as for money. Now, however, they are legal tender, every where except at the Bank, for all sums above 5/. All notes payable to bearer are assignable by delivery. The holder of a bank note is prima facie entitled to prompt payment of it, and caiuiot be affected by the previous fraud of any former holder in obtaining it, unless evidence be given to show that he was privy to such fraud. Such privity may, however, be inferred from the circumstances of the case. To use the words of Lord Tentcrden, " If a person take a bill, note, or any other kind of secu- rity, under circumstances which ought to excite suspicion in the mind of any reasonable man ac(juaintcd with the ordinary affairs of life, and which ought to put him on his guard to make the necessary inquiries, and he do not, then he loses the right of maintaining possession of the instrument against the lawful owner." — (Guild/iatl, 25th October, 1826.) Country bank notes are usually received as cash. But though taken as such, if they be presented in due time and not paid, they do not amount to a payment, and the deliverer of the notes is still liable to the holdor. It is not easy to determine what is a due or reasonable time, inasmuch as it must depend in a great measure on the circumstances of each particular case. On the whole, the safest rule seems to be to present all notes or drafts payable on de- mand, if received in the place where they are payable, on the day on which they are received, or as soon after as possible. When they have to be transmitted by post for payment, no un- necessary delay should be allowed to intervene. — ( C'hitty'a Commercial Law, vol. iii. p. 590., and the art. " Check" ii this Dictionarj'.} II, Bakk op ENGLAwn (Account op). (1.) Historical Sketch of the Bank. — This great establishment, which has long been the principal bank of deposit and circulation, not in thiscountry only, but in Europe, was founded in 1694. Its principal projector was Mr. WilHam Paterson, an enterprising and intelligent Scotch gentleman, who was afterwards engaged in the ill-fated colony at Darien. Govern- ment being at the time much distressed for vian* of money, partly from the defects and abuses in the system of taxation, and partly from the difficulty of borrowing, because of the supposed instability of the revolutionary establishment, the Bank grew out of a loan of 1,200,000/. for the public service. The subscribers, besides receiving e/ifA/ per cent, on the sum advanced as interest, and 4,000/. a year as the expense of management, in all 100,000/. a year, were incorporated into a society denominated the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The charter is datod the 27th of July, 1694. It declares, amongst other things, that they shall " be capable in law, to purchase, enjoy, and retain to them and their suc- cessors, any manors, lands, rents, tenements, and possessions whatsoever ; and to purchase and acquire all sorts of goods and chattels whatsoever, wherein they arc not restrained by act of parliament ; and also to grant, demise, and dispose of the same. " 'i'hat the managemeut and government of the corporation be committed to the go- vernor, deputy governor, and twenty-four directors, who shall be elected between the 25lh i i \ t : i t 76 BANK OF ENGLAND. day of Mnrrh ami 25th day of April, each year, from among thn momliers of the Company duly qunhficd. " That no dividend shall at any time he made hy the said Governor and Company, save only out of the interest, profit, or produce arising by or out of the said capital stock or fund, or by such dealing as is allowed by act of parliament. "They must he natural born subjects of England, or naturalised suhjects; they shall have in their own name and for their own use, severally, viz. — the governor, at least 4,000/., the deputy governor 3,000/., and each director 2,000/. of the capital stock of the said corpo- ration. " 'J'hat thirteen or more of the said governors and directors fof which the governor or de- puty governor must be always one) shall constitute a court of directors, for the management of the affairs of the (Company, and for the appointment of all agents and servants, which may be necessarv, paying them such salaries as they may consider reasonable. " Every elector must have, in his own name and for his own use, M)Ol. or more capital stock, and can only give one vole. Me must, if required by any member present, take the oath of stock ; or the declaration of stock, in case he be one of the people called Quakers. " Four general courts to he held in every year ; in the months of September, December, April, and .luly. A general court may be summoned at any time, upon the requisition of nine proprietors, duly ipialified as electors. " The majority of electors in general courts have the power to make and constitute by-laws and ordinances for the government of the corporation, provided that su<'h by-laws and ordi- nances be not repugnant to the laws of the kingdom, and be confirmed and apj)roved, accord- ing to the statutes in such case made and provided." The corporation is prohibited from engaging in any sort of commercial undertaking other than dealing in bills of exchange, and in gold and silver. It is authorised to advance money upon the security of goods or merchandise pledged to it ; and to sell, by public auction, such goods as arc not redeemed within a sjiecified time. It was also enacted, in the same year in which the Bank was established, by statute 6 William and Mary, c. 20., that the Bank " shall not deal in any goods, wares, or merchan- dise (except bullion), or purchase any lands or revenues belonging to the crown, or advance or lend to their Majesties, their heirs or successors, any sum or sums of money by way of loan or anticipation, or any part or parts, branch or branches, fund or funds of the revenue, now granted or belonging, or hereafter to lie granted to their Majesties, their heirs and suc- cessors, other than such fund or funds, part or parts, branch or branches of the said revenue only, on which a credit of loan is or shall be granted by parliament." And in 1697 it was enacted, that the " common capital and principal stock, and also the real fund of the Gover- nor and C/'ompany, or any profit or produce to be made thereof, or arising thereby, shall bo exempted from any rates, taxes, assessments, or impositions whatsoever, during the conti- nuance of the Bank , and that all the profit, benefit, and advantage, from time to time arising out of the management of the said coi-poration, shall be applied to the uses of all the mem- bers of the said corporation of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, rate- ably, and in proportion to each member's part, share, and interest in the common capital and principal stock of the said (Jovemor and Company hereby established." It was further enacted, in 1697, that the forgery of the Company's seal, or of any sealed bill or Bank note, should be felony without benefit of clergy, and that the making of any alteration or erasure in any bill or note should also be felony. In 1696, during the great rccoinage, the Bank was involved in considerable difficulties, and was even compelled to suspend payment of her notes, which were at a heavy discount. Owing, however, to the judicious conduct of the directors, and the assistance of government, the Bank got over the crisis. But it was at the same time judged expedient, in order to place her in a situation the better to withstand any adverse circumstances that might after- wards occur, to increase her capital from 1,200,000/. to 2,201,171/. In 1708. the directors undertook to pay off and cancel one million and a half of Exchequer bills they had circu- lated two years before, at 4A per cent., with the interest on them, amounting in all to 1,77,5,028/. ; which increased the permanent debt due by the public to the Bank, including 400,000/. then advanced in consideration of the renewal of the charter, to 3,.375,028/., for which they were allowed 6 per cent. The Bank capital, was then also doubled or increased to 4,402,343/. But the year 1708 is chiefly memorable, in the history of the Bank, for the act that was .hen passed, which declared, that during the continuance of the corporation of the Bank of England, " it should not be lawful for any body politic, erected or to be erected, other than the said Governor and Company of the Bank of England, or for any other per- sons whatsoever, united or to be united in covenants or partnership, exceeding the number of 6 persons, in that part of Great Britain called England, to borrow, owe, or take up any sum or sums of money on their bills or notes payable on demand, or in any less time than 6 months from the borrowing thereof." — This proviso, which has had so powerful an operation on banking in England, is said to have been elicited by the Mine-adventure Company hav- ing commenced banking business, and begun to issue notes. It has been t pnlis not issuing in the act of 1 7(; rally to all Eiigi, or fewer partner- therefore, ascrili.n circulation coiicl their believing th 'J'he charter of certain, or till ,» y longed in 1697." without interest, I in consequence <>/ Oank have li(.p„ gust, 1855. under heing given on tht ^e subjoin An account of thn >'eH;ms w..re „,„,) "> l»»veriirii(.ri| i( Dale nt Heiie wal. CoiK 1697. 1708. 1713. 1764. 1781. 1800. Ctiartpr ) tlip e.V| 'i|">n |)ii ciliud. V com I viz: Chnrtcr c< after 1st IJr 1,001 Charier or August, \U\ with 17.», nnnu Charter cm Istof Au In atSp Am f celled In 1 thoris parch the ai whole 5 pe 1727, ;i At ( Bank i 3,a7.%0 3,000,0 Debt Charter cont of Aupiist, Unili! which I 400,000/ the inte In 17 up to b of an ni III 17 cent, an „^ the 5th Charter conti August, 1 Unri. ''barter cnnti of August, Und vice f( Charter c ,... I of August, o2 178 ndei h I 1 rier for cintin 11 l_- BANK OF ENGLAND rt It has been pretty ctnnprnlly imnffined, from the private liankinjr companies in the metro- polis not issuiiiff notes, lh;it they were Ics^ally incapacitated from doinst so. but ihe cIhuso ill the act of 1708, whicli has been the only restriction on the issue of notes, ap|)lied ijeno- riilly to all England, and had no peculiar reference to London. The fact that banks with or fewer partners have not issued notes in the metropolis, as well as in the provinces, is, therefori', ascribable either to their being aware that their notes would obtain no considerable circiilaiion concurrently with those of a great association like the bank of Eni;land, or fropi their believinij that their issue would not Ih) profitable. The charter of the Hank of England, when first j^ranted, was to continue for eleven years certain, or till a year's notice after the Ist of August, 1705, The charter was further pro- longed in lCa7. In 1708, the Bank having advanced 400,000/. for the public service, without interest, the exclusive privileges of the corporation were prolonged till 1733. And in consccjuence of various advances made at different times, the exclusive privileges of the Hank have been continued by successive renewals, till a year's notice, after the first of Au- gust, IS.'JS, under the proviso that they may bo cancelled on a year's notice to that effect being given on the Ist of August, 1845. We subjoin An account of tho successive Renewals of the Charter, of the Conditions under which these Ile- newuls were made, ami of Ihe Variiitinns in the Amiuint and Interest of the I'erinuiieiil Debt due by Government to the Bank, exclusive of the Dead Weight. Date n( Kciiewal. 1694. 1697. 1713. 1742. Condilioni under which Renewali were made, and Pennanent Debt cnntiscled. rerniiiiunt Uebt. 1764. 1781. 1800. Charter granted under the act 5 & (> Will. 3. c. 20., rt'deeiii.ihle upon llip exiiiration of 12 iiKinlhs' notice after the Ist of August, 170.1, Ujicin payniunt by the public to the Bunk of the demands therein spe- cified. Under this act the Bank advanced to the public 1,200,000/., in consideration of their receiving an annuity of 100,001)/. a year, viz : 8 percent, interest, and 4,000/. for management Charter continued by the S t 9 Will. 3. c. 20. till 12 months' notice after lat of August, 1710, on payment, &c. Under this act the Bank took up and added to their stock 1,001,171/. Exchequer bills and tallies. Charter continued by 7 Anne, c. 7. till 12 months' notice after 1st of August, 17,12, on payment, &c. Under this act the Bank advanced 400,000/. to government without interest ; and delivered up to bo cancelled 1,775,027/ 17.1. 10(/. Kxchequer bills, in consideration of their receiving an annuity of I0fl,50l/. 13.?., being at the rate of fi per cent Chartcrcontinued by 12 Anne, stut. I.e. II. till 12 months' notice after 1st of August, 1742, on payment, &c In 1710, by the 3 Geo. 1. c. 8., Bank advanced to government, at 5 per cent. ...... And by the same act, the interest on the Exchequer bills can- C celled in 1708 was reduced from 6 to S per cent. In 1721, by 8 Geo. 1. c. 21., the South Sea Company were au- thorised to sell 200,000/. government annuities, and corporations purchasing the same at 26 years' purchase were authorised to add the amount to their capital stock. The Bank purchased the whole of these annuities at 20 years' purchase 5 per cent, interest was payable on this sum to Midsummer, 1727, and thereafter, 4 per cent. . . - . At different times between 1727 and 1738, both inclusive, the Bank received from the public, on account of permanent debt, 3,27.%027/. 17«. 10.'/., and advanced to it on account of ditto, 3,000,000/.: Difference - Debt due hy the public in 1738 Charter continued by 15 Geo. 2. c. 13. till 12 months' notice after 1st of August, 1761, on payment, &c Under this act the Bank advanced 1,600,000/. without interest, which being added to the original advance of 1,200,000/. and the 400,000/. advanced in 1710, bearing interest at 6 per cent., reduced the interest on the whole to 3 per cent. . - - In 1745, under authority of 19 Geo. 2. c. 6., the Bank delivered up to be cancelled 986,000/. of Exchequer hills, in consideration of an annuity of 39,472/., being nt the rate of 3 percent. In 1749, the 23 Geo. 2. c. 6. reduced the interest on the 4 per cent, annuities held by the Bank, to3i per cent, for 7 years from the 5th of December, 1750, and thereafter to 3 per cent. Charter continued by 4 Geo. 3. c. 25. till 12 months' notice after Ist of August, 1786, on payment, &c. Under this act the Bank paid into the Exchequer 110,000/. free of all charge. Charter continued by 21 Geo. 3. c. 60. till 12 months' notice after 1st of August, 1812, on payment, &c. Under this act the Bank advanced 3,000,0002. for the public ser vice for 3 years at 3 percent. Charter continued by 40 Geo. 3. c of August, 1833, on payment, &c. £ ti. U. 1,200,000 2,175,027 17 10 2,000,000 4,000,000 9,375,027 17 10 275,027 17 10 aS 38. till 12 months notice after 1st Carried forwardi 9,100,000 1,600,000 986,000 11,686,000 ■'■I, i I 5 §. \ ' > 78 BANK OF ENGLAND. An Arroiint of the miRCRiiHivi' Rcnownln of tlin Chnrlnr, &r.— nmiinued. 1833. Coii'titinni under which Rtttifnali wrre maJe, ■ml Prrnianrnt Debt contnicte'l. Iirniii;lit rorw.'iril tTnili'r this art tlic Hank ailvanciMl to KdViTiiniitnt ;i,(HNI,0(l(l/. fi)r (1 >■l•ar^^ willidiil iriliTisI ; liiit in inirsnuiHc ot'llii' n rdiiiniciKla- lldii dl'llic cdininitlc'd dC |N(I7, tlir advaiiiM; wan rdntiiincil willl- iint iiili'ri"lii, ilic Hank, iindiT aiillKirily of tin' act S(i (ico. 3 c !Mi. ailvanccil at 3 prr cent., to hi; rt'imid on or hiifort^ Isl (ii Anmim 1M33. - - - - - - - Charter rdntinimil by 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. OH. till 12 nidnthii' nntirc ntllcr l»l dl' AiiiiiiHt, I'^.'i.'i, witli a |iri)viHd tliat it may hi> liiHKdIvcd on Vi niiintlis' iidlii'i' al'lir Isl iif AiiL'iiHt, I'^l.'i, on iiayiiicnt, fee. 'I'lii.i ai lir. ( Is iliat III future till' Dank n'imll di'diicl 12(1,01111/. a year Ironi i<- ir cliarire nii aei'iiiiiit iif tlie nianaci'iiii'iit nf the piihlir ili'lil . .tiid tliat a foiirlli part of tiie delitiiiiu liy tile piiliiir to till' Hank, df .■l,li:is,2.')(l/., he pi'iil off I'mnaiicnt ailvjinee liy the Hank to the piililic, bearinil interext at 3 per cent., independent of tiie iti.t'unceii on nctoiint of dead weiulit ... ... remiaiiiiit Dett. n,eH6,o()o 3,nnn,non o o M.CbtJ.^OO 3,038,230 II,()lh,5.'i(l For furl tier detailH nn to til is unliject, «ee tile Jlpffnilii No. I. nf ihr hepiirt e/lH32 oh the Hrntiral of thi- Hiiiik Cliiirter, ami tile ai Is of parliament referreil to in it ; see also .lumtn I'vslUtlitcayt'n Jlitlury vf Ihe Hci'fuue, pp. ,'tnl — 3111.; and Fainiiun «« tlie Fiaidn, Till ed. pji. H5— 8b. &.c. 'J'he rapitnl of the Bnnk on which (lividrtiJs are puitl, hns nevor exactly coinridcd with, thoujrh it ha.s M'Idotii dilU-rtHl very niaterialiy from, the |)erinHiient advance hy the Dank to the public. We have already .seen that it amounted, in 1708, to 4,402,34H/. Between that year and 1737 it was increased to near 9,000,00(1/. In 1746, it a-nounted to 10,780,000/. I'Voni this period it underwent no change till 1782, when it was increused 8 per cent., or to ll,ti13,400/. It continued stationary at this sum down to 1816, when it was raised to 14,553,000/. by an addition of 25 ])ci cent, from the profits of the Bank, under the provi- sions of the act 56 Geo. 3. e. 96. The late act for the renewal of the charter, U & 4 Will. 4. c. 98., wr/ (m Bank Chartir, Appen.!so. 33.) The Bank of England has been freciuently afl'eeled by panics amongst the holders of its notes. In 1745, the alarm occasioned by the advance of the Highlander)^ under the Pre- tender as far as Derby, led to a run upon the Bank ; and in order to gain time to concert measures for averting the run, the directors adopted the device of paying in shillings and sixpences! But they derived a more ellectual relief from the retreat ot the Highlanders, and from a resolution agreed to at a meeting of the ])riiicipal merchants and traders of the city, and very numerously signed, declaring the willingness of the subscribers to receive Bank notes in payment of any sum that might be due to them, and pledging themselves to use their utmost endeavours to make all their payments in the same medium. During the tremendous riots in June, 1780, the Bank incurred considerable danger. Had the mob attacked the establishment at the commencement of the riots, the consequences might have proved fatal. Luckily, however, they delayed their attack till time had been adbided for providing a force sufficient to insure its safety. Since that period a considerable military force is nightly placed in the interior of the Bank, as a protection in any emergency that may occur. In the latter part of 1792 and beginning of 1793, there was, in consequence of a pre- vious over-issue on their part, a general run on most of the private banks ; and about one third of these establishments were forced to stop payment. This led to a considerable demand for coin from the Bank. The year 1797 is, however, the most important epoch in the recent history of the Bank. Owing partly to events connected with the war in which we were then engaged — to loans to the Emperor of Germany — to bills drawn on the treasury at home by the British agents abroad — and partly, and chiefly, perhaps, to the advances most unwillingly made by the Bank to government, which prevented the directors from having a sufficient control over their issues, — the exchanges became unfavourable in 1795, and in that and the following year large sums in specie were drawn from the Bank.* In the latter end of 1796 and * So early as December, 1794, the court of directors represented to government ttieir iineasincss on account of the magnitude of the debt due liy the government to the Hank, and anxiously requested n repayment of at least a considerable part of what had heen advanced. In January, 1795, tliey re- solved to limit their advances upon treasury bills to ,^(K),000/. ; and at the same time tliey informed Mr. Pitt that it was their wish that he would adjust his measures for the year in such a manver ns vut to depend iin any further assistance from them. On the lllh of February, 1790, they resolved, "That it is the opinion of tliis court, founded upon the experience of the late Imperial loan, that if any further loan or adviiiice of money to the emperor, or to any of the foreign states, should in tlie present state of atfairs take place, it will, in all probability, prove fatal to the Bank of England. The court of directors do, therefore, most earnestly deprecate the adoption of any such measure, and they solemnly protest against any responsibility for the calauiitoua consequences that may follow thcreujion." Hut bcpnnini? of 17!) were prop.igated the fears that wer of the country ; ii itself to lionilon. Siiturdiiy. the 25l colli-rs, with ever) emergency an on from paying their And after parliiiiin nue the restriction Ah soon as the princi|ial bankers, when a resolulinn in 1745, tlioHc pre: to be accepted as c that the restriction Parliament bi'ini inl- the ullliirs of entertained with re when the order in 15,513,690/., after Much did'erence 1797; but, conside seems abundantly i but grew enlireb ■ was clear that no li tion. And as tin stantly retiring her obliged to stop |)nyf in the Inst degree fii It had been gen R.ink notes would r event showed, confo not really the case. of the Restriction A tier, by being reeeivt majority of individi moderate, that they r the latter part of 181 discount of about 8 and it was not until Early in 1810, they having attracted the mittee to inijuire in examined several wi ability, they justly a the Bank should be i tion was not, howevi compared with gold, At the period wh( that there were aboi ments multiplied, thi partly by the deprec: tained, but far more threw in the way of ending with 181.3. course with the Cont sustained a very heav notwithstanding these, to our f.ireigii allies, a own better jiidgiiKMit t< E.vche(iuer, and their d occasion, in the then al the Hank were greatly rpciors had so strongly the crisis of 1797. The Sinn ; and it is clear, a vertible into gold could RANK OF ENfJiiAND. 79 incsii L'stcd rnicd s vot lat it rllier state rt of niiily But brpnninu: of 1707, ronsidoruMc n]>)ir('!iriision» were rntrrtninnl of invnfiion, nml rnmouw wprr i)ro|i >i;iit»'(l of (icHcriil-i ImvinK hrcii nctuiilly mndo on thf <'oiiMt. In conBriimuirp of the ft'iirn thiit wrro thus excitt'd, nirm were niiiilf on tho |)roviriri;il 'lanks in (lilffrent jtrtrts of thf country ; iitid some of thoni hnvino; failed, tlii' panic hri-ntnc ccncrnl. and fxtcndctl itxplf to I,ondon. DrniiitidH for ciiHh poured in upon the Uiink from all (|uart«TB; siitd on Siitiirday, the 25th of Fcliruary, 17!)7, hIiu hud oidy 1,272,000/. of cnnh ami bullion in her colltTs, with every proH|)ect of n violent run tiikini; plicc on the follovvinir Moiidiiy. In titii! enierRency i»n order in council was ixHUcd on Munday, the 2fUh, prohiliitin)^ the directors from pnyini? their notes in cash until the sense ^ ^ iV <^ 4 23 WIST MUMN STRHT WttSTER,N.Y. )45M (7t«) I73-4S03 80 BANK OF ENGT^AND. T. fall having proved ruinous to a considerable number of famners, and produced a general want of confidence, such a destruction of provincial paper took place as has rarely been paralleled. In 1814, 1815, and 1816, no fewer than 240 country banks stopped payment; and eighty-nine commissions of bankruptcy were issued against these establishments, being at the rate of one commission against every ten and a half of tlie total number of banks existing in 1813. The great reduction that had been thus suddenly and violently brought about in the quantity of country bank paper, by extending the field for the circulation of Bank of England paper, raised its value in 1817 nearly to a par with gold. The return to cash pay- ments being thus facilitated, it was fixed, in 1819, by the act 59 Geo. 3. c. 78.; commonly called Mr. Peel's act, that they should take place in 1823. But to prevent any future over- issue, and at the same time to render the measure as little burdensome as possible, it was enacted, in pursuance of a plan suggested by the late Mr. Ricardo, that the Bank should lie obliged, during the interval from the passing of the act till the return to specie payments, to pay her notes, if required, in bars of standard bullion of not less than sixty ounces' weight. This plan was not, however, acted upon during the period allowed by law ; for, a large amount of gold having been accumulated at the Bank, the directors preferred recommencing specie payments on the 1st of May, 1821. — (See Table IV. for an account of Uie price of bullion, the depreciation of paper, &c. from 1800 to 1821.) A great diversity of opinion has been entertained with respect to the policy of the return to the old standani, in 1819. By one party it has been represented as a wise and politic measure : they contend that Mr. Peel's Act not only put an end to those fluctuations in the value of money, which had previously been productive of great mischief, and gave effect to the solemn engagements into which the public had entered with the national creditor, but that it did this without adding any thing material to tlie national burdens. But another, and, perhaps, a more numerous party, take a totally different view of this measure : they contend that the public was not really bound to return to cash payments at the old standard at the termination of the war ; that the return has very greatly enhanced the value of the currency ; and that this enhancement, by adding proportionally to the fixed burdens laid on the industrious classes, has been most injurious to their interests. It will, however, be found in this, as in most cases of the sort, that the statements of both parties are exagger- ated ; and that if, on the one hand, the measure has not been so advantageous as its apo- logists represent, neither, on the other, has it been nearly so injurious as its enemies would have us believe. In discussing this question, it is material to observe that the value of paper, which had been in 1815 and 1816 about 16^ per cent, below that of gold, rose in 1817 and 1818, from the causes already mentioned, without any interference whatever on the part of govern- ment, to within little more than 2^ per cent, of the value of gold ; and that in 1819 the depreciation only amounted to 4^ per cent. — (See Table IV.) It is, therefore, quite ludi- crous to ascribe to the act of 1819, as is often done, the whole ris? that has taken place in the value of the currency since the peace, seeing that the currency had been for three yean jprevioualy to its enactment from 12^ to 14^ per cent, above its value in 1815, and from 21 to 23 per cent, above its value in 1814 ! The main object which the promoters of the act of 1819 had in view, was to sustain the value of the currency at the point to which it had recovered itself, without legislative interference. This, however, could not be done without recurring to specie payments; and the difference of 4^ per cent, that obtained in 1819 between the value of gold and paper, was not deemed sufficiently considerable to warrant a departure from the old standard, and from the acts engaging to restore it But it is alleged, that those who suppose that the act of 1819 added only 4^ per cent, to the value of the currency, inistake altogether the effect of the measure. It is admitted, in- deed, that pa|)er was then only 4^ per cent less valuable than gold ; but by reverting to specie payments, we made an unexpected purchase of thirty millions of gold ; and it is affirmed, that this novel and large demand, concurring simultaneously with the contraction of paper in several of the continental states, and with a falling off in the supply of bullion from the mines, had the effect of adding very greatly to (he value of gold itself, and conse- quently to that of the currency. It is very difficult, or rather, perhaps, impossible, to deter- mine the precise degree of credit that ought to be attached to this statement ; but while we incline to think that it is well founded to a certain extent, we see no grounds for believing that it is 80 to any thing like the extent that has been stited. The gold imported into Great Britain, to enable the Bank to resume specie payments, was not taken from any par- ticular country or district, but was drawn from the market of the world ; and considering the vast extent of the supply whence it was derived, it is against all reason to suppose that its value could be materially influenced by our purchases. We doubt, too, whether the con- traction of the paper currency of some of the continental states, and the substitution of specie in its stead, was not more than balanced by the cessation of the demand for specie for the military chests of the different armies, by the stoppage of the practice of hoarding, and the greater security consequent to the return of peace. And with respect to the falling off in the suppliei able influence extent to whic it might again nued for too to make it a g The decline of^en referred But the inferei modities are en the quantity of the cost of whi new sources, w fxtendrd in Fr large estates, at price in this c( from Ireland, a counted for by where they seer New Holland a price of colonia monopoly systei rara, &c. Alth from the mines nable error to as eflect rated at 1 Precious Met On the whole the act of 1819. 80 far hostile to ( in any thing lik pnssed, is now so been formed witl may have occasic the standard at th (he end of the wi really abandoned have been better, to the market pri tion of the old sti tic to subject it to to make good its compounding wit ing to the dishonc The price of c( 1823; and this c: mote an extraordi sequence far too r and the exchange of England. Bu into an engageme dissent from its ci sidcrable sum on teract the effect ol rency was not v( continued deman( metropolis, the pr and they were a i tal, or had conduct they experienced i The alarm, once c almost wholly sus] were destroyed, n England; and th banks, was so he obliged, as already In order to guai BANK OF ENGLAND. 81 cent, to itted, in- erting to and it is ntraction bullion 1 conse- to deter- hile we )elieving ted into ny par- sidering K>8e that the con- tion of pecie for ng;, and linK off in the nipplies from the mines, it in not a circumstan-c, supposing it to have had a consider- able influence, that parliament could take into account. It could neither determine tho extent to which bullion had been raised, nor at what point the rise would stop, nor how soon it might again begin to decline. The diminution in the supply of bullion had then conti- nued for too short a period, and its influence on the value of gold was much too uncertain, to make it a ground for interfering in any degree with the standard. The decline in the price of most articles that has taken place since the peace, has been often referred to, as a conclusive proof of the great enhancement in the value of bullion. But the inference is by no means so certain as has been represented. The prices of com- modities are as much aflcctcd by changes in the cost of their production, as by changes in the quantity of money afloat. Now, there is hardly one of the great articles of commerce, the cost of which has not been considerably reduced, or which has not Iwen supplied from new sources, within the last few years. The growth of corn, for example, has been vastly extended in France, Prussia, and generally throughout the Continent, by the splitting of large estates, and the complete subversion of the feudal system ; and the reduction of its price in this country is, at least, as much owing to the extraordinary increase of imports from Ireland, as to any other cause. The fall in the price of wool is most satisfactorily ac- counted for by the introduction and rapid multiplication of Merino sheep in Germany, where they seem to succeed even better than in Spain ; and by the growing imports from New Holland and elsewhere. And a very large portion, if not the whole, of the fall in the price of colonial products, is admitted, on all hands, to i>e owing to the destruction of the monopoly system, and the vast extension of cultivation in Cuba, Brazil, Louisiana, Deme- rara, &c. Although, therefore, we do not deny that the falling off in the supply of bullion from the mines must have had some influence on prices, we hold it to be the greatest imagi- nable error to a8cril)e to it the entire fall that has taken place .since the peace. Were its eA'ect rated at 10 per cent, we believe it would be very considerably overstated. — (See art. Precious Metals.) On the whole, therefore, we are disposed to approve of the conduct of those who framed the act of 1819. That it added to the burdens of the industrious classes, and has been in so far hostile to the public interests, it seems impossible to doubt ; but it has not done this in any thing like the degree which its enemies represent The period, too, when it was passed, is now so distant, that the existing engagements amongst individuals have almost all been formed with reference to the altered value of the currency ; so that whatever injury it may have occasioned in the first instance, must be nearly gone by. To modify or change the standard at this late period, would not be to repair injustice, but to commit it afresh. At the end of the war, the circumstances were considerably diflerent. The standard had been really abandoned for the previous 18 years ; and, perhaps, we may now say, that it would have been better, all things considered, had the mint price of bullion been raised, in 1815, to the market price. But having surmounted all the difliculties attendant upon the restora- tion of the old standard, and maintained it since 1 82 1, it would be in the last degree impoli- tic to subject it to new alterations. Should the country become, at any future period, unable to make good its engagements, it will better consult its honour and its interest, by fairly compounding with its creditors, than by endeavouring to slip from its engagements by resort- ing to the dishonest expedient of enfeebling the standard. The price of corn, which had been very much depressed in 1821 and 1822, rallied in 1823; and this circumstance contributed, along with others peculiar to that period, to pro- mote an extraordinary rage for speculation. The issues of the country banks being in con- sequence far too much extended, the currency became redundant in the autumn of 1824; and the exchanges having been depressed, a drain for gold began to operate upon the Bank of England. But the directors of the Bank having entered, in the early part of that year, into an engagement with government to pay off such holders of 4 per cent, stock as might dissent from its conversion into a 3^ per cent. storJt, they were obliged to advance a con- siderable sum on this account after the depression of the exchange. This tended to coun- teract the effect of the drain on the Bank for gold ; and, in consequence, the London cur- rency was not very materially diminished till September, 1825. When, however, the continued demand of the public on the Bank for gold had rendered money scarce in the metropolis, the pressure speedily extended to the country. Such of the provincial banks — and they were a numerous class — as had been originally established without sufficient capi- tal, or had conducted their business upon erroneous principles, began to give way the moment they experienced an increased difficulty of obtaining pecuniary accommodations in London. The alarm, once excited, soon became general ; and confidence and credit were, for a while, almost wholly suspended. In the short space of 6 weeks, above 70 banking establishments were destroyed, notwithstanding the very large advances made to them by the Bank of England ; and the run upon the Bank, for cash to supply the exigencies of the country banks, was so heavy, that she was wellnigh drained of all the coin in her coffers, and obliged, as already remarked, to issue about a million of 1/, and 2/. notes. In order to guard against a recurrence of the wide-spread mischief and ruin, produced by 11 e z s a 82 BANK OF ENGLAND. this and the previous bankruptcies of the country- bankt*, it was resolved, in 1826, with con* sent of the Bank of England, to make a change in the law of 1 70S, limiting the number of partners in banking establishments to 6 only. And it was accordingly enacted, that ihcncr- forth any number of partners might form themselves into associations, to carry on the busi- ness of banking, including the issue of notes, any where not within aixly-five miles of Lon- don. The directors of the Bank of England came, at the same time, to the resolution of establishing branches in some of the principal towns ; and, at this moment, branch banks are established in Gloucester, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeda, Liverpool, Bristol, Exeter, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Hull, Norwich, Ac. The branch bank cannot fail of being highly useful ; but we believe that the benefit resulting from the formation of joint stock banks will not be nearly so great as has been anticipated. — (See post, Banks (Enolisii Provincial).) So long as every one is allowed to issue notes without any sort of check or control, a thousand devices may be fallen upon to insure a certain circulation to those that are most worthless. At best, this measure is but a feeble palliative of inveterate disorders. It is quite illusory to expect to make any real improvement upon the system of country banking in England, by the mere introduction of a plan for allowing banking establishments with large capitals to be set on foot. There have always been, and are at this moment, a great number of such establishments in England. What is really wanted, is the adoption of a system that will exclude the possibility of notes being discredited, by preventing all individuals or associations from issuing such as have not been previously guaranteed. Besides attempting to lessen the frequency of bankruptcy a'^.iong the country hanks, by repealing the law limiting the number of partners, it was further resolved in 1826, to pro- hibit the future issue of 1/. notes. The policy and effects of this measure have given rise to much dispute. It seems clear, that it has gone far to shut up one of the most convenient channels by which the inferior class of country bankers contrived to get their notes into circulation, and must, in so far, do good. But there ere many other channels still open to them ; and to imagine that this measure will place the provincial currency on that solid basis on which it ought to be placed, is quite visionary. There were no notes under 5/, in circulation in 1792; and yet fully one third of the country banks then in existence became bankrupt ! The truth is, as already stated, that it is not possible to guard against loss and fraud, from the proceedings of the country bankers, otherwise than by compelling tliem to give security for their issues ; and, as security may as easily be given for 1/. notes as for those of 5/., the suppression of the former does not appear to have been at all essential. No doubt can, however, be entertained, that the representations as to the extreme injury occa- sioned by the withdrawal of the 1 /. notes have been very greatly exaggerated ; — though it is at the same time obvious, that the means of the bankers to make advances, as well as the profit derived from making them, must both have been diminished by the suppression of the small notes ; and it would be foolish to deny that this circumstance must have occasioned some loss and inconvenience to many individuals. These remarks are meant to apply only to the case of the country banks. The extraor- dinary extent to which the forgery of the 1/. notes of the Bank of England was carried, affords, perhaps, a sufficient vindication of the policy of their suppression. But the com- paratively limited circulation of the country banks, and, perhaps we may add, the greater attention paid to the manner in which their notes were engraved, hindered their forgery from becoming injuriously prevalent. (2.) Cask kept by the Bank. Regulation of her Issues. — Of late, the Bank directors have endeavoured, as a general rule, to have as much coin and bullion in their coffers as may together amount, when the exchange is at par, to a third part of the Bank's liabilities, including deposits as well as issues ,• so that, in the event of the notes afloat, and the public and private deposits in the coffers of the Bank, amounting to 27,0UU,000/. or 30,000,000/., they would not consider the establishment in a perfectly satisfactory state, unless she was, generally speaking, possessed of about 9,000,000/. or 10,000,000/. of coin and bullion. Such a supply seems to afford every requisite security ; and now that the notes of the Bank are made legal tender, and that she must be less exposed than formerly to drains during panics, it may, probably, be found to be unnecessarily large. The issues of the Bank are wholly governed, at least in all ordinary cases, by what Mr. Horsley Palmer expressively calls " the action of the public :" — that is, they are increased during a favourable exchange, or when bullion is sent to the Bank to be exchanged for notes, and diminished during an unfavourable exchange, or when notes are sent to the Bank to be paid. If the exchange were so favourable that the Bank was accumulating considi^r- ably more bullion than was equivalent to the third part of her liabilities, the directors would seem to be justified in adding to the currency by buying a larger amount of government securities, or by increasing their discounts, &c. ; and conversely, if the exchange were so unfavourable as to depress the supply of coin and bullion considerably below the average proportion. But the most intelligent directors seem to think that this would be an undue interference ; to regulate th It is freque of property, de depressed at a Bank are regi one who kno may be at all must know thi (3.) Bank < of England co only," says Di pays the greati lates Excheqw malt (axes, whi (4.) Advanc has generally certain branche her issues throi times considera very great G« into competitiot the discounting banking busine by public bodies fairly into comp counting, it wou and a fall of the At present, then for loans has bee periods, very few one who has anj the rate of intere establishment cai in the money mt tiie market rate occasions, the pri becomes, as it we ticularly in 1793, credit, and to the Bank's discounts indisposition on t commercial classi believe justly, thi banking is best cc competition with public and private culty. This is n( in the best and Bank. No. XIV. of th commercial paper subjoined account the variations in t sudden increase a first quarter of 181 to the trading inte tion to render it, i( The annual av don, from 1791 t Charter, No. 60.) ♦ Mr. Horsley Pa Bank charter contaii buiinesi of the Bar general ability, and currency. BANK OF ENGLAND. 83 interference ; and, in all hut cxtrnonlinary rasca, the rule of the Bank u, to allow the public turegulate the currency ft rr itself I hroui^h the action of the exchange.* It \a frequently saiil that the value of money, and, conRequentiy, that the price of all sorts of property, depends on the fiat of the Bank, by which it is capriciously elevated at one time and depressed at another. But the account now given of the mode in which the issueti of the Bank are regulated completely disproves such statement* ; and independently of this, every one v/ho knows that the Bank must pay her notes in coin when presented, and that coin may be at all times obtained from the Mint, without any charge, in exchange for bullion, must know that the very supposition of their being true involves a contradiction. (3.) Bank of England in its Connection with Government and the Fublic, — ^The Bank of England conducts the whole banking business of the British government. " It acts not only," says Dr. Smith, " as an ordinary bank, but as a great engine of state. It receives and pays the greater part of the annuities, which are due to the creditors of the public ; it circu- lates Exchequer bills ; and it advances to irovernment the annual amount of the land and malt taxes, which are frequently not paid till some years thereafter." (4.) Advances by the Bank in Discounts, ^•c. — The greater part of the paper of the Bank has generally been issued in the way of advances or loans to government, upon security of certain branches of the revenue, and in the purchase of Exchequer bills and bullion ; but her issues through the medium of discounts to individuals have, notwithstanding, been at all times considerable, while, during war and in periods of distress, they have been occasionally very great Generally speaking, however, the directors do not think it advisable to enter into competition with private bankers in the transacting of ordinary banking business, or in the discounting of mercantile paper. Mr. Horsley Palmer is decidedly of opinion, that all banking business, apart from the issue of notes, is better transacted by private bankers than by public bodies. — ( Min. of Evidence, p. 37.) He also thinks, that were the bank to come fairly into competition, at all times, with the private bankers and other individuals in dis- counting, it would be very apt to lead, every now and then, to an excess of the currency, and a fall of the exchange, producing fluctuations that could not fail to be most injurious. At present, therefore, and generally since the peace, the rate of interest charged by the Bank for loans has been somewhat above the market rate. The consequence is, that, in ordinary periods, very few applications are made to her for discounts. But, at the same time, every one who has any reasonable security to offer, knows where they may always be had ; while the rate of interest charged by the Bank necessarily forms a maximum rate which no other establishment can exceed. When, however, any circumstances occur to occasion a pressure in the money market, or a difficulty of obtaining recommendations in the usual channels, the market rate of interest immediately rises to the rate fixed by the Bank ; and on such occasions, the private bankers, and the public generally, resort to the Bank for aid. She then becomes, as it were, a bank of support ,- and has, as such, on many trying occasions, par- ticularly in 1793, 1815 and 1816, and 1825-26, rendered the most essential service to public credit, and to the commercial interests of the country. The usual limited amount of the Bank's discounts does not, tb "^refore, proceed, as has been absurdly enough stated, from any indisposition on the part of the directors to render every assistance in their power to the commercial classes, but is, in fact, the effect of such disposition. They consider, and we believe justly, that, except under peculiar circumstances, the business of discounting and banking is best conducted by private parties ; and that, by abstaining from coming into competition with them, they are better able to act as a bank of support — that is, to sustain public and private credit by making extraordinary advances in seasons of distress and diffi- culty. This is not to neglect the interests of the mercantile classes, but to promote them in the best and most efficient manner, even though it should be at the expense of the Bank. No. XIV. of the accounts subjoined to this article shows the average annual amount of commercial paper discounted by the Bank in London, from 1795 down to 1831. But the subjoined account will probably be deemed still more interesting, from its exhibiting in detail the variations in the discounts by the Bank during the 17 years ending with 1831. The sudden increase and immense amount of the discounts, in the last quarter of 1825 and the first quarter of 1826, show the vast importance of the assistance then rendered by the Bank to the trading interests. Had this assistance been withheld, or the Bank not been in a situa- tion to render it, it is not easy to estimate the consequences. The annual average loss by bad debts on the discounts of the Bank of England in Lon- don, from 1791 to 1831; both inclusive, has been 31,698/. — {Appen, to JUp. on Bank Charter, No. 60.) * Mr. Horsley Palmer's evidence berore the late committee of the House of Commons on the Bank charter contalnii by far the best exposition ever givnn to the public, of the mode in which the business of the Banlc of England ia conducted. It is also highly deserving of attention, from its general ability, and the strong and steady ligtit which it itirows on the principles of baokiug and currency. * 1 14 BANK OF ENGLAND. Account nf thr> Avrrajre Aniniiiit or IIIIIh nnd NoK-h (li^cniintcil liy the Hank of Enfitnnd, In rnrh Qimrtcr of puch of the r^evuntccn Vcsirh fiidiiig wall [••'M.—i^ppen. to Hep. un Bank Chartir, Mo. 30.) Vmn. lit QuarteFf f ndinc 3tl (luarttT, rmliiig U Quarter, rpdinn 4lh Quarter, eating 3lil of March. 30th of June. auih (if September. Sill of iMninlrer. £ £ £ £ 1815 13,«1 1,900 13,H4fl,.VI0 16,613,200 15,717,300 1HI« 14,3l&,tKIO 13,380,400 10,569,400 7,.1!«t,80O IX\1 5,823,500 4,148,.-)00 3,329,300 2,541,200 IH18 2,ir:ft,lHK) 2,847,800 4,610,400 6,8«)5,7(K( 1811) 8,3fi3.7flO 6,6.12,300 6,021, 6(K) 5,012,200 1820 4,810.700 3,603.500 3,9K7,<1(K) 3,130,700 18'il 3,2;tH,30O 2,71.M00 2,294,100 3,459,.KI0 18'22 ."J,!. 17,(100 3,216,500 3,.1K8,700 3,724,600 1823 4,I07,2(M» 3,2.V2,2fl« 2,801,400 2,.1.14,2«0 1821 2,22(1,800 2,553,500 2,449,800 2,248,900 isas 2,400,8110 3,1»73,700 5,48«1,0 Varied from 9 to Ditto ... . 1753 4* - &i per cent. Michaelmas - 1764 ft - Ladv-day - - 1730 6 - Ditto - - . . 1767 »t - MIcli.ielniRS - 1730 ft* - Ditto . . . . 1781 6 — I.adv-day - Micfiaelnias - 1731 6 — Lady-day - - 1788 7 — - 1731 Si - Ditto . - . . 1807 10 — Lady-day - - 1732 6 — Ditto ... . 1823 8 — Previously to 1 759, the Bank of England issued no notes for less than 20/. She began to issue lOL notes in 1759 ; &/. notes in 1793 ; and IL and 2/. notes in March, 1797. The issue of the latter ceased in 1821. (10.) Interest on Depoaita.—The Bank of England does not allow, either in London, or at her branches, any interest on deposits ; but it would be exceedingly desirable if she could safely make some alteration in this respect The want of the power readily to invest small sums productively, and, at the same time, with perfect security, tends to weaken the motives to save and accumulate. Nothing has contributed more to diiffuse a spirit of economy, and a desire to save, amongst all classes of the population of Scotland, than the readiness with which deposits of small sums are received by banks of undoubte«l solidity in that part of the country, and the allowance of interest upon them. — (See Banks (Scotch).) This advan- tage is in some degree, indeed, secured in England by the institution of savings banks. These, however, are but a very inadequate substitute. They are not open to all classes of depositors ; and of those to whom they are open, no one can deposit more than 30/. in a year, and 150/. in all. — (See Banks (Savings).) But it is desirable that every facility should be given to safe and profitable investments. " Were the English banks, like the Scotch banks, to receive deposits of 10^ and upwards, and allow interest upon them at about 1 per cent less than the market rate, they would confer an immense advantage upon the community, and open a source of profit to themselves. This is, in fact a part of the proper business of a bank. A banker is a dealer in capital, an intermediate party between the bor- rower and the lender. He borrows of one party, and lends to another ; and the difference between the terms at which he borrows and those at which he lends is the source of his profit. By this means, he draws into active operation those small sums of money which were pre- viously unproductive in the hands of private individuals, and at the same time furnishes accommodation to another class, who have occasion for additional capital to carry on their commercial transactions." — (See Gilbart's Practieat Obaervaiioni on Banking, p. 52.) In further estimated by on Scotch an amounted to 200/.! This not going to allowing of in those above it We are n< deposits with' And it were b sort should be Since 1826 increase is ma by the failure The compo the stamp dut^ (11.) Methc individuals are to draw checke the Bank, exac an individual n requires him t drafts, &c. M facilities grante l.TheBanlcrec I. Dividend wi 3. Kxcheqiier I ceivcil, and the a 4. C'hpcltg niny 5. Cnsh boxes I ft. Dunk notes i heretofore. 7. Checks on ri those paid in befr 8. Checks paid to acrniinl, and in 9. Dividend wu' heretofore. 10. Credits pair therein without tl II. Bills of oxcl with advice only. 12. Notes of coi 13. Checks are | A person havi have the latter opened, the sign of attorney areg No bill of exch 20/., nor Londor three months. The number half, in the view, are no holidays ii mas ; Easter Mo We subjoin ai at the Bank, the Transfi Bank Stock.— Tue 3 per Cent. Bed.- and Frid. 3lperCent. 1818.— ' 3 per Cent. 1726.—' 3 per Cent. Cons.- and Frid. 3} per Cent. Red.- and Frid. Long Annuit. to Wed. and Sat. 4 per Cent. 1826. Frid. New 3| per Cent, ti Thiirs. and Frid. New 5 per Cent, ti and Frid. BANK OF ENGLAND. 87 lOndon, or she could [vest small le motives lomy, and iness with ^art of the lis advan- Igs banks. Iclasses of 30/. in a facility like the at about upon the [he proper the bor- ItUfierence his profit. were pre- furnishes 1 their 152.) 4 In further corroboration of what has now been stateil, It may bo mentioned that it wn.< estimated by a very well-informed witness (Sir .1. G. tJraig), bi'foro the Lords' CommiUct' on Scotch and Irish Uankinn, in 182fi, that the depositi in the Scotch banks, at that period, amounted to about 24,00(>,000/., of which more than a half consisted of sums from 10/. to iOOl. ! This is a most satisfactory proof of the vast importance of the system. Perhaps it is not going too far to affirm, that but for the receiving of deposits by the banks, and the allowing of interest upon them, not one third of the sums under 800/., and not one half of those above it, would ever have been accumulated. — (See Banks (Scotch).) We are not, however, able to say whether the Bank of England could offer interest on deposits without having so large a sum forced upon her as might endanger her stability. And it were better that the system should continue as at present, than that any ruk of this sort should be incurred. Since 1826, the private deposits in the hands of the Bank have nearly doubled. Their increase is mainly ascribahle to the preceding panic, and the loss that was then occasioned by the failure of private banks. The composition paid by the Bank at the rate of .3,500/. per million, as an equivalent for the stamp duty on her notes, amounts, at an average, to about 70,000/. a year. (11.) Method of ennductin^ Business at the Bank. — All accounts kept at the Bank with individuals are termed drawing accounts .• those with whom they are opened being entitled to draw checks upon them, and to send the bills and drafts in their favour to be presented by the Bank, exactly as if they dealt with private bankers. There is no fixed sum with which an individual must open a drawing account ; nor is there any fixed sum which the Bank requires him to keep at his credit to indemnify them for their trouble in answering hia drafts, &c. Mr. Horsley Palmer gave in his evidence the following statement as to the facilities granted by the Bank in drawing accounts since 1825 : — l.The Bank receive dividpnils hy power of nttnrney for nil persons havingdrawingucconnts at the Dank. 2. Dividend wnrrnnis are received at the Urawinx-otflce for ditto. 3. Kxcheqiier bills and other sccurltieH are received fnr ditto; the bills exchanged, the interest re- ceived, and the amount carried li> their respective accounts. 4. Checks may he drawn for 5{. and npwurdii, instead of lOJ. as heretofore. J, Cnsh boxes taken in, contents unknown, for such parties as keep accounts at the Bank. A. Blink notes are paid at the counter, instead of drawing tickets for them on the pay clerks as heretofore. 7. Checks on city bankers paid in by three o'clock may he drawn for between four and five ; and those paid in before four will be received and passed to account the same evening. 8. Checks paid in after four are sent out at nine o'clock the following morning, received and passed to account, and may be drawn for as soon as received. 9. Dividend warrants taken in at the Drawing-office until five in the afternoon, instead of three aa heretofore. 10. Credits paid into account are recslved without the Bank book, and are afterwards entered therein without the party claiming them. 11. Bills of exchange accepted payable at the Bank are paid with or without advice; heretofore with advice only. 12. Notes of country bankers payable in London are sent out the same day for payment. 13. Checks are given out in books, and not in sheets as heretofore. A person having a drawing account may have a discount account ; but no person can have the latter widiout, at the same time, having the former. When a discount account ia opened, the signatures of the parties are entered in a book kept for the purpose, and powers of attorney are granted, empowering the persons named in them to act foi their principals. No bill of exchange drawn in the country is discounted by the Bas:.*' n London under 20/., nor London note under 100/., nor for a longer date, under existing vt\j illations, than three months. The number of holidays formerly kept at the Bank has recently been reduced about a half, in the view, as stated by the directors, of preventing the interruption of business. There are no holidays in the months of March, June, September, and December, excepting Christ- mas ; Easter Monday and Tuesday are no longer kept We subjoin an account of the days for transferring stock, and when the dividends are due at the Bank, the South Sea House, and the East India House :— Dividcndi due. Annuit. for Terms of Years, ending": 10th of Oct. 1859, pursuant to 10 Geo. 4.— Tues. Thurs. and Sat. Annuit. for Terms of Years, ending 5th") !»„ k of Jan. 18fi0, pursuant to 10 Geo. 4.— >,,,;„ «* Tues. Thurs. and Sat. K"'' "• Life Annuit., If transferred between") j 5 Jan. 5. and April 4., or between July 5. > i,,. ' ." and Oct. 9. yy»y o. Life Annuit., if transferred between") .„j| 5 April 5. and July 4., or between Oct. >q^, jq" 10. and Jan. 4. ) ' At the South Sea Houte. ^ . , 3k per Cents.— Mond. Wed. and Frid. | j„"y 5" 3 per Cent. Old Annuit.— Mond. Wed. V April 5. and Frid. 1 Oct. 10. Dividends due. TVansfer Days at the Bank. Bank Stock.— Tues. Thurs. and Frid. 3 per Cent. Red.— Tues. Wed. Thurs, And Frid. 31 per Cent. 1818.— Tues.Thurs.and Frid 3 per Cent. 1726.— Tues. and Thurs. ") ,„_ . 3 per Cent. Cons.- Tues. Wed. Thurs, ^"'- "' - April 5. Oct. 10. Thurs. puly J April 5. Oct. 10. and Frid 3i per Cent. Red.— Tues. Wed and Frid. Long Annuit. to Jan. I860.— Mond Wed. and Sat. J 4 per Cent. 1826.— Mond. Wed. and 1 April 5. Frid. /Oct. 10. New 31 per Cent. Annuit.— Tues. Wed 1 Thurs. and Frid. I Jan. 5. New 5 per Cent. Annuit.— Tues. Wed. (July 5. and Frid. j '} April 5. Oct. 10. I 3 S flS BANK OF ENGLAND. 7V(»iijtffr Pay at Iht South Sta IhuBt 3|tnrrcnl. Ni-w Anniill.— TiiRi.Thum. mill rim. 3 per C'eiii. 1791.— Tuet. and Thuri. Divt'lttnli iliw. 7.liin. !>. UulyS. M iSt F.att India Ifntiu. Inilin Rtock— TiiKi. Tliuri. and Hal. Inlereit nn India Uondi, due DIfMaMb liniik imi.tt In- made by hnlf-pnitt two o'clock : nt the India lloiiic, by three : al the Koiiih Hcii lloime by two : on rintiirdny, by one. Ex|ieim« oriraiiirvr in linnk ritock, Tor 'iil. and under, Of. ; above that iiiin, \it. liidin Htock, for 10/. - I/. I Of. - - W. Hi. Hoiitb riim rilock, If under loot. - B*. flj. - - 1S«. PnwrrH ofnttorney for lb*! »\\W or trniiHfi-r of vtock to be li-n nt tlii' liii k, 4tc. forexnmliiatlon, onn day bcfori- they can be acted ii|Hin ; If fur receiving dividendi, preiuiit ilieni nt the tiino the flrit divi- dend Id payable. The e\|ieniir of n power of attorney Ik \l. l*- M. for each utock ; but for Hank, India, and South Hen Htork, I/. lljt.lU. Ifwiinled for the Hunieday, linlf paat twelve o'clock li tlie lateit tiiiio for receiving nrderi. The bo.xen for receiving powera of attorney for eiilu clone at two. I'riiliiiten of wIIIh, lettern of udiiiiiilHtrotlon, mid other proofn of deceave, niUHt be IcA at the Rank, &c. for ri'giHtrntion, from two or three clear day*, exclimlvH of holldnyii. Htock cannot he added to any account (whether iiliiffle or joint) In which the deceaie of the indl- vidiial, or one or more of a Joint party, ban taken place ; mid the decease to be proved a* soon ni prai'llciilile. I'owers of attorney, in cane of the dentil of a parly or partlei* itrantinK it, become void. The iiMullered poHscHHlnn of S00<. or upwards Hank ritock, for »\x iiioiithii clear, given the proprietor a vote. (12.) Branch Htm/es of the Bank of Knuland. — The Bnnk of Englnnd, as alreaily oWrved, Iim within these few years rHtahliHheil liraneh banks at several of the most con- siclornlile towns throughout the country. The tnode and terms of conducting business at the.se I'stnlilifhrnents have liecn dewribed as follows : — " The branch bank (of Swansea, and the same is true of those established in other placet) is to i)c a secure place of deposit for persons having occasion to make use of a bank for that purpose ; such persons arc said to have drawing accounts ; to facilitate to the mercantile and trading cliisses the obtaining discounts of good and unexceptionable bills, founded U}N)ti real transactions, two approved names being required u|)on every bill ornote discounted; these arc called discount accounts. The application of parties who desire to open discount accounts at the branch are forwarded every Saturday to the parent establishment for ap. proval, and an answer is generally received in about ten days. When ajiproved, good bilU may be discounted at the branch without reference to London. Bills payable at Swaniica, liondon, or any other place where a branch is established, are discounted under this regula- tion. The dividends on any of the public funds, which are payable at the Bank of Eng- land, may be received at the branch, by persons who have opened ' drawing accounts,' after signing powers of attorney for that jiurpose, which the branch will procure from London, No charge is made in this case, except the expense of the power of attorney and the postages. Purchases and sales of every description of government securities are ctfected by the branch at a charge of } per cent., which includes brokerage in London, and all expenses of post' age, &c. A charge of } per cent, is also made on paying at the Bank of England. bilU accepted by persona having drawing accounts at Swans<'a, such bills to be advised by the branch ; also for granting letters of credit on London, or on the other branches. The brancli grants bills on London, payable at 21 days' date, without acceptance, for sums of 10/. and upwards. Persons having drawing accounts at Swansea may order money to be paid at |^ the Bank in London to their credit at this place, and vice versa, without expense. The branch may be called upon to change any notes issued and dated at Swansea ; but they do not change the notes of the Bank in London, nor receive them in payment, unless as a mat- ter of courtesy where the parties are known. Bank post bills, which are accepted and due, are received at the branch from parties having drawing accounts, and taken to account with- out any charge for postage; but unaccepted Bank post bills, which must be sent to London, arc subject to the charge of postage, and taken to account when due. No interest is allowed on deposits. No advance is made by the branch upon any description of landed or other property, nor is any account allowed to be overdrawn. The notes are the same as those issued by the parent establishment, except being dated Swansea, and made payable there and in London. No note issued exceeds the sum of 500/. and none are for a lesa amount than 51." (13.) Act for the Renewal of the Charter. — We subjoin a full abstract of the act 3 &4 Will. 4. c. 98., continuing the charter, and regulating the exclusive privileges of the Bank of England. The first section, after referring to the acts 39 tt 40 Geo. 3. c. 28., and the 7 Geo. 4. c. 46., goes on to declare that It Is expedient that certain exclusive privilesesof banking be continued to the Governor and Compnny of the Uank of England, for the period, aiid upon the terms and cunditions hereinafter nientiiincil. — i 1. JVii Banking Company of more than 6 Persons to issue JV«te» payable on Demand within London, or 65 Jlfi7e« //lerei,/.— That during the continuance of the said privilege, no boily politic or corporate, and no society or company, or persons united or to lie uniled in covenants or partnerships, exceediiiK 6 persons, bliull luuke or issue in Luuduii, or witiiiiiG5 miles tlicreof, any liill of e.\chunge or prouiissorr * note, or en same may i 7«eii. •». c, f nmnnny. oi Ini himinem ne«» or est.i Honed, ) to r the nninniihi nteni or n|e for the piirp rp-lsiiied In Companies the Intention Jeit ni'verlh pxrhialve prl c. Id. or any of hnnklnc : tl'llt of Hllch therefore dei' ship, althoiiK I.niidon. or w iriny, or pan billii or noie!< during the ro Hunk of Rnirl M Bank >/ ^f — Frofn am and Company anil hiisinesi ■hall he made lawful for the the name, to is pnyahle et the cnnlrary nntwl Kirlnsire Pri one year's nofi and upon repay cipal money, Ini pany at the tin event of such n inir (ranted hy vole or re«oliiil( and delivered f deemed and adj Bank Xiiles to giiKt, 1H3I, iinles vernor and Com a letal tender, tr der to such ainoi legally made, so coin ; provided a Governor and Cr pany i hv iho sn at any branch bn Company, not ini be liable to pay i Company, or of t Bills not having missnry note mail mnnth.i to run, si to pay or receive shall the liahility statute or law in I Ing, indorsing, or than the present r nn any such bill oi other penalty or I United Kingdom t Accounts of Bull An account of the Governor and Con milted weekly to t solidited at the ei months, made froi nc.It succeeding Lf Pnlilie to pan the from the public to I said Governor and Capital Stock of t Company of the B.i of October, 183», t( out of or by means or out of or by mea politic or corporate on the said .IthofC prnpri.atlon, not inc general court, or ai vision, then, but no same is hereby dec to the sum of 10,9|J duction ihall take | h2 BANK OF ENOT.VND. 99 DIfMtiKli iJm. at the iact3&4 the Bank I, goes on to le Govp'nor lliereinafter bndon, orii Ipnr.ile, i>nd Vceeding 8 llirouiissory 4 i note, or miiii«f mcnt for lh« pnymAnl of money on ilemnnil, or upon whlrh nny ppr»on liolitint the »nin« nmy nhtnln pnvnipnt on ilfrnrincl : provtilpil rtlwnya, lli:i( iiiilliiiiK licri'in or in Ihi' milil iirt of iha 7 Ufn. 4. c. 10. ronlnini'il nhiill hr rnniil 'I'll ••' prr vcnl Hny bmly piiliiic or rorporiili-, or .(iiy ••icirey or fnmpnny.or hicorpiriilfil ronip'inyori .por'itlon.or ro-pnrlni'r«hl|i, cnrryinuonnnillriiimuc linic Inink- Ini himlnMiiii rit niiy irrnicr ilUtiihrp thnn A^ intli'ii Troin l.onilon, iiiiil not li:ivin|{ :iny hmiNi* of Inixl- nn'» Of patnMi«hin>-nt im ImnkPra In l.oiidon, or wllhln fli mlli'* llirrnof, (i-iri'i-pi im lii>ri'lriiil1iTr ini-n- linni'ii.) to mnk)* nnil iMnnthflr hill* and noti>ii,pnynhlH onilcnmnil or otliprwlm-, m Hn; p| in- al which (hf anniftuhnll hn lnDin-d, heiiig nmrp Ihiin A) iiillpa from l.oiiiloii, iiiiilaliio in l.oniloii, nnil to hnvi- iiii nfpnt or nifnt* In l.onilon, or iit nny othi-r plnri> iil whlrh aiii'li hllU or noti-ii iihiill hn nmiti- p^iynhlc, for th« pnrpoap of pnyinent only, hiit no aiirh hill or notn Nhnll he lor iiny luiii Ima thiiii :>t , or hn rp-iiiaiii*il In London, or within AA inllna thfrnof.— ^ 3. Companin or Parttirrfhipa man rurrynn Banking ill London, nr irithinfii MHitthtreuf —And whi-ri-n« IhP intention of thia nrt la, thnt the Hunk of Kniliind ahoilld, diirliiK Ihn pnrlod aliilcil in Ihia nil (aiih- jcrt ni-vi>|p«H to aiirh rrdeinptlon iia Im deacrlhfd In thla nrt), rontlniin to holil and enjoy nil llin rxrliiaivR privllpcca of hnnkiiiR Riven hy the net .Iil k, 40 (Jeo. 3. r. 'iH. na reKulntvd hy the iicl 7 (]i-o. 4. r. lA. or nny prior or aiihai-iinent net or nria of pnrlliiinent, hut no other or further e.trliiaive privileKu of hnnkini : nnd wherena doiihta hnvn nriaen na to the ronatriirtlon of the aiiid ncta, niid aa to the ex> tent of aiirh escrliiaive privilege ; nnd it ia expedient thnt nil aiii-h iliiiilitM ahoiilil h>' reiiioveil, he it therefore derlnred nnd ennrted, thnt nny hody politic oreorpornle, or aociety, or company, or partner- ahip, althnnch ronaiallni of more thnn ^ peraona, inny cnrry on the trnde nr hiiaineaa of hnnking in I.niiilon, or within A5 milea thereof, provided Ihnl atich hody politic or corporiite, or aocii-iy, or coin- iiuny. or pnrtnerahip, do not horrow, owe, ortnke up in Knulniid nny aiini or aiiina of money on their billa or notea pnynhle on demnnd, or nt nny leaa time thnn ti inoiitha from the liorrovvinit thereof, diirlni the rnntiniinnce of the prlvilegea grnnteil hy thia act to the anid (iovernor and Company of Ihn Bunk of EnBlnnd.— J X Alt Bunk itf Kiirlnnit Jifatei jxiyahle on Demand infued ottl of l.nndon payable al the Place 'phere itsueil, ^f — Froin nnd after the lat of Aiinnat, |S3|, nil promlaaory notea |iaynlileon demand of the (iovernor and Company of the Hank of Rnglnnd laaiied at nny pince in Kniflnml out of l.ondiui, wli'-re the tradn anil biiaineaa of hanklnv ahall he carried on for nnd on hchalf of the Bnid (Jovernor nod Company, •hull he nmde paynhle at (he place where aiich promlaaory notea ahall he laaiii>d ; and it ahall not b« lawful for the anid flovernor nnd Company, or nny committee, npeiil, cnshier, olBcer, or aervunt of the anme, to iaaiin nt nny plnre out of London, nny promiaaorv no(e payalile on demaml iio( mnrio pnyahle rt the place where the anme ahall he iiaiied, nny thing in the said act 7 fJeo. 4. c. 46. to thu coiitrnry notwithatanding.— J 4. Eirlaaire PriMle/ret In end upon One Year's M'ntir.e al the end of \0 Yeum after ^njruef, 1»<34.— Upon one year'a notice given within A inontha nfteV the expirntion of 10 yenra from tin- lat of AuKuat, 1K.1I, and upon repay ment hy pnrliamen( (o (he aaid Oovernor nnd ('omitnny, or their aiicceaaora,of nil prin- cipal money, ln(erea(, or nnniiidea which may he due from (he puhlic (o (he aaid (iovernor nnd Com- pany nt the time of the expiration of aiirh notice, na ia hereinnfler atipuhKed and provided in (he even( of such notice being deferred iindl nfter (hi^ la( of Aiieiia(, IHS't, the excluaive privilenea of liank- inggrnn(ed hy (hia net ahall centre nnd detitrmine at the expiration of auch year'a notice; ami any vote or rcaolution of the House of Commona, aignilled hy the Speaker of the anid hoiiae in writing, and delivered nt the puhlic ofiire of the aaid (iovernor and Company, or their aucceaaora, ahull bo deemed nnd ndjiidged to he n aiilflcient iio(ice.— j.*). Bank JVottslo he a legal Tender, eieepl al Ihe Bank and Branch Bankn.—Frnm nnd after (he la( of Au- giiat, 1^31, iinleaa nnd until parlininent ahall otherwiae direct, a tender of a note or iiotea of the (ioh vernnr nnd Couipnny of the Bank of Rngland, exprcaaed to he pnyahle to hearer on demnnd, shall be a leiai tender, to the ninoiint expreaaed in auch note nr notea, nnd'ahnll he (nken (o lie valid aa a ten- der to auch amount for all aiima above .M. on nil or.caaiona on which any tender of money mny bo leinlly made, an long aa the Rank of (England ahull continue to |my on demand their aaid notea in legal coin ; provided alwnya, (hat no auch no(e or nn(ea ahall he deemed n li-sal tender of pnymen( hy (h« Governor nnd Company of (he Bank of England, nr nny branch bank of (he anid Governor and Com- pany i hii' the aaid Oovernor nnd Company are nn( (o become liable or be required (o pay and aatiafy at any branch hank of (he aaid Governor and Company, nny nn(e or no(ea of (he said (Jovernor nnd Company, nn( made apecinlly payable n( auch hrnnch bank ; hii((he said Governor nnd Company ahnll be liable to pay and aadafy nt the Bank of England In London all notea of the anid Governor and Company, or of any brnnclii thereof.—) 0. Bill$ not having more than 3 Months to run, not subject to Usury Laws. — No bill of exchange or pro- misaory note made paynhle nt or within 3 mon(ha after (he da(e thereof, or not having more (hnn 3 mnn(h3(o run, shall, hy reason of any in(erest tnken thereon or secured thereby, nr nny agreement (n pay or receive nr nlJow in(erest in discounting, negotindng or (rnnsferring (he snme, be void, nor shall the liability of any party to any bill of exchange or promissory note be affected by rensonof any statute nrlaw in force fi>r the prevention of usury ; nor shall any person or persons drnwing, accept- ing, indnrains, or signing any such hill or note, nr lending or ndvnncinit any money, nr taking mora thnn the present rate of legal interest in Great Britain and Ireland respectively for (lie loan of money nn nny such bill or nn(e, he subject to any penalties under any statiKe or law relating to usury, or any o(her penally or forrei(ure ; nny (hiiig in nn)| law nr a(atute relating to usury in any part of (he Uni(ed Kingdom (o (he cnn(rary nntwi(hs(anding.— ) 7. Aeeounls of Bullion and uf ffotet in Circulation tu he tent weekly to the Chancellor of Ihe Exchequer. — An accnun( of the amount of bullion and securities in the Bnnk of England belonging (n (he said Governor and Company, nnd of notes in circulation, nnd of deposits in (he said liank, shall be (rans- mlKed weekly (o the Chancellor of the Exchequer for (he (ime being, and such accoun(8 shall be con- solidi(ed a( (he end of every mon(h, and an average state of (he Bank accoun(s of (he preceding 3 mnn(hs, made from such consolidated accounts as aforesaid, shall be published every month in the next succeeding London Gazette. — )8. Puhlic to pan the Bank i Part of 1 4,(i8A,800I.— One fourth part of the debt of I4,686,800{., now due from the public to the Governor nnd Company of the Bank of England, shall, and may be repaid to the said Governor nnd Company. — J 9. Capital Slock of the Bank may be reduced.— K general court of proprietors of the said Oovernor and Company of the Bank of England shall be held some time between the passing of this act nnd the 5(h of Or(ober, 183}, to determine upon the propriety of dividing and appropriating (he sum of 3,6.38,'iM){. out of or by means n' the sum to be repaid to the snid Governor and Company as before mentioned, or nut of or by means of the fund to be provided for that purpose amongst the several persons, bodies polidc or corpnra(e, who may be prnprie(ora of the capitnl stock of the said Governor and Company on the said ,Mh of Oc(ober, 1834, and upon the manner and the time for making such division and ap- propriation, not inconsistent with the provisions for that purpose herein contained ; and in caae auch general cnurt, nr any ndjourned general court, shall determine thnt i( will be proper (o make such di- vision, then, but not otherwise, (he cnpl(al stock of the said Governor and Company shall be, and the same is hereby declar"d to he reduced from the sum of I4,5.')3,000/., of which the same now consists, to the sum of 10,914,7301., making a reducdon or difference of 3,6:i8,']50(. cnpitnl 8(ock, nnd such re- duction shall take place firom and after the Mb of October, 1634; and thereupon, out of or by meana b2 19 i V I M BANK OF ENGLAND. h - I ofthn ■iim to b«t ffpuld lo th« •nlit Onvprnnr nnrfiir«ni»>nll<>nr(l,nr niil nfnrhy mciin* Mfthn fund Id hr prnvlilcil for Ihiil |iiir|M>ii>, (lii> mini iir:i,n:in,'i.'iO/. uti-rlini, or micli tiropnrllnn or Ihf) milil riinil na nhiill r«|iri'iiMil Itin iniiin, aliiill I>h n|i|iri>|trlHtt|>rli'li>r« of llii* milil mini of I l,^5:l,ll(M)/. Il.iiik mock on (hit NKliI Mil iifOrmbpr, |N3t, nl ihn rate iil' V>l ulifrllni fur pv«ry IIMM. oT iliiiik ■hitk which mich pariKinii, IhmIIhi |M)llllr ninl coriMirnln, iiiny Ihi^n h«> |iri>prlt*liira i>r, iir ahnil Iibvk utiiiiilliig In Ihrlr r«ipff<'llvi< nmncii In tho hamki knit hy ihn 'iilil (lovi-riior nnil <'onipaiiy for lh« unlry iiiiil irnnifer uf ■urh ulnrk, nnil an hi pri)|Kirl|iin (iir a (rvnliT or lea««(liii'llnn of llif ahnm of each priiprlnlor in ihn inpllal atock of lint milil (Invcrnor and (.'oni|iany of Ihi' Hank of Knglnnd, hy the rcpaynit-nl of aiiih { pari llicrKof, ahall mil dla(|iialll'y Ihr prcaiinl fn- vi'rnor, dt'iiiity govnrnor, nr dirnrlora, or any or I'lthar of Ihiini, or any loVKrnor.di-pnly Rovrrnor, or dlriictor who may h« rhoirn in lhi> room of ihn pri-iPiit (ovi'rnor, di-piily iiovi'rntir, or diri'clort at any llniR hvfntK Ihn (nnnral rourt of Ihn lald (lovnrnor and ('oiii|Miny lo lin liuld linlwi-nii Ihu Ulli of March and .iin 35lh of April, IHIIS : provtdnd Ihal at thu anid HfiiiTJil coiirl, and from and aflnr tlio ■amn, no fovf rnor, deputy Kovnrnor, or dlrnrlor of the aald cor|ioralloii ahall lin ca|>nbln of hi-lnf choien lurh (overnor, dnpiity (ovprnor, or dirnctor, or ahull continue In hi* or thair rra|M>ctlve oincni, unleaa hi> or Ihny rna|i«ctlvi-ly ahull nl Ihn tlnin of aiirh cholcn huvr, and diirinf aiirli hia rvapertlva olflrn ronllniip lohave, In hU and their rnapi'itlvn nunin, In Ilia and llivir own riKht, and for Ilia and ihnir own iiai>, ihn rnapnctlvi' aiiiiia nr aliarna of and In Ihn rnpltal alock of thn aald ciirporntlon In and by thn rhnrtnr of thn aald «;ovnrnor and Company praicrlbud aa lh« i|unlillcatliin of (overnor, deputy fo.nrnor, and dlrnclora rnapi-cllvnly,— J II. Proprielom not lo he dijif Hu/i^lrd.— I'riivldnd niao, and bn It nnarlnd, that no proprlntor ahnll lin dii- rinnllllnd from ullnndliiir iind votlnR nt any Ki'iinral nnirt of lliu aald (iovnriior and Conipanv lo Im huld bi-twnen thn aald illi of Oitolinr, lr*;il, and Ihn iAlh of Aiirll, IHII), In roiianiiiinnrn of thn ahum of ■iich proprintor of thn capital atock of the aald (lovnrnor and Company havini! bnen rediicud hy am h rnpnymnnt aa nfornaald bnlow thn aiini of MKX. of thn aald capital alock ; iirovidnd aiicU proprintor hud in hia own name thn full aiim of HMU. of thn aald capital atock on thn aald Mh of October, IHM ; nor ■hnll any proprintor bn rnnillrnd, bntwnnn thn anid Sih of Oclub«r, IH34, and the tUth of April, 183S, tu takn Ihn oath of i|ualincHtlon In the aald charter.— j I'i. Bank to tlrduft I30,INM)/. from Sum allowed for Miinu/rmenl of M'lilional /)eft/.-— From and ofter tha lal of AilviiHt, IN3I, thn aald (iovnrnor and < 39 &. 40 (Ino. 3. c. 'iM. iifornNaid, aa bnlonKin,'< to or rnjoynd by the (lovnrMor and (Company of the llnnli orRngland,or by nny aiibanqiinnt net nrncta of purllnmnnt, ahall be nnd the aame nrn hereby dnclnrnd lo hn III full force, and continund by Ihia act, except ao far aa Ihe aniiin are altnrnd by tliia act, aiibjnt nnvnrthelnaatn aiich redemption upon Ihn tnrma andconditlona following; (that ia toauy,) that at uny time, u[H)n 19 montha' notien to he given nl^nr the lat of Augiiat, IM53, and upon repayment by par. liainent to thn anid (Jovnrnor nnd Company, or their aiicceaaora, of the aiim of 11,015,100/., being the debt which will rnmnin dun from thn public lo Ihn anid (iovernor nnd Company after Ihe paymeni of Ihe I of the debt of l4,(MS,hO>/. na lierein-bcfore provided, willioiit niiy dndiiction, diacouiit, or almte- tnent whatanever, and u|ion payment to thn anid Oovernor and (^oinpnny nnd tlieir aucceaaora of all arrnara of the aiim of 100,000/. |>er annum in the aald act of 30 b. 40 Ono. 3. nforeanid mentioned, to- gether with the Intereat of nnniiitina payable u|>on the aald debt or in rnapnct thereof, and uImo upon rnpnymnni of nil the principal und intereat which ahnll be owing unto the anid Governor and Coniim. ny and Ihnir aucceaaora upon nil such talliea, n.xchequer otdera, exchequer billa, or parliamentnrr funda which the aaid fJovernor nnd Company, or their aucceaaora, ahull have reiiinlning In their liandi or be entitled to at the time of auch notice to he given na laat aforeaaid, then and In auch cnac, and not till then, (nnleaa under the proviao herein-befnre contained,) the anid excliiaive privllegea of banking granted by tlili act ahall ceaie and determine at the expiratluu uf auch notice of 13 month] -« 14. J Tablt$ exhibiting a Vuv) of th* Circulation, Depoiita, Pru/ltt, ^e. of the Bank of England. ' No. I.— A return of the Number of Peraona convicted of Forgerv, or paaaing forged Notea and Poit BilK of the Bank of England, in each Year, from 1791 to IHStf, inclualve. raan. Canilal CoQ«icUoM. OonvklinM (or hivinir rorndBaiik Notctin Total Num. ber of Con- viclinm aich Tean. Cupitil Conmctioiia. Conirictiaat (ur bavlna (onnd Bank Nolea in Tol»l Num. I«r of con- oid iniu each PnmwioB. Yar. PoiMMinn. Year. 1791-1796 nil. nil. nil. 1813 9 49 58 1707 1 — 1 1814 5 39 44 1798 11 ^— 11 1813 8 51 59 1799 13 — 13 1816 30 64 104 1800 89 — 39 1817 33 03 138 1801 93 1 33 1818 63 163 927 1803 39 13 44 1819 33 160 193 1803 7 8 1830 77 975 333 1804 IS ' 8 91 1831 41 93 134 1803 10 14 34 1893 16 16 180« nil. 9 1633 6 6 1807 1« S4 40 1834 5 5 1808 9 S3 33 1835 9 3 1809 33 99 53 1836 18 4 93 1810 10 16 36 1837 94 34 IHII S 19 34 1838 10 10 1813 30 96 33 1839 13 1 14 i O M 1780 vm 1701 M I7W ■ 1703 -8 I71M • & 17119 17WI , 1 1707 •• I7IM 'f 1700 1 t Thn llnnli icted for tl The Bunk of England does not posieaa the means of stating or distinguishing the punishmcnti in- flicted for the said crime*. BANK OF ENGLAND. M iir iilinle- lors (if all tloiieil, to- uIho ii|)on III Coiiipa. liitiiient.iry tlieir liandi CHIC, and rivlleges of 13 nioiulu. Tolil Norn. ber of coD- victtniit each Year. 58 44 M) 104 138 23T 193 333 134 10 6 5 8 33 34 10 _14 bmentf io- ^o II.— A Rmim ofih« Nnmbrr of Pirioti* r.on»lried nf Firgfry on lh»> Pnnli nf Rntlnnrt rnn- nrrloit with lhi< Piibllr Kiiiiili, Hlllt of Exch«n|«, or othsrwlin, exrcpt lUiik Nol«i, Jic, tn nacb Y«nr, froiii I7UI in IM3U, im lualvn. CMflMlMb 1 I7W 1 1791 - nil. I71H 3 I79S7 1794 V - - nil. 1799) \1M 3 1797 • nil I7UH 3 1799 • nil. Ctnki^am. CMttetlaw. INOO IHiP . . nil '^*' I .11 IttOI • . all. |N|| . . 3 iNin INI3 • - nil 1^33 . . 1 INK! INIJ . . 9 IH33 - - nil. IWH INI4 • - 1 IH-M , - 1 INflS 1HI5 - - nil. l*« ] mm . nit. INIA . . 9 ""*• „ll |N<)7 INI7 • • 3 IW • • - n" IWM . . nil. I**'" I nil IN|9f - • "" IWW |N(IO 1 INTO . . S Th« Ibink nf F.nirland ilo<>ii not pna«>M the ineuni of itatlni or dlillnfulililni tbo piinifhinenti In flicud for the lald criim.-i.— (3(lih nf May, l-^SO.) 31 Au(uat, 1778. Clrriilalion - DepoalM 31 AuRUil, 1770. rirculatlon - DepoilU 31 Auguat, 1780. rirculMlon - Depoiiti 31 Attgiut. 1781. Circulation - Depoiitt 31 Aufiiit, 1783. Circulation - Depotila 30 Aufnit, 1783. Circulation - Depoiita 31 ADfUBl, 1784. Circulation - Depoaiti 31 Aufuat, 1785. Circulation - DepotiM 31 Augnit, 1760. CIrculntion - Depotita £ 0,758,070 4,715,580 ll,473,».'M) 7,370,540 5,301,040 19,477,580 8,341,000 0,6.55,800 19,957,400 0,300,430 5,991,0.10 19,931,060 0,759,310 0,759,450 13,518,700 6,307,570 6,105,650 19,419,990 5,599,510 6,967,130 11,859,640 6,570,650 6,353,330 13,833,660 6,184,330 5,867,310 14,051,570 31 Aiisiiat, 1778. a 1.1 J IMltlllC Hncuritica • |,.,ivBU - BuUlun ... . . . Real, l.%3,740r. 31 AiiKimt, 1770. neciirltica Bullkin t I'lihllc I Privnte . - . Real, l,355,560(. 31 AiiRiiM, 1780. apciiriiiea . | ] Bullion Piililic Priraio Rncuritiea Bullion • Real, 1,397,5101. 31 Aiigiiat, 1761. 5 Pill i Pri PiiMIc rivale • • - Real, 1,749,040/. 31 Aiiguat, 1789. «ecu,me. . {{:;^x : Bullion . - . . • • Real, 1,031,5801. 30 AiiKiial, 1783. Seeuritiei - j P;'^';'^,^ ". Bullion ... . . - Real. 3,018,0601. 31 Aniriiat, 1784. Securllle. - {^^^l^^,, I Bullion - . - . • - Beat, 3,904,5701. 31 AngHRi, 1789. securitie. - {?;f;i?3 : Bullion ... . - . Beat, 3,608,0301. Si Aiigiiat, 1786. se.uri.ie. - {?y/;«i^, : Bullion . - . . • . Belt, a,e38,a60{. 6,.540.133 ) 3,087,337 / 7,403,649 ■» 3,356,191 ; 6,740,514 I 3,003,096 i 6,609,4.57 ) 4,501, K>3) 8,867,573 ? 4,496,917 j 0,566,037 ) 4,375,7633 8,435,777 7 4,088,603 3 6,735.891 1 3,318,679 5 r,088,141 \ 2,300,5303 £ 0,697,970 3,198,490 19,750,390 9,840,840 3,983,300 13,833,140 10,345^10 4,179,370 14,534,910 11,110,510 3,863,590 1:1,973,100 13,483,700 1,056,550 15,440,340 13,841,800 500,060 14,431,880 19,594,380 1,530,830 14,06 310 0,044,570 9,4tf7,O40 15,431,610 10.378,780 6,311,050 16,689,830 5 :4 •(.. J *: H- i t' ' , ^■* ^ ' t 02 BANK OF ENGLAND. Amount of Notes In CIrculntInn, niid Dcpogiti, and Beciirltleg held by the Bnnk— eon(inu«({. 31 Aiiguit, 1787. Circultttion - Deposit! 30 August, 17S8. Circulation • Deposits 31 August, 1789. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1790. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1791. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1793. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1793. Circulation - Deposits 30 August, 1794. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1795. Circulation - Deposits • 31 August, 1796. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1797. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1798. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1799. Circulation - Deposits £ 9,685,720 5,631,540 15,317,360 10,002,880 5,538,640 l.'S,531,530 11,121,800 6,402,450 31 August, 1787. Securities - j ^jl^Ji",^ ; Bullion . . - . - - Rest, 3,839,400/. 30 August, 1788. securities - {J.t"^., ; Bullion - . . 17,584,350 11,433,340 6,190,300 17,633,540 11,673,320 6,437,730 18,110,050 11,006,300 5,526,480 16,532,780 10,865,050 6,442,810 17,307,860 10,286,780 5,935,710 16,222,490 10,862,300 8,154,980 19,017,180 Securities Bullion Rest, 3,937,9002. 31 August, 1789. C Public I Private . - • Rest, 3,819,370{. 31 August, 1790. securities - {^'te I Bullion ... ... Rest, 2,757,310/. 31 August, 1791. J Public X Private r curities Bullion Rest, 3,765,400/. 31 August, 1793. Securities - Bullion I Public (. Private Rest, 2,730,510/. 31 August, 1793. j Public X Private Securities - Bullion - .J - Rest, 2,833,830/. Securities 30 August, 1794. 5 Public i Private Bullion . - - Rest, 3,994,080/. Securities Bullion 31 August, 1795. S Public X Private 9,246,790 6,656,320 15,903,110 11,114,130 7,765,350 18,879,470 13,180,610 8,300,730 30,481,330 13,389,490 7,643.340 21,031,730 ... Rest, 3,109,090/. 31 August, 1796. Securities - \l^^^^ ; Bullion ... - - - Rest, 3,245,310/. 31 August, 1797. Securities - 5 Public Etecuriues ^p^vate . Bullion ... - - - Rest, 3,471,320/. 31 August, 1798. Securities . ^ P^Wic oecuruies J Private - Bullion ... - - - Rest, 3,414,410/. 31 August, 1799. securities - {^ub.ic^ ; Bullion - - . • - - Rest, 2,899,490/. 8,066,303 7 3,787,357 J 8,840.068 7 3,730,352 5 9,661,8591 2,035,901 S 0,047,257 1 1,956,263 1 10,921,300) 1,898,640 J 10,715,041 ■> 3,190,869/ 10,381,8381 4,427,842 5 8,863,048 ) 3,583,412 \ 13,350,904^ 3,739,016 j 0,875,347 ^ 6,150,1335 8,765,324 ■) 9,495,9465 0,930,038^ 6,419,6035 0,453,955 •> 7,477,485 5 £ 11,853,660 6,393,000 18,140,660 11,570,320 6,899,160 18,469,480 11,697,760 8,645,860 20,343,620 12,003,520 8,386,330 20,389,850 13,819,940 8,055,510 20,875,450 13,905,910 5,357,380 19,263,290 14,809,680 5,332,010 30,131,690 13,446,460 6,770,110 19,216,570 16,989,020 5,136,350 23,126,270 17,025,470 2,122,950 19,148,420 18,261,170 4,089,620 23,350,790 17,349,640 6,546,100 S3,895T4{r 16,930,440 7,000,780 33,931,220 I Amo 30 Au Circulat Deposit BANK OF ENGLAND. 08 Amonnt of Notes in CirculRtlnn, and Ppposits, and Securities helJ by the Ba nk— cowtiTiutJ. £ 11,853,660 6,293,000 30 August, 1800. Circulation . Deposits 31 August, 1301. Circulation . DeposiU 31 August, 1802. Circulation • Deposits 31 August, 1803. Circulation . Deposits 31 August, 1804. Circulation - Deposivs 31 August, 1805. Circulation . Deposits 31 August, 1806. Circulation . Deposits 31 August, 1807. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1808. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1809. Circulation . Deposits 31 August, 1810. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1811. Circulation . Deposits 31 August, 1813. Circulation . Deposits £ 15,047,180 8,335,060 30 August, 1800. securities - \^^ I Bullion . . . Best, 3,906,630/. 31 August, 1801. securities . {^, I Bullion ... . . . Rest, 3,854,890/. 31 August, 1803. securities . {^^, 2 Bullion ... . . . Rest, 4,168,370/. 31 August, 1803. securities - {^^^^^ 2 Bullion ... . - . Rest, 4,710,770/. 31 August, 1804. securities - {ruh'ic^ ; Bullion ... - . . Rest, 4,836,450/. 31 August, 1805. securities - {^1:^1^^ : Bullion ... ... Rest, 4,960,870/. 31 August, 1806. securities . {^-^^-^ I Bullion ... . . . Rest, 5,024,3201. . 31 August, 1807. securities . JJublic^ ; Bullion ... - . . Rest, 4,953,740/. 31 August, 1803. Sscurities - {^j^Wic^ : Bullion ... . . . Rest, 5,136,230/. 31 August, 1809. securities . j?;'"^^^ ; Bullion ... . . . Rest, 5,356,390/. 31 August, 1810. securities - {J,tv'i?e I Bullion ... . . - Rest, 5,754,110/. 31 August, 1811. securities . {^^^ : Bullion ... . - - Rest, 5,964,070/. 31 August, 1813. securities . [l^iH^^^ I Bullion ... . - - Rest, 6,399,600/. £ 13,586,590 ^ 8,551,630 5 11,928,873-) 10,282,697 5 13,.528,599 1 13,584,761 1 13,336,179 1 13,582,661 S 14,993,395 •> 10,833,285/ 11,413,266 -> 16,359,584 $ 14,167,772? 15,305,328 \ 13,410,055 ) 16.526.695 J 14,956,394-) 14.267.696 V 15,307,673? 18,127,597 5 <* — 17,196,677? 23,775,093 J : 21,884,948? 15,199,032;: 91,165,190-) 17,010,930.: £ 22,138,420 5,150,450 18,140,660 23,382,340 27,288,870 11,570,320 6,899,160 14,556,110 8,133,830 22,209,570 4,335,960 18,469,480 22,689,940 26,544,830 11,697,760 8,645,860 17,097,630 9,739,140 27,113,360 3,891,780 20,343,620 26,836,770 31,005,140 12,003,520 8,386,330 15,983,330 9,817,240 28,918,840 3,592,500 20,389,850 25,800,570 30,511,340 12,819,940 8,055,510 17,153,890 9,715,530 25,826,680 6,879,190 20,875,450 26,869,420 31,705,870 13,905,910 5,357,380 16,388,400 14,048,080 27,772,850 7,624,500 19,263,290 30,436,480 35,397,350 14,809,680 5,322,010 31,027,470 9,636,330 29,473,100 6,215,020 20,131,690 30,663,800 35,688,120 12,446,460 6,770,110 19,678,360 11,789,200 29,936,950 6,484,350 19,216,570 31,467,560 36,421,300 16,989,920 5,136,350 17,111,290 13,012,510 29,244,090 6,015,940 22,126,270 30J23,800 35,260,030 17,025,470 2,122,950 19,574,180 12,257,180 33,435,270 3,652,480 19,148,420 31,831,360 37,087,750 18,261,170 4,089,620 !2,350,790 34,703,990 13,617,520 40,973,770 3,191,850 38,411,510 44,165,620 7,349,640 6,546,100 3,895,740 33,286,850 11,075,660 37,083,280 3,343,300 34,362,510 40,326,580 5,030,440 r,000,780 23,026,880 11,848,910 38,176,120 3,099,270 1,931,220 34,875,790 41,275,390 94 Amount of Notes 31 August, 1813^ Circulation • Depoaiti 31 August, 1SI4. Circulation - Deposit! 31 August, 1615. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1816. Circulation - Deposits BANK OF ENGLAND. i nLglrculiition^and Deposils. and aeci irltles held by the Vnnk-tentinue4. 30 August, 1817. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1818. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1819. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1830. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1831. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1833. Circulation - Deposits 30 August, 1S93. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1831. Circulation - Depoaiti 31 August, 1835. Circulation - Depoaiti £ 34,828,130 11,159,730 35,987,850 38,368,390 14,849,940 43,318,330 Securitiei Bullion 31 AiiKust, 1813. , J Public { Private - Rest, 6,830,500i. Securities Bullion 31 August, 1814. f Public i Private 37,348,670 13,696,000 39.944,670 Rest, 7,335,410/. 31 August, 1815. C Public i Private 38,758,730 11,856,380 38,615,100 Securities Bullion - - - Rest, 8,318,550/. 31 August, 1816. Securities - i^ £".'>''•: I Private - Bullion - . . £ 35,591,3.%) 14,514,744 / 34,982,495 ") 13,363,475 / 24,194,086 1 20,660,094 / £ 40,106,080 3,712,270 42,818,350 48,345,960 3,097,660 50,443,640 44,854,180 3.409,040 48,263,220 29,543,730 9,084,590 38,628,370 26,202,150 7,927,730 Rest, 6,227,230/. 30 August, 1817. S Piiblic \ Private 34,139,880 25,253,690 6,304,160 Securities Bullion - - - Rest, 5,645,530/. 31 August, 1818. Securities - !£".''»<: _ „. I Private Bullion ... - - - Rest, 4,604,040/. 31 August, 1819. /Public 1 Private 36,097,431 ■) 11,182,109/ 27,098,238 ) 5,507,392/ 37,357,013 > 5,113,748/ 37,279,540 7,562,780 44,842,320 31,556,850 Securities Bullion 32,605,630 11,668,260 44,273,890 32,370,760 6,363,160 38,733,920 25,419,148 1 6,321,402/ 34,299,340 4,420,910 28,720,250 Securities Bullion Rest, 3,779,060/. 31 August, 1830. . C Public i Private 20,29.1,300 5,818,450 26,113,750 Securities Bjllion Rest, 3,336,950/. 31 August, 1821, . /Public 1 Private Rest, 3,595,380/. 17,464,790 6,399,440 33,864,330 19,331,340 7,827,350 27,058,590 31 August, 1822. ( Public ( Private Securities Bullion - - - Rest, 3,524,240/. Securities Bullion 30 August, 1833. . ? Public t Private 90,133,130 9,679,810 39,811,930 19,396,840 fi.4I0,560 25,80M0flr - - Rest, 3,067,020/. 31 August, 1834. Securities - 11!"''''= n „. I Private Bullion ... - - - Rest, 2,880,030/. 31 August, 1835. Securities - i {""hlic „ „. I Private Bullion ... - - - Rest, 2,930,950/. 19,173,997^ 4,672,123 5 15,752,953 7 2,722,587 5 13,668,359 ^ 3,622,151 i 11,842,677 7 5,624,6935 14,640,187 1 0,255,343 / 17,414,.'W6 7 7,691,464 5 31,740,550 3,595,360 35,335,910 23,846,120 8,211,080 32,057 ,200 18,475,540 11,233,590 29,709,1 3o" 17,290,510 10,097,960 27,388,470 17,467,370 12,658,240 30,125,610 20,904,530 11,787,430 32.691, 960 25,106,030 3,634,320 2«,74(UJr Ani< 31 A Circula Deposit 31 Au Clrculat Depoiiti 90Au| Circulati Deposits 31 Aug Circulatic Deposits SOAugi Circulatioi Depobits 31 Augui Circulation Deposits (Account of t from the ( SUver. Annft is Oa Qi 29 July, 26 August, 23 September 21 Ocloher, 18 November, 16 December, 13 January, 10 February, 10 March, 7 April, S May, 2 June, 30 June, 28 July, as August, 22 September, 20 October, 17 November, la December, 12 January, 1 9 February, • 8 March, ■ 5 April, 3 May, 31 May, 28 June, 26 July, 23 August, 20 September, - 18 October, 15 November, - 13 December. - ntinueA. £ 40,106,060 43,818,350 48,345,960 8,087,660 50,443,640 44,854,180 3,400,040 48,363,2t«) 37,279,540 7,562,780 44,843,320 32,605,630 11,668,260 44,273,890 32,370,760 6,363,160 38,733,920 31,740,550 3,595,360 35,335,910 23,846,120 8,211,080 32,057,200 18,475,540 11,233,590 29,709,130 17,390,510 10,097,960 27,388,470 17,467,370 13,658,240 130,125,610 120,904,530 ll 1,787,430 132,691,960 25,106,030 1 3,634,320 740,1S0 BANK OF ENGLAND. 05 Amount of Notes ir\ Circulation, and Deposita, and Securities held by the Bank— eon«)iu«{. 31 August, 1898. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1837. Circulation - Deposits 30 August, 1838. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1829. Circulation - Deposits 30 August, 1830. Circulation - Depobits 31 August, 1831. Circulation - Deposits £ 31,563,560 7,109,860 38,763,430 23,747,600 8,053,090 30,799,690 21,357,510 10,201,280 31,558,7'JO 19,547,380 9,035,070 28,582,450 31,404,700 11,630,840 33,085,540 18,538,630 9,069,310 37,607,940 Securities Bullion 31 August, 1826. ( Public I Private ... Rest, 3,074,440;. 31 August, 1827. a 1.1 ? Public Securities - |p,ivat« . Bullion ... . . . Rest, 3,863,4001. 30 Aufcust, 1828. _ ... C Public Securities . |p,ivate . Bullion ... ... Rest, 2,845,620/. 31 August, 1839. Securities - {^^^^ I Bullion . . - ... Rest, 3,874,890/. 30 Aucust, 1830. securities - {}^i^^ I Bullion ... • - . Rest, 3,630,630/. 31 August, 1831. Securities - {^^^^ -_ Bullion ... ... Rest, 3,736,850/. £ 17,713,881 \ 7,309,749 ]■ 19,809,595 ■» 3,389,725 / 20,683,776 7 3,:J22,754 i 20,072,440 ") 4,589,370 J 30,911,6161 3,654,074 i 19,056,552 ■> 5,848,478 / £ 35,083,630 6,754,230 31,837,860 23,190,330 10,463,770 33,663,090 23,905,530 10,498,880 34,404,410 24,661,810 6,795,5.'?0 31,457,340 24,565,690 11,150,480 35,716,170 23,905,030 6,439,760 30,344,790 (Account of the Issues, Securities, and Bullion, of the Bank of England, as published in the Gazette* frnm the Commencement of the Publication to the Present Time; distinguishing Gold (lom Silver. Bui ion. Annf in Uie Qutrtwi endinf Dcpmiti. Gold. SiWer. £ £ £ £ £ 29J„ly, 1834 - 19,110,000 15,675,000 28,.'i02,000 8,147,000 451,000 26 August, — 19,147,000 15,384,000 38,679,000 7,930,000 342,000 23 September — 19,136,000 14,751,000 28,691,000 7,460,000 335,000 21 October, — 18,914,000 13,514,000 27,840.000 6,951,000 172.000 18 November, — . 18,694,000 12,669,000 27,I.S8,000 6,589,000 192,000 16Dpcember, — 18,304,000 12,256,000 26,362,000 6,499,000 221,000 13 January, 1835 . 18,013,000 13,585,000 26,390,000 6,489,000 2.'i2,000 10 February, — 18,099,000 12,535,000 26,482,000 6,431,000 262,000 10 March, — 18,311,000 12,381,000 26,657,000 6,274,000 262,000 7 April, — - 18,591,000 11,289,000 26,228,000 6,064,000 265,000 5 May, — - 18,542,000 10,726,000 25,764,000 5,928,000 269,000 2 June, — 18,460,000 10,568,000 25,.W2,000 5,875,000 275,000 30 June, — 18,315,000 10,954,000 35,678,000 5,935,000 284,000 28 July, — - 18,323,000 11,561,000 26,244,000 5,995,000 288,000 2.^ August, — 18,340,000 12,308,000 26,964,000 6,0.19,000 387,000 22 September, — 18,240,000 13,330,000 27,888,000 5,987,000 374,000 20 October, — 17,930,000 14,337,000 38,661,000 5,918,000 268,000 17 November, — 17,549,000 16,180,000 30,069,000 5,998,000 307,000 1 j December, — 17,321,000 17,729,000 31,048 000 6,257,000 369,000 13 January, 1836 • 17,262,000 19,169,000 3I,9.<4,000 6,625,000 451,000 9 February, — 17,427,000 18,366,000 31,033,000 6,957,000 514,000 8 March, — 17,739,000 16,966.000 29,806,000 7,153,000 548,000 5 April, — - 18,063,000 14,751,000 37,937,000 7,239,000 562,000 3 May, — . 18,154,000 13,747,000 37,042,000 7,214,000 568,000 31 May, — . 18,051,000 13,273,000 26,534,000 7,088,000 575,000 28 June, — . 17,899,000 13,810,000 27,15.1,000 6,784,000 578,000 26 July, — - 17,940,000 14,495.000 38,315,000 6,351,000 575,000 23 August, — . 18,061,000 14,706,000 29,345.000 5,766,000 559,000 20 September, — . 18,147,000 14,118,000 29,406,000 5,311,000 508,000 18 October, — . 17,036,000 13,334,000 28,845.000 4,810.000 447,000 15 November, — 17,543,000 13,683,000 38,134,000 4,558,000 375,000 13 December, — 17,361,000 13,330,000 38,971,000 4,54 5,000 Sup.) i r. 06 BANK OF ENGLAND. t, ^ ^ No. IV.— An ureount of the Avcrnfie Market Price of Bull inn in ench Vflar, from 1900 to 1821 (tnken from official Uiiciinienti)), iif the AveraKe Value per Cei.t. of ihe (.'iirrency, enllinated by the Mar- ket Price of (Sold for the name Period, and of the Averane Depri'dation per Cent. y«n. Avenue Price ot Gold perac Avf-n^e per Cent (if Ihe Value of the Currency. Anmge IVpre- cialion per Cent. Yean. Average Price of Gold per mk Avera^ \)tT Cent, of Ihe Value of the Currency. Avenue Deprs. cialion per Cent. £ s. d. £ ». d. £ ». d. £ s. d. £ ». d. £ $. d. ISflO 3 17 10^ 100 Nil. ISII 4 4 6 93 3 2 7 16 10 IMOl 4 5 91 12 4 8 7 8 IH12 4 15 6 79 5 3 20 14 9 1803 4 4 03 14 3 7 5 10 1813 5 1 77 2 23 18 1803 4 97 6 10 3 13 2 1814 5 4 74 17 6 25 2 6 1804 4 97 6 10 2 13 2 1815 4 13 6 83 5 9 16 14 3 1805 4 97 10 2 13 3 1816 4 13 6 83 5 9 1« 14 3 1606 4 97 6 10 2 13 2 1817 4 97 6 10 2 13 2 i8or 4 97 6 10 2 13 3 1818 4 07 6 10 2 13 2 1808 4 97 « 10 2 13 2 1819 4 1 6 95 11 4 1800 4 07 6 10 2 13 2 1820 3 10 11 97 8 2 12 1810 4 10 86 10 6 13 9 6 1821 3 17 lOi 100 Nil. No. v.— An Account of the total Amotint of OiitstandinK Demands on the Rank of England, and likewise the Funds for discharging the same; 30th January, 1819. De. The Bank, To Bank Notes out ... To other debts ; viz. Drawing accounts Audit roll - . . . Exchequer bills deposited And various other debt! Balance of surplus in favour of the Bank of England, exclu- sive of the debt from govern- ment, at 3{. per cent. £11,686,800 And the advance to govern- ment, per 56 Geo. 3. cap. 96. at 31. per cent. £3,000, £ 16,094,430 \ 7,800,150 33,894,580 - 5,202,330 £39,096,900 30th .lanuary, 1819. By advances on government se- curities ; viz. On E.\chequer bills, on malt, &c. 1818 - - . - Bank loan, 1808 - - - Ruppiv, 1816, at 4;. per Cvy Money Payments, TriinHfcr of 5 per Cent. Annnitics, or otherwise, under the IIcadH of Uonurt, Increase of Dividend, and Increase of Capital, betwixt tho asth of February, I7((7, and Hist of March, 1832, in addition to the ordinary Annual Dividend of 7 per Cent, on the Capital Stock of that Corporation, existing in 1797, including therein the whide Dividend paid since June, IHIfl, on their increased Capital ; stating (he Period wlien such Distrilm- tions were mode, and the aggregate Amount of the whole.— (^ppen. No. 29.) Dtnnminatinn .incl Ferindi of Diilribution. In June, 1709 : 102. per cent, bonus in 5 per cents. 1707, on 11,6-12,4001. is May. IHO! : 5/. per cent ditto, in Navy 5 per cents. 4itto November 1K02: 2Z. 10,1. per cent, ditto, ditto, ditto October, ISOl : !)/. per cent, ditto, cash, ditto _ - . October, IHOd : 5{. per cent, ditto, ditto, ditto ... October, 1806: 5/. per cent, ditto, ditto, ditto - . . From April, 1S07, to Oct. \ Increase of dividends at the rate of 3/. per cent, per "" S> 1822, l)oth inclusive [annum on ll,642,400<., is, 16 years From April, 1823, to Oct. \ Increase of dividend at the rate of U. per cent, per 1830, both inclusive /annum on 11,642,4001., is, 7 years . . - In June, 1816 - - Increase of capital at 2J5 per cent., is - - From Oct. '1816, to Oct. 7 Dividend at the rate of 10/. per cent, per annum on 1822, both inclusive 52,910,600/. ' increased capital, is, f>i years id at tho rate of 8/. per cent. I,U00{. increased capital, is, years Aggregate amount of the whole From April, 1823, to Oct. l Divideiul at tho rate of 8/. per cent, per annum on 1831, both inclusive J 2,910,1 ...... Annual dividend payable on flank Stock in 1797, on a capital of 11,642,4002. at the rate of 7/. per cent, per annum ---...- Annual dividend payable since June, 1816, on a capital of 14,553,000{., to October, 1822, inclusive, at the rate of 10/. per cent, per annum - - - - Annual dividend payalde from April, 1823, to the 3l8t of March, 1832, both inclu- sive, on a capital of 14,553,000/., at the rate of 8/. per cent, per annum Amount. 1,161,210 582,120 291,060 682,120 582,120 582,120 5,588,352 814,968 8,910,600 1,891,890 2,095,632 £17,318,070 £814,968 £1,455,300 £1,164,210 Bank of England, 27th of June, 1832. William 8mee, Dep. Acct. ^ \ No. VIII.— An Account of the Profits of the Bank of England, in the Year ending 29th of February, 1H,S2; stating the Description of tlie Securities held by the Bank, and the sources from which the said Profits have accrued. — (AV). 15. Appen. to Report.) Interest on commercial bills ----.. Interest on E.xchequer bills ---.-. Annuity for 45 years (the dead weight account) . . - interest on capital received from government - . . Allowance received for management of the public debt - Interest on loans on mortgages - - - . , - Interest on stock in the public funds - - . . Interest on private loans ...... Profit on bullion, commission, rent, receipts on discounted bills unpaid, ment of the business of the Banks of Ireland, of Scotland, and Royal Scotland, and sundry items ---... inanage- Baiik of £ 130,695 204,109 451,415 446,502 251,896 60,684 15,075 56,941 71,8.59 £1,689,176 No. IX.— Expenses of the Bank of England, for the Year ending 29th of February, 1832. Dr. National debt department Bank notes . - - Banking department £ 164,143 106,092 69,165 £339,400 Cr. Salaries and pensions ... House expenses . - . - Directors' allowance ... Rent Expenses at eleven branches, arising from the banking department Expenses attending the circulation of 3,500,000/. of branch Bank of Eng- land notes, at eleven branches - £ 218.003 30,187 H.ono 40,000 5,702 28,508 £339,400 •J No. X. — An estimated Account of Profit derived by the Bank from Circulation of Promissory Notes, and from Government Business. — {Appen. AV). 23.) Circulation . Government deposits £ - 20,000,000 . 4,000,000 24,000,000, of which two thirds are estimated to be invested in securities, — — ^— and one third in bullion. 13 96 BANK OF ENGLAND. Table X.—tontinued. t' ' Seciirltiei of 10,000,000/. ; viz. 9,000,000 Exchuquer bills - . . - at S^ per cent. 800,000 (tocit - - . . . —3 _ 1,000,000 ndvHnceg for circulation on diieount - —3 — 500,000 country diicount - - - - — 3t — 4,700,000 —44 — 16,000,000 Deduct, Expense of Circulation •.••--. Expense of government deposits . - - - . Stamp duty on circulation ..---. 1 per cent, on ospital (held by government at 3 per cent.) ne Public Debt. Amount received from government for management of the public debt, for ttie year ending 5th nf April, 1832, including life annuities Management ot life annuities, supposed to be transferred Deduct, Expenses for management of the national debt - . . Average of forgeries per annum, during the last ten years - Estimated £ SO'ASOO 24,000 30,000 17,500 193,875 £ 487,875 333,000 £ 134,875 44,000 106,000 10,000 70,000 147,000 251,000 3,000 348,000 204,000 164,000 40,000 l>rofit - - £178,875 No. XI.— State of the Affairs of the Bank of England, 29th of February, 1832. Dr. To Bank notes outstand- ing - - - - To public deposits, viz. Drawing accounts Balance of audit roll Life annuities unpaid Annuities for terms of years unpaid - Excheq uer bills deposited To private deposits, viz. Drawing accounts Various other debts - To the Bank of England for the capital - To balance of surplus in favour of the Bank of England 2,034,790 550,550 85,030 38,360 490,000 5,683,870 54,560 £ 18,051,710 ■ 3,198,730 I 5,738,430 14,553,000 2,637,760 £44,179,630 Cb. By advances on govern ment securities; by Ex chequer bills on the growing produce of the consolidated fund in the quarter ending 5th of April, 18.12 - Ditto, 5th of July, 1832 Exchequer bills on sup- plies, 1825 - Do. for 10,500,000/. for 1825 By the advances to the trus tees appointed by the act 3Geo.4.c. 51. towardsthe purchase of an annuity of 585,740/ for 44 years from 5th of April, 1823 By other credits; viz. Exchequer bills purchased Stock purchased City bonds - - - Bills St notes discounted Loans on mortgages - London Dock Company Advances on security, and various articles By cash and bullion By the permanent debt due from government 3,428,340 697,000 7,600 3,000 2,700,000 764,600 500,000 2,951,970 1,452,100 227,500 570,690 Rest or surplus brought down Bank capital due to proprietors 4,134,940 10,897,880 9,186,860 S,293,1S0 14,886,800 £44,179,630 2,637,76(1 14,533,000 ,» ,''1 l.l £17,190,76 No. XII.— An Account of the Average aggregate Amounts of Public Deposits in the Hands of the Bank, from the Year 1800 ; distinguishing each Ye&t.— (Jlppen. Ao. 24.) Tear. AmouDt Tew. Amount. Tnr. Amount. Tear. Amount. 1 £ £ £ ^ i 1807 12,647,551 1814 12,158,227 1820 3,71.1,443 1826 4,214,271 1808* 11,761,448 1815 11,737,436 1821 3,920,157 1827 4,223,867 1 1809 11,093,648 1816 10,807,660 1833 4,107,853 1828 3,821,697 1810 11,950.017 1817 8,699,1.13 1823 5,526,635 1820 3,862,656 1811 10,191,854 1818 7,066,887 1824 7,222,187 1830 4,761,951! 1812 10,390,130 1819 4,538,373 1825 5,347,314 1831 3,948,102 1 1813 10,393,404 J JV*. B. — The Bank is unable to Airnish correctly the aggregate amount of public deposits prevloui * The Ba'ik advanced, in March, 1808, 3,000,0001., without interest, for the public service, which to continued till April, 1818, on account of public baltncei. Year, 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 170S 11706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 ,875 ,000 1,000 t,000 134,875 44,000 I £178,875 in. 340 n OOO 600 000 4,134,940 m Ira 10,897,880 ■ g,166,8«0 5,293,150 14,886,800 !il |:.- £44,179,630 2,637,7(iO 14,553,000 m m £17,190,7i -I Hands of the Amouol, £ 4,214,271 4,223,867 3,821,697 3,862,656 4,761,954 3,948,102 |ositf previoui vice, which ao / / BANK OF ENGLAND. 09 tn the year 180T: the miNlc ncfounti prior to that periort not helnR required genernlly to he kept at the Bank; and many of «he public accounts at that time were in the niiniei of mdividuals, without reference to tliat part of tlie public service to which the accounts applied. \o XIII.— An Account of the Average agprerate Amounts of Private Deposits in the Hande of the Bank, from the Year 1807 ; distinguishing each Year.— (.«pp«H. JVo. 32.) Vetr. AmMnl. Year. Amount £ £ 1807 1,582,720 1814 2,374,910 1808 i,940,6.10 1815 1,690,490 1809 1,402,190 1816 1,333.120 1810 1,428,720 1817 1,672,800 1811 1,567,920 1818 1,640,210 1812 1.573,950 1819 1,790,860 1813 1,771,310 Veir. 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 Amount, £ 1,325,060 1,326,020 1,373,370 2,321,920 2,369,910 2,607,900 Yf»r. 1826* 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Amount. £ 3,322,070 3,931,370 5,701,280 5,217.210 5,562,250 5,201,370 jV. iJ.— The Bank is unable to return the average aggregate amounts of private deposits for the yeari prior to 1807, as the public and private drawing accounts were not kept separately till that period, when distinct offices were established. No. XIV.— An Account of the annual Average Amount of Commercial Paper under Discount at the Bank, in London, in each Year, from the Year 1795.— (.4ppen. JVo. 59.) Ye«r. AfflOUDt. Yeir. Amount Year. Amount Yfar. Amount £ £ £ £ 1795 2,940,500 1805 11,366,500 1814 13,285.800 1823 3,123.800 1796 3,505,000 1806 12,380,100 1815 14,947,100 1824 2.369,800 1797 5,350.000 1807 13,484,600 1816 11,416,400 1825 4,941,500 1798 4,490,600 1808 12,950,100 1817 3,960,600 1826 4,908,300 1799 5,403,900 1809 15,475,700 1818 4,325,200 1837 1,240,400 1800 6,401,900 1810 20,070,600 1819 6,515,000 1828 1,167.400 1801 7,905,100 1811 14,355,400 1820 3,883,600 1829 2,250,700 1802 7,523,300 1812 14.291,600 1821 2,676,700 1830 919,900 1803 10.747,600 1813 12,330,200 1822 3,366,700 1831 1,533,600 1804 9,982,400 No. XV.— An Account of the Notes, Post-Bills, &c. of the Bank of England In Circulation, on the 28th of February and 31st of August in each Year, from 1698 to 1792 both included, as near as the same can be made up. Year 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 28lh Feb. £ 1,221,290 743.850 938,240 298,860 920,730 933,760 961,990 556,610 996,840 959,820 648,680 707,470 601,580 477,510 738,920 1,221,880 623,610 972,160 1,460,660 2,053,1.^1 2,782,420 1,807,010 2,466,880 2,244,280 3lil Aug. Ye»r. £ 1,240,400 519,150 781,430 763,860 1,030,900 1,214,040 946,010 1,013.150 805,410 824,860 598,940 691,3.50 480,920 573,230 2,025,200 800,810 1,651,780 978,840 1,579.730 2,188,030 1,806.640 1,939.550 3,032.460 2.206,260 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 28tli Feb. £ 2.365.640 3.516.110 3.232.830 3,734.480 3,076.850 .3.888.180 4,574.920 4.152.590 3,998,280 4,451,720 4,251,660 4,385,060 4,203,070 4,627.990 4.907.750 5.215.010 4.766.280 4,347,270 4,550,980 4,841,840 4,471,510! 4,6.V4,890' 4,253,610 4,279,610i 3lit Aug. £ 3,006,430 3,482,210 3,8.57,710 3,343,400 3,152,340 4,677,640 4,513,790 4,199,910 4.416.870 5.249.880 4.592.400 4.543.000 4.671.930 4.738.550 5.077,570 4.414,690 4,609.420 4,1.52,420 4.444,000 4,084,450 4,911..390 4,250.180 4,270,590 3,465,350 Year. 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 17.57 17.58 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 17tH) 1767 1768 1769 28lh Feb. £ 3,383,720 4,107,420 3,894,650 .3,737,110 3,964.970 4.022,160 4.444.960 4.401,580 4,062.870 3.950,650 4.100.790 5,319.130 5,320.590 4,586,840 4.969.250 5 632.350 5.741.090 5.999.910 5.,501.800 0.316,670 .5.617,570 5.510.990 5.778.990 5,707,190 3lit Aug. £ 3,842,500 3,652.310 3.789.720 4.183.390 4.318.490 5.195.310 4.750,350 4.420.290 4,081.280 4,115.280 4.516.360 5.149.940 t.SOl.UO 4,809,790 4,936,280 5,246,680 5,886,980 5,314.600 6.210,680 5,.356.490 5.246.410 4.883.440 5.415,530 5,411,450 Year, 28lh Feb. 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 17811 1782 1783 1784 1 785 1 1 7861 17871 1788' 1789, 1790 1791 1792 £ 5,237,210 6,822.780 5.962.160 6,037,060 7,550,780 9,135.930 8.699.720 8,712.230 7.440.330 9,012.610 8,410.790 7,092,450 8,028,880 7,675,090 0.202.760 5.923,090 7.581.960 8,329,840 9.561.120 9,807.210 10,040,540 11,439,200 11,307,380 31it Aug. £ 5,736,780 6,014,110 5,987.570 6.362.220 9.886.220 8..398.310 8,551.090 7.753.590 6,758.070 7.276.540 6,341,600 6,309,430 6,759,310 6,307,270 5.592,510 6,570,650 8.184.3.30 9,685.720 10.002.880 11.121.H00 n.4.3.3..140 11,672.320 11,006,300 JV. B.— No previously published table of the circulation of the Bank of Eneland extends further back than 1777 ; we are indebted to the Court of Directors for being able to supply this striking de- fect, and to exhibit, for the first time, the circulation of the Bank, from within four years of ita establishment down to the present day, * The increased amount of deposits in this and the following years, arose from the increase of accounts. i :4 100 BANK OF ENGLAND. No. XVI.— An Arroiint of thn Amount of Hnnk Note* In Clrriilatlon on tho nndprmrntloned Dnyi ; (li.^tingiiiiiliinK tlio Uank I'ust Uills, und thu Amount of NotcB under Five I'uumli, with the AKgrv- Riilc uf tliB whole. ' 1 ' < * 17W 1793 1794 1795 1796 179T 1799 1790 1600 ISOl 1803 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 182T 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 Fcbrunry 25 Ani{U8t 23 Fehrunry 26 AiieiiKt 26 Fijhrunry 26 AuKiiRt 26 Fehrunry 26 Aiiituat 26 February 26 AuKUBt 26 February 25 Auguiit 26 February 26 AugiiRt 25 February 26 AugUHt 26 February 25 August 26 February 26 AUKUst 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 25 August 25 February 26 August 26 February 25 August 26 February 26 August 36 February 26 August 26 February 25 August 26 February 26 August 25 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 25 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 20 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 36 August 36 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 26 August 26 February 25 August 25 February 26 August 26 NnlM or M. ■dJ u|iwanli. £IO,3<)4,I06 10,2»I,(I7I 10,780,643 1(I,I63,H,W 10.07lt,l(i5 10,()«),2t8 12,l)(W,7(r7 10,H3«,(*80 10,266,501 8,081,615 8,I67,W9 9,109,014 10,850,188 «,«i*7,958 10.570,510 1I,!200,075 13,106,308 12,221,451 12,975,006 II, 7 1. 1.665 12,038,970 12,801,746 11,790,424 12,41.3,924 12,054,943 ll,7t«),628 1I,10.3,2!X» 11,182,188 11,994,350 14,141,510 12.274,029 15,077,013 13,740,598 12,440,9.-<0 12,730,999 13,255,.')99 13,650,592 16,078,390 15,110,088 15,203,011 14,523,049 14.873,705 14,567,207 14,975,479 15,632,250 18,000,180 16.394,359 10,332,275 15,.307,228 16,686,087 17,538,056 20,388,503 19,077,951 17,465,628 16.307,000 16,972,140 15,402,830 16,047,390 14,.372,840 16,095,020 15,178,490 15,295,090 15,751,120 17,392,260 17,244,940 18,409,230 18,308,9ilily to the banking system which is so desirable; and in proof of this, it is sulhcient to state, that though none of the country banks existing in 1793 had any notes for less than 5/. in circulation, upwards of one third of their entire number stopi)ed payment during the rcv\ilsion that then took place. 'J'he truth is, that nothing but the exacting of security for payment of notes can ever place the country issue of notes on that solid foundation on which it ought to stand ; and ai security may be taken for 1/. notes as easily as for those of 5/., there would, were such a sys- tem adopted, be no ground for suppressing the former. Metropolitan Joint Stock Hankn, — It was for a lengthened period generally understood, that the act of 1708, and the other acts conveying exclusive privileges to the Bank of Erii;. land, not only prevented any company with more than partners from issuing notes payablp on demand ; but that they also prevented such companies from undertaking onlinary bank- ing business, — that is, from receiving the money of individuals and paying their drafts, &c, Recently, however, strong doubts began to be entertained whether comjjanies with nume- rous bmlics of partners, established for the mere business of banking, and without issuing notes, were really prohibited by the acts in question. During the discussions on the btc renewal of the charter of the Bank of England, the point was sultmitted for the consideration of the Attorney and Solicitor Generals, who gave it as their decided oj)inion, that such banks might be legally established within the limits to which the exclusive privileges of the Bank of England were restricted by the act 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 46. But as the opinion of other eminent lawyers differed from theirs, a clause has been inserted in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. o, 98., which removes all doubts on the subject, by expressly authorising the establishment of banks not issuing notes, with any number of partners, any where within the district to which the exclusive privileges of the Bank of England, as a bank of issue, are now restricted. — (Sec ante, p. 84.) Down to this period (September, 1833), no advantage has been taken of this declaratory enactment, by the formation of a joint stock bank in the metropolis ; but several projects of the kind have been made public, and it seems most likely that some of them will be matured. It is not easy to form beforehand any certain conclusions as to the probable working of such establishments. Provided, however, that they possess large paid up capitals, and numerous bodies of partners, individually liable, as at present, for the debts of the company, it may, one should think, be fairly concluded, that they will afford comparatively safe places for the deposit of money ; and in so far their institution will be advantageous. But it is not eswv to discover in what other respects they will have any superiority over the present banks, There is great weight in the following statement made by Mr. Jones Loyd before the Com- mittee on the Bank of England charter: — "1 think that joint stock banks are deficienlin every thing requisite for the conduct of banking business, except extended responsibility; the banking business requires peculiarly persons attentive to all its details, constantly, daily, and hourly watchful of every transaction, much more than mercantile or trading businesses, It also requires immediate, prompt decisions upon circumstances when they arise, — in many cases a decision that does not admit of delay for consultation ; it also requires a discretion to be exercised with reference to the special circumstances of each case. Joint stock banks being, of course, obliged to act through agents, and not by a principal, and, therefore, under the restraint of general rules, cannot be guided by so nice a reference to degrees of difference in the character or responsibility of parties ; nor can they undertake to regulate the assisl- ance to be granted to concerns under temporary embarrassment by so accurate a referonrc to the circumstances, favourable or unfavourable, of each case." — (Mm. of Evid. p. 236.) We confess, too, that we have great doubts whether the competition of such banks with each other, and with the private banks, may not be productive of much inconvenience. It will be very apt, at times, to occasion an artificial reduction of the rate of interest, .ind a redundancy of the currency, which must, of course, be followed by a fall of the exchange, ' and a period of more or less difficulty. It is stated, that the metropolitan joint stock banks ' are to give interest on deposits ; and if they can do so without endangering their stability, ii will be an important advantage. But we have yet to learn how it is possible that a joint stock bank should be able to do what would seem to exceed the power of the wealthiest and best managed private establishments. As already remarked, the only circumstance in which joint stock banks seem to have any decided superiority over private companies, consists in their greater responsibility. But this is not a necessary attribute of all joint stock companies. Associations of this sort may, and indeed do, exist, that are in all respects inferior to respectable private companies. And it BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). 103 ■pcmn in(li»Ip, in ordrr to tho j)rrvpnfii)n of fmiid, that oiirh roijiilutionn nhoulil be adopti'd an limy nuke the puhlio fully nwiiro of the ri-ul naturt- of all joint Hlock anHOciation«, and i>f their claiinH to credit and confidoncc. PnipMtd Memnres as to Jiiint Stock liankn. — The future intontions of novprnmrnt as to the regulation of jirivatn banking companies in England were sii|i[)oscd to lie partially ilevc- ioiicd by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his speech introducing the bill for the renewal of the charter of the Bank of England. According to the «tatement then made it appear.-* to huvo lieen intended that half the subscrilicd capital of all iianks for the insuc of notes should be paid up and vested in such securities as parliament should direct ; that the responsibility of the partners in such banks should bo unlimited ; and that their accounts should bo periodically published. In the case of banks not issuing notes, only a fourth part of their Hubccribcd capital was to bo paid uj), and the responsibility of their shareholders ivaa to be limited. But with the exception of ihat part of the above plan which relates to the publication of the accounts of banks of issue, the consideration of the remainder was deferred to a more convenient opportunity ; and notwithstanding our respect for the quarter whence it pro- ceeded, we hope it may never be revived. The adoption of the proposed regulations would not have amended any one of the principal defects in the present system of English country banking, while there are not a few which it would have materially aggravated. There is not 80 much as the shadow of a ground for interfering with the concerns of such banks as Jo not issue notes, further than to let the public know with whom they are dealing, and the real amount of their paid xtp capital ; and the proposed interferoncc in the case of banks that do issue notes, could have been productive of nothing but mischief. On this point we shall take leave to quote a conclusive jiaragraph from a memorial drawn up by the directors of the Manchester and Liverpool District Banking Company : — " We contend, first, that, cxceot in so far as the issue of notes is concerned, banking is essentially a private business, with which the state has no more title to interfere than it has to interfere with any other description of mercantile agency. If A. choose to deposit money in the hands of B., who lends it to others, why is the interference of government more necessary than if A. had deposited it in the hands of C, who employs it in manufactures or agriculture 1 It is the duty of parliament to take care that coins, and the paper notes issued as substitutes for them, be always of their professed value ; but assuredly it is no part of its duty to inquire into the solvency of those into whose hands coins or paper may come. We contend, secondly, that, admitting it to be right to exact security from banks of issue, that should not be done by the compulsory investment of a portion of their capital. The issues of one bank may be more than twice or three times the amount of its capital ; while those of another, placed in a dif- ferent situation, or conducted in a different way, may be under a third or a fourth part of its capital. What, then, could be more unequal as respects the banks, and more illusory as respects the public, than to oblige both these establishments to give security for their issues by vesting Aw//" /Ae/rcnpiVa/ in government stock 1 Were the first bank to. stop payment, the security in the hands of government would not afford the holders of its notes more than from 3,?. 4(1. to 5s. in the pound ; while, were the latter in the same predicament, the holders of its notes would be paid in full out of the government securities, and there would lie a large surplus over. It is clear, therefore, that the security to be given by a bank of issue ought to be proportioned to its issues, and not to its capital. The former mode will effec- tually protect the public from loss ; the latter gives little, or rather no protection whatever." It is, in fact, quite ludicrous to tamper with a subject of this sort. Nothing short of the obligation to give security for their issues can ever give the public that effectual guarantee for the integrity of the currency that is so essential ; nor is there any other plan at once fair and equal as respects different banks. Distinction between subscribed and paid tip Capital. Expediency of suppressing all Reference to the former. An immediate stop ought, we think, to be put to the practice now so prevalent among joint stock banking companies, of representing their capitals as consisting, not of what has been actually paid up by the shareholders, but of what they have subscribed for. Not a few institutions have recently been set on foot in England, pro- fessing to have capitals of 1,000,000/., 2,000,000/. or more, when, in point of fact, their capital does not really consist of a tenth part of that sum. The practice is to organise a company with some 5,000 or 10,000 shares of 100/. each ; but it is perfectly understood that not more than 5 or at most 10 per cent, of each share is to be called up ; and if more were demanded, it is most probable it could not be paid, at least without much difficulty. This practice is pregnant with mischief. In the first place, it tends to deceive the public, who imagine there can be no risk in dealing with a bank professing to possess 1,000,000/. of capital, who yet might hesitate about having any thing to do with it, were they aware that the capital paid into its coffers, and on which it carries on business, does not really exceed 50,000/. or 100,000/. In the second place, this system tends to deceive the mass of the partners. These are tempted to embark in such hazardous concerns, imagining that tliey arc to be large shareholders with but little outlay, and that they will derive a consider- i 5 5 104 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). *.« nhle (lividitnil upon the noniiicil iimnunt of their RharPM ! We mixinko if n i^ixmI mnny itirh periionii Iw not in thu piiil griovDuxly (liHiippointPil. Dnnliing, in nil onliiiury Ntiiti< of (hingi, M not a buiineM in which lur^i* iirnfit* ciiii Im> rxpcrtfil. It i* trur thnt miuiy l>ankinK himneg mnilo iminpnM lumii durinif the wnr, hut they iiipiiliy ■JTlit' nriiill'i>ril Ciiniinivrchil Joint fidrik 5 linnkinu (ninpitiiy llrlKlnl . - - . . Thi! itrititnl Olil lliiiik ... W'lirklngton, f'ockormoiith, Mnryport, 1 'I'Ik! ('iiinl)i'rlun(l Union Banking Com- Wlirinn, Ciirlliilo iinil I'l'iiritli - - f puny . . - - . DiirliiiUli'n, rtlocktnn iiml llnriinrd "H""'l>'>i'y - - - - (fidiireiter . - . . The nioiirmtrrKhlrp llnnklnir roinpiiny „ ,,- . f Till! IIiilll'ux Joint Stock liiinkliiR L'om- iiiililfri* The ir field linnklng ('otnpany Clare Banking I Till! KnnrPHlioroiigli nnd I CoiiipBiiy .... Tlin I.nnrniitpr Bnnkini; Company - - - Till' !,i'r>iln lliiiikiiiE ('oinpaiiy Till) I.eli-PHti-niliirR llnnklnir (Company - - - The I,«ith BiinkInK Coiiipanv CThe Liverpool Coiniiierclal Banking Coin- i puny - - . - . Oldham, ARhton,1 _Tho Maniohrrnsg .... " Norwich, Hwiifrh.tm, Foiilsham, Engt Dereham, Fakenham, Lynn, Ilnrlenton and Watton, In Norfolk : and Bungay In Hiitfolk Newcnstle-iipon-Tyne In Northumberland, and Sunderland in Durham. Plymouth, Devonport nnd KInggbridge Sad^leworth, Aghton and Oldham Hhelllpld . - . . - Stamford, Spalding, Market Deeping, Bog- tnn. Bourn nnd Grantham, In Llnroln- Bhin; Oundle, Kettering, ThrnpHtone nnd Feterborough, in Northaniptonnliire ; Onkhim and Uppingham, in Kutlniid- ghire ; Melton Mowbray nnd Market Hnrbonugh, In Lcicegterghire ; Ilunt- itiiidon m Iluntg, and Wigbcach in Cnin- hridseshre Bristol, Biidgewater, Taunton, Chard, Crewkerm, llminster, Langport, Wells, fStiickey'g Banking Company Bruton nnt Shepton Mallet. Wakefield - - Whitehaven ind Penrith - - T'jfoi^;^;''?''" . . . . u,vi.,o.i.o.i»,.to. jThc Wolverhampton and Staflbrdghire Wolverhampton - - - j Banking Company York, Maltnn, Sclby, Howden, Scarbo. ■) The York City and County Banking Com rough and Goole J pany . . - - . York, Bridlington and Great Driffield - The York Union Banking Company Iluddergfleld District Banking Company - - . The Norfolk and Norwich Joint Stock Banking Company ... North of England Joint Stock Banking Company .... ( Plymouth nnd Devonport Banking Com- i pany ..... The Saddleworth Banking Company The Sheffield Banking Company .The Stamford and Spalding Joint Stock Banking Company . . . The Wnkcfleld Banking Company Joint Stock Banking 3113 *V 57H \W III) 3US 173 131 H 158 974 130 173 3t)S 160 81 4II6 53 14 104 857 313 131 80f 133 113 134 74 13 217 225 239 286 300 Stanipg and Taxes, Somerget Place, 4th of July, 1833. It is not possible to obtain any accurate account of the number of country notes in circu- lalion at different periods. But the following table, drawn up by the late Mr. Mushet, of the Mint, founded partly on official returns, and partly on the estimates of Mr. Sedgwick, late chairman of the Board of Stamps, is, so far as it goes, the most complete and compre- hensive hitherto published. * This department ig not In poasesslon of any Information which enables a statement to be niado as to the nominal capital of each such Bank, and the amount of capital paid up. 14 \ s 4 I ■J 106 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). No. III. — An Account of the Niimhcr of Country Bank Notes, of nil Denominntions, stamped in each Year, ending Oct. 10., from 1804 to 1825 inclusive, with the Percentage of Increase and Decrease, comparing each Year with the Year preceding ; together with an Estimate of the Total Amount lii Circulation, according to Mr. Sedgwick's Tables, in each Yunr, fVom 1804 to 1825 inclusive; wiili the Percentage of Increase and Decrease, comparing each Year with the Year preceding. The Aniounl uf Coun. The Amount of Coun- The Peretnl. The Percent- try Bank Notes in Circu. The Percent- The Perceni. try Rank Nntn of all ne of Incraise age of Decrcaie, laiion, according to Mr. age of Increase, age of Decrtaie, Yean. Denoniinstionj »t»mp«l comparinf rach comparing each Sedgwick'a Tables, in each year, ending Oct. comparing each year with the comparing eaci. in nchyear, ending Uct, year with the year with thr year wiih tht 10., from 1804 to 1823. yeai ■ceding. year preceding. 10 , from 1804 to 1825 in- clusiTe. year preceding. year preceding. 1805 11,342,413 180« 11,480,547 12 1607 6,587,398 • 42'6 18,021,900 1808 8,653,077 23-8 - 16,871,524 . 6-3 1809 15,737,986* 81-8 . 23,702,493 40-5 1810 10,517,519 . 331 23,893,868 •8 1811 8,792,433 . 16-4 21,453,000 . 1-6 1812 10,577,) 34 203 - 19,944,000 . 7- 1813 12,015,509 19-2 • 22,597,000 133 1814 10,773,.375 . 14-6 22,709,000 •5 1815 7,624,949 . 29-2 19,011,000 . ' 163 1816 6,423,466 . 15-7 15,096,000 . 20'6 1817 9,075,958 411 - 15,898,000 5-3 1818 12,316,868 35-7 . 20,507,000 29-. 1819 6,I.W,313 . 502 17,366,875 . 153 1820 3,574,894 . 417 11,767,391 . . 32-2 1821 3,987,,W2 11-5 . 8,414,281 - 28-5 1822 4,217,241 67 . 8,067,260 - 41 1823 4,657,589 10-4 . 8,798,277 9- ' 1824 6,093,367 30-8 . 10,604,172 20-5 1 1825 8,532,438 40- - 14,147,211 23-4 No. IV. — An Account of the Value of Country Bank Notes, of all Denominations, stamped in eacl Year from 1826 to 1832, both inclusive. Yean. Value. Years. Value. 1826 1827 1828 1829 £ 1,239,755 1,970,595 2,842,130 2,403,700 1830 1831 1833 1,955,430 2,217,915 i 1,751,685 1 {Pari. Paper, No. 456. Sess. 1833) «"'". B — No II. and 2/. notes were stamped after the 3d of February, 1826. (Since the publication of the 2d edition of the Dictionary, in 1834, an extraordinary in. crease has taken place in the number of joint stock banks, both in Great Britain and in Ireland. It appears from the official return, dated the 4th of July, 1833 (Did., p. 99.), that there were then 34 joint stock banks established in England and Wales; but it appears from the subjoined account, dated the 26th of November, 1836, that the number of joint stock banks had, in the interval, been very nearly trebled, or had increased to 101 ■, and itis deserving of notice, that a very large proportion of this rapid increase had taken place during the previous part of the year 1836. The progress of the system has been as follows: — In 1826, there were In 1830, there were In 1834, there were registered - - 3 registered - - 1 registered 10 1827 — - 4 1831 — - 9 1835 — 9 1828 — - 1832 — - 7 To 26 Nov. 1836 - 42 1829 — - 7 1833 — - 9 Total - 101 We should, however, form a very inadequate iderv of the extension of the joint itock banking system, if we measured it merely by the increase in the number of banks, as stated above. Many of the older banks, and even of those established within the present year (1836), have from 30 to 40 or more branches, or subordinate establishments ; and, as these carry on aU sorts of banking business, and are frequently very far removed from the head office, ami from each other, they should really be regarded as so many separate banks, so that the num- ber of the latter is incomparably greater than, at first sight, it may appear ti he. Proceedings of Joint Stock Banks. — We regret, however, to have to state that thfl so lidity of the system seems by no means to correspond with its power of extension. Though the joint stock banks universaUy almost profess to have immense nominal capitals, their actually />airf ujo and really available capitals arc, in many instances, very limited intlMil; and it is by no means clear, did any thing occur to ren Jer it necessary that they should call for any considerable additional proportion of their nominal capital, that the call coulJ be responded to by the proprietary of some of them without great difficulty, if at p11. They seem, also, speaking generally, to have been infinitely more anxious to increase their busi- • In 1809, the duty on U. notes was increased from 3d. to 4d., and may account for tile great ia- crease in this year, the notes bearing a 3i<. stamp being no longer issuable. ness, thar Hence, tht many of tl four fifths issues, wl 3,969,121/ I more espef |, duced mor . producing % cenlly take ><: sured the i $ notes in cir ■i Most of thi ^ made with ing the bills ' "• many bank (■ counted at I not readily I But,thougl !'^ occasions, n i| principles, t 'M cumstances S cards. Wl M goes on 8m( I distrust take '!|' provincial bi ;M customers, t m to the banks M banking, or f being lessen ^ the chances "^ in which the |l banks, have ;| they are too :| But there :} existing join I formed and p I and some nol _v^^ distinctly set K-, is to be callet i holder in a b .v; management ; of the stock 1 circumstance I credit! The I stop paymeni they could b( stained from nishraent, tht ^ bank should I * Report of the sort of ag ., pretty genera > 1836, toinqu "; of joint stock i The report of ^ published, ant ? tern required "Subject to ; England, it is o i the purpose of " 1. The law licence duty, ai " 2. The U-m competent aui. clauses the mo lAL). s, stamped in each Hse and Decrease ) Total Amount iii 'i incliisive; witb eceding. rcent- The Percmt. rease, age of Decrew, each coDipanni! tach Ihe year wiih ibe ding. year precedinj. 6-3 16 ' 7- • 16'3 1 ' 206 15-3 • . 322 . i28-5 41 , stamped in eacb Value. £ ,955,430 ,217,915 ,751,685 6 456. Sess. 1833.) Ttraordinary in. t Britain and is jrf., p. 99.),that it appears from of joint stock 101; and itii ten place during follows:— fere 10 9 . 42 - 101 It (took banking s stated above, ar( 1836), have carry on all lead office, and that the nuU' ie. te that th*! so sion. Though capitals, their imited indeed; hey should call call coulJbe at all. They ase their busi- or tlie great ia- BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). 107 ness than to provide for that security which ought to bo the paramount consideration. Hence, the inordinate multiplication of their branches, and hence, also, the extent to which many of them have carried the abusive and dangerous practice of rcdtsmunliny;. Nearly four fifths of the joint stock banks issue notes ; and the subjoined account shows that their issues, which amounted to 1,783,689/. on the 27th of September, 1834, amounted to 3,969,121/. on the 24th of September, 1836. This, no doubt, is an extraordinary increase, more especially when contrasted with the issues of the Bank of England, which were re- duced more than a million during the same interval ; and must have had a powerful effect in producing that redundancy of the currency, and drain upon the Bank for gold, that has re- cently taken place. We should, however, fall into the greatest imaginable error, if we mea- sured the influence of the joint stock banks upon the currency by the mere amount of their notes in circulation. These really constitute but a very small portion of their obligations. Most of them have been in the habit of trading, not on their own capital, or on the deposits made with them ; but on credit obtained in the metropolis and elsewhere. Instead of retain- ing the bills, and other securities they have discounted, in their coffers till they are paid, many banks have been in the habit of immediately forwarding them to London to be redis- counted at a lower rate of interest. This practice has been carried to an extent that would not readily be imagined by any one not pretty well acquainted with the circumstances. But, though recourse may properly enough be had to assistance of this sort on extraordinary occasions, no bank can be justly said to be established on sound, or to be conducted on safe, principles, that trusts habitually to such accommodation. It is always at the mercy of cir- cumstances over which it has no control, and is not really more secure than a house of cards. While pecuniary accommodation may be had readily in the metropolis, the system goes on smoothly ; but should prices begin to give way, or credit sustain any sort of shock, .$ distrust takes the place of confidence, and the usual supplies are no longer to be had. The provincial banks being in consequence disabled from making their ordinary advances to their customers, the latter are necessarily involved in difficulties that are frequently as injurious to the banks as to themselves. Such has hitherto been the invariable result of the abuse of banking, or of the granting of undue facilities for the obtaining of credit ; and, instead of being lessened by the formation of joint stock banks, they seem to have materially increased the chances of such disasters in future. The circumstances connected with the difficulties in which the Northern and Central Bank of England, and some of the other joint stock banks, have recently been involved, sufficiently illustrate what has now been stated ; but they are too well known to our readers to require to be recapitulated here. But there are other and, if possible, still more suspicious circumstances connected with the existing joint stock banking system. The shares in the greater number of the recently formed and projected banks are very small, few being above 50/., while others are only 25/., and some not more than 1 0/., and even 5/. ! Generally, too, it is understood, or rather it is distinctly set forth in the prospectus, that not more than 5, 10, or 20 per cent, of these shares is to be called for; so that an individual who has 10s. or 20s. to spare, may become a share- holder in a bank. And, owing to a practice, or rather a flagrant abuse, introduced into the management of various banks, by which they make large advances or discounts on the credit of the stock held by the shareholders, not a few individuals in doubtful, or even desperate, circumstances take shares in them in the view of obtaining loans and bolstering up their credit ! The great danger arising from such banks is obvious ; and where one of them to stop payment, it is plain, even though the claims on it should be ultimately made good, that they could be so only at the cost, and, perhaps, ruin of such of its proprietors as had ab- stained from the abusive practices resorted to by others. It may well, indeed, excite asto- nishment, that any one who can really afford to make a bona fide purchase of shares in a bank should be foolhardy enough to embark in such concerns. Report of Committee of 1836. — A knowledge of the circumstances now stated, and of the sort of agency by which certain joint stock banks had been established*, having been pretty generally diffused, a secret committee was appointed by thoi House of Commons, in 1836, to inquire into the operation of the act 7 Geo. 4. cap. 46., permitting the establishment of joint stock banks ; and whether it was expedient to make any alteration in its provisions. The report of this committee, and portions of the evidence taken before it, have since been published, and confirm all the conclusions of those who had contended that the existing sys- tem required material amendment The committee state that, — " Subject to the local restrictions imposed for the protection of the privilege of the Banl( of England, it is open to any number of persons to form a company for joint stocic banking, whether for the purpose of deposit, or of issue, or of both. " 1. The law iinpofies on the joint stoclt banks no preliminary obligation beyond the payment of a licence duty, and the registration of the names of shareholders at the Stamp Office. " 2. The law does not require that the deed of settlement shall be considered or revised by any competent aut.iotity whatever ; and no precaution is taken to enforce the insertion in such deeds of clauses the most obvious and necessary. z < s << i 5 c •J * For instances of this, see Edinburgh Revieui, No. 128. art. 6., and the account of the Norwich Bank in the evidence taken by the Secret Committee. 108 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). " 3. The Inw does not impose unv restrictions upon llic niiir)iiiit of iioiniii!il ciipit.il. This will lie found to vary from 5,{I0(),0(M)/. to lOO'.OOd/. ; mid in one iniilance an unlimited power is reserved of issuing shares to any extent. " 4. Tlie law does not impose any obligation that the whole or any certain amount of slmrcs sliaii be RuliBcrihed for before baiikinx operations conuuenee. In many instances banks commence their business before one half of the shar<'8 are subscribed for, and 10,000, 'iO.OOO, and 30,00(1 shares arc reserved to be issued at the discretion of the directors. " 5. The law does not enforce any rule with respect to the nominal amount of shares. These will be found to vary from l,000i. to5i. The effects of this variation are strongly stated in the evidoiue. "6. The law does not enforce any rule with respect to the amount of capital paid up before the cnmniencenient of business. This will be found to vary from lO.V. In ,V. " 7. The law does not provide for any publication of the liabilities and assets of these banks, nor does it enforce the comumnication of any balance-sheet to the proprietors at large. " e. The law does not impose any restrictions by which care shall be taken that dividends arc paid out of bankini! profits only, and that bad or doubtful debts are (irsl written off. " 9. The law does not prohibit purchases, sales, and speculative trallic on tlie iiart of these conipa. nies in their own stock, nor advances to be made on the credit of their own shares. " 10. The law does not provide that the euaraiilee fund shall be kept apart and invested in govern. mentor other securities. "11. The law does not limit the number of brandies or the distance of such branches from ilie central bank. " 12. The law is not suflicienlly stringent to insure to the public that the names resiistered at the Stamp Office are the names of persons bom fide proprietors, who have signed the deed of settlement, and who are responsible to the public. " 13. The provisions of (he law appear inadequate, or, at least, are disregarded, so far as thcyim. pose upon banks the obligation of making their notes payable at the places of issue. " All these separate questions appear to your committee deserving of the most serious considera. tion, with a view to the future stability of the banks throughout the United Kingduni, the maiiiti:. nance of commercial credit, and the preservation of the currency in a sound state." Remedied Measures that should he adopted. — We do not, however, think that it woulJ be at all necessary, in providing for a secure system of joint stock banking, to make any regulations with respect to many of the points noticed by the committee as to which the law is silent At present, every partner in a joint stock bank is liable to the public for tlie whole debts of the firm ; and this may be truly said to be the cardinal principle of the system, anj without which, it would be an unmixed evil. No individual should, however, by merely withdrawing from a joint stock concern, get rid of hi.s liabilities in connection with it. To prevent fraud, and to insure due caution, these ought to continue for a period of three years at least after he has publicly withdrawn his name. The public, too, are clearly entitled u know the partners in joint stock associations, that is, to be informed who the individuals are with whom they are dealing, and who are responsible to them. But, unluckily, no effective | means* are taken for supplying the public with this necessary information, or, consequently, " of properly discriminating between one establishment and another. The act of 1833 {Zk 4 Will, 4. c. 83.) directed that an account of the places where they carry on business, and of the names and residences of the partners, should be quarterly transmitted to the Stamp Office. But doubts have been entertained as to the correctness of these returns, and com- paratively little use has been, or, indeed, can be, made of them. The accounts of the names and residences of the propri ttors are not published ; but arc carefully secluded from the public eye in the repositories of So. nerset House ! It is true that these lists may be seen by tho$e who choose to apply at the office, for a small fee, and that certified copies may be procureil at no great expense. But few know that such returns exist; and fewer still have the op- portunity, or think of availing themselves of them as sources of information. To render them of any real utility, they should be brought under the public eye, by being hung up in the offices of the banks to which they refer, and periodically published in the newspapers of the places where they carry on business. By this means the public would know exactly to whom they had to look, and would act accordingly. They would not be deceived, as they are liable to Ite at present, by supposing that, because a bank has a number of part- ners, some of them must be opulent and trustworthy. They would know the precise state of the fact ; and if it were seen, from the quarterly returns, that opulent and intelligent indi- viduals were withdrawing from any bank, every one would be put on his guard, and would naturally conclude that the parties had very sufficient reasons for quitting the concern. Thus far publicity may be made effectual, and would be of the very greatest importance. Neither is it possible to allege a single plausible objection to this proposal. Tt interferes in no degree, nor in any way, with the proceedings of the parties : all that it does is to declare who and what they are; and to this degree of publicity no honest man will ever object. But we have great doubts whether it be possible to carry publicity farther than this. The committee state that " the law does not provide for any publication of the liabilities and assets of these banks, nor doe? it enforce the publication of any balance-sheet to the proprietors at large ;" and it has been proposed to compel the periodical publication of a statement of this sort but it is very questionable whether any such publication would not be a great deal worse than useless, It is not proposed that commissioners should be appointed to inspect the accounts of the different banks, and to see that the returns are accurate : this would be too inquisitorial, too cumbrous, and too costly a plan to be thought of for a moment There would be nothing for it, in fact, but to trust entirely to the honour of the parties ! Hence, f in all cases in which a disclosure would be really useful, the publication of an account of lAL). I iiiil. Tlii» will lie er is reserved of int of slmreg shall ti ('.(iiiiineiu'u ijiijf 30,nO(! sliares are mres. These will ill the evidence. lid up licfcire the these banks, nor lividcnds arc pajd t of these conipa. ivestcd in govern. ranches frnni the fpcistnred at ths 3ed of settlement, so fur as tliey im. lerious considera. ;doiii, tliu iiiainte- » i that it would ig, to make any to which the law ilic for the whole the system, anj ever, hy merelj on with it. To )d of three years larly entitled lo e individuals are iily, no effective r, consequently, It of 1833 (3& 1 business, and I to the Stamp urns, and coin- its of the names from the public e seen by those ay be procurcii II have the op- n. To render ng hung up iu he newspapers 1 know exactly )t be deceived, umber of part- 16 precise state ntelligent indi- ird, and would oncern. Thus ince. Neither in no degree, iclare who and lanthis. The ties and assets proprietors at tement of this )e a great deal ^ed to inspect this would be ment. There ies ! Hence, account of i BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). 109 assets and liabilities would afford the means of dectiving the public, and of representing a b&nkrupt concern as being in a prosperous condition. Supposing, however, that the parties were, in all instances, perfectly honest, still the publication of a balance-sheet would be good for nothing. Every one knows how sanguine people are in relation to their own affairs; and that debts and obligations that other parties would hardly reckon worth any thing, are estimated by them as if they were so much bullion. But, independently of this, the futility of the thing is obvious. A bank with a capital of 100,000/. discounts bills and other obligations to the extent, perhaps, of 300,000/. or 400,000/.; the fact that it has discounted them shows that it believes these bills and obligations to be good; and they will, conse- quently, be reckoned among its assets. But should a revulsion take place, or any circum- stance occur to shake credit, these bills may not be worth 100,000/. ; and those who have dealt with the bank, on the hypothesis of its having capital and assets more than enough to meet ail its obligations, will find, to their cost, that it is not possessed of a single shilling, but is, on the contrary, some 200,000/. or 300,000/. worse than nothing ! The committee seem to think that some regulation should be enacted, providing that a certain portion of its capital should be paid up before a bank begins business. But we incline to think that the better way would be to prohibit all advertising of nominal capitals ; and to enact that the capital actually paid up, whatever its amount, shall always be represented as, and held to be, the capital of the bank. But though such a regulation were made, there would be no security that the capital said to have been paid up had really been paid into the coffers of the bank, or that, if received, it had not again been lent out, in one way or another, to the partners. Perhaps it might be good policy to enact that no shares should be issued under a certain sum, as 50/. ; and that no loans should be made to the partners on the credit of their stock. But we should not be inclined to lay much stress on the first regula- tion, and the latter might, and no doubt would, he defeated in a thousand ways. Wc are decidedly hostile to a proposition we have heard mooted, and which seems to be countenanced by the committee, for obliging all banks to establish a guarantee fund ; that is, for obliging them to accumulate a portion of their profits as a reserve stock. But where is the security that such reserve would be always deducted from profits 1 The truth is, that bankrupt and fraudulent concerns, and none else, would gain by such a regulation ; inasmuch as it would enable them, by appearing to be prosperous, th« better to deceive the public, and to blind them as to the real state of their affairs. It is, plainly, worse than absurd to depend on guarantees that cannot be enforced, and which, consequently, must be good for nothing. The knowledge of who the partners are in a bank, and their unlimited responsi- bility, are the only securities that, speaking generally, are good for any thing. If these can- not protect the public from fraud and loss, nothing else will ; and the question will come to be, not whether the system should be reformed, but whether it ought to be entirely abo- lished. We have already noticed the extraordinary multiplication of branch banks all over the country ; and it is not very difiicult to discover why banks of issue, at least, are so very anxious about the establishment of these outworks. They are bound, it seems, by the pre- sent law to pay their notes only at the parent establishment ,• so that, by issuing them at a branch bank, perhaps a hundred miles distant from the head bank, the chances are ten to one that they will continue for a much longer period in circulation, and that they will con- sequently be able to carry on business with a much less amount of capital, than if tliey were, as they ought to be, obliged to pay their notes at the branches as well as at the principal office. It is obvious, indeed, that the convertibility of the paper, even of first class banks, into either cash or Bank of England notes, is at present exceedingly imperfect ; and that very great facilities are afforded for getting the worst class of notes into circulation, and for keeping them afloat, even after their quality may be suspected. This defect in the law ought, undoubtedly, to be amended, by obliging all banks that issue notes to pay them in- differently at any of their offices. But we incline to think that parliament might go further Uian this: and that it should enact that no branch be established, whether for the issue of notes, or otherwise, beyond a certain distance (say fifty miles) from the head office. Several of the points recapitulated by the committee, as to which the law is silent, respect the rights and interests of the partners in joint stock banks, in relation to each other, and not as between them and the public. But it is always a very difficult matter to interfere to dic- tate the footing on which parties in any undertaking should stand among themselves. Much should, in such cases, be leff to the judgment of the parties ; and public regulafions, if enforced at all, should only go to prevent obvious and acknowledged abuse ; the parties may, in most casei, be safely left to take care of themselves. The protection of the public interest is the paramount consideration ; and we do not well know what can be done to effect this, in the case, at least, of such banks as do not issue notes, other than the making known who their partners are. Suppression of the Notes of Country Banks. — ^The Committee have, we are sorry to say, omitted all reference to what is by far the most prominent evil in our banking system — we K I, i- 'f; e I 3 no BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). mean the power conceded to all private and joint stock banks and companies, whether with or without property or character, to issue paper money or notes payable on demand, with- out let or hindrance of any sort. We have elsewhere endeavoured to show {Dictionary, p, 72.) that parties issuing notes ought, in all cases, to be obliged to give security for their issues ; but further experience and reflection have satisfied us that this, though a vast improvement on the existing system, would not be enough, and that nothing will suffice short of the abo- lition of all private notes. Till this be done, or till the sole power of issuing paper money be committed to the Bank of England, or to some one body, the country will necessarily be exposed to those perpetually recurring fluctuations in the quantity and value of money that are productive of the most pernicious consequences, and which go far, indeed, to impart to all industrious undertakings a sort of gambling character. At present, the currency is sup- plied by hundreds of individuals and bodies, all actuated by different and frequently con- flicting views and interests. The issues of the Bank of England are wholly governed, as those of the empire ought to be, by the state of the exchange, or rather by the influx and ef. Jiux of bullion — increasing when it flows into, and decreasing when it flows out of the country. But the issues of the provincial banks are not regulated by any such standard, but exclusively by the state of credit and prices in the district in which they happen to be situated. If their managers suppose that these are good or improving, they rarely hesitate about making additional issues. Hence, when the state ol the exchange, and the demand on the Bank of England for bullion, shows that the currency is redundant, and ought to be contracted, the efforts of the Bank to effect its diminution are oilen impeded, and met by a contrary action on the part of the country banks. This, in fact, has been very remarkably tlie case during the last few months. The excessive multiplication of joint stock banks, the great additions they made to the amount of notes afloat, and tho still greater addition they made to the number of bills, checks, and other substitutes for money, occasioned a redun- dancy of the currency, a fall of the exchange, and a drain upon the Bank for gold. But while the Bank of England was narrowing her issues by supplying the exporters of bullion with gold in exchange for notes, the country banks went on increasing their issues! What the former did, by contracting, on the one hand, the latter more than undid, by letting out on the other. The vacuum created by the withdrawal of Bank of England paper was im. mediately filled up, and made to overflow, by the issue of a more than equal amount of provincial paper ; so that had it not been for the rise in the rate of interest, and the other re- pressive measures adopted by the Bank, the probability is, fhat she might have gone on pay. . ing away bullion for notes, till she was drained of her last sixpence, without, in any degree, ' affecting the exchange ! But this is not all. Not only do the country banks almost uni- versally increase their issues when they ought to be diminished, but the moment they are compelled to set about their reduction they run headlong into the opposite extreme. Tbe cry of sauve qui pent then becomes all but universal ; and, provided they succeed in secur- ing themselves, little attention is usually paid to the interests of those they have taught lo look to them for help. Were the Bank of England the sole issuer of notes, she would be able to regulate the currency without the least difficulty, and without pressing more upon London than uponanv other part of the country. If from any circumstances the currency became redundant, anil there were a drain upon the Bank for gold, then, as there would be no other description of paper to come into the place of that brought to the Bank to be exchanged for gold, the cur- rency would be in so far contracted, and the drain checked, without the reduction bein; carried beyond the required limit But at present the efforts of the Bank, or rather of the public, who carry notes to her for payment, to effect a contraction of the currency, are, inthf first instance, invariably counteracted by the country banks; and when the latter, in con- sequence of the increasing difficulty of obtaining pecuniary accommodation in London are, in the end, obliged to pull up, the chances are ten to one that the contraction is carried to an improper extent. A revulsion of this sort seldom occurs without destroying some of the provincial banks ; and the alarm, or, it may be, panic, that is in consequence apt to be pro- duced, may be very injurious to the best established and best managed banks, and even to the Bank of England herself. In fact, we have no idea that it will be possible for the iatler and the country banks to go on together on their present footing. As matters now starnl, the Bank of England may be brought at any time into the greatest jeopardy by the prnoceil' ings of parties over whom she has no sort of control. The over issue of the provincial banb, by depressing the exchange, drains the Bank of gold ; and then their discredit, and, perhaps, failure, may, by exciting a panic, bring her to a stand still ! Provided banks of deposit be established on sound principles, there cannot be too many of them. But it is quite other- wise with banks of issue. The more they are multiplied the greater is the chance of fluctua- tion in their issues, and consequently in prices, credit, and so forth. Had the Bank of Eng- land been the sole issuer of paper, the crash of 1825-26, and the diflliculties of the past year, never would have been heard of. They grew entirely out of the competition and proceed- ings of the provincial banks, and are in no degree whatever ascribable to any thing else, \ domestic or foreign. Ditto . AL). , whether with demand, with- [Dictionary, p. for their issues; t improvement lort of the abo- [ paper money necessarily be of money that id, to impart to urrency is sup- frequently con- ly governed, as ; influx and ef. DW8 out of the such standard, »y happen to be rarely hesitate nd the demand ind ought to be 1, and met by a ^ery remarkably stock banks, the ;r addition they sioned a redun- for gold. But orters of bullion r issues! What by letting out on 1 paper was im- )Ual amount of and the other te- ive gone on pay. t, in any degree, nks almost uni- loment they are extreme. The cceed in secur- have taught to to regulate the m than upon any redundant, and >r description of tr gold, the cut- reduction bein; lor rather of the rency, are, in the le latter, in con- in London are, In is carried to an Ing some of the le apt to be pro- )ks, and even to lie for the latlet tters now atanil. by theprooieJ- Iprovincial banks, lit, and, perhapi, Ls of deposit be is quite other- Ihanceoffluctua- 18 Bank of En;- [of the past year, •n and proceed- any thing else, i BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). Ill Private Banks. — It may be thought, perhaps, that the unprecedented increase in the num- ber of joint stock banks will have been productive of a corresponding decline in the number of private banks, or of those having six partners or under ; but such has not been the case. The latter, no doubt, have decreased, some having been abandoned, while others have been converted into joint stock banks, but not to the extent that might have been anticipated. In 1833 598 licences were granted to private banks; in 1834, 590 ; in 1835, 579 ; and in tho present year (1836), down to the 18ih of June, 559 licences had been granted. The issues of the private banks are seen in the table below. I OfHcinl Return of ull Places where United or Joint Stock Banks have been eBtnbll«hert under tho Act 7 Geo. 4. c. 48. ; witli the Dates when such Banks respectively were eatahlished, and the Num- ber of Partners therein, down to the 26th of November, 1(*36. Subjoined is the paid up Capital of certain Banks, according to the Returns rendered to the Secret Committee of 1836. FlMM. Ashton-under-Lyne - Barnsley Birmingham - Liverpool - " „ , Manchester, Stockport, Bolton, and Newton Caermarthen - Stockport Walsall and Cannock Kendal and Ulverston Bilston Birmingham - Birmingham - Birmingham - Bolton . - - Bradford Ditto - - - Bristol - - - Bury - - - Bury and Heywood - Carlisle and Wigton - Cheltenham - Chesterfield - Manchester, Preston, Burnley, Skipton, Birmingham, Ches- ter, Leek, Burslem, Liverpool, Blackburn, Aahhourn, Roch- dale, Shrewsbury, Ellesmere, Uttoxeter, Whitchurch, Han- ley, Newport, and Ludlow Gloucester, Cheltenham, Bur- ford, Cirencester, Faringdon, Tetbury, and Durslcy Coventry . . - Ditto . - - - Workington, Cockermoutb, Ma- rypnrt, Wigton, Carlisle, and Penrith Darlington, Stockton, Stokes ley, Barnard Castle, Northal- lerton, Bedale, Egglestone, Durham, Mnsham, Yarm, Thirsk, Hartlepool, Gisbo rough, Bishop's Auckland, Brough and Stagshaw Derby, Ashbourn, and Belper Plymouth, Devonport, Kings- bridge, Totness, Bodmin, Ash burton, St. Austell, Liskeard, Dartmouth, Newton Abbot, Exeter, and Collumpton Nairn of Uw Biok. Date when nta- blisbeJ. Ashton, Staleyhridge, Hyde, 18 June, 1836 and (ilosBop Bank. *Barn8ley Banking Company S3 Jan. 1832 *Bank of Birmingham - 2 Aug. 1832 Bank of Liverpool - 23 April, 1831 *Bank of Manchester - 19 Mur. 1829 ♦Bank of South Wales - 26 Feb. 1835 Bank of Stockport - 3 May, 1830 ♦Bank ol Walsall and South 10 Aug. 1835 Staffordshire. ♦Rank of Westmoreland - 8 June, 1833 ♦Bilston District Banking 31 Aug. 1836 Company. Birmingham and Midland 18 Aug. 1836 Bank. Birmingham Town and Dis- 4 July, 1836 trict Banking Company. Birmingham Banking Com- 30 Sept. 1829 pany. Bolton Joint Stock Banking 30 May, 1836 Company. ♦Bradford Banking Company 7 July, 1827 ♦Bradford Commercial Joint 37 Feb. 1833 Stock Banking Company. ♦Bristol Old Bank - - 16 June, 1826 Bury Banking Company - 14 June, 1836 Bury and Heywood Banking 17 Sept. 1836 Company. ♦Carlisle and Cumberland 8 Oct. 1836 Banking Company. Cheltenlmm and Gloucester- 19 May, 1836 shire B:tnk. ♦Chesterfield and North Der- 21 Dec. 1831 byshire Banking Company. Commercial Bank of England 1 July, 1834 ♦County of Gloucester Bank 1 Aug. 1836 Coventry and Warwickshire 13 Dec. 1835 Banking Company. Coventry Union Banking 12 May, 1836 Company. ♦Cumberland Union Banking 13 Mar. 1829 Company. ♦Darlington District Joint 22 Dec. 1831 Stock Banking Company ♦Derby and Derbyshire 28 Dec. 1833 Banking Company. ♦Devon and Cornwall Bank- 31 Dec. 1831 ing Company. Number of Partuen. 118 227 441 552 7 390 112 154 146 222 314 311 166 173 160 8 104 48 223 90 98 444 273 361 158 152 247 304 146 Paid up Capital. £ a. d. t 25,150 73,785 258,100 500,000 31,850 25,000 20,950 50,000 77,300 44,100 15,000 33,300 360,005 35,000 38,050 55,435 30,000 40,380 e I •< n ♦ The banks to which an asterisk (♦) is prefixed, issue notes payable to bearer on demand, f Where blanks are left no returns have been made. 112 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). Table I. — eontinutd. h \ ■ t i 1^ FUcai. Nunt of the Bink. Dudley and Westbromwich Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Tpi- wich, Swaffham, Lynn, Eaat Dereham, Foulsham, Faken- ham, Harlestnn, Eye, Sax mundhuin, Bungay, Watton, LowHRtoflT, Becclea, Dias, Bu ry St. Edmund's, North WaUham, and Framlingham Swanaea and Neath Gloucester . - • Olouceater, Rtroud, Newnham, Evesham, Tewkesbury, Chel- tenham, Newent, Cambden, Alcester, Pershorc, Redditch, Blockley, Moreton, Cirences- ter, and Winchcomb Halifax and Huddersftcld Halifttx Ditto - . - - Southampton, Farehara, Rum- sey, and Stockbridge Helston ... Hereford, Ross, Leominster, Ledbury, Kington, Hay, Mon- mouth, Coleford, Bromyard, arid Aliergavenny Holywell and Mold - Huddersfleld, Holmflrth, and Brighouse Hull, Barton, Beverly, Brigg, Gainsborough, Goole, Grims- by, Lincoln, Louth, South Cave, Caistor, Market Raisin, Retford, Howden, Snaith.and Market Weighton Knaresborough, Kipon, We therby, Easlngwold, Hemsley, Thirsk, Boroughbridge, Ma sham, Pateley Bridge, Otley, and Harrogate Lancaster, Ulverstone, and Preston Leamington Priors - Leamington Priors, Southam, Warwick, Kenilworth, and Banbury Leeds - - - Ditto . - - Leeds, Harrogate, Fudsey, Heckroondwicke, and Brad- ford Leicester, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Hinckley, Market Harbo- rough, and Melton Mowbray Carlisle ... Litchfield, Rugeley, and Tam- worth , Lincoln, Gainsborough, Louth, Horncastle, Brigg, Market Raisin, Caistor, STeaford, Al- ford, Spilsby, Epworth, Grimsby, Fartney, and Ret- ford , Liverpool . . - Ditto .... Ditto .... Ditto - . . . Manchester, Liverpool, Oldham, Warrington, Ashton-under- Lyne, Bury, Blackburn, Wi- gan, Preston, Staleybridge,] '•'Dudley and Westbromwich Banking Company. '^East of England Bank Glamorganahire Banking Company. Gloucester County and City Bank. *6loucesterBblre Banking Compar.y. Halifax and Huddersfleld Union Banking Company Halifax Commercial Banking Company. '^Halifax Joint Stock Bank ing Company. '^Hampshire Banking Com- pany. *Helston Banking Company '•■Herefordshire Banking Company. ♦Holywell Bank, North Wales. '•'Huddersfleld Banking Com- pany. '•'Hull Banking Company ♦Knaresborough and Clare Banking Company. ♦Lancaster Banking Com- pany. ♦Leamington Bank ♦Leamington Priors and Warwickshire Banking Company. ♦Leeds Banking Company Leeds Commercial Banking Company. ♦Leeds and West Riding Banking Company. DttB when ota- bliihed. 30 Dec. 1833 37 Feb. 1830 ♦Leicestershire Company. Banking ♦Loith Banking Company Litchfleld, Rugeley, and Tamworth Banking Com pany. ♦Lincoln and Lindsay Bank Company. Uverpo-A Borough Bank Liverpool Commercial Bank ing Company. Liverpool Tradesmen's Bank. Liverpool United Trades' Bank. ♦Manchester and Liverpool District Bank. 8 Sept. 1830 31 Dec. 1834 38 June, 1831 29 June, 1836 21 June, 1836 11 Nov. 1829 29 April, 1834 4 Aug. 1836 5 Aug. 1836 11 Nov. 1834 7 June, 1827 30 Nov. 1833 14 Sept. 1831 9 Oct. 1826 8 May, 1835 27 Aug. 1835 22 Nov. 1833 21 June, 1836 28 Nov. 1835 28 Aug. 1829 23 Nov. 1827 21 Nov. 1835 10 Aug. 1833 98June,I83i i 29 Dec. lSy^ i 32 Mar. 1836 12 May, 1836 26 Nov. 1829 Number of Fuloen. ISO 534 83 23 365 404 173 178 141 9 200 7 335 347 160 127 157 135 451 320 161 101 98 330 "■^ 'My.' 543 319 1,054 P»M op Capital. £ «.d. 80,025 75,753 10 19,720 100,000 39,225 24,170 65,000 42,200 48,600 C 25,710 22,020 116,100 45,000 7,865 26,000 ( 20,000 ( 244,400 46,050 749,800 Rochd Nnritw Biirile CheadI Draylo Mnnciies Hnddersf field, ai Newport, Chepstc Nottinghi Aberyatw cnn. Lit Bhepton tie Gary 8nuthin( Bury St hHm, C Uurslev, ford, H( Ipswich, field, Rm gall, Wi Chatteris tester, L der-Edge Norwich, gelly Newcaatle-1 Newcastle-i and Suut land, and Newcagtie-i Norwich, 8w East Dert Lynn, Harl Watton Liverpool, Macliynllel Holywell, ' li, Buin, D Llanidloes, Fastiniog, St. Asaph, von, Llaii Welchpool, Newcnstle-iii derland, Nc wick-upon- Hexham, S( ham, and B Manchester, I theroe, Liv St. Helen's, Caernarvon ter, Birming gleton. Km fleld, North Halifax, Clei ley, Leeds, field, DenI Evesham, A well. Mold, tingham, Shrewsbury Wellington, Grantham Northampton, linsborough, Thrapstone, Oundle, H Stamford, Sp ket Harboroi Niirthanipton, Wellingborui Newcastle-upo x8 iL). irf BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). 113 FlM «p CaplUI. £ I. i. 80,035 79,759 10 Tnble I. — continutd. 10,720 100,000 30,335 34,170 65,000 42,300 48,600 25,710 23,020 116,100 45,000 7,865 26,000 20,000 244,400 46,050 749,600 . Pluet. Rochdale, Hyde, Stockport, Nantwich, Hanley, Stafford, Hnralem, Leek, Lane-End, Cheadle, Rufteley, Market Drayton, and Gloagop Mnncheiter - Hiiddersfleld, Dewabury, Wake- field, and Bradford Newport, Ponty-Pool, U»k, Chepstow, and Cardiff Nottingham - - . Aberystwith, Birmingham, Bre- con, Llandovery, Hay, Bath, Shepton Mallet, Boston, Cas- tle Cary, Somerton, Bideford, Bouthinnlten, Torrington, Bury St. Edmund's, Chelten- ham, Cardiff, Bridge-End, Dursiey, Gloucester, Here- ford, Honiton, Stowmarfcet, Ipswich, Woodbridge, Lich- field, Rngby, Tiverton, Wal- sall, Wisbeach, Whitllesea, Chatteris, Long Sutton, Wor- cester, Ledhury, Wotton-un- der-Edge, Yarmouth, Bristol, Norwich, Leicester, and Dol- gelly Newcattle-upon-Tyne Newcastle-upon-Tyne, North and South Shields, Sunder- land, and Durliam Newcastle-upon-Tyne Norwich, Swaffham,Foulshani, East Dereham, Fakenham, Lynn, Harleaton, Bungay, and Watton Liverpool, Dolgelly, Bangor, Machynlleth, Aberystwith, Holywell, Wrexham, Pwllhe- li, Uula, Denbigh, Oswestry, Llanidloes, Ruthin, Llanroost, Fastiniog, Mold, Newtown, St. Asaph, Chester, Caernar- von, Llangefni, Conway, Welchpool, and Amlwch Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sun- derland, North Shields, Her wick-upon-Tweed, Morpeth, Hexham, South Shields, Dur- ham, and Bishop's Auckland Manchester, Bolton, Colne, Cli- theroe, Liverpool, Ormskirk, St. Helen's, Preston, Bangor, Caernarvon, Bnkewell, Ches- ter, Birmingham, Bristol, Con- gleton, Knutsford, Macclea field, Northwich, Nantwich, Halifax, Cleckheaton, Height ley, Leeds, Sheffield, Wake field, Denbigh, Wrexham, Evesham, Worcester, Holy, well. Mold, Leominster, Not- tingham, Oswestry, Wem, Shrewsbury, Whitchurch, Wellington, Tamworth, and Grantham Northampton, Daventry, Wel- lingborough, Kettering, Thrapstoiie, Peterborough, Oundle, Hyham Ferrars, Stamford, Spalding, and Mar- ket Harborough Northampton, D.iventry, and Wellingborough Newcastle-upon-Tyne i k2 NuM o( lb* Bank. Manchester and Salford Bank. *Mirfield and Huddersfleld Banking Company. Monmouthshire and Glamor- ganshire Banking Compa ny. *Moore and Robinson's Not- tinghamshire Banking Company. *National Provincial Bank of England. Dttt when all- liliahtd. ^Newcastle Commercial Banking Company. ^Newcastle, Shields, and Sunderland Union .Toint Stock Banking Compan]^. Nuwcastle-upon-Tyne Joint Stock Banking Company. ^Norfolk and Norwich Joint Stock Banking Company. North and Bank. South Wales 15 June, 1830 29 Dec. 1832 38 July, 1836 13 July, 1836 37 Dec. 1833 16 July, 1836 11 July, 1836 27 June, 1836 31 Mar. 1827 30 April, 1836 North of England Joint Stock Banking Company. ^Northern and Central Bank of England. Northamptonihire Banking Company. Northamptonshire Union Bank Northumberland and Dur- ham Diatrict Banking Com 15 38 Nov. 1833 13 Mar. 1834 33 May, 1836 \i May, 1836 23 Hay, 1836 Number of Partnen. Fail) up Capihil. «. d. 259 263 487 318 436 136 135 536 571 1,204 990 464 464 250,000 35,000 940,000 711,860 e z 5 i I 8 i '1 114 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL) BANK Table \.~-lMhe(l. or Ptrtjien. I.— The Hibernian Joint By special Act, 5 Geo. - Dublin 835 Stock Company.* " 4. c. 159. 3.— The Northern Banking 31st of December, 1834 Belfast. Ballymena. 308 Company. Lisburne. Coleraine. N. T. Limavady. Magherafelt. Lurgan. Armagh. Downpatrick. Londonderry. 3.— The Provincial Bank of 31it of August, 1835 - Armagh. Athlone. 644 Ireland. Bnliina. Ballymena. BallyshannoD. Banbridge. Bandon. Belfast. Cavan. Clonmel. Coleraine. Cork. Downpatrick. Dungannon. Dungarvan. Enn s. Enniskillen. Galway. Kilkenny. Limerick. Londonderry. Lurgan. Mallow. Monaghan. Moneymore. Omagh. Parsonstown. Bligo. 1 Strabane. Tralee. Waterford. Wexford Youghall. Belfast. Coleraine 4.— The Belhn Banking IBM SOS Company. Ballymoney. Londonderry. Ballymena. Lurgan. Dungannon. Cookstown. Armagh. Banbridge. ♦ This bank does not issue notes, and is not, therefore, required to make a registry at this office : it did, however, register its Ann and partners in 1835, and the number of the partners above given is taken from the registry then made. , . „ , Stamps, Ireland, April 19, 1836. J. 8. Coopeb, Compt. and Acct. Genl. c i t^. H 116 BANKS (SCOTCH). 7 t , Table II.— caiKtawMi. Numlxr Town iik) PUr« wli»rt Iha lUnki or llwir i)( JolDlSlockBukf WhnMlibllthad. HnirichM h«»» l)t«n eil»l.lifh«l. I'lllMtl. 9.— Th)! ARrlcultiiral ami (^iiiiiiiMTr.ial Uuiik o( 38th of October, IH32,104 29 March, 1834 - . . . 8,733,400 1,458,427 10,191,897 28 June, - . - - 8,875,705 1,612,887 10,518,683 27 Sept. - . . - 8,370,423 1,783,689 10,1.54,113 28 Dec. - . • • «,!537,655 2,122,173 10,6.59,898 28 March, 1835 - . - - 8,231,206 2,188,954 10,420,160 . - - 8,455,114 3,484,687 10,939,801 26 Sept. - . - - 7,9I2,.W7 2,508,036 10,420,633 20 Dec. - - - - 6..33 1,863 3,799,551 11,134,414 26 March, 1836 - . - - 8,3.'i3.894 3,094,025 11,447,919 25 June, . . - 8,614,133 3,588,064 12,902,196 24 Sept. - - 7,969,121 3,969,121 11,733,945 I , Sup.) IV. Banks (Scotch). The act of 1708, preventing more than 6 inJividuals from entering into a partnership for carrying on the business of banking, did not extend to Scotland. In consequence of this exemption, several banking companies, with numerous bodies of partners, have always existed in that part of the empire. Bank of Sattland. — 'ITiis institution was projected by Mr. John Holland, merchant of London, and was established by act of the Scotch parliament (Will. 3. Pari. 1. § 5.) in 1695, by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland. Its original capital was 1,200,000/. Scotch, or 100,000/. sterling, distributed in shares of 1.000/. Scotch, or 83/. 6«. 8d. sterling, each. The act exempted the capital of the bank from all public burdens; and gave it the exclusive privilege of banking in Scotland for 21 years. The objects for which the bank was instituted, and its m(Mle of management, were intended to be, and have been, in most respects, similar to those of the Bank of England. The responsibility of the shareholders is limited to the amount of their shares. The capital of the bank was increased to 200,000/. in 1744; and was enlarged by subsequent acts of parliament, the last of which (44 Geo. 3. c. 23.) was pasfKtd in 1804, to 1,500,000/,, its present amount Of this sum, 1,000,000/. has been paid up. The last mentioned act directed that all sums relating to the afTairs of the bank should henceforth be rated in sterling money, that the former mode of dividing bank stock by shares should be discontinued, and that, for the future, it should be transferred in any sums or parcels. On the union of the two kingdoms in 1707, the Bank of Scotland undertook the recoinage, and effected the exchange of the currency in Scotland : it was also the organ of government, in the issue of the DC w ill ver coinage in 1 8 1 7. * This Bank stopped payment in November, 1836. The bank of to pstablish bran at a very early a minute of the bark as 1729. dlMtinrtive prinr prolinl)ly superii of Scotland has doubt that it hw mcnts, of much It may be woi drrlnrrd that all to all intents am this clauB«( was bank in ordrrto WPS finally cnnc« We subjoin ai printed for the ui are, of course, so I. The Bank of I tiire alone : and ei advancement of a( {Hill. rurl. 1. HX C.23.) II. The Rtatnlorj anil hannk conntitiitc«l liy net of pnrim, cnt. It liegai to mtabliRh branchcR in IBUO-.nmi imucd noteH for I/. HOfnrly n* 1704. Thu Imnk aliio (tpifilh, nt II very early period, to rrcoivo depogitii on intercHt, and to f^mnt credit on cash accounti ; a minute of the directora with reapect to tho mo«lo of kcepiii)^ tht? latter, being dated ho far back a« 1729. It in, therefore, entitled to the rr<'eri4)r to every other Byatem hitherto CHtabliahed. (Senerally speaking, the Hank of Scotland haa alwaya iM-en conducted on aound and lilM-ral principlcH; nor can there be a doubt that it haa been productive, both directly and aa an example to other banking catabliah- menta, of much public utility and advantage. It may Imj worth mentioning, that the act of Will. 3., eatabiishing the Bank of Scotland, declared that all foreigners who became partners in the bank, Hhoidd, by doing ao, l)ecome, to all intents and purposes, naturalised Scotchmen. After Innng for a long time forgotten, this claustMvaa taken advantage of in I SI 8, when several aliens acquired property in thn bank in order to secure the beiiotlt of naturalisation. But after being suspended, the privilege was finally cancelled in 1882. We subjoin an official abstract of tho constitution and objects of tho Bank of Scotland, printed for the use of the proprietors in 1818 ; — the terms and mode of transacting business are, of course, sometimes altered, according to circumstances. I. The Hank n( Hcntlnnil is a public nntloiiiil cKtnliliiihniunt ; ernrtiMl anil refiulntiMl by llio l<>Kigla- tiiri! nIoiK! : niiil exprt'xiily iih n public Hank in tlilo kiMKib'ni ; l>>r tilt! lii-neMl i>r 1\\k nntion, and fur the nilvanrcinrnt nf n|;rirnltnrR, roniniMfce and mniiiifnctiircH ; nnrt fur other olijcclii of public piilliy. — (Will. Purl. 1. }5. ; 14 Qto. 3. c. 38. ; 24 Oto. 3. c. H. ; 35 Qeo. 3. c. 25. ; 34 (Uo. 3. c. lU. ; 44 Oeo. 3. C.23.) II. TIip statutory rnpitnl is at prenent I.SOO.OOO/. sterlinir. H i" rniBed by vnlnnlnry subscription; and has bci-n Ruborribed fnr. l.(HM1,()()0/. liaM been called for, and paid in.- (44 Oto. 3. c. 23.) III. Hubucrihcri*, if not under nbllKalion to the Hank, may, at pleaxiire, tramtlVr their .iKht. \t inidiT <)bll|(ation to tlic Hank, thu obligation niUHt he previnufily lii|uidiited ; or, the prnceedn of the •nlc, at a price to the satigfhrtion nf tho directors, must be applied Inwards such liquidation. Trans- fers are made by a short assiRnment and acceptance thereof, both in a reifister appointed for that piirpuse. The expense, beside the government stump, li lU. — {Will. I'arl. I. i !>.) IV. Dank of Scotland stock may he acijuired, in any portions, by any person, community, or other lawful party whatsoever ; without selection, exclusion, or limitation ol^nunibers.— (>ri/(. I'arl. 1^9.; 44 Oeo. 3. c. 33.) V. Hank of Scotland stock may he conveyed by latter will, and, if specially mentioned, wittinut expense of cnnllrmation. It cannot be arrested: the holder's right may be adjudged. Dividends nmy be arrested.— (/fiH. Pari. 1. } 5.) VI. TMe Hank nf Scotland is a public corporation by act of parliament. The Bank's transactions are distinct from those of the stockholders ; and theirs from those of the Hank.— ((Fi/{. Pari. I. <^ 3.) VII. The establishment Is expressly debarred from any other business than that of banking. — (If'iH. Pari. 1. }5.) VIII. The manaxement is vested, hy statute, in a ftovcrnor, deputy governor, twelve ordinary, and twelve extraordinary directors. They are chosen annually, on the last Tuesday of March, by thu stockholders having 250/. of stock or upwards. Those above 250/. have a vote fnr every 2502. ; to S.OflO/. or 20 votes. No person can have inore than 20 votes. The governor mast hold, at least, 2,fl00{. of stock ; thn deputy governor 1, 5002. ; and each director 750<. They swear to be equal to all persons: and cannot hold any Inferior office in the Uunk. — {Will. Pari. 1. ) 5. ; 14 Oto. 3. c. 32. ; 44 Oto 3. c. 23.) IX. The executive part is conducted by a treasurer, secretary, and other public offlcers, all sworn. Those havinR the otiicial charge of cash find duo security.— (WiH. Pari, 1. i) 5.) X. The Hoard of directors sits for the general administration of the Bank, at the Bank's Public Head Office in Edinburgh. The local business of that district is also conducted at that office. For the local business in the other parts of the kingdom, the Bank has its regular public offices in the principal towns. At each of these offices there is the Bank agent or cashier, who gives due security, and conducts the Bank's business for that district, in the manner after mentioned. There is also the Bank's accountant for that office ; who is appointed by the directors.— (WiH. Purl. 1. } 5.) XI. The Bank takes in money, at all its public offices, on deposit receipts or promissory notes, or on current deposit account.* At the Head Office, draughts on London, or on any of the agencies, are given : at each agency, draughts on London, or on the Head Office, are given. All these documents are on the Bank's cheek (and sealed with the Bank's seali). They bear, in words, to be " For the Bank of Scotland ;" or, " For the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland." These documents are signed, if at Edinburgh, by the treasurer, and countersigned by the principal accountant : if at an agency, they must be signed by the Bank's agent, as agent, and countersigned by the Bank's account- ant fnr that agency; otherwise they infer no obligation on the Bank.— (Resolution of Court, 2Sth Feb. 1793.) XII. Bills on London, Edinburgh, or any town where the Bank has its official correspondents, are discnunted and purchased at all the Bank's public offices. The Bank's agents Judge, in ordinary cases, of the bills presented ; so that parties meet with no delay. The Bank does not sell, at any of its offices, the bills which it has discounted and purchased. Its agents cannot indorse its bills, unless officially to the treasurer.— («e«oJM(ion of Court, 23d Feb. 1789.) XIII. Government stock and other public funds, transferable in London, may be purchased or sold, and dividends thereon may be received, through the Bank. XIV. The Bank gives credit on cash accounts at any of its offices, on bnnd, with security. The security may be personal co-obligants, conjunctly and severally ; or Bank of Scotland stock ; or both : or such other security as may be specially agreed on. Applications for cash accounts are given in to the office where the cash account is wanted, and must specify the credit desired, ond the security pro- posed; and the individual partners, where copartneries are proposed. Cash accounts are granted by * The Bank has always allowed interest on deposits. The rate allowed varies, of course, with the variations in the market rate. During the greater part of the late war it was as high as 4 pei cent. ; out at present it is only 2 per cent. t The seal is now dispensed with, except on the Bank's notes. fi^^ 118 HANKS (SCOTCH). thr illrrrtnrK only i nnrt nrr nnt rprnlli'rt iinli>M hy Iticlr uprrlnl niithnrif jr, It I* nndrrntonrt thdl IhtM rrfitlin nrt* imt iihimI iin iIimkI loniiii, tn proiliii'i* Int'Ti'il nnly. In ihii fnir rniirii)' nl' hiimni'iiii, llit* ml- I, ▼nnlniri' «( the Hunk U ('oimiillicl hy nn ntllvr rlrciiliilinn of Iin iioltn, nnd hy frcqiii'iit ri'pnyii)i>nti all In n wny Ii'BuI iitTiTllnu llinl rlrnilnliiin.— (W«mWi.<*«ii ()/ Caiirf, Ath Nov, l7*i<.), niiil'i:ii ' XV. Thn linnk'ii illviilHiid nC |iriillt« hn« fur ii">ni« lime bfl>'n Ht p«r rrnl. ptT nniiiini (nl prcii'nl, llttill-Vli. I7H(1.) IHna, il la fl p«r ciMit.) nn Hint pnrt of Iti inpltnl utoik, or I,00n,n00<. merllni, pnlil In. Thu illviilfnili urn pnlil rnnulnrly Iwlcn n ypiir, withiiiil pxpenae. They may h« ilriiwii olthar at tho Uttiik'* U«>d Offlce, fir lit any uf In otliDr nfflcei, ai moit ugmeabla to ih« itockholder. By order of the Cniirt of Dlrcctori. 0th Nov. laia Moat of tho other Scotch banka are conducted on the aame prinriplea and in the aame way OH the Bank of Scotland, ao that tho dctaila aa to ita management will nearly apply to thorn all. The Ri>t/al Hittik nf Scotland was eatabliahed in 1727. Ita original capital waa Ifil.OOOi^ At prcaent it amnunU to 2,000,000/. The Brilinh Linen Company woa incorporated in 1746, for tho purpo«e, aa ita name implies, of undertaking the manufacture of linen. But the vicwa in which it originated were Rfieedily abandoned ; and it became a banking company only. Ita capital amounta to 600,000/. None of the other banking companiea eatabliahed in Scotland are chartered aaaociations, with limited rcRpoiiHibility ; the partners being jointly and individually liable, to tho whole extent of their fortunes, for the debts of the firms. Some of them, such as the National Bank, the Commercial Banking Compony, the Dundee Commercial Bank, the Perth Bank- ing Company, &c,, hove very numerous bodies of partners. Their atfairs arc uniformly conducted by a Board of directors, annually chosen by the shareholders. The Bank of Scotland began, as already stated, to isauo 1/. notes so early as 1704 ; and their issue has since been continued without interruption. " In Scotland," to use the state* ment given in the Report of the Committee of the House of Commons of 1826, on the Pro- missory Notes of Scotland and Ireland, "the issue of promissory notes payable to the bearer on demand, for a sum not less than 20,t. has been at all times permitted by law ; nor has any act been passed, limiting the period for which such issue shall continue legal in that country. In England, the issue of promissory notes for a loss sum than Hi. was prohibited by law from tho year 1777 to the period of *.he Bank Restriction in 1797. It has been permitted since 1797; and the permission will cease, as the law at present stands, in April, 1820." There havel)cen comparatively few bankruptcies among the Scotch banks. In 1793 and 1825, when so many of the English provincial banks were swept otf, there was not a sinf^le establishment in Scotland that gave way. This superior stability seems to be ascribable partly to the formation of so many banks with numerous bodies of partners, which tends to prevent any company with only a few partners, unless they are known to possess consi- (lerable fortunes, from getting paper into circulation ; partly to the less risk attending the business of banking in Scotland ; and partly to the facility afforded by the law of Scotland of attaching a debtor's property, whether it consists of land or moveables, and making it available to the payment of his debts. In the Report already quoted, the last-mentioned topic is touched upon as follows : — "The general provisions of the law of Scotland bearing upon this subject are calculated to promote the solidity of banking establishments, by affording to the creditor great facilities of ascertain- ing the pecuniary circumstances of individual partners, and by making tho private fortunei of those partners available for the discharge of the obligations of the bank with which they are connected. There is no limitation upon the number of partners of which a banking company in Scotland may consist ; and, excepting in case of the Bank of Scotland and the two chartered banks, which have very considerable capitals, the partners of all banking com- panies are bound jointly and severally, so that each partner is liable, to the whole extent of his fortune, for tho whole debts of the company. A creditor in Scotland is empowered to attach the real and heritable, as well as the personal estate of his debtor, for payment of per- sonal debts, among which may be classed debts due by bills and promissory notes; and recourse may be had, for the purpose of procuring payment, to each descHption of property at the same time. Execution is not confined to the real property of a debtor merely during his life, but proceeds with equal effect upon that property after his decease. " The law relating to the establishment of records gives ready means of procuring informa- tion with respect to the real and heritable estate of which any person in Scotland may he possessed. No purchase of an estate in that country is secure until the seisine (that is, the instrument certifying that actual delivery has been given) is put on record, nor is any mortgage effectual until the deed ia in like manner recorded. " In the case of conflicting pecuniary claims upon real property, the preference is not re- gelated by the date of the transaction, but by (he date of its record. These records are accessible to all persons ; and thus the public can with ease ascertain the effective means which a banking company possesses of discharging its obligations ; and the partnera in that company are enabled to determine, with tolerable accuracy, tho degree of risk and responsibility to which the private property of each is exposed." informa- may be at is, the is any s not re- lords are means tners in risk and I BANKS (SCOTCH). 119 Dtpomf*. — A» wiM previnualy olmcrvpd, nil ihc Hcolch bnnkM rcrcive de |ioiils of lo low a valur u 10/., bikI w)nii-tirnt>* lowor, and nliow iiitvrciit U|ioii (lii'in, "The iiiterrtit," say the i-omniittec, " nllowi'tl liy ihc Ilaiik upon (li'pi)nili( variri" from tinio to time* Bcrordinfi to tho rurrcnt rate of intcrcit which iiKuii-y Kcnrrally U-urn. At prcMnt (182fi) the inUtert allowed upon de|)oaiU in 4 per cent." (.\t thia moment (IH:}3) the in- lereit allowed on depoiitM ia only 2 or SJ per cent.) "It haa lieen ralculuted that th« BfrsrcKBte amoiinl of tho aunia depoaited with the Hcolch lianka amounta to aliout 'J(),()(M),()()<)/. or i 000,()()0/." (It ia helieved to »» now, (IH:)3,) little if ony thinn under a4,()(>0,(IO()/.) " The precise accuracy of Huch an e»timate cannot of courae he relied on. The witniHH ity whom it was made thought that tho amount of depoaita could not be leaa than tH,0(IO,()()()/., nor exceed !i6,0(K) ()0()/., and took un intt'rmediiile aum aa the prohalilf amount. Another witneaa, who hitd ten connected for many ycura with dilVerent Imiika in Scotland, and haa had exjierience m their eoncerna at Stirling, Ktlinhurnh, I'erth, Aberdeen, and (jIbhuow, slated that tnofe than one half of the dfpimtii in the Lunkn with which he hud bun cunnicled wtre in iium» J'rovi ten poundn to two hundrtd poundn. UeiuR aakeil what claaa of the community it u that mukea ihe amall depoaiu, he Kuve the following anawer, from which it app4>ara that the mode uf conductinif thia branch of the honkinp; buMineaa in Mcotlund has loiiK given to that country many of the benclita derivable from the establishment uf auvinga banki. " Question. What claiw of the community is it that makes the amollcst deposits 1 — Answer, They are generally the labouring cIuhscs, in towna like (Jlasgow : in country plucea, like Perth and Alwrdeen, it ia from servants and fishermen, and that class of the community, who save small auma from their earninga, till ihey come to lie ii bank deposit. 'I'hero is now a facility for their placing money in the Provident Banks, which receive money till the de- posit amounts to 10/. When it eomea to 10/., it ia rcjual to the minin)um of a hank deposit. The system cf tanking in Scotland is an extension of the Provident Bank system. Half- yearly or yearly ihose depositors come to the bank, and add the savings of their labour, with the interest that haa accrued upon the deposits from tlie previous half year or year, to the principal; and in this way it goea on without being at all reduced, accumulating (at com- pound interest) till the depositor ia able either to buy or build a house, when it comes to be 100/., or 200/., or 300/., or till he ia able to commence busincsa as a master in the line in which lie haa hitherto been a servant. A great part of tho depositors of the bank are of that description, and a ffreat part of the most thriving of our farmers and manufacturers have arisen from tuck beginnings, CaA Accounts or Credits, — The loans or advances made by the Scotch banks arc either in the shape of discounts, or upon cash credits, or, as they arc more commonly termed, cash accounts. This speciea of account does not differ in principle from an over-drawing account at a private banker's in England. A cash credit is a credit given to an individual by a banking company for a limited sum, seldom under 100/. or 200/., upon his own security, and that of two or three individuals approved by the bank, who become sureties for its payment. The individual who haa obtained such a credit is enabled to draw the whole sum, or any part of it, when he pleases ; replacing it, or portions of it, according as he finds it convenient ; interest being charged upon such part only as he draws out " If a man borrowa 5,000/, from a pri- vate hand, besides that it is not always to be found when required, he pays interest for it whether he be using it or not. His bank credit costs him nothing, except during the mo> ment it is of service to him; and this circumstance is of equal advantage as if he had bor- rowed money at a much lower rate of interest." — (Hume's Essay on the Balance of Trade.) This, then, is plainly one of the most commodious forms in which advances can be made. Cash credits are not, however, intended to be a dead loan,- the main object of the banks in granting them is to get their notes circulated, and they do not grant them except to persons in business, or to those who arc frequently drawing out and paying in money. The system of cash credits has been very well described in the Report of the Lords' Com- mittee of 1826, on Scotch and Irish Banking. "There is also," say their lordships, "one part of their system, which is stated by all the witnesses (and, in the opinion of Uie com- mittee, very justly stated) to have had the best effects upon the people of Scotland, and par- ticularly upon the middling and poorer classes of society, in producing and encouraging habits of frugality and industry. The practice referred to is that of cash credits. Any per- son who applies to a bank for a cash credit, is called upon to produce two or more competent sureties, who are jointly bound ; and afler a full inquiry into the character of the applicant, the nature of his business, and the sufficiency of his securities, he is allowed to open a credit, and to draw upon the bank for the whole of its amount, or for such part as his daily transac- tions may require. To the credit of the account he pays in such sums as he may not have occasion to use, and interest is charged or credited upon the daily balance, as the case may be. From the facility which these cash credits give to all the small transactions of the countrj', and from the opportunities which they aflbrd to persons, who begin business with little or no capital but their character, to employ profitably the minutest products of their "> 130 BANKS (SCOTCH). t I i } i - f industry, it cannot be doubted that the most important advantages are derived to the whole community. The advantage to the banks who give tlicse cash credits arists from the call which tliey continually produce for the issue of their paper, and from the opportunity which they afford for the profitable employment of part of their deposits. The banks are indeed so sensible, that in order to make this part of their business advantageous and secure, it is ne- cessary that their cash credits should (as they express it) be frequently operated upon, that they refuse to continue them unless this implied condition be fulfilled. The total amount of their cash credits is stated by one witness to be 6,000,000/. of wl)'~h the average amount advanced by the banks may be one third." The expense of a bond for a cash credit of 600/. is 4/. stamp duty, and a charge of from 5s. to 10s. 6c/. per cent, for filling it up. Circulation, S(c. — According to a demi-ofHcial return given in the Commons' Report already referred to, the total number of notes in circulation in Scotland, in the early part of 1826, amounted to 3,309,062; of which 2,079,344 were under 6/., and 1,229,838, 6/. and upwards. The Scr> h banks draw on London at 20 days' date. This is denominated the par of exchange. L>dtween London and Edinburgh. Most of the great Scotch banks, such as the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank, &c., have established branches in other towns besides that where the head office is kept. By the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 65., to restrain the negotiation in England of Scotch or Irish promissory notes and bills under 5/., it is enacted, that if any body poliL'c or corporate, or person, shall, after the 5th of April, 1 829, publish, utter, negotiate, or transfer, in any part of England, any promissory or other note, draft, engagement, or undertaking, payable on demand to the bearer, for any sum less than 5/., purporting to have been made or issued ia Scotland or Ireland, every such body politic or corporate, or person, shall forfeit for every such offence not mure than 20/. nor less than 5/. Nothing contained in this act applies to any drafl or order drawn by any person on his or her banker, or on any person acting as such banker, for the payment of money held by such banker or person for the use of the person by whom such draft or order shall be drawn. No. I. — The following Table contains an Account of the Number of Banks in Scotland ; the Namei of the Firms or Banlis; Dates of their Establishment; Places of the Head Offices; Number of Branches; Number of Partners; and the Names of their London Agents.— (Extracted principally from the Appendix, p. 19. to the Commons' Report of 1826, on Scoteh and Irish Banking.) Date. Head Office. No of Bmichet. No. of Farlnen. London Agent*. 1 Bank of Scotland 1695 Edinburgh 16 Act of P. Coutts and Co. a Royal Bank of Scotland - 1727 Ditto 1 Charter Bank of England, and ditto. 3 British Linen Company - 1746 Ditto 27 Ditto Smith, Payne, and Co. 4 Aberdeen Banking Comp. 1767 Aberdeen 6 80 Glyn and Co. 5 Aberdeen Town and Co. Bk. 1825 Ditto 4 446 Jones, Loyd, and Co. 6 Arbroath Banking Comp. 1825 Arbroath 2 112 Glyn and Co. 7 Carrick and Co. or Ship Bk. 1746 Glasgow None 3 Smith, Payne, and Co. 8 Com. Bk. CoMip. of Scotland 1810 Edinburgh 31 521 Jones, Loyd, and Co. 9 Commercial Banking Comp. 1778 Aberdeen None 15 Kinloch and Sons. 10 Dundee Banking Company 1777 Dundee None 61 Kiiiloch and Sons. 11 Dundee New Bank - 1802 Ditto 1 6 Ransom and Co. 12 Dundee Commercial Bank 1825 Ditto None 202 Glyn and Co. 13 Dundee Union Bank 1809 Ditto 4 85 Glyn and Co. 14 Falkirk Banking Company 1787 Falkirk 1 5 Remington and Co. IS Greenock Banking Comp. 1785 Greenock 3 14 Kay and Co. 16 Glasgow Banking Company 1809 Glasgow 1 19 Ransom and Co., Glyn k Co. 17 Hunters and Co. 1773 Ayr 3 8 Berries and Co. 18 Leith Banking Company - r92 Leith 4 15 Barnet and Co. 19 National Bank of Scotland 1825 Edinburgh 8 1,238 Glyn and Co. 20 Montrose Bank 1814 Montrose 3 97 Barclay and Co. 21 Paisley Banking Company 1783 Paisley 4 6 Smith, Payne, and Co. Glyn and Co. 22 Paisley Union Bank Perth Banking Company - 1788 Ditto 3 4 23 1766 Perth 5 147 Barclay and Co. 24 Perth Union Bank — Ditto — 69 Remington and Co. 25 Ramsay's, Bonar's, and Co. 1738 Edinburgh None 8 Coutts and Co. 20 Renfrewshire Banking Co. 1802 Sreenock 5 6 Kay and Co. 27 Shetland Bank - - . Berwick — 4 Barclay and Co. 28 Sir Win. Forbes and Co. - Edinburgh — 7 Barclay and Co., Coutts k Co. 29 Stirling Banking Company 1777 Stirling 3 7 Kinloch and Soi.s. i"_ Thistle Bank • 1761 Glasgow None 6 Smith, Payne, and Co, Private Banking Companies in Edinburgh who do not issue Notes. 1 2 3 t_ Dale. Head Office. No. of Branchea. No. of Partnen. LoBdoo Agenli. Kinnear, Smith and Co. Robert Allan and »on. James Inglia and Co. 1830 1776 Edinburgh Ditto Ditto None None None Smith, Payne, and Co. Bosanquet and Co. Boannqiiet and Co. No. II.— An A( Years ending Finns carryi Number of lie Ditto tn hank Ditto tu L.iik Ditto to baiik< Stamp Office, No. Ill— Statei with the Cha E.ichange, or upon which £ i Edinburgh IStbof June, 1 "In no coui been carried to 1783, with sim of more than 6 repeated failure , trade of bankin that would hav plied by joint si effectual rules. "In 1797, wl extended to Ireli increased. In ! 621,917/.; in H "These incre which the numb a great depreciat mint price ; and ^. This unfa^ issues of the Bai 1810, when the ( "The loss thi words. It appea were at that time been established ; time to time in ii from business ; si Mallow. These the only banks nt "In 1821, in c ceding yeai, in tl with the Bank of a distance of 50 ii tal 500,000/. Th "But minister! banking that had a party of mercha liament for the i session, repealing " In consequem stock company, w 1825. But then L BANKS (IRISH). 121 j(o,II._\n Account of the Number of Licences taken out by Country Hankers in Scfllanil for the Years enilinf; tlie 10th of October, 1824, 1825, 1820, and 1827 ; specifying such as liavc been given to Firini carrying on Business in more Places than one. Number of licences issued to bankers who issue notes at one place only Uilto to bankers who issue notes at two different places Ditto to l.iikers who issue notes at three different places Ditto to bankers wlio issue notes at four or more places 1624. 182-.. 1B26. 1 1827. 10 10 52 12 6 52 12 12 .')0 « f) CO 78 aa S<) ] SI 1 Certified, Stamp Office, Edinburgh, 4th of March, 1828. Thomas Penulr, Conipt. No. HI.— Statement of the Number of Persons convicted of Forgery of all Instruments connected with the Chartered and other Banks of Scotland ; whether of Bank Notes, of Post liill.s, Bills of E.tchange, or otherwise, from 1791 to 1829, both inclusive ; particularizing the Capital Convictionu upon which Execution took place, and the Cases of mitigated Punishment. For Forging. For Uttering. Tol«l Number Convicted. Number where Paini of Law restricted, and Sentence thort of Death pronounced. Number on whom Capital Sentence pro- nounced. Number whoie Sentences were niitU gated by Hit Majealy. Number Executed. Panloneil. Cnmmiiled. 49 150 199 172 27 2 " 16 Edinburgh, 18th of June, 1830. Certified by V Banks (Irish). Ja. Anderson, Depute Clerk of Justiciary. " In no country, perhaps," says Sir Henry Parnell, " has the issuing of paper money been cairied to such an injurious excess as in Ireland. A national bank was establi.shcd in 1783, with similar privileges to those of the Bank of England, in respect to the restriction of more than 6 partners in a bank ; and the injury that Ireland has sustained from the Repeated failure of banks may be mainly attributed to this defective regulation. Hud the trade of banking been left as free in Ireland as it is in Scotland, the want of paper money that would have arisen with the progress of trade would, in all probability, have been su[)- plied by joint stock companies, supported with large capitals, and governed by wise and effectual rules. "In 1797, when the Bank of England suspended its payments, the same privilege was exteniled to Ireland ; and after this period the issues of the Bank of Ireland were rapidly increased. In 1797, the amount of the notes of the Bank of Ireland in circulation was 621,917/.; in 1810, 2,266,471/.; and in 1814,2,986,999/. "These increased issues led to corresponding increased issues by the private banks, of which the number was 50 in the year 1804. The consequence of this increase of paper was a great depreciation of it ; the price of bullion and guineas rose to 10 per cent, above the mint price ; and the exchange with London became as high as 18 per cent., the par being 8^. This unfavourable exchange was afterwards corrected ; not by any reduction in the issues of the Bank of Ireland, but by the depreciation of the British currency in the year 1810, when the exchange between London and Dublin settled again at about par. " The loss that Ireland has sustained by the failure of banks may be described in a few words. It appears by the Report of the Committee on Iri^h Exchanges in 1804, that there were at that time in Ireland 50 registered banks. Since that year, a great many more have been established; but tke whole have failed, one after the other, involving the country from time to time in immense distress, with the following exceptions : — iirst, a few that withdrew from business ; secondly, four banks in Dublin ; thirdly, three at Belfast ; and lastly, one at Mallow. These eight banks, with the new Provincial Bank, and the Bank of Ireland, are the only banks now existing in Ireland. "In 1821, in consequence of II banks having failed nearly at the same time in the pre- ceding yeai, in the South of Ireland, government succeeded in making an arrangement with the Bank of Ireland, by which joint stock companies were allowed to be established at a distance of 50 miles (Irish) from Dublin, and the bank was permitted to increase its capi- tal 500,000/. The act of I & 2 Geo. 4. c. 72. was founded on this agreement. " But ministers having omitted to repeal in this act various restrictions on the trade of banking that had been imposed by 33 Geo. 2. c. 14., no new company was formed. In 1824, a party of merchants of Belfast, wishing to establish a joint stock company, petitioned par- liament for the repeal of this act of Geo. 2. ; and an act was accordingly passed in that session, repealing some of the most objectionable restrictions of it (the 5 Geo. 4. c. 73.). " In consequence of this act, the Northern Bank of Belfast was converted into a joint stock company, with a capital of 500,000/., and commenced business on the 1st of January, 1825. But the remaining restrictions of 33 Geo. 2., and certain provisions contained in the L 16 122 BANKS (IRISH). i 'f i . new acts of 1 & 2 Geo. 3. and 5 Geo. 4., obstructed the progress of this company, and they found it necessary to apply to government to remove them ; and a bill was accordingly in- troduced, which would liave repealed all the obnoxious clauses of the 33 Geo. 2., had it not been so altered in the committee as to leave several of them in force. In 1825, the Provin- cial Bank of Ireland commenced business with a capital of 2,000,000/. ; and the Bank of Ireland has of late established branches in all the principal towns in Ireland. " The losses that have been sustained in Ireland by abusing the power of issuing paper have been so great, that much more is necessary to be done, by way of protecting the public from future loss, than the measure proposed last session (1826) by ministers, of abolishing small notes ; and the measure already adopted, of allowing joint stock companies to be established in the interior of the country. As the main source of the evil consists in the interference of the law in creating a national bank with exclusive privileges, the first stim that ought to be taken for introducing a good system into Ireland is the getting rid of such a bank, and opening the trade of banking in Dublin. The next measure should be the requjr. ing of each bank to give security for the amount of paper that is issued ; for after the expe. rience of the ignorance with which the Irish banks have conducted their business, and the derangement of the natural course of the trade by the long existence of the bank of Ireland, it Would be unwise to calculate upon a sound system of banking speedily supplanting that which has been established. " Under the circumstances in which Ireland is placed, nothing would so much contribute to her rapid improvement in wealth, as the introducing of the Scotch plan of cash credits, and of paying interest on deposits. By cash credits, the capital which now exists would be rendered more efficient, and the paying of interest on small deposits would lead to habits of economy, and to the more rapid accumulation of new capital. "The charter of the Bank of Ireland has still to run till the year 1838." — {Observatum on Paper Monty, SfC. by Sir Henry Pamell, pp. 171 — 177.) The capital of the Bank of Ireland at its establishment in 1783 amounted to 600,000/.; but it has been increased at various periods ; and has, since 1821, amounted to 3,000,000/. At present, no bank having more than 6 partners can be established any where within 50 Irish miles of Dublin ; nor is any such bank allowed to draw bills upon Dublin for less than 50/., or at a shorter date than 6 months. This enactment seems to amount to a virtual pro. hibition of the drawing of such bills. The Bank of Ireland draws on London at 20 days' date. She neither grants cash credits, nor allows any interest on deposits. She discounts at the rate of 5/. per cent. In 1828, the currency of Ireland was assimilated to that of Great Britain. Previously to that period, the currency of the former was 8^ per cent, less valuable than that of the latter. Account of Bank of Ireland Notes in Circulation, including Bank Post Bills, in each Half Year, com. mencing with the Half Year ending Ist of January, 1797, to 1st of January, 1819, inclusive. Vun. January 1. July 1. Yean. January 1. July 1. £ £ £ £ ' 1797 733.763 785,101 1809 3,002,699 3,144,677 1798 1,081,512 1,245,214 1810 3,170,064 3,171,607 1799 1,363,710 1,557,737 1811 3,331,892 3,472,781 1800 1,938,381 2,317,235 1813 3,616,476 3,763,229 1801 2,350,133 3,323,901 1813 3,957,920 4,199,474 1802 2,431,152 2,587,187 1814 4,165,906 4,281,149 1803 2,662,405 3,617,144 1815 4,528,041 4,431,455 1804 2,798,767 2,859,977 1816 4,179,549 4,193,8,'-.3 1605 2,817,697 2,778,635 1817 4,277,018 4,304,040 180*1 2,560,271 2,517,581 1818 4,387,155 4,413,463 1807 2,693,796 2,789,544 2,796,835 1819 4,477,019 1808 V«,717 An Account of the Average Amount of Bank of Ireland Notes, Including Bank Post Bills, issued dur- ing the Six Yeura ending with 1825. Tean. Nolo and BilU. 1820 'of 52. and upwards I under 51. 1821 of 52. and upwards I under 5{. 1822 of 52. and upwards under bl. Irish Currency, £ s. 2,894,777 6 1,314,806 15 3,501,119 11 1,710,603 3 3,618,111 1 1,552,321 S £ s. 4,309,564 5,311,792 14 5,170,432 3 run. 1823 1634 1635 Nolet and Dills. of 52. and upwards under SI. of 5/. and upwards under 52. of 52. and upwards under 52. Irish Currency. £ s. 3,528,625 7 1,566,764 7 3,890,337 6 1,732,116 6 4,446,995 1,964,354 8 £ I. 5,117,389 !« i 5,022,434 Ui 6,411,349 « (Commons Report of 1626, p. 29.) There is no later account of the circulation of the Bank of Ireland, or oftheother Irish banks. The entire paper circulatiou of Ireland may now, probably, amount to between 7,000,0002. and 8m,m. sterling. I 1633. 1833. It appeal that the avc in circulat rency; and the same p« all descripti 1,192,886/. Provindt founded in of 100/. eac London ; ai Sligo, Wex lina, Tralee have been o the court of the control o gentlemen ol consists of d receiving dci drawing and other details course of a s to Ireland on maintained tl The notes issued. The her branches which tended and other prii gatory on all are received b; Ireland ; and i those parts of dends have be per annum, or 36/. Northern B branches are d extensive scale nearly in the c There are v compared witb To attempt exceed our lim The Bank q was founded so was essentiall) current money The Bank ments were ma According to times in its cofl privately lent a stance transpiri my edition oft The Bank o Bank of Englo The original C8 ly, and they ;ordingly in- !., had it not the Provin- ic Bank of isuing paper ig the public of al>o!i»hing panies to be isists in the the first step rid of such a le the requir- 1 er the expe- I ness, and the I ik of Ireland, ' planting that 1 1 ch contribute I cash credits, ; ists would be I to habits of Observatiom to 600,000/.; ) 3,000,000/. ere within 50 for less than a virtual pro. n at 20 days' 5he discounts Previously n that of tlie ilf Year, com- iclusivc. Juljr I. £ J, 144,677 },171,607 J,472,781 J,763,229 1,199,474 1,281,149 l,4.'J4,455 1,193,8,13 1,304,040 1,413,463 hrrcncy. £ I. I 5,117,389 U> 9,033,4U14 16,411,349 ^ 1626, p. 29.) 1 bankn. The U 8,010,0001. Is, issued dur- BANKS (FOREIGN). 123 nteturn of the Amount of the Notes of the Bunk of Ireland (Includini; Hunk Post Bills) in Circula- tion at the iindormentioncd Periods.— (farZ. Paper, So. 435. Sess. 1831.) 1839. June 7. - 1833. January 3. July 4. - £ «. d. 3,975,322 7 5 4,245,528 10 11 3,790,653 7 7 1834. January 2. June 5. £ s. d. 3,fflM),8'11 7 6 3,791,951 19 4 Sup.) It appears from the statements given in the Report of the Commons' Committee of 1826, that the average value of the notes and post bills of the Bank of Ireland of S/, and upwards in circulation, during the five years ending with 1825, amounted to 3,646,660/. Irish cur- rency ; and that the average value of the notes and post bills under 5/. in circulation during the same period amounted to 1,643,828/. Irish currency. The average value of the notes of all descriptions issued by the other banking establishments in Ireland, in 1825, amounted to 1,192,886/. Provincial Bank of Ireland. — This important establishment was, as already stated, founded in 1825. lu subscribed capital consists of 2,000,000/. divided into 20,000 shares of 100/. each, of which 25 per cent, or 500,000/., has been paid up. Its head office is in London ; and at present it has subordinate offices in Cork, Limerick, Clonmel, Londonderry, Sligo, Wexford, Waterford, Belfast, Galway, Armagh, Athlone, Coleraine, Kilkenny, Bal- lina, Tralee, Youghall, Enniskillen, Monaghan, Banbridge, and Ballymena. The last 5 have been opened since 1831. The entire management of the establishment is vested in the court of directors in London. The business of the branch banks is conducted, under the control of the head office, by the managers, with the advice and assistance of 2 or more gentlemen of respectability in the district, each holding 10 shares in the bank. The business consists of discounting bills ; granting cash credits, after the manner of the Scotch banks ; receiving deposits, on which interests, varying according to circumstances, is allowed ; in drawing and giving letters of credit on other places of Ireland, Great Britain, &c. ; and of other details incident to banking. It has had several pretty severe runs to sustain. In the course of a single week, in October, 1828, about 1,000,000/. in gold was sent from England to Ireland on account of the Provincial Bank! This prompt and ample supply effectually maintained the credit of the establishment, and did much to restore confidenr The notes of the Provincial Bank have always been payable at the places where they are issued. The Bank of Ireland began to establish branches in 1825; but the notes issued by her branches were not, at first, payable except at the head office in Dublin. This distinction, which tended to throw the principal pressure of runs in the country on the Provincial Bank, and other private companies, was abolished by the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 81., which made it obli- gatory on all banks to pay their notes at the place of issue. Notes of the Provincial Bank are received by the Treasury in payment of taxes, in the same way as those of the Bank of Ireland ; and it is the bank of government for the excise, post-office, and stamp revenues for those parts of the country beyond the exclusive privileges of the Bank of Ireland. The divi- dends have been at the rate of 4, 5, and, since the 25th of December, 1832, of 6 per cent, per annum. Its stock is now at a '.tigh premium, the 25/. paid up shares fetching 35/. or 36/. Northern Banking Company, — ^This establishment has its head office in Belfast, and its branches are distributed throughout Ulster. Its capital and operations are on a much less extensive scale than those of the Provincial Batdc, but in other respects they are conducted nearly in the same way. There are very few private banking establishments at present existing in Ireland, at least compared with those in this country. VI. Baitks (Fobkion). To attempt giving any detailed account of the principal foreign banks would very far exceed our limits ; we shall, therefore, only notice a few of the more celebrated. The Bank of Venice seems to have been the first banking establishment in Europe. It was founded so early as 1171, and subsisted till the subversion of the republic in 1797. It was essentially a deposit bank ; and its bills bore at all times a premium or agio over stic bills discminted ... 10,506,882'54 16,304,498 48 Funded debt held by the bank ... 11,122,530!)0 4,747,690-45 Real estate ..... ?,891, 890-75 1,822,721-51 Funds in Europe, equal to specie 2,789,498-54 2,685,016-26 Specie --.... 9,043,748-97 8,026,055-45 Public deposits ... 8,905,501-87 6,957,621-54 Private deposits ..... 7,704,256-87 7,622,898-84 Circulation . - . - - 16,083,894-00 17,968,733-36 The total liabilities of the bank to the public on the Ist of November, 1832, including its notes in circulation, deposits, and debts to the holders of public funds, were 37,296,950-20 dollars; and its assets, including specie, cash in Europe, debts from individuals, banking companies, &c. were 79,593,870'97 dollars ; leaving a surplus of 42,296,920*77 dollars, showing the stability of the bank to be equal to that of any institution of the sort in the world. — (Report to Secretary of Treasury on Affairs of the Bank of the United States, Dec. 4. 1832.) The charter of the bank expires in 1836. A bill for its renewal passed both houses of Congress in 1832, but was rejected by the President. The probability, how- ever, seems to be, that the measure will still pass. Of its expediency no reasonable doubt can be entertained. (We stated in our last Supplement that the President had succeeded in his contest with this establishment, and that the probability was, that it would wind up its affairs in the course of the present year. But since then it has been rechartered, in so far at least as respects Pennsylvania, by the legislature of that state ; and it seems to be expected that it will be re- chartered by the legislature of some of the other states. Although, therefore, the United States Bank no longer exists, as a great national establishment, it maintains its place as the greatest banking company of the New World ; and is, in this respect, second, indeed, to none anywhere to be met with, except the Bank of England. — Sup.) Thb establishment of the Bank of the United States has been of material service, by afford- ing a currency of undoubted solidity, readily accepted in all parts of the Union. At the period when it was organized, nothing could be in a less satisfactory condition than the paper currency of the United States ; in fact, with the exception perhaps of England and Ireland, they have suffered more than any other country from the abuse "f banking. In 1814, all the banks south and west of Ne v England stopped payment; and it appears, from the official returns, that in all, no fewer than 165 banks were in this predicament between the Ist of January, 1811, and the Ist of January, 1830! It is of importance to obser>'e, that most of these banks were joint stock companies. At present, indeed, there are no strictly private banking companies in the United States. They are all incorporated by law, with a fixed capital, the shareholders being only liable in most cases, though not uniformly, to the extent of their shares. They all issue notes of 5 dollars : but the issue of notes of a lower value has been forbidden in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. A good deal has been said in this country of the flourishing state of the New England banks, particularly those of Massachusetts, and they have been held up as ". model for our imitation. But, bad as our sys- tem of country banking undoubtedly is, we should be exceeding sorry to see any attempt made to improve it, by the adoption of even the best parts of the American system. Among other 1.2 120 BANKS (FOREIGN). ! ' ^ i ! r ' t rcgulntiuns, an act of the I(!i;i8lature of Massachusetts provides that no bank for the issue of notes can go into operation in any way, until at least half its capital stock shall be paid in gold and silver into the bank, and be actually existing in its coffers; and the cashier of every bank is bound to make specific returns once a year of its debts and assets, on being required to do so by the secretary of state. But such regulations are found in practice, to be nearly if not wholly worthless. Instances have occurred of banks having borrowed an amount of dollars equal to half their capital, for a smgle day; and of such dollars having been examined by the commissioners appointed for that purpose, and reported by them, and sworn by a majority of the directors to be the first instalment paid by the stockholders of the bank, and intended to remain in it! — (Gmige's Paper Money and Banking in the United States, paTt ii. p. 157.) We do not, of course, imagine that such disgraceful in- stances can be of common occurrence ; but a system which permits of frauds of this sort being perpetrated under cover of authority, must be altogether vicious. The publicity, too, to which the banks are subject, is injurious rather than otherwise. They know when they are to be called upon to make their returns ; and in order to render them as favourable as possible, they are in the habit, for a month or two previously, of narrowing their discounts, to the great inconvenience of those with whom they deal ; and endeavour by every means in their power, through temporary loans, and all manner of devices, to swell the amount of bullion in their coflbrs on the day of examination. If the banks were obliged to make regular weekly or even monthly returns of their situation, they might afford some little useful in- formation ; but it is abundantly obvious, that that whi'^h is derived from the present returns must be, even when not so intended, misleading and deserving of very little attention. The truth cannot be too oflen repeated, that it is quite impossible ever to organize secure banks of issue, — and i.t is with such only that the legislature has any right to interfere, — except by obliging them to give security for their notes. Every other scheme, how carefully soever it may be devised, is sure in the end to prove nugatory and to be defeated. That part of the American system which liipits the responsibility of the partners in a bank to the amount of their shares, eeems to us to be in the last degree objectionable. It affords a strong tempta- tion to the commission of fraud, and we have yet to leam that it possesses a single counter- vailing advantage. We have been assured by those well acquainted with the facts, that it has been productive of the most mischievous consequences. Six of the Massachusetts banks, having, or professing to have, a capital of 800,000 dollars, failed between the 1st of January, 181 1, and the 1st of July, 1830. We subjoin an official abstract of the state of the 84 banks existing in Massachusetts, on the first Saturday of August, 1832. Abstract Account of the Massachusetts Banks. Capital stock paid in - Dot Ian. Bills of Banks in this State - Dollan. 24,520,20000 1,027,36203 Bills in circulation 7,122,85600 Dills of banks elsewhere 174,5686!l Nett profits on hand - 1,031,90016 Balances due from other banks 2,307,784-26 Balances due to other banks - 1,993,90415 Due to the banks, excepting ba- Cash deposited, ice, not bearing lances - - - . 38,889,727-24 interest ... 2,939,(r7033 Total resources of the banks - 44,042,006-54 Cash deposited, bearing interest 6.268,58401 Amount of last dividend 689,275-00 Due from the banks - 43,996,90000 — reserved proflts 436,708-74 Gold, silver, ice. in banks 902,20578 Debts secured by plec ge of stock 944,761-73 Real estate . - - 738,61264 — due, and considered doubtful 211,9147S Rate of dividend on amount of capital of the banks, as existing when dividend was made, 312! per cent. Mr. Gallatin has given the following account of the number and capital of the banking es- tablishments existing in the United States on the let of January, 1830: — SUtCb Number of Bank!. Capital. StatM Ntunber of Banki. Capital. Dalian. DolUn. Massachusetts 66 20,420,000 North Carolina 3 3,195,000 1 Maine - - - 18 2,050,000 South Carolina 5 4,631.000 New Hampshire 18 1,791,670 Georgia 9 4,2O3,0V9 Vermont 10 432,625 Louisiana 4 5,665,980 Rhode Island - 47 6,118,397 Alabama 3 64.3,503 Connecticut - 13 4.485,177 Mississippi 950,600 New York 37 20,083,353 Tennessee 737,617 New Jersey - 18 2,017,009 Ohio - 11 1,454,386 Pennsylvania - 33 14,609,963 Michigan 10,000 Delaware '- 4 830,000 Flori( a - . 75,000 Maryland - '" - 13 6,250,495 Delaware a nifitrirt nf ColiimhiA - g 3,875,794 6,571,100 Virginia 4 Total 330 110,101,899 Maine New Himpshire Vermont • Misuchtisetti - Rhode Island • Connecticut • [ NewYorli ' New Jentf Fenniylvania - Delaware Marylaad nisrrjct of Columl Virginia • North Carolina South Carolina Georifia - Florida • Alabama • . I»uisiana Miaiisaippi TeiinfiKe Kentuckjr Missouri IHinnif - Indiana - • Ohio Michigan BANKS (FOREIGN). 127 Dalian. I ,027,36203 ' 174,568'6'1 ! !,307,784'26 !,889,72724 l,O42,006M 689,27500 436,708'74 944,761-73 211,914-78 made, 312} CapiUl. Dollar?. 3,195,000 4,631,000 4,203,n'<'9 5,665,980 643,503 950,600 737,817 1,454,386 10,000 75,000 For further information with respect to the banks of the United States, see the Report, 18th of February, 1820, of the Secretary of the Treasury (W. H. Crawford, Esq.) to Con- gress ; the pamphlet of Albert Gallatin, Esq. on the Currency and Banking System of the United States, Philadelphia, 1831 ; Gouge's Account of Paper Money and Banking in the United States, Ac And for further details as to foreign banks, see Bordeaux, Calcutta, ChBISTIANIA, CoPKNHAOEIf, NaFLGS, &C. (Private Banks of I he United States. — The following table shows the extraordinary pro- gress that the banking system has made in the United States. It has recently, however, sustained a considerable check by the suppression in New York and most other states of all bank notes for less than 5 dollars, and by the regulation enforced by government, that the price of all public lands shall be paid in specie. It appears, from the official accounts pub- lished by order of the legislature of the state of New York, that the notes for less than 5 dol- lars in circulation in that state on the 1st of December, 1834, amounted to 3,730,902 dollars ; and these have since been either wholly, or almost wholly, suppri-s^ed. We do not know that any official account has been p5 10 432,625 17 9U,0O0 18 1,021,815 MiMchuielU - 21 ll,050,l]00 28 10,4&5,700 66 20,420,000 1U2 28,236,250 105 30,409,450 Kbode Island • 14 2,027,000 3U 2,982.026 47 6,118,397 51 7,489,748 60 8,097,482 Connee'icut • 3,655,750 8 3,6,<9,337 13 4,485,177 21 5,708,015 31 3 7,350,766 New York • • 26 18.946,318 33 18,993,774 37 20,033,353 78 27,755,264 87 2 31,881,460 New Jmtj • 11 2,121,932 14 2,130,949 IS 2,017,009 26 2,500,000 24 2,707,135 PennivUania • 42 15,060,818 36 14,681,780 33 14,610,333 41 17,061,944 44 17,968,444 nelaware 6 966,990 6 874,900 5 830,000 7 2,000,000 4 4 830,000 Marylaai) 17 7,832,002 14 6,70(1,131 13 6,250,495 20 9,270,091 15 4 7,6ffi,639 Diiirict of Columbia JO 4,078,295 13 5,525,319 9 3,875,7W 8 3,337,305 7 2,613,985 Virninia .... 4 4,121,097 4 6,212,192 4 5,571,100 4 5,694,500 5 17 5,840,000 Nonh Carolina 3 1,576,600 3 2,964,887 3 3,195,000 3 1,S24.725 4 7 2,464,925 South Carolina 6 3,730,900 b 4,475,000 6 4,631,000 7 3,156,318 U 2 7,556.318 Georgia . . - - IK 623,590 4 3,401,510 9 4,203,029 13 6,534,691 13 10 6,783,308 Florida . • - - - • . 1 75,000 b 1,000,000 3 114,320 Alabama - - • 3 469,112 2 643,503 5 4,308,207 2 4 6,107,623 I^Hiisiana a ''*S'?S2 4 2,897,420 4 5,665,980 10 23.664,755 11 31 27.172,145 Miaissippi . • 1 100,000 1 900,000 1 950,600 3 3,666,805 5 10 5,890, Iffi Tennenee 2 212,962 H 2,119,782 1 737,817 3 2,243,827 3 4 2,89l^38l Kentucky 2 959,175 42 8,807,431 . • 3 1,875,418 6 4,898,685 Missouri > • 1 2.50,000 . • > . ■ 1 Itlinnii . - - 2 140,910 . • 1 200,000 1 1 278,739 Indiana • . . 2 202,857 . - 1 1.50,000 1 » 800,000 Ohio 12 1,434,719 20 1,797,463 11 1,454,396 20 6,986.625 31 6,390,741 • • • 1 100,000 110,192,268 6 506 500,000 170,123,788 7 1 658,990 209 82,239,590 307 102,210,61 1 M7 121 194,584,361 United SUtet' bank - . • • 1 35,000,000 1 35,000,000 ' 35,000,000 1 25 35,0ri0,000 208 82,259,590 308 137,240,811 330 146,192,268 507 205,123,788 568 146 229,584,361 Estimated capital of seven banki from which no retunu "aw 82,259,590 • • • • - • • • • 1,665,976 Totals . 306 137,210,611 330 145,192,268 607 205,123,788 658 146 231,250,337 5 ! r a 10,101,896 128 BANK? FOR SAVINGS. ' I ' ' « Aecoiint of the Average Plvidnnda paid by the Bunks of the Slnte nf Now York, on their paM «p CHpitiils, in 1831, 1832, 1833, and IS3\.— (Report of Bank Commissiontrs to the Legmlulure of JVew York, 22nd Jnn. 1835.) 1831. Country banks, capitals of 100,000 dollors, and under . - - - - 9 do. capitals over 100,000 dollars, ond not over 200,000 dollars 10 do., capitals over 200,000 dollars - Total - 183«. 17 Country banks, 1st class, as above 11 do. do. 2d class - - - 11 do. do. 3d class - - - 13 New York city bunks - - - Total - 1833. 19 Country banks, 1st class - - - 14 do. do. 2d class . . - 11 do. do. 3d class - - - 14 New York city banks . - - Total - 1834. 20 Country banks, 1st class - . - 21 do. do. 2d class - - - 13 do. do. 3d class - . - 15 New York city banks . . - Total - Cipiui. Amnunlor Diviiltndi. Rale per cent, Dollars. 880,000 1,395,000 3,750,000 Dollars. 60,500 117,180 330,000 914 8-40 8-80 6,025,000 527,680 8-75 1,680,000 1,745.000 4,160,600 11,311,200 158,.'100 163,0.'»0 362,568 695,165 9-43 9.34 8-69 614 18,905,800 1,379,263 7-29 1,880,000 2,215,000 4,169,600 12,111,200 197,500 206,080 444,126 760,787 10-50 0-30 10-65 6-28 20,375,800 1,608,493 7-89 1,<)80,000 3.420,000 4,719,600 13,611,200 206,000 290,818 409,492 1,028,463 10-43 8 ISO 8-67 7-55 23.730,800 1,934,772 8-15 Sup.) VII. Banks ron Savings, Are banks established for the receipt of small sutns deposited by the poorer class of persons, and for the accumulation of such sums at compound interest. They arc managed by in. dividuals, who derive no benefit whatever from tlie deposits. All monies paid into any Savings Bank established according to the provisions of the act 9 Geo, 4. c. 92. are ordered to be paid into the Banks of England and Ireland, and vested in Bunk annuities or Exchequer bills. The interest payable to depositors is not to exceed 2^rf. per cent, per diem, or 3/. 8j. B^rf. per cent, per annnm. No depositor can contribute more than 30/., exclusive of com- pound intcresC to a Savings Bank in any one year ; and the total deposits to be received from any one individual are not to exceed 150/.; and whenever the deposits, and compound interest accruing upon them, standing in the name of any one individual, shall amount to 200/., no interest shall be payable upon such deposit so long as it shall amount to 200/, Since the establishment of this system in 1817, down to January, 1831, the sums received from depositors, and the interest accruing upon them, amounted to 20,760,228/., of which the depositors had received, in principal and interest, 5,648,838/. ; leaving at the period in question, a balance due to the depositors of 15,111,890/. The commissioners for the re- duction of the national debt have the disposal of the sums vested in the public funds on ac- count of Savings Banks. The principle and object of these institutions cannot be too highly commended. In the metropolis, and many other parts of England, public banks do not receive small deposits, and upon none do they pay any interest. And even in Scotland, where the public banks allow interest upon deposits, they do not generally receive less than 10/. But few poor per- sons are able to save so large a sum, except by a lengthened course of economy. The truth, therefore, is, that until Savings Banks were established, the poor were every where without the means of securely and profitably investing those small sums they are not unfrequently in a condition to save ; and were consequently led, from the difficulty of disposing of them, to neglect opportunities for making savings, or if they did make them, were tempted, by the offer of high interest, to lend them to persons of doubtful characters and desperate fortunes, by whom they were, for the most part, squandered. Under such circumstances, it is plain that nothing could be more important, in the view of diffusing habits of forethought and economy amongst the labouring classes, than the establishment of Savings Banks, where the smallest sums are placed in perfect safety, are accumulated at compound interest, and are paid, with their accumulations, the moment they are demanded by the depositors. The system is yet only in its infancy ; but the magnitude of the deposits already received, sets its powerful and salutary operation in a very striking point of view. We subjoin a copy of the rules of the St. Pancras Savings Bank, which may be taken as a mmlel for similar institutions, inasmuch as they have been drawn up with great care, and closely correspond with the provisions in the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 92. I I BANKS FOR SAVINGS. 120 914 8-40 8'80 8-75 9-13 934 809 6- 14 7-29 1050 0-30 1(1-65 6-'28 10-43 8 50 8-67 7'55 8-15 Sup.) In the poor per- The truth, re without ifrequently of them, ted, by the fortunes, it is plain )ught and where the t, and are ors. The sived, sets taken as care, and I I i « ?!i 1. Manaffemmt.—ThiK nnnk Is iinilpr the maimffomont of n prfisidrnf. vicp-prnsidpnli, tnmtepn, and flol lesK Ihnn rtfly nianngerB, nnnt! i)f whom orr periiiittiMl to derive niiy hnnellt wtiatnocvfir, directly or indirectly, from the di'pnRitH received, or the produce thereof. One or more of the managerg attend when the Dank in open for husinegii. 2. Superintcmting Committee.— K committee of not less than ten manaKrrg, three of whom frrm a quoriini, is empowered to superintend, mannge, and conduct the general business of this Bank j to u or liiiicH wltliin iinyoii*' yciir, rccKoiiinir fnxii llio ivn\\ ilHy nl'Novoni. ber, pritvidLMi 8I11I1 sum or huiiih nf inniiey rf-(l<'pi>»il<'il, nml any prpvinim itrpoiiit or dcpoHitH which may hiivc \>vvn irmde hy surli di-poHitor in thr nmrHi- of the ycnr, liilr administrators, on the |>rodiirtiiin of llie probate of the will, or letters of ndmiiiistrntion. 10. Depofiln of a ilrreimed J)epn.iilor not nreedin/r Fifty Pnwnrf/f.— In rase n depositor in this Hank shall die, whose deposits. includiiiK interest thereon, shall not exceed the sumof titty pounds, nnd llmt the trustees or niniinf;ers shall be satistled that no will was made ntid left, nnd that no letters of ndministrntlon will be taken out, they slinll be nt liberty to pay the same in the relatives or friends of the deceased, or any or either of them, or accordiuR to the statute nf distribution, or re.^uire tlie production of letters of adinidistration, nt their discretion. And the Hank shall he indeuinifled by any such payments from all and every claim in respect thereof by any person whatsoever. aO. Cfrf(/if«(c.— In all cases wherein certiHcates shall be required of the nnmunt of deposits in this Bank belonRinit In depositors therein, for the purpose of obtaininK, free nf stamp duties, a probate nf will, nr letters of adininisiratinn, such certificate shall be signed by n manager, and countersigned by the actuary for the time being, ns a true extract from the Ledger of the Institution. SI. Arbitration of Dijfere.nren. — In case any dispnli- shall arise between the trustees nr managers nf this Hank, nr any person or persons acting \inder them, nnd any individual depositor therein, or nny trustee of n depositor, or any person claiming to be such executor, administrator, nr next nf kin, tht-n, nnd in every sucli case, the matter sn in dispute sholl be referred tn the barrister at law appointed hy the commissioners for the reduction of the natioiuil debt, under the authority of the Oeo. \. c, 92, 8. 45. ; nnd whatever award, nrder, or deterniinatinn shall he made by the said barrister, shall be bind- ing and conclusive upon all parties, and shall be tinal, to all intents and purposes, without any appeal. Purchase nf Government Annuities by depositors in Savings Banks. — The act 2 & 3 WiU, 4. c. 14. enables depositors in Savings Banks and others to purchase government art' nuitics for life or for years, and either immediate or deferred. At present these annuities are limited to 20/. a year. The money advanced is returnable in case the contracting party does not live to the age at which the annuity is to become payable, or is unable to continue the monthly or annual instalments. That this measure was benevolently intended, and that it may be productive of advantage to many individuals, cannot bo doubted ; but we look upon all attempts, and particularly those made by government, to get individuals to ex- change capital for annuities, as radically objectionable ; and as being subversive of principles which ought to be strengthened rather than weakened. — (See Funds.) Summary of Savings Banks, &c. in England, Wales, and Ireland, November, 1833. In F.ngland there were, on the 10th of November, 1832, 384 Havings Hanks : of these, 7 have made no return, the remaining Banks contain. Depoeiton. £ Under 20 — 50 — 100 — 150 — 200 Above 200 Friendly Societies Charitable ditto No 195,035 102,536 47,903 17,031 7,908 3,756 374,169 4,162 1,996 Accounts Amount. £ 1,410,792 3,146,753 3,235,083 2,042,425 1,338,233 930,953 12,161,f)07» 623,273 131,148 - 380,327 12,916,028 Average amount of each deposit in England, 32/. '''This is the amount given in the table whence this abstract has been taken, but it does not quite agree with the items. In Wales there were on the lOth of November, 1832, 22 Savings Banks : 1 hag made no return; the remaining Banks contain, Depositore. Depositors Friendly Societies Charitable ditto, No. 10,374 167 53 Accounts ... 10,594 349,794 Average amount of each deposit in Wales, 31(. Alnnunt. £ 322,573 23,,185 3,836 In Ireland there were, on the 10th of November, 1832, 77 Savings Banks: 7 have made no return; the remaining Banks contain. Depoaiton, Depositors Friendly Societies Charitable ditto Accounts - No 37,898 2.34 347 - 38,479 Amount. £ 1,004,189 10,609 31,027 l,045,Si!5 Average amount of each deposit in Ireland, 26/. Grand Total in England, Wales, and Ireland, on the 10th of November, 1832. Savings Banki. Account!. Amount. Avoage Amount of each Deposit. 483 429,400 £ 14,311,647 £ 30 (From the Statistical Table compiled by John Tidd Pratt, Esq.) Banks (UifiTEn States). [Historical Account of Banking in the United States. — Although various plans had been formed, as well before as during the war of the Revolution, for the establishment of a public bank of deposit, discount, and circulation, the first which was actually carried into execu- tion, within tcndent of I by that bod the first daj poration, it lions of Sp what the st ever were ii The ban §400,000. government trol over the as appears f munity, of t their par or every thing period, put 1 hod uniforn The public money" of should have on with a su necessary ex Even the has been sta mitial. Th« Nay, the mo of about $7( in fact put ii in the then i not have bee honest men 1 credit of the banking insti pitious, shoul in restoring f By a prop* of their bein( taxes, such ai bank to makt of things, caj the business of Pennsylva North Ameri cured withou yield, as befo account of th sively laid tc sequence, the granted to it under the act State of Peni incorporation, When the two other bar Bank of Nev It was, then, ' of banking, tl presented to ( the United Si as a means of held it to be I fiinctions of tl tion, as "net government h tionality. M^ the measiue BANKS (UNITED STATES). 131 November 5 no return, I ■I' -1.'. Amount. £ 1 32i2,573 r 23,385 3 3,836 1 ■ -I 1 349,794 Vales, 31/. November, ! no return; Amounl. £ 1 1,004,189 10,fi09 31,0k 1 1,045,825 eland, 26;. 1 f .i.. 1 ■att, Kaq) tion, within the territory of the United Staten, wnn fhnt of \fr. Robert Morris, the Supcrin* tcntlent of Finance under the Old ConRrfMn. The Bank of North America was incorporated by that body on the laat day of the year 1781, and l)y the Legislature of Pennnylvania oa the first day of the following month of April. Bcsiden the powers incidental to every cor- poration, it was authorized to hold property, real and perHoiial, "to the amount of ten mil- lions of Spanish silver milled dollars, and no more." Its capital, therefore, might be just what the stockholders thought pro|)er to make it within this limit; and no restrictions what- ever were imposed by law on the extent of its issues. The bank, however, went into operation in January, 1782, with a capital of only $400,000. Of this sum S2.')4,000 were subscribed by Mr. Morris, in b»'lialf of the general government; thus making it the principal stockholder, and, in fact, giving it the entire con- trol over the institution. Why the sum 8ubscril)cd by individual stm^kholdcrs was so small, as appears from this statement, was owing chiefly to the distrust, which jMirvadcd the com- munity, of the ability and willingness of the bank to maintain the notes they might issue at their par or specie value. Experience had hitherto led the people to look with susjiicion on every thing in the shape of paper money. Paper promises to pay had been, for a long period, put forth by the dilTerent States of the Confederacy ; and the value of such promises had uniformly, after a time, become dc))rcciated, and frequently exceedingly depreciated. The public had also, very lately, witnessed the fall to utter worthlessness of the " continental money" of Congress. In such circumstances, it is not singular that capitalists in general should have thought it improbable that the business of a bank of circulation could be carried on with a sufficient degree of success to enable them to receive, after the payment of all the necessary expenses, the ordinary rate of profits in other employments. Even the comparatively small amount of capital, with which the Bank of North America has been stated to have commenced its operations, was to a considerable extent merely no- minal. The government took out of the bank with one hand what it put in with the other. Nay, the money borrowed by it from the bank left to the latter only the inconsiderable sum of about $70,000 to constitute its proper banking capital. To what amount its notes were in fact put into circulation, we have no meatus of determining. But it must be obvious that, in the then existing state of public opinion in relation to paper money, this amount could not have been very large ; notwithstanding every contrivance or artifice was resorted to which honest men could make use of, in order to produce a general impression favourable to the credit of the bank. And we may here add, that to us it appears altogether incredible that a banking institution on so contracted a scale, operating too under circumstances so unpro- pitious, should have had, as has often been very confidently asserted, an extraordinary effect in restoring public and private credit, and in aiding the fiscal operations of the government. By a proper degree of caution at the outset in the issue of its notes, and in consequence of their being received by the States, indififerently with specie, in payment for duties and taxes, such an amount was before long successfully put into circulation, as to enable the bank to make dividends at the rate of from 12 to 16 per cent, per annum. In this condition of things, capitalists, of course, no longer had any doubts of the expediency of engaging in the business of banking ; and the project of a new bank was formed, to be styled the Bank of Pennsylvania. To prevent its being canied into execution, the books of the Bank of North America were reluctantly opened for additional subscriptions. These were now pro- cured without difficulty ; and bank notes were thereupon issued to so great an amount as to yield, as before, extraordinary profits to the stockholders, and on this account, as also on account of the successive expansions and contractions of the currency which were exten- sively laid to the charge of the bank, to excite against it a strong popular feeling. In con- sequence, the Legislature of Pennsylvania took away, in 1785, the charter which they had granted to it in 1782. Yet the bank still carried on its business, claiming the right to do so under the act of Congress above mentioned. It, however, obtained a new charter from the State of Pennsylvania in 1787 ; and its existence has been continued, by successive acts of incorporation, without interruption, down to the present time. When the general government went into operation under the present constitution, only two other banks had been incorporated in the whole extent of the country. These were the Bank of New York, in the city of New York, and the Bank of Massachusetts, in Boston. It was, then, with a very limited experience only on the part of the community, of the effects of banking, that the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Alexander Hamilton, in December, 1790, presented to Congress his celebrated report, recommending the establishment of a btmk of the United States. The advocates of the measure, besides maintaining the expediency of it, as a means of stimulating the industry of the people and augmenting the national wealth, held it to be a most useful, and therefore so desirable an instrument, for exercising the fiscal functions of the government, as to entitle it to be regarded, in the language of the constitu- tion, as "necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers vested in the government by the constitution. Its opponents denied both its expediency and constitu- tionality. Most of them preferred a metallic currency to one composed of bank notes ; whilst the measure was by many regarded as unconstitutional, because, however convenient the '\ 132 BANKS (UNITED STATES). propoHrd fmnk niiKht bo to tho pfovcrnmcnt, in their opinion it roviltl not, in thn trim monn- inR of the conHtitution, tx' pronounced to Itr iieceHwiry aiul proper for ciirryinn into exeeution other powcra, of a priiniiry nnture, expreHHiy conferred liy that dmiiiiient. 'J'iic net, incor. pomting the Bnnit of the United Wfate«, punned liie Heimte on the 'HH\\ of Jiinuury, I71M, « few niemhcrs only of this bo«iy having reninted itn panHii^e, and the IIouhc of KepreHenlativm, by a vole of 39 to 20, on the Hth day of February followin^c. After Krent dehberution, and ntler having rcquentcd and received elaborate opinionH for and affaitiNt the adoption of tite nu'UNure from the Rcveral niend)ers of \m cabinet, who were? equally divioration, and by plurality of the votes actually given ; and those who shall bt; duly chosen at any election shall be capable of serviait ai directors, by virtue of such choice, until Ihe end or expiration of the Monday of January next ciigii. ing the time of such election, and no longer. And the said directors, at their first meeting after each election, shall choose one of their number as president. i i. That as soon as the sum of four hundred thousand dollars, in gold and silver, shall have been actually received on account of the subscriptions to the said stock, notice thereof shall be given, by the persons under whose superintendence the same shall have been made, in ut least two public gazettes printed in the city of Philadelphia ; and the said persons shall, at the same time, in like man. ner, notif^y a time and place, within the said city, ut the distance of ninety days frcun the time of surb nntificati(m, for proceeding to the election of directors ; and it shall be lawful for such election to he then nnd there made ; and Ihe persons who shall then and there be chosen shall be the first directors, and shall be capable of serving, by virtue of such choice, until the end or expiration of the Monday iii January next ensuing the time of making tho same, and shall forthwith thereafter commence Ihe ope- rations of the said bunk, at the said city of Philadelphia, ^nd provided further. That in case it should at any time happen, that on election of directors should not he made upon any day, when, pursiiani (o this act, it ought to have been made, the said corporation shall not, for that cause, be deunicd tu be dissolved ; but it shall be lawful, on any other day, to hold and make un election of directors, in such manner as shall have been regulated by the laws and ordinances of the said corporation. .4nif pn. rided lastly, That in case of the death, resignation, absence from the United States, or removal uf a director by the stockholders, his place may be filled up, by a new choice, for the remainder of the year. i 6. That the directors for the time beinf hall have power to appoint such officers, clerks, and ser- vants under them, as shall be necessary for executing the business of tho said corporation, and to allow them such compensation for their services, respectively, us shall he reasonable ; and shall he capable of exercising such other powers and authorities, for the well governing and ordering of the uflTairs of the said corporation, as shall be described, fixed, and determined, by the laws, regulations, and ordinances of the same. } 7. That the following rules, restrictions, limitations, and provisiuns sboll form and be funda- mental articles of the constitution of the said corporation, viz. > BANKS (UNITED STATES). in c true mran- ito cxcrutiun 10 net, inror- iiury, 1701, a |iri'H('iilutivi'N, IxTiition, and )|>lioii of tile 1 tho Hiilljcct, niuiitli, inportuiicc in 1)11 wliuli, in, , it vtrbuliin n a fonnilntinn upon llif prin. r, will he very I'linlily to tin, prodiictlvi' of I nipltnl Dtnrlt i'», t'lU'h Hliiire :, hIiiiII, (in i|ii> iilcncn of Nijc'h of \i\v Ilniicil criptiona almii for Hurh or no xhiill lie hf re. iietl, excepi (,„ liinrtim in Hint nertlonxortliii r nn iiccriijin • in four (Miiiai ni I'ucli ot|ita|, ill, and put III Biiii'iit tor the thereof (f,„ :i, ami In niatterti, and , regulationj, I twenty.flve year, liyihe of the votes )f serviiiu aa y next eiisu. ng after each 11 have been be tin led .. (fivcii, by two public like man- ic ofgurli J ion til he t direetdrs, > Monday in nee the ope- I8C it slimjld n, piirmmiii >eincd lu be lorn, in such ^vii fro- cninval uf a of the year. kn, and ser- tion, and to ind tthall be L'rinft nf Ibe regnlatiuiij, be funda- I. The niimher of vntr« to whirh each itockholdur iiliall be entllleit ahall bn nrcnrdliiR to the riiim- hrr of nhureit he nhall hold, In the proportlonii followliiR, that In Io nay ! I''or one nhare, and not morn tliiin two nhareii, one vote : Kor every two nhureii abovi' two, anil not exreeding ten, one vole ; Kor every four «harei uliove leii, and not eneeedliiR lliirty, one vole: For every nix ■Imri'M nbove llilrty, uiiil tint exreedlng vole : And for i^verv ten aharvii above one hniidred, one vole : lliil no iM-rmin, ropartnerahip, or IiihIv polilie, iihall be entitled to n greater nnintier than lliirly voiea. And nlirr Ihe llrHt clerlion, no nhiire.or DhareH, hIihII eon,fi'r a rluht of miirraue, wbii'li ahall not have been liolileii three ealenitar iiioMllia previona lo the day of elertion. Htockholdera actually reaidunt within the Ihilteil Hialea, anil niiiie oilier, may vote in elecllona hv proxy. 'I. Not ninre ilian three fonrlba of the dlrectora In oHlce, excliialve of the preaident, ahall be ellKlblo f,ir the next aiieeeedlng year : Uut Ihu dlructur, who ahull be prcalileut at thu Hunt of an election, may ulwiiya he re-eleeled. 3. None linl a alorkholder, helnR n citizen of the United Htalva, ahall he eligible na u direelor. 4. No direrlor ahall be enlltled In anv eniolnnieni, nnleaa the aanu ahall have bei'ii allowi'd by the atni'kliolilera, al a geniTnl nieeting. The atiickholilera ahall make aurli roinpeiiaation to the preaident fur Ilia •'xtraordiniiry attendani'.e at the hank, aa ahall appear lo theni reaaonable. J. Not leaa than aeven direetora aiiall ronatllute a hoard for the Iranaacllon of biialneaa, of whom the preaident ahall alwaya be one, except in caae of aickneaa, or neceaaary abaence ; in which ciiae Ilia pliii'e may he aupplicd by any other lilriictor, whom lie, by writing under Ilia hand, ahall nouiinate fur the piirp do so with more convenience to itself, and to prevent as much as possible the distress amoi g the community which its friends confidently asserted would inevitably ensue from its t .fairs being wound up in a short period of time, application was made to both Houses o' Congress, in a few days aflerwards, for a temporary continuation of its powers, for this purpose only. The request so preferred was, nevertheless, refused. A com- mittee of the House of Representatives, to which it had been referred, stated, that they " aro of opinion that a law of Congress, granting the powers prayed for, would facilitate the final adjustment of the affairs of the bank, although they do not think such a law indispensable to that object. But believing, as your committee do, that, in granting the original charter to the stockholders, Congress transcended the legitimate powers of the constitution, the same objection now presents itself to the extension of any of their corporate capacities." Trustees were appointed, who proceeded so expeditiously in settling the accounts of the ■rjl 11 % r. H 180 BANKS (UNITED STATES). ti bank, that, in about a year and a half aAer the expiration of the charter, they had already paid to the stockholders 88 per cent, of the capital stock. It is proper to mention that all this was accomplished without any extraordinary derangement of the currency, and without any of the disastrous effects which had been anticipated and dreaded by many among the most intelligent men of the country. And it may not be uninteresting to note the fact, that the whole amount of the sums, which were received by the stockholders, from first to last, amounted to 108^ dollars, on every 100 dollars of stock. That no extraordinary derangement of the currency followed immediately upon the refusal of Congress to recharter the Bank of the United States, and the rapid winding up of its con- cerns, was owing chiefly to the extent in which the notes of the other banks of the country were issued ; an extent much greater, indeed, than would have sufficed to take the place of the United States Bank notes in the circulation. At this period, these institutions had become very numerous, especially in the eastern and middle states. The aggregate capitals of the banks " most deserving of notice" amounted, in the beginning of the year 1811, according to a statement in the American edition of the Edinburgh Encyclopsedia, article Banks, to nearly five times that of the Bank of the United States. In the course of a single year, this amount was augmented fifty per cent. A sort of mania for the creation of new banks seemed every where to prevail, and often nearly as much in districts almost exclusively agricultural as in those where a great extent of commerce was carried on. Such was the anxiety displayed in Pennsylvania for the incorporation of local banks, that it probably coii' tributed in no slight degree to the rejection there by the Legislature, of an application on the part of the Bank of the United States for a charter, with a capital of five millions of dollars, although a bonus was offered the state of half a million of dollars, together with a loan of another half million. "During the session of 1812-13" (we quote the words of an able report made to the Senate of Pennsylvania, January 29lh, 1820, by a committee, of which Condy Raguet, Esq. was chairman), "a bill to incorporate twenty-five institutions, the capitals of which amounted to nine millions five hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, was passed by both Houses of the Legislature, by a bare majority of one vote jn each. The bill was return, ed by the governor, with his objections, which were sensible and cogent, and on a recon- sideration the votes were 38 to 40. At the following session the subject was renewed with increased ardour, and a bill authorising the incorporation of forty-one banking institutions with capitals amounting to seventeen millions of dollars, was passed by a large majoritr. This bill was also returned by the governor, with additional objections, but two thirds of each house (many members of ,vhich were pledged to their constituents to that effect) agree- ing on its passage, it became a law, on the 21st of March, 1814, and thus inflicted upon the commonwealth, an evil of a more disastrous nature than has ever been experienced by its citizens. Under this law thirty-seven banks, four of which were established in Philadelphia, actually went into operation. "The immediate commencement of a number of these banks, with scarcely a bonajidt capital equal to the first instalment, ybr the eonventent mode of discounting stock notes, to meet the subsequent payments, was soon discovered, increased the mass of paper crdits already too redundant, and depreciated the whole circulating medium so far below specie value, as to excite a want of confidence in its convertibility. In the absence of a ibreign de- mand for specie, a domestic one arose. The laws of the New England States had been so rigorous upon the subject of banks, which were liable to a penalty of 12 per cent, per an- num, for the non-payment of their notes, that no depreciation of their currency took place. The consequence thereof was, that the difference between the New England prices of com. modities, otocks and foreign bills of exchange, and those of Pennsylvania, was equal to the extent of the depreciatior» of the latter ; and as our bank notes were redeemable on demand the most profitable remittance which could be made to New England, in exchange for her comiTioditics, was specie ; and this demand created a run upon the banks which they were not able to withstand. The situation of the southern and western banks was precisely simi- lar to that of our own. AH had over-issued, and a general depreciation had ensued. The same causes produced the same effects, and a general stoppage of all the banks in the United States, except those of New England, took place in August and September, 1814. The New England demand, it is true, was in* reased by two causes, viz. Jirst, by fiacilities in foreign trade through neutral vessels, which were afforded them by an exemption from the blockade of the enemy, and, secondly, by a well grounded apprehension that the southern banks, from their extensive emissions, would necessarily become embarrassed. Certain it is. however, that all these causes combined could not have produced a general suspension of payment, had our banks observed the sa' ne caution in their issues as that which characterized the banks of the eastern states." The following table, from Mr. Gallatin's valuable little work, entitled " Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United Statca," presents the resulU of that gen- tleman's researches respecting the progress of the banking system in the United States, io the period from 1810 to 1816. l8t Jai BANKS (UNITED STATES). 137 had already ion that all and without among the ;he fact, that fint to last, n the refusal jp of its con- ' the country the place of J had become ipitals of the I, accoiding le Banks, to gle year, this ■ new banks t exclnsively ich was the jrobably con- cation on the IS of dollars, h a loan of made to the >ndy Raguet, als of which as passed by 11 was return- on a recon- enewed with g institutions Tge majority, two thirds of effect) agret- tfid upon the lenced by jtg Philadelphia, lerations on |f that gen- States, in Ist Jan. 1611.— Bank of the United State* - 88 State banks Total . . • 1815.— 209 State banks 1816.-246 do. do. Capilal. NotM in cIrcuUtion. Specia. #10,000,000 42,<»10,60I 5,400,000 22,700,000 5,800,000 9,600,000 52,610,IH)1 82,259,590 69,822,422 28,100,000 45,500,000 08,000,000 15,400,000 17,000,000 19,000,000 Mr. Crawford, in his report to the House of Representatives, of January 12th, 1820, esti- mated the bank notes in circulation in 1816, as high as 99 millions of dollars. And Mr. Pitkin is of opinion that the truth lay between the amounto stated by Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Crawford. The unequal distribution of the specie of the bsnliB, on the Ist of January, 1816, was, according to the first of these two gentlemen, as follows : — " At thnt time the banks of the four States of) Main<^. Massnchuaetta, Rhode Island and New > Hampsliife, had } The Slates of Pennsylvania and Maryland, \ with the District of Columbia, had 5 And all the other States - . . . Capital. #15,690,000 26,000,000 40,930,000 Circulation. 5,320,000 13,750,000 25,630,000 Specie, 8,200,000 3,000,000 5,800,000" Not only did the hanks which had suspended specie payments enlarge their issues, with a view to augment their profits, so aa to cause their paper to become depreciated below its no- minal value ; but this depreciation was very different in different parts of the country. For example, soon after the suspension of specie payments, in September, 1814, while the notes of the New York city banks were 10 per cent, below their par or specie value, those of Baltimore were at a discount of no less than 20 per cent. This inequality, too, continued to a greater or less extent until the return of the banks to specie payments. Mr. M'Duffie, in his report of the 13th of April, 1830, to the House of Representatives, in relation to the re- charter of the Bank of the United States, remarks concerning the state of tae currency on the Ist day of July, 1816, that " among the principal eastern cities, Washington and Balti- more were the points at which the depreciation was the greatest. The paper of the banks in these places was from 20 to 22 per cent, below par. At Philadelphia the depreciation was considerably less, though, even there, it was from 17 to 18 per cent. But in the inte- rior of * 'lui.try, where banks were established, the depreciation was even greater than at WashiAR i' ' Baltimore. In the western part of Pennsylvania, and particularly at Pitts- burgh, ■ P«r cent." It may be added, that during the period of which we speak, specie i. ;itirely disappeared from the circulation, that the smallest payments, for marketing and other ordinary purchases of daily occurrence, were everywhere made in paper money issued by the banks, by corporations of various descriptions, or even by indi- viduals. Scarcely had the suspension by the banks of specie payments taken place, and the con- sequences above mentioned begun to be exhibited, when the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Alexander J. Dallas, on the 17th of October, 1814, recommended to Congress the establish- ment of a national bank, as the proper remedy to l)e applied. He proposed that such a bank should be incorporated for a term of twenty years, to be established at Philadelphia, with a power to erect offices of discount and deposit elsewhere; that the capital of the bank should be fifty millions of dollars, three fifths of it to be sub- scribed by corporations, companies, or individuals ; and two fifths of it by the United States ; that the former subscriptions should be paid, one fifth part in gold or silver coin, and four fifth parts in gold or silver coin, or in six per cent, stock, issued since the declaration of war, and in treasury notes, in the proportion of one fifth in treasury notes, and three fifths in six per cent stock ; and that the subscription of the United States should be paid in this kind of stock. The United States were to he at liberty, also, to substitute six per cent, stock for the amount of the treasury notes subscribed by corporations, companies, and individuals, as the notes respectively became due and payable. No part of the public stock, constituting a por- tion of the capital of the bank, was to be sold during the war; nor at any subsequent time for less than par, nor at any time to an amount exceeding one moiety, without the consent of Congress ; and the bank was to be bound to loan to the United States f 30,000,000. A bill was reported to the House of Representatives, Nov. 7th, by the Committee of Ways and Means, in conformity with the views of the Secretary, which were also understood to be those of the President ; which bill contained a clause authorising the bank to suspend specie payments, whenever such a measure should, in the opinion of the President, be advisable. On the proposition, however, of Mr. Calhoun, this clause, with that rendering it obligatory on the bank to make loans to the government, were stricken out of the bill, — no portion of the capital was to be subscribed by the United States, and none of the directors to be appointed by them, — and the capital, the six millions in specie only excepted, was to be in treasury notes to be thereafter issued. The capital was subsequently reduced to thirty millions of dollars. While the bill in its present form was still pending, the Chairman of the Committee Yoi,. I. X 2 18 e 2 < (A 5 138 BANKS (UNITED STATES.) of Ways and Means addressed a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, requesting him to communicate his opinion " in relation to the effect which a considerable issue of treasury notes (to which should be attached the quality of being receivable in subscriptions to the bank) might have upon the credit of the government, and particularly on the prospects of a loan for 1815." An answer unfavourable to the bill was pomptly returned by the Se- cretary ; and it was thereupon, on the 28th of November, rejected by a vote of 101 to 49, many of its friends being unwilling to insist upon its adoption, afler hiding been assured of its being unsatisfactory to the executive branch of the government. A bill was now introduced into the Senate, and passed by a vote of 17 to 14, in substan- tial conformity with the views of the Secretary, before stated. The thirteenth section of this was aS follows : — " That if, during the continuance of the present war between the United States and Great Britain, and a period of one year after the termination of the said war, demands shall, at any time or times, be made upon the said corporation, for gold and silver coin, to an amount, and under circumstances, which induce a reasonable and probable belief, that the said gold and ■ilver coin is intended to be exported from, and out of, the United States, so as greatly to diminish or endanger the specie capital of the government and country, as well as of the said corporation ; or that the said gold and silver coin is intended to be wilfully withdrawn from the circulation, so as greatly to embarrass, obstruct, and discredit the pecuniary transac- tions of the people and the government, as well as of the said corporation ; or that the saij gold and silver coin is demanded, in consequence of a wilful and sinister accumulation of the bills and notes of the said corporation, with the intention to impair or destroy the credit of the said corporation ; then, and in every such case, and as often as such cases shall occur, it shall be lawful for the directors of the said corporation to suspend its payments in specie, and their duty forthwith, to represent the same to the President of the United States. And it shall be thereupon lawful for the President of the United States to direct the said corpora- tion to resume, or to continue to suspend, its payments in specie, for such time as he shaO deem it expedient; and the said corporation shall resume, or continue to suspend, its pay- ments in specie, according to such directions. And the President of the United States shall cause a statement of the proceedings, in all such cases, to be laid before Congress, if in ses- sion, immediately ; if not in session, then within ten days after the next meeting of Congress; and such suspension may continue until removed by Congress, or by the President." With such a section as the one now recited, not only did it pass the Senate by the vote of 17 to 14 above stated, but it was defeated in the House of Representatives merely by the casting v^te of the speaker, Mr. Chevcs. This took place on the 2d of January, 1815. The bill was, howi^ver, reconsidered on the following day, and, on the 7th of January, passed the Hou^ by a vote of 120 to .37, having been amended by reducing the capital of the bank from fifty to thirty millions of dollars, as well as by striking out from the bill those parts of it which authorised the suspension of the specie payments, and which obliged the bank to make loans to the government On the bill being returned to the Senate, as amended, it was again amended, by the increase of the capital of the bank from thirty to thirty-five mil- lions of rch, in the year oi-e thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, and by that name shall be, and are hereby, made able and capable, in law, to have, purchase, receive, possess, enjoy, and retain, to them and their successors, lands, rents, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels, and effects, of whatsoever kind, nature, and quality, to an amount not exceeding, in the whole, fifty-five millions of dollars, imluding the amount of the capital stock aforesaid ; and the same to sell, grant demise, alien, or dispose of; to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered' defend and be defended, in all state courts having competent jurisdiction, and in any circuit court of the United States : and also to make, have, and use, a common seal, and the same to break, alter, and renew, at their pleasure : and also to ordain, establish, and put in execution, such by-laws and ordi- nances, and regulations, as thoy shall deem necessary and convenient for the government of tlie said corporation, not being contrary to the constitution thereof, or to the laws of the United iit.itesi and generally to do and execute all and singular the acts, matters, and things, which to them ;: shall or may appertain to do ; subject, nevertheless, to the rules, regulations, restrictions, limitations, and provisions, hereinafter prescribed and declared. i 8. That, for the management of the affairs of the said corporation, there shall be twenty-five direct- ors, five of whom, being' stockholders, shall be annually appointed by the president of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, not more than three of whom shall be resi- dents of any one state; and twenty of whom shall be annually elected at the banking house in the city of Philadelphia, on the first Monday of January in each year, by the qualified stockholders ofihe capital of the said hank, other than the United States, andf by a plurality of votes then ana there actually given, according to the scale of voting hereinafter prescribed : Praridcit aJtoavs, That no per- son, being a director in the bank of the United States, or any of its branches, shall be a director of any other bank ; and should any such director act as a director in any other bank, it shall forthwitii vacate his appointment in the direction of the bank of the United States. And the directors, so duly appointed and elected, shall be capable of serving, by virtue (.'such appointment and choice, from the first Monday in the month of January of each year, until the end and expiration of the first Mon- day in the month of January of the year next ensuing the time of each annual election to be held by the stockholders ns aforesaid. And the board of directors, annually, at the first meeting after their election in each and every year, shall proceed to elect one of the directors to be president of the cor- poration, who shall hold the said office during the same period for which the directors are appointed and elected as aforesaid ; Provided also, That the first appointment and election of the directors and president of the said bank shall be at the time and for the period hereinafter declared : ^nd proridtd o^jo. That in case it should at anv time happen that an appointment or election of directors, or an election of the president of the said bank, should not be so made ns to take efifect on any day when in pursuance of this act, they ought to take effect, the said corporation shall not, for that cause, be deemed to be dissolved ; hut it shall be lawful at any other time to make such appointments, and to hold such elections, (as the case may be ;) and the manner of holding the elections shall be regu- lated by the by-laws and ordinances of the said corporation : and until such appointments or election! % be made, proeidtd a ration, the rase of the the vacant case may I directors a } 9. Tha and in the nf the said thereof sbi made at th be printed nnna shall, liiilelpliia, I the election there made of congress, rectors of t trary notwi first director said bank ; shall be cap of the first they shall t of Philadelp } 10. That servants, un allow them ! capable of e officers of th and ordlnam } 11. That mental artici the siockhobi he, she, or th and not more vote; for eve thirty, and n( hundred, one nership, or b election, no s calendar moi United States of the director the president elected or ap| three years on election, may holder, residei any emohimei nary attendant ors shall cons) one, except in other director so deputed ma the said corpo Fifth. A numl sand shares or for purposes ri the place whei Ing. Sirth. E to give bond, fifty thousand duties to the c fill for the said inodation in re fide mortgaged tracted in the obtained forsii time owe, wl money deposit contracting of In case of exci same in their i against them, of record of th and may be p contrary notw or the lands, te with, the said was contracted was so contrac with giving noi to the stockhol The said corpi change, gold oi redeemed in di purchase any | annum for or u ■ J'. * BANKS (UNITED STATES.) fit ahare, in goll iinded debt at :here ahall be d twenty-five ich and every mniit of iheir 10 funded debt iHing the said the preiident, be organized : lal nf the said my BUbgcriber ^frnld or silver ihiires to such 10 gaid gold or all, forthwith, litlod thereto, atcs of public he said bank, delivered and [irs, and com- the orgnniza. riptioRs to the heir services, J execution of funds thereof, subscribed to lall be deemed iding. And it id transfer for as aforesaid: dollars in any kiously giving United Staiei said. cretary of the lid number of did in gold or n per annum; t as aforesaid, h payment on ! in any sunn, treasury sliall and shall pay le first day of 1 1 for the said I, at their dia. me year, icccssora and and style of ontiniie until It 8 Die, 1 iva name shall . enjoy, and liattels, and " , fifty-five sell, gram, answered, ■cuit court of alter, and and ordi. of the said .ten j and : shallot itations, and five direct- the United hall be real- house in the ilders of the ana there That no per- directdr of II forthwith ors, so duly ne, front the first Mon- bc held by after their of thecor- appoinied rectors and nd proridtd itors, or an day when t cause, be nts, and to II be rcgu- ir elecliona be made, the directors and prealdent of the aald hank, for the time being, ohall rnntlntte In office ; .And provided alio. That In case of the death, resignation, or removal, of the president of the suid corpo. ration, the directors shall proceed to elect another president from the directors us aforesaid ; and in rase of the death, resignation, or absence, from the United States, or removal of a director fVoinofflre, the vacancy shall be supplied by the president of the United States, or by the stockholders, as tho case may be. But the president of the United States alone shall have power to remov« any of th« directors appointed by him as aft>rpRald. J 9. That as soon as the sum of eight millions four hundred thousand dollars. In gold and silver coin and In the public debt, shall have been actually received on account of the subscription to the capita of the said bank (exclusively of the subscription aforesaid, on the part of the United States) notice thereof shall be given by the persons under whose superintendence the subscription shall have been made at the city of Philadelphia, in at least two newspapers printed In each of the places (If so many be printed in such places respectively) where subscriutions shall have been made ; and the said per- sons shall, at the same time, and in like manner, notify a time and place, within the said city of Phi- ladelphia, at the distance of at least thirty days from the time of such notification, for proceeding to the election of twenty directors as aforesaid, and it shall be lawful fhr such election to he then and there made. And the president of the United States is hereby authorised, during the present session nf congress, to nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to appoint, five Di- rectors of the said hank, though not stockholders, any thing in the provisions of this act to the con- trary notwithstanding ; and the persons who shall be elected and appointed as aforesaid, shall be the first directors of the said bank, and shall proceed to elect one of the directors to be president of the said bank ; and the directors and president of the said bank, so appointed and elected as afbresaid, shall be capable of serving in their respective office, hy virtue thereof, until the end and expiration of the first Moiiday of the month of January next en'^iiing the said appointments and elections ; and they shall then and thenceforth commence, ami • unue the operations of the said bank, at the city of Philadelphia. } 10. That the directors for the time being, shall have power to appoint such officers, dorks, and servants, under them, as shall be necessary for executing the business of the said corporation, and to allow them such compensation for their services, respectively, as shall be reasonable ; and shall be capable of exercising such other powers and authorities for the well governing and ordering of the otflcers of the said corporation, as shall be prescribed, fixed, and determined, hy the laws, regulations, and ordinances, of the same. (11. That the following rules, restrictions, limitations, and provisions, shall form and be funda- mental articles of the constitution of the said corporation, to wit: 1. The number of votes to which the stockholders shall be entitled, in voting for directors, shall he according to the number of shares he, she, or they, respectively, shall hold, in the proportions following, that is to s«y ; for one share and not more than two shares, one vote ; for every two shares above two, and not exceeding ten, one vote ; for every four shares above ten, and not exceeding thirty, one vote ; for every six shares above thirty, and not exceeding si.xty, one vote ; for every eight shares above sixty, and not exceeding one hundred, one vote ; and for every ten shares above one hundred, one vote ; but no person, copart- nership, or body politic, shall be entitled to a greater number than thirty votes ; and after the first election, no share or shares shall confer a right of voting, which shall not have been holden three calendar months previous to the day of election. And stockholders actually resident within the United States, and none other, may vote in elections by proxy. Seeovd. Not more than three fourths of the directors elected by the stockholders, and not more than four fifths of the directors appointed by the president of the United States, who shall be in office at the titne of an annual election, shall be elected or appointed for the next succeeding year ; and no director shall hold his office more than three years out of four in succession : but the director who shall be the president at the time of an election, may always be re-appointed, or re-elected, as the case may be. TTlirrf. None but a stock- holder, resident citizen of the United States, shall be a director; nor shall a director he entitled to any emolument ; but the directors may make such compensation to the president, for his extraordi- nary attendance at the bank, as shall appear to them reasonable. Fourth. Not less than seven direct- ors shall constitute a board for the transaction of business, of whom the president shall always be one, except in case of sickness or necessary absence ; in which case his place may be supplied by any other director whom he, by writing, under his hand, shall depute for that purpose. And the director 80 deputed may do and transact all the necessary business, belonging to the office of the president of the said corporation during the continuance of the sickness or necessary absence of the president. Fifth. A number of stockholders, not less than sixtjr, who, together, shall be proprietors of one thou- sand shares or upwards, shall have power, at any time, to call a general meeting of the stockholders, for purposes relative to the institution, giving at least ten weeks' notice in two public newspapers of the place where the bank is seated, and specifying in such notice the object or objects of such meet- ing. Siith. Each cashier or treasurer, before he enters upon the duties of his office, shall he required to give bond, with two or more sureties, to the satisfaction of the directors, in a sum not less than fifty thousand dollars, with a condition for his good behaviour, and the faithflil performance of his duties to the corporation. Seventh. The lands, tenements, and hereditaments, which it shall be law- ful for the said corporation to hold, shall be only such as shall be rennisite for its immediate accom- modation in relation to the convenient transacting of its business, and such as shall have been bona fide mortgaged to it by way of security, or conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts previously con- tracted in the < '>rse of its dealings, or purchased at sales, upon judgments which shall have been obtained forsi< >>bts. Eighth. The total amount of debts which the said corporation shall at any time owe, wi by bond, bill, note, or other contract, over and above the debt or debts due for Mionry deposit): the bank, shall not exceed the sum of thirty-five millions of dollars, unless the contracting of any greater debt shall have been previously authorised by law of the United States. In case of excess, the directors under whose administration it shall happen, shall be liable for the same in their natural and private capacities ; and an action of debt niay, in such case, be brought against them, or any of them, their or any of their heirs, executors, or administrators, in any court of record of the United States, or either of them, by any creditor or creditors of the said corporation, and may be prosecuted to judgment and execution, any condition, covenant, or agreement, to the contrary notwithstanding. But this provision shall not be construed to e.xenipt the said corporation, or the lands, tenements, goods, or chattels, of tho same, from being also liable for, and chargeable with, the said excess. Such of the said directors who may have been absent when the said e.xcess was contracted or created, or who may have dissented from the resolution or act whereby the same was so contracted or created, may respectively exonerate themselves ft'om being so liable, by forth- with giving notice of the fact, and of their absence ordissent, to the president of the United States, and to the stockholders, at a general meeting, which they shall have power to call for that purpose. Jfinth The said cor|H>ratlon shall not, directly or indirectly, deal or trade in any thing except hills of ex- change, gold or silver bullion, or in the sale of goods really and truly pledged for money lent and not redeemed in due time, or goods which shall be the proceeds of its lands. It shall not be at liberty to purchase any public debt whatsoever, nor shall it take more than at the rate of six per centum per minum for or upon its loans or discounts. Tenth. No loan shall be made by the said corporation, for t, k e z s < i 149 BANKS (UNITED STATES). t< ' : ■■'} * ,tl ' ii the use or on nrconnt of the eovprnmenl of the United Btatei, to «ii amount exroedinR five hnndred thouHond dollnrM, or of any purticiilnr state, tn an amount exceeding flfry thnunand dnltars, or of any foreign prince or state, unless previously aiilhorizcd l>y a law of the United States. F.levtnth. The stock of the said corporation shall be assifinahje and transferable, according to such rules as shall be instituted, in that behalf, by the laws and ordinances of the same. Twelfth. The bills obligatory and of credit, under the seal of the said corporation, which shall be made to any person or persons, shall be assignable by endorsement thereupon, under the hand or hands of such person or persons, and his. Iter, or their, executors or administrators, and of his or their assignee or assignees, and so as abso- lutely to transfer and vest the property thereof In each and every assignee or assignees successively, and to enable such assignee or assignees, and his, her, or their, executors or administrators, to main- toin an action thereupon In his, her, or their, own name or names : Provided, That said corporation shall not make any bill obligatory, or of credit, or other obligation under its seal, for the payment of a sum less than five thousand dollars. And the bills or notes which may be issued by order of the said corporation, signed by the president and countersigned by the principal cashier or treasurer thereof, promising the payment of money to any person or persons, his, her, or their, order, or to bearer, although not under the seal of the said corporation, shall be binding and obligatory upon the same, in like manner, and with like force and effect, as upon any private person or persons, if issued by him, her, or the.n, in his, her, or their, private or natural capacity or capacities, and shall be ai- sfgnable and negotiable in like manner as if they were so issued by such private person or persons; that is to say, those which shall be payable to any person or |)ersonB, his, her, or their, order, shall be assignable by endorsement, in like manner and with the like effect as foreign bills of exchange now are; and those which are payable to bearer shall he assignable and negotiable by delivery only: Provided, That all bills or notes, so to be issued by said corporation, shall be made payable on demand, other than bills or notes for the payment of a sum not less than one hundred dollars each, and paya- ble to tlie order of some person or persons ; which bills or notes It shall be lawful for said corpora- tion to make payable at any time not exceeding sixty days from the date thereof. Thirteenth. Half yearly dividends shall be ni'ade of so much of the proHts of the bank as shall appear to the directors advisable ; and once in every three years the directors shall lay before the stockholders, at a general meeting, for their information, an exact and particular statement of the debts which shall have re- mained unpaid after the expiration of the original credit, for a period of treble the term of that cre- dit, and of the surplus of the profits, if any, after deducting losses and dividends. If there shall be a failure in the payment of any part of any sum subscribed to the capital of the said bank, by any person, copartnership, or body politic, the party failing shall lose the benefit of any dividend which may have accrued prior to the time for making such payment, and during the delay of the same. Fourteenth. The directors of the said corporation shall establish a competent ofltce of discount and deposite in the district of Columbia, whenever any law of the United States shall require such an es- tablishment ; also one such ofl^.ce of discount and deposite in any state in which two thousand sharei shall have been subscribed or may be held, whenever, upon application of the legislature of such state, congress may, by law, require the same : Pnn'ided, The directors aforesaid shall not be bound to establish such otfice before the whole of the capital of the bank shall have been paid up. And it shall be lawful for the directors of the said corporation to establish offices of discount and deposite wheresoever they shall think fit, within the United States or the territories thereof, and to commit the management of the said oflices, and the business thereof, respectively, to such persons, and under such regulations, as they shall deem proper, not being contrary to law or the constitution of the bank. Or instead of establishing such oflices, it shall he lawful for the directors of the said corpora- tion, from time to time, to employ any other bank or bunks, to he first approved by the secretary of the treasury, at any place or places that they may deem safe and proper, to manage and transact the business proposed as aforesaid, other than for the purposes of discount, to be managed and transacted by such oflices, under such agreements, and subject to such regulations, as they shall deem just and proper. Not more than thirteen, nor less than seven, managers or directors, of every office esta- blished as aforesaid, shall be annunlly appointed by the directors of the bank, to serve one year ; they shall choose a president from their own number ; each of them shall be a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the state, territory, or district, wherein such office is established ; and not more than three fourths of the said managers or directors, in office at the time of an annual appointment, shall be re-appointed for the next succeeding year ; and no director shall hold his office more than three years out of four, in succession ; but the president may be always re-appointed, fifteenth. The offi- cer at the head of the treasury department of the United States shall be fnrnished, from time tn time, as often as he may require, not exceeding once a week, with statements of the amount of the capital stock of the said corporation, and of the debts due to the same ; of the moneys deposited therein; of the notes .in circulation, and of the specie in hand ; and shall have a right to inspect such general accounts in the books of the bank as shall relate to the said statement : Provided, That this shall not be construed to imply a right of inspecting the account of any private individual or individuals with the Dank. Sixteenth. No stockholder, unless he be a citizen of the United States, shall vote in the choice of directors. Seventeenth. No note shall be issued of less amount than five dollars. i 13. That if the said corporation, or any person or persons, for or to the use of the same, shall deal or trade in buying or selling goods, wares, merchandise, or commodities, whatsoever, contrary to the provisions of this act, all and every person and persons by whom any order or direction for so dealing or trading shall have been given, and all and every person and persons, who shall have been con- cerned as parties or agents therein, shall forfeit and lose treble the value of the goods, wares, mer- chandise, and commodities, in which such dealing and trade shall have been ; one half thereof to the use of the informer, and the other half thereof to the use of the United States ; to be recovered in any action of law, with costs of suit, i 13. That if the said corporation shall advance or lend any sum of money for the use or on account of the government of the United States, to an amount exceeding five hundred thousand dollars ; or of any particular state, to an amount exceeding fifty thousand dollars ; or of any foreign prince or state (unless previously authorized thereto by a law of the United States), all and every person and persons, by and with whose order, agreement, consent, approbation, and connivance, such unlawful advance or loan shall have been made, npon conviction thereof, shall forfeit and pay, for every such offence, treble the value or amount of the sum or sums which have been so unlawAilly advanced or lent ; one fifth thereof to the use of the informer, and the residue thereof to the use of the United States. $ 14. That the bills or notes of the said corporation, originally made payable, or which shall have become payable, on demand, shall be receivable in all payments to the United States, unless otherwise directed by act of congress. i 15. That, during the continuance of this act, and whenever required by the secretary of the trea- sury, the said corporotion shall give the necessary facilities for transferring the public funds from place to place, within the United States, or the territories thereof, and for distributing the same in payment of the public creditors, without charging commissions, or claiming allowance, on occount of difference of exchange ; and shall also do and perform the several and respective duties of the com- iDJasioners of loans for the several states, or of any one or more of them, whenever required by law. )1A. That branches the tary of the t the treasury conmienceme ill. That siivei,of any bank, or in ai refuse or neg to the contra demand, any son or person bill, or obligal shall, respect! moneys, until frnni the time laws enforcin debts, of whi( tinned, vestin the United Sti i 18. That i made, forged, any bill or no directors, and any cashier tli assist in falsel the said bank, pass, '.liter, or bill or note, pu of the said bai tlon, or any cii utter, or piililit by order of iht check on the si with intention or deliver, or c tion, or purpor knowing the s adjudged guilt; imprisoned anc imprisoned not nothing lierein tion, under the } 19. That if have in his cus which any note such plate, or tc bills issued by notes, bill or bil ration, with int feitingany oftl sion any paper i notes or bills of or suffer the sai corporation; e\ be imprisoned a term not exceed i 20. That, ir said bank, the | corporate funds ments; that is thousand dollari of four years af inbefore provide i 21. That nc continuance of pledged: Proviii increasing the c capitals not exc( withstanding thi use the corporal dation of the aff real, personal, a for a period exc« i 22. That if I enable the same or before the fii twelve months I « 23. That it for that purpose, created, and to r and whenever ai shall have reasoi or the president vania, in the nar tion for the timi calling on the s declared forfeitei to examine into I nouoce and adju BANKS (UNITED STATES). 143 t } 18. That the depotitei of the money nf the United Statea, in places in which the said bank ond branchei thereof may be emabliahed, shall he made in laid bank or branclicR thereof, iinieiii the iiecfe- tary of the treasury Hhull at any lime othKrwme order and direct; in which case the secretary of the treasury shall imiiiediately lay before cimfircss, if in session, and, if not, immediately alter the commencement of the next session, the reasons of such order or direction. i 17. That the said corporation ihall not, at any time, suspend and refuse payment in gold and silvei,of any of its notes, bills, or obliKalions; nor of any moneys received upon deposite in said bonk, or in any of its offices of discount and deposite. And if the said corporation shall, at any time, refuse or neglect to pay, on demand, any bill, note, or obligation, issued by the corporation, according to the contract, promise, or undertaking, therein expressed ; or shall neglect or refuse to pay, on demand, any moneys received in said bank, or in any of its offices afiiresnid, on deposite, to the per- son or persons entitled to receive the same, then, and in every such case, the holder of any such note, bill, or obligation, or the person or persons entitled to demand and receive such moneys as aforesaid, slinli, respectively, be entitled to receive and recover interest on the said bills, notes, obligations, or moneys, until the same shall be fully paid and satisfied, at the rate of twelve per centum per annum, from the time of such demand as aforesaid: Providid, That congress may, at anytime hereafter, enact laws enforcing and regulating the recovery of the amount of the notes, bills, obligations, or other debts, of which payment shall have been refused as aforesaid, with the rate of interest above men- tioned, vesting Jurisdiction for that purpose in any courts, either of law or equity, of the courts of the United States, or territories thereof, or of the several stales, as they may deem expedient. ) 18. That if any person shall falsely make, forge, or counterfeit, or cause or procure to be falsely made, forged, or counterfeited, or willinply aid or assist in falsely making, forgini;, or counterfeiting, any bill or note in Imitation of, or purporting to be, a bill or note issued by order of the president, directors, and company, of the said bank, or any order or check on the said bank or corporation, or any cashier thereof; or shall falsely alter, or cause or procure to bo falsely altered, or willingly aid or assist in falsely altering, any bill or note issued by order of the president, directors, and company, of the said bank, or any order or check on the said bank or corporation, or any cashier thereof; or shall lass, '.itter, or publish, or attempt to pass, utter, or publish, as true, any false, forged, or counterfeited, jill or note, purporting to be a bill or note issued by order of the president, directors, and company, of the said bank, or any false, forged, or counterfeited, order or check upon the said bank or corpora- tion, or any cashier thereof, knowing the same to be falsely forged or counterfeited ; or shall pass, utter, or publish, or attempt to pass, utter, or publish, as true, any falsely altered bill or note, issued by order of the president, directors, and company, of the said bank, or any falsely altered order or check on the said bank or corporation, or any cashier thereof, knowing the same to be falsely altered, with intention to defraud the said corporation, or any other body politic or person ; or shall sell, utter, or deliver, or cause to be sold, uttered, or delivered, any forged or counterfeit note or bill, in imita- tion, or purporting to be, a bill or note issued by order of the president and directors of the said bank, knowing the same to be false, forged, or counterfeited ; every such person shall be deemed and adjudged guilty of felony, and being thereof convicted by due course of law, shall be sentenced to be imprisoned and kept to hard labour, for not less that three years nor more than ten years, or shall be imprisoned not exceeding ten years, and fined not e.xceeding five thousand dollars : Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to deprive the courts of the individual statesofajuiisiiic- tion, under the laws of the several states, over any offisnce declared punishable by this act. i 19. That if any person shall make or engrave, or cause or procure to be made or engraved, or shall have in his custody or possession, any metallic plate, engraved after the similitude of any plate from which any notes or bills, issued by the said corporation, shall have been printed, with intent to use such plate, or to cause or suffer the same to be used, in forging or counterfeiting any of the notes or bills issued by the said corporation ; or shall have in his custody or possession any blank note or notes, bill or bills, engraved and printed after the similitude of any notes or bills issued by said corpo- ration, with intent to use such blanks, or cause or aulTer the same to be used, in forging or counter- feiting any of the notes or bills issued by the said corporation ; or shall have in his custody or posses- lion any paper adapted to the making of bank notes or bills, and similar to the paper upon which any notes or bills of the said corporation shall have been issued, with intent to use such paper, or cause or Butfer the same to be used, in forging or counterfeiting any of the notes or bills issued by the said corporation ; every such person, being thereof convicted by due course of law, shall be sentenced to be imprisoned and kept to hard labor for a term not e.xceeding five years, or shall be imprisoned for a term not exceeding five years and fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars. I) 20. That, in consideration of the exclusive privileges and benefits conferred by this act upon the said bank, the president, directors, and company, thereof, shall pay to the United States, out of the corporate funds thereof, the sum of one million and five hundred thousand dollars, in three equal pay- ments ; that is to say : five hundred thousand dollars at the expiration of two years ; five hundred thousand dollars at the expiration of three years ; and five, hundred thousand dollars at the expiration of four years after the said bank shall be organized and commence its operations in the manner here- inbefore provided. \ 31. That no other bank shall be established by any future law of the United States during the continuance of the corporation hereby created, for which the faith of the United States is hereby pledged : Provided, Congress may renew existing charters for banks in the district of Columbia, not increasing the capital thereof, and may also establish any other bank or banks in said district, with capitals not e.xceeding, in the whole, six millions of dollars, if they shall deem it expedient. And, not- withstanding the expiration of the term for which the said corporation is created, it shall be lawful to use the corporate name, style, and capacity, for the purpone of suits for the final settlement and liqui- dation of the affairs and accounts of the corporation, and for the sale and disposition of their estate, real, personal, and mi.xed ; but not for any other purpose, or in any other manner, whatsoever, nor for a period exceeding two years after the expiration of the said term of incorporation. i 22. That if the subscriptions and payments to said bank shall not be made f.nd completed so aa to enable the same to commence its operations, or if the said bank shall not commence its operations on or before the first Monday in April next, then, and in that case, congress may, at any time within twelve months thereafter, declare, by law, this act null and void. } 23. That it shall, at all limes, be lawful for a committee of either !iouae of congress, appointed for that purpose, to inspect the books, and to examine into the proceedings, of the corporation hereby created, and to report whether the provisions of this charter havo been, by the same, violated or not; and whenever any committee, as aforesaid, shall find and report, or the president of the United Statea shall hiive reason to believe, that the charter has been violatdd, it maybe lawful for congress to direct, or the president to order, a scire facios to be sued out of the circuit court of the district of Pennayl- vania, in the name of the United States (which shall b>: executed upon the president of the corpora- tion for the time being, at least fifteen days before the commencement of the term of said court), calling on the said corporation to show cause wherefore the charter hereby granted shall not be declared forfeited ; and it shall be lawful for the Kaid court, upon the return of the said scire facias, to examine into the truth of the alleged violation, and if such violation be made appear, then to pro- nounce and adjudge that the said charter ii fo';ieited and annulled. Providid, havevtr, Every iMU* (■■ « % 144 BANKS (UNITED STATES). *f •^ \ ' ( nf fnct which may be Joined bniween thn United HintoH niul the cnrporiitioii arorniuid, shall b« trM by jury. And It ihall be liiwfiil for tlin court ufurennid tn riiiiiirR \\w prmliiction nf inch nr the Imnkii nr the cnriNiratlon an It may dui-m iiiMx-HNiiry Tiir thit HHCurtiiinment nftlM! rontrnvertvd fiictii : ami ihn flnal JiidKnifliit of the court aforesaid vhall be exaininahlu In the »uprui»u court of ilin United Htitiei by writ of error, and may be there reveraed or aHirmed, according to the unogci of law. ' The bank conimence'J operatinni on the 7th of January, 1817; and aoon ailcr entered into a compact with the State banki for a simultaneous resumption of specie payments. It was ai^recd that this should take place on the 20th of February, on the condition, amoni; others, that the Bank of the United States should not demand payment of any balances which might accumulate against the State institutions, until that bank and its branches should have discounted for individuals, not having duties to pay, at some of the principal Atlantic ports, to the amount of $6,000,000. Immediately on going into operation, every effort was, very naturally, made by the bank to push its paper into circulation, and to make its transactions as extensive as possible. lu discounts were augmented, in the course of litUe more than a month, from three to twenty millions of dollars ; and in the end of October, of the same year, they already amounted to 33 millions. With respect to the circulation of its notes, this was soon only limited by the physical inability of the President and Cashier to sign more than a certain number of them in a given time. On the whole, however, there is no doubt that the continued expansion of its paper by the Bank of the United States more than counterbalanced any contraction of that of the other banks, which may have ensued by means of its action upon them. The whole currency of the country remainetl still in a depreciated condition. Prices were uni- versally high ; and the spirit of speculation in the different kinds of stocks especially wu everywhere rife. Independently of any other consideration, a return to a more natural state of things could not fail before long to ensue, from the exportation of specie, and the conse- quent necessity of the banks to curtail their discounts. This reaction, it is aUo true, must necessarily give occasion to much pecuniary embarrassment and distress to almost every por- tion of the community. But the distress, when it actually came, was unquestionably veiy much aggravated by the system of management adopted in the early administration of the new Bank of the United States. In the first place, not only were its discounts and circuii- tion augmented altogether too rapidly, but its discounts were, to a considerable extent, mode to the stockholders, on pledges of their stock. The object which the directors had, at the outset, in thus favouring the stockholders, above every other class of borrowers, was to enable them to pay the specie portion of the several instalments due by them for their shares, as the time for their payment occurred. As a consequence, tlie whole amount of the specie paid into the bank by the stockholders, intead of being what was contemplated by Congress, when they incorporated the bank, viz. $7,000,000, was, it is probable, considerably short of a third of this sum. But it soon became a practice to lend to the stockholders to the extent of the par value of their shares, on a pledge of these to the bank, without any personal secu- rity. Persons of little or no property were, by this means, enabled to hold bank stock, even to a very large amount ; since all that they needed to do was to procure from the bank, on a pledge of the stock which they purchased, the very money which they were called upon to pay for it. An increased demand was in this way created for the stock ; and it is not sur- prising that its price in the market should have been, for some time, almost steadily on the rise, as well as that it should have presented a tempting field for the operations of the specu- lator and the gambler. Again, it was in the natural order of things that, when a contraction on the part of the bank became necessary, the directors, instead of throwing any portion of the pledged stock into the market, which would have a tendency to lower the value ci the stock, should curtail their discounts of mercantile paper to an extent far greater than woulJ otherwise have been requisite, and should thus, as we have said, have aggravated the pecuniarr embarrassments incidental to every sudden diminution of the circulating medium. We cannot better continue this account of the mode in which the Bank of the United States was managed, in the period under consideration, than by adopting the language of Mr, Chcves, the second president of the bank, in a report made by him to the stockholders in 1833, " The bank, immediately on its commencement, did a very extensive business, imported vast sums of specie, paid its notes and those of the ofRces, without reference to the places where they were payable, at the bank and all the principal offices north of the Potomac, while they were, under the charter, necessarily received every where in payments of debts to the government of the United States ; and drafts were given without limit, on the parent bank and northern offices, by the western offices, at par or at a premium merely nominal. As Boon as the notes of the southern and western offices were paid or received by the bank and northern offices, they were returned to them and re-issued in perpetual succession. The re- sult was, that the bank and the great northern offices were drained of their capital, and on the 20th of July, 1818, only eighteen months after the institution began its operations, itwu obliged to commence a rapid and heavy curtailment of the business of the bank and its of- fices. During all this time, it had the advantage of immense government deposites. At the moment that curtailments were ordered, the government deposites in the bank and iu branches, including the deposites of public officers, amounted to eight millions of dollars, and thpy had ben Houthrm nni Imiik to the n,600,000 tl( IVo curtailme room for thoi tnilmrntH at i ilollara, 49 cc vital points ( when the rrn "At that n Boston wuH I and wcHtrrii liberty, accon gross anioimt cast, or west, notes, which in a chanffe banks, on noi' counted pnpci than their cur and collect dri active capital curtRiimeiits v instead of heir of dollars. In curtailments h rations. " At the cor mcnts, and cm In-ing & Co., dollars, 47 cen iium tlic greate with Uarinpr, I including any dollars ; and, \ funded debt, fu curtailments, tc mcnts, a reduci of eight mill ior '> At the cloi' so long the suli and, after great granted on the constituted the against a great angry, and con favours which ( municating the licen disposed c day, on the 1st city banks, dedi " It is true th and Ohio over I to the amount ( one half of the during the day were almost im bank had in its 196,148 dollars, must again be the sum in trai seasonably on t office at New \ same time the I 900,000 dollars charge upon its Vol. I.— N RANKS (lINITEn STATES). H» I, ihill b« trM ;li III' lh« IhhiIi« [ rncta : anil ibu [ Uiiit«d 8UU1, V. I after entered [inymenti. It dilion, amoni; any balances il ita branches r the principal B by the bank poaeiblc. lu iree to twenty ^ amounted t) limited hy tiie irnber ofthcm I expansion of contraction of II them. The icea were uni' especially wu 3 natural atale ami the conw- ilso true, must lost every por- stionably very stration of the ita and circula- 3 extent, mado trs had, at the 1, was to enable heir shares, a> ; of the specie by CongreB, rably short of g to the extent personal aecu* nk stock, even ;he bank, on a called upon to it is not sur- teadily on the of the specu- a contraction .ny portion of value Gi the than would the pecunian m. the United iguage of Mr. Iders in 182!!. , imported to the places the Poioraac, Its of debts tu n the parent nominal, .^s the bank and ion. The re- pital, and on ations, itwu k and its of- ilea. Attho bank and it^ fdollan,iDil thcv had been Inrffrr at prpprdinR prriodn. ( 'urtnilniriits were ordered from time to time, nf thn Houthom and wcHtorn ofUces, to the mnount of srvpii millions ot' iloiliir'*, ntul nt the parent linnk to the amount of two milliniw, thiMiRh nt lli<' latter they were iiiatle to ilio amount of 3,600,000 dollars, and upwiinJH, between the :i()th of .Inly, ISIK, niul the Ist of April, IHlf). No curtailments were ordered ut the olliees of New York and I'oiifon, !ieeau«e there was no room for thenu yet nreessity ohliijed them to redure their hnsineMs very nuich. The rur- tailmentu at all pointH within the iihove mentio!ie■> cents of its funded debt, furnishing by these compound operations ways and nu'ans, in addition to its curtailments, to the amount of l,.*)*) 1,229 dollars, \'.i cents, and making, with these curtail- ments, a reduction in the productive cajjital of the bank, within the period of eight months, ofeiglit millions of dollars, and upwards. '• At the close of this period, the discounts on personal security at Philadelphia had been so long the subject of curtailment, that a small jjortion of them admitted of further reduction, and, after great efforts, a rule had been established to reduce the discounts which had been granted on the stock of the bank, at the rate of five per cent, every 60 days. The latter constituted the bulk of the discounted paper, and so small a reduction artbrded no relief against a great and immediate demand. Even this small reduction was the subject of loud, angry, and constant remonstrance among the borrowers, who claimed the privileges and the favours which they contended were due to stockholders, and sometimes succeeded in com- municating their sympathies to the board. All the funded debt which was valuable had l)een disposed of, and the proceeds exhausted. The specie in the vaults at the close of the day, on the 1st of April, 1819, was only 120,745 dollars, 28 cents, and the bank owed to the city banks, deducting balances due to it, an aggregate balance of 79,125 dollars 99 cents. " It is true there were in the mint 267,978 dollars, 9 cents, and in transitu from Kentucky and Ohio over land, 250,000 dollars; but the Treasury dividends were payable on that day to the amount of near 500,000 dollars, and there remained at the close of the day more than one half of the sum subject to draft, and the greater part of the sum which had been drawn during the day remained a charge upon the bank, in the shape of temporary deposits, which were almost immediately withdrawn. Accordingly, on the 12th of the same month, the bank had in its vaults but 71,522 dollars, 47 cents, and owed to the city banks a balance of 196,148 dollars, 47 cents; exceeding the specie in its vaults 124,895 dollars, 19 cents. It must again be remarked, that it had yet the sum before mentioned in the mint, as well as the sum in transitu from Ohio and Kentucky : this last sum (250,000 dollars) arrived very seasonably on the next day, or a day or two thereafter. The liank in this situation, the office at New York was little better, and the office at Boston a great deal worse. At the same time the bank owed to Baring, Brothers & Co., and Thomas Wilson & Co., nearly 900,000 dollars, which it was bound to pay immediately, and which was equivalent to a charge upon its vaults to that amount. It had, including the notes of the offices, a circula- VoL. I.— N 19 146 BANKS (UNITED STATES). 1 V, Uon of six millinni of dollars to meet, to which wcro to he added the demandii of deponitnn, pulilic and private, iit a time, too, when tlic iirarcity of money rolled forth every diitpoNalilo dollar, and therefore created demundH upon tho hank for an unuHUul jjortion of the ordinary ill to prevent the larger HttK-khoMerH from havini; nn undue miinlH'r of votes iit eleelionx, they did not reeoni- mend nny npeeille netion, on the pitrt of (^onurenH, to rorreet " th" nmny eviln und niiwhiefs" depicted i)y them, " Ih-ciiuhc, by the provinioiiH of the chiirter, thu Necreliiry of the TrenHiiry hnB full power to iip|iiy a prompt luid iide(|niite remedy, whenever the Hituntion of tho bnnk nhall require it." KenolutionM were Hhorlly iifter olVered to the Houhc, for tiikint^ the proper ineBHiircH prepiinitory to decliirinK the chiirtcr of the biuik to have JK'eii forfeited ; but they were voted down by very luru;e miijoritieH, It in urinecoHHury to no into luiy lietailH here conoerninpr the history of the Dank of the United Statoti, from the period nt which we have now arrived imtil the meetinn of UonRremi in December, 1829, when the I'rcHident prenenled the ((UCHtion of itx rcchnrter for the con- nideration of that iiody, Uh "exjiansionH ami contractioiiH," as well as those < ' tho bankH of the country Rcnerally, during the whole of this linw were merely udi as ar incid' .ifal to the ojwrations of all iiaiiks of circulation. 'I'he Fr.'Hi 'i-nt obfierved tluit'M'if .liari, r of the Bank of the United States expires in 18Ufl, und its stockii dilers will, 'lu i |ii ly, apply for a renewal of their privileijeH. In order to avoid the • i'n .unnitio'.! fnri s ,("ipi. taiicy, in a measure involving such important principles, and (;i el dee,; nicv.riiftfy 'nterefits, I feel that I cannot, in justice to the parties interested, loo soon pre'-.i'ii-, it to 'Iv dclilmrate consideration of the legislature and tlie people. Hoth the consti rtiiiinili'', nw} the expc- f .ir feilciv- •■ lutjlvb-ng u i)Oition ot fail to at- itatives by a diency, of the law creatinp; this bank, are well tjuesiioncd by u iur. ciliziMiB; and it must be adnutted by all, that it has failed in the g.,>Mt. end uniform and sound currency. " Under these circumstances, if such an institution is dcon;« rt cxs.ntud to th*» ftj^;.! optrn- tion.s of the goverinnent, I submit to the wisdom of th' .'i'!;i;ilature -v!unh ■ • a rn/ninn' ot.c, founded upon the credit of the goveniment, and its revenurr, ti>i,fhi not bo V\i»e(], wlijch would avoid all constitutional dilliculties, and, at the Rauic ume, Mcure all IH ; ai' \':intaj,e8 .o the government and country that were expected to result from tlie pn sent ' >:i5'." The Committee of Ways and Means of the House of Keprexoiitatives, t!!;ou^>,li Ihcir chaij- man, Mr. McDufl'ie, made a report on the 13th of April, 18.30: '. i whiili. iifter ^n o'>^bo^att; exiiinination of the several questions presented by the message of tho President, iimS Hfl>- mittcd to them for consideration, they eoncUnle that Congress has tho tonsiin'.n'nal povver to incorporate a hank, such as that of the United States ; that it -s expedient to '•'itablish aud maintain such an institution ; and that it is inexpedient to cstublisik " a uutior.ol tunk, four. in.', upon the credit of the government and its revenues." In the Senate, a resolution had l)een referred, early in the same seAiiou, 'm t'it' roinmitten of finance, directing them to inquire into the expediency of establisliing ,01 unifi;nn Jintbma! currency for the United States; which committee rej)v)rtcd on the 29th of March, .md, li!:ii that of the House of Representatives, cxpresvci'.opinions, concerning the currency and the Bank of tho United States, in direct opposition v»ith those of the Presi lert. No further steps were taken by either the Senate or the Hojie of Ue]iirscr^tiitives on the subject, until the session of 18.'31-32, when the bank made applieation to Conirresh fir a re- newal of its charter. The President had, in the mean while, a wcond, and a third time, in successive annual messages, reiterated his views in oppositii 1, i) f^ici a /cicvul, Thif did not prevent a bill from passing through both branches of th(r nauwiml Icguhf.jre, j.ico'porat- ing anew the Bank of the United States ; which bill was, howc r, ve/ticd 'ly tlu President, who stated his reasons for doing so in a message to the ;\ iiut.., r hero the bill had originated. It was there promptly reconsidered; but, failing ij o 'ain In itn favour the- constitutional majority of two-thirds of the members of that bod' , t was linjlly rejected on the 13th day of July, 1832. The removal by the President of the >.»"emient deposites from the Bank of the United States, in the autumn of 183?: he adoption, in consequence, by Congress of what has been styled the deposite bnnk «ystcr.i, as a means of safely keeping the public money; the passage of the act of Juie 23d, 1836, for the distribution of the surplus revenue among the different states of the Union ; the issue by the Secretary of the Treasury of the famous specie circular, of July 11th, 1836 ; the incorporation of the Bank of the United States by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, early in the same year ; the derangement in the currency of the country, which led, in May of the following year, to the general suspension of specie payments by the banks ; the resumption of specie payments by the banks, in the summer of 1838 ; with the adoption by the State of New York, and one or two others, of a system of " free bank- ing ;" constitute the principal events, in the monetary and financial history of the United States, during the last six years. They are, of course, fresh in the recollection of our readers; and, on this account, as well as with the view of abstaining entirely from any in- terference on our part in the party contentions to which those events have afforded an ample ,] I < ill i 9. i H 148 BANKS (UNITED STATES). « I ^ k field, wo shall content ourselves with enumerating them here, and inserting below the act incorporating the Pennsylvania Bank of the United States, as also the act to authorise the business of banking, passed by the Legislature of the State of New York, April 18th, 1838. An Act to repeal the Slate Tar on Real and Personal Property, and to continue and extend the Tmprore- nieiilK of the State, by Railroads and CanaU, and to charter a stale bank, tu be called the "United Statu Bank." J 1. Be if enarled, ^-c, That all and ovory prnvision nf tlic Acts of Assembly, passod the Iwcnty-liflli diiy of Miircli, ill tlie year one tlicinsand cialit liiiiidri'il ami thirty-Diip, ri'spcctivnly, entitled An an assessing a tax on personal properly, to he collected with the connty rales and levies, for the use of the C(nnnion\veallli, and An act to increase the tonnty rates a]nl levies lor the use of the connncjii- wealth, lie and the same are hereby repealed. e.\ce|it so far as relates to the collection of taxes a:ses. and ihe treasurer of the (fniled Siati <.) ami such other persons as may heconie stockholders a^ri't. ahly to till' hy-laws made for that purpose, to an amount not exceeding in the whole the present capj. tal of the said hank, their successors ami assigns, he and are In^rehy created a corporation and bwh politic, hy the name and style of "The l'nsiil''nl. Dlrecmrs, and Company (d' the liank of the Uaitti] .States," and shall so contlnne until the third day of March, in the year one tlKuisand eiL'hl hunihii! and sixty-six ; ami hy that name shall b' ami an? hereby made capable in law. to have, purchase, and receive, possess, enjoy, and riMain, to them and tliiiir successors, lands, rtuits, tenements, heredita- ments, coods. chattids, and I'llects, of wlials' lie president i.;' le diri'clnra iir- It day, the siuJ lie to llolil smli lieiiiL' shall inn- shall elect aii^'- lirector, the la- r, or vote at an ithiii sixty il:u> II ho eiili'lk'd'i:i one vote; U hares iihnvi! lea 11),' sixty, iiw it no |iiTS"i., ind artiT III'- have been litlii of an annua; for more ilia'i ilways lie rf- int three slock- he same, afl'i the peace or concliisioii III Nodirodiir .•ernor, nr any ;ato legislaliirf. iness, of wlioai which casi' in- depute fur lliai ict a diretliiriu II ay at any una' thoHsaiid "I wspap.'rs |iiiii- sncli nu'i'iiii:. city of riiila- hall' lay bclbri' cnrpnratiun w raiisactins ii* conveyed to 11 at sales uiimi e of scounai: V thing cvn'pi ied for iiuiiny iNeitlier shall The said cor- tock, treasiirv te, or sleek i'( lurovciiitiit of 1 1 roadi!, briilscii, canal nr inland navigation, nr other stacks which may be bona fide pledged us security for debts to the banic, and not duly redeemed. 6. The rate of llscount at which loans may be made by said Hank within this commonwealth, shall not exceed one half of one per centum for thirty days. And the notes and bills which shall be issued by order of said corporation, or under its authority, shall be binding! upon it, and those made payable to order, shall be assignable by endorsement, but none shall lie issued of a denomination less than ten dollars ; and if the bank shall neglect or refuse to pay its notes or bills or moneys deposited when due, on demand made at tlie hank during baiikinp hours, the person or persons entitled to the same shall receive interest thereon at the rate of twelve per centitin a year until payment be made. And the notes of the corporation in circulation shall never e.vceed the capital actually paid in. The total amount of debts which the said corporation may at anytime owe, whether by bond, note, or other contract, excepting the amount of money due to depositors, sliall not at any time exceed double the amount of capital stock actually pain in; and in case ofexcess, the directors under whose administration it shall happen, shall be liable in their individual capacities, and an action of debt may in such case be brought against them, or any of them, or any of their heirs, executors or administrators, in any court having competent jurisdiction, by any creditor or creditors of such corporation, and may be prosecuted to judgment and execution, any "condition, covenant or agreement to the contrary notwithstanding ; but this shall not he construed to exempt the said corporation, or the lands, tenements, goods and chattels of the same, from being also liable for, and chargeable with the said excess. Such of the said directors as may have been absent when tin; said excess was contracted or created, shall not be con- sidered as consenting thereto, or liable therefor, and those who may have dissented from the resolu- tion or act whereby the same was so contracted or created, and who shall enter their dissent upon the minutes of tile board, may exonerate tliemselves from being so liable, by forthwith giving notice of tlic fact to the stockholders at a general meeting, which they shall have power to cull fur that purpose. 7. If the said bank should at any time refuse to pay any of its notes, hills, obligations, nr deposited moneys, in gold or silver, then at or after the expiration of three months from the time of the first refusal of said bank to pay as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful for tlie holder or proprietor of the sniiie, to make application in writing to any judge of any court in tlie proper county, to allow him or her to make proof of said refusal on oath or utiirmatioii,"hy one or more disinterestecl witness or wit- nesses, before said judge, whose duty it shall be to give at least ten days' notice to the president or cashier of said bank, of the time and place of making such proof, in order that an opportunity may be atlbrded for rebutting the same by testimony, and if the facts he substantiated, it shall be the duty of the said judge to reduce the same to writing, audio transmit the same to the Governor. And it shall be the duty of the Governor, immediately on the receipt of the written jiroof above specified, to issue his proclamation, declaring the charter of the said bank to be forfeited. And from and at>er the tenth day after the date of the said proclamation, the charter of the said bank shall lie absolutely null and void", and of no etTccl whatsoever — except that the said bank shall be liable, in its corporate ca- pacity, for tlie fulfilment of all contracts previously made and entered into by it ; and the stock- hdldiirs thereof shall have power to elect directors as usual, and be capable of compelling the fullil- uient of any contract entered into with said bank, previously to the date of the said forfeiture. 6. Dividends of so much of the prof is as the directors may deem advi'- ilile, shall be declared twice a year, on the first Mondays of January and July in each year, and pa .1 to the stockholders on de- mand at any time after the expiration of ten days therefrom. But siu ii dividends shall in no case exceed the amount of the nett profits, actually acquired by the bunk, so that the caphal stock of the said bank shall never thereby be impaired. If the directors of the bank shall make any dividends which shall impair the capital stock of said bank, the directors consenting thereto, shall be liable in their individual capacities, to such corporation for the amount of the stock so divided; and each director present when such dividend shall be made, shall he adjudged to be consenting thereto, unless he forthwith enter his jirotest on the minutes of the board, and give public notice to the stockholders of the declaring of such dividend. 9. The salary of the President shall be established and allowed by the stockholders at a general meeting, and lo compensation shall be allowed to any person for his services as a director. The board of direct irs shall appoint a cashier, and such othi-r othcers, clerks, and persons as shall be ne- cessary for tra.isacting the business of the bank, and shall take from each such security as the by- laws shall prescribe, and shall make to each a just compensation for his services. 10. The said bank shall make to the auditor general monthly returns of its condition, showing the detailsof its operations, according to the form of the returns the Bank of the United Stales now makes to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, or according to such form as may be esta- blished by law. J 5. It shall at all times be lawful for a committee of the legislature, appointed for that purpose, to inspect the books and examine into the proceedings of the corporation hereby created, and to report whether the provisions of this charter have been by the same abused or violated, or not ; and if tlie olticers of said corporation should ret'use to be sworn or atiirmed, or give evidence, or to produce all siicli of their books or papers us may be demanded before any such committee, then the legislature may by law declare the said charter void, und repeal the same ; and whenever any committee as aforesaid shall find and report, or the Governor shall have reason to believe, that the charter has been violated, it may be lawful for the legislature to direct, or the (iovcriior to order, a scire facias to lie issued out of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, in the name of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania (which shall be executed on the president of the corporation for the time lieing, at least ten days before the commencement of the term of said court), calling im said corporation to show cause wherefore the charter hereby granted, shall not be declared forfeited ; and it siiall be lawful for said conn upon the return of said scire facias, to examine into the truth of the alleged violation, and if such violation be made to appear, then lo pronounce or adjudge that such charter is forfeited and an- iiulleil : Provided, however, every issue of fact which may be joined between the commonwealth or the corporation, such issue shall be tried by jury, and on the trial thereof, the commonwealth shall have the right to change the venue Iroiu the county of Philadelphia to any adjoining county. And it shall be lawful for the court aforesaid, to reipiire the production of such of the books or papers of the corporation, as it may deem necessary for the ascertainment of the controverted facts, and the final.judgmcnt of said court sliall he subject to all the usages of law in other cases. i 6. In consideration of the privileges granted by tliis act, and in lieu of all taxes on dividends, tlie said corporation shall pay into the Treasury of the Common wealth the sum of two millions of dollars, at such time and in such instalments as the Governor may require : Provided, Tliat at least thirty days' notice shall be given by the Governor, of the time when eacli iiistalmenl will be required : And provided also, that for all sums the Governor shall not so require to be paid within three months after the acceptance of this charter by the stockholders, interest at the rate of five per cent, a year shall be paid by the corpoialioii, commencing at the expiration of llie suid three months, and termi- nating thirty days before the time fixed for tlie payment of each sum ; and the said corporation shall also, whenever required by law , advance on permanent loan any sum or sums, not exceeding in the whole SIX millions of dollars, and for each sum of money so loaned, shall receive from the common- ' i IQO BANKS (UNITED STATES.) . ( wealth a imeotiable ccrtificnto of stock, reimbursable on the third day of March, one thousand eight liiindrod and sixty-eight, transft'ralile ut the Dank of Pennsylvania, or such other place as the legialu. ture may hereafter designate, bearing an interest of either four or live per cunt, per annum, payable half yearly at the Bank of Pennsylvania, or such other place as the legislature may hereafter deaig. nate, ns the law requiring such loan may determine, and in case the interest shall be live percent. shall pay to the commonwealth one humlred ami ten dollars in njoney for each hundred dollars jn stock ; or if tiie interest be four per cent, t^liall ))ay one hundred dollars in money for each humlri'ii dollars in stock ; and the said corporation shall be bound, wheiu'ver required by law, to advance to the commonwealth as a temporary loan, any sum of money not exceeding one million of dollarsi in any one year, at an interest of four per cent, a year, reimbursable at the pleasure of the comninn- wealth, within twelve months from the date of the; loan ; and the said corporation shall fUrther puv to the Treasurer for the use of the commonwealth, the sum of live hundred thousand dollars on iIi'p third day of March, Anno Domini, one tlmusand eight hundred and thirty-seven, and shall pay the further sum of one hundred thousand dollars on the lirst Moiulay of June next, and the like sums of one hundred thousainl dollars on each succeeding tirst Monday of .lune, for ninetcon years thereafter, to be added to and paid over with the animal appropriation provided by the conuiiiiu. wealth for common school purposes, and be distributed according to the several laws of this connuon. wealth regulating the distribution of such appropriation; atid the said corporation shall further In; bound to sub.scribe tin! following sums to the capital slock of the following named comiianies, it' n! quested so to do by the- directors of the said companies, or either of them, within one year from {\\, passage of this act, namely, To the capital stock of the lialliniore and Ohio Kailroatl C'ouq)any, tli,, sum of two hundred thousand dollars ; To that of the VVilllimisport and Ulinira llailroad Coinpiuiyl till- sum of two hundred thousand dollars ; To the Mouongahehi Navigation Company, tifty thousarij dollars, if the same be incorporateil, at the opening of the books of subscription for tiie capital siocj; thereof", and the further sum of tifty tliousaml (bdlars as soon as one hundred thousami dollars siili. scribed by other persons or bodii'S corporate shall have been bona tide expended in the const ruttif.n of the said work; To the C'uudierland Valley Uailroad t'onipany, one hundred tliousaml dollars; T, the Warren and Pinegrove Railroad Company, twenty thousand dollars; To the Warren and Friiiik. liii Turnpike-roail Company, fifteen thousand dollars, if tiie said company be incorporated this us. sioiiofthe legislature; To the Warren anil Uidguway Turnpike-road Company, five tliousaml i|(,|. lars; To the .(ohnstown and I.igonier Tiirnpike-rcjad Company, ten thousand dollars ; To the Sno«- Shoe and Packerville Turnpike Company, twenty thousand dollars; To the Uosebiirg and Merm Turnpike Company, five thousand dollars. All of wiiicli subscriptions shall jilace the saiil bank nn the same footing as to the riglits and liabilities with the original subscribers to said coinpaniea rcspcn. ively : Provided, That siicli subscri|ition shall mil be made to the stock of the Ualtiinore and Oliio Uailroad Company until a law of Maryland shall be passed, and assented to by said company, ms. bling the Commonwealth of Pimiiis; Ivania, and any company or companies duly authorised liy He said commonwealth, to intersect by llailroad and unite with tlie U".!tiinore and Ohio Uailroad, at any point in the state of Maryland ; and that the whole nmoiint so to be subscribed by the said bank.sliaii be aiijiropriated exclusively to tlu; construction of the Uailroad from Cumberland to Pittsburg; ui that no payment shall be called for by the directors of the Baltimore andUhio Railroad Company on at- count of said snliscription, until at least twentymiles of the Uailroad withinthe state ofPennsyhiiuii shall have been bona tide placed under contract, and the construction thereof actually begun. i H. The said bank may establish two oflices of discount and deposite in this state, one of whirl shall be at such place in the county of Heaver as the directors may select for the purpose. i 15. Nothing in this act contained sliall take elfect until the several sections and provisions rclai- iiig to the bank of the United States shall liavt! been accepted by the stockholders thereof, at airciierai meeting, which acceptance shall he made known to the d'overnor on . before the third day of'.Martli next; whereupon every preceding section of this act shall be in full i.irce. And within thirty days after the acceptance by the stockholders of the existing Hank of the United States, notice sliiill it givrii by the directors tliereof, that on a day named, not exceeding thirty days thereafter, an elenion shall be" held for directors under the charter so accepted, which election shall he held in like maniiir as elections are now held in said bank ; and the directors so elected shall elect a President, anil slial! serve until the lirst annual election : Procideil, Tliat from the said third day of Marcli to the lioldlnt ' of the election authorised by this section, the President and directors iu ollice at the time of such ac- ceptance may continue to act. In .\pril, 1836, the United States 13;ink was authorised to establish, in addition to the two oflices specified in the 14th section of the act just recited, an ollice of discount and deposite in the town of Erie ; but this olfico is not to be continued Ibere loiiL'i'r than the lirst day of January, I8.i(). Tli? Hank was also authorised to iiurchase ami lioUl any real estate belonging to the /u/e Hank ol'ih.i United States, and to purchase and hold any bank stuck. All proxies, moreover, dated at least si.\iy days before the date of any election, shall be lawful. jJm ^cl to authorise the business of PanluiifF. passed ^pril 13, 1838. The people of the State nf JVew York, represented in senate and ossembhi, do enact ns follows: J 1. The coinptroller is hereby authorised and required to cause to be engraved and printed iniiir best manner, to guard against counterfeiting, sucli (|iiaiitity of ciriiilating notes, in the siniililiuloM' bank notes iu blank, of the different (lenoiiiinalions authorised to be issued by the incorporateil liaiiki of t'.iis state, as he may from time to time deem necessary, to carry into effect the provisions iif'lhii act, and of such form as he may prescribe. Such blank circiilatiim notes shall be counfersiiiiinl, numbered, and registered, in proper books to be proviib'd and kept for that purposes in the nliircof said coni|ilroller, under his direction, by such person or persons as the said comptroller shall a|i|)ninl for that purpose, so that each denomination of such cIrciilatiiiL' noti's shall all be of the same simill. tudi', and bear the uniform simiatiire of such reiiistrr. or one of such reL'isters. J '2. Wheneviir any person or associalioii of pi'isons, f'ornii'd for the purpose of banking iinlerlhe provisions of this act, shall legally transfer to thc^ coiiijifridler any portion of the public dcli' nnw created or hereafter to be created by the United States or by this state, or such other states iifllie United States as shall be approved by thi! comptroller, such piTson or association of persons sliall be entitled to ren-ive from the comptroller an eipial amount of such circulating notes, of ditferent iliin- minations, reL'istered and countersigned as aforesaid ; liiif such public debt shall in all cases li!;,nrl« made to be, equal to a. stock of this state, producing five per cent, per annum, and it shall not he law- ful for the comptroller to take any stock at a rate aliove its par value. i .'). Such person or association of persons are hereby aiifhorised, after having executed anil sisneJ such circulating notes in the manner required by law, to make them obligatory promissory notes pay- able on demand, at the place of business within this state, of such person or association, to lean anil circulate the same as money, according to the ordinary course of banking business as regulated liy the laws ami usages of this state. J 4. In case the maker or makers of any of such circulating nolcR, countersigned and rcgisfcroiiaj aforesaid, shall at any time here.arter on lawful demand during ihu usual hours of business betwteii BANKS (UNITED STATES). 151 ! thousand ol|;ht u ua the legislu- niinuin, payable hereafter desig. be live per cuni. ridred dullurs m ir each humln-d V, toadvuiicc til on of dollars m of the commnn- hall further piiy id dollars on ilii; ml shall pay the a, and the like le, for nini'tpcii hy the conuniiu. of IliU conininii- shall fiirlher li,; ;onipanies, if re le year from t||, 111 Company, iIk ilroad L'oniinnv, ly, lifty thnusanj lie capital i^locs and dollars siil>. the const ruiiir.ii and dollars; Tj irren and Fniiiii. [lorated tliisHs. vo thonsauil ili.l. s ; To the Snow mrji; and Muror lie said bank on nipaniea rcsptc;. liniore anil (lino id company, i.'na. nthorised liy ifo llailrnad, at am [! said hank.fluL Pittsburp ; aiid 1 Company on ac- of Pennsylvaiii! ly be^un. ite, one of wliicl rpose. provisions relai- reof, at a ariiiTJl ird day of Martti ithin thirty ilaii , notice shall iit ifler, III! cleciiot n like niainur sident, anil slial! to the IioIiHd! time of such ac- the two offices in the town of ary, 18.')0. Tli>' lute Bank of ill" id at least m\ illow.i : il printed inilif he siinllitiiili'rif irpnrati'il banks rovisions nf this coiiiitcrsiL'ni'il. in till' nrtircof !r shall ci|i|ioinl the same i-imili- kini; iiniprthe iiiblic di'h' now r states of 111'? lersoiis shall In; ditTerentili'iM. rases lie, nr lie lall not be law- nted anil sinned sory notes pay- ion, t» loan ami IS rcgulatiid by id rogistorndm iinesa bclwteii the hours of ten and throe o'clock, at the place where such note is payable, fail or refuse to reilecni such unto In the lawful money of the United iSlales. the holder of siuli note makinp such demand ni-iv cause the same to he protested for non-payment 'ly a notary public, under his seal of office in the usual manner ; and the comptroller, on receiving and tiliim in his otiice such protest, shall fortliwitti cive notice in writinis to the maker or makers of such note to pay the same ; and if he or t'ley shall omit to do so for ten days after such notice, tiie comptroller shall iniinediately theronpon (unless he shall be satisfied that there is a good and legal defence against the payment of such note or notes), sivc notice in the state paper that all the circulating notes issued by such jierson or association will be redeemed out of the trust funds in Ilia hands for that purpose ; and it shall be lawful for the comp- troller to apply the said trust funds belonging to the maker or makers of such protested notes to the payment and redemption of such notes, with r-ists of protest, and to adopt such measures for the pay- ment of all such circulatinii; notes put in circulation by the nr ! er or iiiakers of such protested notes, pursuant to the provisions of this act, as will hi liia opinion ii'iisu i (iectually prevent losa to the holders thereof. } 5. The comptroller may give to any person or nssocialioi' of i ersons, so transferring stock in pur- suance of the provisions of this act, powers of attorney to ..oeive interest or dividends thereon, which such person or association may leceive and apply to their own use ; hut such powers may he revoked upon such person or association failing to redeeui the circulating notes so issued, or when- ever, in the opinion of the comptroller, the principal of such stock shall become an insiitticieiit secu- rity J and the said comptroller, upon the application of the owner or owners of such transferred stock in trust, may, in hia discretion, cliaiige or transfer I hi' same for other stocks of the kind before specitietl in this act, or may re-transfer the said stocks, or any part thereof, or the mortgages, or any of them hereinafter mentioned and provided for, upon receiving and cancelling an equal amount of such cir- culating notes delivered by him to such person or association, in such manner that the circulating notes shall always he secured in full either by stocks or by stocks and mortgages, as in this act provided. ^6. The hills or notes so to he countersigned, and the payment of which shall be .«o secured by the transfer of public stocks, shall be stamped on their face, "Secured by the pledgi! of public stocks." } 7. Instead of transferring public slocks as aforesaid to secure the whole amount of such bills or notes, it shall be lawful for such person or association of persons, in case they shall so elect bcfor(! receiving any of the said hills or notes, to secure the payment of one half of the whole amount so to be issued, by transferring to the comptroller bonds and mortgages upon real estate, hearing at least si.v per cent, interest of this state, payable annually or "icmi-annually ; in which case all such bills or notes issued by the said person or association of nersoni., shall be stamped on their face, "Secured by pledge of public stocks and real estate." } 8. Such mortgages shall he only upon improved, productive, unincumbered lands within this state, worth, independently of any buildings thereon, at jeast double the auiount for which they shall be so mortgaged; and the comptroller shall prescribe such regulations for ascertaining thi; title and tin? value of such lands as he may deem necessary; and such mortgages shall be payable within such time as the comptroller may direct. i 9. The comptroller may, in his discretion, resign the said bonds and mortgages, or any of them, to tlie person or association w!> ' transferred the same, on receiving other approved bonds and inort- piiges of equal amount; and when any sum of the principal of the bonds and mortL'ages transferred to the comptroller shall he paid to him, he shall notify the person or.association that transferred the bonds and mortgages of such payment, ami may pay the same to such person or association on receiving other approved bonds anil mortgages of equal ainoiint. } 10. The person or association of persons assigning such bonds and mortgages to the comptroller, liiiiy receive the annual interest to accrue thereon, unless default shall be made in paying the bills or notes to be countersifined as aforesaid, or unless in the opinion of the comptroller the bonds and mort- gages or stocks so pledged shall become an insulhcieiit security for the payment of such bills or notes. J 11. In case such person or association of persons shall fail or refuse to pay such bills or notes on demand in the manner specified in the 4th section of this act, the comptroller, atler the ten days" notico therein mentioned, may proceed to sell at public auction the public slocks so pledged or the bonds and mortgages so assigned, or any or either of them, and out of the proceeds of such sale shall pay ami cancel ihe said bills or notes, default in paying which shall have been made as aforesaid ; but iiothiu)? in this act contained shall he considered as implying any pledge on the part il he state for the pay- ment of said bills or notes, beyond the proper application of the aecuriiiea plt,.jed to the comptroller for their redemption. 1} 12. The public debt, and bonds, and mortgages, to be deposited with the comptroller by any such person or association, shall he held hy him exclusively for the rtulemplion of the hills or notes ofsucli person or association put in circulation as money, iinf.il the same are paid. H 1.1. Till' plates, dies, and materials to he procured by the comptroller for th(> printing and makinff nf the circulating notes provided for hereby, shall remain in his custody and under his direction ; and the e.xpeuses necessarily incurred in executing the provisions of this act, shall be audited and settled by the comptroller, and paid out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated ; and for the purpose of reimbiirsing the same, tile said comptroller is hereby nutlioris;ed and required to clmrgo against and receive from such person or association applying for such circulating notes, such rate per cent, thereon as may he siilficieiit for that purpose, and as may be just and reasonable. ^ 11. It shall not be lawful for the comptroller, or other oihcer. to countersign bills or notes for any person or association of persons, to an amouiit in the aggregate exceeding Ihe public debt, or public debt and bonds and mortgages at their value, as provided in the il section of this act, deposited with the comptroller by siiji^h person or association ; and any comptroller or other otficer who shall violate t!ie provisions ot' this section shall, upon conviction, be ailinilged guilly of a misdemeanour, anil shall be punished hy a fine not less than five thousand dullais, or be imprisoned not less than five years, or by both such fine and imprisoiinii'ul. J 15. Any number of persons may assmiate to establish offices of discount, depositp, and circula- tion, iipon ilie terms and conditions, and subject to the liabilities prescribed in this act ; but the aggre- gate aiiioiiiit of the capital stock of any such association shall not he less than one hundred thousand dollars. t) Ifi. Such persons, under their hands and seals, shall make a certificate which shall specify : — 1, The name assumed to distinguish such association, and to be used in its dealings. 2. The place wliere the operations of discount and depuaite of such association are to be carried on, designating the particular city, town, or village. ;). The amount of the capiial stock of such association, and Ihe number of shares into which the same shall be diviiied. 4. The names and places of residence of the shareholders, and the number of shares held by each of them respectively. 5. The period at v hich such association shall commence and terminate ; which certificate shall be proved or acknowledged and recorded in the othce of the clerk of tin.' county where any oHice of such association .shall be established, and a copy ihi'reof filed in the ulfice of tlic iseeretary of slate. ^ 152 BANKS (UNITED STATES). i 17. The certificate required by the Inst preceding Hpctinn to be recorded and filed in the ofneeinf the clerk of the county and secretary of f>tate as iiforpxaid, or copies thereof, duly certified by ejti,! of those officers, may he used as evidence in all courts and places for and against any such association' } 18. Such association sliall have power to tarry on the business of banking, by discounting bin,' notes, and other evidences of debt ; by roreiviiig dciMisitcs; by buying and selling gold and silver bui' lion, foreign coins and bills of exclmnge in the uninner specified in their articles of association fnrii,,' purpose authorised by this act; by loaning money on real and personal security ; and by exercisin, such incidental powers as ehall be necessary to carry on such business ; to choose one of^ their n\iJ her as president of such association, and to appoint a cashier, and such other oflicers and agents ^ their business may require, and to remove such jiresidcnt. cashier, officers and agents at pleasure an] appoint otliers in tlieir place. ' i 19. The Hliares of said association shall be deemed personal property, and shall be transferable o, the books of the association in such manner as may be agreed on in the articles of association, an! every person becoming a sharelioblcr by sucli transfer, sh:ill, in proportion to his shares, succeed .; all tile rights and liabilities of prior sliareholders ; and no chanee shall be made in the articles of agg,' ciation by which the rights, remedies, or security of its (existing creditors shall bo weakened or jm paired. Such association shall not be dissolved by the death or insanity of any of the shareholdefi therein. i 20. It shall be lawfUl for any association of persons oreanised under this act by tlieir articles of association, to provide for an increase of their capital and of the number of the associates, fromtijg! to time, as they may think proper. } 21. Contracts made by any such association, and all notes and bills by them issued and put in (i, culation as money, shall' be signed by the president or vice-president and cashier thereof; and.j suits, actions, and proceedings brought or prosfciitcil liy or on behalf of such association, may k brought or prosecuted in the name of the president thereof; and no such suit, action, or proceediJ sliall abate by reason of the death, resigiuitidn, or removal from office of such president, but mavw continued and prosecuted according to siu'h rules as the courts of law or equity may direct, iii"|L name of his successor in office, wiio shall e.\ercise the powers, enjoy the rights, and discharge th! duties of his predecessor. } 22. All persons having demands "i.^ainst any such assi '.tion, may maintain actions ogainstthi president thereof; which suits or acti.ns shall not abate iiy reason of the death, resignation r, removal from otfice of such president, but may be continued and prosecuted to judgment againstV, successor; aiul all judgments and decrees obtained or rendered against such president for any '* or liability of such association, shall be enforced only aeainst the joint property of the ossoejaiL' and which property shall be liable to be taken and sold by execution under any such judgnieni tl decree. i 23. No sliareholder of any such association sliall be liable in his individual capacity for any eon trajt, debt, or engagement of such association, unli'ss the articles of ass '"".tion by him signed stai' have declared that the shareholder shall be so liable. ' ^ 24. It shall be lawful for such association to purchase, liold, and convey real estate for thefolioiv ing purposes : — 1. Such as shall be necessary for its immediate accommodation in the convenient transaction of ji^ business; or 2. Such as slioll be mortgaged to it in good faith, by way of security for loans made by, or monen due tr), such association ; or 3. Such as shall be conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts previously contracted in the course of i|i dealings ; or 4. Such as it shall purchase at sales under judgments, decrees or mortgages held by such asso. ciat- ii. 5. The said association shall not purchase, hold or convey real estate in any other case, or for am other purpose; and all conveyances of such real estate shall he made to the president, or sucliothtr i olficeras shall be indicated for that purpose in the articles of association ; and which prcsideniot ' officer, and his successors, from time to time, may sell, assign and convey the same, free from an- claim thereon, against any of the shareholders, or any person claiming under them. ' : i 25. Upon tlie application of creditors or sharelioblers of any such association, wimsc debts or 1 shares shall amount to one thousand dollars, and stating facts, verified by affidavit, the clwnci'linr i imy, in his discretion, order a strict examination to be made by one of the masters of his court nf ai llie'affairs of sucli association, for the purpose of ascertaining the safety of its investments, and \C prudence of its management ; and the result of every such exumiimtion, together witli the opinioni' the master and of the chancellor thereon, .shall be published in such maniuir as the chancellor shsii direct, who shall make such order in respect to the expenses of such examination and puMiciition a he may deem proper. ' tl 20. Such associations shall, on the first Mondays of .lannary and July in every year al^er bavinr commenced the business of banking as prescribed by this act, make out and transmit to tliermn,. trolliT, in the form to be provided by him, a lull statement of the affairs of the association, veriiiji by the oath of the president or casliier, whlili statement shall contain '' 1. The amount of the capital stock paid in according to tlie provisions of this act or secured lo Ik paid. 2. The value of the real estate of the association, specifying what portion is occupied by ihcasso. ciation as necessary to the transaction of its busiiu^ss. .1. The shares of stock held by such association ; whether absolutely or as collateral securilyi sm. cifying each kind and description of stock, and tlu; nnndier and value of the shares of each. 4. The amount of debts due to the association, specifyina such as are due from moiiied or other fm. porations or associations ; and also specifying the amount secured by bond and mortgage or Judgniint' und tile amount which ought to be iiuludeil in tin- cunipiuation of losses. 5. The amount of debts due by such association; specilyiri!! sucli as are payable on demand :u such as are due to inonied or other corporations or associaiions. '" f>. The amount of claims against llie association not ackiiowledired by its debts. 7. The amount of notes, bills, or other evidi'nces cjt' ileht. issued hy such assoti of the nssoiiatioii' 'such judgnienio; pacity for any en, ly him signed slias itate for the follow. t transaction of iij m nade by, or monejj * in the course of iij held by such asso. liercaBe,orfbraiij [dent, or such nth^i ■ kvliich president 0, ' i Ime, free from an; : [n, whose debts oi \ ' Ivit, the clianci'lln, j ; 1 of his court li n, IcBtmeiits, and n- V Lithtlie opinion i; ? ie chancellor sliai > '^ lind pul'liciitioni. ' v; 1 year after Imiat ' "$ ■siiiit to tliecniii;, . U ■sociation, vtriiiu ■■■M lit or secured to l)t ^ Ipied bytheajs,. ^ B-al security; 8p«. ■of each. ■iiieilurothprmi. ■ageorjudgiueni; 1 H on demand, -.m: 1 Hcupital or pmliii. ■ saiui! Iierioil. ^1 chii^ ti) am! I'm. ■ iriiMith, and int ■y, and ouistar.il' 1 Hthe nsaoriatinn, ^noeiatlon in eich ^1 ^ng the preceilini! ^Bi of any pcriuai M who may become parties to the said articles of association, or may have withdrawn therefrom since iheir last report. It slinll he the duty of the comptroller to cause fhi; statement required to be made by this section, to , „„|,|iBhed In a newspaper printed in the cnuntv 'vhcre the place of business of audi association is liiiinted. and in the state paper ; the e.vpcnse of which hIihII lie paid by such association. h "7 If s'"^'' association shall nculect to inalve out niid Iraiisiiiit the statement required in the last nrereding section, for one month beyond the period when the Haine is required to he made, or shall violate any of the provisions of this act, sueli association may be proeeeded against and di.saolveil bv the court of chancery, in tlie same manner as any nmnied corporation may be proceeded against anil T28 It' any portion of the original capital of any Hurh association shall be withdrawn for anv piir- nnse W'liatevcr wliilst any debts of the association remain uiisntisHed, no dividends or profits on thi; ainrcs of the capital stock of the a.s.sociation shall tliereat'ter be made, until tlie deticit of capital shall liVve been made good, either bv subscription of the sliMreliolders, or out of the subsequently ncLruiiiij iriitits of the association j and' if it shall M|)|iear that anv such dividends have been made, it shall bu tlie diitvof the chaiicc'llor to make the necessarv ordi'vs and decrees for closing the alfuirs of thu asso- rintion'and distributing its property and ell'ects nnioiig its i reditors and shaiehohhTs. ,1 2') Such association shall be liable to pay tlie holder of every bill or note put in circulation as money, the payineiif of wiiich shall have be'eii deiiianded and refused, damages for non-pnynient I |.,.('i|". in lieu of interest, at and alter the rale of Inuiteen per cent, per annum, from the time of Biidi refuiinl until the paynient of smli evidence of del/t. and the damages thereon. J 30. 'I'lie president and cashier of every ai-socialioii tnriued pursuant to the provisions of this act, sliiil'l at all tiiiK^s kiM'p a true and cmrect list of the names of the sliareholdersof such association, and shiill till' a fopy "f ''"•''' ''^' '" ""' olbce of the clerk of the cnunty where any othce of such assncia- tinii iiiiiy '"' located, and also in the otiice of the coniiitroller, on tlm lirst IMondays of .lamiaiy and luly in every year. }',)!. It shall not he lawful tor any association formed under the provisions ot this act, to make any of its bills or notes of a denoiuiuation less than one lliousanil dollars, to lie put in circulation as iiinncv, payable at any other jilace than at the ollice xvhere the business of the association is carried oiiati'il cniidiicted. > 3'>. Til,' legislature may at any lime alter or repeal this act. « 3;). No association of persons authorised to carry on the business of hanking under this act, shall at aiiv time, t'lH' the space of twenty days, have on hand at their place of business, less than twelve aai'l a lialf per cent, in specie on tlie amount of the bills or notjs in circulatiun as money. It lias been already mentionrd, on the iiutIiorit_v of Mr. Gallatin, that the State banks, on the 1st January, 1816, a short time only before the iiiforporation by Conp;ross of the Bank of the United States, amoiuited in numlier to 216, with a capital of about $90,000,000, and that, ill 1830, their number amounted to as many as 330. From this date, however, down to the present moment, their number has been continually inereasing; until it lias at lenrjth reached including branch banks, to between 800 atid 900. A very general conviction has ensued of the expediency of some modifieatioii or change in a system presenting so many diflcrcnt sources of a paper currency, all of them in a eonsidenible degree independent of each other, and liable, in consequence, to frequent and extensive expansions and contractions of their issues. To guard against tlie evils of the banking system, the banks, in many of the States, ar3 obliged to make an annual statement to the legislature of tlieif condition, specifying the amount of their capitals paid in, of their bills in circulation, of their deposites, and of the specie in their vaults. In New York, commissioners are appointed by the legislature to examine into the affairs of the banks, and to make rejiort accordingly. But the measure, in relation to the banking sy.stem, which is peculiar to thiit State, is the establishment of ii ".safety fund," as a security to the public against losses resulting from the failure of banks. One half per cent, on the ca])ital of these institutions is exacted from them annu- ally. When the fund, thus obtained, shall amount to half a million of dollars, no farther payment on their part is to be made ; tind this amount is put out at interest and accumu- lates, until the failure occurs of some bank, whose notes it is tlien appropriated to redeem. As soon as the fund shall again fall below a half million of dollars, the half per cent, above mentionrd is again exacted, .ind so on. Another measure, which has b(»n adopted as n security against over issues by the banks, is the compelling of them to j)ay a very high in- terest, commonly 12 per cent, or even as much as 24 per cent., upon every suni which they refuse to pay in specie, whether of their notes in circulation, or of the deposites made with them. And in some of the States the baiiKs have been prohibited from issuing any notes btlow the denomination of five dollars. Notwithstanding, however, all the contrivances hitherto invented for remedying the acknowledged evils of our existing baidcing system, the opinion of the public seems to be at present divided, between first, a preference for a currency purely metallic ; secondly, l"or one to consist in part of metallic money, and in part of a i)aper money to be issued exelu- sivcly by the general government, or by soine institution created, or commissioners appointed by it, subjected to certain checks and responsibilities, to prevent over issues ; thirdly, for the incorporation once more of a bank of the I Jiited States, with a capitid sutncieiitly large to give it a control over the other banks of the country, numerous as they now are; and, lastly, the iutriuluction of the free system of banking, of which the State of New York has fur- nished an example. Perhaps, indeed, we ousrht rather to hav.i said that public opinion was divided between the two last menti<)ned schemes, since those who are advocates of the former two, constitute as yet, without doubt, only 11 small minority of the people. We here abstain altogether from expressing our own preferences ; contenting ourselves 20 •11 % 5 m C a 164 BANKS (UNITED STATES). with the remark, ia reference to'the proposed free system of bankin^r, that in our view it jj singular that the principal evils which pertain to the exisung system, and which pertain to it especinliy on account of the great multiplication of the Mources whence paper money jj issued, should look for a remedy to the enactment of a law, granting liberty to the invest- ment of capital without limit in the business of banking, and therefore also to the issuing of paper money without limit. It is comparatively easy to devise means to secure the public against losses which may arise from the ultimate failure of banks to comply with their en- gagements ; and it is against losses of this nature that the advocates among us of a free trade in banking seem to have been particularly solicitous to provide. These losses, indeed, have been sufficiently extensive, and injurious to the community. Mr. Gallatin enumeratps as many as 165 banks which cither failed, or discontinued their business, from the Istof January, 1811, to the Istof July, 18.30. Still there can be little doubt that the distresses and losses which have arisen from fluctuations in the Oi I- M I" m (n V Xf -r w 14 1- a|f r'sii s s I' I-. * l:- ^ CI 15 «c ^. r- M C'. 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Ct Ct X to O Ci X o cr V t^ ^ CO X c tn o to t;« O ►— to o X ci «-- ■'I X ^ **. to to c oi lo ^ n o 10 to — S w o CI o cr/i« jfk ppJO ^ p P^J-'' y* ^Vi "b M-kb.»— to to X o t b ■-' to t-i'b Oi'-' to cno »&."xto*i'^ i to CT o X to -- •— -> o CO to -,c --1 oi -^ X — c-1 to ^ ec c to X '.c *«. f ^'—'to tobb^'^bi "to — .b tli. to o -jbi tn^i'-ib^^'tt-b'/o'^ "to 'Ocsc:i»*4-*c:c: — ^ oric; oci-i^(Oi — -»C!c;^^»x^— S ^toc; ►t--it;«otsto ^c:(0^n-c**X"— tootoxxototo o p £ II tn 1— 'tn H-^^^olO'— 't;»"'itooi ciiOiiCOiH-c: — -'to ito to ^o xbki-'Joo.t-bto«c^Oo--'»-;-.c;— ►— olppppxj^pp top X CO jipp 'pip' PJ^i^i^J^r^ J-"^ oi'tu'b'^ '1 xV-o '-i- b'coto to to'tu'^ to '^i "^"xb"^^^— "b &t0tnC;'t0C0OO-X:C0i'i-tn'-»O— X *— *- — 4-^XtO tn Xc;»co«oociXt.i — tni-oai— c:!:c— oi rf- »-iai-itn^ci ci c 1 Voi. I.— 3 C O 3 I CM U 3 o p 3 >S Co:? 3 P 3 Si 3 I I I '•; \ 158 BANKS (UNITED STATES). I 8- u c I e .'^^ E=i £2 c . c = •3. PS? o c i2 V J3 a .a < o 1 I S'i I I I ^ I I I M I i I I I M I I I I I I N I I I I I I 2?f t ^ I I 'I' I I fe>^ I I I Is *i- I- ^^ M"«t ^"■t"''?* ff(« CO ■^'^ tff m pf e-S PS « tWo O O iTnO O O'-O l-tO 1-00 G> gig '&' f-t to ! - -t" 'fl r s 51 f^ 2? T '« '-3 'rt M X X t' 1^ -: f « 1^ X 2J I-* «g Q « 3^ o *o •? .c i -^ 3- -r ic c 5- ■?? 6 o 5 5i ft t- 7 o •' •^^,-","t"\ l,|,-^-^«^^p-, M^M,«'7}C4.«<7tOC0 •1! i?i -T" -i^ (C -r "T fff (?f 1^ li !.3 ■8 1 ll 2 ^ po" I , 9i "ii '£ \J; •■£ — ' /--c X « — — "^s -f /:' sT— c^-r ^' r> 31;-* o t* r.^ 1 I Vi^^ S^^^ = H -2 b^^i-; — , '?> 3? *^^^, rt o -CI- -n S 3)^ ^ -n -?»/* 5, isS ^^ ^ v »o X cT*© irTeo V^trf uio -f ^ ^(O (C Ci rs' cs xJ o 3: — — «'?» 'O -^ oi ^-^*'C i-« n-'rt — rf -c — o'-i-'e'^' /'^ X d — ('--'o"-; £':r i 'li^s';? « trt ?i I ^ •-■ «o '2 lo r. 7* rf ' ' ■■£ '-"^ "^t -^ -■ jC ^ "" * 'i '■'> /i) ' '• "^i Z' "J 5 ^ ^ •^ ^f-TcTc* cfc» (M'lyi M lO I'^o-q^M Tp --r tfj o «' -^rw -^ *^'(£ tfJfs «« t" o o c* (?*^ m^ X^ i'l/^^ X^ t - 31^ "--^ t - X^X^ irt 3i^ n; x^ «o — — c\ --^ « _ ^ ' ' ' ' i^ Ti M n* 3^ "^ ■« 7 i.-^ 3. tft 31 1'. A o w 3; o 1^ IT* « o »o fe -S y^ ^ 5) — Tp Tf i^ CI M X X X 3. 31 X X X X / i- X d -c -^ o o o 4 m ro d ss Si? §S I I Kf X 55 -^ -1 rJ-T cTt- ft — o CI r. /■ X c 3; ' ■»* 31 31 ft ft ft — f ft = v: — 3lOl3l3i3l3>r::5'^-' — 3: 'O io ir> .0 iC 5i ft ^ T* r r ii; — ^ o^M^ft^ "r'^,.'i.-i. -^ "*' *. - ci T, ft'"-*'"-f' -r^-^^craT^i ^ t- *t' -r c» ft 3 X c -i c) 'O ^ ft -r »;• t- 1- irt « o X ft ft ■5< »n(?l ) o c »n 3 r^ in X 5 3: i'^Cs^ X X in I- —" ^ mc» X i •o T in I 55 -x ^i. tC 3f— i X — s ; t- 31 ^ <: I ?. -^ 31 s c* 3; -t -c I •- , 3j — . :3 5 ^ fM i ?. — f'I>r?5:^ 5^ ^o ft — *■ ^ ft Tj*- S ft SC ft ft 35 I-X fl 3) — »- — — . >n o "I* ^ i^ X ( ' -r -c -r X — 3; "T -xj '-7 x^ — c c c) — ' ^^ cT I -T -T ci •£' 3f X ft X gf cT — ftc»'?>ft3ix5 — rr^ftft*^ X in *?■ O 3i — S O G^ C "^ C4 o o fa g ^-1 O * t-3 >-» "-8 "-I •-» •-> *^ ^ "-5 "-9 "I *-» "-J ■-* ^ ^ ■ "^ " ^^ ^" ■ ^" ■ 1- — 1 1 <- s ■?! tJ S 2 2 ? 2 ;£ 7244f:i|.<-2S5;f « lO irt fl V; I - ^, e « » -r, n 31 o 3» xT I -' !0 »rt' tft "^ M en CO IS H ; = jr, (M CI : •— '*•«,' s^ I ■•.— .^ #, i,-f '-• .—■ •*• 'T'l CI lrjcenc^nc»(M'?l^i»-*-^'Min-^»-<«'-«— "—^^ it X oT^ ^ m cJ ^ X X o X -r in T t *^ -r 2ft ci. '?» i ■; i - 5 5- -r o « ^f »»_ «_ -r /. c* — ~-ii^^«5lM *'^ sf ^' 22 '■« il ' -^ '^' li C "d 2 *^ ^' 3: ' -' 2:' tf "^ "^ ^ —' f^" "*' ^T ""' ^' ^ s'l-Tx'sj oTc'i' tcTo o irj I ' Oi cJ c;" o cf^ "O •*' f^' •* Mcfw — 'o — ' II ab^^ -N o^«^i-/x I- o -r — -r b^- -^^ci I' -- o^-r i?/x^!S ^ rr x" '/)' X a x' to m' I -T -o' ^' c' cf — « C^'" O ■^'" 3V — ' O -r I ' X »^ (C x^ CI 1-;^_0 tf; 0^5 t- C "T to t-^^fi^^tc^m*^ ■a a a o S M 00 ^^ s 2 '/J 'a 3 4 OO'^MCJ-? 5P2M'N^5^X'M>n'^l-^trjOirpOtC^O — OCS 25^ ^'t■^&5rr2xcl5^•rmlO^;-r•-ox«alu^l'»^5•. X (5 -^x o^c M 'i o -i-^ft i-ci -r o x^^: Ci^^^'3 X -^'f;*';.5^,";'5*,^r. o^f^o-r — i~o«ocicic^«c*-*«&'. c»^noi■-'J^x■'--'X•-■l"»•r^- 3^«o — _c-^a)^«/JC_c* x^« i^t- ^Mx -r -r o « ci x^x^oc* uS^ tn po — <'cJ «'ci Mc^'ci'c* ^ci c* »i(?fG>* ©» cf-^^ o^ --j^ o o^ ci^c^^ --^^ « -r^ A^ a>^ CT^x^x^ x^ x^ x^ ?:^ c*3 m « X «o ft ^^^»^M^ii4 C) ,- X C: tf^X /-^ 2 S3 33 in X »— x^i?5_^^'r MX^io^x^-^^'^^i-^Mci^o^i^M -N -r fo^m ^ ?5 — -- co X x 1^ 1^ I- ('X z t-i^i'i^ i^ 1^ 1^ 1^ 1^ '^ !C 'o o -r — • TP irt > « u. a, s i> •<0B M H O ;2: S| 3'-o ■3Sc.-=t35c.-3uoS5-Srte.!a=-=3SrSo5S-S rt 3 rt ~r - ?f Oi-9'<-iOZO-ib,S.^fc.S IGO BANKS (UMTr.n STATES). _ a !j „-*!«;* Si J 1 UiUYi^li iii3aiiS55 |?l?P:.5il s? issla^yi « fj",fiI.-?.-.-~-^ •)• K sSi3;,'35£?£S 1 "3 ? .— ." r * 5"S 7. mirMEiji v^ 7. * ' — c '• » c r. 4- cj. -. y - v 2 - - T^ ?-; > •/ ? > (i Vo ^^ li t* 14 i* ' ' - ' (^ • - . - c5 n- e p r. r. &> a t« Vi Vii V& Vo »o oi t," *v» y = S = = S5g!*S ^ *i ? •^ •;» f» t;. y. c. c c. vi -» H £:£££££Si£ « s (J ^ 1 W W •_• iJ WW w w « « W ■" k 'iJ SS i; 5i" s S a a .z 3£ a 2 '1 2 5: li.^ w^"^ ^ '-i-^* iji" n C •- c 5 (^ V' C". cv — J- -•/. • 1 - 1 !.- C-. « w 'w V ii §i3" H g^.fjiirSSifS ^1? > H P3 7; « w v. Ui V* *• '^^ ^'' =^ 11 o ci 'f '1 a. wip :- •*; r !^^ 3 "1 — Ot w w (i- v: w c« S «k •^ BU gilMg§i2§ M' -1 w SI a at £ « "ua S- •» 1 c " 7 104 KM. 104. 070 070 070 070. 070 070 3 £•=■=; » g- £ g- 2 2 I J !« ff ^n 5s O^-CiW-l^i-i-CW C;» V ^1 ^ a- 'I U. C IS « fs' "££:y«-i5ii£« 'r" 11 a?;2-2?g?j:TS .^JiSgS1-=ig-=^.= !0»-N)— — OttCW — S u; * wo ■ S£££^§^tS:f!| -I'lO or — 'tiu^a V/.U c o I S X cj. « — iS l« W •^ C >^ CJ ^1 (S to >^ u. -c » in = w — b » N 0'0>*.SCWSC 5s '» ^;f ■se«x '^^~s£i(wa _a8 — *«i*a [C .- 5 — *• w w • I ;/. • > c '*- i '-r '• I ij (i '— •rrr i" r )* f* j* ;H£,t-:i ')4.*-rr- £ / ^ '7 C — lA C — -, s ~ rr rr i 'i""* 1* L' r. • . w '- . ':5 '.u 'i i - 1 ?. ci 'o" u. * « S ; C'-ii. = c cd iwSts — iS^ti .>« I = « -* 4» T W tw — -r J- — ;.; fi i. — ^J ^'^ 'if P; 'c ''2^ V' ■■,• -I £ S W 1^ |X>^ re .) ll ^1 ..I .) utoeouu^M^io s z :x .s : p a; p _:?. 'y. O Ci V V 7 ■ ■ • : U li Ls' Ir is '5 i 5 5 5 5 5 ? I I M M M to — T — ;j — ij'ifi jii ;■ 1 ;.C — ;^ ;' I pf ;■ I p tc lo tt 'v^ \j} 'ci — X '4- {5 li -». 4- *. — to x: (^ Vi Ci cr. ^- 5. 'X c? v> o 0^ tc -I (C = W i« '— c *-i — -i^Wi W- '— oi -1 to GT '_■« - 1 iO -»■*-■— '— MINIMI tn Oi N- — !*f^ ^■*J**r^ w (i X — C' — — 10 ' » r" ^'^ J^' i^ * i^ P J^ J^ -14*^* i,i *o v. '■&■ U, \c 01.^3^ — 0'^^i•- — 0l o» CI t-T ci c iJ;^^ "ir &" :r3 3' 2,?? Si' T" re 15 n » » 2 ••! -"l ••! 2 ryj2r.-^«i*?i «0.(C*1 — •♦•-late* '£ - 1 C *- '« <» '5 - ' 4* v3«'^ = i£ sjj- — _— ,— >• Ji U -.i - I T. 4- h- t,« c W 'r V' '— 1«* W'CJ.WV'ti*-'- — f* » ■. - t '- tJi tJi Li ' C ti- - » 'C o« cit c V tn t;* V* ti V» 4.-' V« V -I -lip ?. t' -. / T b. •c * . C c - 1 i fi ic to S T / r. to to ut S£J S? S£! a g 5 1^ g w 5 5 5 X ;t. t.-'' J. T Oi i^riroc. w 74.t^fO X a X — *£;*• •'I 5 ^ 5ti52--s^55S W C C ^nS tc J- c*. p p *:; Vrf. — ti-V ?i ^1 — ^-* e. a> V *i 5: -I s X 4* ot to >— t* *i tn w S^i I' -si y, — g"7' ;i rf si t£*t^h£.4^t£kt{»>i^t£>4i> Uk 4> 4* 4* '>^ 4- 4* '^ '^ 'I pi? r5? I— 01 w» c &ouuwc.o:.o^tco -I -> '» -1 -I ^t w ■x fx GC fX or or 4* ts ts U) to fs ^5 ^ X(X i^ i'' ^ ^ ^ -J" i^ *** i^ g1^ "^ I t? 4» 01 U» "gC 4k o ,"U ^ti 01 jr. — to or jt. — — ic e 2F. oi o *i tS ©j« y 4* ci — r'i* "^ en CO hE to >-■ ^ t s? r- 1 „. Ho ?3 «1 WW CO lU 4^ k^^jb u. o. ti li* .^ O '. ■ W W O C .— ^ O S2 :§S: &-I I I I ( I I I I U' 588s!ai £,7 / S3. ^ •* . i?" !< 1 ^ Bl, 1 .» Pi rf z is r5? BANKS (UNITED STATES). 161 '* mi " " L. ■ I 8, 1 ^- t a :J = £8 A 2_8 3! B. M S 8 II i:£ga=gs8gsiiyya88 l?fc2$ = aSffi2KKt3S88 J- j"i- ^r> -Sip 8 11.155. _. a ^^ -I s Ill Mini i||^iFK?H?£;-^^-^i»l I 1 1 1 1 1 II II I |.?^llll.?p2r y>^ Si;nrl8t!8SS8SK5ii!Si£8:8 . II ||.g«sil,?j:, 8Bieg:^:l£S JO? -"•'*!°5 I Kj — *fc ?' 1* *' i li a ^ -'SaiSisiitigg^ry.s'; --(?.-?= f: - • a:S8£8aHSr,:IS!.'iS JUB 5^ 5«8aaK :j Ui Ki &9 CO — a^'SSS:.'88 8 ;x a - S o X oj u: jj. Ri K 1-7 -^ |5 )=■ C Oi as 8 o — (pKjKJ— tool — A.* — ta-I'XiktO.** Q is.S8iggi!irgW5?5§ § Vol.. I. J^r'i'* "^ J« "* ui w — tn en 8? k:88; =5s=aa8!3!gssas s 8s2 8!C8S^^l£iS8i ^S^- J55i'x:c^^wp-J J-i-JJr- — *— © tj i^ y's) ^ ff to V Bg§3g-'iu,'j'&:3t £!Sr,(5Kt-.8a«S5S lO'TJ -^N} I giuiu|prs^gu«-"xo 5f;S:i 8883S8::;E3g;a r?-- = 8-,5 ~i- 40,-1 _u JO §?^ "li'S li^'** ~'^!^*'' =e — MM 5E3?MtyI'-^-l 5gS U> M -^ W M UC N» --IOU« uc£ OQVu> 4^000) S 83a; So feg^r;gsa J-' i"^ ■■'' S^? «> M » S E ?* se ss w^j " E«^ — o> to (r — ei-4M*iSg5t5i(5 EmSMSsMMM? o2 SI o E3 'I 71 ? 3 o' a o 9 e a, m o 9 n I 162 BANKS (UNITED STATES). No. IX.- -Statement of tho Condition of the Bank of the United States in tlio Year 1938, on the days mentioned. RESOURCES. Bills and notes discounted, 1st dis. (lay of Jan. of May. of June. of November, $3.1,876,208 51 $31,0:,,' ,913 29 $30,069,002 23 $32,052,091 58 Spo.cie, - - . . . 3.770,842 52 4,40 1.330 92 6,457,853 48 5.223,476 79 Notes and cliecks of otlier banks, 1!»,I40,.575 3(> 20,0.5,3 occasioned by the circumstance that all the bills are required to be countersigned by the Registers, who are only two in number, Messrs. John 0. Cole and J. M. Woodward, and whoso pens cannot move fast enough to sujtply the demand from so many associations, all desiring to commence operations immediately. The whole amount countersigned prior to the 29th of Decendter was $370,200. The securities lodged with the Comptroller are to be applied exclusively to the redemption of the billg which are countersigned and recistcred in the Comptroller's office ; i. c. in case said bills should fail to be redeemed by the associa- tJ jns at their counters. The interest on the securities is paid to the associations so long as they continue to redeem their bills. In any event, the holders of the bills are safe ; the securities, held by the Comptroller as a guard against contingencies, being alone sufficient for their redemption. The mortgages lodged with the Comptroller, are required by the law to be only upon ' improved, productive, unincumbered lands within this State, worth, iiu*e[)ond- cntly of any buildings thereon, at least double the amount for which they shall be so mort- gaged.' And only one half of the securities lodged with the Cor.,/..oller can consist of mortgages at all. The residue must consist of State or national stocks. The aii)ount of bills, given out by the Comptroller to any association, is never to exceed the amount of seen- rities lodged by si'd association in b.is hands. In the ease of each association he appoints commissioners to view the premises on which mortgages are offered, and to make a full report to him both in regard to title and value. On the whole, wo do not see but every pn- caution has been taken to guard the interests of bill-holders, which the case admits oC' ember. ,n91 58 ,47f) 79 ,4S5 28 ,373 87 ,194 fi2 ,40!l 7.1 ,841 73 ,590 82 ,957 57 ,397 99 nrtn ni\ BANKS (UNITED STATES). 163 ' -1. Ji •? £ o w w ■ J.5 S•S^5*■S■ liislllg.siigipsiiiiiissiSsissiissslsiiiisi'iiiisi^ii^i* iiiiiiiiiiilgiililiiiiliiiiilliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiii-jiiii - — So o— u« — - isTgs-ifs'si .S3 10- Ot — — c — — o- »;.to §— I- c- o p S 1 5.=p?pp.iiaS.sSss«SSsi85p5^r!f^ ■ r S 2 i 3 — i-o ^ = 37! pa-s'?:^ 9:5 H."". ?3=-'?c?Ss-'5- -5; 2- " ^ 2 tT E ci a ,' = 2.5 5 1 (T 3 p rt ■ S-:^ 1 «--.eriod, §5,720,474.43. The benefits of the institution have been extended to 38,743 depositors. Since the establishment of the " Philadcljjhia Saving Fund Society," and especially since the experience of its successful operation, other societies have s])rung into existence at New York, Boston, Baltimore, and elsewhere in the United States, conducted on similar princi- 1 1 iti pies. The de as of the modi We subjoin, Philadelphia t payments." WiiruKAs, a hond, under llic iiiid has lieeii I'S lliil siTiiilry '111 chiiiiics. lab^'iir. si'i'iirily anil ini have prayed tn hv law. with pi ■,\'i tn ihi'iii in:iy ]inS.<('.->lMl of, or Ilii' piir|iiisi.' of t Tli'Trfore, (1 1. Be it eiiac ill Gnirriil ^."si' fi.'iiniii'l Archer, iiiai-. Ui'uben Hi li. .Miirris. I.-aar r^iiiniiel .-'pai-kiti Sniilli. ami Mat niaili" mil' body p i..\ni;i.i'iiiA Savi licri'liy marie abl tain, til Ibi'Jii ani rliVils of wh-it h injsi'. Iiargain an lufiilr of conveya assure, transfer, they have in the siiiil -iiii'lely by tl Willi till' rents, i. from tlir sale, ali Hliliitioli. aii'orili coriliiii; tn flic |iri as elli'i'liially aiii roiistitiitiiin ai'il stylisuiil title all sHiTi'il. ilei'md, < also iniike, have, shall have power roLMilations. as si alter he directed) Irary to tli.- cons siiisnlar siii'ii actf niM'i'ssiiry lor I he talioiis. ami prnvi (J •>. .lull he it f jirovisions, shall t I. Till' iiislitii (irsi Miiiiilay in .li Siiiri'tary, 'I'reasi .•^e;it 111' any niaiia 111' viu'iiti'd by tlK the liiiard. •2. The manage wliich may occur mnvals and new than thirteen mat 3. No emiiluine ■1. 'I'he money i atiiiiim, and shall lime 111' siiiii notii ■"i. No Slim le.-is any payinents. nii ci'ins per anniini, lie IoiIl'i'iI. will be; 0. liiti'ie.-il is to small Slims, no iiii T. Two or inori pniilleil by the bo: i\o mmiiiy shall In ^. The ili.'posits deposit iiiL' money, liaymeiil shall bet li. A cash book i be itnmeiliatelv ei III. \ book s'hal. porsoii or persons disjioseii of by wi II. The manage Treasn.er's accoii 12. The manage BANKS (UNITED STATES). 165 1" pies. The details given above will serve as a favourable illustration of their nature as well as of the mode in which they have been aihiiinislercd. We subjoin, as a farther illustration of their nature, the original act of incorporation of the Philadelphia Society ; together with its " rules and regulations respecting depositee and payments." An Act incorporating the PhilaiMiiUia Saving Fund Society. Whereas, a voliinlary assnrmtion of !i nuiubcr of the citiznns of I'liiladplpbin and its nciglibnur- hond, inidiT tlii' lillc (if'""TiiK riiii,Ar>i:i,i'iiiA Swrxci I'l nd Sociftv," lias for boiiip time existed, iinl llll^^ lii'i'" I'sluiiliflied f(]r tlic soli' piiriKisc of rciciviiiir and iiivrntiii(; in imlilic slo( k or siilwlan- lial scMiiiity on rral estate, sucli small snnis as may l)e saved from the eariiinBs of tradesmen, me- (hiinics, lali.iiiri rs, servants and others, and of atiordinu to indiistrions persons tin; ndvantaires of SI rarity and interest. And wliereas the meinliers of this soiiely liy tlieir memorial to the leiiislalnro have prayed to hi! pi^rpetnated. and hroULMit into IclmI existence liy heinj.' incorporated and estahlished by law. Willi p(!rpetiial succession, lor the purpose of receiviiiL'. Inddiiif; and improvinp, in sncli way ;i'-tniliein may seem proper, all such real and personal estale, as ilie said institution shall lieconu! sesscd of, or entilled to. hy Kill, (iraril, devise, heiinesl, piircliase, deliosit, loan and payment, for llic purpose of the said jiistitiilioii. Tli'Tcfore, J I. Be it enacted by the Senate and Jlnvsr. nf Iti /irf.-inliiliee!' I'f the Commoturealth of Peniisylrmiid ill Gfiieriil A.-senihly met. and it i.-< hi nlnj nioried tiii the milhorily Iorrls. Tsaac VV. Norris, Uicliard I'eti^^. .Inn.. Conily H;' iirovisiiuis, I'.ereinafler made, shall from lime lo time, he declared, Innchin;; the same, as circctaally and fully, as any n.ilnr.il person or body pidilic or corporate williin tlii.v slate, hy the ciuislituiion and laws of this coiiimonweallli, can do and perform. And the said society, by the name, slvle and title aforesaid, shall and may sue. .and be sued. pbad. anil hr impleaded, aii-u er.and he an- sHiriMJ. ilelriid, and he defended, in all courts of law within the comnninweallh, ami i Isewhere, and alf" make, have, and use a common seal, ami the same break, alter and renew at their jileasiire ; and shall liavi' power also to iiiaKe, establish, ordain, and |iiit in execution, such by-laws, ordinances and rcfriilatiiiiis. as shall to them, or a majority of such i|iiciriini of them (as has alieady or shall here- al'ler lie directed), seem meet or conveniiiii for llie \ ermnent of such corporation, not beiiiff con- trary lo til,' constitulion and laws year. 4. Whenever the moneys standinc to tlie credit of any depositor shall amount lo the sum of one thousand dollars, no further deposit can be receiviMl from such depositor, and corapornd interest Bhall cease to be computed in favour oCsiich depositor. 5. Every deposit made by one person fortlie benefit of another person, shall be expressed to be "in trust ;" and no deposit shall be received or lie expressed to be received, from one person "by" another person, or by one ucrson "fur" another person. 0. No deposit will be received in the name of any vnincnrporated society or association of persons. In all cases in which any sucu society or association shall be desirous of making a deposit, the same may be done in the name of some person "in trust for" such society or association ; and in every such case, the trustee aloiie will be entitled to receive payments; and his receipt, with the pro- ducli(m of the hook, Vk'ill he considered by this society, and is agreed by the depositors lo be, a suffi- cient discharge. Incase of the death of such trustee, or in case the society or association in trust foi whom the deposit was made, shall be desirous of appointing another in his place, the vacancy must be filled, or the substitution made, according to law. 2. Of the interest payable to Depositors. 1. Interest is allowed by this society at the rate of four per cent, per annum; but no Interest is allowed on any deposits until they amount to the sum of Jive dollars. Every additional sum of /« diitlar.i will bear interest in the same manner. 'i. Interest is estimated by calendar months, and no interest is allowed for the fractional parts of a month. .■). Tlie interest payalde on deposits will, at the conclusion of every year, either be added to the prinripa',, and will from time to lime bocoine |iriiiripal, and hear the same interest, or will be paidlo the deiHjsitor, according to ttie rules prescribed for paymi'iits. 3. Of payments to Depositors. 1. No depositor can receive any payment wiilunit having civcn two weeks' notice. 2. When notice is given, ilie boiik must be sent to ilie dthcH and the Treasurer must be informedal the time how much is wanted ; and if the wlnde iinount is \vu.med, tlie book must be left at the office for settlement. 3. .\t the expiration of the two weeks, payment will be made of the amount required. 4. In all cases in wMclitlie whole amount is withdrawn, the book must be given up to the society. 5. No sum less than live dollars can be withdrawn, onless to close an account, or in payment of in- terest to a depositor. 0. \o payment can in any case be made, unless the book is produced at the time of giving notice, .and at the expiratiad of tho bay after the south-west monsoon, and by the heavy floods of the rainy season. On accoimt of the deficiency of water on the bar, vessels sent to Bangkok had better, perhaps, not exceed ;iOO or 2.50 tons burden. In all othei respects, the river is extremely safe and commodious. Its mouth is no sooner approached, than it deepens gradually ; and at Pak- nani, two miles up, there are 6 and 7 fathoms water. This depth increases as you ascend, and at Bangkok is not less than 9 fatlioins. The only danger is, or rather was, a sand biink off Paknam, bare at low water ; but on this a fort or battery has been erected within tlie last few years, allbrding at all times a distinct lieacon. The channel of the river is so eijual, that a ship may range from on*; side to another, approaching the banks so closely that her yards may literally overhang them. The navigation is said to be eijually safe all the way up to the old cajiiiiil of Yutliia, 80 miles from the mouth of the river. The city of Bangkok extends along the banks of the Menam to the distance of about 2 J miles; but is of no great breadth, probably not exceeding H mile. On the left bank there is a long street or row of floating houses; each liouse or shop, for they are in general both, consisting of a dist. r.t vessel, which may be moored any where along the banks. Besides the principal river, hich at the city is about a quarter of a mile broad, the country is inter- BBCted by a great u'. il'or of tributJirv streams and canals, so that almost all intercourse at Bangkok is by wate.. Thv population has been comppt>,J at 50,000 or 60,000, half of whom are Chinese settlers. The total area of the kingdom .i Siam has been estimated at 190,000 scpiare miles, and the population at only 2,790,500, principally resident in the rich valley of the Menam. Of the entire populatior,, it is supposed that not less than 440,000 are Chinese. The common necessaries of life at Bangkok are exceedingly cheap. A cwt. of rice may always be had for 2s. and very often for L-. Other necessaries, such as salt, jKilm-sugar, spices, vegetables, fish, and even flesh, are proportion ably cheap. The price of good jjork, for example, is 2^d. per lb, A duck may be had for Id. and a fowl for 3(/. The neighliourhood of Bangkok is one of the most productive places in the world for fine fruits ; for here are assembled, and to be had in the greatest perfection and abundance, the orange and the lichi of (^hina, the raangoe of HindosUm, and the mangostcin, durian, and shaddock of the Malay countries. Monies, IVei^rJits, and Mensnres. — fJold and copper are not usvd as money in .Siam, and the currency consists only of cowrie sliells and silver. The (leiioniinatioiis are as follow : — 2(l()l)iaor cowries make ] p'hai-nung; 2p'liai-nungs, 1 sing-p'hai ; '.2siiig-p'hais, 1 fuang; 2 fuangs, 1 salung; 48alungs, 1 but ortical; HO ticals, 1 cattle; 100 catties, I .inil. The standard coin is tlie bat, which Europeans have called a tical ; but there are also coins, tlinuph less tieciueatly, of the lower dcnomluatiuns. These arc of a rude and peculiar form. They are, in I * i r. 168 BANGKOK. foct, nnthini? more than small hits of a silver bar licnt, and thn finds beaten together. They are im- prcBHud with two or throe Hfiiall slainpH, n-n Bank- iicPTcr, for a detailed statement of these and the other provisions in that law. "Allclassesof individuals, even those who have least to do with industrious undertakings, are exposed to vicissitudes and misfortunes, the occurrence of which may render tliem inca- pable of making good the engagements into which they have entered, and render them bankrupt or insolvent. But though bankruptcy is most frequently, perhaps, i)roduceil by un- controllable causes, it is frequently also produced by the thoughtlessness of individuals, or by their repugnance to make those retrenchments which the state of their alFairs demands; and sometimes also by fraud or bad faith. Hence it is, that the laws with respect to bank- ruptcy occupy a prominent place in the judicial system of every state in which commerce has made any progress, and credit been introduced. They ditl'er exceedinie dis- honesty and injustice are the greater: lie cannot, tliercfore, murmur if he sutler (lie punish- ment he has voluntarily drawn upon himself. But in mercantile transactions the case is far otherwise ; trade cannot be carried on without mutual credit on both sides ; the contracting of debts is here not only justillable, but necessary; and if, by accidental calamities, as by the loss of a ship in a tempest, the failure of brother traders, or by the nonpayment of persons out of trade, a merchant or trader becomes incapable of discharging his own debts, it is his mis- fortune and not his fault. To the misfortunes, therefore, of debtors, the law has given a conii)assioiiat J remedy, l<".t denied it to their faults ; since at the same time that it provides for the security of commerce, by enacting that every considerable trader may be declared a bankru|)t, for the benefit of his creilitors as well as himself, it has also, to discourage extrava- gance, declared that no one shall bo capable of being made a bankrupt but only a trader, nor capal)le of receiving the full benefit of the statutes but only an industrious trader.' — (Cu«j. mentaries, book ii. tap. 31.) "After tlio various proceedings with respect to bankruptcy have been gone through, if nothing be discovered to impeach the honesty of the debtor, he is allowed a certilicate or discharge, provided three out of Jive of his creditors both in number and value agree to sign it. The bankru[)t is then entitled to a reasonal)le allowance out of his effects ; which is however, made to depend partly on the magnitude of his dividend. Thus, if his effects mil not pay half his ilebts, or 10s. in the fiound, he is left to the discretion of the commissioners and assignees, to have a competent sum allowed him, not exceeding '-i per cent, upon his estate, or 300/. in all ; but if his estate pay 10s. in the pound, he is to lie allowed 5 per cent,, provided such allowance do not exceed 400/. ; 12s. Gd. then 7^ percent, under a limitation as before of its not exceeding 500/.; and if 15s. in the pound, then the bankrupt shall be allowed 10 per cent, upon his estate, provided it do not exceed 600/. " According to our present law, when a person not a trader becomes insolvent, he may, after being actually imprisoned at the suit of some of his creditors for fourteen days, present a petition to the court to be relieved ; and upon surrendering his entire property, he is, rni- less something fraudulent be established against him, entitled to a discharge. While, how- ever, the certilicate given to the bankrupt relieves him from all future claims on account of debts contracted previously to his bankruptcy, the discharge given to an insolvent only relieves him from imprisonment; in the event of his afterwards accumulating any propriy, it may be seized in payment of the debts contracted anterior to his insolvency. 1'bis [irinci- pie was recognised in the cessio bonorum of the Romans, of which the insolvent act is neatly a copy. "it may be questioned, however, notwithstanding what Blackstone has stated, whether there be any good ground for making a distinction between the insolvency of traders ami other individuals. There are very few trades so hazardous as that of a farmer, and vft .should he become insolvent, he is not entitled to the same privileges he would have enjoycJ had he been the keeper of an inn, or a commission agent ! The injustice of this distinction is obvious ; but, without dwelling upon it, it seems pretty clear that certificates should be granted indiscriminately to all honest debtors. Being relieved from all concern as to his previous incumbrances, an insolvent who has obtained a certificate is prompted to exert himself vigorously in future, at the same time that his friends are not deterred from comin? forward to his assistance. But when an insolvent continues liable to his previous debts, no one, however favourably disposed, can venture to aid him with a loan ; and he is discouraijed, even if he had means, from attempting to earn any thing more than a bare livelihood; so that, while creditors do not, in one case out of a hundred, gain the smallest sum by thu constant liability of the insolvent, his energies and usefulness are forever p ualyscd. " The policy of imprisoning for debt seems also exceedingly questionable. Notwithstand- ing the deference due to the great authorities who have vindicated this practice, I confess 1 am unable to discover any thing very cogent in the reasonings advanced in its favour. Pro- vided a person in insolvent circumstances intimate his situation to his creditors, and ofl'etto make a voluntary surrender of his profierty to them, he has, as it appears to inc, done all that should be required of him, and ought not to undergo any imprisonment. If he had de- ceived his creditors by false representations, or if he conceal or fraudulently convey away any i)art of his property, he should of course be subjected to the pains and penalties iittai li i to swindling; but when such practices are not alleged, or cannot be proved, sound policy, I apprehend, would dictate that cre(htors ought to have no power over the persons of their debtors, and that they should be entitled only to their ctTects. The maxim career iwnsohit, ii not more trite than true. It is said, that the fear of imprisonment operates as a cheek to prevent persons from getting into debt; and so no doubt it di js. But then it must, on the other hand, be borne iii mind, that the power to imprison tempts individuals to trust to its i influence f( as to the cii of tradcsnir the great ca courage tin whicli he is has done s" rity, he eiili wicli traiiHiK confidence i they have tl " It WOUl( penal procee on their ellli sagacity to l< tliose whom circumstance to his aid, In in his own h and put his t " It is jiret nnniing into fcrcd from ni one way or o flucnc(' such pay tliem. .- give no enco presentations to adecjuatc^ p " Hut the I important res own act, thai other hainl, a cept l)y the ai tJie iiulividua what is termi introduced int " While th. debtors persoi deed, it is so v mote the [)racl laws, as well at the disposal possessed of p or live withii petitioning fbi laws), he may out niolestatioi " It is true, and ifodds, — a dantly comprc nor securities i not he touched tedious process Should the delj the debt be on may he its teni buying land, t Broui;;/iam's Sj "In consequi large income, a scis, or confine of every farthin All owners of f ♦ Onn creditor 150/.; or tfiree, w BANKRUPT AND BANKRUPTCY. 171 tctl, whether traders aiiJ iner, ami yot l\uvo nnjoycil s distinction (s should be ;ern as to his IptcJ to exert 'rom coming lus debts, no disi'ourageJ, relihooil; so sum by thui jod. lotwithstanJ- :, I confess 1 ivour. Pro- and oiler to hnc, done all i' he had dc- louvey away itics iittacli J |uid policy,! ;ons of theit V non mint, IS a check to nust, on the U-u?t to its influence to rnforoo paymrnt of their rlnims, and makes them less cnutiouH in their inquiries ax to the condilion and circuinHtanees of those to whom liicy give eredit. 'I'iie carelessness of tradesmen and their extreme earnestncsH to olitain cnstoni, are, morn than any tiling else, the Kreat causc-s of insolvency ; and the power of imprisonini; merely tends to foster and en- counme tliese hahits. If a tradesman trust an individual with a loan of money or ijoods, which he is unable to pay, l\c has made a bad speculation. Hut why ought he, because he has done so, to be allowed to arrest the debtor's person 1 If he wished to have perfect secu- rity, he cither should not have dealt with him at all, or dealt with him only for ready money ; micli fraiisitctions are, on the part of tradesmen perfectly voluntary; and if they ])liice undue conlideiicc in a debtor who has not misled them by erroneous representations of his alliiirs, thcv have themselves only to blame. •' It would really, therefore, as it apjiears to us, be for the advantacte of creditors, were all penal procecdiufrs against the |)ersons of honest debtors abolished. The dei)endence ])laced on their clUcacy is deceitful. A tradesman ought r.ither to trust to his own prudence and nagacity to keep out of scrapes, than to the law for redress; lie may deal upon credit with tliose whom he knows ; but he should deal for ready money only with those of whose circumstances and characters he is either ignorant or suspicious. By bringing ])enal statutes to his aid, he is rendered remiss and negligent. He has the only ellectual means of security in his own hands ; and it seems higldy inexpedient that he should be taught to neglect them, and put his trust ui prisons. " It is pretty evident, too, that the cfTieacy of imprisonment in deterring individuals from running into debt has been greatly overrated. Insolvents who are honest, must have suf- fered from misfortune, or been disappointed in the hoj)es they entertained of being able, in one way or other, to discharge their debts. The fear of imprisonment does not greatly in- fluence such persons ; for when they contract debts, they have no donbt of their ability to pay them. And though the imprisonment of /yo/(«_^f/c insolvents were abolished, it would give no encouragement to the practices of those who endeavour to raise money by false r^ picsentations ; for these arc to be regarded as swindlers, and ought as such to lie subjected to ad('(|uate jjunishmcnt. (See Chkdit.) "But the regulations with respect to bankruptcy and insolvency differ radically in other important respects. An individual cannot be subjected to the insolvent law, excei)t liy fiiK own art, that is, his petitioning for relief from actual imprisonment for debt ; and, on the other hand, an individual cannot be made a bankrupt and subjected to the bankrupt law, ex- cept by the act of ««o///cr, that is, of a petitioning creditor*, as he is called, swearing that tJie individual in question is indebted to him, and that he believes ho has committed what is termed an act of bankruptcy. These dilferences, coupled with the refinements introduced into other branches of the law, give rise to very extraordinary results. "While til.! law of England gives the creditor an unnecessary degree of power over the debtor's person, it does not give him suflicient power over his [iroperty. In this respect, in- deed, it is so very defective, that one is almost tempted to think it had been intended to pro mote the practices of fraudulent debtors. The property of persons subjected to the bankrupt laws, as well as those who cJionne to siiliject f/iemsc/ves to the insolvent laws, is placed at the disposal of assignees or trustees for the benefit of their creditors ; but when a person possessed of property, but not subject to the bankrupt hiws, contracts debts, if he go abroad, or live within the rules of the King's Bench or the Fleet, or remain in prison without petitioning for relief (in neither of which cases can he be subjected to the insolvent laws), he may most probably continue to enjoy the income arising from that property with- out molestation. " It is true, the law says that the creditors shall be authorised to seize the debtors' lands and i^imk, — a description which an unlearned person would be apt to conclude v^-as abun- dantly comprehensive ; but the law is so interpreted, that neither funded property, money, nor securities for money, are considered goods. If the debtor have a cojiyhold estate, it can- not be touched in any way whatever; if his estate be freehold, the creditor may, after a tedious process, receive the rents and profits, but no more, during the hfetimc of his debtor. Should the debtor die before judgment against him in a court has been obtained, then, unless the debt be on bond, the creditor has no recourse upon the land left by the debtor, whatever may be its tenure : ' nay, though his money borrowed on note or bill has been laid out in buying land, the debtor's heir takes that land, wholly discharged of the debt !' " — (^Lord Bniu'^hain's Speech on the State of the Law, p. 100.) " In consequence of this preposterously absurd systern, an individual known to have a large income, and enjoying a proportionally extensive credit, may, if he go to Paris or Brus- sels, or confine himself within the rules of the King's Bench or Fleet, defraud his creditors of every farthing he owes them, without their being entitled to touch any part of his fortune. All owners of funded, monied, and copyhold property, have a licence given them to cheat ♦ One creditor, whose debt is to the amount of upwards of 100/. ; or two, whose debts amount to 150;.; or three, whose debts amount to 200/. 172 BARCALAO, BARCELONA. , 'f with impunity ; nnJ the only wonder is, not that some do, hut thnt a vast numher more do not avail thiMiiHclve.'* of this Hlni;ulur privilcu'i'. fti [loiia of fiic». liicrofore, the power of impriHoniiieiit is opiTutivc only on the really neceifHilou^i — on those from whom it v.in extract little or nothinir, 'I'lie rich debtor in srldorn Hulijeeted to itn operation; he ri>. sorts, hefore a writ eaa be executed nRainst him, either to the ('ontinent or the ruirs, and then laughs at the imjiotent wrath of those he has defrauded, and perhaps ruiiicil. That such a syKtein of law .should Ih) sullered to exi^t in u comniereial country, mu] 80 little outcry lie raised aifaiiist it, is truly ustonishiuK, and strikinj^ly exemplilles tiui power of haliit in reconciling us to the most pernicious alisurdilies, ('an any one won- der at the fre(|uency of fraudulent liankruiitcy, when it is thus fostered and encournned • "A reform of tiie bankrupt law on tin; princi|)les already rxientioned, seems, therefure, (o be imperiously called for. Its evils wen; forcibly stated by Mr. Urou);han) (now f.ord Brougham) in his ' Sjicech on the iState of the Law.' Ho ha aUo pointinl out the remf(li;i| measures necessary to be adopted to render this imi)ortant department of commercial juris- prudence consistent with the obvious principles of justice and connnon sense. ' Let tlw whole,' says he, 'of(!vcry man's property, real and personal — his real, of what kind s()pv(r, copyhold, leaseiiold, I itliold ; his personal, of whatever nature, debts, money, stock, chattilj — be taken for the pa\ i iiit of nil his debts eipially, and, in cases of insolvency, let all be dis- tributed rutealily ; let all he p(>ssesse3 be sifted, bolted from him unsi)aringly, until nil Jiis creditors are satisl'icd by payment or eom[)osit'')n ; but let his person only be taken wlipii he conceals his goods, or has merited ])unisiiment by fraudulent conduct.' — (pp. 100 — I !(),) Wore these measures adopted, and a certillcate p[iven to every man who has been divested of his projierty for behoof of his creditors, and ai^ainst whom no charge of fraud lias been rs- tablished, there would be little room tor improvement in the principles of the law of ban];. ruptcy." — (Seo my I'rincip/rn nf I'ulifical Eauioini/, '^d ed. pp. iJ64 — 274.) [For Bankru|)t laws in the United States, s(!e articl(> Insolvknc\. — Am. EiL] BAROALAO, on UACALAO, the Spunish name for cod. BAUCKLONA, the capital of Catalonia, and the i)rincipal town of Spain, on tlie Mcli. terranean, in lat. 41° 22' N., and long. 2° 10' E. It is a strongly fortified, well-built citv. The population is su|ii)osed to amount to about 1.^)0,000. Barcelona is eminently ijis. tiiiguished in the history of the middle ages, for the zeal, skill, and success with which lut citizens prosecuted commercial adventures at a very early period. She would seem also \o ho entitled to the honour of having compiled and promulgated the famous code of maritime law known by the name of the Ciinsoldio (hi Marc ; and the earliest authentic notices nf the practice or marine insurance and of the negotiation of bills of exchange are to lu> Iniiml in her annuls.* Catalonia has continued, amidst all the vicissitudes it has undergone, i v the most industrious of the Spanish provinces ; and several valuable and extensive iii;iini- factures have beiui establisheil at Barcelona. Latterly, however, her commerce, owinu' to a variety of causes, but principally to oppressive restrictions on the iiuiwrtation of U- 4 I'iir arrola ;) maravs. 1 real lb. 010 iJ Horns quint.-\l rt'als 20 reals cwt. 1 4 niiller Ih. 1 1 reals 2 i reals — 3k 111 6 1 ♦ For proofs of this, ace the articles JIaritime Law, IxseRANCF, &c. in this Dictionary. Tliu .Vt- morias Ilhtuiicas sohre la Marina, Comcrcio, i^j-c. i/e Barcelona, by C'apmany, in 4 vols, •llo, is one of ilii: most valtiahle and iinthentic works that litis ever been published on tlie coininerco, arts, and coiniiitT- cial and inarilinie legislation of the middle ages. The lirsl volume is the most interesting, at ki\fl lo the general reader; the otlntrs consisting principally of extrticis from tht! archives of the city. Tlicre is a brief but pretty good account of the early trade of Uarcelona, drawn principally from t'apiiiany, ill the work of Ueppiiig, Uisloire du Commerce entre le Levant el I'Kurupe depuis /cs Croisades, i^-ctoin. i. c. 5. I I ^1 if Aimnicb esporled ; : leglsliilion g(aten thai (jjiporialion to priiliiliit < cant ; "hifh » /'orl I liar til- mliin- tlut wo nun Inns bunhn iona:— Spanish Vr Aliclmragfl Nov il". ( lr.i|j|(iit of per l.iiil.nc ( ,i|.l.lin of tlif l,lKlit.tniii«t' of LcuclioK (I re.il tiiraririliiiary lion New mole Tot Taking the real ship, and y4. on tl tirnnvsiion is .1 iytr rent, on thos uM for re.iily nioi n.crcaiitile discmiii iug e^tahliihlnents linnraiut on si hoiiMS, lives, fcc. ai ruru.-Atlhef Imfinrts.^K' celoiia daring Articli«, rmton ."uL'ar llliles Corna Coffee Hees'-wax Horns .Specie Dye woods Fish Iron hoops Staves riieese Tar Butter Indigo I'epper Ciaiiumon Grain is iisui Importation fro friitii the interi Of the iinpor ports from Frti Jlivimlled to all harihvare, and sitpplieil by Sw on to a conside /,'//(./ rf.s'.—TJ &c. Ihit no vc dies, are Inadci to lie eaiployed nearly ceased, increasiii!;. T nieiitly shipped cork bark, woo avcracc H. per of wine, and 6, deal of brandy of Xercs ; and preparation of Tarragona to I la lt?31, only p2 BARCELONA. 173 All nrlicif ■'whntovcr, the prndiiro nf llic bdII, nr iIip niiiniirnrtiiro nf iho rniinlry, mnv nt proRi'Tit lie cxpiirli'il ; iinil, in iiioitt liiHtiiiiri'H, »'itliiiiil |iii> iiiK "ny iliilv. In iIih ii'or1ion I*- Iwrfii Uimgu iiikI N|>iniih vvcitf|,l«. t.ui if the wncti( ol .my pftrccl »tiriul.lturn(iiil inWiJ per (lilt, Kn-mtrlti.in ii in;irln-.l m the iiiuni- frtit, Ihe mirplin i% mjmiI, at ttir unnie time thai (In- importer Irwt thelrfiiftit I'f I hi J prr rent, allow dt l.y Uw, jiml lirn.iiit« ImUtj to the iwnaMiia el iiiiuifKliiiK, '1 he (ari-iu«ually allnm-il \y men turntt irr, oil llitv.imi:(h ■uK.ir 13 iieriTiil. ; on coMrei \nsr cent., eicluaiv* of ihe b;irrei, Liif, Ki\ m which it u rontimeil : onrocu.! nirl pepper i per cent.; IVrunnitjuco cotton UIj«, prrhate; otht-r rottnii lib. (HT cwl. .V(fi-»'(Trri of allsnrlsare dear «t narcclnna. Init Ihcy may slwnjn heoM.HiH-d, JIttf cotti abuutTti. per I!., ami bitcuil al*out Hdollara per cwl. j^/f/itfu.— Afcoutili are kept in litroi of 20 nttldoi, '2 10 fhutrnt, or 4K) maUiu. 'I ht* lihra is liktn\ lu- <1ivi>ImI iiiln rtali t/c ftutu Catu- litn, of 3 Hurlih'f vmU ; ai.d into nu/rt arr/i(rf, nt J itM/f/i^i cacti. Hence, f>-7 of the fornuT, or lU of Ihi- laltiT, ~ ( tiira Catalan, 'J hv liLra Cntalan ii s 2i. 4rf. at< rlinK nearly, 1 lie pfto dii^Of or hard dollar, ik \alued at S7 l-Z tuildoi Catatarit eiffhl inch (lotlara makim( 15 lil-rat, It'tif/iff ami Afifitt/frf.— There are enilUiis illtcrepanriri aiiionnt Iht^ weiKhli and ininHnirt in \\\f ilitterent Npainsh pniviiiCL-a, and there is a \ery great .lisKrepancy in the accnmil^ 'if the autlion wlio have written tipon thcui, The loltuwing Bt.itenicrits art: takeu from Nrlkenbrecher : — 'I lie quintal ii divided into 4 nrrnfiit, or 101 Urn. nf 12 07 li> the |>finnd. 'I he iiound sz 6' 174 KnKliHh Krainit 1 kiloiC. — Ki25*6 ai of Holland, iWlllm. of H.ircelon.i =• >»8it51hs, avoirdiipnis. 1 he yard nniiieil (lum, in divided into s j^alnivs, of 4 lyuarfoi, and in -- 21 inchen vury nearly. Hence. lOO ranas — 53'4!»9 metres 1= 77-r> >anU of Amsiurdam ^ 5K''il4 KnifliNh yards. The ^titir/irn, or measure for ffrain, is divided into 12 cortttttu and 4M piioloti, iOO iiuarterns := 23' J3U, or 23 1-2 Winchester (|uirler9. 'Ilir rnritfi, or nieaMire for li((iiiiii», is divided Into 12 rorfrtTirt or (irrohas, 24 iurtarmas^ and 7.! tmtadillas. It in = 32-7 Kiiglish wine f;.illoiiB. 4car({as=:> 1 pipe. 1 he pipe of Majorca oil coulaiiit 107 cortanea. Sl>niiliiJi VwHel. Alit'li('rai(8 R»l). IlrilitiL Vmel, Heali. 7-. Ancliiinro V> ^fw . • I'l llc.ul.l,- ll.>. . . T> tlraiiiriR of port 10 Nrw.l.i. . . . Uiiltni • (i ( tr;iiiiiii( fif [Kirt 10 (■a|it»in of the [Kirl • Lii(lil-lmn(!ofTarrifa H I^iilt-rn b 105 Cij't.ijn of IhB imrt ■ Liithl-iiousc of Tarrifi K l^aiiiuml rtal |wr Inn) 30U 211 tiiiiKirJcMrjr coulribu- New mole (S real, per liiiii 40 (on) 2,10(1 New iiir'Io 16 f.r)a(liiiif (I rral |«r Ion) 300 Kxtraortiiuary coutnliii. ToUl ■ 675 tiuli 411 3,|.|U CoiiHiilir feel usvially rt-iiuired Total ■ IGO 3,.'«Xl T3k>iit( the real at -id,, this would be \)l. I If. 2rf, on the .Sp.ini»)i lhip,.ind3-"'i. nil the Untish do. tir.niwtiwn is at the rate of 2 1-2 per cent, on )foose, Cuba takes annnally about 12,000 pipes of \vine, worth at an averape 4;. per pipe, and about 3,000 pipes of brandy, worth *>/. ptir do.; South America, 10,000 pipes nf wine, and 0,000 do. brandy ; tlie north of Europe, 2.0(10 pipes of wine, and 2,000do. brandy. A good deal of brandy is sent to Cadiz and Cette: most part of the former finds its way into the wine vaults of Xeres ; and the latter, being conveyed by the canal of l.anguedoc to the fiaronne, is used in the preparation of the wines of Bordeaux. From 25,000 to 30.000 baps of nuts are annually sent from Tarragona to England. Tarragona also exports about 12,000 bags of almonds. In IfcSl, only 128 foreign ships, of tlie burden of 15,130 tons entered Barcelona. Of these, 31 were p2 t • IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I liilM 125 |50 "^^ H^H ■U 1^ 12.2 IL25 III 1.4 ^ VI A ^m Photographic Sciences Corporation \ <^ 'iS <^ ^> ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 '^ 4 o^ 174 BARILLA, BARK. Tiidcnn, 21 Sardinian, 10 Rwrdisli. IS Knslish, 14 Frcnrh. S Aincricnn, Sec Thn flilps bplnngln); to till! piirt carry on no l(ir('i(?n tradi; t'xrciit in tin; S|iiiMisli Wi-st Itidifs ; ilii'y ari; I'cw in nnniliiT, and are daily di'crcaHini;. Tliosts t'liuaci'd in thncdusiiiiK trade aru nauuUy of very Mniall burden. The cu»tninx dniy in tint Hiinm year did nnt i>xc)>i'd KHI.ddll/. (We liavi! derived tliege details frnni variiinn Hnnrees ; lint prinripnlly from tlie Conaul'i Anaaer to Circular tlueriea, and from JiiglW^ i>«in in 1^30, vol. ii. pp. 3S4-3iii". and 302.) BARILLA (Da. Soda.- ¥t. Souile, linrilk ,- (.in. Soda, Barilla .- It. Barrigliai Port. Solda, Barrilha,- Rus. Socianka ,• Sp. Ilinrillu; Aral). Kali), carbonate of soda — (sec Alkaliks), is found native in Hungary, E^ypt, and many other countries. It is largely used Iiy bleachers, manufacturers of hard soaps, glass-makers, Ace. The barilla of commcrco consists of the ashes of several marine and other plants growing on the sea-shore. The best, or Alicant barilla, is prepared from the Siikula snda, which is very extensively cultivated for this purpose in the huerta of Murcia, and other places on the eastern shores of 8pain. — ( TdWnsend's Trnvclx in Spain, vol. iii. p. 1 0.'i.) The plants arc gathered in September, dried and burned in furnaces heated so as to bring the ashes into a state of imperfect fusion, when they concrete into hard, dry, cellular masses of a greyish blue colour. Sicily and Tcnerille produce good barilla, but inferior to that of Alicant and Carthagena. Kelp, which is a less pure ulk.ili, is formed by the inclri.eration of the common sea-wrack. — (See Kklp.) The Saracens established in Spain seem to have been the first who introduced the manufacture of barilla into Europe. They called the plants employed in its preparation l;aU ! and this, with the Arabic article al prefixed, has given rise to the modern chemical term alkali. Of 184,049 cwt. of barilla imported into Great Britain in 1831, 61,921 cwt. came fr«m Spain, 95,995 from TencriHc, and 23,867 from Sicily. The values of these species are, for the most part, in the proportion of about 12, 9, and 10; that is, if Spanish barilla fetch 12/. a ton, I'encrilfe barilla will fetch 9/., and Sicilian 10/. Prime quality in barilla is to be distinguished by its strong smell when wetted, and by its whitish colour. Par- ticular attention should l)e paid to have as little smell or dust as possible. The duties on barilla have recently been very considerably reduced. — (Sec Tauiff.) At nn averace of the three years eniling with l'-3l, llie barilla entered for home consumption anmiiiiteii to *2.').'),'i'''J cwt. a year. In X'^'i'i, it proilui-ed l,'),.T2U/. Sj,-. %l. nett revenue. (The duties on barilla used in the bleaching of linen arc to be repaid to the persons using it, under such regulations as the coiumis.sioners of customs may issue. — (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § \\.)—Sup.) [Barilla is imported into the United States, free of duty, chiefly from the Canary islands. The value of it annually imported, on an average of four years ending with 1837, amount- ed to little more than 100,000 dollars; scarcelyanyof which was subsequently exported. — Am. Ed.] B.\RK, the outer rind of plants. There is an immense variety of barks known in com- merce, as cinnamon, Peruvian bark, oak bark, quercitron, &c. The term " bark" is, how- ever, gi'iierally employed to express cither Peruvian bark, or oak bark ; and it is these only that we sliall describe in this place. 1. Peruvian ur Jesuit n' liurk (Fr. Quinr/uiiia ,• Gcr. Kron-cliina; Du. China-bast; Sp, Quina, Quinquina / Lat. Quin//uina, Cortex I'eruvianu.i). There are three principal species of this bark known in commerce, which have been elalwrately described by Dr. A. T. Thomson, from whose accoimt the following particulars are selected. The first species is the pale bark of the sliops. It is the produce of tlie Cinchona land folia, and is the original cinchona of Peru. It is now very scarce. It is imported in chests covered with skins, each containing about 200 lbs., well packed, I)ut generally mixed with a (juantity of dust and other heterogeneous matter. It consists of pieces 8 or 10 inches long, some of them being scarcely one-tenth of an inch thick, singly and doubly quilled, or rolled inwards ; the quills, generally, being in size from a swan's quill to an inch and a half. It is internally of a pallid fawn or cinnamon hue ; but approximates, on being moistened, to the colour of a ])ale orange. When in substance it has scarcely any odour : but during decoction the odour is sensible, and agreeably aromatic. The taste is bitter, but not unpleasatit, acidulous, and austere. Tiie second species, or red bark, is obtained from the Cinchona ohloniri folia, growing on the Andes. It is imported in chests containing from 100 to l.iO lbs. each. It consists of variously sized pieces, most of them Hat, but some ])artially <|uilled or rolled. The internal part is woody, and of a rust red colour ; it has a weak peculiar odour ; and its tas!. is much less bitter, but more austere and nauseous, than that of th':> other barks. The third species, or yellow bark of the shops, is obtained from the Cinchona cordifolia, growing in Quito and Santa Fo. It is imported in chests containing from 90 to 100 lbs. each, coii.'iisting of jjieces 8 or 10 inches long, some (|uillcd, but the greater part flat. The interior is of a yellow colour, passing to orange. It has nearly the same odour in decoction as the pale ; the taste is more bitter and less aii.stere, anin(? sown in atilmnn, and remaininir in the earlii diiriiiff the winter. It ripens al)out .luiy. The ^rain is lonucr, and the hull thicker, than in tlie other species. In weiirlit, it seldom exceeds 47 Ihs. to tlu^ liushel. lender favouralile circunistanccs, ."JO Inishels have hcen raised from an acre of ground ; llionch the pnxluce crcnerally does not exceed 25 or ao. 'i'he other species, called spriuii l)arley. is sown in the sfirinir.and also ripens about July. This .•ipeeies has two varieties, distintjiiished from each other by the number of rows of grain on the head, as two-rowed and lour-rowed liarli-y. The crop is (generally from 25 to 30 busiieis per acre, and frei|uently weighs from 48 to 52 llis. per liushel. Uy conmion consent, iiowever, among the dealers in this article, the weight of a bushel is fixed at 48 lbs. ; at which rate it is now altogether bought and sold. Barlev, in the United States, is generally raised for mnllimx, and is seldom made into flour, barley bread Iwing almost unknown. Small (piantities are hulled, and used in eoup and for medicinal purposes. It is also used as food for cattle ; but only occasionally, as the price of it is ordinarily much greater in proportion than that of Indian corn or oats. IVew soils are best fitted for the cultivation of barley ; and it is a very uncertain crop on lands on which it has been often sown. Hence its culture has been abandoned in many sections of the country, where large quantities were formerly raised. — Am. Ed.] 13AHLEY-8L'GAR (Fr. SKfrer/VrifC; (ler. Cerstenzucker ; It. rennilo ; Sp. Alfenique / Lat. A/p/ienix), a preparation of sugar, candied with orange or lemon peel. BARHATUV, in navigation, is, in its most extensive sense, any fraudulent or unlawful act committed by the master or mariners of a ship, contrary to their duty to their owners, and to the prejudice of the latter. It apjiears to be derived from the Italian word barratrnrc, to dieat. It may be committed by running away with a ship, wilfully carrying her out of the course prescribed by the owners, delaying or defeating the voyage, deserting convoy without leave, sinking or deserting the ship, embezzling the cargo, snmggling, or any other offence whereby the shi[i or cargo may be subjected to arrest, detention, loss, or forfeiture. It is the practice, in most countries, to insure against barratry. Most foreign jurists hold, that it comprehends every fault which the master and crew can commit, whether it arise from fraud, negligence, unskilfulness, or mere imprudence. But in this country it is ruled, tliat no act of the master or crew shall be deemed barratry, unless it proceed from a criminal or fraudulent motive. " Barratry can only be committed by the master and mariners by some act contrary to their duty, in the relation in which they stand to the owners of the ship. It is, therefore, an of- fence against them, and consequently an owner himself cannot conunit barratry. He may, by his fraudulent conduct, make himself liable to the owner of the goods on Iward, but not for barnitri/. Neither can barratry l)e committal against the owner, with his consent,- for thougii lie may be liable for any loss or damage occasioned by the misconduct of the master to which he consents, yet this is not barratry. Nothing is more clear than that a man can never set up as a crime, an act done by his own direction or consent." — (Marshall on Insur- ance, book i. c. 12. § 6.) When, therefore, the owner of a ship is also the master, no act of barratry can be com- mitted ; for no man can commit a fraud against himself. It is a maxim in law, that fraud shall not bo presumed, but must bo clearly proved ; and it is a rule in questions of insurance, that he who charges barratry must substantiate it by conclusive evidence. It is not necessary, to render an act barratrous, that it should be committed with a crimi- nal intent as respects the owners, in order to injure them, or to benefit the captain or crew. It may even be committed with a view to promote the owner's interest ; for an ilki^nl ad done without the authority or privity of the owners, and which proves detrimental to them, is barratry, whatever be the motives in which it originated. Lord Ellenborough, in an able judgment, has laid it down as clear law, " that a breach of tluty by the master in resjiect of his owners, with a fraudulent or criminal intent, orfjr mnlcjicio, is barratry; that it makes no diirerencc whether this act of the master be induced by motives of advantage to himself, malice to the owner, or a disra^ard of those laws which it was his dufi/ to olin/ ,• and that it is not for him to judge or supjmse, in cases not intrusted to his discreti(m, that he is not breaking the trust reposed in him, when he endeavours to advance the interests of his owners by means which the law forbids, and which his owners also nmst bo taken to have forbidden." The circumstance of the owners of siiips being permitted to insure against the barratry of the master and mariners can hardly fail, it may be nut uncharitably presumed, of rendering icom- I crimi- br crew. \'iral act them, an able lijtccl of makes limself, klthatit is not of his Ito havo Iratry of jm'ering BARREI^nATAVIA. 177 thcin loasf scrupulous in their inijuiries with respect to their chnrncter than tliey would other- wise lie. Perhaps, therefore, it ininht In- cxpeilieiit to prohihit such insuniiiees, or to lay some restrictions upon thetn. 'I'hey were, iiiilerd, expressly forliidilen hy (ho Ordinance of Rotterdam; and F«>rd Mansfield, whose luithority on all points coinucted with the law of insurance is so deservedly hitjh, seems to have thi)nt;ht that it would lie well to exchule har- ratry entirely from |)olicies, and to cease "niakini; the underwriter become the insurer of the conduct of the captain whom he does nut appoint, and cainiot dismiss, to the owners who can do either." Uut though it were expedient to prcent the owners from making an in- surance of this sort, nothing can be more reasonable than that third parties, who freii;ht a shi|i, or put koihIs on board, shoulil be allowed to insure airainst such a copious source of loss. — (For a further discussion of this subject, see the article Maui Mi I.NsiinANCK ; and Marshall mi Iiixurance, book i. c. \'i. ^ (i., and I'ar/i' iin Inmiraiire, c. 5.) Owners, masters, or Kcaincn, who wilfully cast away, burn, or destroy ships, to the preju- dice of freiijhters or insurers, incur the penally of di'ath. — (See SSkamkn.) UAKKKFi, a cask or vessel for holdint; li(pii (gallons of beer should be taken to be a barrel; .iiid by the nfl HATAVIA. 4 ' ■♦ I; . i . ill liirl, iiiii< III' till' Iiiii'nI roliiuirH iti llii' vviirlil. Il I'lUiliiiiiH nil iiri'n iif riO.OllO Hi)imrc inilivt, Willi II |iii|iiiliiliiiii 1)1(1,(1011,(101) iiiiIiviiIwiiIh, or I V!(l In tlir Hi|iiiirr iiiilc, 'l'lii< iiiiiiiiiil rcvciiiii' iif till' lllllrli p;iivi'llllllfll(, wlltcll |iiiHNo|iiiliilioiiol OO.OOO.OOO, iiliil nil mi'ii ot liil wiiii I, '^00,000 iillil I,:i00,000 Hi|iiiiro lllllrH III li'iillnl V. Till' iilii|i|i' |iiiiiIiii'Ih III' till' inhiiiil iiii- lii'r (of wliirli '.'.'i,.'i()0 tiiiiri \vi-l'(< «illlH. Arllvliu. I ultM ... Ml,,. I I..1.-. Niil""'*" It.,r I'lM ^,^„• .... li.„i.' i„-.i« .... r.,.,i- vvU . . . . Jli t l.>M.,,l .... •M'l-' Itiliiiu ..... ,vi:i .... J«|till ill.l Mll,l.ll IVIHHI . Iu.li«>.» Am.k Ili.lo. Tuiiiirrl,' • . . . . lltil'i, . .Wi 1(0 thP Itlr ,'( VlMlUT I I'lM Iv'iimltvU .... Ja^^ii ,',iiiiptkilii. I'l. till ■>( :iii lu. iMi'li. VliirliK. Ailirtp*. I'll'llll of l:lli lU ro 11. Klolilii, 4111, r;i H.lUl.Hl'l 1 ,>tl.>ii lii.(uitl.i,liiliv, Nrllt|.|lilll,li ■J.iMo.nri i*\y iHyi- KikIiaIi I.M'I. 11. I.MJ -'.''Mil" Ki.i.rli . . _ I-.I.,!! i.i'i: ;.' 1 , 1 .' 1 W.'.'lli'll .hllo Nrlhi'il.lM.li '.'Ill, '1. Jl'l.llW Ll'ILlM. i:iiKii.ii.iitii i^'iTiii'ti „ lll.Mil 111, i.i M.' 1 l'i,t\i.i>>tii tiMiii KiKltiiil only — . r>.'v\,iiJ ll^Mill l.lVi>l llt.iii.U iiiil ^iitt \* .... ;i.'.'.i«H, — ;>.i|.,lif.' \Vitir« . . . . . - _ I.I ii,Mii — 4'lll.lji Hiiimii, l,r\;iut ft'.rt 717, t.'!l 101 iHi; Ilrimil ..... no :i||..iil l>s III, .'I.' IliiKliiiil IW i.'i.;. l.i'S .v.1.1 M.. Ilv.' .■'"i.lrll- 1^1 :«.lll.' ..',1 10 llMll (null Si%r.li-ii .... ;i.."ni •.':i..'T'. Ml.' l.'.OW Kliill.ili.l .... ■t. .m .| <.|l ,0 ,1.," . Ni'Ox'iliii.U IMltl I.W.OIU ;r: . ,'111 1 iilloii I'l.if ,>liii*A) ... —. 47-. V.I ItlOltl* . - , V'.'.t.iA- "*• i:.i'.i'.i..Ui I ii|Mii< ill.iloltmiunO s,!!, lu.l .•I'lli'ii I'lM' jihkU, rtliiinKO 111.1- — :ll.O.:H,l IMlllt-IlIlT ». :\iM...ii(i rmuuir — -J.li||i,707 •r..i»i . - - r.SlTli.ll'M Till' t'l'lliiwiiis 'rntili' siiiiws ttu» iliifi'iiMit Ciiiintricn Willi «lilfli llaiitvi.'x ciirrioa on Trnde, aiul the VhIui- I'l' till' 1 v.Mil mill liinii'ii Trailo wilh ciiili, in IvJf lmi>i'ii!< n-ul. i\' l\\|iorl.<. Mrivluil-tiw. rron Mrrv'tMUsliar 1 yi-.V KM. 1 TnyiMitr 'I'n.jwurA ToUl, M.'i-i>. »-:.M..i »';.'-i.ij. »•;,■. I.I.. »'i,"iiit. Nollioil.iiiiU - |i.l,Ml,S.VJ i,iHii,'ii:! T.ll'l.-lV. Ni'llii-rliuiila - l',l'«>.'.^.V' •r'.>,imi '.),:i',>s..'i;«> Knuliiuit •.M(l(••..^^.\i — 'J, 1 !*<■'.. M."' Km:l;>iul '.'iXi.^Hi^ lt■«.^.:.•.o :w..:i'j Kt:UU'l' l.M,..VJI — i;i\>.:;i>'.' Kr.iiiio - lO'.-.i-'J,-^ 7,('>,'>0 110,-.'> H.iii.b ircli .^'| '),^.'! lti,S30 :<-.,:i'-: ll.uiil'iiii:li s.<.i:i — SolM tJit'i.iluir l<.'.-.s| S>.),'i'i*> l^l:.^•.•,. ."iWO.llM •w.ivv: — •.•.•i.r..vj S«i'ilii> - .^V.:!^'|1 »l,.!-t V s I't' Vmi,SSi I S ,ii .VmctiiM a'\i(-.i| w:,'iio l.ott',;ri ('a|i..'>i: |i•J„^•.\^ i.M,ii:o t>!i' >'f Kl:»lU'(' -n.iVil' — •ii.ii.'i M,Hii;» •-•s.isi — •.N.ISl t't'lsull tilllt' - I, .Mil' — l..'U' I'l-rst in Cull" - IfJ.'.'.V — ii'i.'.'.s: ll.ll<.ll - 7«:,4';i 10,-ahJ :t: .(■'•: 1 tlv.llltVW - ;i.(0.s — :!.ii,'ij| Sum l.;i.>\M — i;!i.ii'( li.iii.il - ::.i'.i: •3.(M0 7'i,.i;t: i\vlnt\ I'lim* - 4,'.HM' — t.'.w Slim ",»M *!,:s.% IIHI.'-W t'liuu .VvV.VV'i .N.4lV< SiH'.ri Cintim ('Ili41;» - "il.SSt - •JI.^^1 M.UV. - K\l'l> — t'v.O'^. i'liuia i,4:i,4>(; ST.ltiT i,:v(ii.i>.'i:( V.ti.ilU - &),*9 — ..•v) ils>> Muao - :<.;.Y.i l.V.W i'lt.-;': J.^'.MU l.ixr.-j.ti — l.tv- .•:;!! Mimll.^ - :^,^.•.M(> ;r..MHi T'.VTW N,« H.'llsiul - :,(•.! 3 «,.vv U>,H\f Jll(V>ll wi.'ity •i-:.(>;)(i 3i.i.:n;i ti«'»,4«i 7vc!,:t«> •«,SI>.».-<'1 r.,i!Hi'rn Vr- ( tlum'Umi \ ' :.M>>;i 1,3" :ii,4(V . •ri,M4 SlKVSH •»,-:o.nV' IVul - 1 u,tsiis:o: i:.i»:(>.i>',M Tv»«al U'i.*.il>,lUo l.'W.'hM IT.ll^.^.Ul r* • Thf .luiuiily ot" stt|[«r i'\ivru-J in IS'^' tui.l tisou lo M\iyV picul*, .inil thf iniiigo to l.SlXUlis. I.M'i. l:l I !•,!•■.■ II >.MII,>I'> III.Mil ll.'.'.cilHi 1,1 il.^XW •,f.,':'.i :ill.:ii«i ■:ii,i.i.' I I.I 10 if.'.'Uvl I.' I..'. :>.'«i: ■:.y.'' '' I Ml 7 i:,ii:t;.i»M , ixml lUo T,.l*l. .:t'.»s,:>.w| >;. iM, -'■"•'-1 l.'.'TO! l.M.llTO; •-'s.hl ii-:.'.i.s:| 7o,-,;t:| l(Hi.«' i.Mii.i''."i:t ;u.i.:u3 l,"7t'.>.V' .l'>.l..'ll HATAVIA. Thu KlimrlH nnil liii|iiitli« iiihIit iliirrrL'iit Miirr h rf>> ni follnw ;- 170 Ini|i(irtN. lvi|MiriH, *'/..rrlll. 1 ml. f'/MMtir, ( Vm(. Xi'llii'rIiilHlH ... l'.',M.I,'.«l| hM Ni'ilii'ilaiiilii ... ll/.l-^HJIIll •ili IOiiiiIikIi - . . . \.\ny*.:\:{ llllUll-ll .... 'i,:irj.ii!t '.M Aiiiirii nil (V. Sliiti'ii) - l,7i.'i.;i(Hi tt" I'r.i.ili .... irni,ii-ri .M) riiiiii'^i' - . - . i7'.Mi'.i:i .Ml A man (II. SlaloH) i,:ni..'i7o :u Hmiiii'ii) - . . . .■lll.MI'i ''11 HlillMCHII . . . - ;tii,Mi-j HI Nnlivi' - - . . ■i::!.!!":! 7:i riiiiii'Kn .... ii.'.i,i:i:i \»7 VaiiiiiiH ntlirr flaKR '.j'^h,ii;:t •.'•J J I'liiliiuni'Hi' ... i(i;i,H'j-i h5 _ -_. VarloiiH Dtliiir riirtMKii 3.il,lh7 17,lf;tl,(l!M f>a I7.ii«i,;iii 13 In IW, lilt) Nuiiitior orsiiipHanil Ainmini nri'iinimc^ oiitcriiieiiiwarilM diiiI cliMiriiig (lUtwiinUiiiiiler ilillVrciit I'MaKH wore an I'ollow : — Oiitwanlii. Iiiwarilx. r\i(. Niitnliprnf \'f»w|!t. 'rornritEr ill I.ikU. KI.U. Nintitirr ot V,-«.li. 'I'liriri.ier in l.j«1i. Ni'llirrlaiKU r.iiL'liNli . . - riciii'ii ... llaiiiliiirKll l>aiii-li ... Swi'iliMJi ... lliissliiM ... Spiiiiisli ... rurliimicKB \niiiuail Cliini'si' ... SiaiiH'Sii ... (Hliir A.Kialie - (IH <» I i I 2 4 11) N 7 20 •l.'l.lW'.t I1.77SJ Mill i:t7 H.'l ('>li l.'iM A'H) (Ki'iJ lllli NCi ;i(w NrlllrrlallllH h'.iiKlisli ... I'rrncli ... Ilaiiiliiirull . Danish ... Swl'llJHll . . - Uiisslaii ... S|iaiiisli . . - l'iirliti.'111'mi Aiiii'riiaii ... 4'liill('Ht^ . . - Siaiiirsi' . - - Oilier AHiallc Mil 61 H 1 :i 4 11 H <) B.') ■I.'.,(W| l(),7!l>.li (i'l-Ji rn h,'i lit) l.VI fiO.'i IKi'il 2,(IN7 Wl.'l .1!»71 Nil I.IWrt (W.IOli IHHI (l:t,27H J\"l^■ • Takiiid llic last nl 2 ioiih, i1u> <]miiitity of tiiiiiiaKu which rlenroil niitwiirds will lie 1S0,3S9, aiiJ iiiwanlH IW,S60 tons. Port llftriihiliiinf.—1'hp followinif in th(? siiliRlanrc orilm port rPffulntions of llafavia:— Int. Tho roiiiiiiaiKli'r ot'n Hlii|i arrivine in tlic ruails, is mil In lainl liiinsrll', (ir |ii'riiilt any nf liis rrew >ir iiassrii- gvxs III laiiil, iiiilil Ills vcHscI lie visiled liy a Imal I'loni Ihe |'iiaril-shi|i.- 'iil. 'I'iii' niastrr, nn landliii; ia lirsi 111 wail on llic iiuiMirr allendaiil, ami al'liTwanls rcpoil liiinseirat llie iiiillcc iilliic.— :til. A iiianl- fi'.M III' llii' wlitili- earuo must lie ilt'llvereil al llii> ('nsliiiii-liniise wllliin 'i\ liniirs nt' tlir ship's HrriviM|< ill till' rnails.- Illi. TIlo master nl" the vessel must lii(l|!i' llie ship's p:i|iers willi till' master allenilaiit when lie lirsI laiuls, whicli arii iliily ih'livereil up in lilm when lie reeeives his purl elearanee frnni thu Raiiie aiilhiirily.- Mh. No Kmiil!! eaii he shippi'il nr laiitleil al^ir sunset, iiniler a penally iif Mill llnriiiH. — lilli Nil )!iiiicls ean hesliippeil nn Siiiiday wilhcnil a speiial periiiissinii t'rnm the water lisral, which, however, is never ret'iised nn appli(atiiin.-7lh. Nn muskets nr ammiinilinn can lie impnrted i hut tile priiliiliilinn iliii's lint extend In Inwiinii pieces evceeiliiii; IIKl llnrins value. '/'.in/. —Willi respect In the larill. all I'nreiirii wiinllens and cnltnns. heinn the niannfacliirp of rniin- iries III Ihe westward nl'the Cape nt'Cnnd llnpe, impnrled under a tiirel|:n tla);. pay an nil niliimii duty 111" "iii; per cent., and uiiih'r the Netherlands Ha":, nf I'Ji piT cent., that is. a duly iipnn Ihe wholeHalc price al llalavia. not in liniid. With the exceplinn nt' wines, spirits, and npiuiii, which pay a rated (Inly, all niher articlen, IT imported under a t'iireii:n llai;. pay an ml nilnrnii duty, rateil nn thir invoicu value, nt" lii:iS pi>r cent., and it" under ihe Nelherlaiiils Mai;, nl' ^ IH percent. Collnns and wnnllenB, the manut'actiire of Ihe Netherlands, it' accompanleil liy a certilicate of oriliiu. ft«, V.lluO ill I'ioriiu. KilMir'i. Tin, lUiira. Hiculi. E«pi>r1i. Valtif 111 Fliinnt. r.pprr. I'K'uU. I'l.ul.. iKC,7U I'l.ul.. IM.-W lilCl'. H,WI io,n7j 30,314 liillm. l*iiun,t>3I.V7li H,17!i,40l U,igO,(M7 tu.nu 21,426 14,6UI,77» i (>,llbl IN3I, 1832. Nelhdi. I.SMt.Mtt aii,i::i •U.SII 30,251 11,702,14!' 1 7,KHi .N'flhiU. 67,.'IO rnrriiin l,IKn,5ll r.irritn 3,IHI,0«j4I.O[W 7,U7i IKM. 11)34. ~ 17,WM^77 .10), 1 (ill :iti7,i:ii 217,|Mi Ki'tiirn waiilnK. il3,:l43,.127 Itrliirn K]Mllll<. Nt-lh,li. ai3,M9 21,37(1 2.W,U< 39,lt>> 2U,02I,2I7 7,704 Amnne llii- nrtirloB Ininnrlpil Into Java, In WH, wrro rnpiicr. Iron, hIppI, Ac. vnliic 875,1IM1 tlorinii ; RhiHH anil parllii'MWiirc, 2!lll,;ial iln.; « iiii'i' iind HpirllH. !l.'i|,;U5 iln ; pri>\ iHliniK. i'.lfi,\r>n, Ar. 'I'lif Intiil valiii' (if llip cxprirlH, ill \'*M, was, 'JIMI'JI.'JIT llnrliiH. wliirli. al «()il. li> the llnriii, Ih cipial Ki i!.llH.|:i,',/. \Vi> liavi! lint It'arni'il tlip rxncl iiiiiimiiiI nC Hip IriipurlH iliirliii; tlip Hainr ypar, Iml taking lliriii at 2,(Mlf),(mO/. till! wliD.P Iraili! of Hip islaill wnnlil aiiiniliil In ali.iiit 1,11111,(10(1/. nr ■l,.'il«l,(MK)/. Jifiiiiirk.s on llie iihiire Stiitrmnil^.—'Vhrfir . liili'iiiPiilii nlmw, tlwil Hip lr;i(|p (if Java li.'M inrrpaspil vi'ry matprlally hjiicp IKK). In fact, IIiitp waiilH iinlliini: Iml an piiIIuIiIpiipiI, lilicral ailiiiiiiiHtratinn, tlia't iiy ilpalins fairly liy, anil L'lvinc coMliilPiicp id llip naliviH, hIidiiIiI iliveliipp tin- rpsoiircpH of tills nohlo i.-ilaiiil, to rciKlcr Java liy far llipiiiiwl valiialijp of all tlip laHtprii colniiial poHUPdjiiiiiiH of any Ciirnppan piiwpr. Il Ih (Uip to tli(! Diitcli to Hlatr, that llicir cnloiiial uovpri'iiiPiil in now niatcrlally iiiiprnvpil, aa coinparpd with what it forniprly wan ; Init II Ik still ~iis('i'{itili|p of innrh .'itiipniliiiciit ; anil II is to hn liopi'd, Kppirii; Hip wi'iiilprfiil iiiiliipiiic that a iiiori' lllii-ral nvslpiii has had in Cnlia, and othiT loreiL'ii rnlonii's. and pvi^n in J.iva Itself, that Hip adiiiinislralloii of Hip lattpr will Iip still farther iiiipriiv(>il. It Is stated in tlip Dinionary (p. .) that Hip e\|iorl of ciitrpp from Java iniiilil lippstiniiilpd at alioiit IR.dlKI tons ; hut it npppars from thn nhove tiilile. ihat it has increaseil so rapidly that il amounted, in ls;tl-,'), lakine Hip piciil at i:il> llis.. to lil.(«M.ll>'' llis., or to ahovp 27,000 tons! Thu pxport of tuifar iliiriiiR the saniu year pxcppiIpiI '2'i,^iW loii!).— .Sh/i.) BATTEN, a name in common use lor ;i scantling of wood 2 J inchca thick and 7 wide. If abovn 8 inches wide, it in called deal. BAZAAH, n term used in the East to desifjnafo a market, or building in which various articles of inerchnndise arc exposed for sulc. Uuzaar^ are now met with in most hirRc cities of Europe. There arc several in London, of which the one in Soho-Hijuare is the most considerable. BDELLIUM (Aral). AJlalonn), a gum-re.sin, semi-pellucid, and of a yellowish brown or dark brown colour according to its au;e, unctuous to the touch, but brittle ; soon, however, softening between the fingers; in appearance it is not unlike myrrh, of a bitterish taste, and moderately strong smell. Two kinds have been distiiigui.shed: the o/xicu/piuiuiii of tho ancients, which is thick like wax ; and tho common dark sort. It is found in Persia and Arabia, but princiiially in the latter; all that is met with in India is of Arabic origin. The tree which produces it has not been clearly a.st:crtiiitied. — (Atiiiilic\i Malcritt Iiidlai.) BEACONS, in commerce and navigation, [lublic marks or signals to give warning of rocks, shoals, &c. No man is entitled to erect a light-house, beacon, &c., without being empowered by law. The Trinity House cor[)oration arc authorised to set up beacons in whatever places they shall think tit; and any person who shall wilfully remove or nm down any buoy, beacon. vScc. Iielonging to the 'I'riiiity House, or to any other corporation, indivi- dual or individuals, having authority to establi.sh it, shall, besides being liable to the expense of replacing the same, forfeit a sum not less than 10/. nor more than 50/. for every such of- fence.— (G Geo. 4. c. 125. § 91.)— (See Uniys.) BEADS (Ft, lifjsaires ; Gcr.Kosoi/irdnzc,- Uii. Pafernnstcrx ,• It.Cornne ,• Sp.Curonas), small globules or halls used as necklaces, and made of dilferent materials; as pearl, steel, amber, garnet, coral, diamonds, crystal, glass, &c. Homan Catholics use beads in rehears- ing their Ave Marias and Paternosters. Class beads or bugles are imported in large quan- tities into India and Africa, and also into Borneo and Sumatra. They are brought partly from Europe, and partly from China and the Persian (iulf. The gla.ss beads sent from England are all imported, principally, we believe, from X'cnice. The noji-manufacture in this country is said to be a consequence of the excise regulations on the manufacture of gla.ss. BEANS (Fr. Fives; (icr. Bn/tnen,- It. Fair,- Kus. Bixihil; S[). Hahan ; Lat. Fabw), a well-known vegetable of the pul.se species, largely cultivated both in gardens and field.s. Its cultivation is of much importance in rural economy, inasmuch as it has gone far to super- sede fidlows on strong loams and clays. BEAVER. See Skins. BEECH (Fagus st/lvatlca), a forest tree to be met with every where in England. There is only one species, the diflerence in the wood proceeding from the dilferenco of soil and situation. A considerable quantity of beech is grown in the southern parts of Bucks. It is not much used in building, as it soon rots in damp places ; but it is used as piles in places where it is constantly weU It is manufactured into a great variety of tools, for which 1 hki:f— iJi'.RinKs. IRl its grrnt hnriliioft nml unifDrni toxliiro rciuliT it HUi>orior to all otlior oortd of wooj; it is al«o extc'iiHivoly uncd in iimkini; riiniitiirc. UEEF', nH t'vfry one kimwH, is ihn lli'sli nf tlio ox. It is iincfl lillicr frcHh or t of us rrss tin is u^ied for church l>eir< than for clock Mh; und in very small hells, u little zinc is added to the alloy. — (Tfiiiiiisnti's ^ '/ii tiiinfn/.) UENZOIN. kSccUalsam. BEIUtEN, the first commercial city of Norway, situated at the hotfom i>f n deep hay, ia lat. 60° 24' N., long:. 5° iiO' K. Population vii/KiO. The hay is ineloscd on all sides !>y nigRcd rocks and islands; the water is deep ; hut, owiii;^ to the numlier and intricacy of ihi; passases, the access to the town is ntleuiled at all tiiues with a uc^td to England. Xorway timlii'r is not so lari^'c as that hrouRht from Prussian ports, nor so free from knots ; hut, heiiiu; of slower i-rowtli, it ia more coiujiact, and less liahlc to rot. The ]ilanks are either red or wliite (ir or pine: the n-d wood is pro- duced from the Scotch fir; the white woul, which is inferior in price and estimation, is the produce of the spruce lir: each tree yields- three )iieces of timher of 1 1 or 12 feet in Icm'th, and is 70 or 80 years of auje betiirc it arrives at jierfcction. 'J'he planks or deals of 15er;;e!» are, however, a good deal inferior to those of (Jliristiania. 'J'he imports into lierfreji prin- cipally consist of grain from the 15altic ; and salt, hardware, colUr, suijar, - 41(1 T.'ido. — H!llt . - IM.Ili'il li;iriels. I'ox, iiiarlin, otter, &c. (17 skins. — ri)0, ditto . - IX'.i-iT d'l. Tiir . - - . 4:.l liiirrels ri( Mvii sprats . l.'.)l2krL's. Wood, liintier and deals 3SI Ions. Horns. o\ and cow . ITSiwl. staves 8111) nnndicr jrtoss, rock - i:tl tons. (rrirn tc itifurwaliiiii.) BEKRIES (nnccre), the fruits or seeds of many diflercnt species of plants. The hcrries quoted in London Price Currents are bay, junipi r, Turkey, and Persian. L liai/ Berries (Fr. Biilm ifc [.atiritr ,- tier, Lnrlieertit ; It. liarrhi, dl Laiiro ; Sj\ Hai/as), the fruit of the Launts iiDhiUs, Tliis tre(> is a native of the south of Europe, l)Ut it ic cultivated in this country, and is n;); imcommon in our i^ardens. The horry is of an oval shape, fleshy, and of a dark purple colour, almost hlack ; it has a sweet fragrant odour, and an aromatic astrinijent taste. Ray berrit-s, and the oil obtained by boiling them in water, are imported from Italy and Spain. — {'riioiiimm's DlspenxafDi-)/.) 8. Juniper Berries (Fr. (liiiivriir; Du. Srvin/jonin ; It. fliiiepro; S^). Enihro), the fruit of tlie coinmon juniper (7(/////;(;-r<,s' cf)////;((//;/.v). They are round, of a black j>urple colour, and require two years to ripen. They have a moderately strong, not disagreeable, but peculiar smell, and a warm, [lungent, sweetisji taste, which, if they be long chewed, or previou.sly well bruised, is followed by a considerable bitterness. They arc found in this country; but most of those made use of h'>re are imported from Holland, Germany, and Italy. They should he chosen fresh, uot inin h shrivelled, and free from mouldiness, which they arc apt to contract in keeping. On distillation with water, ihey yield a volatile essential oil, very subtile and pungent, and in smell greatly rcscmWing the berries. The peculiar Vol. I.— Q i > .♦' 182 iJEUYi.. MirrFJi-Nur. ^ flnvour niul diurctir qiiiliticM of'finu'V!! 4lc|»'ii.l iirincii'illy on ilio pnMcnro of thin oil. Eni;- Ii'\ tiir|)i'iitiiu'. — (//t(t'i«'.i Mut. A[ii/.; 'r'liimsiin'n l)l^/ini.iiifiiri/,) 'i'lic ei iuni|>«r lurriiN, provioiiHly lo 1 <^'i, w;i-< 1 1,«. h/. ii cwi., Ix-iiiR more than 100 ptr C'tit, on tlnlr prirr inliiiiul. Tlir ii|i|iri"<'»ivriicn!4 ol' iIiIh duty fi'i'iii'i lo Imvo l>ft'ii tho |>rini>iiil "I llivmir itml all oilier rrt»|M"clH \* mi in- li'rior, li.wlx'cii !iirt;i'ly ii-ii'i| in |ir(li'rriicc to Jiniii'fr licrrir* in ilir |iri'|i!ir;itinii ot'nin. 'I'liii* o)i[iris>.ivt' liuty was roiiucfil, in \t*:VZ, to tiv., anil wi- cnlirl.tiii liiili' ilmilil lliat tliis \vi>iO aiul lilx'ial iniM.'turc will nt no ilistant prrioil ona-ion llii- riiiipt .i| a (,'ii'alfr union iil ol' rivi'nuc, at the riaini' time that it cannot fail iniitfriully to iinpri>vo ihu bcveriigo uf ii larKc |ir- flieatioii in calieo-iirintini;. ( 'on-iileralile '|uiintities of llu'ni aro i'X(>i'rted from Silouiea, Ik wliieli lliev ari! l>rou;ilit from 'I"lie<11, heiii;,' only I,'./. til ewt. a year. The nctr revenue derived from all sorts of lurries iiiii)oited in \y F'liiiy to lie a Van''ty of the omerald ; a conjecture which rnndera jiiineraloi;ists have completely conlirm- od. The term eineralil is !>.p|ilied to that iiartieiilar variety wliieh presents its own peculiar colour, or rmrruM isncii ,■ while that of heryl is i;iven iiuliscriininalely to all the otlier vario- lies ; as the sea i^reeri, pale Mue. iiolden yellow, aiul ei'iiMirle-is, I'liny says that the beryl js found in India, ami rarely elsewhere ; but be-ides Imlia.if is fmnd in Peru and llra/il ; nt IVanles and Idmo'^is, in France; in t!ie W'icklow nioiiiil lin.--, in livlaiid ; in the district of '.'airni^orm, in Srollaiid ; and in various other places. — {t'liii. Uibt. jS'ut. lib. xxxvii. cap. 5. ; Ell It/, lirit. new edit.) "Tli"-ii' only wjiiili am of ponil colour and uniricipiit diplli nm mniiiifartiiriil ; lliiy liavp a prdlty livil\ I ilV'il, n'liiirooil |ir.i|iiirtiiiii ami will polislnil. I.arui' -.loiiis, iVom oin- loilini' aiiil I'onr oaiicr'ii, art iiiiroiMiiioii, lull from ijnir ImiIK ar.' olil> in f' i|iii -t i-: ~j>ri iim ii^ lor Ilie lal'iinl: >nial!i:r its of a soft. sp,iiiv,'y, fibrous matter, inclosing; a nucleus resembling; a nutme.r in shape, internal strucluie, and colour, but usually lar'ier. and always harder. A.simile tree produces, accordiiiLr to its situation, aire, cniliire, tVcfrom •.;(M) to »!*(•(> nuts. They are objects of l'H at iiniiorlauce in the llasi.formiiiLrihe )iriucipal incieilieiu of a compound in universal use as a mastic.itory in all (\'iitral and 'I'ropieal Asia. The other imjredicnts are the leaf of the IJetel pep|H r — (which .see), iu wliich the areca nut is wrap- ]>ed ; a little Chivah — (which see) ; and oemrallv, hul Hot always, a little rntit-htt or terra japoniea — (see ('\tkciii ). The whole couipound is called In hi. and is used i.) an extent of which it is (hflicult for a European to form a just i.jia. All indi\iduals, wi'.hout exception of a','e or sex, begin at an early period to accnstoi!i themseKes to betel. 'J'hey ari" unceasiiiv;- ly m.i>lieatii)ir it, and derive a Kralilication fr.>m its use that straniiers can neither under- .stand nor explain. It reddens the saliva, .'ives a briirht hue to the lips, and, iu course of time, renders thi? teeth ((uite black. It is ~ m.\ to di-pel nausea, excite appetite, and stren.'lhen the >t iijiach. Hesi(|(!!j bein:,' used as an article of luxury, it is a kind of ceremonial which rcqulales the intercourse of the more polishril classes ot' the East. When any ]ierson of Con.-.ideralion visits another, after the lirst saluiations, betel is presented; to omit it on the one part would 1k> considered nculect, and its rejection would be jiidired an iili'ront on the other. >i'o one of inferior rank inldies-es a diiinilied individual williout the previous precau* tion of chewiui^ hetel ; two people seldom meet iviilmut exchani^inu; it; and it is always oflered on the ceremonious interviews of piildic mis.sionaries. 'J'he areca nut is, in coiiso* (luenee, an article of very extensive trade. The countries which yield it nio-t lar^'ilv for cxj.ortation arc Malabar, (>eyIon, and i^iimalra. Ol the ixtent of this trade, so;ii,' notion may bo formed from the fact, that the iinpi^rUi of areca into ilenijal in {h'Z'J-'.W, were fi'Jj ton«i, wliici Until Arthi BE f()reno mliai Easie rtCande (Jllilice Asia, with m Ihhl: l)E/| toUlli of a dar concreii I'oar in and the yellow sea-porls be proci were till ti.i-iii I III ItlMt ii (sca-jiorl from I'or Pitri.- I l't(i!^"< ^"l- '• !'• '"■-•• ^"i. iii. | II.; Chinrsi Kn/i iii/nriiiii/ iiii^islrr fur \<\'i. »Vc.) Ui;'l'r;i,-I.r. \F (llin.l. l;i,n MiIhv, >■/>/// .• .Invun. .Vun.), tli.- l.-nC uliiKlfd (o in tho fori'ifoiiiLf ariii'lc. It is ihi' |iriiilu<'r kI" h ("iH'i'ii'-i ol" |n'|i|ifr vim' {I'i/irr lufil), iiinl siiiiii-- wlmt rcsiiiililcH tho ivy It'.it'. lit llicir tVfi
  • )rt:mt iirtirli' cif KiiNlrrn IriiHif, liriiiu- every wliere u>«e(l in the |iri'pnr;iliitn of lietel. 'I'lie I'ifur In hi ii* u >H-iiii(leiil |>l:tnt, iiikI |mi|i'.4 ;iri' phiciil in the uroiiinl, roiniil VNhich it twines itself. In eonHO- (jiicnee ol tiie i»reiit coMsiiiniitiiMi nfit-i jeaveH, it is extensively eultiviited thrminliont 'I'ropir.il Afia. It irrowH in the nre:ile-it |>erl'eeti<> Aiflr/H fmr,,. vol. i. ]). UV.h) 1J1'./(I.\U (Arah. h'uihij ; lljnil. /.iliir-innriih ; I'ers. I'luhihr Kariii), n ronrretinn 1()iniil in the stoinaeh of an ;niiiii:i| nl'the i;>i;it knul ; it han a sniootli irJOKsy Hurfaee, anil in of a liark trreen or olive eiilonr ; the woni he/oar, lioweviT, lias lately been extended to all t!u< eoiieretions found in animals ; — siieh as the //'/y //';ort/\ tound in the Htoniacli of the wild iKiar ill India; the /lorim In zoar, found in the nall-liladder of the o\, common in IS'epaul v and the cuiiii/ /icnar. found in tin uall-hhidder of ih.- camel ; this last is much jirized an n yellow paint hy the Hindoos. Tin- linest jie/oir is hroimht to India from iJorne > iitid the «eii-|Hirls of the Persian (iulf; the Persian iirtieli- is ]iarlieiiliirly sounlit after, and is said to ho procured from animals of the ^'oat kind, i'tiprti Cizvlla. Many extraordinary virtues were formerly uscriiied to this suhstaiice, hut without tiny sulfici(!nt reason. — {Aindiva Ma- tti-iii liii/icii.) UlMtAO, oil (as it is commonly, thoimh incorrertly, written in this country) IHIiUOA. ,1 lica-iiori town ol S|)ain. in tin- province of Uiscay, on tho river Yhiii (Juhal, ahout '.> miles from i'ortiii^alete. I'opulation II, .')()(). l'ori.-'\'\\r li;iy iif Ililliao lii-" lictwciii r unlit (liilfn on its ea«l. ami Piintn l.ii'urrn on lis wpslirii trnU:, (li'ilioil nlmnt ;i iiiiliH. It slr.irhiM s. I'., in « iiliin 1 of a mill, ol l'cirln«;ilrle, in Lit. i:i "ill' Id" N., Innir. ■•!' 5H' \V., iic.ir 111.' rM.Miiii ni tlie rivir mi « liii li llilliaci is limit. 'I liit waliT In lln' liuy va- rii's I'riiiii .'i lo 1(1 unit 1 1 rilliunis. I'liirr is a luiral ilii' inoiilli cflhi' river, liciwii'ii Hanliiri e .iiict t'erlliBalrti', "li wliii li llnre is imt iil»'vc f.mr I'li I walcr .'it rlili lidi'. HiL'll walcT :\t ImII anil i linnire al a li. 1' M. SpiiiiL' lull's riM' iilnnil 111 I'l il ; :iiiil liiit'e Hlii|n lakinc ;iilviiiilaui' ol" lln'iii sunn limi'S isri'iiil till' rivir as I'ar 'is llllliaii; l>ni iliry nsiinlly Inail ami iinlo.'ul liy li'.;lili'rs, lillnr al I'lirliiu'.'ilile, iir ill UI;iviatM. I mill's iii'luw ilie Imvn. i'lLns arr In lir liail al SanHirr.', witliniit ili,. liar In win- liT. a lii'MVy si"i sonii'tinii's srl.-i inln llir liav ; Imt il llie {iilnl ciinimt <•» otl', lie iilli'i's liinisrir nil nne ill' Ilii- li'illiTii's In llie N. W. lit' Sanlnri'i'. anil liiaKi's sii'iials Willi a ml llau', so as lo ilirerl llie Hlli|i 111 till' lii>«t anrliuraL'e L'roninl - (isuu i.iii/rii,'i e.viillciit t'liurt vf the Uuy I'f Bii^aii/, v/\\\i llie ftdi/i/i/,'' Dint lions \tiiti ar('cini|iany it.) Trade. — Hillmo is favourahly situated for conimercc. Tim Bi.'^cnyan.s arc distiiiuriiishcJ for the zeal and couraije with which they have defended their peculiar privilen;es, and for tJirir industry and activiiy. Hilliao and Suiitander are the princijial ports thmui^h which tlie exleii--i ■ province of ( )ld (Castile, and larire iiortioiis of Leoii and Navarre, most easily communicate with !oreiu;n countries. They have in conseiiuence, particularly the former, a pretty coiisiileralile foreign trade. Wool is one of the principal articles of e.-iport; hut .since the introdiiclioii of Merino sheep into (Jerinaiiy, and their extraordinary increase in that country, this hranch of i^patiish commerce, thoii'.;h still of a pood deal of importance, ha.s materially declined. Since the aholition, in lS'.i(t, of all restrictions on the exportatiun of rorn, lloiir, Ac, the shipments of wheat from iiilhao have heeii, in some years, very coii- fideralile. The supplies are iirinciiially hroiiilht from tho provinces of I'alencin, Vulladoliil. ami Zamora, which yield immen.si- ijuantities of wlieat. 'i'he distance i.4 from I-IO to 110 Kiinlish miles; and owini; to the hadiiess of the mads, .".nd the delicient means of transport, tfle rate of carriage advances enormously when there is any extr-.iordinary forei'.;n deinand. if the Ciinul of (\i>itili\ intended to unite the Douro with Keynosa, I{iI'.)ao,aiid Santander, wore com[)leted, it would make a coiisiderahle revolution in this trade. 'J'lic Cf/wyws, or plains, on the .south side of the Dmiro, are anionu'st the linest wheat countries in the world ; tlie crops lieiinr frei]ueiitly so ahundaiit, that the [leasants ilccline reaping the field.-, lit a distance tVoin the viliaires! In Ih:!1, 1 |f>,2:)l ipiarters of .Spanish wheat, principally from IJilliao, were imported into (ireat IJritain. Tlu' iron manufactures of Hi.scny arc in a state of consideralile activity, and some part of the jiroilucc is exported. The principal ar- t'cles of importation are wove fahrics. roil-llsli, cutlery, and jiwellery ; snftar, collee, cacao, tu'd other colonial proilucts, spices, indijjo, itc. In !SI}I, 211) forei'^n .ship.s, of the Imrdeu of lS.Hv:".i tons, entcreil the jiort of liilliao. The countries to which these ships belonged arc not mentioned ; hut in IS-S, .Jit liritish ships, of the hurden of 'i.O.'il tons, entered tho port. — ( We have derived these details from the I'nrciirii Qnariirli/ l\':ri(u\ No. !l. art. Spain ,■ the An mill hr (III Citmnicrci' Miiri/imcior IS:);), p. 205.; the i*(/r/. 7'«;jt;-, No. 550. Scs^ 183;j ; and private infnriiiiitiijii.) Miiric.i. lliirrhif, (inil •Uiii.'-iirf.'.'. same as iliose of ('api-/: ; ivliirii sri.'. We may munlioii, however, tliat thul'uiiuga, or muasuru tor grain, is ciiuivaluiu to 1 tiS Wincheslir ijuartors. o s s & ^1 1H4 WUA, OF KXCIIANCi:— IJll.l. OI' L.\I)IN(}. '■ i I 'I- » . nil, r, OF i:\('n\.\(JK. «.« r.v.iuM.i.. lillili or IIDAI/ril. II )i'rtilli-:il<- or iiiNiriiini'iil Ni^ni'il liy coiixiilx or otlu|N'r uu- Uioiilii'M, ili'li\rri- ihiMiiiiMtirN III' 4lii|i<. :ii llii' tiiiii' iirihi'ir I'lr^iriiiK out Ironi nil \tor\n nr |>lu<'i'H Hii»|M'('lnl lit' lii'iiiir |>iirlii'ularly xul'ji'rl In iiili'i'liiiU'< ilinnnlrrH, rrrtilyin^ llii* hliito of ill iillll 111 tlli< mill' tluit Klli'll hIi||m hMllrij. A r/iiiii liill illi|Jorli«, |j|,il III llii' liiiii' tliiit lllr n|i||i ■iiili'il HO iiilrcliiiUM ili>.i>rili>r was kimtvii lo rxi"!. A fiiiipirt'tf hlW iiiiiiciiil\ nilli'il u liiuiltiil |iiiU'iit or jiill, iiiipnrlN lliiil ilirrr Will' riiinoiirH ol' .in iiiln-iioiH iliwirili'r, luit llial ii li.iil nut iirtihilly ii|i|irairil, A fml lull, or iIh' aliNiiu'c ol rli'un liijlri, iiii|HiilH iliat llii' iiiucu wuM iiilfrli'il wlii'ii ilu- vi'HHcl MiiilrtI, — (^ii'i' \('i'|ili| orili-r iiH ri'i-ciMil, at tiic iilacc, aiiiilatr(l I'rciulit. «Vr. W'lini i; Ih iiii' mmiI liy ii iilii|i liirnl liy a t:liiirU'r-|>arlv, lllr I'IHh of lailiiiu air ilrlivrri'ii ii_\ llir iiia^trr lo llii' iiirirliiiiit liy wlioiii the »//•/;, — llial is, liy ii hlii|i not liiml liy ('liiirli'r-|iarly, lull riii|iloy I'll iM a u'''>>i Till cinicr, — I'arli itiilixiilual wlio hi'iiiIm u;ihiiIh on Uiiiril, rrri'ivi'rt u liill ol lailinu tor llir Maini>. In all taHi'H, ihin-torc, tliu liill of Luting iri thu rviili'iiiv of and lilit: to llir ^moiIs Hlii|i|iril. 'I'll!' lialiiiily III a rariirr, iil roininoii law, to ilrlivrr tlic ffomU intruHtril toliiH ram, in ran- rrllril iiiily liy " tlirart oi'Ciod aiiil llir kiiiu'.'i riirinirH," lint lo limit llliMrrM|ioiisiliilily, thr ti>lln\viiit{ rx('r|ition iMiinw, iiivariaMs aliiiii-.|, inlroiiiii'i'il into llir rlaiiHi; in liilin of lailinu, luiul- illu' tlir iiiUNlrr to thr lirlivcry of llir uuoiln : — "7'//( art iif (iiitl, llic /finfr'x i ill mil s, Jin, itiiil all and ivirij ntli'r iliiii^irn tiiiil lur-ilnil.s nf llic fiiiin, n'rtrn, anil mifif^iitiun, if ir/iiiti nr uatiiri: anil land murir, txrintiil," Uilln of lailiiiu; arr not, in K<'»<'f»l. iiniiiniiutrly kIvimi liy tlu< iiiu* in for thr iiiasli r or liis ilrpiily to ijivr a coninion rriripi for llir (,'o(i(|s, wliicl. is (lr|i\rrril ii|i on iirri\ii!i; thr hill of lailini,'. 'J'lir lattrr hIiouIiI iilwayh III- rrijuirrd witiiin Vi 1 hours allrr llir ifooiU iiir rrcrivrd on hoard. 'J'hrrr srl.s of all hills of ladiiii; ,ii'r iiiadr out on hlaiii|ird |ia|irr : onr of ilirsr slioiild hr rr- iiiilti'd hy thr lirsl jiost to ihr |irrsiiii lo whuin llir );ooils iirr roiisii{nril, a srcond hriii){ srni to liiiii hy ihr hhiji; ihr third is rrlainrd hs thr shi|i|irr of thr ^ooiIh. 'I'lir niasirr oimhl aU way.-i to retain ropirs of thr hills of ladiii;; lor hiH novrrnimnt. A Hliiiiiii •'"'> *'' •^'"'' '■"' rharirrd on all hills of ladiiiLT, wlirtiirr lor kimhI.s rxjiortrd or carriod j'oastwi.so. 'I'hr usual form of a hill of lading is as t'ollows : — \V. II. ).V. //.— SMiri'l'D. Ill V. I iiiilir II mi \vr|| cniiilitiiini'il, liy .^. Ii- iiiiTrtiaiil, In ninl ii|iiih Nt 1. u. III. jllic uimmI ^'lll|l ciilluil . u III rrnrc. y>. Is iiiasiir, iiiiw In llir rivrr Tliaiiiis. aiiit liiillliil fur , llir t'liiMJs riilliiwiliif, vl/. \hi re ili.-irilir Ihr i'm/(/...| iiilirkril •iliil iiiiiiilirriiil as llir iiiiiriiiii, lo lir ili'llvrml, in ihr likr lmhiI unlir iiiiil iiiiiilMiini, at iit'oir'nlil, {lilt ml if (lull. III! 1,111:;' !• I III iiiii.<, Jin, iiml nil iiinl i nrii nllier ihiiinrrs mill iirnm iit.< • f lln .•.(».-. / in rs. mid iiiiii^uilirii, of irlmli nr milnrr ami l,iiiil m. fcir, cmiiltil.) unto till' v.iiil ."/ // nr Ills ,i-^ii.'iis, lir or ilirv ii.iyliii; lor ilm .salil fnipils III III!' mil! Ill' jii r iiii'ic Iri'lflil, u illi lirliiiaui' ami iivirii!.'!' iiri'ii-Iuiiii'il. In \\ lliirsM wliiTciil'. I llir sail! iii:i
  • tai!r< with rcsiicci In llic Irinli' of llnnlciiiix (jivcii iilmvi', ho very siiiicrinr to wliiit lire In 111' rniiiiij jii miv (illicr iMililiriitinii. have hiiii |iriini|iallv ilrrivnl rmiii a iniiiiiiiiiilciilinii nr Mr. HiiihaiiaTi. iil'lhi' hiiiisi' iit' .laim s Mnrrlsnii mikI I'd., » hnaciiniri'il Ills iiirnriiiiitinii nii Ihi' s|i(il : hut sniiic |iarlinilari( have liciii Iranicil rrniii Ihc. i are't'iilly ilrawii-iip aiiswiTa iiiaih' hy Ihr ('nuMiil lo till! Circular f^Hci'iV.v, Opini/liin oj' the Frrnrh coinniirrifil Si/strni im l/ir Trade of llnrdemn; i\c. — Tho trade of this ^rt'iit city lins siidi'rcil si'viTi-ly from tlic sliort-siijhti^d, anti-social policy of the French (,'ovcrniiicnt. 'I'his iiohcy was first hroadly laid down, and systeinaticully acted upon, hy Napoleon ; and we iielievc it would not lie ditlicult to show that the firivations it entailed on the people of the Continent powerfully conlriliuted to accelerate liis downfall. IJut those liy whom he has heen succeeded, have not hilhirto seen the expediency of returiiiiiK to a sounder system; on the contrary, they have carried, in some respects at least, the "conti- nental system" to an extent not contem|ilated liy Napoleon. JS'otwithstandiiis; the vast im- portance to a country like France, of supjilies of iron and hardware at a cheap rate, that which is produced by foreii^ners is excludcil, thouiih it might he ohtaiiied for half the price of that which is manufactured at home. A similar line of policy has heeii followed as to cot- ton yarn, earthenware, &c. And in order to lorce tho manufacture of sugar from the beet- root, oppressive duties have tieen laid, not only on foreii^ii sugar, but even on that imported from the French cokmies. The operation of this system on the commerce and industry of the country has been most mischievous. Hy forcing France to raise, at home, articles for the production of which she has no natural or aciiuired capabilities, the exportation, and conseiiuently the growth, oftlio.se articles in the production of which she is superior to every other country, has been very greatly narrowed. All commerce being bottomed on a fair principle of reciprocity, a country that refuses to import must cease to export. By exclud- ing foreign produce — by refusing to admit the sugar of Brazil, tho cottons and hardware of England, the iron of Sweden, the linens of Germany, and the cattle of Switzerland and Wir- tcmberg — France lias done all that was in her power to drive the merchants of those coun- tries from her marki!ts. They are not less anxious than formerly to obtain her wines, bran- dies, and silks ; inasmuch, however, as commerce is merely an exchange of proilucts, and as France will accept very few of the products belonging to others, they cannot, how anxious soever, maintain that extensive and mutually beneficial intercourse with her they would otherwise carry on : they sell little to her, and their purchases are of course, propor- tionally diminished. This, indeed, is in all cases the necessary and inevitable effect of tho prohibitive system. It never fails to lessen exportation to the same extent that it lessens importation ; st) that, when least injurious, it merely substitutes one sort of industry for another — the production of the article that had been obtained from the foreigner, in the place of the production of that which had been sent to him as an e(iuivalent — (See Commeuck.) France is not only extremely well situated for carrying on an extensive intercourse with foreign countries, but she is largely supplied with several productions, which, were slie to adopt a lilicral commercial system, would meet with a ready and advantageous sale abroad, and enable her to furnish equivalents for the largest amount of imports. The superiority enjoyed by .\mboyna in the production of cloves is not more decided than that enjoyed by France in the production of wine. Her claret, burgundy, champagne, and brandy, are un- rivalled ; and furnish, of themselves, the materials of a vast commerce. Indeed, the produc- tion of wine is, next to the ordinary business of agriculture, by far the most extensive and valuable branch of industry in France. It is estimated hy the landholders and merchants of the department of the Gironde, in the admirable Petition et Memnire a VApptd i)re.sentcd by them to the Chamber of Deputies in 1828, that tho quantity of wine annually produced in France amounts, at an average, to about 40,000,000 hectolitres, or 1,060,000,000 gallons ; that its value is not less than from 800,000,000 to 1 ,000,000,000 francs, or from 32,000,000/. to 40,000,000/. sterling ; and that upwards of three millions of individuals are employed in its production. In some of the southern departments, it is of paramount importance. The population of the Gironde, exclusive of Bordeaux, amounts to 432,839 individuals, of 29 s il ^ 226 l5(1IM)K\rX. i ' wliom no fowor than SSfi.OOO mi' muiiimhhI in Im' iliri'ctly oiinuni'd in tho cullivntinn of the vino. Kcro, thon, ix u hrnnrli of in>lii.Hirv in wliicli l''riinrf li;is no coiiiiH'titor, wliicli ovon now atVonlH rMi|ilovinfiit for iilioiit a li'iiili |>.ii't of lici' |io|iuliilioii, and wliii'h is Mii4t-i'|itili|i' of inili'Tniilc cxtcnNinii. Tin' \:iliii' of tln' wiiiis, IiimiiiIIck, viii('i;.irr:, iVf. i'\|i(>i't('il from i''r.ini'o, at an iivcninf ol'ilii' :? yt'.irH t'lidiiin with \'i'M), aiiiounlcil lo atioiil ril,(l(l(),(Mllt francs, or ii|)w;\r(lH of /(/vi Mtillloiis Hlcrliiii;. 'I'lir animal i'\portn of wiiu' from Uonlc-aiix only. ''ici't'd- I'd 100,11011 lulls ; and as the Hn|>|ily of wini* iniitlit l)U incrcasi'd lo almost any amount, I'Vaiu'c lias, in this win'^lc arti<'l(', tlic ini'anM of carry ini^ on the most extensive and lucrativu coimncrci'. " i.e uonvernement l''raiicais," says Mr. ( 'liaplal, in his wurk Siir I' Inifiis/rh' i'raiiCiiist , "doit ies plus i;rands cue )uraiii'nirrils ,i la culluie des Niijiies, soil i|u'il coiisidiao Hcs |a'oduits relalivcmcnl a hi lonsoinmalioii iiilirieurc. soil i|n'il Ies eiivisnne sous je rap- port dc notre coinmeri'i' avec rclranncr. ilnni il isl in ij/'il la Imsi isstiiliillr," Hut instead of laliourini; to extend tliis i;ieai liranch of industry, government has con- S('nte/iiii from the (iironde. Accordiniito the tables printed by the (Joiimussion, the export of wine from France is. at this inonient, almost exactly the same as in 17H!). It is, however, plain that, had there not been some ])owerfiil eounteraeiiu'^ cause in operation, the export of wine ought to have been very greatly augmrnted. The rnited Htates, Unssia, England, Prussia, and nil those countries that have at all times been the great imjiorters of French wines, have made prodigious advances in wi^altli and poimlatioii since 17S!); and, had the commerce with them not been subjected to injurious restrictions, there is every reason to think that their imports of French wine would have been much greater now than at any former period. iJut the truth is, that the accounts laid before the Commission are entitled to extremely little credit. In so far as respects the export of wine from Hordeaux, which has always been the great market for this sjiecies of produce, tiie statements in the Miinnlrv a rA/ipitt are taken from the Custom-house returns. Their accuracy may, therefore, be depended upon, and they show an extraordinary falling oil'. Previously to the Revolution, the exports ainounieil to 100,000 tuns a year — {I'ciic/ief, Statist iijue Elcmenlairc, p. 138.) ; but since 1820, they have only been as follows : — Tans. 'i'lnis. Tuns. Tuns 1S'20, 111,110 lS-2'2, :i!).'.ij.'j 1*21, ;i!l,l)-2.'i lS'2fi, 4H,ll) 1.S'21, (■..•!,24t i^-a. 51, Mil hs-i,'), lli,;ill hS'.T, r)),!'.) It is also stated (Mi'inoirc, p. 3.3.), that a large proportion of these exports has been made on speculation ; and that the markets of Hu.ssia. the Netherlands, Hamburgh, &c. are glut- ted with French wines, for which there is no demand. " Dans ce moment," (a.'ith April, 1828,) it is said in the Mciiioirc, "il existe en consignation, a Hainbourg, 12,000 a 1.5,000 barriques dc vin pour compte des propri/taires du departement do la Ciironde, qui seront trop heurenx s'ils ne pcrdent (jiie leur C!i])ital." This extraordinary decline in the foreign demand has been accompanied by a correspond- ing glut of the home market, a heavy fall of prices, and the ruin of a great number of mer- chants and agriculturists. It is estimated, that tliere were, in April, 1828, no fewer than 600,000 tuns of wine in the Gironde, for which no outlet could be found ; and the glut in llllirrst /, »('< iiiirilii sill^ lies |i| I'll.v res r:i 'Millrlli' ft rclr.iMi: "(111 till inn UlT. ciier," HOUDIvMiX. 827 iuli'(l. fir I'y iViim t'rmn tliat, )iii;ht I, and inii(li) with tlicir finely lu'cn lit nrc lupon, njiirts »inco I made I i^lut- lApril, |5,()00 \cront Iponil- nipr- than lut ill thp othrr drpnrtnirntH, Im Muiil Id li;ivr lurn |iiii|i.irlii)imlly tjirat. Tlu" full in llii" |irici' of wiiii" lias rt'a( ti'il on llif viiu'vard^, immt of w liii'li Imvc lii'i'onif i|iiitr iiiiHalciililf ; ami ii total nt()|i lia» lifcn put to every fort of iinpnucinrnl. Nor li.ivr liiiiltfrs iiccii in llic IriiHl unu'rul- rd ilinirin llu' currriil yt'ar ; on ttii' coiilniry, llicy nt'ini to In- iTaiUiiilly iM'ltini; worse. iSucli is tlir [lovrrtv nt' ihe proprietors, that wine is now lVi'i|iii'nl!y .-ei/rd, ami solil liy the re\eniie ollii'crs in pavnuiil ol arrears of taxes; and it appears. iVoni some late statements in the Miiiiiiniil liiinhliiis (a newspaper pnlijislieil at Hordeanx'), thai tln' wine so sold has mif reeiMitly leteheil nions at an average, than ahout two thirds of the eosi of its prodnelion ! The followinu (;//?m// areo\ml of the exports of wine from the (Jironde. ihniiiij; the \\ yearM enilini; with IM.'M, sets the extraordinary deeline of this imjiortant trade in the most Btrikini? point of view ; — Vi \r. I.llrr^. Imp. IIaI. I Vi :ir. I.i'n". III']'. (111. I Vc.ir. I.ilrr<. Iiiip.(l.ll. ih'2u .n.Hav.iMii ii.tii:i,(M I ism aH,.',M,s';n - ti.'M,ii-i | ism umiiimkii r>.:i7ii,ii(i The exports of hrnndy have declined in aliont the same ilei;rei> ; and the foreii;!! dhippiiifj lVe(|uentinu; the port has lieeii dinnnished nearly a half. .Sneli are the etleets that the restriclive system of policy has liad«in the wine trade of I'rance, — on a hranell of industry which, as we hav^' already sem, employs //;*•/ / iiiilHoiis of jieopie. It is salisliu'tory, however, to oli.~er\e, tiiit the landowners and merchants are fully aware of the sonrce of the misery in which they have iici ii involved. 'I'hcv know that they are not sndi'rini; from hostile or vindictive measnrcs on (lie part of forcini.crs. lint from iho Mind and senseless policy of their own (!;ov( rinncnt ; that they are \iilims of an attempt to c(Mniteract the most ohvions principles — to make I'rance produce articles ilircetly at home, which she minht ohtain from the foreigner in e\elianv;e I'or wine, liraiiily, \e. at a third or u f)urth part of the expense they now cost. V7/( t/ rtiiiiiol (.v/iart, liicwtt^t' tin i/ air luil (illiiicdl III iinpiirt. Hence they iiie," say tlic laniiowiiers ami luenliahts of the (ilronile, '* le syslOiiie priilii- liltil" est la iibiH ili'iiliinihir ilr.H iririim. I.a iiiUnre, i aiis sa xaririe inliiin', a ile|iarli i\ cliac|Hc (■(ailree HC- allnliuls |i;irli( iiliers ; ellc a inipriiiii'' snr i liai|iii' xil sa vi'rilalile ilislinaiiuM, ii c'csl par la dlver- fUf- ill's |>rni|iilts el lies liesoliis, iin'i'llr a vniila iiiiii l> s liuniiiii's p:ir ini liiii iiioversi'l, et iipi ler ciitrc riix ci's raiipriii'lii'iiieiils i|iil mil pruilail le roiiaiirn e el la l'l\lll^alloll. ••(iarlli' est la liase ilii svslCaie prnliiliiUri line verilalile iliiiiiOrciiul mas isle ii essayer ile veniire i\ relraiiL'i'r sans acheler lie hil. "(larlle est iliiiM' la i'iins(''i|iirnce la plus iiniiieili.iti' ilii syslOiiii' preliil.inf, i ii, en iraulres l"rnie.s, ila iniiniipoli' I ("esl ipie le |'a>H ipii est place suns son empire lie peiii vniilre sis pruilails i\ I'einiil- (inr. I.e vi)ili\ iliiMC rel'onU' ilaiis lai-nienic ; el il riinpiissiliiliU' ile veiiilre i e ija'il a ile linp \ iml su join'Ire li n^'icsslK* do payer plus clier le ipii lul inani|ue. •' Ncilre inilnslrie iie ileinaniloil, pnnr frniliiier. iii la I'lvnir il'nii iiiuiiiipiil,', nl celle I'mile irarliiUaiH et lie seinnrs iliint liien il'aiures mil impose le I'anleaii an jiays. I'lie sa!;e liheric I'limiinriiale. line ('Tiiiiiiniie jHilitiipie t'miil^e snr la nature, eu rippial a\ec la rivillsatinn. en liiiriiionie .im r tons les inl('a'''ls virilatiles; telle ^'tnit smi seal liesoin. l.i\rci' asmi essnr iiiilnirl, el|i> se seroi! ('■lenillle iri'lle-monii' snr la france ile isl |. roinme snr celle ile I7>'t; elle aurml liini!i' la plus riclic hranclie ile smi aL'ricalliire ; e'.le aiirnll fait cirniler, el ilans smi sol natal, el dans Imit le «d da ruvaiinie, line si>ve lie vie et de ricliesse ; elle anriiil eiii'me attire snr nus plates le nanmei'ce dii inonile; el la I'riune, an lien ile s't'-riirer avec eirml en pays iiiannlaitMrier, anroit recmiipiis, pur la I'lirce des c hoses, ane siipi'ridriti' inciinieslalde roiiime pays a^'rirole. •• l,e systOine coiilrairc a prevalii. " l.a mine irnii des pins importaiits lU-parleinetils de la rrani'e ; la dilnsse il.s departements rlr- cotivuisins ; le dcpCrisseinenl j;i'nrral ilii .Midi; line immense pupnlalinn allaipiee dans ses iniiyeiis irevlstenre; uncapilal I'liorme cmiipieniis ; la perspi'ili\ e de lie pmiveir pr.'lrver riiiipul snr ilntri! sill appuiivri et il'pnuillt'' ; nil prejnilli'e iinmeiiM' pmir Ions les il.'p,u'leiiii'nls ildiil noils suniine trilill- tairi's; nn decroisseineni rapide dans cedes de nes coMs.'inmatinus (|ni pridilent an iNonl ; la stacna- tiiiii fii'm'rale da cmaineri'e, aver Ions les il.'-aslres ipi'elle enlraine. Iniiles lis pcrles (|irelle prodnil, et tuns les d(iniinai;es 1)11 inatrriels, on pidiliiiiies on nimiiii.\, Mill e;i s.uil rin.'vitalde suite; eiiliii, raiieaiitisseiaenl lie )iliis en pins irreparalile de Ions ims aniieiis rappmls ciMiiinerrianv ; les aiitj-u.s pcnples s'eiiriihissant de ims perles el di'veloppaiit lear systOiiie ciiniiiii !■• i;i| .-nr les di'liris illl iiotru ; "Teds sunt les frnils anicrs ilii systOine dmil iiinis avmiS eie l"S piiniipales victiines." Such is the well authenticated account, laid before the ('hanibcr of Deputies by 12,503 landowners and merchants of the (iironde, of the /i/v/c' c(// operation and real elVcct of that very system of policy, which, extraordinary as it may seem, has been held up for iinitntion to the parliament of England ! 'I'lie elVectof this system upon the silk trade, of France, the most important branch of her iitiiiiufdcluriti}^ industry, and one in which slic had loiiii; the superiority, is similar, and hardly less destructive. Her prohibitions have forced others to maimfacture for. themselves, so that the foreign demand for silks is raiiidly diminishinir. It is stated, in Oljscrralioiui (iddrcssi'i's a In Cain mission d'EiK/uifc, by the delei^ate of the Chamber of Commerce of liyoiis, that the silk manufacture is in the worst po.ssiblo slate. " Ce t|ui doit surtout ex- citer," he observes, " la gollieitude du Rotiverneimail, et le decider a entrer dans nos vuoh, c'est l't'lre was not iiiortf than 1 ship from any other country: in 1832, the foreiga arrivals were 1,004 ships, tonnage not staled ; (t( these, H12 were Anniriran, and 211 lirilish. Tin; arrivals coastwise in 1832 were 3,530; of these were 02 shi|)s, 514 hrigs, 2,332 schooners, and 028 sloops. Shipping Charges.— For an nccounl of these, see New Yokk. 'y^ * By comparini; this return with that for 1828, (riven in the former edition of this work, there would appi'ar to have heen a considerable fallinj! off in llie interim in the amount of shipping; this, how- ever, is not really the case. For an explanation of the discrepancy, seu art. New Vouk. I that 111 the 1830, behig 1 land tensive on the plan lescrip- ! rcgl3- f wUicU e were, Ijitioii of I foreign urs, anil Jc would Is, liow- BOSTON. 229 V- 2 „!•■■ T'" 2 • .: . mV. 3 'V Mny 1. Froti) May I. lo Nov .2. From Nov. 1. to May 1 , Fii III May 1. loNoi .1. i-hips Dot. Ships Dot. Shi[» Unl. .Ships Dot. .Ships Doi. Ships DnI. Ships Uol. Ships Dot. drwff. per (Irw^. per FcKit. drvvfT. per ilru'e. piT Foot. drw«. per Fool. ilr»x. per Fool. drwe. Fool. dlUK. per W.itcr. Fool. VVjlfr. Walcr. Fool. W,ll>.T. WaliT. Water. Walcr. W.iler, Fool. 7fi. O'JO 17 ft. 110 7 ft. 0-75 17 ft. 100 7 ft. 145 17 ft. 1-87 7 ft. 110 17 ft. 1-35 8 0-90 18 1-20 8 0-75 18 100 8 1-45 18 2-50 8 110 18 1-88 9 OiKI 10 130 9 0-75 19 1 25 9 1-45 19 2-75 9 110 10 1-S8 10 0'.»5 20 1-50 10 0-80 20 1-50 10 1-50 20 300 10 I-2'> 20 1-SS 11 1 (10 21 2(10 11 0-85 21 1-75 11 1-2 21 400 11 125 21 280 12 105 22 2-50 12 OiK) 22 200 12 1-77 22 4-00 12 1-30 22 3 00 13 110 23 2'75 13 Oi)5 23 2-25 13 1-77 23 4()0 13 1-35 23 300 14 110 24 2-75 14 005 24 2-25 14 1-87 24 400 14 1-35 21 son 1.^ lilt 25 2-75 15 005 25 2-25 15 1-87 25 400 15 1-.35 25 3-00 16 110 Ifi 0'J5 If. 1-87 Id 1-35 ■1 .1. 1 Carecninp, Stores, if-c— lioston is a very favourable place for careening and repairing ships. All kinds of supplies may be lia.'j,OflO barrels of mackerel, herrings, alewives, &c. ; 20,000 quintals of dried and smoked fish ; 3..500,000 pair.= of boots and shoes ; 600,000 bundles of paper; Iic- sides a very large amount of cott.iii and woollen manufitctured goods, nails, furniture, cord- age, &c. ; so as to leave a large balance in hiT favour. Her exports of native produce to foreign countries consist principally of the same articles she sends to the southern states; but she also exports a large amount of the foreign produce she had jireviously imported. The imports from abroad consist principally of cotton and woollen goods ; linens, canvas, &c. ; hardware, silks, sugar, tea, coffee, wines and brandy, sjiices, hides, indigo, dye woods, &(-. The total imports from foreign countries into the state of Massachusetts in the year ending 3()lh of September, 1832, amounted to 18.118,'JOO dollars; while the exports of native pro- duce, during the same year, amounted to only 4,(;..(i,635 dollars, and of native and foreign produce together, to 11,993,763 dollars; the balance against Mas.sachu.sctts being paid olf by bills upon the southern states, to which she exports much more than she imports. IS'cw York alone is, in fact, supposed to be at all times uidebtcdto Boston about 5,000,000 dollars. We subjoin a summary So that then this Sinn liir uiiiler disiiiii York Mvcrti fii.iiiniiirc i coiiipaiiles, a ainoiiiiti'd ill lives. Till, s 511.) percent Cmlit.—Pi) to 12liioiit|is: credit is givei Coiiiniin.'iion. (lerr iiii-|ii(|i.(|] rhargt'd. Tin ■•^iiiii iiiercliani cars-ocsiireso kerai;!'. Pniiknipfn/.- Prrlririiri.s ar ''■iiikriipt's laii ■I'l.V .•(■,•! I rla in, cullies in tli(. w one nut thoroi eiii|il(iy noil,. 1,1 pound sterlings &c. see N|.;w V . We have deri linn, and partly Dol. per I'oot. 1-35 r88 1-88 1-88 2-80 300 300 3'On 3-00 All BOSTON. 231 Account of the Trade of Boston and MassachusettB with Foreign Countries In 1831. Imports from Dolbn. Export! lo PolUn. Russia . , . - H\vi!(l«n and Denmark Hrii/.il ... - Enu'land - . - - British Kast Indies Do. West Indies Do. American provinces Cuba and Spanisli West Indies - China . , . . From othur places to Boston Total value of imports to Boston To otiier ports in Massachusetts \ frotn various places - 3 Total value of imports into " Massachusetts - J ' 14,209,056 dollars = 3,210,527/. 12.s l,(H)fl,300 322,800 396,500 6,030,000 685,000 92,(H)0 92, 1(H) 1,991,300 762,000 Russia - - . . Sweden and Denmark Hra/.il . - . . Enpland . - - - British East Indies Do. West Indies Do. American provinces Cuba and Spanish West Indies - China . - - . To other places from Boston Total value of e.xports from Boston To various places from other " ports in Massachusetts - j' Total value of e.vports from \ Massachusetts - i 170,400 285,600 428,500 200,000 426,000 80,500 531,000 1,077,000 .325,000 12,278,000 1,000,000 3,530,000 2,000,000 13,278,000 991,056 :<,530,000 ':,203,763 14,209,056 7,733,763 . sterlin)!. 7,733,763 dollars = 1,740,096;. 13,i. (td. sterling. Banks- In .lanuary, 1833, there were 84 Banks in the state of Massachusetts, of which 24 were in Bost(ii). or tlie latter, 4 or 5 were only recently estalilished. We subjoin a detailed statement of the principal circumstances in the condition of the Boston banks in 1830; and for further particulars the reader is referred to the article Bank.s (Forkion). Banks. Stwres. K.ich. C.ipilal. Time and H.ife of Uiviai-ml. .'-mount of iJiv'dcncl. IMIim. Diillari. IT. 3. liranch - 15,000 ion 1,500,000 .Ian. 3i— .InlySi 105,000 Aniericiin - - - 7,5(M) 100 7.50,(HU) April 1 —Oct. 2 22,500 MaFsailiMsntts 3,200 230 H0O,(H)O April 2— Oct. 2'- 3t;,oon New Kniiland 10,000 100 1,000,0(H) Aprii 3 —Oct. 3 60,000 St;ile Hank 30,000 60 1,800,000 April 23— Oct. 21 90.000 Washiiurtc-. 5,000 100 500,000 April li— Oct. 2i 18,750 Coiinuonwia''' 5,0(K) 100 500,000 April 3 —Oct. 3 30,000 Fade . . - - 5,000 100 500,(H)0 April 3 —Oct. 3 .30,000 (;i(il)e . - - 10,000 100 1,000,000 Anril 2i— Oct. 3 55,000 Union - 8,000 100 8(ll),0()0 April 2 —Oct. 2i 44,000 Boston ... 12,000 75 900,000 April —Oct. 3 27,000 City ... - 10,000 100 l,000,fl(M) April li— Oct. 3 45,000 Cohmiliian - - - 5,000 100 500,000 April 2 —Oct. 2i 22,500 Franklin . . - 1,000 100 100,000 April 3 —Oct. ^ 6,500 Trenmnt ... 5,000 100 500,(K)0 April —Oct. 2J- 12,500 North Hank . - - 5,000 1(H) 500,0(M) April 31— Oct. 3i 33,750 Sutlblk ... 7,500 100 750.000 April 3 —Oct. 3 45,000 Atlantic . . - Totals - 5,000 100 500,000 April 2i— Oct. U 20,000 149,200 13,900,000 703,500 So tliat there were in 18.30, in Boston, 18 banks with a capital of 13,900,000 dollars. The dividends on tliis sum I'lir tlie same year amounted to 703,500 dollars, beiiis at the rate of 5()6 per cent. The paper tinder dii'iiiuiit is estimated to have e.xceeded 70,000,000 dollars.— (StufemeHt by J. II. Guddard, jfew York Mrerti^er, 29lh of .lanuary, 1831.) Iii:iiiniiire. Cnwyiniics.— Insurance, both fire and nuirine, is carried on to a Rreat extent hy joint stock cninpanii'S, and to scuni! extent also by individuals. The stocks of the dilferent insurance companies aniduiiti'd in .lanuary, I83.i. to (),675,0()0 dollars. Only one company is established for insurance upon lives. The stocks of the dilferent insurance companies produced, in 1830, an average dividend of 511.1 piT cent. Cifi///.— Foreign poods are frequently sold for ready money, but more usually at n credit of from 3 to 12 iiioiitlis : averape Iciiuth of credit, 6 nxuiths ; baton iron and some other articles, 12 months' credit is iiiven. Discount for ready money at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum. Cdiiiiiiifsioii. — The rates of commission are arbitrary, varyinjl from 2 to 5, ami sometitnes (del cre- dere incluilcd) to 7.i per cent. On small accounts, and West India jioods, 5 per cent, is usually charj-'cd. The ordinary rato may be taken at 2J per cent. ; but competition is so priiat, that commis- sion iiicrchants may be found who will transact business on almost any terms. Sometimes whole caru'iii's are sold by brokers on an agreement to receive a specilic sum in lieu of commission and bro- keraL'c. l!iinkr)iiitr>j.—T\ip law as to bankruptcy in Massachusetts seems to be in a most disgraceful state. I'rc I'l'ifuriis are very frequently piven ; ami property is in many instances conveyed, for behoof of the liaiikrnpt's I'limily, to persons said to In; creditors to a correspomling amount, without their having any rciil ilaim to such character. It is true that these conveyanct's may be cancelled ; hut the ditti- cnilirs in the way are so grrat, that they are seldom s(!t aside. The safest course that a foreigner, or one not thorongidy acquainteit with the city, can pursue, is to deal only for ready money ; and to employ none hut llii! most respectable agents. .l/iDiV;/.— Ill Massachusetts, ami throughout New England, the dollar passes at fw. ; so that tlie pound sterling = U. (>.<. Sd. Boston currency.- (For further particulars as to Money, Weights, Measures, &c. see New YoiiK.) We have derived these details partly from the antliorilics referred to, partly from private inforiiia- tinn, and partly from the iMaborate Anstr.ers of the Cmisul to the Circular (Queries. [According to a censvis taken in May, 1837, the population of Boston was 80,325. § I 232 BOTARGO— BOTTOMRY. h i f From an abstract of the returns made l)y tho banks of Massachusetts, showing their con- dition on the lOth of February, 183S, and published under the direction of the Sccretarj' of the Commonwealth, it appears that at that date there were no less than 128 banks in tho State. No returns were received from five of tiiese. The aKKregate of the amounts returned by the remaining 123, together with those returned by them on the preceding Ist day of October, were as follows : — rircnlntion . , - - - Oct. 1. Feb. 10. S0,!Ki4,lin #9,100,776 nnlaiici'M tn other hanks - - - - 5,H)S,ni2 4,5.-i4,813 Depositcs not on interest ... 8,231, iSO 5,43fl,.')30 Do. on interest . . - - 5,31H,ISt 3,6.')0,b32 Specie .-.--- 1,174.713 l,7fll,4fiO Hills of ntlirrtmnks . . - - 2,!).')l,8n4 2,700,275 nalnnces from other banks . . - 5,r)(i-2,7KO 4,037,()1« Loans ------ 5(),.'?!IH,121 52,7!lrincipal, and the interest agreed upon, however much that interest may exceed the legal rate. — {Black. Com. book ii. c. 30.) The extraordinary hazard run by the lenders of money on bottomry, who, in fact, become adventurers in the voyage, has been held, in all countries, asjustifyina; them in stipulating for the highest rate of iiUerest. When the loan is not on the ship, but on the goods laden on board, which, from their nature, must be sold or exchanged in the course of the voyage, the borrower's personal responsibility is then the principal security for the j)erformance of the contract, which is therefore called respondentia. In this consists the principal dillercnce between bottomry and respondentia. The one is a loan upon the ship, the other upon the goods. The moncv BOTTOMRY. 233 the I produces IsmiH' ri - lit (li'iil rincipal was really I'xposed to the dangers of the sea. — {Boeckh's Public Economy of Athens, vol. i. p. 177. Kng. trans.) The principle was adopted by the Romans who gave to bottomry interest t he name of nauticum fwnus ; and has been transferred from the Roman law into all modern codes. " Formerly," says Mr. Serjeant Marshall, " the practice of borrowing money on bottomry and respondentia was more general in this country than it is at present. Tlie immense caiiitals now engaged in every branch of commerce render such loans unnecessary ; and money is now seldom borrowed in tliis manner, but by the masters of foreign ships who put into our ports in need of pecuniary assistance to refit, to pay their men, to purchase provi- * Mr. Serjeant Murslmll dnutits this j but it was so ducidcd by the Court of King's Bench in Ju^t' V. Wimmmttn, U. R. Mich, 23 Geo. 3. u 2 30 c ■y\ 234 BOTTOMRY. sions, &c. Sometimes officers ami otlais lelon^iiip ti ships ongaRcJ in long voyage*, who have the liberty of trading to a ciMt;iin extent, with the prospect of great protit, but without capitals of their own to employ in mich trade, take up money on respondentia to make their investments ; but even this, us I am informed, is now not very frequently done in this country." The term bottomry has sometimes lieen incorrectly applied to designate a contract, by the terms of which the ship is not pledged as a security, but the repayment of money, with a high premium for the risk, is made to depend u[)oii the success of the voyage. This, how- ever, is plainly a loan upon a particular adventure, to be made by a particular ship, and not a loan upon the ship, and of course, the lender has only the personal security of the borrower for the due performance of the contract. And it seems that loans have sometimes been made in this manner, and probably also with a jilcdge of the ship itself, to an amount exceeding the value of the borrower's interest in the ship ; and such a contract is still legal in this country in all cases, except the case of shijjs belonging to British subjects bound to or from tlic East Indies, aa to which it is enacted (19 Geo. a. c. 37. § 5.), ,..,.„..=,..>........>......, eyoiihot- loiiiiy or at respnnik'Mtia as iilViriisiiiil, shall nxover iriort: on any assiiraiiin than tlii^ valiin of his intcri'st on Iho ship, or in tlie nioritlianillai's ami cUiMts la(l(;n on hoard of sncli ship, oxclusive of the money so liorrowiMl ; nnil in casu it shall appear that the value of his share in the ship, or in the mer- chandises ami etfeets ladcMi on board, doth not amonnt to the t'nil snin or sums lie hath horroweil as aforrsuiil, such borrower shall be responsible to itie lender for so much of the money lion l...*l. ..... Iiii.! ..11, nil tdii hiliiii r\r ,iiiii*i*hii iiili.;iiii ey borrowed as he hath not laid out on the ship, nr meniiandlsra laden thereon, in Ihe proportion the money not laid out shall bear to the whole nu)ney lent, notwithstanding the ship and merchandises be totally lost." Lord Tenterden says that this statute was introduced for the protection of the trade of the East India Company ; and its rules must be complied with in the case of bottomry by the 7iutf'tcn of ships trading to the East Indies. For a further discussion of this sulyect, sec Ahhott on the Law of Shipping, part ii. c. 3.; ManhaUon Insurance, book ii. ; and Park on Insurance, c. 21. I. Form of a BoUomrij Bond. KNOW ALL MEN by these pn'sents. That L •^. B. commander and two-thirds owner of the ship Ktrtcr, for myself and C. 1)., remaiiiiiiL' third owner of the said ship, am held ami (irndy bound unto E. h'. in the penal sum of two thousand jiound.i sterling, for the payment of which well and truly to bo made unlo the said E. F., his heirs, e.veculnrs, administrators, lir assigns, I hereby bind myself, my heirs, evecutors, and administrators, lirndy by these presents. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand ami seal, this 1 1th day of JJcnmhcr, In the year of our Lord I'SXi. WiiKiicAs the above bound ^. B. bath taken up and received of the said E. F. the full and just sum of r"" Hiiiiisiuid pounds sterlinir, which sum is to run at respondentia on the block and frei)riit of the ship I'.it.ler. whereof the said Ji. B. is now master, from tll(^ port or road of Bombay on a voyage to tile jiMi iif London, having permissicui to touch, stay at, and prcuuied to all ports and places within the liniils of tlie voyasri!, at the rat(! or premium of twenlij-jUn. /w r cent, (a.*) per cent.) for the voyage. In toiisidi'ralion whereof usual risks of tlie seas. rivers,"eneinies, tires, pirates, &,c.are to he oil account of the said E. F. And for the further security of tlie stiid /■;. F. tlu' said ./J. B. doth by these presents mnrlLvi::.,' and assi;,'!! over to the said E. F his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, the' said .ship /.".ifVi-rand her freiglit, together with all her tackle, app:ii(d, 4i.c. And it is liiireby declared that the said ship Exrtcr untl her fn'ight is thus assigned over for the security of the respondiMitia taken up by the said j?. fl., and shall he delivered to no other use or purpose whatever, until payment of tills ii.iiut is first made, with the premium that may beccune due thi.'reoii. Now TiiK Condition of this (diligation is siicli, thai if the above bound Ji. B. his heirs, e.vecii- lors, or administrators, shall and do well ami truly pay. or cause to be paid, unto the said K. F. or his attoriiey.s in London legally authorUed to receive the same, tliiur evecutors, administrators, or assigns, the full and just sum of l.Ollll/. sterling', beinz the |irliici|ial of this bond, together with the lireiiiium which sliall become due thereupon, iit or beluie the expiration of ninetij days at'ter the safe arrival of the said ship Exeter at her moorings in ilie river I'luimis, or in case of the loss of the said ship Exeter, such an average as by custom shall have become due on the salvage, then this obligation to be void and of no efiect, oth..'rwlje to remain in lull force sind virtue. Having signed to three bonds of ihe same tenor and date, the one of which being accomplished, the other two to be void and of no eilecl. JI. B. for self and C. v.* Higned, sealed, and delivered, where no stamped ^ G. U. paper is to be had, in the presence of j'/. A'. * In this bond the occasion of borrowing the money is not expressed, but the money was in reality bnn-owed to retit the ship which being on a voyage from Bengal to London was ohligi'd to put back to Bonihaii to repair. See The Exeter, IVhilford. 1 Kob. A. U. ITC). The occasion therefore of borrowin" the money gave the lender the security of the entire interest of the ship. Hut this bond, although expressed to be e.vecuted by the master for hlniselt and the other part-owner, would not bind the I'tlier part-owner personally, unle.-^s he had bijn preiUinsdnd authorised the master to execute such a bond fur /i;,7i. — (JibbotL on the Law of Hhipjiiiig, part ill. c. 1. { 2.) II. Form of n Bottomry Bill. TO ALL MF,N TO WHOM THE.SE I'RESENT.-i r^MALL COME. ^.J^. Rof Bc„r„/,marincr,part- •iwner and master of the ship called the Enter, of the biirlheii of fivi! hundred tons and ui)wards,iiow riding at anchor in Tulde Bay. at the Cojie of (loud Hope, send greeting: WiiEHKAs I, the said .4. B., part-owner and ma.-ter of the aforesaid ship, called the Ereter now in pros(M;utioii of a voyage from Beniral to Ut br.parl- Ida.iiow I now ill liurposi! of llw voynite nforcsaid, am at this time neccsnitntcd to tnlxe up iipontlip ndventttro of tlio said ship, cnllod tlic F.itler, tlif fiiiin of one thouMnd poundu stcrlinj! riionio» of (irrat Britain, for setting thn said ship to sea, anil fiirnii'tiiiiR h<;r witli provisions and iifceHsarirs lor the said voyagi', wliichioini C. 7J. of tilt! Ca)w of Good Hope, mnstpr attcndnni, liaiti at my rf(|ii('st lent unto nic', and supplied nic with, at tile rate of fiot/ue hundred and lirentij puHio/s sterliiiK for llie said iine tliuiiiiunU pounds, being ut tlio rate of one hundred and tvenly-tico puund.-- lor every hundred /loiuiiys adviinred as aforesaid, duriiiR llie voyaite of the said ship from Table Bay to l.imduv. Now know vk, that 1, the said A. B., hy these presents, do, for ine, my executors and adniinistriilors, covenant and (.'rant to and with the said C. 1>. thattliB saidsliipsliall, with the flrst convoy wliichshall otfer for Knirlaiid alterlliedate of these pre- BOiits.sailand depart for the port of 7>oii(/,iii, thereto linislithe voya;;(' aforesaid. And I, the said Ji. B., inronsideralionof the Hnmof (-jic thuu.iund pounds sterling to nie in hand paidliy the said C. D. at and before the scaling and delivery of these presents, do lierehy hind myself, my heirs, e.Teintnrs, and HUmiiiistrators, iny goods and chattels, and particularly the said sliip, the tackle and apparel of the liame, and also the freight of the said ship, which is, or shall hecome due fur the aforesaid voyage from BenfralXo the port \^i London, to pay unto Hie said C. I>. his executors, administrators, or assigns, the sum of /'/■rfrc hundred and twentij pounds of \a\\(\\\ Ilritish money, within thirty daya next after the safe arrival of the said ship at the port of London from the same intended voyage. And I, the said Jl. B. do, for nie, my executors and administrators, covenant and grant to and with Uie said C. />., his executors and administrators, hy these presents, that I, the said ji. B., at tlie time of sealing and delivering of these presents, am a true and lawful part-owner and master of the said uliip, and have power and authority to charge^iul engage the said ship with her freight as atbresaiu, and that the said ship, with her freight, shall, ?t all times after the said voyage, he liahle and charge- able for the payment of the said twelre hundred and twenty pounds, according to the true intent am) meaning uf these presents. And lastly, it is hereby declared and agreed by an ' ' ween the said parties to these presents, that in case the said ship shall be lost, miscarry, or be i:u .way before In r arrival at the said port of Lon- don from the said intended voyage, that then the payiuiMit of the said ticelne hundred nndtwrnty puuvdx eball not be demanded, or he recoverable by the said C. 1)., his executors, administrators, or assigns, but shall cease and determine, and thi; loss thereby be wholly borne and sustained by the said C. J)., his executors and administrators, and that then and from thenceforth every act, matter, and thini? herein mentioned on the part and behalf of the said ,4. B. shall be void ; any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. In witness whereof the parties have interchangeably set their hands and seals to four bonds of this tiMior and date, one of which being paid, llie others to be null and void. At the Cape of Good Hope, this 1,'ith day of JVoremJer, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hutidred and thirty. Witness, -)E.F. , \a. It. ,9.B. (L. S.) [Bcsid»!3 the works referrcil to by the author, the reader may consult with advantage the 49th Lecture of Cliancellor Kent's Cotnmentari/ on Amerimn Law. It contains a concise and very lucid statement of the subject of maritime loans. — Am. Ed.] BOUNTY, a term used in commerce and the arts, to signify a premium paid by govcrn- nient to the producers, exporters, or importers of certain articles, or to those who employ ships in certain trades. 1, Ikiunlirs on Production are most commonly given in the view of encouraging the establishment of some new branch of industry ; or they are intended to foster and extend a branch tliat is believed to be of paramount importance. In neither case, however, is their utility very obvious. In all old settled and wealthy countries, numbers of individuals are always reaily to embark in every new undertaking, if it promise to be really advantageous without any stimulus from government : and if a branch of industry, already estabUshed, be really iiiiportant and suitable for the country, it will assuredly be jirosecutcd to the neces- sary extent, without any encouragement other than the natural demand for its protluce. 2. Bounties on F.xportation and Importation.— It is enacted by thn 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52., that a merchant or exporter claiming a bounty or drawback on goods exported, must make oath that they have been lU'lually exported, and hav»! not linn relanded, and are not intended to he relandod, in any part of tlie Viiited Kingdom, or in the Isle of Man (unless entered for the Isle of Man), or in the islands of Taro or Kerro : and ilia further enacted, that if any goods cleared to be exported for a bounty or draw- back, shall not be duly exporteil to parts beyond the seas, or shall be relanded in any part of the I'nited Kingdom, or in the islands of I'aro or I'erro, or sliall be carried to the islands of (.'uernsey, .hrsey. .Mderney, Sark, or Man, (nut having been duly entered, cleared, and shipped for exportation til such islands. )siicli goods shall be lorleite of beinp; rcndcri-d lucialivi' ; at ihr saino tiiiu' that thoy arc prevcnti'd, by triiKtinp; to tlic bounty, Ironi making tliosc exertions they naturally would have niado, had thi-y bocn oliligi'd to dopond enlirely on Kupfrior skill and industry lor the salo of their pro- duee. The history of all businesses carried on in this country by ihe aid of bounties, proves that ihcy are hardly less disadvantageous to those engaged in them than to the public. 'J'he truth of these remarks has been acknovvle- i74 403,207 Wliich, iiH till! hfctolitrt! is pqual to 2I)'42 winr tiallonH.HlinwH that tliuoxportatlonhi 1638 was equiva- lent to 10,222,728 gullunti ; l)Ut it iuiHHiiicti ducliiii'd ooiisideriilily. Duties on lirundif in Great Britain and Ireland. Quantities consumed. — In nothing, ])<>rhiipfl, hnn the injurious operation of oppressive duties lieen ho strikingly exemplified as in the cam of brandy. At tht- latter end of the 1 7th century, when the duty on brandy did not exceed 9/. a tun, the imports into England amounted to about 0,000 tuns, or l,Bl'i,000 (rallons — (Historical and I'lilitical Heinar/cs on t/iv Tariff of t lie late Treulif, 1786, p. 113.) ; whereas at present, notwithstanding our vast increase in wealtli and imputation since the priod referred to, we do not iiniiort more brandy than we did then ! Nor is this extraordi- nary circumstance to be ascribed to any preference on the part of tlic pulilic to other beve- rau'cs, but is wholly owing to the exorbitant duties with which brandy is loaded. The price of brandy in bond varies, at this moment, according to ([uality, from 'is. to .")«. a gallon (Iinp'rial measure), while the duty is no less than 'i'Zs. (id. Had tlie imposition of such a duty taken away the taste for brandy, it would have been comparatively iimocuous. Hut it has done no such thing. Its only elli-ct has been to convert a trade, that might otherwise have been ])ro(luclivo of the most advantageous results, into a most prolific source of crime and demoralisation. The temptation to snuiggle, occasioned by the exorbitancy of the duty, is too overpowering to be counteracted by the utuiost penalties of the law. All along the c^ast of Kent and Sussex, and the districts most favourably situated for runnini^ fipirils, almost the whole of the labouring population are every now and then vvllhdrawn from their ordinary employments, to engage in siiuiuislinir adventures. The etVorts of the revenue odU'crs to seize foreign brandy and geneva have in iununu'rable iustanees been repelled by force. Bloody and desperate contests have, in consequence, taken place. Many individuals, who, but for this fiscal scourge, would have been industrious and virtuous, have become idle, predatory, and ferocious ; they have learned to des|)ise l\w law, to execute summary vengeance on its ofliccrs ; and are iiitluenced by a spirit that has been, and may be, turned to the most dangerous purposes. Neither can it Iw truly said that tliis miserable system is upheld for the sake of revenue. On the contrary, it is easy to show that, besides the other mischievous eflects it entails on tlio public, it occasions the lo-ss of at least 1,000,000/. a year. In 1786, Mr. Pitt, by a wist> and politic measure, took 50 per cent, from tiie ilnty on brandy and geneva ; (the duty on tlie latter has been for a lengthened period the same as that on brandy ;) and instead of beiug diminished, the revenue was increased. In 1790, when the duty on brandy and geneva was 1)4'. the wine gallon, tlie quantity retained for home consumption was 2,2iJr),.'')90 gal- lons. During the 3 years ending with 1803, when the duty was 9,v. 2^/., the (juantities of brandy and geneva retained for home consuini)tion amounted, at an average, to about 2,700,000 gallons; but during the 3 years ending with 1818, wlien the duty bad been in- creased to 18.S". 10^. the wine gallon, the ([uantities retained did not exceed 850,000 gallons, while the quantities actually entered for home consumption were considerably less ! Since then the consumption has increitsed with the increasing wealth of the country ; but at this moment, the (juantity consumed in Great Dritain is fully 03.'3,000 gallons less than in 1790 I Nothing, therefore, can be more palpably erroneous than to contend tliat the revenue is im- proved by the jiresent system. Ilave we not seen the revenue derived from coll'ee trebled [ly reducing the duty from Is. Id. to Gd. ! Have we not seen the revenue derived from British spirits greatly increased, by reducing the duty from SSs. Ctd. to 2,?. the wine gallon ■? And where is the ground for supposing that the result would be dilVerent, were the duties on brandy equally reduced] But the experience allbrded by Mr. Pitt's measure in 1786, is ■iecisive as to this point. He quadru[)led the consumption and increased the revenue, by taking a half from the duty when it was a good deal less oppressive than nuw. Were a similar reduction made at present, does any one doubt that a similar result would follow ! Smuggling and adulteration vvouKl immediately cease ; our trade with France would be very greatly extended ; and the revenue would gain, not merely by adiiect increase of duty, but indirectly by a very great diminution of the expense of collection. But the ellcct of the increase of the duties on brandy in Irelund has been still more extra- ordinary. At an average of the 3 years ending with 1802. when the duty was 7s. 3|rf. the wine gallon, the average annual consumption of brandy in Ireland amounted to 208,064 gallons, producing a nett revenue of 77,714/. Now, n'.ark the consequence of trebling the duties. The consumption during the last 2 years, notwithstanding the population is more than doubled, only amounted, at an average, to 20, 1 99 gallons, producing about 22,500/. a i.w ,i-: 238 BRANDY. i' '^■•J 1 year revpnuc . Dr. Swift hai Bhrowdly rcmiirkfd, that in tho arithmrtic of the customB two and two do not aiwiiys make four, but HonuliiDCH only one. Hut hero wo have throrfold dutifH, with little more than a fourth part of thu ruvenuo, and Icm than a tenth part of tho couHuniption ! It is Hurely iniposHihIo that »uch a syntrm — a system cvincini; in every part a degree of ignorant rapacity, to \hi paralleled only l>y that of the HavnRes, who to get at tho fruit cut down the tree — shoulil be perinitled for a nuuh loni;er period to diHgracc our tiseal code. Those only who are anxious for the continuance of Hnni^pcling, with all its con8C(]uent crime luid misery, can be hostile to a reduction of tho duty on brandy. By fixing it at 10s. tho gallon, neitlier the consumption of Uritish Hi)iritH nor rum would be sensibly atFectcd. Tho middle classes would, however, be al>le to use brandy, on occasions when, perhaps, at pre- sent, they use nothing; its clandestine importation woidd bo prevented ; those engaged in smuggling would be obliged to have recourse to industrious pursuits, and the manufacture of the abominable compounds, that are now so frequently sulistituted in its stead, would bo put an end to. It is not easy, indeed, to suggest any measure that would be productive of BO nmch advantage, and be attended with fewer inconveniences. Hr)riilnli(iii.i as to Imporl itinns, iVc— Hriiiiily, (.'I'linva. uiiil ollipr fori'igii spirilH, iiillHl tic iinpnrlcd. If iiHiiHks, in ciixkH containini; iml Icssillmii 10 (.'iilldiiH.iiiKlri |ii'imlly ot'lnrfi'iinri'. — (;<&4 II ill. 4. c.S2.) 'I'lii'V must iilxii III! iiii|iiirlL'(l in hIOim of TO tuns liiirilrii nr ii|ivMirilH, iiiiil are not to lii< I'XiKirti'd troni ii lidiiiliMl wari'liiMisc ('.xccpt ilia vi'Hhi'I i<( liki? IdiiiiaL'i', iiikIit pain ol' t'orfi'iliiri'. — (lliiil.) Itriiiiily is licit III 111! iiiipurlril except in Jlrilisli ships, or in ships of the eonntry or pliire of wliicli it is the priiiliirt, or from wlili'li it is imported, on pain of tiirfeitiire thereof, and 100/. Iiy the innster of the ship— (JiSl 1 nUl. 4. c. 51.) Jlramly may he exported to Mexico, (^hili, or I'erii, in casks containing not less than IS gallons encli.— ("VVra'f. Onl. ITtli. of Deceniher, 1N.J".) Hranily and (.'eiievii nmy lie liottled in hondeil warehouses, for exportation to liritiali poSHessionB in the Mast Indies, under the same coinlitioiis as wine anil rniii.— (See SeudTs.) In most of the piihlic accounts, the imports of hranils and neneva are hlended together. It wonlil appear, too, from the note to llio followiiiuacroiiMt, that there are no means of accurately distiiiLMiisli- iii); them, except since IMit, The reader will linil, intlie article SeitilTs, an accoimt of the ipiantities of hrandy and ueneva entered for home consumption, iiid the rates of duty upon lhi!in, in each year since 17^1). The following account hIiowb tliu consumption of hraiidy, and rates of iliity on it, sinct: ISl I :- An Accnnnt of the Number of Oallnns (Imperial Measure) of Foreign Ilrnndy entered for Homo Consumption in Great llritaiu and Irelaml, the Itates of Duty atfectiii'.' the same, and the entiru lU'tl Produce of the Duty, each Year since Inl4.— (Ohtained from the Custoiu-house.) Vcars. (JuanlitU'8 eiitereJ for Home Cniisuni|i(iaii. Neie I'nx uc ' nf Du'y (Custnnu ami Eicisri. lilti's of t)uty |)»*r Iniporlal Cill'in ((.'UNlnina aii<] f.xciM'). Vnited t'llilltl Gl. Rrilaiii. Ireland. KiDgJoni. Gniit Britain. IrelaniJ. Kill^iloMI. Ot. Tlril. Iri-bifl. Imp. iTdl. Imp. f:ftl. Imp. gal. /,. , «. ll. /,. .. (/. A. (/. /.. .t. d /.. >. d. ISM rmirm 7.1 fill 507.761 .581.050 1 1 (i,0|8 12 4 587,074 13 5 1 3 03 17 3J 181,') (Mi^sris 5,l(!0 fiOl.715 740.747 12 1 4,702 1 745,440 18 2 ism f>.">7,(Mi'J .5,275 0(i2..').')7 742..101 8 4.124 10 5 710,420 7 5 — I'*!: (1.11.017 .S.S75 fi37.S'.)2 710.731 (1 3.218 .J 4 7I0.0S2 4 10 — ISlS ■Kti.riW ().2,'J2 5.17,815 .500..58I) 1 5.287 10 1 CiOl.hTS 10 5 — IMK) 7(>7.4*2 7.(1^0 7'.ll..502 8',((),008 10 ,s 0,000 17 10 8!Ki,1.50 17 (i 1 2 7i 1 '''■>() KI2.Mi1 ti,(l25 818,880 050.275 10 ,5.210 8 (i 001,405 5 3 iNii iHl.tWll ().()() 1 ()20,(i31 1,031..127 17 5.171 10 2 1,030,.501 10 2 — i>-ii l,noi,(i07 "..IDS 1,008.015 1,1.12,410 3 5 0.114 1 10 1,1.18.8,10 5 3 — Ihi'i i.os.'i.ini 17,118 1,100,222 1,22.5,481 10 i 11.330 1 8 l,2.10.t<0,708 11 1 4.177 3 1,40.1,015 15 1 — l>'2(i I,l7.t,2l3 7.371 l,480,(iH 1,0,10,400 ( 8.307 15 3 1,404.81.17 1 10 1 2 1 2 1^27 L.-jiiun 7.271 1.320,488 I,47l,.50l 12 4 8.2.12 5 1.470,7.11 17 4 lv>^ l..T27.it2!t 7,55(i 1,. 1.15.48) 1,400.701 4 2 8.020 10 l(t 1,400,423 4 — l^iO K.-iO 1.150 8,52it 1.. 100, 070 l,400,7(i4 17 0.080 17 8 1.470,451 15 2 — 1 l^.iO (See note below.) l,285,iKi7 — — 1,443,018 5 8 — - 1 isni 1 .22(i,--'S0 8,^-21 1,2.15.101 1.178.244 0.14. The trade accounts of Crent Ilritain and Ireland having been incorporated during 1830, the particu- lars fur that year are stated for the United Kingdom only. [By the act of March 2d 1827, it was enacted J 1. That, from and after the passage of this act, lir;inily may be imported into tlie United States, in casks of a capacity not less than 15 gallons, any tliini.' iii any law to the contrary notwitlistanding: Pnirideil, hinrerer. thai all the provisions of exislinu' laws, not inconsistent with this act. relating to the importation of foreign spirits, be complied willi : Jliid pruriiled fiirlliir. That all lirandy, imported in casks of a capacity less than ninety gallons, shall be deposited, at llie expense and risk n( tlie im- porter, in such public or other warehouses, as shall he designated by the collector or surveyor, for the port where the same shall be landed, and shall be removed therefrom in the manner prescribed by an act, entitled "An act providing for the depo.site of wines and distilled spirits in public warehuilses, ami for other purposes." i 2. That brandy, imported in casks of a rapacity not less than fifteen gallons, may be exported for the benefit of a drawback of the duties which shall have been paid thereon, ami the exporter or ex- I t I HRASS— BllAZlL WOOD. VJUO ■fbivl. 17 d. 33 2 6 2 I can bi! u years liarticu- Jatcs", m Iitinil to InpiirtiMl lllif im- , iVir I Iks Jil by iiii Irted for ■ or ex- portcru of lirniiily no iiii)H)rti>il, nliall In- (miiIiIi-iI to rcrclvi' n ili;licnliir(! or (Icln'iiliin's, I'nr tin- amount of micli ilratvl>nrk, nurrcalily lo tln' rxiHliii); lii\v>i ; anil nil urtH now In forrr rrunlallnu iIh' rxjinrta- tion of KplrllK. nnil t\w allowanri' and |i»ynii'iil of ilrmvliMckH ami I'.i'hiiitnrvii, nliall lie liii-miil ajipll- calili' to liramly, the tmpoitatioM of wliliii U pirmltti'il liy llilx act." 'I'liis net wiis liiiiiti'il iti its durution to tliriu? yours ; but it wa« rcK^nnctiil in Fcliruary 18;)0, mid is Hlill in ibn-c. Sw iirticle Si-iniTs. — Am. Ed.'] BKA8S (Gcr. Memiitf ,■ Uu. Mrsniiifr, Misniiiij, Ccelkoptr ; Fr. Citlvrrjaiine, Laifaii ; It. Ottime ; S|). Latwi, Azofur ,- Kun. Sikiitii mjtd ; Lut. Orichulcuiii, Auricluilnmi) is a fiictitious metal, miulo of coiipor and zinc in certain [iroportionn. It in of a lioauliliil yellow colour, more fusible than copper, and not ho apt to tarniHh. It is malleable, w> ductile that it may bo drawn out into wire, and is much tougher than copper. lis density is griuter than the mean density of the two metals. By calculaliou it ought to be 7'f)3 nearly, whereas it is actually S-HD ; so that its density is increased by about ono tenth. The ancients do not seem to have known accurately the dilVerence lietween cofii^r, brass, and bronze. They consider- ed brass as only a more valuable kind of cojiper, and therefore used the word ws to denote cither. They called copper rt'.t ri/prltiin, afterwards ci/priuni ,- and this in process of time was converted into cuprum. Dr. Watson has proved that it was to brass they gave the name oi orlchalcum. Brass is malleable when cold, uidess the pro])ortion of zinc be exces- sive ; but when heated it In-comes brittle. It may bo readily turned upon the lathe ; and, indeed, works more kindly than luiy other metal. There is a vast variety in the proportion of the diflereiit species of brass used in com- merce ; nor is it easy to determine whether the perfection of this alloy de|)ends on any cer- tain proportions of the two metals. In general, the extremes of the highest and lowest pro- portions of zinc are from 12 to 2.5 parts in the 100. In some of the British manufactories, tiie brass made contains one third its weight of zinc. In Germany and iSweden the propor- tion of zinc varies from one fifth to one fourth of the coj)per. The ductility of brass is not injured when the proportion of zinc is highest. This metal is nuich used in the escapement wheels, and other nicer parts of watch-making : and bars of brass, very carefully made, fetch for this purpose a high price. The us«' of brass is of very considerable antiquity. Most of the ancient genuine relics are composed of various mixtures of brass with tin and other metals, and are rather to bo denominated bronze. The best proportion for brass guns is said to be 1,000 lbs. of copper, 990 lbs. of tin, and 600 lbs. of brass, in 11 or 1 2 cwt. of metal. The best brass guns are made of malleable metal, not of pure copper and zinc alone ; but worse metals are vised to make it run closer and sounder, as lead and pot-metal. — ( Thomsotis Chemistry, Eiicyc. Brifunnica, ^c.) BRAZILETTO, an inferior species of Brazil wood brought from Jamaica. It is one of the cheapest and least esteemed of the red dye woods. BRAZIL NUTS, or Chcsnufs of Hrazil, the fruit of the Juvia (Ikrt/inlktin exceka), a majestic tree growing to the height of 100 or 120 feet, abounding on the banks of the Orinoco, and in the northern [mrts of Brazil. The nuts are triangular, having a cuneiform appearance, with sutures at each of the angles ; the shell is rough and hard, and of a brown- ish ash colour. The kernel resembles that of an almond, but is larger, and tastes more like a common hazel nut ; it contains a great deal of oil, tiiat may be obtained l>y expression or otherwise. These nuts do not grow separately, or in clusters, but are contained, to the num- ber of from 15 to 50 or more,* in great ligneous pericarps or outer siiells, generally of the size of a child's head. This outer shell is very hard and strong, so that it is rather ditlicult to get at the nuts, which are closely packed in cells inside. The natives are particularly fond of this fruit, and celebrote the harvest of the juvia with rejoicings ; it is also very much esteemed in Europe, 'i'ho nuts brought to this country and the Continent are chiefly ex- ported from Para, and form an article of considerable commercial importance. — {HumboldCs Pvrit. Nnr. vol. v. p. 538. Eng. trans.) BRAZIL WOOD (Fr. Bois de lircxn ; Gcr. Bra.iiticiiholz ; Du. BrasiUenhmit ; It. Legiw del Bras'de, Verzino ; Sp. Miiderdde/ Brcsil ,- I'ott Peui Briwil). It has been com- monly supposed that this wood derived its name from the country in which it is principally [)roduced. But Dr. Bancroft has conclusively shown that woods yielding a rid di/e were called Brazil woods long previously to the discovery of America ; and that the early voyagers gave the name of Brazil to thot part of that continent to which it is still ap|)licd from their having ascertained that it abounded in such woods. — (See the learned and excellent work, Pliilosop/iy of Colours, vol. ii. pp. 316 — 321.) It is found ia tlio greatest abundance, and is of llip best quality, in the province of Pernanibnro, where it is called /'an rfa rain/m, or (Queen's wood ; but it is also found in many othrr parts of the Wcalern Ilvmisphere. The tree is larfie, crooked, and knotty : the leaves are of a beautiful red, and tixliule an agreeable odour. Its botanical name is Cusalpinia Brnsilclti) ; but it is called by tliu ua- * IluniboUlt says he had most frequently found from 15 to 22 nuts in each pericarp; but l)e I.aet, will) gave the first and most accurate descriplion ol' lliis fruit, says that llu? pericarp is divulud into six cunipartniunt8,eacli of which encloses from H to 12 nuts. — (See JiumbuU ia Uc. at.) •1 ' ll V ■, ! 340 imiuD. I ' » :^'l tivi>« ihirinllutiffii. Ni)lwithKtiiiiilinff It* .'i|i|ifiruii( liiilk, thi> linrk In «n Uiirk, thni n lri no liirffi' no a iiDiirH lioiiy wllh tile Imrk, will iint lie no iIiIi k tm llii' Iru wlirn pi'i'li'il Whi'ii nil Into rlil|m, li |o4i-h till' |i;ili' I'lilciiir It lii'rnri- hinl, iliiil hi'niiiii-' ml : iind ulii'ii rln'wcil, hiii( liy •'iil'iiicl-iiiiiki'rH, iiinl inliiiils nl' ii lii'iMiuriil viiriilHh - tint ilx prinri|iiil iim' In In ilvi'liiir ml ; mill tlu'itik'h llii-niloiir U liililc linln ly, yi't, liy iiii.xliiu wllli it iiliiiii iiiiil liirliir.lt Ih I'nHlly iiiiiili' iirriiiaiii'iil ; tlirnUK iilitii iiiaili- nt' it, liy iin'iiiiii nl' nriiln, ii Hurt oC ll(|iilil luki' nr ('iiriiijiic, fur piiliitiii:; III iiiliiialiir)'. Ilra/.il tviiDil liiiH lini'ii fur many ycnri' |iai>t ii royal iiinMiipoly : ilK rximrtallnn, fxrcjit iin nrniiint nf piivi'miiii'iil, liriiiK iiriilillilli'ij iiiiili'r tlir Hi'Vcri'Ht iirnallirH. OwiiiK In tlir liii|ir<>viili'nt iiianiii'r In wliiili it liaN I II lilt iluwii liy till" iti'viriiiiiriit atfi'iiiH, it In now rarrly I'oiiiiil wiililii Hrvcral IcaunrK of till' rouHt. IniU'i'il, u'l' iiri' antfiiri'il tint many of tlii' pliiiili'rK liavi! iirivalcly riil ilowii tln^ tn-cH nn llii'ir I'stali'H, anil iimi'iI tlif tlmlii'r an tiri'-Nvooil. that tlii-y iiiiulit not i>\|ioni' tlii-iiiHi'lvi'M to aniioyaiiro Iroiii till' arhitrary ami vi'Milionn prori'iihiiL's of IIu'hii fiim'tioiiarlrH. I'lin ipiaiitlly of llra/.il woiiil lliiportnl Into lliiH I'liiinlry is hut iiiioniiiliralili'. Itx prii'c In llir l.omloii iiiarki't, PviliiHivo of llin iliilv (2/. jiiT ton), viirii'i from I'lH/. to "lO/, p.'r Ion.— (/>r. Rnnrrnfl in lor. cit. Kiinjc. Melrup. Mmlern Tniri'llrr, vol. .\.\i.\. p. bl. ; Milte Hrini, vol. v, p. .VW. Knit. (^il. \c.) BREAD, tln3 priiicipiil article in the t'ooil of inoxt civiliHoJ nntioim, roiiHistH of o piiMto or doiii;h forniotl of the Hour or inenl of liilU'reitt HortH of urniii mix«l with vviittT, iitni biikwl. When Htiilo dounh or yf'wt is adilcil to tho fn-nh dougli, to tiiiiitc it swell, it itt baid to Ixt kavenrd ,• when nothing of \\\\a Hort is iidded, it is said to be unkimnciL 1. lUntitrlcal Sliitcli of lirtitil. — The PrCHident do GoRuet liiw endeuvourod, with his usual saRacity and learning, to traee the Hiieeertsivo hteps liy whieh it is probalile men were led to (iiseover the art of making bread — (Oriifin of Lawn, <^r. vol. i. pp. !I5 — 10.5. Eng. trans.) ; Imt nothing positive is known on tiic subject. It is certain, however, from tho state- ments in the sacred writings, that the use of uiiieiivened iiread was comiiion in tho days of Abraham — (^e/i. xviii. 8.) ; and that leavened bread was used in the time of Moses, tor lie prohibits eating the Paschal lamb with such bread. — {Exod, .\ii. l.").) 'I'he (Jret-ks affirmed that Pan had instructed them in tlic nit of making bread ; but they, no doubt, wero indebted for this art, as well as for their knowledge of agriculture, to the Egyptians and I'litnicians, who had early settled in their country. The method of grinding corn by hand mills was practised in Egypt and Greece from a very remote epoeli ; but for u lengtheneil period tho Romans had no other method of making flour, than by Iteating roasted corn in mortars. The Macedonian war helped to make the Romans aciiuainted with the arts anil refmementa of Greece ; and Pliny mentions, that public iiakers were then, for the first time, eiitablisht'd in Rome — (///'.t/. Nat. lib. xviii. c. II.). The conquests of the Romans dillused, amongst many other useful discoveries, a knowleilge of tho art of preparing bread, as practised in Rome, through the whole south of Europe. Tho use of yeast in the raising of bread seems, liowcver, from a passage of Pliny (lib. xviiL c. 7.), to have been practised by the Germans and (Sauls before it was practised by tlii^ Romans; the latter, like the Greeks, having leavened their bread by intermixing the fresh dough with that which had become stale. The Roman practice seems to have suiwrseded that which was previously in u.sc in France and Spain ; for the art of raising bread by an ad- mixture of yeast was not practised in France in modern times, till towards the end of the seventeenth century. It deserves to be mentioned, that though the bread made in this way was decidedly superior to that previously in use, it was declared, by the faculty of ineilirinn in Paris, to be prejudicial to health ; and the use of yeast was proliibited utider tlie severest penalties ! Luckily, however, the taste of the public concurring with the interest of the bakers, proved too powerful for these absurd regulations, which fell gradually into disuse ; and yeast has long been, almost every where, used in preference to any thing else in the manufacture of bread, to the wholesomeness and excellence of which it has not u little contributed. Tho species of bread in common use in the country depends partly on the taste of the inhabitants, but more on the sort of grain suitable for its soil. But the superiority of wheat to all other farinaceous plants in the manufacture of breail is so very great, that wherever it is easily and successfully cultivated, wheateii bread is used, to the nearly total exclusion of most others. Where, however, the soil or climate is less favourable to its growth, rye, oats, &c. arc used in its stead. A very great change for the better has, in, this respect, taken place in Great Britain within the last century. It is mentioned by Harrison, in his descrip- tion of England (p. 168.), that in the reign of Henry VIII, the gentry had wheat sufficient for their own tables, but that their /wnne/told and poor neighbours were usually obliged to content themselves with rye, barley, and oats. It appears from the householil book of Sir Eilward Coke, that in 1596, rye bread and oatmeal formed a considerable part of the diet of servants, even in great families, in the southern counties. BarK>y bread is stated in the •rrant of a monopoly by Charles I., in 1G26, to be the usual food of the ordinary sort of peo- jile. — (iS'/> F. M, Eden on the Poor, vol, i. p. .561,) At the Revolution, the wheat produced ill England and Wales was estimated by Mr. King and Dr. Davciiant to amount to 1,7.50,000 ijuarters. — (Davenant's Wor/i-x, vol. ii. p. 217.) Mr. Charles Smith, the very well informed author of the Tracts on the Corn Trade, originally published in 1758, states, that in his time wheat had become much more generally the food of the common people tlian it had been in 1689; but he adds (2d ed. p. 182. Lond. 1766.), that notwithstanding this increase, soino very intelligent inquirers were of opinion that even then not more than ftii/f the people of England fed on wheat. Mr. Smith's own esliinatc, which is very carefully drawn up, is a intRAD. 241 littlr liiffhcr ; for takiiii; tlii> |io|iiil,ilii>ii (if Kimluiul iiml Wnltw, in 17f!l), at (>,()0(),()(H), hi; iUlipoHfd that ;j,7r)0,0(K> were (•oiimiiiiiitm «i' wht'at ; 7:il»,(l(l(t, iif liarli-y ; HMH.OdO, of ryo; and fi'j;),()()(), of oiitH. Mr. Sinitli further kii|i|)(ihi'(I that tliry iiiilividiiiilly coiihiimii'iI, tht> flrnt f lnHH. I tiiiarli'r of wheat; tlie mi loml, I i|iiarler ami :i liiiHheU of harley ; thi)se |iie, with which almost evi'ry lalile in the county is then hii|>- jilieil, was, itt the period rcferreil to, almost uniformly tnude of barley meal. — ( LJtn tin the I'oar, vol. 1. |). .')(ii.) Kvery one knows how inajiplicalile these Htatomriits uro to the condition of the people of EiiLtlaud at the present time, VVheaten liread ts now universully made use of in towns and villancH, and almost every where in the country. Uarley is no longer used, except in tho dislillerics and in hrevvmn ; oats are employed only in the feeding: o' horses ; and the consump- tion of rye bread is comparatively inconsidcralile. TIk^ produce of the wheat crops jiai* been, at the very least, Inlilrd since 17tiO. And if to this iimuense increase in the supply of wheat, we add the still more extraordinary increase in the supjily of butcher's meat^— (nee art. Catilk), the fact of a very signal improvement having taken place in tin condi- tion of the population, in respect of t'ood, will lie olivions. But Kreat as lias been the improvement in the condition o^ tlie people of Lngln i • sinvo 17fiO, it is but trillini? compared to the improvcnuMit that Icis taken olac.e, mwvv \m h,.^i» pcrio'i du'i whuk (V-igb* bourhood! — {liolifrfnan's Rural Ricalkrlitttis, \:,\H\1.) Hut even so I lu as {•'e ,\iiieri/au war, the wheat raised in tho Iiolhians and llcrwickshire •■ untry pla.-e :\]n\ \i\- lagcs of Scotland ; iiuf rakes and harlr)/ lianiiticks boinp; univi'isull" made use <•,. i.\if. a{ present the case is widely dilTercnt. The u|)i)pr and also tho middle nud )o'.\' : olanm.-' ir* towns and villaufcs use only wheaten bread, and even in farndiou-,e!< it is very exioi.vively consumed. There is, at this moment, hardly a village to be met wid., Iiowcvr lirui'. J its extent, that lias not a public baker. In many parts of England it is the custom for private families to bakr. 'Iteir ow;; bread. This is particularly the case in Kent, and in some parts of Lancashire In IHOl, tli'>ifi wa^ not asini,'le |iublic baker in Manchester; and their number is still wry limned. 2. Jiriruliilioiin an to the Munufac/uir nf llninl. — OwiiiR to the vasi inviiorti'.ntc of tj'cad, its manufacture has been subjected in most coiuitries to various regulations, somo oi ivhich have had a beneficial and others an injurious operation. a. Assize of Hread. — From the year l'JG(i, in the reign of Henry III., down to our own days, it has been customary to regulate the pi ice at w'licli bread should be sold accorilinj,' to the price of wheat or (lour at the time, An interference of this sort wa-' f*>']i,>osed to be necessary, to prevent that monopoly on the part of the bakers whiih it va.-; I. '.ire J 'i.'pht otherwise take place. But it is needless, perhaps, to say that this appivlwnsion was of the most futile description. The trade of a baker is one that may bo easily learned, and it reijuires no considerable capital to carry it on ; so tliat were those tu.^a-^eu iii I'lf, 'ivu-iness in any particular town to attempt to force up prices to an artificial lievaiKa.the c )jib(n!»tioi. would be immediately defeated by the competition of others; and e'\'ii iiougU tluii wore not the case, th»^ facility with which bread may be baked at home -v ja)-.! o'. itsi If servo lo nullifv tiie clforls of any combination. But the assize regulaf'ons' 'verc not u.v'rely useless ; they were in many respects exceedingly injurious : they reiulc - ■" the [iriti; of flour a matter of comparative inditVercnce to the baker ; and they o' lig. a tiic baker who used the finest Hour, and made the host bread, to sell at tlic banie ra. ■ ^", tbosc who used inferior Hour, and whose bread was decidedly of a worse qualify. But these considerations, how obvious soever they may now aiqiear, were for a long tin« entiieiy overlooked. According, liowovor, as the use of wheaten bread was t xtended, it was found to bo impracticable to set assizes in small towns and villages ; and notwithstanding the ftjwnoss of the bakers in such places gave them greater facilities for combining together, the j)rice of bread was almost uniformly lower in them than in places where assizes were set. In consequence, partly of this circumstance, but still more of the increase of intelligence as to such matters, the practice of setting an assize was gradually relinquished in most places; and in 1815 it was expressly abolished, by an act of the legislature (55 Geo. 3. c. 9!).), in London and its environs. In other places, though the power to set an assize still subsists, it is seldom acted upon, and has fallen into comparative disuse. Vol. I— X 31 o "C a i t II *i- 242 BREMEN. I b. Regulations as to the Wc!-. ; except, owever, French or fancy bread, or roll.s, which may be sold wiilioiit previously wi'ighing the same. Bakers or sellers of liread are bound to have lixed, in some conspicuous part of their shop, a beam and scales, with proper weights for weighing bread ; and a person purcleising bread may reiiuire it to be weiL'hed in his jiresence. liakers anil others seiuliiig out bread in carts, are to supply lliem with beams, sc.ib's, &c., and to weigh tlie bread if reiiiilred, under a penalty of not more than 5/. — (3 Geo. 4. S. lUli. JH.) Bakers, either journey. nen or masters, tisins alum or any other unwholesome ingredient, and con- victed on their own cmifession, or on the oath of one or more witiiessiis, to forfeit not exceeding 20/. and not less than .V. if beyond the environs of London, and not exceeding U)/. nor less than 5/. if within Loiidcm or its environs, .liistices are allowed to puhlish the names of olFenders. The adul- teration of meal or Hour is punishable by a like penally. Loaves made of any othergraiii than wheat, without the city and its liberties, or h(>yond 10 miles of the lloyal F.xchange, tobe marked with a large Roman M ; and every person exposing such loaves without such mark shall forfeit not more than 40». nor less tlian lO.--. for every loaf so exposed. — (I tc '2 Gen.l. c. ,0(1. JO.) Any ingredient or mixture I'ouiid within the lioiise. mill, stall, shop, &c. of any miller, niealman, or baker, which after due examination shall lie ailjiid'.'i'd to have been placed there for the purpose of adulteration, shall be forfeited ; and the pcrsuii within whose premises it is foimd punished, if within the city of London and its eiivinnis, by a penalty not excec^ding UU. mir less than 40.«, for the lirst ofTence, .')'. for the second olfiMice, and 10/. for every siihseipieiit ollence. — (:! Gen. 4. c. 100. J 11.) And if willioiit London and its environ.", the party in whoso house or prinnisea ingredients for adulteration shall be found, shall forfeit for every such ollonce not leas than 5/. and not more than 20/. — (1 & 2 Geo. 4. e. C>. J 8.) Bakers in London and its environs are not to sell, or expose to sale, any bread, rolls, or cakes, nor bake or deliver any meat, pmldiiig, jiie, tart, or victuals of any sort, on (Sundays, except between the hours of nine in the niorniii!: and one in the afteriioon. under jienalty of lO.s. fir the lirst ollence, 20i. for tlie si.'i'ond oH<;iice, and Ws. for every auliseipient ollence.— (.') Geo. 4. c. lOli. $ 10.) Bakers in the country are proliiliited from selling, &.c. any bread, &c., or baking or delivering any meat, &c., on .Sundays, any time after half past 1 o'clock of the atteriiooii of that day, or during the time of divine service, iindiir pc'iially of j.s-. for the (irst ollence, lO.v. for the second, and 20s. for the third and every siibseiiiient otfence. — {M Gen. D. c. ."(i. $ 12.) There iiro. several reL'ulations in tlm acts now in force with respect to the sale, &c. of bread where an assize is set ; but as the practice of selling an assize is nearly relinquished, it seems unnecessary to recapitulate them. The weight of the assize bread has already been mentioned, and the principle on which its price is fixed. Notwithstanding tin' prohibition against the use of alum, it is believed to be very generally em- ployed, particularly by the bakers of London. — "In the metropolis," says Ur. Thomson, (Snppl. to Encyc lirit., ;irt. Bakinir). "where the goodness of bread is .'stimated entirely by its whiteness, it is usual with those bakers who employ Hour of an inferior (piality, to add as much aliiin as coniiiioa salt to thcdoiiih; or, in other words, the quantity of salt added is diniinished a half, and the defi- ciency supplied by an equal weight of alum. Tills improves the look of the bread, rendering it much whiter and firmer. " There are believed to he about 1,700 bakers in London, Westminster, &c. The trade which they carry on is in general but limited, and it io not reckoned u very advantageous line of business. [Government in our own country, too, has undertaken to regulate the quantity and quality of a loaf of bread. There is a law in Pennsylvania inilicting a penalty of five pounds on any baker who shall m\\ up or adulterate his bread with any impure or unwholesome ingredient; and he is obliged to make his loaves of a certain weight. The legislation of other States on the .sulijnct is of the same cliaracter. — Am. Ed.] BREMEN, one of the free Hanseatic cities, situated on the river Wcser, about 50 miles from its mouth, in lat. ry.i° ij' N., long. 8° 48' E. Population about 40,000. Its situation on the Weser renders Bremen the princi[ial emporium of Hanover, Brunswick, nc.sse,and other countries traversed by that river, 'i'he charges on the buying, selling, and siiipping of goods, are very moderate. The principal exports are linens, grain, oak bark, glass, smalts, hams, hides, ra[)esced, beef and pork, rags, wool and woollen goods, wine, &c. The wheat an.l barley shipjied here are mostly very inferior ; but the oats are useful common feed ; beans are good. The linens are mostly the .same as those from Hamburgh. The imports consist of colFee, sugar, and other colonial products ; tobacco, whale oil, iron, rice, hides, wines, raw cotton, cotton stulls and yarn, earthenware, brandy, butter, tar, tea, dyewoods, timber, hemp, &,c. Entre 80Uth-V its nioui side wh and nun schlussei intermit opposite nientg, i nately v Weser, I day, a re 7 lantern pelled by side of tl Haven," and thosi the Sailin A Staten Barilla Brandy Butter Coals Coffee Copper Copperas Cotton Currants Earl hen w Fustic Indigo Iron Linseed Hides Logwood Malioifuny Oil, fireeiil -, Newfo — , Norwe, , Archil 11 , South s Pepper - I Pimento - Pitch F.ipnrts. — I snid by the pi which see. 1 Duties. — Ai Bremen. Tlie import the ordinance The value o tlio rate of ins only. .Simuld of the value ii aniiiiation, if i Kmifr ration. - oinicranta to tl C(l to between particularly to l^/iip-hrokcrs fill discharge o sels, and colle liut'iness on th exchange, or to Ni.iie hut npi person cmployi liy whose condi '"hip-brokers •he rapliiins wti duties and othei The fees nllov owner pa VH 12 g Porout'ward-i For entering i lars ; and if she Entry dues ar charge. 1 BREMEN. 243 Entrance to Bremen. — The entrance to the Woser lies between the Mellum and other sands on the south-western, and the Tejtlt'rs I'liiiit, &c. (jn the nnrlh-oastern side. Its course from Uremerlehe to its mouth is nearly 8. E. and N. W. It is liimyed tlirmii^liout. The hxwys 'M\ the olil conl-fire beacon on the island of Wrangeroog, opposite to the northern e.Mremity of East I'liesland. It is, according to the most authentic state- ments, in lat. 53° 47i' N., long. 7° 51' 35" E.; is elevated tWi feetabove high water mark, being alter- nately visible and invisible for thi! space of a miinile. A light vessel is moored in the fair-way of the Weser, between the black buoys E anil I', and the white biii)> s 2 aiul 3. She has two masts : during day, a red flag, with a white cross upon it, is kept Hying at the mainmast ; and at night she e.xhibits 7 lantern lights, '28 feet above deck. This vessel is on no account to leave her slalion, unless com- pelled by the ice. Large vessels do not now ;;enerally ascend further than Uremerlehe, on the cast side of the river, about 38 miles below Bremeii. where a new and spacious harlxmr, called '•Urenien Haven," has been constrtu'ted. Ihit vessels not drawing more than 7 feet water come up to town; and those drawing from 13 to 14 feet may come up to Vegesack, about 13 miles from Uremeii.— (See the Sailing Direttionafur the J^ortk Sea, published by Mr. Norrie.) A Statement of the Quantities and Value of the principal Articles of Merchandise imported into Bremen, in the year 1835. — (Cmuiilar Hclurii). Detcription. Barilla - Brandy - Butter Coals Coffee Copper - Copperas - Cotton Currants - Earthenware Fustic Indigo Iron I.inseed - Hides Logwood - Malioaany Oil, Greenland — , Newfoundland do — , Norwegian do — , Archil n'sel — , South Sea Pepper - Pimento - Pitch cwts. hhds. cwts. lasts. lbs. cwts. do. lbs. cwts. cwts. lbs. tons. brls. No. cwts. brls. do, do, lbs, do, brls, Imports. Quantities. 5,277 1.281 10,377 231 10,10,3,000 1,107 8.2G,S 753.700 3,211 11,007 20,1^00 2,817 11,.S00 27,100 12,080 3,400 4,.')00 5,7(10 000 22,000 320,900 381,300 501 V.iliie. £ 2.210 0,7! I 23.003 HI2 263.138 5,700 2,220 31,101 0,,'JIS 0,(187 1,080 .1, 1 00 47,3a."i 22.878 32.20.-) 3,703 106,440 5,347 ".l.iO 324 DescriptioD. Haisins - Kice Uesin Itnni Salt Saltpetre - Sugar, raw, relined cwts. do. do. casks. lasts. cwts. do. do. do. do. • brls. lbs. boxes. lbs. do. do. No. Imports. Quantities. Value. Svnip Tallow - Tar Tea Tinplatep - Tobacco, leaf - , roll - , stems , segars Miscellaneous - Total Further imports by water from tlie"] small towns situated between Itremen and the mouth of the j river Weser . - - .J Total imports 7,000 33,055 3,816 852 684 4,670 108,691 l7.o;ii 9,075 1,1. '>7 6,149 415,MiO 1 .«s6 24,170.~T0 003, •:n 4,893. 1 17 1,633,(100 £ 7, .383 33,924 961 15,720 2,118 6,27T 215,571 35,5t)4 8,.340 I,9.14 4,035 46,785 3,394 478,380 27,947 55,051 3,840 271,647 1,802,553 32,553 1,835,106 Exports. — Linens are one of the most important articles of export from Bremen. They are mostly sold by the piece. The dimensions of the pieces, and tlieir prices, are similar to those of Hamburgh, which see. The Westphalia hams are mostly shipped from this port. Duties. — An export duty of j per cum., ail cu/urcHi, is charged on all merchandise shipped from Bremen. The import duty is} per cent., advalorem, oi\a\\ articles ; having been increased a third per cent, by the ordinance of 1830. The value of the imports is calculated according to the invoice price, adding thereto the freight and the rate of insurance current in Bremen ; the value of tin; exports is estimated from the invoice price only. Should there be no invoice of imports, it is the duly of the importer to make a correct estimate of the value upon his oath as a citizen ; but the Custom-house has power to institute a stricter ex- amination, if the estimate appears too low. F.miirnitinn.—RTvmen has become the mo.«t considerable port on the Continent for the shipment of eniierants to the United States, and other parts in America. In 1832 the number of emigrants amount- ed 10 between 9,000 and 10,000; aiul (heir conveyance has become an object of much importance, particularly to the American ship-owners. A large proportion of the emigrants are from Hesse. !; * ' For the collection of freiplit ninnny, the broker is entitled to receive one per cent., but the consignee of a foreign vessi'l is to pay I his sum. Regulations of the Harbinir uf Bremen Uaren.—\\\ vessels entering the liarboiir are subject to the superintendence of tlie liarbour-KKistcrs, wliuse directions uru tu he ()l)eyud by the cu|)tiiin8 and crews. No ballast or rubbish is to be thrown overljoard, under a penalty of 10 ri.\-dollars for the first offbnce, which is increased incase of reiielition; the offender, loo, is obliged to remove tlie articles lie may have so cast into the harbour. It is not permitted to Iteep gunpowder on board, and any which may be in the vessel must be deli- vered up within two hours after sbtMias rciichrd lier berih: iiDn-cou'ipliaucc witli lliis subjects tlie party to a tine of from 10 to 51) ri.v-dollars ; nor is it peruiilled to disiliarge any (ire-arms in port. The use of all lire on board, from sunset to sunrise, is prohibited ; tlie captain, however, may liavo a light, in a closed lanlern, in his cabin. The crews are not allowed to carry on shore any fire-arms, dirks, or other weapons. Vessels passing in and out of tlie drawi)ridge, or which may remain in the liarbour during two months, are s.ibject to the payiuent of the following rates, viz. ;— Of 300 lasts .ind iipw.-inis Bt'low 300 — In i'lO l.isis - — 2:50 — 111 iM — — 200 — III IM — — \m — 1(1 120 — — 120 — It) ICO — s()Uiirp.ri?;eJ — 12) — lo 100 — (plliols, .\cc. — 100 — t(» SO — sqiLire-rii^et! — 100 — li> W — fcalliiits, ki:. — SO — lo (>0 — MUnie-risTired — to — Co 1)0 — g.llliol», &c. ix. n. r,r. ■ 40 . 3-1 n • 30 . 23 . 20 ■ 17 3(i - I'l . ir> ■ 12 3li - 12 31) . 10 DelDW 60 hsis In 10 lists — 40 — 10 30 — Rx. n. Or. ■ 7 36 - 5 If voscls rpiniin longer lli.in two nionltis, they are to pay for evt'rv .-I'iJitinii.il iiiuntli, calculating tlie eiitraticc on a new month as a lull iiirinth. Vessels of 30t) Lists .in I upwards Helnw 3(XI — 10 2'.(l lasts — 2'iO — to 201) — — 200 — to 100 — — 100 — to W) 3ti 3S 3« 3fi ^rrii'rt/.<.— During the year ]S;!1, 1,000 ships enti!red the pent of Hremen. Of these, 101 were from Hanover; 111 from (;re!it llritain ; lilH from the United Stales; W fnuii Trance ; and the remaiiuler from the Netherlands, Uussia, .South Americti, tjpaiii, iSwedeti, tec. The shipping charges at Uremeii are particularly low. Aloneij. — Accounts are kept in tlialers, or ri.v-dollars, of 72 L'rontes or grotes ; the grotes being di- vided into .'■> swares. The llreiiien rix-ilollar current is worth ;).v. 2e/. sterling; and the par of exchange is 1/. sterling = rix-dollars 22 grotes 1 swiires. fVci/rht.i and Jifca.tiirc.i. — The commercial pound = 2 marks = 10 ounces - 32 loths =7,090 Knglisli grains. Hence, 100 llis. of Hremen -- 10!)-8 avoinliipnis, or ■1'.)S25 kilog. .\ load of pfuiidschwer = .'100 lbs., but carriers reckon it at .'ios lbs. Acenliier- lit) lbs.; a slii|ipottii(l == 2ici!ntners,or2',)01l)S. ; avvaago of iron = 120 lbs. ; a stone of tlax =20 lbs. ; a stone of wool- 10 lbs. A ton of butter great mea- sure =300 lbs. ; and a Ion of do. small measure = 2-20 lbs. The dry measures are, 4 spipts ■-= 1 vii^rlel : 4 viertels =- 1 srlieflM ; 10 scheffels = 1 quart ; 4 quarts = llast; the last =f^0-70 htisliels Winchester measure, or lOl)."^? ottarters ; that is, 10 quarters and 7 bushel. A barrel of salt— '.V. sclietlels. .\ last of coals -2 clialdrotis Newcastle nieasttre. The liiiuid nieiistires are 8M (|iiarls - 1 vierlel ; .1 viertels ~ 1 linker ; 1 ankers = 1 tierce ; 1.' tierce = oxhol'l ; the oxiioft =58 Englisli wine gallons. Wine is soiiietiiiies sold by thealimof tankers =37J Eng. wine gallons. A barrel of whale oil = li steckan,or 210 lbs. nctt =31i lOng. wine gallons. A ship last of herring's, salt, and coals = 12 barrels. The Rreiiieii foot = 11-3S lilng. inches: hence, 100 llremen feet = 94 8 Eng. ditto. The Urenien ell is 2 feet; and I no ells of Bremen = 0;i 2 Kng. yards. T*!! res.— The usual tares are, on sugar in casks and Hra/.il chests, 17 percent. ; on llavmnah boxes, 70 lbs. ; Maryland tobacco, 90 lbs. pi^r hocshead ; ditto Virginia and Kentucky, 110 lbs. ji^ r hogsheail; cotton, round bales, 4 per cent ; sipiare ditto, per cent. ; tea (green), 20 lbs. jier iiuarler chest ; dittn (black), 22 Mis. jii'r ijiiarler ch.st. ,MosI other articles, such as Kast India intligo, rice, cotlee, spices, ice. real tare. — (Drawn up prineipally from the coininiitii''ations of Urenien inttrchants ; and from the Digest of Customs' Laws printed by order of the American (,'ongress, vol. i. p. 434. &c.) [The tiiercantilc marine of Bremen has of hite years been very much augmentet], and may be now ostiinated at about 40,000 tons. Since the construction of the harbour of Bremerlehc, above mentioned, ship-building has chiefly been carried on there, instead of at Vegesack, as was formerly tlie case. And some very line ships and brigs have been lately constructed on American models. The commercial intercourse of Bremen with tlie United States is extensive and important. This small city is the principal market in Europe for American tobacco. The average (juan- tity importeil by it approaches to 30,000 hogsheads annually ; and of this amount the larger portion is Maryland. It is distributed from Bremen all over Germany, Prussia, Austria, and even through Italy and Rus.sia. A consideralile number of Bremen vessels resort for it to Baltimore; some to Petersburg and Richmond. The inspection lately established in Philadelphia has already augmented the direct intercourse between it and Bremen; and a regular line of packets is to sail between the two ports. The quantity of cotton annually shijiped to Bremen from the United States docs not go beyond six or eight thousand bales. Five or six thousand casks of rice arc annually cxjiort- cd thither. For many years past the Bremen vessels have brought to tliis country a large number of German emigrants, consisting chiefly of industrious fanners, mechanics, and labourers. During the years 1836 and IH.'J?, they supplitvl us with grain; but their cargoes ordi- narily consist of goods manufactured in various parts of Germany, such as Silks, manufactured mostly at Elberfeld and (Jrevelt, in Prussia. Cotton goods, principally hosiery, made in Saxony. Woollens, chiefly meriiioes, some coarse woollen hosiery, some light summer cloths, and a small (}uantity of broad cloth. Hardware and steel, manufactured at Uemscheid, Solingen, and neighbouring places, in the Prussian dominions. Hollow glassware, such as tumblers of the commonest description, and wine and por- f^onimon Large . I'olished BRIBE, BRICKS AND TILES. 245 Rx.n. "r. ■ 7 ■M - 5 to pay for V month as • 5 ■ 1 ■M . 3 3« . 2 3ti - I ■M nportant. Igc quan- ^hc liirger Austria, kort tor it llishcil in \\ ; and a [38 not go cxport- imbcr of toes ordi- aths, and tlaccs, in land por- ter bottles. The importation of these articles is gradually decreasing, as our own glass- works are improving. Linens. All kinds of German linen goods have been in a great measure superseded by the linens of Ireland and Scotland, Some very coar.«c linen, however, for bagging, called Hes- sians and Hoeden rolls, and some burlaps for negro clothing, as also sail cloth of a good quality, made in imitation of the Dutch, together with linen tapes and bobbins, continue to be imported ; also damask table linen and napkins, and linen pocket handkerchiefs. Looking-glass plates of small sizes, low i)rii'ed toilet and pocket glasses, burning glasses, and spectacle glasses procured from Nuremberg, in tlie kin,r.:i- ni of Bavaria ; as also hooks and eyes, bone buttons, toys, and a great variety of small a.ticK i, procured from the same place. Thread, silk, and cotton lace, lace veils and embroideries, cotton and worsted fringes, brought to Bremen from Saxony. Slates, slate pencils, marbles, and toys from Sonnenbcrg in Saxony. Oil cloth manufactured in Saxony. Westphalia hams. We may remark that the consumption of German manufactures in this country is. ^gene- rally speaking, on the increase ; the frugality and industry of the Germans enabhng them more and more to compete with the English and French, — Am. Ed.] BRIBE. Any person giving or olfering a bribe, recompence, or reward, to any officer of the customs, to induce him to neglect his duty, to forfeit 200/. — (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 53. § 38.) [By the act of the 2d of March, 17!)S), entitled "An act to regulate the collection of duties on imports and exports," it was enacted, " That if any officer of the customs shall, directly or indirectly, take or receive any bribe, reward, or recompense, for conniving, or shall connive, at any false entry of any ship or vessel, or of any goods, wares, or merchandise, and shall be convicted thereof, every such officer, or other person, shall forfeit and pay a sum, not less than two hundred, nor more than two thousand dollars, for each oll'ence ; and any person giving or olVering any bribe, recompense, or reward, for any such deception, collusion, or fraud, shall forfeit and pay a sum, not less than two hundred dollars, nor more than two thousand dollars, for each offence." — Am. Ed.] BRICKS ANT) TILES, well known articles used in the building and covering of houses. They are made of baked clay and sand. Until last year (1833) an excise duty was charged both on bricks and tiles, their manufacture being, in consequence, placed under sur- veillance. It is ordered by 17 Geo. 3. c. 42. that all bricks made in England for sale shall be 8i inches long, 2^ inches thick, and 4 wide ; and all |)antiles 13A inches long, 9^ inches wide, and ^ an inch thick ; on pain of forfeiting, for bricks or tiles made of less dimensions when burnt, as follows, viz. 20s. for every 1,000 of bricks, and lOs. for every 1,000 of pan- tiles, and proportionally for a greater or less number. It is also provided, that the size of the sieves or screens for sifting or screening sea-coal ashes to be mixed with brick earth in mak- ing bricks, shall not exceed ^ of an inch between the meshes. Makers of bri?ks and tiles must give notice, under a penalty of 100/., to the excise, of their intentior. to begin the manufacture. Tiles used in draining land vs'cre exempted from the duties. But in so far as respects tiles, these regulations are no longer of iin[iortance, the duty on them having been abolished in 1833. The revenue derived from it was but trifling. It was, however, very prejudicial to the manufacture, particularly after the repeal of the duty on slates. It were to be wished that the state of the revenue was such as to admit of the repeal of the duty on bricks. Account of the Kates of Duty on, anil Quantities of, tlio difl'erent Species of Bricks produced in England and Wales in 1827, 1828, and 1820. Species. Rates of Duty. Qnaiitity. Quaiititj-. Quantily. Common Large - l'i)llslind Large polished 5.9. lOd. per 1,000 U)s. per do. 12s. lOt!. per do. 2s. 5d. per 100 Tdlairt 1827. 1,0112,447,0.58 2,083.010 8,1,50,750 08,550 1828. 1,008,1110.330 2,lil5,425 7,700.075 122,810 1820. 1,099.744,701 2,510,360 7,2'.(5,;f60 110,275 1,103,370,401 1,078,037,040 1,100,090,702 Account of the Rates of Duty on, and Uuaiitiiii's of, the dilFcrent Species of Bricks itroduccd in Scotland, in 1827, 1828, and 1820. Species. Rates of Duly. (juantity. Quantity. Qu.iutity. Common Large - I'olishod bs.Wd. per 1,000 lOs \>0T do. 12...'. 10(/ per do. Totals 1827. 20,071.337 255,850 3,375 1828. 24,281.032 400,439 1,850 1829. 24,741,582 396,187 6,522 20,330,502 24,080,321 25,144,291 •< .4. x2 246 BRIMSTONE— BROKERS. England Nett Produce of the Duties on liriuks and Tiles in 1839. £ .«. (/. £ s. d. J Bricks 310,051 14 5 I a^„„„M C Bricks 6,714 1 Tiles 31,S30 7 5 »coiiaua - - ^^,j,^,g 1,922 18 I' Total nett amount of revenue from liricks anil tiles in Great Britain, 362,518/. 13s. lOiZ. There were, in 1830, 5,369 brick and tile manufacturers in England and Wales, and 104 in Scot- land.* The entire duties on bricks and tiloa are drawn hack upon exportation. Sufficient security must be Riven before their shipment, tliat tliey sliall be shipped and exported, and not relanded in Great Britain.— (21 Qeo. 3. sess. 2. c. 24. J 16.) If bricks or tiles shipped for drawback he relanded, the bricks or tiles so relanded shall, over and above the penalty in the bond, be forfeited.— (} 17.) Return of the Number of Tiles made in the Year 1830, in Great Britain ; stating the Number of each Kind, and the Rate of Duty cliarged per Tliousand on each ; also, the Gros.s Amount of Duty for the Year, and Amount paid for Drawback on Tiles exported ; distinguishing each Country, and the Number of Tiles exported. England - ScolLind - Plain. Rate of Duty. Pan or Hiilge. Rate of Duly. Small Paving. Ilile of Duty. Paving. lintn ,,f Dutv. All other. Rate of Duty. GrossAmount of Duty. 41,707,915 3,2.t0 f. d. 6 8 per 1000 20,603,450 2,638,942 ... rf. 12 10 per 1000 3,972,507 67,330 J. rf. 2 5 per 100 1,036,300 13,370 ■ 1,0J3.670 ». d. 4 10 per 100 399,675 1,750 •. ,42,') ». rf. 4 10 per 1000 L. s. d. 32,438 19 5 1,810 15 Gl. Bribin 41,711,166 — 23,21^,392 — 4,029,837 — — 34,249 14 5 Number of Tiles exported. Ensiland Scotland Plain. Pan or Kidge. Small Paving. Large Paving. All other. Amount of Draw- hack. 17,000 734,742 52,000 126,900 7,900 143,073 750 1,424 £ s. d. m. '1 5 44 14 6 Great Britain 17,000 786,742 134,80!) 143,823 1,424 1 1,020 3 11 .iVote.— Bricks and tiles niado iu Ireland are not subject to excise duty. BRIMSTONE. SeeSuiPHun. BRISTLES (Fr. Soles ,- Ger. Borsten .■ Du. Borslels ,- It. Setok ,- Sp. Cerdas, Setas ,- Po\, Szezeciny ; K..s. Schfschct!7ia,- Lat. Seta:), the strong glossy hairs growing on the back of the hog and the wild boar. These arc very extensively used by brushniakers, shoe- makers, saddlers, «&c,, and form a considerable article of import. Russia is the great mart for bristles ; those of the Ukraine being held in the highest estimation. Of the total quan- tity imported in 1831, amounting to 2,070,306 IIks., Russia furnished 1,867,096 lbs., and Prussia (Kiinigsberg) 136,721 lbs. At an average of the 3 years ending with 1831, the entries for home consumption amounted to 1,789,801 lbs. a year. The duty, which varies from 2id. to 3^. a pound, produced, in 1832, 25,613/. 2s. lOrf, nett. BROCADE (Bu. Brokade ,■ Fr. Brocade,- Gei. Brokul .- It. Broccab ; Rus. Partscha,- Sp. Brando), a stuff made of silk variegated with gold and silver. BROKERS, persons employed as middlemen to transact business or negotiate bargains oetween different merchants or individuals. They are sometimes licensed by public authority, and sometimes not. Brokers are divided into different classes, as bill or exchange brokers, stockholders, ship and insurance brokers, pawnbrokers, and brokers simply so called, or those who sell or appraise household furniture distrained for rent. Exclusive, too, of the classes now men- tioned, the brokers who negotiate sales of produce between different merchants usually con- fine themselves to some one department or line of business ; and by attending to it exclu- sively, they acquire a more intimate knowledge of its various details, and of the credit of tliose engaged in it, than could be looked for on the part of a general merchant ; and are consequently able, for the most part, to buy on cheaper and to sell on dearer terms than those less fiimiliar with the business. It is to these circumstances — to a sense of the advantages to be derived from using their intervention in the transacting of business — that the exten- sive employment of brokers in London and all other large commercial cities is wholly to bo ascribed. The number of brokers in London is unlimited ; but by the statute 8 & 9 Will. 3. c. 20. they are to be licensed by the lord mayor and aldermen, under such restrictions and limita- tions as they may think fit to enact. By the 57 Geo. 3. c. 60., brokers acting without being duly admitted are made liable in a penalty of 100/. The fee on admission is fixed by the same act at 5/. ; and there is, besides, an annual jiayment also of 5/. The following are some of the regulations established by the mayor and aldermen pursu- ant to the act of Will. 3. : — That every person shall, upon his admission, take an oath truly and faithfully to execute and perforin the ollice of broker between party and party, in all * (Compiled from the Parlia.nentary Papers, No. 191. Seas. 1830, and No. 354. Ses9. 1631.) things utmost pal; a gain in tracts, Brok sworn ( A m( duce, if Twel city, uni transfer: which if ing been the suns Brokers. It goo the vend< of the pu opportun so}i v. Dt think th_, limited b] "unless payment disapprovi borough rejection .. of the pur( period for i Brokers, of bills and the circums countries, a mutual wai brokers are i to do if the 2*. per cent, " Those," to be men of fortune of th therefore, the sole point, th negotiations have heard aj Brokers, & ('t joint stocl which, amoni apparently fra to speculate o shall be void, ; made perpetui of which he is TiOt keeping a 50/. for each o brokerage on i on these it is ] in the public i I'y the parties i Brokers, Shi buying and se charterparties, i !« ship brokers brokers, they cl settling with t contract, and a and candid disc BROKERAGE. 247 ^rs, ship sell or Iw men- piy con- exclu- Jredit of land are In those lantages I cxten- hy to bo , c. 20. limita- ht being by the pursu- |th truly ^, in all ..) things pertaining to the duty of the said office, vithout fraud or collusion, to the best and utmost of his skill and knowledge ; that he shall in all cases reveal the name of his princi- pal ; and neither deal in goods on his own account, nor barter and sell again, nor make any gain in goods beyond the usual brokerage ; and that he shall regularly register all the con- tracts, &c. into which he enters. Brokers grant a bond under a penalty of 500/. for the faithful performance of the duties sworn to in the oath of admission. A medal is delivered to the broker, with his name engraved thereon, which he may pro duce, if required, as evidence of his qualification. Twelve persona professing the Jewish religion arc permitted to act as brokers within the city, under the same regulations, and receive the silver medal accordingly. This medal is transferable; sold generally at from 800/. to 1,.500/., exclusive of the expense of transfer, which is uncertain. Upon the decease of any of the holders of the medal without its hav- ing been transferred, the appointment fulls to the lord mayor for the tinie being ; and for it the sum of 1,500/. has not unfrequcntly been given. — {Muntefivre's Com. Did. art. Brokers.) If goods in the city of London be sold by a broker, to be paid for by a bill of exchange, tlie vendor has a right, tvithin a reasonable time, if he be not satisfied with the sufficiency of the purchaser, to annul the contract, i)rovidi'(l he intimate his dissent as soon as he has an opportunity of inquiring into the solvency of the purchnscr. In a case of this sort (^Hodg- son v. Davies, 2 Camp. N. P. C. ."iSe.), Lord Ellenborough was, at first, rather inclined to think that the contract concluded by a broker must be absolute, unless his authority were limited by writing, of which the purchaser had notice. Bvit the special jury said, that "unless the name of the purchaser has been previously communicated to the seller, if the payment is to be by bill, the seller is always understood to reserve to himself the power of disapproving of the sufficiency of the purchaser, and annulling the contract." Lord Ellen- borough allowed that this usage was reasonable and valid. But he clearly thought that the rejection must be intimated as soon as the seller has had time to inquire into the solvency of the purchaser. The jury found, in the case in question, that^re days was not too long a period for making the necessary inquiries. Brokers, Bill, — propose and conclude bargains between merchants and others in matters of bills and exchange. They make it their business to know the state of the exchange, and the circumstances likely to elevate or depress it. They sell bills for those drawing on foreign countries, and buy bills for those remitting to them : and, from their knowledge of tho mutual wants of the one class as compared with those of the other, a few of the principal brokers are able to fix the rate of exchange at a fair average, which it would not lie possible to do if the merchants directly transacted with each other. Their charge as brokerage ia 2«. per cent. "Those," says Mr. Windham Beawcs, "who exercise the function of bill brokers, ought to be men of honour and capable of their business ; and the more so, as both the credit and fortune of those who employ them may, in some measure, be said to be in their hands; and, therefore, they should avoid babbling, and be prudent in their office, which consists in ono sole point, that is, to hear all and sat/ nothing ,- so that they ought never to speak of the negotiations transacted by means of their intervention, or relate any ill report which they have heard against a drawer, nor otter his bills to those who have spread it." Brokers, Stock, — are employed to buy and sell stock in the public funds, or in the funds Cif joint stock companies. Their business is regulated by certain acts of parliament, by which, among other things, it is enacted, that contracts in the nature of wagers, or contracts apparently framed for the sale or purchase of stock, but really intended only to enable the parties to speculate on contingent fluctuations of the market, without any stock being actually sold, shall be void, and those engaging in them siibjecteu lO a penalty of 500/. — (7 Geo. 2. c. 8 , made perpetual by 10 Geo. 2. c. 8.) And by the same act, any one contracting to sell stock of which he is not actually possessed, or to which he is not entitled, forfeits 500/. Brokers r*ot keeping a book in which all contracts are regularly inserted, are liable in a penalty of 60/. for each omission ; half to tho king and half to tliose who sue for it. The charge for brokerage on all public funds, except Exchequer bills and India bonds, is 2s. firf. per cent. ; on these it is Is. per cent. No transaction with respect to the purchase and sale of stock in the public funds can be concluded except by the intervention of a licensed broker, unless by the parties themselves. Brokers, Ship and Insurance, — The chief employment of this class of brokers is in the buying and selling of ships, in procuring cargoes on freight, and adjusting the terms of charterparties, settling with the master for his salary and disbursements, &c. Their charge as ship brokers is about 2 per cent, on the gross receipts. When they act as insurance brokers, they charge 5 per cent, on the premium, exclusive of a discount allowed them on settling with the underwriter. The merchant looks to the broker for the regularity of the contract, and a proper selection of underwriters. To him also the underwriters look for a fair and candid disclosure of all material circumstances ailbcting the risk, and for payment of *f ? •nfl '* a- P 'c ■ £9 "■1 li. '^ '' 'i *'!' '""if. 248 BROKERAGE—BUBBLES. . ' I their premiums. From the importance of their employment, ship and insurance brokers ought to be, and indeed gciuriilly are, ]i('r.soiis of respectability and honour, in whom full confidence may be reposed. A ship l)roki'r is not within the various acts for the regulation and admission of brokers. — ((Hljhoiis v. Jiii/e, C. P. 27th of June, 1827.) Brokers, Cusfuin-liouse. — It is enacted liy tlio 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52., that no person shall be authorised to act as an asent for trniisiicliiig Imsiness at the Custom-house in the port of London, relative to the entry or clcariince of any ship, &c., unless authorised by licence of the commissioners of customs, wiio are to require bund with one surety for 1,000/. for the faithful conduct of such ])ersoii and his clerks. This regulation does not, however, apply to the clerk or servant of any jierson or jiersons transacting business at the Custom-house on his or their account. The commissioners may extend this regulation to other ports. — §§ 144. & 118. Briikers, Pawn. See Pawnkuokkhs. Brokers, simply so called, in their character of appraisers and sellers of goods distrained for rent, are regulated by 57 (Jeo. .3. c. 93., which enacts, that no stick person making any distress for rent, where the sum due does not exceed 20/., shall take more than the following sums ; VIZ. Fur levying ...... Tor iiii;ii keeping pnssession, per day - . - Advi'rlisements, if any . - . _ . Catiilomies. sale, to JHsiDii, ice. in tliu pound on tlio nctt produce Stamp duly, lawful aruDunt. £ s. d. 3 2 10 1 Appraisements, whether by one broker or more, Gd. per pound on the value of the goods, under a penalty of treble the amount of the money unlawfully taken, with costs to be reco- vered summarily before a justice of the peace. In France, the ])rokers who deal in money, exchange, merchandise, insurance, and stock, are called agents de chmijre, and their nuiniier, at Paris, is limited to sixty. The comjjany oi agents de change is directed by a clunnber of syndics {cliambre syndicale) chosen annu- ally by the company. They are severally obliged to give bonds to the amount of 125,000 fr. for the prevention of abuses. They are also obliged to keep books ; are restricted to a charge of from a to ^ per cent. ; and are interdicted from carrying on, or having any inte- rest in, any commercial or banking operations. — (See Code de Commerce, § 74. &c. ; and art. BoiiDKAux, in this Dictionary.) In the United States, brokers are not licensed, nor do they give bonds. BROKERAGE, the commission, or percentage, paid to brokers on the sale or purchase of bills, funds, goods, &c. — (See Factoua(;k.) BRONZE (Gcr. SI iickg'it, Stiikmetull ,- J)vt. Stilckgned .- It. Bronze,- Sp. Metal de Canones ,• Lat. Metallum tormeutoruin), " a mixed metal, consisting chiefly of copper, with a small proportion of tin, and sometimes other metals. It is used for casting statues, cannon, bells, and other articles, in all of which the proportions of the ingredients vary." -{Vre.) BROOMS (Ger. Besen ,- Fr. Balais ; It. Scope, Granule ; Sp, Escohas ; Rus. Metlil), are principally made of birch or heath. Vast (juantities are manufactured in Southwark, for the supply of the London market. BRUSHES (Ger. B'ursten ,• Fr. Brasses ,- It. Sctole, Spazzole ,- Sp. Brozas, Cepillos, Escobillas ; Rus. Sc/i/sc/ie/fo'), well-known implements, made of bristles, and manufactured of various forms. BUBBLES, a familiar name applied generally to fraudulent or unsubstantial commercial projects, which hold out hopes of rajjid gain, for the purpose of enriching the projectors at the expense of sanguine and ignorant adventurers ; and particularly used to designate those projects, the funds for which are raised by the sale of shares or subscription to a transferable stock. In conse(}uence of the mischief produced by the gambling in transferable shares of bubble companies at the time of the South Sea project, 1719 and 1720, the stat. 6 Geo. I. c. 18., reciting that several undertakings or projects had been contrived and practised, which " manifestly tended to the common grievance, prejudice, and inconvenience of great num- bers of his Majesty's subjects in their trade and commerce," and describing, among other practices of the time, the ordinary mode of raising money by shares and subscriptions to a j)retended transferable stock, enacted, that the undertakings and attempts so described, and pul)lic subscriptions, assignments, and transfers for furthering them, and particularly tlie raising or pretending to raise transferable stocks without authority of charter or act of parlia- ment, should be deemed illegal and void, and prohibited them under severe penalties. Some decisions limited the operation of, and finally the stat. 6 Geo. 4. c. 91. altogether repealed, these enactments and prohibitions. The projectors of bubbles, therefore, are now punishable only when they can be deemed guilty of frauds or conspiracies at common law ; and there is no other check on the adventurers than the loss and troublesome liabilities under the law of partnership, in which participation in these projects often involves them. BU( mata ,- dered, i BUG Sarucer Po/ianc be cut V tlie grail colour, ( soils. I century. learned vol. i. ar quarters. BUEI 200 mile very di/fc to amoun vast exte ficult nav and violei name. S goods into tlicm to th the bay of tJje outwa houses, an rafts. Th are sent to exported bi The impoi earthenwar salt fish, ni the interior inland trad and its trad During tlu 48,378; horse arrohas ; Imi Ayres is cnrif of lliij .States we imported —(.Set,' NuTiii value ot" tliH i year, was ,'i3i) It] 1828, 04 Hi vessels that a cnniinue to iin iinoccii|)ied, u: Monies, IVcii [We .shall "States with ] amount of ou liy no means S50,000, in tl BUFF (G h'iffles; lt.B dressed with mals, when pi It is used in n required. BUGLES, Africa, to whii BULLION BUOYS, p water. Those strongly hooiie public. BUCKRAM— BUOYS. 249 BUCKRAM (Fr. Bnuffran ,- Gcr. fic/ief/re, Slelfc Lclmmnd ,- It. Tela cnl/atn o ifom- matu; Ru!». Kkanku ,• Sp. Bucuran),a sort of coarse cloth made of hemp, gummed, culen- dercd, and dyod several colours. BUCKWHEAT (Fr. lilc Samt.sin, Hit' iwlr ,- (Jer. liiic/iwcizen, Ha'dekom ,• It. Grano Saruceno, Fa^t^ina, Fralna ; Sp. 'J'r/u;i) Sdniriiu), Tr!i;o iicirru ,• Pol. Tatarat, (Iri/ka, I'ohunca ; R\xa, Grelschu ,■ ImU Fiif^npi/ritiii) is priiicipiilly cultivated in onler that It may be cut when young and green, and employed as fodder for cattle ; when allowed to ri[)en, tlic grain is usually employed to feed pigeons and poultry. When ripe it is of a deep yellow colour, the seeds hearing a great resemblance to liecc-h-mast : it will grow on the poorest soils. Buckwheat has been cultivated in this country from the latter part of the sixteenth century. Its native country is unknown, but supposed to be Asia. Beckmann has a very learned dissertation on its introduction and early cidtiire in Europe. — (See Hint, of Invent. vol. i. art. Buckwheat.) The average tpiainiiy of buckwheat imported, is about 10,000 quarters. The duty is the same as on barley, — (tSee CoaN Laws.) BUENOS AYRES, a city of South America, on the south side of the La Plata, about 200 miles from its junction with the sea, in lat. M° ."30 V S., long. 58° 22' W. Population very dillcrcntly estimated ; but said {liullitiii de-t Sciences Geographiques, vol. xx. p. 152.) to amount to 81,000. The La Plata is one of the largest rivers of the world, traversing a vast extent of country, of which it is the great outlet. Unluckily, however, it is of very dif- ficult navigation, being shallow, infested with rocks and sand-banks, and exposed to sudden and violent gusts of wind. There is no harbour at Buenos Ayres, or none worthy of the name. Ships can only come within 2 or 3 leagues of the town : there they unload their goods into boats ; from which they are received at the landing )ilaces into carts that convey tliem to the town, which is about :i of a league ilistant. Shi[)s that want careening repair to the bay of Barragon, a kind of port about 10 leagues to the S. E. of the city ; and there also tlie outward bound ships wait for their cargoes. All the timber used in the construction of houses, and in the building and repairing of vessels, come down the river from Paraguay in rafts. The principal articles of cxjjort consist of hides and tallow, of which vast (juantities are sent to England, the United States, Holland, (Jermany, &c, ; besides these, there arc exported bullion and viccunna wool from Peru, copper from Chili, salt beef, imtria skins, «Scc. The imj)orts principally consists of cotton and woollen goods from England, hardware and earthenware from ditto, linens from Germany, (lour from the United States, spices, wines, salt fish, machinery, furniture, &c. : the iinest tobacco, sugars, wax, &c. are brought from the interior ; as is Paraguay tea, an article in considerable demand in South America. The inland trade carried on between Buenos Ayres, and Peru, and Chili, is very considerable ; and its trade by sea with foreign countries is daily becoming of more importance. Dnrinjr tlio year 18.'i2, there were exported from lliipiins Ayres. dry hides, S"7,l.'i2; dilto salted 48,378; horse hides, 40,076 ; jerked beef, 10.'J,7S0 (niintiils ; horns, 2,(110,017 ; tips, 101,851 ; wool, 33,052! arrohas; hnir, 31,257 ditto ; nutria skins, 14,5()2 dozen, Jtc. The trade I'roiu this country to Uuenoa Ayres is confounded in ourCustiuii-lnuise accounts wilh that to Monte Video, under the general name nf the Slates of the Rio de la Plata ; but hy far the larfjest share helongs to Buenos Ayres. In 1831, we imported from these states, exclusive of hullion, of which no account is kept, 420,001) niUria skins* —(See Nutria), 140,008 cvvt. hides, 2,170 cwt. tallow, 12,214 lbs. sheep's wool, &c The declared value of the articles of llritisli produce! and ma:nn'a( tore exported to these states during the same year, was 3,19,870/. ; of which cottons, woollens, hunlwiire, uiul liiii'ns made more than three fimrtlis. Ill 1828, 04 British ships, of the burden of 12,740 Ions, entered the port; the total inunberof foreign vessels that annually eater it beinu from 300 to 400. 'l'\\i\ co 'rce of Buenos Ayres will no doubt cnniinue to increase according as the vast countries situated on the La Plata, now in a great degree unoccupied, are settled. Monies, Weights, Measures, IfC. same as those of Spain ; for which, see Cadiz. [We .shall only add to what the author has stated concerning the trade of the United States with Buenos Ayres, or the Argentine Republic, of which it is the capital, that the amount of our domestic manufactured cottons which we export to that country has become by no means inconsiderable. It was respectively )S263,000, §101,000, $400,000, and ;?50,000, in the four years ending the 30th of September, 1837. — Am. Ed.] BUFF (Ger. Biiffel, Biiffclliiiute.- Ft. Biifflc, Peau de biiffles, et Peatix pas.iees en buflle.i,- It. Biifalo, Cuojo di bufulo), a sort of leather prepared from tlie skin of the bulfalo, dressed with oil, after the mamicr of chamois. The skin of elks, oxen, and other like ani- mals, when prepared after the same manner as that of the buffalo, is likewise called /jtiff. It is used in making sword-belts and other articles, where great thickness and firmness are required. BUGLES, small glass beads of different colours. They are in considerable demand in Africa, to which they are mostly exported. BULLION, uncoined gold and silver in the mass. See GoLn and Silveh. BUOYS, pieces of wood, cork, or some light substance, moored and floating on the water. Those of wood are sometimes solid, and sometimes hollow, like a cask, and strongly hooped ; they are made of various shapes and sizes ; and are either private or public. 32 260 BUOYS. I Subjoined is an Account H|icntyiii({ itio lliioyH mid Itisicoin iiiiiIit Hi.' ('oiitrnl nf tlio Trlnity-llotigo, Deptford Strond, Willi Ihr Itali'H nf Cliart,'!' il%—(l'arl. Paper, No. MIS. SeHS. 1833.) Rr.l«i nf Cliarei'. Coulcrs. nrcli»li.iiil Ko. ri'iKii |iiiviU;:i',i Vri-. ^(IVl■lM■l, |U|- liai. iH't privilt !t is enacted, that if any pi^rson or persons shall wilfully cut away, cast adrifl. remove, alter, deface, sink, or desnuy. or in any way injure or conceal, any buoy, biiny- rope, or mark lieloiijiiiiL' lo any sliip or vessel, or which may lie attached to any anchor or ralile lic- lont-'iii!; to any sliip or vessel, whelher in distress or ollierwise. such person or persons so olfendiiig shall upon ('onviclioii be ailjudjied ^iiiliy of felony, and shall lie liable lo be transported for any term note.xceeding 7 years, or to be imprisoned for any niiinber of years, at the discretion of the court. Pithlic Buoys, being intended for the publir service, cannot be placed, altered, or removed, except liy competent authority. They are generally of a pretty large size ; and are firmly 'moored by chains or cables to rocks, large stones, anchors, &c. By floating on the surface of the water, they serve at once to mark the channels through which it is safe to steer, and to point out dangers to be avoided, such as sunken rocks, shoals, wrecks of vessels, &c The places in, and the purposes for, which buoys are exhibited, are always specified in good charts : and as the leading buoys are generally of a peculiar figure or colour, which is also indicated in the chart, the navigator, as soon as he recognises them, shapes his course accordingly. Hence the great importance of having buoys properly placed, and of their being carefully marked in charts. BURDEN— nuSlIIRE. 251 Thn Oco. 4. c. 125. } 01, cnncii), lliiii every pirsMii who >lmll ride by, iimke f:isl to, rrinnvo. or wliriilly mil down or run fmii (il'iiiiy vessel pliiieil to eviulill llithirt, (iriiiiy luioy or lieiiccjii lii'loiiKing to till! corporiilion of tl:B Trinity llmise i>( l)e|ill'iird Sircniil, or lo iiny ciilier nir|Miiii!ion liiivinit iiu- tliorily lo place hiicIi vcxmcI, hiioy. or liiiiiiiii. sIimII. lie^iidi'S niiikiiii; l'himI all diiniagu occHHioiied llicrehy, forfeit, for every sntli olVeiiee, any sum not cxc«edin(,' 00/. nor lets than 10/. BUKDEN of a ship. Sec Toxn A(a;. HUUGUNUV. Sec Wink. BURGUNDY PITCH, a rosin, the prothtcc of the J'hiu/i A/iles, or spruco fir. It w obtnitied by making incisions in tiie Imrk down to iho woiul. wiicncc if llow.s thickly and lansiiiilly, iinincdiiitciy concreting into Ihikcs that adiicrc firiniy to tin- tree. 'J'hcsc liring taken oil" arc inched in boihng water, and strained throuyii coarse clotiis. It is of a close consistence, rather soft, has a reddisii brown colonr, and a not unpieasmit smell ; it is very adhesive. The greatest quantity is collected in the neighbourhood of NeufchiUel, whence it is brought to us packed in casks. A fictitious sort is made in Kngland, and found in the shops under the title of cnnimnii Uurgundy pitch ; it may be distinguished by its friability, want of viscidity and of the oi'our which characterises the genuine sort. A species of Burgundy pitch exudes spontaneously from the Norway spruce fir. This, which undergoes no preparation, is the riwlii or t/iiin of tiie old London riiarinacopceias. It is imported in the form of tears or small masses, packed in casks, each containing from I to 2 cwt. It fetches about half the ]irice of that which is strained. — {(Ivaifa Supplement to the I'lutrmacopcrias, Thomson's Dis/tcnsdhiri/.) BUSHEL, a measure of cajmcity for dry goods, as grain, fruit, dry pulse, &c. containing 4 pecks, or 8 gallons, or ^ of a quarter. The Winchester bushel contains '^l.'iO'lO cubic inches, while the Imi)erial bushel con- tains 22I8'198. Hence to convert Winchester bu.sheis into imperial, multiply by the frac- lioii ■.fyj'\'!,'9~Tj or •969'147, or approximately deduct ,',th, and . ' ,th ; and if great accuracy be required, 7t„'imT '""l ^rt '^,7 more. To conviTt jirices jur Winchester bushel into prices per Imperial bushel, multiply by the fraction -,',', ',iV'^' "*" l*"'^l''iL'J7. By the f) Geo. 4. c. 74. § 7. the bushel shall be the stnndard measure of capacity for enak, culm, lime, fish, potatoes, or fruit, and all other goods and things commonly sold by heaped measure. The bushel shall contain 80 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water, being made round, with a plain and even bottom, and being I'.^ inches from outside to outside. Sec- tions 7 and 8 direct the mode in which the bushel shall be used for heaped measure. — (See Wkic.iits and Mkasimiks.) The standard mea.sure of ca|)acity, by this act, as well for li(|uids as for drj' goods not measured by heaped measure, shall be the i^alhm, containing 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distilled water weighed in air at the temperature of i\'Z° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being at 30 inches; and such measure .shall be the Imperial standard gallon (containing 277'274 cubic inches) ; and all measmrs shidl be taken in parts or multiidcs, or certain proportions, of the said Imperial standard gallon ; and the (juart shall be the fourth part, and the pint shall be an eighth of such standard gallon; and 2 such gal- lons shall be a peck, and 8 such gallons shall be a bushel, and 8 such bushels a quarter of corn or other dry goods not measured by hcajicd measmv. Bl'SHlKE oil ABUSHIHE, a sea-port town of I'crsia, in the province of Fars, on the north-east coast of the Persian Gulf, in lat. 2'J~' N., long. .50° M)' E. Population uncertain, but estimated by Major Wilson at from l.'t.OOO to 2().0()(). J'ushire is situated at the north- ern extremity of a sandy peninsula, to the norlh and east of which is the bay. 'J 'here is a convenient anchorage for large ships due west from the town, 1? or 4 miles distant, in from 25 to 28 feet water ; but ships of .'JOO tons burden or thereby lie in the inner roads, to the north, about 6 miles from shore ; the anchorage is pretty good ; but during violent north- westerly gales, they are sometimes obliged to cut their cables, and bear up forKarak, a small island about 15 leagues W. N. W^. of Hushire. The water inuned lately to the east of the town is deep, but the passage to it is olistructed by a bar, which caimot be passed by vcs.sels drawing more than 8 or 'J feet water, excejit at spring tides, when there is a ri.se of from 8 to 10 feet. The variation in 1811 was 4° 415' W.— (rvW»-/ of the Persian Gulf, by Captain Ritchie, &c.) The climate here, as in all the other ports of the Persian Gulf, is extremely hot, particularly in June, July, and August. The unhealthy season is in the fall of the year. Trade, ^c. — Bushiro has a good deal of trade, particularly with Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Its merchants supply almost all Persia with Indian commodities ; as, also, with a good many of those brought I'rom Europe. Of the imports from India, indigo, sugar, sugar candy, and spices arc the most imi)ortant ; the stciM of India is preferred in Persia to every other, and is made into excellent sabres : tin is brought from lianca ; and coffee is princi- pally supplied by Mocha and other ports on the Arabian tiulf. English cotton goods, not- withstanding the admitted inferiority of our red dyes, — a colour in great esteem in Persia, — have already gone far to supersede those that were formerly brought from Hindostaii ; and the demand for them is rapidly extending, and is susceptible of an almost indefinite increase. Besides those imported at Bushire, a good many are introduced through Bussorah, and ' i :!;' 1 •'! I 252 BUSIIIRE. BoniP throuffh Turkry and Rii«xia ; the latter liy wiiy of tlic ninrk Won. tlio formor of Smyrna and ConMtiintino|ilr. llitlu'rlo, indrnl, a cciiisidi'ialil)' part of tlio cottons imported tliroiiirh the lust mentioned ehanneU liiivo heeii mipplied l>y tSvvil/.erland and (ieriiiuny, — tlieir iahries Imvin^ been, in some ren|'eetn, lielt'T lilted, than onrn for the 'I'lirkish and IVrsiatj jnarketH ; hut tliey wein to liave lont tliis advanla^^e, an our ex|)(prts of eottons to 'J'urkey an? now rapidly inereasin;;. Woollen khoiIh, enflery, watches, kVc, sent to IntHa from Kn((Iund, are thence exported to IJushire. Imitation shawlH, of the proper size and pattern, arc Haid to meet with a fair sale. 'J'lie exports princi|ially consist of raw silk, Kermnn wool, Kernian and Cashmere shawls, carpets, hor^'•s, silk noods, dried fruits, wine, mrain, copper, tunpioises, asafcetida, ^all-nuts, jiearls, and oilier articles of minor importance. 'I'urkev aunually supplies Persia with a very eonsideralile amount of bullion, most part of which is sent to India. Of the Persian exports, raw silk is the moat important. It is produced to some extent in every province ; hut tJheelau and Ma/.inideran are those which are most celebrated for its prowtli. In the former, about l)0(),lt()() lbs. are auiuially raised, Russia is a lartje customer for this article. Dried fruits and dates are sent inconsiderable ipiantities to India. Horses ore largely exported to India both by sea and land ; they serve for momitiui; our Indian cavalry, and for supply.'ug the lame (irivate demand that always obtains in Hinilostan for this noble animal. Thouijh neither -o swift nor so beautiful as those of Arai)ia, tiie P<'rsian horses are lar(je, more powerful, and, all tiiinijs considered, better for cavalry. They arc capable of supiwrtinij; an extraordinary decree of fati^^ue. Wine of Shiraz enjoys a dejrree of celebrity, to which, judij;ina from the f'W samples we have seen, it seems but ill entitle(L Mr. Fra/.er says, that it is made in so careless a manner, llial, in choosinif it, not more than 1 bottle in 4 or .5 can be made use of. Persian tobacco and yellow dye berries are highly esteemed ; the former enters to a consideraMe extent into the trade to Turkey as well as to India; the berries brine; a very high price in our markets, but the imports hitherto have been inconsiderable. Turquoises, a>afa'tida, and various sorts of drugs, rose water, with other minor articles, form part of the exi)orts. iSheeps' and Roals' wool is also exported The best is that of Kerman. The down furiiisiied by the goats of this province is almost as fine as that of the Thibet or shawl goats, ("otton is extensively produced in Persia ; the Russians carry away some, but the greater ])art is used in the country, (irain is sent to Muscat, hut )t in large quantities. The pearl trade is now principally centered at MuscaL The impori. of copper into Calcutta from IJushire. Uus-iorah,and other ports of the Persian Gulf, during the 7 years ending with 18v;7-2S, were valued at about .')0,00()/. a year. 'J'liis copjier is principally the produce of the Persian mines, mixed, however, with some Russian copper from Georgia. Of manufactured articles, the principal arc carpets of the most beau- tiful fabric ; shawls, partly native, and partly brought from Cashmere ; velvets, silk goods, gold and silver brocades, and a few other articles. The trade between Persia and Russia by tlie Caspian Sea is very considerable. Most |>art of the paper used in the former is sup- plied by the latter. The furs of Russia lind a ready market in Persia ; hut it is a I'act worth mentioning, that Persian merchants have recently been seen at the Jjcipsic fairs, carrying gold thither for American furs! — (Ui-f/ii/iaii an //ic licnuurces of Tur/t-n/, p. 1.55.) The Russian provinces on llic Caspian derive their supplies of indigo from Persia by way of Bushire. The official returns slinw tlint the total value (ii'ilic entirn trade, imports as well as cxpnrtJ, carried on lietwoen lirilisli India and the Persian (lull, nt iiii avi'raijo of the 7 years eiidiiii; willi l^is, was (lalviiic the ru|)(!e at 2.<,) l,;i37.ltW. a year. Ol'this iiiiiDiint, Calculla parlicipMled to llie i-xtciit of 55!t,(isii/.. Madras of 51.'.W1/., and lloiidiay ot'TiJ.mr/. 'I'liis, hinvcver. iiichidcs tlie trade to Muscat and liussorali, as well as to lliishirc.', and wi: have no imans ()rdis( riininatiiisi' at Kumhay; lint the destination of tlio Ilritish sliips tradiud to the fiulf not hein? t'iven, and it hfln!.' rMslcunary for most sliips to visit hoth liushire and liussorali, it is impossililo to say wlu'ther tin' value of \\ir trailo to tlie fornnT, as compared with that to the latter and Muscat, corresponds with the numlier of ships they respeitivelv send to India. Water at liushire is excessively had and dear ; hut exiellent water, and in ureal aliiindance, may lie had at Karak. The anrhora!.'e at tiiis island is safe at all times; and ships may lie close to the beai-li. .Sir ,lohn Malcolm sujiifesteil, that tin' peiiii.iiu'nt possession of Kaiak wmild lie an oliji;ot of eonsideralile importance ; and w e are rather imlinei! in aL'rei' w ilh liini. It is of no value to the Per- sians, and there seems little doiiht that lliey would he L'lad to cedi; it for a tritlim; consideration. Its possession would not only enalile us to cnniniand the navis/ation of the Persian (iulf; hut it would form a depot where (joods destined tor liushiie. liussorali, .tc, iniL'ht he kept in perfect safely, and in a situation the most convenient, lieinu re idil> aicessilde to all sorts of Araliian vesseh. .\ taste for Ilritish cottons and woollens is now liirmiiiL' in all tlie vasi cduntries watered liy the Kuphrates and tlieTi(iris.or which derive their supplies I'remtlie emporia erected on their hanks : and it is of the jireat- est consei|uence that nothing be uiiiitled that may serve to facilitate tin; ditfusion of this taste, and the m Mins of gratifying it. .Alufi")/.— .Accounts are kept in tomans of .10 aha^scs, fir 100 inamoodis. The toman is a Persian cold coin, containiiiL', according to the report of the Uninliay mint, trom 71.'i to '17 gr. pure metal, being consequently eiiual to from l"2.v. 'id. to 1U-. lid. sterlini:. The toman of liussorali is worth about lifts., and tliat of tiumbroon about '24j>'. These, witli I'er.suin and foreign ijilver cuius oi' all denuminutions, nrfi fnitr the miti vcr\ nei Tlie c. used. 'I zaar. 'I copra is articles Pearls There iiion gii/ Tile P. tn ii mill'! The an For fur fian Umpi Ao. 7;i.').- lator, Jifc. BfXS from 50 t one at tl FlSHKIIY. (the nam nhove 70 consisting mean iiiid and plant) craft. The bar within is d niny withoi lie navigati cast, throiit enijiirc. It and extens and industr similar to tl rein, iScc, ar of the year I the inerchan with in the liorscs, gall i tnry, the exj ilic East Inc caravans to i nieaiis of stci iJ'hnt-cl-Arab to Gibraltar i Mnieij.— All kept in viiiiniKii about 1,'i sicca IVtijrh.t.1 ami Tlic cominer vakiii - I'.loz. ! ez avoir.; 1 im Tlitse are thi jVra littli' froii Cliaiit must pay The long ine; for I'otiiins and Tor further (l< 2"<;t.; the art. Hi liir.p. J2I. Nl, BUTLER.J BUTT, u V BUTTER Lat. Hutyniin Smiir), as evei stance, obtainc The varioui have been invt which he arriv Vol. I.— Y BUSS— BUTTER. 253 MH foiintl nt Unshlro; tint tlm rf\t(<« of ilii' forriifii roinu nro pcrpctiinlly varying, nnd tlio \V(-i((lit of tliii nallvii nilim in alnii niilijii I In rric|iiiiil i liiiiii.'C!4. Il'eilflil.i unit vWki.ihio.— Cold anil ^jlvl•r arc wri|(lii'il liy tlii! iiiUcal (if2(l\vt. 2;i 7-lC (jr-i <"■ 3(l\vl. vcr) iwarly. Tlid ("iiiliicrriiil wrinhts vary acroiiliiiB l^i tin' fciiiiin(i(lllle!i mid. and the placi'H wluTc llirv arc iiKi'd. 'I'lii' iiiaiiiid taliri'i' wnuli^ 0^ jliy. av<>irdii|iidii al flic ('iiHl(iiii'liiiii.''f' . Inn mily li; IIih. at ilii^ ba- zaar. Tills wi'iitlit JM iiyi'd hy dcaliTH III i^iiiiar. lutri'i. riippcr, and all Mirtt of iIiiiifh. 'I'lir ni.iiuiil mpra is 7J llis, al llic ('iimIimii-Iiipihc, and rrinii '.; In "i IIih. al tin' lia/.aar. ItcaliTH in riri' and iillirr nrlli'U'H iirprnvlNiiin nsr ihis wrlulil. Tin' iiiaiinil sliaw Is diinlili.' IIil' niannd tahni', nr 111!, IIm. IVarls iiri' wcjulird hy I lie alilias U U.'i cr 'I'm) . Tlirri' arc varimis »iiiu nl' irn/.'s or iiihlis, One rallt'tl lliu roynl giiz = 371 Eng. InclicH ; Ihi' nun. in«n till/. Ih IU'o thirds nl' the liirnirr, or 'J'l inrlirK. Tin- I'lTslan Icauint or parasanir Is l-'JIlili ot'a drffrco oftlic (><|iintnr, and should, tlicrrrori', bi; uipial 10 ii miles :i I'nrlonus and 'ifi poles llnulisli. The arlalia, nr priiieipal rorn measure, is cipiivalent to nlioiil 2 Winch. qiiarterR. Tor I'lirlher parlienlarH, see .Virlmlir. ^i. 1111^:1 tii Jiriiliie, tome ii. p. 7,"i.; Kiiiiiiir's Miiioir of Ihr I'lr- siun y.ininre, p. "II. ; h'riistr'n 'I'ranl.-i nv llir Sl(i,ny nf Ihr ('((.-/iiini, Spiiin. pp. ,'I.V2-;iHl ; /'«)•/. I'lipii; i\(). 7.'(i.— 11. WCHS. Ib32. pp. ()3a— (i.'is.; Ktlhi's Oriciitiil Mtruliigy ; ThiirntoH'.i Kiist Iniliuu Ciilcif lalor, -S'C. Bl'SS, a small sen-vosHol, used liy iw ami the Dutch in the hrrring fiKhcry, commonly from 50 to 60 tons linrdi'u, and somoliiiit's morr. A buss has two siniill slu'ds orcai)ins; one at the prow, and liie utiicr al tlit- .siorii ; th;it at llic prow si-rvos Cor a kitciuMi. — ((Si'c FiSIIKUV.) mJSSORAH OR BASRAH, a rity of Arnhia.on the western bank of the Shat-el-Arab (the name Riven to the river foniied by the junction of the 'J'igris and tlie Euphrates), above 70 miles from its mouth, lat, 'M)° ;nV N'., I'onu. 47° 32' E, rojiulation about (iO.OOO, coiisistiiiR of Arabs, Turks, Persians, Arnitniiins, Jews, &c. The houses and streets are mean and fiitity. There is a vast area wilbin the walls, occupied princi|ially by garden.^ and i)lantulions of date trees, and iiiter.seeted by canals, on which arc nuiaerons small craft. The bar at the mouth of the 8hat-el-.-\ralt has only about 12 feet water, but the channel within is dee|), so that ships of .')0() tons burden, provided they cross the bar nt the springs, may without dillieully ascend the river as far as llie city ; and both its grand liranehes may lie navigated to a great distance by smaller vessels. Bussorah is the iiriiici(ial inlet on the cast, through which Indian and other Eastern products iiiul their way into the TurkiNli empire. Its commerce is, therefore, even at present, Jiretty eoiisideiahle ; and were the rich and extensive countries traversed by the 'J'igris and the Euphrates occupied by a civilized and industrious people, it would be very great. Its imports from India and Europe are similar to those at Busiii'ik (which see) ; from Persia it imports shawls, jiearls fn.in Bah- rein, (Slc, and colTco from Mocha. At an average, C or 8 British ship.s arrive in the course of the year from India ; but the jirincipal part of the trade is carried on in Arabian boltoms, the merchants of Muscat being the owners of some of the finest ships that are to be met with in the Indian seas. Its exports are princifially bullion, pearls, dates, copper, raw silk, Iiorscs, gall nuts, and drugs. Captain Hamilton mentions, that in the early [lart of last cen- tury, the exports of dates from Bussorah exceeded 10,000 tons a year. — (Ncir iiccniiiit nf tlic East Indies, vol. i. p. 78.) The commerce with the interior is conducled by means of caravans to Ale])po and Bagdad ; hut it might be carried on to much more advantage iiy means of steam-boats. It luw been jiroposed to forward mails from India by steam by the 8hat-el-Arab and the Euphrates to Bir, thence by land to Scanderoon, and again hy steam to Gibraltar and England. jtl„i,eij. — All sorts of ('(dns circulate here, but their valne.s are constantly flnclnatinir. Accounts an; kepi ill wi(m»("/ic,v ol" U) ilaiiiuis. or \W Jlounc ; HiO miimii(i(/ic< make a (umu/i, which may be valued at abiiiit Ifi sicca rupees, or 3(i.s-. sterlinir. /(Vi.ff/:/."- iiml Jt/ra.NHrcs-.— (iold and silver are weiffbed by the rhrki of 100 mi.^cals, or 7,20(1 Eng. prains. The commercial weinhls are the mniinU ailirif. the mniuid xufi/ or .vp,-.-.sr. and tin,' «/.c »/ Hairilml. I rnkiii ^ 111 o/. avoirdupois ; 2.; vakias = 1 okf of Hasdail = -17i oz. avoir.; 1 maiinil alteruc =28 lbs. H V.7.. avoir.; 1 maund sofy = HO lbs. 1 oz. avoir.; 1 nilrn of indiu'o = l.'iH lbs. LI oz. avoir. These are the weichts used by the Kiiropeaiis setlleil at Itiissorah ; those used by the Arabians dif- j'er a litlh; from the above, and frequently alsoamoim Ihemselves,— a circumstance to « liichthe mer- chant must pay particular alleution. Tilt! lorn; measures are the Aleppo yard f r silks and woollens =- 2 feet 21 imiies; the Iladded do. for I'otlons and linens = 2 feet 10 2 incln's ; llie HaL'dad do. for all purposes = 2 feel 70 inehes. For I'lirlher details as to tlie (■ommerce of Hiissorali, see hiiineir'a Jfniinir on the I'erninn l-Unpire, p. 2"*;!.; the art. HrsimiE in this Dictionary; A'i//.v'.< Uriinliil Mlmld^ii ; Thontton'.i Kii.-t preHent, We never liml it iiieiitii>iieil liy (iiili'ii mid otherM im ii foixl, thiiiiKh they hiive xpiille lo Diher piir|iiH('M, No notice is taken of it by AlpieiiiN; nor iH there any thiiii^ Niiiii of it in that re^peet by the aiithorn wlio treat of aa;ri- I'lilliire, tlioiii{h they iiave ^iveii im very particniar inl'orination with rexpeet to milk, eiieoNe, arid oil, 'I'his, iim ha^ Iw'en remarked by other!*, may Ih> easily accounted '°ir, iiy the iinciutitrt ha\inp; urniHtomed lheinwelven to the use of pfood oil ; and in the like inninier butter is very little employed at prcHeiit in Italy, Npaiu, i'ortut^id, and the Houlitern piirtM of Franco." — (Hi.s/(irf/ iif liirrnfiiins, vol. ii. p. •! UJ. I'lnif. ed.) Hutter is very extensively UHcd in this and most other northern countries; that of Eiiq- Iniiil (Old Holland iH reckoned the best. In London, the butter of KppinK and (l^ambridKe is in the highest repute ; the cows which produce the former, fceil during summer in the Hhnil>by pastures of I'jppini^ Forest; luid tiie leaves of the trees, and numerous wild plants which there abound, are supposed to irnjirove the llavour of the butter. It is iirounht to market in rolls from one to two feet lon^, weiKhin^ it pound each. 'J'he Cnmbridi{e.shire butter iH produced from cows that feed one part of the year on chalky iiplnnds, and the other on rich meadows or fens; it is innde u|i into lom; rolls like the Hppinp; butter, ami Kcnernlly salted or ciireil before beiiii; broui;ht to market ; the London dealcrH, having wunhed it, and wrouj;ht the salt out of it, freipiently sell it for Hppint? butter. The butter of Snflblk and Yorkshire is often sold for that of ('ambridcfeHhire, to which it is little interior. The butter of Somersetshire is thouirht to eipial that of Kppino; ; it is broui^ht to market in dishes contnininir half a ponml each ; out of which it is taken, washed nnd put into din'erenl forms, by the dealers of Hath and liristol. The butter of (Jloncester- siiire and Oxfordshire is very good ; it is made up in half pound packs or prints, packed up in S(piare baskets, nnd sent to the liondon market by wairon, The butter of tlie mountains of Wales and IScotland, and the moors, commons, and heaths of ['in^land, in of excellent ipialily when it is properly managed ; and though not ecpial in Mi'lni|P()lis limy, it is lii'licveil, lie nvcriii-'eil iit iiliniit mic liiill' piiiiiiil per week tor eiiili iniliviiliiiil, Ix'liiL' III till' rati' lit' Uli Ills, a yrar ; nnil siippo-iiiiL' lln' pupiilaliiiii to aiiKiiiiit to 1,1.111,01111, tlic Inlal aii< iiii;il ((iiisii nipt ii 111 wciiilil, (III this liyiHillic-is, be liT.TIHI.OIIIIIIis., iir iri,>.'f() Ions : lint to this iiiiiy lie iiiliji'il l.flilil tuns, I'lir tin; liiittiT rciinired tor tin: viiliialliii!.' nf slops anil nllier piirposi's; iii.ikiiiir ttii' tiital ninsiiniplidii, in riiiuiil nainlicrs, 21,000 tuns, or '17,11 10,1100 Ills., wliicll at li)il. piT lb. wiiiilil be wnrlli 1. Olio, Olio/. Till! averairc proiliico per cnw of the liiUter iliiirii'S is csliiiiatiMl liy Mr. Marshall at Ids llis. a yc^r; so tliiil, siippiisiii!,' we an; nearly right in thi! aliove esliniiites, alimit yso.oiH) cows will he reqiiirVd to [irmliice an iiileiiuato supply of butter fur the l.iinilnn inarkel. 'I'lie I'onsiiinpliiin of hiitter ia I.onilun has sniiietiines lieeii estlniateil at 50,000 tons ; whiili. nrrnril- ini{ to Mr. Marshall's slaleiiient, of tlie aci iiraiy of which no iloiiht can hu eiiterlainril, wimhlreipiiro liir its supply upwards of Oti(i,000 cows! I'lirther cDinniuntary on such a statuinunt would ho siipur- HllllllS. In order to oliviato the prartice of fraud in the weiuhiiic and packinir of butter, difTereiil statiilej have been passed, particularly the Uti (ieo. 3. c. "^0., and ifn (Jen. H. c. T;i., the priinipiil ri'L'iilatiniis of w liiih are sulijoiiieil. It is «ery doiilill'iil, however, whether they have been prodiirtive of any goml elfeit. It inJL'lit be proper, perhaps, to order tin; weight of the lintter.excliisivn of the vessel, luid the dairyman's or seller's naiiio, to be branded on the iiL-iiile and outside of each vessel ; but most of iImj oilier regulations, especially those as to the thickness of the staves, ami the wuiglit of the vessel.^, seem to be at mice vifxatioiis anil useless. Kvery cooper or other person wlio shall make any vessel fur the packing of butter, shall make lli.' same of good well-seasoned timber, tight and not leaky, and shall groove in Ihi! heads and bollmiis Iher 'of; and every vessel made lor the packing of butter, shall be a tub, tirkin, or hall'-firkin, and iki i.ilicr. Dvery tub shall weigh of itself, including the lop and bottom, not less than 11 lbs. inir more than 1.) !bs. avoirdupois; and neither the top nor the bottom of any such tub shall exceed in any part live elgliihs of an inch in thickness. lOvery lirkiii sliall w('igh at least 7 lbs. including the top and the bottom, which shall not exceed four eiL'hllH of an inch thick in any part. II ill'-lirkiiis to weigh nol less than I lbs. nor more than lbs. iiicliiding the top and the bnttnni, which sliall not e.\ceed the thickness of lliree eighths of an inch in aiiv part ; upon pain tliiil tlie cooper or every other perrion making any siicli vessel, in any respect contrary to the preceding direo- liniis. shall forfeit every such vt^ssel ami" 10.<. Kvery cooper, &c. shall brand every cask or vessel before going out of his possession, on tlie out- side, with his name, in legible and permanent letti^rs, under penalty of 10;;., together with the exact weight or tare thereof. Every dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, or other person packing the same for sale, shall pack it in vessels made anil marked as aforesaid, and in no other, and shall propiTly soak and season every such vessel; and on the inside, and on the tojion the outside, shall brand his name at length, in permanent and legible letters; and shall also, with an iron, brand on the top un the outside, and Ve.irs. I'r I7,'I0 1710 n.'io 17.'),''. 17tM) 17(i5 1770 1775 1780 1785 1790 BUTTER. 2fi5 on the hoimn or liody nf i-vcry »nrli rnnk. Die iriin uilijlil or Inrn of pvprv «tii"h vi-pnel, when It kIiiiII Imvii Im'iwi Hiiiiki'il anil Hi'iiMiiiii'il ; iinil iiho hIi;iII liriiinl IiIk iiiiiin- nt li'nirtli, <>ii lln' liuiiti- or tlic lnxly of rvcrv Hiuh vc««i'l, nrnmK \\\i< ilulVrciit hIhvck ill liMim, iiiiil kIiiiII illitlliit'tiv, iiinl ill It'imll'. Iiiiprliil hli Clirliiliiin iinil Kiiriiiimi' iipoii thu lopnf lliu Itiitti'r In inch vt'aii!l wliun Dlli'il, on |iiiln ol' fiirlVitlng 9/. I'lpf cvrry iIi'I'iimIi IIh ri'dl". Evi'ry lull or linllcr Himll ronliiln, fxrlnnivc of llii- lure, ol' uooil unit niiTrlmnliilpli- liiiltir. hi Mh.j I'Vi-ry llrkin M llw ; rvrry hull' lirklii "Js ||,h ; aiiil no >>liii'ki'il or niJM'il Willi liiilliT liiiiilr olrr vi'uhi'I hIiiiII, llironuliont. Iii> ornni' Horl anil iMiii, lint till' rii|ifrlivi' xorlii Hliall lif piickril M'|iaralil> , ami llir w liih' hut all liiilli'r Mhall hi> Halli'il with iilnrsH ; in III no linllcr nil!! II ho Hallnl wilh any iiri.'.ii lall. Hiiiall mmII ; nor >liall iiiorr kiiII lie iiilrrnilxril Willi IIh' hnllir IIiiiii Ik iii'imII'iiI lor It'* prcurrvalioii, niiilrr pmiillv of .'i/. lur ollriiiliiiu iifalnst iiiiv of thi'Hr rritnlalioiM. No rlmnirc, iillrrallon, frainl. or iliirli, hIiiII h.' prai Ini'iI hy any ilralcrn iir parkiTH of hnllir. rillii'r Willi rrnpi'i I 111 llii- vi'nurl or till' hiiiirriio pai ki'il, « hi'llnr 111 iispni lo iinaiilily or olhrrwl.-ii', iiii- ih'ra p ilty of ;i(l/ lolir iniposi'il on rvirv pi rsi nuaui'il In II iVinct Kvi'ry ihi'i'Hi'inoiiKrr, ih'iili'r In hull klim of'hiiiicr, hIiiiII ilrlivir, I lliin ai'l. or, In ili'laiill ilim-of, «lial| he Unhlr t rr, or ollirr pi'rraini' lor what nhall In- wanlini:. arionliiiL' lo ilip pnrr for w iiicli it wim nolil.iiiiil Hliall he llahlu to uii actio for ri'covi'ry of llii' wiiiii', wiili full nisN of 1.1111, No rlii'1'ni'nioni.'i'r. ih'iilrr ill hnllir. «ii . hliall repack for xalo any hiittrr, iiiiilcr pcimlly of .^.'. fcr every Inh, llrkiii. or liiilf-lirkiii ho rrpackctl. Notlilim ill thin MCI hliall iMi'iiil 111 niakr aiiv clii'i'si'iiioiii!i'r. ilcalcr in hiillcr. or other pernon. liii'.le to any penalties for iiHinu any of llie tiiln. lirkiiM. or lialf-llrkiii-. aflir the llritlMli hiilter iiseil in hiicIi veHHi'lH Hliall have heeii taken thereoill, for llie n parKliiu for «ale of aiiv foreiuii hiiller. who hIiiiII, Iiefori' he HO repack hihIi foreinn Imiier. eiitinls nil or ill'ice the Hiveral na h ol the oriL'iiial ilairy- iiiaii, fanner, or hi Her of hiitler, from evers mh'Ii vensel, leavini: llie name III tare llie tare of the oriL'inal iliiirymaii. fanner! or neller, lliereon ; ami. al'ier the naiiiiH a e of Hie cooper re HO I Ifac ami Hliall. with an iron, hraml liin t'hriitian ami Hiiriianie, ami the wonJH funiini liiilti r, iipini thu lioiiKi; <>'' every silcli vensel, 111 tosh twoviaviH at least, lo ih note that hiicIi liniler in I'oreiijn linller. I'erHoiiH roiinlerfeitinu or forainu' any hikIi n iiiiih or niarkn. hIiiiII fur every hiicIi od'i iice forfeit MM. PenaltieH not evceeiliiiL' ri/. lo lie ileteriniiieil liy one jiiHlice, upon the evidence of one wltiieHH, ami till' whole Hliall go III Hie iiifonner. IVnallieH aliove .'>/. to he recovereil hy iictloii of ilelit, or iiiforinatloii, In the rouriM nt WcslmliiHtur, nnil the whole to the Infoni.er. Nolliiii!» to evtenil lo the pnckiiiK of linller in any put or vchhi'I which Rhnll not he rapalile of coii- tninine more than I I IIh. I'revioiiHly to |viH. m, Imiter couhl he hoIiI in any pnlilic market in Irelaml, or exporleil from it, witlioiii lieiim previoiiHly examineil anil hranileil hy a public Inspector; lint coinplianci! wilh IIiIh re- unlalion is tio loii|;er compiilsory, lint is lefi to the iliscretion of the partien. It iseiiacteil hy Hialnie I Will. :t. r. 7., that every wa rehouse -keeper, we ialier. Hearcher or shipper of liiltleraml cheese, shall receive all linller ami cheese llial sliall he liroiiL'ht lo liilii for the l.oniliin cheese. tiiiiiii,'('rs, anil ship the Raiiie wilhonl limine preferem e ; ami shall have for his pains C.v. Iir/. for every liiail i anil if lie shall make ilefanll, he shall, on convlctiiin hel'ore one justice, on oath of one witness, (ir confession, forfeit for every lirkiii of Imller 10,1., iiiiil for every weigh of cheese 5ii., half for the ii.-wi of the poor, iiml half to the inroriner. Anil every such person shall keep a hook of entry of rocciving ami BhippiiiK the Kooda, on puin of 2,v. Ill/, for every lirkiii of hntter anil \vei)!h of clieeso. The inasler of a ship rel'nsini.' to take In hntter or cheese hefore he is full laileii (e.xcept it in; 11 I'liceseinoiitfer's own ship sent tor his own Booils) shall forfeit for every lirkiii of hntter refused Os., uial for every weinih of clieese'2.«. IW. This act does not u.xtend tu any wuruhoiific in riieshire or Lancashire. Butter made in hot cmintrirs is Rrnorully liiiiiiil. In Indiii it is ilcnominnfcd i^/ire, anil is mostly iircpureil from tiit" milk of luiiriilucs; it is usnully coiiveycil in (.iiipiicrs, or iiottlcs madi> ot'hidi', t'ach of which conluiiis from 10 to 40 gallons, Gliue is an article of considcr- able I'oinmt'reirtl im|)ortaii«' in many parts of India. The Arabs arc the greatest eonsuinei-s of Imtter in the world. Bnrckhardt tells us, that it is a cominun praetiee amonjr all classes to drink every morning a colU.'e-cup full of melted liiitttr or ghee ! and they u.sc it in an inlinite variety of other ways. The taste for it is uni- versal; and the poorest individuals will expend half their daily income that they may have butter for dinner, and butter in the morning. Largo ({uantities are annually shipped from Cosseir, Souakin anil Massuidi, on the west coast of the Ked Sea, for Djidda and other Arabian ports, — (Hurck/iarJl's Travels in Nubia, p. 440.; Travels in Arabia, vol. i. p. 52.) The averape contract prices of tile butter fiirnislied to Orooiiwicli Hospital from 1730 to 18312, have licea us fiiilows ; — 8 Vftini, Pricc§ per lli. Ye.irj. IVicti piT lb. Yean. rricea per lb. Veara. I'lkes per lb s. d. .«. rf. .<. (/. .T. (/. n.'in 5 1795 8i 1813 1 3 1823 7i 174.1 5 1800 11} 1811 I 2 1H2I 8^ 1750 51 1805 11} 1815 1 2 1825 10^ ns.') 51 1800 II.L 1810 95 1820 9.} I7«l ih 1807 1 01 1817 8? 1827 8i 1705 .51 1808 1 Oi 1818 11 1.S28 8i 1770 Oi 180!) 1 1 1819 11 1829 8 1775 (ij 1810 1 u 1820 n 1830 fij 1780 tii 1811 1 21 1821 8} 1831 »i 1785 oj 1812 1 3i ■•• 1822 7i 1S32 8} 1790 ^ (See art. Prices.) 4 256 BUTTONS. !■ » < An Account of tlio Total Qiinntlty (in Iliindrod Wciphts) of Butter imported into Great Britain from Foi^igii Countries and Ireland, in each War, from Stli of Jiiniiary. 1M)1, to 5tli of .lanunry, 1832; distiiiKui^'iing tlie (tuantily from Ireland, from tlii! Inles of .lers-'y. (ineriisiey, and Man, from Hol- land and tliL Netlu'rlands, and from all other Foreign Countrien ; and stating tlic Rate and Amount 1 Uuty in caci; Year paid tliercon. - (Juanlilies of Butler imported into Great Dri- Years. a "11 CO t m tain from all Paris (except Irel.iiiil). Amount of Duly rerrivel iu Grent Rrilain oil Knreign llutler. Rales of Duty on Foreign Butter. IP mi w l4 n a IP ■-1 ill If Cirts. Cwt.1. Ciels. Cwta. Cwls. £ K. 'cwt.iin(l3/,12.<. 15- cent- um ad valorem (from 12lliof Mav). 1«03 240.388 20 53.682 50,411 101,120 3 11 11 3 OJ |>c\vt.(from 5tli of .Inly) 1801 li)t),037 59 100,085 25,989 120,731 900 10 5 3 llit>rwt.(l'rom 1st of .lone) 1H05 242,141 50 04,010 32,109 96.843 4 10 2 4 015 <>c\vl.(l'ri>iii,5lliofApr.) 1S06 2(il.!lll 143 00,544 18,968 85,(i57 241 12 4 4 3-01 i>cwl.(fr()m lOtli May) 1S07 314,380 01 68,315 18,970 87,3 10 2 12 1 — ISOS 312.408 40 7,3,727 5.810 79.590 — 1800 317,070 30 44,001 .32.185 70,283 19 4 4 l>' cwt. (from 5tli of July) IslO 311..55i fill 5,956 20,076 .3:i,2ii — — IMl 353,71)1 359 — 2,451 2,810 — 1SI2 .311,475 27 22.415 3,451 25.h94 190 4 4 — I8l;! 351.832 — till' re cords wcri^ dr.fliDVf^d l)v lire. 5 If l* cwt. (from 15th of April) ISM 31.5.121 1,804 90,500 17,373 11,5,798 7.397 13 8 — 1^15 320,055 944 100,8S5 17,470 125.31111 32.3111 10 s — ISIO 2!-0,5M) 327 01,7.53 2.0()2 64.143 4\T37 U 5 £1 V cwt. (.'rom 5tli of April) 1,SI7 305.002 258 20.279 1.52 20.0911 211.510 in 1 _ 1»18 3.')2.53's l.!M7 00,232 15,544 83.091 f-3.5MI III 1 _ IMil 420.014 1,2.')0 62.498 2,295 OO.O'iO lM.s3li 11) 4 I'-ao 457,730 275 65,9>^6 2,295 08.5,57 0''.5T8 15 9 — ifii 413.(f-s HH) 99.345 16,291 115,X27 U.^.'.iMI 12 I — \>n 377.051 291 108.501 9.627 I1S..120 llN.2ll3 13 10 ir:!3 40ii,83 1 .').>7 101,.549 20.394 122,331 122,101 11 10 1S21 431.174 305 132.093 28.255 lti9,051 |llll.'<51 III •2 — 1825 425,070 .391 100.018 118.975 279,418 2i;3,>.|-il 19 — lS2(i ' t — 131 1 30.779 59,288 190.2110 2ll2,i:ill 8 s 1827 300 142.0,58 6M17 211.111 20;i.-|-2r 1 ,i — |82S — 493 14.5,017 55, .532 201,073 lOJ.^-'iO 7 9 — 182'J 445 110.233 31.185 11^.104 1 17,997 4 1 IS30 — .585 77.025 31,222 10^,851 I02.'-I 15 11 — is3l — 022 80,900 42,147 12.3.070 121. .330 12 18.T2 — 331 92.409 38.400 131.202 I2S.330 9 8 — „V. B. — We liave omitted qm. and lbs. from this aecuiiiif; but tliey are allowed for in the column of totals, r istom House, London, 5th of October, 1833. [There is no butter superior to what h made in our own country. Of thi.s, too, the f're.sh lai/tei- with which the Philailelphia iiiari!' bitlti'r iiii|iiirli'il I'liiiii Irrland for the years snli- oi'iini'iit to |f25. the records of iiie trade belwei'ii (Ireal llrllaiii iiid In land having been disctuitiiiiieil, III ciiii>ei|ueiice of the reirulatioiis adupleil !'or the |iiirpnse nl' ;;iviiiL' eO'ei t to the law which placed the iiittjrcoursc between the two countries un tho fui"''ig of a coasting tralhc. CABBAGE, CABLES. 257 made ! Most of these regulations have luckily fiillen into disuse, but they still occupy a place in the statute boolc, and may be enforced. Tlic following are amongst the more prominent of these regula- tions : — No person shall make, sell, or set upon any clothes, or wearing garments whatsoever, any buttons made of clolb, scrse, drugget, frieze, camhiet, or any other stutTof which clothes or wearing gariiii'nts are made, or any buttons made of wood only, ivud turned in iniitutiou of other buttons, on pain of for- feiting 40.1. per dozen for all such buttons.— (4 (iei). 1. c. 7.) No tailor slinll set on any Imllons, or button-holes, of serge, drugget, &c., under penalty of 40s. for every dozen of buttons or button-holes so made or set on. No person sliuU use or wear, on any clothes, garnieuts, or apparel whatsoever, except velvet, aiiv buttons or Imttou-lioles niiide of or biiund with cloth, serge, drunget, fiii'ze, camblet, or other stuffs whereof clothes or woollen gnrnients are usually made, on penolty of forfeiting 40s. per dozen, under a similar penally. — (7 Geo. 1. c. 22.) To prevent the frauds wliicli it is alleged had taken place in the manufacture of gilt and plated but- tons, an act, 30 Geo. 3. c. 0., was pasfed, which regulates what shall be deemed gilt and what plated buttons; and imposes penalties on liiosc wlio order as well as on those who make any buttons with the words "gilt" or "plated" niaiked upon them, except they be gilt aiul plated as the act directs. Inasuiucli as this statute goes to obviate a fraud, it is, perhaps, expedient ; but no apology can be made for the regulations previously alluded to, which are at once vexatious and alisurii. The importation of buttons from abroad was prohibited in the reign of Charles II. Hot the OGeo.4. c. 107. i 52. repealed this proliibition, and they may now be imported, for home consumi)tion, on pay- ing an ad valorem duty. [Buttons constitute an article of exportation from the United States, chiefly to South America. — Am. Ed.] C. CABBAGE, a biennial plant (Brasska Lin,), of which there are many varieties. It is too well known to require any particular description ; it is extensively cultivated in the vicinity of London. Sour crout, or properly satier kraut, is a very favourite dish in Ger- many ; it consist of a fermented mass of salted cabbage. CABLES are strong ropes or chains, principally used in the anchoring or mooring of ships. 1. Rope Cables are in Europe principally manufactured of hemp; but in the East they are very frequently made of coir, or of the fibrous part of the coco nut, and in some places, particularly on the Red Sea, of the coating of the branches of the date-tree. Hemp cables are formed of three principal strands, every strand of three ropes, and every rope of thret; twists. The twists have more or fewer threads according to the greater or less thickness of the cable. All vessels have ready for service three cables which arc usually designated the sheet cable, the best bower cable, and the small bower cable ; but besides these, mo.st ships have some spare cables. The ordinary length of a cable is from 100 to 120 fathoms. The following are the existing regulations as to the manufacture of hemp cables and cordage : — No person shall make or sell any cordaso for shipping in which any hemp is used, called short rliucking, half clean, whale line, or other toppings, codilla, or any damaged hemp, on pain of forfeiting the same, and also treble the value thereof rabies, hawsers, or ropes, made of materials not prohibited by tills act, and whose quality shall be interior to clean Petersi)iirgh hemp, shall bi^ deemed inferior cordage, and the same sliall be distiti- puislied by marking on the tally, staple OT inferior. Manufacturers making default herein forfeit for every hundred weiglit of cordage, lOx. Mamit'aiturers aie to alhx their names and manufactory to new cordage before sold, under the like fDrlViture ; and patting a false name is a forfeiture of 20/. Persons making cables of old and overworn stuff, containing above 7 inches in compass, shall forfeit Ibiir limes the value. Vessels belonging to British subjects, having on hoard foreign-made cordage, are to make entry lliereof, on entering into any Uritisli port, on penaltyof 20s. for every hnnii ed weight. But this is nut Id I'xiend to cordage brouglit from the East Indies, nor to materials at present used by any vessels liuill a'.iroad before this act. — (25 Geo. 3. c. SO.) 2. Iron Cables. — The application of strong iron chains or cables to the jiurposes of navi- cation is a late and an important discovery, for which we are indebted to Captain Samuel Brown, R. N. It is singular, indeed, that this application should not have been made at a much earlier period. On rocky bottoms or where coral is abundant, a hempen cable speedily chafes, and is often quite destroyed in a few months, or perhaps days. A striking instance of this occurred in the voyage of discovery under the orders of M. Bougainville, who lost six anchors in the space of nine days, and narrowly escaped shipwreck ; a result, says that aliic si'aman, which would not have happened, " si nous eussions vtii munis dcs f/uelt/itcs chaincs dc fer. C'cst une precaution (juc ne doioent jamais oiMier tous ks naviirateurs destines a de pareils voi/a.;i tor the ms{> ofthe navy ; this, not heinR liable to tin; duty, was entirely foreign. The liiL'h cHm riniinatim; duly in\ the latter is the greatest defect in the new arraimemeiits. Had the duty on foreit-'ii i a( ao been lixed at 2-'.i. per cwt., it is pretty certain tiiut a wood deal of it would have been taken fur ((nisniupllcin. Kven on this footins!, there would have been a discriminatinff dnty of no less than ,')(l per cent, in favour of Hrilish cacao ; and, uidess onr object be to exclude the loreisrn article allouelhi r, ibis is surely an ample preference. The duties on cacao j)rodnced, in 1S32, 12,22i/. 124-. britisli cacao is worth, at present (August, 1S33,) from Ms. to 7l)c. a owl. in bond. (.'acai nut husks and shells are alloweil to be imported under a duty of !).<. -id. a rwt. None of tlipin are imported into (Jreat Britain ; but. in l-.'i2. :i.'iii..').'il lb^ were imported into Ireland. They are brouL'bt not only fTointhe West Indies, but iVom (iibraltar and other places, being the refuse ofthe rliocolale manufactories carried on in tin m. Cacao cannot he entered as lieimr the produce <'f some lirilisb possession in America, or ofthe Maa- ritins. until the master of the ship by wliiih ll is imported delivers to tlie c(dlector or comptroller .i crtificulf. and makes oath thai the (.'oods are the proiluce of sin h places. — (3 and i.ll'ill. 4. c. 52. i}37.) ISeitbir shall they be deemed to be the prmliK e iif s.n li pbnes, unless imported direct from thence.— (T Gtii. 4. c. 48.) Permits are int lon^-er rc'iuired lor the removal of cacao.— (!) Geo. 4. c. 44. i 5.) C.\DIZ, the principal commercial city and .sea-port of Spain. It is situated on its south- western coast, on the rocky and eleva'ed extremity of a narrow, low peninsula, or tongue of land, projecting frotn the Isia de Leoi., N. .\. W. aliout '1-j. nautical miles. It is surrounded (Ml all sides, except the south, where it joins the land, by the sea, and is very strongly forli- tied. Population from 60,000 to 70.(101). It is well huilt. and has, at a distance, a very striking appearance. The tower or liirlithouse ol .st, Scliastian stands on the western side of the city, being, according to Tolliio. in hit. '.Hi^ 31' 7" .\.. long. 6'^ 18' .'J2'' W. It is a most cons|iicuous object to vessels approaching from the Atlantic. The light, which is 17!i feet high, is of great brilliancy, revolves once a miimtc, and in fair weather may bo seej: more than leagues oil". Sujfaf < ocoa llldiL'O Spices nn Clo I'e, Wool of al S.ilf fish Collee Olive oil Ibilter (.'heese CADIZ. 259 lin ot'tlieiii 'flu'V ail! Iiisc of the fllie Miui- IptrnlliT .1 52. d HT.) J llit'iH'e — I i 5) Its south- Ln!j;u(" of |rroiinileil Igly I'orii- a very In aide of \i a most 1 17'i feet more Bay of Cadiz. — The entrance to this noble Imsin lies between the city and the town and promonlory of Rota, bearing N. W. Iiy N., illstuMt about 1} leiiu'iii'. The bay is of very great extent, nflbrding, in most places, good anchorage. The port ia on the eastern side of the city, wliere a mole of considcra- l)le diniensions has been construrtiid ; but tlie water is not snlticiently dee|) to allow large \c-ssi'ls to approach nearer than within about i of a mile, where they anchor in from 5 to 7 fathoms. The rocks called the Cochinos, the I'liereas, and the Diaiiiatite, lie to the north of the city in the (tntrance to the bay; the first two at about .1-5tlis of a mile distant, and the Diamante at rather more than IJ mile from the city. Vessels nicy enter between tlit; I'liercas and the Diamante; but none, except those not drawing more than \!> feet water, and well acquainted with the chnnnel, ought to attempt enter- ing between the Cochinos and I'uercas and the cily. The town of St. Mary's, on the opposite si(l(! of the bay, is fanunis for bein^ the depot of the wines of Xeres. The outer bay, or that of Cadi/, properly so called, is separated from (lie inner bay by the promontory having at its extremity the castle of Matagorda, which approaches within about } of a mile of the I'nnlales castle on the Isla de I.eon. Within the inner bay is the famous arsenal of the Caraccas, the town of San Carlos, the canal of Trocadero, &c. At spring tides the! water in the bay rises 10 or 11 feet, but at neaps the rise does not e.\cped li leet. — (Kor further particulars see the excellent Cliiirl. of the Buy of Cadiz, by 'J'ofino ; Miil- liain's JViival Gazetteer ; and Piirdy'.i Hiiitiiiji Hirrrtiuns for the Bay of Biacuy, S[C.) History, Trade, S(C. — Cadiz is a very iincient city, having been founded by the Phoeni- cians about 1,200 years before the (/hristiati era. The tcinpie which they erected in it in honour of Hercules was one of the most celei)raled in atiticjuity. — [fiainte Croix, Dcs A7ic!c>incs Colonies, p. 14.; Pontp. Mda, hb. iii. cap. 6.) Iih excellent port, and its situa- tion, favourable alike for commerco and security, have made it, wiicther possessed by Car- thaginians, Romans, Moors, or Christians, and under every vicissitude, a place of considera- ble commercial and political importance. It has long been one of the principal stations of the Spanish ntivul force. In 1720, the commerce with Spanish America, which had pre- viously been exclusively carried on from Seville, was transferred to Cadiz. It enjoyed this valuable monopoly till 17C5, when it was iiarliully relaxed iiy the trade to CJulxi, St. Do- mingo, Porto Kico, and the other islands being opened to all the greater ports of Spain. The benefits resulting from this relaxation were so very great, that in 1778 'he trad(" to all parts of America was opened to ships from every considerable Spanish [lort, except those of Biscay, which, not being subjected to the general laws of the kingdom, were not .illowed to participate in this privilege. In consequence, however, of her situation, the great capital of her merchants, and their established connections, Cadiz continued, notwithstanding the abolition of the monopoly, to preserve the largest share of the American trade. But since the colonies achieved their independence, her commerce has been contracted within com- paratively narrow limits ; nor is there nuich pros[iect of its being materially im))roved, with- out a total change of policy on the part of the Spanish government. — {llnhcrt soli's America, b. viii. passim ; Tutvnsiiurs Travels in Spi/in, vol. ii. pp. 39,5 — 401. 2d edit.) The white wines of Xeres in its vicinity form by far the principal article of export from Cadiz. The quantity exported may amount to aliout 20,000 pipes a year. The prices vary from 12/. to 65/. per pipe ; but, as the lower (|ualities predominate, the price may be taken, at a medium, at about 2o/., making the tot;il value of the exports ,500,000/. More than jths of the whole comes to England. The other articles of export are brandy, oranges, and other fruits, olive oil, wool, quicksilver, &c. The imports consist principally of sugar and coilix! from the Havannah and Porto Rico, cacao, hemp, llux, linens, dried fish, hides, cotton wool, and cotton manufactures, rice, spices, indigo, &.C. In 1S26, the Spanish government pnblislied what tliey termed the Buinn-.a Mrrrnntil, or an accoi nt nf the commodities imported into, atid exported from, Spain during that y(!ar. It i-i ■; very . AiiiPficn. piiii->. Sugar £7,filO £i:)7,5.'iO ilhi.'S , i;i2o,f.iio £1,010 ( 'iroa .. . - IDl.ilMl !IO,12:'p CotlfMi Wiml - lliii.|.)70 7,v20 Indiso . . - ■1,771) ti',l,0,'!ll Dindvarri . (in.diio Spices, Cinnamon je0'),12() Oilti) iuaimt-irtr.rrs - ■lliO.OSO Cloves - •in.KHI W'cHllllMI (IlllO - oi,(i:;i) Pepper - ()7,5(il> Heiiip anil ll;i\ - lii.1.7liO 2ii:",,nQit l.iiieii iiianiifacliirus _ 222.^70 Wntilofallhmds- 107,5110 21,110 DilM tliirad _ I2.iii 12 /(iH(n-«.<. or Ml rileminii.-t, or 570 (/iiiirhtld's : 100 cahi/.'s - 19'7 Winch, qiiarters, iiiid .'> fanegas - 1 quarter. The rantarii,iH arrnlia, the measure for li(|iiiils, is divided into 8 tiziiiiihri:<, and 32 ijvnrlilhis. Tlii're are two sorts of arrobas, the greater and the les«er : they are to each ollu'r as 32 to 25 ; tlie former being eijual to 4| English wine gallons, tin; latter to 3} do. A moyu of wim; = 10 arrobas. Tlie botdi = 30 arrobas of wine, or 38J of oil. A jHite - 27 arrobas of wine, or 34.i of oil. Hence the botta = 127 .i English wine gallons, und the pipe 114} do. British Irnde trith Spain. — Notwithstanding the anti-commercial influence of prohibitions and op. jiressive duties, we carry on a very considerable trade with Spain. In 11^31 we imported from her ()1.021 I \vt barilla, 7^.007 cwt. oak iuid cork biirk. 1 lii.2.'M qiiartc rs wheat— (see llti.nAo), 7ri()cwt. tins, W72 tons lead, about "J.'^.OOO packau'es oranges and lemons. l,2l3,tiNi i;allons olive oil. v;ii',l,.").58 Ihs. qniik- silvi-r. lO.i.dliO cwt. r;iisins. 3.700 cwt. sumiich. 14. 1-1 Ihs. silk, (iO, MO gallons hraiuly, 3,474.823 llis. wool, and 2,5a7,0ri'* L'allons wine. No account of tie- declarc'd or real value of the imports is kepi at the (Jnstiiiii-liouse ; but ilie i;;/iii«/ value of the inijinrts t'roni Spain in l831,e.\clnsive of tliose lVomih(! Canaries, was above l.OOO.OOO/. sterliui.'. During tlie .n.mie year the rent value of the various articles of British produce and inaimfacture cleared out fnuii our ports for Spain was 597.«4n/. Of these articles linen was the principal, its value being estimated at 222,83"^/. Cottons amounted to above 148,000/. The other articles were hardware, iron and steel, tin, &c.— (PuW. Paper, No. 550. Sess. 18^3.) Smiii;i^liiilieil their inquisitors, and until the happy period shall arrive when, under the proteitinn of a free I'merii- ineiit. tliey shall have restored public credit, and placed it on a firm finindation ; all their proliiiiiiions. .all llieir si'verities exercised, on the properly and persons of llie iUicIl traders, all iIu'M' commercial tr''atie>, .and all their commercial wars, into which a d.iiiiin may betray Iheiii, W''l b" iVIvoleiis and vain ; because no elforts will ever prevail nguiiist tb united interests ol'tlieir ownsu'ijijcts,aiid ofsU Bur ounding nations. CAGLIARl. 261 :74,5!K) 17,5U0 10,905 S.tiOO 4'.),-2«0 tooJs may comparii- |l,rc'ssivcly wtierevor iiiJ uiulor Iviiig seen liis, how- biit the |nint, can It, the ex- iient with ;uormous visited in liipter on III I'vpii at l;ili' uvuU llisiuii'^tii Witllnlll I |ll(^ lltllT Iriidi'. laii 1 llilliislll'll rnViTII- llniiitiaiis. liiiiiK'ri'inI il^ii-. mill |;inil "l';U "Evennt homn, the wntctifiilness nnilenerey of rvrry (lovernment hnveocver hpcnnble Inenforifl its proliiliilliins ; for, ni)t«itliHmiiiK', It is t'onnil that when llir iiiice of insurance is less tliiin I'lr ilntics iniposeil un th< coiiiUKiility, no laws art' sullieieiit to control the operations of illicit traders."— (Vol. ii. p. 31)1.) But the Spanish K^'vi'rnment hiis been proof ngainst such considerations. Instead of diminishing, they have materially increased, the number of prohibitions and the i)res.sure of the dutias ; and the consequence is, that in many extensive [)rovinces there is no rei^ular trade, and that every thini? is carried on by the at^eney of the smugglers, jiartly in defiance, but principally through the connivance, of the revenue officers. Notwithstanding their exclusion, English cotton goods may, at this moment, be bought in Madrid, and generally tliroughout Spain, at from 20 to 30 per cent, above their price in Gibraltar, where they are about as cheap as in Manchester ! While Cadiz was a free port, about 0,000 persons are said to have been employed in it twisting cigars, which, as soon as fmished, were forthwith smuggled into the interior. Three fourths of the foreign trade of Spain may, in fact, be said to be carried on in defiance of the law. And wheie such is the case, need we wonder at the low state of industry, or at the prevalence of those predatory and ferocious habits that uni- formly mark the character of the sinugj;ler ? In the valuable work of Mr. Ingli:i.s, entitled "Spain in ls;K),"we find the following statement under the head (Jadiz. Though written more than 40 years after tiie })aiagra[)h previously ([uoled from Mr. Townsend, it shows that not one of the flagrant abuses de- nounced by the latter has been eradicated ; but that, on the contrary, they all continue to Houri.sh in still ranker luxuriance. "The wlioleconmiercial system of Spain is most ciriini'iaisly conceived. The proliiliilory systrin is cuirii'd loalrnj.'lli ahsolntfly rninons to the lair trader, anil liiL'hiy injnrions in the revceiii'. Tlio innnciise dniies npnn ailniissilile arliclcs, aed th, *niiil prdhiliiijon of others, has occasioni'd a most eMcnsivc contral)anil trade, huth I'Mernally w ith ii. v lions ports, aloim the coast of S|i;iin, ami internally, tlironi;hont the whole of the kinL'doni ; and liy this trade adinissilde arlldi-s arr iMlioihnril into the interior, at I'roin 100 to ;100 prr cent, hrlnw Ihi' ilntiis iinposi'd. tJovmnnenl roil Id nut fail to he hcnelileil liy perinittiny tlir iinporlati'in of articles of L'encral use, upon payini'iit of snch a ilnty as would allow the sale of the article at a lower price tinui is now paid hy the consiinier to llie sininr- (rler. As oiM! e.vainple of the iinpidicy of the system. I may cite a fid re.-pi'cliii!; the trade in salteil tisl the returns of which I have before nl(^ The import of ihis article into Ciiiliz in one year, lietorc that I ily was made a free port, ainouiited to 4 vessels, whose cnrcoes reached 4,0',ia cwt.; while at Ihi; free port of (iihrallar, in the same year, 41 vi'ssels entered with f*'.KlW' I'wl., tlir irlmli- nf irhirli iru.-< inlendiul furllic illicit Iraile. and passed into Spain tliriiin.'h the hands of the .-iinnfiulers. The duty upon this article is ni..re lliiin 100 per cent.; the sniiiL'L'ler considers himself n'lnunerateil hy a j;;iin ot' twenty-five per cent.; so that the article which tinds its way into the -narket tliroinih the conlrabanil trade is sold T.'i per cent, cheaper than that which is admitted upon pa\ iiieiit of the re;;ular duties. "'i'lie duties upon liritish inannf.ctnreil jroods amount almost to a probibiiion ; they ofieu reach lOi) (ler cent., anil Ihis trade is therefore also in the h;inds of the smmivlers, who obtain the prolit which, under a more wholesome system, nii<.'hl j;o into ihe treasury i f the kiinrdoin. The frandiilent dealer IS abo L'riiatly assisted hy the cURtoin of urantini,' a royal licence to individnals to import ;i certain limited (|iiantity of prohitiiied goods ; an expedient lesorleil to in order to meet the e.xiueiicies i;*' the state ; anil under the lic(mcc to enter 100 Ions of merchandise, liie merchant cnlers perhaps 1.0(10 luis; a deception easily practised in a counlry where, ainonK the public oltjcers, a scale of hrihiry is perfectly understood and acted upon."— (Vol. ii. pp. I;i2 — 130.) But for the sy.stem of misrule to which Spain has been subjected, there can be no reasona- i)!e doulit that her commerce would have been aliout the most extensive of any Euroi)eaii state. Her natural advan'anes, superior to most, and not inferior to tho.se enjoyed by any other kingdom ; her wines, brandies, fruits, &ic. ; her wheat, of which she might jiroduce the largest supplies; her wool; Iter iron, which is of the best ijuality ; her lead and ijuieksilver mines, respectively the mo':.c jtr uictive in the world; the number and excellence of her harbours; the enterprising and . -venturous character of her inhabitants, and her favourable situation ; wouhl, were she pern.i ;.il 'o avail hi rself of them, raise her to a very high rank among commercial nations. Let the g. vernme.ii cea.-iC to counteract the inle ilioiis of na- ture; let moderate duties take the place of j)rohi'.\tions, and freedom of regiilation; and uU sorts of industrious pursuits will speedily revive ;iom tlic deadly lethargy in which they hiwe been so long sunk. [The trade of the United States with Cadi/, is not of much imitortance. Wines and salt are the princii)al commodities we get from there. See the article .Mal.vi;.\. — Am, Ed.] I'Adl.lAKI, the capital of Sardinia, situated on the north-east shore of a spav'ious bay on the south coast of the island, hit. 39° 12' 13" X.. long, 0° (V U" E. Population 20,000. The city stan.l:* on a rising ground, and has an imposing elVect from the ^ai. The public lioildiiigs and churches are numerous, and some of them .splendid ; but the streets arc, for the must part, narrow, sleep, and filthy. The (inlf of CaLrliari extends from I'lila on the wist to Cane Carbonaro on the east, a distance of ahiiul Ml miles across, and about I'2 in depth, with aood amhoraire every where after jjettini: into soiiiidiin:s. .\ mole projects from the I'raliiiue ollice, and i-liins usually lie about 1 mile S. \V. hy S. froMi ii 111 or N I'iithoms water, on an excellent bollom of iini.l. There is a very convenient pier liar- liiiiir at Ihe south anj.'le of the lin\ er w all, capable of coiii,.i?ii!ia M or Hi vessels of a tolerable size, licsiiles small (raft. .Mloui iher. Caiiliari is one of Ihe bo' 1 iiinl safest ports in Ihe Mediterranean. /m/)(o•^- iiiid /■,'i;)e)-/.s.— .\lmost ail the trade of S.irilinia is earried on by straui-ers ; and even Ihe lisli oil its coast iiiiil in its ha i hours iscau(.'lil liy Sicilians, Nenpolilans, T'usi aiis. and t;enoise. Corn '■^ the principal article of export. In good jears, the exports from Ihu whole island iiie.y amount to e -in C 262 CAGLIART. 4' ■ .''■ 1 1> 400.000 Btnrelli, or nliniit SOO.OOO buslicls. of wlipnt, 200.000 stnrelll of barley, 6,000 ditto of nmizn, 100,000 ditto of lionris, 200.011(1 of pi'as. iiiiil 1.000 clilto of li-ntilH. Tin; ciilturii of viiina in Kroduiilly l)i'ii)iiiiiic"f iiiiiri' iiii|inrtiiiicc ; and iilioiil .'i..')0;) Cataliin |ii|icri urn cxporlrd, priiicipnily from AI).'li(>ro niid Ouliaslra. f'jii'i'sc is nii iiiipurianl ciliji-cl in tlii! rnriil tMtononiy of Sardinia, iind considuriililH quantitit's iin^ I'xportcij. Siill is a royal inonupuly. and alliirdH a considi-rahlc nnTiiiit!. Until rnccnlly H« cdcn dri'W almost all her snp|ilns' ipllljis lnipi>rlant nrci'ssary from Sardinia, and it continiM's to Im exported in considerable (piantilits. I'lax. linseed, bides, oil. sfitfron, riiKS, alipiil'oux, &i'. are aiiioni; tlie ariicles (d' export. 'I'lie liinny and article of dress. Wliellier I'oribe (.'entry or tlie pi'usantry, is imported. 8oup, station- ery, iilass. earthenware, and fnrnllnie. a> well as sniiar. collee. drnus,' spices, &c., are also supplied by forei^iners ; and notwillistandinu llie Sards possess many ricb nnnes. several of wbicli were siic- cessfnlly wron!;lit in antiipiity, they import all their ircm and steel. Tin; only manulactiires carried on ill the islaiiil are ilmse of irnnpowder. salt, hdiacco. ami woollen caps. In is;)l, there entered the ports of Sardinia Ititi fireiiin vessels, of the Imrden of (i.!l-J.') tons. Of these, the greater mimlier were rreiich ; and next to them weri' .Ni'apolitaiis. Anslrians.'I'iiscaiis, &c. Miiiifii, H'liishtf. (n)(/./)/('H.-«n.--.— AccoMMis are kept in lire, reali.aiid solili. .5 soldi = 1 rcale ■\[(l.; ■1 reali = 1 lira ^ l.<. 0(/.; I'Jreali 1 sciido ^ ;i.v. (W, The paper money consists of notes for 5, 10, and aosciidi. Farm prodnceaiiil the coarser metals are weiL'hed by the /ic.-'i ili firm : 19 Sard. nz. = 1 Ih. = 11 oz.5 dr. avoirdupois ; -ti lbs. - 1 rublio ; 1 rulilii 1 cantaro O't lbs. oz. 8 dr. avcurdiipois. Tin; starello. or corn measiiri', is eipiivaleiit to I bu>h. Ij peck Km;. The palm - lOj Eiii;. inches. Causes iif t/ir (kpre.tsal utalc of SanUiiiii. — The alxivp statomPiits sullicieiitly show that the comini'ire of SJaiiliiiia is very I'ar from lu'iiitj what iiiislit naturally lie cxptjcteil t'roiii its rxtcnt, fertility, adiniraliie situation, and tlie ixceilenee of its many harbours. It contains ati area of about 9,500 square miles., beinu;, in point of size, but little inferior to8icily ; and in antiiiuity it was hardly less celebrated for its productiveness : — " ISoii opimas Sardinia' seiretes ferucis." — Uor. lib. i. Od. .11. But a long series of wars and revolutions, followed by the establishment of the feudal .system in its worst form, and the siibjeetion of tlie island, first to ISpain, and more recently to the house of 8avoy, have been attended by the most ruinous conseiiuences. 'I'lie Ko- inaiis encouraged the exportation of corn and other produce from the ]irovinces to liome, where it always met with a ready and advantageous sale. But the modem rulers of Sar- dinia have followed quite an opposite policy ; they have prevented the occupiers of the land from carrying their prodiiclions abroad ; and as, owing to the want of a commercial and manufacturing jiopulation, there was little or no demand for it at home, no surplus wa.s rai.sed ; so that the wish, as well as the means, of emerging frotn poverty and barbarism has been well iiiglt eradicated. It is to this im[iolitic conduct on the part of government, and to the insecurity arisitig from the want of police and of occupation under the worst sort of feudal te-.iures, that we are inclined principally to attribute that habitual idleness, and indillerence to the future, that distinguish the moderii Sard.s. We arc glad, hovvcver, to have to state, that some improvcinents have been made within these few years. A good road has been formed from Cagliari to Sassari, and cross roads are being carried from it to some of the mc-st considerable places in the island. 'I'he pojiu- lation, which, in 181(5, amounted to only .'3.52,000, is now estimated at 480,000 or 500,000* ; and some meliorations have been introduced into various departtnents of industry. But without the establishment of an ellective system for the administration of justice and the prevention and punishment of crime, the introduction of a better system of letting land, and the total abolition of the existing restraints on tht; exportation of corn and other produce from the island, it will be in vain to expect that its capacities should ever be fully developed. At present, it is usual to hire land, for the purposes of tillage, by the year ; no corn can be exjiorted if its price exceed 30 reals the starello; and a heavy duty is laid on all that is ex- ported, as a substitute for a general land-tax. Nothing can be more preposterously ab.surd than such reffulations. They have paralysed the exertions of the husbandman to such an extent, that this " benlgnuiil nitrsc^ of ancient Rome]- is sometimes, notwithstanding it* scanty population, under the necessity of importing a portion of its supplies ! Most other articles of export have been loaded wilh similar duties ; so that the industry of th'; inland has lieen, in eflect, completely sacrificed to a short-sighted rapacity, of which, fortun;''i 'y, there are not many examples. Let this di.sgruceful system, which, if po.ssible, is even more in- jurious to the government than to the jieoplo, be [lut an end to, — let the freedom of export- ation, with rea.sonable duties on imports, and the security of property, be established, — and we venture to predict that Sardinia will, at no very remote period, recover her ancient pros ■jierity ; that the revenues of the crown will be increased in a tenfold proportion ; and that the population will cease to be conspicuous only for ferocity, idleness, and contempt of in- novation. In compiling' this article, we bav.' eoiisiUled t'aplaui Siiiyili's valuable work on Sardinia, particu- larly pp. 10(5—128. Hut the most complete work on the island is that of Murniura, alreudy referred to * Se.i\ Miniiara, Vuynire en Sardaiffjie, p. 170., and tbi; Foreiirn Quarlrrlij iiti'icw, N\ 23. p. 25fi. Captain Smvth reckons (he population, at an averaue of the 10 years ei'idiiiL' with 1825, at about 400,000.— (p." 12S.) t "Siciliam ct t^urdiiiiatn, beniffnissimas iirbu nosirw jiii^rjcfs."— Vul. Ma.ximus, lib. vii. c. 6. It. liowt adininisi p. 302, & CAJ Leucad wood oi birch, by distil quantiti< colour, \ pungent with oth de]iends jiensa/or f'ajepui .Tilly. 1831 "( ilie nio n.<. an lu lieen obia (St|iteiiib( CALA 8p, Oris tipjiets, ar CALA The [ndia and the m ill .Africa. CALA] Rus. Ko/oi England a cheeks apf: CALA.'^ It is so ha iiil" sli;ipe. ini: is a lino liovii and en :iiiyiiiiiliie s; tallies. Sir in .Moninoiit iliat Is in fir I'U-ii use. It "I'llie tree, t •lances, p. i: C.VLCU dominions i 'he eastwan 17" E. Iti western brai 'inly arm of water the ri^ opposite to ( fricacy of tli t'veii if it dii this place. — C/iart in thii In "IT. Call "lore than a c. 'i'oii^, l,').l;i8; -^ t'l-eat part liihiiiirors. niei' Villiises ; coiiii •■sliiiialeil by tl •''■i'ii'''iiils wbic |'"i.^' '"• estimai inink of (bo r\\ "11 llie same si( i^iit' that it uni ii.'ilnral ailvanti lii'ilily on the ( 'lisiaiice of at 1 'llaiiiiels. Tlie principal ""'er Ruropean ' frsian (.'nlf, c ''■r usually eitln iiumbor of adult CAJEPUT OIL— CALCUTTA. 263 tule within •ross roads rriio j)0[)u- Isoo.ooo* -, itry. But iiud the ;iiul, and ler produce developed, irn can be that is cx- isly absurd to such an landing it« tlost other is' and has ;y, there i\ more in- of cxport- ihcd,— and :ieiit pros , and that Inipt of in- li;i, parlicu- Irefurreilto ,. 23. p. 'i5li. B5, at about Ic.O. It. however, fnnches very (tnntly on the criws niul scaiKlnlnnfi ribimcs that intVct every partof tlie adiniiiistratinii. We have horruwuil fidiiu; ilrtails IVdhi tin; .in no I is tin t'oiiintene .Vuritimc iVir 1(533, p. 302, &c. CAJEPUT OIL, the volatile oil obtained from the leaves of the cajoput tree (^Melaleuca Lencadmdron Lin.). The name is a corruption of the native term cdi/ti-ptttl, lluit is, white- wood oil; because the bark of the tree which yielils it lias a whitish appearance, like our lurch. This tree is common in Amboyna and other Eastern islands. 'I'he oil is obtained by diRtillation from the dried leaves of the smaller of two varieties. It is prepared in Rreat quantities in Banda, and sent to Holland in eo])per flasks. As it comes to us it is of a Rreen colour, very limpid, lighter than water, of a strong smell resembling catnphor, and a strong pungent taste. It burns entirely away without leaving any residuum. It is often adulterated with other essential oils, coloured with resin of milfoil. In the genuine oil, the green colour depends on the presence of copper; for, when rectified, it is colourless. — (Thonisoii's Dis- pensatory.) rajcpiil oil not being used except in the maleria nieilira, only small quantities are iiiiporteil. In .Inly. 1831, it boIiI inlioiul at about "id. an (uniic ; but an Idia liavint' llien (int ahniad that it was one <\( the nioBl ctlicient remedies in cases iil' cluib'ra, ils piiie nise in .Ndveniber, l^:!l, to nn h'ss than 11,«. an ounce! lint it soon alter Cell inln discredil \\ ilh tlic facnhy. ami addilinnal snpplii's liavin;; been obtained from Holland, its price (biclined almiist iis t'asl as ii liad risen. It is not at present (September, 1833) worth more in bond, than from b/. to '.\l. an onnee. CALABAR SKIN (Fr. Pclit-frris .■ (Jer. C-aitwcrl! ,- It. T«or, I'ajn ; \\\is. Bjelka.- 8p. Gris pet/iteno), the Siberian scpiirrul skin, of various colours, used in making mutl's, tippets, and trimmings for clothes. CALABASH, a light kind of ve.s.sd formed of the shell of a gourd, emptied and dried. The Indians both of the North and South Sen put tiie pearls they have lislied in calabashes, and the natives of Africa do the same by their gold dust. Tiiey also are used as a measure in Africa. CALAMANCO (Du. Kallemini!, Kalnnnk ,- Fr. Calniandc, Calmrnidre ,- It. Durante ,- Rms. Kolomen/m ; Sp. Caltnaco ,- Sw. A'«//v///)/t"), a sort of woollen stulV, manufactured in England and the Netherlands; it has a line gloss ; and iieiiig ciieciuered in the warp, the checks appear onlv on the right side. CALAMANDER WOOD, a beautiful species of timber brought from Ceylon. It is so hard that common cdee-tonls cannot worlv it, so tlial it mnsl lie rasped and almost cronnd inl'i shape. It is singularly reniarkable tor the vari>'ly and admixture of colours. The most prevail- ini: is a line chocolate, now deeptniiiK alimisl into alisolnle liliick. now l.-ulimr into a niedinni between lliwn and cream colours. It arrests the eye from tlie rich beauty of llie iniermiML'b'd tints, not from aiiyundue sliowiness. It takes a very liiKh polish ; and is wronsiht iulo eluiirs. and particularly into tallies. Sir Robi'rt KrownrigK, 'ale jjovernor of Ciylon, luid Ihe doors of the diiiinL'-room of his seat in MonmoHthsliire made of calamander. It is scarce in Civ Ion, and is not reixularly imported; all tliiu is in (ireat Hritain has been imported by private yentlcuicn, relurnius; Iroiii the colony, for their i.wn use. It is by far the most beautitui of nil the fancy woods. 'I'he nearer it islaken from Ihe root ijf the tree, the tiner it is. — {Milbitrii'ii Orient. Com. ; I.i'j. iJ' Entcrttiining KiwiclciJire, Vefietable Sub- •l;iiifes, p. 17',l.) ('ALCUTTA, the principal city of the province of Bential, the capital o ' the British dominions in India, and, with tlie exception perha]is of Canton, the greatest emporium t'l the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope. Its citadel is in lat. -i-i^ :V.V .'it" N., long. 88° 20' 17" E. It is about 100 miles distant from the sea. Iiciiig .filiated on t'.ie eastern bank of Ihe western branch of the Ganges, deiiomiiiatcil by Europeans the Ilooglily Kivcr, vvhicli is the only arm of the Ganges navigable to any considerable distance by larije slii])M. At lnc;h water the river opposite to the town is about a mile in breatlth ; but during the ebb the side opposite to Calcutta exposes a long range of dry sand banks. Owinir to the length and in- tricacy of the navigation from the sea, it cannot be unde alcen without a pilot ; so that, even if it did not exceed our limits, it would bo useless to attempt any description of it in this place. — (See the reduced Plan (if the Moulh.'- .;/' l/ic Hoog/ili/ River, in the Jferci/tor's Chart in this work.) In 'TIT. Calcutta was a petty nativi? village of paltry hats, with a few hundred inhabitants. Little more than a ci'ntury later, or in IS'2'2, the followiu:; were Ihe returns of tlii' population; vi/.. ('hris- tians, 13,1,18; Mohammedans, 48.1ti-2; Hindoos, 1IS.-203; Chinese. 11 1, luakiiiit in all, lTil,'.ll7, .V irreat part, however, of what nuiy be fairly considered Ihe popiiluion of Calcutta, consisting of lalifiiirers, nuH'hariics, and persons emiaued in trade, resiile at .liiihl ni the suburbs, or neiijhbouriiii; vilhiL'es ; cnmiuK into town early in the niorninir to tlnir resperive em ploy me i its. These have been isliueited by the nniuistrates, on tolerably (.'mid data, at IIKI.illill-, und allowiu!; for the increase of in- .'i.iliiianls which is admitted to have taken place wilhin thi' la t dozen years, the existiuL' population iii.iy lie estiniaied at abmit 300,00(1. The lown, exdudinir subiirlis, extends lo iibont -IJ miles alony the t'aiik of the rivi'r. with an averaiii' breadlh inland of about 1! mil". Kort William, the citadel, lii's (111 tin' same side of tin; river, a little lower down. It is a slroiif; resfular forlilication ; but so exten- sive that it would require a earrison of lll.liuil men for its elfectiial defence. Calcutta possessi's ureal iialur.il advantaues for inland naviiration ; all sorts of I'oreiijn produce beiim transported with sireat fiiiliiy on the Canges and its subsidiary streams to tlii! imnh-wesiern (|uarters of Ilindostan, over a ilisiiince of at least 1,000 miles, while ihe productions of the interior are received by the same easy cliamiels. The principal merchants and traders of Calciitia consist of the followinc classes ; viz. Itrilishand ether Fairopeans, Portuguese born in India, .\rmenians, (Jreeks, .lews. Persians from the coast of the Persian (Jnlf, commonly called Parsees, Moguls. Mohanimi'dans of llindoslau, and Hindoos ; the lat- ter usually eitherof the' IJrahminical or mercanlile casles. anil iiaiivesof li.'ML'al. In |-'l.', Ilw total munberofadult male firilish subjects, in the Dengal provinces (the ^'reat majority being in Calcutta;, •in m 264 CALCUTTA. .'■ t: -I eiiRnffpiI in trade or aRrirnlttiro, was 1,22ft ; \n IRIin. it was 1.707. Thin in the ntatrment ffiven hy tha l»riiit(Ml rrL'iH!rr;b»t it in prolmhlv much uiidiTralcd, particularly tor tlii- last ytiar. The iiativi' Por- tnmifHc iind Ariii*aiian iiicrehaiitH have nf late «rt'atly dcrliiud in wimiHIi and iiuporlancw. On tin; other iiand. Ilii; INTHian merchants have incrcasinl in iininlierH and wraith, Ktivrral of Ihcm heinu Worth 'Jjd.lino/. Htcrliny. T\w lanic tortnnt'>* ot" the Hindoo nuTcliantH have hrrn mii< h tirokrn down of lalo yLMirn by litiKation in the courts, and nainrally thronL'h the law of «'(|nal ciiparcrnary auionK hroilmrM. To counlcrhalancc thin, ilicrr haw het-n, since tlie opening of the free trade in IMt, a \nn auKmenlation of the nundier of inferior nnrchants, worth from Uo.diM)/. to no.OUd/. nlerlinp. There arc hui few Hindoo merchants at present whose wealtti e.\ce.«'ds *2(H),(M)0/. siertini;. The principal fnreimi husiin'ss is conducted hy tlie Knclish merchants; hni ihe other partinn also, ciilirr in partnership with the KnjfliHh. or on their own account, speculale lartftdy to Kurop*-, Ame- rica, ami especially to Cliiim. The brokers known uinler tin; name of Sircars and llabooH are all Hin- doos. Thencneral rates of an^'ncy connnission arc as follow : — 2 l-2pi^rcent. 1.2 ' do. do. 2 1-2 do. l-2coniniiwion 2 1-2 per cent. 21-2 do. 2 1-2 do. } 1-2 per rent, ) ptr ineiisctii. 5 per cent. 2 1-2 do. 5 do. 2 1-2 do. I. <»n tlip sale or purchase of sliips, Vfswis, linuse* ami hni's ..... S. Mm ilif s:ile, iiurchasp, or shipment of bullion Do. of jewfller>', Uianionds, or oilier precious Btoties - • • • - • 2 Do, of indii?n, lac-dye, country pii^ce goruls, Bilk, opium, cochintal, coral, spices, collee, cup- per, tin, ant) tuleri>Kue Do. of .ill other kinds n{ fomla • 3. Un Koo'ls or treasure, Vc. consigned, and after* waids \\ itlulrawn or sent to auction ; and on (roods consigned for conditional delivery to others ...--• 4. On all advances of money for the pnqioses of trade, whether the irooifs are coriHi^ried to the nifcnl or not. and where a ciimnii»sionof opcr cent. i> not charged .... 5. On ordtTinirgooills, bomis, or other enpige* iiients, and on hecoinini; security for adminis- tratiniis id' estatei, or tn government or indi- viduals for contracts, agreeinents, N:c. 7. On dil creilere, or guaruileeii g the respoasibili- ty of pfrs'uis to whom gomls are sold 8. On acting for the estates of person! deceased, as executors or administrators . - - 9. On the manacement of estates for others, on the amount received .... 10. On procuring freight, or advertising as the agent of owners or commanders : on the amount of freight, whether the same passes through the hands of the agent or not 11. On chariering ships for other parties • 12. On making insurance, or writing onfers for insurance ..... 1-2 do. 13. (In settling insurance losses, total or partial, and on procuring returns of premium • - 1 do. 14. On eflVning remittances, by bdls of the agent or oiherwiie, or purchasing, selling, or nego- tiating bdls of exchange • • - 1 do. 15. On debts, when a process at law or arbitration is neceisary . . . - . And if recovered ly such means • 16. On hills of exchange returned, noted, or pro- les'cd ..... 17. On the collectinrr of hnuse-rent 18. On ships' di^liursfments 19. On negotiating ioanson respondentia - 20. On letters of credit granted for mercantile pur- poses . - . • - .2 1-^ do. 21. On purcha.sing or selling government securi- ties, and on each exchange of the same, iu the transfer from one loan to another • 1-2 do. 22. On delivering up government securities, or dei>ositing the same in the treasury • • 1-2 do. 23. On all .idvances not punctually liquidated, the ag'-nt to have the option of charging a second commissmn, as upon a fresh advance, pro- tided the charge does not occur twice in the same year 2-1. At the (Option of the agent, on the amount debired or crediteil within the year, including intereht. and excepting only items on which a commission off) per cent. Iia.s been chargeil I do. A'. /J.— This charge not to apply to paying over a balance due on an account made up to a particu- lar period, unless where such balance is withdrawn wilfiovit rtMsonahle notice. Mimnj, — Accounts are kept here in imaginary money called ru- pees, eiiher current or sicca, with their subdivisions, annas and jiici- : 12 pice niake I anna; 16 annas I rupee; and Id rupees I gold mohur. Fo this currency must all llie real specie l-e cnnvrrteJ, I-e- f'ire any sum can he regularly entered in a mere Iianfs books. Tlie Cninpany keep their accounts in sicca nipees, which bear a bat'a (prtniiuni) of 16 percent, over the current. The coins current are cold mohurs, with their wulKlivisions — halves and quarters; sicca ru- lu'es, halves ami quarters; annas, pice, and half pice. 'Jhe two last are o top|jtT. Tiiere are Ivvo mints under the Uengil presi- dency: that at Calcutta; and that of Ferruckabad, in lite north- western provinces. The first is probably the most splendid est.!, blislinient of the kind in the world ; the cost of the machinery, sup* ptj'' i by Messn. Pollon and Wall of Birrningham, having exteedt-il ■ XfO.OOOl. Or>ld money is coine. 5 do. 1 2 1-2 2 1-2 2 do. ilo. do. do. Coins. Grains pure. (iriins Alloy. rirains (iross Wfii-hl. V,ilup. Gnl'i mohur Sii'c.l Rupee Ff rrutkahaJ rupee 17V923 I6t2I3 I70-)<) lj'019 204-710 ini-n:ii lH)i!4 £. ... rf. 1 13 2^2..>-. 2 (iL li-J") 1 lljb-2j The charge for coinlnfi silver at the Calcutta mint is 3 per cent, if the bullion be the itandanl fineness ; but where it ilillers. a prfjpor* tional charge of from l«l to 1-2 per cent, is made for rehmng. The course of exchange by m tiich the customs ol CatculiA are at prenent regulated is as follows : — Sic. rup. An. Pin-. (irenl llrihin Pound fttertinir _ 10 C.^l-e of GoikI Hnne lt.xdollar(2j.) _ 1 .Maihns imi rupees _- n:i 1 H Hoiid'Hy UK) — _ 'J4 i:i C'fVlfUi Itix-dollar — 14 China ■ . 1 lale -■ :i r> 4 Hurniah I2r, lirkals ~ 100 .Mauilla Spanish dollar = 2 4 Forluifal I.UOOreis =- 2 12 France 24 francs =r. 10 (1 lloilauil 2i florins = i 1 Handiumh anil Co. ) peidiit^en • 5 _ 1 Li-Khorn 100 pe7Z.u se 202 8 other sorts of rupees are met with In Bengal, ditlering in finenen and ^^eit[ht, thoukcli (heir deiioiinnalion^ he the same. Krcuu ttiis, and from the ualivtn frequently puncliini? holes in Ihe rupees, and tilliiis them up with liase ii,elal, ar.d their frauilulenlly dimmishinif the vvfiilil of the coin after coiiiinK from the mint, the currencies of the ditlerent provitices are of dinereut values. 'Iliis defect has in- tniduced the custom of eniployintl ifiro^U, or money-changers, u-how; husiuess is to set a value ujion the ditterent curreiiciis, rucoidiiiK to every circumstance, either in their favour or their jiniudice. When a sum of rupees is hroiizhl to one of these shrotVs, ho ex.tinines them piece by piece, and arran^ies them acou-diLR lo their liiieiiess; tlieii, hy their weii^ht ; he then allows for the dilttrent leirtl l.ilti'S upon siccasand soimats; and this done, he valiies in *;ross, |.y the rupees current, what the wh(de are worth ; so that the rupee cuiieut is the only lliituf lixed, by which com is valued, A current rup. e' is reckoned at 2v., and a sicca rupee of account coninioiilv at 2«. (irf. A lac, means 100.000; and a crniv 100 lacs, or 10.0> Gheriatii u Hants Commereifil Conu Calicut niaund ' China pecul of 1 Cochin candy of nnnliroon haza: Goa candy of 20 Jonk'-eylon liaha .Ma li-as candy of Malacca bihar o .Moctia halnr of ^Iuscat Cuilnm-li M.sore candy of IVzu candy of I,! Femne pecul of Surat maund of - ■ I'ucca mint Telhcherry caii-h Bavk.i, />'(/«, Bank of Be into 51)0 shiiri ehiiros art! no pointi^d liy go The spcreCirj titircr, tin- tin? vaiit. This h liavo lipoii. I in all till! ilisti over a very I deralile .shtire reltliorcof; ti thi; iisefiilnes tainly attenilt 1. Tile (10 vt Kecuril for I fore, their ni cial cntiitimni 2. liy their to two tlilrils I cash in their 3. Their ml avoiileilapplic ness (if ihel!. Company's p.i of tiie (.'overt imper in C-iht lotiOntidTOlit The iiii'oiivi an alteration : specie to he n away ; n\u\ nr As soon a.s I in the money i The Union. (1S31) evistiim noticed in ih '■r the Union I the conminiiitj no.'es hejiiir r,, hli.«hnii'nt was Hank of Hciip ffoin ils iiote.s Ben^tal Hank n lie a favonrit. husiness of Cti taininaeoinnii The rates of quoted were, a Vol.. I.—Z / CALCUTTA. 265 Squan Miaiure. I 1 CliiHick, or 4'i fiM't (F.IK. All. Pict. u (1 1 H i:i 11 4 1) (1 4 n \1 u II II 1 (1 S i Cublti, or hnuli, in leiijlh » _ J X4iiibrHullb ) t Mlii.it I'. 16 Chiltacki = I Ciillali. JOInllatu = 1 Di«<,lll J 14,44011(1. f' JI'iBiggahi — I Kiiilish lUtuic dtrt. Cloth Mttmire. 3 Jnrttes 3 An)!iillu sGhrrlths U Hiuti at I Anfiill], =^ I (ilit;ri.ih. .=> 1 ll.tiit nrcubii -- 16 inches. t= 1 Uux -^ I y.ii.l. Lmi .Vc.ijrtiir. 3 H.irlrjTnrnB, or jowi t , .. 4 Firncn :tll.uuU 2 S|arin -1 Ciiliiti r^ 1 HilTld. S3 I >|1AU. !-; I ('iil'il,orRrm = IS iiichn. 1, 000 t'attioiiti. i rArliriiLirB 1 C( 4 liuiKLtitorZOpariicubn I -3 I itiilf 1 furlong 3 — I |ifil"N J l-J yarili. for Goodi rt:ckuncft hj Taie. 1 (iiiii'1.1. — I KoDFje, or I curi;?. Commercml Weights and Mt;awnrt'fl of Iinliu, with tlirir rqiiivaleiitH in EnKHah Avoirdupois, Dongiil Factory, Miulr;irf» uiul Koniliiiy Wi'i^'lilH. Commercial Mea^uren, tic. Actual! Rahir of 200 catlif* — icuncha (if 10 utliy Anjetign caiiily i)f 20 ih.uid'Is mtaviA neriil of 100 catties Bcnt'rHjIen tahsr • . . . nt'iiicil tiict(>ry maund b-izaar niauiid llnnibsy ciiiJy of 20 maunds Huuorah maiitid of 76 vakias (if 21 ditto Caliciil iimiriit 'tf 100 prmh riiiiu pwul cf I'lO cattk's • Cncliiii candy of 20 niamids ffpiribro-m bniaar canity Goacaiidv of 20 iiiaumls Jniikn-ylnu haharof Hcapins M^'lras candy of 20 maiuida Malacca Inhar of 3 piT'ils Mnc!i;i lnhTof lifm/tls • \ju'*t':\t ('uilnm-hcnbf iimnid M.snrt- candy of 7 iimratis Tt'itu Cindy of 150 vis Femne pfcnl of KK) cattica Sunt inaiind of 40 seers — I'licca iiniiTid Tellicherry caniy of 20 maiinJs . Avninlii ».ii. ncin Miii. 1 Factory. •S'. C/l. Madnn nonibiy. ;iMi. S. I'ia. //r.. II- ilr. Mh. Ki». P.:l. ■til u 11 a 28 13 1« 7 1» \:, 4 27 220 (1 2 .17 137 s (1 10 7 31 SU :tlU 7 •in 22 3 8 20 l.|-. 10 1 :\l 10 1 3 16 4 33 22-4 TjliO JO 22 3 8 20 71 10 107 1 2 7 av7 2 2i) 20 SJ i ■i\ 1 4 3 2 11-3 2 37 10 5(i(t n 7 20 22 3 8 20 (1 •m 4 (I 1 8 h-r, 3 4 3 •.•2 3 S 279 2S s 1 1 43 1 1 4-H 1 2I'I 30 U 16 11 1 1 21 I 2 2,V7 1.13 5 ft-3 31 6 a 2 2ti 4 30 I4'3 51,1 H 7 11 2-n 21 r. 3li.S l") 10 129 7 S (1 4 2 16 10 214 ■m; 6 2-. 2'9 m B 16 17 27 4-3 4S> ,T 63 U 20 1!) 3 12 17 13 ID .500 n u 2-1 20 (1 17 31 8'6 40-. ,-1 10 ir. IG 1 21 14 IS 171 4.0 n G IS (1 10 2 2j-7 H 1:! 4 11 2 32 U 12 13 ■■ifiil 7 SO 22 3 8 •20 SIIO 6 2S 20 17 31 S'C 1,11 fl i-i-i 1 31 G 5 2 26 4 30 14-3 37 r> r.:i 20 1 3 379 1 13 10 71 in 107 1 2 7 3V7 2 20 20 COO 9 2 21 21 17 iS navkn, Hatiliiiiff. — Tlin p.ipiT ciirronry (if Ciilciilta U siipplii'd by tlii^ fdllnwini! Imiiks : — Bani! of Brnsdl- — Tills is \\\i\ only liaiik in (-'iilriuiii tliut lias ii cliarlcr. lis 0ii[ijliil is ."iO lacs, divided intd 500 shares of 10,(100 sicca riipocs cacli, cif which the Rast Imlla Cniiipaiiy hold 100 shares. Tin- BharPH ar(! now at a proniimii of .5,000 to (3,000 riipcns. It is nianaiiod liy nine directors; throe ap- pointed liy covernnient, and six elected by the proprietors : time of service, lor the latter, three years. The secretary to povernmeiit in tlK^ Cinancial ilepartiiient, the accoiintaiit-petieral, and the siih-trea- Fiirer, are the er (i/Sf'd poveriiinent directors. 'I'lie bank si^cretary and treasurer is also a civil si^r- vaiit. This hank possesses peculiar advantajies, but has not been so useful to the public as it niiKlit have been. Its notes are received at all the pulilic olHces, in payment of revenue, by the cidlecturs in all the districts below Keniiri's ; and, coiiseiiueiitly, its ciri'ulatioii. averasrinR KO to lilO lacs, evtend.s over a very larce and the wealthiest portion of our Indian territory. The jrnvernnient bein^suchcnnsi- dtrable shareholders, too, it is cenerally supposed by thi^ natives thiit the Ileiisal IJaiik is part and par- cclthcreof; and it iMijoys, therefore, the same credit. Hut other circumstances liave operati'd against the usefulness which, with the adviintasjes alluded to, it inipht have been supposed would have cer- tainly attended it. 1. Tiio povernment required a deposit in their treasury of 90 lacs of rupees in Company's paper, as (iccuril ■ for the notes received at tlii" pulilic ollices and the district treasuries. To this extent, there- fore, their means applicable to commercial purposes, or rather to the assistance of the coiiiuier- cial coniniunity, were crippled. 2. By their charter, they were required to issue their notes in the proportion of one third of specie to two thirds of paper,— in other words, for every 'JO rupees of notes issued, they kept ao rupees of cash in thi'ir strong lio.v. 3. Their rules for (;rantin!» accommodation on personal credit were so severe, that tlu; public rather avoided applications to them, if thijy could obtain di-:iouiits elsewhere ; and, coiise(|uently, tin; busi- ness of the lli'naal Hank was almost entirely ciinlined to the (.'r;nitiii!.' of loans on the security of the Company's paper. In 182li, 1827, and 1H'2S, when the Ilurmise war, and the financial arramjements of the iiovernment, occasioned .i preal diMiiand for moiKn. the amoiiiit of iliscnunts of mercantile paper ill Cilciilta did note.\ceed 10 or 12 lacs or riiiiees, whilst loans secured by Company's paper rose to (iO and 70 lacs. The iiiconv(Miience of this system havinp been felt, the povernmeni of Calcutta has recommended an alteration : and we understand the capital is to lie incre.iscd to T,*! lacs ; the proporlidii of a third specie to he reduced to a fniirtli ; the deposit of 20 lars of Cfiin|i:iiiy's paper at the treasury to be done away ; and greater facilities to lie all'iirded to tie' mercaiitil" .iimmuMity in oblaiiiinL' accommodation. As soon as this alteration is carried into elfect, there will unqiiistionalily be a [.'real improvement in the money market in Calcutta. The UnUin Uiuik. — This establishment was foMtldeil in 1820. It is the only private bank at present (1^31) existiiip in lieiipal; for the Itank of Ilinilostan, the Conimercial Dank, ami ihi! Calcutta Hank, noticed ill the former edition of this work, have all, thoupli solvent, been discontinued. The capital '•f the Union llank is 50 lacs of rupees, consisting of 1,000 shares of 5,000 each, held liy all classes of the comiminily. Its notes circulati? only in Calcutta and its immediate neighbourhood ; no private nn;{'s being received at tlie collectors' treasuries in the provinces. The main object of this esta- blisliinint was to till np the space in the inoney market, occasioned by the restrictiins inlpo^-ed on the Hank of Hengal by its charter ; but it has not yet been able toelfect its intentions to their full extent, fnini its notes not being generally circulated ; and it is possible that the proposed alterations in the Bengal Bank may, in some measure, limit its opeiations There is no dnulit, however, but that it will lie a. favourite establishment ; and should it obtain a charter, it will probably pet most of the banking business of Calcutta; its rules being well adapted for facilitating commercial transactions, and sus- taining commercial credit and confidence. The rate,s of discount vary, from time to time, with the state of the tnonev market. The last rate* quoted were, at the Union Bank, 6 per cent, per annum on notes at 3 mouths, 5 ditto, at 2 ditto ; 4 Vol. I.— Z 34 C3 206 CALCUTTA. f 'n, i. ' ilittn, (It I ilittn: Hie nniik of nr>na:il, iliflcoiiiil on privntc ImIIr ni ,1 innnth^. ( |ier cent, p<'u ni/.v . — Tint pdlillc lU'lil I'lintriit'ii'd liy lliu liiiljiiii icvrrriiiKiil, i>ii iln' Hn'dri'y of the terri- tory, U (iiiilcr llir inaiiaKrinciit ol' llii' trcartnry ilcpartiniiil at Calciilta. 'I'Iiim ilrlii in nf Iwo ilvKcrlp- tlniis; tliiil bvarlnu 111) iiittiriiKl, anil lliat wlin li hrars liitrrcril. 'I'lii' liiHt Ih n)[alii dlvldcil Into tliritu purtM ; vi/,. inoniex ilcpui^ltt'il l>y piililjc lioilii's lor Npriilic piirpoHUH ; trraNiirv iiiiIi.'h, n( I he Naiiii' rliit- ruLtrr nn iiur K\vlii'i|urr IiIIIh ; and tin- act((ul I'diult'd nr riiuixtertd dt-lit. 'I'lie liitlrr, on tliu 30l!i of April, lH3il, wuH aa tollowii ; for ilungul. Htateinenl of the Amount BtnndlnK on tlir> ecncral RcKlitem of the Frctiduncy of Bengal, In the Name of i;iiroiiit!ini4 uiul Natlveg. Debt. Eiiropcnns. Nntlvng. Total. i 6 per cent, loan of 1822 5 _ _ 1^23 6 _ _ 182.0-28 5 _ _ lHai)-30 4 _ _ |S2t-25 4 _ _ I8*j-2U - Hicea rupees Sicca rnpc'cs. 703,13.0(10 7(l'.t,f<7,N(l0 ^3•2,74,^()(l iy,.')i,7oo 3,13,000 0,03,1)00 Sicca ropi'i'H. 43,0N,7!I(. 200,30,7(10 4Oi,70,.)0O 7,01,300 s.wi.aoo S,M4,100 HIcca rdpi'i's. 747.12,200 i l)IO,27,.'i(M) Ull,.')4.30n 2(),.0,3,000 8,UU,20() 18,47,700 1,U75,3 1,400 077,.')y,50(l 8,fi.')2,!l3,"c.ilctiti.i, n disuiiee (if about IJO milt-., is n.itur.iily flan* geroUB .iiui iiilric.ne; hut leiulereJ ennii>arali\tly sale l»y a hiiiirul auJ rxcelleht. tliouKJi very citstiv, [.iiiit esl;il'linlinieiit. Tl'iiscoiis-ists of tivdvf ve.^-els. lieiue Iriifs i'{ l)fl\vei'ii I '>0 and 2uO tiiiis liurtlii ii, cipabii; r)f iii.iinl.'iininf their staticiim in the liidst (joialerou;! seasi ii, Table of Rates of full and broken I'ilotaf-'e. charceahle to Phipa and Vessels inward and ..iitward of the Uiver Uoo'-hlv. vvhicll extends frtim April to Octolier inclusive ; 12 hraiirh pilots. 24 liListfiT*, 24 tirst mates H second lu.ileB. and liel»een "0 ait'l SO vo- Iniitecrn. Kach liraiich pilot has a s,alary of 70/. a month ; each inasler 27/. ; first males 15/. ; and second mates and volunteers 61. each, 'i'he tollowuig table extiiliit the rales uf pilutaj^e : Draiipht of Water. Full Pilotage inward. Adilitional Pilolatce outward. Inward Proportion. Outward Proportion. 1 Keel. I. L. Fmiii bea. Fnini ("alcutla. flto 10 10 •\ To Sauiror 4 I2ihi To Movapore or Fulta i 12ihs 10 11 12 l 1 To KidKereo 6 121 lis To Fulta harbour 3 12!hs II 12 14 To Cnlpee H I2ihs To Culpee 4 I2lh> 12 13 16 To Cnlpee harbour 9 I2llis 1 To Kedseree 6 I2lhs 13 14 18 1 To Knlta, or Movaiiorc - n I2th5 ToSauifor b IJUis 14 1.9 21 } ^ To CalcuUa, full pilotage Tu Sea, full pilotage. 15 IG 23 J 16 17 30 -\ 17 18 33 J- 4 18 19 40 . 19 20 43 20 21 SO 6 21 22 53 22 23 60 J ;Vn^fc— All foreign vewels pay the s-inie pilnlaee as tliosp un^lcr British roloiini. liy bn>keu pilotage is meant the jirn[>or'ion ni' full pilotage btitvvt'fn the dirterent stages nr places of ant tiunurf. All ships, the pmpcrty of f' that the pilot should have with him a teadsmaa iii whom iie can confide. Iletentinn money, at the rate of 4t. per diem, from Briti^ih aiiJ foreign vessels is charued by persons (.f the pilot service kfpt nn Ijoanl ships at anchor by denire of thi' conimandtr or owner. In the river before Calculta. ami in nthtr partt;. (here are chain moorings, of w hich the charges .ireaa follow : Rurthen of Ships. April to October, 7 months. November to March, 3 montlis. 500 tons and upward! Under 300 tous /,. ,t. rf. Per diem • . 16 Ditto - - • 14 /,. ,(. rf. Per fliem - 12 Ditto . • 10 The Hire of the chain moorinitj at niamond Harbour, 11. per diem. | blished rate per diem for every ilay eicecdiiig 10. The cliaree for he lowest charge to a ship re>r i I»kiI <>r (lir tim t la-M. 21'-; of the teciiml cli-w, IH#.; tn'l of lli*- r(nnl cI.im, llr. of Ufryrin.! hi[lit*hipu«e hni lit-on en^clM it KedKfriT, Tor whkh th» ('h:inrf nri Mriliiiru of Ijie fruiiework tieiin always of the iuferior wo.kU of the courihy ; nnd tint nhrtki, Hhoalhiti^, upjKT worki, and derkH, iluiif , of (uak : which laitl i» fiiniiitht^l almo?it entirely from IVf^u. Ill \^2i, th(* niiiiiher of ri'ttmlert'd ihiiHi tjclom^inf^ to Ihr ftort of Calculta wii 120, of the Ijiirdini of 4-l,3o'i toim ; hviui at an avt-ntte ( f alHUil 370 lorn for each. Tim lar^nt cUm of vrtst-U carry m-arly KX) Iritis ; tJiit •■liiim drawing ftj) much wati-r am iinht for I hi; navitca- tiiJi) of the Hofuhly, Not hciiiiT "I'le to load at Calcvitla, they -wn obliicnl to recrive pirt of their ririro at Di.iniiiiid ll.ir)»< mmt cuuveiiiriit si/cd iliip fur trade tietwcea Calcutta, and Kiimpr, and America, ia Imiii 300 to AW toin. Dutiti, ^f.— At Calcutta there are two distinct CUitom-houvi ; the one for the si'a, and the uther for thu iulaiid duties. Our buaincM ii with lh« flnt only. Hie fli[>nrt and imnorl ilntlei aiht dnwbarlu arr reiciitatH hy an onlinance of the year \f^2fi, and ire tin- wme for fvfry port uridtr the government of ncnjcil ; or, ,ia it ia ti- hnirally i-allrd, the rrmidntry nf Fort Willi. on. The tarit!" is n-Kul.i'cd hy ihrie icticduleN, ttatinc rennrctivi-ly Mir ratrtof duty rliarntaldp on Kft'Kli iniuorted tiy sna, the drawlarkit ill'pviad on re'ei|Htr(H, and th« ratftiol duty charncat. In and draw haik» allowed on rx|M)rtpd artirlrt l'nin( llie priKJucn and niainifactiire of the rnniiMv. The duty nn KihkU and merchandiw iini»orted by «** in lnip<'<«->l «// t'(iif>rfT»i, or arcnrdiiii( lo Ihrir market value at'ih*' liuia of imimr'ation. exct-pt when otlirrwlitt tpcnally provided, Tho value of all nurh xnodt and merchandise muit bti i(a(e fAiirfi of wtiirh in umi* ally allovvfil when the arliclea on which they are cliarnel arr ei- |M)i'rd in Hrilihh ve«eh, and of i'nr third when they are exported in f"r*»ii(n veMfth. The drawbacks allowed on rf-pi[Kirtii of fon-imi ar- tiele* inijHirled in Hrifnh vi-wela vary from half to two thinU and Ihree rnirljinof the import duiyj on re-exporix iu a foreign vesul, Ihey are commonly fnun half to two thirds and levi-n eii^hlhif. Rfttrfl of Otity rharapfililii on Ooods, ilm rrodiirn or IMamifjicliire nf ilu; TTnilcit Kiiiffiloin, I'orfiifn Kiir(i|Ms aiHl liic Uniinl Stiites, imported hy Hua into <;tlcnlia, or uny Port or Place hulon^Mii^ lo thu Presidency ol Fori William. Enumeration of Gootli. Imported on a llritish n.iltoni. !niporteh-tal9, wrought and? unwmughi • J Opium • • ) PrcciijuiatouesaDd pearls Salt - -i Spirituoui liquon Tobacco • •< Wines Woollens All itiiclea not included 1 iu the alwve eleven > items • •) Free Free Fne 21 n, a seer of Wls.1, free 3 n. a nid. of '■2 sa. wt, I ■ r seer 10 per cent, 1 aiiiia*t a md. f per 10 per cent, Fred • 2 1-2 percent. a seer of ) a. wt. ■ 5 ;i iiinaH a md.) >f HO sa. wt. J. irr seer *) Fn-tf. Fit-e. 2 t-1 per cent. 2 1-2 <]ilto. 'IK rn. a seer of SO s;i. Wt. Free. C vs. a matind of yj •^^. wt. per seer. 20 per cent. ^* aiiuas a md. of M sa. wl. iH:r seer. 20 per cent, 2i-2dat.>. 6 ditto. 2d. Goods the Produce of Farci^ Europe^ or of the UnitedStata of America. 1. Amck at a fixeil valua^ ttnn of 30/, per cask of 126 eatlons 2. Rullinn and coio 3. Unrses 4. Opium 6. Precious stones and pearls 6. Salt 7. Spirits 8. Tobacco - 10 per cent. • Free Free 2-1 rs. a seer of \ bOM. Mt. j Free 3 rs. a nid. H2 per seer 10 per cent. 4 annas of SO sa. per seei 10 percent. 5 ditto. nid. of) a. wt. > eer •) ?ent. I a md. 1 sa, wt. > fer - ) 20 per cent. Free. Free. 45* rs. a seer of HOsa. wt. Free. '* rs. a maund of yl sa. wt. per seer. 20 per cent. S annas a md. of SO sa. wt, per seer, 20 per cent. 10 ditto. 9. Wines All articles not included ; iu the above nine items \ 3d. Goods^ the Produce or Afamifacture of Pla.fa other than the I'nittd Kingdottif Foreign Europe, or the United Statu of Jimtrica- 1. Allspice 2. AIne wood • • 3. Altah 4. Alum - • 5. Aniberi;ris 6. Arrack, Ilatavia 7. Arrack, from foreign ) ttritories in Asia ■ S 9. Arsenic, while, red, or j yellow • ■) 9. Asafo-'tida |0. Awl rciot, or morinda • 11. Peails, malas, or rosaries 12. H*'tel nut (customs) Ditto (town duty) 13. Ileiijimin, or loban 14. flraiulv, from foreign? territories in Asia • J 15. Brass, wrought and un- ) wrought ■ • J 16. Brimstone 17. Brocades, and embroi* ) dered gooils • > 1?, Buhera, or niyrobalan \9. Ruckuni. or sapan wood 20. Bullion and coin 21. Calireerah, or NigcUah S. Caniphire 10 per cent. - 7 1-2 ditlo 7 1-2 ditto 10 dido 7 1-2 ditto 55 sa. n. per ? Icager • i 30 sa. n. per ) leager • ) !0 per cent. - 10 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 7l-2dillo 5 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 30 ditto 10 ditto 10 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 10 ditto 7 1-2 ditto Free 7 1-2 per cent. 10 ditto 20 per cent. IS ditto. 15 ditto. 20 ditto. 15dilio, 110 sa. ra. 1 eager. W sa. rs. le.igcr, 20 per cent. 20 ditto. 15 ditto. 15 ditto, 15 ditto. 10 ditto. 15 ditto. 60 ditto. 20 ditto. 20 ditto. 15 ditto, 20 ditlo. 15 ditto. Free, 15 per cent, 20 ditto. Knumeration of Go<)ds. ueiit rd'the ^ Company I Importe I on a IlriiiHh notttnii. 23. Cmvas, exniitimt can-' \ai male ui sunn or hemp, (>r tither mnte* rial, the growth i,r ma* nuf;icliireof pLacessuli- ject lo the fovernment of the Fast India Com* paiiv, which is ex- cinpteil from cbaru'e of duty on impnrlalion hv sea • 21, ( ardunums 2j. Carriages and convey- ances 2fi. ("assia - • 27. (hanks JS, Cheravia 29. China goods, nr goods from China, not other- wise emmjcratud In thisl.able 30. Cloves 31. CorhineaL or cnmdanah 32. Collie 33. Ci'ir, the produce ofi places not suliiect to | thcgovenm: F.ast India C in India 34. Coin and bullion 3'i. Columlio niol 3fi. C'M's^Kuii fool, or saf- ? flower • - S 37. Copal, or kahroba 3y. CojipiT, wiYiught and ? uiiwi-ouglit • • 3 30. Coral 40. Cordage, — excepting") cordage made of sunn, hemp, or olher mate- rial, the pn>duce of 1 places subject to the I govrnimentof the East f India Company, which j shall t)e exempt fnmi the charge of duty on 1 importation by sea j 41. Crimdaiiah, or cochine.al 42. Dhve (lower 43. Klephauts' teeth 41. Embroiderefl gfXMlsand ) hrocatles • . J 45. Frankincense, or gun- J dihemza - '5 46. Clalbanum 47. (ialininll 4H. (ihee (customs) Ditto (hiwn duly) 49. (iiu, fmm foreign terrl- > ritories in Asia • S 60. CiiMipee muttee, or yel- 1 low ochre - • S 51. Cioomooloo, sunn, and? hemp - - i 52. Ciiini Arabic 53. Oundiberoza, or frank-> incense • - ( 54. Hemp, sunn, or goo- J moo too • • 5 5.5, Hurrah, or myrobnlan 56. 1 torsi's .57. Hurshinghar flower 58. Hurtaul, or orpiment, > or yellow arsenic • \ 59. Iron', wrought or Ufl' wrought 60. Ivor\- - ditto 7 1-2 ditto 7 1-2 ditlo 10 ditlo 7 |.2.litto 10 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 10 di'tn 7 1-2 ditto 7 1-2 ditto ditto Fire 10 ptT cent, • Free. 20 per cent 7 1-2 ditto • 15 ditto. 10 ditto 20 ditlo. 10 ditto 20 ditto. 10 ditto 20 ditlo. Iiii|inrtt'd on X Fi)it't ditlo. ISditln. IS ditlo. 7 1-2 ditlo . 13 ditlo. 7 1-2 ditto • 13 dillo. 10 per cent, • 7 1-2 ditlo ■ 5 ditto 10 ditto 20 per cent 13 ditto. 10 ditto. 20 ditto. 30 ditto 60 ditto. 10 per cent . 20 per cent Free Free. 10 per cent. • 20 per cent 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditlo. Free Free. 10 per cent. • Free 7 1-2 per cent. 20 per cent. Free. 15 per cent. 10 ditto 20 ditto. 10 ("itlo 20 ditto. 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditto. 10 ditto. Si rfl IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // A^ 1.0 I.I 12.8 1^ itt IM |2.2 •u ». Mil u WMI. 2.0 I rlHIi m 111 U IL6 Sciences Corporation 23 WiST MAIN STREiT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)I72-4S03 ^ 268 CALCUTTA. RatCB of (lutii'8 — continued. r Rnumrratinn of Ofx>ortpd on a llnlish llottolii. Imported in i Foreii;n Bottom. 61. JutlaiiiUDSfc, or spikt:- i nard • - -J 10 ditto 20 ditto. 97. Kiini, from fnrei^u ter- 1 ntorit-s 111 Asia - ( .30 ditto 60 ditto. fii. Kiilliiiiuiii 7 1-2 ditto . l.i ditto. !W. Sail mil 10 ditto ■ 20 ditto. 63. l**!.vt, |.iK. ^hep\ milled, ^ an! 'mill sti'it - > 10 ditto ■ 20 ditto. 9fl. .satlloiver, or coowom ) l,„d . . -i 7 1-2 ditto 15 dilto. i>i. I/>ri.ni 7 1-2 ditto • IS ditto. 100. Jim.) . 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditto. (i>. J^iIlui, or bt'iiiamiii • 7 1-2 lino I'l ditto. 3 m. iier mil. ^ (i r^. per ind. i:f titi. Mic« 10 ditto 20 diltn. 101. .Salt, foreign . -J Id h} sa. wt. \ S2 sa. wt, per 67. .M.i'Mer, or nniujtrtit 7 1-2 ditto • 15 ditto. per seer -) seer. tW. M.ihi)Kiiiy,;»ii(li!l (ither ^ writ of rtn ij U4wl 111 C 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditto. 102. .Sinhl wood, red, ; white, or yi-llow - i 7 1-2 per cent. 15 percent. cil-iiii't-worls -S 10,1. S:ip:tn,or liiickuiii woml 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditto. m. Ma-it.ck 10 ditto 20 ditto. llll. SeiiMi to ditto 20 ditto. 70, MiiiMiiii, nr rr imiiiste . - \ 10 ditto 20 dilto. 73. Mii^k 7 1-2 ditto 15 ililtn. 107. Spirituous liipior^, iifti i oTh.TW ise doscrilic ! [- ill ihis taMe - •) 74. Myroliihns viz. hnhe- > ra. I.virntli, ninlnwnla > 10 ditto 20 ditto. 10 ditto 20 ditto. T"*. .%!yrrli - 10 ditto 20 ditto. ins. Siiel. wr.w,'lii or ini- { wr-tiii^llt -1 10 ditto 20 ditto. 76. NiiMiit'Ti 10 ditto 20 ditto. 77. ttils VI jcta!)lfc or ani* J IIUI tCU'itOIIIB) • { 7 1-2 ditto - 1.5 ditto. lOft. SlMn« HO. Sinn,., (preeiors) an 1 ; p.irls - -( 10 ditto Free 20 ditto. Free. Ilitto, (lillo ((own .iulv) S ditto 10 ditto. 78. Oil sfeli (ointnms) 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditto. 111. S'lirar. wet or dr>', in- i llll l.ii; jairiery and ^ nifila-sestetistonisi -) Ditli) (fovvri 7 1-2 ditto • 15 ditto. Ditto, ditto 'tnwii'lnly) 5 ditto 10 ditto. fjolcylI.-yl • .) 112. Stilpliur. or hrimstoiii'- 10 ditto 20 ditto. 21 rs. per *«t) of fo Cil. S sa. wt. .) 4S rs. per vcr 1 id. Sunn, hemp, jiiiJ i;to- } llln.itiM) - - S Free Free. 90. Opium, furci^a I f «0 Cal. i sa. wt. 1 111. Ti|pe - - 7 1-2 per cent 15 per cenu HI. OrpiniiMit, or yellow t 1 ar-.(Miic, nr hiirtml . j 10 per cent, • 20 per cent. | 115. 'r.ii/i.pmt, or mala-) liillirniii leaf -$ 10 .lillo 20 ditto. 1 S2. OlIiT. uri-.ii-ii'iil i.ili 7 1-2 ditto • I'l ditto. 118. Tii 10 ditto . 20 ditto. 1 Kl. Owiih, or invrihilni to ditto 20 ilitio. ir. 'I'eik tiniliir Free Free. S-l. IVppiT, Ijluk :iii'l white 10 ditto 20 ditto. 11". ■I'hml 7 1-2 percent. 1 1 per cent. Si. Pitre t^fyr*\-ij — r'.iitiri,'] 119. 'llll .in 1 till vyare 10 ditto 20 ditto. silk, .-iii'l pirtly cil- 120, Tohacco (cintollis) •< 4 as. per ml of) i-Osa. wt.per'- H as. per nid. of Inri mil! pir'Iy silk, SO sa. wt. per the imiiilfar'i'irc ofS 2 1-2 ditto • 5 ditto. seer. the llimn'ir.ililf Crim- Ilitto down duty) 10 per cent. 20 per cent. iniiv's tt-rritnrii'j in 121. I'ooiil tlnvir 7 1-2 per cent. 15 |«-r cent iiilia • -j Vil. TiiTJer wool 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditto. 86. Diiin.'lilln. ■litm. whpii^ 12;l. 'riiriMi'rie vmstonis) - '■ ditto 10 ditto. nn' the liiiM'ifirtiire | Dii'o itowiiduty) 5 ditto 10 ditto. of tlio H'lii 'tirihle J- 7 1-2 ditto • 15 ditto. 121. 'rn'emirile 10 ditto 20 ilitli). Ci'iiif'^ny'', terntoriiM ! I2'>. IVx-r. oraloti wood • 7 1-2 ditto . 15 ditto. inliilia' • •} IJt). V.Tiiiilion 10 ditto 20 dit'o. >*■ PiniLiitr), or alU;ilce - 10 ditto 20 ditto. 127. Verdiiris 10 dilto 20 ditto. «•*. l'i;ie itaviai 7 1-2 ditto - 13 ditto. I2r*. \\'\t and wax cr.ndlet 10 ditto 20 ilitto. S). I'rcri'iis slanes and ? p. nh ■ ■ 5 Fira Free. 129. Willis and spin's, not i otlierwise [imvide 1 y for - • S 10 ditto 20 ditto. 90. rnis.i.iri hluo 10 per cent, • 20 ler cent. HI. I'lilrln inut 7 1-2 ditto - 15 ditto. 130. Wool of ail sorts used 1 7 1-2 ditto 15 ditto. »2. Quieksilver • 10 ditto 20 ditto. in i-ahiiiet-wnrk ■ ( 93. Rlllain 7 1-2 ditto . 15 ilitlo. 131, Yellow ochre, or goo- / 10 ditto 20 ditto. 9-t. MbI Kiii'hl wool 7 1-2 ditto 15 llillO. pee niutee - - ^ m\J Ulkli'. 91. RbI iM'!, or uiinium - 10 ilitin 20 iliHo. 1.32. Artieles not cnii ■ ) 5 ditto IC tiitlo. 96. Ho!e-naliT • • 7 1-2 Jillo 15 ditto. atiil .iliove - - i * v iflmi.r« f I't Trmlr of Calcutta. — Krports. — Durins llin lost 20 yt'iirs tlio troilc of ('.ildiltii lias cxpttrii'iireil some very sirikiii!; vicis.sitiitli's. I'rfvitiiitily to lite opi'iiiiiL' of liii- lr:iili' In I'^ll-l'i, ciiitnii pipcc ^ikhIs f(iriiii!(l tllii prniii|i:il arlicli! of f\|iort front liiili.i : the viiliip of tliosi' cxpiirti'il from Ciiliiiit.i. iil no sverasit of tln' .i yi'iiiH fniiii 181 1-1.5 to l', wotild, it tiiialil have Ihmmi sn|i|)osi'il. Iiavi' stillicrd to jiliirn this iiiipnrlatit ili'parlmi'iit hryonil tint rcarli of t'nri'iiiti ciiiiipi'lilinn. Itnl llii' wotnlrrfnl iri'iiins of mir iimcliaiiisis, llif ailinijalili! skill of otir worknicii, ami onr iniini'tisi' capiLil. Iiavi' fir niori' lliiiii nnin- tttrv.iili'il till' appari'iitly iiisiipi'r.ilili' ilrawliack of liii'li wiis.'i'-'. tiini llir fvpctisi' of ItritiL'ltiL' llic raw iiiatorial of 111" tn.iiinfailiint from .\ini'rirM. ami cvimi liiili i iNilf ; ami h ivc iiialilcil onr iiiaiiiifai'- tiiri'rs lo hear il nvii all opporiilioii. tiinl In Iriiiiiijili ovi'r lln- clicapor lahonr. foniioiions iiiaU'rial, .iiiil traditional art of the IliniJDos. 'I'ln; iiii|)orts of llrilish cotioti.s ami Iwisi iiitn linlja havi' inrri'asnl Kim:i! IM 1-1.'), u illi a riipiilily tini'\aiii|)li',l in tli' annals of coniim'riit ; and tin' iialivi' iiianiifatMre has sustained a slini'k froni which il i.j not vitry liki'ly il will ever rriovi'r. — (r^i-v art. I, vsr Indiks.) 'I'jie iiitliienco of \\\>'<>' liri'iinislani'.i's on tlii' Iradi' in piiMi' uomls has hfcn very sirikiti!.'. DttriiiL' llii' yi'.ir IN,'):i-m. tint value of tlinsi- cxpiirlrd from Bimiu' il was no nmri' than 7T.1T.V., ln-iii!; only alioni mie si.vtfitnlli or oiif si'Vcnti'iMith part of what il tiinontitiMl lo Id or !■< years pii'vionsly I An e.Mrtiorilinary i!hant!it has also laketi |ilaci> In tin- Irtidi' in liiililon al Caliiill.il .\t no dislaiil pe- riod it was omt of tin- principal arlicli's of ('vpurt from I'liiropi' to India; and in lsil>s-lil, ihi'ri' wi'ro imported into ('alcnlta from Kimland only l,'2lli.l I.V. of LMld and silver : Itiii the t nrreiit heeait sunn tifler to cliaiiKe ; .tnil now sels so stroMiily in lln' opposiie ilireciinn, that in |s:!2-;i.'! the evpnrls of llie precious metals from Calcutta for I'^nsfl.iml tiiiioiinted in ,5|ti. ll'.i/. The exportof hallioii from Kimland to India al the former period, llunich influenced hy other cans.--, was mainly occasioned liy tlii! dilliciilly iimler which we were tjien placed, of pnividim; article-' nf iiiurrhaiidise siiitiilde for tin.' Indian ttiarkets. siillici Mil to lialance onr iinpurts. 'I'ho astonishiii. iii- critase nf our exports of cotton soods, lie.iji|es compl'lilv ohvialini; this ilillicnliv. lias .ictnally, its wit tiavtt jnst seen, prodnceil an importation of lart'e ipiantiiies of hnllion from India. Ilnl il shoiiM In.' ohserveil, that Inilia ilerives most part of the hnllioii seal lo lOnrnpe iVoni Cliitia and SiiiL'apore, in payment of opitiin ami other articles, so iliiit the drain upon her is liy no me ins so lu.avy as has lieen representeil ; ami It may well lie dotihted. nolwillislandino the iiiinierons alleL'alioiis to the contrary, wlielher it has liail any iiijurions intlnence. Umlonhtedly, however, it wi'rit much to be wished lliiit tin; returns madit liy India to Kiirope in articles of native produce and niiiiiiifaclnre, should he inaleri- nlly incritased. The tastt! for Kritisli product' is alntaily widely dilfiised over most parts of llindoslan ; ami it will, nu doubt, continue to gain ground uccording ua the nutivoH buconie better acquainted with CALCUTTA. 269 nrt'il some jilTI' iillClllS Ilii, m :in ;ir. Tliu U;iini'i| in ■il Id placid mis 111' "iir liiiii I ri- ll I 111' r^iw iii;\mil';ir- criiil. iinil ilKTi'.lsrcl liimlUcl iri; 11:1.) 'I'lif |iL' till' >i''ir hiliiiiit line ili-liiiil |io- )|liTl' UlTl! [illl <0(1I1 liirlH <>(' tliu licr rails. 'S iirlii'lf'' "'' iiisliin- Mi- lillv. ilS Wl! slimiM 111! liL'iipnri'. in Is li:is iii'i'n . (iiniriiry, yisllfll lliiit |l)(> iiiiiii'ri- lliniliistun; liutoil wiih our lanRuagn, nrtR, and hnliitia. Thn ilifflciilty of prnrurinn return cnriroeR in now, in fact, almost the only oliiitncic to tlin rapid ami indi'tiiiilii lixti-iininii of tlic triidi- with India. And it may lie rcatiniiiihly prcmiini'd, that thi« difficulty will pnisr^Hsivcly diminlsli, liy tin- ailnpliiin of u cnurxt' of polliv niiil of meatiuros ralciilatnd to devclope thi' vast rcsmirres and doriiiaiit cncrKii's of ilic ciiiiiilry. Tlir repeal of the injudicious rcHtrirtioiiH that fiiriiierly lilndurcd hlunipcaiiK from acqiiirliiKlaiiil.and from iipid.v- init their capital and skill to inost HortH of iiidiiHtry, carried on in the Interior, with the exception of the culture of indiiro, will douhtlesg lie of cinirtiderahle advantage. Hut the e.xorhitant aiiiouiit of the land revenue, and the refitrictionH and diilleH iiiipoged on the traiiHit trade and internal commerce of the country, are uni|iieHtionahly the principal cuuhch of the depresned titiite of auricullure, as well an of the poverty of the inhahitantH, and ihcirinalillily to furnish eiiuivaleiitsfor foreiiin proilnciH. The fiiriner should, if possihle, lie materially reduced ; and it is not easy to see why the latter should not lie wholly abolished. The soil and climate of itenpil are hotli adniiralily siilled for tin: production of grain, indlKo, giiffar, opium, silk, cotion, saltpetre, and a vast variety of other desirahli! articles : the inhahltants are not deficient in industry, nor in a desire to improve their condition ; and there wants only the adoption of a sound and lilieriil system, to render the country prosperous and flourishing, and to lay the foiindationg of an iniinense ctinimerce. At present the principal articles of export from Calcutta are, opium, indigo, rice, and other spccieii of grain, silk aiuj silk goods, sugar, saltpetre, cotton and cotton piece goods, lac-dye and shell luc, gunnies and gunny bugs, Sic. We sulijoin a stutcineiit of the Quantity and Value (taking t'nc Sicca Rupee at 5.1.) of the principal Articles of native Produce, ported from Calcutta during the Years IM)'2-33, and 1833-34. Articlo. 1H32-33. 1833-34. : Quantity, Value. Quantity. Value. 1 Opium chests y,l(IH £ 1,177,.W,) l2,(Wlfi JEl,2IO,3.-'2 Indigo ... . Fy. mds. 131.010 1,310.100 90,2l7i 1=02,175 KiC(! .... - Uz. mds. 1,030.1 16 2tO,.')32 2,007,405 40|,4.V. 1 Raw silk ... — lu.itnj 313.1'il 1.3.550} .rO.ilMI Silk piece goods pieces 4.'-i0.073 210,001 47'.t,.578 217,951 Siicar ... . Dz. miU. 'i2'.l.:)l7 1S2.100 2(10.3031 230,822 Saltpetre ... — 3.'>.l.K53l H»0,M3 4i»0,554 251. HOI Baw Cotton ... — I20,

    ',l rlicolH. worlli '.lll.ll'W. a year ; lint at an averaue nt' the Ti >eariiend- me with 1x33-31, the exporlH liad imreaKed to !),()Mi rheHtH. worth l,lti3.Mt!i/. a year. Iieiiie an annual inrreaKe of 'i.liirii choHlit, and of 211),73^/. of value. Cliiiia in not the principal merely, hiil aliiioxt the only market tor opiiiin ; ho that the iradi! Iietween Caliiitta and her, is now Heroiid only to that lii'tween the rormer ami Knulaiid. Some opinin is shippi'd for Singapore, lint Cliimi is its nltininte dcstinalion. —(«(//'.« Uenrmfur IKTi-MI. p. 'Ij.) I'revlonsly to the close of the American war, the exports of indiiro from Calcutta were ronipnra- tively trItliiiK. Hut alioiit that period llnropeans lieuaii toeiiL'ai.'e in the Imsiiiess ; and the riilinre of the plant has since lieeii no iiincli extended, and llie preparation of the dnii! so much improved, that it has now hecoine an article of primary coinmercial imporlance— (See I.Miioo.) iNext to (ireat Dritain, Krai'ce is the principal market for iiidico. The crop of iniliuo in Re imal, which had, at an averaue of I hi' I years endinc with lS3'2-.t3, amount- ed to ulioiil 120,0(K) muiimls a year, fell otf in 1S33-3I lo Sl3.WI'i maiimls. This (rreal decline was ncra- tiioned partly hy tlie iintavonraldeiiess of ihe season, hut more liy the diiniiiished cnltivalion occasioned neiiiiii I'll! 11^ II y ijn.' iiiin,*i'itimniin -.^ "i «in^ ^ i«>^i>ii, inai IIIIII1 <>^ III, iiiiiiiiii^iii III 11111,1111111111, I (tniiiiifi liy the previous low prices, and the t'ailnre of some of the principal parlies eiipaiied in Ihe trade .- (See pn.-^t.) Hut notwillistandiiiK this decieasi; of the crop, and the L'reat ri'diictioii in the importi into Ilniiland in 1S3I as compared with previous years, prices have nut siislained any very materia iidvaiice. Tlie consmnption of iiidiuo in Kngland has f.illen olf considerahly since l^'M, tlie eU'ett, ai is supposed, of the decreasing use of blue cloth, r^uhjolnud is a atuteinent uf the Exports of Indigo from Calcutta during the Five Years ending with 1S33-34, gpecifying the Countries tor which It has heen exported, and the Uuuntities sunt to each. ( • *i' "i A li Average total annual exports, 1S29-30 to 1833-31 Average total annual exports, 1821-23 to 1W8-29 Far.. AMs. - ll'.t,Hl!) - 115,846 Of the various articles exported from nengal. siiuar is that of which n large increase may, perhaps, lie most reasonably anticipated. The processes fidlowed in its culture and production have liiilierto been of the rudest description ; hut. now that Kiiropeans may eimiice in the Imsiness, it is proliahle they will be materially improved. The e.\cess of.'M. a cwl. of duty laid on Kast Imlia sugar, impnrled for home consumption, over that which is laid on West India siigar. ought to be repealed. Tliere neither is nor can be any good reason why similar products, from ditl'erent dependencies of the em- pire, should not be allowed ro come into our markets on the same footing. Sihoiild any considerable decline take place in the production of sniiar in our West India colonies, tin; exjiedieiicy of equalising the duties on sugars of the East and West Indies, would be as obvious as its justice. Cotton is another article of export which iiiii;ht, it i.'i believed. \u\ very creatly increased in quantity, and, probably also, improved in iiuality, by giving creator attention to its c'lilliire and preparation. Uecenlly, however, the trade has been declining. The exports of cotton from Calcnila, at an average of the 3 years ending with 183,3-34, did not excecMl half tht! i|iiantity exported dnriuL' the 3 years end- ing with l82t)-27. Uombay and Sural are, however, the grisit shipping' ports for Indian cotton. The exports of rice from Bengal tliicliiate very greatly. This is not caused so innch by variations in the crops of the country, as by variations in those of other countries ; for, when a scarcity occurs in inosl parts of continental Asia, or in any of its islands, recourse is almost invariably had to lieiisal lo supply the deficiency ; and the demands iheiice arising have lieen Koini'limes enormous. In 1831-32, for example, the exports of rice from Calcutta to tlie coast of (lonmiamiel amounted to only hi, 5-1.') inaiinils, wheri^as in 1833-34, they amounli'd to l,25a,(r)t> inaunds.— (B(7/'.>i Cum pa nit ire yieir of 1832-33. and 1833-34. p. 41.) It is worthy of remark, that while Dengal is sliippinj! i lense supplies of rice and other grain to distant parts, a lari;e part of her own population is freipienlly in a state of great want and suH'ering. Ireland is not, therefore, the only country in which the most i\l)ject po- verty and wretchedness on the part of the inhabitants, are found couiiiinoil with great fertility of soil, and a large exportation of food. Tht: exports of saltpetre from Calcutta have increased materially diirinc the last dozen years, and were greater iii 18.33-34 than they have heen for a leiiglliened perioil. It is (loubll'nl, howi'ver. owing to the competition of nitrate of soda from South America, whether this increase will be maintained. France is now principally supplied from America. — (See Salti'ktiik.) Ilesides the articles of native Indian produce exported from Calcutta, she re-exports pretty consi- derable (piantities of various articles broimht from other parts. The value of the Itritish cotton sends re-exported, amounts to about iX),(KM)/. a year. They are principally bartered with the ItiiriiM'se for silver. Tlie conveyance of the latter out of the Uurmese dominions is strictly prohibited; !iiit In Itnrma, as in England and elsewhere, the ingenuity of the smuggler is too much for the vigilance uf the government, and the trade is carried on without much ditticulty. Impnrln.—The great articles of import into Calcutta are, Britisli cotton manufactures and cotton twist; hiiUion ; copper with spelter, tin, leail, iron, and other metals; woollens; wines and spirits; ale and beer; haberdashery, millinery, JLC. ; cotfee ; hardware and cutlery ; pepiier; coral, glass, and bottles ; plate, jewellery, watcliee, &.c. ; books and stationery ; tea, &c. CALCUTTA. 271 Statemi'iit cxhihiliiin the Quantity nnd Valiit- nf iln' I'riiiciiml Artlr|p<< (rlnxupd in Alpliabetical Order) iinportud into Calciiltii (liiriiig lliv Vrnrs IKI2-33, iiiul 1H33-34. Sptcin of MeKhandiM IH32 -.33. lH.33-34. ( C(uintiiy. V.ilur. Quxniitjr. Valur. Bctrl nut ... • Oz. inds. 2!l.(i:il i:5..'.74 12.002 £ 5„5()1 RntlloH, finpty dozens 7T,V25 9.451 lOD.TN,') IO.f*33 BnokR unci piiiiiplllets — 22.: ( (1 — 10,725 liiilfiili) hiiriis No. niKi.ooi t),7ri(i 1,100.905 7.(1(H) rmiiplior ... - 11/.. null). T'.i:)3 3.0^.5 l.3!l.ij o.4-:s Cotn'i! l.'!,.'..')!!', 22017 17.!)54i 2(),()2(» CoillH — 01,lil2 2.!)I2 140.717 44.1(H) rnrril. roal - - S.i. wt. 115,(130 H.I 97 28^,804 14,117 fJInns - liz. mils. — 12.447 — 13..577 (Jims iind pistols - — (1.132 — 4.318 lliilicrdiiKlirry, niillini'ry tc apparnl — 31. .'.(19 — 34..505 Ilnrilwiire niul ciiliury His. — 2C«.51N — 10.hH2 I.Hiiictta corge 4J,Cfi9 13,h.'J 21.2h3 9,470 10.973 Tin plates noxi's KX) I.3.W 2,017 3,h25 Lend ... - Bz. mils. a-^.i-ii; 1 1.920 12.407 S,842 Lead shot Imirs n,.w 1 l.(13(i 3.290 9<.)1 Iron ... - Bz. nulH. 1.5.'), 173 41.005 1.3.5,141 43,584 StKfil 0.01!) (i.>4l 12.7.571 0,987 Quicksilver 1.321 11.275 1,23 |i 10,088 HriisH, inuot 41!) 1.075 1,182 2,512 Metal, sheatliini; 33H 4!)9 — Ironinonjrfry, machinery & inchors — 15.H93 — 20,215 Oilman's stores and grocery - Uz. mds. — 15.103 — 19.071 Pepper, liliictc — 09,2731 00,451 31,219 28,389 I'iece Roods : Wliite cotton - pieces 000,1.35-) 35,W)!) J- 2,OI<)3 f 1,0.30,227 •) yards 273,233.? 4,030 V 339,699 dozens (. tmS pieces .340,2!)77 153,237^ 174,320") Coloured cotton yards H.7I2 } 8,H31 V 89,1.50 dozens 103,.32.') ) 30,953 3 Silk and mixed goods - pieces 13,';'J!) 30,094 20,521 70,848 Plate, jewillery, and watches . — 2(),h()0 — 12.!)48 Salt- - Bz. inda. 8,438 2,4t>M 12,490i 3,05!) Spircs, mace and nutmegs — M5l (>,KI3 1,100 8,7^7 Sfgars and cheroots — — 2.S23 — 5,329 Stationery and cards — — 12.2H3 — 14,026 Spirits . . - — — 30,323 — 30,530 Ale, beer, and porter butts 2527 8.011 [• 2.203 3 f .322") 7,1!»3 J- 2,0N23 hogsheads 42,483^ 26,972 dozens t ; Twist and yarn 11)8. 2,993.715 23H,7S1 3,030,021 251,049 Tea ... — — 19,831 — 18,M0 Vorniillion chests 552 4.430 1.941 10,5.55 Wines ... - Bz. mils. — 81.805 — (11, .391 Wood — — 22,(109 — 14,475 Woollens . - - — _ ^0.370 — 115,173 The total amount of all sorts of mercha?ii|jse inipurtril into Calcutta by priviile traders in 1833-31 was 1,9.50,627/.. exclusive of 580,39U. of troiisure. The Company's imporl^<, during the same year, amounted to 90,325/. Soiirrr.i of Imports. — These diller in dilTrri'nt years, but, speaking generally, flreat Ilritain furnishes nbiMitOO per cent, of the whole; Trance, .•ilioiil 3 pi-r cent.; North .\nierica, 2i ; China, from 12 to 15; Sincapore, from to 8; coast of Ciiromamlel, from 3 to 4 ; Malabar, from 3 to 4; I'egu, from 3 to 4,tc. We subjoin a Statement exiiibiting the Value of llie Mcrrhandise. anil tlie Value of the Treasure, imported into Calcutta on private Account, in 1832-33 and 1S3.3-31, spnifyins thr Iinpnrts from each Country. Coun(ries. lh32-33. 1833-34. Merchandise. Treasure. Total. l\Ierrh:indiye. Tremure. Total, .S'lft-^l lirtfipfx Mcca Rtijica, Sirm Ititt*PiS. Sirrn Httpfn. .S'lcoi Kitytcs, .s'lrrn Htifcti. Ore Jl Britain l,4lUli.707 — i,in.ju,7ir 1.;W,'II,V)1 2.IK10 1,30.14,701 Fr.iiire .... 7,!10,.'Si3 7.'i<>,2-'( lo,n.|.i:ti 3,l^■23 IO,07.,0-^.-SB l-l .w^.llil 11 3,0:1,-117 3.40.424 6,44.231 Coasl (if Commindel 6,5S.,12S l,^^.-!;^ a-4 s,47.IW):).l 7,w.ni3 I.SI.OOJ 1-2 8,99.9 IS 1-2 (?evliin .... (i.n7-, i;,97', 2-.,!WI 2i.991 M.il.liv(^ and IjccadivM • ns.GV) 9S(i'>'l !)l.fi'ls 91.i,i;«) .I.OPD 7.<>M:to 7.'23.7.-)0 7,23.7 -.0 Anil)ian and Persian Oulfi 3,.'S.0-,0 Ili.-lllO 3,41.4.0 4.3i i2.i;-.,72-. 1-t lS,l7,:i20 1.4 .'i,o,nii 2.0(>,.3'fl 2.sli,2 !f..lllO 95,110 Ca|ie and St. Ilelrna Total siera Rupees 6,074 — (^974 3.217 — 3.247 i,')2,ni,i!>ii 4(i.Wi.W.1 14 2,3'I.S7.-H2 I-l 1 l.n'i.Wi.JTO 1 l,'l.W,li27 SSi.ftVMi 2,M,30,212 •1 2>. ]xt licca rupee - • L. l,92(.il. SiCiU RltJHtJ. Hicta «")>■"». .Si-ra Httyia. Swm Ituyc^a. ^'lora Af/Aj 5.25.127 46,21.2!I2 1.2I.42.2'>3 — I,21,l2,a.s3 1815-l(i 57.52.Hsrt Il,42..5!«i 6S,il.-|.|N2 1.61,41.2(18 — 1.6I.14.20S I81ti.l7 HI.5I.1I2 18.,51t.853 •10.1 0.1165 l,;ts,mi,!(06 — l,38.06,9t)6 1817-18 l..r.,li2,<.N!2 61..57,'.»81 1.07.^0,013 I.(i!M2.<,Kt5 — 1,69.I2,!KI5 \^\X-\'.\ 1,5'.I,I4.4t>,M),i73 «3,07,519 l,20,88.;i02 1.25.6l.:t01 — 1,2.5,61,301 I8ill.2l N7,iy,tiC>4 14,MI.017 1,02.08,6X1 2.07.0^,>«60 4,106 2.08.02.')6() |vi|.22 l,2.'i.(W.218 1,61,7.58 1,42,15,670 04.10,405 13,500 94.23.!t0j I82i.23 I,ti7,!18.n82 1,70.7.58 l.OO.OS.SIO l,27,l(t,. 1821-25 l.(il.M.4.54 13.2.50 1.61.07.701 1.30..'t(l.(IO3 2,6y,4(i6 l,4!.'.H),.55y 182.'i-2t> l,21.'t.3.'.)58 1,26,978 l,26,50,0;i6 1,71.31,015 48 1.7l.31.!Ki3 182rt-27 1,26,26,147 20,180 l,26.46.;t27 90,61, .501 3.78.032 1,03.39,623 1827-2.8 1.86,43.444 73,620 1,H7. 17,064 l,2",Si,l30 7.06,979 1.35,!KI,100 1828-2(1 2.2().2!l.71ll 1,()87 2,20,31,478 1,16.10.299 12,41,443 1.2.^81,742 l82y-30 1.61.25,841 — l,61.25.sn 1,08,40,687 12,20,257 1,20,60,011 1830-31 2.(Ht.7,3.354 1,000 2,00.74.3.54 1,18,40,971 30,16,384 1,48,.57,.355 ls;ii-32 1.73.72.762 — 1,73,72,762 1.IM0.761 .37,06,307 l,55.17,15s I8:ia.;f;) 1.4(1.26.707 — 1,40,26.707 1,27.1.5.004 51.61.189 1.78.79.2N3 1833-34 l,3iMll,801 2,000 1,30.01.701 1,1^,88,175 19.68,257 1,38,56,732 Account of Sliip.« and Tonnnen, arrived at and departed from Calnitta, during the Years 1832-3.3, and 18.33-34. (Fractions omitted in this Table, but allowed for in llie sununing up.) Arrivii 9. Departures. British Imports. lKJ2-a;). ls'M-34 British Eiporti. 1S32 3J. is.i,i-;m. ;sh. Tons. hh. 'I'(in*. Sh. Tons. hh. •r Hiiiinurable Company's regular tlnii. Cnriipaiiv's n-ijularsliipi 7 9,391 S 9.(M« shiiM 7 9,3S3 S 10,5S7 linn. t'i'inii.inv> rhsrten'd ship* » 4,IIS2 t> 3,ll!S ; Honniinli'e Comp.iny'8 charter* Ships rifarfl for Kn»;l.ind, via M ships 3,M1 9 .I, IOC .Mailr-u, \c. (iX 2l>,71B 87 a7.2ti< 1 Ships iVoin Ihel'. Krn?(lom • 77 a'>..1-9 9i 3'<,2!'7 .Shifis clcarwl fnr Africa (Cape) 2 .591 — — fmiii Asiatic iKirti 1.17 39 ilU l-i" 46.0-.O fur Asiatic port! 111 33,.5tJO Kit; ■f^^ 1 rthoiiiiis M .|,4iri 172 21,042 Dhnnies 27 2,W)'i 5K 5. J,)-, Veweli hilfn with coMt salt • IM l.i,.'W9 319 3'i.793 Ships lifien with ^rain m 22, 3M 357 46.07 ' in Inllxst 4 1,389 II 3.4 % Arali anil Turkish H 3,2 V) 10 4.1 11 Aral) ami Turkish 9 3,823 10 4,44i in Irtllast 48 4..569 102 "•"i- Buniiuie Total . 44S 110,571 2 490 Burmese Total ■ 448 — ' 41X1 1 7M l&'>.299 110,550 795 lt>S,-.23 Foretrn Import*. Fnrenni Eiports, Ships from f irei^u Europe l> 4,!M2 23 7.70V Ships cleared for foreign Eu. from North Amenca • 15 ■l.l«4 22 7,.)->.l rojw - . - . 15 S,3«» 17 S.fi-,2 fnim Asiatic ports S 2,'-94 9 3,131 Ships cleared for North America 17 6.l(» IK 5.!y2 iu ballast ToUl . Grand Total • 3 992 for Asiatic |>orti Total . Grand total 12 44 492 3.903 "14,407 31 4.iW 16.-67 1 a." 12,321 57 19,1 ST. 4»6 132.<>»2 «41 1S4.4'*3 124,957 •Uti ISS.SK) i Ihitit^i — Account nf the Gross Imonnt of Duties collected on Mer- chandise imported at Calcutta by sea. 1832-33. 183,3-34. /,. L Cn.ler British colours (including town duty) ,57.1.50 54.267 Foreign colours (ditto) ■ • I4,7S6 13,037 Total i. 71.936 67.304 /5f/ti>-».— Account of the Gmss Amount of Duties collected on Mrs- ctiandise exported from Calcutta by Sea. I'nder British colours • Foreign colours • 1632-33. 1833-,%! /.. /.. 3.91 S 4.2fO 1,308 2,1-6 Total L. 5,226 6.3«4 Number and Tonnapn of Vessels cleared out at Cal' utta for firnat Hritain, Foreign Europe, and ilic United States, during the Ten Years ending with 1832-33. Years. Great Britain. Foreign Europe. I'niteil Slates. j t'lmU. TntmniTf. ycitli. Tonnagt, rciifh. Tonuaer. 1822-23 59 .34,832 21 9,277 11 3,378 1823-24 m .34.122 3 1,165 3 911 1824-25 49 20.843 10 3,897 10 3.449 1825-2B 65 35,440 12 4,296 17 5.021 1826-27 86 41,124 13 4,941 6 1.W3 1827-28 72 .35,201 18 5.855 13 3,260 1828-29 80 .37,802 29 8,006 13 4,207 1829-30 f.4 32,816 15 5,475 13 4.068 1830-31 79 .3fi,.33I 17 5,220 15 4,716 1831-32 74 .34,931 / 2.648 25 7,41 1 1832-.33 79 35,240 15 5.309 17 5,013 CAI.CUTTA. 978 Tou'. 9,!>I>i 3,118 37,2ti'i ..Jli 46,117 ' 4.1 II 9,u:2 ■100 5.S-.2 5.V,U 4,fW I6.-6: 1SS,!:I0 IKU-U ;.. 4.:(o 2,i:6 6.3'1 I, ami itic iiTinrr. ,378 911 1.449 1.(121 .'2fi!l ,.2!i: ,()(« 1,7 1« ■,II1 1,013 t'liilurta at Cn/cw^a.— Within llii> 3 yonrM indliii! « iili 1S33, rnmn nf thn principal inprrnnlili' fBln- tiliBliMii'iits ill lliiH city faili'il t'nr liiiniriisi' siiin^. 'In iviniiiiii' iiiiiiiili'ly iiitnMic nriuiii nt'tlK'sr illsnstcrii Wdiilil ii'iul ii« iiiln iiuinirii'ti fciri'lL-ii in tl hinl cii' iliw wcirl*. and with rr»| I In wiiirh it i:* ililfi- ciill to .'i)'c|iiir)' iici iiralr iiit'ciriiiatinn. We lirliivr. Imwi'ViT, llml tin- iniiiii Hiiiircc nl' Ihi' evil w.im tliii rniiiliiiialiKii. I)y iikmI iiI'iIh' |iriii(i{ial I ms. nl llic Iiiisiiioh iit' iiiirrliaiilH Willi that of liaiilOTH. ThiMr rrt'ilii Ipciii',' liiph, at tlic iiiil of ilii. \\ ai l:iru'r sums wiTi' (li'poKilcd in ilnir liands. tor which Ihi'y fMi-'.iuc il to pay a liiL'li rali> of inli'ii-l lliii insliad of nnployinK llii'si> drposils. m- lianltcrs in i;ni!''nd would have iloni'. in tlir diMoiml of Mills at sliort dales, or ill tin' piirrliasi' of fovcrnniriit scciiriMrs readily lonverlilplu into ney. liny enipli'ud lln'iii. prolialdy heeaose tlii'v i ciild with dilli- (iilly dispose ol Ihi'iii olhiTWis.'. in all niaiiiier of nier( aniile Hprinlalloiis.- advaiinnL' Vi tv larL'ii sums to Ihe iniliiro planters, evpi.nmL' iiooiU i,> Dnro]"'. eillnr diriTlly on their own aii-oiint. or indi- reilly liy lendini.' to tlio-^e who did,- heiomini; ow m i« of Indian sliipjiiii;.'. Kr. Mo>i of iliose sperii- lalions tiirni'd ont exceedinL'ly ill. 'I'lie proilm imri of mdito was soinin h inrreased. pailly in miise- ipieiiei' of the lart'i- 1 apilals turned to ih,. laisiness. and partly of the liicli prices in I'lnuland! that ••line liliic' vicdet," which had liroiii;ht. in the l.,.iic!cin niarki^t. ai an aveiaL-e of the 3 \eiirs endiiiL' with 1'^-*. t> I'l--. hW. to i.t«. 1,/. per lli..f. II, at an avc'raueid'the :i yearseiidini: Willi lV:t'.>. to from .'i.>. f-c/ loll.-. I,/, per 111., and oiher sorts in prnportinn. .\i ilioe |iric-es the prodin lion wuidd not pa> ; .iiii! very lic>av> losses were snsiained. and nnieh capifil , unl>, l>y Ihe plantc^rs and those w ho had ^ilp|lhc cl lliein w iili funds to evtencl Heir niiiierliikiiiL's. 'I lic> iiivestmeiils in Indian sliippinu Inriic cl out even worse than those in the indiL'o plantations, the sliippiiiL' of l.tadand havini.' nearly driven that of liicha ont of thc^ field. 'I'lic' einhanassmeiil oca-'sioned li\ Ihi- lorkiia' npol' their eapiliil. iiinl hv lhc> rnilioM- lialnre ol'tlie aclvenliirc s in wliich lln y were end arked. le^L'an loiiianifi st itself si Ila'iieoiisly w itii the sc-arrity of nioney occasioned U\ ihe drains on :ic i cuint of Hie lliirinesc> war. 'Ihe !;reat mere an- tile hoiiseK lieir.m then to liacl thiii Ihev V erc> eiitiieL'led in ciiliiinltic's from which ihey have In en wholly niialde to c xiric.iie ilienisi Ives. ' .\|ier siriii'idinL' on. some for n lonL'cr ami some for a shoiler periccil. most of them have since failed, the treater i In r lor very larjie slims. Hnl, however distressimiiii llic> mei. the emliarrassmi'iit and w iiit of foiifideiire nrisinE t'rc in the tailiires alluded to could iioi he of loni; conlinnaiiccv In Ihe cmicI they will, no doiilil, lie productive! of a lii'ller order of lliiiii,"- It i.- of the uiuicisl ciii~ei|neiice tieii Ihe vie' ions coiiiliination of ihe husi- liess ci|' a merchant w nil that of a li:inkcr shoiild he put an end to It is siiiiiular. indeed, that indi- viduals shcnild he found w illiiiL' to intrust lari'c> sums in ilie hands of those w ho. they are aware, arc; einp|oyiii!:lhem in Ihe most ha/ardous adventures The hi;; In r the interest proiiiised hy such persons, tile LTcsiler oiinlit to he Ihe caution of Hie piildic in de.ilini; w itii lliem Hcune, perhaps most. Iir.inclies of ilir import trade of (ah ulta seem also to have heiMi cnniiilctcly nvrnlcine. Tint of coiicm Iw ist is an inslaiice. In |s-.'ii.:;(i. U\v imports were l.(>2.''i,3:i3 Ihs ; in ls:'(l- al,lliey we're 3,1 P.I.PI I Ihs.; ami in I'-Hl 32, .•..l;i.t..i'.'3 Ihs. .-inch a supply wasfarheyond Ihewant;! nf III.' c cnintry ; and the returns wcresovc'ry iiiaclee]iiale. that the imports were reduced in l>.'iV!-33 tci2,!)93,71.^ Ihs. In 1^33-3), tlie imports .•iiuoiinted to li.o.il'i.li'Jl Ihs.. and the Iraelic is now ccjinparativedy ftcady. 'I'he iinports id' copper were also c .irric^l to ane.vcess; hut llic> greatest excess was in lln: article s|ie|ler. w liicli has for some linn: past I n almost iiiisah ahh' at (ah iilta. — (Sim' Spki.tkk.) I'c r t'urtlier details as to the points now toiiclied upon, the reader is ret'ern^d to the' clear and ahlu nvieleiice of (',. (i. de II. I,ar|ieiil, Kscj. hefore the ('ciiiiinittee of till- House' of Coiiinions on iMuiiiifuc- tures. Commerce, &c.) This article li.is heeii roinpilecl from the followina authorities : — Jlft/ft«rH'« Orieiiliil Cnwinerce; .1 Kerinr of Ilii' iitrriial Ciimmircv of Htiifiiil, bij Ilnrarr /liniinnii IIiIkov. F.fi/ , l)>3fl ; Bill'n Cumporii- lirc Hew nftlir crtermil Coniiiierre nf Hinnal, (nr the vears iyt2-3.3. and l(i33-34 ; T'hc Htnanl Dirert- onj; 'l'hiiniliiii'.i Eii*e duties have exi.«ted in India from a very reiiiofe period ; and, by obstructinp; the iiitereour.se between its dillerent districts, have hecn singularly pernicious. After tiie Kast India (Jompany betjan to iicijuire a footing in India, tiu'V availed thein:;eii)ds which they iiiiporled lieiiiu: allowed to pass into the interior, iiiid those wliic-h they liurchasod for e.xporlalioii in the interior beinp allowed to pass to tho sea, without either stoppai>e or dtilies." — {Mill's India, Mvo ed. vol. iii, p. "S!).) They were not, however, Kniix peritiitted to monopolisi> this privilege. Im- niriliatt'ly after the victories of (,'livc had raised the Conipaiiy to the situation of a preat terrilorial power, their servants engaRcd largely in the inland trade, and endeavoured, jiartly liy iVaiid and partly by force, to extend to tlieir own goods the exemption from transit ckitics established in favour of those belonging to the (jomjiany. Every reader of Indian history is aware of the multijilied abuses aiiel distinliaiices that grew out of tliis attempt of the ("oiupaiiy's servants to release tlieiiiselves from duties and charges tiiat ]iressed with U'riiuliiig severity on the natives, and, by cciiisc((iience, to engross (for siieh was tlieir object) the whole internal trade of the cotiiitry. The ('oiiipaiiy endeavoured to obviate the exil by strictly forbidding its .servants from engaging in internal tiatlic. lint its orders to ihiseircct were long either totally disrettarded, or but very imperfectly obcxcd. At leiiKth, in 1788. Iiord (.-'ornwallis adciptcd the decisive and judicious iiieasuie of alioiishint; the duties. They were, however, again renewed in ISOI. The exclusion of l]iiglislimcn from all participa- tion ill the interior trallic of the country having been gradually carried into cc)m])lcte elVect for a lengthened period, they were less alive than they would otherwise have been to thu injurious inlluencc of the duties, so thai their re-establi.shinent met with comparatively little ♦ This important iiipasitre was prercMled, and. we helieve, tirincipally lirniislil nhniit.hy the piihlirn- tion of an elaliorale and very valiiahle report on thn iiilaml customs of Hernial, hy Mr. Trevelyan, oiifi of tile Secretaries to (•'overnmenl. We avail ourselves of this .ipporliinity to stale, that the most ample details asto Ihe foreijin trade of Ilenual areenihodied in the Comparalive Ueviews thereof, puh- lisheil annually hy iMr. Htdl. of the customs' est;ihli>limeiit at Calcutla 'Ihey contain a jireater fnnil of infcirmation, coinhined with sound remarks, than are to he luel with respecting thu trade of any other eniiioriiuii with which we arc acciuaiiiled. as Ss C3 £2 o o •It' i' '■^^ 274 CALCUTTA. ) • 'i opitnsilioti. In IfllO, anew tnrilT was intnuliiccd liy whirh Ihn iluticH " woro frifthtfully au);nH'iiU'(l ;" ami tiny liavi; ('itiitiiiiii'd I'roiii llmt »'|tiHh down to their rvcvnt aliolition urrimisly to olislruct all sorlit i)f iiiti-riial tralllc, luiil to ojiposn the most formidable obstacle to the improvement of the i-oimtry. Had the iidaiid transit duties been productive of a lari^c amount of revenue, that would have been some set-iilV atniiiist the enormous evils of which they have been pnxluetive. Hut sueh has not been the case. The expense of collection, and the interruption of communi- cation, have been so very (jreal, that the nelt produce of the inland transit duties has been quite insinnilicant ; so nuieh so that, accordini^ to Mr. 'I'revelyan, it liaa not exceedcil, in the extensive province of IJennal, the inis«'rable |titlance of 27,500/. n year. (Jiiporf, p. l,'j;j.) W'e have no reason to doubt the accuracy of this statement; and nsHumiufi; it to be correct, we are warranted in nUlrniimj that there is not another instance to be found, in the history of taxation, of a tax bo fruitful of mischievous results, and so barren of revenue. Hllil IMI-.tS.) .\'i If Cii>liiiiia /yiitirn. — Thrro lire no cnnd urciiniils fur lliirikinc ■•■■•v •■■^ ■. .< im.; i..>,ii,i n.xi: him any lliiiiu liy tlie aliiiliticiii i>l' llie traiii'it ami tnw ii ilniii's, evrii llinugh no new taxi's had lieun iai|i(isi'(i In tlirir stead. Hat smne small ailditiciiis have liecn landc to the riistonis datles, or to tliu dalles rh'irL'i'd iin the im|ii)rt:itiiiii ami expo rial Ion of rirlalii arlliles. Thu prusent custunis law, unuctud in May l^JO, and the dalles churgud under it, aru Huhjuinvd : — AC;T No. XIV, of 1S36. I. t( in Iifrphy fnarti'il. thst fnilii thp til June nf it, diirh parts pf R.Hul.iliiMn IX. ami X. ISin, Ilrnulaliiiiij .\V. Isji, ;„i,| m .my „i|||.r rvtul (linns Ml Ihe Hrlieal Crvaittt'iicy as prfscnlir Ihc Irvy <•! Iraiisit (triiil.iiil citi'iirns ] into or fXitorteJ Iniiii ttu- laid I'rrsiJeury l>y tt-A, kliilt he rt-))i'a)(' Is iiiiporlfd liy v\ into Calrulta, or into any nthcr (d.tre wiili- ill ttie )>m\ iiict^ i>f IW luat ami Orl!«.a, arrordiiiK tn Itie ratt^sBiHTititd in i^i'hcduli' A, anlll-Xf^i to tliis Act. witfi itip fxci-|ili()iis sptriliril (JitTein, and Itie said sotiediilf, wilti tlie notes attaclied tl)iTt'ti>, sliall Ix* taken tn III* a part of this Art. III. And i( is licrcl'V turllier fnacltil, that diitios nf ciislonis shall lie U'vied ii|H)n country i;tls (>X(Htrlt-d hy sea fnnu any port of Hen* nal or Orissa, accnrdinif to Ihe rales specified in Scheilule H. anneieil to ttiis Act, IV il'i ttie eiceptions therein specified, and the slid sche- dule. \\ ith ttie notes attached thereto, shill also be taken to tie a part of tins Act. A". H. — Tln-ve duties are to lie collected under the same reeulations ILs former dulies ; and baiEcaife is to be {i.asseil by the collectnr of cus- toms as lierelolnre. Tlie remiinder of the Act relates to regulatioDS respecting ships* niajiifests, kc. SCKEmi.E A. SCHEDDLE A.—cmtinutd. ot the I'reiiiitiicy nl Korl-William in 1 Genual. When imported oil British When imported EnumeratioD of GooJi. on Foreign n-itloms. Botloms. Piillion ami roin Free . • Free, I'rfi'toiw sfniit't .111(1 {«arti « Dillo Ditto. Gr:iiii :in(l |iii1k Hittrt Ditto, Hnrtesaiiduthcr living animals Ditto Diito. Ir ' • Ditto Ditto. Co.il, cokcj bricki, chalk, and atntitrs Ditto Ditto, Books printed in the rnitetl Kiiieilmii, or iu any British |)*>ss**ssioii Ditto .1 per rent F'lniTU l>rM)|ts 3 per cent. • 6 percent. M.irinf stcirt'5, the prndiice or in.iniif;icture of the I'litteil Kine>loni, or uf any Hritish |>nss«^imi 3 per cent • 6 per cent Do. vI'Im tlie. product' or nmnn- farMire of any other place or country 6 per cent • 12 per cent Metals, wrought or unwroueht, 1 the proni, or of any British {Km- sesvion Do., the produce of any otlier pI.u-0 '^plum • • -J Salt - . .} Ahim famptior - . . Cassia ( lr.Vl-8 (■(.tVec Inral NutmeKiand mace • I'rpper Hiftans l.ri .... ViTftiilinn Willi's and liijuors • Spiri'-i, ronMuidateil duty, in- chidiiiK that levied hereto* fore IhniuKh the imljce of Calcutta • And tlif duty on spirits shall be n'lMliIy increased as the slreinrth excewls of London I'ntof, and when imported 111 Itoftles, tive quart Ixiltles shall hiMleeined equal to the Iiitperiil ^llon. All arlicleti not included in the al'ove (niinieralion W^hen lnq>ortcil on British Bottoms. 4 jwr cent 31-2|)ercent 7 per cent, 2-i n. per seer 1 of m t(dai ! Rs. 3-4 per nid. of W) tolas i)er seer 10 per cent '0 per cent. 10 |>er cent. 10 IHT cettt. 7 1-2 |Hr cent 10 per cent. 10 |ier cent. 10 per cent. 7 I -2 i^erceot 10 per cent. 10 per cent IU per cent • 9 aa. p. Imp. gal. 3 1-2 percent. When imporiut on Fdici^n Bnttoiiifl. B per cent. 7 per cent 14 percent. 24 rs. per leerop SO tolas Us. 3-4 per ml of m tolas |ief seer. 20 per cent, 20 jier cent. 20 per ceiiU 20 per cent 15 jier cent 20 jwr cent 20 per cent 20 per cent r'l per cent 20 per cent 2i) i>er cent 2U per cent 16 as. p. Im.gaL 7 per cent. And when the duty Is declared to \te ad valorem, it shall be levied on the m:irket value without deduction ; and if the collector of cus- tom? hhall see n-ason to doubt whether the eoofjs come fmin the C'liiiitry from whicti they are declared to come tiy the iin|>orler, it shall he la" ful for the collector of custonis to call on the itnporter to furnish eviilence as to the place of manufacture or priMlnctinn, and if Mirh evl'lence shall not s,itisfy the snid collector of the trulli of the declaration, the Bloods shall lie chaffced with the hi^'liest rates of duty, tuhject always to an ap|)eal to the Board of Custonis, <>:dt and opium excepteil. And, upnn the re-export by se,i of eootls importe.l, eiceptimt oiiiuin and nalt, provided the ire-eiport be matte within two yean of the d.ife of inqiorl as |)er custom-house register, and the coo«is be jitentified to the satisfaction of the collector of cusioins, there shall be retaineil one-ei^hlh of the .imoiint of duty levieil, and the reinaiii'ler shall \tc repaid as dra\Tback. And if e^rxU t» re-exiKirteil in the same ship without being laiidetl, (always excejit- inc opium and salt, in re^rd to which the special rules in fnrca shall c.intiuuti to apply,) there iball be no import duly levied thereou. lodigo CALCUTTA. 87ft scHcnrLG a Ibtrf nf PtitT In b* (tuim-l upon C*<»(>ili fiportftl hy Sra from uiy l^^^t or FUce id lh« riwitUiicy nf Kori Williiin iii IViical. r.nuiiifnition of Onnilt. Hulli"ti .111.1 CMiu • • I n ri"Ui stnin'^ aivl |*irii * |i<)<■k•i>^lltlt^t III lii'li'i llnrwHAii'l livinKaiiiiinl* - Oixuiii (luntiMB*! It Kovern* iiiriil vi''"* 111 Cilruiu CoMnnw.H.l i-n«irtr«l (oKii'l r.>|tt', tilt' rnitcti M«U'« nf ( AiiiiTiM. IT .my Hriri»li f |MHMf»ii(mi in AuivriM J i)n. .!n. «i|>ortctl to plafM^ (itlit-r ili.iii i»liove • C S(U.»r.»int nmii'iiiHirteJ to Uif l'iiiti-«M-niiiii • Do. ex^fortnl to auy ullwr |iUrf Onio Aol pul« of all snrU lolifO EsiK>rtnl uii llntiili lltit 4>I1IV Krrc Ditti) Ditto )illii Oilto Ditto Ai. ft. t>. Dxl- of M) t(>la« wt-r ;1 }HT cent. I .-tnii.'i |itT hie, not riccrcliiiK i iiiiKof hOtnli.. IcitLr tfor, or if t'X(K)rtetl ntlifr wise than m h^|p^ 12 au an iia jxT in.iui)il. Ki. 3 |). iiid. Ill K) tiilu to thf seer. H\|»'iri*''l oo l<>rt'ii(ii lloltoliii. Ytvv. Diriii. Ditio. Uittii. Dittct. iH%%. p. nut. ni J ''UtiilAito (he i At. 10 p. mit. < of so Ml.11 Ici SCItEOn.E K-fcntinued, Eiiunirrnlinn nf Onmlt. .ibortrilon Itrilitti llii. Aiitl III wtltiiiK Tt )ho •liilie« nil i'i|Mirlt hy ici, rrt-lit hIhII ha C'.vt-h for jiiyiiKlit of intuit riik'<,||it Juty, an<>rl prn^rl iti llu* iihu.tt iii.irinrr. I Siiniul, Th.it lhi< ttivv.ini-Hhill Ifir.t.itF t«r M April, ItOA, I iiiil tli<* tf¥t.\n s\^^\\ imt liivf hfi-ii prolrcuvl ihi'n-hy, ur by the oriKi- I lul (hfrnif. iii'in- thill two yi-iri. ' Aihl after the wi-l l»t April. ISlT, rn-ilil "hill not he nivcn, nor iliiil >tntvli.)(k l« iHoMt-t of any iiiliii't ni>l«, evi't-pt diiK upon Mir nrtii-leof rotlon wool, rnvfrrd tiy rinviiiis t.-ikm out it tlii^ riiiilfiiii.hnu»n< <»! thf »e«ifrii pniviiictn, ami iifnvnl f'l hue heni ili-itlniil ItT fHiMirt hv m-i. w liru iiwtl niU ' f Ihosf pr^.viiuei*. W. M. SlAt NAt.niKN, Sii-y. to the lin't. vj ItuiuU HemarJts on the ahtn'e Duties. — Th»! policy *>f rlmririnir iliitit'S on *»xpor!(*n articles, iiiid n\* tiiakinc so crcat a iliHtiiirtioti bi'twrtMi tlir diiticH on articlr< iinportnl anil rxportcd in Hi itl^«ll ami in rorriun shipH, Hft'ins very qiicHtioiiabtr. 'Vim ^rcat tiiirn iiltv iindfr wliicli India lahoiirs, in a conmirn iai point ot* vi< w, (oiisiHlH priiK!ipally ill her inability to t'lirnish npiix alrnts tor toniL'ii iinpurifd (.'iiodrJ, and to make tip* nt'ccHSiiry payinriiis abroad ; and wlnti snrh is tln> cane, il in certainly n■ ifriitii-il, a fonn of certilicate, showiriK the actual reeiitcrt-ii tomaict', i verimiftit; subject, in ras." of ili-pntf, to I lie .hri'^ion of the Master the.lraft of water, aiiJ whether the ve»Bt;l has or hah nor Ih-i-h tu^t^-l | AtteinLint. (hi receipt of the cti'rliriti-. tlu- M isltT At'cmlant will by ailcuier any pari of the way, or h.uor liiH not ha.i Ihi- uv of a cause a bill to l)e m.aJe nul fT the rt-ftiil.ir amoutit of |iiloi;ue, anJ nuv halt ; whit'U form will be fumiihed to the pilot, in or.ler to the ; for the niw-hoat hire, accontinif to an avpraitt* ralf, w iih reference to hilli I'f the vl'^M•l heinz correctly m.iiln nut. 2. Cruiimin lens are further rViiuwteil, as early aftrr their .arrival M \his^Mt', to notify in writnic. (ii Ihe .M.isti'r Atti-u.lanl, fl»' nuiiH anil ri-si't<-rirf nf the n'ff rence for the piyineut of his vt^trP* bilU. 3. On the n'Cfipt tiy 'he Master Atten/lant of Ihe above rcrtitii'itp, , anil written reference for payment, a linicle bill will be pre|iire.t. | the sizn nf Ihu vtw>els ami the season of the year, li\<'«l by a marine roniniittee n hieh lately sat at the Dank^hall. the majiTity of whicti was coinpmitl i( iiieinbers of housm of aneiiry and com 111.1 ml en of ship*. The hill aiil certlticate will be preaeiiUtl in t-ue course for payineiit. As, however, il fTeqiieiilly haj-pi-n' that ves-wl* '■ *: 'Jug in .DcluJun inwanl pilotage, h^ht-liouse duty, MoyijKire miiiiziiie carun or tilling their water un io the" last ilay of theii (lutv. ail'! rnw-lK>at iiire (if any,) which, t-i ■■ - ■ will 1* fnrwarlel to the marine payni.aster, for colbriioii « itliiii I'l vl.\v»of Ihe arrival of the vessel, ami having on it the ntiiie .111 1 n-si- leiicenf the nirty referred to for piynicnt, which cnnimaii-iers .ue rt'iiiinled to hirmsh toihe M.isirr Attemlaiit, in writiniE. at early .after tlieir arrival as practicable, that nflicer will tinTe re.nlily be enabled '?e, or that fnun other cavisfs the bills for the ehain-mooriius an- ';(wani pilotage cannot lie nia.leimi till Ihe eve of departure, owneiii. .itteiiht, and conimaiiders are in such cas*'s particularly reipies'it', with a view to despatch, to cause an iny Dtk to their agents. On receipt theretif, inonler to its .accompanying the bill when presented for p.iyinent tol.aienlsare requested to make out a bill .against the honourable com- tiie refertre. Ipany f-T the tjuarter deduction frcuu the pdatage allowwl if tugged 5. The practice nf chancing for hauling tn the cliain-mmirings for iiy steam, (T for Ihe row-tioal bin* paid, as Ihe case may be ; and to their monthly hire, and f(T hauling fmm Ihe moo^inir* in wpante | forward it, Ingcther with the certificate, to the marine board for audit bills, is discotltinUl^l, and henceforward one bill will be prepared. , and payment.^ incliKling the charge for hauling to the nunTings, that for occiipviiiL' I 9. hi cases where a vessel leaves CalcuPa avowedly intendeil to them, and that for hauling from them : and commanders are reqtuHtedi till up cargo at some place belnw, Ihe pilnlage will be cluriied at the to give, or cause their commanding officers to give to the Master At- 'draft al whirhshe leaves Calcutta in like manner, though at the re- tenilanl, nr the harbour-master, certificate nf the date of hauling to duced amount, as if she had pmceeded to sea : and, with respect to and from Ihe moorings, which cerlifu-ate, as iK'fore, will aci-ompany , the »ub*equenl pilotage charge, from tho place at which the vessel the bill when presented for payment. The hire of IhemooringH will tikes in the .additional cariro to sea, owners rir agents nf vessels will be rhargol for the day on which the vessel is hauled thereto, without j Ix' rofpiired to furnish a special gnarantee to pay tlie amount charge- reference to the iwnod of tlie d.iy ; and, in like manner, no charge' able acciTding In a cerliticate of the draft of water to Ih: signed !)y the will tw made for the d.ay on which she hauls fmm her itiiHiriugs, commander ur coiiiniandingntTicer .and pilot. however late in the day she mav quit them. The charges connerte«l| 10, Six sets of niiKirings at Diamond I!arl>our tmvlng been fitted wiih Uiechain-nionrings will thus t)e emlnxlied in (uie bill, aiii| tie s|>rcially to enable vessels arriving in ilistrevs from loss of anchore discharged in nne payment instead of Ihree or more, according to the . and cahb^s tn be readily nKK)red. the charge will be Co's lis. 50 for nunilK-r nf months the vessel occupied Ihe moorings. | nuMTing and unmixTing, and the daily liire Ihe same as for the moor- 6. The system nf charging outwanl pilntage nn an estimated ' ings at Calctilla. The moorings will, of course, be available to ves- drauRht of «vater, with an addition nf 10 per cent., subject to .adjust- sels not in dislrpw fmm loss of anchors and cablw, tmt the harlxiur- menl after the vetsel has sailed, and of charging a certain number of master will l)e inslruclid at all tmies to keep two seta vacant during days fur a row-boat, subject to a like adjuslnient, is abolished; anditheS. W. mousooD, to meet caiualtict. in future Ihe outwanl mintage and charge for row-boat hire ou out' (Sup*) ward-bouiul vmela will be made u foUowi t— ' ,1 ■ ' I Ss 53 §2 54 rn €9 i ■ ki I "" 1 I 'If; 27fl CALICO. f' 'I CAIjro (Orr. jr«7//fin ,■ Du. Knhen ,• Diiii. A'r///»M ,- Sw. rffZ/jin ,• Fr. Ci^w, Toik de Cnlim ; It. 7f /« Haniliiiifina, Ti/ti liiplnfn .■ H|i. 7i7rt f//- Alumlun ,■ I'ort. /'h/k* ^/f Alf^itduo; Huh. W'ii/iiiikn { Pol. Unwiiuika), clutli iimili" of coiion ; no (•iill('riiili'il cotton ciotliH iirr tiriioininatcil riilicot'H ; but in llif United t^tutes tiiin term i* aii|iiii'ii to tlioso only thnt urc |irinl('(l. tlis/nrira/ NiitifC of thr Art of C alien I'rinfinir. — 'I'hin nrt. thouRli npparpntly onn of thi- moHt (lillicuit, huH iHU'n iiriictiscd from n very r('niot(^ or:t. llcrodntUM nu-ntionM (lih. I. ^ 'iO'i), that II nation on the Hhori-n of the ( 'uHpian wit*; in the liahit of iniinlinu; the fii;urrM of animals on their clothes, with ii colrjiir formed from the leaves of trees hriiised and soaked in water; and ho adds, tiiiit this eolour was n.it elllK-iMJile, and was as durnhle ii-> tiie rjothes themselves. It is dillieult to imagine that lhi> colours could have Ihmmi ho |ierni.uient, had not those nsinu them iieen acijuaiiiled with the use of mordants. 'J'here is, however, a |ias- » individuals eniployeii in, and ric- pendent upon, the print trade for subsistence, receiving the aiuiual sum of -,l(l(),()()(t/. in wajres. This important and valuable business may he truly said to have fjrown uj) amnnirs t us iri despite of re|)eatetl efVorts for its suppression. To prevent the use of calicoes from intcr- feriiiR with the demand for linen and woollen stulls, a statute was |)assed in 1721, imposing a penalty of .5/. upon the weaver, and of UO/. upon the seller, of a piece of calico ! Fifteen years after, this extraordinary .statute was so far modilied, that calicoes manufactured in tircat Uritnin were allowed to be worn, '*pro\idi'd the war]) thereof was entirely of liiu-n yarn." This was the law with resjiect to calicoes till after the invention of Sir Hichard .Arkwriuht intnMluccd a new era into the history of the cotton manufacture, when its ini- policy became obvious to every one. In 1774, a statute was ])assed, allowim? printed nocjds, wholly made of cotton, to be used, after payinff a duty of ;W. a yard (raised to :}',r/. in 181)0); and enacting some regulations as to the marks to be allixed to the ends of tlip pieces, the strii>cs, &c. This act rontiniicd in force down to 1831 ; liaf, ttinncti an improvemetil upon tlip old law, it was much, and jiislly, cnnipluined of. Its injiislice and injurious operaliciu were very Inrrilily poitiicij (lul hy iMr. I'mili'tt Tlmnipsiin, in his v.xctdli^nt speech on taxation. " It is a uiallir nt' ."urjirisi; tu me," (!aid llu' lli|.'ht lion. pnuX. "thnt this niont impolitic impost should have hci'ii allowed lo c»n- tinui', cspi'cially whmi It was declared hy theconnuittei' of lsl^ to In' • purl in I » nil diijin-.^sire, and tliit its ri'pi'ai was niont dcsirahle ;' who, indeed, c:oi evaniine It, ami not t'cil I In.' truth of this iilKirva- lion ! Is it credilde, that in order to raise a nett revenue of5'.".i.(ilHI/.. a gross ta.x stionid ho inipnsiMl of 2.()Ht,7;i7/. ) and yet this was the return, according lo the paper on your tahh-, for IsiS. Aiul Ihcun lignres are still I'ar from showinir the real cost (iflln^ c( rmion iir l.iiirii, jirlnli'il, iiuiiiiiil, mihiu'iI. cir ilxnl. In (irciii llrit.iMi (I'Xii'in am ii ii« i- niovul roaHtwUit to Irrlaiiil. Dnt'lanil ... ?i|'llllMllll ... Year fmli-rt .Mli of Jnn. IR-IO F..tp'>rlt-.l 111 Knreifii Counlric*. Kx)N>rt*^ to Irt'Liii'l. Numbrr of Varli. Linens, SlnlFi, rMrciirn C diriM-a, aiirli',ck ,- l)u. Kiiinin/f:.s(lorl,- ,- Fr. Carnhnn/ llatlnle ; It. Cambraju ; Sp. Cauilivn! ; I'nrt. ('(iinliraia ; lUis. Kamcrlmj;), a HiiccicH of vi-ry fine white linen, first mmlc nt I'nnilirny, in Frciicli Fliindcrs, whence it derives its up- |H'liittinn. It i» now produced, of an eijimlly Rood quiilily, in (Jreut Hrituin. CAMEL (Fr. Cluimeau ; It. anil Mp. Ciinii'lti ,- (Jer. Kniitcr/ ,- Arab. Dj'und; \mX, Caiiulus ,• Greek, Ka^en^ct) is indigenous to Ariiltia. and wo only mention it In this place on account of its extreme imjiortance in the eonmierce of the East. The camel is one of the most useful of the animals over which the inhalutants of Asia and Africa have acquired dominion. These continents arc intersected by vast tracts of burniiiB sand, the seats of desolation and droui;lit, so as, apparently, to exclude the possibility of any intercourse takin;? place between the countries that they separate. " But as the ocean, which appears at first view to be placed as an insu|HMal)le barrier between diirerent re^^ions of the earth, has l)cen rendered, by navii^ation. subservient to their mutual intercourse ; so, by means of the camel, which the Arabians ein))hatically call t/ie S/ii'p af the Desert, the most dreary wastes arc traversed, and the nations which they disjoin are (^nabled to trade with one another. Those painful journeys, impracticable by any other animal, the camel performs with astonishing despatch. Under heavy burdens of 60(», 700, and 800 lbs. weifjhf, tlipy can continue their march during a long period of time, with little food or rest, and sometimes without tasting water for 8 or 9 days. 13y the wise economy of Providence, the camel seems formed of purpose to be the beast of burden in those regions where he is placed, and where his service is most wanted. In all the districts of Asia and Africa, where deserts arc most frequent and extensive, the camel abiuuids. This is his projier .station, and beyond tliis the si)hcre of his activity does not extend far. He dreads alike the excesses of heat and colli, and does not agree even with the mild climate of our temperate zone." — {Robertson's Disi/uisltion on Ancient India, Note .53.) The first trade in Indian commodities of which wc have any account (Genesis xxxvii. 25.) was carried on by camels ; and they still continue to be the instruments employed in the conveyance of merchants and merchandise throughout Turkey, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Bar- Iiary, and many contiguous countries. The merchants assemble in considerable numbers, forming themselves into an association or caravan — (see Caiiavas), for their mutual pro. tcction against the attacks of robbers, and the dangers incident to a journey through such rude and iidiospitable coimtries. These caravans are often very large and usually consist of more camels than men. The capacity of the camel to endure fatigue, and the small sup. ply of provisions that he requires, is almost incredible. "His ordinary burden," says VoN ney, " is 750 lbs. ; his foot], whatever is given liim — straw, thistles, the stones of dates, beana, barley, &c With a pound of food a day, and as much water, be will travel for Vol. 1—2 A 1 m I •JTS CAMI'.I.S' IIAIIi— CAMIMlnU. I ! . .. f 1 > wri'ki*. Ill tlio jiiiimrv fri)in Ciirn to Hue/,, wliiiii ix 10 or '1(1 lumrM, tlioy ncithor ml nor tiriiik ; I'lit lliCHi' liiiii^ Vii^m, irnHi'ii n|i.:iti',l, wcur tliciii out. Tliiir iihiiiiI riiti* ol'truvi'lliim Ii4 vriy hI.iw, liiirilly .ilioxr two iiiilr- an lioiir : it Ih in vniii to |iiihIi iIu'mi ; tlicy will not quirk) II lliiir |i.ui' ; Iml, if nlluwcil 'Oiiii' xliorl rot, liii-y will Iriivil 15 or H hoiirK it iliiy." — ( /'(ii/«j,'c III Si/rii , loin. ii. |i. MsM.) Tliu .\riil)iiinH rc^iinl ilio caiinl ;m u Macrtil uiinial, llir n\(i of Hiavni, willimit wIkhi- iiiil thoy I'oiiM IK itlii-r Hiilwint, nor Irailf, nor truvrl. ||h milk in ilitir ordinary I'oimI ; liny aUo «'nt iin IU'hIi, cxptTially ''lat of llio yoiiiivj caiiul, wliii li llicy nrkon fxcillfiil ; ilM hair, wliirti in rriu'Wi'il cvcrv >i'i>r, in |iarlly iiianiilactiiri'il into hlnllri lor tlirir clotlu'it uml t'lirniturc, and [lartly Hcnt aiiroad ana \aliialilc arlicli- o|' incri lundisr ; ami i-vi-ii il4 (iuct'H hitvc lliciii liir I'llfl. IJIcHt with tluir caim U. tlit' Aralm want niiliin'.;, and Iriir nothintf. In a Miimlo day thry can travfrwi H< or .')0 iiiilf.H ol'llii' di'Mcrt, uiid inl<'r|ioNO ilM innklrHs KUidi an an iiii- |Miii''ral)li^ rampart lu'twfcn lluiii uid llu-ir I'ock. — (Sec ihi; adiiiiralilf dcHirijilioii of tin- cuiiirl, in linlliin.) Unt, liowi'Vir usffiil to tin* inlialiiUiiitH of parclicti, naiidy dt-Hi-rtH, it may In- wortli wliilc, pi'rha|is, to oli.scrvc, that liu" faiml in of very lilllo niTvii-c (•iHi'win'rf. Ilf cannot walk ItMl yards on wet or niippcry ground without stuiiililini{. lie in totally unknown in all hilly m woodv counlrii'.'' ; and, with few cvccptioiM, in.iy he naid to he as areata ^IraiiutT in the KiiHliTii IsiandH, .lapaii, the Houthern purls of China, the whole eouiilry lyiii« hetweeii China and India, ami all tlie Houtherii parl.-i of the latliT, inehidim; Uonnal, an he ii- in l-urojie. In all tho.te vast I'ountrie^i the ox is the most iHefnl of ijie lower aiiiinals. It is used lor drauijhl (for which the camel is totally unlit), in the c.irt ami plouudi, in the carrying of hurdcits, m tre.idiii.!; c<>rn, in the oil jiresri, Jkc, and llnaliy as food. (.'.WIKIiW IIAIU (tier. Kiimtilhniir ; Vt. I'ail ilf r/irtniaiu, Imiiii: iff c/irmm .- It, I'rlit ({'• ruinrllo ; K\t.l't/'i I'l tuiKi ilr. eiiiiu Hi), The hair of the camel importi'd into this country is principally used in the manufacture (d'l'ine pencils for drawiinT and [)aiiilini,'. In the Kast, however, it is an im|iortant arlici • of coiniiH'rce, and is e\tensively usi'd in tlie arts. It serves for the fahrieation of the tent.-i and carpets of the Arahs, and for their weariiij; appiirel. (Moth is also mannfactured of it in Persia ami other places. 'I'he most esleeiiied hair comes from Persia. It is divided into ilin;- (|ualities ; lilack. red, and ^;rey. Tim hlark is tlie dearest, and the !,Tey is oidy worth half tlie red. ( lonsiderahle (pianlitit^s of camels' hair arc exported from Smyrna, Constantinople, and Alexamlria. It is used in ihu iiiiiiui- faclure of hats, jiarticularlv I'V the l''reueh. — [liris's ('i/c/o/iiiilifi, art. < 'uiiiiJu.s.) CAMM:T. oil (;AMIM,1;T (y vtUittu it In nlmnwt wliolly ronNiiiDol. TIkto i* iiii iniinrti'-" dis- |)iiriiy ill till' prii'i'M III' ih(< twn H|ii |ir lliiri)|if. — Am, l'.(l.\ CAMI'IJOU ((III (Miiiity, Miiiifiik), a I'riiLrriiiit iNxoiilinl nil, olilniiu'il in liir«i' (|n:iiililirfi |iV lii'iitinu; llii< woixl III' tlir /)ri/iilis < 'oiii/i/inni. It is iicarly iik clifiip ns npiriN nf lurpi'iitinr, Iiii! is nut licM in iiiiy cstrt'iii liv ilw ('liiii<'Hi\ It iiiiL'.iit. iicrliiipH, lit> pinlitiiiily iinp'>i'ii'il intii l']nir|;iii' arl-4. an>l for iiu'iliriiinl jinrpii^'i'H. W'r may iiiM, tliat llir limlicr nf llir t)ri/ii/iii/iiiii>/ii < 'iini/)li(ini irt not iiili'rior Iti any prmlnri-il in llio counlrii'^ vvlirrf it i;rii\vM, for tlir piirpnstw of Iioiihi* uihI niiip Imiltlini;. — (I'ririi/r iiifiirinittlnii, ami Crinffuriry fni/liiii Arrliipi liitxii, vol, i. p, ■'iUi.) TAM Wool), a red dyi' wiioil, first linuiulit lo Kiiropc I'roin .Africa iiy the I'ltrliiirni'sp, It in iirincipaily olitnini'il from llu- vicinity of Siorrii i.coni'. Tin- col mrinij niatlcr wliicli ii allordn ililVcrH liiit litlli' from thai of ordinary Nicarainui wood, cillirr in ipialily or i|nantity ; iiiid it may lie cmployi'd willi similar mordant-*. — [Itiiiirnjl on Cn/dUis. Sec also f>:iiii/)lcr, vol. ii. part ii. p, .'iM.) ('aniwood in at priHcnt worth, in tln' Iiondon ni;uki'l, trom Iti/. In in/, a Ion, duly (.'is. ii ton) inclndrd. In I'^'^S, Ii") Ions of camwood were impoitid ; hut the imports in |N-i!» only amounted In I I!) Ions. — (/'«/•/. I'li/i'r, No. (iCd. Ness. |H:t(l.) rA.N.Mi, (!A.\ Al.S. A canal in un urlillciul cliannel, tilled willi water kept iit llio lUv mred level liy ineuiis of loekM or sluieex, forming i> eoiiimunieation lietwceii two or iiioro JllllCCf". (I.) Itlsliir'iritl Shrfrh of ('dtirih. Aiiririif I'tnidls. — Tlie roinpnrativ(< cheaiine.-is and t'ai'ilily with wliicli noods may lie conveyed liy sea, or I'y means of naviiralile livers, sreni to Imve su'-tL;ested, al a very early perioil, llie fcirmalion nf canals. The In si iiulhenticated lie- CDimt-t of ancient r.uypt reprc'^enf lh;it eoiinlry as iiilersicted liy eaii.ds eidni'yin'j; the watern of the .\ile to the more distant |||lrt.^ of the country, partly for the purpose nf irri!.'ation, iind pardy for that of internal navi'.fation. The ollorts made hy the old Muyptian mnuarcliH, and by the I'tolemies, lo construct a caii.il hdween the |{ed Sea and the .^'ile are Wi-ll known; and evince the liinh sense which they eiilertaiiicd of the importance of this species of com- nmiiiiMtioll. — (Ann il/imi, Connnnrr t/i •: I'.i^iijtthiis, p, 7().) (ireece was too small a territory, too much intersected hy arms of the son, nnd suh-dividod iiiti) too many independent stales, to alllird much seopi- for inland imvii^ation. .\ttempt« were, however, made to cut a canal across the Isthmus of (/'orinth ; hut they did not succeed. 'I'he Uonians did not distinguish themselves in canal iiavit;ation. Their nciueducis, the stii|"'iidoun ruins of which attest the wealth and power of tlii'ir foundc^rs. were inleiideil to furnish sii|i|'liesof water to some adioiniii!.'city,aiid not for the con viyanee of vessels or produci^ [i.) f /liiir.sr Viinnls, — In (Jhiiia. canals, partly for irrii^ation, and partly for navigation, hiive existed from a very early period. The most eelclirated amonirst them is the imperial or (irand Canal, formiii!; a communication hetween Pekin and ('aiitoii, said to lie ahout 1,0(10 miles loiur. Hut there can he no ilouht that this is a very irreal exaLrneration ; and that it includes the various rivers which really form the fjrcater part of the navigation, the excavated portion heini? of comparatively limited dimensions. 'I'he canal is said not lo have, at any time, more than from .') to (! feet water ; and in dry seasons, its depth is freipiently roihiced to IM'eet. {Ik Id Limih, ('inuiux (k Nitrii;(itlo)), y. ^I'V.).) The locks are con- structed with very little .skill ; and as the vessels are fjunernlly drajjjged hy men, the navigii- lion is extremely slow. The rnnals are mostly faced with stone ; and the hridu;es across them are said to he very inureniously contrived. (:!.) Ifu/tiin. f'mml.i. — The Italians were the first jieople in modern Europe that attempted to plan and execute canals. They were [irinci|)ally, however, undertaken for the jiurpose of irrigation; and the works of this sort executed in the Milanese- and other parts of liOiiihardy, ill the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, are still regarded as models, and excite the warm admiration of every one cajiahle of appreciating them. In 1271, the Navilio (Jrande, or canal leadinc from Milan to Ahhiate (irasso nnd tho Tesino, was rendered navii^able.— {Yiiun!j;'s Tnivf/x in Friincf, i\c- vol. ii. p. 170.) (1.) Dulrfi Cuiials. — iVo country in Eurojie contains, in proportion to its size, so many navi'^ahle canals as the kingdom of the Netherlands, and particularly the ]irovince of Hol- land. The construction of these canals commeneed as early as the twelfth century, when, owiiiu to its central and convenient situation, Flanders heuraii to he the intrcput of the coio- merce hetween the north and south of Kurope. Their nnmher has since hceii astonishingly increased. "Holland," says Mr, Phillips, in hlt^ Histori/ of Inland Niwifrat ion, "is inter- sected with innumerable canals. They may be compared in number and size to our public roads and highways : and as tlic latter with us are continually full of coachus, chaises, CD "ir ■'! 280 CANALS. . I !■ :■ ? . s f wagons, carts, and horsemen, going from and to the diflbrcnt cities, towns, and villages ; so, on the former, the Hollanders, in their boats and pleasure barges, their treckschuyts and vc sels of burden, are continually journeying and conveying commodities for consumiuion or exportation from the interior of the country to the great cities and rivers. An inhabitant of Rotterdam may, by means of these canals, breakfast at Delft or the Hague, dine at Ley- den, and sup at Amsterdam, or return home again before night. By them, also, a most prodigious inland trade is carried on between Holland and every part of France, Flanders, and Germany. When the canals are frozen over, they travel on them with skaits, ami jjcrforin long journeys in a very short time ; while heavy burdens are conveyed in carts ami sledges, which are then as much used on the canals as on our streets. " 'J'he yearly profits produced by these canals are almost Iwyond belief; but it is certain, iuid has been proved, that they amount to more than 250,000/. for about 400 miles of inland navigation, which is 625/. per mile, the square surface of which mile does not exceed two acres of ground ; a profit so amazing, that it is no wonder other nations should imitate what has been found so advantageous. " The canals of Holland are generally 60 feet wide and 6 deep, and are carefully kept clean ; the mud, as manure, is very |)rolitable ; the canals arc generally levels ; of course, locks are not wanted. From Hotterdain to Delft, the Hague, and Leyden, the canal is aving the port must unload and load part of tlinr cargoes without the bar. As the Zuyder Zee is every where full of shallows, all ordinary means of improving the access to Amsterdam were necessarily inell'cctual; and the resolu- tion was, therefore, at length adopted, of cutting a canal from the city to the Helder, the most northern point of the province of Holland. The distance between these extreme points is 41 English miles, but the length of the canal is about 50,}. The breadth at the surface of the water is 1244 English feet (120 Rhinland feet) ; the breadth at bottom ;1G; the depth 20 feet 9 inches. Like the Dut<-h canals generally, its level is that of the higliest tides, and it receives its supply of water from the sea. 'J'he only locks it requires are ut' course, two tide-locks at the extremities ; but there are, besides, two sluices with floodgates in the intermediate space. It is crossed by about 18 drawbridges. The locks and sluice.s are double, — that is, there are two in the breadth of the canal ; and their construction and workmanship are said to be excellent. They are built of brick, for economy ; but bands of Umestone are interposed at intervals, and these i)roject about an inch beyond the brick, to protect it from abr.ision Ity the sides of vessels. There is a broad towing path on each side, and the canal is wide enough to admit of two frigates passing. — (For the expense of towing, see AMSTKunAM.) The Une which the canal follows may be easily traced on a map of Holland. From the Y at Amsterdam it proceeds north to Purmerend ; thence west to Alkmaar Lake ; au'iiiu north by Alkmaar to a point within 2 miles of the coast, near Petten, whence it runs nearly jjarallel to the coast till it joins the sea a little to the east of the Helder, at the fine liarliour of iViewdiep, formed within the last 30 years. At the latter place there is a powerful sleam- ciiginc for supplying the canal with water during neap tides, and other purposes. The time spent in towing vessels from Niewdicp to Amsterdam is 18 hours. The Helder is the only spot on the shores of Holland that has dee[) water ; and it owes this advantage to its being opposite to the Texel, which, by contracting the coiiimunication between the (Jcrman Ocean !Uid the Zuyder Zee to a breadth of about a mile, produces a current which scours ami deejjens the channel. Immediately o|iposite the Helder there are 100 feet water at hinh tides, and at the shallowest part of the bar to the westward there are 27 feet. In the same way, the artificial mound which runs into the V opposite Amsterdam, by contracting the water-way to about 1,000 feet, keeps a depth of 10 leet in the port (at high water), while above and below tltere is only 10 or 12. CANALS. 281 extreme idtli iit Ihc bottom :5(j ; the hiifliest lircs i\K ot' floodgates and sluices ruction iiiid )iiiids of he tiriek, to each side, of to^v^^^^ From the lake ; ai;aiu runs nearly ne harbour ;rl'ul sieam- The tiiiie is tlic only to its being man Oeean scours and Iter at hinh n ll>e samo ractiu); the iter), while The canal was I)Paun in ISli), and linishod in 1825. Tho cost was estimated at 10.0()0.()0(( or 12,0()(),(U)0 florins, or about l.OOO.OOO/. sterlincr. If wo conipiiti> the nia^'ni- tudc of this canal by the cubic contents of its bed, it is the Kroatest, we believe, in the world, unless some of the (Jhinese canals be exceptions. 'J'he volnme of water whieli it contains, or the pri.sme (It rcmplt.ssai(e, is twice as ijreat as that of the ]\ew York Canal, or the Canal of Lanpruedoc, and two and a half times as tfR'at as that of the artit'ieial part of the (Caledonian Canal. In consecjuence, however, of the facility with which the Dutch canal was duff, and of the evenness of the proinid through which it passes, the diliiculties with which the enijhiecr had to contend in niakiiiK it were trillini; compared to those which had to be overcome in constructing the canals now mentioned. We have not learned what returns this canal yields; most probably it is not, at least in a direct point of view, a prolita- ble concern. Even in Hollaml, notwithsiandinK the lowness of interest, it would require tolls to the amount of 40,000/. a year to cover interest and expenses ; and so lariie a sum can hardly, we should think, be raised t)y the very moderate tolls laid on the ships passing through it, — (See AMs-mmAM.) This, however, is not the only consideration to be attended to in estimating the value of a work of this sort. Its iidhience in promoting the trade of Amstt;rdani, and, indeed, of Holland, may far more than compensate for its cost. It is evi- dent, too, that tho imposition of opjiressivc tolls would have cflectually counteracted this advantage ; that is, they would have defeated the very object for which the canal was con- structed, — (We have derived these details, partly from an able article in the Scutxijiun, and partly from private iiifornuition.) (6.) Danish Cuiirik. — The Holstein Canal, in Denmark, is of very consideraiile import- ance. It Joins the river Eyder with Kiel Bay on the north-east coast of Holstein, forming a navigable communicdtion between the IVortli Sea, a little to the north of Heligoland, and the Baltic; enabling vessels to pass from t\u' one to the other by a short cut of about 100 miles, instead of the lengthened and dillicult voyage round ,Iutland, and through the ('atte- gat and the Sound. The Eyder is navigable for vessels not drawing more than 'J feet water, from Tonningen, near its mouth, to Bendslnirg, where it is joined by the canal, which com- municates with the Baltic at Holtenau, about '-) miles north of Kiel, The canal is al)Out 2ti Unglish miles in length, including about miles of what is principally river naviijation. The excavated portion is O.'i feet wide at top, .'Jl feet inches at bottom, and 9 feet 6 inches deep (Eng. mcas.). Its highest elevation above the level of the sea is 24 feet 4 inches ; to which height vessels arc raised and let down by 6 locks or sluices. It is naviijable by vessels of 120 tons burden, or more provided they arc constructed in that view. The total cost of the canal was about 500,000/. It was opened in 1785, and has so far realised the views of its projectors, as to enable coasting vessels from the Danish islands in the Baltic and the east coast of Holstein, Jutland, &c,, to jjroceed to Hamburgh, Holland, England, &c, in less time and with much less risk, than, in the ordinary course of navigation, they could have cleared the point of the Skaw ; and conversely with ships from the w^'st. The smaller class of foreign vessels, particularly those under the Dutch and Hanseatic flags, navigating the Baltic and North Seas, have largely availed themselves of the facilities all'orded by this canal. During the 5 years ending with 1831, no fewer than 2,780 vessels passed each year, at an average, through the canal. This is a suflTicient evidence of its utility. It woidd, however, be much more frequented, were it not for the diflicult navigation of the Eyder from the sea to Rcndsburg. The dues are moderate. — (Coxe's Truirls in f/ie Nurthof Europe, fjih cd. vol. v. p. 239., where there is a plan of the canal ; Catteau, Tableau des Etats Danois, torn. ii. pp. 300 — 304. ; and private information.) (7.) Swedish Canals. — The formation of an internal navigation connecting the Cattegat and tho Baltic has long engaged the attention, and occupied the elforts, of the peo[)le and government of Sweden. Various motives conspired to make them embark in this arduous undertaking. Tho Sound and other channels to the Baltic being commanded by the Danes, tiiey were able, when at war with the Swedes, greatly to annoy the latter, by cutting olfall cunnnunication by sea between the eastern an(l western provinces of the kingdom. And hence, in tho view, partly of obviating this annoyance and partly of lacilitating the convey- ance of iron, timber, and other bulky products, from the interior to the coast, it was deter- mined to attempt forming an interrml tiavigation, by means of the river (!otha. and the lakes Wener, Welter, &c. from (lottenbur«h to Soderkceping on tl>e Baltic, 'J'he lirst and most dillicult part of this enterprise was the perfecting of the communication from Cfottenburgh to the lake Wener, The Gotha, which flows from the latter to the former, is navigable, tin-ough by far the greater part of its course, for vessels of considerable burden ; but. besides others less diflicult to overcome, the navigation at the point called Tnillha-tta is interrupted by a series of cataracts about 112 feet in height. Owing to the rapidity of the river, and the stubborn red granite rocks over which it flows, and by perpendicular banks of which it is bounded, the attempt to cut a lateral canal, and still more to render it directly navigable, presented the most formidable obstacles. But, luidismaycd by these, on which it is, indeed, most probable he had not suiriciently reflected, Polhem, a native engineer, undertook, about the middle of lust century, the Herculean task of constructing locks in the channel of the 2 A 3 36 53 C3 t"", J 1 282 CANALS. i f ♦ .' f river, and rendering it navigable ! \\'l»cther, however, it were owiiii? to the all but insupera- ble obstacles opposed to such a plan, to the detective execution, or deticient strenpfth of the works, they where wliolly swept away, utter beinij cousideriihly advanced, and n("ler vast sums had been exj)cnded ujion them. From tliis period, down to ITXi, the undertaking was ai)andone(l ; but in that year, the plan was projiosed, which should have been adopted at first, of cutting a lateral canal through the solid rock, about U mile from the river. 'I'liis new enterprise was begun under the aus])ices of a eonipaiiy incorporated for the purpose in 171)4, and was successfully completed in 1800. The canal is about 3 miles in length, and has a!)out fi A feet water.* It has 8 sluices, and admits vessels of about 100 tons. In one part it is cut through the solid rock to the depth of 73 feet. The expense was a good dial less than might have been expected, being only about 80,000/. The lake Wener, the naviga- tion of which was thus opened with Ciottenburgh, is very large, deep, and encircled by some of the richest of the Swedish provinces, which now possess the inestunable advantage of a convciiient and ready outlet for their products. As soon as the Triillhictta canal had been completed, there could be no room for doubt as to the practicability of extending the navigation to Soderkivjiimr. In furtherance of this object, the lake Wener has been joined to the lake Wetter by the Gotiia Canal, which admits vessels of the same size as that of TrolllmHta ; and tlie prolongation of the navigation to the Baltic from the Wetter, partly by 2 canals of c(!iud magnitude with the above, and jtartly by lakes, is now, we believe, about completed. The entire undertaking is called the Gotha Navigation, and deservedly ranks among the very first of the kind in Europe, Besides the Jibove. the canal of Arboga unites the lake Hielmar to the lake Maelar ; and since 1SI9, acanal has been constructed fnun the latter to the Baltic at Soderlelge. 'J'he c^iiuil of Stroemsholm, so called from its passing near the castle of that name, has ell'ected a navigable communication between the ]in)\ince of IJalecarlia and the lake Maelar, iVc. — (For further details see, besides the autliorities already referred to, Cnxe'.s 'Vruvel" In Ihe Ati)i/t I if Europe, 5th ed. vol. iv. pp. 253 — 366., and vol. v. pp. iJS — 66. ; T/io/nsiin's Tra- vels in Siveden, p. 35, «&c.) (8.) French Cunak. — The first canal executed in France was that of Briare, 3'U En'?, lish miles in length, intended to form a comimiiiication between the Seine and Loire, [t was commenced in 1G05, in the reign of Henry IV'.. and was completed in 1013, under liis successor, Louis A'lII. The canal of Orleans, which joins the above, was connnenccd in 167o. But the most stupendous undertaking of this sort that has been executed in France, or indeed on the Continent, is the canal of Languedoc. It was projected under I'rancis 1.; but was begun and completed in the reign of Louis XIV. It reaches from Narbonne to Toulouse : and was intended to form a safe and sjieedy means of communication In'twcen the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. It is 64 French leagues long, and 6 feet deep; and has, in all, 114 locks and sluices. In its highest jiart it is 600 feet above the level of the sea. In some places it is conveyed by bridges of great length and strengtii, over iars^e rivers. It cost upwards of 1,300,000/. ; and reilocts intinitc credit on the engineer, Iliquot, by whom it was planned and executed. Besides this great work, France possesses several magnificent canals, such as that of The Centre, connecting the Loire with the Saone; of 8t. Quentin, joining the Scheldt and the Sonime ; of Besanjon, joining the Saone, and cunse(pient!y the Rhone, to the Rhine; of Burgundy, joining the Rhone to the Seine, Ac. Some of these are of very consideralilc niagiiituile. The canal of the Centre is about 72 English miles in length. It was com- pleted in 1791, at an expense of about 11,000,000 liaiics. Its summit level is about 310 feet above the level of the Loire at Uigoin ; (he breadth at the water's edge is about 18 feci, and at bottom 30 feet ; depth of water 5| feet ; numiier of lo<'ks 81. The canal of .St. i^ueii- tin, 3S English miles in length, was completed in ISIO. The canal joining the Klione to the Hhine is the most extensive of any. It stieti'hes from the ."^aone, a little aliove St. .lean de Lo>ne, by Dole, Besangon, and .Muiliouse. to Straslmrg, where it joins the Hlune, ii distance of about 200 English miles. From Dole to Voiraucourl, near .\iontboliard. the canal is principidly excavated in the bed of the Doubs. It is not (|uite llnisheil. The canal of Burgundy will, when completed, be about 243 kilom., or 150 English miles in length ; JMjt at pre-ent it is only navigable to the distance of about '.).") kilom. In addition to thi se. a great many other canals have been liiiished. while several are in jirogress, and others pro- jected. There is an excellent account of the French canals completed, in progress, ami projected, in the work of M. Dutens, entitled Hisluire ile la ^'itfiiraHitn Intrrintre de la France. 3 vols. 4to, and to it we beg to refer the reader for I'lirther details. He will timl, at the end of the second volume, a very beautiful map of the rivers and canals of France. It is probable, however, that the railroad projects now set on fool in Franco may ti'inl, tor a while at least, to check the progress of canalisation. We may observe, too, that the state of the law in France is very unfavourable to the undertaking and success of all Ln(Mi pulilic works: and we are inclined to attribute the comparative fewness of canals in France, aiul * Tli:- IS till! stRKMiinntof Cnttpail. Tnlihnn ilr In .Mir Bnllt'iiii. \itinv ii p 77 ; Oilily. in hi= Fiimjmin Commtrci. p. JtHi., unit Ualbi, Abrciri tit lu rit>':.'r,i;ihit. p. ;j?,i., s;iy llial Ilir (k|itli (>!' water is KHVut. CANALS. 283 the recent period at which most of (hem have been constructed, to its inflneiicc. In that country, canals, docks, and such like works, arc mostly carried on at the exjionst; and for hohoof of government, under the control of its agents. No scope has licon f<;i\vn to the enterprise of individuals or associations. Before either ii road or a canal can lie constructed, plans and estimates must be made out and laid before the minister of the interior, by whom they are referred to the prefect of the department, and then to the Bureau ties roii'fg tt (lea Chaussi's ; and supposing the i)r()i('ct to b(^ approved by these, and the other functionaries consulted with respect to it, the work must after all he carried on under the superintendence of some public officer. In consccjuence of this preposterous system, very few works of this description have been undertaken as priviite speculations. And while not a few of those begun by government remain unlinisbcd and comparatively useless, those that are completed have, as was to be expected, rarely proved protitable. There are some good remarks on this subject in tho useful work of M. Dupin, on the Forces Conimerciaks of Great Britain. (9.) Prussian Canals. — The Prussian states are traversed by the great navigable rivers the Elbe, the Oder, and the Vistula; the first having its embouchure in the North Sea, and the others in the Baltic. The formation of an internal navigation, that should join those great ivater-ways, excited the attention of government at a distant i)eriod ; and this object has been successfully accomplished, partly by the aid of the secondary rivers falling into the above, and partly by canals. In 16G3, the canal of Muhlrose was undertaken, uniting tho Oder and the Spree; the latter being a navigable river falling into the Havel, also a naviga- ble river joining the Elbe near Havelburg. But the navigation from the Oder to the Elbe by this channel was diflicult and liable to fre(iuent interruption ; and to obviate these ilefects Frederick the Great constructed, towards the middle of last century, the Finnow Canal, gtrelching from the Oder at Oderberg to the Havel, near Leibenwaldc ; the communication is thence continued by the latter and a chain of lakes to Plauen ; from which point a canal has been opened, joining the Elbe near Alagdeburg. The Elbe being in this way connected with the Oder by a comparatively easy navigation, the latter has been united to the Vistula, partly by the river Netze, and partly by a canal joining that river to the Brahe, which falls into the Vistula near Bromberg. A vast irdand navigation has thus been completed ; barks passing freely through the whole extent of country from Hamburgh to Dantxic ; alVonling the means of shipping the products of the interior, and of importing those of for»ign coun- tries, either by the North Sea or the Baltic, as may be found most advantageous. — ( CutUau, Tableau de la Mer Baltique, tome ii. p. 1 1 — 18. (10.) Russian Canals, — ^The inland navigation of Russia is of vast extent, and very considerable importance. The reader will find some details with respect to it under tho article Petersiidiioh. (11.) Austrian Canals. — ^The Austrian empire is traversed in its whole extent by the Danube ; but the advantages that might result to the foreign trade of the empire from so (jrcat a command of river navigation, have been materially abridged by the jealousy of the Turks, who command the embouchure of the river, and by the difficulties thut are in some jilaces incident to its navigation. Two pretty extensive canals have been constructed in Hun- gary. That called the Bcga Canal is 7;} English miles in length : it stretches from Faseet through the Bannat by Temeswar to Becskerek, whence vessels pass by the Bcga into the Theiss, a little above its junction with the Danube. The other Hungarian canal is called alter the Emperor Francis. It stretches from the Danube by Zambor to the Thciss, which it joins near Fijldvar, being 62 English miles in length : its elevation, where highest, does not exceed "7 feet. Besides the above, the canal of Vienna establishes a conunuiiieation liptvveen that city and Neust.adt. It is said to be the intention to continue this canal to Trieste ; but, however desirable, we doubt much whether this be practicable. A railroad is at present being made from Munthausen on (ho Danube to Budweiss on the MoUlau, u iia\ni;able river that falls into the Elbe. This promises to bo a highly useful conmuinieation. —[HriirhCs Travels in Huturary, ji. 246. ; Jiullii, Abrei<;e de la Gtvirraphle, p. 2l(i.) (12.) Spcinish Canals, — No where arc canals more necessary, both for llie purposes of navigation and irrigation, than in Spain ; but the nature of the soil and the poverty and ignorance of the government as well as of the people, oppose formidable obstacles to their construction. During the reign of Charles II., a company of Dutch contractors oflered to render the Mani'anares navigable from Madrid to where it falls into the Tagus, and the latter from that point to Lisbon, provided they were allowed to levy a duty for a certain number of years on the goods conveyed by this channel. The Council of Castile took this proposal into tiieir serious consideration, and after maturely weighing it, ])ronounced the singular decision — "That if it had pleased (iod that the.se two rivers should have been naviirable, he would not have wanted human assistance to have made them such ; but that, as he has not done it, it is |)lain that he did not think it proper that it should be done. To attempt it, there- fore, would lie to violate the decrees of his providence, and to mend the imperfections which lie desii^nedly left in his works!" — (Clitr/ct's Letters tin the Spanixk Niilimi, p. 281.) But such undertakings are no longer looked upon as sinful; and many liave been projected since tl'll C3 o C 884 CANALS. I the accession of the Bourbon dynasty, though few have been perfected. The canal of the Ebro, bcRun under the Emperor ("Imrles V., is tin' most imjOTrtant of the ^Spanish canals; but it is only partially completed, and lUirinc; dry seasons it sutlers from want of water. It runs parallel to the rigiit bank of the Ebro, from 'J'udeia in Navarre to below Saragossa ; the intention beinij to carry it to 8asta!?o, where it is to unite with the Eiiro. The canal of Castile is intended to lay open tlie country between the Douro and Reynosa, and to facilitate the conveyance of (^rain from the interior to Saiitandar and Bilbao. It passes by Valladolid, Palencia, and Aguilar del Campos ; a small part has been executed, and is now in operation. A company has recently undertaken, what the Dutch contractors formerly oHered, to render the Tagus navigable from Araiijuez to Lisbon ; the free navigation of the river having been Btipulated at the Congress of Vienna. A jiroject for deepening the (Juadalipiivir, and some others, are also on foot. — (Fureii^n Qitarfcr/ij Rc'vi'tw, No. d. ]},S5. ,- lialbi, Abrcgc de hi Gi'iiassenger8 and goods, along a canal at the rate of J) or 10 miles an hour, without injury to the banks! — {See /)as■^) The ('rinan Canal, across the peninsula of Kintyre, is 9 miles long, and 13 feet deep, admitting vessels of 100 tons burden. The ('aledonian Canal is the greatest imdertaking of the sort attempted in tlie empire. It stretches S. W. and N. E. across the inland from a point near Inverness to another near Fort William. It is chiefly formed by Tioch .\ess. Loeli Oich, and Loch Lochy. The total length of the canal, iiiclnding the lakes, is nS J miles ; but the excavated |)art is only 21 \ miles. \t the sunnnit it is 00} feci above the level of the Western Ocean. It has been constructed ui)oii a very grand scale, being 20 feel deep, .'JO feet wide at bottom, and 122 iit top ; the bicks are 20 feet deep, 172 long, and lO broad. Frigates of 152 guns and merchant fihi|is of 1,000 tons burden may pass through it. This canal was opened in 1822. It was executed entirely at the expense of government, from the designs and imder the superiii- tcndencc of Thomas Telford, Esq., on whose skill and ta'»'nts as an engineer it reflects the highest credit. The entire cost has been OHO, 92 1/. It would, however, appear to have been projected without ilue consideration, and pr )mises to be a very unprolitable speculation. During the year 1S29, the total revetme of tlu^ canal, arising from tonnage dues anil all other sources, amounted to only 2,.'j7.')/. (!v. IrA, while the ordinary exj)enditurc, during tlio same year, amounted to 4,57.3/. Os. I ^(/. ! It is, therefore, very doubtful whether the revenue derived from il will ever he able to defray the expenses of keeping it in repair, without allow- ing any thing for interest or capital. The rc)II(nviiiL' i-s a 'Ictaileil account ol' the varinu:* items of expenditure on account of tlio Caledo- nian Canal, lroia-2Utli of October, I>u;i, to l.^^t of May, lS:tO:— Mannpeinint ami Iravellincr expenses Tiinlicr. ami earriiiui! tlieroot' Macliinery, cast-iron worlis, tools, ami materials Quarries and nitisomy - . - . filii|>I)ini.' . - . . . Houses and otlier huiidingrJ - . . Lalionr and wnrknianslii|> (day-work) I.aliour and WDrkmansliip (ini'asurii work) furrhaseiif land, and payrniuits on accouin of damages I'nrc liasi" and hire of liorses an(i provcmler Incidental expenses - - - . Itoadniaking ..... Total cost £ s. ,1. - ai)sm 12 loj- - 7-2,317 1 Kli - l'2H,SH(i .1 TJ - 200,(111 4 lOJ - 11,719 1 () 5,.'):i!» 10 C. - 51,-2m) 1 1} - 41H,,'),-)| pi HI - 47.!I5I> 1-2 '.>} 3,0:)S 12 2 J 2,S20 18 10 4,.'i70 ;i fij £'JSti,7.') 2,11 1.297 000 1,1S7 ( 11) 1 U Iti Hi 12 n IS 111 1 oi i>f Scotlani i>n the most lanRC Alley, \\ the princi- lend payable lividends are CANALS. 287 Number of Namm of CanaU. Allirilllit of Awnv- (■™t 1 i'rirc iiir niv. pf-r nlvi.leiid Starts. yiiarc. |*r sh.irt,. 1 biwre. Aiuiuin. fayible. £ s. £ ,v. /. £ s. £ >. ,1. 1,IS2 Aslihy-de-ln-Zoucli mil 113 71 4 Ap. Oct. l,7«i Asliti'iii aiul Oldlmiii 113 I) 130 5 1) Ap. Oct. 72(1 llariisli'y ... ion iU 2!N) 14 Feb. Aug. l.'iliO llasiiiKslokn - - . 100 (1 5 5 Ditto ImncU . . . Kill — — — April. 4.IIIIII itiniiiiiuliaiM (JiIihIi.) 17 III 233 10 12 10 Ap. Oct. 4,0il() Uirniitiuliani & Liverpool Junc- tiiiM lliiltiiii 1111(1 lUiry 100 1(10 u Opd. 30 477 2,^0 105 .January. 1,(10') Urcckiiock and ".Miercnvenny - l.'ill (1 — 85 4 Jan. July. (iOd liriil^'ewatcr and TauMtoii Kill II 100 Opd. 70 r-alder and Ilidilile — . — 4!I0 I. mill CarliHlc 5(1 21 10 Opd. 4110 (^liclinnr and UUickwatcr 101) II 103 5 January. i,,',im • .'lu'sliTliuld lllll (1 170 H rm Ciivcniry . . . Kill 11 — . (iOO 32 May, Nov. l.Hal (-'riiiaii - . - . .ril — 2 4l!l) C'roniford . . . Kill I) — 300 18 Jan. July. 4,510 Croydon . . . IIMI 1) 31 2 10 1 11,811)/. Ditto l)onda - - - 10(1 — 50 5 tiiiii;. l).!rl)y - . - - IIKI no n 117 Jan. July. u.noii Dudley . . . 1110 II — 50 2 10 Mar. Sept. Kiliiiliiirgh and Glnsfrnw 100 I) 3,.^7.') EllesniLTU and Chester l:i3 1.33 80 3 15 September. am Ereuash . . . nil) 7.50 705 47 May, Nov. 1. 207 rorlli and Clyd« 100 too 10 545 25 June, Dec. (iOO Glamorganshire 100 172 13 4 2<.l() 13 12 8 S Ma. June, \ Sep. Dec. 1,1S7 Gloucester and Berkeley 100 _ 13 10 8',l',) Ditto (Now) of 10 per cent. - — 45 ll.fiOl) (Jrand .luiiction 100 '.24 10 215 12 Jan. July. 1..V21 (iraiid Surrey 100 — 22 — Apr. Oct. 120,0110/. Ditto lo.in - - - — — 80 4 Jan. July. 2,'<4i)i Grand Union - _ - 100 — 24 1 1st Oct. 3,0',lli Grand Western IOO 100 Opd. 21 74'J Grantliam . . . neri'ford and Gloucester 150 IOO 150 200 10 May. 6.2.18 Ilnddersfudd - 10(1 57 34 1 10 September. 118 Ivel and Ouso Beds 1110 100 Opd. 115 10 5 Jan. July. 25,328 Keiinet and Avon IOO 3!) 18 10 27 1 5 Septendier. 1511 Kensinf;ton . . - IOO 100 Opd. 10 ii.oimi- Lancaster . . . 100 47 8 20 1 April. 2,87!IJ Leeds and Liverpool [- 100 — 470 20 May, Nov. 18J Ditto (New) — — — 10 iMaV. Nov. 5111 Leicester . - - — 140 175 10 Jiiii. .Inly. 1 5 Ditto . . - - — (10 80 13 10 .lMn..Iuly. | l,Sil7 Leicester and Northampton - 100 83 10 SO 4 Jan. July. 70 Lnui;lilH>rou|;h — 112 17 1,820 124 Jan. July. 3,noo Macdeslield - - - 100 100 Olid. 50 2.-.(l Melton Mowbray 100 — 100 July. 500 M<'rsey and Irwcll ion — 750 40 Juiie. 101 Monkland . . . 100 — 00 2,100 Moninoutlishire 100 100 108 10 Jan. July. 700 Monl|,'oinerysliire 100 — 85 4 :\Iar. Aug. Olio North Walsham and Dilham - 50 50 Opd. 10 — January. 217 Neath . . . - — 107 10 200 15 Aug. Feb. 50(1 Nottingham . . - 150 — 205 12 April, Oct. 130 Nntbrook . . - UK) (I — — 2 522 Oakham . . . 130 — 44 2 May. 1.7M) OxCoril . . - - loo — 505 32 Mar. Sept. 2,400 Peak Forest 100 48 77 3 10 June, Dec. 2,520 Portsmouth and Arundel 50 50 10 21,418 Uegent'8 . . - 100 33 10 8 10 15 13 July. 5,lili'J Rochdale . . . 100 85 111 4 (J May. ylKI Shrewsbury 125 — 255 11 May, Nov. 500 Shropshire . . - 125 — 138 7 10 June, Dec. 80(1 .Somerset Coal 50 — 170 10 10 Jan. July. 45,000 Ditto Lock Fund 12 10 — 12 10 5 lOp.ct. June, Dec. 700 Stiillbrd and Worcester 110 140 010 34 Feb. Aug. 300 Stourbridge - - - 115 — 200 i) Jan. July. 3,(U7 Siratford-on-Avon — 7'J 8 30 I 5 August. 200 siroudwater . - - 1.50 — 500 23 May, Nov. 533 Swansea . . . 100 ISO 220 12 November. 350 Tavistock . - - too — 105 2 4.S0,i Thames and Med way - 100 30 4 3 1 3,311 Ditto New . - . 3 10 2 15 Opd. Ditto 1st loan . . . — 5() — 2 10 Ditto 2d loan - — 40 — 2 Ditto 3d loan . - - — 100 — 5 Ditto 4th loan — 100 — 5 June. 1,150 Thames and Severn, New — — 33 1 10 '0 June. 1,300 Ditto Original — — 27 7 1 10 June. 2.600 Trent and Mersey {}) - 50 — 040 37 10 May, Nov. 1.000 1.000,5 1- Warwick and Dirminghain - f 1(10 X 50 — 278 10 May, Nov. 960 Warwick and Napton 100 — 210 12 May, Nov. C3 mi's, i 288 CANALS. Number of >han:i. Namai of CmiU. Anioiiiit nf hliirr. AviTHf Coil piT siiart'. Trice per Slurc. Div. per Anutiiii. Dividendi I'lynblr. OOS 2(),0(M> 120 6,000 SOO Wi-y nnd Ariiii Wilts ami IJerka VViHlit'iich . . . W'lircesior nnd nirininslmm - Wyrley und Essiiigton 110 u 105 125 110 105 U a-i 5 10 '10 (1 KH 10 75 (15 4 Miiy. .IlltlC. I'chrimry. I''t'li. Au(j. I'eliriiary. (14.) Irish Canals, — Various canals have boon undertakrn in Irelaml, of which the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal arc the princiiml. The Grand Canal was begun in 1756, by a body of subscribcrfl ; but they could not have completed the work without very lar^B advances from government. The canal commences at Dublin, and stretches in a westerly direction, inclining a little to the south, to the Shannon, with which it unites near Baiiaghrr, a distance of 87 statute miles. But, excluHive of the main trunk, there is a branch to Athy, where it joins the Barrow, a distance of about 20 miles ; and there arc branches to Portar- lington, Mount Mellick, and some other places. There is also a westerly branch, recently constructed, from the Shannon to Balliiiasloe, about 14 miles in length. The total length of the canal, with its various branches, is about 15G Eng. miles. Its summit elevation is 278 feet above the level of the sea al Dublin. It is 40 feet wide at the surface, from 24 to 20 feet at bottom, and has 6 feet water. It cost, in all, above 2,000,000/. In 1829, 191,774 tflha of commodiuvss were conveyed along the canal to and from Dublin, and about 67,000 passengers. The tonnage dues on the former amounted to 31,435/., and th(^ fares of the latter to 10,575/. In 1831, the produce conveyed by the canal had increased to 237,889 tons, and the tonnage dues to 36,736/. We liavo not learned the number of passengers for this year. Two capital errors seem to have been committed in the formation of this canal, — it was framed on too large a scale, and was carried too far north. Had it been 4 or 4^ instead of 6 feet deep, its utility would have been but little im[)aired, while its expense would have been very materially diminished. But the great error was in its direction. Instead of join» ing the Shannon about 15 miles above Lough Derg, it would have joined it below Limerick. By this means, barges and other vessels passing from Dublin to Limerick, and conversely, would have avoided the difficult and dangerous navigation of the upper Shannon ; the canal would have passed through a comparatively fertile country ; and it would not have been necessary to carry it across the bog of Allen, in which, says Mr. Wakefield, " the company have hurried more money than would have cut a spacious canal from Dublin to Limerick." — (Account of Ireland, vol. i. p. 642.) The Royal Canal was undertaken in 1789. It stretches westward from Dublin to the Shannon, which it joins at Tormanbury. Its entire length is about 83 miles ; its highest elevation is 322 feet above the level of the sea. At bottom it is 24 feet wide, having 6 feet depth of water. It has cost, exclusive of interest on stock, loans, &c. advanced by goverih nicnt, 1,421,954/. The tolls produced, in 1831, 12,729/. 6s. Irf.— asum hardly adequate to defray the ordinary wear and tear of the canal, and the wages of the persons employed upon it, without leaving any thing for interest of caj)ital ! This canal seems to have been planned in the most injudicious manner. It has the same defect as the Grand Canal, of being extravagantly large ; and throughout its whole course it is nearly parallel to, and not very distant from, the latter. There are consequently two immense canals, where there ought, perhaps, to he none. At all events, it is abundantly certain that one canal of comparatively moderate dimensions would have been quite enough for all the business, of the district, though it were much greater than it is at this moment, or than it is ever likely to become. Besides the above, there are some other canals, as well as various river excavations, in Ireland ; but hardly one of them yields a reasonable return for the capital expended upon it. They have almost all been liberally assisted by grants of public money ; and their history, and that of the two great canals now adverted to, strikingly corroborates the caustic remark of Arthur Young, that " a histuri/ of puhl'c works In Ireland iciiuld ha u Iiintory of jobs," — (Tour in Ireland, fiart li. p. 66. 4to ed.) Those who wish to make themselves fulfy acquainted with the history and state of tlie canals of Ireland, may consult the valunblo Iteport by Messrs. Henri/, Mullins, and M'Mulion, in. the Appendix to the Report of the Select Committee of 1830 on Me State of Ireland. The previous statements have been derived principally from it, and from the evidence of Nicholas Fleming, Esq. before the same committee. (15.) American Canals. — The United States arc pre-eminently distinguished by the spirit with which they have undertaken, and the perseverance they have displayed in exo cuting the most magnificent plans for improving and extending internal navigation. Besides many others of great, though inferior, magnitude, a canal has been formed connecting the Hudson with Lake Erie. This immense work is 3C3 miles long, 40 feet wide at the surface, 28 feet wide at the bottom, and 4 feet deep. The locks, 81 in number, exclusive of guard lockfi, a constru( maimer, on the N sterliua;, an.swcrt'i justilyii, Besi(|( from the cost, and Trin t'liaiiipln 0.s«c),'(i Cayiiya i CANALS. 289 )ividendf lit;. •Iinmry. 'It. Auk- ibruttry. /hich the 1 ill 1756, very InrKO a westerly Ban!i!5hrr, h to Athy, to Portar- \\, recently )tal length ;lcvation is from 24 to 9, 191,774 ,out 67,000 arcs of the to 237,889 sscngers for lal, — it was ^ instead of would have ;eail of join* w LiniericL 1 conversely, 11 ; the canal ot have hecn the company > Limerick." )ublin to the its highest laving 6 feel [1 by govern- dly adequate ns employed las the same ;hole course ?quently two abundantly luite enough moment, or Icavations, in }ided upon \l Iheir history, lustic remark \iry of jobs." Inselves fully Ithe valuable \ieport of the Is have been Vorc the same ished by tho flayed in exo Tlion. Besides Innccting the It the surface, Isivo of guard lockB. arn 90 feet long and 14 feet wide, the avernge lift of each beinp; S t feet ; they are constructed of stone, mid finished, like tiie rest of the raiial, in n suhstaiitial and liinidsoiiie manner. The rise and fall along the entire line is (i(il teel. This great work wat oiieiied on the Hth of October IXi'.i, but wius not finally completed till 1H25. It ccist nearly l.HdO.tKMl/. sterling, and wus executed at tlu; exiiense of the state of New York. It has coin|)letely answered the views of the projectors ; and will remain an example to the other states ; fully justilying the cnromiums that have been bestowed upon it. Besides Erie Canal, the state of New York has completed Champlain Canal, stretching from the Hudson, near Albany, to the lake of that name, and two smaller ones. The length, cost, and revenue of these canals are as follow : — rinsln. LeriKlh. Coil. T.iis, isin. Tolls, K-IO. 1 T..ll-,ls3l. Trie ('liiiinplalii - . - Oswt'tiii ... Cayuga anil f^cueca Navigable feeders 3(13 (i3 SH 20 Oullan. 0,(l'i7,4.'itVn5 I,I7!I,S71!»J 5-r.,ii.v;i7 2I1,UU0'31 Ihillart. 7()7,NS.i- til b7.l71(U M. 139 II b,tii;i-i9 n,lliirf. aii.S'iHo.'i 7s,MN(i:i 12,.335I8 H,"Jb7 Si II hart. 1 1,091,71 r2f. l(l'i.>!«i-23 ' iii.anio ii,9io;i'j 481 8 492 l(),'.»lf.,4l308 8 1.3, 137 '45 l,():j(i,709fi7 1,222.M)11H) The C/icsapeafie and Ohio Canal is the largest by far of those now in progress. This truly gigantic work was commenced in 1S2S. It begins at the tide water of the I'otomae River above Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, and is to tijrminate at Pittsliurgh, in Pennsylvania, a distance of 34 1 i miles. Its dimensions considerably exceed those of the Erie Canal ; its breadth at the surface of the water being from CD to 80 feet, do. at Imttoin 50 feet, with a depth of water varying from G to 7 feet. The lucks arc of stone, 100 feet by 15 ; — amount of lockage required in the whole line, 3,215 feet. At the suiiiiiiit level on the Alleghany mountains, there is a tunnel 4 miles and 80 yards in length. The esiiinateJ cost of this vast work was 22,375,000 dollars; but it is believed that it will be finished for less. — (Aincrican Almanac fur 1833.) A great number of other canals have been completed in different parts of the Union, and many new ones arc now in progress. (16.) Canada Canals. — The British government has expended a very large sum upon the Kideau River and Canal, stretching from Kingston, on Lake Ontario, to the Ottawa, or Grand River ; but this work was undertaken as much in the view of improving the military defences of Canada, as of promoting its commerce. The expen.so has been enormous, while the benefits are. contingent and doubtful. (17.) Ufilifi/ nf Canals. — The utility of canals, when judiciously contrived, and opening an easy communication between places capable of maintaining an extensive intercourse with each other, has never been better set forth than in a work published in 17C5, entitled "A View of the advantages of Inland Navigation," &c. But the following extract from Mac- pherson'n Annak of Cuiinncrce (anno 1760) contains a brief, and at the same time elo- quent, summary of the principal advantages resulting from their construction. — " They give fresh life to established manufactures, and they encourage the establishment of new ones, by the ease of transporting the materials of manufacture and provisions; and thence we see new villages start up upon the borders of canals in places formerly condemned to sterility and solitude. They invigorate, and in many places create internal trade, which, for its extent and value, is an object of still more importance than foreign commerce, and is ex- empted from the many hardships and dangers of a maritime life and changes of climate. And they greatly promote foreign trade ; and consequently enrich the merchants of the ports where they, or the navigable rivers they are connected with, terminate, by facilitating the exportation of produce from, and the introduction of foreign merchandise into tiie inte- rior parts of the country, which arc thus placed nearly on a level with the maritime parts ; or, in other words, the interior parts become coasts, and enjoy the accommodations of ship- ping. The price of provisions is nearly equalised through the whole country ; the blessings of Providence are more uniformly distrii)Uted ; and the monopolist is disappointed in his schemes of inicjiiity and oppression, by the ease wherewith provisions are transported from a considerable distance. The advantages to agriculture, which provides a great p;irt of the materials, and almost the whole of the subsistence, required in carrying on manufactures and commerce, are pre-eminently great. Manure, marl, lime, and all other bulky articles, which could not possibly bear the great expense of cartage, and also corn and other produce, can be carried at a very light expense on canals; whereby poor lands are enriclied, and barren lands are brought into cultivation, to the great emolument of the farmer and land- holder, and the general advantage of the community, in an augmented sup|dy of the neces- saries of life and materials of manufactures; coals (the importance of which to a manuliie- turing country, few people, not actually concerned in manufactures, are capable uf duly Vot. L— 2 B 37 2S 53 •*in >nf '1 200 CANALS. ♦ ; » apprpcinting), stone, lime, iron ore, an of 10 miles per hour, and the comparative expense per mile ; also the number of passengers carried before and after th« introduction of the new system. 18.30.* 1831. t 1832.t Speed, 10 hours ... miles Number of passengers carried - - Number of miles run each day - - Gross expense in the year - - . Cost per mile, year taken at 312 days 4 32,831 48 £ s. d. 700 4 7 11 10 70,455 varying £ s. d. 1,316 17 5 10 148,501 1.52 £ s. d. 218 5 11 10} lie power of conveyance thus established on the Paisley canal may be judged of from the fact, on the 31st of December, 1832, and 31st of January, 1833, there were conveyed in these boiils 1., o |K'i»r to 1h' the cam'; iiiiil, on the whole, they Heein to have been uioro lienelieial to the pultlic than to tiieir projeelors. It is customary to insert clauses in the ncU authorisinflf eanals to he eut, limilins; the charite which the proprietors shall be entitled to iuipoHo upon the Roods conveyed liy them. Jhit we think that the dividend oui^ht also to be hmited ; and thut it should be xtipulated that whatever a nviderate toll yielded over and above delVayintf this dividend, and providing; for the rejjair of the canal, should be accumulated as a fund in order to buy up the stock of the canul, so that tin? toll may ultimately be reduced to such a sum as may suflice merely to meet the necessary repairs. Wo are not aware that any (j;ood (ilijection could be made to a pliiii (if this sort ; and had it been adopted in this country, there are several instances in which it would have l)een very advantageous for the |tublic. When the canal of Languedoc was completed, the moat likely method, it was found, of keeping; it in constant repair, was to make a present of the tolls to Uitpiet th(! enijineer. "These tolls constitute," says IJr, Smith, "a very larc;e estate to the dilJerent brandies of the family of that irentleman ; who have, therefore, a Rreat interest to keep the work in con- stant rejiair. Hut had these tolls been put under the manacjement of conunissioners, who had no such interest, they niiu;ht, i)erhaps, have been dissipated in ornamental and >innecessary expenses, while the most essential parts of the work were allowed to go to ruin." Dr. iSinilh ought, however, to have mentioned that Hi(juet advanced a fourth part of the entire sum lai(i out upon the canal (J)utcn.s, Niivi'ijntinn Iiifrriciire de la France, tom. i. p. 1 19. &c.) ; and that olliccrs were appointed by the crown to see that the tolls were not rendered oi)[ires8- ive, and the canal kept in pjood order. At the Hcvolution, most part of the property of the canal was confiscated; hut at the restoration of the Uourhons in 1814, such parts of the confiscated ])roperty as hail not been sold were restored to the successors of M. Riquet, who have at this moment the principal mauap^enient of the canul. * ,* For a map of the canals, railroails, &c. of Great Britain and Ireland, the reader is referred to the magnilicent six sheet map, published by J. Walker, Esq. of Wakefield. This map, which is cijually correct and beautiful, is a truly national work, and well deserves tlic public patronage. "An Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers and Canals, &c., of (ireat Britain," in 4to, attached to it by way of Index, is both an accurate and a useful publication. [To avoid unnecessary repetitions, it is deemed expedient to treat of the ordinary roads, the railroads, and the canals of the United States, or, in other words, of our "internal improvements," as we choose to style them, under one head, to wit, under that of Roahs ; to which article the reader is accordingly referred. — Am. Ed.] CANARY SEED. Sec Skea. CAxNDl.E (GcT. Lichfcr, Kcrzen ; Da. Knarzcn ; Fr. Cliamhllc ,■ It. Candelk ,- Sp. and Port. Veins ,- Rus. Swjetschl ,■ Lat. Caiidilii,-) a taper of tallow, wax, or spermaceti, the wick of which is commonly of several threads of cotton spun and twisted tocether. Dr. lire gives the following table, as containing the result of certain ex|ieriments he had made, in order to determine the relative intensity of the light, and the duration of dill'ercut sorts of tallow candles : — "*1fl ,1 Niimtier iu a Duration of a W*eia:ht iu Consnniplinnprr Proinrlionof Economy of Can Mfsfqnal i'ouiil. CanJIe. Grains. Hour in Grains. l.i;,'hl. LiSliI. nil*' Ar.:aii>l. 10 inniilil, 5 li. 111. n>:2 132 12| OS 5-7 Kldippfd, 4 3ti 072 l.'iO 13 f>r,i .vi.'i fi llKlllUl, 6 31 t=Mi 132 lOi S'.ti (i do. 7 2^ l.KiO l(i3 m 01) .-iO t do. 9 30 1,787 18(5 20i so 35 Art'snil oil tliiiiir. 512 09.4 100 "A Scotch mutchkin," says Dr. Ure, "or I ofa gallon of good seal oil, weighs 6,010 gr., or l:3j'i, oz. avoirdupois, and lasts in a bright .\rgand lamp 11 hours '11 minutes. The weight of oil it consumes per hour is equal to 4 times the weiglit of tallow in candles 8 to the pound, and 3^ times the weight of tallow in candles 6 to the pound. But its light being equal to that of 5 of the latter candles, it appears from the 'above talile, tliat 2 lbs. weight of oil, value 'J(/., in an Argand, are eiiuivalent in illuminating power to 3 lbs. of tallow candles, which cost about 2s. The larger the flame in the above candles, the greater the economy of light." Until 1831, when it was repealed, candles were, for a lengthened period, subject to an excise duty ; and their consumption wa.s, in consequence, pretty exactly ascertained. j "It"-' 202 rANDLESTirKS— CANTirATUnKS. An \rrniiril iif lln< Riitcn iif Duty Hc|mriiti'l.v i Imrifc'il on TiilWivv, Wnx, nml HiiiTinnrcll rumlli'ii, thft N 11 III III' r III' I'iiiiiiiIh' NV rill III iii'i'iii |i hurl iiriMJiiiril, iiml ilir'roi.il aiiiiiial Nili Ur v'i'iiiitMlorkvi.'iirruiu I'uiiilleH, In Ori'iil llrlliiin, In I'liili Vi'iir Hinir !•<«» — (I'ar/. /'d/nr, No. I(W Hi>n«. 1S30.) t ' ' t . ' I t Yun. PniiiIi' W>i(hl nf I tivlln. NttI HiHiiiw. Milrnf Halnnf Rtla i>r Tallnw. Duly (icr lb. Wm. Duly |wr lb. Siwrmacrll. Duly per lb. i/. ./. il. £ >. it. 1«20 ss.n.w.'ini 1 fiOO.TO.'V H l03,'tA3 •Ji .77;M.VI H ft isai (»;i,N|ti.;Mt( — (1117, liNl IM,(117 :iii.'),(iii H 7 IN«J »H,;iii.H(ii — IWU,-ill — l7ll,'J(tN — •ILVMllI 1.1 ,1 lH'.i;i KfJ.ltil.N;!! — i;!l|,MII — ]H(I,1()| — •i:i:t,.'):i7 n n 1N'.'» imi,' 1 is'ir, IK, in:, wo — K',i.;i7(» — a(iH„i77 — ^ ■K'l.OII H u l-'-Jtl iiiMii'j.tu:i — TO.'i.tilA — 2(II,71K) ■\h-.im \'i 1 IVJ7 1 1 i,ii:i!i,.VH — TL-KtMS — 2S».ii:7 — •IhT.illS i 4 iNiW I17„TW.1.'>7 — 7 \H,'i<» — 27{l,2ft3 — 4i)7,77(l 2 1( IH3U ll.'i,l.'Hi,HIW — 7ltl.().Vi — XIO.HM — 4N»,«5U 1 [Both spermaceti and tnllow caiulk's arc cxporti'd to a very coii.'jiileralilc amount from the L'liited StiUea to tlie We.st IndicH, Mexico, and Smitli .America. IVevv Uedford, in Muhhu- cliu.selts, is tliti jiriiK'ipal place wiiero tiic former description of tliein arc made; nltiiough Judd'H candles, from New Vork, are those whicli arc in the highest repute. — Am. l!if.] Cvviii.K, S(ik or Auction hi/ Iiirh of, is when a wniill piece of candle lieinjf lii^hted, tho hystaiiderx arc allowed to bid for tiie niercliiiiidist! that is Helling : but the moment the cundlo is out, the commodity is adjudi;cd to the last bidder. L'.VMJLESTK'KS {iWuUwhUr ,■ l)». Kaiuhlmin ; ¥t. ChamhUern ,• It. Candel- fieri ; fSp. ('ii)tdclcrox ; Kus. I'oil.swtsc.liiiikii) are of silver, brass, iron, bronze, tin japnimed, or copper plated, made of dilferent palleriis and sorts. The best plated candlesticks are iiianufacturud at Hhefneld ; the common Hurt of plated unca, as also bratis, japanned, &c. are made at Dirmiiif^ham. CANELLA ALUA (Fr. Cainlk hlanrhc ; Gcr. Werner Ztmmct ; \i. Canellu h'lanca ; Sp. Caniila Ijliinca; Lat. Canclla alhu), the iiuier bark of the C'miclla alba, u tree growing in the West Indies. It is brought to this country packed in casks and cases, in long pieces, .;omu rolled in ({uills and others tint ; the (piillcd sort is considerably thicker than cinnamon, and the Hat nearly J of an inch in thickness. The (juilled pieces arc yellow on both sides ; the ilat jiiecesare yellow on the outside and pale brown within. The odour of both kinds, when fresh broken, is aromatic, something like a mixture of clovca and ciiuianaon ; and the taste sliuihtly bitter, and extremely warm and pungent CANES. Sec Bamiioo, Rattans. CANNON, CANNONS (Du. Kmionen .- Fr. Cannns ; Gcr. Kanoncn ,- It. Caniwni ,- Ta], Dziula ; Por. Canfioes ,- lias. Puscfiki ,- i^p. Canoties ; Sw. /Cano«), a kind of long hollow engines for throwing iron, lead, or stone bulls by the force of gunpowder. They are commonly made of iron, but frequently also of a mixture of copper, tin, and brass. They arc either cast hollow, or solid and then bored ; those made in the latter way being very superior. Brass cannons, or cannons made of mixed metal, are said not to be so well cal- culated for hard service, or quick and continued firing, as those made of iron. The propor- tions of the ingredients used in niakinij; the former do not differ materially in difl'crent coun- tries, though they rarely coincide. To 240 lbs. of metal fit for casting, wc commonly put 68 lbs. of copper, 52 lbs. of brass, and 12 lbs. of tin. To 4,200 lbs. of metal fit for eastinjf, tlio Germans put 3,687/p lbs. of copper, 204|| lbs. of brass, and ."3074"^ lbs. of tin. Others, again, use 100 lbs. of copper, (> lbs. of brass, and 9 lbs. of tin ; and others, 100 lbs. of copper, 10 lbs. of brass, and 1.5 lbs. of tin. It seems to be the general opinion that cannon were first made use of in 1336 or 13.38 ; l)Ut Don Antonio de Capmany has produced some statements, which render it almost certain that some sort of artillery was used by the Moors in Spain so early as 1312. — (Qucstione.i Criticus, p. 181. «Scc.) Cannons were certainly u.sed by the English in 1347 at the siege of Calais, and by the Venetians at Chioggia in 1366, and in their wars with the Genoese in 1379 and 1380. The Turks employed them at the sieges of Constantinople, in 1394 and 14.53. When first introduced, they were for the most part very heavy and unwieldly, and threw balls of an enormous size ; they were, however, owing to tlieir frequently burstincf, about as dangerous t > those using them as to their opponents. There is a valuable article on the construction und history of caimons in Re.es's Ci/clopasdia ; but it was published pre- viously to the appearance of Capmany's work referred to above. CANTHARIUES, OR SPANISH FLY (Fr. Cantharides, Mmichcs d' Espagne ; Ger. Spnyii,sc/ie FUes;en ,• It. Canterelle ,- Lat. Cantharis ,• Kus. Hixcfipanskie muchi ; Sp. Cant(trid(ts). This insect is found on a variety of shrubs in Spain, Italy, France, &c. Those used in this country are imported partly from Sicily, but principally from Astracan, packed in casks and small chests. The best arc of a lively fresh colour, a small size, and not mouldy.' They are frequently adulterated with the Melohnlha vitis ,• but this is distin- CANTON. 20:1 ivcil irum 1 a. d. Sfi It 5 II H 7 ,:a 1.1 H iw Irt 1 )14 H « MH) 1*2 1 ;iis a 1 77(1 2 It I 051) 1 I t from the ill MiiKHa- i\llliou(;h , /■;,/.! ii;hteil, llu) the cuuUle [t. CanJil- : jnpniini'il, I'stickii are !■(], &c. are 7« hlanca ; CO growing long piecfit, cinnsitiion, both siilfs ; both kinds, n ; and the Carmoni ! ind of long They are iruss. Tht'y being very 1 80 well cal- The propor- li-rcnt coun- fiinionly put for castinR, lbs. ot tin. 100 lbs. of 3Gor 1338; |nost certain f Qucstioiufi the siege of T Genoese in In 1394 and vieldly, and [ly bursting, Juable artiole IbUshed pro- agm, Ger. %uclti ; Sp. ■"ranee, &c. Astracan, jail size, and Ills is distin- ipiiMhuble by itn form, which Ik wpmrcr than tlir riintlmri*, and by itri black fcrl. If thry Iw properly dried iiiul protected from Ihu uir, they may Imj kr|it for a very Ion;; period. — ( 'I'/iiiiiixiiit'H Dli/inindlori/,) (!A.\"r()\, line iif the urciitcst emporiums in the Kimt, ranking, ax a port of tradi', cither before, or innnedialcly nttcr ( 'alciitla, kjIiui:/ 'I in thi* province of ijnantong, in ( 'hin:i ; being tho only place in lli:it emjiire rreipiented by Huropt m fr:nlerM : bit. VJiJ" 7' Id" IN., Inn. 1 l:W 11' K. Canton HtamU on the eastern bank of ttie Pekiurii( Hiver, which Hows from the interior in a navig^ilile stream of :i(U) niilcH In tliincitVi where it I* rithrr broader than the 'I'lianieH at London Uridgo ; fulling, after an additional < •"ir«e of M(» uiili"*: 'nto the ttoulhern Hi'a id" (Jbina. .Near iln jnnction with tint hc 1 it is ealleii by fdrr'gners Uorra 'i'igri*. The town ill Hnrroundt'd by a thick wall, bnill paril\ ,,l stone and p(»nly of brick, and is ilivided into 'i parts by another wall rnniiing east and wc^t. The northern division is ealleil the Old, and the Hontherii part the \(iw (Jity. In tho (tid city \» the Mantcliou nr Tartar general, with a garrison of Mantchoii troopH under Iuh eoiuioniid. The lieutenant-); vernor or rooymn'rt odlee in also in the old city, but the governor and Moppo (principal customs olll- cer) reside iu the new eily, not far from the river. All foreign eommerce is conducted in tho Honth-wt-Kt ftuburb, where tho fitreign factorioB are fitualed ; and which, with the other Hubnrbs, is probably not less jiopulous ih.in thn city itself. The residence of Kuropeans is conlincd to a very small space, on the banks of the river; which might, however, be as pleasant nn a crowded mercantile pbico can well be, were it not for the great number of small (liciHliii^ hoats, which cover the face of the river. The jieoplo who occupy the larger portion of these boats are said to have come originally from the south ; and being a foreign and despised race, were not, at llrst, allowed to dwell on shore ; but most of the distinctions Itetween them and the rest of the people have been abolislu'd. Although Canton is situated nearly in the same parallel of latitude as ('alculta, there in a considerable diircrenee in their tem|teratnre ; the former being much the coolest, and reipur- ing fires during tho winter months. The streets of Canton are very narrow, paved with little round stones, and tiagged close to the sides of the houses. The front of every house isti (iliop, and those of particular streets are laid out for the supply of strangers ; ('hina-slieet is appropriated to Europeans; and here the prixluctiuns of almost every part of the globe are to be found. One of the shopkeepers is always to be founil sitting on the counter, writing with a camel's hair brush, or calculating with his swanpan, on which instrument u Cbineso will perform operations in numbers with as much celerity as the most expert Knropcait arithmetician. This jiart of Canton being much frequented by the seamen, every urtilice is used by the ('hinesc retailers to attract their attention ; each of them having an l']nglish name for himself pauited on the outside of his shop, besides a number of udvertisementa coaiiiused for them by the sailors in their own peculiar idiom. Tho latter, it may be sup- posed, are often duped by their Chinese friends, who have, in general, jticked up a few sea phrases, by which the seamen are induced to enter their shops ; but they suit each othci extremely well ; as the Chinese dealers possess an imperturbable command of temper, laugh heartily at their jokes without understanding them, and humour the seamen in all their sallies Siiips only ascend the river as far as Whumpoa, about 15 miles below Canton ; loading and unloading by means of native boats. Tho Chinese, considered as traders, are eminently active, persevering, and intelligent They are, in fact, a highly commercial people ; and the notion that was once very generally entertained, of their being peculiarly characterised by a contempt of connnercc and of strangers, is as utterly unfounded as any notion can possibly be. Business is transacted at Canton with great despatch ; and it is aHirmed, by Mr. Milburn, and by most of the witnesses examined before the late parliamentary committees, that there is no port in the world, where cargoes may be sold and bought, unloaded and loaded, with more business-like speed and activity. The fears, whether real or pretended, of disturbances arising from a want of discipline in the crews of private ships, have been proved to be in a great degree futile ; the Americans and other private traders having-rarcly experienced the slightest inconvenience from any tumults between their sailors and the natives. Provisions and refreshments of all sorts are abundant at Canton, and, in general, of an excellent (juality ; nor is the price exorbitant. Every description of them, dead or alive, is sold by weight. It is a curious fact, that the Chinese make no use of milk, either in its liquid state, or in the shape of curds, butter, or cheese. Among the delicacies of a Chinese market are to be seen horse flesh, dogs, cats, hawks, and owls. The country is well sup- plied with lish from the numerous canals and rivers by whi';h it is intersected. Foreiirn Factories. — These extend for a considerable way along the banks of the river, at the distance of about 100 yards. They are named, by the Chinese, hongs, and resemble long courts, or closes, without a thoroughfare, which generally contain 4 or .5 separate houses. They arc built on a broad (luay, and have a parade in front. This promenade is railed in, and is generally called Respondentia Walk ; and hero the European merchants, commanders, and officers of the ships, meet after dinner and enjoy the cool of the evening. 2b2 •^rt C9 1^ I "If'; 294 CANTON. ' I • i I The Encrlish hong, or factory, far surpasses the others in elegance and extent. Tliis, with the American and Dutch hongs, are the only ones that keep their national flags flying. The neighbourhood of the factories is occupied with warehouses for the reception of European goods, or of Chinese productions, until they are shipped. In 1822, during a dreadful con- flagration that took place at Canton, the IJritish factories, and above 10,000 other houses were destroyed ; on which occasion the Eiist India Company's loss was estimated at 500,000/. sterling, three fifths in woollens. For the space of 4 or .5 miles opposite to Canto, the river resembles an extensive floating city, consisting of boats and vessels ranged parallel to each other, leaving a narrow passage for others to pass and repass. In these the owners reside with their families ; the latter rarely visiting the shore. All tlie business at Canton with Europeans is transacted in a jargon of the English lan- guage. The sounds of such letters as B, D, R, and X, are utterly unknown in China. In- stead of these they substitute some other letter, such as L for R, which occasions a Chinese dealer in rice to offer for sale in English a rather unmarketable commodity. The name mandarin is unknown among the Chinese ; the word used by them to denote a jjcrson in authority being quan. Mandarin is a Portuguese word derived from the verb mamhtr, to command. — {Haini lion's East India (Gazetteer; Milbtirn's Orient. Commerce,- Companion to A)ier announcing the goods at the C'ustnin-liouse, and a hong merchant must state it to government; if granted, a hong merchant and linguist are ordered to go to Wliamiioa and tako an account of such goods ; all which, with the expense of boats, runners, &c. at Whampoa, costs 40 or 50 dollars. —(C'«m/)aiiiuniit they vary so much in particular instances, that it is iie.xt to impossible to attain any certainty with respect to them. Tliefillowinc is an example of a vessel of tho 1st class subject to the highest rate of measurement cli.irire, ffoui which an idea of the amount of port charges on other vessels may be obtained : — The (ilcnelg, 867 tons. I.enirih from mizen to foremast, covids .... - 83-1 Wtiicli multiplied by tlie breadth, from gangway to gangway ... 260 And divided by 10, gives the dimensions Multiply that sum by - . Taels The measurement charge will be 1,701'418 taels, which, at 72 taels per 100 dollars, = Spanish dollars ......_ Cnnisliaw, or present, taels 1,600-683, at 72 per 100= . . . . Pilotage in ami out ....... liar boats and other small charges, about . . - _ . Linguist's fees, about ....... Comprador's fees, about - - - '' - 21606 J-874755 2,36.'l 2,223 120 30 173 50 Spanish dollars 4,039 Vessels of the 2d class are charged in measurement from 1,200 to 1,600 dollars, and those of the 3d size I'rojn (iUfl to W)0 dollars. Tin; covid employed is equal to about 1 IJ inches. The consequence of this mode of imposing the port duties is, that while they are very moderate on ships of 10(1 or 500 tons burden and upwards, they are very heavy on small ships: and hence small country ships fre(inently lie olf l.iiiting Flora, orl.arge Hay, till some of the large European ships come in siirht, when they shift their carsoes on hoard tin; latter. They are commonly carried up to (.':inton for 1 per cent., by which means the duties and cumshaw are both saved. Chinese junks are exempted from the port lines. ('ii|it:iin Collin, the commander of an American ship of about 400 tons register trading to China, in- fnnni'il tin; late committei! of the House of Commons, that the whole charges of every description fulling upon his ship, in entering and clearing out from Canton, incluiling measurement duty, cuinslnu', pilotage, rktunllinir of ))ie.27. 1828. ; Cotton manufactures Iron in bars (liritidh) I.ead and shot - - - Skins and furs - - - Woollens . - - All other articles Total valtte of exports Iiy the") East India Company to China j £ 0.002 I3,4N2 8,703 674,.585 5,005 £ 15,502 22,130 33,516 532,221 8,407 £ 107 17.214 30,221 31,151 652,017 5,058 £ 11.005 ,30,007 41,018 750,068 5,082 £ 20.7.52 : 32,154 413,422 3,137 708,047 612,139 744,850 652,030 493,815 1 f ! , Account of the registered Tonnase employed by the East India Company, clearing out annually fioni the Port of Canton for England, and of the C'liarges imposed by the Chinese on the Company's Bliips ill Canton during the tiiulerinuntioned Years. Years. Cleared out for Kii^land. Charges in TaeK nale per Tael. Amount. 1 1829 ]8;!0 1831 1^!.32 Tonuai(6, 27,904 20,037 27,431 27,852 91.518 02,976 85,691 95,184 J. rf. 6 8 30.500 ! .3S,0>9 1 28.501 1 31.728 1 The following is a detailed Account of the Quantities and Prices of the different Sorts of Tens ex- ported from China in 1821-25 and 182)5-29 by the East India Company, to Creat Uril.iin and li^ili^ll America. Exported to Enjland. Exportei to the North American Coloaics. 1824-25. 1828-29. 1824-25. 1828- 29, 1 Teas. Avert! ee Average Av(ri:re A ! vi-r.i?e 1 Quantity. IVinic (_"(,st Quantilj-. Prime Cost Quantity. Pr ■ Ciai QlMlltilV. Prime tost' per 11). per 11). per 111. per lit. j I.hs. a. a. Aft.s. .S-. ,/. Lhs. \s. d. J.h..: ,s'. ,/. 1 Iloliea .1,589,804 9-301 4,19S,0f.4 9-512 87.340 ; O-.'iOl 1011.315 0-ini, Congou 18,773,980 1 3-307 16,951.171 1 2-,'-|S7 81,733 1 3-600 914,616 1 o-;iiii (Jaiiipoi 214,153 1 6-427 507,881 1 7-461 ^ ] Souchong 269,4,')6 I 10-501 183,198 1 10-870 51,312 1 3-007 19,708 1 0-59'.) Pekoe 33,973 1 11-569 — — 3.539 2 0-504 Twankay - 3,791.405 1 4-460 5,471.633 1 3-810 .570,120 1 3-831 140.7 .-.3 1 fi-7-'li IIvsiiii skin - 178,596 I 5-520 154,707 1 4-238 103,020 1 3-309 10,195 1 48|iii' You 11!: hvson — — — 173,317 2 2-0.(8 Ilvson 6f)6,562 2 7-094 1,149,371 2 2-263 £8,830 2 4-730 33,2-^ 1 'I 0-(l3T. Gunpowder - — — — 4,0.'j3 2 0-Jli ! 27,517.938 28,017,2'-0 1,1 70,1. SO 1.229,'i5» *'7 517 *t38 28,017,210 Whole exports tc I in the year 1824-25. In 182.1-20 ' Uritain anc Americi 28,007,088 20,847,231 In 1831-32 the total exports of tea hy the East India Company were, to FjiL'land, 30.203,008 lbs. ; to North Aineri(-iin cidonies l,27i).>'50 lbs. ; being loijeilier 31,l79,9.-i4 lbs. 'I'lii' tiL'gresali! prime cost ([Kir- tiuulurs not stated) was 1,907,646/.— (JV. iJ.— For full details as to the lea trade, see art. Tka.) Seasons. N CI 1S16-1817 2, 1817-1818 2, 1818-1819 3, 1819-1S20 2, 1820-1821 3, 1S21-1822 2, 1822-1823 1, 1823-1821 2, 1824-1825 2, 1825-1820 3, 182l)-1827 3, 18-27-1828 s, 1828-1820 s, 1829-1830 7, 1830-1831 6, Tijtal - '56 CANTON. 209 r-mcntion«iJ The Company's business in Ciiina lins been ciirriod on by an establishment of piililic officers, con- sisting of 12 supercargoes iind as many writers, proniotctl accoriliiiK to seniority; tlie former were paid by a commission cliierty derived from the monopoly sales of tua in England, and the latter by fixed salaries ; both beingsiipplied with lodging and u public table at the Company's expense. The 3 senior supercargoes, called the selerl committee, constituted the governing body, and liad the whole control, not only of the Company's trade, but politically of all British interests in China. Tho entire charges of the Company's China cstablislimenl in lsao-2i) were 138,520/. ; being Twelve supercargoes . . - . Twelve writers . _ - - - Persons fdling professional and other distinct offlcoa Rents and repairs of private apanmenta Rent of factory, port charges, and other expenses 53,121 10,228 H,nr)7 16,782 49,440 The Company's business was wlioUy conducted with the hnng merchants, to the exclusion of the unlicensed or outside mi.'rchants, as they are called. The select committee divided amongst such of tlic solvent hong merchants as it pleased, the whole amount of the Company's export and import cargoes, and the business was done by a Itind of barter ; a system long banished among the free traders. The ships employed by the East India Company in the China trade were commonly from 1,0U0 to between 1,400 and 1,500 tons burden, the greater proportion being from 1,300 to 1,100 tons. Trade between Brithh India and China. — The trade is of decidedly more value and im- portance than that carried on between Great Britain and China; a result which seems mainly ascribablc to the circumstance of its beinff principally in the hands of private in- dividuals. The greatest article of export from India to Canton used to be cotton wool, prin- cipally from Bombay ; but it is now far surpassed by opium, the imports of which into China have sexlupled since 1816-17, and are worth, at present, about 13,500,000 dollars ! This increase is the more extraordinary, seeing that opium is contraband in China ; but the edicts of the emperors are as unable to prevent its introduction, as the proclamations of James and Charles were to hinder the use of tobacco in England. It is every where smuggled with case and safety. The trade was at first principally conducted at Whampoa ; but the exac- tions of the Chinese authorities drove it to Macao, where it increased, but whence it was subsciiuently driven by the exactions of the Portuguese. It is now principally carried on in the Bay of Lintin. Here the opium is kept on board receiving ships, of which there are frequently not less than 12 quietly lying at anchor, without danger or molestation of any sort. The exports from China to India consist of sugar for Western India, tea, porcelain, nan- keens, cassia, camphor, &c. ; but the amount of these is not very considerable, and the re- turns are principally made in bills and bullion. Opium is sold by the resident European or American agents ; and, on an order from these for its delivery, it is handed over to the smugglers, who come alongside the ships at night to receive it ; putting the naval force, Custom-house establishment, and police of the empire at dcdance. We subjoin an Account of the Imports of the different Sorts of Opium into China from 1816-17 to 1830-31, both Inclusive. Seasons. Patoa and Benares. Mahva. Total. Turkey. Nn. of Aver. Total Nn. of Aver. Total 'No. of Value. So. of Aver. Total ChMl*. Price. Value. Chests. Price. Value. thesis. Jhests. Prii-e. Value. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dnllari. Dollart. DoUnrs. Dollars. 1S16-1817 2,fil0 1,200 3,132,000 fiOO 875 525,000 3,210 3,657,000 750 300 375,000 1817-1818 2,.'>30 1,205 3,200,450 1,150 612 703.800 3,680 3,904,250 1,000 010 010,000 181H.1810 3,050 1,000 3,050.000 1,530 725 1,109,250 4,580 4,159,2.')0 700 625 437,500 1S19-1S00 2,'J70 1,235 3,007,950 1,020 1,175 l,915,2i0 4,000 5,583,200 200 975 195,000 1820-1821 3,0.iO 1,900 5,795,000 1,720 1,515 2,005,800 4,770 8,400,800 30 1,.V25 45,750 18-21-1822 2,910 2,075 0,038,250 1,718 1,325 2.276,350 4,628 8,314,000 500 1.025 512,500 1822-182;) 1,822 1,.552 2,828.930 4,000 1,290 5,100,000 5,822 7,988,930 220 1,270 287,080 1823-1821 2,910 1,000 4,050,000 4,172 925 3,859,100 7,082 8,51.5,100 1 , 1824-182.-) 2,055 1,175 3,119,025 0,000 7.'i0 4,500,000 8,055 7,619.(i25 1825.1820 3,142 913 .3,141,755 0,179 723 4,460,450 9,021 7,008,205 No account has 1820-1827 3,«fil 1,002 3,008,505 0,308 912 5,911,520 9,969 9.010,085 been kept of Tur- 1827-1828 5,114 998 5,105,073 4,.301 1,201 5.251,700 il,475 10,350,833 key opium during 1828-182!) 5,901 910 5,004,235 7,171 900 0,928,880 13,132 12,53.3.115 these years. 1829-1830 7,143 858 5,149,577 6,8,37 861 5,907,580 14,000 12,0.'>7.1.'>7 1 1830-1831 Total - 0,000 '50,488 809 5,789,794 12,100 587 7,110,227 58,200,977 18,700 12,900,031 12.3,208,181 - - 04,997,204 65,496 - - 121,981 3,406 - - 2,402,770 In 18.31-32, the total import of opium into China was 21,062 chests, of the value of 13,917,420 dollars. The stock on hand, 1st of January, 1833, was 5,110 chests. Nine tenths of the opium trade is in tlie liands of the British Indians. The following tables exhibit the general results of our trade with China from \814-15 downwards : — o i _ 300 CANTON. Account of the Annual Volun of tho Trndo between the Siibjecta of Grcnt Urilnin nnil China, from 181 1-1.5 to 1830-31, botli incliioivo, (lisliiiguinliiiig the Trade uf the East India Company from that of individiialii. Corrected Slate Vahie of Im- V.ilue of Eiportu and Im- ports belWBtn India and China. ports between KnifUnd and China on Ac- V.llnenf Trade Value of Trade Teari. Total. Tndf with nua, uf Individuals with Chiua. ot" tlie Company with China. On Account of On Account of count of the Company. Iniiiviiluali. the Cuiiipany. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ I SI 1-1,5 2,573.010 221,589 2,705,.)29 2,055,776 5,751,205 2,573,940 3,177.3.55 1815-10 2,370.020 350,470 2,735,496 4,285,709 7,021.295 2,379,020 4,til2.2(i0 I81fi-17 3,031.031 2.30.083 3,264,114 2,962,ll(i2 0,220,170 3,034,031 3,li'8,145 ISIT-IS 3,.327.77() 710,100 4,0.37,870 2,1S3,022 0,220,K92 3,327,770 2.h93,122 1S18-1!) 3,510..3,32 304,543 3,880,875 8,065,389 5,910,204 3,516,3.32 2,420,932 1819-20 2.lll0.i;i7 33l,h07 2,521,0-14 3,002,456 5,017,400 2,100,137 3.427,203 lS'20-21 3.328,030 002.004 3,931,033 2,935,roduce. Years. Tea. Silk. Nankeen Cloths. Articles '>f Cliiiifso Produce. I.b<. 1.1,1. Piecet. faluc I.. Lbs. Lbl. PilKt. »'iilwei. 1793 ' 10.007,331 171,998 77,808 26.092 1S13 The records of this vear were destroye 1 by file. 1704 83,710,774 99.071 374,398 19,809 1814 26,110,550 1.50,629 783,253 20,054 1 1793 27,208,003 158,225 146,365 19,186 1815 25,002,214 816,129 896,797 19,474 1790 0,181,028 l'-!,968 48,648 23,002 1816 36,23l,3r<0 88,987 3'.M!,4,53 29 05(1 1797 16,235,125 78,.520 77,338 83,258 1S17 31,407,073 103,367 564,'J26 35,703 1798 44.873.112 136,196 257,473 25,054 1818 80,063,728 146,878 409,349 19,510 1799 15,090,080 63,004 184,490 17,131 1819 23.750,413 141,325 523,852 55,595 1800 15,105,.308 92,385 170,917 25,960 1820 .30,147.99-1 271,115 900,746 70,827 1801 29,801,739 131, .335 306,851 89,293 1821 30,731,105 27,5.110 500.002 39,054 1802 27,.356,50a 75.588 274,021 19,054 1822 27,3(52,700 222.073 287,431 23,419 1803 .30,843,134 74,538 832,894 23,134 1823 29,016,885 392,717 412,070 73.(),'i5 1804 26,080,781 90,302 2()4,-!07 26,184 1884 31,081,977 293,014 1,010.494 09,618 1805 28,538.825 76,359 252,207 15,198 1885 29.345,099 1 18.070 398,998 75,9I>3 1806 22,155,557 18,607 370,234 10„504 1826 29,810,401 40,5,185 431,520 124.51)9 1807 12,599,230 55,277 72,1.35 11,474 1827 39.740.147 208,2.'57 99 098 97,7.J2 1608 35,747,824 1 17,855 484,647 17,617 1828 .32.078.540 288,016 529,002 95,412 1809 21,717,310 90,003 287,780 14,268 1829 30,544,382 000,444 919,255 103,077 1810 19,791,356 .54..376 305,009 14,87 1820-21 23 2-'.0!t2 1795-6 5 4,856 1808-9 15 19,290 1821-22 10 21.1175 1796-7 17 14,3.54 1801^10 13 17,272 1S22-23 19 20.1113 1797-8 32 37,682 1810-11 15 18.9><4 1823-24 21 I^.Tu 1798-9 13 18,731 1811-12 19 25..32t 1821-25 19 'i5,<.i70 1799-lSOO 10 18,840 1818-13 21 27,287 1825-26 83 27.^y4 1800-1 82 87,407 1813-14 19 24,406 1820-87 29 35,iilii) 1601-2 21 84,531 1814-15 21 21.890 lS27-?>» 25 V.\K'.i 1802-3 81 25,994 1815-16 26 33.075 182>^-20 80 27.11(14 1803-4 17 28,879 1816-17 27 28.032 1S29-30 23 29,111 1804-5 19 84,191 1817-18 15 20,000 lKlO-31 21 27.N79 1805-6 15 19,100 1818-19 16 21.210 1831-38 r ; 27.010 The following tables give very full details as to the trade between Great Bi.- ir; ,iiid Can- ton, and the trade between the latter and British India, carried on under the British flag, during the years ended the 31st of March, 1831 and 1832. Most part of tlie trade between India and Oiiton is condiicti-il by theoiitsidt* merchant!'. Thohunj mercliants rarely adventure upon Iransartions in opium, of wliidi this trade principally onnsistu. We have obtained from Canton the following corrected acionnt of the Hrilisli trade at tlial cilv, in 1831-32. It corresponds pretty cloaely with the succeeding account, derived from the Pari. Pnperl'Sn. 229. Segs. 1833; but it is drawn up in a dilferent form, and more in detail. Being an.xious to nfforii all the information in our power with respect to thia great emporium, we did not think we slioulil be warranted in withholding it. C SC»=^.M ? §-?3 1 ° = 1 r pit ^1 3,.= " • . e-§ Ic-i" 2.; > v.^%-.^ ' •* . , / — A. ca J- -; •- - f s i,^ie th DnllOT Sicee equal to dollan CANTON. 801 I Cliina, from f fruni that of Value fif Tridp of tie Cniiipany with China. £ 4,t) 12.1211!) 3,li'2,115 2,42(1.932 .'i.42T,2fi3 3,538,Hil8 3,IT0,0b2 2,832,14!) 3,5.'!6,473 2,(i2ri,(ir>l 2/r8,fil0 3,53!),3nfi 3,212,1)44 2,(1,51,114 2,7!in.714 3.347,228 I. >d Kingilom, io MisrcUaneous Articles of Cliiiiesc 1 . ! rmueL royeil by fur, VA 20,054 07 10,474 ^A 20 050 2fi 35,703 49 10,510 52 55,505 46 70,827 ti2 .1!l,()54 31 23,41!) 7fi 73.(i35 III (i!),618 98 7.'),(«!3 20 124.,'it)<) i()8 07,7.Vi 02 05,412 :55 103,077 30 U4.131 71 bO,7yt) llnilud Kingdom .1. Tens. \ 1 2.S.151 1 t 2-i 002 ) 21.1175 ) 2li,013 2\2,'!7 ) 'i5.O70 ) 27.804 ) 35,!Nii) ) yi,^>:i3 ) 27.!i04 1 2!l.lll 1 27.^:l' i 27.010 .' iti ,tiid Can le British flag iaiit<>. TliPhong lly consists. iit thill lity, in Pari. Paper, Sn. in.xioiiB to ftffnrtl ik we should b« corrected Stntcmcntof the British Trade at the Port of Canton for the Year ending the Slat of March, 183?. ??>.'£■ iIS-|'SS5iiE5i|.||||| '•ksf D P H n a. il- IF' ■as lit"} I. •|- 9 P ll'i §■ ■a r r T c n ^- =0 w 58 33 <^ tr w =isb=i8S 3 = 2 '^ 'S^ 1. r* ■ -''23 ■i?? I si I I IS' •2-r. 1 1; I li •-oO' o o — ra , jRI I I l!l , KJ gj -I .^ * 'l.^ I I ' X.' o iC 8 i £ '."J ^ » — «i i.igftuc c7) — oiS) I I I I §' (2* O- to — UD ' •* > I : Si; ~ I •s a B a " 3 I S3 -J Mill I I II I I I £ INI ' -1 "1"^ 11^ ""Jiiiliilli^i -1 I I I ■; S I I •3. CO C3 1 1 1 1.^ gi'g -I o a: !^r -I o O) ? ^ I 15 to 5=- -. = a I a hs-'K o — ^ ig! rr U ~ .t. £. ' ,r* <^ P P ]■- P ,w ^sk'i'i'i'is liiS" OCT) -I X tD(D £>ot\ioa)£)ocS4>-,5 J- r.^ tji ti. »; ^ fn J. _i r J ^ i oi^ OT £> U? O ^ (^ ■£> O M <£ -.1 — = s-'sSS ^1 t = 3 =3 • : 1? ^3 " ss '8 I i^ 1. §» f-Hi , e-i . . g.. C-. 5.?. g g.o.. ... . "b' 5 °-* K T! «• « ■ o. ....#. J. |.. I , "3. "2. 3 ^ "o J*^ ^3 n n , I IS Si I I is|i' I Ms' Sis' J^ .'^^ ^ JO ^t^ 53 Jj' N) * oSS'fe :ji',8»sg ES!3a aSiS |; ..''*.".... I M lis_ 1 11 Ei II ag, TV rr ■23 ' s 1 1 ■: S.3 1 II 1 1 s 1 II .:: ;■.: s I 1 1 -S s 5 1 s s.s gSs. . . . S.8 r;. - - ■"■sgsg o ts< Ui ;j. 5Kr? I II I I II !1 ••""■If 1.1 *- V — ij> w X -^ t;' - ^ ^ o o — -o _ K.! -<-':^ tg OI i ?i '^'r Otu 1 2„ J*^S, w^ — — -. O Kj ro — I ±» *7 ~i»- t3toty'-*ff>£. <£:,-< .Ck (D — Mt-uncha^ t-t COiU cau«-> i^ — ^^ ^ Oi ^i r^ 7 — iu oV C yi'tsj Q V"^ O^^r ~l Q V Ki fT: t-'lc O w'* t^ *^ 'r Id 'Ci »■ CL O »3 ^ O Oj 5 o S o O ■*- O^ 'C tS 'U — t. iS -■ 'J* M (i: U Ol M — — & S 5 %'8 ;) m.ick lea (ireen tea 24.7-.4.2(» its. S,4t-.S00 To Erglind per 23 ships in-.lhn Sycee equal to dollars rl B'lck tea . . (jreen lea - To England per 2.1 ships. 1 (ti) Per country ships. Vol. I.— 2 C i,no(i.-)!» l:.3,4li7 I,173,9''7 dnlUrs. 1,70" 4 06 ll)«. 32.),2IX) — '2.n3-2.W'.fi — (0 Ti) Eoslind, ilnlhii Sycee, t'qiial to tlollars Cilculla, d'dbre 8ycee, equal to dnilars 1,134,623 Dollar). S-42.3U7 171, -142 I6S.798 Bombay, dnlbrs • . 1,0');1,326 S. Anicrifan silver and sycee > ,,,, n,« eiiujl to doUara - \ o-4,-:i( Sundry places, dollar; Total export of bullion, sycee included. 1,976,930 340,340 1,57T..'Wl» 77,l)OJ Dollars 3,971,i-13 A'. J5.— The sycee is calculated at "IS, with 5 per cent, premium added. 53 •*in MIMMI "nr"-'! 302 CANTON. >. c Id Q. S o U o & o « = 3 c 2 c G^ R t^ c r.. t».« C I-t: c c « C *-• « c -c mm c rt «: rl rt t; 'S c ;^' > .c — rt rt c ■a JS a C -3 .ts a c r 73 tti •g ■j: c c 5 ci ez 7J H pj c 5 05 S o .2 n I. tj ■_ II! 5 ^ ai- ai 1' 1 1 ^ ill si g si ll 1 II 1' ■ ' 1 III J .2 ^ 4' 'i 111- 1 1 to oT 1 u a S 3 Is- i" ^ S 9 3 III !■ 3 1 II 5- Ah w 4| ^1. '1 li O IJii'l 1! C J^ 41 1 .!- 7. III |i 1 1 s a , 1 1 ^ 3 |3 ° ^1- CD I- si? 1 o O Is- " lit S3 5 S 1 Di- ss £r -Is! 1 - rt _ SS£c r,- = = c c 1 ,c:^ .*' 1- if ft -1 lii a -1 ^ s Z > w ,ij) - = - .^ n^ t 0> OJ 1 10 e S tq ^- •^ - = . r.^ s S 8 oT ^ .« rS 0! 8 § ■3 — (0 t/3 ■3 .a " 1 S rt ^ i^ 2" ' ..-r h s 1| 3- 1 1 n- ^' ffi a, S 1 S! ' 0- .?_- ^, 3 1 ^- Sl'^ a " ' « ^, § 1 « -5 -• I" S 1 f^ 5 1 -t a. ^ ^ 'A d ^ 5 § 1 1 H rt ^ 1 ^r > 5 - ^ i-a Pi s 8 ' ^- a b u Q Ph .is 1 a. 1 1 H in a 1 5' 3 > 1' ' 1 1 >. 13 , Q ^6 3- ' 1 1 h^ Is 1 1 1 a rt a. s, s **• 2 1 a ^ a 'A i 1 s § 1 S, '^4 ^" ■J-- c a , ^ ,M ^ 1 .-- 1 5.- ■5 ■T Si |i ^ 1 ?u e. " 3 "4 .Sr: t-r ?S r,i S 3 =:i- 1- .; T ''1 t- ,- .i-.r .n- a.?i - ^ -^ ' e ii ' s = c 3 • £ • ii i§ "-, "^, •^ t- 3 ^g.^ ^s.i •- E ^ .-^C " « >*•" . (lSs ■^in c <2.^_s ||.. ir" 3 3 rt ►» ■3 C3 ■~ 7 C D nf '"' -3 c: ■^ a C 7 ,, , a cT c c .. "2 rt u .f. ■a X -1 s r! n HN £• l1t 10 S (A — - CO 1 3 ^- a Jn « i^ '^ s T •J ■3 fj S £fi rt - E = O ■ rt U;3 > Hi N I If I ■5 "H £. H =^ rt rt I* r. T rt c 5 rt a.2 /i 2 ' 5 o^ 14 2 » s 5a (5^ 111 1 'J n a- 1.* 1 ■t J?? 1*^ 1^1 = lt (3 .i ii - 1— ^-^ 5"' ] I'^i!*?! 1 to if ^l «l 3 0' en <£> I- •** •/r> i Is s I ::: I- .5 m ir gK, ■^ f-S 5" ^^ OJ m >'. -I c c I ^ t/3 " a i.iv = Jh c ^ - S-" c C ^"^c^ :- )/* '-^, ■■ u t-n i r T e ;- <_ a c > 5" Ci T'^" ^ hi Sil" •^-i- / I. 'J r. - *■ ~ ^ , ''- '/ ;-r. fc '- 3 ;*r- ;?; CVz £ »!'* - 1 -^ V h-i 3 U-V ■ _:T CANTON. 303 ^ 51. — B *« • 'J a . 1 n T3- ■ TOTAL DR1TI8II TRADE WITH CniNA. ll .•St S^i w 3 ^*^ SH »i ? ■» E5 ■3 > = Ji u = I J .5 iJ - ,il^-? :;!" CI. c "C^ c > i^ii" H I-: — ; • 3 I =-•;; ■I I ^ 16, Trado by tin Company and Ihcir OBlcen. Trade by Indiviilvi»li. Total valup of the llriti
  • liil>iti< the: jiii|ii>rtii(ion of 'IVa into any of tlii; llritixh I'liiiio'HHiona ill Aiiicricii, anil inlo tlin inlitiiil of MaiiritiiiH, rxrcpt I'roni tlii! Ihiiti'il Kiii;(iliiiii, or Iroin hoiiii' olhrr lirltlsh iiohsi'mhIoiih in Ainorlca, iiiiil iinli'HN liy llin r.iiHt liiilla ('oiii|miiy, orwilli tlii-lr llci-iii'i' ; hIiiiIIIh-, from anil iil^i'r thi!22il day of April, IN.'M, ri"|ii!ali'il ; nnil llicni'rfiirih (iionvllhsianillim any proviiiiiin, eimrtnipnt, ki\ lo tliiM-nnlrary) It Bhall hi- luwliil for iiiiy of liU MiijcHtyV siilijiirtH tocarry on traiiu Willi any roinitrii'rt hi'yoiiil the (,'iipt! of (iiinil Hopn lo ilns HtrailM of MiiKfllaii.— } 2. Li.^t fif Per.^llll.^ nil biianl iihij S/iip uirii i«y i« Imlia to lie ilelivcrtd /« (ijjirirs i/ Cuftomii. — Tiin pKfion in roniiiianil of iiny Hliipor vI'hhi'I arriving ut any plaru in \\w. possrHstoii of or iinilor \\w uovrrniiii'iit of till! Naiil ('oinpiiiiy nliall inaki' out, ii\gn, and diHIvvr to tlir prini'ipal oHiirr of \\w ciihIoiiih, or olliRr prrniin lawfully aiitlioriHnd, a triiii and pi'rfi'it list, npi'dfyinK tlii> iiaiiirH, capacllii'H, and ilrxiriptioim fif all pi'rhonii who hIihII Ii ivi; Iummi on lioard hiii'Ii hIiIji or voMxrl at IIip tiiiii! of ilH arrival; and if any tiLTHon InviiiL' tliu coiiiniaiid of hiicIi Hliip or vrsHid Hlinll not inalit) out, »'\an, and drlivcr hiicIi list, hi; dliull forfeit 100/., half toMiirli piTson or pi'rHoiiH aHHiiall inform or siii> for tliii Haiiiisaiid I hi' oiIht half to ihr (;oiiipiiny ; and if tin: Conipuny hIiuII inform or hiiu fur tliu Hume, tliun tho wliulu puiially hIiuII beloiiR to the (Jompaiiy.— ?3. I'tiiallien liiiw rrruvertiblc.—'Y]w pnnaltica and forfidtiires nforosaid to lio rprnvprahin bynrtionnf debt, hill, &;r. in any roiirt of record In the United Kingdom, or in India, or LdHGwiiurf, to which Jiirin- diclioii slmll hn aftiirwanlH (jivi'n.— i 4. Tlirtf SiiperiiiHnilenta to the China Trail* to be. appointed. — Wlieroas it Is pxpodiont for tho olijiTts of tradi' and iiinirabli! intercoiirsn with thu donilni'ina of the niiipfror of China, that provlnion hi! mailu for till! oslalilisliiiit'iit of a liriliHh authority in them ; hu it oiiacted, that it xliall lio lawful for IiIh Mii- juKty liy any (MininiiMHion or warrant under his royal nIkii manual, to appoint 3 iiiiperintendi!ntH of the traili! of his Maji'Hiy's Kiilijuclii to and from the said iloniiiiioiiH, for tile purpiiHe of protectinK and pro- tnotiiiK Riii^h trade, and to appoint buiIi otHcem to ansiHt them In the e.veciilion of their diitien, and to grunt Kiich Kalarius to such Hupurintunduntd and ollicerx as hid Majesty hIiuII from time to time deem e.\pi'ilient.— J5. /lis Mijcflij mail ifsiie Orders and ComniifKion.i to have force in China. — It shall he lawful for his Ma- jesty, hy any such order or rommissioii as to his Majesty in council sli:ill appear e.\pedient and salu- tary, to give to the said siiperintcnilents, or any of them, powers and uiithorities over and in respect of the trade and commerce of his Majesty's sulijects within any part of the said dominioiia ; aiiw to issue directions and regulations touchiiiK the said trade and commerce, and for the government of liis Majesty's suhjecls williiii the said dominions; and to impose penalties, forfeitures, or imprisonmeiiiH, for the hrcachof any such directions or repnlutioiis, to lie enforced in such manner as in the said order shall III! specilied ; and to create a court of justice with criminal and admiralty jurisdiction for the trial of otlences committed by his Majesty's subjects within the said dominions, and the ports and liaveiis thereof, and on the hieli seas within 100 miles of the coast of China ; and to appoint one of :he f.upcr- intendeiits licrein-lieforu mentioned to be the otiiccrto hold such court, and other odicers for ex m uting the process thereof; and to grant such salaries to such ollicers as may appear reasonable.—? h. Snprrintendrnt.i, ^-e. not to accept Gifts. — No superiiilendeiit or coinmissioncr appointed i.ndji thi.s act shall accept in rejrard to the discharge of his duties any gift, gratuity, or reward, othe- tli, n i!i« salary granted to him as aforesaid, or be engaged in any trade or trallic for his own benefit, or fur the benetit of any other person or persons. — J 7. ^ Tonnase Duty to be imposed, to defraij the Expense of Establishments in China.— \l shall bo lawful for his Majesty in council, hy any order or orders to be issued from time to time, to impose and to em- power such persons as his Majesty in council shall think tit to collect and levy from or on account of any ship or vessels belonging to any of the sulijects of his Majesty entering any port or place where the said superintendents or any of them shall bo stationed, such duty on tonnage and goods as shall from time to time he specified in such order or orders, not e.\ceeding in respect of tonnage the sum of &s. for every ton, and not exceeding in respect of goods the sum of lO.v. for every 100/. of the value of tho same, the fund arising from the collection of which duties shall he appropriated, in such manner as his Majesty shall direct, towards defraying the expenses of the establit iments hy this act author- ised within the said dominions : provided always, that every order in cou; c ' issued by authority of this act shall be published in the London Gazette; ami that every such order in council, and tlie amount of expense incurred, and of duties raised under this act, shall be annually laid before both bouses of parliament.—} 8. Limitation of Actions. — Tlie next and last clause contains the usual provisions as to the limitation of actions, &c.— { 9. h ■' ■ I American Trade with China, — The American intercourse with China commenced shortly ailer the termination of tho revolutionary war, and speedily becaiuc one of the most valuable branches of the trade of the United States. The following statement shows the amount of the American trade from 1829-30 to 1831 -32, according to the returns furnished to parliament by the East India Company. An Account of the Value of Imports into, and Exports from, the Port of Ciintou by tho Subjects of the United States of America, in the Years lb29-30 to 1831-32. Yean. iDiportiinto China. ExiKjrtb from China. Total Value Imiiorli auil Kxi'urts. Sale Value Merchant iie. Dollan. Total Value. ToU-U Value. 1829-30 1830-31 1831-32 Dnllart. 2,793,988 2,871,320 2,383,685 DfUau. 1,123,644 183,055 667,252 Dullari. 3,917,032 3,0.')4,»75 3,050,937 Dnllnn. n 4,108,011 -^ 4,203,,'»51 6,857,732 DfJlar.1 8,020,213 7,3 ^..^iO 8.908.669 r Bills of exchange negotiated by the Americans in 1S2Q-30, 393,050 dollars ; ditto in 1830-31, 1,108,000 dollars; ditto in 1831-32,2,480,871 dollars.— (Par/. Paper, No. 229. Sess. 1833, p. 13.) 1^ ' We have obtained from the United States the subjoined account of the American trade ot Canton In 1831-32. This interesting document exhibits in detail the quantity and value of each article im- ported by the Americans into Canton, and of those exported ; tlie latter ure divided according to their lestination. CANTON. 05 fitRtemenl of tlie American Import and E.vpi.rt Tr:iilc iit tlic! I'nrl nf Canton, diirlnir the »«>ii n of IKIl-.TJ. Inipnrts. I [lilli of exrh.inifo l,'M'.) 7'l!l :I7H I,|IX) IU,Tlil no Irni) i'rule Kinienc Cl.irilk'il ilo. ('()|iiifr - Kh'f) .itiil [i^JtJy OllillUl Colton • Npelirr IV.iri alietti 2510 .V'«6 uil 770 1,072 yoo iMiXfn Till phfi's 3, 1 1 H pii'ia MrikVl cliilln J>>0 V..I7'' Ifl.MU 6.I'I2 H].3J.t <.'.uiile(H lilHIK t^lli • lj)i;< cloths Cl>ili(/ • Cainhrics JjDIIII'UliC^ 1,')6U ilriff^n II.iri isn.coDCiKJii - Wine, value Wiilclicj (ibM • .MiiDCCo tkiiis • Suiulrv inercliandiie IM. - 70 • 'I I J • 12 34 - ,'.« • 7; 1-2 • 200 • JOU • A • 2 ■ 5V) Tailt. • 8 Iki.'lari. - 1 34 - 37 • 10 • r> • K • 7 • 30 • 2;J • s . 4|.,1 ■ 4 ■ 2 • 3 • 1 1-2 • 6 12 • 42 - 1 1-2 • I 1-2 ■ .|n 0(1 |J>,'U0(HI 21,l'10-()0 2:K7iti Tfl 7O,20^-IIO 12,nS4-0O :ii.oo2(io .'Mi,-)!!!*) 7(i,lii:iiiO C0,^J2IX) 11,2^0'(KI 12,3J-7I-™ Uti7,2.^ 00 A2si,CMr,n 100,000-00 K<|mrta. 7'h the United Slatr.H. ri\rill. l2,l'-2nohri • 37, I'll SotichniiK .'1,212 'l',Minkay 17,(i71 lly*in skin ■10,0h*» >i,iiii,( hyson li.:l-lUllts»ii ■ 4. -Ml linpetial 4.ilii.'i liuii|io»iler 2,21', r<>iiihiinK .'il7 I', kne • 2(X) Cuiii;oti I ;) 1,7(10 r II Kit Tarli. 7,3ll<.l'20 at 1 1 • 24,1 17- > 1,1101 10 ' I.M'.-'iO ■ 2(>,(i|2 2-> > 4,4.>'lrlM ' a,lVI-HI ■ 3,(,-2 10 . 1,12.' .0 • 2W-.V) 12(1(K) Sl,l,-.-,-j2 /)(i»iir., Fnihi-oi'lereil rrape sliawls.at 3 I l),iiiiii,k ilo. (to. pieces O.ipe ll.sii.lkrrrliiefs .^tlisli.iws • 1(1 ick Mrsnets • Willie iln. Levaiitiiu-s • Do, Mliu . .S,1ttils .*s;itiii (Liiiiask • CiliileU • While poinleDS Slltclltleli do. Mijtf^l IntMtrini^s • pienis Seisiiijs • R.IVV silk " 3 4 7 G ft 1-2 H N 9 12 1-2 13 IS 9 11 4 12 7 4110 370 1.700 pieces nine Nank<>or« • 70 Coiiipany Nankeens .',0 ■1,.>11 piculs I'n-isia 3S 1,101 ( a»sia oil C'llnphor Hhnharh Siveetnieits 2,318 - Su^ar ■ \-'f^ ,000 I '),9r', boxes rmckcrs ■ 313 . Vermilion - 2.H44 rolls Mal'in* - (j'i.2 1,(120 U Dollars iJvltart. 2,-ilH,(yi 1 4,3,5,19,723,47 I) Hurt. 121.h7"(l0l 1 I'M III (X) Cli.AKHlOi 13s.01.l-mi 211.771(0' 2:)l,0tiM-lHli «7,li72fl« Tl,!'«2('0 70,',62l;0 90, '^'i 1X1 4.niix-00 31, ',(0-1X1 1I7,417(I0 l.'^2,VVI-5fl 3(l,»in-C0 140.000 00 40,3301X1 n<',2'0(io 33,T'-2- 3".ll-0(lO 4 0I(HX1 6(Kl-rfl n.iao-oo 10,515 00 10,541-00 23,s72--.0 13,116-00 14.2'OIX) ll.OM-OOl 7,50<10 100,000-00 1 TOJ.TIS'PO 40,00fl-00 70,(KX) 00 40,000--0 329,254- ao 132.000-00 S.(XXl-00 2,(X10 00 130 00(KIO 150,000- 00 142,000-00 ">,959,731-97 •^ O o It results from this stateniont, tlKil th(! Aiiieririin triiilo ol ("iiiiloii, in ISS1-S2, amoniiinl tn abiiiit 12,000.000 (liillars, hcinE equal to tllre^ fmirlhi of that canicil on at Coiitdii iliiriiiir tin- saiiw! year on account of till! East India Cdinpaiiy. It is of iinpnrtanci'to (ilisorvc that tin" doalinirs (if tin- Americans an; principally carried on with the oiitsidc merchants. Paptaiii Cdlfin, and oilier .American jreiitlemon examined liy the late committee of the lldiise of Cnmmons nn the China trade, speak in stroiij; turms of the facility and expedition with which business may be conducted at Canton. Traileof Portvgiiese, Spaniards, S^c. at Canton. — Respectinp the extent of the PortUBUesp, Sipanish, French, rSwertish, Danish, and Dutch trades, we li:v(! no data to lay liefdre the reader on which reli- ance could be placed; hut they are inconsiderahle ami tliictiialinp, cdiiipared with the branches already described. The Dutch trade is probably the larpesl ; but i-veii with the assistance of protectinsf duties in Holland, the Uutch are unable to withstand the enterprise and activity of the Aiiiericuns. Tha 2c2 3U 300 CANTON. > 'i f Por»iiBiiMf> trndr, pnrtlftilnrly thnt wltti tlin pnndcmilonii nf PortiiRixl on thecnntlnrnt of Imlln, wnii cniiNicli'riilili' iliirlnir lliii wiir, hut liii-i Hiiici- uri'iilly (li'illriKd. A niilinn nl' innri' i)|iiril tliiiii the I'ltrtii- gilfMi! Wdiilit, with thi! ndvuiitiiK)' Ihry i-iijiiy In Ihii iiiimhi'shIciii of tin- rciiivriilt'iit hIiiIIkii nf Miiriln, \m alili> to i-iirry on thii Chlni'Mi' triuli' Willi Hii|irrlor mirri'HM. 'I'Ihto Ihii roiiNJili'mlili' inliTioiirxi', rnrrliMt on In H|mnrHh hIiIiih, lirtwccn ( 'union and Manlllii. 'I'tu' I'lilllpplne iHlitndH ntrord niiiny ronitiioditl(>M In dcniand In thu Clilni'iu tnnrkrtH ; and tlu' H|miilnrdM nru llir only Knropi'an pt^iidi- allowtMl openly til tradti with the hiiHy ami roniniirilnl port of Aiiioy, In llii> jirovlnrti nf Koklcn ; iiiit'iirtiinatt'ly, how- eviT, Ihry iiru dellripnt in ilie Hklil anil I'litiirprlm' ri'ipilrrd foully to avail tlii'iiiHi'lvns of thi-i4i' ailvari- Inffi'rt. It appi'arH I'roni tin- olllrial arcoiinlH, pnldiKlivd liy tli>' i''ri'nrh irovrrnnii'iit, that in |N,1I, only 3 Hliip^, ofthi! Iiiiriti>n olTM Ioiim, rlrari'd out I'roni I''runi'li portn for Cliliia. 'I'liln, wi? hi'licvi', Ih prin- cipally to liii aHrriliuil to thu tritlinx rxtiint tu whii'li the xri'at urtlclu of ChlneHU prodiicu, tua, iii con- ■uiiit'd In rrancr. Tratlc with the Indian hlamh, Jrc. — In his rviilpnre before thn Rcloct cmnniitti^c of tin- Housu of CommoiiH, Mr. Crawfurd gave the followiiig iiiHtructivo tlftailn with ri-HjiL't't to iho native foreinn trailo of Cliiiiu : — JVati)fe Forriirn Triiilf of China.—" Tlii' prinrlpnl part oftho junk trnilo Ih carrioil on by the four con- tlKUoUM provirii'i'H of Canton, Fokicii, (^bcklani!, and Klaniiari. " No lori'imi Iradi' Ih pcriiiiltrd with the ixlaiiil of Formosa ; anil I have no inraim of di'icrildnn tlw- PXtiMit of the trallie wliiih may he rondnrled hetween Cliiiia, Corea, and thi' l.eerhew IslamU. Th« fcdlowiriK are the iiiunlrirH with wliiih China carrii'H on a trade in jniikH : vi/.. .Iiipiiii, the l>liill|i|iiiie->, the Hoo-loii iHlamlH, Celeliex, the Molui'iax, lliirnro, Java, Sumatra, Mini/apori', Khio, tin.' east i oast of the Malayan penlnHula, Hiaiii, Cor hi n China, (lanihoilia, and 'roniiuln. The pnrlH ol' China at wMicli thiH trade is conducted are ('anion, Ti'haon-tiiieoii, iNoinhonL', lloellrlieiin, Sulienir, Kori:.'nio(in, f;iiaii;;-liiii, and Hainan In thi! provini'o of Canton ; Anioy and Cliint'hew, in the province of rokiia ; NiiiiriMi and HiaiiK-hai, in the province of Chekianix ; and Houlrhedii, in the province of Kjunniiii. Till' t'ollowInK may lie looked upon uh nn apiiro.ximatioii to tin: iiiimher of Juiiku carrying on trado witit till' ilillerent places already uniimuratiMl, vi/.. .lapan lOJunkK, two vnyagus ' riiilippine Islanda Soo-loo Islandi l!orni!0 1.1, Celeben 3 - ,lava . . - . Kmimtra Junks. Jnnka. 2(1 HinRnpori' f>, niilo 1 . . 11 1.1 Fant coant of Malay pcniiiHiiIik - 4 Hiani - - - - 811 15 Cochin China - - -20 7 Cambodia - - - !) 10 Tonquiii - - - - 20 — Total 252. " This stnti'inont dnps not incliiilp a (treat number of BTiiall JnnkH helonRlnit to tlm Island of Hainan, which carry on trade witli Tonqiiin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Slam, and Sinitaporu. TIiohi! for Siani nniount yeiirly to almiit "ill, and for tlu; t'ocliiii (.'liinese iloiiiinionM to about Kl ; thene alone wmild briiif! tlie total mimber of veHsels carryinir on a direct trade between ('liina and forciun countries to 3117. Tim trade with Japan Ih conlliieil to tlie |iort of Ninnpo, In CliekiaiiK, and expressly liniiled ii> |(> vessels ; but as thu distance from Nungasuki is a voyagu of no mure than 1 days, it is perforiiicd twice a yi^nr. " With the exception of this brnncli of trade, the forelKii Intercourse of the two provinces Chekianif nnd Kiannan, which are famous for the jiriHliiclion of raw silk, teas, nnil nankeens, is contined to the I'liilipiiine islands, Tonipiin, Cocliin ('hina, Cambodia, and Siam; and none of this clas.^ of vessels, that I am aware of, liave ever found their way to the ■vestern |iarts of the Indian Archiix'tacn. The number of these trading with Siam is 21, all of considerable size ; those trading with the <"ochin Chi- nese dominions 10, also of considerable size ; nnd those trading with the Philippines .5 ; niakini! in all 45, of which the average burden does not fall short of 17,001) tons. I am the more particul.vr in lic- gcribingthis brancli of the Chinese commerce, ns we do not ourselves at present partake of it, and as \vu possess no direct means of obtaining information in regard to it. AH the Junks carry ins on this trade with Siam are owned in the latter country and not in (!hina ; and I am not snrc how far it may not also be so in thu other cases. I do not doubt but that n similar coinmerce will, in the «-vent nf ii free trade, extend to Singapore ; and that through this channel may cventiial'ly bu obtained thu green tens of Kiannan, nnd the raw silks of Chekiang. " Uesides the junks now described, there is another niiinernus class, which may be denominated the colonial shipping of the Chinese. Wherever the Chinese are settled in any numbers, junks of this description are to be found; such ns in Java, Sumatra, the Straits of Malacca, ice. j but the lareest commerce of this description is conducted from the Cochin Chinese dominions, especially from Siaiii, where the number was estimated to me at 200. Several junks of this description from the laliur country come annually to .Singapore, of whicli the burden is not less than from 300 to '100 tons. "The jiinks which trade hetween China nnd tlie adjacent countries are some of them owned nnd built in China ; but a considerable number also in the latter countries, particiibirly in Slam and Cochin China. Of those carrying on the Sianiesu trade, indeed, no less than 81 out of the h9, of^consiilirahli' size, were represented to me as being built and owned in Siam. The small junks, however, carrying on the trade of Hainan, are all built and owned in China. "The junks, whether colonial or trading direct with China, vary In burden from 9,000 piciils to 15,000, or carry dead weight from 120 to 900 tons. Of those of the last size I have only seen .1 or 1. and these were at .Siam, and tlio same which were commonly employed in carrying a mission nnd iriliiite yearly from Siam to Canton. Of the wholu of the large class of junks, I should think tlie nveruije burden will not he overrated at 300 tons each, which would make the total tonnage employed in the native foreign trade of China Lictween 00,000 and 70,000 tons, exclusive of the small junks of Hainan, Which, estimated at ISO tons each, would make in all about HO,OI)0 tons. "The junks built in China are usually constructed of fir and other inferior woods. When they ar- rive in Catnbodia, Siam, and the Malayan islands, they commonly fnrnisli themselves with niasts, rudders, nnd wooden anchors, of the superior timber of these countries. The junks built in Siam are a superior class of vessels, the planks and upper works being invariably teak. The cost of ship biiilil- ing is highest at the portof Amoy in Fokien, and lowest in Siam. At these places, and at Chang-lini in Canton, thu cost of a junk of 8,000 piculs, or 470 tons burden, was stated to me. by several tounnand- crs of junks, to be as follows :— At Siam -...-- 7,100 dollars. Chang-lim - . . . . Ki.ooo — Amoy .-.-.. 21,000 — A junk of the size just named has commonly a crew of 90 hands, consisting of the following officers, besides the crew ; a commander, a pilot, an accountant, a captain of the helm, a captain of the nri- chor, nnd a captain of the hold. The commander receives no pay, hut has the advantage of the cabin accommodation for passengers, reckoned on the voyage between t^anton and Singapore worth 150 SpauisU doUaiB. lie is also the agent of the owners, and leceivea a coiiiiuisiiion, coiuiuonly of 10 ptr CANTON. 807 liii;.). 'I'ln! Dchin Clii- ikine in nil l:»r ill (ii'- it, and n<< on this far it may •VIMll of !i tliu green linatr'il lliB iiikM of tlii^ the larKcst t'riiin Siani, I lie latter HIS. (iwihmI ami mil Cocliii) insldi'ralilir r, carrying :n tlii'V ar- litli masts, II 8laiii arr ship Imilil- lanK-lini in coimiiaud- ngnfficer!', of tho iin- if the cabin worth 150 I of 10 pw ci'nt. on the pmftiiint iiieh »fmin nt Ihn mlvvntiirp, (ji'niTally n cnnBlilcrnblfl oup, In which thoy ara niiiciirni'il. Tho (illut r»-i'(!lviv>. for tlii' vnyiive WD iliilliir* of waifrH, niiil Ml pii iiIm of fri'luht out nnil hiiiMi'. I'lio lirliiiNiiiaii liiiH li (ijriiirt ot' fri'iKlit ami no wagcH. The cnplMliiN of llie am lior nml tlia liiilil have \l piciilH of fri'liiht iMi'h ; anil the Hi'iiiiieii 7 piciiU ench. None of the^i' have any waKeN- Till' olllcerx ami iteaiiien of the colonial JiitikK are (inrerently rewarilcd. In a HiamcHe Jiiiik, for I'X- iiiiiple, iradliiK helwuen the r'laini'Hi' capital anil Hliiiiapori!, of (I.IIPII pIciiU hiirihii, the coiniiinnder and pilot had eiich IIHI dollars for the voyaKe, With l'.2 piciilit of frelulit apleri-. The accoiiniant und hcliiiKiiian had half of IhU nil iwaiice, und each itvnniiili had l:i dolliirM, with A pIciiU of Ireluht. •■ In lonHii ' tloiiiind oiiti\t. ChincHe JiitikH are cliiiiiNy anil awkward In the extreme. The ('hlneno are i|iille iiiiat i|iiiilnti'il with na"isaiioii, navliiK the kiiowleiiKe of the conipaHN : nolwlth:;ai|y 7 or H kiioiH' hree/.e carrleN them dlreclly from port to pott, iId- kcii ri^k U very nniall. Diirint; l-i >eiiri«' aci|iiaintaiice with iIiIh hrinich of trade, I can recollei I liearliiK of lint I shipwreckii ; and iii i| ihcHe iiiKtanceit the crewM were saved. "The coiiHlriictioii and ncL' ii| of a t'liiiicHe Junk may he hioked upon ax her proper reftJHtrjr, nml tlii'v are a very eU'ecliial ont liir the leant deviatlnn from llieni wnulil miliject her at oiicu to lorelxn cliarKi'x and forelKii diitlc>, nml to all kliidn of Hiispiclon. The colonial JiinkR, which are nf a ninru conimoilioiiH fiiriii ntiil outfit, if vlmtliiK China, are Hiilijectuil to the Hiinie iliilleH iih foreiifn vexiieli). Jiiiikr), liiiilt in Hiaiii, or any other adjacent country, if cnuHlriicled and tilled out after the ciiHtoniarv iniiilel, are ndiiiltted to triiide In Clilim iipiui the hiinie teriiiH nn thoHti liiilll and owneil In the country. If any part of the crew couHlHt of HiaineHe, Cochin ChineHe, or other loreiBtierH. the latter are adinlt- ti'iloiily at the port of Canton ; and If foiinil In any other part of China, would he Hei/.ed and laken up iiy the police exactly in the Name manner ax if tlii'y were Kiiropeaiix. The native trade of Chimi conducted with foreign countrieH In not ii clamlemine romnierce, unacknowledued hy the (Miinexo Uiw*. lint liBH In every cane at least the exprenx Miinclion of the viceroy or uovernor of the province, who, on petition, deciiliM* the n'litnlier of Jiinka that xhall he allowed to en|,'at;r in It ; und even miii- nieratex the artlcleH which it NJiall he leKiil to export and Import. At every port, uIho, where Hiich a fiiri'liin trade is xanctiiineil, Iheri^ ixa Iioiik or hoiiy of necnrity nierchantx ax at Canton ; a fact which rlinwx clearly enoii|{h that tliix Inxtlliiiion is parcel of the lawx or ciiiitomx of Cliinn, and not a pecu- liar restraint inipoxid upon thu intercoiirxe with Kiiropeanx. ••The Cliim^se Jiinkx properly coiiHirucied pay no ineaNurement duty, and no cuinximw or present ; iliitiex, however, are paid upon Koodx exported and imported, which xeeni to ditfer at the ditl'erent priiviiicex. They nre hi ' >xt at Ainoy, and lowent in the island of Hainan. The Chinexe traderx of 8laiii Intormed me that tliej '-arried on the fairest and easiest trade, xuhjecl to the fewe.-it rexirictlons, ill tne portHof NiiiKpo and !Sluni{-liai In (.'hekiaiiK, and Hoiilclieon in Klannan. (ireat dexterity xeeniil every where to he exercised hy the tMiiiiexe In evudliiK the diitlex. One practlci-, which is very often fiilliiwed, will atlord a good example of thix. The coaxtiiiK trade of China is nearly free from all du- tii'X and other Impoxtx. The nierchanl takex advantage of this ; and IntendiiiR in reality to proceed III iSiain or Cochin China, for example, clearx a Junk out for the ixland of Hainan, and thus avoidx thu payment of diitiex. When she returnx she will lie 4 or 5 dayx otfthe mouth of the port, until a regu- lar barijaln he made with the (,'iixloni-houxe otllcer» for the reduction of duties. The threat held out In such casex Ix to proceed to another port, und thux deprive the public oHicerx of their ciixtoniary piripiisiles. I wax assured of the frei|Ueiicy nf tliix practice hy Chinese nierchantx of (Jochln China, as well ax hy several coniniandcrx of Junks at Singa|iiire. From the lust-nanwMl perxonx 1 had another f:ict of some conHei|uence, ux connected with the Chinese trade ; viy:. that a good many of the Junks, carrjingon trade with foreign portx to the westward tif Cliiiiu, often proceeded on voyaeex to tho niirtliward in the same season. In tliix inanner they xtated that nhoiit SO conxiderable Junks, hevideS a great many small ones, proceeded annually from Canton to Souchong, one of the capitals of Klan- nan, and III wealth and ciuunierce the rival of (,'anton, where they sold ahoiit 20(1 chesix of opiiiin at nil ailvance of it) per cent, heyoml the Canton prices. Another place where the Canton Junks, tutho niiniber of 5 or 0, repair anmially, is Chinchew, in the province of (.'antnn, within the (inlf of I'eche- lev, or Vellnw Seu, und ua fur north us the 37tli degree of latitude."— (j*;>^en8;a (shipped outside), ! ; at do. 12 - 13 ._ Chinlzts 2-')ils. ■ Sp . drs. 2 1-2 to 4 1-2 per piece. t'uds (new) • 13 __ Linecloths 40 Jo. - . 3 1-2 • 4 1-2 — China root - 3 1-2 ■ ftl'isliiia 20 Ao. ■ 2 . 2 1'2 — Cul)cbs none. Canibrirs 12 do. • . I 1-2 • 1 3-4 — Dragon's blood 80 to 100 _ Moutuith's bandannocs, scarlet . 2 1-4 -2 1-4 — Oalangal 4 1-4 ._ blue, &c. . 1 1-2 - 1 3-4 — (iaiiiboge . 73 to 83 ^ Cottonyarn, No. 16. to20. . 33 per picul Olass bi'ads 16 ■ '22 — No. if), to 30. . 42 •"* Ilartall 12 • 13 — No. 30. to -lO. - 38 — Lead, white 10 _ No. 4". lo 70. . not wanted. red 11 «., Cow bezoar . 30 per caily. Mnlher-of pearl shells 20 lo 22 ._ Cudbear . . . - . 23 to 26 per picul. Musk 70 - 110 per catty. Culch, Pfi?u . 4 - 4 1-2 — Nankeens, Company's Is 72 . 74 per m. Ebony, Mauritius • . 3 - 4 — 2J 1st sort 52 — . Cfvlon . 2 . 2 1-2 -* 2d do. 47 to 48 — Elephant's' teeth, l>t, a to 8 to a picuI ■ -O — 3J 33 - 40 .. 2J, 12 to 1,7 do. ■ 80 — small - . . none. 3J, IS to 23 do. . 70 — blue Nankin, small |9 3-4 yds. 2 ins.) do. cuttings - 70 — large, (10 1-2 du. 13 do. S3 lo 90 — . Fi-ihmaws . • • - • 50 lo 70 ^ Canton . 62 - 63 — Flints . ■ - • els. 50 — Oil of Cassia . 1 1-2 - per catty Gambier • • • • Sp. drs. 1 to 1 1-2 ~* Rtiubarb . ,32 lo 55 per picul. Ginseng, crude . 70 . 80 — Silk, raw, Nankin, Taysaam 333 ... ciirifipil • . 80 83 — Tsatlee 3-.2 ^ Iron bar, 1 tu 3 inch . 2 1.4 ■ 2 1-2 — Canton, No. 1 . . - tael'sa-O lo263 _ roil, 1-4 inch and under . 3 — No. 2. . 230 _ scrnp . . • - - 2 to 2 1-4 — No. 3. 223 lo 230 _ Lc.ad, pig - . 4 1-2 - — No. 4. . 140 — Wace - - . - none. fl • Sp. drs .90 _ Mvrrh .... . 4 to 18 — No. 5. ^2 70 _ Nutmegs .... none. h 03 .. Olibauum, garbled, 10: ungarbled - .3 to e — Sugar, raw - laels 3-2 to ''■6 — Opium, Paiua (nominal) - . 950 per chest. ^ Pinrfa Sugar candy, Chinchew . 6-2 - 6-4 — B^-nares do. . 930 — . .Sp. drs. 11 „ H mibiy do. - 823 — Canton, tst sort - taels 6-6 _ llimaum do. - 823 — 2d do none. Turkey do. .800 per picul. Tea, Bohea 12 to 13 -^ Pepper, Malay . 7 3-4 to 8 — Congou 20 - 28 — J'utclluck .... . 14 ■ 15 -— Canipny 28 - 30 _ Quicksilver . - - .58-60 — Souchong 19 • 33 Ratlajis .... - 2 3-4-3 1-2 — l'l:k0 38 - 60 .^ nice .... . 2 - 2-50 — Ankoi souchong IS . 20 — Rnse, Malocs ... - 38 — Hysun 33 - 70 — Saltpetre at Whampoa none. skin ' 26 . 33 — Lintin . 8 1-2 lo 9 — young 43 - 50 — Sandal wood, Indian - 10 - 16 — Gunpowder 64 - 66 _ Sandwich Island • . 112-7 ■~- Twaiikay 30 - 32 _ Sapan wood ... . 1'80 to 2 ^— Orange peko 20 - .'1 ._ Sharks' fins . 23 to 24 — Caper 20 - 22 — very fine - 28 - 40 — Tortoiseshell 20 - 22 Skins, rabbit -43-50 per 100. Turmeric '■ Sp, drs. 5 - 5 1-2 - teal .... . 1-80 to 2 e.ich. Tutenague 13 — sea otter ... - 43 to 30 — V'erniilion . 34 to 33 per box. land do. beaver . 3 - 61-2 - 4 1-2 . 6 1-2 _ Wbangees - 22 ■ 25 I>er 1,IaO. foi • cts. 70 - 90 — UuUiuju Sinalts, (for a small supply) ■ Sp. Steel. Eneiish SweJish, in kits Stockfish . . . - Spelter .... Thread, gold and silver - drs. 20 - 60 - 4 1.2 - - 5 . 5 to 6 . 3 1 2 to 4 per picul. per cwl. per picul. Cold - PS touch Sycee silver at Lin'iii, I sjianish dollars, entire Republican do. drs. 23 3-4 perUel, to 2 per cent, premium. none, do. ■ 32 to 35 per catty. rxctitwses. Tin plates Tin, Banca - . • Sp .Straits', Ist quality - Woollens, bniatl-cloth Camlets, Enjlish, 5.') yds. by 30 - 6 in. 15 per box. per picul London, per Sp. dr.. 6 niontbs sight. . 14 lo 14 1-2 . 1-40 to 1-50 ins. 14 to 13 per yard, per i»iece Bills suitable for negotialion in India Other tiills Bencal ( o.s 207 Sicca rupees, per 100 Sp Prime bills 210 do. - do. Itonibay 21S Bonib-ty rupees do. drs. 4-3. drs. 4-4 to 4*! drs,, 30 days' sii-ht. , Dutch, 40 do. by 28 do. 26 • 2« . , do.broid,40 do. by 33 do. 26 - 23 - do. do. (Account of the Import Traile by British and Aniprirnn Vessels at Canton, from 1st July, 1830, to 30th June, 1837. Imports. Brnnd Clotli _ . yards Camlets - - pieces Lnne ells - - — Boiiilm/.ettes . . — Wodllcii yarn . - pis. Flannel - - - yards Blankets - - pairs Velveteens - - yards Cotinn varn - - pis. Loiio riotlis . . yards Ditto - . — Oiiiiiestics . . — ll:>n(lkerchiefs . . do/en Cliintzes - - yards Ciwiihrics - - — Mnen - . . — (,'aiivas - . - bid Is (idid thread . . catties Cochineal - . pis. Smalt* - - - — British Stiips. American Ships. 1,29.1.27!) Ifi.2.'i7 6<1,124 4,013 lh.5 2,100 l,3'i2 4,(l!)() IH.lSl 5,0-2!),H4'.) 3.\(i20 U'.l.HH 22 HIO 10..')H.023 21,299 123.r)<)fi 10.9'i7 211 2.400 2,-.73 9.3'JO 22.0(i3 9.23.i.O:.') 391.117 490.hO(i 5IK403 314.772 2,'),R.50 10,040 018 107 4S1 160 Price per varti, piece, ^c. 60 ^, 20 _ 70 — 3i .» SO -^ fili -^ 32 — 22 22 __ 5 1-2 - 3.i per lull. 2i per 1,W). 23 3-4 per tad, inne do. In4' 1. lays sii'llt. lo. lean, to 30th IV.'. Value in plTl sli Unllan. ,S70.:!1S 5:«.i:') .ll'J.Sfil 120,MT 21.100 V.-l(» Aiiilier, f;ilae - chests 42 — 42 20- 810 Hdtel nut pis. 23,755 2,005 25,760 3- 77,2.N0 Hicliii (le mar - — ■ 134 — 134 6- HU ItircU' nests catties 373 — 373 20- 7,-160 (Jamplior biiroos — 121 — 121 40- 4,810 Cotton, Ueiifral - pis. 240.192 — 2)0,192 T. 9- 3,002,400 lloniliay — 347,580 — 347,580 8-5 4,10.3,.'i75 Madras — 89,.570 — 89,579 9- 1,119,738 rornelians value 135,700 — 135,700 — 135,700 Cloves - - - pis. 1!I8 122 320 28- .1,960 Eliony - - - — 9,796 — 9,79(i 3- 29,388 Elephants' teeth — 532 — 532 85- 45,2-20 Fish maws — 1,501 — 1,501 55- 82,555 ttlass hearts chests 10 — 10 18- 180 Gum olibanum - pis. 3,821) — 3,820 3- n,4tlO nniirii 157 — 157 4- 628 myrrh — 205 — 205 5- 1,025 copal — 67 — 67 20- 1.340 bdellium - — 1,234 — 1,234 4- 4,930 Horns, Rhinoceros — 20 — , 20 20- 400 Unicorn — .. 63 — 63 40- 2,.520 Kayabnco wood AInttier Cloves - — 33 — 33 5- 165 — 46 — 46 10- 4(;o Mother o'-Pcarl shells — 1,649 449 2,008 4- 8.272 Nutmegs — — 39 39 120- 4,6S0 Opium, I'atna - chests 7,102 — 7,192 778- 5.595,376 Ueiiares — 2,575 5 2,.580 683- l,7li2,i;fl Malwa — 17,687 — 17,687 675- ll,9:tH,T25 Turkey pis. 292 446 7.38 611- 450,918 Pearls - - - value 120,000 — 120.000 — 120,0(10 Pepper pis. 12,311 2,292 14,003 8- 116.821 Pimento 30 — 30 10- 300 Piitchiick — 357 — 357 18- 6,426 Hattans — 8,155 .3,781 11,936 3- 35.S((8 Rice . - - — 218,949 577,578 790,527 1-.50 1,194.791 Saltpetre — 10,031 — 10,031 7-50 75.233 Sanilal wood - — 10,325 — 10,325 22- 227,159 Sapan wood — 142 — 142 3- 426 Seii-liorse teeth — 44 — 44 40- 1,7(50 Shark fins — 4,650 — 4,6.50 26- 120,900 Skins, beaver - No. — 1,465 1,405 4- 5,860 fox — — 1,198 1,198 1-20 1,438 land otter — 7,376 6,773 14,149 6- 81,891 rabbit — 9,980 560 1,394 40- 55,7()0 sea otter — 834 310 1,023 4- 4,092 ditto tails — 713 - 9,980 •50 4,990 musk-rat — 4,735 410 5,145 1- 5,145 Soap . .. - pis. 162 — 162 3- 488 Stock fish 1,195 — 1,195 5- 5,975 Sundries value 77,224 8,450 85,()74 — 65,674 Treasure, pold - _. - — 5,912 — 5,912 — .5,912 phita pina - — 87,393 35,485 122,878 — 122,878 bar silver — 70,226 — 70,226 — 70,226 dollars — 307,409 428,485 7,35,894 — 735,89-4 Balance Spanish dollars - ; — — — — 352,891 — — — — .18,579,358 Account of the Export Trade by British and American Vessels at Canton, from 1st July, 1830, to 30th June, 1837. Eiporls. British Ships. Americ»n Ships. Total Quantity. Price perynni, piece, ^c. Total Value in f'panish D'lllani. Alum pis. 35,632 10 35,612 dol. 2-50 85,105 Annisced - value 4,213 200 4,113 — 4,413 Arsenic - - chests 114 — 114 lo- l.MO Bangles - — 66 - 66 se- 3,300 Baskets - - value 120 120 120 — 120 Beads - - chests 1,345 - 1,315 18- 24,910 Brass leaf — 2;tl — 231 45- 19,395 Bricks - No. 100,000 — 100,000 5- 500 Camphor - value 28,489 69,300 97,779 — 97,779 Capoor cutchery - chests 78 — 78 6- 468 Cassia - - value 58,375 60,900 119,275 — 119,275 Cassia buds - pis. — 30 30 14- 420 53 •nn |irwMi o i %vmm ^%^ '1 li Dollars. 48,525 231 2,328 27,540 220 2,450 830 4,900 225,720 30,74'^ 360 2,417 8fO 1,.S70 715 10,400 4,450 108.000 1,.520 8,508 2,800 7,728 22,077 7il3 9,559 10,280 109,000 33 18,430 50 17,600 141,104 23.100 38,313 13,291 105 4.200 2.000 57,276 8,154,706 2,344,525 4,645 584,,552 305,334 36,375 184,500 ; 11,131,584 8,706,168 327.013 210 10.000 10,819 4.0(10 8,330 69.048 64,902 1,032.096 3,002,3.')0 728.395 66,255 738,000 385579,3^ 'Sup.) CANTON. 311 [We find the following account of the Teas and Silks exported from Canton to the United States between June 30th, 1837, and the same date in 1838. Tets. Silks. CheBls. Crape shawls _ _ _ -. 19,841 Vniini hj-Bon - . . - 70,146 Handkerchiefs - - - pieces 38,212 llvsnn - . . . 13,112 Mnchews - - - — 2,530 Il'vsiin skin . . . - 20,980 Sarsneta - - - — 2,092 Tonkay - - . _ 561 Levantines . - . — .375 GmipDwdcr . . . - 8,.143 Satin do. - - - — (iflO Imperial . . . - 6,911 Satins - ~ - — 1,2(H) Holiea - . . - none. Satin damask - - - — 50 Sniirliong - - . - 51,378 Cainblets - - - — 74 Pduciiong - - - - 7.720 Ponpees - • - — 24,215 I'crco - - - - 3,180 Mixed lustrings - - - — 580 Congo - - - 757 Crapes - - - — 22 Sewings - - - peculs 31 Total - - - - 183,100 Tiie above amount of teas is stated to be about 10,000 chests less than the average of the fix years preceding. — Am. E(f,] CAN V^ AS (Fr. Toiled voile ; Get. Segeltuch ,• It. Cancvazza, Lona ; Rus. P«rMs.s«oe pnliitnn, I'arussina,- Sp. Lona), unbleached cloth of hemp or flax, chiefly used for sails for shippii'S- Masters of sliips are rccjuired to make entry of all foreign-made sails and cordage, not being standing or running rigging, in use on board their respective ships, under a penalty of 100/. Sails in actual use, and fit and necessary for such ship, aro imported free; but when otherwise disposed of, they are liable to an ad valorem duty of 20 per cent. — 3 & 4 Will. 4. c, 50.) It had been the practice for a considcraiile period to grant bounties on the exportation of canvas or sail-cloth ; these, however, finally ceased on the 1st of January, 1832. By an act passed in the reign of Geo. 2., new sails were ordered to be stamped with the maker's name and place of abode ; but this regulation was repealed by the 10 Geo. 4. c. 43. § 9. CAOUTCHOUC. " This substance, which has been improperly termed elastic gum, and vulgarly, from its common application to rub out pencil marks on paper, India rubber, U obtained from the milky juice of difl'erent plants in hot countries. The chief of these are tlic Jutropha elastica, and Urceola elastica. The juice is applied in successive coatings on a mould of clay, and dried by the fire or in the sun ; and when of a sufficient thickness, the mould is crushed, and the pieces shaken out. Acids separate the caoutchouc from the thin- ner part of the juice at once, by coagulating it. The juice of old plants yields nearly two thirds of its weight ; that of younger plants less. Its colour, when fresh, is yellowish white, but it grows darker by exposure to the air. The elasticity of this substance is its most remarkable property ; when warmed, as by immersion in hot water, slips of it may be drawn out to 7 or 8 times their original length, and will return to their former dimensions nearly. Cold renders it stiff and rigid, but warmth restores its original elasticity. Exposed to the fire, it softens, swells up, and burns with a bright flame. In Cayenne it is used to give light as a candle." — ( Ure^s Dictionary.) Caoutchouc promises to become an article of very considerable importance. M. do la Condamine, who was one of the first to communicate authentic information with respect to it, mentions, that, owing to its being impervious to water, it was made into boots by the Indians. — ( Voyage dc la Riviere des Amazones, p. 7f).) It is now employed in a sitnilar way here. Means have, within these few years, been discovered of reducing it to a state of solution; and when thin filaments of it are spread over cloth, or any other substance, it is rendered impervious alike to air and water. Air cushions and pillows are manufixctured in this way ; as are water-proof cloaks, hats, boots, shoes, &c. It is also extensively used in the manufacture of braces and other articles which it is desirable should possess considerable elasticity ; and there can be little doubt that it will be employed still more extensively, and in a still greater variety of ways. I'revidiisly to 1830, the importations of rnoutehoiic were comparatively inconsidorablc. In that yeiir they amounted to about 52,000 Ihs.; while, during the year ended \\w .'itli i>f .Vpril, l>33,tlie (iiiau- iity entered lor consumption amounted td 178,(i7ii lbs. Its price varies from dd. to 'Zs. Orf. per 11). The duly lias been judiciously reduced from 5;/. per lb. to Is. per cvvt. CAPERS (Ft. Capres ; Get. Kappern ,- "Dw. K-vpers ; It. Cappari; ^\>. Alcnpar- ras; lias. Kaperszii ,• Lat. Capparis), the pickled buds of the Capparis spinosa, a low shrub, generally growing out of the joints of old walls, and the fissun^s of rocks, in most of the warm parts of Europe, Capers are imported into Great Britain from dilVorent parts of the Mediterranean ; the best from Toulon in France. Some small salt capers come from Majorca, and a few flat ones from about Lyons. The duty of Gd. per lb. on capers pro- duced, in 1832, 1,553/. 5s. id. nett, showing that 02,130 lbs. had been entered for home consumption. CAPE-TOWN, the capital of the British territory in South Africa; lat. 33° .-SG' 56" S., long. 18° 21' E. It lies at the bottom of Table Bay, about 32 miles north from the Capo of Good Hope ; and on the western side of the territory to which it gives its name. The Sao C3 o m '■ .r' m 312 CAPE-TOWN. ; f i ] '■' , i town was founded hy the Dutch in Ifi'jO ; and remained, with the territory subject to it, in their possession till it was taken by tlie British in ] 795, It was restored to the Dutch by the treaty of Amiens; but being attain captured by the British in 180C, it was finally ceded to us in 1815. The streets are laid out in straight lines, crossing each other at right angles; many of them being watered by canals, and plnnted on each side with oaks. The popula- tion in 1829-30 amounted, according to the statement in the Cape Ahianac, to 1,3,103 free persons and 5,S.'38 slaves, making together 18,491. The town is defended by a castle of considerable strength. Table Bay is capable of containing any number of ships; but it is exposed to the westerly winds, which, during the months of ,Iune, .luly, and August, throw- in a heavy swell, that has been productive of many distressing accidents. 'J'his in fact, is the great drawback upon Cape-Town, which in all other respects is most admiral)ly fitted for a commercial station. At the proper season, however, or during the prevalence of the easterly monsoon. Table Bay is perfectly safe; while the cheapness and abundance of pn>. visions, the healthiness of the climate, and above all its position, render it a peculiarly desira- ble resting place for ships bound to or from India, China, Australia, &c. The subjoined plan of Table Bay is taken from the survey of the Cape of Good Hope, executed by Lieut. Vidal and others, under the direction of Captain Owen. CAPE-TOWN. 313 tleferrvtes to the Plan.— A, light-liniisi', fiirniHliiMl with (IniiMu lipJils. Tlioy may he soon clparly off vleok at Id inilrs' (lisliinco; but tlii^y (In nut iippi'iir dciiililft (ill within nr 7 mill's In llip wpstwurd ; from th" iiorlliwnril only one liulit is seen. H. Lion's Hump. C, Table Mniintiiin. 1), Devil's Peak, ill lat. 33" 07' 2". E, Robbin Island. I', Salt River, The ligiires ileno'.e llie soiimlings in falhoma. Port Instructions. — Art. 1. On the arrival of mcrclHint vessels in Table Hay. a proper berth will bo pointed out to lh« masters thereof hy the port raptain, when he boards them ; and no master of a mer- chant vessel shall shift his berth without permission from tlie port captain, unless in case of extreme einergenry, when he must rejiort his havinftdono so as early as possible at the I'ort-olfice. 2. Should it be the intention nf a master of a vessel to discharge or receive on biparil any considcr- ,\hle quantity of merchandise, a berth will be pointed out to him as close to tlii! ji'lly, or other htudiiiB iilrire, as the safety of the vessel and other circiimstancos will admit. And the master will then inS 111,556 15,324 369,802 During the eamo year, the sliips and tonnage entering inwards from, and clearing outwards to, the undrriiientioncd countries, were : — Ships Inwards. Ships Outwards. Ports. G. Britain. B. Colonies. United States. Other Foreign States. Total. G. Britain. B. Colonies. I'nited Slates. Olher Foreign Slates. Total. .1 Is x. 9 15 102 (2 .g. Ic (/J fS a. I: ■rt 31 20 2 S ^ S. ii a i2 t fS t 1- 115 s 12 135 e2 1 ^ i2 S. i i la 2S3 43 24 1 C. Town. S. Town. P. Eliz. Total 2->,047 9< 3.141 » 2,771 9 35,110 2,97.: 2,227 9,572 r.,632 359 82 4 •2 I8 41'> 2,oai 171 289 41 2S 88,178 13,749 5,72,S 43,447 3,063 1,937 102 12 6 120 30,900 25 4,606: 19 1,210.- 36,71644 7.670 6,304 41 4 6 12,5,37 1.262 1,019 96,554 I4,43i 4,166 115,153 30,959! 115 40,340 531 15,763 20,5ii;! 358 107,635 50,447 13,174 51 11,818 350 jirtidcK erporteilfrom the Cape— The following account of the cjports from the Cape in 1829 is taken from the Cape. JUimmac for 1831. It is the most complete of any that we have seen, and its accuracy may he depended upon. Articles, the Produce p.nd Manufacture of the Cape Colony, exported during 1829. Articles. Aloes, 375.736 lbs. and 61 casks and cases, esli mated value . . • - - Argol, 22,422 lbs. .... Butter, I0i,519 11m. and 152 casks and jars Beef, pork, and tongues, salted, l,7S0 casks and kegs ...... Bfer, .1,306 gallons • . - - Biscuits and ruiks, 20,000 lbs. ... Corn, prain, meal, &c., vl7. Barley and oats, 13,553 rauids • Beans and jieas, 60 muids Bran, 36.312 lbs. ... Flour, 78,224 lbs. Wheal, 24,236 muidt Cheese ...... Curiosities ..... Confectionery ..... Candles, 11,584 lbs. .... Carriages ..... Feathers, ostrich, 539 lbs. and 31 boxes Fish Fruits, dried, 133,333 lbs. green . - . . - Garden seeds and bulbs - - - . Gum, 16,943 IIm. and 2 cases . Hides, borce arid ox, 79,035 pieces Horns, 244,610 in number Hay, 29,160 Iba. .... Horses, 314 in number .... Ivory, 25,497 lbs. and 227 tusks, bundles and casks ..... Lime, 72 halfaams .... I.ealher, 2 cases .... Mules, 48 head .... Oil, whale, »4,662 gallons and 90casks Oxen, cows, and calves, 444 head Polonies ..... Potatoes and onions, 367 muids Poultry ..... Amount. £ .-■. d. 2,791 535 (1 5,570 16 4^ 4,353 7 Ij 240 228 4,163 6 87 121 866 23,449 31 1U II 467 12 6 29 () (1 383 fl 38 1,917 1,589 10 5 4,236 u 49 413 •i 96 (1 u 33,722 IS s| 5,989 6 79 I) 8,753 3,759 10 II (1 10 688 4,023 « 1,782 u 63 1) II 169 138 Articles. Salt, 288 muids Sheep, 3,282 in number ; pigs, 33 ; goats, 2 Spirits, viz. Brandy, 1,408 1-2 gallons Liqueurs, 24 gallops Soap, 1,218 lbs. Saddlery and harness • Skins, viz. Goat, 91,781 pieces and 65 bundles Seal, 3,928 pieces Sheep, 77,343 pieces Calf, 1,414 pieces and 2 bundles Rabbit and mole, 490 pieces KarosBCs, 1 case Tallow, 13.333 lbs. Vinegar, 428 gallons Wine, onlinary, 1,549,977 1-2 gallons Constantia, 2,874 gallons Wool. 33,280 lbs. and 1 1 bags Wood Whalebone, 13,038 lbs. and 229 bundles Wax, bees', 910 lbs. - Zebras, 4 head Supplia to hit yfajaty't Nam/. Beef, fresh, 137,662 lbs. Biscuit, 259.616 lbs. - Bread, soft, 1 18.480 lbs. Flour, 57.422 lbs. Hay, 5,630 IIjs. Riisins. 10,722 lbs. • Sheep, 34 in number, and oxen 23 Vegetables, 30,013 lbs. - Wine, ordinary, 18.091 Imperial quarts Total estimated value of colonial pro. duce and inanufactures exported^/., during the year 1829. pmO ried S. J Amount. £ s. il. 28 16 1,506 10 85 20 24 '23 614 15 834 3,795 169 U 14 7 10 408 13 146.936 2,137 1,220 73 10 1,392 22 148 717 2,839 740 612 26 191 W 306 n 1,4,12 285,247 15 lOi Custom-house Regulations, Fees, &c. On Mmifsion of a Ship to F.ntry, oAwrtie— 1. The ship's register must be lodgeil id the Custom* houiCf until the vessel clear a^in for sc.i. 2. The manifest of the cargo on board for this place must be de- posited there. 3. The corkets of cirp>es shipped from any place in Great Britain or Ireland for this place must also be deposited there. Fmm the endorsement of such cockets, an extract is to be ma le, which will "how the contents of (he different packages on board, and facilitate the making nut of the entries. 4. In makini; out the declarations, the value by invoice of the dificrent cnnmioliiies must be given by the importer, in onler to enable the Custnm-hnuse to estimate the duties payable, and tn send in to envemment, annually, the required statemeutof the total duties recti .ed upon the several articles imported. In the rUarine of a Ship outioardt, obierve-~ 1, The master mustt produce a certificate from the hartwur master, that the tonnage duties nf the port have been paid. 2. The export manifest must be examined with the permits irranted, in order to ascertain whether packages have beea shipped without a permiU 3. Export declarations must be sent in by the several shippers, o( the quantity and value of goods or produce sliippe-I by them, in or- der to ascertain 'he anionnt (»f the exports of the colony. 4. When Cape wine is shipped for exportation to England, affifia- vit of the particular description of such wine must bt; deliverel, and a certificate granted, by the collector or comptroller of cnatoms, \o the master, of his havinif received such affidavit. 5. Manifests, in triplicate, of such roods as are shippetl from the Cajw for Great Britain, must be delivere,796 369,802 itwarda to, the er ign Total. % 2C3 43 24 330 a i2 2,-.,17 I,2li2 i.mu 96,554 14,43-, 4,l6ti l,H18 115,153 in 1829 is taken nd its accuracy 1829. Amount. £, a. d. 28 16 1,506 10 85 20 24 i£l S14 15 834 3,795 169 14 7 10 408 13 - 146,936 2,137 1,220 73 10 1,392 22 143 717 2,859 740 6.12 26 191 83 306 1,432 L. 285,247 15 10^ several shippers, o( ppeii by them, iaor- ■ colony. n to England, \ffHi' nst hcdelWerp'l, and •oiler of caslouw, \o * shipper! from llie J, anJ sworn to by ; master to accompa- C"nvevance saihn? iiial, to tlieronimii- ectivety, asthe caie i a stamp, to remaia ■ts of the world, are oanifetts. • 7 6 . 15 . 1 ID ■ 2 S DtKrIplim of Slampt mjuirid. L. i. d. Fiom 1 to 10 tons of goods shipped from the Cftpo 10-20 20 . 50 fiO and upwards • . • 6. When whale oil or whale bone is shipped from the Cape for En(linii. tlif priijiriclornf the winle fishery is to make oalli, liefore lln;ciiM''<''"rorfniiiptmller, that the same were (wiin/uft the pro. ilucf of llili. orrrcatures living in the sea, actually t.iken and caught wliolly bv hii Mijraly's suliiects usually residini; in this colony ; and lliecollrtldr nr ciuiiplroller is to grant a certificate under his lund iiml smI to the m.i»l«r, Icslilyins llial such oath iialh lieen n.ade be- fore hiiii- 7. Wlicn silled «eil skins are shipped from the Cape for Englaii 1, the shipper u to iiiike o.ith bifnre the collector or comptroller, that ttifsiiuearc rially .ind Aotm/irfe the skins of se.!!. taken and cauithi on Ihti caast appertaining to tlie Cape of Good Hope, wholly by his Majesty's suliiL-cts usually residing m this colony; and that all the ^ilt use I in the curing or preserving of the same was not made in, or expoitid from. tlre.at Britain or Ireland j and the collector or comptroller is to grant a certificate to the master accordingly. t. The original manifest, and a copy thereof, of ships touching at llie Cape of tlonil Hope, with cargoes frnni the eastward for England, to lie ilelivered and sworn to by the master before the col- K-clor nrconiptroller. The originil to be returned to (he master, and llie copy fonvarded from ths Custom-house to the commissioner of customs. 9. If any put of such cargo shall be discharged at the Cape of Gooposite coast of Arabia, and then travel by land to Mecca ; and Burckhardt states, that of all the poor pilgrims who arrive in the Hedjaz, none bear a more respectable character for industry flian those from Central Africa. Caravans are distinguished into heavy and liiibt. Camels loaded with from 500 to 600 lbs.* form a heavy caravan ; light caravans being the tern» applied to designate those formed of camels under a moderate load, or perhaps only half loaded. Tlie mean daily rate at which heavy caravans travel is about 18A miles, and that of light caravans 22 miles. r.»e safety of a caravan depends materially on the conduct of the cnravan-bnchi, or V^An. Neibuhr says, that when the latter is intelligent and honest, and the traveller understands the language, and is accustomed to the Oriental method of travelling, an excursion through the desert is rarely either disagreeable or dangerous. But it is not unusual for the Turkish pachas to realise considerable sums by selling the privilege of conducting caravans ; and it is generally believed in the East, that leaders so appointed, in order to irwlemnify themselves, not unfrequently arrange with the Arabian sheikhs as to the attack of the caravans, and share with them in the booty! At all events, a leader who has paid a large sum for tho situa- tion, even if he should be honest, must impose proportionally heavy charges on the associa- tion. Hence the best way in travelling with caravans is, to attach oneself to one conducted by an active and experienced merchant, who has a considerable property embarketl in the expedition. With ordinary precaution, the danger is then very trifling. It would be easy, indeed, were there any thing like proper arrangements made by government, to render tra- velUng by caravans, at least on all the great routes, abundantly secure. — (Niebuhr, Voyai^e en Arable, tome ii. p. 194. ed. Amst. 1780.) No particular formalities are required in the formation of a caravan. Those that start at fixed periods are mostly under the control of government, by whom the leaders are appointed. But, generally speaking, any dealer is at liberty to form a company and make one. The individual in whose name it is raised is considered as the leader, or caravan-badti, unless he * This is ttie burden of the small camel only. The large ones usually carry from 750 to 1,000 lbs. CARAVANSERA— CARDS. 319 ,0 1,000 lbs. nppnlnt «omc onn rise in his j)l!irc. Whrn anumbrr of niprchnnts assoriiito tnirrthpr in the lU'KJijn, tlii'y oliTt a chief, iiiul appoint otVicrrH to ilwidc wiiatovrr controvrrsics nmy arise (lurini; tiic jourtipy. — (For further dt'tailH with resppct to caravans, win tiic Modirii I'art nf the Vnivenal Hintory, vol. xiv. pp. 214 — 84:1.; litiherf.snn'n Dimjuinifiiiii nn Aiicinit India, IVoto M.\ Keen's Cyelopaedia, art. Cnrnvan, most of whicl; is coijipil from Kohcrtson, thoufih without a single word of arltnowh-dgment ; Uurclihardt's Truveln in Arabia, vol. ii. pansiin ; Urqnhnrt on Turkey and its Henources, p. 137. p. 151., Ac.) C.'VHAV.ANSEHA, a hir^e ])uhHc buildinR or inn appropriated for the recpption and loilRnipnt of the caravans. Tiiough serving in lieu of inns, there is this radical diflprenco liptwecn them, — that, gpnerally speaking, the traveller finds nothing in a caravansera for the use either of himself or his cattle. He must carryall his provisions and necessaries with him. They arc chiefly built in dry, barren, desert places ; and are mostly furnished with water brought front a great distance and at a vast expense. A well of water is, indeed, indisjiensable to a caravansera. Caravanseras are also numerous in cities ; where they seno not only as inns, but as shops, warehouses, and even exchanges. C.\KA WAY-SEED (Vr. Carvi, Cumin de.i pres ,- Got. Keitmmel, Rrodfeiimmel ,- It. Carvi), a small seed, of an old oblong and slender figure, pointed at both ends, and thickest in tiie middle. It is the produce of a biennial plant (Carum carui), with a taper root like a parsnep, but much smaller. It should be chosen large, new, of a good colour, not dusty, aiul of a strong agreeable smell. It is principally used by confectioners ; and is extensively cultivated in several parta of Essex. CARBUNCLE {iicr. Karfunkel .- Fr. EscurhmiMc ; It. Carhonc/iio ,■ S]i. Carhuncuh; Lat. Ccrlninculus), a precious stone of the ruby kind, of a very rich glowing blood-red colour, highly esteemed by the ancients. — (See Rudy.) CARD (Fr. Cnrdes ,• ijcr, Kardiiti-chen, Kurden,WoUk-raizen ; It. Cardi ,- YLm.Bardil; Sp. Cardas), an instrument, or comb, for arranging or sorting the hairs of wool, cotton, «!k;c. Cards are either fastened to a flat piece of wood, and wrought by the hand ; or to a cylinder, and wrought by machinery. CARDAMOMS (Vr. Cardamomes ; Gcr, Kardamoni ; It. Cardamomi .• Sp. Karda- numos; Hind. Onjarati elachi), seed capsules produced by a plant, of which there are ditferent species growing in India, Cochin China, Siam, and Ceylon. The capsules are gathered as they ripen ; and when dried in the sun, are fit for sale. The small cajisules, or lesser cardamoms, are produced by a particular species of the plant, and are the most valua- ble. They should be chosen full, plump, and diflicult to be broken ; of a bright yellow colour ; n piercing smell ; with an acrid, bitterish, though not very unpleasant taste ; and particular care should be taken that they are properly dried. They are reckoned to keep best in a body, and arc therefore packed in large chests, well jointed, pitched at the seams, and otherwise jiropcrly secured ; as the least damp greatly nuluces their value. The best cardamoms are brought from the Malabar coast. 'I'hey are produced in the recesses of the mountains, by felling trees, and afterwards burning them ; for wherever the ashes fall in the openings or fissures of the rocks, the cardamom plant naturally springs up. In Soonda Balagiit, and other places where cardamoms are planted, the fruit or berry is very inferior to that produced in the way now mentioned. The Malabar cardamom is described as a species of bulbous plant, growing 3 or 4 feet high. The growers are obliged to sell all their pro- duce to the agents of government, at prices fixed by the latter, varying from 550 to 700 rupees the candy of 600 lbs. avoirdupois ; and it is stated that the contractor often puts an enhanced value on the coins with which he pays the mountaineers ; or makes them take in exchange tobacco, cloths, salt, oil, betel nut, and such necessary articles, at prices which are frequently, no doubt, estimated above their proper level. Such a system ought assuredly to lie put an immediate end to. Not more than one hundredth pint of the cardamoms raised iu Malal)ar arc used in the country. They arc sent in large quantities to the ports on the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, to Sind, up the Indus, to Bengal, Bombay, &c. They form a universal ingredient in curries, pillaus, &c. The market price, at the places of exportation on the Malabar coast, varies from 800 to 1,200 rupees the candy. — (Milhiu-n\t Orient. Com- merce, and the valuable evidence of T. H. Baber, Esq., before the Lords' Committee of 1830, p. 216.) Malabar cardamoms are worth at present (September, 183.3), from 3s. 8d. to 3s. lOd. a pound in the London market, duty (Is.) included. Ceylon cardamoms are worth from Is. 8d. to 2s. 2d. CARDS, on PLAYING CARDS (Du. Kaarten, Speelknrdcn ,■ Fr. Cartes a jotter; Gcr. Kurten, Spiel kartcn ,■ It. Carte da giuoco ,- Rus. Kartil,- Sp. Carras, Naipes ; Sw. Kurt). The only thing necessary to be noticed in this place with respect to cards, is the regulations as to their manufacture, sale, and the payment of the duty. It is regulated hy the 9 Geo. 4. c. 18 , ihrit nn annual license duty nf .Is. slinll be paid hy every maker of pliiyinj! cards and dice. Tlie duly on every pack of cards is l.s-. and is to lie specified on the ace of spudes. Cards are not to be made in any part of Great Urituin, e.vcnpt tiie metropolis; nor in Ireland, except in Uabliu and Cork ; under a penalty of 1002. Cards are to be enclosed in wrappers, with such 51 •^n rn o V 'If! 320 CARMEN— CARRIERS. I .1 ! ^ \ ) : 1 I miirk« n* llii'cnmmlMxIimcr^ (if Hlniiip< nny appnliil. Ili'Tirc llcen^i' cm lie hnrt. huml mit") Iip flvm til till' liiiiiiimt 111' ,'ilMI/. Inr lilt' piiyiili'lll 111' till' ilillirM.Jki', Srlllim iir cxiiii-lpm III null' ill' |>;iik I'l cnrilH mil ihily hIiiiii|ii'(I. kiiIiji'I'Ih li liii'imi'il iimkiT tn ii pi'iiiilly iil' Ml. ; Mini iim\ iiiic i'Ihi- in pi'iiiiliy cif 10/. Any piTxiiii ti:iviii|j In Iiih |Mi»!4i'n^lon. nr iixlinJ, nr pi'rinllllnu' I" 1»' iihi'iI. iiny puck ul ninU inir duly Hliiin|ii'il. Ill I'lirl'i'll !il. Hi'iiiiiii-lmnil riirils may liii hhIiI liy iiny jhth il" milil u illimii iln' wrri|i- pcr iif a lii'i'imnl inukcr ; and in paikH ninlalninu mil innri* tliiiii .Vj larilx. Inilinllmt an acr iil' Hjiaiii'- duly Hlainpi'il, ami riuliiHeil in a wrapper Willi llii» wnriN " Smmil-hnnd Vtmln" I'riiilril "f wrillcM in (limiiii't cliarailrrn on the milHldi': peiinlly fur dflliiiK m'cond-hand i-ardu in any nllicr innnm'r, 20/. An Acciiiint of llie Duly rcrclved on I'layinii Card* in (iri-at llrilain and Inland in •'acli Year from 1820, Npucifying the Hates of Duty chariied. — (/'uri. Pufcr, No. 427. »4fii«. 1»32.) Ymf. Groat Hriinln. Ireland. Ritli. Amount of Uutjr. Ham. Atiioiinl of Duly, 1H20 1821 1822 18-J.'l 18-21 1825 1820 1827 1828 1820 18,10 18,11 2*. Oil. per pack U. per pack from May .e «. d. 21.2117 5 21.:tl7 S 21.170 17 fi 22,000 13 2.'>,87l 12 22.577 17 IH.aOO 15 20,8(14 12 6 17,305 S 15.512 '4 ^..-iOO 7 14,400 2 2«. per pack - f 2«.perpnokt()5tlinf.Iii-"l -' Iv, li. per pack for Hie > (. reniainder ofthe year. 3 Is. per pock - £ ». d, 2.010 14 1 1.821 111 81 1.1113 II 1.057 4 5 J 1..MW 12 8; l,!i.'.(l H 1.0.17 12 « 1,001 12 5 040 10 403 11 244 12 104 18 CAR.MEN, of the City of London, are constituted n fellowsliip by act of common coun- cil. The rates wliich they arc allowed to charRc, and the rejTiiIations by which they are to be guided, are settled at the (junrter sessions. In other respects they are subjected to the rule of the president and governors of Christ's Hospital, to whom the owner of every cart pays an annual licence duty of 1 Is. 'Id, Carmen are to help to load and nnlond their carts ; and If any carman exacts more than the roRu- lar rales, upon due proof, before the Lord Mayor, or any two inagintrates, he shall sutfer imprison- uicnt for the space of 21 days. If any person shall refuse to pay any carman his hire, according to the regular rates, upon com- plaint made. Hie pre.-iident of Christ's llospilal, or a justice of the [icace, may compel payment. Merchants or other persons may choose what cart tliey please, except such as stand for wharf- work, tackle-work, crane-work, at shops and inorchantH* lionses, whieli are lo he taken in turn ; and every carman stniidine with his •■inpty cart ne.\t to any goods to he loaded, shall, upon the first dp- iiiand, load the same for the accustomed rates ; and if any person shall cause a carman to atlenil at his house, shop, warehouse, or cellar, with his loaded cart, the carman being willini; to help to iinloml the same, he shall pay the carman after Ihe rate of 12(/. for every hour after the first half-huur for Ills attendance. Every licensed carman is to have a piece of brass fi.xed upon his cart, upon which is to be enpraven a certain number ; which number, toKether with the carman's name, is repistered in a recisier kept at Christ's Hospital ; so that, in case of any misbeiiavioiir. the party offended, by taking notice of the number of the cart, may search for it in the reijister, and the name will be found. Carmen not conforming to these rules, or working without a numbered piece of brass fi.xed on the cart, may lie suspended from their employment. Carmen riding upon the shafts of their carts, or sitting within them, not having some person on foot to guide the horses, shall forfeit lOs. CARMINE (Ger. Karmin ; Du. Knrmyn ,• Fr. Carmine ,- It. Carminio ,- Lat. Cur- minium), a powder of a very beautiful red colour, bordering upon purple, and used by painters in miniature. It is a species of lake, and is formed of finely pulverised cochineal. It is very high priced. CARNELIAN. See Aoate. CARPET, CARPETS (Ger. Teppiche .• Du. Tapyten, Vlner-tapyten ,• Fr. Tapis ,• It Tappeti ; Sp. Alfombras, Alcatifas, Tapetes ; R\is. Kowru,Kilimi). Persian and Turkish carpets are the most esteemed. In England, carpets are principally manufactured at Kid- derminster, Wilton, Cirencester, Worcester, Ax minster, &c. ; and in Scotland, at Kilmar- nock. Those made at Axminster are believed to be very little, if any thing, inferior to those of Persia and Turkey. CARRIAGES. See Coaches. CARROT (Daucus carota Lin.), a biennial plant, a native of Britain. Though long known as a garden plant, its introduction into agriculture has been comparatively recent. The uses of the carrot in domestic economy are well known. It is extensively cultivated in Suffolk, whence large quantities are sent to the London market. Horses are said to be remarkably fond of carrots. CARRIERS, are persons undertaking for hire to carry goods from one place to another. Proprietors of carts and wagons, masters and owners of ships, hoymen, lightermen, barge- men, ferrymen, &c. are denominated common carriers. The master of a stage coach who only carries passengers for hire, is not liable for goods; but if he undertake to carry goods and passengers, then he is liable for both as a common carrier. The post-master general is not a carrier in the common acceptation of the term, nor is he subjected to bis liabilities. CARRIERS. 321 il miiKt lip bIvit li' 111 ' p:irk I'l IhC III lU'lmlty irk III ninU lln'r lliilll llli' Wflp- II lU'l' i>( )l|llllll'> 'il or wrllti'ii ill iiiniiiirr, ai)/. null Vfiir IViiiii AliifMinl of Duty, X d. it. 2,(1111 11 I l.HUl It) h' l.tU,') (I 11 i,ti57 4 :,; l.ftlH Vi h; l.ft.VI N i,(i:(7 18 ti filO 1() 40.1 11 !2I4 13 un IS ommon coun- ?h they nre to ijcpti'd to till) ■ of every cart tlmn the rouu- ifTtT iiiiprisDii- li's, iipon coni- luyiniMit. 111(1 for whnrf- II in turn; and 1 the first (k- in to iitli'iid lit liiilp til unload If-liuur for Ilia lie engravi 1 ri'cistcr ki'p; notice of the fixed on the person on foot Lat. Car- ind used by cocliineal. Tapis.- It. nd Turkish jred at Kid- at Kilmar- rior to those fiough long vely recent, ultivated in s said to be o another, men, barge- coach who carry goods general is biUties. 1. Piitlfs (mil J.inhiUtifx nf Cnrrhrs, — ('urrierM are liotmd to rrrrivo and carry the Rnod^ of nil imtkoiim, for II rt'iiHiumlili' jiirc nr reward ; to take |irii|««'r care of tliciii in itieir pnHnane ; til deliver tlieiii Hafely, and in the Naiiii> ronditioli an wlieii llicy wire reeeived (exce|ilinn Hilly xt""'* loHXCH an niiiy arise fmin the art nf <>ii(f iir l/ir /,-inh he he roiihed of the ifiiods, or liny lie liikeii fioni hini iiy irroislilile force; and though IIiIh may neeiii a Imrd rule, yel it in the only one that could lie Mitely iidoiited ; for if a carrier were not lialile li>r Iossch iinlrsH it could he nliown that lio |i;i(l coiiilnctcd hiliiHelf diMhoneslly or iieijlinently, a door would he opened for every hpi eien ot' I'raiid !in/ht by express stipu- lation, giving public notice to that etfect, discharge his liability from all losses by robbery, accident or otherwise, except those which arose from inlyftazanee antf grons nei^lli^ence (from which no sti[)ulation or notice could exempt him), and provided the notice did not contra- vene the express conditions of an act of parliament. Notices generally bore, that the carrier would not be responsihle for more than a certain sum (usually .5/.) on any one parcel, the value of \ihich had not been declared and paid for accordingly; so that a [lerson aware of this notice, entering a box worth 1000/. without declaring its value, or entering it as being worth 200/. would, should it be lost, have got in the first case only 5/., and in the latter only 2<>0/., unless he could have shown that the carrier had acted fraudulently or with gross negligence. But, to avail himself of this defence, the carrier was bound to show that the bailor or his servant was ac(iuaintcd wilh the notice 41 nn -^n o "IT''! 832 CARRIERS. ff' '1 !■ m; at the time of delivering the goods. No particular manner of giving notice was required. It might be done by express communication, by fixing it up in a conspicuous place in the carrier's office, by insertion in the public papers or Gazette, by the circulation of handbills, &c. ; it being in all cases a question for the jury to decide whether the bailor was really acquainted with the notice of the limitation ; since, if he were not, he was entitled to recover, whatever eForls the carrier may have made to publish it. Thus, a notice stuck up in a carrier's warehouse, where goods were delivered, was of no avail against parties who could not read : neither was it of any avail against those who could read, and who had seen it, unless they had actually read it. On this principle it was held, that a notice in a newspa- per is not sufficient, even when it was proved that the bailor read the newspaper, unless it could also be proved that he had read the notice itself. These attempts to limit responsibility gave rise to a great deal of litigation and uncer- tainty ; and to obviate the inconveniences thence arising, the important statute, 1 Will. 4. c. 68., was passed. This act declares, that carriers by land shall not be liable for the loss of certain articles specified in the act, when their value exceeds 10/., unless the nalure and value of such articles be s'.atcd at the time of their delivery to the carrier, and an increased charge paid or agieeil tu be paid upon the same. It is further declared, that no publication of any notices by carriers shall have power to limit their responsibility at common law for all other articles except those spc', d in the act ; but as the act is of great importance, we subjoin it. From and alter the passing of tl, - , no mail cnntrnctnr, stage coach proprietor, or other common carrier bii land for hire, shall be liabu, ior the loss of or injury to any article or articles of properly of the description following, viz. gold or silver coin of this realm or of any foreign state, or any gnUj or silver in a manufactured or unmanufactured state, or any precious stones, jewellery, watches, clucks, or time-pieces ol' any description, trinkets, hills, notes of the Cinvernor and ('(jinpany of the Banks ot i^:igland, Scotland, and Ireland respectively, or of any other bank in (ireat liritain or Ireland, orders, notes, or securities for payment of money, English or foreign stamps, maps, writings, title-deeds, (laintings, engravings, pictures, gold or silver plaK; or plated articles, glass, china, silks In a manufac- tured or unmanufactured state, and whether wrought up or not wrought up with other materiiils, furs, or lace, or any of them, contained in any parcel or package which shall have been delivi'r(Ml, either to be carried for hire or to accompany the person of any passenger in any mail or stage coarlv or other public conveyance, when the value of such article or articles or property aforesaid cnntained in such parcel or package sliall exceed the sum of 10/., unless at the time of the ilelivery thereof at lln: office, warehouse, or receiving house of such mail contractor, &c. the value and nature of such arii- cle or articles of property shall have been declared by the person or persons sending or delivering tlif: same, and such increased charge as hereinafter mentioned, or an engagement to pay the same be ac- cepted by the person receiving such parcel or package. — } 1. When any parcel or package containing any of the articles above specified shall be so dcliverpil, and its value and contents declared as aforesaid, and such value shall exceed the sum of 10/., it flinll be lawful for such mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, and other common carriers, to demand and receive an increased rate of charge, to be notified by some notice, affixed in legible character in some public and conspicuous part of the office, warehouse, or other receiving house, where smh l)arcel.s or packages are received by them for the purpose of conveyance, stating the incre.ised r,".ii's of charge required to be paid over and above the ordinary rate of carriage, as a compensation fur the greater risk and care to be taken for the safe conveyance of such valuable articles ; and all persons sending or delivering parcels or packages containing such valuable articles as aforesaid at such nfticp shall be bound by such notice, without further proofof the same having come to their knowledge.— ^2 Provided always, that when the value shall have been so declared, and the increased rale ofchar^p paid, or an engagement to pay the same shall have been accepted as herein-before mentioned, llio person receiving such increased rate of charge or accepting such agreement shall, if required, sien a receipt for the package or parcel, acknowledging the same to have been insured, which receipt siiall not be liable to any stamp duty ; and if such receipt shall not be given when required, or such iiolico as aforesaid shall not have been affi.\ed,the mail contractor, stage coach proprietor, or other coininoii carrier as aforesaid, shall not have or be entitled to any benefit or advantase under this aci, but shall III! liable and responsible as at the common law, and be liable to refund the inci-eased rate ol charge. — } 3. And be it enacted, that from and after the 1st day of September, 1830, no i)ublic notice or declara- tion heretofore made or hereafter to be made shall be deemed or construed to limit or in anywise otfect the lianility at common law of any such niail contractnrs, stage coach proprietors, or other pub- lic common carriers as aforesaid, for or in respect of any articles or goods to Im carried and conveyett by them ; but that all and every such mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, aiul oilier cnnniion carriers as aforesaid, shall, from and after the said 1st day of September, be liable, as at the common law, to answer for the loss of any injury [so in the ncl'\ to any articles and goods in respect whereof they may not be entitled to the benefit of this act, any piii)lic notice or declaration by them made ajid given contrary thereto, or in anywise limiting such liability, notwithstanding. — J 4. And be it further enacted, that fc the purposes of this act every oflice, warehouse, or receiving house, which shall be used or appointed by any mail contractor, or stage coach propriiitor, or other such common carrier, for the receiving of panels to ln' conveyed as aforesaid, shall be deemed and taken to be the receiving house, warehouse, or office of such mail contractor, stage coach proprietor, or other common carrier ; and that any one or more of such niail contractors, stage coach proprietor:', or common carriers, shall be liable to be sued by his, her, or their name or names only ; and that no action or .suit commenced to recover damages for loss or injury to any parcel, package, or person, shall abate for the want of joining any co-proprietor or co-partner in such mail, stage coaeli, or oilier public conveyance by land for hire as aforesaid. — J 5. Provided always, and be it further enacted, that nothing in this act contained shall extend or lie construed to annul or in anywise affect any special contract between such mail contractor, staee coach proprietor, or commoncarrier, and any other parties, for the conveyance of goods and mer- chandises. — ij 6. Provided also, and be it ftirtherenacted. that where any parcel or package shall have been delivered at any such office, and the value and contents declared as aforesaid, ami the increased rate of charsjes been paid, and such parcels or packages shall have been lost or damaged, the i ."rty entitled lo recover damages in respect of such loss or damage shall also be entitled to recover back such increased charges so paid as aforesaid, in addition to the value of such package or parcel.— $ 7. CARTS—CASHEW NUTS. 323 as requireJ. place in the •f handbills, r was really (1 to recover, ;uck up in a s who could had seen it, n a ncwspa- ler, unless it 1 and unccr- ?, 1 Will. 4, 3 for the loss nalurc and an increased ) publication mon law for portance, we ither commnn )f property of or nny pnid or riti'hi's, flocks. ' tlic Blinks lit eland, orders, !s, title-deeds, In a nianufai;- lier inateriiils, een deliveriMl. ir ptuge C(i:\cli said contained thereof at the e of snch iirli- deUverina thf: le same be ai- e so delivered, |of m., it Pliall rs, to deiiKiiid character in , where stirh icrei\sed rr.les iisaiiim for the nd all persons ■ at such otiico owlcdpe.— {'2 •ate of charge lenlioned, the nired, siffii a receipt shall iieh notice \wr comninii icl, but shall ased rate ul CO or dedara- iii any wise or other pnh- and eiinveyed Iher coinjnun the coninioa peet whereof iGin made ami , or receiving etor, or other deemed and eh proprietor, h prnprietorLi, and that no or person, )ath, or other I extend or he Iractor, staje ids and nier- een delivered te of chur^es ed to recover ich increased Provided also, and be U further enacted, that nothing in this act shall be doomed to protect any mail contractor, stage coach proprietor, or other common carrier for hire, from liability to answer for loss or injury to any goods or articles whatsoever, arising from tlie felonious acts of "any coaclunan, guard, book-keeper, porter, or other servant in hia or their employ, nor to protect any such coachman, guard, hook-keeper, or other servant, from liability for any loss or injury occasioned by his or their own personal neglect or misconduct. — J 8. Provided also, and be it further enacted, that such mail contractors, stage roach proprietors, or other common carriers for hire, shall not he concluded as to the value of any such parcel or package by the value so declared as aforesaid, but that he or they shall in all cases be entitled to re(|uire, froiri the party suing in respect of any loss or injury, proof of the actual value of the contents !)y the ordi- nary legal evidence ; and that the mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, or other common carriers as aforesaid, shall he liable to such damages only as shall be so proved as aforesaid, not exceeding the declared value, together with the increased charges as before mentioned.—} 9. And be it further enacted, that in all actions to be brought against any such mail contractors, &c., the defendant or defendants may pay the money into court. — } 10. It will be observed, that carriers continue, notwithstanding this act, liable, as before, for the felonious acts of their servants, and their own misfeazance or gross negligence. It is not possible, however, to lay down any general rule as to the circumstances which constitute this ofience. Differing as they do in almost every case, the question, when raised, must be left to a jury. But it has been decided, that the misdelivery of a parcel, or its nondelivery within a reasonable time, is a misfeazance that cannot be defeated by any notice on the part of the carrier limiting his responsibility. In like manner, the sending of a parcel by a different coach from that directed by the bailor, the removing it from one carriage to another, arc misfeazances. Where a parcel is directed to a person at a particular place, and the car- rier, knowing such person, delivers the parcel to another, who represents himself as the con- signee, such delivery is gross negligence. Leaving parcels in a coach or cart unprotected in the streets is also gross negligence. At common law, there is no distinction between carriage performed by sea or land ; but by the 7 Geo. 2. c. 15. and 26 Geo. 3, c. 86., corrected and amended by the 53 Geo. 3. c. 159., it is enacted that ship-owners are not to be liable for any loss or damage happening to goods on board through the fraud or neglect of the master, without their knowledge or privity, further than the value of the vessel and the freight accruing during the voyage. —(See OwNEUs.) 3. Commencement and Termination of Liability. — A carrier's liability commences from the time the goods are actually delivered to him in the character of carrier. A delivery to a carrier's servant is a delivery to himself, and he will be responsible. The delivery of goods in an inn-yard or warehouse, at which other carriers put up, is not a delivery so as to charge a carrier, unless a special notice be given him of their having been so delivered, or.#ome previous intimation to that effect. A carrier's liability ceases, when he vests the property committed to his charge in the hands of the consignee or his agents, by actual delivery ; or when the property is resumed by the con- signor, in pursuance of his right of stopping it in transitu. It is in all cases the duty of the carrier to deliver the goods. The leaving goods at an inn is not a sufficient delivery. The rule in such cases, in deciding upon the carrier's liability, is to consider whether any thing remains to be done by the carrier, as such ; and if nothing remains to be done, his lia- bility ceases, and conversely. A carrier has a lien upon goods for his hire. Even if the goods be stolen, the rightful owner is not to have them without paying the carriage. For further details as to this subject see Jeremy on the Law of Carriers, passim ; Ckitty'8 Commercial Law, vol. iii. pp. 369 — 387 ; and Burti's Justice of the Peace, tit. Carriers. There are some excellent observations with respect to it in Sir William Jones' Essay on the Law of Bailments. — (For an account of the regulations as to the conveyance of passengers in stage coaches, see Coaches, Stage.) CARTS. Every cart, &c. for the carriage of any thing to and from any place, where the streets arc paved, within the bills of mortality, shall contain 6 inches in the felly. No per- son shall drive any cart, waggon, ifcc. within 5 miles of the General Post Office, unless the name, surname, and pi^ce of abode of the owner, be painted in conspicuous letters, at least 1 inch in height, t n the right or off side thereof, under a penalty of 5/. Any per- son may seize and detain any cart, waggon, &c. without such mark. — (I & 2 Will. 4.c. 22.) CASH, in commerce means the ready money, bills, drafts, bonds, and all immediately negotiable paper in an '.idividual's possession. CASH Account, in book-keeping, an account to which nothing but cash is carried on the one hand, and from which all the disbursements of the concern arc drawn on the other. The balance is the cash in hand. When the credit side more than balances the debit, or disbursement side, the account is said to be in cash ,• when the contrary, to be out of cash Cash Account, in banking, is the name given to the account of the advances made by a banker in Scotland, to an individual who has given security for their repayment. — (See Banks (Scotch).) CASHEW NUTS, (Get. Akajunusse, Westindische Anakarden ; Da. Catsjoenooten ; Fr. Noix d'acnjou ; It. Acaju ; Sp. iVueces d'acaju ,- Port. Notes d'acaju) the produce of the m i **ifi SI'S* o 'km »W '1 324 CASPIAN SEA— CASTOR OIL. • f ' I ■ '[. , .■ In Anacardium occidentale. They are externally of a greyish or brownish colour, of the shapo . of a kidney, somewhat convex on the one side, and depressed on the other. The shell ia very hard ; and the kernel, which is sweet and of a very fine flavour, is covered with a thin film. Between this and the shell is lodged a thick, blackish, inflammable oil, of such a caustic nature in the fresh nuts, that if the lips chance to touch it, blisters immediately fol- low. The kernels are used in cooking, and in the preparation of chocolate. CASPIAN SEA. See Taoanhog. CASSIA. There are fviur species of cassia in the market viz. Cassia Fistula ; Ca%sia Ligneu, or Cassia Bark ,• Cassia Buds, and Cassia Senna. 1. Cassia Fistula (Fr.Casse,- Ger. Rhonkasie ; It. Polpa di cassia ,• Lat. Cassias pul- pn ; Aral). K/n/ar sheber) is a tree which grows in the East and West Indies, and Egypt {(^assi a fistula Lin.). The fruit is a wooily, dark brown pod, about the thickness of the thumb, and nearly 2 feet in length. Those brought to this country come principally from the West Indies, packed in casks and cases ; but a superior kind is brought from the East Indies, and is easily distinguished by its smaller smooth pod, and by the greater blackness of the pulp. 2. Cassia Lignea, or Cassia Bark (Fr. Casse ,• Ger. Cassia ; Port. Cassia lenhosa ; Arab, Sekckeh ,- Hind. Tiij ; M&lay, Kay u-legi), the bark of a tree (Lauriis Cassia Lin.) growing in Sumatra, Borneo, the Malabar coast, Philippine Islands, &;c. ; but chiefly in the provinces ofQuantong and Kingsi, in China, which furnish the greatest part of the cassia met with in the European markets. The tree grows to the height of 50 or 60 feet, with large, spreading, horizontal branches, the bark resembles that of cinnamon in appearance, smell, and taste, and is very often substituted for it : but it may be readily distinguished ; it is thicker in substance, less quilled, breaks shorter, and is more pungent. It should be chosen in thin pieces ; the best being that which approaches nearest to cinnamon in flavour : that which is small and broken should be rejected. A good deal of the cassia in the Indian markets is brought from Borneo, Sumatra, and Ceylon. Malabar cassia is thicker and darker coloured than that of China, and more subject to foul packing; each bundle should bo separately inspected. — {Ainslie's Materia Indica,- Milburn's Orient. Com.^-c.) The duty on cassia was rfducetl in 1825 from is. 6d. per lb. to Is., and in 1629 to (irf. Owing partly totliesi! reductions, and partly to the heavy dnty on and hiph price of cinniinion, the consumption of cassia has more ttian doutilcd since 1620. Still, however, it is very incon9ideral)le wlu^n conipurcd witli the importation. In 1632, tlie duty of fid. per lb. produced 1,607/. 2.<. 10(/.,sliowiii!: that 72.265 Ihg, had hci'n cleared for consumption. The imports in f)rdinary years, vary from about 400,0(10 lbs. to about 600,000 lbs. ; the excess over what is made \ise of at home being princijially sent to Rerinaiiv, Italy, and Russia. Of 837,5^9 lbs. imported in 1830, 700.715 Urn, were brought from llie East Inilia Company's titrritories and Ceylon., 25,566 lbs. from the Philippine Islands, 6,290 lbs. from Hrazil, and 5,995 lbs. from the Mauritius. Cassia was quoted in the London markets, in August, 1633, at from 66$. to 90s. a cwt. in bond.— (/'aW. Paper, No. 367, Sess. 1632, &.c.) [See Impohts anu Exports. — Am. Ed.] Cassia Bens, the dried fruit or berry of the tree (Laurtis cassia) which yields the bark described in the previous article. They bear some resemblance to a clove, but arc smaller, and, when fresh, have a rich cinnamon flavour. They should be chosen round, fresh, atid free from stalks and dirt. Cassia buds are the produce of China. The exports from Canton in 1831 amounted to 1,334 piculs, or 177,860 lbs. The imports into Great Britain in 1832 were 75,173 lbs., but the entries for home consumption are not specified. They were quoted in the London markets in October, 1833, at 80s. a cwt. in bond. — (^Milbuni's Orient. Cum.; Anglo-Chinese Kakndar fitr 1832 ; and Pari. Paper, No. 425. Sess. 1833.) Cassia Senna. Set Sksxa. CASTOR (Fr. Cwitoreumi Ger. Kastoreunt ; It. Castoro ; Sp. Cat/oreo), the produce of the beaver. In th-^ inguinal region of this animal arc found four bags, a large and a small one on each side : in the two large ones there is contained a softish, greyish yellow or light brown substance, which, on exposure to the air, becomes dry and brittle and of a brown colour. This is castor. It has a heavy but somewhat aromatic smell, not unlike musk; and a bitter, nauseous, and subacrid taste. The best comes from Russia ; but of late years it has been very scarce ; and all that is now found in the shops is the produce of Canada. The goodness of castor is determined by its sensible qualities; that which is black is insipid, inodorous, oily, and unfit for use. Castor is said to be somelimos counterfeited by a mix- ture of some gummy and resinous substances; but the fraud is easily detected, by comparing the smell and taste with those of real castor. — ( Thomson's Difiocnsutory.) CASTOR OIL (Fr. Huile du Ricin ,- Ger. Rizinusohl ,■ It. Olio d'i Ricino ,- Sp. Ricin- soel) is obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus coi> munis, or Palma Christ i, an annual plant, found in most tropical countries, and in Greece, the south of Spain, &c. The oil is sepa- rated from the seeds either by boiling them in water, or by subjecting them to the action of the press. It is said, that though the largest (juantity of oil may be procured by the first method, it is less sweet, and niore apt to become rancid, than that procured by expression, which, in consequence, is the process now most commonly followed. Good expressed castor oil ia nearly inodorous and insipid ; but the best leaves a slight sensation of acrimony in the throat after it is swallowed. It is thicker and heavier than the fat oils, being viscid, trans- 1 I CATECHU— CAT SKINS. 325 iclils the bark parent, and colourless, or of a very pale straw colour. That w Inch is obtained by boiling the seeds lias a lirownish hue ; and both kinds, when they become rancid, thicken, deepen in colour to a reddish brown, and acquire a hot nauseous taste. It is very extensively em- ployed in tiie materia medica as a cathartic. — ( Thoirisnii's Dispensatory.) Tlii'niiaiitity rlcareil fur homo coTisiiniptinn in lfi31 ainn\inlPil to 327,OtO llis., hoing about douhln tlm qu;iiitity ili'iiriul for cniiHiiminioii in 1820; an incrniise principally iiacriWiihlo to tlii' n-iinrlion of tlii! (lulv I'roni \s. 'M. to 3i/. Of tlie total q\iantity imported in 1^:W, iinionntinB to 'ti)(),55M His., no fewpr •Jiaii l-H.-ili* lbs. were from tlio Kast Imlies, Sit.UW ll)S. from Ilrilisli North Aiiicrica, 5,13!) lbs. from the liiited Stales, and 1,718 lbs. from tliB IJritisli West Indies. Castor oil from foreign eoiintries, beinfr iiiaded with a duty of l.v., is almost wholly re-e.\ported. The priee of East Inilia castor oil in lioiid varies from KW. to Is. 'd. por lb. ; lliat of the West Indies is much higher. — (Jlccuunls published by the Board of Trade, p. 118. ; Pari. Paper, No. 367. Sess. 18:i2, Sec.) C.\TECHU (Fr. Cacltou ,- Gcr. Kaschu ,- Hind. Cut ; Mai. Gamhir), a brown astrin- gent substance, formerly known by the name of Terra Japonica, because supposed t:> be a kind of earth. It is, however, a vegetable substance obtained from two plants ; viz. the Miini),m, or more correctly the Acacia catechu, and the Uncaria gamhir. The first of these is a tree from 20 to 30 feet high, found in abundance in many of the forests of India, from 16° of lat. up to 30°. The places most remarkable for its production are, the Bur- mese territories ; a large province of the Malabar coast, called the Concan ; and the forests skirting the northern part of Bengal, under the hills which divide it from Nepaul. The catechu is obtained from this tree by the simple process of boiling the heart of the wood for a few hours, when it assumes the look and consistency of tar. The substance hardens by cooling ; is formed into small balls or squares ; and being dried in the sun, is fit for the market. The price to the first purcha.ser in the Concan is about 1.5*. a cvvt. According t» Dr. Davy, who analysed it, the specific gravity of Concan catechu is 1-39 ; and that of Pegu, 1"28. The taste of tliis substance is astringent, leaving behind a sensation of sweet- ness : it is almost wholly soluble in water. Of all the astringent substances we know, cavt'chu appears to contain the largest portion of tannin. According to Mr. Purkis, I lb. is equivalent to 7 or 8 lbs. of oak bark for tanning leather. From 200 gr.*. of Concan catechu, Dr. Davy procured 109 of tannin, 68 of extractive matter, 13 of mucilage, and 10 of earths and other impurities: the sr .\o quantity of Pegu catechu afforded 97 grs. of tannin, 73 of extract, 10 of mucilage, an<. (■. ♦'impurities. The uncaria gumbir is a scandent shrub, exten.sively cultivated in all ' ' "• -ies lying on both sides of the Straits of Malacca; but chiefly in the small island ; . ir astern extremity. The catechu is in this case obtained by boiling the leaves, and iri , j^iniig the juice ; a small quantity of crude sago being added, to give the mass consistency : it is then dried in the sun, and being cut like the Concan catechu into small squares, is ready for use. There is a great consumption of this article throughout all parts of India as a ma.sticatory ; it forms an ingredient in the compound of betel pepper, areca nut, and lime, which is in almost universal use. Catechu may be purchased at the Dutch settlement of Rhio, or at Malacca, in the Straits of Singapore, at the rate of about 10s. a cwt. The quantity of it, under the corrupted name of cutch, imported jeariy into Cal- cutta from Pegu, at an average of the .5 years ending with 1828-39, was about .'iOO tons, at a coft not exceeding 9.S'. per cwt. From Bombay a considerable quantity is annually im- ported into China. The quantity of catechu, under the name of gambir, produced in Rhio by the Chinese settlers, is eipial to about 4,600 tons a year, about 2,000 of which are ex- ported for the consumption of Java ; the rest being sent to China, Cochin China, and other neighliouring countries. Caleciiu, particularly from Singapore, has lately been imported in considerable quantities for trial in our tanneries ; but with a duty of 1/. per cwt., equal to twice the prime cost, we fear the speculation is not likely to succeed. — (See Ainslie's Materia Indica ,- Urc^s Dic- tiniiari/ ,- Singapore Chronicle ,- Buchanan's Journei/ through Mysore Canara, and Mala- bar ; Bell's Rtview of the external Commerce of Bengal.) CAT'S EYE, a mineral of a beautiful appearance, brought from Ceylon. Its colours are grey, green, brown, red, of various shades. Its internal lustre is shining, its fracture imper- fectly conchoidal, and it is translucent. From a peculiar play of light, arising from white librcs interspersed, it has derived its name. The French call tiie appearance chatoyant. It scratches (juartz, is easily broken, and resists the blosvpipe. It is set by the jewellers as a precious Btone. CAT SKINS. The skin or fur of the cat, is used for a variety of purpo.scs, but is prin- cipally dyed and sold as false sable. It appears from evidence taken before a late Committee ol'the House of Commons, that it is a common practice in London to decoy the animal and kill it for the sake of its skin. The fur of the wild cat is, however, far more valuable than tliat of the domestic cat. The wild cat skins imported into this country are brought almost wholly from the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. The animal from which they are taken is a good deal larger than the English wild cat, and is sometimes called the /««/) cervier, or Canadian lynx. It is very courageous. At an average of the 3 years ending with 1831, the number of cat skins imported amounted to 40,000 a year, of which about 21,000 a year were retained for home consumption. Vot. L— 2 E 'A 4'.: .1 •^Ifl ■J" MMUM o 326 CATTLE. h I :;■ i: I- ' v* CATTLE, a collective term applied to designate all those quadrnpcds that are used eithc-7 as food for man, or in tilling the ground. By neat or horned cattle is meant the two species included under the names of the ox (Bos) and the buffalo (Bubulus) ; but as the latter ia hardly known in this country, it is the former only that we have here in view. The raising and feedmg of cattle, and the preparation of the various products which thej yield, have formed, in all countries emerged from the javage state, an important branch of industry. It would be quite inconsistent with the oojccts and limits of this work, to enter into any details with respect to the dillerent breeds of cattle raised in this or other countries. They are exceedingly various. In Great Britain they have been vastly improved, both in the weight of carcase, the quality of the beef, and the abundance of the milk, by the extraordi- nary attention tiiat has been given to the selection and crotseing of the licst breeds, according to the objects in view. This sort of improvement began about the middle of last century, or rather later, and was excited and very much forwarded by the skill and enterprise of two individuals — Mr. Bakewell of Dishley, and Mr. Culley of Northumberland. The success by which their efforts were attended roused a spirit of emulation in others ; and the rapid growth of commerce and manufactures since 1760 having occasioned a corresponding in- crease in the demand for butcher's meat, improved systems of breeding, and improved breeds, have been very generally introduced. But the improvement in the size and the condition of cattle has not been alone owing to the circumstances now mentioned. Much of it is certainly to be ascribed to the great im- provement that has been made in their feeding. The introduction and universal extension of the turnip and clover cultivation has had, in this respect, a most astonishing influence, and has wonderfully increased the food of cattle, and consequently the supply of butcher's meat. It was stated in the First Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Waste Lands (printed in 179.5), that cattlo and sheep had, at an average, increased in size and weight about a fourth since 1733 ; but there are strong grounds for supposing that the increase had been much more consideralile than is represented by the committee. According to an estimate of Dr. Davenant in 1710, the average weight of the nett carcase of black cattle was only 370 lbs., of calves .50 lbs. and of sheep only 28 lbs. ; but according to Sir F. M, Eden (Hist, of the Poor, vol. iii. Appen. p. 88.) and Mr. Middleton (Agric. of Middlesex, 2d ed. p. 541.) the weight of the carcase of bullocks killed in London, is now, at an average, 800 lbs., calves 140 lbs,, sheep 80 lbs,, and Iambs 50 lbs, including offal ; and de- ducting the latter, the nett weight of the carcases is nearer a half than a fourth greater than the weight assigned by Davenant, Consumption of Butcher's Meat in London. — The number of head of cattle, sheep and lambs, sold in Smithfield market, each year since 1 732, has been as follows : — Ycara. Cattle. Sheep. Years. Cattle. Sheep. Veani. Cattle. Sheep. Years. Cattle. 1 Sheei,. 1732 76,210 514,700 1758 84,252 550,9,')0 1783 101,810 701.610 1808 144,042 1,015,280 173.1 80,169 555,050 1759 86,439 582,"()0 1784 98,143 616,110 1809 137,600 989,250 1734 78,810 566,910 1760 88,591 622,210 1785 09,017 641,470 1810 1.32,155 , 9fi2,75U 1735 83,894 590,970 1761 82,514 666,010 1781) 92,270 665,910 1811 125,012 9titi,40ll 17;i6 87,606 587,420 1762 102,831 772,160 1787 94,946 668..570 1812 133,851' 95.3.f),W 1 1737 89,862 607,330 1763 80,851 653,110 1788 92,829 679,100 1813 137.770 891.210 1738 87.010 589,470 1704 75,168 556,360 1789 93,2()9 093,700 1M4 135,0:ii 8T0..''f0 1739 80,787 568.980 1765 81,630 537,000 1790 103,708 749,600 1815 , 124,918: ilCi2.S40 1740 84,810 501,020 1766 75,534 574,790 1791 101,164 740,360 1816 120,439' 0,020 1770 86,890 649,090 1795 131,092 745,010 1820 132,933' 947.«ii0 1745 74,188 563,990 1771 93,573 631,860 1796 117,152 758.840 1821 129,125. 1,107.230 1740 71,582 620,790 1772 89,503 609,540 1797 108,,377 69.1,510 1S22 142,013 l,,T10,ll)0 1747 71,150 621,780 1773 90,1.33 609,740 1798 107,470 753,010 1823 149,552 1,26-1,1120 1748 67,681 610,060 1774 90,419 585,290 1799 122.986 834,400 1824 163,615 1.2.'!tt,720 174!) 72,706 624,220 1775 93,581 623,950 1800 125,073 842,210 1825 156,9S5 l,i;i0,310 1750 70,765 656,340 1776 98,.372 671,700 1801 l.S4,.')46 760.560 1826 143,I6|I 1,270.530 1751 69,.5S9 631,890 1777 93,714 714,870 1802 120,389 743,170 1827 13«,3(i3 i.3;i5,ion 1752 73,708 642,100 1778 97,360 658,540 1803 117,551 787,430 1828 1 47.698 l,288.4f0 1753 75,252 648,440 1779 97,352 676,540 1804 113,019 903,940 1829 1.5>.313 l,240,au0 1754 70,437 031,350 1780 102,383 706.850 1805 125.043 912,410 1830 159,907 1,287,070 | 1755 74,290 647,100 1781 102,543 743,330 1806 120,250 858,570 1831 148,168 1,18!>,0I0I 1756 77,257 624,710 1782 101,176 728,970 1807 134,320 921,030 1832 166,224, 1,364,11,0, 1757 82,612 574,960 1 1 Down to 1820, this table i,s extracted from papers laid before parliament ; since 1820, it is made up from retiirnB procured, for this work, from tlieClininbcrlain's otfice. The number o( fatted calves, excUiAvu of sticklers, of which no account is taken, sold aiimmllyin Siuithfield from 1821 inclusive, has been aa follows : 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 - 20,729 - 20,832 - 20,879 - 20,300 - 19,522 (Obtained from the clerk of the market, 5th of Nov. 1833.) 21,768 1827 24,255 1828 22,739 1829 21,949 1830 20,958 1831 22,118 1832 f :; • itlle. Sheep. 4,042 I.OIS.S^O I7.fi00 989,250 12.1,55 , 902,750 !5,012 9titi,40(l ;:i.N5V !153.fi,W i 7.771) 891.210, 5,0;i S70.ti!0 4,918 .8f8 1.014.710 1 ■^.017 (lo.'i.-rio i 5.220 onuinn '2,!i3;) 947.!)(i0 9,125. 1,107.230 2,0 13 l,3IO,lliO 9.552 l,2fi4.U20 :i.l')l5 1.239.720 (;,y-5 l,i:i0,310 :!.ieii 1,270,530 •^..'fii.'i 1.335,100 7.(10S 1,288.4HI -.3i:i 1,240.300 9,W)7 1,287,070 8,108 1,189,010 0,224 1, 364.100 £ 8. d. 1 5 8 16 11 8 2 2 6 a 7 Si 11 6 7 3 8 6 13 5 12 6 CATTLE. at per cwt. at Greenwlcl £ s. d. 1785 - - 1 17 6} 1790 - - 1 10 10 1795 - - 2 2 10 1800 - - 3 4 4 1805 - - 3 4 1810 - - 3 12 1815 - - 3 8 1820 - - 3 10 4i 1821 - - 2 18 10 1822 - - 1 10 5i £ g. (/.■ 1823 . - 2 2 7f 1824 . - 2 2 «{■ 1825 - - 2 19 OV 1820 _ - 2 17 8 1827 . - 2 15 4* 1828 . - 2 10 7| 1829 . - 2 3* 18,30 _ - 2 3 1831 _ - 2 4 31 1832 - - 2 6 2i 327 The contract prices of butcher's meat per cwt. at Greenwich Hospital, since 1730, have been as below :— 17.30 1735 1740 1715 1750 1755 1700 ■ ]7()5 1770 1775 1780 Wc .suspect, from what we have heard from practical men of great experience, that the weight assigned l)y Sir F. M. Eden and Mr. Middleton to the cattle sold in Smithfield is a little beyond the average. It must also be observed, as already stated, that it is the gross wciglit of the carcase, or the weight of the animal under deduction of blood and refuse ; and therefore to get the 7iett weight, we have further to deduct the offal, or the hide, tallow, entrails, foot, «&c. We have been informed that the following quantities may be deducted from the carcase weights, in order to obtain the nett weights of the different animals ; viz. from neat cattle, 250 lbs. each; calves, 35 lbs.; sheep, 24 lbs.; lambs, 12 lbs. If these estimates be nearly right, we should be able, provided we knew the respective numbers of sheep and lambs, to estimate the total quantity of butcher's meat furnished for London by Smithlietd market, exclusive of hogs and pigs. Sheep and lambs are not, however, distin- guished in the returns ; "but it is known that the former are to the latter nearly as 3 to 1 ; so ihatwc may estimate the average gross weight of the sheep and lambs at about 70 lbs., and their average nett weight at about 50 lbs. The account for 1830 will then stand as under : — J.umber and Sjieciea of Animals. Gross Weiifht. offal. Ntlt Weight. Butcher^ Meat. 159,907 Cattle 1,287,070 Sheep and lambs 20,300 Calves - 800 70 140 Llis. 250 20 35 550 50 105 Total Llis. 87,918,850 64,353,500 2,131,500 154,434,850 This quantity, estimated at the average price of 6d. would cost 3,860,871/.; at 8c?., it wonlJ cost 5,147,828/. A part of the cattle sold at Smithfield go to supply the town in the vicinity ; but, on the other hand, many cattle are sold in the adjoining towns, and slaughtered for the use of London, of which no account is taken. We have reason to think that the latter quantity rather exceeds the former ; but supposing that they mutually balance each other, the above quantity of 154,434,850 lbs. may be regarded as forming the annual supply of butcher's meat at present required for London ; exclusive, however, of hogs, pigs, suckling calves, &c., and exclusive also of bacon, hanw, and salted provisions brought from a distance. The quantities thus omitted from the account are very considerable ; nor can there, we appre- hent', be any doubt that, with the addition of such parts of the offil as are used for food, fhey may lie considered as more than balancing the butcher's meat required for the victual- ling of ships. On this hypothesis, therefore, it will follow, assuming the population of the metropolis to amount to 1,450,000, that the annual consumption of butcher's meat by each individual, young and old, belonging to .t, is, at an average, very near 107 lbs. Thi.s, though not nearly so great as has been sometimes represented*, is, we believe, a larger consumption of animal food than takes place any where else by the same number of individuals. According to M. Chabrol, the consumption of butcher's meat in Paris amounts to between 85 lbs. and 86 lbs. for each individual. At Brus.scls the consumption i.s a Utile greater, being supposed to average 89 lbs. each individual ; being rather more than 3 ILs. above the mean of Paris, and 18 lbs. under the mean of London. According to the reports of the inspectors of hides and skins, the followins are the numbers of cattle, calves, and sheep, slaughtered i.i Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Sliefiield,from 1815 to 1820 inclusive :— Liverpool - . . - Manchester ... Leeds _ _ . - Sheffield .... Totuls Cattle. 1 Calves Shetp. 74,071 95,054 22,970 30,097 100.329 90,574 31. .598 28,455 457,208 489,5,'>7 317.042 184,859 222,798 1 259,9."6 1,443,320 (Appen. to Jlgric. Report of 1^21, p. 207.) * Mr. Middleton {Jigrkulttire of Middlesex, p. 043.) osliinatos the rnnsnniption of animal fond in London, exclusive of fish and poultry, at 234 Ihs. a year for every individual ! And he furlhor esti- mates the total average annual expense incurred by each inliabitant of the inctiopnlis, for nil sorts of animal food, at %l. 8«.! To make any coimnents on snrli conrluhions would be worse than tiscli'ss; Ijtttlhe fact of their being met with in a work, otherwise of considerable niiM-it, is ono of the many I'toofs, every where to be met with, of the low state of statistical knowledge in this ceuntry. ■nifl mas, rn h ' I ■ 'I "If"'* 328 CATTLE. ;•' . J I. ■"- I: t \ In estimating the wcightH of the animals killed at these towns, a lowci- standard must be adopted than that which we have taken for Lundjn ; first, because the largest and fmcst cattle are brought to the metropolis ; and secondly, because a very large proportion of the calves arc sucklers, which are excluded from the Loudon accounts. These considerations have not been sufficiently attended to by the framcrs of the estimate in the report now quoted. 8hecp, in the above table, means no doubt sheep and lambs. We extract from Dr. Cleland's valuable work on the statistics of Glasgow the subjoined account of the number, weight, &c. of the animals slaughtered and sold in that city duriii" the year 1822. Butchers' Meat sold in the Glasgow Market, in 1822. Koyjlly. Suburbs. Tolal. £ s. d. 142,746 16 £ s. d. Bullocks 13,011'.» ],5.'i7 14,566 avcrogc 28 stone, 407,818, at 7.d. 041 15 6 Slici')) skins - 57,.520, — — Is. 0,;. 4,3 U Ili'.ids and offals - .'i7.,52(), — — 7(/. 1,077 13 4 I.ninl) skins - 68,337, — — }s. 3(/. 4,289 16 3 Huuda and otTats - 68,637, — - id. 1,113 10 61,179 4 5 Total value of Carcasgps, Tallow, Hides, &c. 303,978 14 5' ^' 1 , f N. IJ.— The weight is estimated in this statement by the stone of 16 lbs., each of 22i-oz. Thnoffici- of hide-inspector having been abolished, thero are no means of continuing this tabic to a later perioil; but the returns of the cattle sold in the market at Glasgow since 1822, show that the increase in the sujiply of animal food has at least kept pace with the increase of population. The population of Glasgow, when this account was taken, amounted to 147,043, which shows, that the consumption of butcher's meat in that city, is, as compared with its popula- tion, but little inferior to that of London. This statement, taken in connection with the fact that, so late as 1760, the slaughter of bullocks for the supply of the public market was un- known in Glasgow, sets the wonderful improvement that has since taken place in the fooii of the Scotch people in the most striking point of view. Previously to 1780 it was custim- ary in Glasgaw, Edinburgh, and the principal Scotch towns, for families to purchase in No- vember what would now be reckoned a small half-fed cow or ox, the salted carcase of which. was the only butcher's meat they tasted throughout the year. In the smaller towns am! country districts this practice prevailed till the present century ; but it is now every where abandoned. Wc believe, indeed, that there has never been in any country a more rapid increase in the quantity, or a greater improvement in the quality of the food brought r~ market, than has taken place in Scotland since 1770. In so far as respects butcher's mex this has been occasioned partly by the growing numbers and opulence of all classes, and partly by the vast increase in the food of cattle consequent to the introduction of green crops, and of an improved system of cultivation. — (See Bhkah.) The introduction of steam navigation, and the improved means of communication by rail- roads and otherwise, has already had, and will, no doubt, continue to have, a material influ- ence over the supply of butcher's meat. Owing to the difficulty and expense of their con- veyance, cattle could not formerly be conveniently fattened at any very considerable distance from the great markets ; but steam na\'igation has gone far to remove this difficulty. Instead of selling their cattle, lean or half-fed, to the Norfolk graziers, and by whom they were fattened for the London market, the producers, in various districts of Scotland, are now be- ginning to fatten them at home, either sending the live animals or the carcases by steam lo London, Liverpool, &c. This practice is indirectly as well as directly advantageous to the farmer, inasmuch as it enables him to turn his green crops to better account, and to raise larger supplies of manure. The same practice is also extending in Ireland ; and will, no doubt, spread itself over every part of the country where feeding can be carried on, that has the required facility of transport. Number of Head of Cattle in Great Britain, — It would, on many accounts, be very desirable to be able to form an accurate estimate of the number and value of the stock of cattle in Great Britain, and of the proportion annually killed and made use of; but owing to the little attention that has been paid to such subjects in this country, where every sort ot statistical knowledge is at the very lowest ebb, there arc no means of arriving at any con- CATTLE. 329 r^usions that can be depended upon. The following details may not, however, be unaccept- oble. Arthur Young has given, both in his Eastern and Northern Tours, estimates of the num- ber and value of the different descriptions of stock in England. The greatest diRcre])ancy. unaccompanied by a single explanatory sentence, exists between them ; but there can be no doubt that the following estimate (Eastern Tour, vol. iv. p. 456.), though, perhaps, rather under the mark, is infinitely nearer the truth than the other, which is about twice as great : — Number of Drnuglit cattle --.-.- 684,491 Cows -.--... 74l,ft32 Fulling entile .-.-.. si-l.-ieo Young cattle ...... gi'i,(ib6 Total 2,852,048 Now taking this number at the round sum of 3,000,000, and adding a third to it for the increase since 1770, and 1,100,000 for the number of cattle in Scotland (General Report of Scotland, iii. Addenda, p. 6.), we shall have 5,100,000 as the total head of cattle of all sorts in Great Britain. The common estimate is, that about a fourth part of the entire stock is annually slaiightered ; which, adopting the forego' statement, gives 1,275,000 head for the supply of the kingdom ; a result which all thai wc have heard inclines us to think ia very near the mark. Dr. Colquhoun estimated the total head of cattle in England and Wales only, in 1812, at 5,500,000 ; but he assigns no data for his estimate, which is entitled to very little attention. Exclusive of the cattle raised in Great Britain, we import considerable supplies of beef and of live cattle from Ireland. Account of llie number of Cows and Oxen, and of the qiiantitics of Beef, imported into Great Britain from Ireland, from 1801 : — mi 1802 1W3 1804 lh05 1806 1807 180S 1809 Cows and Oien. A'f). 31,543 42,501 28.016 l.'),61fi 21,802 27,T04 20,253 1. "1,958 17,917 Beef. Bnrreli. 58,911 59,448 62,220 59,342 88,519 91,261 85,255 88,306 89,771 Years. 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 Cows and Uien. ATo. 44,553 67,680 79,122 48,973 16,435 33,809 31,752 45,301 Beef. Years. Barrett, 71,605 1S18 108,282 1819 114.504 1820 101,516 1821 83,102 1822 60,307 1823 39.195 1824 105,555 1825 Cows and Oxen. neef. No. 58,165 52,176 39,014 26,725 34,659 46,351 62,314 03,519 Barreh, 80,587 70,504 52,591 65,905 43,139 69,079 54,810 63,557 In 1825 thf! trade between Great Britain and Ireland was placed on the footins of a coastine trade, foliiat tlwre are no means of continuing this account to a later date; but for some further particulars, the rcailer is referred to Liverpool, art. Docks ; for an account of the sales of cattle at the great fair of Ballinasloe, see Faius and Maukf.ts. Cattle of ihe. Covtinent. — Baron Malchus has given, in his work on European Rtatislics, published at Sluttgard in 1826, an account of the nund)er of horned cattle, sheep, swine, &r., in most iouropcan cniuii'ries. In so far as respects the llritish empire, the statements arc mostly copied from Colquhoun, and are ludicrously inexart. Perhaps, however, they may, in so far us regards the Continental states, be better entitled to credit. The fcllowing are some of the items in his Table : — Countries. Cattle. Countries. 1 Cattle. Sweden and Norway - 2,647,000 Baden - . - . 421,900 Russia - - - - 19,000,000 Bavaria ... 1,895,700 Denmark - . . 1,607,000 Austria ... 9,912,500 Netherlands - - . 2,.5oo,ono France ... 6.681,900 Prussia - - - . 4,275,700 Hpain - - - . 2,500,000 Paxony - - - - 345.01)0 Portugal ... 650,000 Hanover 794,000 Switzerland - - - 800.000 Wirtcniherg 713,000 Italy - - - . 3,500,000 On the whole the Baron estimates the neat or horned cattle of Europe, including the British isles, tint excluding Turkey, at 70,270,974. At best, however, this estimate can only be considered as a very rough approximation. Laws as to Cattle. — No salesman, broker, or factor, employed in buying cattle for others, shall buy for liiiiisidf in London, or within the bills of mortality, on penalty of double the value of the cattle boiiKht and sold.— (31 Geo. 2. c. 40.) Cattle not to he driven on Kiinday, on penalty of 20.«. — (3 Clia. 1. c. 1.) Any person unlawfully and maliciously killing, woiMiding, or maimiiig any cattle, shall be guilty of felony, and, upon conviction, may be transported, at the discretion of the court, hi'yond seas for life, or for any term not less than 7 years, or be imprisoned fur any term not exceeding 4 years, and kept to hard labour ; and, if a male, niav be once, twice, or thrice publicly or privately whipped, if the court shall think fit so to order.— (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 'M.) Persons wantonly and cruelly abusing, beating, or ill-treating cattle, may. upon being convicted before a justice of such olTcnce, be fined in any sum not exceeding 51. and not below lOs. ; and upon nonpayment of fine, may be committed to the house of correction for any lime not exceeding 3 months. Complaint must be made within 10 days af^er the tiffence. Justices arc instructed to order compen. tatioa to be made, not exceeding 20^., to persons ve.xatiously complained against. — (3 Oeo. 4. c. 71.) 2£2 42 rn o t 330 CAVIAR— CERTIFICATES. y • t( t ' t 1. ■ -, J ,1 •^ < CAVIAR (Fr. Caviar, Cavinl; (Jer. Kav'iar ,• It. Cnvmrio, Carnage ; Sp. Cavlnriii ,- RuH. /Am ,• Lat. Caviariu/n), i» substance proparetl in Russia, consistintj of the salted torn of larj^e fish. The Uralian CosHacks arc cciel)rated for making excrllcnt caviar. The lipst is made of tiic roe of the sturgeon, appears to consist entirely of the eggs, and does not easily become fetid. This is packed in small casks or koif»; the inferior sort bemg in the form nf dry cakes. Caviar is highly esteemed in Russia, and considerable (|uanlities are exported to Italy. It is principally made of the sturgeon caught in the Wolga, in the neighbourhood of Astrachan. — (See Timke'it Russia, 2d ed. vol, iii. p. 345.) CAYENNE PEPPER, «ii GUINEA PEPPER. See Ciiilliks. CEDAR (Ger. Zeder ,- Du. Ceder,- Fr. Ccdre ; It. and Sp. Cedro ; Rus. Kedr ; Lnt. Cedrtis). The cedar of Lebanon, or great cedar (I'intts rrdriis), w flinious in Scriptim!; it is a tall, majestic-looking tree. " Behold," says the inspired writer, " the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with fair branches, and with a shadowing shroud, and of an high ataturf ; and his top was among the thick boughs. His height was exalted above all the trees of the field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his branches became lung. The fir trees wore not like his boughs, and the cliesnut trees were not like his branches ; nor any tree in the garden of God was like unto him in beauty." — {Ezekiel, xxxi. 3. .5. 8.) The cedar grows to a very great size. The timber is resinous, has a peculiar and powerful odour, a slightly bitter taste, a rich yellowish brown colour, and is not subject to the worm. Its durabiliiyiii very great ; and it was on this account {propter idernitnlcm Vitruvius, lib. ii. § 9.) cni- jiloyed in the construction of the temples, and other public buildings, in the formation oftlip statues of the gods, and as tablets for writing upon. In the time of Vitruvius, cedars were principally produced in Crete, Africa, and some parts of Syria. — {Luc. cit.) \ercy few are now found on Lebanon ; but some of those that still remain are of immense bulk, and in thn highest preservation. ('edar exceeds the oak in toughness, but is very inferior to it in strength and stilTncss, Some very fine cedars have been produced in England. There are several other kinds of timlier that are usually called cedar ; thus, a species of cypress is called white calar in America ; and the cedar used by the .Ta()ancse for building bridges, ships, houses, &c., is a kind of cypress, which Thunberg describes as a beautiful wood, that lasts long without decay. 'niey«/?i/>eri a native ship - • ■ ) Ditto or a foreign ship ■ 2 60 11 1 1-4 ft 00 1 1 4 1-4 ,3 00 12 9 3-4 2 no ■ 8 6 1-2 10 00 2 2 8 1-2 3 so • 14 11 t.4 2 70 on 6 1-4 * This statement is taken from an American paper, and is believed to be nearly accurate, but it k not otBcial. i^i CHART, CIIARTERPARTY. 333 On cotton Ihr chirwt tr»— On •«iii,iri' I'»Im, nmyJl", «h..rfa«[-, He. . Ubour, nieudiiig b,ig|lng, kc. r Charlaton., 1-4 centi per barrel. :urate, but it in Cmli. • 10 per bale. • 10 Jitln. Totil M cenU per biile. On rniin'l Kit™ nr Injf, Labour, iiielitiiug bjj((liiK, lie. For pnmniitiinn, tre abovn. Cmtt. • 10 per lj;\Ie. • 15 ditto. Tnl,il ii ceiili p«r bait. Thne pirtlcuUra btve been principally ileriviul from the innwert n» protection and manifestation of the ship and car^o hy the law of tiie countries from and to which the ship ia hound, by the law of nations in general, or hy uny treulieH between par- ticular states. If the master receive goods ot the (juay or heach, or send his boat lor tlicin, his responsj. hilily commences with the recfi/if in the port 4)f Iiondon. With respect to goods inteiiilcd to be sent coastwise, it has been held, that the respoiiHibilily of the wharfinijer ceases hy the delivery of them to the mate of the vessel upon the irluirf. As soon as ho receives the goods, the master must provide adequate means for their protection and security ; for even if the crew he over|)owcre(i hy a sui)erior force, and the goods taken while the shij) is in a (lort or river within the country, the master and owners are liable for the loss, though they iniiv have committed neither fraud or fault. This may seem a harsh rule ; but it in ncccBsary, to ])ut down attempts at collusive or fraudulent eombiimtiuna. The master must, according to the terms of the cliarter|)arty, commcnco the voyage with- out delay, as soon lis the weather is favourable, hut not otherwise. Sometimes it is covenanted and agreed upon between the parties, that the specified num- ber of days shall be allowed for loading and unloading, and that it shall be lawful for the freighter to obtain the vessel a further specified time, on payment of a daily sum as demur- ra'j;e, — (See DKMi'uiiAnE.) If the vessel he detained beyond Iwth periods, the freighter is liable to an action on the contract. TIic rate of demurrage mentioned in the ehartcrparty will, in general, be the measure of the damages to bo paid ; but it is not the absolute or necessary measure ; more or less may he payable, as justice may require, regard being haJ to the expense and loss incurred by tlie owner. When the time is thus expressly ascer- tained and limited by the terms of the contract, the freighter is liable to an action for damai;c!? if the thing be not done within the time, althoiii^h this mat/ not be utlrilniluhh to any fault or omh^von nn hlapart ; for he has engaged that it shall be done. — (Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 1.) If there has been any undertaking or warranty to sail with convoy, the vessel must repair to the place of rendezvous for that ]iurpoBe ; and if the master neglect to proceed v/ith con- voy, he will be answerable for all losses that may arise from want of it. The owners or master should sail with the ship for the place of her destination with all due diliscncc, and by the usual or shortest course, unless in cases of convoy, which the master must follow as far as possible. Sometimes the course is pointed out in the ehartcrparty. A deviation from the usual course may he justified for the i)urposc of repairs, or for avoidins; an enemy or the perils of the seas, as well as by the sickness of the master or mariners, and the mutiny of the crew. By an oxcejjtion in the ehartcrparty, not to be liable for injuries arising from the act of God and the king's enemies, the owner or master is not responsible for any injury arifin? fi-oin the sea or the winds, unless it was in his power to prevent it, or it was occasioned by his imprudenco or gross neglect. " The question," said Lord Mansfield, in an action brought by the East India Comj)any, " is, whether the owners are to pay for the damage occasioned by the storm, the act of God ; and this must be determined by the intention of the ])iirtics, and the nature of the contract. It is a charter of freight. The owners let their ships to hire, and there never was an idea that they insure the cargo against the perils of the sea. What are the obligations of the owners which arise out of the fair construction of the ehar- tcrparty ] Why, that they shall be liable for damages incurred by their own fault, or that of their servants, as from defects in the ship, or improper stowage, &c. If they were liable for damages occasioned by Storms, they would become insurers." The House of Lords confirmed this doctrine by deciding (20th of May, 1788) that the owner is not liable to make satisfaction for damage done to goods by storm. The charterer of a ship may lade it either with his own goods, or, if he have not sufficient, may take in the goods of other persons, or (if not prevented by a tdausc to that cflTcct in the ehartcrparty) he may wholly underlet the ship to another. — (For further details, sec Abbott on the Law of S/iipping, part iii. c. I. ; Chitttjs Commercial Law, vol. iii. c. 9, &c. ; and the articles Bill of Lauixd, Fbeigut, Master, &c. in this Dictionary.) CIIARTERPARTY. Forma nf Chart erparlien. The followirm \n ono of iho most uiinil furmH of a chnrtrrjiiirty : — 335 iiiiiriiHT, nmitor, niiil nwniir, f^f tli« KPpi SUM, ^Miiiin II, ?"i I "MK, 1* III ii|i|im of rijik'H 1111(1 ii|>|i:ir(d, t'liriilliiri', iinivisioii, anil a|)|iiirli'iiiiiir)'!<, litllii); iiiiil :ii!i' . ..itiy lor tl><- iiitiriiii'ra, anil fur tliu fiuA Hlilp diirin!; tliu vnyaKi! iit'oruNaiil. In \vltnca«, ftc The pfrcrtt variety of cirpumstaiiccs uiuU-r which diin^rcnt voyages a-c made ;)r. i*iU(.''n corrcspondiiiR diversity in charterpiirties. Tiie churterparty of which the fol'.'r.vimj < i a '.■ui-/ affords a good example of tlio more complex species of these instruments. It is this il:iy niutnally airrijcd lit'twuen Mr. T. B. Uann, nwiii'r nf tlic (food nl'.;;i r.r '"ss'.i i;.ll(il I'lO MiTinaiil, William lli'iinikcr, niastiT, of tliii nicasureini'nt iit" ITi ti is, or tlicrci'iont-', nov m ilie rivi'r Tlmaii.'H, and iMr. David Tlionisoii, of Ihr firm of iMrstirs. Tlioni.Jon, I'asslnorl^ ari'l Tlii.n.i. ni. of Mauritius, nii^ri'liant!!, tliattlK! said sliij), lifiiiu ti):lit, Hiaani'li, a lul strong', and ivi iv way lutud i'uf till! voyaiie. shall with all conveiiiiint »|)(a'd, sail and proci'i^d to J'alcntta, with i.im!» • « ilvi; co' 'tela out to S'i'W Smith Wales, and from tluMio; troops, mcrcliandlsc, or passiMiKcrs, to tl'o afor!>ti;> rd.jtind pnrt of Calcutta, with Icavo to touch at Madras on lit^r way thither, if reiiiiircil on "\vi.«'rs a.TDi.nl, or fi) iirar Ilii'rt'Uiito as she may safely cet, and there load from the factors of tli-o si ■! hi-'n-'ianti' ,"1 f'lilfutta. a fall and complete car(?o of rice, or any oilier lawful K'I'mIs which thu charlctc ')/i)fti'iH to sliip and proceed wllli the same to Port Louis, in the Isle of France, and deliver the fuinn fr. i^ of frciLMit ; afterwards load there a full ami complete cariioof snijar in liajis, or other lawful iiierchaiidlf.c. of as favouralile loniiaue, which the charterer eiiKas. s to ship, not exceeding what she can reasonably stow ami carry over and above her tackle, apparel, provisiiiiis, and furniture; and, beiti); so londhil, shall tlieruwith proceed to liOiiilon, or so neai tbereiiiito as she may safely (;et, unil d '"ivir llio saiiio OB lieinu paiil frciijht, viz. for such (|uantity of sugar equal to the actual (j'saiitit;- of rb e, or oflior pnnd.s.tliat may be sbliiped at ralcutta, at the rate of 5/. I'2.<. fn/. per ton of -JO cnt. iiett, slilpjicd 'b t • ; and sliimid the vessel deliver more iiett sugar in the port of London than liic inianli;y of r'oe, nr ofhcc cnoils, adually shipped in Calcutta, the owners to be paid on the cvcessm the r,';.'iiliir oiirrent rate, of frciglil l"or suijar which other vessels, loading at the same time at Port Lou s. -ecf -i , tb': lom'a^e ia' till! rice, wheat, or grain, to be reckoned at 20cwt. uett per ton; that oi othf, goods it th- u I'.il iiieasiirement (the act of God, the king's enemies, tire, and all and every otlii'i «' laitiri'. a.u ucvidcits of the seas, rivers, and navigation, of whatever nature and kind soever, dtii.ig tiiu said V(i\u<^o, always e.\cepted). The freight to lie paid on unloailiiig ana right dely.'t , < '^ tie ciiTO, -is -si custom- ary in the port of London. IS'iiiety running days are to be allowed I'lc saM lou'rcjiiint (il thi: ship is not sooner despatched) for loading the shipat Calcutta, discharp.m' '.'( ; car:.'o n; I'ort Loula, uiid load- ing the cargo there; the said laydays to commence on the vef- '.i lieing reai.y to receive cargo, the master giving notice ill writing of the same at Calcuttr, ai.f! to c•^>ntilluo during the loading there; and from the time of her arrival at I'ort Louis, and ( ".r:; ready to discharge, till the final loading at that port, and to be discharged in the pi, ft nf London v i;h all possible despatch ; and 20 days on do- nuirrage over and above the said laying ;!:iys, ai 1^/. per day. Penalty for non-performance of this agreement, 4,000<. The cargo t : be I.roii/.it to and taken from alongside at the expense and risk of tlie merchants. The ne i ssary cash for the disbursements of the vessel at (-alc.iilta, not exceeding 3.5(1/., to hi! advanced by ilie charterer's agents ; they taking the master's drafts on the owner for tho same, at the regular current rate of exchange, and at three months' sight ; and if the said bills be not regularly accepted and paid when due, the same to be deducted iVoin the freight payable by this char- lerparty. The vessel to be disbursed at Port Louis by the chartering agents ; sum not to exceed .SOO/., free of commission ; and the amount to be d(!ducted from the freight at the liiial s(!ttlement at the port of London. Captain not to ship gooils without consent. In the event of the ship being prevented, by damage or any other cause, reaching the Mauritius on or before the 1st day of January, 18.11, the charterer or his agents shall be at liberty to employ the vessel for one or two voyages to Calcutta, at the rate of 11. per ton of rice, or other goods, delivered nt Mauritius. Fifty running days, to loud and discharge, to be allowed on each voyage ; it being understood that the charterer or his agents shall load the ship, as before agreed, either at tliu end of the lirst or second voyage, as thu case may be. c;3 f rZ2 r »♦^■•■•l J r- 336 CIIAY ROOT— CHEESE. I t . il. The freight on the intcrmnrtiate voyages (if any) to l)e paid on delivery of the rargn, in cash, nr by bills on London at nsanco, at the (iplioii of the master. The vessel to he addri ssed, hoth at Calcutta iitul Isle of Trance, to the agents of the charterer. In witness whereof, the said parties have heru- unlo set Ihe'r liands and seals, at London, the 2d day of Deceniher, 182!». Signed, scaled, and delivered, ) (Signed) TllOi^. B. RANN, (L.s.) In tlie presence of f B- THOMSON, (L.S.) (Signed) E. FORSYTIL Slamp Duty un Churttrpurties. — The statute 55 Geo. 3. e. 184. enacts, that any char- tcrparty or any agreement or contract for the charter of any sliip or vessel, or any memo- randum, letter, or other writing, between the captain, master, or owner of any ship or ves.sol, and any other person, for or relating to the freight or conveyance of any money, goods, or • iTect.-!, on lioard of such ship or vessel, shall be charged with a duty of 1/. 15,s. Ami when the same, together with any schedule, receipt, or other matter, put or indorspj thereon, or annexed thereto, shall contain 2,1 GO words or upwards, then for every entire (juantity of 1,080 words contained therein over and above the lirst 1,080 words, there shall be charged a further /JTOifW.M/i'e duty of 1/. 5.9. CHAY OR CHOY KOOT, the roots of a small biennial, rarely triennial, plant, growing spontaneously in light, dry, sandy ground near the sea ; and extensively cultivated, especially on the coast of Coromandel. The cultivated roots are very slender, and from 1 to 2 feet in length with a few lateral fibres ; but the wild arc shorter, and supposed to yield one fourth part more of colouring matter, and of a better quality. The roots arc employed to dye the durable reds for which the Indian cotton yarn and chintzes have been long famous, and which can only be equalled by the Turkey red. Chay root forms a considerable article of export from Ceylon. Only a particular set of people are allowed to dig it. It is all bought up by government, who pay the diggers a fixed price of 75 or 80 rix-dollars a candy, and sell it for exportation at about 175 rix-dol- l&Ts.—iBertolacd's Cei/loti, p. 270.) This root has been imported into Europe, but with no success. Dr. Bancroft suspects ii may be injured by the long voyage ; but he adds, that it can produce no eflcet which nwv not be more cheaply produced from madder. It is a very bulky article, and is consequently burdened with a very heavy freight. — (Permanent Colours, vol. ii. p. 282 — 303.) CHECKS, CHEQUES, on DRAFTS, are orders addressed to some person, generally a banker, directing him to pay the sum specified in the check to the person named in it, or bearer on demand. The following is the usual form : — ^ London, 30lh October, 1833. Pau Mr. A. B. or bearer, One Hundred Pounds, on account 'ay of C. D. Messrs. Jones, Loyd, and Co. In point of form, checks nearly resemble bills of exchange, except that they arc uviformli/ payuble to bearer, and should be drawn upon a regular banker, though this latter point is not essential. They are assignable by delivery only ; and are payable instantly on i)rc.scnt- ment, without any days of grace being allowed. But by the custom of London, a banker ha.s until 5 of the afternoon of the day on which a check is presented for payment to return it; so that where a check was returned before 5, with a memorandum of "cancelled by mis- take" written under it, it was held a refusal to pay. If a check upon a banker be lodgej with another banker, a presentment by the latter at the clearing-house is sutrnient. Checks are usually taken conditionally as cash ; for unless an express stipulation bo made to the contrary, if they be presented in due tisne and not paid, they are not a paym(>nt. It is difli- cult to define what is the due or reasonable time within which checks, notes, or bills, should be presented. A man, as Lord Ellenborough has observed, is not obliged to neglect all other business that he may immediately present them : nevertheless it is the safest plan to present them without any avoidable delay ; and if received in the place where payable, they hud better be presented that day, or next at furthest. If a check be not presented within a rea- sonable time, the party on whom it is drawn will be justified in refusing to pay it ; and the holder will lose his recourse upon the drawer. Checks drawn on bankers residing 10 miles or more from the place where they are drawn, must be on a stamp of the same value as a bill of exchange of an equal amount; but checks drawn on a banker, acting as such within 10 miles of the place where they are issued, may be on plain paper. — {Chilly un Commer- cial Law, vol. iii. p. 591. ; Wmlrych on Commercial Law, c. 3. § 2„ &c.) CHEESE, (Ger. /laAe.- Bu.Knas,- Ft. Fromage ,• U. Fronuigirio, Cacio ; i^p.Qiiesn; Rus. St 6i 1700 Sh 1807 1817 5i 1827 H 1770 3» 1808 1i 1818 6 182S ■>i 1775 3i 1809 8 1819 8 1829 5 1780 38 1810 H 1820 7 18S0 4 1785 Si 1811 4 1821 C 1831 4J 1790 4 1812 8i 1822 5 1832 3J 1795 5i 1813 8J 1843 4 Si'P art. I'RICEN. It is not possible to form any estimate of the value of the cheese annually consumed in Croat Britain. Dr. Colquhoun states that the butter and cheese consumed in the United Kingdom must be worth at least 5,000,000/. a year, exclusive of the milk of which they are made ; but he assigns no grounds for this statement ; which we are inclined to think is very greatly exaggerated. — (See Bdtteu.) [The quality of the cheet^c made in the United States has been gradually improving, and Vol. L— 3 F 43 :2S im i'fi I, 0'> ■'••■ ■••I M4 1 : .t; "W };. f 338 CHERRIES— CHOCOLATE. '|1; ' I I is in such estimation that while, on an average of four years, the value of the foreign arlicte consumed in the United States has been only $12,800, the annual amount of Americaii cheese exported to foreign countries, chiefly to the West Indies and the British Norili American colonies, has been as much as $650,000. — Am. Ed.] CHERRIES, the fruit of a tree (Primus Cerasus Lin.) too well known to require any description. They derive their name from Cerasus, a city of Pontus, wliencc the tree was brougiit by Lucuilas, about half a century before the Christian era. It soon after spread into most parts of Europe, and is supposed to have been carried to Britain about a century after it came to Rome. The principal supplies of cherries for the London market are brought from the cherry orchards in Kent and Herts. The wood of the cherry is close, takes a fine polish, and is not liable to split. — ( A'ees's Cyclopaedia ,• Loudon's Ency. of Agric, <^c.) CHESNUT, a forest tree (Fagus castanea) growing abundantly in most parts of the southern countries of Europe. It was at one time very common in England ; and is still frequently met with. It is long lived ; grows to an immense size ; and is very ornamental. The wood is hard and compact ; when young, it is tough and flexible ; but when old, it is brittle, and often shaky. The chesnut contains only a very small proportion of sap-wood • and hence the wood of young trees is found to be superior to even the oak in durability. It is doubtful whether the roof of Westminster Hall be of oak or chesnut ; the two woods being, when old, very like each other, and having been formerly used almost indifferently in the construction of buildings. A good deal of chesnut has been planted within the last thirty years. — (Tredgold's Principles of Carpentry.) CHESNUTS (Fr. Chalaignes ; Gcr. Kastanien ,- It. Castagne ; Sp. Cas/awas), the fruit of the chesnut tree. Chesnuts grows in this country, but are very inferior both in size and perfection to those imported from the south of Europe. In some parts of the Conti- nent they are frequently used as a substitute for bread, and form a large proportion of the food of the inhabitants. This is particularly the case in the Limousin, in Corsica, and in several districts of Spain and Italy. The inhabitants of the Limousin are said to prepare them in a peculiar manner, which deprives them of their astringent and bitter properties. Chesnuts imported from Spain and Italy are frequently kiln-dried, to prevent their germina- tion on the passage. In this country they are principally served up roasted at desserts. During the .1 years ending witli 1831, the entries of foreign cliesnuls for home consumption averaeed 20.ncc the tree was soon after spread I about a century larket arc brought close, takes a fine "" Agric, 4e.) most parts of the ;land ; and is still very ornamental, lut when okl, it is lion of sap-wood ; in durability. It t ; the two woods st indiiferently in ed within the last ). Cast anas), the iferior both in size arts of the Conti- proportion of the in Corsica, and in ire said to prepare bitter properties. ent their germina- :d at desserts. nsuuiptionavcraeed nett, allowing thai er bushels, so that ) , the pods or fruit est and most pro- dry soils, how- ... and acrid as to jmparatively mild. ■ lAlei; and, with jnt. In tropical ;hcn ripe, they be- tire, or reduced to illy of the ground air ■nt le, Esquine ; Sp. er {Hinilux China from the latter is own colour on the ttering within ; if J be chosen large, the worm be in it Slz ; Sp. Chile!, low largely manu- Cioccnlata; For. , prepared ])rinci- ig next reduced to ! desired shape, in fit for the market. paration of choco- iltle used in Great heavy duties with xvhich it has been loaded. The importation of chocolate used formerly to be prohibited -, and though this prohibition no longer exists, yet, as the duties on it are proportionally much Heavier than upon cacao, we manufacture at home almo»t all that is required for our con- sumption. British chocolate is said to be very largely adulterated with flour and Castile soap. — (Sec Edward's West Indies, vol. ii. p. 364. ed. 1819. ; and the art. Cacao.) The quantity of chocolate brought from abroad, entered for home consumption in the United Kinsdom, in 1830, only amounted to 1,324^ lbs., producing 160/. of revenue. ".\like easy to convey and employ as an aliment, it contains a large quantity of nutritive and stimulating particles in a small compass. It has been said with truth, that in Africa, rice, gum, and shea butter, assist man in crossing the deserts. In tb.! New World, chocolate the flour of maize have rendered accessible to him the table lunds of the Andes, and vast and uninhabited forests." — {Humboldt's Pers. Nar. vol. iv. p. 234. E. " trans.) CHKISTI ANI.^, the capital of Norway, situated at the bottom of a fiord or gulf, in the province of Aggerhuua ; in lat. 59° 55^' N., Ion. 10° 48|' E. Population, according to the Weimar Almanack for 1833, about 20,000. Christiania is about 60 miles from the open sea : the gulf is in some places very narrow, and its navigation somewhat dilFicult ; but it is suHiciently deep for the largest vessels, having 6 or 7 fiithoms water close to the quay. It is compulsory on all ships to take a pilot on board at the mouth of the bay. The trade of the town is considerable. The principal exports are timber and deals ; glass, particularly bottles ; linseed and oil-cake, iron and nails, smalts, bones, oak bark, &c. Salted and pickled fish, one of the staple products of Norway, is priiiripally exported from Bergen. The deals of Christiania have always been in the highest estimation ; a consequence of the excellence of the timber, and of the care with which the sap-wood and other defective parts is cut away ; and not, as Mr. Coxe seems to have supposed, of the skilful sawing of the plank. The saw mills were formerly licensed to cut a certain quantity only, and the proprietors were bound to make oath that it was not exceeded. — {Coxe^-f Travels in the North of Europe, 5th edit. vol. iv. p. 28.) This absurd regulation no longer exists. There are far fewer restric- tions on industry and commerce in Norway than in Sweden. In the former, British manu- factured goods are admitted on moderate duties, and are very generally made use of. The principal articles of import are corn, colonial produce ; woollen, linen, and cotton goods ; butter, wine, brandy, &c. Trade of Norway. — The following tables give a comprehensive vkw of the foreign trade of Norway. Imports — Au Account of tlie Quantities of the principal Articles imported into Norway, during each of the Three Yeiirs ending with 1H31. Articles. 1829. 1 18.10. 1831. VorweiiianWeight English Weight Norw'Piti;\nWei,;hl Eneli^h Weijht Norvveician Weight EuKlisli Weigh! ami Meisure. and Mtasiirc. and Measure. ah'i ."Vltasnre. aa.l .Measure. and -Me.asure. Ciittoii Koods 132,629 lbs. 6,499 tons. 180,5li3 lbs. 88-17 tons 174,385 lbs. 85-45 tons French brandy 551,397 pot. 140,589 pals. 809,030 pot. 206,131 pale. 314,184 pot. 80,107 pals. Coffee 1,547,575 Ills. 758-31 tons 1,570.130 Ihs. 772-.in'tons l,8'4,1851b3. 888-95 tuns Vinegar - 101,430 pot. 26,626 pals. 119,826 pot. 30.5.52 gals. 1 73.9.W pot. 18.8.56 pals. Hemp 2,209.65,3 lbs. 1,082-73 tons 1,369.549 lbs. 671-08 tons 1,416.218 lbs 693 96 tons Hops 96,981 47-52 75,104 36-83 66,807 32-73 Flax 763,973 374-35 651. ."02 319-38 4(i2.5.j2 226-65 tons Grain, wheat 13,766 tond. 6,700 qrs. 15,675 tond. 7,625 qrs. ll,9fi2tond. 5.822 irs. Rve 232,602 113,219 2.52,405 122,858 .10.'i.3l)lp 148.607 Barley 300,644 146,338 304,019 147,981 33l),7:iO ino,9W2 Oats 1,5,179 7,384 10,3.10 5.02S 32.0 15 1.5,.597 Mult 42,530 20,701 56,240 27,.174 36.277 17.657 Wheaten Hour 573,087 lbs. 280-81 tons 682.071 lbs. 311-21 tons (i,s8,6IOIh.v. .1.17-43 tons Kye flour - 27,395 13-42 90..525 ■14- 35 116,161 71 76 Barley flour 146,815 71-94 165.616 76-25 65.696 12-18 Ions I'eaa H.SOStond. 5,452 qrs. 8,264 tond. 4.022 qrs. 9.3:!IMond. 4..5n-.16<|rs. Oil 203,423 lbs. 9SV68tonB 223,144 lbs. 109-31 tons 2.54,«-i31bs. 121 7(1 tons Cheese 238,438 116-83 222,363 lOS-iMi 21.5,885 10-.-78 Rice 273.093 133-81 341,110 167-11 2.55,917 125-40 Raisins 102,271 .50-11 103,8.16 .50-HS 117,955 57-80 Rum 12,142 pot. 3,095 pnts. 17.380 pot. 4,1.12gnls. 13.815 pot. 3,522 uals. Salt 284,375tond. 138,419 (ira. 283,600 tond. - 2H 1,799 totid. Hail cloth - 3,580 pes. - f 2,013 pieces t&l9,40fllbs. 1 21-02 tons \ 2;l5 pees. & ) 11)0,316 lbs. 78-55 tons Silits 4,270 Iba. 209 tons 4.SM3 lbs. 2-39 4,1102 lbs. 240 Syrup 720,738 35316 807,035 395-74 719,631 3J2-(i2 Grindstones f 133chnld. X & 5,587 pes. - 1 22 chald. & ( 1.3.17 pieces \- ■ No return. Butter 417,821 lbs. 204-73 tons 365,808 lbs. 179-2ttons 3:il.818 lbs. 191-99 Ions Coals 39,506tond. 4.807-48 chald. 27.001 tond. 3,2-i5-75rli;\l.i 2l,2:t;l lonil. 2..-.,^3-N3rlml. S«(.'ar 2,195,752 lbs. 1,075-91 toiiB 2,312.225 1,117()9 Ions 2.121.810 11)8. 1,186-69 to s Soap, preen 126,219 61-85 145,774 71-13 137,708 67-48 Soap, white 100,450 49-22! 123,0 i3 60-28 132,1159 6.5- 15 Tea 41,435 20-30 4.5,500 22 .T> H.217 21-68 Tnliacro - 1,405.952 688-91 2,209,469 1.0^2-63 1,0'*3.193 530-76 1 Woollens - 180,928 88-6S 186,0.58 91-17 ! HM.900 05-01 Wine 474,218 pot. 120,911 palls. 638,791 pot. 162,H73Bals.' IMl.lMll pot. 48,313 2 'Is. ■J. j Linen cloth lo26. I8-,J 7. 1 18'. 205,29nbi. j 100-59 toni! 159,226 lbs. 780-JlonJ 2113.32') Ills. 1-^9 02 tons m 0'> "1/1 ... '1^^ rn i T lib 1^ 340 CHRISTIANIA. Kiports.— An Aceonnt of tlic Qtiaiitliins of the principal Article* exported from Norway during each of (111! Three Years Hiding with 1831. ■i, i ( Article*. 1829. 1830. 1831. Norweeiai.Weijthl and MeMurc. EmliMi Wriiflit Norivtgiim Weight English Weiglit Norwegian Weight anc! Nleaaure. English Weight and Mt^Mure. and Measure, j and Measure. and Measure. AncliovieH, "l (picliled > Rprats) } Oaltbark - 7,390 kegs ~" 6,172 kega — 9,413 kega ^ _ — 6,8768k. lbs. 1,078- IStons 12,320 sk. lbs. 1,931-77 tons Bones 820,916 lbs. 402-25 tons 1,097,755 537-89 955,742 468-31 Bottles 161,520 bot. — 144,028 bot. — 344,987 bot. Hiiiiilta 208,416 lbs. 10212 257,340 lbs. 126-09 183,700 lbs. 90-01 CliroinateofI lead - S Lobsters 578,658 283-53 538,608 363-91 594,50« 291-30 1,034,905 lobs. — 1,196,904 lob. — 872,944 lob. Dried twh - 44,417,712 lbs. 21,764 67 43,447,887 lbs. 21,289-46 25,448,895 lbs. 12,469-95 Salted tish 397,8.16 tnd. 38,030 bar. 313,993 tnd. 300,218 bat. 469,659 tnd. 449,051 -Bhar Horns 26,19811)8. 12'83tons 52,391 lbs. 25-67 tns. 39,858 lbs. 19-41 tons Iron 6,458,192 3,164-51 6,123,037 3,000-28 5,135,677 2,516.48 Kiigs 6,686 3-27 14,238 6-97 8,640 423 Copper 610,225 299 751,825 368-39 524,894 257 20 ('araway seed l,f)05 078645 1,518 0-74382 1,535 0.75215 Fish roes - 17,029 tnd. 18,282 bar. 32,677 tnd. 21,682 bar. 17,011 tnd. l<),264biir. Buck & goat) sivina J Rock moss 84,10' lbs. 4 1-20 tons m.Wlbs. 55-78 tnp 114,951 lbs. 56-32 tons 357,515 ■ 175-17 109,b-.)3 53-80 tns. 91,812 44-98 Tar 1,257 tnd. r,20l bar- 1,017 tnd. 972 bar. 604 tnd. 577-50 bar. Train oil - 21,80« 20,849 20,176 19,577 18,708 17,897 Wood, liin- ) her & deals J lb3,802 — 194,615 — 172,979 woodln'Rter 360,251 -!)2 tons woodla-ster 381,445-4tns. woodlTster 339,038-84tns Zalfre - | 33,860 lbs. 16-59 tons no return — Oie lbs. 0-29,890 J !• ■1 ' Trade with £n^/fl7»d.— According to the official accounts rendered by the British istom-house, thore were imported from Norway, in 1631,48,151 twt. oak bark, 377 tons iron, 18,219 goat skins, 200,810 lbs. smalts, 118 cwt. tallow, 8,430 great hundreds baitflns and hatton ends, 10,457 great do. dea». and deal ends, 4,&2(5 masts, &c. undeT 12 inches diameter, and 23,527 loads of timbeif, extluarre o!i about 1.000,000 lobsters, of which no account is kept. During the same year we exported to Norwav 535,491 ibs. coffee, 7,705 lbs. indigo, 8,1S9 lbs. pepper, 4,981 lbs. pimento, 4,585 gallons rum, 3,169 cwt. muscovado sugar, 366,024 lbs. tobacco, 83,566 Ibs. cotton wool, 3,774 tons coal, 434,744 yards cotton cloth, earthenware of the value of 3,402/., cutlery of the value of 2,648/., 92,150 bushels of salt, soap and candles of the value of 2,938/., woollen manufactures of the value of about 13,000/., and some minor articles —(Par/. Paper, No. 550. Sess. 1833.) Nothing woum do so much to extend our trade with Norway, and not with it only, but with tht> whole north of Europe, as tlie repeal of the discriminating duty on Norwegian and Baltic timber. And, a» this measure would be, in other respects, highly advantageous, it is to be hoped that ita adop- tion may not be long deferred. Cu&'tums Duties.— As previously remarked, these, when compared with the Swedish duties— (sfjc GoTTENDURoii), are moderate. They amounted, in 1831, inwards, to 161,840/. 5*. 3d. ; outwarls, t.> 47,381/. Ss. 3d. ; making together, 209,221/. 13;s. 6d. To these have to be added 27,43©*. Ito. 5d. received on account of tonnage duties, lights, &c. Customs Resv2ations.-~\V\i\nr\ 24 hours after a vessel has (^t to her moorings, Ihti master should deliver to the collector his general report ^■j to ship and cargo, or present the requisite documents for having ^ ich reimrt made out with the assistance of a ship broker, w hosu sfrvice» niantera of foreign vessels cannot entirely dispense vith. i)n making (his general rejwrt, the nieasaring bill is to be ex- hibiicd, and payment of the tonnage and other dues inward is to be ui;ile. If tlie aliip have not l)een previously measured in Norway, and is, consequently, not provided witha Norw^ian measuring bill, slit: is to be measure), to ascertain her burden in Norwegian com* inercial last?, for the calculaiinn of the tonnage duty. Thegenerd report having been madp, the Custom-house officnrs in ch.irge of the vessel are furnished with the books for delivery, and the discharge of the cargo commences under their ins|)ection ; and the coDsiniif es may make thfir s|)ecial reimrts under their responsi- Lility and signature. If they are without precise information as to tiie contents of any or all of the packagi-s or bales to their .address, these bales or packages may, at their request, be opened in the pre- sence of tlie officers before report is made. If a consii^nee omits availing hinuelf nf this permission, his preteiidin); thereafter that more or other ^oods than he had ordered, or been advised of, have been sent to his address, will not be attended to. In the reports or entries is to be stated, whether it is intended to pay the duties iorth- with, whether the goods are intended for eiportation, or whether they nre to he landed. iTior to commencing loading outwards, the master is to give ver- hil notice of his intention at the Custom-house. If behave no Nor- wegian OH-asuring bill, the vessel is to be measured. This being done, the shipper or ■hip|>ersof the outward bound cargo are each of them In make their special entries as to the quality, weight, and ]nea.iure of the gootls they mean to load, A copy of !«ich entries is to t>e deposited at the Cnstom-hoQse, and the loadini^ commences under (he control of tbeotticers. This applies to all miied cargoes; but if the outward twuud cargo consist exclusively of wood, the shifv- j>er or shippers are only to notify that they intend loading wood, without specifying quantity, measure, Ac, as the export auty on wood ischargw according to the burden of the vessel. When the master clean outwards, he produces the proper documents for slww- ing the burden of his vessel, and to what port she belongs, and he is then, on proper application being made, provided with a pilot, who takes his vessel to sea. trarfAouiing.— In Norway, i^nods brought from abroad may be loiided or warehoused, with a view to their being again exported at K)iue future period. Goods entered for liome cousuuiption may also be bond ed for a certain period, in order to facilitate the pavm^ut of the duties. The former is called **trantU oplag,V that is, depositing or warehousing goods- for exportation, subject to transit duties ouly. The latter is called ** credit optagy'^ that is, warehousing or boudiiii* on credit. 1. Transit Op/ag.— Under this s};stein, goods from abroad mav lie lyarehoused for exportation free of iaiport duty, paying on ex|'or!a- tion a transit duty, which, in luoat cases, is l*10th of what Duy would pay if entered for home consnmption. If the goods are deposited in the Custom-house warehouses, they lie free of rent or dues daring 11 days, and if in private warehouses, under the tcev and neA\ of the customs, during 6 monlbs. If they remain long, viz. beyond 14 days in the one, and beyond 6 months in the other case, they pay rent or dues cquit to l-8th of the transit duly |)er month J which, after the lajise of 3 months, as reK>rds goods I'n the Custom-house warehouses, is increased to l-4th ef the trautit duty per month. 2. Credit Oplag. — This system allows most goods imported from abroad to l>e pLiced in the owner*8 or importer's own warehouses, under his own lock, free of duly, for a given time, on his reporting to the customs, every 3 motittis, how much he h.'is sold, otherwise consnmed, or exported, and then paying the duty on such amount; the Custom*hou!orted. By way of security for payment of the duties on which the crelit is granted, goTernment reserve to themselves— 1. Prinrily of mortgage on all the goods in question. 2. Priority, or first ri|^ht,in the property, goods, ar/ effects of every description belonging to the trader availing himself of Cm crettit, in as far as such property is not previously legally mort- gaged. 3. Mberty for the Cnstosn-house officers, when and as often as they shall deem it expedient, between the slated quarterly ins(>ec- tion, to look over the stock on hand, with a view of ascertaining whether there remains sufficient value for the duties ; and if they see reason todouht this, full right, in default of other saiistactory secu- rity being offered, to seize the stock, and to sell the whole, or as much as shall cover the duties. 4. 1q casQ of dealti or failure of the party, an equal right to sell CHRISTIANIA. 341 rway during each 1831. j|!ht En!;liih Weight . aod Meuuni, 8 bg. 1,931-77 tons 46831 ot. ba. 9001 291-30 oh. bs. 13,469-95 lid. 449,051 -ISliar. b!<. 19-41 tons 2,516.48 4 23 257-20 0.75215 nd. 16,264bar. bs. 56-32 tons 44-98 nd. 577-50 bar. 17,8S7 er 339,e38-84tns IbH. 0-29,890 f. (f. On a quarter of wheat, for the lint 3 > „ n:ria „., „»„.i. month" • • . • J " P" month. AflerwarJi • - . 1-1076 — "n"o!,°h,°'""""?'' '"."""'"." I 11-:,3S4 pennonU.. Atterwardt . . . i 110760 — ih nstom-house, 18,219 goiii skins, ,457 great do. dea? iber, exelnsne oti ported to Norway ns rum, 3,169 cwt. 1,744 yards cotton ihels of salt, 8oa|) .3,0001., and some only, but Tf ith the nd Baltic timber. ped that Us adup- dish duties— (s(ie id. i outwards, |.> 19s. 5d. received icilitale the parmiut of that is, depositing nr to transit duties only. varetiousing or boudiiit; ods from abroad mnr tie ty, paying on exporra- is l-19th of what lliiy ion. If the goods are they lie free of rent or ehonses, under the key they remain long, viz. 6 montha in the other of the transit duly [ler .IS reiEards goods fn the 4th of the transit duty st goods inported from rter's own warehouses, time, on his reporting he h:is sold, otherwi^ duty on such amount ; qu.irlerly to eiamine r dt-monstration, that ed to have been taken •d 2 years from the ti.re ieson whi«h the credit (pi est ion. , ("nods, ary' effects of '.liliiig himself of tills revioisly legally mort- when and as often as itated quarterly impec- view of ascertaining ! duties J and if they see other saiislactory seen- sell the whole, or is an equal right to k!1 jtnfliwithOieirhnlBOf Mi«tnek»t puNIc auction, and to retiln as much of the proceeds as shall cover the dulies j .ind in case of de- rtf lency, an estabiisheil claim for the ri'mainder on the estate of the drceiscJ or lisnkrupt, M the case may lie. Ill charging he duties, no allowance is nude for waste or damage fl, the wareliouses. The ware Iroiise rent charged on goods bonded under the tnmiit system, in llie Customhouse warehouses, is as follows ;— Mnnaj, Weights, and Measures.— \n Norway there are no gold coins. The principal silver coin, rall'id a'fpecies dollar, in divided into 120skillings. There are, also, half species, or 60 skilliiiR pieces; l-jtli species, or 24 skilling pieces; l-15th species, or 8 skilling pieces; and wliat is denoniiiiiiled Rkillemynt, or small change— that is, 4 and 2 skilling pieces. The sporics dollar contains 3(IO-58 ling, jrrs. pare silver, and is, consequently, worth 4s. 6Jd. sterling, the par of exchange being 4 specii's dol- lars 12 6-17 skill. = II. All Norway coins, except the small change, are alloyed with l-7tli copper, so that ihc species dollar weighs 44838 Eng. grs., and its divisions in proportion. Bmall change coins are alloyed with three times their weight of copper. There are 1 and 3 skilling pieces of copper. H'dghls and Measures, same as at Copgnhaqen ; which see. Tabic showing the Number of Ships, their Destination, and Tonnage in Norwegian Lasts and English Tons, that cleared out from Christiania ; and also the Nuinhcr of Ships, their Destination, and Tonnage, that cleared out from Norwegian Ports generally, Christiania included ; during each of the Three Years ending with 1831. Sailed from Christiania Sailed from Norway. I Destination. Year. Ships. Lasts. Tons. Ships. Lasts. Tons. 1829 15 376 940 6t)8 13,172 32,930 Sweden - - - < 18.10 10 217 542 423 10.323 25,807 1831 11 302 755 546 13,226 33,065 1829 117 1,899 4,747 2,062 24,442 61,105 Denmark, Altona excepted < 1830 126 2,216 5,.540 1,968 24,396 60,990 1831 1829 1830 155 2,078 6,605 2,096 26,817 67,042 Russia - - - -J «_ 117 4,537 11,342 1831 I 17 42 133 6,638 16,595 1829 2 44 110 354 11,827 29,567 Other Baltic ports - < 18.S0 2 60 150 222 6,002 15,230 1831 8 302 755 240 7,210 18,025 1 Hamburgh, Altona, and 3 1829 1830 6 7 207 239 617 507 89 97 2,067 2,268 5,167 5,670 Bremen- - - 1^ 1831 9 326 815 114 2,865 7,162 1829 96 8,144 20,360 228 44,027 110,067 Great Britain and Ireland -i 1830 86 7,189 17,972 840 44,819 112,047 1831 128 9,981 24,952 970 53.735 1.34,337 Holland, Hanover, and 01- > 1829 1830 1 5 60 381 150 9.52 982 1,030 43,595 50,170 108,977 125,425 denburgb - - ^ 1831 5 349 872 823 33,024 82,560 1829 127 8,825 22,062 579 35,706 89,265 France - - - -j 1830 145 9,683 24,207 569 .3.5.120 87,600 1831 101 6,685 16,712 42) 25,855 64.637 1829 — — — 86 3,674 9,185 Portugal and Spain - -j 1830 — — — 81 3,189 7,972 1831 1 91 227 63 3,015 7,5.37 1829 — — — 65 4,307 10,767 Other Mediterranean ports < 1830 — — — 90 6,3,57 15,892 1831 — — — 67 5,001 12,510 1829 — — — 2 71 177 Ports beyond Europe - "j 1830 1831 .S/ttppin? C/rai-i^M.— The variniia charges nf a public nature pay- able by 1 sliip nf :»b(iut JOO tnijs bunleii, culerini; the p'»rt of Christi- ania wiih a mixed carpi on board, unimdnig there, taking on board another cargo, and clearing out, are as follow : — L. t. rf. l.CAar^-M/nioarrf*.— Pilotage from Farder,at the mouth of Christiania Bay, where all ships must take a pilot onboard - 2 2 2 fiitl of health, assumini; that the crew, iucluding the master, consists of 14 persons - • - 17 9 Tonnage dues and light money - - • D 16 9 Brokers' fees • - • • - I .I 4 2. Char^et Ortfwanb.— Pilotage - C:tstte (lues Muster roll nf crew Pale nr stake money Measuring bill . . . Charity chest Tonnage dues and light mooey Hiirholm lisht - Pilotaite to Farder - ' Brokers' fees K. J9.— There la no dlfTerence between the charges on native ships in Norwegian pnrti, and privileged fnreifrn ships, that is, the ships of countries having recipmcity treaties with Norway; nnr in the duties on goods imported by native ships nn 1 such privileged foreign ships. Great Britain is a privileged country. The shipping of Norway has declined considerably of late yeara ; a proof, if any such were wanting, of the groundlewnpss of the clamours kept up In this country as to the supixised pernicious influ- ence of recipmcity treaties on our shipping. Bajikmg.—T re are no orivate bukiiur eitablishmcDts in Nor- 2f2 L. 14 2 9 2 7 1 h 11 2 2 4 5 1 7 10 II 1 9 1 16 8 1 18 II ^_ _ L. 18 6 11 way; hut there is a public bank, having its principal office at Dron* theiin, with Imuiclies at Christiania, Bergen, and Chrisliansand. It was establistied bv a compulsory assessment in ISI6. Its capital consists of 2,000,0(^ species dollars, in (raiisfcrable sliart^, divided amot:pit (hose who were forced to contribute to its formation. These shares are now at a premium nf 30 per cent. Its managers are ap* pointed by, and are accountable to, the .Storthing or Norwegian paii^ ilament. 'it issues notes for 100, 50, 10, and so tow as 1 species dollar. These notes should be payable in specie on demand ; but they An at a discount of 35 per cent,, and are paid by the bank at that rate. It discounts bills at 2 and 3 months date at 6 percent, per atuiiun ; adv:inces money on mortgage at 4 per cent. ; and transacts till 'inary banking business of individuals. It does not allow In- terest on deposits. The dividend is, at present, from 6 2-3d3 to 7 per cent. Credit, — Goods are sold jiartly for ready money, and partly oa credit, but principally the former. CommissHm, ^-c, — The number of broken in Christiania is limited to 4. CommiHsidii on the sile of gixids. 2 per cent., or, del crttUre inclnded, 'J per cent. Rrokeraee is fixed by law at 5"6!hs per cent,, which, in practice, is paid by the sellers. lns\m\nre.—W\ houses Rituated in Norwegian market towns must be insured in the General Insurance Coinpany at Christiania, which is puarantecd by the state. The premium is moderate, lieing, oa buildings situated in towns, l-4lh, and on those situated in the coun- try, l-^th per cent. Sometimes, Iiov/ever, when very destructive fifes occur, it is raised, /*roi»fitfr;if, ^-c— Christiania is not a favourable place for careen- ing and repairing ships ; but supplies of beef, bread, »ater, and other sea stores, may be had as cheap or cheaper than in any other part of Norway ; but its tlistance from the sea is l(» ereat to allow of its being visited by ships desirous merely of victualling. — (We have de* rived these details from var'ous sourcps, but principally from the able Jinnoen of ihe Cnvnil at Christiania to the VimUar Queriu ) rtm/«r.~A standard Christiania deal is 1 1 feet long, t M inch tliick, ami 9 inches broad : and 51 '2 such deals make a load. Freight of deiils frnm Norw.-iy to Eiubiid is calculated at the rate pf sinijle deal% Itie standard measure of which for Christiania and all the southern ports of Norway, except Dram (a aniall town ou the ■1 342 CHUNAM— CINNAMON. t ' :l Dnmmeii, about 10 milM S. W. of Chrlilianli), is 1 1 feet lonf , mil I 1-4 inch in ihiclcnni. A aingia deal Inun :)ruii ii recllou«l 10 fm long and I I-2 inch thick. Balltiu.—Thnx buiem nuke 2 deals, rriainin? Iheir own length and Ihickriew. Holf dealt are only counted ai dial ends, if thry run under 6 feet ; but if Ihry run 6 or 7 feet long, then 2 half deals are counted a deal, retaining their own thickness. EnU of DKitt Four i-nds nf deals, although 5 feet long, make but a deal II feet long, retaining tlu^ir thickness, 'vhicli the owners and captains of ships think uniwunnahle ; but a> the freighlen of ■hips seldom wish to lave this assortment, which couiinonly run from 3 to 5 feet, and are taken on board as stowage, consequently for the advantage of the ship and not the freighter, the ship ought to boar the burden. End uf Batlttu, called Lanoick Paiinift.—So leaa than 6 ought lo be counted a single ileal, 1 1 feet long and I 1 4 inch thick. Palehoardt, when they have their proper length, are 7 feel long j 3 pale-lHiards are counted a single deal. Slaiu for bogshinds lake up much room : in consequence of which more than 10 cannot be computed a single deal. The widih of deal is never noticeil in the calculation of freight ; a fooil deal ought 1 1 run 9 inches wiihin the sap, which not a twen- tieth pirt of a cargo docs at iiresent j but, though some may be above 9 inches wide, nuuy are only 8, therefore one must make up for the other. Timber, or Hewn Goorfs— cannot be exactly computed according 10 the contents in de.i|j, because it cannot be stowed in a ship in the same manner .is deals ; the freight is, therefore, agreed for by the mtf lump, or iccnrding to the number nf dealt which thsTenel have taken on board on a former occasion. One hun>lred dmis ==t 120. A Ion r^ 40 solid feet of timber, cut to a square. One limd of balk, or timlier, = 50 solid feet. Two loads of timber are reckiined for l.iO dealt. The suvemi bills of lading enntain together an exact account of the cargo which the captain lus received on board hit ship, conaequently binding him to ileltver arcording to their contents : when, Itiert-fDn-, the deals are mentioned as usual !>anil 10 A^t, and II and Ufect, he cannot insist on more freight than tialf of Uie leugth, accordiug \o its dascriptkin. One thounnd Norway standard deals are reckoned equal to a keel of coals, which i«21 Ions. iiamiiritt |tay duty as masts ; capravens are above 12 and under 18 inches in circumference at the middle, anil williout bark. Clip. board isea(>ortetl in whole piecetaiid nuqnartereil. Deals from Ger- many P.-UH as Norway deals ; suruce deals are upwards of 20 feet in length } dealb from Norway, above 7 feet long, are counted as whik deals : above 5 feet, and not aljove 7 feet in length, are accouuled as half deals, and 2 of them \i\9n :is one whole deal. The ditference between the Christiatiin and I>ram standard belnr nearly 1-1 1th part, the freights to Dram ought to be varied prnpnr. tionally. It hassimietimes liappened that ships both for Christiania and Dram have been in coni(>ai)y, and those for Christiania have gnl up, loaded, and sailed, before llie others for Dram have gut oier Dminslroonk, which runs very strong down in the spring of the year. — (liordanK^ European Cummern.) CHUNAM, the name given in India to lime. The best, obtained by the calcination of shells, is employed in the composition of Betel — (which sec), to jwrevent, it is said, ju injuring the stomach. CIDER, on CYDER (Fr. Cidre ,■ Ger. Z'lder, Apfelwein ; It. Cidro ; Rus. Sldor ; Sp. Sidra), the juice of apples expressed and fermentetl. The produce of the duty on cider and perry (the expressed and fermented juice of pears) amounted, in 1 828, to 37,820/. ; which, as the duty was 105. a barrel, shows that the quantity produced must have amounted ti> 74,440 barrels, exclusive of what might Iw clandestinely manufactured. The perry is sup- posed to have amounted to about a fourth part of this quantity. The duty was repealed in 1830.— (See Apples.) CIGARS. See Tobacco. CINIVABAR (Ger. ^i'ranofter ,• Da. Cinaber, VirmiUoen ,• Yt.Cinnabre; It. Cinabro,- Sp. Cinaf/rio ,• Rus, Kinowar ; Lat. Cirmnbrium). 1. Native Cinnabar — a mineral substance, reil, heavy, and brilliant. It is found in va- rious places, chiefly in quicksilver mines, being one of the ores of that metal. The cinnabar of the Philippine Islands is said to be of tlie highest colour ; but that of Almaden in Spain, is the richest. The best native cinnabar is of a high colour, brilliant, and free from earthy or stony matter. 2. Artificial Cinnabar. — " When two parts of mercury and one trf sulphur are triturated together in a mortar, the mercury gradually disappears, and the whole assumes the form of a black powder, formerly called Ethiops mineral. When this mineral is heated red hot, it sublimes ; and if a proper vessel be placed to receive it, a cake is obtained of a finn red colour. This cake was formerly called cinnabar ; and when reduced to a fine powder, is well known in commerce under the name of vermilion^ — ( Tfiomsim's Chemistry.) CINNAMON (Da.Kaneel; Fr. Cannelle ,■ Ger. Zimntet, Knnehl ,• It. Canella,- Lat. Cinnamomum, Canella.- Por. Canella,- Sp. Canela ,- Pers. and Hind. DarcA/me ,• Arab. Darsini ,- Malay, Kaimanis,- Greek, Kiv^t/mcv), the bark of the cinnamon tree (Lntirus rinna- momum), a native of Ceylon, where it grows in great abundance; it is also found in Cochin China, but no where else. The cinnamon said to be found in China, Borneo, &c. is merely Cfvtsia lignea. It is brought home in bags or baJes weighing 92^ lbs. each ; and in stowing it, black pepper is mixed with the bales to preserve the cinnamon. The best cinnamon is thin and rather pliable : it ought to be about the substance of royal paper, or somewhat thicker ; is of a light yellow colour, approaching nearly to that of Venetian gold ; it is smooth and shining ; fractures splintery ; has an agreeable, warm, aromatic flavour, and a mild sweetish taste when chewed, the pieces become soft and seem to melt in the mouth ; it is not so pungent but that it may be borne on the tongue without pain, and is not succeeded by any after taste. Whatever is hard, thick as a half-crown piece, dark-coloured or brown, or so hot that it cannot be borne, should be rejected. Particular care should be taken that it be not false packed, or mixed with cinnamon of an inferior sort. — (^Milbuni's Orient. Comm. ,• Marshall's Essay, quoted below.) The cinnamon of Cochin China grows in the dry sandy districts lying N. W. of the town of Faifoe, between 15° and 16° N. lat. It is preferred in China to the cinnamon of Cey- lon : the annual imports into Canton and other ports vary from 250,000 to 300,000 i!)s. There are no fewer than 10 varieties of this species in the market. It is not cured, like that of Ceylon, by freeing it from the epidermis. — (Crawford's Embaasy to Siam, JifC. p. 475.) Cinnamon Monopoly. — Dovm to the present year, the cultivation of cinnamon in Ceylon was restricted to a few gardens in the neighbourhood of Colombo ; the production and sale of the article being wholly monopolised by government. U[)on the transference of the island from the East India Company to the king's government, the former agreed to pay CINNAMON. 343 »)• »)iich llie vn«l mtf B reckoneil equal |j a keel 60,000/. a year for 400,000 lbs. or 4,342^ bales of cinnamon ; it being stipulated, that if the quantity collected exceeded this amount, the surplus was to be burned .'* But this agreement was afterwards broken off; and, for these some years past, the cinnamon has been sent to England by government, and sold on its account at quarterly sales. The revenue derived by the Ceylon treasury from the cinnamon monopoly, in 1831, it said to have amounted to 106,434/. lis. lid.; but it is not said whether this is the nett or gross revenue, that is, whether it be exclusive or inclusive of the expenses attending its manage- ment.— (C'e^Awi Almanac for 1833, p. 82.) As the monopoly could not be enforced except by confining the culture of cinnamon to certain districts, it necessarily led to the most op- pressive interference with the rights of individuals, to the creation of numberless imaginary ofrcnccs, and the multiplication of punishments, forming a heavy drawback upon the pros- perity of the island. We are, therefore, glad to have to state that it has been at length abandoned ; and that we are no longer liable to the charge of upholding, without improving, the worst part of the Dutch policy ; but have restored to the natives their right to cultivate cinnamon any where and in any way they think fit. We subjoin a copy of the advertise- ment issued by the Ceylon government in reference to this important subject. Notice is hereby given, that in direct pursuance of instriictinns received from the secretary of stale, from and after the 10th of July next, the general export of cinnanioii from the ports of Colombo nnd Point de Galle exclusively, in the island of Ceylon, will be allowed, on payment of an export duly nf 3s. per pound, without distinction of quality. From the same period, all restrictions and prohibitions against the ciillivation, possession, or sale of cinnamon by private individuals will cease ; and such quantities of cinnamon as government now 1ms in its possession, or may hereafter be obliged to receive in payment of rent, or from the govern- niciil plantations (until they can otherwise be disposed of), will be sold at periodical sales, subject always to the payment of the said export duty, and under conditions as to the completion of the pur- chase, and the actual payment of the purchase money in cash or covernment bills, on delivery of the cinnamon, similar to those heretofore stipulated at the sales held'in London, and which will be fully nolitied and explained hereafter. No collections will, for the future, be made in the forests on account of government. The, first sale will be held on the 10th day of July next, at the office of the commissioner of re- venue; when 1,000 bales of cinnamon will be put up to sale in lots at th;; undermentioned prices, and will be sold to the highest bidder above the reserved price. d. 6 9 Ist sort, per lb. ----- • 2d - 3d — The proportion of each sort to be put up will be notified hereafter. The stock of cinnamon in the hands of the agent in London, in September, 1832, and which was to he sold at the 4 usual quarterly sales, in October, 1832, and January, April, and July, 1833, amounted to 4,6S8 bales ; two consignments, amounting to 826 bales, have since been sent to England, viz. 500 Imlcs in July, 1832; 326 bales in October, 1832; since which no shipments have been made, and none will be made hereafter. The sales for the 2 years ending with that of July, 1832, somewhat exceeded 5,500 bales per annum. Chief Secretary's office, Colombo, March 9, 1833. Duties on Cinnamon. — Nothing can be more satisfactory than this document, in so far as the free culture of cinnamon is concerned ; but it is deeply to be regretted, that the abolition of the old monopoly system should be accompanied by the imposition of the exorbitant duty of 3s. per lb. on all cinnamon, exported, without distinction of quality. Its natural cost does not, we believe, exceed 6d. or 8d. per lb. ; but taking it at Is., the duty is no less than 300 per cent. ! So enormous a tax, by confining the export of cinnamon within the narrow- est limits, will go far to deprive the island of the advantages it would otherwise derive from the repeal of the monopoly, and will be, in all respects, most injurious. We have heard, that it is contended, in vindication of this oppressive tax, that Ceylon having a natural monopoly of cinnamon, it is sound policy to burden it with the highest duty it will bear ; as the largest revenue is thus obtained at the least expense to the island. But in addition to the cinnamon produced in Cochin China, and which it is more than probable will speedily iind its way to the European markets, the extent to which cassia lignea is substituted for cinnamon, shows that the monopoly possessed by Ceylon is of very trifling importance. But though it were otherwise, though cassia lignea did not exist, and cinnamon were to be found no where but in Ceylon, we should not the less object to so exorbitant an export duty. So long as it is maintained, it will confine within the narrowest limits, what might otherwise become a most important branch of industry, and a copious source of wealth to the island. According to the crown commissioners, the average quantity and value of the different sorts of cinnamon annually sold of late years has been, — Sorts of Cinnamon. Quantity Rate. Amount. First sort .... Second sort . - - - Third sort .... All sorts Lbs. 90,000 230,000 180,000 S. d. 7 2.i 5 m 4 H £ s. 32,842 15 67,562 10 38,437 10 500,000 1 139,343 15 II* as 0'> ^1*1 M "VZ »l ♦ See an article by H. Marshall, Esq., staff surgeon to the forces in Ceylon, in Thomson's Annals of PMlosopliy, vol. X. p. 356. 341 CINQUE PORTS. • » r(«, wc have little doubt, now that the cultnre is free, that the exports would, at no \ery distant period, have amounted to Homc millions of pounds. It is the hipth price of rinnamon, — a price not caused by its scarcity or the difliculty of its production, but by the oppressive nionopo- lies and duties to which it has been subjected, — that has made it be refjardrd as a luxury attainable only by the rich. There is no other 8j)ice that is so universally acceptable ; ami there is none, were it changed with a reasmuilj/e duty, that would be so sure to command lui; immense sale. We know, quite as well as the writer of an article on this subject in ihr Colombo .Journal, " that the cook who einploys 1 ounce of cinnamon to imjjrove the flavour of his dishes, will not emjjloy 4 ounces when the spice is a fourth of the i)rice ;" but wc further know, what the journalist would seem to be iRUorant of, that were its price reduced, as it might be, to a third of what it has hitherto cost, it wouM be used by ten or a dozen cooks, for every one who employs it at present. In fact, tho entire consumption of cinna- mon in Great Britain is under 20,000 lbs. a year ! Should the cxjmrts of cinnamon from Ceylon under the new plan amount to 500,000 llw, a year, government will receive from it an annua! revenue of 75,000/. ; and supposing them to amount to 600,000 lbs., the revenue will be 90,000/. And to secure the immediate pay- ment of this trifling sum, every ulterior consideration of profit and advantage has been sarri- liced. It is, however, pretty clear, that this short-sighted rapacity will be, in the end, no less injurious to the revenue, than to the industry and trade of the island. Were cinnamon allow- ed to be exported for a few years under a low duty, or till such time as the taste for it was fully dilVused throughout this and other countries, it would then be easy, by gradually raising the duty, to obtain from it, without materially checking the consumption, a very large revenue • at least 5 or 6 times more than it will ever produce under the present plan. Suppose that we had had the power efTectually to monopolise the inventions by which Sir Richard Arkwright and others have so prmiigiously facilitated the spinning of cotton ; what would have been thought of the policy of those who should have proposed laying a duty on exported cottons equivalent to the peculiar advantages we enjoyed in their production? Had this been done, we should have got a monopoly value for our exports of cotton; but instead of amounting, as at present, to 17,000,000/. a year, they would not, under such a plan, have amounted, to 170,000/.; and instead of aflbrding subsistence for some 1,300,000 or 1,400,000 individuals, the cotton manufacture would not have supported 50,000 ! And ypt this is the mischievous nostrum, for it would be an abuse of terms to call it a principle, — on which we have proceeded to regulate tbe export of the staple product of Ceylon. The following table shows the quantities of cinnamon retained for home consumption, the rates of duty.and the nett amount of the duties in each year, since 1810. Quantities Quantities Vein. retained for Home Con* NUinptioti in the UnileJ Nell Amount of Duty received thereon. Rates of Duty charged thereon. Years. retained for Ilorne Con- suniptinn in Hie United Nell Amount of Duly received titereon. nates of Duty charjeil thereon. Kinj^dnrn. Kingdom. Us. £ s. (1. Of the Kdst Indies. /./».«. £ s. d. Of the Eust Indies. C%!. per It), and 2/. 1820 10,()18J 1,331 3 6 2s. lid. per lb. 1810 12,793 5,609 7 3 < Us. id. per cent. 1821 12,002 1,503 18 2 do. (.ad vnlnreni. 1822 14.5071 1.8I() 19 do. 1811 8,748 3,715 16 7 do. 1823 14,22.') 1,767 8 7 do. 1812 13,416 4,081 10 1 do. 1824 13,7fi(!5 1,723 16 4 do. ' f(From April 15.) 1825 14,0981 1.766 2 do. 1813 Records destroyed - J 2,«.4J(/. pi'rll). and 3/. .3».4rf. pi'rceiit. 1826 1827 14,15r..;- 14,45U 1,782 14 1,807 19 9 7 do. do. ad valort^in. 1828 15,6961 1,773 16 9 do. 1814 1815 9,565 8,977 3 11 1,175 17 7 ( (From April 10.) lis.M. nerlli. do. 1829 29,720 1,342 8 4 f (From June 21.) J 6(/. per lb. I'rciiii 1 Hritisli pos-ses- 1816 9,863 1,2.35 14 1 do. tsions. 1817 10,6!^9 1,324 9 do. 1830 Nil.* 709 .'5 do. 1818 11,381 1,424 18 11 do. 1831 2:), 172 583 17 6 do. 1819 13,077i 1,637 1 1 f (From April 10.) > 2i. Orf. per 11). 1832 15,271 435 10 do. ■ » i . In the London market, cinnamon is divided into 3 sorts. The first is worth, nt present (Sept. 1833), duty incUidiid, from 8s. Gd. to 10». per lb.; the second, 6*. to ~s. 6d.; and the third from 5s. to 6s. [See Impohts and Expohts. — Am, Ed,] CINQUE PORTS, These are ancient trading towns, lying on the coast of Kent and Sussex, which were selected from their proximity to France, and early superiority in navi- gation, to assist in protecting the realm against invasion, and vested with certain privileges by royal charter. " The ports so privileged, as we at present account them, are Dover, Sandwich, Romney, Hastings, Hythe, and the two ancient towns of Winchel.sea and Rye ; although the two latter places appear to have been originally only members. The services which they were ♦ The export having exceeded the quantity charged with duty within the year. CITRON— CIVITA VECCHIA. 345 nppointcd to perform, were cither honorary, viz. assisting at the coronation and sendinj members to parliament ; or auxiliary to the defence of the realm, as furnishinj^ a certain supply of vcsHcls and seamen, on bcintj summoned to that service by the king's writ. "In process of time the Ciniiue Porta grew so powerful, and, by the possessiim of a war- like fleet, so audacious, that they made piratical excursions in defiance of all public faith ; on some occasions they made war, and formed confederacies as separate independent states. It seems, however, that these irregularities were soon suppressed, when the government was strong, and sufficiently confident to exert its powers. 80 long as the mode of raising a navy by contributions from different towns continued, the Cinquo Ports afforded an ample sup- ply; but since that time their privileges have teen preserved, but their separate or peculiar services dispensed with. Their charters are traced to the time of Edward the Confessor ; tlipy were confirmed by the Conqueror, and by subsequent monarchs. William the Con- iiueror, considering Dover Castle the key of England, gave the charge of the adjacent coast, with the shipping belonging to it, to the constable of Dover Castle, with the title of Warden of the Cincjue Ports; un office resembling that of the Count of the Saxon coast (Contea llttiiris Sdxonic!) on the decline of the Koman power in this island. The lord warden has the authority of admiral in the Cinque Porta and its dependencies, with power to hold a court of admiralty ; he has authority to hold courts both of law and ecjuity ; is the general returning ofliccr of all the ports, — i)arliamentary writs being directed to him, on which he issues his precepts ; and, in many respects, he was vested with powers similar to those pos- sessed by the heads of counties palutiiic. At present the efficient authority, charge, or patronage, of the lord warden is not very great ; the situation is, however, considered very honourable, and the salary is .3,000/. He has under him a lieutenant and some subordinate otllcers ; and there arc captains at Deal, Walmer, and Sandgatc Castles, Archclilf Fort, and Moats Bulwark. " There is an exclusive jurisdiction in the Cinque Ports (before the mayor and jurats of the ports), into which exclusive jurisdiction the king's ordinary writ does not run; that is, tlic court cannot direct their process immediately to the sheriff, as in other caises. In the Cinque Ports, their process is directed to the constable of Dover Castle, his deputy, or lieu- tenant. A writ of error lies from the mayor and jurats of each port to the lord warden of the Cinque Ports, in his court of Shepway, and from the court of Shepway to the King's Bench ; a memorial of superiority reserved to the crown at the original creation of the franchise ; and prerogative writs, as those of habeas corpus, prohibition, certiorari, and man- damus, may issue, for the same reason, to all these exempt jurisdictions, because the privi- lege that the king's writ runs not must be intended between party and party, and there can be no such privilege against the king." — {ChUty's Commercial Law, vol. ii. p. 12.) CITRON (Ger. Succade ,• Da. Sukkat ,• It. Confetti di cedro ,- Sp. Acitron verde ,• Fr, CItrniwt vcrd), an agreeable fruit, resembling a lemon in colour, smell, and taste. The principal difference lies in the juice of the citron being somewhat less acid, and the yellow rind being somewhat hotter, and accompanied with a considerable bitterness. — (Lewis's Mat, Mid.) It is imported, preserved and candied, from Madeira, of the finest quality. CIVET (Ger. Zibefh ; Bu. Civet,- Fi.Civette; It. Zihetio,- Sp. yl/i^fl//a), a perfume taken from the civet cat. It is brought from the Brazils, Guinea, and the interior of Africa. When genuine, it is worth 30."?. or 40s. an ounce. CIVITA VECCHIA, a fortified sea-port town of the papal dominions, on the Mediter- ranean, in lat. 42° 4' 38" N., Ion. 11° 44' 52" E. Population 7,000. }farhoiir.—T\\e port of Civita Vficrhia is artificial, and is formed by three larce moles. Two of ihiMii pruji'clliiK from tile niaiiilanii, inclined one to the north and the other to the south, form the sides of the liarliour; while a third iiicde, or lireakwater, constructed opposite to the gap between tlie Mtlier two, serves to protect the harbour from the heavy sea that would otherwise be thrown in by llie westerly call's. A li(?litliouse, having the lantern elevated 74 feet above the level of the sea, is erected on tbe southern extremity of the outward mole ; the distance from its extremities to the ex- treinilies of the lateral moles, on which there are towers, being about 90 fathoms. Vessels may enter either by the south or north end of the outer mole, but the southern channel is the deepest, liavini; from 8 to (i and 4 fathoms. Ships may anchor within the port, in from 16 to IS feet water, or between it and the outer mole where the water is deeper. Within the port there is a dock and an arsenal.— (P/((n of Civita Vecchia.) lli.ilurir.al M'uticc.—This harbour, which is by far the best on the western side of the papal domi- niniis, owes its origin to the Emperor Trajan, and affords the most iine(]uivocal proof, not of his power merely, but of his sagacity ami desire to promote the interests of commerce and navigation. There is in one of Pliny's Letters (lib. vi. episl. 31.) a clear and interesting account of ibis great work, which has obviously been planned and constructed with eijual skill and judgment. The imter mole was mostly formed, precisely like the breakwater at Plymouth, by sinking immense blocks of stone into the sea, which became fixed and consolidated by their own weight, till by degrees it was raised above the waters, {.^ssiirgit autem arte I'i.sendii : iii/rcntia saxa lati.i.iiina navis prorehit. Contra hu^e lUia super alia dejecta ipso ponderc mnnent, ac nensim qiiodam veliit a/rgere constriiiivtiir.) Originally it was called 'I'rnjaiius Partus, and it is to be regretted that it did not always bear the name of its illus- trious f'uunder. liut in the latter ages of the Koman empire it was culled Centum Cellix, and in modern times Civita Vecchia.— (CcUarii M'utitia Orbis .Hntiqiue, i. p. 734.) Afenn/— Account!, are kept liere, and throuilioul the pajjal sl.ites, I a species of bank notes ; Ijut tliese, not being payable In specie on in crowns or SfwU. called scudi Homaiii and scudi nir)iifta, 1 SLWlti I demand, are uniforndy at a discfunit. = 10 paoh, and 1 paoli = 10 bajtHcln. The sciuio contains dOJ , Utiichti. — 'I'lie /i//»(i,or pound of 12 mici or 6,912 grnnt, cnntalnii graitu of Knjlish standard silver. niid is, conseipit-ntly, worth -It. 4'^ < 5,234 Ki);;lish Kraina. tlence, lOU Hninan pounds = 74,77 j lbs. steniu;. I'a'j iiieulii above 5 scudi are made in aduk, or sclii'Juh:J. i avoirdupois = 'JO,St)'S lbs. trov = 33,90ti kilogrammes = 70,008 lbs. 44 as "Ul ■.,r r ■ ; 1 346 CLARET— CLOCKS. 1, !■ I :' ' I ■ I 1 » !' ■ I i 1 iif H»niliiir». TTiiTi- are Ihreinlitr.'reiil drilirtwor quiiiUlii lii. of 100, IS), amliiO U. The mini iyi) .-. 1,000 ll)«. Weamrff.— Thi'Hoin.infi»it--ll-72 Kiu.inrlii'dlhrrntmii-iTC-ni Ki.<. iiicliwi Ihu r»riii.i iisnl liy biiiljrn M'lH) tliiKlish inrliti; t'lp finrrrt nt wine . - 12,^(1 imp. (fi'Inns, an'! the barrel nf n'u „ IJ'O't iiii|i. ifA'Is. ; iUe aainimf mi :)0*U) imp. ilo,; tliH riiti^nni' (■ )i-n -■ M-;|;l imp. huiihels.— lAV// nf the IMcilili'rrii- lieitn. 'I'lii! iiH|ii>rtN riiiiHiHt |irliii'i|iiilly oT ('ott'iii, wdollcii, HJIk, iiiiil lliifii hIiiU'ii ; riitli'i!, HiiKiir, ii'ciin, anil other I'dloiiiiil prmliictH ; h.iU iiiiiI Miiltttil lixli, wines, jrwellery, gUinri iiiiil iMrllirinvaiH, Ati . '||,,! fxportH niiiMnt (if .stiivcrt .'inil tiiiilii'r, I'lirii, iiiaj, wmil, (■jiccsi', pciliisli. piiniirohtcinc, alum. iVdni TiillH, in till- vicinity, anil oIIiit artirlcn. 'I'hc tolnl valiio of the iinporli iimy hi' rci koniMl at rrmii OSd.OIKI/, to TIHI.OIHI/.. anil it may In- fairly piiHiimiil that thu rral valiii! of the r.vpurts i* nut nun fi inferior. Marscillts and (juiiou havu the largiHt share of tin.' foreign trade of tiviia VitLhia, mkI lic.vt to llieni r.iiKlaml. Duties.— I'WUii Vci'chiii la n free port, !lmt is, a port Into which produro may be liiiportud, niid oitlier idiiHiiiiieil or re-exported, free of duly Quarantine reifiilatioiiH ure Htrictly enforced ; no vrs«el with a foul liill of heallli heltit' Pt'riniltoil to filter any of llii' papal ports.— (.^Hiiimire i/e. Cummercc Mariliiiie, toiii. ii. p. .WH, Jtc.) Return of thu Number and Tonnaue of VcnhcIs, diHtinKnishint! the ('unnlries to wlilch Ihcy hclongi'il, which entered inwards in the I'npal States in 1(<.'IJ. or tho vessels eiilerin; llio ports on the M •ilitcrrintMn, fully lirte fin rlhs pnlertvl llvili Vecchia. rufk In Porl< nf the MoJilerr 'lintf or aiiean. In Ports ill thi' Ailrialic. j Tmic Touching or Fnr Tmrtinn Turposes. calling, nnt for Tr.i'liii* Tiir. Fishing Vrucla. Kit Trading I'urpoht'S. calliuif, ii'it for 'I'niliii'f Fur- Fishing Vessels. | P'ttfi. JHMCS. ! .S/iif'i. To'M. .S7li>». Tunt. Shi f 11. Toni. S/iint. r.uK. ,S7ii;'i. T,iii'. Ships. JViiu. 1 Austrian 3i 3„i92 2 133 — — 1,100 40.-;ii'. i;i 1,67(1 1,190 7,W3 ; Grrek 2 0!I9 — ^ ._ — 6 4W MfKlciiese • _ 1 — • — — . 167 4,2U1 French 61 r,,-:26, 42 4,0311 Briiisli 2G 4,10) — 2 2 34 5,037 ' I(ini.iii _ — -_ — . — _ 16 1,101 Loiiil)inIo-\'enetian * — _ _ ^ — 442 I4,S81 4S 2,WI 3,393 23.001 Lucclu-sR I4'> 3,4s:> 4'. S<17 1 4 Neapolitan 7i:> 4r>,532 423 19,W7 211 2,602 r^ 3,700 a'l 1,2^7 49 9j;; I'.irma ~. ~- — — - 1 4 62 1 41 1 I'apil fi.12 31,433 217 11,701 (•2 799 3,b2 127,413 434 1J,S2'< ll,S» 151,583 j Sardinian m I3.ia7 ion 10,321 — . 44 5,634 1 631 Spanish ■ii I,I32| ' S.vedish 1 _ — _ 6 ii|2 1 183 Tuscan Tot.ils 412 17,722' 183 X,fil3 3 9 -'.2-.I 126.823' 1,021 5:'i,S,51 332 3,170 5,096 1W4.M2 573 22,069 16,4:M JKl.^i Si'p.) CLARET, one of the best French wines. See tlie articles BonnEAiix anJ Wine. CTiEARINO, '^ among London Bnn/cers, is a method ndopteil by them for exchanging the drafts on each other's houses, and settling the diU'erenees. Thus, at half-past .3 o'clock, a clerk from each banker attends at the clearing-house, where he bring-s all the drafts on ihc other bankers, which have been paid into his house that day, and deposits tliein in their proper drawers (a drawer being allotted to each banker) ; he then crinlils their nrcouiils separately with the articles which they have against him, as found in the drawer. Balances are then struck from all the accounts, and the claims transferred from one to another, until they arc so wound up and cancelled that each clerk has only to settle with two or three others, and their balances are immediately paid. " Such drafts as are paid into a banker's too late for clearing, are sent to the houncs on which they arc drawn, to be marked, which is understood as an engagement that they will be paid the next day." — (Kelli/'s Cninbiaf.) — (For an account of tlie saving of money effected by this device, see ante, p. 71. The technical operations carried on ut the clear- ing-house have been described by Mr. Gilbart, in liis Practical Treatise on Hanking, pp. 16—20.) CLEARING-HOUSE, the place where the operation termed clearing is carried on. CLOCK, CLOCKS, (Ger. Uhren, Grosse Uhren, Winni/u/ircn ,• Du. Uiiren, Uiirwcrkcn, H()roIus;ien ; Ft. Horlnges ; \i. Orolojrqi, OriiioJi ; Sp. AV/f;;>.s ,- Rus. 7!sc//f/.s(/), a kind of machine, put in motion by a gravitating body, and so constructetl as to divide, measure, and indicate the successive portions of time with very great accuracy. Most clocks mark the hour by striking or chiming. It is a highly useful instrument, and is extensively em- ployed for domestic and philosophical purposes. Clocks are made of an cinlless variety of materials and models, so as to suit the different uses to which they are to be a[)plied, and ihe different tastes of their purchasers. Their price consequently varies from a few shillings ti> more than 100/. The Germans and Dutch are particularly celebrated fir their skill in the manufacture of wooden clocks ; while the English, French, and Geiieve^e, especially the former, have carried the art of making metallic clocks, so as to keep time with the greatest precision, to a high degree of perfection. The history of the invention, introduction, and successive improvements in the manufac- ture of clocks has been carefully investigated by some very learned and industrious antiqua- ries — (see Becknianns Hist, of Inventions, vol. i. pp. 419 — 402. Eng. ed. ; and Recs's Cij- chpxdiit); but, notwithstanding these researches, the subject is still involved in considera- ble obscurity. It seems, however, that the middle of the fourteenth century may be regard- CLOTH— CLOVES. 347 ff n, an'l tfifl barrel i,t nji" ,, Cmiiliut; Nitkriihnlirr, I Civilll Vl'cclllll t,|. lie I he ('nlri'|i(1i of ' nl" the IMi'ilili'rrii- •iiU'i'i!, Kugar, iiMd.i, lii'Mwaif!. Ati . 'I'lii.' -stdnc, alum, (tuui ' rt'ckiiiiiMl at irdiii (|)(irlH i» iiol iniji'!, L'ivilii Vi'utliia.aiiil ly 111- hiiporled, nnd I lilting periniilud to ) liicli llicy hclongnl, cell in. Itnr I l(ir 'ur- I,li7l< 2,i2l 41 5,S.'S 631 163 Fishing Veucli, i,\'jO Willi. 7,W3 3,393 23.001 49 9.:; 11,802 131,583 { 1 ^i,n 69| I6,4;M| IM.5ft i Slip.) »nd Wink. for oxchijnginj f-[)ast 3 o'clock, ,1 the drafts on the sit.s tliem in their H their accounts •awer. Biilnnces to another, until nih two or three to the hou! nt that tht-y will iviiit; of money on at the clear- n lian/dng, pp. carried on. '•en, Uitrwcrkcn, "tic/idMi'), a liind divide, mea.surc, lost clocks mark extensively ein- idlcss variety of applied, andihe few shillings to heir skill in the t, cs[)ecially the ath the greatest in the maniifac- strious antiqua- and liees's Cij- 3d in oonsidcra- may he regard- ed ai the epoch when clockfl, having weip;ht» Huspendeil as a movinti; power, and a regulator, beijan to he introduced. The period when, and the individual hy whom, the pendulum \\m lirHt applied to clockwork, have hcon Huhjccts of much contention, (ialileo and Huyi?eni4 have dis|iuted the honour of the discovery. " But wliw'ver may have heen the inventor, il is certain that the invention never tlouritihed till it eainu into the handH of Huyi^enM, who insists, that if ever (Julileo thought of .such a thing, he never lirought it to luiy degree of perfection. The first pendulum clock made in England was iu the year XtiiVi, hy one Fro- ranritol, a Dutchman." — {Hutton's Mal/i. JJIc/mnari/.) The clock manufacture is of considerahle iin[)ortanco and value. It is carried on to a great extent in London. The ud valorem duty of 25 per cent, on foreign clocks produced, in 1832, 0,083/. 8,», uett. It is principally derived from the wooden cloekH brought from Holland and (Jerinany. Under the article Watches, the reader will find some utateinents as to the iinporlatioa and exi)ortation of clocks as well as watches. riiirkiiiaker.s are oliliged to engrave iipcm llin diiil-plate of .ill riorks niaile liy tliciii tlii'lr name, anil till' pliicc of their resilience. No oiitwaril nr inwaril hi>\, case, nr (lial-pliile of any rlnrk or walnli, Willi tilt! maker's name ensriiviul lliereon, shall lie expnrleil williout the mnvemi'iit ur iimchiiiery hciiig in or with smli ho.x or case, iiniler forfeiliire nf ilmilile its value.— <;t & I ll'ill. I cap. .'i2. (} 101.) II is illi'tal to import, nr to enti^r to he wari'hiinsed, any (luck or wale h impressed Willi any mark piinmrtinir to represent any legal llrillsh mark, or not liavini; the name nf somh; foreign maker visihle on the t'rame, and also on the face, or not heini! in a cinnpli.'le slate.— (^ 57.) It is said, however, not to he an niu'ominon practice, ;imiiiig tlie less repntalde portion of the trade, tnenurave their names and "London" on foreign clocks and watches, and to sell them to the public US I'.nflish work. 'I'lie fraud may Ik; detected hy refrrriiig to any respectahle wiitclimaker. Ily a Treasury order of Ihe llli of Septeinher.lHAS, clocks and watches for private use, Ihollgh not marked ill the niaiiner now specified, may he admitted on payiuenl of the duty, on the parties making iilViilavit of their entire ignorance of the law in qnestiim. Persons hired hy or in the eniploynient of, clock and watch makers, who shall frandiileiitly etn- liczzle, secrete, sell, &c. any metal, material, or precious stone, with whicli he may happen to he in- iriisti'il, shall, upon trial anil conviction before a justice of the piace, forfeit 2(l(. for the lirst nlfence ; anil I'lirtlie second, and every siibseiinent oll'ence, lie shall forfeit 1(1/.; and, in defaull of payment, is to be coiniiiilted to the honsu of correction. — (27 Geu. 'i. c. 7. { 1.) — (Sue Watch.) CLOTH. See Wooi, Lixkv, &c. CLOVER (Oer. Kke ,- Du. Kkver .■ Fr. Trejle, Luzerne.- It. Tn'fa^lio ,• Sp. Trehnl ,- 'Rvis, Trillstnik ; Lat. Tn'foUum), a very important species of grass. Some of the species in cultivation are annual ; others biennial or triennial ; and others perennial. The seed used formerly to be princijially imported from Holland ; but that which is raised in this country is now said to he of a superior quality. — ( London^ s Eiici/clnpiedia nf Agriculture,') Culture for seed is, however, very precarious, and of uncertain profit. The entries of foreign clover seed for tionie consnmption, at an average of the 3 years ending with 1931, were 99,010 cwt. a year. Hiit for the high duty of ao.s. a cwl., there can he Utile doubt that the impiirtution would be much more considerable. The price of foreign clover seed in the London mar- ket, at present (September, 18J3), varies, duty included, from Ms. to OOk. a cwt. CLOVES (Gcr. Ndglein, Gewiirznelken ; Da.Kruidnagelcn ,■ Fr. Clous degtrnjle, Gi- rnflcsi ll. Cldovi dl garnfano, Garofnni ; Garoffoli; Sp. Clitvus dc especlu, Clmnllos ,• Rus. Gwosdika ! Arab. Kerenful; Malay, Chankee), the fruit, or rather cups of the un- opened flowers, of the clove tree, or Caryophyllus aromaticua. The clove tree is a native of the Moluccas, where it was originally found ; but plants have since been carried to Cay- enne and other places, where they succeed tolerably well. Cloves are shaped like a nail ; whence the name, from the French clou, nail. They are imported from the Dutch settle- ments; the best in chests, and an inferior kind in bags. The best variety of the Amboyna cloves is smaller and blacker than the other varieties, very scarce, and as a mark of pre-emi- nence, is termed the Royal clove. Good cloves have a strong, fragrant, aromatic odour; and a hot, acrid, aromatic taste, which is very permanent. They should be chosen large sized, perfect in all parts ; the colour should be a dark brown, almost approaching to black; and, when handled, should leave an oily moisture upon the fingers. Good cloves are some- times adulterated by mixing them with those from which oil has been drawn ; but these are weaker than the rest, and of a paler colour ; and whenever they look shrivelled, having lost the knob at the top, and are light and broken, with but little smell or taste, they should be rejected. As cloves readily absorb moisture, it is not uncommon, when a quantity is ordered, to keep them beside a vessel of water, hy which means a considerable addition is made to their weight. — {ThoinsorCs Dispensatorif ; Milhurn's Oriental Commerce.) Polici/ of the Dutch a.i to the Trade in Cloves. — From the expulsion of the English from Amboyna, in 1623, the Dutch have, a few short intervals only excepted, enjoyed the exclu- sive possession of the Moluccas, or Clove Islands. In their conduct as to the clove trade, they have exhibited a degree of short-sighted rapacity, which has been, we believe, seldom equalled even in the annals of monopoly. Their object has not been to encourage the growth and trade of cloves, hut to confine both within the narrowest limits. They have preferred deriving a large jiroflt from a stunted and petty trade, to a moderate profit from a trade that might have allbided employment for a very large amount of capital ; and to pre- vent their narrow and selfish projects from being counteracted by the operations of the na- ini CO —HI ■MtVJM r— <3 S , 348 CLOVES. I' I •t , < r f livt'D, tliry hnvc subjrrtcd thrm to the mont rcvollinn tyrnntiy. "That thry miuht," unyn Mr, CruwrunI, " r(<){tilatc iiiul control production and prici- jimt an ihiy thouKlit propiT, llir clove trccH wtTo cxiir|)at('(l every whore l)Ut in Ainboyim, the wot of their power ; luid tlie Htu- ruundin*;; princcH were hrilicd, hy annual MtipcndH, to league with them for the drNtrurtiiin of tlieir aulijectti' |iroperty and birthright. Thin plan wuh U^gun about tliu year ir)r>l, 'l\. rontriu-tH are hIHI in force, iind an annual (lert viHitH the surrounding iMlaniU to ituppreHM tlir growth of clovcM, which, in their native country, H|)ring up with a luxuriance wluch thcsr nieuHuren of SSalanic rigour ond of Mcrilrgo towardH bountiful nature, can Hcarcc reprcm, Uy the plan on whicii the clove trade i» now conducted, — u plan carried into etl'ect throimli HO mucii iMii{uity and bioodghcd, — the country of Hpieeii m rendered a petty farm, of which the natural owiierx arc reduced to the worst condition of predial Mlavery ; and the grciu monn|)oliH(!r and oppressor is that government, whose duty it should have been to inNuro frecilowi and atlbrd protection. Human ingenuity could hardly devise a plan more dt'Ntrur< tive of induNlry, more hostile to the growth of public wealth, or injurious to morals, thiia this system framed in a barbarous ago ; and it reflects disgrace upon the character uf a civil- ised people to persevere in it. " It is curious to remark how the monopolisers, in carrying the details of this system into effect, at once impos(> upon the natives and deceive themselves. 'I'he nominal price paid to the natives is actually above the natural price of the commodity, !mt they are cheated in th« details, 'i'hc cultivator brings his produce to the public stores, where it is subjected at oiicu to a deduction of one fifth for payment of the solarics of the civil and military oHiccrs. The price of the remainder is fixed at the rate of D'G Spanish dollars the picul : but before payment is made, another deduction of one fiflh is made ; one half of which is for the chiefs or rajm, ond the other for the native ehkra, who are overseers of the forced culture. The real price, therefore, paid to the grower is 8 Spanish dollars per picul, or ^\d. per lb. avoirdupois, in- Btead of 1 1 pli^o Sponish dollars per picul, or \^d, per lb. which is pretended to bo given. "When cloves have been sold on the spot, the price usually exacted has been al)out64 Spanish dollars the picul, or 8 times the price paid to the cultivator. The average price in Holland, previously to the war of the French revolution, may bo taken at 6«. per lb., or 177 ,"(,",) Spanish dollars per picul, being !i,122 per cent, advance on the real cost of the commodity in the place of its growth. When brought direct to England, they have cost at an average 3s. 8rf. the lb,, making 108 ,-"(5''^^ Spanish dollars per picul, an advance on the natural export price of 1,258 per cent" — {Eastern Archipelago, vol. iii. pp. 388 — 390,) An Account of tliR Quantity of Clovcg entered for Home Consiim|)tion nncli Year since 1810; of tlie Nutt Anioant of Uaty received tliercfroni, and the Kates of Duty. (Juinlillea rei.ijjictl for Rilen of Duly charged thereon. Y«iri. Home Con* Nett AmouHT oi uuiy iiiiiiption in the Uoileil King* dnill. receivej thereon. Of the Eut InJiea. Of the nritish Vm- scMiiutia in Anierici. Of the Foreign Po«eiiiuiM' ill America. Lbs. £ e. d. r4». 8rf. per lb. and") < 2/. 13,s.4(/. percent. > (.ad valorem. } ISIO 35,581 10,197 19 10 is. per lb. 48. 6d. per lb. 1811 28,977 8,370 1 1 do. - do. . do. 1812 35,552 8,547 19 10 do. rFrom 15tli of April"! - do. - do. 1813 Records d( jBtroycd - J 5,«. 6irf. per lb. and 1 1 31. as. 4d. per cent. [ Lad valorem. J is. 4Jrf. per lb. 5s. 0i(2. per lb. 1814 31,975 0,540 9 3 /From lOthof Aprin I 5a. 7i(i. per lb. f - do. - do. (3W.13o.4rf. per cent. 1815 50,462 5,708 3 9 do. - do. - < ad valorem, equal to (.about Is, tj(/. peril). 1816 16,470 1,867 6 10 do. - do. - do. 1817 73,973 6,390 13 6 do. - do. do. 1818 18,281 1,777 5 3 do. - do. - do. 1819 34,254J 3,354 4 7 From 5thof July2a.^lb. is. per lb. 3s. pur lb. 1820 36,554i 3,657 5 do. do. do. 1821 32,933 3,285 9 2 do. - do. - do. 1822 49,765} 5,026 16 8 do. - do. - do. 1823 57,7801 5,747 14 4 do. - do. - do. 1824 60,323} 6,035 10 do. do. do. 1825 1826 45,261 52,70H 4,543 5,279 9 4 10 9 do. - do. - ilo. Of British Poaienioni. Of Foreign Posse&^ioni. - is. per lb. • . - 3». per lb. - 1827 85,990} 8,602 1 9 . - do. - - - do. - - 1828 61,216} 6,148 19 2 do. . - - do. - - 1829 48,637} 4,875 13 2 do. do. - - 1830 60,111 6,061 9 7 - - do. - do. - - 1831 83,885 8,379 8 2 - - do. - do. - - 1832 82,672 8,169 6 9 1 - - do. - do. - - rOAClIKS. 310 nee 1810; of the Fossewioni. I ut;i nn r/wv*.— This vitm oon»i(lornl>ly rpiltirnl In ISIO ; nnd tliiTc linn, in rori»r()iiflntr, tx't'ii II iltM'iilol incrni^t' in llu' ciirisiiiiiiitinti of the iirtlrlc, thmi;;!) not iir^irly xo uri'ut iin it woiilil liiivr Ix'fii, Imil it lii'iMi HU|i|ilit'(l iiiiiItT it iiiori' lilicral HyMtt'rn. 'l'hi< clovt'H nt prcHont {•nti'ri'il tor lioiiic cuiiMiiniption in (irrut Dritiiin ikinount tu itliout HI),<)iH) Mm. a year, of wliirli It part I'oint'H iVoni ('uyi-nnf. Hut ilio cultivation of the clovo in (,'iiyriitie lii'inMnU ctitirriy oil the I'xiHicnrc of tiio pn-Hcnt nyHtom in llie Mohicrnn. Thu HU|i itii{ a gystein like Iho prenunt, and to the many udvantuguti that would rcnult from itM uho lilion. Till- price of cloven, oxuluilvo of the duty, in the London market, U, at prencnt (Oclotier, lt)33), u fiilldws:— Ainlioviin, IIpiii'OiiIimi, jcc. - - l.«, 9i/. In Ix (If/. |ier III. liiiiirlioii, Cayuiiiiu, Aic. - • la. %l. to 1«. 3ii, jiur lb. [See Impokts and Expouth. — Am, Ed.] Clovkr, Oil ok, iniirocured from riovrs hy diHtillation. Wiion new, it is of a pale rod- (lish brown eolour, whieh lieeoniCH darker iiy ai?e. It is extremely hot and (iery, and sinks in water. The kind )>'enerally imported from India conlaiim nearly half its vveii;ht uf hii iiinipid expressed oil, whieh is discovered hy dro|i|)in)r u little into spirit*! of wine, and on ghakin;^ it, the Konuino oil mixes with thu spirit, and thii insipid sejiarating, the fraud is dis- covered.— (M/iur/J.) COACHES, vehicles for commodious travellin)?. They have sometimes two nnd some- times four wheels. The hody of tho coach is generally suspended, hy means of springs, upon the framework to whieh tho wheels arc attached. They are usually drawn hy liorses, liut recently have been impelled by steam. Tho forniH and varieties of coaches arc almost innunierahle. 1. Historical Notice. — Beekmann has investigated tho early history of coaches with his usual care and learning. It is certain that a species of coaches were used at Roino ; hut whether they were hung on springs, like those now made use of, is not certain. After the subversion of the Roman power, horseback was almost the only mode of travelling. About the end of the fifteenth century, however, covered carriages liegaii to he emiiloyed by per- sons of distinctiim on great occasions. In l.')50, there were at Paris only three coaches : one of which belonged to tho queen ; another to the celebrated Diana of Poitiers ; and tho third to a corpulent, unwieldy nobleman, Rene de Laval, lord of Bois Dauphin. Coaches were seen, for the first time, in Spain, in 1,540. They began to be used in England about 1580; and were in common use among the nobility in the beginning of the seventeenth century. — (Hist, oflntcut. vol. i. i)p. HI. 127. Eng. trans.) 2. Munufitcturc (if Carnages. — This is a department of considerable vuluo and import- ance. The best built and handsomest carriages arc made in London, where otdy the trade of a coach currier is carried on ; but the carriages made at Edinburgh, and some other places, arc also very superior. Down to 1825, a duty was laid on all carriages made for sale ; and it appears from the following account, that in 1812, 1,531 four-wheeled carriages, 1,700 two-wheeled ditto, and 105 taxed carts (small carriages without springs), were made for sale. 3. Duties on Carrtnjres, — These duties have been long imposed, and have fluctuated con- siderably at ditFerent periods. The table on p. 350 shows the number of four-wheeled and other carriages (exclusive of hackney coaches) charged with duties in the years 1812, 1825, and 1830, the rates of duty on each species of carriages, and tho produce of the duties. (Compiled from I'arl. Paper, No. 686. Sess. 1830. and Papers published by the Board of 'i'rade.) Rates of Duty on Carnages. — On those having — Rite, Hale. Rale. our wheels. L. t, d. I. a. d. i. 1. d. Ytnam keeping 1-600 Penoni keeping 6 ■840 Carriages drawn by one hane - ■ 4 10 — 2 ■ 6 10 - 7 - 8 to Cairiait™ used liy common carrien ■ 2 10 - 3-700 - 8 - S 16 Two wheels. — 4 . 7 10 9 and upwardi -916 Drawn by 1 hopse ■ 3 S 5 . 7 17 6 I)ra« 11 by 2 or more . . . - ■ 4 10 Additional txylit« .... ■ 330 Atldilinnal balies .... • 1 11 l> C irriag« let to hire - . . . ■ 600 Describe,! in act 2 St 3 Will. 4. cap. 32, No. 1. Pffitcluiin ..... ■ 5 S chanted . . . . - nitto, ditto, No. n., coromon ita^e carta - 1 10 Carriages with ivhwls of lew diimeter than 30 • 1 10 inches, drawn by poniej or miile« not exceeding I.et out to hire . - . - - .360 niuuidj " . a s Carriages used bjr commoD carrien ■ 15 Vol. 1.-2 G 53 0'> "liT <3 '"J T -' i • 350 COACHES. If ■^ o oootcco to aj O COOl-OO F-i r) o I 1 o n 1 1 ■si o ooococ; ^ o cooO'TO': *rj (C X o ITS i-i c: - & r; Oi =! -• a; — -. 1^ « e< — _^c:_^0'. IN i-ic 4n m w ?8 1.^ Z^ -a o oooooo tl o ooooxo oo Sej i~ o o Qc t- rt rf -^ Ci ITS o o oo mo rr: O) 'O r- .-1 Cl (N M ^»o »n CI CO oo oo fi% CO oo l-O CO -H Si'' St I o oooo O !S o lOOO o o ei s § 1,244 447 7,299 301 S 1 ' „- 1 ■ j5 ■ ^ CX) CO J3 .^ ■O -a o -; a r/l ' O O " •^ g .a s !S k- .^ O •- ^i a; CO — t — o S - -• 2 ~; 2 o S a « g .a s T3 . a: ■ ^ 3 J-\o s i: rt J o a, o r m O m P 3 i s ^ Kepoalcd in 1825. o o OS in o St2 00 01 in 000 o 00 »n (M I— t lo oqd n n 1^ -^ ifj CO :rO'o CO ^*^ Ci O l-H (— I O '.O o o .a ■o tS o ' s ■< 0) s - e, 5 " en M .<2 11 » t _ I — ^ o; a. , ^.i i c a; *-i a^ s "5; r" !: = S !; = = X c S IS 5 "^ J* . 3 o 1 1825. _'' >o o oo c -^ m OQD - >-H .^ IT) CO ^ en SO o coo 1 1 y) ■n TJm lO PH CO ' ' 1^ o •f o K 1 n « " - tj 1 *^ 1 — "x T* »- c; "" r! *" .- - = 5 rt : = = S S 5 = ::« •cs, anil bouml iriK to tlie dis- ctc'J to ciTtaln nil imposition. )il ctlt'ct, and ns, by tlirow- pt'ctjs London, generally, the incil, and the elegance and COACHES. 851 rommodiousness of the private carriages, the excellence of the horses, and the neatness of the .servants. Hackney coaches were first established in London in 1625 ; but they were not then sta- tioned in the streets, but at the principal inns. In the reign of Charles II. their nunil)cr was considerable. Commissioners for Ucensing and superintending hackney coaches were esta- blishiil by the act 9 Ann. c. 23. ; and successive acts have been passed, specifying the num- ber of coaches that might be licensed, the duties payable to government, and the conditions under which licenses were to be granted. The total number of hackney coaches, chariots, and cabriolets, actually licensed in the metropolis, on thi' 1st of January, 1830, appears, from the following table, to have been 1,265. All ncrount of the Niiiiilier of Ilacknny Coaches, Chariots, nntl Cahriolefs, licensed in the Metropolis, ill each of tile Five Years to the 1st of Janiiarv, 1830; sljowiiig the Kates of Duty, anil the Pro- duce of the Duties.— {Pari. Paper, No. 687. Sess. 1830.) Years ending 1st of January 1826 — 1st of January 1827 — l.st of January 1828 — l:!t of January 182!) — 1st of January 18.30 Number liceo&ed. %it» of Duty. Prmlufc (if till- Dulles, including Fiiim. j 1,1.50 1,200 1,200 1,205 1,205 f il. per lunar month ? \ each carriage. 5 do. do. do. do. £ *. il. 29,392 12 (> 30,000 12 6 31,333 7 6 32,170 17 6 32,908 18 6 5. flirkiirii Coarh Re/r-iiliilion.i, Fares, i{-c. — Tile laws as to hackney coarliea in the oitv of London Tvcro conscilirialert by tlie act 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 22., wliicli iilaced the collection of the duties, &.c. in tlie jmiul." of tlu! cohiinistnoners of ive 45 niinulea .ind not exceedinz I hnm, if. ; .and for any fuillier time exceedins on^ hmtr, (lien after Itie rite and inniKirtifin df &I. tor every 15 iniuiites eum- pleted, aiiJ 6rt. fur any fractional part of the iieiioi of 15 liiitiutes. C.ahriolels, or carriaRea with one tion«?, are entitled to two thirt^x, and no more, of the ralei and charges above mentioned.— s. 3.-^. and schedule!. liata atift Fdi-M— These may be charged, at the option of the pro- prietor or driver, eilher Uy time or distance ; that is, by the hour or mile, but not by the day. The terms are, when charged by dw- lana. For every hicliney coach drawn Iiy 2 horses, for any distance within and nnl exceeding 1 mile. 1*. ; and fiT eveiy distance exceeding one mile after tlie rate of 6d. fur every ^ mile, and for any f raeiioiial part of j a mile over and above any uum* iter of I miles completed. Back Farf.— The driver of a hackney coach diocharged beyond the limits of the metropolis, that is, iicynnd 3 miles from the General Pust Office, after 8 o'clock in the evening, or before 5 o'cloi k in the mnrning. shall be entitled to full fare from the place of such discharge to the ni'arest part of said limits, nr to the stand where the coach shall have been hired beyond the limits, at the (iptiiin of the hirer. Couches discharged d'Ting the day beyond the limits, are entitled to ii back fare at the rale of lirf a mile ; but such back fare is not payulde for any distance loss than 4 miles.— $ 39. Cnaches miitinrr are entitled to a reasonable deposit, to be accounted for in the fare. Penally on drivers refnsing'to wait, or to account fur deposit, 40.''. — J 47. RtfiisnJ to pay Fare, nr defacing or injuring any hackney coach, may be punished, unless reasonable satisfaction be inaile for the same, by iniprisnniiient for 1 calendar month. — } 41. Drirtrn ctactinfr more than hiral Fare, liabh^ to ii penally of 4').s-.— J 42. .l/rrceiiirnt to ■pay more than lesral Fare, not binding ; sum l«id beyond such legal fare may be reco- vered back, and driver be liable in a penalty of 4().s-.— i? 43. Drirfr.i ilrmnmlin!; more than Sam a/rrieit upon, though distance be exceeded, or it be less than the li"j:il fare. forfiMt 40y, for each oifence.- { i 44, 45. Drivem to hold Chrrk Strings, under a penalty of 20.e. — > 48. Property left in Uarkneij Coaches to be carried to Staiim (IfTice, under a penalty of 20?. If not claimed wiiliin a year, to be given up to driver ; or if nut applie.l fur, to be sold.— (} 19. Ooart of ySW/THicit authorised to make orders for ri'milating hackney coaches in city — Ji 51. (Iffenrci mail lir tried either by n justice ap|K)inted fur tliat purpose by the secretary of slate, or by any other of iiis Majesty's justices.-} 62. Hackney coaches were first estalilished at Edinburgh in 1G73 ; but the number licensed was inconsiderable till after the A.nericaii war. 5. Stas;e Cuaches, Travelling by. — Owing to the improvement in tl'.i breed of hor.ses ami the building of carriages, !art, by the miscondu<*t of the drivers ; and principally by their endeavouring to make up by increased speed for time lost at stoppages, or by their attempting to pass each other. 6. Law as to Siarre Coaches.— T\\\^ is now eirilxidied in the acts 2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 120. and 3 & 4 Wjii 4. c. 4S. J)rfnition.~\ stage coach is any carriage travellin? alonp tlie road at the rate of 3 miles or more an Imur, without recanl lo I'orni, provided the passeimrrn pay separate fares f(»r iheir places tlierein ; htj; all carriaL'efl used wh'div on a railway, or impelled hy steam, are excepted from this defmition - (•2 At 'A ffm.A.c. 120. $4.) IArtns€>\ Duties, A'c. — A larse iwirtion of tlio act ia occupied with repulations as to licences, duties, plates, &.C. lint it is sulUcient for our purpriae to give the following schedule of liie duties : — Fnr an't in respect of every original licence to be take* f.ut yearly iiy tlir pcrann who sliall kfcp, un', nr em- ploy any staife carriaRe in Grt-at Britain, (that is to sayi) f)r every such staift; carriai;e Aii'l lor atiit in'respert of every supplementary licence ffir the same carriage, for which any such origiiKil lict'nce shall Iiave bt-fii tfraiil&l, which shall l>e taken out in any nf the i^everal cases provided for by this act, diirinir 'he period for which such original liceuco wr^s ^rallied. .-.-.. AtuI lor and in respect of everv mile whicli any such si:ij:e carriaje shall he licenseil to travel, the several >iinis follovviii? respectively, (that is to say,) if sncli Diage carria;:e shall he licensed Xu carry- Not more than 4 pa^'^ensers \]nr'- 'dan 4 and rml more than 6 passengrrs . Mf'iv than H ,iril not iimre than !> pasM;'nirers - >f'irf ihiM '1 aii'l n'lt more lli-tti \2 pissen^'ers M'ue than 12 .wid not more than It passenirtrs ^in^'' thnii 1 "• ant not more than I? Jasst n^ers More than IS and not more than 21 jiasseni^ers Duty. /„ J." rf. 6 I Duty pt'r mile. DlltT. L. x.'d- Oi And if Biirh singe carTia^ sinll lip Ircnised tn carry more than 21 passeniiera, lluii Inr t-very 3 ad If'axt of J.irciire, ^-c. — KiH'piiie, u.'inp, &r. any Ptaffe rarriaao witlioiit a liconcp, or without iiltitcf, or with rerallcil plates, or ciiiitrarv to their licences, or with improper plates, are olfences punislialilt etcll hy a pi'iially of 20/.— J J -27, 28. Pciuilli/ (III Drirerg of Cunclicf wilhnnt Plates, if not the owner, 10/. ; if tlic ownrr 20/. — } 30. Forjrin^r J'liitei!. a inisilcincaiior. — J 32. JVaiiif..-- of Proprietors, X^r. tn he painled oufsiile, in lecible and fon.spicnoii.s rliaraclers, tho namps nf the e.Mri'iiie places between which fiich carriiiKe shall lie licensed to fro, and also the (.'rcitlesl iinm. hnr of passi.'iigers licensed to he carried iiL-iide and outside. Penalty (or neglect in this particuhr, jj —i .SO. Certain Cnrriasrea not to carry oiitsiile Pn.5.sf;in-cr« nr I.vngage, viz. those, the top or roof of whicli sliall he more than 8 feet f inches from the L'roiiiid, or the bearinsi of which on the frrmind, thiil is, tin; distance hetweeii the centres of the tracks of the wheels, shall he less than 4 feet inches. I'uually 5/. -J :!T. I.iiiriTi'L'i' on the Roof not to eieeeil a eertain Ueiirht, viz. 10 feet inches from the jrroiind on a carriiije drawn hy 4 or more horses; and 10 t'eet .S iiiclnis front dillo. if on a carriau'e drtiwn by 2 or 3 itorsts. Drivi.'r of any carriage where snch oftence is committi'd liiibli! in a penally of 5/.— J 13. The clauses ill the act 2 & 3 Will. 1. e. 120. relalinjr to the distrilmtion of oiilsiib' passengers, &c liuvc been repttaled hy the act 3 &, 4 Will. 4. c. 4n., which siilistiliites the followim; in rlieir stead. JViniihrr of oiit.'iide i'dfuetioer.i, ^-c. — Any licenseil stafre carriage with 4 wheels or more, the top c: roof of which shall not he more (ban 8 feet inches from the t'rotinci, ami the bearitiff (d' wbich on ih., cronnd shall not be less than 4 feet inches from the centre of the tracks of tne wheels, if such ear- riaee shtill be licensetl to carry any number not more than 9 passenifers, shall be alloweil to carry iim more tiitiii 5 of such passeimers outside ; and if licenseil to carry more than i) and not more llniti li piissenirers. shall be allowed to carry not more than 8 of such passeimers ontsiile ; and if licenseil lo carry more t'lan 12 and not more than l.*) passengers, shall be allowed to carry not more than 11 oi' snch passeiijiers outside ; and if licensed to carry more than 15 and not more than 18 pasaenL'ir.s, shall be allowrd to carry not more than 12 of such passensrers outside ; and if licensed to ctirry any sntiti'V iii;mlier than 18 passencers, shall be allowed to carry not more than 2 additional [Kissitnijers oiiisiih; fur every 3 additional passenpers wbich snch carriaf;e shall be so licenseil to carry in the whole ; pro- vided that in no case a urealir niimlMr of i>assen(.'ers shall be carried on the outside than isautliuriseil hy the licetiic. If more be carried, driver to forfeit Cil. — i'i. Drirer. (iiiiinl, and Childnn in lap, not to he counted as passengers; 3 children under 7 years reckoned tis I passenger.— J 3. •Vo ['en-un to .•■ii on J.noiraire on the Hoof, nor more than 1 person besides driver on the box. Pciiiiltv V.-? 14. ./».sV;>f«, Rood-siirrrynrn, Toll-keepers, i^T. authorised to cniisR stnee ccrriajes and Iticcaie to hp liii'asiired ; any passeiiL'er authorised to rei|uire the driver to stop at a t- railwar in t >hall be cnnvevi"t' f- r L'lle.l ly Ihe j.fiWrr u' spect of alt such [.3w; r every 4 passiij^L-pt , ir without |)t;itc?. fences punislialil- 20/.— 5 30. ors, the names of lli(! (rrciitcst 1111111- tliis iiiirticular, ji. [ or rnof of which iiniil, thill is, till: iiichi'd. Puualty Tinil on a narriiise V 2 or 3 i.\ursn* passoneers, &c. tlii'ir sUiail. iiitiri'. tliii tii|ini (if which nil ihv Is. it" siirh cnr- wrd to carry nut I imin; tliaii I'i 1 if licensed irt iiiir(; than II ni' ■as3i!ni;i'rs, shall iry any ar'-''ili'V si^ntfcrs (lulsiili; lit! whole ; pro- ui isantliurlscil h n under 7 years lio hiix. Penally 1(1 ln!.'2ai!0 to he (I to rt'iinirc Ihn anil oiit.-iilc pas- 11 incasurc, iir 1(1 at the head "!' in like niaiiiicr, !i(ix and lakeh the liiix wilhniu iL' or niisiilaciiie L'li'iiini; lo talic ni|iloyiT; or us- aw a pussenccr, f)/,--H"- mr. cndanccr- Inv passu' ii!.'i'r m i.'acli piTi'uii >•' Owners liahU for penalties, when driver or guard is not known, or cannot he fntinrt.— ? -10. Kailiray Proprietors are to render accounts ot'the passeiijiers conveyed alona the same to the Stamp OtTice, and to give security to keep and render such accounts, and to jiay the diitii'S.— ? J M), SI. Treusiirtt vmij cmiipound with proprietors of railways for the duties chargeable on passen'jers con- veved by theni".— J SS. M*!!' t'"**^*"'*""''^ '""'''' the reeulations of the post-master general; and the enactments in this art as to plates, inscriptions, outside passengers, and luggage, do not e.xtenrl to them ; hut the other reaidations as to the conduct of drivers, guards, &c. do apply to them. Mail coaches have only four oiUside passengers ; one on the box, and three immediately behind the box. No passenger alimvrMl 10 sit beside the guard. The rate of travelling, the lime ailowed fur stoppages, the quantity of lug- "age to be carried, &c. are all regulated by the post-master general. COAL (Ida. Sleen/fiill / Da. Sfeenkookn ; Ft. Charhon de tcrre ; G^t. Stetnkohhn ; H. Carbuni fossili ,• IjaU Lit hunt hrax ; Vort. Carvnes de terra, ou de pedru ; Riis. Ui^olj, Kammnoe ; Sp. Carbones de tierra, Carbonea de piedra ,• Sw. Stenkol). This highly important combustible mineral is divided by mineralogists into the three groat families of black coal, uninflammable coal, and brown coal ; ea'h of these being again divided into many subordinate species. All the common coals, as slate coal, foliated coal, cannrl coal, &c., belong to the black coal family. Slate and foliated coal is found in vast quantiti/'« in Durham and Northumber- land, at Whitehaven in Cumberland, in the river district of the Forth and Clyde, &c. The best Newcastle coal kindles easily : in burning it cakes or runs to<;ether into a solid mass, emitting a great deal of heat, a.s well as of smoke and flame ; it leaves a *!niall (juantity of heavy, dark-coloured residuum or ashes. Most of the Scotch coals are what are familiarly culli'il i>pe.n burninu; coals. They do not last .so long as the Newcastle coal, yield less heat, Jo not cake or run together in burning, and usually leave a considerable (luantity of light, white ashes. They r'.ake, however, a very pleasant, cheerful fire ; and, for most house- hold {lurposcs, the best fire is said to be made of a mixture of Scotch and Newcastle coal. Cannel coal is sometimes met with in the Newcastle pits, in Ayrshire. Sec. ; but the largest beds of it, and of the purest kind, are near Wigan in I^ancashire. It burns with a beautiful clear flame, emitting a great deal of light, but not a great deal of heat. It takes a jTOod polish ; and articles made of it are often pas.sed olf for pure jet. The uninflammable coals are those known by the names of Welsh culm or stone coal, Kilkenny coal, and the hliiid or deaf coal of Scotland. 1'hese coals are dilReult to kindle, which has given rise to their name ; but when once thoroughly ignited, they burn f u a long time : they make a hot, glowing fire, like charcoal, without either flame or smoke ; but owing to their emitting noxious vapours, they cannot be used in dwelling houses, tliough they are in considerable demand among malstcrs, dyers, tem- legrecs of surh •cason why any uantity of wood le fuel, vanished ri recoverable tiy , then, is merely lel has nothinff and charcoal, it it, as hydrogen, ites before bum- and heat. By ural existence; , serves him as hich he desires, ?s which nature heat perform a ywrceived the landing fire, of most sinirularly and thick beds II mines of the ■^teain engine, )ur directed by has rendered hich surrounds Aniline her cual he present rati; lirli. as rnniiuL' substitution ot iiied by findinc; idt ; aiid thus. cits vt'kc. W lln. I'.iiiii — 370 *:. The kinds or differences of coal depend on the comparative proportions in them of carbon and hydrogen, and of earthy impurities totally incombustible. While some species of coal contain nearly a third of tlicir v/eight of hydrogen, others have not a fiftieth. The former kinds are flaming coal, pleasing in parlour fires, and fit for the manufacture of gas. The other kinds — some of the Welsh stone coal, for instance — will only bum when in large heaps, or when mixed witli more inflammable coal ; they have no flame. When flaming coal is burned where a suflSciency of oxygen cannot pass through or enter above the fire, to combine with and consume the hydrogen as fast as it rises, a dense smoke is given out, con- sisting of hydrogen and carbon combined in the proportions which form a pitchy substance. The Welsh coal above mentioned can as little give out smoke as flame, and hence is now much used in great breweries, and in the steam .engine furnaces of towns, where smoke is a serious nuisance. According to Mr. Kirwan, 100 parts Kilkenny coal yield Charcoal. Biluraeo. Earth. Sp. gr. 1 m-3 3-7 1-526 — conip. cannel - - . 752 21-68 maltha 31 1-232 — Hwiinsea , - . 73-53 23-14 mi.\t. 333 1-357 — I.piirim - - - . 71-43 23-37 do. 5-20 1-351 — Wiptan ..... 01-73 36-7 do. 1-57 1-268 — Newcastle ... 5H00 40-0 do. 1-271 — Whitehaven ... 57-0 41-3 1-7 1-257 — sinly ciinnel ... 47-62 32 52 maltha 20-0 1-426 — asphaltiini ... 31 68-0 bitumen. — 1-117 — maltha - - . . 8-0 — — 207 100 parts of the best English coal give, of coke 630 bv Mr. .lars. 100 do. 73-0 liielm. 100 do. Newcastle do. ... 58-0 Ur. Watson. The foliated or cubical coal, and slate coal, are chiefly used as fuel in private houses ; the caking coals, for smithy forges ; the slate coal, from its keeping open, answers best for giving great heats in a wind furnace, as in distillation on a large scale ; and glance coal, found in Statibrdshire, is used for drying grain and malt. Tlie coals of South Wales contain less volatile matter than either the English or the Scotch; and hence, in equal weight, produce a double quantity of cast iron in smelting the ores of this metal. It is supposed that S parts of good Newcastle coal are equivalent, as fuel, to 4 parts of good Scotch coal. Consumption of Coal. Number of Persons engaged in tfi Trade. Supply of Coal. — The great repositories of coal in this kingdom are in Northumberland and Durhiim, whence London and mo.st parts of the south of England are at present supplied ; in Cumberland, whence larc^e quantities of coal are exported to Ireland ; and in StafVordshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, South Wales, &c. In Scotland, coal isft'ind in the Lothians, Lanark.sliirc, Kenfrewshirc, Ayrshire, and other counties. In Ireland, coal is both deficient in (]uantity and inferior in quality to that of Great Britain ; and turf forms the great article of fuel. Mr Taylor, an experieiicd coal owner and coal agent, estimates the annual consumption of coal in Great Britain, us follows : — The aniiiml vend of coals carried coastwise from Durham and Northumberland is Ilnine cniisnmption, say one fifth ........ Which quantity sup|)ties about '.000,000 persons; and supposing the whole population of Great liritain to be 15,000,( '', tliis must be trebled ; for though these two tliirds of popnlatinn are pt^rhaps less ab. i;i aM'ord fuel, yet taking into consideration the niaiiu- facturing districts, and the cheiv les:; of coal in the interior, the estimate will not be too bisrli ............ CnnsuniRil by iron works, say 600,000 tons uf metal, to produce which requires a' le-.st 4 times the quantity of coal in making eveii pig metal, and the extraordinary coi'jump- tion ill the Cornwall, &c. mines ........ Consumed in great Britain ......... Esported tu Ireland, say ......... Tons. 3,300,000 660,000 Total fns, exclusive of foreign exportation n, 880,000 3,000,000 14,880,000 700,000 15,580,000 This estimate diies not differ materially from thai of Mr. Stevenson (F.dinburph F.ncijc. art. England, p. 740), and Mr. liakewell— (see post) ; and may be regarded as sufliciently act urate. Mr. Buddie of Wallscnd, an extremely well informed coal engineer, gives the following estimate of the number of persons engaged in the dillerent departments of the coal trade on the Tyne and Wear, in the conveyance of coal to London, and in the London coal 'rade : — " I hold a {)aper in my hand stating the number of people employed in the coal trade in each department, I w .)uld beg to observe, the reui iis from the Tyne are ofHcial documents ; from the Wear I hove no returns, but it is by an aiiproximate calculation. The number of persons employed under-ground on tho Tym; arc, — men, 4,937; boys, 3,.'i.54 ; together, 8,491 ; above-ground,— men, 2,745 ; boys 718 ; making 3,463 : making tho total employed CD fftrn ■) wut\-.tm 366 COAL. in the mines above and below ground, 11,954, which in round numbers I call 12,000. \x; cause I am pretty sure there were some omissions in the returns. On the river Wear, 1 conceive there are 9,000 employed; maiiinef 21,000 employed in digging the coal, and delivering it to the ships on the two rivers. From the best calculations I have been alik' to make, it would appear that, averaging the coasting vessels that carry coals at the si/c of 280 London chaldrons each vessel, there would be 1,400 vessels employed, which wouKj require 15,000 seamen and boys. I have made a summary. There are, seamen, 15,000; pitmen and above-ground people employed at the colleries, 21,000 ; keelmen, coal-boatnicn, casters, and trimmers, 2,000 : making the total numlier employed in what 1 call the Nortli. em Coal Trade, 38,000. In London, whippers, lightermen, and so forth, 5,000 ; factors, agents, «Scc. on the Coal Exchange, 2,500; — 7,500 in all, in London. Making llie gruml total in the North country and London departments of the trade, 45,500. This does not, of course, include the persons employed at the outports in discharging the ships there." In another {)lace, Mr. Buddie states, that " colliers are always paid by the piece," and con- sequently their wages, although at the same rate per chaldron, vary according to the (juiin- tity of work they have to do ; and it is difficult to form an average, they vary so very con- siderably : they have varied from 14s. a week, to, in some instances, 40s. " The colliers can earn Uj) to 5s. or even more per day ; but there is not full employment for them ; tlioy sometimes do not earn more than half that sum ; 2s. 6(1. is the certain wages that they are hired to receive from their employers, whether they are employed or not ; that is, conse- quently, a tax on the coal owner, during the suspension of his colliery from any accident. The men have the option of finding work elsewhere ; but if they cannot do this, they may call upon their master to pay them 14s. per week; it was 15s. a week till 1828." We regret that we are unable to lay any estimates before our readers of the number of jiersons employed in the other branches of the coal trade ; but taking into view the projior. tion which the trade on the Tyne and the Wear bears to the trade of Great Britain, as shown in Mr. Taylor's statement, we are inclined to think that the total number of persons directly engaged in the coal trade may be set down at from 100,000 to 180,000. The importance of coal as a necessary of life, and the degree in which our superiority in arts and manufactures depends upon our obtaining supplies of it at a cheap rate, has natu- rally attracted a good deal of attention to the question as to the period when the exhaustion of the coal mines may be anticipated. But the investigations hitherto made as to the magni- tude and thickness of the different coal-bedsj and the extent to which they n!ay be wrought, are too vague and unsatisfactory to afford grounds for forming any thing like a toleraWy near approximation to a solution of this question. But such as they are, they are sufficient to show that many centuries must elapse before posterity can feel any serious diliieulties from a diminished supply of coal. According to Mr. Taylor, whoKO estimate of the con- sumption of coal is given above, the coal-fields of Durham and Northumberland are ade- quate to furnish the present annual supply for more than 1,700 years. We subjoin Mr. Taylor's estiniatc. Estimate of the Extent and Pbopiice of the Durham and Northumeerland Coal-fiei.ds, '^'"•'"""- Sq.Mila. " From South Sliields southward to Castle Eden, 21 miles ; thence westward to West Auck- land, 32 miles ; north-east from West Auckland tn Eltringhani, 33 miles ; and then to Shields, 22 miles ; being an extent of area of - ..... 594 M'orthumberland. " From Shields northward, 27 miles, by an average breadth of 9 miles ... 243 Portion excavated. •837 " In Durham, on Tyne, say — on Wear 39 40 " In Northumberland, say 13 miles by S 79 26 - 105 732 " Estimating the workable conl strata at an average thickness of 12 feet, the contents Tons. of 1 square mile will be !2,3'Jfl,0(H) tons, and of 732 s()uare miles " Deduct one third part for loss by small coal, interceptions by dikes, and other inter- - 9,009,'1SO,0( ruptions 3,O23,lfifl,00l1 nemainder - 6,OI(i,32n,0(iO " This remainder is adequate to supply the present vend from Newcastle, Sunderland, Hartley, BIyth, and Stockton, of 3,500,000 tons, for a period of 1,727 years. " It will be understood that this estimate of the ini; cnniprisus thnt which is cuntinuoua, and most suitable and avail- able for expurtation." — {Lords' Report, 1S29, p. 12J.) Dr. Buckland, the celebrated geologist, considers this estimate as very greatly cxnggerated ; but in his exumination before the committee of the House of Commons, ho quotes and ap- proves a passage of Bakeweii's Geoloi^y, in which it is stated that the coal-beds in South Wales are ulone sufficient to supply the whole present demand of England for coal for 3i0()0 years. The passage is as follows : — " Fortunately we have in South Wales, adjoining the Bristol Channel, an almost exhaust- less supply of coal and ironstone, which are yet nearly unwrought. It has been stated, that this conl-lield extends over about 1,200 square miles; and that there are 23 beds of worka- ble coal, the total average thickness of which is 95 feet; and the quantity contained in each acre is 100,000 tons, or 65,000,000 tons per square mile. If from this we deduct one half for waste, and for the minor extent of the upjjcr beds, we shall have a clear supply of coal equal to 32,000,000 tons per square mile. Now, if we admit that 5,000,000 tons from the Northumberland and Durham mines is equal to nearly one third of the total consumption of coal in England, each square mile of the Welsh coal-field would yield coal for 100 years' consumption ; and aa there are from 1,000 to 1,200 square miles in this coal-field, it would supply England with fuel for 2.000 years, after all our English coal mines are worked out!" It is therefore quite idle cither to prohibit, or impose heavy duties on, the exj)ortation of coal, on the ground of its accelerating the exhaustion of the mines. The abolition of the expensive and destructive jjrocess of scrcenina; — (sec pout) — will more than balance any export that is ever likely to take place to foreign countries. I'nijils iif Coal Mining. Coal Owners' Mitnojw/i/, time, to do equal jus- tice by all the competitors. It is not to lend assistance to, or remove burdens from, one set of adventurers, which it does not lend to or remove from others. It is no part of its duly to say how coals, or any species of produce, shall he carried to market. It is bound to i^ivn every reasonable facility for the opening of new channels or modes of conveyance between all parts of the country ; but it would be glaringly unjust to lay a tax on the coals conveyed by a particular channel, from which those conveyed by other channels were exempted, Mr. Buddie thinks that the aggregate capital employed by the eoal owners on the Tynr amounts to about 1,500,000/. exclusive of the craft in the river; and supposing this esti- mate to be nearly correct, it will follow, allowing for the value of the ships, that the total eai)ital cmjiloyed in the coal trade may be moderately estimated at from eight to ten mil- lions ; an immense sum to be almost wholly at the risk of the owners, without any insur- ance u])on it. Progressive Cnnsttmpfion of Coal. Duties and Beguhitioiis nffeeting if, parficuhirli/ in the Port (if Lniuhm. — There are no mines of coal in either Greece or Italy ; and no ovi- dence has been produced to show that the ancients had learned to avail themselves of this most useful mineral. Even in England it does not seem to have been used previously to the beginning of the thirteenth century; for the first mention of it occurs in a charter of Henry III., granting licence to the burgesses of Newcastle to dig for coal. In 1281, New- castle is said to have had a considerable trade in this article. About the end of this century, or the beginning of the fourteenth, coals began to be imported into London, being at first used only by smiths, brewers, dyers, soap-boilers, &c. This innovation was, however loudly complained of. A notion got abroad, that the smoke was highly injurious to the public health ; and, in 1.316, parliament petitioned the king, Edward I., to prohibit the burniiifT of coal, on the ground of its being an intolerable nuisance. His Majesty issued a proclamalion conformably to the prayer of the petition ; but it being but little attended to, recourse was had to more vigorous measures; a commission of oyer and terminer being issued out, with in- structions to inquire as to all who burned sea-coal within the city, or parts adjoining, to pu- nish them for the first offence, by " pecuniary mulcts;" and upon a second offence to de- molish their furnaces ; and to provide for the strict observance of the proclamation in al! time to come. But notwithstanding the efTorfs that were thus made to prohibit the use of coal, and the prejudice that was long entertained against it ; it continued progressively to gain ground. This was i)artly, no doubt, owing to experience having shown that coal smoke had not the noxious influence ascribed to it, but far more to the superior excellence of coal as an article of fuel, and the growing scarcity and conseijuent high price of timber. In the reign of (>harlcs I. the use of coal became universal in London, where it has ever since been used to the exclusion of all other articles of fuel. At the Restoration, the quantity imported was sup- posed to amount to about 200,000 chaldrons. In 1670, the imports had increased to 270,000 chaldrons. At the Revolution, they amo"r.t.a lo aoout 300,000 chaldrons, and have since gone on increasing with the growing magnitude and population of the city ; being, in IT.iO, about ."jOO.OOO chaldrons ; in 1800, alwut 900,000 chaldrons ; and at present about 1,700,000 chaldrons. — {CaniplieWs Political ISurvey tf Great Brltain,\6[. ii. p. 30.; Ellington ontht Coal Trade, \). 41. &c.) It might have been supposed, considering that coal is, in this country, a prime necessary of life, and by far the most important of all the instruments of manufacturing industry, that it would have beei: exempted from every species of tax ; and that every possible facility would have been given for its conveyance from the mines to the districts in the south of England, and other places in want of it. But such, we regret to say, has not been the case. The coal trade of Great Britain has been for more than a century and a half siil'jccted to the most oppressive regulations. From a very early period, the corporation had under- taken the task of weighing and measuring the coal brought to London ; and had been accustomed to charge 8rf. a ton for their trouble. In 1613, the power to make this charge COAL. 8S0 inrnJ. Tt ix f throwint; a ocrasioniillv iiaiid, and iit to the pruba- . liy means 10 timp il has 1 an arrnnne- rest IfVfl that northern mal NorlhiirnlMT- is at /mseut. Von) Swansea !nt shnuld en- do eiiual jus- 1 from, one set ; of h» duty ti> bound to q;ivn •ance l)etween •oals conveyeii xenipled. 3 on the Tyne sina; this esti- thut the. tiitiil rht to ten mil- lout any insur- wrt'tciihirhj hi f ; and no evi- mselves of this \ previously to in a charter of In 1281, New- pf this century, 1, being at first lowever loudly to the public the hurniiijT; of proclamation course was had out, with in- lOining, to pu- otVence to de- lunuktion in all coal, and the pain ground, had not the al as an article u the reign of ince been used )orted was sup- wed to 270,000 nd have since being, in 1750, Lout 1,700,000 '(dngtun oil the rinio necessary iring industry, jossiblc facility the south of I not been the I lialf subjected on had under- and had been lie this cliarge was confirmed to the city by royal charter, it being at the aamo time ordered that no coal should bo unladen from any vessel till the Lord Mayor had given leave. The right to charge this sum according to the chaldron of coal, has since been confirmed to the city by act of parliament; and iw the labouring meters, notwithstanding tiiey have been very well puid, have received only 5rf. out of the 8rf., the balance of M. per chaldron, producing at present about 20,000/. a year, goes to the city treasury. But besides the above, duties for civic purposes have been laid on the coal imported into I,ondon from the reiga of Charles II. downwards. They were originally imposed in 10(i7, ;it'ter the great fire, in order to assist in the rebuilding of churches and other public edifices ; and have ever since been continued, to enable the corporation to execute im|)rovements in the city ; though it is probable most of our readers will be inclined to think that few iin- nrovemeiits could be so great, as a reduction in the price of ho very important an article as coal. At present, a duty of lOrf. per chaldron, denominated the ()r|)hans' duty, is appropriated, until IH.'iH, to defray the expense of the apjiroaches to London Bridge. Exclusive of the corporation duties, a duty payable to government was laid on all sea- lioriw coal in the reign of William III., which was only repealed in 18H(). This duty was at once glaringly unjust and oppressive : unjust, inasmuch as it fell only on those parts of the ern[>ire to which coals had to be carried by sea; and oppressive, inasmuch as it amounted {oiMJifl.i/ ppf cent, upon the price paid to the coal owner for the coal. It is not very easy to calculate the mischief that this tax has done to the southern counties. We, however, are satislied that the depressed condition of the peasantry of the south, as compared with those of the north, is, in no inconsiderable degree, to be ascribed to the operation of the coal tax. This tax, after being long stationary at Us, a chaldron, was raised to 9s. 4d. during the lato war; but was reduced to O.v. in 1824. But the ineiiuality of the tax was not confined to its atfeeting those parts only of the empire to which coal had to be carried by sea. Even there its pressure was not ecjual : for, while it amounted to 6s. a chaldron, or 4s. a ton, in the metropolis and all the south of England, it only amounted to \s, l^d, a ton on coal carried iiy sea to Ireland, and to Is. 8rf. on that carried to Wales ; while Scotland was for many years entirely exempted from the duty. Besides this striking partiality and injustice, various troublesome Custom-house regula- tions were recjuired, in consequence of distinctions being made between the duties on large and small coal, between those on coal and culm (a species of coal), and coal and cinders, and of coal being allowed to be imported duty free into Cornwall, Devon, &c. for the use of the mines. These distinctions are now, however, whpUy abolished ; and no duties exist on coal except those collected in London and a few other ports, and appropriated to local purposes. A small supply of coal was of late years brought to London from StalTordshire, by canal navigation. This coal was charged with a duty of Is. a chaldron ; but this is now also repealed. The rcTulations to which the sale and delivery of coals have been subjected in the city of Londoi , have been, if possible, still more objectionable than the duties imposed on them. Instead of being sold by weight, all coals imported into the Thames have been sold by measure. It is carious to observe the sort of abuses to which this practice has given rise. It is stated by the celebrated mathematician. Dr. Hutton, who, being a native of Newcastle, was well acquainted with the coal trade, that, "If one coal, measuring exactly a cubic yard (nearly equal to 5 bolls), be broken into pieces of a moderate size, it will measure 7^ bolls; if broken very small, it will measure 9 bolls ; which shows that the proportion of the weight to the measure depends upon the size of the coals ; therefore, accounting by weight is the most rational method." The shippers were well aware of this, and insisted ujion the coal owners supplying them with large coal only ; and to such an extent was this principle car- ried, that all coal for the London market was screened, as it is technically termed, or passed over gratings, to separate the smaller pieces. Inasmuch, however, as coals were sold in all their subseiiuent stages by measure, no sooner had they been delivered by the owner, than it was for the interest of every one else into whose hands they came before reaching the consumer, to break them into smaller portions. In fact, the profit of many of the re- tailers in London has arisen chiefly from the increase of measure by the breakage of coal. And Mr. Brandling, a very inteUigent and extensive coal owner, stated to the Commons' committee, that, in consequence of the breakage, coals are reduced in London to a size in- ferior to what they would be, were they put on board unscreetied, and subjected to no addi- tional breakage. The statements now made sufficiently evince the nullity of all the regulations enforcing the sale of coal by correct measures : for even though these regulations had been enforced, instead of behig, as they usually were, wholly neglected, they would have been of almost no use ; inasmuch as any dishonest dealer was as able to cheat, by breaking his coals a little smaller than usual, as if he had sold them in deficient measures. The loss occasioned by the useless process of screening has been very great. The quantity of coal seperated by it has amounted in some cases to from 20 to 25 per cent, of the whole ; ■■' ground." — {First Lurch' Ji^p- p. 72.) The waste of coal has Injcn in this way enoriiKiujc and the coal owner has been obliged to charge a higher price upon the eoid sold, in order lo indemnify himself for the loss of so great a quantity, and for the mischief he does to othtirs in burning. The fact, that so monstrous a systcim should have been perseveretl in for more than a century, sets the power of habit in reconciling us to the most pernicious absurdities in a vpry striking ])oint of view. Happily, however, the nuisance has been at last abated : the sale of coal [)y weight taking away both the temptation to break coul, and the necessity ut' screening. But the abuses that have infected the coal trade were not confined to those that grew out of the duties, and the sale by measure. They have insinuated themselves into most dr- partments of the business; and i ' such an extent have they been carried, that it takes, ut this moment, a larger sum to coiuey a chaldron of coal from the /wo/, a little below Lomlon Bridge, to the consumers in the city, than is sufficient to defrui/ the entire cost of the cml in the north, including the expense of digging them from the mine, their conveyance to tin; shore, landlord's rent, &c.! The following statement shows the various items that made up the price of coal to the London consumer, in October, 18.30, distributed under their proper heads. They have been carefully abstracted from the evidence before the parliamentary committees. : i ^ I Chakoes up to the Time of Arrival in the Port of Lonuon. £ s. d. £ s. rf, Coal Oirver. 1 Paid coal owner for coals ..-.--- 14 Deduct river duly paid by him for improvement of Sunderland harbour 3 13 9 Coal Filler. 1 Keel dues, and fittage (including 7 miles' water-carriage) 2 3 Ship Owner. For freight, inclndine insurance of ship and cargo, pilotage, seamen's wages, wear and tear of the ship and materials, discharging ballast, & X. 8 6J Municipal Dues. £ .9. (/. Kiver duty, ns above ...--- 3 Pier duty, lights, &.c. paid by ship .... .=>} 8^ 11 '.,\ Charges in the Port of London. Government. Tat ....... _ G Municipal line.'!. Trinity and Nore lights, tonnage duty, Trinity lloase for bal- last, &c. 5 Entries, &c. ....... n Corporation of London mctage . - - - . 4 Ditto orphans' dues ...... 10 Ditto meter's pay and allowance _ . - . 4 Ditto market dues ...... 1 Ditto Lord Mayor's groundage, Sec. .... O.i Ditto land metagu ...... 6 Ditto undertaker ..-.-.. 1 Coal-whippers _...-.. Coal Factor. 1 7 4 4f Factorage and del credere commissioB . - - . . i\ Coal Merchant. Buyer's commission ...... 1 Lighterage .-.-._.. 2 Cartage ..-__-.. 6 Credit 2 Shootage ........ 1 3 Add for even money ...... (See Com. Rep. p. 8.) 3 12 Add for discount, scorage, and ingrain* (see same Rep. p. 9.) 2 2i 14 81 1 5 Sf 2 10 71 Making the price paid by the consumer - ..... Which is thus apportioned :— Coal owner for coal ........ 13 9 Ship owner, &c. for voyage to London ..... 11 S| Government duty, corporation charges, and London coal merchant 1 5 51 2 10 7i * Scorage and ingrain wore allowances that ?rcw out of the system of selling by measure. As this system is now repealed, it is unnecessary to describe them. COAL. 361 by measure. As ortliPffl rhnTBCibtil liltlnrcilucilnn ticpiI Ih- lonkod fur in llinno inniTTort in the rlvors Tynp and WtMir, iiliil '" •'"■ ft*'" "f Irt'lulit ; iind iih iIk' Kiivnriiiiiciit ilnly i)f (l.s. per ilmlilnni Iiiih Iiith rilinliHliiHl, tliR ciiiirnrH thiit niliiiit i\f riirtlicr ri'iliiitiiiii iiri- llio iiiiinirl|)iil iIiH'n, iiiiil IIkihi- iitliiiiliiiK lliu tloliveiy (if (•(iii\ lollir rniisiiiiicrs ; iind in tlii'HC, crrliiitily, llicn' in nni|t)r rdcitii fur ri'ifciichiiu'nt. 01" till' itiiim whiili iiiiikc up llie hiiiii (if I*. 41(/. of clinrirf'H in IImi p(irt iif l^iiiddii, ii smii of In. id. (KU. IIH i)r|iliiin duly, iipproprialcd to llie new liriduo, niid 4il. an ((irpdriitioii iik'Iiiki') >-< n hiircicM of pulilic lux i**" Hooh, iKiwcvor, iiH liii! ((■riii for wliiili llir oTplmn liiily in appropriiilid 1ms i\|iir('d, it oiiUht III hi' nlirdislKMl ; and it wciuld he liiRhly drHJnihli' were moiiic iiieaiiH tlicn hIkii I .iiiirt iif iiKlenini. fyiiilf tlie eorpnratioii fiit the. iil. of inrtaBc eliiiiiieil liy tlieiii ; iiiasiiiiicli iim Ilie alii>litimi. IX-.. ; of wliicli at lea^n !M),0(l()/. may lie tMived to the citizens, hy simply alloiritiff the crew to perform tlii! fiiiiclimi of coal-lnavers. Tlieevidrnee giveii by t lift ship ot, iwrs and ciiplMiiis before the parliaineiitary ronimittens estn- WiBlies, in the fullest manner, all that has been staled. To discharce a ship when loaded willi timber isaihnilted to be rather mn : ditlietilt than when slu^ is loaded with coal. Luckily, however, the musters of .ill ships other tli.. , colliers may employ, in their discbaruf:, eitlier the crew, or such oilii'r iiihearers a^ lliey think fit, witlmiit any sort nf iiit'erferi'iice. .\nd it is proved, that while the cost of (liM iKirfsine a ship of :iOO tons, laden with coal, amoiinls to about .'Ni/., u ship of the. same burden, Mkn with timber, may he discharued for ',»/. or Id/.— (C»h/. liip. p. 32L) This, certainly, is a subject ;li'Sf,rvin« of Ihi! iminediale attention of parliament. Besides the charge of 8(/. on account of ship meinae, there liiis lieen a fiirllier eliarte of e re(|uir(!d to defray tlu^ cost of the coal e.\eliam.'e, anil the w eiL'liiiiK establishments, &c., are, '.n fiitnrc, to be cliarjred in the apcrecate at so mucli a ton on the coal imported, and paid into the City (li.iinberlaiirs office : accounts of the distribution of tile [iroduce of the duty being Hiinually |M-epare'd anil laid before parliament. Rut the cliarnea on account of the delivery of coal from the ship to the eonsiiitier are the most oppressive. They amount in all to no less tlian lis-. HJi/. ! One item is lijThleru^e, beiiiR a sum of 'in. :i rlialdron paid for eonveyin); the coals from the sliip to the wharf This charjie seems to be in no inlinary degree exorbitant. It is mentioned by Mr. Biiibile, in his evidence (First LortW Hep. p. 121.), ihat the Tyne Kei.'lmen, who take the coals from the spouts or staitlis, as they are termed, to deliver ilii'ni til the ships, are paid only \s. M, a ehaldron, though they have to navigate their kiil.i from 7 to '^mile.i, and though it is far more difheult to shovel the coals t'roiii the keels into the port-holes of the slii|is, than from a lighter to a wharf. Were the charge for lighterage reduced to the same level in the Tliaiiies as in tin; Tyne, it would not certainly exceed M. or 0(/. a chaldron. But before this desirable result can he accomplished, this department of tlie trade must, like all the rest, be throwo oprn. Here again the trammels of monopoly interfere. At present no individual can art as a lighter- iiiiiu, who is not free of the Waterman's Company, and who has not servi d 7 years as an apprentice iipiMi tlie river. Competition is thus wh'dly excluded, and the charges rendered far higher than they would be under a different system. The next item in the charge for delivery is fw. a chaldron for cartage from the wharf to the con- siinicr'a residence. The bi^st way, perhaps, to judge of the reasonableness of this charge, is by com- piiring it with the siiiiis charged for similar work done elsewhere. Now, assuming the avi'rage weight nl' the chaldron to he 27 cwt., and the average distance to which coals are carted li niiie, the charge will he 'in. 5J-ri. per ton per mile ; hut in the north, in Diirhain, Lancashire, &.C., it is usual to let the cartase of coals, including the loading, by contract, at from ~iL to Sd. a. ton on turnpike roads, and iW. mil lOi/. on heavy country roads. So that thi^ expense of cartage in London is four or Jire times us iiiiirli as it costs in the north. It seems difficult to account lor this difference by the greater expense itlending keep of men, horses. Sec. in the metropolis, though that certainly is very heavy. I'erhaps a part of it is owing to the syrfteni of licensing carts, and regulating the fees of cartage. At all events the subject is one that ought to be investigated. ExcliLsivK of llie charge of 6.v. for cartage, there is a further charge of 1p. M. for .■'liuotinp, that is, for iinlnading the wagon into the cellar. Next to the item for whippets, this is the most outrageous f>verchttvge in this lengthened calnloguf; ofahiises. There are thousands of bibourers in London who would be glad to bo allowed to perform the same work for 3d. or -id., for wliicli the citizens are obliged topiiy I.?. OiZ. Indeed, we believe it might he tkme for a good de.il less. Mr. Huddle says, •' At the rate we pay oiiv wagon-men for filling the wagons, I believe they would be very glad, for 2rf., to heave thHse same coals out of the cellar again up the hole," — (First Lord.':'' Kip. p. 121.); an operation which, every (ini^ knows, would be about 10 times as troublesome as pouring them down. Such of our readers aa may have gone through thesi! statements will, we think, feel but little dis- posed to differ from the committee of the House of Lords, who observe, in the Hecuiul Report, "that in every stage, from the port of shipment to tlie coal merchant's wharf, and thence to the consumer's cpllar, the regulations under which the trade is conducted are productive of delay, of an aggravation of expense, and an encouragemi'nt to fraud '."—(Rep. p. 8.) The sale of coal by weight, and tin- alwlilion of the nietage sy.stem, have undoubt(?dly eradicated some nf the more tlasraiit abuses that infected the trade. Hut tlie statements now liid before the reader show that there are other depnrtineiTts that require to be thoroughly examined. The exorbitancy of the existing charges tor the delivery of coal from the 8lii|is to the wharf, and fur carting, shooting, &o. demand that nothing should be left untried that may have any chance of contributing to their effectual reduction. Regulniion.i as to f\ale in London. — A seller's ticket is to accompany all coal sold within the city of l.niidon and its environs, specifying the species of coal, and the iiiimher of sacks and w eight of coal sent. The coals may he either "in bags containing 1 or 2 cwt., or in bulk. The cariiiaii is in all cases bound to carry a weighing machine with the coal, which machine is to be made conformably to regu- VoL. I.— 2 H 46 !"i!r»»» I ■•«»«( MM i .; ti"ni <,3 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .<^^ 1.0 I.I ■50 ^^ III^H ^ m lU u 140 ■ 2.0 11.25 n 1.4 1 1.6 iImmmmm^v IIIIIs^^bss IHH^^^Bb < 6" ► ^k& Photographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREiT WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 172-4503 SJ v \\ ^P^ \s^ V 362 COAL. ' i> I If I I latinn, nnd, upon bcinR desired, he is to weJRh anyone stick, or the whole aacks in (liji tvagnn, I'f!nnlly fin refiiFlng to weigh, or olhrrwise ol)»triictlng the wciphlnif. 20/. I'ennfty on non-delivery of ticket to piircliaser, 20/. In the event of the weight being deficient, a penally ig imposed of Id/, or 50/., according to deficiency. Quantities of less than 560 llis. may be sold without being Weighed — (1 & 2 mil. 4. c. 76.) In order to save trouble in collecting the duties that still attach to coal in the port of London, tin- corporation is authorised to compound witli the owner or master of any ship or vessel importing cnnl. for the tonnage upon which the iluties are to be paid. A certiftcate of such compo.xition, expressing the nundier of tons of coal, cinders, or culm, agreed to be taken as the cargo of the ship or vessel com- pounded for, is to be given to the master or owner of the same, and to lie taken as evidtnice of tlie quantity on board. When no composition is entered into, the coal is to be weighed in the presence of an officer of the customs at the port nf shipment ," and the duties are to he paid upon the weight so shipped. The shipment of coiil in the TyrH^ is at |iresent regulated by the act 5 Geo. 4. c. 72., commonly calli'd the Turn JIrt, The object of tli'is act is to make all ships engaged in th" trade of the Tyne In! loailcil in the ordiir in which they arrive. It prevents any preference being ?iveu to particular siiips ; ami renders it nearly Impossible for any coal owner to give constant eniploynuMit to any vessel in tho trade which he may wish to employ. In some respects this act is proliably advantageous, but, on llic wliole, its policy seems very (jni'Stionable. Why should a coal owner be prevented from einployin: certain ships inpreference to others 1 Under this act, if more ships engage in the tnide than can he profitably employeil in it, the loss produced by detention in port, and waiting for a cargo, iiislind of falling, as it naturally would, were the trade free, on particular ships, and driving them from tlw business, falls ecpially on every ship employed, and depresses the whole trade. There is no regula- tion of tills sort ill the Wear. F.j port at inn of Cmil.—Vot a consideralde number of years past a duty of 17,1. M. a chaldron was laiii on all large, and of 4.'». fii/. a chaldron on all small coal exported. The first of these duties is (|iiili; e.v- cessive ; and is not to he vindicated, unless the policy of preventing the exportation of coal were ail- milted. Inasmuch, however, as small coal is the only specii.'S used in Manufactories, no ground roijld be assigned for prohibiting the exportation of roiiiid coal, except the risk of exhausting the mines. I!iit the statements previously made show lhi> futility of this apprehension. There cannot, therefore, be any reasonable doubt as lo the policy of ihe reduction that has recently been made in the duly on large coal exported. We believe, indeed, that it iiiiglit have been carried a good deal further, willi advantage to the revenue and lo all iiarlies. — (For Ihe existing duties on coal exported, see Tahiff.) Pnrf o/ Cw«/.— The f(dlc)wing is an accouiit of llie contract price of coal sapplied to Greenwiili Hospital in tho undermentioned years : — Years. V r Ch,-il^ t per act 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 16. 3. £ 4(>7,!-*5a 41fi.N)4 443.217 4(i4.6,')!l 4r)7.7l(i 40,702 Account of the various Local or Municipal Duties charged oh Coals imported into the Port of I.nnilnn since 1825; specifying such Duties in detail, the Rate of each, and the Amount of Duty aniiiiully produced by each.— (PuW. Paper, No, 296, Sess. 1833.) Tean. 1826 Docription of Duties, Duty on coals delivered in the year ending 5th of January, 1827, pursuant to the act of the ,5th t 6thofWill.& Mary, c. 10., for the relief of the orphans and other creditors of the city of London, and continued by various acts of par- liament for eflbcting public works .' . - - Additional metage duty, pursuant to the said act of 5 & 6 W. ft, M, and applicable to the purposes of the said or- phans' fund ....>. iUle of each Duly. 6(1, perchald,' 4i29 b3(l IMtl i>:i2 1820 1S27 b2,S ls2i) l^:i() 1>32 152« Dncription of Diiiies. lUle of I'Uh Duty. ISiS I MO lf:ifl IKil 1032 Additional metage duty, pursuant to the said act of 5 & fl W. & M. and applicable to tlie purposes of the said orphano' fund -....- Ditto ---..-- Ditto Ditto Ditto --...-- Coinniiitation pursuant to the act of 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 76. for the said duties of 6d. and id. per clialdron, continued by the art of 10 (ieo. 4. c. 136. for making the approaches to London Itridge ...... Duty charged by 43 fieo. 3. c. 134. for establishing a market ill the city of London for the sale of coals Ditto Ditto - - Ditto .-..-.. Ditto -.-..-. Ditto including 3f)7{. Hs. CJ-rl. for duty on coals import- ed in lail. but delivered in IKa2 . . - Continued by the act of the 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 76. for the sup port of the said market, and for paying the compensations 1)1° the hind coal-meters of London, Westminster, and Middlesex, for the abolition of their olhces Duty payable to the corporation of the city of London, for iiietage ....... Ditto - - Ditto ....... Ditto --.-..- Ditto ...-.-- DKto --.--.- (.'(unmutntinii for the said duty of 4(1. per chaldron, water hailliage and groundage nf coals, and lees to Lord Mayor on permit, &.c. pursuant to the act of llie 1 & 2 Will. 4. c 76., chargeable with the coiiipeiisatiiuis to the clerks, ollirers, ami deputy sea-coal meters, for the abolition of their places by the said act - - - - Duty of water-hailliage on coals and groundage of colliers, payable to the corporation of London by non-freunien only Ditto Ditto ....... Ditto - - Ditto ....... Ditto ....... Cninniiited by said net 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 76., as before stated Kees payable to the l-ord Mayor of London for permit and registering certificates of the quantity and (lualily of coals, pursuant to the act 9 Anne, c. 28. Ditto - ..... Ditto ...... Ditto ... . . - Ditto ...... Ditto ...... Commuted under the said act 1 & 3 Will. 4. c. 76., ns before mentioned. . - . . - id. per cliald. ditto ditto ditto ditto 9d. per ton Id. per chaUI. ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto Id. per ton 4d. per chald. ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto AnnuAJ I'rodiiceof CTih Duly. 4(f. per ton 35,510 2 8 id. per New-" castle,or dou- ble chald. and f mi 4 7i fWi. pi^r ship groundage ditto on.'? 11 n ditto 4 15 6 71,020 5 4 6,61!) 8 101 6,001 IH 2} 6,472 15 I] 6,639 18 51 fi,785 9 11 6,865 3 Oi 8,877 10 8 20,624 1 4 24.3117 12 II roii.t |,t U 26,5,VJ 13 10 27,141 10 5 26,390 14 A'flff.— The act of the 47 Oeo. 3. c. 68. (repealed by the act 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 76.), imposed n duty of flii. per clialdron on all coals sold by wharf itieasiire, and l.<. per 5 chaldioiis, sold by pool measure; lull the corporation of London have no nie;ins of ascertaining the nmoMiit of those duties paid in the (listricts of Westminster, Middlesex, and Surrey.— (iiiildhall, l.Mh of May, 183"1. It appears from this account, that the various local and iiiuiiici|ial duties charged on coal in the port of London in 1832, amounted to 1I.'),407/. l^.i. 81/ , being at the rate of about Ik. IJrf, per chaldron on llie ^ rt ^ Q !*« -3 4J >.a. t-j ^2 c- ~ J. .^ -3 hn CI w U ■fl '— . Tt C :3 n tu &. i* " 3 "S.s - o ^ 5 •Hfe 3 ;• da « •a « O u e u) poiiudxj Xltvitrih ino J. ESS d * 8 -J -IS 1 . 1 . •!• .A .; — « — f» 3 « i i 1 - 2, C »1_ Tl_ Tl 1 -_^ •«' xT = fN f^' T- 1-" rf ■* tf ^ 04 dO O 1^ C« V I - iS o X o en -^ o /.' n in .; t* re*' -r i-^i- aCo" f: M I- -^wr-xto S S S 5* X ».T -r ?? « Ol cT I • -^ o Ti r*" -**" o~ =r » -^ *.*: •'■ CO -^ r- o "/: CO -r o -r T^ r-^ x^ « M CO I -^ -r o CO CO C^ M ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3« — •£ CO »0 -; t^ O «5 -< CO— t^'OfNCliCOCiO i"^ ^ ff^ ^, »** "Ti Prt in ^^ ^» ao <— o t» fM C") to X! »n t f-^l-OCTO^^COSS — Cl ^''^'co irf It H a |1 a" IIS lo M I- o to e t in — '* •^ '^ in i- to X >ft (?* I' « in M to — -M^i' e^'rTsi^o c ffi in 2 I- X ct D « » — -* c* « tc « tc I- in o in -1* •r •* in Oi o in X -* — »- »' c. « p^ to in I' 1^ o e ?^o E » I- ^5i^ -r_ fjo i-^c^f— "• I- c. i-Tin in We^toOM-minci^ •-"ii'T'^inininininto OD X x. /: r r X y X T) a s o « S B S-5g m tiifi-ftoi-tovt-rv ^ C*> »0 *0 q" I-*" I ' x" 1 - I - co' 'C 3 O ^1 cr^ r^ ^ CO o o CO 'c r- t- t» »->^& I- fr* •■:3^t^^co « |, ;; (J^'^r o cT cT -^ CO*' "o* I -' — ' ^ o CO I- o X 31 — -^ b -c O — 00 — 5>oio55 aar-P^PO^iOO— t|>.Ci;p O ii-l — • 1^ ^ CI r^f 10 X fff Qv X CO ^j^ I '^ C3 X^ -T »fi — 2r ^xTxc (M -roTeoc'tfi— ' n ;: -^ .ti " --2 &•! a B a s & ^ct^iOM«oa d 10 T »3ii-0(H — to-ra-jD — g — intoc*ox3iooi tC'OOiO^— .CitfyiV OL^in x^t?\to^X)^3 oD .h S ^ in xj — o t* — as 1- tc *i 0> C^ =,S — 0> -JD Cl X S X X X X X X X X X r C4 611 >• "Si tm 1^ Si ci M CO (^ 1- r^ -1" CI »0 CO fr» 31 « *?• 1 « -^ xnD -* I'^^io eo X ?lli 110 co' X X 31' oT — ta" X co" "^n ^^^^Oi00«0 H 152 isii tn -N (71 oj Ol « to »-- X £^ 3 lis l-l'3: XC»(C C^(CC* S u-S ■""'""" u ■'SSSS^SSPSS id «e»iriioc*M poeococo'^5'^*noS R las fcS3S:JP2^'5'-5S3 OJ»fti"-fcno3ixc*xo Q 1 ci cf (M cf CO co'e^c^'^cfc* 2 « . ill i^intofmi-miNto 1 ssassas'-^s u<'.>e 1 ^ «;» in " 3>,x^i;-j* ■g ^ « ?*"-*f (o'o « 1' — '^»l'■ — 1^ (?» S -N « M X; o» t tointotoi-i^i^xx)« ^ J 2lis5SSS;«SJ:;5 •X X XI X X X X X X X >• COAL. 365 mo o n *c (^ i« t« OCJOl-«CVS'v5|,-I' D O) « to l^ X 'Ji ■c c^ -r iS -t* — — J> "^ CI M « -f -^ — nrnb 3,622 4..')23 32.426 81,073 100.240 78,041 M g?3i -^»rt ^-o [1 OJ -^ 1^ O (O »^ ^ •«• ■* tT <0 lO « I ° 2 1 ""5 S 8. 1 Uy the I'riioB ■ Tem. Lehigh. Schuylkill. Lacka- wanna. ToUli. Vean. Lehigh. .Schuylkill. Lackawanua. l.anal. fiotn Ihf riia- prove. Sliamokin. Totali. 1 rout. TiTiu. . Tmu. Tmlt. r,.,u. Tuiu. Tilt. Tuiii. rmii. Tuns. 1820 36.5 — — .Sfi.'i 1830 42,790 89,981 43,000 — 17.5.774 1821 1.073 — — 1,073 1831 41.085 81,8.54 54.000 — — I7«,«.1!t 1822 2,210 — — 2,240 1832 80,1 M)0 209,271 H.t.6IUI — 37;t,s7i 1823 :.,>23 — — 5,82:i 1833 123.000 250,.588 112,000 2,383 — 487.1171 1824 '.l,,'511 — — 9.541 1831 106,2 14 224,242 47,700 2,4,50 — .180,1)36 182.') 28.3!W I),.')()0 — 31,803 18.35 131,250 334.872 90,6C.O 5,226 — .5tt'2,(KH 1820 |:tl.-2.8(l 16,767 — 48,047 1836 146,502 432,015 106,270 1 1 ,709 — m,w 1*27 32,070 3I,.1«0 — 63,430 18,37 223,!H)2 523,1.52 115,387 12,098 — 87l,j.'i(i 1828 30,232 47,284 — 77,516 1838 212,831 433,875 76,321 13,809 3,740 '^,i1i 1829 2.M10 70,973 7,000 112,083 ' ' The country iiloii!; tliu North Hranch of tlie Siisquuhaiiim is supplii'd with coal from the WiUcs- barre district, of which no account is taken above. (jener.il Stati^ncnt of the whole Anthracite Coal business. On hintl at tide water On tiand, and brought Consumeit of all kinds - Yeirs. tide water. April l»t.l)einS5urplus fiver consuintition. down during the year. m year ending A|iril tjtil. coitauuiptiuQ, Taiu. Tuni Tom. Toiu. Turn. 1820 365 «' 365 365 1821 1,073 — 1.073 1,073 708 1822 2,240 — 2,210 2,240 1,167 1823 5,823 — 5,823 5,823 3,5S3 1821 9,541 — 9,5 U 9,541,. 3,718 1825 34,893 — 34,893 34,893- 25,352 1826 48,047 — '48,047 (43,017 8,151 1827 63,430 5,000 68,430 60,430 17,383 18iS 77.516 8,000 8.5,516 73,516 13,086 1829 112,0.h3 12.000 121,083 100,083 32.,5«7 18.30 175,774 18,000 193,774 133,774 27,691 1831 176,939 60,000 2,36,9.'>a 236.939 10.3.165 1832 373,871 — 373,871 313,871 76,932 1833 187.971 60,000 517,971 427.971 114,1110 18.34 3*0,636 120,01)0 500,036 420,820 2.819* 1835 .5ti2,008 79,816 041,824 641,824 221.004 1836 6iH),525 — 696,.525 6II),,525 4,701 1837 874,539 50,000 924,539 721„539 78,014 1.838 727,582 200.000 n27,.582 827,582 103,043 ♦ Decrease. We subjoin tlie following Statetnent of the Retail prices diirini! a series of Years, for Unbroken Coal delivered in Fhilailelphiu, per ton of 2240 pounds. Veani. Lehiirh. Schuylkill. Year*. Lehigli. Schuylkill. (While Ash.) (Red A»h.) (White Atli.) (Ilel Ash.) 1820 «8 40 1830 #6 50 »6 50 1821 8 40 1831 6 00 5 00 a 10 no 1822 8 40 1832 (H) a 6 50 5.50a 7 50 1823 8 40 18.33 6 00 5 50 1824 7.33 1834 4 75 a 5 25 5 25 1825 7 33 1835 4 75 a 5 25 5 25 a 6 00 1826 7.33 1836 25 a 50 6 00 a 8 50 1827 7 00 #6 50 18,37 5 75 6.50a 9 50 1828 6 50 700 18.38 25 a 75 5 50 a 7 00 1829 050 6 50 a 7 50 Hitherto the coal fields of Pennsylvania have presented almost the exclusive source whence anthracite coal is procurable in the United States. The explorations lately made in Massachusetts and Rhode Island have met with little or no success ; the coal procured ap- pearing to be of an inferior quaUty. I ' 1 coal; 367 irge scale ; in thin ' wood, an high on jars after its intro- . per annum. For , Aliout 830,viOO cmund fur timber (e ; and the iicriod it of the collierifs jntirely unworifcd. below in a tabular n» 11 Slianiokin. TnUl,. Totit. Tun,. — 175,774 — Kti.HaU — 373.S71 1 — 4N.7.'I71 — SbO.fiM (i — 5«a.(K)S !) — 0'Jf,5« K — H7l,j.W 9 3,746 . 727,5'!? oal from tlio WiUcs. inds Anniiil increiKof cuiiauuifiliuD. TiTllt. :m 1,167 3,5S3 3,718 25,3.'.2 8,151 17,3S3 13,0S6 32,5()7 27.691 103.165 76,!n2 114,1()0 2,819* 221.004 4,701 78,014 103.043 8, for Unbroken Coal Schuylkill. (Rel Ash.) 96 50 SOOil lOflO S.'JOa 7 50 5.W 5 2.1 5 2.1a 600 () no a 8 50 fi .lO a 9 50 5 50 a 700 exclusive souroe ons lately made in coal procured ap- The duty on coal imported into this country from abroad was five cents per bushel from 1791 to 1SI2 ; and it was doubled during the war. In 1H16, after the war, it was reduced to five cents on the heaped buHhel, It continued at this rate until 1824, when it was raised to six cents on the hcapctl bushel. And in the year 1833, the law, commonly ref^arded as a compromise of tho tariff (juestion, provided for the limited continuance, and for the reduction of this, in common with other duties. The average amount of the coal annually imported from abroad, that is to say almost altoRctlii-r from Nova Scotia and from (Jreat Britain, during the four years ending Septenj- bcr 30lh, 1837, was 2,750,000 bushels, valued at about 240,000 dollars. For an account of the quantity of coul exported from PhiUtdclphia and Richmond to other places, the reader is referred to the comparative statement of the trade of our principal ports, under the head of I.m pouts anu Exi'uhts. Additional information concerning American coal may he obtained by consulting a Re- port of the Committee of the Senate of Pennsylvania upon the subject of the dial Trade, S. Y. Packer, Chairman,- an article on the coal trade of Pennsylvania m the 42d volume of the Norlk American Review ; the reports on the geological survey of this state, by Pro- fessor Henry D. Rogers; a letter from Isaac Lea, Esq. to Nicholas Biddle, Esq. dated April 4th, 1838, and published in the National Gazette of Philadelphia ; &c. — Am. Ed.] COASTING TRADE, the trade or intercourse carried on by sea between two or more ports or places of the same country. It has been customary in most countries to exclude foreigners from all participation in the coasting trade. This policy began in England in the reign of Elizabeth (5 Eliz. c. 5,), or, perhaps, at a more remote era ; and was perfected by the acts of navigation passed in IBIil and lt)60. A vast numl>er of regulations have been since enacted at different periods. The existing rules with respect to it, which have been a good deal simplified, are embodied in the act 3 and 4 Will. 4. c. 52., and are as follow : — Definition nf Cnnnlin/r TVdrff .— All trade by spa from any one part of the llnitud Kingcloni to any oilier |)iirt lln'mof, or from one part of the lalo of Man to another then'of, shall ln> ilt'enieil to lit^ a cim-stint! trailc.andull ships while etnployetl therein shall l>e deemed to he cnastlii); ships ; and no part ol'tlii- United Kingdom, however situated with regard to any other part thereof, shall he deemed in bi\. with reference to each other, to be parts beyond the seas in any matter relating to the trade or iiaviiiation or revenue of this realm. — i 105. Liinh (if Treasury tn regulate irlial shall be deemed trading by sea uvder this Jlrt. — It nhall be lawful I'.irtlii' said conunissioners of his Majesty's treasury to determine and direct in what rases the iraile iiy water from any place on the coast of the United Kingdom to another of the same shall nr simll not Le deemed a trade by sea within the meaning of this act or of any act relating to the customs— ^ KHi. Coasting Ship ronjined tn coasting Vinjuge. — No goods shall be carried in any coasting sliip, except such as shall lie laden to be so carried at some port or place in the United Kingdom, or al some port or pliiii' ill the Isle of Man respectively ; and no goods shall be laden on houril any ship to be carried coastwise antil all goods brought in such ship from parts beyond the seas shall have hern unladen ; anil it' any goods shall be taken into or put out of any coasting sliip at sea or over the sen, or if any ciiastiiig ship shall touch at any place over the sea, or deviate from her voyage, unless forced hy iin- aviiiiiable circumstances, or if the master of any coasting ship which shall have touched at any plurc liver the sea shall not declare the same in writing under his hand to the collector or comptridler al till' port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man where such ship shall afterwards first arrive, till' master of snch ship shall forfeit the sum of 20(».— J 107. Brfiire (hiods be laden or unladen, JVolice of Intention, i^'C. to be given, and proper Dorumrnts to issue. — Not'iioits shall he laden on board any Hhip in any port or place in the United Kingdom or in the Isle 111' Man to lie carried coastwise, nor having been brought coastwise shall he unladen in any such port or |ilare iVorn any sliip, until due notice in writing, signed hy the master, shall have been given to the colli'riiir or comptroller, hy the master, owner, wlmrtinger, or agent of such ship, of the intention to laili! uniiils on hoard the same to be so carried, or of the arrival of such ship with goods so brouiiht, as till' rase may be, nor until proper documents shall havo been granted as hereinafter directed for the l^iiling nr fur the unlading of such goods ; and such goods shall not be laden or iniladen except at such times and places, and in such manni^r, and by such persons, and under the care of such ottirers, as are hereinafter diri'Ct)Ml ; and all goods ladcu to be so carried, or brought to be so unladen, con- trary hereto, shall be forfeited. — } 108. Particulars in JVotice. — In such notice shall he stated the name and tonimge of the ship, and the name of the port to which she belongs, ami the name of the nuister, and the name of the port to which she is liiiiinil or from which she has arrived, and the name or description of the wharf or place at whieli her lading is to be taken in or discharged, as the case maybe ; and such notice shall he signed liy the ma.ster, owner, wlmrfuiger, or agent tif such ship, and shall he entered in a hook to be kept by the collector, for the information of all parties interested ; and every such notice for the unlading ol any ship nr vessel shall be delivered within 24 hours afier the arrival of such ship or vessel, under il [lenalty of 20/. to be paid by the master of such ship or vessel ; and in every such notice for the lading of any ship or vessel shall he stati'd the last voyage on which such ship or vessel shall have arrived at such port ; and if such voyage shall have been from parts beyond the seas there shall he produced with such notice a certihcate from the proper otticer of the discharge of all goods, if any, brought in such ship, and of the due clearance of such ship or vessel inwards of such voyage. — D IO!l. From and to Ireland.— V\mn the arrival of any coasting ship at any port in Oreat Ilritain from Ire- laml. or at any port in Ireland from (ireat Itritain, the master of such ship shall, within 24 lionrs utter such arrival, attend and deliver such notice, signed by him, to the collector or comptroller ; and if such shi|i shall have on hoard any goods subject on arrival to any duty of excise, or any goods which had been iniported from parts beyond the seas, the particulars of such goods, with the marks and numbers of the packages containing the same, shall be set forth in such notice ; and if there shall he no such gnniU on hoard, then it shall he otlicrwiHU accoiinttMl fur to tlio HUtlNlai lion of tllr iiiniiiilnxioiii'rx of liin Maji'^ty's niHtotnn.— J III. Mi.tler iif ViiiiHiiiiif ^i.txrl In krrji a Cargo Bunk. — 'I'liti inafilcr of (^vrry conHtinK uliip nliall ki'ip n^ caiisf lo III' ki'pl a raruo hook of thi> Hainr, otaliiii! tlin name of llir Hhip ami of llii' nri.-Uir, anil of i||,, port lo whii'li hIii! lM'liin|.'!<. anil of the port to wliiili hoiinil on oath voya|?r ; anil in wliiili hook slmn i)p cntiTfil, at tli<< port of lailiiiK. nil arroiiiit of all Kooiln taken on lioaril riirh ship. HtaliiiK tin' ile-Krip. tionR of the paekaui'H, anil the i|iiaiititieH anil ilepeiiptionH of the sooiIh therein, ami the i|iianiiiieH aiiij ilesrriptioiiH of any l'ooiIs sloweil looHe, anil the iiaineH of the reKpeitive HhipperH anil ronNi;!iii'i s, ii,, I'ur ax any of xnrli partiiiilMrx Hhall tie known lo him ; anil in whirli hook, at the port of ilixi'liarL'r> shall he noleil the rrsjieitive itayx upon whiih any of xiirli poiiild he ilelivereil out of xnrli ii|ii{i, inni' aUo the resperiive liini'M of ileparturv from the p.irt of lailiii)!. anil of arrival at any port of niilaihnu' anil Niirli master nIiiiII proiluie muiIi hook for the iiisperliini of IheroaKt-wailer or other proper hiIh, r[ «o ot^en ns the came shall he ilemanileil, ami who shall he at llherty to make any note or reiniirk Ihrrein ; ami if xiirli maxler shall fail I'lirrertly lo keep xiirh hook, or to proiiui'e the xann'. or if at are/ lime lliere he foiinil on lioaril xui'hxhipany kooiIs not enlereil in thu larjto hook an laileii, or any i.'iii>,|', noleil IIS ilelivereil, or if at any time it lie foil ml that any l'ooiIs entereil as I'lilen, or any (.'ooils nol imivil ns ilelivereil. lie nut on hi 'aril, the master of xiiili xhipxhall forfeit the xuniof .Ml/. ; anil if, u|ion e.xaniln.i. tion at the pori of hiilini;, any parkage entereil in the caruo hook ax ronlainini! any forei|!n liomlx kIiuII he foiiiiil nol to ronlain xiieh uooilx, xuih paikaiie, with its contents, shall he t'orfeiteil ; ami ji ;ii the purl of illsi harifi' any paekaiie xliall lie foiinil to ronlain any furei^ti (.'ooilx which are iml eiiti ri'ii in sinli hook, such uooilx shall he forfeileil— ? 112. JirrniintK nf h'orriirn (iiiiiili', iVr. lo he ililxpireil lo Cnllrrtnr. — Ilefore nny coaxling ship shall ilepart from the purl of lailiiiL'. an aciount, toyether willi a iluplicnte of the same, all fairly wrilien, :ii,|| siu'lieil liy the master, shall he ilelivereil to the collector or comptroller ; anil in such nccoinit shall |„. se' forth such particiilarx as are rei]ulrt'il to bt! entereil in tliecarco hook of all foreign uooils.anil nfall (!ooilx suhjecl loevport iluty (other than any hi/ cn/iiri'ni iliity), anil of all corn, grain, meal, tlmir, ut mall, laileii on hoaril.anil generally, whether any other llritisli kooiIs or noolher Itrilisli gomls he |:ii|,.„ (III lioaril, as Mie rase may he. or whether such ship he wholly Inilen with llrilish gnoilx not liejni.' nf any of the iti'scri|ilions hel'ore menlioneil, ax the case may he ; ami the collerlor or eonijitrolhr sti.ill xelei't anil retain one of such accounlx, anil sliall return the ollier,(lateil ami xigueil hy him, anil iiiiiinir the clearaiiie of the ship thereon ; anil such account shall he the clearance of the ship lor the viiyai;i., anil tile Iraiisire fir the gomls ivpresxeil therein ; anil if any such acroiiut hu false, or shull nut cur- respoml with the cargo liook, the niasler shall forfeit the xuin of All/.— ^ ll.'t. 'I'raiifire lo be ilelirired to C(i//fff»r. --Ilefore any gooils hu unladen from any roasting ship at the pun of illscharge, the master, owner, wharfinger, or ageiil of xiicli ship shall ileliver the traiisire in Hii: collector or coniplroller of sill li port, who shall thereupon grant an oriler for the unlailiiig of sinli slup at the wharf or place specilieil in such oriler : proviileil always, that if any of the gooils on linard siuji ship he suliject lo any duty of nisloins or e.vcise payahle on arrival coastwise at such port, the nmsiir, owner, wliarliiiger, or agent of such ship, or the consignee of such gooilx, shall also ileliver l,> the rollector or comptroller u hill of the entry of the particulars of such ^oods, expressed in vvorils ai length, together with a copy thereof, in which all sums ami iiumherx may he exprexsed in ligiiris.iiiul shall pay down all iliilles of ciixtoinx, or producu a permit in respect of all ilutieg of e.xi ise, nlmh Mhall he due and payahle on any of such goods, as the case may he : anil thereupon the colleciiir nmi comptroller shall grant an order for the landing uf siicli goods, in tlie presence ur by the uuthorityoi the coaxl-wailer.— J 114. Ciilleelor iii certain Cases viaii /rrant fieneral Vrum.iire for Coaslina yeniirls. — It shall he lawful fnrihi' rollector and romplroller. in the cases herein-afler inenlioneil, to grant for any coasting ship a gem ral Iraiisire, to continue in force for any time not e.vceeiliiig one year from the dale thereot', for the luil.iii; of any goods (except such goods, if any, as shall he expressly exce|)tcd therein), and for the clearaiiie of the ship in w liicli the goods shall hu laden, unil fur tin; unlading of the goods at the place of din. charge ; (that ix to say,) For any ship regularly trading hetween places in the river Severn eastward of the Holmes ; For any ship regularly trading hetween plares in the river Iliiniher ; For any xliip regularly trading hetween places in the Frith of Torth ; For any ship regularly trailing hetween places to he iianieil in the Iransirii, and carrying only iimnure, lime, chalk, stone, gravel, sand, or any earth, not heing fullers' earth : Provided always, that such iransire shall he written in the cargo hook hereiii-hefore reijuired to be kept hy the masters of coasting ships : provided also, that if the colleclor and coinpl roller shall at any time revoke such tranxirc, and notice thereof shall he given to thu master or owner of the ship, nr shall be given to any of the crew when on board the ship, or shall be entered in the cargo limik by any otlicur of the ciisloins, such transire shall hecoiiie void, and shall bu delivered up by tlic muster ur owner lo the colleclor or comptroller.— { ll.'i. Coast- iraiier, ^-e. man fro «n board and eiaiiiine any Coasting Shi}i—\l shall he lawful in any case, and at all legal times, for the coast-wailer, and also for the landing-waiter, anil for the searcliir, iind for any other proper otticer of the cuxlonis, to go on hoard any coasting ship in any port or place in thu United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, or at any period of In r voyage, and siricll) lo search saili ship, and to evaiuine all goods on hoard, and all goods being laden or unladen, and to deinaiiil all dociimeiitx which ought to be on board such ship.— j IK). Times and Places for landing and shippinp.—^o goods shall be unshipped from any ship arriving coastwise in thv United Kingdom or in the Isle of .Man, and no goods shall he shipped or waterlieriit.' to be shipped, in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, to be carried coastwise, but only on ila>j not being Sundays or holidays, and in the daytime, (that is to say,) from the 1st of Sepieinlier iiniil the lust day of March betwixt sun-rising and sun-setting, and t'roin the last day uf March mini ilic Isi of September hetween the hours of 7 o'clock in the morning and 4 o'clock in the afteriioen ; nor shall any such good.s he so unshipped, shipped, or waterborne, unless in the presence or with the aiillinrily of the proper othcer of the customs, nor unless at places which shall he appointed or approved by llie proper olticer of the custotns. — } 117. Ooods prohibited or restrained. — Whenever nny goods which may lie prohiliited to be exported hy proclamation or hy order in council under the authority of this act shall be so prohibited, it shall lie lawful in such proclamation or order in council In prohibit or restrict thu carrying of such goiiils coast- wise; and ifanysiich goods shall be carried coastwise, or shall be shipped or waterhorne to be carried coastwise, contrary to any such prohibition or restriction, the same shall be forfeited.—^ Ilh. JJuet uf tht City of London.— For the purpose of enabling the dues payable to the city on articles COBALT— COCHINEAL. 369 r iliolndiuBnrf'Nf.t im|'« any (;iiiiils nm iiii|,.,| ml il", "I xaiiilii.i. y I'liriM)!!! liiiiiiU kIiiiII riirlrltcil ; anil il :it liith arc nut (;iiii.ri'i| iid slilp mIhiII ili'part I fairly writii'ii. ^hhi irli ari'iiiint sli;ill l„. 'Ilti uonils.niiil 111" all U'raln, i il. llniir. ni ritixli ).'iMiils 111' liiiliii CniiilK nut lii'lhi! „( or nimptrollir shall 'il hy liiiii, ami ni'lini,' I nhip fnr lliii viiyiiti', Int.', ii.ites of small fibres ad- lierini; to each other. Its oxides are principally employed. — (t^e:! .■>malts, or Smalt/,.) They form the most permanent blue with which wc are acquainted. The colouring power of oxide of cobalt on vitriliable mixtures is greater, jierhaps, than that of any other metal. One grain gives a full blue to 240 grains of glass. — ( Thomson'' s Chemistry, and Ures Die- lioiwri/.) COCCULTIS INDICUS, .iti INDIAN 13ERUY (Sans. Kakamari .■ Mtday, Tuha- bi(lgi), the fruit of the Menixpcrmiim Coccuhm, a large tret; of the Malabar coast, Ceylon, &c. It is a small kidney-shaped berry, having a white kernel inside, of a most unpleasant ta.ste. It is of a poisonous and intoxicating quality, and has been employed to adulterate ale and beer. But its employment in that way is prohibited, under a penalty of 200/. upon the brewer, and of ."iOO/. u()on the seller of the drug, by the CiG Geo. 3. c. i>S. COCHINEAL (Ger. Knsrhcrilje ,- Du. Concheniljt: ; Fr. Cochin i Ik .- It. Cocciniglia; S\t, Cddiinil/n, Granu,- Port. Cocheiii/ha ,- Ran. KDiisaenrl), an insect (Coccus cacti) found ill Mexico, Georgia, South Carolina, and some of the West India islands ; but it is in Mexico only that it is reared with care, and forms an important article of commerce. It is a small insect, seldom exceeding the size of a grain of barley ; and was generally believed, for a considerable time after it began to be imported into Europe, to be a sort of vegetable gmn or seed. There are two sorts or varieties of cochineal : thi! best or domesticated, which the Spaniards called granafina,or fine grain ; and the wild, which tlu^y call trrnna sylvestra. The former is nearly twice as large as the latter ; jirobably because its size has been improved by the favourable elTects of human care, and of a more copious and suitable nourishment, 47 S2^ 3 »ii«>i <;3 1— titmmm *t*' «i 370 COCOA, COCO. i t ilcrivi'il solely from tho CiirtM rt>rfi!nr//,'f,r, diiriiiij mnny Ronprntion*. Willi rooliinrriF |.i colli'ctpti MX liiiu'H ill till' ynir; l>ut lh;il wliicli in niltiviitnl in only follirlcil llirici- ilurjti^ till' Hume period, Tlu" iiiHeclH uro ili'lnclinl troiii the pliiiilM on whirli tlifv feed liy a hlunt knife; tlioy iire then put into Imt^g, and dipjied in Imilina; wiiter to kill tliem, after whii'l^ they are dried in the huh ; uikI though they lose nlioiit two thirds of thrir weight l>y tin, priK-eHH, iihoiit rtOO.OOIl or 7(>0,()(t() IIh. (eaeh pound lH>ini; HUpposed to ronlaiii 70 (M)() j^. Hect*) are lirouKlit annually to KurojH'. It is prini'i|i:dly used in ihedyeint; of searlet, eriin*in, iind otiier esteemed colours, 'i'he watery infusion is of a violet erinison ; the oleoholir (i| ;, deep eriinson ; and the alkaline of a deep purple, or rather violet hue. It is imported n, hags, eaeh eonluinint; ahoiit 200 lbs. ; and has the uppearniiee of small, dry, shrivellid ru>j[osc herries or seeds, of a deep hrowii, purple, or inulherry eolour, with a white inaltir between the wrinkles. In this state fhey Huller no ehani^e from leiiKth of kerpimr, i),. Bancroft says that that cochineal is the best, which " in large, plump, dry, and of a nilnr while colour on the surface." The species of cochineal called i^rnni/ld, or dust, is supi>osed l)y Dr. Hancroft to lie prjn. ripally firmed of ^riiiid .si//rrs/ni, 'i'he insects of which it consists are smaller than thosr composinif the tine cochineal ; and it does not yield more than a third of the colouriiii; ni;i|. ter that is yielded by the latter. The cochineal insect was introduceil into India in 1711.'); but a very inferior wort only is produced. It has also been introduced into .lava and Sjiain, hut with what succens reinuins to be seen. — (I'/iomsiin's Dhpcmuturij ,• lianemfthn Cdlours, i\c.) 'I'he imports of cochineal usually vary from 1,100 to l,fi.'>0 baprs. or from 220,(100 to 0^0,(100 lbs. In 1h:J1, the (luantity imported amounted to 221.:)71 lbs. ; of which itA.Tjv lbs. were hrouRlit from Mexico, (i!l,H21 lbs. from the I'liited States, .51, Mil lbs. from ih,. Uritish West Indies, and '1,1370 lbs. from (,'ubn ans. The duty on foreign oochinciil \\\\< reduced, in lS2(i, from l.v. per lb. to ful. At an average of the three years ending with 1S3I. thu entries tor home consumption amounted to MS, KM lbs. a year. The price of cochineal lluctuated very much during the war, partly on account of tlu' obstacles which it occasionally threw in the way of importatiim, and partly on account of its being an article of direct government expenditure. In 1814, the jiricc of the he-t cochineal was as high as 'M'>k. and Il'Jv. ; and it has since gone on regularly dccliniiii;, with hardly a single rally, till it has sunk to H,v. or lO.v. Previously to the war it had never iiron Wilder 12.V. or Ki.^■. Lac dye has recently been employed to some extent in dyeing scarier : but notwithstanding this circumstance, the consumption of cochineal, occasioned, no iloul;!, partly by its cheafniess, and partly, perhaps, by some change of fashion, has been materially increased since 1824. This, however, has not had any material iiilhicnee on its jirice ; and it would appear, from the long continuance of low prices, without any diminution of imports, that they are still bufficient to remunerate the growers of the ,irii- cle. — {Tuo/ce on Hif^h and Low Prices; Cuok'n Cotiimcrce of (Ircut Britain fur 1S3U,- I'arl. I'lipcrs, tVc) COCOA. See Cacao. COCO, COKER, on, more properly, COCOA NUTS (Ger. Kokomiisae ; Du. Ki^lw. iVMitvn ; Kr. and Sp. Cocos ; It. Ciicchi ; Rus. A«Avw; Sans. Narikr/u), Ihc fruit of a species of palm tree (Cocos micifera Lin.). This tree is common almost every where wiih- in the tropics, and is one of the most valuable in the world. It grows to the height cf from 50 to 90 feet ; it h.is no branches, but the leaves are from 12 to 14 feet in length, with a very strong middle rib. The fruit is nearly as large as a man's head ; the external rind is thin, tough, and of a brownish red colour ; beneath this there is a quantity of very tough filirnus matter, which is usied in many countries in the manufacture of cordage, and coarse s;ii!- cloth — (see Coin); within this fibrous coating is the shell of the nut, which is nearly glo- bular, very hard, susceptible of a high polish, and used for many domestic pur[)oses; the kernel is wliite, in taste and firmness resembling that of a hazel nut ; it is hollow in the in- terior, the hollow being filled with a milky fluid. While the nut is green, the whole hollow of the shell is (llled with fluid, which is refreshing, agreeable, and pleasant to the taste. The yolid part of the ripe kernel is extremely nutritious, but rather indigestible, 'i'he kernels yield by expression a great deal of oil, which, when recent, is e(iual to that of sweet almon'ls, but it soon becomes rancid, and is then employed by painters. A tree generally yields about 100 nuts, in clusters near the top of about a dozen each. The wood of the tree is niacle into boats, rafters, the frames of houses, and gutters to convey water. The leaves arc used for thatching buildings ; and are wrought into mats, baskets, and many other things, for which osiers are employed in Europe ; so that every part of it is applied to some useful purpose. If the body of the tree be bored, there exudes from the wound a white liquor, called palm wine or tmldy. It is very sweet when fresh ; kept a few hours, it becomes more poig- nant and agreeable ; but nejt day it begins to grow sour, and in the space of 24 hours is changed into vinegar. When distilled, it produces the best species of Indian sRack; it COD. 371 ^IdO yirldn n (preat tlcal of nucfar. TtxUly Im ()btninr<1 from wvcrnl spociM of pultnr), liut tii'il "f the <'(ic()ii «««/ '"t« 18 iho bcBt, — (Hoc AIiu-Uk'h Makritt Itiilira ,- Jiiea'n I'l/clw All improvement hoa rccrntly lurn rflTi'clPil in the |)ropiiratioii of coroa oil, whirh pro- niin-H to Iw of much iin|H>rtaiieo in tin' arU, liy makiiiit it availiililn in tin* innnufacturo of oaiiri>.s uiirlfira, but from unotltcr siiccicH of palm. It in ohiL'tly imported from thu eoait of IJuiiica. — (&)eo I'al.h Oil.) Cocoa nuti« arc produced in iinmcnso imcr cent, ad valorem. COIJ (<«er. Kaliljnn, Hakaliiu ; Du. Knhr/Jtianiv, liaukurlja ; Da. Kahliaii, fikrcitumk, Huktlutt ; !^w. Kahiljd, liaktluu ; Fr. Mmie, Cahitlinid ,- It. hdccitlu, llurailurt ,• Sp. Ikcal(ii) ; Port, liaculhlm ,• Lat. (Indus), a specicH of tinh, too well known to recjuirc any Jiscription. " It is amaziuRly prolific. Leeweiihoek counted 9,:JHl,0(tO eRgs in a cod-fish of n middling si/.c; a number that will batllc ail the cH'orts of man to exterminate. In our scoii tiiey lie-in to spawn in January, and de|iosit their eggs in roiigli ground, among rockd. ttoine continue in roe till the beginning of April. "The cod is only found in the northern parts of the world ; it is an ocean fish, and never nut with in the Mediterranean. The great rendezvous of the eod-fisii is on the banks of .N'cwl'oundland, and the other sand banks that lie off the coasts of (Jape Breton, iS'ova Hc-otia, ,111(1 -New England. They prefer those situations, by reason of the quantity of worms pro- duce] in these sandy imltoms, which tempt them to resort there for food. But another cause iif till" particular attachment the tish have to these spots is their vicinity to the j)olar seas, where they return to spawn : there they deposit their roes in full security ; but want of food liircM them, as soon as the more southern seas are open, to rej)air thither for subsistence, pew are taken to the north of Iceland, but they abound on its south and west coasts. They are also found to swarm on the coasts of Norway, in the Baltic, and olf the Orkney and Western Isles ; after which their numbers decrease in proportion as they advance towards the south, when they seem quite to ceaso before they reach tlic mouth of the Straits of Gib- raltar. "Before the discovery of Newfoundland, the greater fisheries of cod were on the seas of Iceland, and of our Western Isles, which were the grand resort of ships from all the com- mercial nations ; but it seems that the greatest plenty was met with near Iceland. The English resorted thither l)cforc the year 1415; for we find that Henry V, was disposed to civc 3iitisfaction to the King of Denmark, for certain irregularities committed by his subjects on those seas. In the reign of Edward IV. the English were excluded from the fishery, by treaty. In later times, we find Queen Elizabeth condescending to ask permission to fish in those seas, from Christian IV. of Denmark. In the reign of her successor, however, no fewer than l.'iO English ships were employed in the Iceland fishery ; which indulgence might arise from the marriage of James with a princess of Denmark." — (Pennant's British Zltulnjry.) Cod is prepared in two different ways ; that is, it is cither gutted, salted, and then bar- relled, — in which state it is denominated green or pickled cod,— or it is dried and cured — in which state it is called dried cod. Ready access to the shore is indispensable to the prosecu- tion of the latter species of fishery. Cod Fisher//, British. — Newfoundland was discovered by John or Sebastian Cabot, in 1197 ; and the extraordinary abundance of cod-fish on its banks was sjieedily ascertained. The French, Portuguese, and Spaniards engaged in the fishery soon after this discovery. The English were later in coming into the fielil. In 1578, France had on the banks of Newfoundland 150 vessels, Spain 120 or 130, Portugal 50, and England from 30 to 50. During the first half of last century, the fishery was principally carried on by the English, including the Anglo-Americana, and the French; but the capture of Cape Breton, and of their other possessions in America, gave a severe blow to the fishery of the latter. The American war divided the British fishery ; that portion of it which had previously been carried on from New England, being thereafter merged in that of the United States. Still, however, we contrived to preserve the largest share. At an average of the 3 years ending vith 1789, we arc said to have had 402 ships, 1,91 1 boats, and 16,856 men, engaged in the American fisheries. During last war, the French being excluded from the fisheries, those «• ,IM| 5~ Mi V I t M 372 COD. * ( of the Ni'vvfininitlaml fiMhrry in ISIt hnviiio; i-xrcrtlnl 2,H0(),()0()/. Hut niiiri' thi' ])p.nrr. the llritikli I'mhcry 1)11 ilif NcwriiuiiillniKl Imiiki* liiin rii|iiilly dirliiicil ; iinil ran liurillv.in. i-xlraiinliiiarv <-ricciiira(;i>inrntM alliinl il liy i;i)vi'rntni'ni. Al prt'itcnt, thi> lintixli tlHlicry carrinl mi hy th,. iiilialiihinlH of Nt>\vliiuiiillaii(l, ix conliiicii <ly to llii' Mhiiri< tir Imal liHlicry. lint iM, thouizli jinilialily not mh kdihI n nurwry ol' nailorM uk iIk* Imnk I'mhury. in utlinitlfil tii Iw -ilii' inont |iriiiliictivf of im-ri'lianluiili' finli and oil," — [M'drtf^iir'n Urifinh Ann rim, "d t'd. vol.). p. *JI)II,) Tlif avi'raur annual prnducc of the liHlicrirH of all Mortn, iMcliidini; nimI, Hiilincin, «Vc. rx|iiirlod fniin Newfoundland, durin*^ tlw U year* cndrd willi lH;tvJ, jm Htali-d liy M, M'(irri;or at .'iKl,'! 17/. — (vol. i. p. l(U.) A conHiilt'rabU' (i«lit'ry in also nirricd on from il,,, portH anci li.iiliourH of Nova Wcotia and Cape Itri'ton, New lirunxwick, «Stc. n\it nt'xi u, that of Nt'wfoundland, the principal BritiHh liHlicry is carried on alon^ tin* coant of l.aliruilnr, We liorrow from the valunlilo wurk now rcfiTred to, tho folluwing recent and uuthcnlic itatc- inentjt with renpect to it ;-— " Diiriim llif tlnlilnu i«cniion, from 9H0 to 300 nrliooitor* prnriiHil from Nowrniinillnnd to the (lltrcniii fl«hliii{ KtatlKiiH oil the I'liiiHl III' l.uliraitur, wlii're iiliniit 'iO.IMKI llritlHli iiiili|i'i'i>i iirc •■iii|iIiim'iI fur ||,|, towiKiiii. Aliiiiil iinr llilril ol' ilio HrlmiiiU'rH iiiiiki' Iwn vnviitdH, lonili'il wIlli dry IIhIi, liiiik In N(|v. I'liiiiiitliiiiil iliirliiu I Mr HiiMiiiii'r ; a nil Hrvcriil iiii'riliaiil vihhiIh iirui'i'i'il I'miii l.alirinliir wllli llirlr riirifmi (lirtM'i III Kiimiii', li'iiviiin. L'riirrally, ('till I'lirum'H I'nr llic llxliini! vimni'Ih Io rarry in Nr\vr rivl in (iiH'licc i lii'siilcii wliliii, lliry rarry annually alimil li.lllHl/ worlll iil' I'nrs, oil, niiil Halninn. In ('iiii;ii|;i, " h'rnni Nova Siiillii anil Ni'W llriiiiMWiik, lull illirlly rrnin llic I'nriin'r, IIX) In I'JII vi'Hsi'I-i tvinn u, [,alirailiir ; Ilii" liiinlrii oi'iIii'hi- vi'hsi'Ih iiiny aiiinimt in il.lHM) nr 7,IHM1 inim, tarryini! alimii l.iiKl nciinnn UMil lisliiTiiii'ii 'I'lii'y tri'iirrally larry llii' prliiiipal |i:irl nl' llirir rarunrM liniiir in a uri'i'ii kmii'. " Oil!' llilril iif till' rt'niili'iil Inliililtanls an- KntliHli, Irish, nr .lersry survanls, liiH in rliiirtii'iif Hk priipiTty In llir IIhIiIiis rnninn, anil wlin alNii rniplny llirnisi'lvi**), in tliii xpriiiu anil fall, ralrlniiK mnia Ml lii'is. 'I'lir nllirr Iwii iliirils live ninsliinlly al l.alirailnr, as I'lirrirrs ami xral-ralrlirrs nn ihrlrnHn uri'iiiiiil. lull i'liii'My in llir Inriin'r laiiarilv. iliirini! wIiiIit ; ami all ari' t'liL'aui'd in tin' Hslnrii'!! iliirm;' iniiiiim'r. Hall' nl' llirsi- pi'opli- arr .IrrHi'yiiirn ami CanaillaiiH, imuhI ol' wlimii have I'aiiiillrs, " Kmin li'i.lHKI In l<^,l)Oll seals ari' lakeii al l.alirailnr In Ihi' hruiiinliiK nl' winirr anil in sprlni!. Tlii>v an; very larirr ; ami tin- Canailians, anil ntlirr winter rrnnli'iilH, are salil in I'cast ami I'aiiiMi nn iii.ir fli-sh— Minni l,lllHI III' llirsi' Hrals arc kllli'il liy tlii! Esqnlniaiix. Thii wliiilu niinihi'r r.aiit;lit priuluo' atioiit ,1.'iO tiinii III' nil. value aliniit H.llOO/. " There are <> nr 7 I'lmllsli liimses, an I 4 nr S ,lersey liniises, eslalillslieil at I.ahrailnr, iinrnnnit y.^ (1^32) to the Metlitcrraneaii wud almnt .Ol,mK)qiilnlalsi-ni!-nsh. at 10». ... £27,000 l,0.'il) tieri'es Haliiimi, at i'HI«. ^ . . ;{,|50 To England, about SiM) tmiN md nil ..... .'i.-jiki aat do. gful do. ..... i.ssi) Furs ....... ,1,150 By Newfoundland housc!), ?7,.'S0n quintaN cod-llsli, at lOs. S.'-O tierces Halinmi, at lO.v. Total ilirert export from Labrador Produce sent direct to Newfonndland from I.abrnilnr :— .t'2, 1'Jil ipilnluls ciid-risli, at KId, best qaality 3P2.IHIUipiinlalf4 i-iid-llsh, ut Sk. . . . I,HI)0 Inns i-nd oil, al 211/. . . . . Salnimi, &.e. . . - . . risli, kc. sent 10 Canada, aliniit . . . Do. carried In Nova Hciitiaand New llrunswlck, 1 Khmilil he In value al leasl . . f EstlmatPil valufi of the produce of Labrador, exclusive of what the Mo- ') raviuns send to I.midnn - - - - - - • i i:i,T,'in i;57,yT0 ifi.min I'JI.MKI ;i(i,(Ki() ,^2,(100 £MYi.nM "The Labrador fishery has, since l'')4, increased more than airfulil, principally in cnnseiiimnfi'nf our tisherinen beiim driven I'riiin Hie irrmimls (nn Ihi3 Newronnillaml cnasl) now mi ii|iii(i hy I'lo French. In 1H2(I, ihe Americans had about .MKI vesBcIs and l.'i.OUO nieii emplnyed on lln! cii;i\n. 0001."— (British Amerirn. vol. i. pp. IH5— 1S7,) Tlie total produce of the llrllish lislierles in the variniia seas and rivers of America. InrlaillnssiMl oil and skins, is estlinaled by Mr. M'tlreiinr, at an averace of the .') years emlini! with I'miii. al >.')7.'l!lii/, a year.— (Vol. ii. p. ,5l)»i ; see, also, for further particulars, the useful paiiiphlet of .Mr. lUiiis mi ilie Statistics, Trade, ^-c. of British Jimcrim.) About eiffht tenths of the dried fisli exported from Newfoundland by British siilijerts, arc sent to Spain, Portugal, Italy, and other Continental nations ; the rest goes to the ^Vcst Indies and to Great Britain. By the act 2G Geo. 3. c. 26. bounties were Riven, under certain conditions spncinoil in the act, to a certain number of ves.sels employed in tho fishery on the coa.sts and banks of New- foundland ; but these bounties have entirely ceased several years since. A bounty was, how- ever, paid, down to the 5th of April, 1830, to all persons residinc: in Great Britain and Ire- land, curing, drying, or pickling cod-fish, ling, or hake ; tho bounty being 48. a cwt. on tho con. nn iTictl rml, fie., nml 2*. M, n Imrrrl on thut wliifli wnn pirkloil. A lonimuc l)oiiii»y won at till mitiii' linif paiil on vcnmcIh (iiinl imh (dr tin- mil. Iiii'^, iiiul hiikc tlnlury on (tin coaNU of (irrat llrituin unit Irclmitl ; (ml tluK Ims itlNn cciuicil, Thi" n\i'i'|il- ,iili,hi>»i'Vi'r, llh riulilN iiml iirivilrui x L-riiniiil li> iri'iilv in tnrcimi »iiiti'« at iiiiiiiy u itli tiii Miiii'Kiy. All llriti'li Hiiliji'i N iiiiiy liiki', i-iiri-, iiriil ilry IImIi, iK'nipy viiraiil |iliiri'ii, nit iluvvii Irri'it lor liiiilillii|r, ,i,,| ilii nlliiT tliinU'' iixi'l'iil lur till- triiili' -- j .'I (Vrillliiii''' I'll ill '"' LTiiiiii'il i>i yiii.«i.|i< i'||i|irliiir (lilt for tlii' tlnlirry ; unit nn nrrlviil 'it Ni'wrnitniljiinil I rp|iiirl uliiill III' inuili- nl' hihIi .rrllllriiti', iiiiil ri-|(l^(*'ri'il ; iiiiil nti li'iiyiiiK tht> tlxlirry llii< iimiiii li'iiranri' 'll'iH i Iiluiliiil. VuhmcU liiiy||i|{ iiii lidlinl itll) kiiiiiIh iillli-r tllilll Hull, &r. In turl'i'it lll« ii.liliitf iiTllllinli' -I? I. IVr'nim tlirii»'iiitf nut liiilliiiit, tLC, In thii prcjililiro nf tlii) linrliiinrN hi Nuwfiiiiiiilhiiiil, i I'lilrrnl liitn \« Itli ni-iiini'ii ami !i.|ll'rlllrll -i' 7. \ IlKlirriiiHii Ih |iriilillill<'il ri'i'i'lvliiu iiiiiri' tliaii tliri'ii riiiirtlm III' IiIi watfi'H iliirinit Hfrvlri' ; Imi t|,i> Mnliini I' ' ivxiilraimil nf llli> I'livniiiliilril lllin' nf Hrrviri-. So iHlu'riimn in In- liiriinl nil', rvripl I'nr u iMiil iii'uliil nf iliil) , nr iillifr hiiM'k u lit ciinHf, iimiIit ii iii-imllv. f'lr I'lUll ntfi'iiir. nf iint Icni' lliiiil .'1/ iinr llinri' lll.'lll 'Ml. IniiriiiT t'l I'nilll till- I'liiiilliJniiH In iiny irriity ullli ii fnri'lirii Htati>. liU Maji-nly tuny rtiipnni'r thn jdvitiinr nf NrH I'niiiiiUuiiil In ri'iiinvr any \viirkn rnilnl liy llrllii'li Hiili.|«rii( fur tin- iiiirpiwi- nf lurry- iii; IIII till' lUlirry lii'lyyiM'ri Capu St. Jnlm ami (apu tdiy, ami tiirninpil tlii'iii to ilcparl In aiinilii-r iihici'.- J i'i Kviiy prfHciii Ml) rrfiiHlTiir to ili-parl Hliall fnrfi'll .'lO/.— j i:). Thv Kiivrriiiir Im I'liipowuri'il In xi^ll or liaiir plairn wltlilii tin; icliind rolliMl Hliip-roonm.— j II. TliiTf arc no nicnnH wlmtcviT liy wliirli to form any i-ntiniiitp of the nmnlMT of Hlii|m and •ml* rmi'loyt'il. rillirr ri'i,'iiliirly or orcasiuiiiilly, in tin* roil-liHJicry on tins coiml^ of (irciit llrititiii, Hiiii oil tlioHc of Norwny, the Orkni'v niiil Slictlmul Ishiniln, th(! Wi'll-luuik. llio lliigHiT-bniik, tlu' UroiKl-fourti'i'tiH, itr. or of tin- (innnlily luul valuo of the t'lMh unnually .'suulit. They iniisl, howovcr, lio very ronHiilcrnlili'. Si-ti Fish. piir till' rriiiiliitiiiiis. »Vc.iis to the iiii|iortiitiiin of l'i-»i"d.-', and the other faeili- •li's they ]iosHcss for earryini; on the llrthery, Rive them advantages with which it is very liiruult to contend. In I?!).'!, the Americans emjiLiyed in the cod-fishery ahont Ml ,(1(10 tons if shipping; in 1S07, they are said to iiave employed 7(l,;i()(> tons: hut it suliseipiently de- liiiied fiir several years, and was almost entirely 8us|)eniled during the late war. Accordinn HI the ollicial returns, the Americans had 8.'),()87 tons of shippini^ enqratied in the cod lishery :iil8'.JH; liut ovviiiR to the slovenly and iiiaci irate way in which the iiaviijation accounts laid lu'l'ore Oonijress have In-en prepared. — (lor phiiilM of this, see i\i;w VoiiK.) — lliis state- ineiit is entitled to no credit. The corrected accounts for 1H3 1 (laid In-foro t3oiiu;ress the IStliof February, \H',i',i) reiiresent the shipping enganed that year in the cod lisherv as iniduntiiig to 00,977 tons. During the year ended the :iOth of Spptemher, \>*'.i'i, the Americans ex|)orled V:.50,.''il4 iiuintals of dried, and 103,770 barrels of pickled cod ; their i£;i;rcgatc value being about l.O.'iO.OOO dollars. '•Tlii'.\nii'ri(aii,'< fnllnw two or ninru inndrM nf rutin); nut for tlie fislierii's. Tlic lir.at is acnmiplislieil 'IV fiiir 7 ranniTs. nr llirir sniis. Iiiiililiiii! a silinnrier iliiriiiu wiiiler, wliirli lliey man llii'iiisi'lvrs (aM all I'll' .\iiii'riraiis nn till' Hra niast are iiinri! nr lei's seaiiirii as well as farimirs) ; anil afliT lilliiii; tliK VI Sill with lin(.'.-.lli|>9. Tonn.^ge. Crew. Coil, Kreeii. Cod, dry, Oil. A'lVojf. Ar.lrig. KilOK. 1823 184 10,258 3.6,55 4,407,7.30 4,42;i,739 415,1>10 lest 318 3l>,*8,I98 973,110 974,570 9^9.5>*5 1.231,721 1,970,635 I.lf. 15..'^^6l),376 17,127,633 I9.176,|h() •i2 69I,.V22 22,-40,627 22,952,527 II. An Account of tl.e quantity of Coffee retained for Home Consumption in Oreat Tlritain, the Rates of Duty thereon, and the Produce of the Duties, each Year since 1789. Tean. Quantiliei retained for Home Consumption RitM of Duly on Nett Revenue of Customs and Excise. British PlantalioB. Knst India. 1789 17(10 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 Lbi. 930,141 97.^110 1,047,276 946,666 1,070,4.38 969,512 1,054,588 Per 11). t. d. lOJ 1~H Per 11).' s. d. 1 Of 2~ej Percent. aJ valorem. £ s. d. Nil. £ s. d. 46,286 17 11 51l.7'.i9 7 4 57.6.W 5 1 1 4N,S25 6 2 67,3.^)7 1 1 i) 74,4;!0 4 6 05.788 3 7 ChariRs 11. attempted, hy proclamation issued in 1675, to siippn-ss r()tren-lii)iisi>.s, on the cronnd of llieir boini! resorted to by disaffected persons who " devised anil spread abroad divers false, malicious .110 srand.ilniis reports, to the defamation of his Majesty's pover it, ami to the distiirliaiice of the pcaieaiKliiiii.tofthe nation." The opinionof the Jiidiies haviiiit lieeii taken as lo the leualltv of the nnnlfi"*^;- '•'"*' ''''^'''ve'l, "That retailing coffee miu'lit be tin i x-ent trade ; but as it was used to iiourwi sedition, spread lies, and scandalise /;reat vun, it might also he a common tiuisancc !" r . i t tH«<.IW| t I— i T' S ■ ^ 376 COFFEE. II. An Account of Iho Quantity of CofTcc retained for Home Consumption in Great Btitain—eontinuci. Yon. Quantitiei retained for Home Coaiuiiiption. Rates of Duly on Nett Revenue of Cuilonu and Kicite. Dritiih Plantation. Kast India. Lbi. rer lb. Per lb. Per cent, ad valorem . £ S. d. ». ll. 8. d. £ «. d. 1796 396,953 1 54 1 6i a 6| Nil. 30,048 6 11 1707 637,001 3 7 92,469 3 11 1798 697,487 1 5} 2 7f 78,966 6 9 1790 682,432 1 5J 2 tI 2 74,001 2 2 ISOO 82fi,590 142,867 11 5 ISOl 750,861 1 5} 2~7 2 106,ff76 2 7 1802 829,435 1 6 2 74 2 72,183 2 3 1803 905,5,^2 1 6* 1 IH 2 16 3 72,093 15 8 1804 1,061,.327 1 7i 2 Oi 3 2 6 151,388 11 1805 1,201,736 1 7V a 0} 3 3 9 120,172 18 7 1806 1,157,014 1 7J 2 0} 3 7 11 152,759 6 9 1807 1,170,164 101,245 11 4 1808 1,069,691 7 10 3 7 11 229,738 16 8 18(1!) 9,251,837 7 10 3 6 8 245,886 8 4 1810 5,308,096 175,567 1 4 1811 6,390.122 .^ 212,890 12 10 1812 8,118,734 — 255,184 7 1 ISL-i 8,788,601 7J lOJ 3 19 2 CuBtnni records destroved. 1814 6,321,267 7» Hi Nil. 213,513 18 4 1815 6,117,311 258,762 18 3 181R 7,557,471 — 290,834 11 1817 8,688,726 — 298,540 5 1 1818 7,967,857 — 250,106 4 10 1,11!) 7,429,352 I I 6 292,154 8 10 1820 6,869,286 340,223 6 7 1H21 7,327.283 — 371,352 5 6 1822 7,404,204 — 374,596 19 7 1823 8,209,245 — — 410,324 3 9 1821 7,993,010 — 407,544 4 3 1825 10,766,112 6 9 307,204 14 2 1826 12,724,13!) — 321,667 11 1 1827 14,974,378 — — 384,994 13 2 1828 16,522,423 — — — 425,389 3 7 1829 18,906,373 — . — 484,975 10 8 1830 21,840,520 — — 658,344 3 10 1831 21,747,813 — — — 559,431 19 6 1832 22,053,326 — — — 575,264 18 8 1 ". i . f, , III. Account of the Quantity of Coffen imported into the United Kingdom from the several Britisit Colonies and Plantations, from the British possessions in the East Indies, and from Foreign Cniin- tries, in tlie Year ending the 5th of January, 1836 ; distinguishing the several Sorts of Coffee, and the Colonics and Countries from which the same was imported. — (Furnished by the Custom Home.) Colonies and Countries from which imported. British colonics and plantations in Ame. rica ; viz. Antigua - - . - Barbadocs - - - - Dominica - - - . Grenada . - - . .Tamaica - - . - St. Christopher - . - St. Lucia - - . . St. Vincent's - . . Trinidad - - - - Tortola . . - . Bahamas . - . - Demerara - - . - Berbice - . - . British North American Colonies - Egypt . - . . West Coast of Africa - - . Cape of Good Hope . - . Eastern Coast of Africa Mauritius . - - - British possessions in the East Indies; viz East India Company's territories, e.YcIusivo of Singapore - Singapore - - - - Ceylon . - - - .lava . . - - . Philippine Islands Other islands of the Indian Seas China - . - . - Of the Brit jih Possessions in America, and of Sierra Leone. Lbs. 580 57,825 112,557 8,236 11,154,307 40 53,588 118 21,950 1,139,054 2,027,037 5,416 32,306 Of the East Indies and Mauritius. Lbs. 338 214 343,296 2,462,813 849,900 1,870,143 1,034,262 34,019 442 27 Of the Foreign Flantititxu. Total Qujnlily Imported. Lbs. Lis. 580 57,825 112,.')57 8,236 .— 11,154,307 ^ 40 . 53,582 118 11,110 33,060 28 280,156 280,156 1,139,054 2,027,037 8,899 14,31.1 SO 50 31,032 63,338 338 214 — 343,296 2,462,813 __ 249,900 1,870,143 1,034,262 34,019 ^_ 442 — 27 «>, COFFEE. 377 itain — continutd. luue of Cuilonu ud a. d. ,048 ,46» l,96(i 1,001 !,H67 1,076 !,183 !,093 1,388 ),172 1,759 1,245 ),738 5,886 5,567 2,890 5,184 11 11 9 2 5 7 3 8 n 7 9 4 6 4 4 10 1 m records dntroied. 3,513 8,76?, 0,834 W,540 0,106 i'>,154 ,0,223 '1,252 '4,596 10.324 (7,544 )7,204 S4,t')67 M,994 J5,389 H,>XI5 58,u44 59,431 75,264 18 18 5 4 8 6 5 19 3 4 14 11 13 3 10 3 19 18 4 3 11 1 10 10 7 6 7 9 3 a 1 2 7 8 10 6 S he several Briiisd rom Foreign Coiin- nrts of Coffee, and the Cuitovi Hovic.) 10 56 99 50 32 Total Qoanlily Imported. Us. 580 57,825 iis,,^: 8,231) 11,154,307 40 53,582 118 33,060 28 280,150 1,139,054 2,027,037 14,315 50 63,338 338 214 343,296 2,462,813 249,900 1,870,143 1,034,262 34,019 442 27 lit. Account of the Quantity of Coffee imported nto the tTnited Kingdom— roiifinufd. Of the nritish Colonia and Countrin from which imported. Pnnenions in America, .irjit of Sierra Lccnc or the East Indies Mid Mauritius. Of the F;irei?n riaiitatiniiN. Tmai Qii.inllty imported. Npw South Wales ... Lbs. Us. 110 Lbs. Lbs. no Ilayli Foreign coloniea in the west Indies ; viz. — 1,124,213 1,124,213 Culin .... I'niteil States of America — — 009,418 37,360 600,418 .37,31)0 Oiiateitiala .... _ 57,530 57,.'i30 Cnlunibia . > . _ 228 22S Hra/.il ..... — 4,1I7,0!M 4,117,n<.rt Europe - - - - . Totals 4,010 672,350 3.16,434 1,012,794 14,617,046 7,167,914 6,613,533 28,398,493 IV. Account of the Qiiantity of Coffee exported from the United Kingdom, in the Year ended the .5th of Jantiarv, 18.36 ;distingiiishinR the several Sorts of Coffee, and the Countries to which the same was exported.— (Furnished by Custom Ifouse.) Of the British Countries to which exported. Pnsseuinns in America, and of Sierra l^mv. Of the East Indies and Mauritius. Of the Foreign Planlalioiis. Total (Jnanlitjr exported. Lbs. Lb.'i. iJi.». Lbs. Russia .... 18,852 3,750 1,310,6.52 1,312.2,54 Sweden .... — 102 0,985 1(1,087 Norway . - _ . 722 309,737 310.459 Denmark .... 13,839 615.328 620.167 I'riisgia .... , — 21,150 133.613 1.57,769 (Jertnanv .... 44,867 104,081 866,7.30 1,10,1.678 The Netherlands ... 43,597 2,008,468 4,397,527 6,449,502 France .... _ 05,951 — 95,051 I'nrtueal, the Azores, and Madeira 30 642 7,534 8,206 Spain and the Canaries — 479 149 628 riihraltar .... — — 6,279 6,279 Italy .... 35,512 209,686 1,489,905 1,7.35.103 .Malta .... 42,026 4,967 364,888 411,881 The Ionian Islands - - . — 2fi0 .37,621 37,881 Turkey and Continental Rreece — 8,821 739,114 747.035 Morea and Greek Islands — — 104,139 104,139 Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Man - 8,892 10,488 3,837 23,217 193,776 2,576,412 10,406.038 113,176,226 Cape of Good Hope ... — — 34,776 34,776 Other parts of Africa ... 2,108 5,370 5,255 12,733 rast Indies and China . - - — 966 302 1,268 New South Wales, Swan River, and Van Dieman's Land - - . 2,447 9.749 7,348 19,544 Rritish North American Colonies 1,648 14,702 52,819 69,169 British West Indies - - . 8,676 10,988 28,664 Uiiileii States of America • — 640 640 Uracil .... 761 — 761 States of the Rio de la Plata - — 7S1 781 Ohili ... - 112 245 1,3.^0 1,687 Peru .... Totals from Great Britain British North American Colonies Total quantity exported from the — — 121 121 200,091 2,616,881 10,529,398 13,346,370 167 — — 167 United Kingdom 200.2.58 2,616,881 10,529,398 13,346,537 V. Account of the Amount of Duties received on Coffee in Great Britain and Ireland respectively in tlie Year endina 5th of,l«nuary, 1830; distiniiuishiii!: each Sort of Coffee, and the nett Produce of the Duties on Coffee in the United Kingiloin in such year.— (Furnished by the Cnstom-hoxise.) Year ending 5th January, 1B36. In Great Britain. In Ireland. In the United Kingdom. Of the British possessions in America and Sierra ) I.eone --.-.. Otilip East Indies and Mauritius . . . Other sorts ...... Total gross receipt .... Nett produce . - . . - £ 428,416 203,340 145 £ 14,.581 6,120 1 £ 442,097 209, IfO 146 631,901 20.702 652,603 631,422 20,702 652,124 The introduction of tea and coffee, it has been well remarked, " has led to the most won- derful change that ever took place in the diet of modern civilized nations, — a change highly important both in a moral and physical point of view. These beverages have the admirable advantage of affording stimulus without producing intoxication, or any of its evil conse- 2iS 48 |>l i< » Mi 'C3 878 COFFEE. r r i i ■ i' It ■ ■■• V I ■■' qucnces. Lovers of tea or coffee are, in fact, rarely drinkers ; and hence the use of these beverages has benefited both manners and morals. Raynal observes that the use of tea ha» contributed more to the sobriety of the Chinese than the severest laws, the most elo<{uent discourses, or the best treatises on morality." — (Scotsman, 1 7th of October, 1827.) Supply and Consumption of Coffee. — Owing to the rapidly increasing consumption of coffee in this country, the Continent, and America, the great value of the article, the large amount of capital and labour employed in its production, and the shipping required for its transport, it has l)ecomc a commodity of primary commercial importance. It deserves par- ticular attention, too, inasmuch as there are few, if any, articles that exhibit such variations, not only as to consumption, but also as to gprowth and price. These are occasioned partly by changes of commercial regulations and duties, and partly, also, by the plant requiring 4 or 5 years before it comes to bear ; so that the supply is neither suddenly increased when the demand increases, nor diminished when it falls off. St. Domingo used formerly to be one of the greatest sources of supply, having exported, in 1786, about 35,000 tons ; ajul it is supposed that, but for the negro insurrection which broke out in 1793, the exports of that year would have amounted to 42,000 tons. The devastation occasioned by this event caused, for a series of years, an almost total cessation of supplies. Recently, however, they have again begun to increase ; and are understood to amount, at present, to above 20,000 tons a year. From Cuba, the exports of coffee have within these few years rather declined, owing partly to an increased consumption in the island, and partly to the efforts of tlie planters* having, a little time back, been more directed to the cultivation of sugar ; they may at present amount to from 18,000 to 20,000 tons ; or, including Porto Rico, to 25,000 or 27,000 tons. In Java, also, the exports of coffee have, of late, been on the decline, but not to any consi- derable extent. In Jamaica and tlic other British West India colonics, the cultivation of coffee was greatly extended during the prevalence of the high prices, b\it the imports have fallen off from 12,000 tons in 1829, to about 10,800 tons in 1832. In Brazil, the growth of coffee has increased with unprecedented rapidity. So late as 1821, the quantity of coffee exported from Rio de Janeiro did not exceed 7,500 tons ; whereas it now amounts to almut 30,000 tons I* This extraordinary increase has probably been, in some measure, owing to the continuance of the slave trade ; and it remains to be seen, whether the growth of coffee may not now be checked by the late cessation of that abominable traffic. The culture of coffee in India and Ceylon is daily becoming of more importance. In India, it is raised chiefly on the coast of Malabar, and the quantity exported is, at present, believed to exceed 4,000,000 lbs. The exports from Ceylon, in 1830, were 1,669,490 lbs. The total imports of coffee into Great Britain from the East Indies, in 1832, were 10,407,897 lbs. The following may, we believe, be regarded as a pretty fair estimate of the annual exports of coffee from the principal places where it is produced, and of the annual amsumptim in those countries into which it is imported from abroad, at the present time : — Eiporta. Mocha, Ilodeida, and oilier Arabian ports Java ...--- Sumatra and other parts nf India Brazil and the Spanish Main . . - St. Domingo - . . . - Cuba and Porto Rico . . . - British West India colonies . . - Dutch West India colonics ... French West India colonies and the Isle de Bourbon Coniumption. Great Britain ...... Netherlands and Holland - . . . . Germany and countries round the Baltic . . . France, Spain, Italy, Turkey in Europe, the Levant, &c. America ....... Tons. 10,000 18,000 8,000 42,000 20,000 25,000 11,000 5,000 8,000 -147,000 Tons. lO.SOO 40,500 32,000 35,000 20,500 -138,500 Of this quantity, the consumption of Great Britain and America amounts to nearly a fourth part, and may be said to have arisen almost entirely since 1807. Of the entire export of coffee from Arabia, not more, perhaps, than 5,000 or 6,000 tons finds its way to the places mentioned above ; so that, supposing these estimates to be a^out correct, it follows that the supply of coffee is, at present, about equal to the demand. The latter is, however, rapidly increasing ; and it is impossible to say whether it be destined to outrun, keep pace with, or fall short of the supply. On the whole, however, we should he inclined to think, that though they may occasionally vary to the extent of a few thonsand tons on the one side or the other, the probability is that they will be pretty nearly balanced ; i i * M. Montveran is pleased to inform us, in his Easai de Statistique stir Its Colonies, a worl( in other respects of considerable merit (PUcea Juitificatives, p. II.), that the exports of coffee from Brazil in 1830-31 amounted to 1,865,000 kilog. = 1,836 tons ! In jwint of fact they were more than 20 times as much. I I COFFEE. 379 go that, supposing peace to be preserved, we do not anticipate any very great variation of price. The prices of 1827, 1828, 1829, and 1830, seem to have been a good deal below the average. This depression naturally checked production and stimulated consumption, so that prices rose considerably in 1831, 1832, and 1833 ; but the advance, in the last, has not been maintained, at least to the whole extent. Such oscillations will, no doubt, continue to take place ; but unless the cost of producing cofTee should be permanently increased or diminish- ed, they can only be temporary. The consumption of cofTee in the United States has been more than quadrupled since 1821, in which year it amounted to 6,680 tons. Part of this increase is, no doubt, to be ascribed to the reduction of the duty, first from 5 to 2 cents per pound, and its subsequent repeal ; part to the fall in the price of coffee ; and a part, perhaps, to the increase of temper- ance societies. Probably, also, it was in some degree ascribable to the comparatively high duties formerly laid on the teas imported into the United States ; these, however, finally ceased in 1833. if .9, a work in other ffee from Brawl m nore than 20 lime* Account of the Imports of Coffee into the United States, the Exports from the snmp, and the Quan- tities lef\ for Home Consumption, during each of the Fifteen Years ending tlic 3Uth of September, K35.— {Papers published by Order of Congress.) Vean. Importi, Export!. Left for Home Consiiniption. Lb,. Lht. Lit. Tant. 1S21 21,273,659 9,387,596 11,886,063 5„306 1822 25,782,390 7,267,119 18,515,271 8,266 1823 37,337,732 20,900,687 16,437,045 7,338 1824 39,224,251 19,427,227 19,797,024 8,838 1825 45,190,630 24,512,568 20,678,062 9,231 1826 43,319,497 11,584,713 31,734,784 14,167 1827 50,051,986 21,697,789 28,354,197 12,658 1828 55,194,697 1S,037,964 39,156,733 17,481 1829 51,133,539 18,083,843 33,049,695 14,754 1830 51,488,243 13,121,561 38,363,687 17,127 1831 81,759,386 6,056,629 75,702,757 33,796 1832 91,722,329 55,251,158 40,471,171 18,067 1833 99,955,020 24,897,114 75,057,906 33,508 1834 80,153,366 35,806,861 44,346,505 19,797 1835 103,199,577 11,446,775 91,752,802 40,961 Mr. Cook gives the following statement of the imports of coffee into the Continent and Great Britain, and of the stocks on hand on the 31at of December each year : — PlMM. Imporla. Stocbi. { 1830. 1831. 1832. 1830. 1831. Tom. 2,900 1,2,50 2,850 4,500 6,000 7,500 1,7.50 490 1,000 1832. France . - . - Trieste, Genoa, and Leghorn - Antwerp - - - - Rotterdam ... /.instcrclam ... Hamburgh ... Bremen - - Copenhagen ... Petcrsburgh ... Totals Great Britain - . - Continent and Great Britain Tvm. 13,000 12,100 21,200 4,500 9,000 20,250 4,960 1,340 500 Torn. 8,300 6,430 5,130 11,740 10,700 17,380 4,330 1,570 1,200 Tans. 13,130 13,570 8,400 14,200 10,550 22,500 6,130 1,670 1,700 Tons. e,i.'jo 4,300 4,000 3,000 5,800 10,700 2,000 350 300 Tmt. 5,100 6,200 1,900 7,500 7,480 11,000 3,680 600 960 86,850 18,290 66,780 : 91,850 19,350 1 22,370 37,200 13,420 28,340 12,5.10 43,420 12,180 105,140 86,130 ; 114,220 50,620 40,770 55,600 {State of Commerce of Oreat Britain for 1832, p. 19 II 21.) According to Mr. Cook, the prices of Jamaica and St. Domingo (Hayti) coffee, exclusive of duty, in tile London market, at the close of each year since 1814, have been — Yan. Jamaica. St. Domingo. Yean. Jamaica. Sr. Domlii^i, 1814 81s.tol05i.percwt. 90s. to 104a. per cwt. 1826 42s. to 95s. per. cwt. 50s. to 51«. per cwt. 1S15 61 - 110 72— 80 1827 30— 80 il — 39 1816 68 — 102 74— 75 1828 28- 80 30 — 38 1817 86 - 105 93—98 1829 30— 75 32 — 34 1818 134 - 155 144 — 146 1830 32- 78 34 — 35 1819 147 - 165 128 — 134 1831 50— 86 45 — 46 1820 112 - 135 118 — 120 1832 60— 90 55 — 57 1821 85- 125 98- 102 1833 77—110 65—66 1822 85 - 135 95 - 100 1834 68 — 134 48- 52 1823 79 - 117 75— 79 1835 80 — 113 51 — 53 1824 50 - 102 58—61 1st Nov. 1825 48- 100 55-56 1836 71 — 120 51 — 54 • nnfl i"| ■■ r; I , ' Jl 380 COFFEE. ,' 11 I = f i 't r I. The following extract frnm Prince's Price Current sliowi the prices of the diflorent sorts of coffe* in liundon on the 4tli of Novenibur, 1830. CoflTee, per cwt. in bond,— Justlca Demrnra and Berbice Doiuinica and St. Lucia {fine mid, and ftue iiitddliDj • Inw rlo. tine nrd. |?ood nrd. • nrd. and triaj(e fanvyl mid. to fine j nii(ldlini{ • I jcnnti and fiiM ord. ^ordinary nuii. and fine (ond and fine ord. triage and ord. s, 110 94 90 tu 7'. 63 107 !» 77 70 92 80 70 to 119 0— lOtI 0— »3 0— 89 0- 80 0— 72 0— IIM 0—106 0-91 0—76 0—116 0—91 0—76 d. Duty. 01 0. ind. Rril. PI. ft W.I. B. P. id. F. E. I.9d. F. U.M. per lb. ». St. Dnmln(o - - - -SI Braail • - • - •44 llavannah and Cuba, good and fin« onl. 48 Porlo Rico • • ■ • M Cut India, Java ■ • ■ -40 Chrriljnn an. DiKOunt 2 I -2 per cent. Charga L. i. d. To Sra insurance on 4001. at 21, per cent ■ • . ■ .800 I'nlicy .'ij. Gd, per cent. - . - . • . -12 ConunissioD 1-2 per cent. - • - . . . .200 Dnck rales on 143 cwt. qr. 24 lbs. at It. 2d,» . . . .871 Lotting Id. per bag . . . . . . .084 Insumncc ai^ainst fire >.-..... Fn-ishl on J-13c»i. Oqr. 24 lbs. atSj. • . . . . 21 9 8 Primage 5 per cent. II. If. Gd. Pierage 2i. Id. • • • -13 7 Public sale chanres I7j. 6d. Petty expenses 8j. 6d. ttnikcrnge 1 per cent. ■ >..-... Commission 2 1*2 per cent. -..-•••. L. t. d. i4r> 10 11 2 9 11 2 8 It U I.' Errors excepted. London, Id of Nmtmber, 1833. 23 13 3 1 B 4 9 1 II 2 9 Nelt proceeds L. «. i. 434 7 3 60 II /..374 6 4 (Cash, 30th of November, 1833.) Pro forma Account Sale of G. H. 10 Tierces ColTee per " Kingston, " from Jamaica, on Account of L K. and Co. 1 18W. Oct. 30 By L. M. for 10 tierces. Prompt 1 month. CoJ»». Cult. qri. lilt. Cwlt. qn. Ibi. ;x)t.4. 5 weighing 45 Tare 3 2 18 3 15 Drart 23 Disco • atSf. IQi. • at V.Sa. ant 1 per cent. L. t. d. .600 . 16 6 • 1 10 £,. : d. 171 2 9 132 4 10 L. t.d. 300 6 11 44 7 11 31 13nett • 2. 5 — 35 Tare 3 2 18 3 3 15 Draft 25 31 13nett ■ Charga. To Sea insurance on 3001. at 21. per cent. I'nlicy 5j. 6d. percent. ..... Commission 1-2 per cent. ..... Dock rales nn 62 cwt. 2 ijrs. 20 lbs. at It. 6if.» Lolling at 9ii. per tierce • . • • • Insurance against fire ..... Freidlil on 62 cwt. 2 qrs. 20 l!is. at 6i. Primage 5f. and pierage 3t.9d. Public sale charges 7». Petty expenses 7». 64 Bmkfraee I per cent. ..... ConimiuioD 2 1-2 per cent. . ■ • • • Errors excepted. Ijmdm, 2d of ffooembtr, 1833 303 7 7 3 8 6 •i 1 6 8 3 19 4 10 14 6 3 8 7 11 8 - 4 14 .076 • 18 16 1 - 8 9 - Nett proceeds £.25.5 19 (Casli , 30th of Noven ber, 1833.) We pointed out (art. East Inpiks) the injustice and impolicy of charging 3rf. per lb. more on the coffee of our Eastern dominions, when imported for home consumption, than on that imported from the West Indies. This distinction has, however, been put an end to; the 5 and 6 Will. 4. c. 66. having enacted that coffee, the produce of British possessions within the limits of the East India Company's charter and of Sierra Leone, shall pay, when entered for home consumption, a duty of 6rf. per lb. Such coffee must, however, be accompanied witli a rertifirnte of oriirin. that is, n certificate snb- scrihed by the proper officer of the place where it was shipped, hearing tliat he had received from the master, and examined, a declaration under the hand and seal of the sbipgier of the coffee, stating that it was really and io»a Ji(2e the produce of some such British possession, and that he (the officer) be- * Coffee in bags pays Is. id., and in casks Is. 6d. of dock dues. /'■ I— »!*■■■ v. a; n I 382 COINS. •• J lievnd siifli dprlnrntion to lin triin. Tlio mnntpr niiiHt nisn, wlirn he arrivrs in thin rntintry, mnliranfT siibHcrlliiMi (li'i'l.'iriitioii lid'ciri' tint cnlli'i'tiir or rciiii|iircilli'r, xtmiiiit timt tin; ct'rlilii'uli' ol' oriuin ug,^ riiceivcd liy liiiii at tin- [xirl wlmrt' llif ('((irri! wiih liikfii mi Ixmnl, uiiil Unit tlir inirci' iiii|iiit iiiiintolli((ilil«. )—*«/».) [The conBumption of coffee in the United States is very larRC. As much iis 91,321,000 pounds of it were aiinunliy imported, on nn nvcriii?o of the four yenrM ending Scptptriljor 30th, 1837, chietly from Urazii, Cuiia, Hiiyti, Colombia, and Java. Of thin amount, Iidw. over, nearly 19 millions of pounds were re-exi)orted to France, the }Ian^H! towns, Holland Belgium, Trieste, Turkey, the Levant, &c. — Am. Ed,] COINS, pieces of metal, most commonly gold, silver, or copper, impressed with a pnliljc stamp, and ireiiuently made legal tender in payment of debts, either to a liiniti-d or an un. limited extent. 1. Ctrcnmsfnncen luhi'ch led to the Inlroditct'ion and Use of Citinx. — When tlie |)rppious metals first began to be used as money, or as standards by which to measure tiie viiluo of different articles, and the equivalents for whicli they were most commoidy exchangeil, tlicy were in an unfashioned state, in bars or ingots. 'J'lie parties having agreed upon the qiiiintitv of metal to Ik- given for a commodity, the exact amount was then asccrtaineil by weight. Ijiit it is obvious that a practice of this sort must have been attended with a great deal of tmulile and inconvenience. There can, however, be little doubt that the greatest obstacle to tho use of unfashioned metals as money would be found in the ditliculty of deterniiniiifl; tjioi,- quality, or the degree of their purity, with sufficient precision. The operation of ussuvinj is one of great nicety and difficulty ; and could not be performed in the early ages othcrwisi than in a clumsy, tedious, and inaccurate manner. It is, indeed, most probable, thut whiin the precious metals were first used as money, their quality would be appreciated only In their weight and colour. A very short experience would, liowever, be sufficient to show the extreme inexactness of conclusions derived from such loose and unsatisfactory criteria; and the devising of some method, by which the fineness of the metal might be easily and cor- rectly ascertained, would very soon be felt as indispensable to the general use of gold and silver as money. Such a methoil was not long in presenting itself: it was early discovproil, that, to ascertain the purity of the metal, and also to avoid the trouble and expense of vvpiijh- ing it, no more was necessary than to mark each piece with a stamp declaring its weight and fineness. This invention was made at a very early period. According to Herodotus, the Jjydians were the first who coined money. — Lib. i. c. 94. Other ancient authors say that the art of coining was invented during the period when Saturn and Janus reigned in Italy ; that is, in a period antecedent to authentic history. — (Goguet,de VOrigine dcs Luix, 4-c. tom. i. p. 267.) 2. Mtfal used in the Manufacture of Coins. — Before the art of metallurgy was well nndpr- stood, the baser metals were frequently used as money. Iron was the primitive monpy of the Lacedsemonians, and copper of the Romans. But both iron and copper deteriorate by being kept ; and besides this defect, the rapid improvement of the arts, by lowering their price, rendered their bulk too great in proportion to their value to permit of their continiiiii|f to be used as money. Copper, indeed, is still used in the form of tokens, convertible into silver in very small paynients. In this country, copper pence and halfpence are rated at about 73 per cent, above their real value ; but as their issue is exclusively in the hands i.l' government, and as they are only legal tender to the extent of o»?f sliitUng in any one pay- ment, this over-valuation is not productive of any bad eflect. The use of copper in othfr countries is limited in much the same way ; gold and silver being every where the only metals made use of in the manufacture of the coins used in considerable payments. 3. Standard of Coins. — By the standard of a coin, is meant the degret> of its purity ami its weight ; that is, the fineness of the metal of which it is made, and the quantity of metal contained in it. (1.) Silver Coins. — A pound Troy, or 12 ounces, of tho metal of which English silver coins are made, contains 11 oz. 2 dwts. pure silver, and 18 dwts. alloy. This pound is coined into C6 shillings ; so that each shilling contains 80*727 grains fine silver, and ST-SV grains standard silver; and the money pound, consisting of 20 shillings, contains lOMolS grains pure silver, and 1 745-454 grains standard silver. From IfiOO down tolSIG, the pound weight of standard silver bullion was coined into ()2 shillings. All the En[;li>li silver coins have been coined out of silver of 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine, from the (Jonquest to this moment, except for the short period of 16 years, from the 34th Henry VIII. to the 2(1 Elizabeth. (2.) Gold Coins. — The purity of gold is not estimated by the weights commonly in use, but by an Abyssinian weight called a cara/. The carats are subdivided into four parts, called grains, and these again into (juarters ; so that a carat grain, with respect to the com- mon divisions of a pound Troy, is equivalent to 2 J dwts. Gold of the highest degree of fineness, or pure, is said to be 24 carats fine. When gold coins were first made at the English mint, the standard of the gold put in them was of 23 carats 3A grains fine and \ COINS. 383 liiifonnlry, mnkmiifT liiiiiiic oforiiiiii w!,., (PllVr iiii|iiirti'i| in III,, iHi> (-2) rcliilliimotii,. (jlilo. )—*'«/'•) luch lis 91,321,flni) riKliiig ScptomlH-r tliijt amount, Imw. ii«3 towns, Hollaml pssril with a ]]iiliHc a liinitc'd or an un- rgy was well nnder- priinitivo monoy ol' )pper deteriorate by by lowering tiifir of their continuiiiif ns, convertible into lencc are rated at ly in the hands uf iC in any one pay- ot' eop])er in other ry where the only payments, 'o ot' its purity and quantity ot" metal lich English silwr This pound is 10 silver, and Sl'il contains l(;i4ol5 down to ISIG, iho All the En^litli ('oniiuest to this ry VIIL to the 2d commonly in use, cd into four parts, res|;)ect to the com- iiiuhest degree of tirst made at the \ grains fine and A tjrnin alloy; and so it continued, without any variation, to the 18th of Henry VIIL, who, in that year, first intrwluccil a new standard of gohl of 22 carats fine, and 2 carats alloy. Tho first of these standards was called tho old ; and the second the new standard, or crown gold ; kcausc crowns, or pieces of the value of 5s., were first coined of this new standard. Henry Vin. made his gold coins of both these standards under different denominations; ond this praeticc was continued by his successors until 1033. From that period to the present, tlio ijold of which the coins of this kingdom have been mnile has been invariably of the new standard, or crown gold ; though some of the coins made of the old standard, previously to 1633, continued to circulate till 1732, when they were forbidden to be any longer current. —{Liverjwol on Coins, p, 27.) The purity of our present gold coins is, therefore, 1 1 parts fine gold and 1 part alloy. Tho sovereign or 20 shilling piece, contains 1 13-001 grains fine gold and 123'274 grains stand- ard gold. The pound Troy of slamlard gold is coined into 46 ,"J'jj sovereigns, or into 46/. 14s. G(l. The mint or standard price of gold is, therefore, said to be 46/. 14s. Gd. per lb. Troy, or 3/. 17s. lO^rf. an ounce. The alloy in coins is reckoned of no value. It is allowed, in order to save the trouble and expense that would be incurred in refining the metals, so as to bring them to the highest (hgrce of l)urity ; and because, when its quantity is small, it has a tendency to render the coins harder, and less liable to be worn or rubbed. If tho f,uanlity of alloy were considera- lile, it would lessen the splendour and ductility of the metals, and would add too much to the weight of the coins. The stamlard of the coins of foreign countries may be learned at a glance, by inspecting the Table iif Coins subjoined to this article. 4. Variations of f fie Standard. — The value of all sorts of property being estimated, and the stipulations in almost all contracts for its purchase, sale, or hire, being made in money or coins, it is plain that no change can take place in the value of such money or coins, with- out virtually subverting these estimates and contracts, and enriching the debtor portion of society at the expense of the creditor portion, or vice versa. As the cost of producing all commodities is liable to vary from improvements in tho arts, the exhaustion of the present or the discovery of new sources of supply, none can be selected to serve as money or coin, that may not vary in its real value. It is believed, however, that the precious metals vary less than any material that could be suggested. And with the exception of the extraordinary tall in their value caused by the discovery of the American mines, it seems to have been remarkably constant at other periods. But in addition to the fluctuations naturally inherent in the value of coins, arising from variations in the cost of the metal of which they are made, their standard has been repeat- edly changed. Notwithstanding that money or coin, from its being universally used as a scale by which to compute the value of all commodities, and as the equivalent for which they are commonly exchanged, is by far the most important of all the measures used in society ; and should, consequently, be preserved as invariable as possible ; there is none that lias been so frequently altered. The necessities or extravagance of government have forced them to borrow ; and to relieve themselves of the incumbrances thus contracted, they have almost universally had recourse to the disgraceful expedient of degrading the coin ; that is, of c/ifu/mg' those who lent them money, to the extent of the degradation, and of enabling every other debtor in their dominions to do the same. The ignorance of the public in remote ages facilitated this sjiecies of fraud. Had the names of the coins been changed when the quantity of metal contained in them was di- minished, there would have been no room for misapprehension. But, although the weight of the coins was undergoing perpetual, and their purity occasional, reductions, their ancient denominations were almost uniformly preserved ; and the people who saw the same names still remaining after the substance was diminished ; who saw coins of a certain weight and fineness circulate under the names of florins, livres, dollars, and pounds ; and who saw them continue to circulate as such, after both their weight and the degree of their fineness had been lessened ; began to think that they derived their value more from the stamp affixed to them by authority of government, than from the quantity of the precious metals they con- tained. This was long a very prevalent opinion. But the rise of prices which invariably followed every reduction of the standard, and the derangement that was thereby occasioned ui every pecuniary transaction, undeceived the public, and taught them, and their rulers, the expediency of preserving the standard of money inviolate. The standard may be reduced by simply raising the denomination of the coin ; by order- ing, for example, that a half-sovereign should pass for a sovereign, and the latter for a double sovereign, &c. If injustice be resolved upon, this is the least mischievous way in which it can be perpetrated, inasmuch as it saves all the trouble and expense of a rceoinagc. But as it renders the fraud obvious and glaring, it has rarely been resorted to ; and most reductions have been eflected either by diminishing the weight of the coins, or by increasing the pro- portion of alloy in the metal of which they arc made, or botli. Originally the coins of all countries seem to have had the same denomination as the i' , \ ■'"HI, '■"'Hxati'b; M«| '1 K«iI iti tho oiirlicHt |»crii)il liy t|,p oen presorvod invioiato, cither in modern or ancient tinirM. || hari l)cou h'so di'uraded in I'nglond than any whore ciso ; but even here tho (juanlity ufnl. vor in a pound atoriinR in iims than a t/iird part of a pound woif?ht, — tlio ijuaiitity it oin- taiiiod in i;tOO. In France, tho livro current in 1789 contained le«« Xhun iiiir .ilu:ft/:sixllt part of tho silver implied in ita name, and whicli it had actually contained previoiiNly i„ 1 lOII. In iSpain, and sonic other countricH, the degradation haa been carried Htill furtlu'r.* From l'2'Jti to 13,")'), the coins of England and Scotland were of tho name weight ami purity ; but at the last niontioned epoch the standard of .Scotch money was, for the lirst time, sunk Indow that of England ; and by successive degradations, tho value of iScouh money, at tho union of the crowns in KiOO, was only a Iwi'tftii part of tho value of ihe English money of the same denomination. It remained at this point till the union of the kingdoms cancelled tho separate coinage of Scotland. The gold and silver coins of Ireland have been for a considerable period the same as those of Great Britain; but, until IH'i.'), they were nominally rated 8| per cent, higher. This difrerence of valuation, which was attended with considerable inconve.iiences, was put an end to by tho act G Geo. 4. c. 79., which assimilated the currency throughout the empire. The Tables annexed to this article contain all the information that can bo dosirrd by mercantile men with respect to the w(»i wiiH llii'ri nlxi) coined into ()(] KJiillinifA, thi- iidditioniil fmir sliillini;" lu'in/ rrfainrd ,y gowrmneni an n nn'^noro^r DC duty (iiinounlitiK to <>.',,' (iit cent.) u|ion ihf ('oinuK«*> To prevent tlic^ nilvcr coiim from Ixu-oniinK r«'diind(int, B(>vcrntn('nt liiis n-tainrd the powor til i!iMC tlirin in itxowii liaiulH. IJndor these rt'i^nlationri, Hilvcr hiw criiHi'd to In- a ittiindaril of value, mid fornix merely a Bubordinntc or Bulmidiiiry Hpeeies of curreney, or rhanne, oceu- nyini{ the niinie pittee in reliUiun to ^old that eoppcr oceupicd in relation to ititelf. This xys- •L'lii hill* heen found to nimwer exreedinnly well. A pood deal of ditferenee of opinion has exinted as to whether gold or silver coins are lie.tt littod for being made it legal tender. It doe* not Meeni that the one poHsesHes any very :rtrikinfi advantaife over the other ; none, eertainly, that would juHtify a change, after a selection had In^en made, and acted ujion for any consideralile pi-riod. Down to lfi'2(i, a Htignora(je or duty upon the coinatje was usually chargitl upon the gold and rilver coins issued by the mint; and it may lie easily shown that the imposition of such a duty, when it is not carried to an undue heii!;ht, is advantageous. A coin is more useful than a piece of uncoined buHion of the same weight and purity ; the coinage fitting it for being used as money, while it docs not unfit it for being uned for any other purpose. When, therefore, a duty of seignorage is laid upon coin equal to the expense of coinage, it circulates at its real value ; but when this charge is defrayed by the public, it circulates at less than its real value, and is consj^qucntly either nielfeon.—{Sfce nvri paife.) 7. The Exporlatiitn and Imporfation nf Gold find Silver Coins was formerly prohibited ; tmt in 181!) it was enacted (59 Geo. 3. c. 49.), that they might \>c freely exported and im- jinrted, without being liable to any charge or duty whatever ; and they may be imported without being either reported or entered at the Custom-house. This regulation has rendered it next to impossible to ascertain the value of the hullion imported. 8. Fi.o-irf.ry of Coin. Issue of fori:;cd or spurious Cuina. — The forgery of coin is an ofl'eiice that is practised more or less at all perioils. The most effectual means of preventing ■ t is to improve the fabric of the genuine coins, to cut the dies with great delicacy, and occa- sionally to vary the form of the coins. During the lengthened period from 17 70 down to 1816, the genuine silver coins in circulation were so much worn and defaced, that it was very difficult to distinguish between them and counterfeits, which, in despite of the severest penalties, were thrown into circulation in immense quantities. But since the issue of the 'lew coins, in 1816, forgery has been comparatively rare. There has, however, been a con- siderable increase of forgery during the last 7 years, as compared with the previous 7. Sufficient time has not yet been afforded for determining the inlluuncc of tlic law exempting ^e otruncti of counterfeiting from the punishment of death. m '111, •nm ■—-I ma * -'* "tmmt'fvM !•■' -hJ <:;3 Continental nations, f tlic Enojclopddia Vol. L— 2 K 49 COINS. llttaMM of Qold Coin in circulation In Fehrimry, IMJ. I i - ■ ) ! 1 ,r ^,1 i I -i lauol bj thf Rtnk. Friim Jnniiiirv, Inai, I" July, IN'iJ, liif ■Ivu •^Ul,") ilii- > From AiiBiiiit, Hat.') Ill |)lT)-lllll IllCllllliVU - • J From Jnniinrv, 1*2(1, 1 i« A|iril, I8*t, In- > (.luilvu - -J From Miiy, l>*1'*, ISili of Febniary 1H33 f} Pi'iliict lor cviHirt. lH'.M-r> i;ti,(i(M),o(m" IMSS-'iil 50(1.0(111 ' iBiio-aa 2,()0(),()oo ' From ISlh of Fi'hrii-7 nrv, isaa, in IMli ofj- FuUriiury, 1H33. ) Deduct the stnrk nt tilt! Iiriiix'li liiinks, which him hccri tnkt'ii ii<) pitrt of the iHitiie frnin the iiuiik In I.oiiilon I.cnvhiL' inclrculntinn' ill till! haiulH of the puhlic nn the ISth of Fchriiary, 1S3.1 17,370,(K)O 8,000,000 3,370,000 11,(100,000 OlwrtKlom. 3«,000,000 8,S0O,0flO 211,500,000 I.NOO.OOO 31.3110,000 J,3(K),000 ■ 30,000,000 fTlii! exrhnnseii i|iirliil( thin period wci • In favour of the 1 roiiiitry, and Rold wuii Imported. 'The eti hiuiRi'it during the iniijor part nf thin period tttTfi Hitalnm the iniintry, and trold wiii* itixirted. Of th,. t,,,,| Inxiie of n.tm.mU. uhoiit a.StMl.tMHI/ were laitued froin f)r. tohrr to the <-nil of llcri'inlier, IH'j.'i, ro niipply ihi> iiiarp nrl llieroiinlry noteH then dUereillted. leavliiK ll.(KIO,(NKl/ nn i the (•Nllniaied i-xport of roln, In addltlnn to the Imr im^i other iinrolnuil (old Mold by the Hank diirluK thin |ivrliii|. I Tho exrhniiKeit dnrlnff thin period wern in favour of the I (. eDiiiiiry, unil gold wan imported. , ' iHt. The excliaiivei were nsainiit the country from Novem. i her, {H'iK, to I'Vliruarv. IhaO, iliirinR which period the lii«ii,. l anioiinted to l,5llll,0(H)/. of which l,0O(r,0(NI/. ix eHllmiii|.,| ' to have liiM'u applied In the willidrawal of the conntrv 1/ ' not)'*, leaving .5IM),0<)()<. hi the amount uf eHtlniated vi'iiori dnrinK that period. '. 2d. From AiiuiihI, IH.30, to Fotiriiary, IKH, the exchniidmi ■ were altto iiirain.*! the country, during which jM'riiHl t||,, . iHNiie wax 4.(NIO,IMI0<. : l,0(M),0(MW. of IIiIh muiii wdm ii>iiii,.,| j„ Noveiiilier, IH;i|,iipoii the rejc'ction of the Ki-forin llill.unii ' l.dOd.OINI/. more mav fairly lie eHtinialed ax (he I'lirllicr iiiiioiiiit iipplled williin the whole iicriod, from Aii|rii*t l^.'d), In Ihu willidrawal of (he roiiiitryKmall iiotex; li'uvjni 2,(1(1(1.11(10/. ax the ustimatcd amount of coin u.xpuried from t IMOto 1S.12. [ VTIiix Hiini wax taken out during the political dixcredlt of' It May, 1H.12, and h.is nut y«t returned to the Bunk. 9. /.aw as to the counterfeiting, ^e. of Coin. — The acts as to this were consolidated and amended liy the 2 as. 3 Will. 4. c. 31, of which the following ix a brief abstract :— Counlerfelting the gold or silver coin of the realm, transportatk^n for life, or for not legs ilmn7 years, or imprisonment for not exceiMllne 4 years ; and every such oflence shall be deemed to be com- plete, although the counterfeiting lie not finished. — i 3. Colouring counterfeit coin, or any pieces of metal, with intent to make them pass for gold nr silver coin ; colouring or altering genuine coin with intent to make it pass for higher coin ; transportation for life, or for any term not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for any term not exceeding 4 years.—} i. Impairing the cold or silver coin. With intent to make the coin no impaired pass for gold or silver coin of full weight, transportation for not exceeding 14, nor less than 7 years, or imprisonment lor nut exceeding 3 years. — J 5. Buying or selling. Sec. counterfeit gold or silver coin for lower value than its denominatinn, Jinpnrl- ing counterfeit coin from beyond seas, transportation for life, or for not less than 7 yeari,or iiii|iri«(in- ineiit for not evieeding 4 years.— J fl. tittering coiiiiierfrit gold or silver coin, imprisbnment for not exceeding I year ; and uttering, accom- panied by possession of other counterfeit coin, or followed by a second uilering within 10 days, Im- prisonment for not exceeding 2 years ; every second offence of uttering after a previous conviction. shall be felony, transportation f^)r life, or for not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for not e.xceciling 4 years.— J 7. Having 3 or more pieces of counterfeit gold or silver coin in possession, with intent to niter the same, imprisonment for not exceeding 3 years ; second offence, transportation for life, or for not lesi' than 7 years, or imprisonment for not exceeding 4 years.—} 8. Making, mending, having possession of, or selling any mtnild, tic. or coining tools, or any press or engine, conveying tools or monies out of the mint without authority, felony ; transportation for life, or for not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for not exceeding 4 years.— M 10, 11. Counterfeiting any current copper coin, or making, mending, or having in his possession any coin- ing tool, or hiiyiiig, selling. Ice. any counterfeit copper coin for lower value than its denoniinnijon, transportation for not exceeding 7 years, or imprisonment for not exceeding 2 years: and uiteriiii; any counterfeit copper coin, or having in his possession 3 or more pieces of counterfeit copper coi.i, imprisonment for not exceeding 1 year. — } 12. (;old or silver coin tendered to any person suspecting any piece to be counterfeit, may be broken by such person ; and if it shall appear to be counterfeit, the person tendering shall bear the loss; but if it shall be of due weight, and appear to be of lawful coin, the person breaking it is to receive it at the rate it was coined for, and any dispute sliall be tinnlly determined by any justice; and tlie tellers of the Exchequer and the receivers-general of the revenue ure to break or deface every piece of counterfeit coin tendered for payment.— J 13. Any person discovering any counterfeit coin, gold, silver, or copper, or any coining toed, is to carry the Slime forthwith, before some justice, and on reasonable cause to suspect any person of counter- feiting, or having such coin, or any tool, fee, such justice may cause any place under the control of such suspected person to be searched, either in the day or night, and if any such coin or tool shull be COINS. 387 I > In ftivnur of thi; iif ttllN prrind were , iwiflfil. or Ihi' tniiiii ^iTi' IdmIIRiI I'riiiii Or. I » Kii|i|)ly llii> (ilai'H iifi ciivhiu (l,(KMI,(HHi/ ,1, tliin l hiir iimi)' •liirinK IIiIr perloil. ; IB In favour of tiii> I I iiintry Irnm Noviini. Inch iirrliiil Ihi! i»m,. i IHMUNI/. In HHiiiimii'ii' III of thn roiiiiiry 1/ > , uf t'Htliimtnl ox'iiori, |H3a, thii cxrlmni,,,,. ig which INTiihl til,. I iH Minn wiiH Ifniii'il III ihrKt'riiriii Hill.iiiiii I iiili'd an Ihi! I'lirtlii'r I'ridil, rroiii AiiLMiKt, Hiiiull iioti'rt ; li'avliii; ■ coin cxporttid from [ [inlitlcnl (llacredit of' o the Bunlt, tnil and amended by for not less than 7 dcunied tu be com- mas for (jold nrflllver trniispiirtiitiiiii I'nr editiK 4 yrar».— } I. for colli or nilvi-r inprliionMii'ni lnr nu; |iiominiUiiin, iinpnrl- yeara.or iiiiiirisun- nnii iittcrini.', nccnni- witliin III dayH, iiii- iri'vioiis convlclioii, nt for not c.iceediiig inli>nt to mtfir the lift!, or for nut Ics^ oU, or any press or iiisportation for life, )o>i:<(!Ssion any cniii- itA ilenoniiiiiition, fi;\ir» : and iilterini; iterfeit copper cni.i, I, may 1>" broken liy I bi'ar the loss ; but it is to ri'ceive it lit vk; and llic tellers face every piece of ini? tool, is to carry person of counier- nder tliu control of :oin or tool simll be ^,,„nd, locniMO thn lantn to hn unlxcd forthwllh, and r.irripit heforn n Jiintlri', who |i< to neniro iho «,inie Vor llie purpoie nf hulng produiud In cvidrnri', iliiil nflcrwarda of brlnK di'llverud up tii thii iiiiil^ ' ' '■ The ni-ri'ii*iiy of (he «vldenc« of any nfflritr of iha mint In prove cniintRrf«lt coin diii|M>niu!il »iih-* IT- The roiirt may order hw^d labour nr mdltary contlnfMient. -i 10, Till' woriN "hiiiK'>i iiiiii ' iniiudt! all coin lawfully mrrent In ilie riilti-d KinirdKiii ; and wilfully li'iviiiK. in liny dwi'Minn-hoiui' >ir other biiildinK, bulKiMK, Hpartiniiit, llrlil, or olhcr plai r, oicii nr inrlixeil, v« lii'lhir bi'loiiBlrig In or oi'iipivcl liy liiiniielf or mil, and wlu'lher fi'r hi* own imc or >l ^Vnl,^ of tiic ii)f(.Hi> of coiinlerfi^iliiiK the niiii of the ri'iiliii, of whum I wan Pxeriili'il ''* •'"' "''■^' irx the cotlVM'lif'tls for coiniliK were redliicd to U, liiil of llicHe ^ were rti'Ci>l'''i' '" "'" '"*' "'^'1"' '"' ■■•'I'iod, endinK With l!<3*i, the convietioiiit went .' •"*• TABLiiH RELATIVE TO THE COINN OF CREAT IlnlTAIN AND Oril>'R Col'MTRIBe. >n, 1. rNfll.lsii ("oiMs.— Arcoiitit of the F.nKli.ih Silver and (Jold f'olim ; Hhowiiie their Value, tho Hel|fii<>r:il(e or I'rotit upon the roinane, and the Price uf lh>' I'oiind Troy of HIandnrd <;iilil anil Sliver, from the Coniiiient to the present lime— (Thin and llu- next T'lililc, No, II,, are taken from I'art li. o( t'.iis(Hji lilt J\li/my, lUr\ani!e.i, and Political Kconomij, by Henry Jaines!,) liilvar. OnM. 1. a. 3. 4. 9. 0. 7. 8. Kqili'l lo thp T.n\u\ In the .Mint Prim t'incn^w Prill nd Pmflt or \liiil I'rii'p Finfnnt riiuiiit PniBt nr A.D' Aiino Itegnl. if llin Si|. Wolxhl nt Seiicmir.i 23 . 1 2 n I 3 1 2 H 14 11 8 13 3 U Ufll I 9 I 5 II 10 10 1 5 \)) 1 9 <{,\ 15 fl 15 « 5 H 14 8 4 14 9 II IsUichard II. - 1101 3 Henry IV. - 1 5 10 1 9 0} 15 5 14 9 11 ; 1121 9 Henry V. 1 10 1 I 10 lU Irt 13 4 ft Ifl 3 11 1 MW 1 Henry VI, - 1 10 I 1 10 lU Ifl 13 4 5 10 Ifl 1 11 1161 4 Edward IV. - 1 17 4 1 15 21 20 Ifl 8 2 10 18 5 \m 5 - - 1 17 fl 4 1 15 2i 22 10 1 Ifl 21 1 10 1170 49 Henry VI. - ' I 17 fi 2 1 17 lOJ 22 10 13 21 7 1182 22 Edward IV. - 1 17 fl I 1 18 4) 22 10 7 fi 21 15 14S3 1 Itichardlll. - 1 17 fl 1 H 1 18 4} 22 10 7 fl 21 15 11H3 1 Henry VII. - I 17 fl 1 fl 1 18 4} 22 10 7 )) 21 1.-) vm 1 Henry VIII. - I 17 t; 1 1 IH 111 22 10 1) 2 (1 22 >i5a7 1R __ __ 2 1 1 18 111 2 4 24 2 H 22 in 2 9 1 S 22 1 27 25 2 11 n 'i <) _ 3 (') 24 19 fl 1543 IMS 10 2 8 8 3 4 4} 2 11 66 ISCharleall. - 3 2fl 3 2 44 in - . 44 !0 II7I7 3 fienr)!e I. 3 2 3 2 40 14 fl - - ■16 H 6 1816 56 George 111. SAO 4 - 40 14 - - 4fl 14 * 1527— Henry VIII.] The Saxon nr Tower ponnd was used at the mint up to this time, when the pound Troy was substituted in ilfl stead. The Tower pound was but II oz. .I dwts. Vroy ; so that, from tne Conquest to the 38th of Edward I., 20 shillincs in tale were e.\nrtly a pound in weliht. + 1660— 18 Charles II.] The seignnra^e on the cninnee was at this time Kiven up, and the cold bullion brniight to the mint has ever since been coined free of expense. Aseignurageof fiid percent vaa imposed on tlie coinage of silver by 56 Geo. 3. ^ ' £»3 '\r% •rsm 'Mrw "i irr% <:3 1*"** »t 388 COINS. No. !I. Enomsii Toins.— Arc nnnt of the Qiiiintity of Fine Silver coined into 217*. or tlie Potind Ster- liiip; the Uirintity of Stanthird Silver, of tl oz. 2 dwts. Fine and IH dwts. Alloy, contained in 20/ or the I'oiind l^terling, in the ditferent Keiuns, from the Time of Edwiird I. to the Keicn of William IV.— A siniilur Account with respect to Gold.— And an Account of the proportional Value of Tine Ciold to Fine Silver, arcnrdin).' to the Number of Grains coutaiiicd in the Cuine.— Calcuiafeii in Grain* and 1000(* farU Trny Height. 4 1, s. A. D. lOfiC) 1280 131 ( 13 1!) I.'i.'iti 1101 1121 1101 im.'j 1170 11S2 l.')0!) 1.^27 l.'ilS 1515 l.'J40 1517 1519 *1551 KW2 1553 1360 1600 IfiOl 1620 1666 1717 flSlO Anno Regni. Conquest - - 8 Edward I. 18 Edward III. 23 30 3 Henry IV. 9 Henry V. - 1 Edward IV. 5 to Henry VI. 22 Edward IV. 1 Henry VIII. 18 31 30 37 1 Edward VI. 3 5 i Mary - 2 Elizabeth 43 2 James I. 2 Charles I. - 18 Charles 11. 3 George I. 1)6 Georsjc III. Silver. Number of Grains of FineSilvpr in 20 .Stiilljngii, or the PounJ .ster- ling;, as coined by the Mint Inden- turea. Grains. 4,'.«t5000 4,yy50(K) 4,933 333 4,440000 3,()!)6000 3,906000 3,3.30(100 2,664000 2,601000 2,604-000 2,064 000 2,()64000 2,368000 2,000 000 1,200000 SOOOOO 800000 800000 400000 1,760000 1,768000 1,760000 1,776000 1,718-709 1,718-709 1,718-709 1,718-709 1,718-709 1,614545 2. Number nf Grains of Slanditrxl Sil- ver, II oz. 2d\vlj. Fine in 20 Shil- lings, or the Pound Slerliiir, a.s coined by tne Mint Indentures, f;rai;i.T. 5,400-000 5,400-000 5,.333-333 4,800-000 4,320000 4,320-000 3,600000 2,880-000 2,880-000 2,880-000 2,880-000 2,880000 2,560-000 2,162-162 l,297-2()7 864-8(54 864-864 864-864 1,902-702 1,911-351 1,902 702 1,920000 1,858-064 1,868-064 1,858-004 1,858-064 l,858-0fi4 1,745-454 Gold. Number nf Gr^iins of Fine Gokl in 20 Shillings, or the Pound Ster- ling, .-IS coined by the Mint Indeu- lures. Graim. Number of Grains of Standard Gold, 22 Cams fine, iu 20 Shiltini^s, or the Pound .Ster- ling, as coinfcil by the Mint Inden- tures. Orains. 407-990 445-080 383-705 418-588 .358 125 390-682 358-125 390t)82 322-312 351-013 257-8.50 J81-291 238-750 200-454 238-750 260-454 238-750 260-454 238-7.50 9'i0-4,54 210-149 229253 191 666 2()9-090 176-000 192-000 160-f)00 174-545 160-000 174-545 155-294 109412 16O00O 174-545 160000 174 545 159166 173636 160000 174-545 157-612 171-940 141-935 154-838 128-780 140-487 118-051 129-438 113-001 , 123 274 113001 123-274 Proportionate Vi>hie nf fine Gold to Fine SHver, according to the Huanliiy of each .Metii con- tained iu the GoU to SUta. 10 12-091 I — 11-571 I — 11158 I — 11-1.58 — 10-331 I — 10-3;J1 — 11-15S I — HISS j -11-158 — 11-158 — 11-2B!J — l()-434 ' — 6-818 I — 5-0fl(r ' — 5-000 — 5-151 I — 11-000 i — 11-050 t — 11-057 — 11-100 ' — Ifl-iKM ' — 12-i09 I — 13.346 I •14-485 I • 15-209 1 ■14-287 I II I Mo. HI. Scotch Coins.- Account of the Number of Pounds, Shillings, and Pennies Scotch, which have been coined out of One Pound Weight of Silver, at different Times ; with the Degree of Ptirily of such Silver, or its Fineness, from the year 1107 to the year 1601.— (From Cardonnel'a JVimismata HcotiiP, p. 24.) 4- A. I). Anno Regni. From nor to I I Alexander I. Daviil I. William Alexander II. Alexander III. John Ballot Robert 1. Robert II. Robert III. James I. 38 39 Purity. Oz. pio. 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 Alloy. Oz.pw. 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Value of the Money coin- | ed ou' a A. D. Lb. Weight of Silver. £ ». d. 1451 1456 1 1475 1484 1488 1489 1529 I I 1544 1556 1565 1 5 1567 I 9 4 1571 1576 1 9 4 1579 1581 1597 1 12 1601 1 17 Anno Regni. James II. James III. Jjames IV, James V. Mary James VI. 15 20 16 24 sn i2« 16 3 14 23 1 5 10 13 15 31 35 Pnrily. Ox.pw. 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 11 11 11 11 9 80 11 11 II 11 Val«c of the i Money coin- 1 Alloy. ed out of a j Lb. Wei?ht of Silver. Oz. pw. £ s. d.i 18 3 4 i 18 4 16 1 18 7 4 18 7 18 7 0; 1 9 12 i 1 9 12 I 13 1 18 1 18 3 16 14 4 16 14 1 22 1 24 I 30 1 36 J i w * 1,551—5 Edward VI.] The coinage of debased silver money in the 5th vear nf Edward VI. of 3 oz. fine, ought more properly to be considered as Tokens. Tlie sum of 120,006/. only was so coined,-- (See Jamr.i'g KssayK, chap, iv.) + 1816— .56 George III. 1 The government having taken the coinage of silver into its own hands, there is at present no fixed price paid to the public, by the mint, for standard silver. And stipiinsin!! the government to mntintie the present mint rceulations, and to keep cold at 77.';. 10,'f/, an onitoe, as Ihe price of silver varies, tlie relativu value of gold to silver will vary in like proportion. COINS. 389 '. or tlie Pound Ster- oy, conlaiiK.'d in Mi* lie Rcipn of William ticiniil Valiin of Fine ^oins. — Calculated in "' 5. Graini Prnporiinnite J Gold, Value f.f fine fine, ill Gold to Fine ^n, or SHver, accnrdinc SttT- tn the t^uiiitity of tifcii by e»cli Mem con- Dden* llined is the IS. GoW(oSawr. 80 I 10 12091 m 1-11'571 82 1 — 11159 82 1 — 11158 13 1 — lOSSl 1 «J1 1 — io-3;ii 54 1 — 1115S 54 1 — HISS 1 54 1-1M58 54 1 — 11-159 53 1 — 11-268 no 1 — 10-434 no 1— 6-818 45 1— 5-Oflft 45 1— 5-000 12 1 — 5-151 45 1 — 11000 45 1 — 11-050 36 1 — 11057 >45 1 — 11-ino HO 1 — 10-004 <38 1 — 12-109 87 1 — 13-346 38 1 — 14-485 E* 1 — 15-209 rr4 1 — 14-287 nnies Scotch, whii;h the Degree (if Purity nlonnei'a M'amismata Valie of Ihe i Money cnin* ' ■f. AWoj. ed nut of a | Lb. Wei?ht of Silver. V. Oz. pw. £ s. d. t 18 3 4 I 18 4 16 n ! 18 7 4 8 18 7 ! 18 7 ) 1 9 12 ) 1 9 12 1110 13 ) , 1 18 ) ! 1 18 ) 3 16 14 ) 4 1 16 14 ) 1 1 22 ) 1 1 24 ) 1 30 ) 1 1 36 of Edward Vl. of 3 Illy was so coined. - nto its own hands, (•r. And siipposins 10J(/. an ounce, as purtiun. )jo,lV. Scotch Coins,— Accotint of the Number of Pounds, HhillinRs, and Pennies Scotch, which have been coined out of One Pound Weight of (idld; wilh the degree of their Purity, and the Pro- portion that the Gold bore to the SiWet.— iCardonnel, p. 25.) A.D. 13Tl,&c. 1390, &c. 1434 1451 1456 1475 14S4 1488 1529 1550 151)7 1579 15(17 IliOl 1633 Anno RefnL FineDMS. Robert 11. Robert II. James I. James II. Jntnes III. James IV. James V. Mary James VI. Charles I. 19 IS 20 16 24 1 16 14 10 13 31 35 Oz. pw, gr, U 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 11 11 11 11 11 II 11 11 11 11 10 10 11 11 11 Alloy. Vjlue of Ihe Coin] Pound of Pure Gold coined out of One weixhefl of Pur« Pound of Gold. ."^ilvi Oz. pw. gr, 1 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 10 U 17 13 19 4 22 10 33 50 78 78 15 78 15 IS 108 144 240 240 360 432 492 iff. oz. 11 1 II 1 11 1 9 8 9 8 pw. ifr. 17 22 17 17 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 2 22 •a 14 14 20 7 9 7 9 9 C 20 11 Xn. v.— Account of the value of the Gold and Silver Coins, specifyinij each, coined at the Mint, each Year since 1790.— (Pori. Paper, No. 138. Sess. 1833; and papers published by the Board of Trade.) Yean Gold coined. Silver coined. Van. Gold coined. Silver coined. £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ e. d. £ .V. d. 1790 2,660,521 10 Nil. 1812 Nd. .52 14 1791 2,456,566 17 « Nil. 1813 519,722 3 6 89 18 1792 1,171,863 U 251 17 1314 Nil. 101 4 1793 2,747,430 Nil. 1815 Nil. Nil. 1794 9,558,894 13 6 Nil. 1816 Nil. 1,805,251 16 1795 493,416 U 393 11 U 1817 4,275,337 10 2,436,207 12 1796 464,680 3 Nil. 1818 2,862,373 10 576,279 1797 2,000,297 5 Nd. 1819 3,574 10 8 l,2(i7,272 12 1798 2,967,504 15 U Nil. 1820 949,516 10 817.717 4 1799 449,961 15 u Nd. 1821 9,520,758 13 10 433,686 1800 189,937 3 6 Nd. 1822 5,356,787 12 6 31,4,30 7 1 1801 450,243 3 53 7 1 1823 V 759,748 10 285,271 16 1802 437,018 18 « 62 U 1824 L 4,065,075 282,070 16 1803 596,444 12 « 72 6 8 1825 4,580,919 417,535 16 1804 718,396 17 77 10 1826 5,896,461 7 fi 608,605 16 1805 54,668 5 182 18 U 1827 2,512,6,36 17 6 33,019 10 1806 405,105 15 Nd. 1828 1,008,559 2 6 16,288 3 1807 Nil. 108 10 1829 2,446,754 12 6 108,259 16 1808 371.744 2 NH. 1830 2,387,881 2 6 151 16 1809 298,916 11 U 114 14 1831 587,949 14 5 33,6'.;;'. 5 8 I'lO 1811 316,935 13 312,263 3 6 120 18 NU. Total £69,856,894 8 9 9,183,259 6 9 Nn VI. Gold Coins of different Countries.— A Table containing the Assays, Weights, and Vi.liies of the principal Gold Coins of all Countries, computed according to the Mint Price of Gold ill England, and from Assays made both at London and Paris, which have been found to verify each other.* ♦♦♦The publishers of this work have purchased the right to publish this Table from Dr. Kelly, in llie second edition of whose Cambist it originally appeariul. COINS. Asny. Weight. standard Weight. Conteri'3 in Pure Gold. Vilue in Sterling. Car. fr. Dwl.gr, l}wt.gr,7ni. Graint. J. U)(. (fr. DwtKr.mi, O'raifM. «. i(. England - Guinea . - - - Stand. 5 !)i 5 » 10 118-7 21 0- ■ Hnlf-guinea . . - - Stand. 2 16J 2 16 15 593 10 6- ■ »T Seven sliilling piece Stand. 1 19 1 19 39-6 7 0- ■ SovereiKii . - - - Stand. 5 3i 5 3 5 1131 80 ■ France - Double Louis (coined before 1786) - W.O 2 10 11 10 5 6 224-9 39 9-64 ■ »Vi Louis .... W. 2 5 5i 5 2 2 112 4 10 10-71 ■ 8w Double Louis (coined since 1786) - W.O li 9 20 9 15 19 2126 37 7-53 ■ Louis . . . - W.O li 4 22 4 19 19 1063 18 9-75 ■ Tr Double Napoleon, or piece of 40 1 ■ Td francs .... W.O IJ 8 7 8 3 179- 31 8-36 ■ Napoleon, or piece of 20 francs W.O U 4 3i 4 1 10 89-7 15 10-5 ■ New Louis (double, &c.) the same as ■ the Napoleon. ■ Franckfort ON THE Maine Ducat - B. 1 2i 2 5J 2 9 14 520' 4-34 ■ Geneva - Pistole, old - W.O 2 4 7i 4 4 18 92-5 Ifi 4-45 B Tu Pistole new - - . - W.O Oi 3 LIJ 3 15 4 80- 14 1-9 ' ■ Genoa - - Sequin . - . - I). 1 3^ 2 '.,i 2 10 6 63-4 9 5-41 ■ Un Hamburgh - Ducat (double in proportion) B. 1 2i 2 5? 2 9 14 .52-9 9 \-y^ V Vei Hanuver - George d'or . - . - W.O u 4 6i 4 5 3 92-6 16 iM\ B Ducat .... B. 1 3i 2 5i 2 10 3 533 9 5-10' H VVl Gold florin (double in proportion) - W. 3 Oi 2 2 1 18 .39- 6 I0'^3 ^B' Holland - Double ryder ... Stand. 12 21 12 21 83-2 ■50 I'll). ■ Ryder Stand. 6 9 6 9 140-2 Ducat .... B. 1 2i 2 5i 2 9 12 52-8 H Malta - - Double Louis ... W. 1 3i 10 16 9 18 18 215-3 38 \-a' H EA! Louis ..... W. 1 3 5 8 4 21 16 106- 19 1-37' ■ Demi Louis .... W. 1 21 2 16 2 11 3 51-5 9 7-73; ■ Milan • - Sequin .... B. 1 3 2 5J 2 10 53-2 9 4'!iv H Doppia or pistole ... W.O 1 4 li 4 8 88-4 15 7-74 B 40 Lire piece of 1808 W.O IJ 8 8 8 4 179-7 31 »'(;4 H Naples - Six ducat piece of 1783 W.O 2i 5 16 5 12 18 121 9 21 ri>ti H Two ducat piece, or sequin, of 1762 W. 1 2^ 1 20i 1 16 6 37-4 6 7'4>2 ■ Three ducat piece, oroncetta, of 1818 B. 1 3i 2 lOi 2 15 1 58-1 10 :!'4o ■: Netherlands Gold lion, or 14 flnrin piuce Stand. 5 7} 5 7 16 117 1 so H'llj' H Ten florin piece (1820) W.O u 4 7j 4 5 15 93-2 16 5'i|3 ^^ Parma - - Quadruple pistole (double in propor- i ^H' No: \ tion) ... W. 1 18 9 17 12 18 386- 68 3-7s: H v»> Pistole or doppia of 1787 W.O 3 4 14 4 10 4 97-4 17 2«5^ ^m- mai Ditto of 1796 - . - . W. 1 Oi 4 14 4 8 14 95-9 l« li6;i ^H Maria Theresa (1818) W.O 1* 4 3i 4 1 10 89-7 15 10-5 1 ^B Piedmont - Pistole coined since 1785 (i, &c. in 1 ^B proportion) ... W.O U 5 20 5 17 125-6 22 275: ^B Sequin (J in proportion) B. 1 2i 2 51 2 9 12 52-9 9 4 34, ^H Carlino, coined since 1785 (J, &c. in 1 ^^E proportion) ... W.O li 29 6 28 20 634-4 112 3-,1Si ^B Aus Piece of 20 francs, called Marengo W. 2 4 3i 3 18 4 827 14 7-63; ^B Poland - Ducat .... B. 1 2i 2 5i 2 9 12 52-9 9 4 34 ^B Portuoa I, - Dobraon of 24,000 rees Stand. 34 12 34 12 759- \U iW ^B Dobra of 12,800 rees Stand. 18 6 18 6 401-5 71 (l-70i ^B Moidore or Lisbonnine (\ &c. in pro- ^H portion) . - . . Stand. 6 22 6 22 152-2 26 11-24 ^B Bad Piece of 16 testoons, or 1,600 rees - W.O 0} 2 6 2 5 14 49-3 8 8-70 1 ^B. Bav Old crusado of 400 rees W.O 0.J 15 14 18 13-6 8 4>'*l 2 7-43 i 3 2-441 9 404 i 9 371 ; 32 S'iHli 16 5-Ot) i 32 7-m: 16 3«l 'J 2-.-6I 64 1143; 9 4(*<. 9 37l! 3 117- 3 1 32 16 16 30 9 i) 16 16 10 20 5-4!; •2-31 1-U.V 1-* hW 371 4-34 rw 3M 3-W' 8-46 i 65 10 05. 63 902 COINS. Spain - Treves TURKEV Tuscany Pistoln of 1801 Coroiiilla, gold dollar, or vintem of ISOi , . . . Sweden - Ducat - . . - SWITZERLAND Pistole of the Helvetic Republic of 1800 .... - Ducat .... - Sequin fonducli of Constantinople of 1773 .... Sequin fbnducli of 1789 Half missier (1818) Sequin fonducli ... Yermeebeshiek ... • Zecchino or sequin ... Uuspone of the Kingdom of Etruria United States ♦ Eagle (iand i in proportion) - Venice - Zecchino or sequin (^ and i in pro- portion) .... Wibtemdero Carolin .... Ducat .... Ducat (double and I ducat in propor- tion) ... EAST INDIES. Mohur of 1770 Mohiir, Half (1787), i in proportion Mohur Sicca of IScngitl Mohur of the Dutch East India 7 Company. (1783) / Mohur, Hnlf Ditto (1801) - Rupee, Bombay (1818) Rupee of Madras (1818) Pagoda, star - . . Aiiajr. far. gr. W. 1 1 W. 1 2i B. 1 2 w. u B. 1 2 W. 2 W. 2 W. w. B. B. B. W. B. 1 3f W. 3 2 B. 1 2 B. 1 2 W. 3 W. 3 B. Stand. W. 3 Wei|ht. Lwl. fr. 4 8i 1 3 a 5 4 2U 2 5} 3 5} 2 Sf 18i 3 5 2 1} 3 5J 6 17i 11 6 2 6 6 3i 3 5 3 5} Stand iini Weight 4 2 6 1 18 3 8 12 4 19 g 3 9 8 1 23 6 1 22 16 13 5 1 22 7 3 4 13 2 10 14 7 7 13 11 4 8 2 10 10 5 4 2 8 12 2 9 8 22J 23i 23 10 2 3J 11 12 4} 8 11 15 186-8 4 16 10 94- Contents | ill pure Gold. 90-1 22-8 51-9 105-9 52-6 43-3 429 12 16 42-5 70-3 53-6 161- 2461 53-6 113-7 51-9 52-6 Value Id Sterling. I. d. 15 11-35 4 0-42 9 222 18 8-91 9 3-71 7-94 711 1-82 6-26 8 15 8 8 4 18 18 7 11 13 7 12 1 21 11 189-8 183-4 96-2 164-7 165- 41-8 12 5-30 9 5-83 28 5-93 43 6-66 9 5-83 20 1-47 9 322 3-71 33 0'72 16 7-64 30 1-04 32 5-50 17 29 0-30 1-78 29 242 7 4-77 No: vn. Silver Coin.? of iufferent Countries.— A Table containing the Assays, Weights, and Values of the principal Silver Coins of all Countries, computed at the rate of 5s. 2d. per Ounce (Standard, from Assays made both at the London and Paris Mints. COINS. Assay. Weight. Dwt. gr- standard Weight. Contents in Pure Silver. Value in Sterling. Ot. dtol. Dwt.FT.mi. 6'mint. f. d. Austria . Rixdollar of Francis 11., 1800 W. 1 5 18 1 16 4 .155-5 4 1-64 Rixdnllar of the kingdom of Hungary W. 1 2 18 1 16 6 1 .S60-9 4 2-39 Half rixdnllar, or florin, Convention W. 1 3 9 0} 8 3 1 179-6 2 1-07 Copftsiick, or 20creutzer piece W. 4 3 4 6i 2 16 3 59-4 8-29 17 Creutzer piece ... W. 4 8 4 2 9 18 .53-5 7-47 Halhi! copf, or 10 creutzer piece W. 5 5 2 11 1 7 1 2.-<-8 401 Raden - - Rixdollar .... W. 1 4 18 2 16 3 1 3581 4 2- Bavaria - Rixdollar of 1800 (i in proportion) W. 1 4}, 17 12 15 13 13 345 6 4 025 Copftsiick - - - - W.4 3 4 6i 2 16 3 1 59-4 8 29 Bern - - Patagon or crown (i in proportion) W. 7 18 22 18 7 14 406-7 4 8-79 Piece of 10 hatzen ... W. 1 2 5 3 4 14 17 102-5 1 2-31 Bremen - Piece of 48 protcs . . - W. 2 2 11 8 22 1 198- 2 3-64 Brunswick - Rixdollar, Convention W. 1 3 18 1 16 4 4 359-2 4 215 Half rixdollar - . - W. 1 3 9 Oi 8 2 3 179-6 2 107 Gulden, or piece of |, fine, of 1764 . B. 16 8 10^ 9 1 1 200-8 2 4-03 Gulden, common, of 1764 W. 1 2 9 8 2 10 180- 2 113 Gulden, ditto of 1795 W. 2 2 11 u 8 23 7 199-1 a 3-80 Half gulden, or piece of}, of 1764 - W. 1 2 4 12 4 1 5 90- 1 0-56 Denmark - Ryksdaler, specie, of 1798 - W. 13 18 14 17 11 17 38H-4 4 6-23 New piece of 4 marks W. 12 13 9 11 16 14 259-8 3 0-27 Half ryksdaler ... W. 13 9 7 8 17 8 194-2 2 .I'll Mark, specie, or t ryksdaler W.3 1 4 2 21 12 64-4 7-59 Rixdnllar, specie, of Sleswig and Holstein (pieces of f and i in pro- portion.) .... W.O 12 18 13 17 12 6 389-4 4 6-37 Piece of 24 skillings W.4 7 5 2i 3 2 10 68-9 962 England - Crown (old) ... Stand. 19 Sh 19 8 10 429-7 5 0- Hall-crown . . - - Stand. 9 16i 9 16 5 214-8 3 6- Shilling .... Stand. 3 21 3 21 85-9 1 0- Sixpence ... Stand. 1 22i 1 22 10 42-9 6- Crown (new) ... Stand. 18 4i 18 4 7 403-t} 4 8-36 Half-crown . - . - Stand. 9 2 9 2 4 201 8 2 418 Shilling .... Stand. 3 15i 3 15 6 80-7 11 27 Sixpence . . - - Stand. 1 19} 1 19 14 40-3 5-63 France - Ecu of 6 livres ... W.O 7 18 18 18 7 16 403-1 4 8-28 Demi ecu .... W.O 7 9 9 9 1 18 201-5 2 4-13 Piece of 24 sons (divisions in prop.) W.O 7 3 20 3 16 19 834 11-64 Piece of 30 sous (i in proportion) W.3 8 6 12 4 12 4 100-2 1 1W| t * ,n 302 COINS. i I France Geneva Genoa - Hambvroii Hanover Holland !> •* I t I I * > «■ \i - l ' Franc of 1809 Demi franc . . - Frunc (Louis) of 1818, lame as franc of 1809. - Patii({(in . . - Pieci! of IS sous of 1794 - Sciido, of 8 life, of 1790 (i, J, &c. in proportion) ... Sriido of tlie Llgtlrian Republic - Ki.xdollar, specie ... Uoiililc ninrk, or 32 schilling piece (siniile in proportion) Piece of 8 scliillings Piece of 4 schillingfl - Kixdollar, Constitution Florin, or piece of }, fine Half Horin, or piece of i, ditto Quarter, or piece of 6 good groschen, ditto .... Florin, or piece of ^, base - Hesse Cassel Kixdollar, Coni'cH'inn Florin, or piece of ^ (i in proportion) Ttialer of 1789 ... Ecu, Convention (li-15) Don pros .... - DncHtoon .... Piece of 3 florins ... Rixdollar (tlic assay varies) Hirtfrixdollar ... Florin or fiuilder (i in proportion) - 12 Sliver piece ... Florin of Batavin ... Rixdollar, or 50 stiver piece, of the lM' 1 0-fifi W. 5i 22 14 22 10 4('H-i) 5 8-2fi W.O 5 22 14 22 1 16 4110- 5 8-42 W.O 4i 7 20J 7 16 13 1 I70-8 1 l-HS W.O 8 16 U IS 11 12 j .1437 3 1-99 W. 1 2 18 1 j 16 6 ' .■ifiO-8 4 2-38 W.2 17 15 m II II 6 j 254 3 2 11 -.-il W. 4 2 6 ! 3 18 16 1 84- '1 1-72 W.O 4 11 j 10 19 239-2 >> U-40 W.O 6i 9 8 9 1 0; 200-2 2 3-95 W.O 7 9 9 9 1 18 j 2016 2 ■•15 W.O 7 4 16 4 12 10 100-4 1 20i W.O 7 2 n 1 22 18 43-4 eofi W.O 4 9 3 1 8 23 : 198 2 2 4 67 W.O 9 2 4^ 2 2 8 466 6-,W W.O 9 2 1 22 0: 42-5 5-93 W.O 9 1 2| ^ 1 1 4 ' 23-3 3-25 W.O 9 23 1 022 ' 20-4 284 COINS. 393 Contents in Pure Si.ver. (jrainx. 09-4 34-7 351- 361 457-4 454-3 3U7-5 210-3 50-1 28-3 400-3 200-3 99-2 48-6 199 6 353- 176-8 259-7 349-3 10-3 471-6 4l(i-4 375-9 1«54 M6-8 92-4 141-6 367-9 391-9 210-3 I05-I 372-3 29-3 337-4 17-7 319-6 52 8 529 320-2 772 3S5-2 I26-8 287-4 29,V4 356- 3" '19 355-2 295-1 474-6 445-5 395-2 31-3 124 3 148-4 75- 350-6 3579 !l()-7 4SN-9 490- 1708 343-7 360-8 254 3 84- 239-2 200-2 2016 100-4 43-4 198-2 46-6 42-5 23-3 20-4 Li 9-(ii) I 4-84 I 1-03 5-04 5 3-87 5 3-43 4 7--J9 2 4 2 I 2 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 2 1 1 1 4 4 2 1 4 3 II-ll 2-.I1 8-li2 7-37 7-3S 5 3fi fi-iw 3-9.') 7-K9 3% 1-85 6:s a-,s7 i-;w n-tis 02t> 077 5« 2-33 4-»0 l-ss 8 in 0-0(1 3-37 6-72 5-30 2-67 3-!l8 ■1-09 3 3 8-71 10-78 5-78 570 4-13 5-24 1-71 1-41 I -fin 5-20 6-27 2-20 IS 4-37 1 5 35 1 8-72 10-40 4 0(15 4 1-97 1 fl-fiti 5 8-20 5 8-42 1 II -85 3 1I-H9 4 2-38 2 11-51 ') 11-72 ■i 9-40 2 3 95 2 -15 1 2-Oi 6-Ofi 2 4 67 6-50 5-93 3-25 2-84 COINS. Away. Weight. Weiglit. Conlenli in rum Silver. Graint. V.ilue in Sterling. Ot. dwi. Dwt. gr. DwI.gr.mi. d. C01.0.Mt.« iricce of 8 macule?, of Portuguese i' Africii - - - . W. 7 12 7 4 14 159 8 1 1031 Ditto of 6 ditto - . . W. 9 5 13 5 7 12 118- 1 447 Ditto of 4 ditto . - - w. y 3 10 3 12 8 78-1 10-90 1 PrUSSIiI - ♦Uixdollar, i'ruasian currency, (i in proportion) - . . W. 2 5 14 6i 11 9 2,12-6 2 11-27 1 Rixdollar, Convention W. 1 3 )8 1 16 4 2 359- 4 2-13 Klorin, or piece of | ... W.2 3 11 2 8 22 8 198 4 2 3-70 Florin of Silesia W.2 2 9 11 7 16 170-3 I 11-78 Drittel or piece of 8 good grosclien W. 3 3 5 Si 3 20 4 85-3 11-91 Piece of 6 grosclien W.2 8 3 14 2 19 6 623 8-69 Rome " - Sciido, or crown (coined since 1753) W. 4 17 1 16 17 13 371-5 4 3-87 Me/.zo scudo, or half-crown W. 4 8 12i 8 8 16 185-7 2 1-93 Testone (1785) W. 5 5 2 4 23 4 1103 1 3-40 Paolo (1785) - - . . W. 4 1 17 1 16 4 .37-2 5-19 Grosso, or half Paolo (1785) W. 5 20J 20 18-5 2-.5S Scudo of the Roman Repuhlic (1799) W. 6 17 1 16 13 18 .•?6S-l 4 3-40 RlSSIA - - Ruble of Peter the (ireat - \V. 2 7 18 1 II 1 8 312-1 3 7-58 Ditto of Catherine I. (1725) W.2 4i 17 11 13 23 ,309-9 3 7-27 Ditto of Peter 11. (1727) W. 2 12 18 5J 13 23 4 Slo- 3 7-28 Ditto of Anne (1734) W. 1 11 16 Hi 1 1 6 16 ans 3 8-29 Dittnof Elizahcth (1750) W.l 7 16 12 14 11 16 321-8 3 8-93 Ditto of Peter III. (1762) - W.2 2 15 10 12 12 277-5 3 2-75 Ditto of Catherine II. (1780) W..2 4 15 12 12 10 6 275-9 3 2-52 Ditto of Paul (1799) W.O U 13 12 12 15 10 'JHO-8 3 321 Diltoof Alexander (1802) - W. 13 13 1.! 17 7 2 273- 3 2-12 Ditto of ditto (1805) ... W. 16 13 12 12 12 12 278-1 3 2-.'<3 20 Copeck piece (1707) W.2 2 3 10} 2 19 62-6 8-74 Ditto (1784) .... W.2 2 3 3 2 12 18 56-2 7-84 15 Copeck piece (1778) W.2 2 2 6 1 19 18 40-5 5-65 ■4 ^ 10 Copeck piece ... W.2 6 2 1 1 14 16 .35-9 511 Ditto (1798) - - . . W. 14.1 1 9 1 6 16 2-^-5 3-97 Ditto (1802) - - - . W.O 13 1 8i 1 6 11 2-t-3 3-95 5 Copeck piece (1801) W. 1.3i Ifii 15 10 15-3 2 13 .Sardinia - Scudo, or crown (i and i in prop.) W.O 7 15 2i 14 15 324-7 3 9-34 Saxony - Rix-doUar, Convention (i and i in proportion) . . - W.l 3 18 16 3 4 3.58-2 4 2-01 Piece of 16 groschen of Leipsic W.2 2 9 9i 7 14 16 169-1 1 1161 Rixdollar current of Saxe Gotha - W.4 4i 18 1 11 4 2 248-1 2 10-64 1 l-6th Thaler of 1804 - W. 4 11 3 11 2 19 45-3 6.32 Ditto of 1808- W.4 Hi 3 5i 1 21 8 42 1 5-87 Ditto of Jerome Bonaparte of 1809 - W. 5 4 3 17 1 23 6 43-7 610 SICILV - - Scudo (i in proportion) W. 1 4 17 14 15 16 6 3482 4 0-62 Piece of 40 grains ... W. 1 2 5 21 5 7 2 117-5 I 4-40 Spain - - -fDollar, of late coinage W.O 8 17 8 16 17 370-9 4 3-79 ll,-\lf dollar, ditto - - - W.O 8 8 16 8 8 10 185-4 2 1-89 Mexican peceta (1774) W.O 8 4 Ti 4 3 16 92-3 1 0-88 Real of Mexican plate (1775) W.O 8 2 3J 2 1 20 461 6-43 Peceta provincia of 2 reals of new plate (1775) W. 1 9i 3 18 3 6 722 10-08 1 Real of new plate (1795) W.l 9i 1 21 1 15 .36-1 504 Sweden - Rixdollar (1762) W.O 12 18 20 17 19 10 395-5 4 7-22 Rixdollar of late coinage - W. 14i 18 17 17 12 388-5 4 6-28 SwiTlERLAND Ecu, Of rixdollar of Lucerne, J, &c. in proportion (1715) W.O 14i 17 H 16 5 8 .360-1 4 2-28 Old gulden, or florin of I,uccrne(1714) W. 1 19 8 14.; 7 2 8 157-5 1 9-99 Ecu of 40 batisen of Lucerne (1796) W.O 5 19 18 13 14 4123 4 9.57 Halfditto . - - . W.l 2 9 20 6 20 12 196-7 2 3-46 Florin, or piece of 40 schillings of Lucerne (1793) W.l 5 4 22 4 8 14 96-8 1 151 Ecu of 40 l»af/.i>n of the Helvetic Re- public, 1798 (i in proportion) W.O 6 18 23 18 10 14 409-5 4 9-18 Ecuof4franken (1801) W.O 7 18 U3 18 8 12 407 6 4 9-18 Tl-RKEV - Piastre of Selim of 1801 W. 5 6 8 6 4 7 8 95-7 1 1-36 Piastre of Crini Tartary (1778) W. 6 13 10 5 4 2 4 <.M)-9 1 0-69 Piastre of Tunis (1787) W.O 51 10 4 8 6 96-5 1 1-47 Piastre (1818) W. 5 14 6 6i 3 1 4 67-7 9-45 Tl'SCANV - Piece of 10 Paoli of the Kingdom of Etruria (1801) W.O 4 17 135 17 5 18 382-9 4 5-16 fcuilo Pisa of ditto (1803) - W.O 2 17 12 17 8 4 385-0 4 5-76 Piece of 10 lire ditto (1803) - n. 7 25 6 26 1 12 578-7 6 8-80 Lira (1803) - - - - B. 7 2 8 2 9 10 .53-4 7-45 United States tDolliir, 1795 (i, &.c. in proportion) W.O 6J 17 8 16 19 16 373-5 4 415 D.illar (179N) W. 7 17 lOi 16 21 6 374-9 4 4-35 Dolliir (1802) . - - - W. lOJ 17 10 ! 16 14 .368-3 4 3-42 Dollar, aa average of 8 years W.O 8i 17 8 i 16 16 .370-1 4 3-68 Dime, or one-tenth dollar (1796) W.O 4 I 19,V! 1 18 14 39-5 5-71 Half dime (1796) W.O 7 21J 21 195 2-72 ♦The Prussian coins, having been debased at ditferent periods, vary in their reports. tThis isthe coin which is universally circulated under the name of the Spanish dollar. t The American dollars, and inferior silver pieces of late coinage, vary in fuieness from W. 4 dwlB. to\V.9tdwts. 50 ■am I , tWW't'JHia I 394 COINS. 1 ■ I COINS. Amjr. Wcighl. Sl.inilinl Weinlll. Cnii ten's ill pure Guld. f>:. Jwl- DwI. rr. />uj(.rr, mi. Graini. Venicb V'u'cv. of 2 lire, or 24 cretitzera (1800) Ditto of 2 lire, cnlleil inoneta pro- W.8 4i 5 m 1 13 2 33-4 vincinle (180H) W.8 3 5 13.1 1 11 8 .?28 Ditto of 2 lire, 1802 (J nnd } in prop.) W.8 4 .1 (ii 1 8 10 ,105 WiRTEMBURO Ui\(liilliir. specie ... w. 1 a 18 1 10 14 2 3MI1 CopflBiicIt - - . . W. 4 2 4 lOJ 2 10 12 50-8 EAST INDIES. Rupee Sicca, coined by the East In- dia Company nl Calcutta - n. 13 7 lU 7 22 17.5-S Calcutta (1H18) Stand. 8 8 l-.lil nonihay, new, or Sural (1818) W. Oi 7 11 7 10 4 104-7 Fanain, Cananore - - . VV. u 1 llj 1 11 10 .32-9 Horiibav, old - . - n. 13 1 llj 1 13 10 35- Pondiclierrv - - - n. .-^i 1 Oil 1 1 2 22'8 Ditto, double - - - W.O 3 1 18} 1 1 18 2 .30- Oulden of the Dutch R. I. Co. (1820) W.O 7i 6 22 1 6 16 6 148-4 Sterlinu, 'I !■ 8 ■ The sterline value of the foreign coins, in the foret'oinp tablcR, lins been enmpnted from tlie assav-- ns follows;— Let it he ri'ruiired to aasien the value in sterliu!.' of a Freitch double Louis d'or cninJrl since IT'^O, the assay master's report heinc as follows :— " Weiclit, 9 dwts. 20 prs. ; assay W. IJ grs. '' that is, car. H grs. worse than the English standard. We proceed as uiuler :— ' From 22 car. er. the fineness of English standard gold, Take IJgr. Remains 21 2^^ Theii,as22car. : 21 car. 2} prs. : : 9dwts.20 prs. : Odwt. 16 prs,, the standard gold contained in thcLnniv d'or ; nnd hence, as 1 <>■/.. : 3/. 17,<. lOJi/. : ; 9 dwts. 16 prs. : II. lis. lid., the value of the Louis in sler- linp money, and so for any of the other coins. Ancient Coin.«. — We subjoin, for the convenience of such of our readers as may at any time havo occasion to consult works in which reference is made to ancient coins, the followinp tables of tlin?o that were principally current nnionp the .lews, Greeks, and Romans. They were calculated by Dr. Arbuthnot {Tiiblen of Jjnricnl Coins, lVei!rkfn,i^c. 4to ed. Lond. 1754.), and do not difTer materially frou the tables of Piiucton, whose JiWroloiric (4to. Paris, 1780), is the most complete and elaborate work that has ever been published with respect to ancient monies, weiphta, and measures. At the same time we confess we should not he disposed to place much reliance on these tables, and we have else- where stated our reasons for holding this opinion. — (Art. Money, Supp. to Encyc. Britannka.) ■ i Names and Proportious. Gerah Jewish Coins. 10 Deknh - 20 2 Shekel 1,200 120 50 3,000 60,000 6,000 Maneh \ Mina Ilebraica j* 60 I Talent Solidus aureus, or sextula, worth Siclua aureus, worth A talent of gold, worth Lepfon Grecian Coins. 7 Chal cus Dich 14 2 alcus .... 23 4 2 Ilemioboluin - - - 56 8 4 2 Obolus - . - 112 16 8 4 2 Diobolum 224 . 32 16 8 3 2 4 6 12 15 Tctrobolum 336 ! 48 24 12 24 12 U 3 6 Drachma - 662 ! 96 48 2 4 Didrac; Ni'i 1,321 112 <« 48 24 2 Tetrad 1,660 384 120 60 30 7i 5 U 1 P Value it £ s -00 SlCTlio;. d. ITS - 1 't\ - 2 3i - 5 14 oi - 342 3 9 - - 1 3,475 12 10 Oi 6 5. d. qrf. '}\ ll^ 2t^ 1 U 2 2i 5 Of 7 3 1 3 2 2 7 3 2 3 n Of these the drachma and didrachma were of silver ; the rest, for the most The drachma is here, with the penoralily of authors, supposed equal to the is reason to believe that the drachma was somewhat the weightier. part, of brass, denarius ; though tlieit COINS. 305 II. C'niiteiils ill piirt) GuW. V..Uifi„ i Slerlinn, mt. Orni'm. ». d. 1 2 334 4fi6 1 fl 32-8 4-,W in 3(1 S -I^S i 2 3fi!ll 4 5-14 ' 12 5y8 8-35 175-8 2 OM ' l-Sil 2 (l-5li , 1 I(i47 « 11(11 , 10 329 45 It) 35' 4'SS ! 2 22'S n 3'!n 2 39' 514 j 6 1484 1 8-72 V«laa in Sterling. £ ». d. 16 1} ipnfcrt from llip assays- iilili! I.oiiii) (I'lir cniiii'il rs. ; ussay W. Ugrs.,' contnincd in the I.oni.; le of the Louis in sttr- inny at any lime havo lowing talilHs of tlin.-c vere calculated liy Dr. differ materially from te and elaborate work ensures. At the saimi Ics, and we have elsg. ;. Brilannica.) Value in SlerliD?. £ S. d. - 1J9 - ' 't', - 2 3} - 5 14 0} - 342 3 9 - - 1 3,475 12 (H Ifi 6 s. d. qrf. - on 1^. - ^l\ » 'i 2 SI - 5 01 - 7 3 - 1 3 2 - 2 7 - 3 2 3 of brass. rius; though theie The Orecian gold coin was the stater aureus, weighing 2 Attic drachma, or half of the > slater argenteus; and exchanginR usually for 25 Attic drnclimas of silver . . y But according to our proportion of gold to silver it was worth - - - - 1 9 Thfire wore likewise the stntur Cyziceiius, exchanging for 28 Attic drachmas, or - 18 1 The stater I'liilippiciis, and stater Alexandrinus, were of the same value. giater Daricus, according to Josephus, worth 50 Attic drachmas, or - - - 1 U 3i (jtater Croesius, of the same value. Value and Froportion of the Roman Coins. Terunclus 2 4 Ser 2 nbella . • . Libella ) As ; - - 10 5 2i Sestertius i!0 10 S 2 Quinarius Victoriatus j ' 40 20 10 4 2 I Denarius Sterling. s. d. t/rg. 7 IS TSSO 1_SS 1 dO 3 » Iff £ s. d. I 4 3i 1 12 9 11 16 n 1 3} 3 3i 7 3 flic Roman gold coin, or aureus, weighed generally double the denarius ; its value, ■) niTording to the proportion nf gold to silver, mentioned by Pliny, was - - J Aororiling to the proportion that now obtains amongst us - . . . Accordiii!! to the decuple proportion mentioned by Livy and Julius Pollux Vfciirdiiig to the proportion mentioned by Tacitus, by which tlio aureus exchanged for 1 ■ 25 denarii, its value -----..-./ (1, American Eaole. This, which, with its subdivisions, is the only American gold coin, has lately undergone an important alteration. By the mint regulations of the United States, the eagle, which is declared to be the equivalent of 10 dollars, contained, previously to the 31st of July, 1834, 270 grains of standard gold, viz. : 246 grams pure, and 24 grains alloy. But, by an act of Congress, which came into operation at the al)0ve date, the weight of the eagle is reduced to 258 grains, of which 232 are pure and 26 alloy. In consequence of this alteration, the sovereign, that was formerly worth 4 dollars 57 cents, is now worth 4 dollars 87 cents, and is received by the Americans at this rate. We do not know whether it was the object of the American government, in enacting this Liw, to substitute a gold in the place of a silver currency; but it will most probably have that effect. Under the former system, silver was over-valued in the American mint as compared with gold ; and, as it consequently became everybody's interest to pay his debts in silver rather than in gold, the latter was nearly banished from circulation, precisely in the same way that the over-valuation of gold in the British mint banished all silver coins of full weight from this country, and that the over-valuation of silver in the French mint banished gold. — {Did. p. 382.) Under the present American system, it is believed that gold is over-valued from ^ to U per cent., so that an individual who has to pay a debt of 100/. and who employs metallic money for that purpose, will save from 25s. to 30s. by using gold rather than silver. This has certainly been the principal cause of that exportation of gold to the United States from Europe that has been carried on at intervals during the last four years, though it, no doubt, has been partly owing to other causes, and especially, perhaps, to the suppression of notes for less than 5 dollars in New York and other States. — (See Banks, American, pp. 130-168.) Amount of Gold received annually from the Gold Region of the United States from 1824 to 1838, both inclusive. Vean. Virginia. N. Carolina. S. Carolina. Georgia. Tennessee. Alabama. Nnt ascert.iiiied. Total. Mian. Dollart. Dollart. iMUart. Dollari. DoHari. Dollars. DoUart. 1824 _ 5,000 ~~ — _ ,— — 5,000 lS2i — 17,000 — _ — — 17,000 li<26 20,000 «- _ _ — 20,000 1*27 _ 21,000 _ _ _ _ 21,000 1528 „ 46,000 — . — ■ — » 46,000 1829 2,500 134,000 3,500 _ _ _ 140,000 1630 24,000 204,1100 26,000 212,000 _ _ — 466,000 Itfll 26,000 294,fi00 22,000 176,000 1,000 1,000 — (520,000 IS!2 34,000 458,000 4i,000 149,000 1,000 — 678,000 1833 104.000 475,000 66,000 216,000 7,000 — PRSOflO 1834 62,000 380,000 3^ooo 416,000 3,000 — S9^,000 1833 60,400 263,900 42, -.00 319,900 'lOO _ t2,2C0 698,000 •1836 ej.ooo 148,100 55,200 201,400 300 — . 467,000 1337 52,100 116,900 29,400 83,600 _ 2S2,000 I'iSS 65,000 482,000 66,000 13,000 36,000 1,500 — 200 171,700 2,648,500 340,600 1,799,900 13.000 1,000 12,100 5,298,200 Ann m» ft-:-: am Cim www HI 3 ■14) 1- * The amounts for the last three years have been added by the American Editor. 306 COINS. Fiiliir tif Fitrrign Gold Coins in ihc Cnrrevry of ihe Unilril Slaten.—U wnn ot(]orci\ hy nn net nf rnr. Rrt'foi, iihshimI ill the Haiiip liiiip uiili llic New Mint Act, Itint tlirrc " uliiill |iiikk ciirrcm ;in iiinticy, nn,! I)i: ri'ei'ivahUi in ail (laytiitMits. Iiy wclKlit, fur tlie payniunt of all tU>h\H mid iluniniids, I'riini and iifi,., the .'tist day of July, \kv\," viz. I. Tlif (jnld coins oi' firciit Uritnin, I'orlnKal, niiil lliazil, of nm l,.,. tinin 12 raralH line, at liw rat« of 0."} 8-10 rents per pennywriKtil ; 9. Th(! pold coins of (•'nincc, !l-|fi|||, fine, at llie rale of (Ci l-l(l cents per pennyweiKlil ; and, 3. The pold coins of Hpain, of tjie liiieiic.^, „.• ailcarnis 3 7 ■" ' " talilc has he 7-l(i praind, at the rate of SU U-10 ceiila per peniiyweiKlit. On this principle the foliowin, :cn calciilaled. ' i i Gold Coin« of Ortat Briliin, Portiiml A Dnijil, 22 canils fine. 0. nRITAIN. GuimOf (Iwlf -i""' 7*. piere in pm- portion) SovcrrifTn (h.\lf in nmportinn) H>nii'(iAi- Dohrann of 24.000 r<;i^ (lialf in pro* portion) Dobnori-',aX)re« Moi.iore Milrrc. n.i'i IIIIAZIL. DotiMon ■ Dohni MfMilore Weight. dvot. B39.S9 317l.fi23 M 12 18 6 6i! 19 3.4 34 12 IH 6 6 22 % 1 u a a. is, .3 ■^:i B ^O s .5 J 14 t» grains d. c. m. 1186 5 II 113 4 86 9 7-.9 32 70 6 401-!; 17 30 1 Ij2'2 8 -,;> 7 ll< 1 7S C 7.19 32 70 6 401 'fS 17 30 1 iri2-2 G Si 7 V.ilne i[i I). S. cur- rency, es* tiin.itfxl liy Ihe (|unnlily nf [Mirc i;olil conijurcd wilh thai in Ihe nt'W ra^If of 232 Kraiiif. d, c. m. 5 II 2 4 87» Gold Coins of Fmnce, n-IOlhi line. Double lotiia, coined since I7S6, (single in proporlion) Uouhlc naprtleon, (aio- ^le in |jro|)orliun) Nt:w hiuia Weight. dwt. 9 7 3 1.2 2I2'G 179 W-5 iVolf. — Tht'dnuhlc louii, Ioui.ij »nwt fcsj than 22 carats fine, * In the above l.able the coins am all presumed to be of full weijrhl, but fractional parts of a mill have neen disregarded in the. . , calculalion of their value. It will be found to he a sufficient appmi- Huadnipio pistole or imation to ihe truth for all ordinarj- purposes. To those who \vish| (''"'ibly. uthesovereinnis 113 iS-ll, 214 Brains, and that the true value ofi smele, and lull in the sovereicn, cnmnared wilh Ihe new easle nf 232 Brains, is pro|)ort|on) 4 H7-7 100. This is also ;!ie true par of eichaiiBe between Ihe Quarter pislole.or Bold VliilcJ Stales and London, and is ecpwl to a premium of 9 7-10 per '''^'j!}'< "'""'"' ■*'""' cent., as near as can be calculated, ou the nominal par of 4 44 or; <''f 109 7-10 for 100. Doubloon of l772,(Jou- ble anil single m pro. portion) Half pisKde of 1772 Quarter pistole of 1772 Weight. dwt, gr. 17 81-2 81-2 4 3 — ^ , 6. c n 375 3 24'2 372 46-3 23-9 V.llBf ,, X. S. a,- Irnicv, K.| [lin.iied It J Ihe iiiuvi'-i :ly "If-"- mill, it. 15 59 I 01 I IS 1; 61 1 »1 3^ 16 03 4; I 99 S 1 03 I I I f 2. IxT>iA?r Rupee. — Th(! variety of rupees of ilifierent weights ami values, rirculatingin different parts of India, was lont^ found to be productive of considerable inconvenience. But this is now nearly obviated, it having been enacted that, from the 1st of Septomlier, 183.i the coinage of former rupees should cease at all the mintd throughout India, and that in future there should be coined a rupee (with doubles, halves, and quarters), to lie called "The Company's rupee," which contains 165 grains {—) pure silver, and l.'i gmiiis {~^) allin. This new rupee, which is made legal tender in all payments, is equal to tlit^ t'orinrr Biiniliav, Madras, and Furrackabad standard rupees, and is receivable os an equivalent for them aii.l for the Sonat rupee, and for 'jiths of the Calcutta sicca rupee. It is worth, reckoning silver at Us. 2d. and !)s, M. an ounce, 1,'?. 11 r/. and 2s. Old. sterling. The new, or Company's rupee, bears on the one side the head of the reigning .sovereign of Great Britain, nml on the obver.se the words "East India Company," and the designation of the coin in English and Persian. Mo II I' R. — It lias also liecn enacted, that from the 1st of ."Seplenitier, IS3.5, no cold coins shall lieonimil at any iiiiiit in India, except sold inoiiiirs or iH rupee pieces (vvitli llie siihdivisions). cdiitajiiiiiiriirii l(i5 grains (U-liths) pure aold, and 15 frrains (l-l'2th alloy. Such iiiohiirs are co!isi'i|iieiilly worlti 2(iji. 2(/. each. Tliesc coins are marked in the same way as the new rupees, hut they are iiiit ligil lender.— Si/;).) [We subjoin the act of Congress of January 18th, 1837, relative to the Mint and Coinage of the United States ; annexing to it the other legal provisions still in force on the same .subject. ^n act supplementary to the art, entitled "Jin art establishing a vnnt,and re^vlatinff i heroins of Iki United Slates." Be it enarted hij the Senate and frovfc of Rrpresentatirrs of the United States nf Jinierira in CiWgrai assembled. That ihe oiricer.s of the mint nftheUnited States slmll he adirector, a treasurer, an assiiyer, a melter and refiner, a chief coiner, and an engraver, to lie appointed by the President of the Vniud States, by and with the advice and consent nf Ihe Senate. ? 2. jind fre it further enacted, That the respective duties of the officers of the mint slmll be as lollows : COINS. 397 nrrd by nn nrt nffor,. nirrcnl lis inmii'y, nnri imndu, t'riini :iiii| ;i|'i,.^ mill Hrii/il, of niii i,.,, )iTi» nf l''ranci', O-Uini, mill, of III)! riiicni'saiii' irinclple tliu fnllowin^ n-IOthi flue. rt Vjlue in 3 E» V. S. CUP. & rrnry, c. £ h Iinmpi p liy l|,e ,5 ^A qiHlilily 1 ( Uo CiiUiJurrl I* Ml lljf !.,« '■' •a^ .5, I. 9. cur. Irciicv. e*. ;iiniittd l,v' tlie im-;i. lly nfpcrfi ! mid, 4c. ' graititi d. c. m. 375 3 21-2 )72 46-3 23-9 15 59 1 01 1 1.1 ri9 1 fl4 7 I 01 I 16 IT 61 1 W 31 16 C3 i\ I 99 1 I 03 ■] allies, circulatinp;in nronvpnienco. But of iScplpmbpr, 183.i, India, ami that in ),tol)ecnlicJ"The .') srrniiis {—) ailny, tlip former Bonihav, ivaleiit, for them aiiil orth, reekmiing silver new, or Company''! t Britiiiii, and on tiv coin in Eiigiisii anJ jt ilil coins sliiill lii'foinul sinus). runt;iiTiiMi!i''iiii re ( iinsiMiuiMitly worth hut tliey lire mil Ug.il le Mint and Coinage in force on the same ■iilatinff the coins of lit ^\f Miiitrxca in ConpM ,' treasurer, an iissayer, Iresideiil of the Vn\H ■ the mint sliall be as Virtt. The director ehnll IiRvn the rontml nnd nianaaement of the mitil, the MiprTintendencR of tlie firticcri) and perHiiiiH eiiiiiloycd tln'reiii, and tlii! lieiierHl reKiilatloii and Hii|iervinlnii ol' the hiiHini'XK 111' the several lirandies. And in the nioiitli of ,laiiiiary of cvrry yrar he mIiiiII make ri'|i'irl to the (•rpi'i'|i>'r of all hiillion and roin in the mint, except while the paiiie is legally placed in the hands of .ilhcr ofTicfrs; and shall, on warrants from tlio director, deliver all coins struck at the mint to thii ,i,riii)n» to whom they iiliiill be legally payable. And lie shall ki'ep reeiilar and faitlifiil accounts of all •Jii' ttan!>actl>ins of iln; nilnl,ni bullion and coins, liotli with theotlicersof Iheiuint and the depositors ; :,imI jlialJ present, quiw-tf r yearly, to the Trenmiry Department of the United Slati's, aciMirdins to sncli (.inns as shall be prescribed liy that deiiartinent, an account of the receipts and dislmrsements of tlio uiinl, I'or the purpose of bein^ adjusted and settled. 77,in/. The assayer shall carefully assay all metals used in coinage, whenever such assays are riMpiiri'il In the ojieration* of the mint; he shall also make assays of coins whenever instructed lo du VI liy the director. Fiiiirlk. The melter and refiner shall execute all the operations which are necessary in order to form iiiurts ol standard silver or gold, suitable for the chief coiner, from Uie metals legally delivered to him f»r Ibat purpose. Fifih. The chief coiner shall evccnte all the operations which are necessary in order to form coins. .•onfnriDa'iile in all respects to the law, from the standard silver aiid gold ingots, and the copper iliini'hi'ts.'leaally delivered to him for this purpose. ' fiilli. The engraver shall prepare and eneravc, with the IcgaA devices and inscriptions, all the ■ill's used in the coinaRe nf the mint and its branches. { 3, jind lie it further enacted, That the director shall appoint, with the approbation of the President. ;,s«istaii's to the assayer, melter. and refiner, chief coiner and engraver, and clerks for the director villi treasurer, whenever, on reiiresentation made liy the direcli>r to the President, it shall be the ,)|iinion of the President that such assistants or clerks are necessary. And it shall be the duty of the isslslaets to«i;l their principals in the execution of their respective offices, and of the clerks to per- form such duties as shall be prescribed for them by the director. {4. 3nd be it further enacted^ That whenever any officer of the mint shall be temporarily absent, on (irroant of sickness, or any other sntricient cause, "it shall be lawful for the director, witli the consenl ,f the said oflicer, to appoint some person attached to the mint to act in the place of such otficer diir- ine liiB absence : and to employ such workmen and servants iu the mint as he shall from time to time find necessary. (15. And be it further enaclrji. That every officer, assistant, and clerk of the mint, shall, before he fillers upon the execution of his office, take an oath or atfirniation before some judge of the United Slates, or judge of the superior court, or any court of record of any State, faithfully aiwl diligently tu j'lTlorin the duties thereof. }t>. .4)i(! 6e it /(irtAcr fnacterf. That the following officers of the mint, before entering upon the exe- 'Ulion of their respective olfices, shall become bound to the United States, with one or more suretie!-, ;o thesntlsfiiclion of the Secretary of the Treasury, in the sums hereinafter mentioned, with condition ior the faithful and diligent performance of the duties of their offices, viz. : The treasurer in the sum 'f ten thousand dollars ; the assayer in the sum of five thousand dollars ; the melter and refiner in I'nc sum of ten thousand dollars; and the chief coiner in the sum of ten thousand dollars. And that i|y, mi allowaiiii' sliiill hi! iiiiiili.' In llu! ilcpiiHitiir fur llir valiii' nf kiiiIi niilal. ? l.'i. Jiiiil he II further iviirlril,'\'\m\ yii\wn liiillliin in liriiii([lil lo the mini, fur I'liinauc, il ulinll |),. Wi'IkIii'iI liy till' 'IVraHiirrr, in Ihr prrsi'nci' (if tlii' (lcp Ihc nnionnt of Ilii! chnrei'H lii'ri'iniil'ti'r provided liir, i„ III! maili' 111 llie depositor, for llie t'XiR'nses of convirtiiig the bnllion into sliimlard metal tit |„. c«iiiii«e. (^ IN. Jiiiil be itfiirlbrr ennrtrd, 'I'liat the only snlijeoln of charce by the mint lo thn depositor slriH hi- Ihe f illnw iiirf:— For redninjf, wlii'ii the Imllion is lielow stamlard ; for toiit'lienin)!, when metals an idiitaiiied ill il wliich render il niifit fur cniiiaue ; for copper used for alloy, iilliJIU'rl. Miirit. Cur roliingn, nh.ili Vruriittil, 'I'liiit it Hh;(|, iliillarH, mill any liiilln,,, II, TIml wlirn K'llil III I it cunridt liu ni'|mraii'>i mr\\ iiii'liil. ■|ir ciiiimu'c, II iilinll br. I', mill 11 rriri|il Riling I'ntlii- hiilliijii in iiiiinii t after iiiiiltiiig ilmii i„. fur rolniigp, tho trea- iiKiiiiyiMl ; liiit till Niirli the trt'usuri-r by iiit; rnsiircr Itw quality »> till' trrimiirt'r niuli in- iiuil'trr priiviilcil inr, m stiiiiilord ini!tal tit tu; 1(1 tlin ilopoHitnr ulifill h.« 'iiiiitt, wlii'ii ini'talH art (I'll tliK liiillion \» iili(ivi> I (Tolil and Kilv«r, wIk'h Oiall lie tixrd, I'riiiii linn: ry, so ns iinl to I'xcecij, I'lnpldyril in raili nrni,! I ho aocimiiteil IVir, iinj a wp|({lit nf the htiiiioii^ iinniit nf tliu ('liar|.'i's.>r' li'pdsiliir ; aril hi' >lia!| ilio (It'iioaitc, to l)u |iaiii lime, trnnsft'rri'il liy i|io niitiiiB till! wi'iKht anil Imiiils of tliH inciter aiiii n form it into iii;;iitMol' ■cil by thfl assayor, and licy fliall ho traiislirriil criilicato of their lint- geof wliifh the quality of Milver Mhall lie ustd li'Kiil slanilaril. nellcr ami reliiier, the II iilaciMl ill \\\* hands. ill ina.'ie ; anil that he tri'iisiirer ; anil iliat v.x aiiit rttiiier shiill founts may lie si'llh'J IfiTi-'UCi! Jx'tweeii llic 1st setllenii-iil. as an I'll two tlioiisaiiililiit livi^rt'd to him by iln. livt'r ovrrtn the chief 1(1 of these triuisfi'rs. 'd ill tlie hands (if tli<: from tbciii coins in all followinc devialionn 'ii the dollar and half lalf dime, half a jrraiii; •iiliyweiKht ; and that f I'oiner to the irca- dard wel'jht shall not pi'iiin weiu'hls in lUii' peiinyweii^hl in (mh- iltlits in one tliniisaiiit 'i^'ht ill Olio thou:iaii(l as the coins are pri"- ■ir kind, miinhiT, and see wild her the ceinp trials for this pur|iiii..' IkIu'iI se|iaralely,anil laiidard Imllioa, to he 10 chief coiner to the I take, iiidiscriininate- K! iiiiiiihi^r heiiii! |ire- liest appropriated tor iired thai neither can , deliver to the ttea- Pfftf va «( f oln J, unit lliai thn .m»?r, the chief III (ilaci'd in \m '•Wcr tMillioii .!(•> Ih^ lilt f i'V ll»«' Mirer. Ilii* rlipplnUH nnil othor pnrliond of hiillinn reiniiining after tjrasurcr nhnll keep n i iri fill rnconl of their itnioiiiil. ,1 'Jll. Jinil III- II fiirllirr I imrlrU, 'l\ml. In the treiisiirer's nfcoun' u illi imc tlilr rv\ni'' shall he dehiled with the iiuioiint in weiithl of slaiidaril im il of nil the lin hanils. and ireiliied with the iiinoiint. also hy welulit, of nil the cnin -. clippinxs, hiiii iiviTcd hy him to the trriisiirer, itiid that onco at least in every ye. if, at smli MDi .hill appnini, the chief coiner sliiill deliver to the treasurer all the iiiIih and litilli-m in hi* p' .|(in, so thai his aceoiititn may he settled up to tliiil time ; and, in this settlement, lie hIi * e< i„ a credit for the dilference hetweeii the whole amount of iiiKols delivered to liini, and of He .iiiil hiilliciii rei eived from him, since the last Hidllemonl, as an allowance for necessary wiisie i./ii/, 'I'liii this allowance shall not exceed two thoiisiindllis of the whole niiioiinl oi' the nih .1111' iind one half lhuu«aiullli uf the whole iiinoiint uf the xolil tliul hud tieen delivered to him ifcaKiirer. ,1.10. .'J'k/ 'if /V/«rfAcr ^Miif^ei/, That when llie coins wliidi are the ciiuivntent tn nny deposite of liilllinti Are ready fir delivery, tliey shall he paid over to llie depositor, or his order, hy the treasurer, nil :i warr lilt from the director ; and the p.iyments shall he made, if demanded, in the order in which ilii' hallioii sh'ill have Imm-ii liroiiitht to the mint, itivinit priority accordiiii; to priority of deposile only ; ,iii.|lhii ill the denoioiiialions of coin delivered, the treasurer shall comply with the wishes of the ili'iiD.'iiinr, iinlers w hen iinpracticahio or incoiivenleiit tu do go, in which cuHe tlie denoiiiiniitiuiiM of coin .|i,dl lie desimiated liy the director. Kll. -^iii' ')C il furl her r/iiicVi/, 'I'liat, for the purpose of cimhliui; llio mint \n make the returns lo ,li|i.i>iliits with as liltli! (lelRy as possihle, it sh 'II he the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to keep ,„ ihe said iiiliil, when tile siatiMif the treasury will admit then.'iif, a i|i'|iiisiie of siicli timoiint of niililir money, or of hiilllon procured for the imrpose, as \w shall .jiidije convonieiil and necessary, mil ixri'i-iliiii! om* iiiilliiiii of iliilliirs, out of wliii h tliosi! will) hriiiu hullioii to tin; mint may he paid the vahii' llii reiif. lis soon as iiracticulile after this viiliie has heeii ascertained; thai the hiilliou so de- pniiili'd sh.ill liecome the properly ol the riiiled States ; that no discount or interest shall he cliarifeil „n money so advanced ; and that the Secretary of the Treasury may at any lime w illnlraw the said ililiiislle, or any part tliereot", or niiiy, at his discretion, allow the coins forinert at the mint to he (jiven iiir llielt I'liiiivalent in other money. J M. .■/"'( '"" '' fiirllirr eiiiirlfil. That, to secure a due conformity in tlio cold ami silver coins lo their rf*|ii'itive standards and wciwlits, an annual trial sliall he made of the pieces reserved lor this pnr- IHji'iil the mint and its hranches. hefure the ,)iid).'e of the district court of the tiiiled Slates for the ,;,ilern dislrlit of I'etinsylvania, the allorney of the I'liited Slates for the eiisterii district of renn- Mlvaiiia. iiiid the collector of tlii! port of I'liiliidelphia, and siicli other persons as the I'residenl shall Vniiii limi' '" ''""' desimiate fur that piirposi', w ho shall meet as coniuiissioners for Ihe perforniaiiceof (hill ihity, on tlie secniid Mondayin h'thiaary, aniiiially, ami may coiitiiine their lue'tin^is hy iid.journ- iiieiil. if necessary ; and if ii majority of the commissioners sliiill fail lo at; nd at anytime apiiointed fnrtheir mei'linft, then the director of the mint shall call ii meidini! of ihe commissioners at such other time as he may deem convenient ; and that hefore these comniissiniiers, or a majority of them, .mil ill the iiresence of the olhcers of the mint, such exnminalion shall he made of the reserveil liiiid lis shall he jiidced sulHcient; niid if it Rliall appear that these iiieces do not diifer from the «ianihril fnieness and w.ji(Eht hy a greater i|iiaiitily than is allowed hy law, the trial shall he considi^red ami reliiir'"'' ""''"''*'''"'''"■>■ I Imt >f anv ureater deviation from the leiful standard or woiiflit sji;;;; appear. lhi< fact sliall he certilied to the PreHldent of the Untted Stales, and if, on n vi<"W of tlio cir- .iHiistinics of the rase. In; shall so decide, the officer or otiicers impliciited in the error shall he ihcniefiirward disqualified from holdiiii; their respective otrice.>). J.T). ^iii( he il fiirllirr rniieteil. That copper hiillion shall he piirclinspil for the mint, from time to time, ;iy the treasiuer, under instructions from the director ; that the cost shall be puld from the fund here- ;iiafler provided for; ami thai the copper bullion shall be of good quality, and in the forinof |daiicli«t!< tit fur passiiiif at once into the hands of the dtief coiner. J.'ll. .Iiid he it ffrlher eniirleil,TbAl the copper planchetg sliall he df.livered, from lime to time, by the treasurer to the chief coiner, to he by him coined ; ami all such copper shall he relutiied to the treasurer hy Ihe chief coiner, weiulit for weinlil, without allowanci! tor waste. }.15. ^niihe il furl lirr cnacteily'Vhat il shall he the duty of the treasiiri^r of llie mint to deliver the cop- per coins in exdiani-'e for their leual eiiuivalent in other money, lo any persons who .shall apply for iheia: /'ruriiM. That the sum asked for be not less than a certain amoniil to h- deteriuiiied hy the (lirertiir, and that il be not so great as, in his judijinenl, lo interfere with the capacity of the mint to eiipply other aiiplicaiils. {36. And he il further etuielnl, That the copper coins may, at Ihe discretion of the director, he de- livered in any uf the principal cilies and towns of the United rtlales, at the cost of tlie mini for transpertalinn. j:t7. .Inil hr it further enorted. That the money received hy the trcncnrcr in exchange for copper cdiiH, shall form a fund in his Imnds, which shall be used lo purchase copper planchels, and to pay ilieexpeiise of transportation of copper coins ; and that if there he a surplus, tin; same shall he ajipro- prlaleil to defray the contingenl expenses of the mini. (i.H. ^iid he it further cHdcfci/, That all acts or parts of acts heretofore passed, relatins to the mint andfiiins of the (iniled Stales, which are iiicoiiiiislent with the provisions of this act, be, and the 6aine are hereby, repealed. .ipprocei, Jan. IHlli, 1837. I. Other kval Provisions still in force. Provisions of Ihe Cimstilntian of the United Stntea. The CnnsreBS shall have power lo coin money ; remilate the value thereof, and of foreign coins ; anil fix the standard of weights and measures. — (Art. 1. } M.) No Stale shall coin money, or make anything but gold and silver a legal tender in payment of dehts.-(.Vrl. 1. D 10.) II. Rstailishmenl and location of the Mint. Bf it rniirted, Sec— JhHtn mint, for the purpose of a national coinage, lie, and the same is established, 10 he situate and carried on at the seal of governuienl of Ihe United Slates lor tlii? time being. — (Act of .\pril 2d, 17'.)'2: the seal of governuienl beiiii; then at Philadelphia ) Be It emrted,S(e., That, until the 4lh day of March, INOl, the mint sliiill ri'iuain in the city of Phila- delphia, and he curried on as heretofore, under the laws now in force, any law to the contrary iiol- wilhstanding.— (Aclof May Mill, IHOO.) Be. il emiricd, Src, That the mint shall remain in Philadelphia until the 4th day of March, in the year I3n.l-(\et of .March .Id, I'^Ol.) This net was revived and continued in force and operation, for successive periods of five years, until the 4lh of March, l&iS, when the location of tho mint at I'hiladelpliia was made permanent, by tlie ."oJlowing eaactiuent : r M. ail lUaiiM* UM **!*« IU# l,l.*^ # ii***ii3sr MM' ■r r-i .. iMit'ta <- ntt rntltlo(l"An nrt rnnrrrnlfiB flm mint," upprnvod Mnrrh thn ihln) I !,<' llhMi>':iiicl I'lulil liiiiiclrril iiiiil oiic, hi', and llic H:uni> hrrrliy |«, ri'vlvt'il mill continiivil ni Circi' ai„t < iic'rutiun, until utliurwlmj pntvlilt-il tiy liivv.- (Act ol' Mity lUtli, l^'J^•, { 1.) III. Monty of ttttounl of the Unilnl Stali$. He il fnarltd, i^-r., TImt Ihii tinini'y of nrioiinl iil' tin- rnlloil MIiiIi'h rthnll \m expreKneil In floOnn r,, iiiili!<, iliiiii'H or li-nlhii, rt'iilH or Ininiln'illliH, nnil iiiillN or thiinmiMilltiH j ii illniR lichiK Hie tcmii pan ol' a iliiihir, a cent thn hiinilriMllh part nf a dullar, a mill thr ihniiHaniltli purl nf a ilnlliir ; nnil ilim ;,|< ai'i'MiiiilH in thr I'lilillr iirhi'i'ii, niid all proc*'(MllnKH In llii' rnurt- nl'llic llnrlrit rttalt-H, nlinll Ixi |ii<|i| iim hud In i-onl'urinlty to llii* ri'uulutlon.— (Act of April *l, l'i«, { W.) IV. Copprr Ci>in$ turrint. Br it riiarliil, tf-r., TImt aftpf thi> I'xplrutlnn ol' nIx rali'ndiir nionlliH rrnni tlm liniu when Ihfrp aht!' h:iv)> lii'i'ii piild liilii till- ircaHury, hy llin Kniil dirn'tor, In I'i'nt.i and hnlf fful.*, a mini nut Icha i|,.,|, lillv tlimiHand (liilhirn— wliirh tliiie nliall rorlliwltli hr annniiniud l>y tho Ircamirrr in al liai i;ovi'rnnifnl of tin- llnlti'd HtatcK, fur thi'iim. Im'Iiii;- no cdppi'r niiiiB or plt'crn wlwildoi'vcr, except the Raid ceiilH and linff cinlH, Hliall pans r iiff,.,,. to inoiiey, or xliall lie paid or olferi'd In he paid, or received in piiynient for any delil, dein.iiiil, iiami niMlter or lliinir whalKovcr ; nnd nil ropfier coins or piece*. exfr|rt the naiil cenlM and half centi.ivliui >lrill he paid or olfered tii he paid, or received in paynn^nt, conirary to tile prohihition nforemiiij, ,|,;, III' liirri'lleil : and every perKiiii liy whom any of them hIiiiM have hern ho paid or iid'ered to In |,;,|,J or rei'i'ivi'd in payineiii, shall alxo forfeit the Kiini often dollarx ; nnd the nald forfeiture and iiinaii,' •i|i:ill and may he recovered with cosIh of Hiilt, for llie benellt of any person hv whom infiirnmidn „.' till' inciirriiiK thereof shall have liren piveii.— (Act nf May Hlli, ITII''2, ^ 'i. 1'he annunnceaii'in rr ({Hired liavini{ hevn duly iimdu liy thu Treuvurer of the Uiittt'd iitalc*, llii.i unaclinuni ij in ti,i; (orcf.) V. Fortign Coini Curriut. CHILD COI.vg. I. Pe il rnnrtril, i^-r.. That, from and after the thirl y-(irst day of July next, the fsllowinR jnliiroin, shall pass current as money ullliin the (Jiiiled Stales, and lie recelvalile in all paymenls, hy wi'i|;|,i for the payment of nil dehts nnd demands, at the rates following ; thai ia to say— the ffold ciiins ,|/ tireat llril'ain, I'ortiiL'al, and Itra/ll, of not less than twenty-two carats line, at the rale of uiiniij four cents nnd eiijht tenllis of a cent per peiinyweitfht ; the Kohl coins of Krance, nine teijtli>i line.'it the mil! of nlnety-lliree cents and one tenth of a cent per |iennywi'i)tlit ; and the yold coins nf HpiJii, Mexico, and Colomhla, of iht! linenesis of twenty carats, three K'ning and sijvt'ii aixtcHntliH of a gram at the rule of eiithty-nine centj am) niliu tentim of u cent |ier peniiy'WeiKlit. ' i'i. jIhiI bt iI further moiled. That it hIuiII he the duty of the Secretary nf the Trengiiry tofaiis,. .assays of the a fort said (fold coins, made ciirrnitt hy tlim act, to he had at the mint of the I'uiiej ."Slates, III least once in every year, and to niaku report of the result thereof to Coiigrcaa. SILVER C'OINII. } 1, Rt it cnaetfd, !fe.. That, from nnd after the pnssape of this art, tho follnwlnff silvor coins ahsll he of Ih'' lejsl vnliip. and shall paan current ai money within tlie United Statics, by tule, for tile pay. iiient (if all delits nnd deinands, at the rate of one hiimlred cents the dollar ; that is to sny— the ilnliaN if Mexico, I'eru, Chili, and Central America, of not less weight than four hnmircd and liflecii (triii!^ earli ; ui«l those restainped in Bra/.il of the like weight ; and of not less fineness than ten ouiiciv lifii. II pennyweichls pure silver in the Troy pound of twelve oinicca of standard silver. And thi live-franc piece of Fronce, when of not less liiiencss than ten ounces and sixteen pennyvvelt'liu, ju n\ elve ounces Troy weleht of standard silver, ami weij;hiug not less than 3S4 g.rain8 each, at the t'au: of ninely-lhree cents each. t)-i. Jliid be it further enucted. That it shall be tho duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to rau'i r.-i?.iys of the nfiiresaid silver coins, made current hy this act, to he lind at the mint of the Unilfu stales, at least once in every year, and to make report of the result thereof to Congress. (Actsc' June SMh, 1S3'».) VI. Old Standards and Weights of Coins. SILVER COINS. Be it rnneted, i^-c. That the standard for all silver coins of the United States shall be one thoosan'i four Immlred and eiKhlv-five parts fine, to one hundred and seventy-nine parts alloy; and. an-nn,. inijly, tliat one thoiisanii four hundred and eighty-live parts, in one thousand six hundred and sixu- t'onr parts of the entire weight of each of the said coins, shall consist of pure silver, nnd the reinaiii- ina one hundred and seventy-nine parts of alloy— which alloy shall be wholly of copper. (Act "• April 2d, 1792, J 1.1.) This standard corresponds to 892-4 thousandths. I!y i y of the same act, the weight of the dollar is fixed at four hundred and si.xtecn grains of ik above standard, and the weieht of the parts of the dollar in proportion. This standard and weight were retained until the end of the year 1H3G and the coins of this ptiiixl are still legal tenders of payment. GOLD COINS. Be it enacted, ^T., That the standard for all gold coins of the United Stntes shall he eleven pari'^ fine to one part alloy ; and, accordingly, that eleven parts in twelve of the entire weight of each of 111" said coins shall consist of pure gold, nnd the remaining one twelfth part of alloy ; and the saiJ clloy shall he composed of silver and copper, not e.xcceding one half silver, as shall be found cou- venient. (Act of April 2d, 1792, port of i 12.) This standard corresponds to twenty-two carats, or to 916! thousandths. By J 9 of the same act, the weight of the eagle was fixed at two hundred and seventy grains, and the weight of the half and quarter eagle in proportion. This standard and weight were retained until the end of July, 1834, when the following ciiaclinenls came into force. Be il etiiicted, djr.. That the gold coins of the United States shall contain the following qnanlitlcsof metal ; that is to say— each eacle shall contain two hundred and thirty-two grains of pure gold, and two hundred nnd fifty-eight grains of standard gold ; eoch half eagle, one hundred and sixteen grains of pure gold, and one hundred and twenty-nine grains of standard gold; each quarter eagle shall contain tifly-eight Brains of pure gold, and sixty-four and a half grains of standard gold. Every sutli eagle shalfbe of the value of ten dollars ; every such half eagle sholl be of the value of five dnilais; and every such quarter caifle shall he of the value of two dollars and fifty cents. And the said S'M coins shall be received in all payments, when of full weight, according to their said resiieclive values; COINS. 401 rovnil Mnri'h (hn ihlri) cunttnuvil In li)rc« aiiit t'xpresfcd III (InOnr* m n lii'liiK III)' ti'iilli imri n Im'Idk 111*- ii-iiui ^\nr\ I'll iliilliir ; nnil llmi .ir "•"- Klmtl Ixi kept uni talcD, «lmo wlmn ihf ji- ih,,ii 4, II Mlim lint It'KK |||,>,|, [tMiircr In at liaytm., ('(I HllllfK, fur the IJiii. ciilH, hIihII piiii.H fiirnii! ly ililil, ili'in.iiiil, il.iiiii tM anil hall'i rntn.whid lilhltliin nliirrHiiiil, rha;: ill or iiiri'ml to III' jiaiii, fiirri'iliiri' anil ihimiIi, V whiiin infiirni.Midii,,. 1'hi' iinniiiini:('rtii'iil te- s cnactuiunt ij in luii lln-MlnwInK jinlilfoiiij II imyini'iilH, hy Wrljln, Hiiy— llic xiilil mills 0'' ', at till- ralf of iiingiy tii'i;, ninn tciitlis tine, ii the (.'(ilil ruins iif Hpiiiu. ■11 sixti'ontim of a gram, r the Trensiiry locmiiif the mint of the ImM 9 CoiigreM. iwlnR HiJvnr coin* shall ti!S, by tuln, fnt itin pay- lat is to siiy— till! ilnllars iilrcU and lifteen graiib ii'iictis timn ten ounces indard silver. Anil ihc xtci'ii ppnnyvvi'ieliij, ill )!.TainH each, at the talc the Trensiiry to fiiu litiro weiiihl of each of if alloy ; and tin: said lis shall be I'oumI cuii- Ind seventy grains, and le following enactinenu jfollowing qnanlities of jrains of pare iiold, and Idred and sixteen grains Ich qnarter eaple shall |dard (.'Old. Every such I value of fivednllats; litp. And the said (.Mid laid reaiieclive values; and when nf lesi than full Wftlnht, at hin valiioi, prnporiionoil tn thnir reapectivo actual wvlahli. "Aciiof Jiino'iMIl, |h:ii. H ) Hi, It fiirihtr rnnrtril. That nil anlil roinn of Ihi' I'nili'il HliiteH, iiiliiii'd iiiilfrior to llii' tlilrly-llmt ,)., nf .Inly n>.\l, xhall lie n relviiblf In nil piiyiiiunta lit tho rate of iiini'ly-foiir uiiil el4hl li'iillm of a I per pi'iiii) welithl. (} .'I of III)' xaiiic m t.) Ih.'aliiivr Hlninliinl, which rorrenpoioU to HI caralit 9 14-43 irralnii, or ''IK.IW.^ thoimandllin, rontU niii-il iinlil the act of Janimry, IMH, when it ivaD rlianged to 1)011 IIiihikiiihIiIin. 'I'he wiiiilitH nf ihr i,'iilil .1114 weri- not, liuwevrr, ullerud ; anil all pM coliiii made after July, 'II, 1^31, aru li'ual inidrrH, m - ,.u(ilini! >u Iheir nominal valuuM, VII. Jtgainst Ciiunlerffitinff Coinn. gfilniM>fd.S[f.y That If any perxon or permiiiM nhall falnely iinikr, fnrBf", or roiinterfeit, or raii"i» nr pi 'Ore In he faUely niade, fnru'i'd, or rniiiilerfelli'd ; orwlllinuly iilil or hhhihI in liilHely iiiakinK. f iruini:. or eoiiiit'rfi'ltine. nii)r rolii in reNenihlaiiir or miiillitiide nl' ilie ((old or Kilver inin \\ liirli Iiih l>,-,'ii, or hereafler may he, roiiieil at the Mint of the llnileil HIiiIin; or hi the rem'iiililaiire ir miiiiIi- tii.ii' nf any foreign Kidil or nilver coin whlili liy law now l», or liereal'ler may he iiiiidi', iiimnt in tint I iiimI ."^lati'M ; '>r nIiiiII pasx, ntler, piihliHh, or Hell, or alleinpt to piiKH, iillir, piihliidi, or Kill, or iiriiig . , ili>- llnileil Slalefl from any forelKii place, wlili liitcnt lo [laHh. iillcr, piihlisli. or mil, iih Iriii', any . Ii filne, fiirtred, or ciointerfeili'd coin, kiiowiiiK tlie hiuiii' to lie laUe, forced, or i oiiiiterfeileil, \\ iiii ,i,i,.|it to defraud nny Ixiily, politic or rorporale, or any olher |ier«i'ii or persoiiM w lialcorver ; every p,>riii>n, Ko oireiiilinit, hIiiiII he deemed Knilly of filony, nnd Hliall, on coiiviitioii thereof, he piininlKil iiv tine, not exceedins live IhoiiHamI i|olluri<, and liy iiiipriHiniment nnd coMlineineiit at hard labour, iiiite.xi'ei'iliiiK ten yearN, aceordiiiK to the aKuravatioii of the nlfeiice Amllie It fiirllirrfnarleil. Thai if any permiii or jiernoiiH Hliall falnely make, foree. or cniiiiterfelt, or caane or procure to he falnely made, foriied, or counlerfi'iled. or williiiuly aid or ansist in falHely iimkinL', foriiiiiK, or counterfeilinif aiiv coin in the reHeiiililancu or Hiiiiilitiide of any copper coin which 1,^,1 1 n. or lienafler miiy he, coined at the mint of llie I'liited .>4|aleH ; or hIiiiII pa^n, ntler. piihliHli, irjill; or alleinpt to paHH, iiller, piildiHh, or Hell ; or hriiiu inio the I iiileil ."Elates from any lore lun ,i|,ii'i<. Willi inleiit to piiHM, utter, pulilinli, or Hell, iim true, any hiicIi falne, I'orued, or coiiiiterl'eiled roin, Willi iiileiit to defraud any body, politic or corporate, or any perHon or pernoiiM wlialHoevir ; every |i,.r»iiii xo otVi'iidinu hIiiiII he deemed uuilty of felony, and hIiiiII, on conviclioii llii>reo|', be punished by fine not exci'i'dini! one thoiHand ilollarH, and by imprisonment, and conlliiement lo hard lahinir, not .■iceedint! three ycarH. (Act of March :id, I*i3, }} 'M, Ul.) V'lII. .^gainst offences al. Ihe Mint. Bfil mnrtpj, i^-c. That If any nfthe uolil or silver coiiiH, which shall he struck nr coined at the mint (ifljic llnileil Slates, shall he debased, or made worse an to the proporlio.i of tine (.'old or line silver ilnreiii ciint.iineil i or nIiiiII be of Ichh weiulit or value iliaii the sanii! oiiulit lo be, pursuant to the si'ver;il ads relative thereto, through the default or connivance of any of the oilicers or pernoiis wlio iih'ill he employed at the said mint, for the piirpoHcs of profit or caiii, or otherwise, willi a fraudu- lent intent ; aiid if any of the said oHicers or persons shall embe/./.le any of the metals w Inch sball, at any time, he coinmitted to their char(re for the pin pose of beinir coined, or nny of the coins whii h '>UM be struck, or coined, at the said inliit, every such olhcer or persiui who shall cominit nny, ori'illier of tin- said otrences, shall be deemed guilty of felony, and shall be senli'iiceil to imprison me fit and hard labour, for n term not less than one year, nor more than ten yiMint ; and Rhnll ho lined m a lUiu nut exueuUing ten thousand dollars. (Act of March :id, lti'26, i 21.) I.\. Standard icci/tltts «/ the Mint. Bf i' tnnr.ted, i^c. That, for the purpose of securing a due conformity in welglit of the coins nf thn rnitcil States, to the provisions of the ninth section of the act, paused the seiond of April, one tlioii- .«aiid ni'Ven biindred and ninety-two, eiilitled. " An ni t eslablisliiiii; a mint, and reuulaliim the coiiiH oftlii' llnileil Stites," the brass Troy pound weight procured by the niinisier of the llnileil States, nl l.iindiin. in the year one thousand eisht liiindred and twenty-si'ven, for the use of the mint, and now ill llnMiistoiiy of the director ibereof, shall be the standard Troy |iouml of the mint of tlin I'nited Sl.ites, coiifiirniahly to which the lolnaue thereof shall be reL'ul.ited. Jiiil be I' /iirllirr'eiiiirted. That it shall be the ditty of the director of Ihe mint to procure, and safidy to keip, a series of standard w eights, corresponding to the aforesaid Troy pound, i oiisislinc of a one iioiMiil weiglil and the ri'iiuisite subdivisions and iiiiilliples thereof, from the hunilreillb part of a ):iaia to Iweiity-rtve poiiinls ; anil that the Troy weiiihls ordinarily employed in the transactions of llie mint, slcillbe rej.'iilated accordiim to the above standards, at least once in every year, under his ins|i>'iti<>n, anil their accuracy tested annually in the presence of the assay commissioners, on the day of llie annual assay. (Act ot May I'Jlli, l&iH, Uti 2, 3.) X. ^8iiay iif hiiUiiin not inlendtd for coinage. B« i/ cHiif '(•(/, Jj-c, That it shnll be lawful for the director of the mint to receive, and cause to be assayed, bullion not intended for coinage, and lo cause certificates lo be given of the lineness thereof, hy sinh olliier as be shall desit'iiate for that purpose, al such rates of charge, to be paid by the owner nNaid hiilliiui. and umler such regulations as the said director may from time to lima establish. (.\ttof May lUth, INW, J 7.) XI. Unexpended appropriations. Bfil enacted, ^T.. That in regard tn any sum which shall have remained unexpended upon nny .a|i|iropri.ition other than for the payment of interest on the fiinded debt ; for the payment of interest upon, and reimlmrseineiit. accoriling lo contract, of any loan or loans made on acconiil of the Ihiited Stales; for Wn- purpose of the sinkiim-fiind ; or for a purpose, in respect to which a longer duration i«spiM!i:il!y assigned by law, for more than two years at'ler Ihe, eMiiration of the calendar year in wliith tlie'act of appropriation shall have been passed, such appropriation shall be deemed to have iva^eil :inil been determined : and the sum so unexpended shall be carried to an account, on the hooks (if the treasury, lo be denominated, '• The surplus fund," &c. (Act of March ad, 171)5, J 16.) XII. Provi.iion for the piircha.-'e of bullion for coinage. Priirided, That it may ho lawful for the rresidenl of the Vnited States to direct transfers nf the piililic inonev to be iiiaiie, from time to time, tollie iiiiiit and branch mints of the l!iiited Stales, for supplying iiii'tal for coinage. (Proei.vo in 12 of the law regulating the deposiles of public moneys: approved, July, ll?36.) XIII. j9s< lo e.itahliah branches of the mint of the United Stales. Br it evaded, S^c. I'hat branches of the mint of the United States shall be eslablisli.'d as follow^s :— One branch at the city of New Orleans for the coinage of gold nnd silver : one branch at the town of Charlotte in Mecklenburg county, in the state of North Carolina, for the loiiiage of gold only : and one hraiith at or near Dahlonegii in l.unipkiu county, in the state of Ceoriiia, also for I'le coinage of gold only. And for the purpose of purchasing sites, erecting suitable buildings, and completing tlie neces- 2 L 2 51 t«*l'll«- M| •1/1 '» 402 COINS. i r\ s ■I if I ( , '•I sary comhinntionB of machinery for the Mverni branches nforeiaM, the following nntnr, tnrtic paid our of any money in the treasury, not otherwise nppropriiitcd, shnll be nnd hereby nre approprinteil : f„r the brnni-h at New OrlcnnB, the sum of two hundred tliouRand dollars ; fiir the branch at Charloiif fifty thouaand dollars ; und for the branch at Dnhlonega, fif^y ihoimand dcdiars. } 2. ^nd lie it further enar.led. That so soon us the necessary liuildings are erected, for the Well con. ducting tlie business of each of the said branches, the following officers shall be appointed upon the nomination of the President, and with the advice and consent of the Senate :— One superlntendpni one treasurer, one assayer, one chief cniner, one nielter, and one reflner. And the superintendent of each mint shall en$fage and employ as many clerks, and as many subordinate workmen and ner- vants. as shall be provided for by law : and the salaries of the said officers and clerks shall hp ^j follows :— For the branch mint at New Orleans :— to the superintendent, the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars : to the treasurer, the sum of tw ' 'housand dollars : to the chief coiner, the sujn of two thousand dollars : to the assayer, mclter and refiner, the sum of two. thousand dollars encil to two clerks, the sum of twelve hundred dollars each : to the subordinate workmen and servimt^ not exceeding twenty in number, such wages and allowances as nre customary and reasonable, acconi. ing to their respective stations and occupations. For the branches at Cliarlotte and Dahlonepi, i,, the superintendents, each the sum of two thousand dollars, who shall re.spectively discharge the (ijnv of treasurers : to the chief coiners, each the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars : to Hj;, assayers, uielters, and refiners, each the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars : to the (1.71,^ not exceeding one at each branch, the sum of one thousand dollars : and to the suliordiiiate wnrkriii.'ii and servants, not exceeding the number of five at each of the said branches, such wages and allniy. ancps shall he paid as are customary and reasonable, according to their respective stations and nccii- pations. And for the purpose of paying the said salaries, wages, nllowunies, and the incidenial expenses of the said branches of the mint for the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-five the following sums, to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated :— ibrihe branch at New Orleans, the sum of thirty-five thousand dollars; for the branches at Charlotte and Dahlonega, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars each. J 3. ^nd he it fnri her enacted, That the officers and clerks to be appointed underthjs act, before cniit ing upon the duties thereof, shall take an oath oraffirmatiou, before some judge of the United .Staii> faithfully and diligently to perfor;n the duties thereof ; and shall each become boitnd to the Uriitei States of America, with one or more sureties to the satisfliction of the Director of the Mint, ami the Secretary of the Treasury, with condition for the faithful and diligent performance of the duties 01' their offices. J 4. •^nd be it further enacted. That the general business of the said branches of the mint ofiiie United States, shall lie under the control and regulation of the director of the mint nt Philadelphia subject to the approbation of the Secretary of the Treasury ; and fur that purpose, it shall be tin' duty of the said director to prescribe such regulations, and require such returns, periodically, and (it caslonally, as shall appear to him to be necessary, for the purpose of carrying into effiict thi- iiiteniinn of this act in establishing the said branches : also, for discriminating the coins which shall bestanippd at each branch, and at the mint itself: also for the purpose of preserving uniformity of weight, I'orm, and fineness in the coins stamped at each place. And for that purpose, to require the trniisiiiils»ii)|J and delivery to him at the mint, from time to time, such parcels of the coinage of each branch as be shall think proper, to be subjected to such assays and tests as he shall direct. }5. And be it further enacted, That all the laws, and parts of laws, made for the regulation of ih, mint of the United Slates, and for the government of the officers and persons employed therein, aiu! for the punishment of all offences connected with the mint or coinage of the United Slates, shall lif, and the same are hereby declared to be, in full force, in relation to each of the branches of the niintj by this act established, so far as the same shall be applicable thereto. (Act of March 3d, 1835.) XIV. Amendment to the foregoing act establishinff Branch Mints. Be it enacted, ^c. That the officers of the branch mint at New Orleans shall be one snperiivtendeiil one treasurer, one assayer, one melter and refiner, and one coiner; and that the offifers ofue branch mints at Charlotte and Dahlonega, severally, shall bo one superintendent, who shall also per- form the duties of treasurer; one assayer, who shall also perform the duties of melter and refiner- and one coiner ; and the annual salaries of the said officers shall be as follows : for the branch ai New Orleans, to the superintendent, two thousand five hundred dollars; to the treasurer, the as- sayer, the melter and refiner, and the coiner, each, two thousand dollars ; for the branches at Char- lotte and at Dahlonega, to the superintendent, two thousand dollars ; and to the assayer and the coiner, each, fifteen hundred dollars. i 2. And be it further enacted. That so much of the act entitled " An Act to establish bratlr^cs nf the mint of the United States," approved the third dav of March, one thousand eight hundred a'lJ thirty-five, as is inconsistent with the provisions of tliis let, be, and the same is hereby, repeaW. The following table exhibits the amount of coinage at the mint, from the commencement of its operations in 1792 until the SUt of December, 1838, inclusive. > i y V ■ M. Tabular Statement of the Amount of Coinage at the Mint of the United States, Philadelphia, ia the several Denominations o'Coin, from the commencement of its operations until the 31st of De- cember, 1838, inclusive. Yeani. Hilf EaglM. Quarter E.iglet, Dollan. Half DolUn. QiurtrrDollm. Dimes. llair Dimea. Cenlj. 1792 1793 1794 1795 8,707 — 204,791 323,144 — — 86,416 1,066,033 1796 6,196 963 72,920 3,918 5,894 22,135 10,23(1 974,70(1 1797 3,609 859 7,776 — 252 25,201 44,527 897,510 1798 24,867 614 327,536 — — 27,550 9;!),700 1799 7,451 480 423,515 — — 9«M,W5 1800 11,623 — 220,920 — — 21,760 24,000 2.N*i,i:.i 1801 26,006 — 64,454 30,289 — 34,640 .13,910 l,.?f.2,»'.17 1802 53,176 2,612 41,650 29,890 — 10,975 1,1,010 .1,4:15,100 1803 33,506 423 66,064 31,715 — 33,040 37,850 2,47l,.ra 1804 30,475 3.327 19,570 156,519 6,738 8,265 756,* 1805 33,183 1,781 321 211,722 121,394 120,780 15,600 941,116 1806 64,093 1,616 — 839,576 206,121 — 348,(W 1807 84,093 6,812 — 1,051,756 220,643 165,000 — 727,221 COINS. 403 Ing sums; to-fm paid ritit ly are appropriated : fi.r I lie branch at Charlotte, 9. rcrtcd, for the Well con- be nppoiifted upon the : :— One siiperlnlendent. Ind the siiperinlendeni innle workmen and ser- and clerks xliall lip ^^ le Biini of two tlioiisanit he chief coiner, thesuni tlinnsand dullars eacn tvorknicn and servanis, and reasoniiblcacconl- lotte and Dnhlonega, in ively discharge the (liiiy lundrcd dollars : to ihi. I dollars : to the cI'tRs. le BUhordiiiute workrni'ii , such wn((«s and allow. active stations and occn- ices, and the incidi'nial hundred and thirty-five, e appropriated :— for the tnciies at Charlotte and ler this act, before enter Ige of the United St.iiis. lie lioitnd to the Unlleii nior of the Mint, and the brmance erf" the duties oi' chcs of the mint of ilie he mint at Philadelphia, purpose, it shall be tlic rns, periodically, and (It. { into effect the iHtenlinn IS which shall lie stamppj iformity of weight, lorni, require the trnnsuiis^inii gc of each branch as lie for the regulation of the 18 employed therein, and ! United States, shall hi', he branches of the uiint, of March 3A, 1835.) Mint). II be one suiterintendent, I that the officers of ue ident, who shall also pet- of meller and refiner; ows : for the branch ai the treasurer, the as- the branches at Char- to the assayer and ibe to establish brnnrhes nf sand eight hundred a'lJ line is hereby, repeateii. >m the commenccmest States, Philadelphia, ia ons until the SIst of De- Tabular Statement of the amount of Coinage— eonfinwd. Hair Dimn. Genls. 86,416 10,23() 44,527 24,000 33,910 13,010 37,850 15,600 1,C66,033 974,70(1 897,510 97!l,700 i 9(14,583 I 2,H2'i,i;5 i,3ra,>'r 3,4:15,100 2.471,153 750,* 941,1111 348,000 7»7,!SI Vein. 1803 Hair Eagles. Quarter Eaglet. Dollara. Hair Dollara. Quarter Dollan. Dimn. Half Dima. CenU. 55,578 3,710 ~- 1,368,600 — 1,109,000 1809 33,875 — — 1,405,810 — 44,710 222,867 1810 100,287 — — 1,276,276 — 6,355 1,458,500 1811 !)9,581 — — 1,203,644 — 65,180 218.025 1812 58,087 — — 1,628,059 — — 1,075,500 1813 95,428 — — 1,241,903 — 418,000 1814 15,454 — — 1,039,075 — 421,500 __ 357,830 1815 635 — — — 69,232 181« — — — 47,150 20,003 2,820,982 1817 — — — 1,125,567 — 3,948,400 1818 48,588 — — 1,960,322 361,174 3,167,000 1819 51,723 — — 2,208,000 144,000 — — 2,671,000 1820 263,806 — — 751,122 127,444 W2,587 — 4,407,550 1821 34,641 6,448 ' — 1,305,797 216,851 1,186,512 — 389,000 1822 17,796 — — 1,559,573 64,080 100,000 2,072,339 1823 14,485 — — 1,694,200 17,800 440,000 1824 17,340 ?'5!19 — 3,504,954 — 1,262,000 1825 29,060 4,434 — 2,943,166 168,000 510,000 — 1,461,100 1826 18,069 760 — 4,004,180 1,517,425 1827 24,913 2,800 — 5,493,400 4,000 1,215,000 2,357,732 1828 28,029 •— — 3,075,200 102,000 125,000 — 2,260,624 1829 57,442 3,403 — 3,712,156 — 770,000 1,230,000 1,414,500 1830 120,351 4,540 — 4,764,800 — 510,000 1,240,000 1,711,500 1831 140,594 4,520 — 5,873,060 398,000 771,350 1,242,700 3,359,260 1832 157,487 4,400 — 4,797,000 320,000 522,500 965.000 8,.362,000 1833 193,630 4,160 — 5,206,000 156,000 485,000 1,370,000 2,739,000 1334 7.32,169 117,370 — 6,412,004 286,000 635,000 1,480,000 1,855,100 18,15 371,534 131,402 — 5,352,006 1,952.000 1,410,000 2,760,000 3,878,400 1836 553,147 547,986 1,000 6,546,200 472,000 1,190,000 1,900,000 2,111,000 1837 207,121 45,080 — 3,629,820 252,400 1,042,000 2,276,000 5,558,300 1838 286,588 47,030 "— 3,546,000 832,000 1,992,500 1,255,000 6,370,200 Total. 4,220,422 949,130 1,440,517 91,443,993 6,524,069 1 14,854,600 15,984,243 82,241,302 The above table contains the number of the several denominations of coin, eagles and half cents excepted. Previous to 1805, the whole number of eagles coined amounted to 132,592. Since then none have been coined until the year 1838, during which the number of eagles coined amounted to 7,200. The number of half cents coined, down to the end of the year 1838, was 7,838,713. Deposltes and Coinage at the Mint and its Branches for the Year 1838. Mints. DEPOSITES. Gold. SiWer. Totil. U. S. Gold. Fortign Gold. Total of Gold. Philadelphia Charlotte Uahlonega - New Orleans i - nollart. 171,700 127,000 135,700 700 Bollnri. 1,452,800 3,600 6,100 39,900 nollart. 1,624,500 130,600 141,800 40,600 Dollan. 2,301,200 237,000 DoHart. 3,925,700 130,600 141,800 277,600 435,100 1,502,400 1,937,500 2,538,200 1 4,475,700 Minti. COI.NAGG. Gold. Silver. Copper. Total. PiecM. Value. Piecei. Value. Pieces. Value. Pieces. Value. Philadelphia Charlidte Uahlonega - New Orleans 340,818 20,780 20,583 DoUari. I 1,622,515 8,625,500 84,165 — 102,915; — — 1 402,430 IMInn. 2,293,000 40,243 6,370,200 Dnllars. 63,702 15,336,518 20,780 20,583 402,430 IMIari. 3,979,217 84,165 102,915 40,243 382,181 1,809,595 9.027,9301 2,333,243 6,370,200 63,702 15,780,31 1| 4,206,540| COIR, a species of yam manufactured out of the husk of cocoa nuts. The hunks being steeped in water, the dry dusty substance mixed with the fibres is separated. These are afterwards spun into yarn, and manufactured into cordage, that is deemod by some superior to that made of hemp. The goodness of coir depends on the fineness of the filaments, and on their being of a bright yellow colour. About 3,000,000 lbs. weight are annually ex- ported from Ceylon, principally to Calcutta, and other ports in the East Indies-. It is also prepared in the Maldivc Islands, and many other places; and is very extensively used throughout the East. — (BertolaccVa Ceylon,- Bell's Cornnierce of Bengal, <^c.) COLOCYNTHIS, COLOQUINTIDA.oh BITTER CUCUMUER (Ger. Koloquinteti; Du. Bitfer-appelen i Fr. Coloquintes ; It. Coloquintidd ; Sp. Colnquintidas ,• Arab, and Pers. Hunzil), the produce of an annual plant (Cucumis colucyntlUs Lin.) growing in UWVJI. ft«.4| 1/1 Wli: iiiiim <• 7i-i 01 1 ■• HI neM'viJM »B!-< ••'Htm •• 404 COLONIES. Turkey, Nubia, India, and other places, much rcsembUng the cucumber in hcrlwRc. When ripe, the fruit is peeled and dried in a stove ; and in this state is brought to England. It is inoilorous, but has an extremely bitter, nauseous taste. It is an exceedingly powerful drastic cathartic. When it is larger than a St. Michael's orange, and has black acute pointed ends, it is not good. — {Ain.slle'n Materia Iiidica.) COLONIES.— COLONY TRMHE.— Colonies are establishments founded in foroii^ countries by individuals who either voluntarily emigrate from, or are forcibly sent abroad l)v, their mother country. The colony trade is the tiade carried on between colonies and their parent states. I. ESTAIILTSIIMF-VT OF ColONIES. n. Hfliesik of tub MovopoLr of the CotoNT TnAnE. — Siavf.ut. in. Ma(}nitlm)f,, Pophlatiox, Tradk, Adc. of Bhitisii Colonies. IV. Keoulations undeh wiiuh Colont Trade is conducted. — Disposal op Lan'd IX THE Colonies, &c. V. Fokeion Colonies. ' I 1 i tKii I! II ■^, I-. I. Establishment of Colonies. (I.) Greek Colonies, — Various motives have, in different countries and ages, led to the formation of colonies.* The Greek colonies of antiquity seem to have been chiefly foundcl by citizens whom the violence and fury of contending factions forced to leave their nativp land ; but they were sometimes formed for the purpose of relieving the mother country of a redundant population, and sometimes also for the purpose of extending the sphere of com. mercial transactions, or of providing for their security. The relations between the mother country and the colony depended, in a great measure, on the motives which led to the esta- blishment of the latter. When a colony was founded by fugitives, forcibly expelled from their ancient homes ; or when it was founded, as was frequently the case, by bodies of volun- tary emigrants, who received no assistance from, and were in no respect controlled by, the parent state, it was from the first independent: and even in those rarer cases in which the emigration was conducted under the superintendence of the parent city, and when the colony was protected by her power and influence, the dependence was, mostly, far from being al)s<>. lute and complete. The great bulk of the Greek colonies were really independent states; and though they commonly regarded the land of their forefathers with filial respect, thoujh they yielded to its citizens the place of distinction at public games and religious solemnities, and were expected to assist them in time of war, they did so as allies only, on fair anJ equal terms, and never as subjects. Owing to the freedom of their institutions, and their superiority in the arts of civilized life to the native inhabitants of the countries among whom tiiey were generally placed, these colonies rose, in a comparatively short period, to a high pitch of opulence and refinement; and many among them, as Miletus and Ephesus in Asia Minor, Syracuse and Agrigentum in Sicily, and Tarentum and Locri in Italy, not only equalleJ, but greatly surpassed, their mother cities in wealth and power. (3.) Roman Colonies, — The Roman colonies were, for the most part, founded by and under the authority of government ; being intended to serve both as outlets for poor and dis- contented citizens, and as military stations, or garrisons, to secure the subjection of the con- quered provinces over which they were scattered. The most intimate jjolitical union was always maintained between them and the mother city. Their internal government wa.? modelled on that of Rome ; and, while their superior otficcrs were mostly sent from the capi- tal, they were made to contribute their full quota of troops and taxes, to assist in carrying on the contests in which the Republic was almost constantly engaged. (3.) Spanish Colonies. — The early colonies of most modern nations were founded by private adventurers, influenced either by the hope of gain, or by a desire to escape from reli- gious persecution, without any wish to relieve the mother country of a surplus population, or to bridle subjugated provinces. On their first institution, therefore, the modern colonies approached, though with some essential variations, more nearly to the Grecian than the Roman model — but the period of their freedom was of very limited duration. They were very soon subjected to laws and regulations framed in the metropolis, and calculated, as was to be supposed, rather to promote its interests than those of the colony. At a somewhat later period the foundation of colonial establishments was eagerly patronised by most Eu- ropean governments, in the view of extending commerce, and of enriching the mother country, ♦ Seneca has given, in a few words, a very clear and accurnio statement of the different motives that induced the ancieiils to found colonies. — "AVc omnibus eaiiein causa relinquendi iiinrremii'iiie patriam fiiit. Jlliiis ricidia nrhiinn suuruni, hotitilihiiK armiK flapnos, in iiliena, spolinloit nuin.ripnlfnnil: Aliiia dumeftira ."edilin nabmurit ; Alios nimia nupcrfluentis populi frequenlia,ad etuiierandan vires, fmmt: Mios peatilentia, aul frei/uens terrarum hiatus, aul aliqiia inloleranda iiifiliris soli ejicerunt : Quusdum fertilis ora; et in mujus taudal-'■■%>■> ••* :i V i 406 COLONIES AND s •Mm t Ml it I* M I ,' bcjran to be more sensible of the nntunil ailvantacfps of their situation, ami less incFinf d t.- submit to the blind and bigoted policy of the Spanish Court. In 1781, a rebellion broke out in Peru, in consequence of an attempt made by the government to establish a new monopoly in that province, which threatened to end in the total dissolution of the connection liotwcpri t^pain and South America, and was not ((uellcd without great difHculty and much bloodsheil. But the spirit of liberty, when once excited, could not l)e suppressed. It continuril to txuln ground progressively, until the commencement of the late contest between Fraiu-e and Spain interrujited the communication with the mother country, and gave the colonists nii oppor. tunity of proclaiming that independence which, after a lengthened and bloody struggle, ih(>\ happily succeeded in achieving. (4.) Bri/l.s/t Cdlnum. — The English, who, like all the other nations of Europe, had lieen impressed with mingled feelings of admiration and envy by the extent and importance of (hf, acquisitions made by the Spaniards in the New World, speedily entered with enthusiasm and ardour into the career of discovery. Owing, however, t(' the bull which Ferdinand and Isabella had obtained from the Pope, conveying to them the annile donation of all the coun- tries inhabited by infidels that the Spaniards had discovered, or might discover, the Eiiiilisji, to avoid encroaching on the dominions of iheir rivals, directed their elforts further to tlu- north. Several attempts to found colonies on the coast of America were made in the reiijp, of Elizabeth by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Richard f Jrcnville, Sir Walter Raleigli, ami others. But in consecjuence of their ignorance of the country, the deficiency of their supplier of provisions, the loss of time in fruitless searches after gold, and the various difliculties in- cident to the first settlement of a colony, none of these attempts proved successful : and i; was not until 1()07, that a small body of adventurers founded the first permanent establish- ment of the English in America, at Jamestown in Virginia. Letters patent were granted in 1809, by King .lames, to the principal persons resident in London, by whom the expense attending the formation of the colony was to 1)0 defrayed, incorporating them into a com- pany, and establishing a council in England for the direction of their proceedings, the mem- bers of which were to be chosen by, and removable at the pleasure of, the majority of the partners of the company ; permitting whatever was necessary for the support and sustcnani'c of the colony for the firsi 7 years to be exported free of duty ; declaring that the colonists and their descendants were to be secured in all the rights and privileges of Englishmen, the same as if they bad remained at home, or been bom in England ; annfif;h I to be paid to his Ma- [rs, the company issued, )rm to the constitution odgcd, partly in the state named by the ■epresentatives of the the House of Com- luarrclled. The latter nee, and partly under 150,000/. ill found- ing succeeded to the of America, book ix. e r of the hopes of gnin: Ini; hiclly plantcil by men ernment in the New religious oianions en- For a considerable exercisoil mast of the contest between free- dings. Subsriiuently gland states were cs- :d, became the favour- le Continent, with the imd, but al.-iikfor those ssitude of government e ardent and enthusi- 1. Kvery thing relat- es was determined, in The personal liberty except the restraints the mother country, 1 nearly the same de- tizens of tlie powerful republic of North America. Their progress in wealth and population was in consequence quite unprecedented in the history of the world. The white population of the colonies had increased in 1776, at the commencement of the revolutionary war, to above 2,000,000, and the value of the exports from Great Britain to them amounted to about 1,300,000/. a year ! It is not difficult to discover the causes of the unexampled prosperity and rapid growth of our North American colonies, and generally of all colonics placed under similar circum- stances. The North American colonists carried with them a knowledge of the arts and sciences practised by a civilized and polished people. They had been trained from their infancy to habits of industry and subordination. They were practically acquainted with the best and wisest form of civil polity that hud been established in Europe ; and they were placed in a situation that enabled them, without difficulty, to remedy it^ defects, and to try every institution by the test of utility. But the thinness of the aboriginal population, and the consequent facility of obtaining inexhaustible supplies of fertile and unoccupied land, must certainly be placed at the head of all the causes which have promoted the rapiu increase of wealth anu population in the United States, and in all the other colonics both of North and South America. On the first foundation of a colony, and ibr long after, each colonist Tets an ample supply of land of the heat quality; and having no rent, and scarcely any taxes, to |)ay, his industry necessarily becomes exceedingly productive, and he has every means, and cverj' motive, to amass capital. In consequence, he is eager to collect labourers from all quarters, and is both willing and able to reward them with high wages. But these high wages ,\ll'ord the means of accumulation, and, joined to the plenty and cheapness of the land, speedily change the more industrious labourers into proprietors, and enable them, in their turn, to become the employers of fresh labourers ; so that every class participates in the general im- provement, and capita! and population advance with a rapidity hardly conceivable in old settled and fully peopled countries. It has been frecjuently said, that the establishment of our American and West India colonies was a device of the supporters of the exclusive or mercantile system — that they founded them in the view of raising up a vast agricultural population, whose commerce should be confined entirely to an exchange of their raw products for our manufactured goods. There is, however, no truth in these assertions. (3n the contrary, the charters granted to the founders of the settlement in Virginia distinctly empower the colonists to carry on a direct iiilercourse ivith foreign states. Nor were they slow to avail themselves of this permission; for they had, so early as 1620, established tobacco warehouses in Middleburgh and Flush- ing, — lli-ibeiison's America, book ix. p. 104.) ; and the subsequent proceedings of the British jovernment, depriving them of this freedom of commerce, were the chief cause of those disputes, which broke out, in 1676, in an open rebellion of ominous and threatening import. — [Kobtrtson's America, p. 147.) It was not until the colonists had surmounted the difii- culties and hardships incident to their first establishment, and had begun to increase rapidly in wealth, that their commerce became an object of importance, and that regulations were framed in the view of restricting its freedom, and of rendering it peculiarly advantageous to the mother country. The act of 1650, passed by the republican parliament, laid the first foundations of the monopoly system, by confining the import and export trade of the colonies exclusively to British or colony built ships. But the famous Navigation Act of 1660 (13 lyharles 2. c. 18.) went much further. It enacted, that certain specified articles, the produce of the colonies, and since well known in commerce by the name of enumerated articles, should not be exported directly from the colonies to any foreign country ; but that they should first be sent to Britain, and there unladen (the wonls of the act are, laid upon the flwre), before they could he forwarded to their final destination. Sugar, molasses, ginger, fustic, tobacco, cotton, and indigo, were originally enumerated ; and the list was subsequently enlarged by the addition of coffee, hides and skins, iron, corn, lumber, «Stc. In 1739, the monopoly system was so far relaxed, that sugars were permitted to be carried directly from the British plantations to any port or place southward of Cape Finisterrc ; but the conditions under which this indulgence was granted, continued so strict and numerous down to 1803, when they were a good deal simplified, as to render it in a great degree nugatory. — (Edwards's Wcsf Indies, vol. ii. p. 452. ed. 1819.) ; and with this exception, the oppressive and vexatious re.^trictions on their direct exportation to foreign countries were maintained on most of the otlier enumerated commodities of any importance, down to the recent alterations. But besides compelling the colonists to sell their produce exclusively in the EngUsh markets, it was next thought advisable to oblige them to buy such foreign articles as they might stand in need of entirely from the merchants and manufacturers of England. For this jiurpose it was enacted, in 1663, that " no commodity of the growth, [)roduction, or manu- I'acturc of Europe, shall be imported into tiie British plantations, but such as are laden and put on board in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in English built shipping, whereof the master and three fourths oi the crew are English." The preamble to this statute, which efiectually excluded the colonists from every market for European produce, except that of England, assigns the motive for this restriction to lie, " the maintaining a greater con^spondence and kindness between the subjects at home and those in the plantations ; ■;':';■ ^'* '•• ..aKMuil iniH| 'I'HWlltlll; 1^ "11.1- .I'll .wP lliM<« imJ^ i|WW«VMI|| If! 9 i » * 40d COLONIES AND - "1 . I c trntt mtt ■I K .ain did not hinder her colonies from lioing glutted with prohiiiited conimoditios. And we may Imi assured that the moment a competitor appears in the iield rnpatile of supplying the Canadians and people of .lamaica with cottons, woollens, hardware, &c. eheajier than ivo can sujjply them, that moment will they cease to be our customers. Ail tlie revenue fltllcers, ai¥l all the ships of England, supposing them to be employed fv)r that purpose, would je unable to avert this result. The consequence of the American war ouglit to have led to sounder opinions than those that are still current as to the value of the monopoly of the colony trade. Has the inde[)end- ence of the United States been in any respect injurious to us ? So far from this, it is cer- tuiii that it has redounded materially to our advantage. We have been relieved from the fxpcnsc and trouble of governing extensive countries at a great distance from our sliores, at the same time that we have continued to reap all the advantage that we j)reviously reaped from our intercourse with them. It is visionary to imagine that wc could have succeeded either in preventing them from establishing manufactories at home, or from importing j)ro- Jucts from abroad, had any one been able to undersell us. Our command of the American market depends, iit this moment, on the very same principle — the comparative cheapness of our goods — on which it depended when we had a governor in every state. So long as we preserve this advantage, wc [ireserte the only means by which the monopoly of any distant market can be niainiairicd, and the only means by which such monopoly is rendered of the least advantage. But it is not to be supposed tliat, because restrictions on the trade of colonies can be of no real adv.mtage to tlieir mother countries, they are not often very injurious to them and to the coloTiies. W c could not, however anxious, exclude manufactured articles, and such tkeign goods as are valuable without lieing very bulky, from our West India islands, pro- \ided they were ollered cheaper by others. But such is not the case with lumber, provi- sions, itc. They are too bulky to 1ie easily fciniigciled ; and may lie, and indeed are, very much raised in price by restrictions on their importation. For many years past, all direct mtercourse between our West India colonies and the United States was interdicted ; and, in consequence, the planters were compelled either to supply themselves with lumber, staves, \c. by a distant voyage from Canada, or, which was by far the most common practice, from ihe Uniteil States, through the circuitous and cKpensivc channel of St. Thomas and other neutrul islands! In papers laid by tlie West India merchants and planters before the House of Commons (No. IViO. Session 1831), they estimate the increased expense they thus in- curred on lumber, staves, flour, shingles, fish, &c. at 15 per cent, of the entire value of these articles, or at 187,r)70/. a year. And it will be observed, that no part of this sum went into ■;he pockets of any British merchant. It went wholly to indemnify the Americans and others for heing obhged to bring their products round about by St. Thomas, insteail of direct from the States. This system grew out of the American war ; hut it is due to Mr, Pitt to state that it received no countenance from him. On the contrary, he introduced a bill, in 1785, for reviving the beneficial intercourse that existetl previously to the war, between the United ■States and the West India islands. But being opposed hy a powerful party in parliament. and by the ship owners and Canada merchants, he was obliged reluctantly to withdraw the uili. The following remarks of Mr. Bryan Edwards on this suhject are as applicable at this moment, as they were at the period (1794) wlteii they were written. "This," says he, "is not a business of selfishness or faction ; nor (like many of those ques- \ions which are daily moved in parliament merely to agitate and perplex governnii.Mit) can it be dismissed by vote. It will come forward again and again, and haunt administration in a thousand hideous shapes, until a more liberal poli<"y shall take [jlace ; for no folly can pos- sibly exceed the notion that any measures pursued by Great Britain will prevent the Ameri- ean states from having, some Ukik or oi\\er, a cimrjicrciul Inlcrcmirne with our West India lerrihrics on ihcir own terms. With a chain of coast of 20° of latitiKle, possessing the linest harbours for the pur[)ose in the world, all lying so near the sugar colonics and the track to Europe, with a country abounding in evory thing the islands have occasion for, and which they can obtain no where else ; all these circunistiinccs necessarily and naturally lead to a commercial intercourse between our islands and the United States. It is true we may ruin . ' r sugar colonies, and ourselves also, in the attempt to prevent it; but it is an experi- ment which (lod and nature have marked out as impossible to succeed. The prcf^erit re- slraining system is forbidding men to hell) each other .- men who, hij their neca^yitits, tlicir climak,and their productions, are standing in perpetual need if mutual assistance, and able to mpph/ it"— (Hist. West Indies, Preface to 2d ed.) We have also thought fit to interdict the West Indians from the refining, or, as it is tech- nicaliy termed, the claying of sugars. This is one of the few manufactures that might be advantageously set up in the islands. The process adds considerably to the value of sugar; Vol. I.— 2 M 62 I J III '*n, ; ; .lilKiM IM^ "II '".I .1 ..•!# 'K'l ':ism t i*I«3 ." llllll: '' i;::r''m •»iiii''iiit'i.':f*iM| rr-^ f. . I' f^. i' ' '4 J 410 COLONIES AND Mir ir ma., (tni .Ml Ml , I ^ ( and it might be carried on in tho luiildings, and by tho hands that arc required to Iioil tlio cane, or to i)r('p;ire the raw or muscovado sugar. Instead, however, of l)eing allowed torofim: their sugars on the spot, and where it might be done for a third of the cx[>ense that is re(juirfi] in Englanil, the planters have been prohibited from engaging in this branch of industry , and have been obliged to exjiort all their sugars, either raw or crushed, to England. Notliiiijj can exeeeil the oppressiveness of such a regulation ; and what is most singular, it has not been enforced, like most regulations of the sort, in order to bolster up any of the leading in- terests of the country, but merely to give a factitious employment to a very small class, — tlwt of the sugar refiners, whose natural residence is in tho West Indies. The planters and mer- chants estimate the loss caused by this preposterous regulation at 75,5.'J0/. a year. The distillation of spirits from sugar has only been occasionally allowed ; but provided the duties were so adjusted as to give no advantage to the planters over the growers of b^f. ley, or to the latter over the former, wc think the ilistillers should be, at all times, allowed tu distil indiscriminately from sugar, molasses, or grain. It is the duty of government to take care that the duties be so arranged as to give no unfair advantage to any party over another; but, having done this, it should do nothing more. To prohibit distillation from sugar, that a forced market maybe opened for grain; or distillation from grain, that a forced market may be opened for sugar ; are interferences with tho freedom of industry, for which no good reason has been, nor we believe can be, assigned. The interests of the planters have been sacrificed in many other ways besides those now pointed out, in tho view of securing some illusory advantage to our merchants and shiiv owners. Perseverance in this line of policy is the less excusable, as it is in direct opposition to tho principle of the measures introduced hy Mr. Robinson (now Lord Goderich) in 1822, and Mr. Huskisson in 1835; and sanctioned by the legislature. The avowed object of these measures was the subversion of the old colonial system, and the repeal of the vexa- tious restrictions laid on the trade of the colonies. "If we look," said Mr, Kobinson, "to the dominions of England in the Eastern hemisphere, we shall find the restrictive system has been entirely and systematically abandoned. The whole of the East India Companv':- territories have never been shackled with the peculiar restrictions of the navigation laws ; and who will say that the interests of commerce and navigation have suffered 1 or rather, who will deny that thei/ have been lutiteritilli/ benefited by the freedom they have enjoyuW — "I propose," said Mr. Huskisson, in 1 BSr), " to admit a free intercourse between all our colonics and other countries, either in British ships, or in the ships of those countries, allow- ing the latter to import all articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the country to which the ship belongs ; and to export from such colonies all articles whatever of their growth, produce, or manufacture, either to the country from which such sliij) came, or to any other port of the world; the United Kingdom and all its dependencies only excepted." Unluckily, however, the conditions and regulations introduced into the bills were, for the most part, in direct contradiction to the principle laid down in the speeches now quoted; nor is it easy, indeed, to conceive for what purpose the latter were made, unless it were to ex- hibit the impolicy of the former. Among otheriJ which will subsequently be specified, the act of 1825 imposed the following duties for the express purpose of securing to Canada and to British ships the supply of the West India islands witli food and lumber. Table of Unties inmnswl hy 6 Geo. 4. c. !M. on cerf.iln Artieles of I'rovisiun, rtml of WtHHi aiui l.unititT, not being the Gnjwth, Pro- duction, or Manufacture of the L'nitcil KlnE;eans, r\e, calavances, oats, barley, Indian com, Iheliushil ...... Rice, the 1,000 lbs. nett weight Live stock, 10 perceut. Lumber, viz. ShiiiEles, not being more than 12 inches in length, tlie 1,000 Shineies, being more than 12 inches in length, the 1,000 . . . . ; staves and headings, viz. Red.iak, tlie I.OiX) . . . , White oak, the 1,000 .... Wood boons, I he 1,000 While, yellow, and pilch pine lumber, the 1,000 feet ol 1 inch thick Z. J. ■070 14 li 12 a -110 Li.d. Other wood and lumber, the 1,000 feet of I inch thick I 8(1 Fish, beef, iK>rk, prohibited. The revenue derived from these and the other duties imiviiftl 1, the act of iy.J'), amounteil to about 75,000/. a year, and the chapti of collection to about (jH.OOOf. ! ' The ertects of these duties in adding to the prices of the food and lamber imported by the planters, is exhibited in the fultoni;;; statement of the prices of some of the principal of these artida a'. the L'nitetl States and the Continent, and in Canada and the L'mtej Kingdom : — Herrings (Danish) at the Island of St. Thomas, the barrel Ditto (British) in the coloiiiisi, the barrel M);ss heef, in Haniburgh, the barrel Ditto, in the United Kingilom, ditto Pork, in Hamburgh, the barrel Ditto, in the I'liite'd Kingdom, ditto Red oak staves, in the United States, per 1,000 Ditto, at (Juebec, pjT ditto .... White oak staves, in the United States, per ditto • Ditto, at tjuehec. jier ditto - Flour, in the I'nited States, the iKirrel Ditto, at ((uebec, ditto . . ■ Shingles, in the IJniled States, per 1,000 - Ditto, ill Canada, per ditto L. i.l I I II ii II li . 3 . 4 • 7 S J • 6 10 J • 10 6 2 - 1 I '1 .15 5 •OHO . 13 1! Tlie United States, who felt themselves aggrieved by the imposition of such oppressive duties on flour, wheat, and lumber, refused to accede to those conditions of recijirocity under which the colonial ports were to be opened to their ships ; and, owing to this circumstance, it was not till the end of 1830, when fresh negotiations were entered into with the United States, and it was agreed to modify some of the duties, that the West India colonies derived any sensible advantage from the changes, such as they were, that were made in 1 825. But notwithstanding the modifications introduced by the act 1 Will. 4. c. 24., and non COLONY TRADE. 411 requircJ to iioil llio ing nllowed to rrfinc M3nsc that is rcquirci! bruncit of indnsiry , )EnKlan(l. Nothiiij t singular, it lias not jy of the leading in- •ry small class, — ih;it lie planters and mer- I)/, a year, lowed ; but provided • the growers of bat- all times, allowed tu f goverinncnt to take 7 party over another; tion from sugar, tliat that a forced market y, for which no good lys besides those now nierchaats and ship. is in direct opposition d Ooderich) in 1822, 'he avowed object of he repeal of the vexa- lid Mr. Kohinson, " to the restrictive system last India Companv's ■ the navigation laws ; 3 sufiered ] or rather, they have eiijuytd?" 3ursc between all out those countries, allow- turc of the country to cles whatever of their such ship came, or to leies only excepted,'' the bills were, for the ;hcs now quoted ; nor unless it were to ex- lently be specified, the ;uring to Canada and Imber. Ll.d. lOOO feet nf 1 inch thick 1 $ n bnd tlift other lUitJM iir-iviiftl!? [75,000/. a year, and tliecharjtj lin^ to the prices of the fnod m\ 1 is exhil)it('(l in the follimi;:; llhe priiicl|ial of these artirla ii'. , and 111 C'aiiiula and the L'uLtel It. Thomas, the barrel prrel - per 1,000 le^, per ditto |l 4 10 i 6 i 1 '1 S 5 U an of such oppressive Is of reciprocity under 1 to this circumstance, Into with the United India colonics derived Imade in 1825. ll. 4. c. 24., aiid now embodied in the actS &4 Will. 4. c. 59. — (.we pnnf), — the regulations under which the colony trade is at present conducted, are in the highest dcL^rec (ilijirtiotiable. There is, for oxttiiiple, a duty of 5*. a barrel on all (lour brought from a foreign country into our posses- sions in the West Indies and South America, and also into Nova Scotia, New Uruiiswiek, inJ Prince Edwanl Island. At first sight there seems nothing to object to in tliiM regulation, except the iniiKjsition of the duty ; in point of fact, however, this is its least objectionable feiiture, anil is used merely as a pretext to conceal its real object, 'i'he nein^ssity of raising J revenue might, in some degree, excuse even the imposition of a duty on the food of the loloiiists ; but there cannot be so much as the shadow of an ajiology for taxing it for the licmjit nfannther class. Such, however, is the sole end and jiurpose of this ingeniously contrived regulation. It will be observed, that though no wheat (lour can be carried duty free direct, (rom a foreign country to our possessions in the West Indies, or to our posses- sions to the north of the United States on the .Mlantic, it may be '..aported duty free into Canada, where it is not needed ! The consc>iuence is, that a large proportion of the United States' (lour intended for the West Indies, instead of being shipped direct from New York, I'hilatlelphiai ^^- for the islands, is carried, in the (irst instance, to Montreal and Quebec, and is thence conveyed in British ships to its final destination. The duty is imposed to I'orcc this trade ; that is, to make the food of the colonists lie carried to them by a round- about course of more than 2,000 miles, in order that a few hundred pounds may be forced into the pockets of the ship-owners, at an expense of many thousand pounds to the colonists. Such, imleed, is the influence of the system, that there have been instances of wheat having licen carrietl from Archangel to Quebec, landed there, and again shipped for .lamaica ! Shingle^, lumber, »Sce. are subjected to the same regulations, with this dillercnce merely, that thev nitty I"' imported duty free into Nova Scotia, New UrunswicK, &c., being thence car- ried to the West Indies; whereas, by condniiig the importation of duty free (lour to ('anada, it must pass, before it can reach the consumers, through the lengthened, dilHcult, and dan- n^roua navigation of the St. Lawrence. It is unnecessary to make any commentary on such regulations. None more objectiona- ble in principle, or mischievous in practice, are to be met witli in the worst parts of the old Spanish colonial regime. All duties on and regulations with respect to the importation of articles of provision, lumber, &c. into the colonies, ought to be wholly abolished. Jamaica, and our other West India colonies, may be viewed as immense sugar, rum, and coffee manufactories, which, though situated at a distance from England, belong to Englishmen, and arc carried on by English capital. But to jiromote the prosperity of any manufacture without injuring that of others, there are no means at once so obvious and elVectual, as to give those engaged in it every facility for supplying themselves with the materials necessary to carry it on at the lowest price, and to keep the duties on its protluce as low as [lossible. This is the sound and obvious principle that ought to have been kept steadily in view in legislating for the colonics ; though, as already seen, it has been totally lost sight of. That the system of forcing importation from Canada may be advantageous to that province, we do not presume to deny ; but we are not to impoverish one part of our dominions that we may enrich another, more esp«;cially when it is certain, as in the present case, that the advantage conferred is iritling indeed compared with the injury indicted. In other respects, the o|)eration of the present system is most pernicious. Sugar is an important necessary of life, and enters largely into the consumption of every individual in Great Britain. Surely, then, it is highly important that every means should be resorted to for reducing its cost; and as we have ex- cluded foreign sugars from our markets, the only way in which any such reduction can be effected is by abolishing the existing restrictions, and allowing the planters to furnish them- selves with the materials necessary for their manufacture at the lowest rate, and to dusposc of their produce in the state and at the places they prefer. The vexatious regulations now alluded to, have been, lor the most part, inip/O.sed to benefit the motlior country at the expense of the colonies. Then? has, however, been, in this re- spect, a reciprocity of injuries. Being obliged to buy whatever they wauled in the markets of the mother country, the colonists early succeeded in obtaining, what, indeed, could not, under this circumstances of the case, be denied to them, the iiioiio[ioly of these markets for the sale of their peculiar productions. And hence the high discriiniiiatiiig dutits on foreign sugars, coffee, timber, &c. Owing to the very great fertility of tlie colonics of Denierara, Berbiee, &c., acquired during the late war, the excli^.sion of foreign sugar has not latterly been so great a burden as it used to be, though it still occasions an eidumcemeiit of its price. But there are no palliating circumstances about the discriiiiinaiiiig duly on foreign timber. INot satisfied with giving the Canadians an unfair advantage in the markets of the West In- dies, wc give them a still more unjustifiable advantage in those of England. It was proved in evidence taken before a committee of the House of Lords, that timber from Canada is not half so durable as that from the Baltic, and is, besides, peculiarly liable to dry rot. It is not nllowed to be used in the building of ships for the navy, and is rejected by all the more ifespcctable house-builders; and yet, under the miserable pretext of giving employment to ii'xm.Ma ■■.-.am ""M MM ■■■'■'.<■: twm HMIffU ••• "luviii inm .*,-,, ,«| :3i;;3 ,,i ■ t»-in:.i 1. .►,i-.' .*»# 'ii«.ii .. 1 ^."1 ' .VitK »ti,ii .. '.ism ii'miiiini ixtd| llliill ■'n iiiieii«»tT,MH| 'dsn •1 * • ( 412 COLONIKS AND IT ■«. it I i -.. f > saw mills in Canaila, anil to a fow tliousnnd tons of ndditional shippinpr, wo actiialfr forcj, tlio iwi- of tlii.s wDilhli'ss artii-lf, liy iin|ii)siiiir a tiiscriiiiinatiiiL; duty of no Icsm llian 45,v. ^ load on all timber from tlio north of Mil rope. It has hi'on shown, hy papers laid befon. pur. lianient, that were tiie same duty laiil on timber from Canada liiat is laid on timber from tl,,. Baltic, the revenue would ^ain 1,.')()0,()()0/. a year, while the durability of our HJiips mi,| houses would be doubled. — (For a further discussion of this subject, nee 'J'imiiku.) These restrictions tend to render the colony trade a source of loss, and of irritation and disgust to all parties. In other resjiects, too, their iiilluence is most |)eriiicious. Wo U)m as the colonii-s are prevented from purchnsin!» lumln'r, provisions, vScc. in the cheapest markou and as their trade continues subjected to regulations injurious to their interests, ihcy arc jus^ tided ill resisting all ctlbrts to make them contribute any thini^ consideralile to the ex])eiist's of the armameuts rccjuired for their protection. "Attem|)ts," said Lord Palrnerston, "havi. been made in all the West India islands to induce them to contribute to the expenses of th, cslalilishments; and they iiavc always re|)resenti'd that fhn'r miitnn iifildiii!^ so 'L'i'rccrin. -)liil III/ the cuiiimetrli/l urruni;eniiiil.s nfl/ic iiidllier ciiunlrji ; they have said, 'If i/nu ivil! t UK Iraik u.i ivc like, and ailkcf our oioii. cu.itom (liities, and mi on, wc will do it.' " An' no proposal could be fairer. — {Finance Ciniuniltec, Evidence, p. 146.) 'I'he expense of the colonies is a very heavy item in tho national cxprndifuro — far more flo than is generally supposed. Not only arc we subjected, as in the case of tiini)cr, to op. pres'rs or sellers, to cverv market, the planters in the Britisli colonies could not Iw otherwise than depressed. Tluv have been made tho victims of an erroneous system of policy ; for there is nothing in the circumstances under which they are naturally i)laced, to lead to a belief that their distresses are incurable. Were they permitted freely to supply themselves with such articles as they require, to refine their sugar in the islands, and were the exorbitant duties that are now laid on some of their staple products adequately reduced, can any one doubt that their condition would be materially improved ? or that these measures would not equally redound to tho general advantage of the public? The colonies being integral parts of the empire, the trade with them should, as far as cir- cumstances will permit, be conducted on the footing of a coasting trade. The state of tho revenue requires that moderate duties should be laid on sugar, coflee, and rum, when im- ported into Great Britain or Ireland ; but the duties on cotton, cacao, and most other colonial products, might be repealed without injury to the revenue, and with advantage to all partie-. The system wc have hitherto pursued has been a radically dillcrent one, and in most rospeel< the reverse of what it ought to have been. By excluding the colonists from the cheapest COLONY TRADE. 413 Iff, wc nctunUy forci. 110 !('»« than '[^m. ^ IHTrt liiiil lic't'iin! nit. .1 on tiiiil)or from tlir tv of our Hliijis aiiil !TlMl»l,ll,) and of irritiiiion and iik'ious. !S() loi)i» as 11" cluMpost iiwrkru, ilPi-OMtn, tlicy arc jus- ral)l(! to Iht! exi)oiis('s lI I'ulmiTslon, "liavr > the expenses of ilu <" till! 11 If S(i nrrecrip. ive siiiil, 'If //iniicil! vc will do it.' " Aiiii cppniliturc — far mon^ ;asc of titiihcr, to op- oin the colonics mav sum on nccount oi n estimate the i)re('is{> thiit Canada anil the lulhiys, upvvanlit df ^ ! in t/ictit. Ami if to costs durint; war, the cry formidable magni- liefficld, "wehaveno! wisdom from the mis- 1 comiuest and distant pulciit, and powerful. we incurred a doht of debt of 71,500,000/.; 100,000,000/. more! ing our colonies, than ious has our impoiioy liiiintrce of the Ameri- but to indnco the re- lado seems indispcnsa- Icgislature has reco!»- existing restriction'; discriminating duiit's Insidorablo part of thu forth by the West In- lid have been made U by the keen and ac- lipatcd from the tram- or sellers, to every m depressed. They here is nothing in the If that their distresses such articles as they Ities that are now laid \)t that their coiiJition [ually redound to tlio I should, as far as cir- Je. The state of the I, and rum, when im- Id most other colonial vantage to all partie-, I and in most respect-; U from tlie cheapt marlicls for their food and lumlicr, we have artificially raiwrd the co«tof their produce; and then, to protect them from tho coiiHeiiuences of sucli short-Kiglited policy, wc uivc llieiii a monopoly of the Hritish market ! It is thus that one unjust and vicionn rcaulalion is sure to give birth toothers; and that those who depart from sound principle have iiothlnu left but to endeavour to bolster up one absurdity by another. It is time, surely, that an end were put to so ruinous a sygtem. It is as much for the interest as it is tho diifi/ of l]ii'.;land, to reiiiovi? all restrictions from the colonists, not essential for the sake of reveiuie ; for iliis is tho only means by which she can provide for their real prosperity, and rid herself of those inoiio- [wlies that form tho heaviest clog upon her industry. We hope it will not be supposed, from any thing now stated, that wc consider the founda- tion of colonial establishments as, generally sjieaking, iiie.\|iedient. We entertain no such opinion. It is not lo the establishment of colonies, provided they Ihj placed in advantageous situations, but to the trammels that have been laid on their industry, and tlie interfcienco exercised by the mother countries in their domestic concerns, that we object. Every indi- vidual ought to have full liberty to leave his native country; and occasions very frei|uently occur, when governments may advantageously interfere to settle emigrants in foreign coun- tries, and when the soundest policy dictates the jiropriety of their Bup[)orling and protecting them until they are in a situation to support and jirotect themselves. There can be no ([ues- lion whatever that Europe has been prodigiously benefited by the colonisation of America. Tho colonists carried the arts, the sciences, the language, and the religion of the most eivi- hieil communities of the Old World to regions of vast extent and great natural fertility, oc- (upied only by a few miserable savages. The empire of civilisation has in conseipience luea immeasurably extended: and while the experience ailbrded by the rise and progress ol'cumniunities placed under such novel circumstances, has served to elucidate and establish many most important and fundamental principles in government and legislation, Europe has ten enriched by the vast variety of new products America has alFordcd lo stimulate the in- ventive powers of genius, and to reward tho patient hand of industry. But whatever may have been the advantages hitherto derived from the colonisation of America, they are trilling compared to what they would have been, had the European powers Icl't the colonists at liberty to avail themselves of all the advantages of their situation, and avoided encumbering themselves with the government of extensive territories, 3,000 miles distant. Fortunately, however, a new era is, at length, begun — Noviis ncclorum iiascitur ordo! The monopoly of thi; trade of America is destroyed, and her independence achieved. From Canada to Cape Horn, every port is ready to receive adventurers from Europe; and a houndless field has, in consequence, been opened for the reception of our surplus popula- tion, and for the advantageous employment of European arts, capital, and skill. The few re- mains of the old colonial system which still exist, and which are principally to be found in the mercantile policy of this country and France, cannot be of long duration. Their mis- chievous operation is no longer doubtful ; and they will disappear according as the know- ledge of sound commercial principles is more generally diffused. Sluverf/. — Wince the publication of the former edition of this work, a law has been made which will effect a radical change in the condition of society in the British West Indies. The abolition of the slave trade has been consummated by the act for the freedom of the un- happy persons now in a state of bondage. The statute 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 73. enacts, that on the 1st of August, 1834, slavery is to cease throughout the British dominions, and that tho tlien existing slaves are to become apprenticed labourers ; the term of their apprenticeship partly ceasing on the 1st of August, 1838, and partly on the 1st of August, 1840; when the black and coloured population will become altogether free. A sum of 20,000,000/. is to be distributed in certain proportions, and according to certain conditions, to the planters, as a compensation for the loss of their slaves. — (.See article Sl.wks and Slavk TaAiiK.) Such are the prominent features of this famous statute, by which the British parliament has endeavoured at once to meet and satisfy the claims of humanity and justice. The pay- ment of 20,000,000/. to the colonists, though not more than they were fairly entitled to, is, perhaps, the mo.st striking instance to be met with in history, of a resolution to vindicate and maintain the right of property ; and reflects as much credit on the wisdom as on the liberality of the British nation. Nothing but vague conjectures can, of course, be indulged in as to the future working of this measure in the colonies. We believe, however, that those who have contended that it will not be productive of any falling oil" in the industry of the blacks will be found to have taken a very erroneous view of the matter. Field labour in the West Indies has hitherto been always associated with slavery and degradation, and been enforced by the lash. The fair inference, consequently, is, that when the fetters are struck off the slave, and he is left to follow his own inclinations, he will be desirous of escaping from what he cannot fail to consider an ignominious occupation. Necessity, no doubt, will prevent hiin from becoming altogether indolent ; but the effect will in this, as in other instances, be proportioned to its cause: and necessity in the West Indies is very different from necessity in Europe. Most articles that are here deetned indispensable, would there bo positive encumbrances ; and those 2m 2 '**«MlM| :'»;» <'t.m MMi '-"'■: 'I* |)«itlll:|'«MlM '!•••' «1lk %^^ "•"«•••! ■:.jir,;3. H0'% i'.i'«n i«ni T'i.i;>i inM "umi; ■ .1.1-. ■ ..w# ""*'ti,*l| : in : .Kll .■ i f I iini m i «( ir ' ' IBS'''' c:3 414 COLONIES AND mm. MR' V MK ir .: ^ 'i t 1 ■■ i ■ ! V t i : ' ' > ' \ { i i t '•' / cnwntiiil fo si'liHistonco niny 1>p prortirnl with lfN« rrrtninly ihnn liulf rlip labour liidicrlo tt. nrtfil IVom lli>' nIiivcs. At moiih' fiitiiri' piTJod, |n'rlia|m, when tin- riMiollt ctioii of tluir ilcirm. diitioM liiis lici^iin to fiulc, iiiid II t;iMtc tor convfnicnci'H mid (jnititicatioiiH Iium licni inlroduc,.,! nnioii);;st tlu'iii, tliry may Iwcoiiir more iiidiHtrioiiM ; hut tlii^ Im n dintiitit iind a vrry iinciTtuii) I)ros|)crt. VVi', tlirrcforc, look, at firMt, tor a very cotiMidcralili* ilccliiio in the iiidiHfry ol'tli,. kIuvch, and a proportional failintjotVin thf exports from the iniaMiHi. It will ifivt" um iilniHurc should our nnticipations he disappointed; ami ansuredly we do not state them by way ofoli- jectioii to, or deduction from, the preat measure of emaueipation. It would he monstrous to HUpjiose tliat we mi^ht retain aliove 7r)(),(M)() of our fellow-creatures in a slate of liniiil- iiRe, for no hetter reason than that stiRar might he sent to England from .lamaiea or Ujrlm. does, rather than from India, .lava, or <'ul)a. For further information on tliis suhject, wo bpcf to refer our rcadern to nn article on Cnli^. nlal I'li/iri/, in Xo. 81. of the Rdiu!)ury!h Review, to the eh;>|>ler on Cn/iinirs, in Sir lli-nrv I'arneH's invaluahle work on " Financial Heform," and to the Parliamentary I'ajier IVo, \'ii\_ Hess. 18111. This pa|)er, beinp; prepared by a committee of West India men-haiits and iijuni. rrs, occasionally, proliably, exaggerates the injury they "Ustnin from the exinting reguliiiiorw; it is, however, u very instructive nnd valuable document, l^ome of the previous statetiWMits ■ire taken from the article iti the Edliilitir^h Hrvirw ; hut we are not, on that account, liable to the charge of appropriating the labours of others. III. Maunitliie, Population-, Tkadk, ktc. of tui: Biirrisii Coto^iKs. Nofwithatanding the loss of the United .States, the colonie» of Orent Britain, rxclusivf of India, exceed in number, extent, and value, those of every other country. I'revioiisiy, in- deed, to the breaking out of the late contests, the colonial dominions of iSpain far exrci-dej in extent and importance those of any other power, But Cuba, Porto Kici), and the i'liijjp. pine Islands, are now nil that remain to her. These, indeed, are very valuable jwusoMiunj. though inferior to those of Knglaiid. (1.) Niirlh Amcn'rim Colonics. — In North America we possess the provinces of Lower nnd Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Ikunswick, with their dependencies. The siiua- tion and boundaries of these provinces will be more easily learned from the ins[H>ctionofthe accompanying map, than thi-y could Im from any description. The shores of Nova .•Scotia and. New Brunswick are washed by the Atlantic Ocean ; and the noble river St. Lawri-nce, by its comnmnic.ition with the great American lakes, gives to Canada all the InMu'lits of ,i most extensive inland navigation, nnd forms a natural outlet for her sur()lus prixluce, ns well OS for the surjilus produce of that part of the United States which is washed by the hikes. There is every variety in the soil and climate of these regions. In Lower Canada, the winter is very severe. The surface of the country is covered with snow for nearly half tlie year. From the lieginning of December to the middle of April, the St. Lawrence is frozen ovor,aiiJ all'ords a smooth and convenient passage for the sledges by which it is then covercil. But though severe, the climate is far from being unhealthy or disagreeable. 'J'he weather is generally clear and bracing; and the labour of artisans, at their out-door employments, is rarely suspended for many days in succession. On the breaking up of the ice in the latter end of April, or the begiiming of May, the powers of vegetation almost immediately resume their activity, and bring on the fine season with a rapidity that is astonishing to a stranger. The highest temperature in Lower Canada varies from 90° to 103° of Fahrenheit; but the purity of the atmosphere abates the ojipressive heat that is felt in most (wuntries where the mercury ranges so high; and the weather is, on the whole, decidedly pleasant. In 1814, it was ascertained that the province of Lower Canada contained about 335,000 inhabitants; al present the number may amount to about 580,000. The population ia chiefly confined t» the banks of the St. Lawrence, That part of the province of L^pper Canada, which stretches from Lake Simcoe and the rivers Trent and Severn, westward to Lake Huron and the St. Clair Kiver, and southward to Lake Erie, and part of Lake Ontario, has a soil of extraordinary fertility, capable of pro- ducing the most lu.xuriant crops of wheat, and every sort of grain. " The climate," says Mr. Uouchette, surveyor-general of Lower Canada, " is so particularly salubrious, that epi- demic diseases, either among men or cattle, are almost entirely unknown. Its intlucncc on the fertility of the soil is more generally perceptible than it is in Lower Canada, aiul is su]i- poscd to he congenial to vegetation in a much superior degree. The winters are shorter, and not always marked with such rigour as in the latter. The duration of frost is always ac- companied w-'h a fine clear sky and a dry atmosphere. The spring 0])ens, and the resump- tion of agricultural labours takes place, from 6 weeks to 2 months earlier than in the neigh- bourhood of Quebec. The summer heats rarely .prevail to excess, and the autumns are usually very friendly to the harvests, and favourable for securing all the late crops."— {Boucheffe's TDpo'rraphicul Description of Canadit, p. 595.) The ground on the shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, as far west as the junction of the Thames with the St, Clair Lake, is laid out in townships, and partly settled. But the ^wpulation is so very thin as COLONY TRADE. 41S liliour liitliirlo rj. ctioii of tlu'ir (|(';;r,i- low lirt'ii iiitroiliici'il mil (I vrr/ lliicirliiiii fhr iiiiliiMfry nt'tlii- vill tfivo UH |)li";iHurf them liy wiiy of ii|>. voiilil •)<• niDiintnms II 11 HllltC of IliJIIil. II Janmica or Marlm. I an article on din. Itiiiim, ill Sir lli-iiry tiiry I'aptT No, I'ii'i. ncrchaiiln ami pluni- MiHtimj; rcnuliiiions; (irt-vioiw Htatenjoiits I lliat uccouiit, liuble 11 CotOXIKS-, llritnin, cxcliHivr of try. I'rovioii^ly, in. f Spain f:ir fxi'i'iviej Uico, anil the I'liiljp. valunlilc iH)ssLMsiiJiu. priTviiictTi (if Lnwiv uloncii'M. 'I'hi- situn. 1 llio iiisiHM'tioiiofthe iiorca of Nova ficoiia c rivpr St. Lawrence, all the luMiolils of a rj>liH prmlucr, ns well washed liy the liikes. er Canada, llie winter nearly half the year, ice is frozen over, aiiJ H then covered. Uut |t)lc. The weather i* •door omployincnls, u if the ice in the latter immndiately resume lishinc; to a straiitjer. Fahrniheit ; but the (Muntries where the Idcasant. In 1814,1'. 1,000 inhabitants; at is chielly confined ta Lake Sinacoc and the kivcr, and southward J-tiiity, capal)lu of pro- I" The diinatc," says salubrious, that tiii- m. Its intluencc on Canada, and is suit- Inters are shorter, and jof frost is always ac- lens, and the resump- ler than in the nci?h- Ind the autumns are Jl the late crops,"— (round on the shores .les with the St. Clair [on is 60 very thin m not, on nn nver.iuo, to amount to more than firrnfi/ persons to n. nqimre mile. In swttltd townships; while the fertility of the soil i^ siicli, that l"0 persons to a lupmre iiiili' would not he a dense pupul.ition. To the nttrlh of tln' Itiver Thames, alonir (he lianlis of ilir St. Clair, and the shores of Lake Huron, round to the River Severn, and tlienee to the river llml joinn Lake Nippi-isinij and Lake Huron, is a boundless extent of eounlry that is almost entirely uiioeeupied. The iiittTior of this Mpa,00() 70,000 3l.;tH0 l2fi,noo IU,IHH) 10,000 4,ri00 liUO 21 l.CilCJ 410,000 b7,000 1 1 1,70(1 3^,000 8,IH>0 220,000 S.VI.OOO ti,'i,000 !IS,2I» .30,000 10,000 210,000 010,000 10:1,000 23l,0,'-)H 4S.0OO 10,000 1,HOO.OOO 2,125,000 :io:>,ooo 3ih,;Hi I IM),000 4:1,000 1,307,000 1U«,4N0 92ti,IMS 770,214 1 1,217,0.W 4,013.!HVt | Iniliviilaals. 182.5 H,74l 1S2« 12,H1S lb27 12,fi48 A'umber of Ki/iU'rimM.— There uniiKratcd to the Hrltlsh Colonies in North Ainuriea in Indlviilaals. I Iniliviilaals. 1R28 12,084 1«31 r)8,0ti7 1H2U 13,307 1H33 00,330 18:t0 30,574 I (PdW. /'i/pcr.No. tism. Sess. 1833.) Of iliesc, the creiil niajorily have Iiron dustiocil for Upper Canada,— (For tliu total emigration from lliel'iiiled KiiiKdoai, yeu rAsstiNOERS.) IiifMh of Frbruary, 1832. Tlienl)ject ortlift present notice is to afford such informatinivns is likely to lienset'al to porsong who desire eillier to eiiiinrate, or to assist others to einiarale. to the llrilii«li possessions in North Aiiu'rica. In till' tii'st place, it seems desiralile to iletine tlu- nature nf the nssiHtuni-e to lie expiM'led from ffo- vernnii'iit by persons proceeding to these eolonirs, No peruniary aid will he allmveil liy Bovernmeiit tiiciiiiL'raiils 10 the North Ameriean enloiiies ; imr :il"ler their arrival will they rei'rive Krauts of land, orsil'ts of tools, or a siijiply of provisions, llopis of all these things have lieen soinetiiiies held out loi'iniaranls liy s|)eenlalors in tiiis country, drsimns of niakimr a iiroht by their conveyame to North Anii'rirn,anil willini; tor that piirposo to delude ilieiii with unfounded expect at ions, reiiarilless of their MilHeipieiil ilisa|ipointinent. Hut tin; wisli of L'oviTunuMit is to furnish tliose wlio emivratu with a rtiil knowledm' of the circunistaiues they will find in llie countries to wliidi they are (loinB. Nil assisliiMce of lilt! extraordinary exl'iit above described is allowiMl, because, in colonies, where tlii)?e who desire to work cannot fail to do w ell for iheiiisi'lves, none such is needed. I. and. indeed, usiil formerly to be pranted (iratuitously ; but w hen it was taken by poor people, they found that they had not the means of livin|» duriiiu the interval necessary to raise their crops ; and further, that they kiiiiW not enouuh of the manner of fiirniiim in the colonies, to make any prouress. After all, tlicre- fiire, they were olitiiied to work for w apes, until lliey could make a few savin !.'«, and could learn a little of the way of firiuinp in Caii.iila. Itut now. land is not disposed of except liy sale. The produce cif sales, nlthouV'h the price is very moderate, is likely to lieconie a considerable faiiil, whieli can bp tiirni'd to the benetit of the coloiins, and therel'ore of the eiuiprants ; while yet 110 liarilshi|) is inflicted on the poor einiprani, who will w<>rk (or wapes just as he did bel'ore, and uiay al'ler a while acquire .and, if land bi; his object, by llio savings which the liigli wages in these cuhMUus enable him speedily to make. These are the reasons why povernment does not think it necessary to pive away land in a country, wliere, by the lowness of ili price, the plenlifuliiesa of work, and hi^ll rate of wages, an induslriou? man can earn enoupli in a few seasons to become a freeholder by means of his own acquisitions. Tlie land which is for sale will b« open to public competition, and of course, therefore, its price mm iI«|M'MB Hf'^ l*> ^ >'••> •'Ml ■H-iii,;35[J in ail \*K^ mm ;■" \a :' ■.H« 11H1 vin > mtM mil' '''«i«P i4 t ' I' 416 COLONIES AND tMllK. ■155 IT nn»r i ', INC ,K •k '• •I i 1 f' i i '1.' nuiBt (Irpcnd npnn the offors tlint iniiy lie made ; but it will peni-rally not be snid Tnr less tlian from In. („ 5s. per acre ; and in sitiialinns where roaiJH have lieeti made, or llie ground haH Iiimmi partially rlenrcd the conniinii prices lately have been 's. Cut., lOs., and 15.«. Further particnIarH will he best learniMl upon the spot, where every endeavour will be made to meet the diflercnt circunistanccs and viewy of different purchasers. Althouuh (.'iivernnient will not make any gifts at the ptiblic expense to emiirrants to North Amnrirn agents will be maintained iit the principal colonial ports, whose duty it will be, without fee or reward from private individuals, to protect emigrants against imposition upon their first lanilini;, to acipi,ij„t tlieni with the demand for labour in different districts, to point out the most advantagefius routes. unii to furnish them generally with nil useful advice upon the objects which they have hatl in view i,| emigrating: and when a private engagement cannot he inniiediutely olitaineil, eniploymeMt will |„, afforded on some of the piclilic works in progress in the colonies. Persons newly arrived should not omit to consult the government agent for emigrants, and as much as possible should avoiil deiiMiijon in the ports, where they arc exposed to all kinds of impositions, and of pretexts for keeping them .it taverns till any money they may possess has been e.xpended. — For the same purpose of guiirdins against the frauds practised on new comers, and of preventing an improvident expenditure at the lirs^ moment of arrival, it se<'ms very desirable that iiulividuals who may wish to furnish emigrants wiih money for their use in the colony should have the means of making the moniiy payable there, instead of giving it into the hands of the emigrants in this country. The commissioners Ibr emigralimi are engaged in elfecting general arrangements for this purpose, and due notice will be given to the puhjir when they shall he completed. Agents for emigration have been appointed at St. .John's, St. An- *.t- — 0000= ®ta — Mom tDODOOO*>CeO,0-l-lr2 OWOSO?- w 3 a a o o oo cooo oooo oo tSCOOOOOOOD- OOOOOt>i OOOiOO>>->-0000 — 'c 1- (4 >- w w« ^ S "^ ' OGDOOOOODtCO-leor" OOGCOO?* e5 oo Jso! OlO oooo oooo IS'— K>-«l— oo— oooooooo owowtsw — oooo 0>000>*.C010>*.-10> o cooo?^ w ►- — o< ;i to W oo wioP* oo o ts oe> oooo oooo ootaoooooooo CMOrfkit^l-'tSOOOO oooooooo*. o -■» a» o *** w oooo?^ oooo?" 1 a- oo Jao o>o oooo oooo OOKIOOOOOOOO 0~<0>fc<.tSWOOOO OOOOOWOOOO-IOD o oooo?^ bstauw'f oooo?* o5' 12 6 17 6 10 15 oooo oooo coco ^9 to oo—oooooooo ooiotota — tsocoo ~> o o w o w o o o> -I -» o o ooooP^ M"- ►S W? owo o?* 5* 3. 5? 1 a. i oooo oooo 1.1- oowoooooooo OWOWW — bSOOOO -^i o o o tc w o ^1 :-» o o o w o o o o o .^ W M W O ?> - o o w i*- s f oo oooo oooo oo—oooooooo 00>OtJiW>->-0000 * O |; O M W W ;;-5 -T> o '1 o o o ooco?^ to o ^s w :» w o o -.s ?• 2 1 & oo o o oooo oooo OOfOOOOOOOOO ouloooi — >-B-00>- -lOOOOOOOOOO •:|-«i- o o ooooh W — WOi? ID OtO wP* K tiq' o o Esto cooo oooo OOi-OOOOOOOO oc;ioiu«wh-»— OOOO ^1 o o e •£ w w c: *■ 5> -J o w ooo o?^ tS — K) W? ow o ?1 o — toon. o5" 1 13 ■ 'tWIj "Ml la <: w: la I'l.wirta 'in'iiniMi^ . 'i>iii iiimi t !.»«■ iliir-:-i ■■■itmf 53 .1 I 418 COLONIES AND l^: ! ■», 1C m "I • \ . ,1 it < ■ ' I Lower Canada.— From Lower Cannila tluiComuiirtsioiKTS foremiaration havcnot rccfiiveiUho official reports wliicli wcrt! rciiuireil from tlit? North Aini'ric.iii colonies, lor tin; piiriiosi! of loiiipilinif thu prp, sent statcnieiit. Tliey hfliiive, liowever. Hint the following account of the prices of grain and of %vagca may be relied upon for it8 general correctness : — Wheat - - per bushel - - - - 4 Rye - - - .... 3 Maize - -— - - - -2 Ottts - - — - - - - 1 Wages of labourers - per ilay . - - .2 Ship-builders, carpenters, joiners, coopers, masons, and tailors - - to 4 6 — AVw Bninsirii'k.— The following is a list of prices compiled from documents sent in from varioii parts of New lirunswick :— L. 1. d. 10 s 2 6 a 3 « 1 10 7 1 a 6 ■Wheat Maize - 0,lU Barley - Potatoes Butter (fresli) DItti) (sail) Cheese Em - Durks - Fowls - Geese - Turkeys Hay Straw • - per bushel per cwt, per lb. per dozen per pair per ton d. 6 6 3 — 9 — S — 4 — 'o^Z — 1 10 2 10 1 3 nread Hief Mutloa Pork Veal Klour Sillpork Ditto beef .Malt Rye tlour • Indian ditto • OalUKMl Salt c^d Dilld iiiackarel Ditto aievvives per 4 lb. loaf per stone per 100 lbs. per barrel per bushel per barrel per cw't. per 112 U.S. per barrel £. I rf. 10 to 3 3 — 2 4 — 2 0}- 2 4 — lU — 4 11 — 3 C 1 2 /.. .. «. I 4 n 4 n 4 u 4 V I- /; 5 5 3 10 II (i i a ifi 10 17 10 18 Oli 1 I) 12 Coals are sold at 30.«. per chaldron. House rent is from 5/. to fi/. per annum for families opctipyjnc one room; and for families occupying two rooms, from C/. to 10(. Common lalmtirers rf^'eive iVoul 3.S'. to4.v. a day, fiiiding their owti stilisistence ; but wIkmi employed attlie portsin loailiiis vessels, their siibsisteiifH is fouiiil for them. Mechanics receive from 5s. to "»■. Ga. per day, and superior workiiiei) from 7s. til/, to 10.>'. Upon the foreuoing statements, it must be observed that emigrants, especially Htich of them ;is riri> agricultural labourers, should not expect the highest watfi-s nanieii until they have become acciistnnied to tlie work of the colony. The mechanics most in di'iiiand are those connected with the business of house-building. iShoemakers and tailors, and sliip-hiiilders, also find abundant employment. Mr. Buchanan, his Majesty's chief agent for the superintendence of emigrants in Upper and Lower Canada, has issued the following information, dated Quebec, 16th of July 1833. There is nothing of more importance to emigrants on arrival at Quebec, than correct informatinn on the leading points connected with their future pursuits. Many have sutTered miirli by a wnntr caution, and by listening to the opinions of interested desianing characters, who freiiucnllyotriT ili . advice unsolicited, and who are met generally about wharfs ami landing places IreinH'utedbystriinzi ; To guard eiiiiiirants from falling into such errors, they should, immediately on arrival at Ui. bee, proceed to the ollice of thi! chief agent for emigrants in Sault-au-Matelot Street, Lower To', Wiice every information requisite for their future guidance, in either getting settlement on lands, i, obtaining em|iloyment in Upper or Lower Canada, will be nMahw.dn-ratis. On your route from (|iie. hoc to your destination you will find many plans and schemes offered to your considi^ration, but turn away from them unless you are well satisfied of the purity of the statements. On all occasion.* when you stiind in need of advice, apply to the government agents. EniiL'rants are informed that they maj'" remain on board ship 48 hours after arrival ; nor can thov be deprived of any of their usual accommodations for cooking or berthing during that period ; and lliii master of the shij) is bound to land the emigrants and their baggage, /rce of expense, at the usual Kind- inu placi's and at seasonable hours. .Should you recjiiire to change your Enclish ntoney, goto some respectable merchant or to the bank?. The ciirri!iicy in the Canadas is at tht; rate of .^^■. the dollar, and i-: called Ilalifa.x currency ; at pri'.^ciit the cold sover(>iL'n is worth 24,'j. currency in Montreal ; in New York, 8.s-. is calculated for the dollar; hence many are deceived when hearing of the rates of labour. &c. : .*).>•. in Canada is equal to Ss. New York ; thus, S.v. New York currency is eiiiiivalent to 5.<. llalif ix currency. Emiirants who wish to settle in Lower (^anada, or to obtain employmiMit, are informed that many desirable situations are to be met with. Wild lands of superior (|uality may be obtaiiieil by purchase on very easy terms from the commissioners of Crown latiils in various townships in tlii> pnivincn.aiul good farm labourers and mechanics are much in retiuest, particuia ',y in the easti^rn towiisliips, wlicro also many excellent situations and improved lariiis may ln' purchased fnuii privati! proprietors. At the Chambly ("^anal many labotirers will find immediali' eiiiployiin'iit. In every part of lipjier Canada the demand for labourers and mechanics is also very gretit. AJl labouring emiu'ranis who reach York, and who may lie in waul of immediate employmi-m, will be pioviiled with it by the L'ovi'niineut. Tlii! principal siliiatioiis in Upper Canada where arrangiMiieiils are made for loeatiiigemiirrants, are in llie Uathiirst, Midland, Newcastle, Home, London, and Western districts. Seiib'rs with means will have iippnitiiiiitii'S o!" punliasing Oown lands in several parts of the proviiici! at the moiillily sajis, iiiformalion of which may be obtained on application at the (/'rowii Land Otlice, York, or to .\. It. Tl.'iwki', Esq. tilt! iioveriinieiit agent for emigrants there, to wiiom they will apply, on arrival, for such further ailvici! as they may require. Einicra:its pnvceed ng to Upper Canada, above Kincston, either by the Ottawa or St. Lawrence route, iirc advised to supply themselves with provisions at Moniri.'al, such as bread, tea, siipir, anil butter, which they will purchase cheaper and >if hellrr iiualiiii Wv.in tiloiii; tlio route. Tle-y are also particularly cautioned against the use of ardent spirits, or driiikim; cold river water, or l)insoiilhe liaiiks of the river exposed to the iiiitht dews; they should procoed at once from the sleaiiilwal at Montreal for Lachine, 8 miles above, from whence the Uiirlmm and steamboats start for I'rescott anil Bytowii daily. Eiiiigrants will btain from Mr. .lohn ILays, the government agent at Lachine. such advice ami assistance as they may require ; and lliey will liiid there a convenient barrack Iol' hoiisi;, wIhtc IIioso wishing may remain for tin,' iiiiilit, and avoiil rxposiire and expense of loilgimis. Mr. John I'allon, the government agent at I'rescott, will render every advice and assistance to eiiiiirratits. Labourers or mechanics dependent on immediate employment are requested to proceed imineiliately on arrival into the country. The chief agent will consider such persons as may loiter about the ports 1 I COLONY TRADE. 419 ot rccciveil the official of loiiipilini,' tlie pre- rices of grain and of - 5 sent in from variou? L. t. d. lb. Inaf 10 to ir atone 3 3 — _ 2 - 2 - 2 lU ■» I'l 3 6 1 2 1 2 IB 10 17 10 100 n». ' harrel ' bilitlli'l r barrel itT cwt. 112 11.!!. r b.»rrtl 4 — l^z — — — 2 - 6 6 — _ - - «. 11. I 4 4 4 u 4 !• 17 i; i 10 II (i 4 18 1^ U for families orciipyin; lalioiirers receive from ill loadiiiK vessels, their inil superior workiiiun ly siirh of them as iiro ive become acciistnnii;il >(l with the business of It employment. emigrants in Upptr icbec, ICth of July, lan correct information ■eil much by a wanif 10 freinieiilly orfcr Iji i rnqiii'nted by siranji ; ely on arrival at t^i. t Street, J.nwcr To', settlement on lanii;-, i, 1 your route frniii ()etw«;pM llie latttr enil of 1780 ami tlit! hepiiiniiig of 17»", tliriiiiKli famine occasioncil liy liiirricainj anil the proluliitioii of importiUlon froiii the llniteil •*t :i-., and in Uemenm, may be raised in mo;! rices ever again attain- the (tistrcsses of the 'he present low prices And to ei\able the uid them on all fides, ar situation, by allow- icir produce into Eu- the growth of coO'cc 15,000 iic^'rni's perislni ciisitiiiiMl liy Inirricanus .s( liiilkn, vol. ii. p. MS.) liey arc pleaseil to lerm look niiDU occurrences In the other West Indian colonies, that it did to the growth of sugar; and owing to the I'xlraordinary increase in the demand for coilcc in this and other European countries during :ho last 10 years, the impulse has been, in a great measure, kept up. — (See Coffkk.) In 1752, the ex [lort of coli'ee from .lamnica amountwl to only 60,000 lbs. ; in 1 77.'), it amounted :o 110,000 lbs.; in 1797, it had increased to 7,931,621 lbs.; in 1833, the exports to Eng- ;„n(l amo^uited to 19,811,000 lbs.; and they have been stationary at about this quantity llir some time. We have already seen, that when .lamaica was taken from the Spaniards, it only con- tained 1,500 white inhabitants. In 1673, the population amounted to 7,708 whiles and 0,50-l slaves. It would have been well for the island had the races continued to preserve this relation to each other ; but, unfortunately, the black population has increased more than ftrt times as rapidly as llic white ; the latter having increased only from 7,768 to aliout 1)0,000, while the former has increased from 9.,504 to 322,421, exclusive of persons of colour. The immense preponderance of the slave population has rendered the question of emancipation so very ditticult. The correspondence of the slaves in Jamaica with their emancipated brethren in Hayti or St. Domingo has been prohibited by a provision in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 59. § 55. — (see pvsf.) The real value of the exports to Jamaica amounts to about 1,600,000/. a year, being Tnore than half the amount i>f the exports to the West Indian colonies. It sliould, how- ever, be observed, that a considerable portion of the articles sent to Jamaica, and some of the other colonics, are only sent there as to an cnlrejsut, being subsequently exported to the Spanish main. During the ascendancy of the Spanish domhiion in Mexico and South America, this trade, which was then contraband, was carried on to a very great extent. It is now much fallen -off; but the central situation of Jamaica will always secure to her a considerable share of this sort of transit trade. Barbadoes was the earliest of our possessions in the West Indies. It is the most easterly :,f the Caribbee islands; Bridge Town, the capital, being in Ion. 59° 41' W. Barbadoe.^ is by far the best cultivated of all the West India islands. It contains about 105,000 acres, having a population of about 16,000 whites, 3,700 free people of colour, and 68,000 slaves, ,'t exports about 21,000 hogsheads of sugar, of 16 cwt. each. Barbadoes had attained the ocniL- of its pros[)erity in the latter part of the seventeenth century, when the white popula- tion li said to l»ave amounted to about 50,000, though this is probably an exaggeration. But it is only as compared with itself that it can be considered as having fallen ofT; for compared with the other West India islands, its superiority is manifest. It raises nearly as auch food as is adequate for its supply. The islands next in importance are St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, Antigua, &c. It is mnccessary to < liter into any special details with respect to them ; their population and ;raJc being exhibited in the Tables annexed to this section. During the lute war, we took from the Dutch the settlements of Demcrara, Bcrbice, and Zssoiiuilio, in Guiana, which were definitively ceded to us in 1814. The soil of these 'fUloiKcnts is nat-uralty very rich ; and they have, in this respect, a decided advantage over most ef the West India islands. Their advance, since they came into our possession, was :iir a while very great ; but recently their progress seems to have been checked, and their "xports, particularly those of ruin and coffee, have declined considerably. The imports of •mar from them amount to about a third of the imports from Jamaica. Tlie rum of Dcme- Tira enjoys a high reputation; and of the total quantity im[)orted from the British colonies ir.d plantation in 1832, amounting to 4,741,649 gallons, Demerara and Beri>ice furnished ',110,419 gallons. The be.ot samples of Berbice coffee are of very superior (piality ; but !ie planters fniding the cultivation of sugar more profitable, the imports have materially leclincd of late ytars. In 1832, they amounted, from both colonies, to 3,449,400 lbs. Con- •iderable quantities of cotton were formerly exported from (Juiana; but the Americans Javin; superivir facilities for its production, the planters have in a great measure ceased to •iiltivate it Cacao, annotto, &c. are produced, but not abundantly. These statements are sufficient to show the importance of Deinarara and Berbice. Con- 'idering, indeed, their great natural fertility, and the indefinite extent to which every sort if tropical culture may he carried in them, they certainly rank among the most valuable of he colonial po?sessi/)ns we have acquired for many years. Exclusive of the above, we possess the settlement of Balizc on the Bay of Honduras. This is of importance, as affording n means of obtaining abundant supplies of mahogany ; !iutitis of more importance as an entrepot for the supply of Guatemala with English ma- nufactured goods. — (For accounts of the colonies in Australasia, «Scc., sec Culu-muo, Cape 'tF Gooii Hope, Poet Louis, Sxunet, &c.) Fni. I.— 2 N ■""''«§ "tiiiii ran ■ ""■■•fft I '"iiiM'taM "4111] i«Hi " il'KIWk I i; ' I !ii .iMimi 4 "H 9 ^iif;::3 Ji^*!;M.> !5 \ \ fi :\\,i 422 COLONIES AND ' / mi;; I ' 1 .1 1 Accniint of tlic Quantities of Hiignr, Rum, MolngHcs, nnd CotTnc, imporlpd into tlic ITnilcrl Kinedoni I'roiri till! W-,177 394.Si7 M,S76 Ifl4,>l2 211,031 69,74.S in.'vlVi 6.'),:)06 2ia,oi7 7!i,ni« 21,026 339,6 1 :• 4 687,282 90,699 M3,«90 4,397,S66 1S33. Cwtii. 174,H1« 344,6,-fl 2.'.,014 170.280 l.llVCO 16,261 39,637 fc7,614 M,7U )9.>,0.i7 77,260 i:>,tGI 2X9,393 760,376 I26,1SS 6S8,7I2 Rum. 1834. 12,313 4.K"|0 4,0t2,y21 ll.4'v)? !.7:'>0 S iitlllmti, 71,44/; 2,1-0 27,764 247,049 2,924,067 20,480 2.1,286 79,080 4,707 93,397 272,787 3,478 7,714 2 1,273,693 61,277 4 6,112,401 1 8a;, Gallona. 67,0ril 1,798 7,308 248,^24 2,430,272 26.492 39,366 107,101 10,972 I89,i:>4 299,70S 3,220 9,688 59 35 1,875,245 115,411 18 201 Molaues. 1934. Cwts, S7,'<82 &j,5')3 2.550 23,219 2,sflg 4,779 6,466 17,397 2,811 a3,n9.i 11,646 99,494 2.82,967 20,69» 206 5,453,519 1,613,163 1,668,205 650,572 1835. Cwtl. 75,985 58,12'i 2,700 8,747 982 1,848 161 7,526 6,0i7 26,455 5,986 1,408 84,640 221,-ra 6,225 607,KS7 2,078 4,753 Coffee, 1834. LU. 224 77,868 89.3,4W 10,332 18,268,893 18.5 06,004 197 160,915 45,579 1,481,990 I,ai5,668 163 701 22,092,191 768,819 1«35. Ut. 51*0 S7,>ej 112,557 8,a6 40 63,3«2 Mil 33,oi;o 280,150 1,13M>( ii,O27,007 213,296 '5,l(sis7r 613,053 'I'he duties on West India produce entered for home consumptiou during the year 1835 yielded about 6,700,000/. nett. The exports from this country to our West India colonics consist of coarse cottons, linms checks, hats, and other articles of negro clothing ; hardware and earthenware ; staves hoops, coal, lime, paint, lead ; Irish provisions, herrings and other salt fish ; along with fur- niturc, wine, beer, medicines, and, indeed, almost every article which a great manufacturine country cau supply to one situated in a tropical climate, which has very few mechanics and hardly any manufactures. Since the depression of West Indian property, and the open. ing of the ports on the Spanish main to ships from England, the exports to the West Indies have decreased both in quantity and value. Their declared or real value amounted, as appears from the following account, in 1834, to 2,680,022/. ijtateinent of tlie Total amount of Trade t)ctween tlie United Kingdom nnd the Britisli West India Colonics, in each year, from 1814 to 1834, both inclusive. OBici.M Value. Declared Value Eiporls to the British West Indies. of 1 Years. Imports from llieHrilish British and Irish hrnducts British and Irish Foreign and Toi.,1 West Indies. Produce and Colonial of British West Indies, i Manufactures. Merchandise. Exports. £ £ £ £ 1 £ 1 1814 9,022,309 6,282,226 339,912 6,222,1.38 7,019,9.'!S 1815 9,903,200 6,742,451 453,030 7,l!Hi,081 7,21t?.057 1810 7,847.895 4,584,500 268,719 4,853,228 4,5.37,056 1817 8,326,926 6,032,708 382,883 7,015.501 5,890.1110 1818 8,008,790 5,717,216 272,491 5,080,707 0,021 ,(i27 1819 8,I8H„'J39 4,395,215 297,199 4,692.414 4,811.253 1820 8,3.53,700 4,240,783 314,567 4,.50 1,350 4,lil7,7fd 1821 8,307,477 4,940,009 370,7.38 5,311,347 4,320,581 1822 8,019.705 4,127,052 243,126 4,370.178 3,439,818 182.'? 8,425,276 4,021,589 285,247 5,)6,605 4,100,420 2,l39,Sfl7 1 1833 8,008,218 4,401,990 302,189 4,701. IW) 2..V.I7.591 1834 5,410,113 4,494,059 323,980 4,818,040 2.080,022 The following are the quantities of gome of the principal artirles exported to tfip West Indian colonies in 1831 ;— Cottons, 21,975,459 yards ; linens, 11.029,191 yards; woollens, M9.9.V2 ytirds; Iml?, 20,094 dozens ; leather, wrought and unwrought, 349,842 lbs. ; earthenware, 1,331,799 \necva ; jliiss, 23,514 cwt.; hardware and cutlery, 13,.53icwt. ; coals and culm, 48,.530 tons; liccf and pork, 24,ir3 liarrids ; soap and candles, 4,389,908 lbs., &c.— (PaW. Paptr, No. 550. Snss. 1H33.) The articles exported from Canada and the British possessions in North America princi- pally consist of timber and lumber of all sorts; grain, flour, and biscuit; furs, dried fish, fish oil, turpentine, &c. The imports principally consist of woollen.=, cottons, and linens, earthenware, hardware, leather, salt, haberdashery of all sorts; tea, sugar, and coffee; spices, wine, brandy, and rum, furniture, stationery, &c. COLONY TRADE. 423 n tlio United Kinitironj itilies entered lor He- ColTce. 1834. 1«35. )S5 2-. 00 47 J«2 4S 61 26 357 1S5 m 108 MO ■ra 223 l.bi. 77,8ti8 893,4!e 10,332 18,28»,b83 Ifti 96,004 197 160[9I5 43,379 1,481,980 l,045,«(;8 163 701 Lbi. S7,S2j 112,517 Km 11,154,307 40 63,3S2 118 28 33,060 280,158 1,139,0M ^ 22,082,191 15,109,Wi 753 768,819 613,053 luring the year 1835, coarse cottons, linens. Earthenware; staves, Ish ; along with fur- great manufacturing very few mechanics, roperty, and the opcii- ts to the West Indies amounted, as appears I the British West India Dechrod Value t of I British and Irish j Pnwlucls ex|Mirte(i to the j British West Indies, j £ 7,01!),93S 7,'2lK05- 4,f).'!7,(l56 5,S9<).l(lrt 0,0-21, m: 4,Sll.-253 4,l'.IT.7fil 4,3iO,5Sl 3,43<1.SI8 3,OTt),7Hn 3.S27.t8<.) 3.hfiti,S34 3,I(li),-265 3.tiS3.'>!2 3.2H!),704 a,m2,0S5 2,838,448 'J.fjM.iM'J 2,13!I.S07 2.t;8(),022 (1 to tlir West Indian M0.1IS2 V!ir(ls; hm?, ,331,7iH) pieces; class. Iicef uiid porlv, 24,172 3.) orth America princi- ;uit ; furs, dried fish, cottons, and linens, sugar, and coffee; Currency. DolU r. C'urn'ncj* 140;. 1 - (is. Me/. U5l. 1 = (w. 3d. 17,V. 1 = 8.9. 3(/. im. 1 = 9n. ()(/. The following arc the quantities of some of the principal articles exported from Great \iritain to Canada, Nova Scotia, &c., in 1831: — Cottons, 15,618,106 yards ; woollens, 100,124 yards; linens, 3,309,165 yards; earthenware, 2,253,851 pieces; iron and steel, \vrouc;ht and unwrought, 12,400 tons; hardware and cutlery, 29,482 cwt. ; coals and rulm, 31.134 tons; salt, 1,559,684 hushels; beef and pork, 8,534 barrels, &c. — {Pari. I'uper, No, 550. Scss. 1833.) We are indebted to Mr. Mayer, of the Colonial Office, for much valuable information, and in particular for the Tables given in the next two pages, the most complete that have ever been published, of the population and trade of our colonial possessions. J\/iMici/-— Wlint is called West India currency ia an imaginary money, and liaa a didcrent vnluo in ' .liffiToiit colonies. Tlie value it henrs, as compared vvitli Bterlinu money, was supponed to represent iliu corresponding viiliie of tlio coins in circulation in tlie ditVerent islunds at the time tlic proportion «i\s tixed: these coins lieing for tin! most part niutilHted, and otherwise worn and defaced, currency ;} ill ftll cases less valimhie than sterlinj;. The following are the values of 1002. sterling, and of a (loliar, in tlie currencies uf the difl'uruiil islands:— Sterlinj;. .lainaica ----.. mot. = Iliirhadoos - . . . . joo/. = Windward Islands (except Uarbadoes) - 100^ => Leewiird Islands .... loo/. =: But these proportions are seldom acted uiKin; the exchange being generally from 10 to 20 per cent. ibnve the fixed par. By an order in cinincil of I ,1 of March, 1S25, nritish silver money is made lepal tender Ihrough- iiiii'all ISritish colonial posses .ions, at the nominal value as in England; and hills for the same are jivcn on the Treasury of London, of 100/. each liill for 103/. such silver money. By this order, also. lie value of the Sptiiiish dollar is fixed at 4s. 4(/. Mritish silver money throughout all the colonies tflipre it is current. ThJ following are the gold coins circulating at Jamaica, with their legal weight and fineness :— Spanish doubloon ... Two pistole piece Pistole ... Half pistole . - - Portuguese .loliaimes (called Joe) Half Joe - - - Quarter Joe Moidore ... Ilalfmoidore English guinea ... Half guinea ... Sovereign . - _ iV. Regulations i7nder which Colony Thadf. is conducted. — Disposal of Land in thk Cdloniks, «Scc. These are embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4.c. 59., which came into operation on the 1st of September, 1833. It is as follows : — tmportation and Fxportalinn of Goods confined to frtc Ports. — No goods shall be imported into, nor fhall any goods, except the produce of the fisheries in Ilritisli ships, be exported fnuii, any of the British possessions in America by sea, from or to any place other than the United Kingdom, or some iiiliiT of sucli possessions, except into or from the several ports in such iiossessions, called "Tree, I'lirls," enumerated or described in tlie table followinc ; (that is to say,) Tabli of free Porln. — Kingston, Savannah Le Mar, Montcgo Hay, Santa I.ucia, Antonio, Saint Ann, ralmouth, Maria, Morant Hay, Aiinotto Bay, lllack Uiver, Kio Uiieno, I'ort Moranl, Jamaica ; Saint tlporee, Orenada ; Roseau, Dominica; Saint John's, Antigua; San Josef, Trinidad ; Scarbornni;h, Tobago; Road Harbour, Tortola ; Nassau, New I'rovidelice ; Pitt's Town, Crool^ed Island ; Kings- ton, Saint Vincent ; Port Saint George and Port Hamilton, ISerinnda; any port where there is a riistoni- house, Bahamas ; Bridgetown, Uarbadoes ; Saint John's, Saint Andrew's, New Ilruiiswick ; ilalifax, Pictou, Nova Scotia ; Quebec, Canada ; Saint John's, Nowfoiindliind ; (icorgc Town. Deine- rira; New Amsterdam, IJerbice; Castries, Saint Lucia ; liasseterri'. Saint Kill's ; Ctiarlcs Town, .Nevis; Plymouth, Montserrat ; Sydney, Cape Breton; ('hiirlotte Town, Prince Edwiinl's Island ; Anguilla, Angnilla; and if any goods shall be imported into any port or pltice in any of the said pos- scfsinns contrary thereto, such goods shall be forfeited.— J 2. His Majestii may appoint oilier Ports to be free P«rt.s\— Provided always, that if his Majesty shall (leeia it expedient to extend the provisions of this act to any port or ports" not oniinierated in tl'ii' said lalile, it shiill be lawful for his Majesty, by order in council, to do so ; and froiii llie dtiy nientiniicd in sitcli order in council, all the privili^ges and advantages of this iict, tind all the provisimis, penalties, .Hid forfeitures therein contained, shall extend, and he deemed iind conslnn'd to extend, lo any such iiiirt or ports, as fully as if the same had been inserted and enniiierated in the above talile : provided also, that nothing herein-before contained shall extend to prohibit tlie iiiiiiortatioii or exportation of i;i)i)d3 into or from any ports or places in NewfouiHlliind or Labrador in Hiitisli ships.— J 3. His Maje.ity may appoint Ports for limited Purposes. — And whereas theri^ arc in the saiil possessions iimny places situated in riviirs ami in bays tit wliicli it may lie neci ssary to <'.--i:iii!isli pmis tor par- licidar and limited purposes only; be it therefore enacteil, that it sliall lie liuvl'iil I'nr his Majesty, on ,inj order in council made for tlie appointment of any free port,tolimii and coiitine such aiipoiiitmcnts ri'.siiectively to any and such purposes only as shall be expressed in sitcli order.— ^i 4. Pritikjtes granted to Foreign Ships limited tu the Shijw of thni-e CiihhM'Ic* nvdiilio;;- the li!;e Pririleirr.t lo British Ship.-<, i*j-c. — And whereas by the law of navigation foreiLMi slii|)sare periiiitled to iiiiporl into .".iiyofthe llritish possessions abroad, from the counlrieH to which tin y hclmi!;, l'hoiIs the produce of iliose countries, and to export goods from such possessions to be ciirried In any foreign country what- ever; he it therefore enacted, that the privileces tln^reliy L'rante iMti ■■"'■•,«•» .li>ltl'l4M *«, ,1,^ Ki«^''1 .iiir:a^ 0i '*> ■v>«,,,mm -'•HI :'::^ \i*% '.n: 4 i!iii'«mij i..i;'i ' ■ :,!,ii' f««»« 'III!!!;:': •B«il9 1 --^-^ ■'■■'(. 424 COLONIES AND G.xtcnt, Population, Stc. of the British North Americnn and West Indian Colonics, MBE! IT* •S ■'1 f i ' ? •,! r rf '■ !' i British North America n Colouies. Area in BritiHh Sijiiare Miles. i8oa 1825. 193.1, or latest tenins. 1 I/iwer Can:>da . 250,000 200,000 423,630 519.no-i 1 ■ — 1 I'pper t-.iii.iil.\ . . lOi.OOO 70,718 157.5.1 336,461 1 ■ N«?w Hruiiiwick . 27,700 a->,ixio 72,(02 H 2 Nov.i Scotia 15,600 65,00(1 104,000 > 16J)00 5 M2,>ts B *< Cipe BreUiii • , . 3,100 2,313 — IViiicc KJwanl' Iiland . 2,100 0,676 20,000 32.292 H ?i fjewfouudlaud Totals ; 36,000 26,505 62,497 60,088 439,300 409,412 846,600 1,239,831 It Census. British West Indian Culuiiiei}. Area ill IlrilUli Shi a re Miles. Iniporls of an;.ir from West 1824. 1834, or lalei Whites. Free Coloured. Slaves. Total. Wliiira, Tree Coioureil. Apprsnl. I.abnur. Tohl. Coldiiies into L'. K. inl!<33. lale. emale. .J 1 ■a 1 Si! 11 3 § 1 « u, ^.u. **.:*, ^'•M <-iM --i 1 Cwl. Ant! 1(11 a IlirbadnPi 109 iriM.'iOS 1,140 840 1,549 2,346 M,454 16„'i3l 36,860 1,980 33,432 — K»:' ^H 9 ' laO 3il,70,i 6,827 i,m\ 2,2-i8 2,266 36,139 41,637 97,970 14,959 5.146 62,807 H H '. 273 a>.oi4 4S7 417 1,406 1,738 7,919 8,li.V. 20.622 K40 3.606 14,384 I'^KiO ^^H t Oreiiadi 125 17U,JaO 62S 219 l,3s7 2,10.1 12,258 13,052 211,618 801 3,786 2:),5a6 SMJ3' ^1 V Jimiica ? 1,145,377 5 37,lK / } 110 ccusin taken. J 17j 213 1 234 320 166,393 169,638 373,403 No census taken. 31l,692» 3ll,(»2l ^1 n 47 1 6,211 > 3,032 3,473 7,447 330 974 6,335 ^H t li 1 J. 39,637 1,140 4,->>3 4,678 10.401 700 2.(»)0 8,722 ^H St. Kitt*» «S B7,6M 1,612 I,99C 9,30". io;ii2 23,423 1,61-2 3,000 20,660 ^H "Nt. Ijiici.i OS 34,13J 676 918 1,576 2.063 6,297 7.497 18,6-17 881 3,919 13,34X St. V'incmit 130 195,0 16 l,0J3 1,482 12,007 12,245 26,787 1,301 2,'24 22,997 Tobaijo - 1»7 77,2tiO 2C0 44 223 360 6,i38 7,098 14,485 280 3,000 11,621 ^H JorioU and Virgin 13,921 207 201 283 32!- 2,975 3,485 7,479 477 1,296 5,192 (,%■;. ^^1 ■ __ 102 203 IM 177 1,279 1,693 3.666 365 327 2,3'* Si'lH ^^H 2,100 221,312 2,243 1,8-3 6,681 7,314 13,0i2 10,;U6 41,479 4,201 18,724 22,339 45.24 W5-1 ^^^1 , Eiliumaa — 2,2-2 2,278 867 1,332 5,529 5,279 2,620 2,62i; 17,367 10,612 4,6.37 4,211 9,705 ■ Ht-rtimdM — — 1,S97 2,751 4,2« 4,456 — 6.7.'0 Briluhlruiana, De- H '- niarara atid £s- 6S,i,2S4 2,609 250 1,336 1,773 41,224 33,753 80,045 3,006 6,360 63,5.36 Tl.K ■ i^ PI 126,143 4S3 108 325 610 13,007 10,349 24,752 570 1,651 I9,3;9 2l,i81. ^H N(? Hoiidoras 63,000 136 61 685 737 1,634 811 ToW • 4,107 2de 1,788 1,920 Tolal gg 8.30,304 ■ .1 1? Population and Trade of Asiatic, African, and Earoptiin Colonies in IS34. Declared or Number and Tiinnaije of Vcuel! British African and European Colonies. Population. Imports into the Unileil Kinzdom, Official Value. Exports from the United Kingdom, (HIicial Value. real Val'ie of British and Irish I'roiluee and Manu- faclures ex- porteil from to and from the United Kingdom and the Coloniei. Whiles. Free Coloured and Ap- lnw»rds. 1 Outnardi, 1 prentices. the U.K. 1 L. L. L. Shipt, T Van nienien's Land 37,688 — 95,349 330,539 230,145 t « 12,400 90 29,5671 — — 69 5,089 3,555 ) Cape of Good Hope 55,675 76)279 248,760 619,153 304,381 27 5,366 47 !l,Ui bierra Leone, and settlements on the coast of Africa- 83 33,438 River Gambia, ."^ierra Leone, and coast to Me«ura(K - Windward Coast from Mesu- r.ada to Cape Apolloriia Cape Cttast C.istle and Gold 456,016 794,970 323,687 136 32,213 150 35,35s Coast from Cape Apiillonia toRioVoHa Coast from Rio Volla to Cape of Good Hopa (including Fernando Po) - Ileliijoland - 2,221 _ II 203 31 1 .36 1 a 14,998 10 47,33.3 1,423,166 460,719 28 3,720 too 12,sv-l M.ilta 123,123 — 14,955 589,425 242,696 9 1,219 8C 13,0061 Cnit'jd Slates of the Ionian Islands - 194,395 - 1 207,393 214,229 — 62 8,469 ■12 5,71)! * The wlutc population of Jamaica ii supposed to amount to about 36,000. I- t s^ ■' I3 £!2 \m r i^ *>K> -1 £13 COLONY TRADE. 425 idian Colonics. 1S34, or lalesi Cemui. 30 Mt.no-i tl 338,461 12 119,457 00> «0j MAMS 00 32.2!« 97 «),UM lOO I,239,>,->1 1S34, or bttvt Cenius, Freu Coloured. ApprTOl. -J si y 1 33,432 HMO 3,(i06 3,7*0 82is07 14,3i.4 23,336 ei SU3 lakc'ii. 31l,6!)2« X) a 1 ji 074 2,1X10 3,000 3,9 19 2.S24 3,000 6,3'i3 H,7J2 20,660 t3.34S 22,997 11,621 5S Dl 57 M 1,296 327 18,724 4.211 4,466 5,l»2 2,3s|< 22,3.19 9,70i oe 70 M 6J60 1,651 1,788 6.-.,.W6 19,359 1,920 Tolal TuUl, lOi.nlJ l\Ni(' 3n.mi ■i,m IMIN 2T,li>. 4,401 ; i.H\ 'K5T3! 71,*^' 2l!Sl nies in 1834. umBcr ami Tonmife of Vejiei! to ,111(1 front the United Kingdom .iDil llie Colnnie). Invvanls. Onti\anij, i Tmu. 20,909 2,774 Shipf, 33 13 Tmf. 4,3|. 2 12,400 90 29,i6T| 7 5,566 47 9,u; 6 32,213 IM 35,35! 1 s 9 56 3,720 1,219 I 100 86 13,006 2 S,4e9 ■a 5,:i) r^5aS. a wwooHt* HH^E^^y sctoppo SSi ' • • • ■' i «B|||ie I ll ? f ,5 In 5 If I |i ? ^.Bs.-i"_?:E,-l-§g.-^-B cr J" * _ ..?•.. .83 8. . 3 i 1 I- ? OS 3 o 5 2. ' .52° ° 5525932° o o 3 g O O o §s5§g P? S? '29c D99999e9g 3 :2 P ^ S S Z 3 3 3 s 9 g. ■r 13 'kI^ ?§^ sillsSsl'^isS if B a I si s »3 o> (£> ri 01 S - 1 *. 'i RS - 3. 5. Ij K fo Ki — --1 u< — 'X oi !•» A> 3 ^ X >i i2 C3 gs§ c5j *- is Si MK( m ^ *- OS ^ -^i — OJj^tDOiW X .t« - I to §32 ess iS^ilsssgs^isg; 2 Sta«58! -6 CO csa** oDxo=:4k,(bcou%u!c3< a— &w-^jai n.to.too«»tooto»~i — y> o> j^S >— .u OM o* to — Tc okj — ui af33& r,^8 = SJ -yt — M. U> O j4 &3J<9 — QC O tQ — QD *." -a rrtJtS ^F?OK)oS,t»."S^(Bo^5 2n2 ■fe! 99 559 9 .Pi- to A J^ U, — Ui-1 "Ye CO A4> a s s ■§ f, jS jJ> ja Js P S P oEac to 8 ^ o V3-0) 2,3 E 3 ?■ 13 an 8 ■Sir •1 1 it "*! ^ 5| il S3 ^1 E.3 H.O (» M £.►» • S5 £,=-2. ^^ UtS -00 .1 Sliipi. UttOt^ K» S3 ■fes Tom. Ships. -^ -H -1 Tons. V iHii 2 to ."^hips. i Tons. w S 81 6 g g g 5 Tons. (ra s c'B 5t 5" = H. a. S s >■ c o 9 3 a. 9 o 3 u s E3. ''"04, |«« ; '"'III (MM ■ ■"•! 'I >MI^ I ill' l'>i»Mi K'2 'iii;ii;r" If 54 426 COLONIES AND r €' i: » £1 ♦ I I HI i i ![■■ . moHt fiivnurod rifilion, iinloflw hifl MnjcMly hy order in rounril »>hnll in nny oniio *f«pm ft r^pp(ii,>nf tr; KiUDl llir wliulc or any olHiirh privilt'tfi'H Ki flu' HliipH nf »ny t'orcitfii roiinlry, iilllioiiuh Hit'?*.' rorHh. lidiiH he not in all rt'rtprt'tH I'dltlllril liy itiicli ('«iri'i(in rniiniry: provided, that nn Inrrimi i-onntry shun Ih! (|*'t;riit'(l ti» lmv«; riillillrd the Iicforti-incntinnt'il comiitioiiH. or lo lip niiitlt'd to iIichi' priviltMr,.^ iinlr>4!4 his MaJ<>Hty hIi;iI|, hy h\A ordtT or ordcrn, liuvr diulart'd that hiicIi fnrfian cniintry liaiii mii ini fdhMJ tJM' Hai(l ronditiiniH» and it* I'nlitUMJ to tln! i*aid jirivilrurj* : provided aUn, ihai i!v*'ry order in rourii'il ill \\trv(i at tilt; time of tliu roinnuMict'rnotit or thin att, whcrrhy drrlaration in niadr ot' tin ronntries rmitti'fl in wlioh* or in part tot ho privilrucit ol'tlit! law ot'naviuatlon, hIiuU contianu in (orot< af* rtr.irtnally an iftlic itarnu had Uv.vw uunU* undt-r Ihr anthorily of this ait.— ^ r». 77(1.* ^rt not to (\[fert certain ^crv.--NothinR contained in thin art, or any oilmr art paPf**-)! in the pn-. dent nesHion of parliament, hIuiII extend to repeal or In any other way alter or attert an art (I iu-o .\ c 77.), intituled "An Art to anihori/,i» hin Majesty, under certain rirrninslanccH, to reuulale Itii* Dmi,.^ unii Orau'hackrt on (ioodn iin|»orted or exported in foreiun Vt^nseU, and to exempt irrtain fun-n.,, VesselH from I'ilotaue,** nor to r4'[)eal or in any way alter or atferl an art (r> (ieo. \. c. TjO.) to aiiiin,! tlie last-mentioned art; and that all trade and intereourne lietwtM^n iImj llritish jiONHetHions ami ;i)i loreitfn eonntrien Hhall In- Huliject to tin- jiowern jrranled to hin Majenty hy those ads.— $ i\. Oonds pruhihitnl or rentrirti'd to be iiiiportcil into CV/ioiim.— The seviral Horts of uoodn eminierJUfd or (leKcrihcd in the tahh; followinir, denominated **A Talde of l»rohlhitloii« and KeslrlrtionH," are lu>n'|,\ prtdiiliiied to Im- imporiiMl or hrouRht, either hy nea or hy inland carriage or itaviKatioiu imo thj Itritish jioHHeKsioMH in America, or Hhall he ho imported or hroni^iht only under tin* reutrictioriH hhh- lioned in buch lablo, according as tlie auverul HortH of such goodn ure scl forth tluToin ; (tlmtiHin •ay,) ^ Table of Prohibit iont and Restrictions. Giinpo\T,|,-r, :irnis, ammunitinnH or utrinlla of w.ir, pmliibid'd (n he nniinrlfJ, i'Xi>>-|)t troiii (hu I'liiteJ KitiKiIoin, ur from uinie other Itntish i>ns-*«-^S(oii. Tfi, pmMiljift'iI lo ho impnrtL'il vxctyt from the Uniled KiiiKilom, nr t'roni tnmv nttuT RrJiith iHiMfMlon in America, iititesi ty llic K.iKt liidii C''i(ny, or wiUi thfir licence during the cnntiiiuance of their vxi liisive' n^ht of in'if. Fitpri^hiliiViio he int .irted iiiln the Dahaina or the Ilermuda idl.ind) hy hii M.. je*ty' nni'T in council. n.iJtc or foiiiiUTlfi' C'dm ;\Tid l»ooks, snrh a» ire pndiihite,! t'> |,e im. portei) into the I'niled Kiiii; loin, prohihite*! to lie impnrtvil. And if any irooils shall he inu">rtei! or hroueht into any oftho IJritinh possessiotiH in America mutrarv to any of the pmhihitions or restrictions mentioned in such tahle in respect of such uoods. tin? snml. HJiall hv. forfeitnl ; and if the ship or vessrd in which such goods sluilt he iin])orted he of le.id burdin than 70 tons, stich ship or vessel t^hall also In; torfeited.— ^ 7. Cofrv, vVv-* tfioi/irfi liriti.-ih^ ihevicfl Fortiirn in certain Cascs.--\\\ cniTvv, Huear, me-tasnos, ntxl nim (althntmh thi> name may he of the llrilish plantations), ijxported from any of lite llritish possessions iir America, into which the like uoods of toreJL'n production can he legally imported, shall, upon niitise- iliient importation from tlienct' into any of the llritish t>(>^sessionH in America, into whicti siycli jrnoiis hi'iiiir of foreiL'ti prodmtion. cannot he legally imported, or into tht* Tnited Kinydmn, he dernieil tn In. of f.ireiiiii production, ami shall he liahle, on such ituportatioii rfS[K»ctively. to tlie same diitieH nr \\io, satne ftirfeittircs as articles of the like description, heiuK of foreign production, would lie liittdini^ unless the saint; Nhall have heen wartdiotised under tin.' [)rovision» of this net, and e:iport(Ml frnui ih.' wirehouse ilirect to such other llritish iJossusHion, or to the United Kingdom, us the case niiivbc -^s. • ■• Duties of Importation in America. — There shall ho raised, lovit^d, collected, and paid iintn hU Maji'sty the sever'il duties of customs, as the same are respectively set forth in fiptires in the tahiiinf duties Inrein-afiei' contained, upon goods, wares, and merchandise, imported or hrought iitto iuyof his .Maje:^ly*» poatie:i$ion3 in Ainericu ; (tliat is to nay,) Table of Duties, Duties piyaldc upon spirits, heine of the prowlh, proihiction, or ma* niit'nrtuVe of the I'nited Kingdom, or of any of the British pos- .scs->iiiiis III America or the West ludiea, impurtud lutu NewfuuDil* Und or Canida. SpirlH itiiporfed Into Newfoundland ; viz. L. j, d, ihe pr.>.!uee rf any of the British po'^spaslons in South Amrrin or Ihe West Indies; viz. iniporte-l frnni any Hrifish possession in America, or fmm Ihe United Kingdom, the ifallon - G Imiwirted from any other place, to be deemeii fo« reitrn, and lo he char^eil wilh duty as such, tl.e pro lucf of anv British possession in North Ame* rira. or of the t'lii'ed Kingdom, .md imported from the I'nilet Kimcdnin, or from any British possession in America, the gallon - • - -016 Imported from any other pl.ice, to he deemed foreiirii, an I to he charged with duty as such. Spirits imporlai intot'anada; viz. the pntilnce of .my British possession In South Ame« rioa or the West lndii*s, md imported from any British possession in Amerir.a, or fnim the t'oiteil Kingdom, the ^llon - - . - 6 Iniporicl fn>m any other place, to l)e deemed fondi^n, and In be charged with diilv as such. A'Torftfl or Iroiisl.t into any of the British possessions in America, by sea or ty iidand c.irrioice ornavi^ation. Import:*d intothe British possessions in Ihe West Indies or on tilt; continent of South America, or into the Bahama or Rermtwli islands ; viz. Wheal Hour, the harrel . - . - 5 importe.1 from any British possession in North America, or from the warehouse in the I'nited Kin^dnni ..... Free. thinili^. not more than 12 inches in h-nelh, the 1,000 7 more thin 12 ineht*s in leni^th, the 1.000 • 14 imjiorted from any British poBsession in North America, or from the warehouse in the Unittil Kingdoui ..... Free. Red oak staves ami beadings; viz. until the 1st of J.muary. 1S34, the 1,000 . on and from Ihe Isl orlwl fmm any British pnssesiion in North Auifrica ..... Imported into New BnirKwiik, Nova Scotia, or Prince Kdwird's Marid ; viz. Wht-at flour, tin- barrel .... Beef and pork, salted, of all sorln, the cwl. - frmb, lirought by land or iulaod oavigatioii L, I. i. 1 6 ; 1 2 i M I) Fiw. r 3 s 19 012 i Tm. 1 1 Frw. • 13a I 6 D I I Fr«. Free. I 1 1 5 i Tnt. 12 S C 12 Prei. COLONY TRADE. 427 [.in, fakfn nml cnred 6y the ^[,}^^ ^n1p<^rtall ioto Hnj of the Dritiih poMiwioni In America i Spirit; vU. Uriiii tVt ir«ii'Mions in South America or the Wut iMlira. N. H.— Hum, allhnuKb Tlritiih, if ini|)nrted rn>rii Auy llritJBh powfMinn in which rurrii(n niiu is not |iri)hibite Ia.«es respcclively, heinn the pn^duce of the ilritish ii(>s»euii)us in South Auierica nr tliu Wwt Iniifii. Clxb at"^ wjlchr^. bMlbfir manufactures, linen, mtuicil iniirumerds wirw i>t' all sorts, IhhiIh and papers, silk ftiDiifaCures, for every 100/. i)f the v.ilue C'iMDwniificturi'S, siiap, refined aunar, (lUjfar canuy, tn hccn ni.innrictured, cutton manufactures, tor every 100/. f,f the value ..... Alibuler, .iiichoviei, arnol, anmet^l, amber, almomh, brim-itone, botar^n, Imx wood, turrants, capers, caaca* C(in,ci)n)niin M***')) coral, cork, cinnabar, dates; essence uf beri{Uuol» of lemon, of rotes, of citron, of oranges, I, f. d. 1 6 7 7 7 10 1 7 10 Free. 7 10 5 6 5 3 30 20 nllavender.of riMPninry I Mnery^Mni'; frU'f, prrs«rv«l in aUK^r or brandy; litpi ; h>tini(, leniils ; mar* ble, n>U|(h -iihI wnrkud : mnuic ^vuik, nn-dali, musk, macraroni, nntt of all kinds; oil of olivi-i, oil of al- mond] ; orris Mol, oslrlch feather^, ochres, onnife bud* and (Kwl, olives, pilch, puklns in jars -ind hoKIni, naint- inirs, po//iilani, pumire sloiif. punk, l'.kriiirsiii cfirfse, pickles, prints, (mirli, precious alniiei ('■xceptdiiiiiondi), ipiickadver, raisins, sansiKes, sponicea, t;tr, turpentine, fcrmilion, vermicelli, whetslimrt; for every lOiU. ofihn value ....... OoihIs, wares, ami nierchamlisr, not otherwise ch.irifed with duly, -tnd not herein derlarril to be free ot duly, for everv lOOi. of the value .... Coin, bullion, and diamonds; horses, mules, asses, neat rallle, anil nil other live stock; tallow and raw hidmi rice ; corn and ((rain, uiiKround ; bisruil nr bread ; mi^t or Hour (eicept wheit llnurf ; frcab meat, fresh t\sh, carriaiesof travellers . . . • • Whrat flour, beef and (lork, hims and bacon, wooti and lutriiter, im|Hirtel into Canada; wo iioTfcd into New Hrunswick, Nova Scolia, or Frince IMwird's Island; hav and straw, fruit and vegetables, fn*sh ; wit, cotton wool : cof»dt, the prwl-iceof places within the limits of the Kail India Conip.iny's charter, ini[H)rlBd fmm those places, or from the United Kin((- dom, or from some place in ihe British domiiiionB ; her- rinns taken and curwl by the inhabitants of the Isle of Mill, .Tnd importeosses- sions, or owned by any person or persons there resident, otiier than coasting or drogiieing vessels eijiployed in coasting or drogueing, all such and the like duties of tonnage and isliipping dues as ace oi ''l''«l!l^ "">ii IV' in .\c» riniiiilliiiirl In riiniii^ of nun nr nlliiT H|iirilx, llii' iirnciiic-i' n|' llii' llrilii>li iMinHiiKiiniiH in Hniilli Aincrii a nr llir \Si'l' Ihr 1 iiHtniin- al Uui lur, ||,,( tini'li riiiii nr nilii'r 4|>trllH liaii hri'ii ihily lamli'il In Tanaila: prnsiih'il Ihal nn ilraM hai'k ^hlll| h,' m. Inwi'il iipcMi any hiii h ■'iiin nr nllirr xpiritit iiiilcnii tlii! xami' Nhall hi Nhlppiil wilhiii I )i'ar Irnin iIm' ijjy • It' llii' linpnrtajinn nt' ilir Maim-, iinr unlcii« Hiich ilruwiiai'k itliall bii iluly claliiiuil williln I ymtr iroiji till' ilay nrHiii li ^iiipmi'iit- i IS. /Shiji iiiiit fiir^r,, 1,1 hr riiwrlrU un Jlrriial-'VUn inantrr of cvrry Klilp lirrlvlni; In any nf tlii' Kriiislj nnxm'HxiniiH In Ami'riia, nr tin' Uhinili* nf (iiii'mHcy, Jitni y, Alih'riii'y, nr Hark, whrllirr laden ,„ „, liallaNt. nliall riiiiii' dlri'i'tly, ami hi.'fnri.' hulk In- hmkiii, In tlir ('nxlnm-l rr \\r Ilii' pnri nr di«irii> Wlmri' lin arnvrs, inni llnri! imiki.' a rrpnrt in writliiu in llii' rnllri tnr nr rninplmlli'r, nr ilhir prniur oltli'iT, of tim arrival uiiil viiyaifi' of hiuIi ulilp, Htallni; lirr nami', I'niintry, and Iniinaui', and it llriii,|, till' port nf ri'fiHlry, till' iiainr anil rniintry nf tlir maxirr, tlir rniintry of ihr n\vm'rn,lhi' iinnd.erdini,, I'rrw, ami Imw many am nf tlii' rniintry nf hiiiIi nliip, and wlirtlit'r »lir Itr ladi'ii ir in hallai.|. m,,! „ laili'ii tlin marks, ijiimhi'rK, ami (niiti'iilH nf rvcry pai kaiti- and parii'l nf n In on hnard, and win r,. the Hami' (vaM liidi'ii, and wliiTi! and to wlioiii rnnxivni'd, and wliori' any ami what KnniU, if uuy. |,;,,| Im'"ii II 11 laden (hiring the vnyagi'.aH far n» any of xni'li partii'iilarHian he know 11 In hini ; ami tiju i,i;i,. ttr Hliall fnrlhi'r answer all sni'h iini'stimiH ennienilnu Ihe Nliip, ami Hie eartin, and the 1 rrw, aiiil tin' vnyat,"'. aH shall lie demanded nf liini liy snili ollieer ; and If any ){nniU he nnladeii Irniii any ■.U]^, \„.[ lull' smli report lie made, or if Ihe master fail to make Hinh repnri, nr make an Mnlriie repnri, (ir i{„ lint truly answer the i|nestinns demnmled of liini, he slnill fnrt'eit thu uniii nf [Ml. ; ami if any ^j.^u^i^ lie not reported, they shall liu fnrfejied.— (J III. h'.nlrii uiiiii-iinle nf Hliip fur C'lia'c— 'I'he master nf every Hliip lioiiml frnin any llritisli pnsHenHld,, m Ameriia, nr the ishimlH nf tinernsey, Jersey, Alderney, nr Hark, shall, liefnre any t'nnils lie |i,|||,| therein, deliver to the rolleclor or eninplmller, nr ntfier prnper nlhier, an entry nnlwarils iiinlcr in, lianil of tile destination of hiiiIi slilp, statliiit hi'r name, innntry, ami lonmiKe, and If llnllsh iln' |i„,| of ri'ulstry, the name and loiintry of tlie master, the iniinlry oi' the owmrri, the nninlier of the iti'w ami hnw many are of the rniintry nf sneh ship; ami it any uooiIh he laden on hnard any sl,i|i jni,,,^ tiiii'h entry he made, the master of hiii li ship shall fnrfelt Ihe siini of r>(l/. ; and liefnre sin h ship ,|, |,.^^ the master shall hriiiK and deliver to thu lolleilor or niinplroller, nr oilier otlii'i'r,a cnnleni m wrihn; under Ills hand of Ihe voods laden, ami the names of the respertlve Hliippers amlronsiunersnt the ifiimi,' with Ihe iiiarks and nnmhers of Ihe paikaKi's or pariels of thu Haiiie, ami shall make ami snIiHi rilit;,' ilecluratlon to the trnlhof snili I'oiileiil as far as any of smh pnrtiiiilars can he know n tohhii; Minjuiy master of every ship liniiml frnm any Itrltlsli posHessinn in America, or from llie Islamls nf (iiii'nu.rv Jersey, Alderney. nr Hark, whether in hallast or luden,Hhall hi.'fore departure loine heforr ilii' ciiIIimi.'J or coniptroller. nr olher proper otlicer, and answer upon oath all smh i|iiestlons cnmeriiiii)i ihit ..jiiii, iind the carvn, If any, and the crew and the vnyaue, as shall he demanded of lilm hy snili nlllicr; ajui tlierenpon the collector ami cninptrnller, or other proper ollieer, if sue li ship he laileii, hIiiiII inaki'ciuim,^ give to the master a certitlcatu of llie clearance ofsncli slilpfor lierililemied voyaKe.cnntalnlnKaii la- count nf the tniali|nantJtlesof the several snru nf (.'noda laden therein, or a certlticate of her ck'ar.iriei; ill hullast, UH tlif cane may he ; nml if the ship depart without siicli clearance, or if thu mailer dolivrr it false coident, or shall not truly uii8wer tliu questiuna duiiiaiiduil of liiiii, Ue sliiill forfeit thu mntot imi.—i 17. (imiil.i iKit t.lalril in Cerlifiriitt to be Produce of Brilinh I'lisfc.^sinns to hr ilcemed of Fortign l'rniliitii„f,^ — No tfoods shall he stated in siicli certlticate of clearance to lie the produce of llritlsh possi'ssiniis ni America, unless such floods have lieen expressly stated ho to he In the entry outwards of Hie siiiin" mid all kinods tint expressly staled in such certlticate nf clearance to he the produce of the llritlsh pnj! Resslons III America shall, at thu place of iinportatioii in uny other hiicIi pussuHsions, or in the liinictl Kingdom, he di'eined to he of foreign production. — i IM. JVeiifiuiiillaiiil Ftshin/r CerHlieuten in lieu of Cleiininre. — Wlmnpver any glilp filiall lio clunrcil out from iSewfoumllaiid, or any other part ol his Majesty'H ilominioiis, for tin- llsheries on the liaiikaor coants of Newfoundland or I.ahradnr. nr their ilependencieH, w iihnnt having on hnard any artiili'ni' traliic, (except only the provisions, nets, tackle, ami other IIiiml's nsiially employed In ami aliinii ijip Hald tishery ,) the master of hiiiIi ship shall he entitled lu ileinaml I'rniii the collector nr other priiuiiial oIKcer of the ciistninti at such pnrt a curtiticat*! under his hand that such ship hath heen spiriully cleared out for thu Nuwfnundlaiid tishery ; and bucIi certilicale shall he in force tor the tisliiiii! srasm, for the year in which the game may hu granted, and no loncer ; and iipnii Ihe lirst arrival In any |iiiri in Newfoiinilland, Sec. of any ship haviiiK on hoard such certlticate, a report thereof ^hall lie muilc hy tliu master of such ship to the principal othcer of thu customs ; uml all ships havim; such certiiiciUi' so reported, ami hein); actually enuaKcd in the said fishery, or in carrying coastwise to he landed urput on hoard any other ships vr>>iiiiill:illil III Cniiiiil, II a iir Ihi' \\i>i liiiij,.,, II liny III llii' Kiihl pliii',.,' liillri Inr mill I n||||ilrii|^ , IllUt llli' lull lIllUi'H MM Hill lliiil II i'l'rtith all' |„, IIhIkIIIX ill Uni liir, lliii ilrauliark kIiiiII h,' i,|. Inn I >i';ir I'mm iin. ,1^. iiKil williiii I y.;it iriji;, \H In niiy »il' thf BriiUh k, wIlrllliT lllili'ii i„ III • I'lT llir (iiirl iir ilHirifi ■ if *■• .Itiir 1 ir lit lii.v ■._. . Iilriillrr, iir illiir pri'in liiiiiiiii.'i', anil n' ltriii,|| iihth. IIii' liiniilxir iiI'iIi,. lll'll It ill llllllllKl, { Ullll II' Ul'il < I III M'llHllll, Ullll It iIh IIII liiiaril, aiiil \\\\i„, VVllIlt K""|In, II UII), |;;,,| M III liiiii ; ami iim,' m,,,. I, anil llir irrw, iiniliii,; iliiilrii rriiiii any »ln|i|i,.! an iiiilriir rrpnri, i,t,|„ 100/. ; Ullll il' liny ijiiu,!,, my Drilliili |iiihiii>iiii|ii|| ,„ irr liny «iiiiiU III' lail, II ntry iiiilwanls iiiiilirin, I', anil II' llnlHli i||<' |„,pt [hr iiiiiiil>i.'r III' Ihi' iri'n, III liiianl any Khip Im'I,,,,^ I Iji'l'iirr mil li ^'Inp il. imn ii'i'r.a riiiitiMil in tvriiiii: Iniii^iKlii'rHiiI llineiKiil,' ill inaki! anil miIihi rilii';[ '. klinu'li liililni; iiijililig llic ihIiiiuIs 1.1 (iiiiriisi), inline lirl'iirf' llir ('ij||d|„r iiiliH l'iiii('rriiliiulliu(|li|i, liiiii hy riiirli iilllrcr ; anj lailrii,iiliall iniiki'iMiluiiil 'iiya)(r,('i>lilaiiiin|,'iiii ut. rliliratc ol'lirr iluiuaiicu or il'llieiiiii.>li.r ilujiviiii 8liall I'lirt'i'll lilt' sum of '.il nRtli,rnntfilnlnii tli« imine of I he e« porter or liiiporier. anil nfOni i' proilin e of Hie llrlliiili pohhi'hhIoiih hi Anierira or not ; iinil kihIi jierMon hIiiiII al Hie Hiiiiie ilnm M|\ iliiivn all iliitii'ii line iipoii Hie kooiU ; ami Hie rollerlnr anil roinpiroller, or other proper ollleer, [.liill llicri'iipoii urMiil llieir warranl for the lailinu or nnlailinu of sin h uooiU - ,; 'J| y.iilni liiiriii-il.t hij Hitt iif Siiilii- If Hill iinporler of any i(ooi|.i niiike ami milixirilii' a ileilaratlon 1,1 r.'fe the I ollei lur or roiii|itriiller, or oilier proper ollli er.'Hiat he i iiniioi, for want of full inforinalloii, iiiiki' lierfi'i'l ' Dlry Ihernol', it Hliall he lawful for the i olleilor ami iiiinptioller to reieive an eiilry hy lull iif xhfhl I'or the parkniiei* or parrelH of mn'li l'ooiIh hy the heft ileii riplloii wlin'li i an he uiveii, ami 1,11,'riiiit a warrant thereupon. In oriler that the hihhi' may he laml'il anil Keinreil to the >.,iliAl'ii tiiiii , I' III!' iilln'er ol the 1 iiriloiiH, ami at Hie expeiH.' of the Importer, ami may lie neen anil e\ainiiii'il hy .mil iiiiporter in Hie preHeiire of the proper oihii'rs ; ami within .t ^ itller the uiioils shall ll.ive heeii , , iiiiile'l. III ' iiiiporier shall make ii (lert'ei I entry thereof, ami p ly ilow'li ill iliiUes ijiie Iheriiili ; ami „ iiri'iiill of Hiieli eiilrv Hiirli uoii.ls shall he taken to Hie Kinu's w inlioiise, ami if Ihe iinporter shall „.i, wllliiii I nionih al'ter siii'li limlinu, make perfeet entry of sinli uooiU anil jiiiy Hie iliilies iliic ,1 , ri'iMi. iM'.'.'llier w illi eliarU' ^ of removal anil Wiiri'lioiiHe rent, siirli uomls ^llilll he solil for Hiu piiy- III 111 ilii'reof, ami the overpliis, if any, shall he palil In Hie proprnior of Ihe uomls, -^ -i'i. llMili Kiil'lirl f" ml fii/iiri'M />«/ if.~ In all rasis w here Hie ilill les Iniposeil hy this iirt lipiill the llil- , ,riali(in of irllrles Into Ills Majesiy's possi'Hsi.Mn in Amerira iire i liarL'eil, not iii'rorilinu to Ihe weiulit, ,,|,. iiiiiu'e, or im'iisiire, hiit aiioniiiiK to the value thereof, siiiii value shall he asierlaineil hy ilm ,{, , liiritlon of Hie importer of such artieles, or his known iiKeiil, in inanner anil form followini; ; (that |';l'l.«liy,) •[.I B. ill) liereliy ilei'lare, that Hie iirlliles nieiitlnneil In tlin entry, niiil containeil In I'm liaikiiueii •\kfr' tiie'ifiiini! ""' mrenil paekiigi.-i,an(l ilifrnhtiijS Ihe nervnil marlin ::iiit numbers, in (he fn.it iiiuij • t^l lire of Hie value III" . VV'jIness my liiiiiil lliu ilay of ^1. H. • Till' alrove ileiliralion, Hiuiinil llio ilay of in •;• • i.r'ese'ien of C. D. ciilluctof ' \,ir iiilirr iinnniiiil njlirir].' Will' liileilaration shall lu! written on \Ur hill , if entry of sili'!' iirtirh' , ; iil '.i,el| ('O milHi'rlheil liy tllO r his known au'eiil, in Hie presein if the loljei l oilni p lielpal olHi- ■• of Mm no ■ >■ «' '. an I e\ Miii'P'l'. i, of i-uli arllrles hy .'.at III • lai J ari'i ■' s ar.' iml valiieil ai ronlinK I ,|ii'' I rill' priee or value, tliereof, anil aei'oriliuijto III.- l.ue i'li'iot a lO me uiiei; of Ihisar!, in siirli easii ihi iiiipiirter or his known aseiit shall he reiiulreil to ili'i'iari; o,i iii(li !•. r...e tiie lollertor r oiiipl roller villi is the invoiee prii'i! of siii'li artieles, ami that l.e Veiily fieliev >■ siiell 'laoiie prin' is ''le eiluent vihe: 111' I lie arlieles at Hii! plaee from w lie nee Hie saiil a.ti^ !■; w'liie in |VUleil ; ami S'e li ir. .'oiee pricu (Hill till' 'lihli'ion of 10/. ;!(•/• fMi/M/H thereon, sh.'!' l:i! ile mi iii :w he Hi' ■/ Inn of i.ie .irtii !".• lO lien of till' vuhi"^" ileilari'il hy Ihe iiiiporier or his known au' i >. inil U|'iii .eLiel. li.i i|ii'„ ^ i.iip i.-.nl hy Jh'i^ ;iil ''e;.f in the roll"iii>'' in.i onnipiroller, iriitlii'r iniiper ollleer, that silrli iirliel'S have hee.i i.iviiired heK.-.x tl'.i, rual i:- 1 liu,' .iilii 'thereof iit llii'phli'i' iV'in' w lienee the saiiii! were iniporteil. m; if Hi" 'iiv..MO eri 'i i.< ii.-i. kin.wr, Hie (irlieh:.- ;..iiU iniiui'lii'.He tht e.v.iiuineil liy two I'ompetrnt ,>.■>■•!. na, i he I'omi'.'Ueil u iil iij):i..iii "il I'V Lie i n iil, aiiilsiii'ii pi'rsons uliall ileclare oii oath hefoi-i' ijn' r',oli< ; iiir or coiiiie ' 'r. or .i'.l',> r ;iri'|ii.i' oiU, ■, r, w.int iillii' iriie anil real valuis of siicli articles in hiicIi loiiiliy, plim'. iliri, o:: U'.uik'; nuil iiii; M'.;!'.! ho il'i'lari'il iin llie oaths of such persons shall Ue ilueiiieil to hv. the ."i*i lunl oal Miliiu "f tii'' l| urtk'lcj, mill apiiii which the duties imjioseil hy this act slial^ I>':,. If liiiikirtrr rrfiiae to paij liiich l)ulij,thf Ouoiln mnij hr i,ihl ~ V' Wk i.iipori,. ( of *"/ h iirtici s phaH r, line to pay Hie ilillies liereliy iiii|)i'iseil tliereon, it ''ImI,; lie !.l'> I'lil for -.n; rollei'tiir or oMler i.liief oi- li'-. riifllie ciisloiiis where such articli'S shall he iniporteil, vo ti.Keainl 'lein.re (he i.inie. w ilhiiiv caslw iirnlliiT pack.'me thereof, anil to cause the .-111111' t;> he (nihlicy soh' .vMiiti 'II.: sj .ice "f '.lil ;la>s at t no iiiii>l lifter siiili refusal iiiaile, anil at hiicIi time iinil place ;is su'li 'ili'nei "^lall, liy In; iiioreiiays' pii'.- Ii'ii'ilici', apii'iint for that imrpoao ; which articles s'lail b;; Bohl to |h" :,est l;.ilil"r • !i.;il iho moiie' ari'iui!! from Hie i*ale lliereof shall he applieil In the ii-st p,!',i-e in paci, i nl of i.i • sai t ilinies, ' is.'"iii.,» iiitlithc cliarL'es that shall have heeii occasioneil hy th.i saiil i^iiii . an! Hi'' rvi rpliis. if am .iij.iil Iil lull In soicli Importer or proprietor, or any other per*r|i a I'hi'riseil to re eu'e ilie same ■ .^ •'.I. I'' (ImiiI.-i III- Hill enlirnl in 'ii) Dai/s, Ihn ()ffi:-ir may liiiid ami .-^'i e,-.' ,hi ,i - Mvi i y iiiio i-l. i of any cocil'i •hill, witliin -0 ilays iilU'r the arrival of Hie iiiiportinj,' ship, n,:;f.t) ilue i.iury jii>\'iwtls i .' sin !i t'o.iila, liiiil liiiii the same'; ami in ilefault of smli entry iiiiil lanilins il shall lie'.i,\f,: for (;ie .li'n' r> of 'Iio rislniii'i to convey such t'ooils to the kinjl's warehouse ; miil if the ilillies ilu,' ipeni ml, liooe : ■ lot jui'l williia .'! iminlhs al'lei such 'J;' ilays shall have e.ipireil, tosjelher wit'i all < ii;'iiti'' •( ii iiio\ i! ami ivanliiiiHe rent, Hm same shall he solil, anil the proiliice thereof iipplieil lirsi to tllu pi ; iin nl if I'reii'I't ami charges, iie.M of iluliea, iuiJ the overplus, if any, sliult ()■; p-iiil to '.U'l liruprieli i u, lli; jtioUb.— ( ■■!'■ GmnUhnjiDrlftlfrom Vnilcd Kinsdnm or BrilirA Ponst.mii^vs mii.:t aiiiieur ri ('irket,^-r. — \o goods shall n"iiii;iiirle I into any Itritisli possession lis 'ii ins liiipo;f( il I'ti'in (In; ''nileil Kin^'iloni, or I'loiii any nllu'r'llrili-ih possession (if any ailvaiitiii.'e atliuli to snill listii'ction), unless such l'ooiIs appear upon Oil' cecki'ts or other proper ilociiiiients for the si.tiiu t : liav- in ■' i liiily ' lean il nilwunls at the port of fvpiirtnliiiii in the lliiiteil Kiniidoin, or in such i Hiir Uriti/'il ;'0 ni-.soi,, nir unless tliu trrouiid upon wliirli siirli -ill vantage he claimed lie stated in sin II iviikef or i\iii:iii!i ;i),..— ^ '20. (iuuih iiiiiiiirlrl friiiii. In he deemed of ihe O'oir';i of. United Kiiu'dmn. — Sn jioods shall, upon inipnrta- limi into liny of the Itritisli possessions in inn H'-.i, be il lenieii lobe of Hie growth, proiliiction, or iiianiil'icliiri' of till! United KliiKilon or ,<■ any llriii-i'i poi'.'ies.^iiiii in America, unless iiii|iorted from till' I'liiicil KiiiL'dom, or from some Hr' I- possession In America.— ij 27. h'.ii'ni mil to hi: raliil, if Giiod.-i h nr /<>, jierlinle.-neihediii i/.— No entry, nor any warrant for the laml- inj of liny iiooils. or for tlm t ' kint oi any aoods out of any warehousi', shall ln' ileeiiieil valid, unless llli' partioilars of the Kin I unil '.'adiiiKes in such entry correspond with Hie parlicnlars of the ^oods ami pirkiiL'i's ni the ri'i' in of the ship, or in the certificate or other ilociinieni, where any is reiiiiired, bv wliiili llli' III, Mil iti')ii or entry of such Koods is aiitliorised. nor unless the l'i'oiIs shall have huuii pri.pcrly liesiiiiied in such entry hy the denominations and with the cliar'iilers and circiimstantes amiriliinrto which such goods lire cliarjjed with duty or may he imporli'd ; ami any iiooils taken or iltliveri'il out of any ship or out of any warehouse hy virtue of any entry or warrant not correspond- iui; nr airreeiiii,' in all such respects, or not properly ilescrihiiiL' the same, shall he deoiiiod to he goods laiiilcil nr taken without due entry thereof, and shall be forf.'iteil.— J "i"*. CiT^i.li'm'i' of I'rodiirlion for Suffiir, Coffee, Coeon, or i |)ackaeoH <''«H '■■"■ij»«5 "'i'«il 'V.l 1. -Tf ■:i;| -I :3 ^y ■f- 432 COLONIES AND WMSt!.: III ' imi.-*'t •HTM"* 'Ki'f IMUK'l me mi II ^ mn ' i T)u1 forfeiture under this act. ami, in case of necessity, lo break open any doors and auy chests or oiIut packages for that purpose ; and such writ of assistance, when issued, shall be dcemi'il to he in I'nrco •luring tile whole of the reign in which the same shall have been grunted, and lor 12 months from tlie conclusion of such reign. — }fil. Obstruction of Officers by Force. — If any person shall by force or violence assault, molest, hinder, nr obstruct any oificer of the customs or navy, or other person employed as aforesaid, or any |ier«nn uctiiig in hit< aid, «nty.-\l shall not he lawful tf> re-e.\pnrt from anv of his Majesty's possessions abroad to any foreign place any coals the produre of (he United Kiiigddm, except upon payment of the duty to which such coals wimld be li able n|)on ex- portation from the United Kingdom to smb foreign place ; and no such coals sliall be shipped at an; of such possessions, to be exported to any British place, until the exporter or the master of the export- VoL. I.— 2 55 "■'-ilWU •liiii,.-" 1 1,1,1 1*]^ •'"i|««Wi "■«»*i^ -mft l!ii"| 484 COLONIES AND MMliik ■MMMt IIMWfll !""'• I i«fie. tan. , i ^1 1 '■ ■ . 1 f I arrangement made between the United States and Great Britain, and under the sanction oi' the president, you are instructed to admit to entry such vessels being laden with the prodiictiensof Great Britain or iier said colonies, subject to the same duties of tonnage and impost, and other charges, as are levied on the vessels of the United States, or their cargoes arriving from the said Uritish colo- nies: you will also grant clearances to British vessels for the sev(;ral ports of the aforesaid colonial possessions of Great Britain, such vessels being laden with such articles as may he exported from the United States in vessels of the United States ; and British vessels coining from the said colonial iws- sessions may also he cleared for foreign ports and places other than those in tlie said British colonial possessions, being laden with such articles aa may be exported from the United States in vesseUo) the United States. I am, &c. (Signed) S. D. INGHAM, Secretary to the Treasury. Extract fromthe British Order in Council, dated the 5th of JVovember, 1830, relative to the Trade bettiitu the United States and the British tVest Indies. " Whereas it hath been made to appear to his Majesty in council, that the restrictions heretofore imposed hy the laws of the United States upon British vessels navigated between th^aid States ami his Majesty's possessions in the West Indies and America, liave been repealed ; and that the dis- criminating duties of tonnage and of customs heretofore impotiud by the laws of the said United Stales upon British vessels and their cargoes entering the ports of the said States from his Majesty's s.iid possessions, have also been repealed, and that the ports of the United States are now open to Brilisli vessels and their cargoes coming from his Majesty's possessions aforesaid. His Majesty dotf», there- fore, with the advice of his privy council, and in pursuance and exercise of the powers so vested in him hy the act passed in the sixth year of the reign of his said late Majesty, or by any other actor acts of parliament, declare that the said recited orders in council of the 21st of July, 1823, and of the 27th of July, 1826, and the said order in council of the 16th of July, 1827 (so far as such last-nientioneJ order relates to the said United States), shall be, and the same are hereby respectively revoked. "And his Majesty doth further, by the advice aforesaid, and in pursuance of tlie powers afrtresaid, declare that the ships of and belonging to the said United States of America may import iVoin the United States aforesaid into the British possessions abroad, goods the produce of those States, and may export goods from the British possessions abroad, to be carried to any country whatever." Connection of the Planter and Home Merchant. Mode of transacting Business in England.-^— The mode of transacting West India business is as follows : — A sugar planter forms a connection with a mercantile house in London, Bristol, Liverpool, or Glasgow ; stipulates for an advance of money on their part; grants them a mortgage on his estate; and binds himself to send them annually his crop, allowing them the full rate of mercantile commissions. These commissions arc 2^ per cent, on the amount of sugar sold, and of plantation stores sent out ; along with ^ per cent, on all insurances effected. During the war, when prices were high, the amount of those commissions was large ; but, like other high charges, the result has, in nine cases in ten, been to the injury of those who received them : they led the merchants to undertake too much, and to make too large advances to the planters, for the sake of obtaining their business. At that time it was usual to allow a permaiient loan at the rate of 3,000/. for the assured consignment of 100 hogsheads of COLONY TRADE. 435 lie ofthccoalg, that aiKfy ■a may import Irom the fflfar; but tliat ratio was very often exceeded by the planter, the 3,000/. becoming 4,000/., 5,000/., 6,0007., and, in very many casea, still more, in consequence of unforeseen wants und too sanguine calculations on his part. Persons resident in the West Indies are almost always bare of capital, and for ob\'ious ipasons. A climate of such extreme heat, and a state of society possessing so few attrac- tions to persons of education, offer no inducements to men of substance in Europe to go thither. Those who do go, must trust to their personal exertion and the support of others ; and when, after a continued residence in the West Indies, they have made some progress in acquiring a competency, and have become accustomed to the climate, they hardly ever con- sider themselves as settled there for life ; their wish and hope is to carry their acquisitions so fur as to be enabled to pass the remainder of their days comfortably at home. The readiest means, In the view of the planter, of accomplishing this, is the extension of his undertakings ; which he can do only by ''lorrowing money. Hence a continued demand on his niercantile correspondents at home for fresh advances : the consuming effect of heavy commissions, and of the interest oa borrowed money, is, or rather was, overlooked in his ardent speculations. But when prices unfortunately fall, he finds himself 10,000/. or 20,000/. in debt, with a reduced income. The merchants at home become equally embarrassed, be- cause the case of one is the case of three fourths of their correspondents ; and the capital (if the merchants, large as it may be, is absorbed and placed beyond their control. The mortgages they hold are of value only in an ultimate sense : to foreclose them, and to take possession of the estates, is, in general, a very hazardous course. Such has been for a number of years the state of our West India trade. Perhnps it is impossible to point out ariy means of effectual relief: our planters must not build expecta- tions on such doubtful, or rather improbable, events as the stoppage of distillation from malt, or an insurrection of the negroes in rival countries, such as Cuba or Brazil. Of a bounty on exportation it is idle to speak : so fliat their only rational and substantial ground of hope riccins to be in a further reduction of the duties on sugar, coffee, and rum ; and an abolition of the duties on imports, and of the restrictions laid on their trade with America and other countries. The sale of West India articles takes place through the medium of produce brokers, who in London reside chiefly in Mincing Lane and Tower Street. Samples of sugar and rum are on show in their respective sale rooms during four days of the week, viz. Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Fridaj, from 11 to 1 o'clock; during which time the sugar refiners, wholesale grocers, and other dealers in produce, call in, observe the state of the market, and buy what they require. The term of credit is short ; only 1 month for coffee and rum, and 2 months for sugar. Coffee is generally sold by public auction, sugar and rum by private contract. The broker's commission is usually A per cent, on the amount ; iiut in the case of coffee, as they guarantee the buyers, their charge amounts to 1 per cent The brokers have no correspondence or connection with the planters ; they are em- ployed by the merchants; and their sales, though for large amounts, being very simple, a iiroiterage house of consequence generally does the business of a number of merchants, Neither merchants nor brokers see, or are in the least under the necessity of seeing, the bulky packages containing the different articles of produce of which they effect the sales ; all is done by sample ; the packages remaining in the bonded warehouse from the time of landing till they are sold ; after which they pass to the premises of the refiner, wholesale grocer, or whoever may be the purchaser. The allowances made to the buyer in respect of weight, consist, first, of the tare, which is the exact weight of the cask ; and, in the second place, of a fixed allowance of h lbs. per cask in the case of coffee, called trett, and of 2 lbs. per casli on sugar, under the name of draft— (See Account Sales of both, in p. 208.) The shipping of stores from England to the plantations is also a very simple transaction. West India merchants m London, Liverpool, or Bristol, receive I'rom the [ilanters, in the autumn of each year, a list of the articles required for the res{)ectivc estates: these lists they divide, arrange, and distribute among dill'erent wholesale dealers in the course of Sep- tember and October, with instructions to get them ready to ship in a few weeks. November and December are the chief months for the despatch of outward-bound West Indianien, aa the plantation stores ought, by rights, to arrive about the end of December, or in the course of January. That is a season of activity, and generally of health, in the West Indirs ; the comparatively cool months of November and December having cleared the air, and the pro- duce of the fields having become ripe and ready to carry. Crop lime lusts from January to the end of July, after which the heavy rains put a stop to field work in the islands. Demer&ra, being so near the line, experiences less difference in the scastins, and it is cus- tomary there to continue making sugar all the year round. The arrivals of West Indiamen in England with homeward cargoes begin in April and continue till October ; after which, with the exception of occasional vessels from Deraerara and Berbice, they cease till the succeeding April. This corresponds with the time of car- rying and loading the crops ; for it would be quite unadvisabic, on the score of health, as '''''I** 436 COLONIES AND •'"hi;-,, «*». - li mi ( ,. •f well as of thi interruptions to work from the heavy rains, to attempt loading vessels in the su.i;ar islanils during ttio autuniniil months. The unloiiding of West Indianien in London usually takes place at the West India docks; and did so uniformly from tiiu autunm of 1802, when the docks were first opened, till Au- gust, 18^3, when the dock monopoly expired. The delays in discharging, occasionally complained of during the war, arose from two causi-s ; from the vessels arriving in llepb (in conseiiuence of sailing with convoy,) and from the imperfections inseparable from a new estalilishment. The latter have been long remedied ; and as to the farmer, though at patti- cular seasons, and after a change of wind, the vessels still come close on each other, the crowd, ing in the docks is by no means to be compared to that arising from the arrival of a convoy. Cargoi's are discharged very speedily, the time seldom exceeding 3 days. The dock diics have also been materially reduced since the jwace : and the whole exhibits a striking i\. ample of the advantage attendant on transacting a mass of business on one spot ; an ad- vantage which can bo enjoyed only in great sea-ports, such as London, Liverpool, or Amster- dam. — (See Docks.) 'I'he rates of freight during the war were, on sugar from 7a'. to 8s. per cwt., and on coflee from U)s. to 11*.; whereas tliey now amount, the former to 4s. and 4s. Gd., and the latter to (\t. The ship owners complain that these freights leave them very little profit ; but in con- .sequence of the speed with which vessels may now be unloaded and cleared at London, it is probaide that the practice of making lira voyages in the season will become general. IJispo.sid of Land in the Colonies. — The chief cause of the raj)id advanceinpiit of all colonies placed in rude and thinly peopled countries, has been the facility with which thev have obtained supplies of fertile and unoccupied land. Were the inhabitants ofarolony so situated, that instead of resorting to new land to obtain increased supplies of food, thev were obliged to improve the land already in cultivation, their progress would be compara- tively slow, and they would api)roach to the condition of an old country ; and the greater the concentration of the inhabitants, the nearer, of course, would be their approach to that state. On the other hand, several inconveniences result from allowing the colonists to spread themselves at pleasure over unoccupied districts. The inhabitants become too much dispersed to be able to lend sufiicient assistance to each other ; a large extent of roads i-; necessary, and their construction is a task too great for so thin a population. But the greatest injury that can be done to a colony is the making of gratuitous grants of large tracts of land to corporations or individuals, without laying upon them any obligations as to their occupation, or obliging them to contribute their share of the expenses necessary on account of public improvements. Wherever such an unwise policy has been pursued, as in liovver Canada for example, the consequences have been most injurious. The occur- rence of the unoccupied districts obliges the settlers to establish themselves at inconvenient distances from each other; it prevents, by the want of roads, their easy communication; and retards, in a degree not easy to be imagined, the advancement of the district. The in- conveniences resulting from these grants arc, indeed, obvious. They have been loudly complained of by the colonists, and are now almost universally admitted. It is not difficult to discover the principle of the measures that ought to be adopted with respect to the disposal of unoccupied colonial land. They should be so contrived as to prevent too great a ditfusioii of the colonists, without, however, occasioning their too great concentration. And it is plain, that these advantages may be realised by selling all lands at a moderate price, or by imposing upon them a moderate quit-rent. If the price or quit- rent were very high, it would, of course, occasion too great a concentration, and be an insu- perable obstacle to the rapid progress of the colony ; while, if it were too low, it would not obviate the inconvenience of too great dispersion. The fixing of the price at which land should be sold is, therefore, the only really difficult point to be decided upon. The Ameri- cans sell their public lands at 2 dollars an acre ; and this is, perhaps, all things considered, as proper a sum as could be selected. Until very recently we did not follow any fixed plan in the disposal of colonial lands, which have in many instances been bestowed in the most improvident manner. But a dif- ferent system has been adopted, and lands in the colonies are no longer obtainable except by purchase. We, however, are not without apprehensions that considerable inconvenience will result from the proposed plan of selling land by auction. It is easy, no doubt, to fix a minimum upset price ; but the market price must entirely depend on the rjwintily put up fur sale, compared with the number and means of the buyers. And, as the regulation of this quantity must necessarily be left to the local authorities, they will, in fact, have the power of fixing the price. A system of this sort can hardly fail of leading to very great abuses ; and will give rise to perpetual complaints, even when they are not dcservcti, of partiality and preference. The best way, as it appears to us, would be to order competent persons to fix certain prices upon all the lands to be located, according to the various cir- cumstances for and against them ; and to grant specified portions of such lands to all who claim them, according to the amount of capital they proposed to employ in their cultivation. We do not, however, think that the maximum price ought in any case to exceed 18«.or 15s. COLONY TRADE. 437 oaJing vessels in the ic West India ilijoks; Urat opened, till Au- harging, occasionally sels arriving in ilcok separable from a new rnicr, though at parti- eaeh other, the crowd- lie arrival of a convoy, aya. The dock iwf xhibits a Hlrilrm« vpon which tlie Crovm Lands will be disposed of in AVtr South IVales and Van Diemen's Land. It has been determined by his Majesty's government that no land shall, in future, be disposed of in New South Wales or Van Diemen's I,and otherwise than by public sale, and it has therefore been (Iceineil e.xpedient to prepare for the information of settlers the following summary of the rules which it lias been thought fit to lay down for regulating the sales of land in those colonies : — 1. A division of the whole territory into counties, hundreds, and parishes, is in progress. When that division shall be completed, each parish will comprise an area of about 25 square miles. 2. All the lands in the colony, not hitherto granted, and not appropriated for public purposes, will be put up to sale. The price will of course depend upon the quality of the land, and its local situation; hut no land will be sold below the rate of 5*. per acre. 3. All persons proposing to purchase lands not advertised for sale, must transmit a written applica- linn to Ihe governor, in a certain prescribed form, which will be delivered at the Surveyor General's Office to all persons applying, on payment of the requisite fee of 'is. tirf. 4. Tliose persons who are desirous of purchasing, will be allowed to select, with certain defined limits, such portions of land as they may wish to acquire in that manner. These portions of land will be ailvevlised for sale for 3 calendar months, and will then be sold to the highest bidder, provided that such hidiling shall at least amount to the price fixed by Article 3. 5. A deposit of 10 per cent, upon the wliole value of the purchase must be paid down at the time of fale. and the remainder must be paid within I calendar niontli from the day of sale, previous to which Ihe patcliaser will not be put in possession of the land : and in case of payment not being made within the prescribed iieriod, the sale will bo considered void, and the deposit forfeited. 6. On payment of the money, a grant will be made in fee-simple to the purchaser at the nominal quit-rent of a pepper-corn. Previous to the delivery of such grant, a fee of 40s. will be payable to the colonial secretary, for preparing the grant, and another fee of Rs. to the registrar of the Supreme Cnurt, for enrolling it. 7. The land willgenerally ho put up to sale in lots of 1 square mile, or 640 acres ; but smaller lots than 640 acres may, under particular circumstances, be purchased, on makin^ application to the t'nvernnr in writing, with full explanations of the reasons for which the parties wish to purchase a snialjer quantity. S. The crown reserves to itself the right of making and constructing such roads and bridges as may be necessary for public purposes in all land purchasi^d as above ; and also to such indigenous timber, stone, and other materials, the produce of the land, .is may be required for making and keeping the $aid roads and bridges in repair, and for any other public works. The crown further reserves to itself all mines of precious metals. Colonial Oflice, 20th of Jonuary, 1831. Selection of Sites firr Colonial Establishments. — Nothing can be more unwise than the plan, if so we may call it, hitherto followed in the selection of places at which to found colonies. The captain of a ship, without any knowledge whatever of the nature of soils, or the capacities of a country in an agricultural point of view, falls in after a long cruise with a river or bay, abounding with fish and fresh water, and surrounded with land that * The injurious consequences resulting from the late system of granting lands In the colonies have been very forcibly pointed out by Mr. Goiiger, Mr. Tennaiit, and others ; but the degree of concentration they recommend would be ten limes more injurious. 2o2 li"l»« >lil>«ta ) I 438 COLONIES AND Vimnik' WJW't:, mmz C.J m.lfiitr~f tm;s«.... looks fertile, and is covered with herbage. He forthwith reports all these circumstances, duly embellished, to the Admiralty, strongly recommending the situation as an adiniruljlt- ono at which to found a colony ; and in nine cases out of ten this is all the information that is required in taking a step of such infinite importance ! No wonder, therefore, that. many fine schemes of colonisation should have ended only in loss and disappointment; iind that situations which the colonists were taught to look upon as a species of paradise, have proved to be any thing but what they were represented. Botany Bay, though descrilKid hy Captain Cook as one of the finest places in the world, had to be abandoned by the colonists that were sent out to it; as the country round it, instead of being favourable for cultivation, is a mere sandy swamp. Is it possible to sujjpose, had the proper in(iuirie8 been enterod into, that any attempt would have been made to establish a colony in so pestilential a climate as that of Sierra Leone T The colony in the district of Albany, in the Cape of Good Hope, was founded upon the representations of an individual, who, whatever might be his informa- tion in other respects, had not the slightest knowledge of agriculture ; and the distresses the settlers have had to encounter were the natural consequences of their relying on such au- thority. The late establishment at Swan River may be adduced as another instance of mis- placed or premature confidence in the reports of those who were really without the moans of forming a correct estimate of the various circumstances necessary to be attended to in forming a colony. We do, therefore, hope that an end will be put to this system, — a system which is in no common degree injurious to the public interests, and is highly criminal towards those who embark as colonists. The founding of a colony ought to be looked upon in its true point of view — as a great national enterprise. It is not an adventure to be intrusted to presump- tuous ignorance ; but should be maturely weighed, and every circumstance connected with it carefully investigated. Above all, the situation in which it is proposed to found tlie colony should be minutely surveyed : and its climate, soil, and capacities of production, deliberately inquired into by competent persons employed for the purpose. Were this done, govern- ment and the public would have the best attainable grounds upon which to proceed; and neither party would have much reason to fear those disappointments, which have hitliertoso often followed the exaggerated representations of those to whom the important and difficult task of selecting situations for colonies has been delegated. ' mi t 'I V. FOKEION CoLOMES. 1. Spanish Colonies. — Spain, whose colonial possessions extended a few years ago from the frontiers of the United States to the Straits of Magellan, is not, at present, possessed of a foot of ground in the whole American continent. Still, however, her colonial posses- sions are of great value and importance. In the West Indies, she is mistress of Cuba and Porto Rico ; — the former by far the largest and finest of the West India islands ; and the latter also a very valuable possession. In the East, Spain is mistress of the Philippine Islands, which, were they in the hands of an enterprising people, would speedily l)ecome of very great commercial importance. — (See the articles Havanna, Manilla, Porto Rico.) 2. Dutch Colonies. — Java forms the most important and valuable of the Dutch colonial possessions. — (See Batavia.) In the East they also possess the Moluccas, Bencoolenon the coast of Sumatra, Macassar, and the eastern coast of Celebes, Banda, &c. They liave several forts on the Gold Coast in Africa ; and in the West Indies they possess the islanJs of Curapoa and St. Eustatius, Saba, and part of St. Martin ; and on the continent of South America, they are masters of Dutch Surinam. Curagoa and St. Eustatius are naturally barren, but they have been both highly improved. From its being very conveniently situated for maintaining a contraband traffic with the Caraccas and other districts in South America, Curag oa was formerly a place of great trade, particularly during war. But since the independence of South America, Curag oa has ceased in a great measure to be an entre- pot ; the goods destined for the Continent being now, for the most part, forwarded direct to the places of their destination. That district of Surinam ceded to the British in 1814, comprising the settlements of Detnerara, Berbice, and Essequibo (see ante, p. 421.), formed the most valuable portion of Surinam, or Dutch Guiana. The district which still belongs to the Dutch lies to the south of Berbice. It contains about 25,000 sn(iuirics Jwen entcrnd 10 pestilential a climate e Cape of Good Hope, • might be his inforina. ; and the distrcsacg the ir relying on such au- lother iiiHtance of mis. illy without the moans y to be attended to in system which is in no nal towards those who jpon in its true point B intrusted to prcsump. istance connected with ised to found the colony production, deliberately 'ere this done, govern- which to proceed; and which have hitherto so important and difficult (1 a few years ago from t, at present, possessed er, her colonial posi^cs- mistress of Cuba and India islands ; and the ress of the Philippine lid speedily liecome of iLLA, Ponxo Rico.) of the Dutch colonial ioluccas, Bencoolen on mda, &c. U'hcy have ley possess the islanJ? he continent of South ustatius are naturally ing very conveniently ithcr districts in South uring war. But since neasure to he an entn- part, forwarded direct 5 the settlements of )st valuable portion of )utch lies to the south of about C0,000. It oke out in 1792, St. But this disastrous nt of the independent sold Louisiana to the any new ac(]uisitions, xtent. Theycon.4t e and Dcseada. in the Africa ; the Lsle de Bourbon, in the Eastern Ocean ; St. Marie, in Madagascar ; and Pondicherry and Chander* nagor, with a very small surrounding territory, in the East Indies. The tubular statements annexed show the population, trade, Stc. of the French colonies. Table of tlio ropulation of tlie French Colonies, and of their Coininerco with Trance.— IMontvtrant Ktaai de Statutigue lur lee Colonics, Piicea Juatificatieet, No. &.) Fopulttlon in 1820, or according lo the last Ceniui. Commeree with France. Navigation. Cod of the French Colunio. Rral Value, 1831. Entereil. Cleared out. Whites. People ufColour Total. Import! into Francu. Erports fnun Fnncp. Ships. Ton- nage. Ships. Ton- nage. Imported in 1831. Official Value. Free. Slaves. flarlh.lmerica, Siinl I'ierru and J Miqueloii, 1X31 5 nijiiii'iiti. Hariiuiijue (Jan. > GuvUi™|» (J'n. » l.liOl) . 5 .SoiitA .Imenca. Ciifnnc, (Jan. 1. ? Jfrica. Bourbon (Jan. 1- { l!(30) J Senfgil (1825) • .1)10. rrenoh f.\cloriesl in India (1825) J Total No. 861 9,410 10,596 1,201 20,000 240 1,021 A'o. 18,f32 10,77.' 2,220 11,500 3,673 107,986 No. 80,753 90,743 19,173 66,000 12,297 1,194 A'o. 861 109,995 112,111 22,684 97,500 16,110 110,201 »flncj. 6,700,916 20,123,584 26,642,222 2, eriesof.Miiiuelon J Total Kilngr. 36,,579.836 27.049,000 16,229.003 1,432,075 43,023 Kilogr. 96.'<,48fl 379,044 761,814 42,426 4^282 Kilogr. 9.042 157,110 191 Kilogr. 28,t>92 5,117 3,174 169,520 81,232 A'ilogT. 61 24,318 729 18,112 193,747 Kilofr. 827l22 Kilogr. 12I754 Kilogr. 677,010 Kilogr. 12,898 Kilogr. 241.012 949.^40 31,995 68.729 93,285 Froiirj. 18,813,3.-.7 13,845,765 7.092.305 851,408 114.752 424,608 6,789 81,332,937 2,199,646 168,345 268,935 236,967 82,122 13,036 677,040 t 12,899 I.3S4,8S9 1 41,148,984 Produce of the French colonies iniportetl, but not enlemi for con- iuniplion, in 1S3I. Total 6,5K,833 938,317 t-7,9 15,770 2,199,046 168,345 268,935 236,967 S2,122 13.036 077.010| 12,S98 I,3S4,SS9 42,087,301 Value in francs . 52.749.462 l,649.2«6l 116.442 175,148 2.3(i9,670 1 161.244 1 130,360 947,856! 25,796 34C,'222 15H,674.486»| JV. .B.— The kilogramme = 2'2 lbs. avoirdupois. 4. Banish Colonies. — In the West Indies, these consist of the islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John: of these, St. Croix only is valuable. It is about 81 s(]uare milea in extent, and contains about 37,000 inhabitants, of whom 3,000 arc whites, 1,200 free blacks and mulattoes, and the remainder slaves. The soil is fertile, and it is well cultivated. The principal productions are sugar, rum, and cotfee. In India, the Danes possess Tran- queliar, near Madras; and Serampoor, near Calcutta. The former contained, in 1809, about 19,000 inhabitants ; but it has greatly improved since the peace, both in commerce and population. Serampoor is a neat but not very considerable place. It serves as an asylum for the debtors of Calcutta, and is the capital station of the missionaries. The Danes have a few forts on the coast of Guinea. 5. Swedish Colonies. — The Swedes only possess one colony — the small island of St. Bartholomew, in the West Indies. It is only about 25 square miles in extent, but is very fertile. It has no springs, nor fresh water of any sort, except such as is supplied by the rain. Population between 8,000 and 9,000. * Allowing for bounty on exports. >W-t% IhCK 'lit.'. 440 COLONIES AND COLONY TRADE. ••■cr in c ma.' i ? . r 'i (Smicnipntof ihnNcttExpf'ndlturc iiinirrt'il hy firrnl llrilnin, on ncroiinl of her ncvrrnl Military »ni) Miiritinio HtallonN, (.'oloiiUiii, anil I'lantiiliDna, during lH33-3'i. — (I'nrl. Paper, No. KM. Hvn. l).;i5 . " ^ — "■ — Cotoolci, &c* Military Eipcuililure. rivll Elpiixtllura. Nival El- iwnditurr. Total Eipmililurr fur MiliMry, ( ivil and Nnval EiUbliihnienti. Rrpavnirnli frniii 1 iilniiiiil He v^niira, anil .Sur|ilui Cut- tniiti, aii't I'ml Offi.T Collec- Tnlal F,»|»n,ii|„, lurrincit hy tin at llrjuiu. iutw. MtUtaru and Mantuit L. $.d L. I. d. L. 1. d. L. fc d. L $. d. /- 1. r~ « (lihraltar IM.RW 3 C ■b 659 6 9 154,517 9 6 127 6 9 I5i,3rn 2 M.ilta ino.wi-. 17 10 — 6,120 9 7 IOfi.».>K 7 5 ill 13 6 3-4 «7,.';j |« 'i", C.i|if of CkxmI Hnp« . w.eo: IN h 1,204 4 3,360 II 3 (I7,.!.r2 16 H Mauntiui llli>I2 ft 9 _ 8,.^2U 4 fl _ 8,'iJU i g Asrciision • • 1,417 II 10 — ,9,754 2 9 11,171 14 7 «., •I.ITI 11 7 '■Ki m ', lleliC'.lniiil . .wo 362 19 6 ym 19 6 loni.iii l-'Iandi 07,6IX) 17 4 — — 97,690 17 4 — 9i,mn 4 Plaiitaliomand Set' Hi nienlf- Jamaica LoininaDii: Jainnica Rnhaiiias 210,763 14 6 6,654 16 9 2,679 11 219,067 13 1 _ 310,0ff7 12 1 HfWnni • •) Wirnhvanlund Lefwird hUnds I'diiiiiiaiul : liarhn,lf)fi . . Cin'na'la St. Vincent 'lotajto AiiiiKua Mdittwrrat • SI. Cliristoiiher'i • 1 Nevis • • ( 409,613 5 6,930 1» 2 458 416,000 JO T _ <»,725 Old.: AiiKuifU - Virgin latandi a IViniinica • St. I.ucia - a Trinidad Uritish Guiana -J a I:,ower (.'.Hilda • f l'|i|ipr Cainda • J 254,778 14 5,893 10 1 1-4 2,677.10 263,349 U 1 H - 2M.249I4 IM Nova Scotia Comniand : Nova Scolia •*) New Brunswick • I Frinre K Iward's U. [ 128,326 2 6 20,436 10 6 1-4 7,S02 18 166,664 10 10 1-4 — 162,312 6 41-1 Newfo-indl.ind .J Sit-m l., to wit, /,.848 8». Sd. for BarbaJoej, i.6875 I4>. Hd. for British Guiana, and 7-5,747 15i. (id, for Nova Scotia, kc—Svp.) [The only colonics which have been hitherto planted by the people of the United Stntes are those classed together under the general name of Liberia, on the western coast of Africa. They present a remarkable, and indeed singular instance, of establishments of the kind hav- ing been formed, and conducted from their origin, with views of a purely disinterested and philanthropic character, viz. the facilitating of the gradual emancipation of the slaves in the United States, and the spreading of Christianity and civilization among the surrounding tritm of savage men. We extract the following account of " Liberia as it is" from the report of the Pennsylva- nia Colonization Society for 1838, 17 years after the first settlement was made under ilie auspices of the American Colonization Society. This account is given by Mr. Buchnnan, who resided about a year in Africa, and who made himself familiar with the condition of ail the settlements. "Liberia extends from the St. Paul's river on the north-west to the Cavally river on tlie south-east, a distance of 300 miles along the coast. Its extent inland is from 10 to 40 niiies. Four separate colonies are now included within its limits, viz. " Monrovia, established by the American (/olonizalion Society, including the towns of Mon- rovia, New Georgia, Caldwell, Millsburgh, and Marshall. " BassaCove, established by the United Colonization Societies of New York and Pennsyl- vania. This colony includes Bassa Cove and Edina. The latter village was founded by the American Colonization Society, and lately ceded to the United Societies. " Greenville, established by the Mississippi Colonization Society at Sinou. "Maryland, established by the Maryland Colonization Society at Cape Palmas. " In the nine villages enumerated above, there is a population of about 5,000 — all of course coloured persons, of which 3,500 are emigrants from this country, and the remainder natives of Africa " The commerce of the colonies, though in its infancy, is already extensive. From $80,000 E. COLUMBO. 441 'her Kovrrnl Miliary und yniriiti ( olnniat iir>t and lui Cut- and I'cnt Collec- 6 9 13 6 3-4 r 10 41-2 IS 7M 6 3M Tol»l Ei|m,iin„ . InftirTfd hy CIrijI Ilniaiu. j I- : d. IM,,iro J 9 fn.2ii ifi c in,i':.i iM i \\2,ir-'\ 17 1 11,171 II 7 _ !-W lO ', 97,600 17 i ilO.COT 12 1 «a,7i; 10 1.; 268,249 U 1 H 162,312 6 4H 40,761 12 8 3,500 113.340 6U 24,454 1 6 371,010 9M 37,114 8 1 15 S3-4I 2,364,309 6 9 advanftt in aid of Cdcniial rm. }va Scotia, kc.Svp.) of the United Statfs vestern coast of Africa. nents of the kind liav- urely disinterrsted and on of the slaves in the the surrounding tribes )ort of the Pennsylva- was made under tlie en by Mr. Buchnnan, th the condition of all ic Cavally river on the .8 from 10 to 40 miles. ing the towns of Mon* w York and Pcnnayl- ilage was founded by ieties. Sinou. pe Palmas. 1 5,000 — all of course the remainder natives nsive. From $80,000 to $125,000 is PxportPii annually, in camwood, ivory, palm oil, and hides ; and an equal or ijrcatt'r iimoiiiit of the nmniifiicturPH aiul prodiic'tiuiiR of Fjiiroio und \inerirn ;iri' ItrouRht into the cdlonirn in return. Monrovia, which in the liirijest tuwn and priiicipiil seajKirt, car- net on a coiiMidtTuMe coaHtinp; tnido by iiieaiH of Hiiiall vrssel.s built and owiii-d by hirl)our of Monrovia is oeldom clear of foreign vesMels ; more than 70 of wliieh, friiin the I'liited States, England, France, Sweden, Portugal, and Denmark, touch thero annually. "BiissaCove ami ("ape Palmas have both good harbour;!, and possisn great advaiitni^es fi)r Ciiininerce. Already their water;) arc gladdened by the frcciuriit presence of traders from „lher couiitricK. and in a few years, when the hand of enterprise nliall have developed tho fiili mines of wealth whii'h nature hiw so abundantly provided there, these growing towns \^ili luTOine the centres of an extensive and iinport.mt business. "^ijiinu, too, possesses an excellent harbour, and is the natural outlet of a vast tract of rich ^ni\ productive country. Under the fosterina; hand of its enterprising founders it must soon lu'poiiic an important link in tho great maritime chain of Amcrico-African establishments. The prodiu'tioiis of the country, which may In? raised in any quantity for exportation, arc rntTi'C, cotton, sugar, rice, indigo, palm oil, together with the gums, dyc-womls, ivory, &c., \vhifh are collected from the forests." The fact iiiav be mentioned that a regular packet has commenced plying between Jjiberia ;,iiil the port of Philadelphia. — Am. Ed.] ('Olil'MIJ*^' the modern capital of ('eylon, situated on the southwest const of tho island, ];it. f,° 55' N., Ion. 70° 4.')' E.* It is defended by a very strong fort, nearly surrounded by ihcsi'a, in which is a light-houso 97 feet high. In IHKi, the populi\tiii« 'I •* :i:te 'I* ""Kmm 'I M'.^MdP II!' {]]■■■ f^ 'U- 442 COLUMBO. C2 •Soil / - 1 ^ : '1. ■ 1 "i *5£ „ "---'rS ' -V ^ "i; ./■'.' ^t '- ^ ''^ ' * •i ■»;, , ' ■'% Ralu nf piMati ptyahlii lijr ill Afliitrarinnl Vnarla, ru ol Cu.uuiU)) TrliicwiMlM, uil lulle. ■4. MuMto .5 TrliiwmtlM- Viwli ol WW lni« >i< 4(10 itii.l nil ««) - .00 - uuder 100 |ill. 0>II»- VmkIi of 600 tnni 400 utd II IK im - UK) -- uiuii-r lUO 1.1 600 '. UUU • rnr lu ck H..V 1. t. rf. 1 t .0 . 1 10 ti tf I'lir Ihr (nntr ll.trUittr. /. ». .1. 4 ;l J i II I . U 16 3 1 A I 10 I J in Thd »lxivf mtpiof |iilntjr« will l» chsrtKl In all vrwpli iciilni in- to the mrmr hirlmiir nf '.'rincoiiwlirmtil Ihi* liarlioiir of (lillr, whe- ther thry nuke a iiiiiii:it for pitiit or iint, In i'nlutnlKi ami ll.ii-k Bay, at Trinroiimln', tlii- rh.ir^r will only )>r> iiiaile, if Ilio \tMfl uiakf •ignai, aiiil .i |iiii>t nciiialtj rejtair on iMi-iril. r— an P^■^rl rirnrmiru piyil.le If Mrnhini ^hln tml \;^>, Ir.'iii til.- I.l |l.iy I.I iKIi.Ur, liij, ' !ii|ii:irc-rl '^ril Vf««rl*, 4l(Mi|ii, orK'htNiiHirei til. or NKMnlMlir li(>iv:ir
  • 3,7^1 1,101 60,100 4,048 A/iirrH iind Madcirii a |H7 lU ■i 3.'iO 10 Miilai/a i\iicl (iihrallnr - 7 Kit 4(1 3 237 13 I'litiMi'M vi.'HRcU from Iniliit or Kllllipi! .... . . . 1 ir.o 1.1 I'liiti'd Stairs, llritiHli vcHNrU .107 .11,113 1,.VW 3(»H 31,0f.il l,S(W Dlllii, furi^ijjM vusHidH 77 -,'.Hl 413 :r, !•„'. 10 4ii| llrazil A I,.1H1 IW lU 1,3S4 ^a MiiiiriliiiH .... I IN7 10 (Jaiiliiii . . . - 1 SOI 4H Al'rici . . . 1 00 7 II io Jaiii'iro - - . - 1 ISI H Ilavuiiiiuh .... - - . . 3 101 11 Total* 1.050 itiiviM" ~0.1I73 1.0115 1««,617 O.ltVJi (SiM! M-drrgor'n lirili.^h Jliiinien, 'h\ ri\. vol. i, p. 4*^1. 4b3, &c. ; J\lii passim ; I'uprrs laid bij'ure the h'liiuiice Comiiiitlrc, i^c.) HAMS (Cut. .S'f///»/f^rt ; Vu, Hatnmen ; Ft. Jarnljonn ,■ It. rrosciutti ; Sp. ,T imonen ,• Tlus. ()/i-i)rt)/:ii), tho tliitflis oftlic lioi; snitcd and dricil. V'ork, Hants, WiltH, dim Cumber- land, in England, and JJnmfrii's and (Jullovv.iy in Scotland, arc liie counties most famous (or producing lino lianis. 'I'hosc of Irclan to the town at all times; and vessels drawing 18 feet may come safely up with the spring tides. The largest vessels some- times load from and unload into lighters at Cuxhaven. The trade of Hand)urgh embraces every article that Germany either sells to or buys from foreigners. The exports [irincipally ■consist of linens, grain of all sorts, wool and woollen cloths, leather, flax, glass, iron, cojiper, smalts, rags, staves, wooden clocks and toys, Hhcnish wines, spelter, &c. Most sorts of Baltic articles, such as grain, flax, iron, pitch and tar, wax, ttc, may generally be bought as cheap at Hamburgh, allowing for dilference of freight, as in the ports whence they were originally brought. The imports consist principally of sugar; cotHjc, which is the favourite article for speculative purchases; cotton wool, stulls, and yarn ; tobacco, hides, indigo, wine, brandy, rum, dye-woods, lea, pepper, &c. Being brought from many dilVerent places, then- is a great variety of quality in the grain found at Hamburgh ; but a large proportion of the wheat is inferior. Some of the barley is very good, and fit for malting. 'I'he oats are focii of various ijualities. The customs revenue is found to amount, one year with another, to from 30,000/. to 35,000/. The rate may, perhaps — (sec puM), be taken, on imports and exports, at a rough average, at 5s, 3(/. per cent., whi<'h would give, at a medium, 12,380,000/. a year for the value of the trade in articles subjected to duties; and adiliiic; 2,000,000/. for the trade in articles exempted from duties, we have 14,380,000/. as the total HAMntrROH. 725 H„ goncrnlly. In tl.ft Year )iii lliB »ttino. rromnlO .• Sp. J ivme^ : Ha»t«, WiH«. '>'••'>"'"'7■ tl,ccouuli^sm.>Hltam..ustor jr«o .uu\ without flavour. - in, arcrxquUitrlylbvourca ;;j;eii.nUy the biter, au.ount , l,,.s than 'iSs. a cwt. hum^. Those trom\.rRnua testate, arc little . at Ml fun Maryland and Oh.o. and of the river Elbe, about 70 T' K Population. r^.'.OUO. :. perhaps, of tl>o ContinnU nj:, which may bo navja^d ,1 extent of country. Adx.iu- uther her internal navigation; heSpreeandol-amhrudcut , ter and the Vistula; BO Iha 'markets, and some eveu o f Thcrei..also,aco..nnuni- tlv. with the lAd.ee and he d'dangerous nav.gut|on ot the ,tothetownatallUmes;a"d l2 The largest vessels some- tr"ade of Hamburgh embraces nors The exports principally ,;iheMlax, glass, iron, copper, L-ter &c. Most sorts ot '%Cy generally be bought as the tmrts whence they were oirJe, which is the favounle |„,lol,aeeo, hides, indigo, wine l,,n manv dilTerent places, then, lut a large proportion 01 the '^.malting. '^'I't "Mr t ,.t one vear with ano her, to e ;° 0. be taken, on imporls r,M , it Mill In* tKrcssury i« K^^'at emporium. Miiitnj Ai'i'diinlH iir.' I('lillliiiL'it I li'iiilnh, iiiiil '.^111 u'ri'lcH I'lcinl'li. I'll.' iikihIi-4 III I iri'iiliiihiii III lliiniliiii'L'li urn ilivulril liiln /n • mill iit'niit inuiirij. •I'll!' r. I iiii>r roii- hIiiIi* nt'llii* ^llllM liiHi-rilii'il III llii' liiMikM III III!' bank ii|i|iimili' in ilir ii:iiiii'H nt'ilniHi' wlm liivr iIi'|iiinIii'iI hjil'I'Ih iir hull inn in Ilir liank. Unneti In iiilriiiFiii'iilly wnrlli iiliiiiil '.K\ jirr ri'iil. liinri' tliiiii nivnnni, but III)' .i:'ii» Ik niiiiliiiilly viiiyliijt- (I'nr iiii lurniiiil olilii! Hiiiik iil' lliiiiiliiir|[. kim. Hanks (I (iiiki(I>).) or llii! ciiliM III I in iil;iiiiiii III II iiMliiir!:li. Ilic rl\ili>ll:ir Iriinn iiml ilm rixilnlhir nirrrtit iirr IIik iiiiiMt roiniiiiiii. 'I'lii! svriKlit III' ilii' I'liniKr Ih iml iiiiirni'iii ; hut Dr. Ivi'lly I'Hiiiiiitli'i il, iil ii int'illiiiii, lit II'IIU \'.\\\i. uriiiiiH |iiiri' Kilvir 1«. tiji/. Tlie curriiiit ri.xilolliir - lilf* U Kriiiim '.U.t^'^d. very iiciirly. The llaiiiliiiruli unlit itiK'iit ■% \d. 'I'akiim I 111' iiii'iui VII I Ml' 111' I III' rlxilnllar hiimn at .M'l/. Htrrlliiir, it I'nllinvH, that M. tili'rliiiE ■» l.'t iimrrs 3'7 Hi'liilliii;ii h.inin, or I/. i.ti'rlliiK .Ti III II/. I'hini-li hainn. iNnlixi'il /mr ol' cMJiHniJt! run, liiiw'i'Vi;r. '|:ililislii'il Ih'lwi'i'n l.iiniliii iinil ll.iiiilinruli. nn iii'iniiiit ol'llii' iliii'limlimi nf l nf kiiiiiIm. iIio Klii|i|inuiiil ix rt^cknliiiil lit 3M)lliH, Tlie iiirartiiri'!! for liijiiiils are, 'i IIi'SSI'Ih I Huariicr. 3 (iuartiiirti I Kaiii'u 'i KaiiHiDi I KliiliKcli. Tlio aliiii il* i'i|ual to :i- A rn SSiiiliL'i'nd ^= 1 Nli'rtc'l, 4 VirrlrU ■■ 1 I'.iiiii'r. Kill I Aliiii or 4 Ankf^m. ft AhniH or ■) , .. 21 Ankers > " " uiler. anil till' fiiiliT In 'i'iD.^, I'.nuliHli winn U'lllniis, sofwinn In.vlinft lilirrii'M. Tin; nxlinfi nr linL'>lii'ail in nf variniiH illnienslniis. 1 nxlinft Freniliwinu O'i in Iil HtiihueiiK ; an nxlinft nf liriiiiily lid stuliiirii.". A pipo nf SpaniMh wiiii; 110 to lOII HtiiliKeiiH. A Inn nf limr in IMHliih^eiis. A pipe of oil Ih bUUIIiM. nctt. VVIiuluuil ia uoU pur liurrel uf OhIi'i kiiii ',i'i Kuit. wiiio ^alloiiH. Tlio dry int'amiri'H are 4 HpinlH ^- 1 nimtriiis. I 3 Vn*n =- 1 Solmirel 'i lliniteiiis ■■ I rusH. II) Si'lii'llVIs - I Wisp, Wisp* = 1 I.aHt. li Last = 1 Siluck. Thi^ Last - 11-2 Willi- lii'Sl I' r i| nan ITS. A kci'l of iniils yii'lils frniii H|n II laslH. 'I'lii' lliiiiihur|.'li fnnt 1 II 'is'l l',iii!lisli iiiilii's. 'I'lin Ithiiirland fnol, iisimI liy fiiirincers nml laiiil cur- ve) ors, - l'i'3li incliuu. The Urabunt ell. most coiiiiiiuiily UHed in tliu nieunuruiiieiit uf piucu ifooiU, n-a7'.')H.'> Inches. A ion ill till- lailinB of n ship is (."'iiernlly rcikoneil at '10 rlihlc feet. Of thlncs ttint are soM liy iium- lii'i, 11 1,'rnss lliniisanil 1,'2(10; ii (irnss hiiiiilri'il - I'JO; a riiiy -'JIO; u coimnnn nr small tlmiisainl = 1,0110; a slinik -IH); a sloits •M; ii Ijrnss 12 i|ii/i:ii. F.ilMrln. — Wt' reuriit that no in ilirials exist hy which it is possilile to give any nicnunl of Ihn qinil lily anil value nflhe iliiri'reiil iirlirli's cxporteil frnni llaiiihiir|{li.— (l''nr sniu." |iarlinilan as In llie CollN I, AWN AMI CoiiN TiiADi;.) I.iiii'iis lire oiii' nf llw.' iiinst iiiiimnint urlitlcsnf Iraili' export. 'I'lii'y are u'l'iu'riilly snhl by tin' pieri' ; hut llii're an' (jrcal iliU'i'iiniris in llie ilinii'i f ilill'i'ri'iil ili'iiniiiiiialiniis. 'I'iii' fiillnwiiii; 'I'lihli' is, tiii'ii'l'nri'. nf iinpnri.'inci', as il ixhihils the Ills ili's('ri|iliniis nf liiiiMi ilsii illy ini't with III lianiliinuh, witli Iho l.'ii^'th and breudtli ot tho dill'ereiil piecea. It also gives their cost uii huurd, in sterling, on Isl January, IsaO. DMcriplioDi. 1 L,cn|!lll. WiJIh. Sold. Ci«t I'll Iliiard, in S'erlin?. 1 Yard,. J'arrfj. £ s. d. £ .■>. d. £ i>. d. Platilhis roynles - - - 35 1 "1 per piece. 15 lU to 1 10 3 to 1 19 4 Urown Silesias 35 1.1 — 12 — 18 2-1 4 2 llritiniiiiis ... 7 1 ,i Y6 — .1 — 7 7 — 9 10 Ditto - - - - 7 n e — 7 7 — 12 1 —0 15 1 Dnwiiia .... 671- \r, If iff — 1 14 9-2 5 4-2 12 11 C'leas i"l la Morlaix - 071 — 1 13 3 — 3 6 — 4 3 2 LislailoB . - . - 43 — IH 2-1 7 3—110 3 While sheetings SO — 1 19 4 — 2 8 5 — 3 6 6 Plain lawns ... 8^ if ifl' — 10 — 18 2-110 3 (■|i'ar,li!,'urcd,atid worked lawns 8J — 7 7-0 9 1-0 13 7 Araliias .... 2U 7 B — 9 1 — 12 1 — 18 2 Clii'cks. No. 2. 171 — 4 () — 5 4 — 10 Striped and checked books 43 :i per 3 pieces. 13 3 — 15 1—0 IS 11 IlKsr-h rolls ... :i5 II per piece. 9 1 — 15 1 — 18 11 Linen for coarse bags :i5 1 !> iff — 9 1 — 15 1-1 5 8 Osnaliurghs - - - - f per 100 "i (■(double ells i 3 9 7-4 3 2 — 4 10 9 TecklenburRlis - . - . . . — 3 — 3 12 7-3 15 7 Till' IMalillas mid Dritannias come principallv from Silesia ; the freas from l.iisalia, &c. Osna- liiiri'lis are made of llaxeii, and Tecklenburghs oi" hempen, yam. Linens are sold with a discount of 1 per cent. Imports.— Wo subjoin an account of the imports, consumption, exports, stock, and prices, of some of tlie principal articles imported into Hamburgh, during each of the ten years ending with the Isi of Jan. 1830. 3p2 ^^'P •i ■<. :.\ 726 HAMBURGH. I S3 ?3 i ■■ n u ID A" 12. 3~ =11111111' s< (N 7 '^ 1^ 'Vi' T TT (5 ooQCXaor-r-«' r-wo - 1. /j t3 2; «S S rM O f -N *i 5- 'gSSS8SSgS8 ijj 'Xi ti Xi sj aj '/. j:> tii fi Ji s 1-1 V c * ^ 32 I- «* vn ^ es n « cf .1 *^ ri M 1*; *f *i ^ « ~ •- PI -^ o> o I I 1 '^ T" T 3 £ I ' I ' sj «N "^ V CJ S in CO r • >i' -I? "n X3 -- T o 02; ^§ g O •*> >r> fp *J i) 01 in — n cic CO rt ^ 'O t:j fM ^3 orcr- — (-1— ■^'^e• '^ — -T '«i :». o ^ n c »» -TO I — 5 'H -n ■^ ..' I- p c o jO-N 5 I- -1^0 -^ i-S - I: (M lO yj O) I- o o "IS I' y5 X S8 S-'ii--; O 1* or Ol O - rg -^ Men ' cm or) n en jS5^ r^- 3 - — Ol — O) ■— T) to Tn M rt 'O in to in If) Sg9s';=S.5oS'.^ -g i-a SSS Si 2^ 1 — 1-» r- ^ o r I I cb c* M 'f J — - — o I- t ir- o -=;::) S - J 3 .n ' rj 5 o /■ £ h^ I- "^^ — — -• ~' CO iH m *i J> cio-ieS'^q-,? es '.a I- X C) 3 — * S25^^i •^ ^ : 2 ^ : ^* . . ir fo w « 2 12 2 "' 2 3 - I I I I I I I I I frtiMTjO—n — OM ■-r 'n'*' X t^o at ad » I-- ■^ SSSl'i'S'fs'88 QD !^ •* i~- '^ •* (fi'isr •f'jT 5 I- ■« ffJ C 1 «» -M *^J (. !§aS?5 Cd -; s J'^SiSS? %s.\ §S§SiiS; ;s;:s i^ rn -I -vi .^1 S rt rn S rt rt c« /. X X X .-/ 5n ./.' 0(5 /. en S^ £ I I I I I I I I I 3 p'^^sspgsate p CO ■^ ^ "f ui (rfyfirTrt eo ;. — co'^'i''"'n*"'f'«>'«n'"iRn eo* ss I ii|o||g§i3 t/^ cr J, jtj J. ui c/ «. x X on 3 -^ 3-3 Y -f -N -f p^i r-l T M-^^ — M — -- — £ I I I I 1 I I I 7 «« — (o m '<0 tn u tn CO 1^ CO r- 23 — rt?3?5oPi^ — Pi j, I - -T -»■ io c 'J ^ — I cr en or, o 'Ji Vj • ■v f^ r T- O — "N C^ J. S3 CO -n t- T o) o ri '■1 -I *j -1 c5 23S «-< u c ^^ 2 I 1 t I I I t I NiNr^eiN — — (NfN« riK3 rSSt: — -iS .7; c !32 eo vn Tea ^toco »rrt "" i; r. o rt _ i?5 — — *i ro a; — "fi •-* CO* 'ri 1-^ CO rt "rf >ri CO fo •? .3 — S C^ X O >* — T X JO -rMTt — PI — Cd 3S ■< ^! il HAMBURGH. 727 a 1 1 I I ' ' I ' ' 1 |l5-^al^35S-lS-=-r-'^ ai 2.1''''''' n S ^ S. -/-. ? ^- Z 5 -! .n 3 .o 2SS5S?i'5^ I oi'-'U^^--"'^.';"'- /^ §7S?*l!lilii -l % i o H - C SAippin;!'.— Tlio ghipa arriving al II;imliiiri:h in the undermentioned years (ending 30t!i of Septem- ber) have been as under:— From the 1828. 1829. 1830. 1S31. 1832. 1833. 1 1834. 1835. lOiist Indies 12 H 13 8 8 17 21 10 llrnzil - 71 85 82 94 93 103 79 91 Wi;st Indies 115 84 102 129 113 130 119 131 United Htatea - 42 40 23 42 44 41 63 41 Miiditorranean (i2 63 61 01 54 (■(2 76 65 S|iaiii - - . 15 20 20 24 20 49 36 45 I'<)rtiii;al ... 18 10 28 16 13 17 29 36 France ... H6 01 65 47 107 12 1 105 149 (Jroal Hrilnin 529 '" j7 710 6.'>2 672 9.')0 926 1,002 ^etllcrluIld3 312 595 375 290 3^7 500 .'iOO 614 llaltic . - - Totals 2'J2 338 413 385 3^5 5b3 645 580 1,594 < 1,097 l,9-22 1,748 1,8'JO 2,570 ! 2,738 2,815 Repair nf Ships, Sea Stores, ^-c. — Materials and labour belnp cheap, Hanilmrirli may be repardcd, in so far as respects expense, as ii ravoiirablo place for caretMiiii? and rcpalrins,' ships; Imt, liavini! no docks, tlicsi' operations are inconvciiiuntly performed. All articles of provi.slon may be obtained in great abundance and at moderate prices. An Account of tlie Prices of the principal Articles of Ships' Provision at Ilamburgli in 1831, stated ill Imperial Weights and Measures, and in Sterling Money. Jjmiary - April July ■ (Ictobrr • December Pork. Beef. Ilutler (equal 1" Cork Thirls) Sh\p liread. Seconds Flour. F.ydani Chffse. Peas. Jamaica Rum. I'er liirrel of 2no lbs. Nctl. Pit Birret of 220 lbs. ^L■I1. Per Cwt. Per nxst of 112 lb,. Nell. Per Frirrel of ICIi lbs. Per lb. Nett. Per. Inq.erial 4 43 — 48 norif. 42 — 43 6 59 — (iO 1 42 — 43 .». (/. s. (/. ■ s- i/. s. d HI to 70 13 6 to 14 li (i2 0— 69 ' 13 n— 17 4'> — 36 13 0—140 30 0— 74 1 12 0— 34O-680I 11 6— 120 J. d. J. rf. rf. 1/. 27 to 2-i 11 4 to 4 1-2 30 0— :!2 1 4 1-4- 4 1 2 21 0— 27 1 4 1-2— 4 3-4 ai — 4 — 4 1.4 23 — 1 4 — 5 T. d, .1, d. 31 to 37 31 0— 33 (J 27 — 2-1 2!l 0— 33 B '29 0- 34 t. d. I. d. 3 1 to 3 7 3 2—4 t 2 9— 3 10 2 6—3 4 2 3-3 3 Fuel.-Co. 1)0. Fresh hn-( Fre«h pr.rl \ls. 19 mircs 2't iiiarrs , 2',». m. 10 30,1 , It. S-i. (o 3j. current, or about 22.t. 6^^ per ton, Hritish we •urnul, or almut i!7>. 6d. per ton, Brilisll we . per cwt. !■.- liesldes the duties levied pt Hamburgh, all articles passma up the Mbe to Hamburgh, wlii'Iber for transit or not. pay duties to Hanover al nninshaiisee. near S adc. I'licse dtitie.s are rated accordinL' to a tariff, and arc cnmimtcd I'roni the ship's maiiifesl. bills of l.idimj. and cockets, wliitli have all to be sent on slaire for lh:il purpose. (Vi some iirlicles, particnb.rly thosi; ot llntlsU niainiliicinre, these rluties are verv hcavv. beiiii; freiinently innih liiruer than Ihc llamburiih duties ! They ;ire parllcnl; rl L'rievoiis, tO("i, from' heavy penalties lielnL' iiltachcd even to Hie sli;;hlest nnin- tcMtiniial mistakes. " ll Is reallv surprising, considering Ihe source id' Ibis nnisaiice, that it shoiibl not have been abaleil long au-o. It 1 lillht, al all events h;ive 1 . en expei led tleil llnlish ships and goods wnnld have been exeinlUed Iron such a lax. We do hope iliiit some portion ol the pnl'lic attention will be directed to this crj Ing cil. With what lace lan we protest against the conduct ot 1 russia nndollier Oermanstiites in thr iwing obstacles in Ihe way of ihe free navmation ot ihe Mbe, when we suhinii wi'liont a murmur, to similar proceedings on the part of Hanover !— U''or turthcr particu- lars, see S'lAUK ) 728 HAMBURGH I ^^ ii * 1 ,1 '(• ' . r + ' ' j i Travsit GoniU nro totally exempted from duty. Tlicy are such only ns arrive at Ilambnrch direef, and which an; neitlier sold nor excliansi'tl while in li '• < ily. 'J'hr lilicrly nl' transit is liinitcd lo tho term of 3 nuinlhii from tlie tinm of receivin),' tlic IriinMi lirkot ; hue, niKjn aiiplicatioii licin}.' made for |)rolonj;alion of tliu tPriii previonsly to tlm cxpiralioii of tin; tirst Ii months, it is praniud on pay- ment of i per cent, on the hanco value of the coods ; hut under no circumi'taeices iH thi; term ex- tended heyond monthij. If the poods he not tlien exjjorted, they become liable to the ordinary duties. JVdviiration of the Elbe, Pilolage, i^t.— The mouth of the Elbe is encumbered with sand banks. The channel leadini; to (^uxhaven is hounded on the norlh by the Vo^el Sands ami North (Jrijundji, and on the south by I' ' Sihnarhorn Sands and Ncuwerk Islaiul. On Ihi' laMer thrrc are '2 lit'lil-lionse.-. and 2 beacons, and on ;i.c .Schaarhorn is anotlier beacon. The lJ!;ht-houses on Nouwcrk Ivl.ind are about 700 yards apart ; the most sontlicrly, which is also tlie iiiosf elevated, beinft in lal. .'i:!^ M' 67" N., bin. go 2(11 .10" |.;. It is 128 feet hisjli, beinis twice tlu! heiplil of llie oilier. The channel is, in some places, hardly J of a mill! wide. The outer red buoy, in Ihe middle of the chaniiid, al its nii>nlli, hears from Helijiolaiid S. K. by S., distant miarly 211 inib'.s. iiiit the best mark in entering' the lOlbe is the lloating light, or si;;nal ship, moored 2 miles N. W. by N. of the red buoy, in 11 fathoms at low water. Tliis vessel nevi'r leaves her station, unless coni|ielled by ice in the winter season. liy nifjlit she exhibits a lantern lisilit, ,S8 feet above deck. ,and in fo,"L'y weather rinaa a bell every quarter of a-, hour. A second siiriLil ship is stationed tt'^ mile.s S. Iv by Iv from I hi; llrst, at ihe westernmost pcjini of a sand bank dividlnj the fiir way of the river. She is rii/ired like :t fialliot, to disliii'juish her by day from tilt! liist siL'nal ship; anil ditrins; niv'ht she (jxhihils tini liL'lits, one 18 t'eet above Ihe other. 'Ihe dis- tance froiii the outer red buoy to (,'u\liaven is about Iti miles ; tlienci; to (I'liicksiailt tin; course is eiist, 28 miles ; l'r(un the lalter to Slade the course is snuth-easKirly, il miles ; and then easterly to Ilaiii- burL'li, 1^ miles. The channel Ihrouf-'hont is marked with black and white buoys, which are iiumliered and speclMid in the charts. The black ones are to tlu; left, in passing np the river, on the starboard or riHlit-haud side, and the while on the larboard siile. Every vessel coming from sea into the Elbe, and drawing 4 feet water, is directed to take a pilot on board, and must pay pilotage, though she do imi lake one. However well the signals, lights, beacons, and buoys, may be arranged, an exp<'rienced pibil is very necessary, in case of a fog in the njgbi, or of a storm. To take in a pilot, a vessel imiisI leave to by the pilot galliot, w liich lies, in g 1 wea!lier, near ihe red buoy, and in bad weather, N. N. E. Ironi Neuwerk. and is known by having al the flag- Ktairan adinir.il's Hag, and a loim streamer Hying at the top, If the pilot boa; have no pilot oil board, or if the weather be so bad that the pilot cannot leave In-r, she lowers her Hag. and then lite vessel coming in iiiust sail, with the signal lor a pilot hoisted, to Cuxhaveu, and heave to there, where .she is certain of getting one. There are no docks or (luays at Haniburgh ; and it is simrular, considering the great trade of tjip port, that none have been constructed. Vessels moor in the river outside of piles driven into the ground a short distance from shore ; and in this situation iln^y are not exposed to any dinger unless IIk; piles i;ive way, which rarely happens. Thi're is a sort of inner harlionr. I'cirnied liy an arm of Uio Kibe wliiili nitis into Ihe city, where small crall lie and discharge llieir cargoes. I.aru'er vessels load and uiiloa;! IVoiu their moorings, by means of liirhters. These cany ll;e uoods from and to tin; ware- houses which front Ihe variiuis small arms and cliannels of the river, and the canals tarried from it into diH'erent pans of the city. The charges on account of lighterage are extremely modi;rate. PtTt (7irui:c^— The charges of a putilic nature i'.ayal)lc by vepseh enterio; the imrt of t[aiiiliti)i;li, uiiI.Kuiii ^ ami Ina.li'ns, aie [illotaje and la^ta^^e. Tiie sfj.aiate itejiis of which are givt ii in tlii' follow- ing T.ible. Pdotase nnit I.a^tn^e.—Thc Hanilureh nil.its, generally speak- ing, take charge of vessels only from the lim Ihivy to Fnuhurgh or Glu'k\tiiitl, Ihe jnlota.;e for which is regulated by law of the IStU of February , 17,>0, as folhnvs: — Vessels coming northwards, and colliers . . . , All vessels, smacks, and kayen drawing ni'iii- tlian 4 feet waler, antt in l.lllast - Vessels iaieu iH:h >alt or corn, whercscj-ver liiey may come from - - "- Vessels which, besi les sail, corn. or ball IS', Ime one third of the carg'i consisting of piece goods . - . - . Vessels laden wi'h herrings Alt vessels lalrii with wine, oil, vinegar, tiam oil, iron, teid, packafes, or bai^s, and all vessels roniint frun foreign pans, whether la ien or not - All smacks Koine between Hol- land, Krieslan I. and Hani. I burgh with pifcp goo '8 - ■' For each Font llanilmrgh Measure which a Vessel draws.* c/: w :n a** •C M Marks Currency. 2 3 4 4 3 3 4 8 6 Rnlat?e is pinl. AN p h.lf pilotage nins' he paid at all events, whether the vessel l.as taken a pilot from the pilot (galliot or not Tlie F.ast Indies , West Imlics. North and Snuth America - -Portugal, fipain, and the Medi'erraneiin - 'I'ho rest nf Ihe Kurnpt-an pnr's Holland, KaM FMeh!and,tlie Weser, Kjder, anti Jitllind For vessels under 20 commercial lasts* I without distinction . • . . Vessels arriviti? and departing in ballast, cif npua-ds of .0 commercial laMs For all vessels laden with coals, ^vood. or lurf, no lastage ie paij, pniviiled Iliey do not take return ciryie^. Iltiff /-(Mmt'c— Vessti'* arrivim; in ballast and dft.T'ine wjlha car«n pay half the \bove lasla^e, atrnnlin^ I ' (heir d' slinailnn. A*. Ji. — F.xcinslvc of Ihf a'^ove durs, "hieh arf all remarkably modera'f, vessids comini^ to the p^rl ot' H.uid'ur'ili .ire tphli/cl ta piy certiin 'lueH lo Hanover, called Stafe n,- Rnin^haiht'ii diiei. I'hese are r»tt*d acconlinic lo Ihe niiiitber of 111- \('s( I's '.i.ists, and are over and above the Sladc du'.ies on the c.ir/o.— (F',r Ihe ittiiis, see Stadt ) For every Con.nrcr. Slerling. cial 1.1. t. 3 2 8 i 1 8 3 6 0.1 -, 1! 2 4 1 9 12 10 1-2 4 3 1-2 8 00 7 ' Siiteen feet Knfliflh arc equal to 17 feet Hainhursh. * It ii difficult to determine the exact ra'ionf ;i li*l to a ton, but it may be taken at aboiit 3 or 2 3-1 t*. 1. P i1 in Haniburirh all ves- sels are measured by ihe barbonr-niaster ; aj d it is upon his report thai the l.istage is calrula:ed. tVarchotiaiitfT Sv.v/cm— '''his hns not hi^en introdiirnd al ITntiihtirph ; nor, frnm the smnllrtess of the duties, 18 it iicccHkary, though it would svmui tliat tlie time during vvtiicli ^ood^ ure allowed to ho in HAMBURGH. 729 rrive at ITainl.itrBli ^<«^ • ;;,o liubl« t.. the urd.uiiry ■e,, will. Mml hntjks- Jl'« „u\ Nortli (irduiKU. and on • i.,i '■.»-' 'ii' i' ^•' '""■ is dircrtP'Ho takfi a pilot on "''^;r;^r'^flu:-";^m or ;,l;n.i';;.toth.-r.-,wlu:re.Ue . , ■ » iiin irrr-it trade of tlic "•''V"!,f "w s " iv-n into the 'r;;:."dro'u,y.i:u,,..rn,jij^. ^^--^-"V\:^rvo::"i::'™s '■ *'"'*■'", i-run'uul to the war.-- -nile^f Unieafron>U ire cxtren.iily nioder.ile, „/, or (;'"''•■'""";,"' I ,'i,„r'li V'l"" '■•>'''= - 1 . 1 » d. J(s- 14 ai -For iMlntJKe 1''^,"",,. „,.,;,.r,,,lv siitak- l)»iii!.h or Uaiioveni" ln"" '• „ (•n.inm-li'rase orJcr nf the I61I1 ^r-Tr^r,firbr"uUvi»--"-''^>'> -Si:c;a;8-™v™ei,are„a,a« ,„.car,o« from the «nJ.rn,e.,lio.M,,hc»: „1 s.iulh Amcnoa - lie MfU'crraiieau • ••111 ivr's ■ • l,iheWesi'r,l-.5J"- ) commercial lasts* ilriiarliin in ''"""'i cii'n.ercial lasts • „„hcnal..wcv„l.or.uvf,nola,.agei.p..^. ikc rrfv.rn "ra"<'<- , ,,„ „.ins with 1 |.„1, arrivn« '" ',^''' ', ',?, r .l.s.nniiou. ..laslaze.aaoMnJ ' ' , r,,,„„|„bly iinnver, "lleil Mate ^^ ^.^ ...mIs, and ,„i t„ the ""•"''^f ''V, io.-lF'.r the il™i>, \e II ^^.ine the exact ratio ot^ta. to a. nj.W |;;,s£;;j;:a«-'^" tmnstVK mifiht he advantageously extended. The warelionse rent of a nuartpr of wlieat may be about Ijrf. slerlini'r tmnilh, and of a ton of siiji'ir, ahoiii ihl. ; lnit tiierf; art* no t'lM^-ii rates. Ctf.ifiiin-hoiisfi He^■ftllltions.—(h\ passing Stade» ihe niiistisrs of vrs.-*)*!s u\hM snid their papers, in- cluding the nianift'st, bills of hiding, and corkets, on sliore, that tin? amount of the Stade dutirs may be ealcnliitiMl. On the vessel's arrival at Ilamhnrgli, the broker reports her *o the (.'nsiom-honsc. and ^'ives his guarantee for paynnuit of the duties ; lie eiihcr delivers her paper?:, nr undertakes to (hdiver them as soon as ihey ean he :,'ot from Stade, and upon a receipt bein*: prculnced for the Stade dulies by the Hanoverian authorities at Hamburgh, the vessel is allowed to unload. On elearinir, a manifest of the outward targo, together with the ronsnl's rertilicate of the reirnlarity of tin; ship's papers, must he pi(»diieed at the (.'sioiu-liouse by the broker, wlio obtains in return a clearance ceriilicatc, authorising the vessel lo go to sea. Crriltty Hrukeraire. S^'c. — Almost all goods are s(dd for ready money, with an allowance of 1 per cent, for discount, Souu;tinn;s, bni not unfrequently, sales are made at 2 or 3 nionllis' credit, a!u! in sucii cases a iiigher price is obtained than for casii. Sometimes sugar is sold to the sugar baker at this credit. JIrok*^rs are positively forbidden to act as merchants or factors. They are licensed by the Senate, and must conform to tlie establisiiod regulations. rtrikcrafe is paiJ wliolly hy Ilift aellftr, and .imnuptii lo— '■ Fivi: sixths p<'r c.-i.t. -in i-nWiti, ruifnn twis', cnc m, r .chlneil, copper, Ul'.vs, inurt;ti \veit;ht, Hicf ia soil per I(i0 Iba. in nnr^s Innco; iliicnuut, ' | er ct-nt. ; V'fii wcij^ht, I pi-r rent. ; tire, real ; and bupi:; tare lor tierces, 4 Iba.: Rnnt rt s^-l f ptir 30 qmrts in rix^Itll. cnrrenry, a;io uncertain. Siixar, rav? 4 yi chyeJ, i-* ^'^l^l j.er Ih. in l.iucn groats, wiih .1 rn- hite fif y I'.mU y4^ ceiit. ; (liseount 1 (jtr ct*i.t., anJ Mmielimfs I 1-2 *' One and a half per ccr.t. on wine, hrandy, rum, an 1 nrmck, if percent.; Hnzl! frf Ilivaiin.ih tiif'', Ennd wrisjhl, 3 4 pker.a?c i efoie»ii:('(,iiuntrd, if the [ c*'ni. K.Tvt India siisrars, in In^s, i'jO niirrs banco, or higher ; for !i.i.:»l!'T | ff.r white. 4 to '1 lbs. ; tor brown, 6 fn 7 lbs. " loifl of les? Iliaii GQO niarrs b.inro, and down to l.'jO mares banco, riie ; Tea, per Ih. in schill. currency, a^in uncertain ; discount, 1 per bwkeraice is paid, wiih the atldilion f/ one hilf, ;tnd undt-/ 150 ' inarrs barico, the duub!e is a'lowtM. All other iiKrcliindtn.' |)iys I I 1-2 (MT cent, at lea>;t for salfs not excee-iin? 150 m-ircs banco. j It is. however, to l>e cbs. rved, tliat all aunninitatjntis, in y,r i\^''r- I tion to the ani(»iii» sold, arc only to I'C mid. r.tood f..r sale bv j rivate pent,; tzm'\ wei^rbt. 1-2 per c id. Tare of Imhea. in chests" of 400 lbs.. :0 lbs.: f.f IV) t'. 1^0 lbs.,4'>lbL; All bl.rk tea, iiS lbs., fare: out3(i0 1!m.. 14 lbs.; iteOO Ibs.j 30 lh.t. On Houvb..ii sin^^'e biles, 2 lbs ; nn double, 4 lbs. Cotton ■• (io!d f>er lb. in scliill, banco; discount. I per ecu*.; ^'imi wii^ht. I jier cent. ; (nre nu bales, Wt.-st ludlat: and Norili Ainctinn. 4 per rerd. ; ";i square bale^, 6 per cent.; on Rouib.Ty and Sut^it tjaje*, 8 per cent. ; nn Hourl'on bales and Ma-. ilia wroT*. 6 per cerd.; 0.1 fariceas an ! Guiana «nult sernui, 10 per cent. For the re be lif iVc- quent occurrence. Dnrin:^ tb,- 3 years ending wilh Isil, the mim- tiT (>f declared bankrupts and the amount of tluir debts were aj i.inier:— cask, SO lb,-. IJn7il leaf in serous; ta-e 't per cent, in rolls; cmisNr. in bajikets of about 100 lbs, ; sro^i 1 \veiod deal of ijandiiing ffoeson here, K.\peuRive living is no' iieny so prevalent a source of bankrnptcv here as in London ami other t.l;icct. Tht 'aw ot I landuiruh iinkts 3 daises of bankrupts:— the unfor- tunate, the careless, atid the iraudulent. 'I he fird idasfi consists of tliosf whose bocks show tint misfortune alone has occ.isioneil tba (unkruptcy : that the party has all aleir.; |ivi-l within hisprnhable incnnie, and nn account lo liii assignees comple'ely ftr all his bnsen. Wb'icvcr isa'jtid«ed by the court to I el-,n< to this class (which contains but few in nunber), is consideieit entirely free f.oni his .jebls, and is not subject to be ralU-d upon hereafier. The second and nmsl nunurons cla*-s, eoi. tains these termed "careless** baikiup's. riu-se a-e p.rsoiis u ho havo entered into speculations exceeding lhcirim*3.rt, who Inve gone on for a cousiderablo tiuio 93 730 HANSEATIC LEAGUE. Co " • ^, i ! .. ,1 .1 I I i ■ •f lifter the;- f'Min! thrir afliirs in arrear, who have live I beyond i»u'ir | iiiL'niiit, U^v- not kff)t ilicirbfM'ka in cvnl (irlrr.an 1 -^ifnrii. 'I'licy , are h:t\if- tnl.e CMnliited in pris-jn for a perini of 3itr 6 iniyiiicnt of their d bt af 'cr r* years from their Jis- char^e. If a cl.iim lit- nude hy any crelilor aficr ihia lapieof time, I the bankrupt i- iiMijt*.! In pay whitt-ver sum he ii able for Ihe be- I iiefit of Ins crt-ditnrs. He must swcir Iha' he rimiot piy iny thins, nr ' not above a certain sum, without dttprivin:; himself and his family of npCMsarics. Kvpfv 5 veani the claim may be reneatM. All cirelfnti I'lnkn,].!* nr- disiblt-1 from hnMiiii< oHices of linnour. Thu third cl l■«^ cniitiiii* tht" " frauduh'nt" bankr\ipis, who an; liabh* to lie int* priMiO'-d ii-cnr !in? (n the fXisnt nf rheir frauds, for a limite i jwrioil or cvt-n for life, besides beinif rendered Incanible of hoMlnit any office whitpver. Should a bankrupt ahscon-l, lie is called np-m by ptiMic idverti-«('mL-n' to anpeir by a crtaiu day, in default of whjcb he is ^^y^ t^e I i lr:M] liilent binkfupt^and his iiamo is posted up ou a black board on the Ii]xchaiii;t'. -' i Citizevship. — Fnrpijfiinrs cannot rslahlisli tlinnisclvps ;is ni(!rnli!inlH, nr c'lrry on any husiness in their own imnieH, at llanilmr^'h, witlK.i.t liccimiiii!; hnrulirri ; anil to In; iiianiiructnrer!), Iliey nin^t alfo enter llie cnlld or mrporatioii pernliar to tlie Iraili' uwy iiiciin lo folknv. !)nt to lieconie a burgher one has only to comply witli certain forms ami pay cirlain fi.'c^s, whicli i' i ni :, in nil, exceed 10/. He tlii'ii hccoines, ill thu eye of the law, ii Ilanibnrgli isunject ; and enjoys all 'liu rights und privileges of a native. General liemnrks. — The trade of Hamburgh is, in a c;rcat measure, passive; that is, it tlcpends more on the varying wants and poliey of others than on its own. There is nothing of such vital importance as the free navigation of the Elbi? to the prosperity of Hamburgh, and, indeed, of all the countries through which it Hows. This, too, is a matter of paramount consequence as respects our interests; for the Elbe is the grand inlet by which British manufactures find their way into some of the richest iiiul inost extensive Euroi)ean countries. The princi|)Ie that the navigation of the Elbe, the llliine, the Weser, (Stc. should be quite free along their whole course, was distinctly laid down by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. But no general tariff of (iutie.s being tl.an ostalilished, this declaratioii has hitherto had no practical effect. Prussia, who is endeavouring to bolster up a system of home manufactures, has laid heavy transit duties on articles passing liy the Elbe, and has prevailed on .\nhalt, and soine of the smaller states, to follow her example. The.se duties amount, on some of the coarser sorts of British woollen goods, to no less than 60 per cent, ud valorem, and are, even when lightest, a great ob.stacle to trade. It is to be hoped that a just sense of their own real interests may, at no distant period, open the eyes of the German governments lo the impolicy of such proceedings. It is in an especial manner for the interest of Saxony, Austria, and England, that the^^e duties should be abolished ; and thei- influence in the diet, if properly exerted, might countervail that of Prussia. .So long, however, as the Stade duties are kept up, it would be folly to imagine that much attention should be paid to our remonstrances against the Prussian duties. If we cannot prevail on Hanover to emancipate our commerce from oppressive restrittions and i)urdens, we need hardly e.tpect to succeed with any other power. Were the Stade duties and those in the u[)per [larts of the Elbe wliolly abolished, we have little doubt that in a dozen years, the trade of Hamburgh would be nearly doubled : an increase, which, Iiowever advantageous to her, would be far more advantageous to the extensive countries of which she is the grand emporium. In compiling this article we have niaile nse of OtUhi'.-! Eiirnpean Co:awtrrc, pp. 112— WO; Ronlansz's F.nropeun Commerce, pp. ;)l)2 — 320; the DicHnnnitire Je Cummtrct: iKncij. Jlctlwdii/iie), tome i. p|(. H — H^; and of the Circiildrs n\' Berenbcrir, Oosr^lrr tiinl Co., Jiiii!i:r.-,iin, Holier, auil Co., and other eminent iner- clianls. We have al.so het:n nnich indehled to Mr. Confal Cunniiiir's Jlnsirers to Ihe Cirriilar (^{icrici. Tliat t'unctionary has replied to the varions (]aesiions siiltmilled lo him in a way that does eciual credit to his inilnslry and intellicence. I'roni the clrcinnstance (d'no oliicial r..'turiis heini; piililished or oh- taiiKihli! ;it lland>nri;li, the riitiirns of imports L'iven aliiivc! must not he regarded as ipiite accurate, thoiiL'h the errors they involve cannot be material. They are principally taken from Berenlierg and Co.'.-- Circular. [The commercial intercourse of the United States with Hamburgh is not at all equal to that which they carry on with Bremen, notwithstanding the larger population of the former city, and its advantages of situation on the Elbe, which is navigable from the sea up to it by merchant vessels of almost any burden. Hamburgh participates very little in the transportation of emigrants from Germany to this country. It receives from us only about .3000 hog.s'iieads of tobacco yearly. A good deal of quercitron bark, of no great value however, is annually shipped to it from Philadelphia, either directly or by way of New York. The East India merchants of Salem, Massachusetts, send every year some of their ships. laden with teis and other goods, from Canton directly to Hamburgh, or to Cowes and a market, whence they proceed to Hamburgh, if advices i'roin that port be favourable. Considerable quantities of Silesia linens, for which Hamburgh is the chief entrep'it in Germany, were some years aso exported to the United States, and then nearly all re-exported to South America and the West Indies. This trade is now conducted without the inter- vention of this country. The cargoes we now receive from the port of Hamburgh consist, like those from Bremen, of a variety of German mainifactures imported from the interior, together witii some hair-cloth made in the place itself', and used by our cabinet-makers. It js chca|)or than the corresponding English article, and is of a tolerablv good quality. — Am. E(L] HANSE,\TI(y LEA(iUE. an association of the principal citie-i of the north of Her- many, Prussia, (fee., for the oetter carrying on o'' commerce, aney must r,.lloW. !1iit to become a ' ,V. m •, iM nil, .•"•^'■■"^ enjoys all Uiu nsbts ami lire, passive; that is, it own. There is nothing irDsperity of Haniburgh, is a mutter of paramount inlet by which British sivi- Euroi>can countries. ,rr «Stc. should he quite ^ress of Vienna in 1815. ilion has hitherto had no 11 of home manufactures, has prevailed on Anhalt, ios amount, on some of •ent. od valorem, and arc, t a just sense of their own •man governmcnU to the >r the interest of Saxony, md thei- iniluenec m the p-r, however, as the Stade Uion should he paid to our on Hanover to emancipate >,l hardly expect to succ..>ed . upper itarts of the Llbe trade of Hambur-h would to her, would be tar more [d emporium. ,( Co , aii.l other emini;nl iiier- „,wcrx U> the Circlar Q«crics. in a wav thatdues iMViul ctei 11 'Iniriis h.'ins imlili: nort of llamburcth consist, imported from the interior, 1 bv our caliinet-makers. It ' a tolerably good (luality.- citie;^ of the north of (u^r- und for their nuilual sutety ory of modern Europe, con- Irwtu.n and good govomrncnt as, however, its mum objcc and hciice, a short account of it n<,iy not W. deemed misplaced in a wcrk of tliis descrip- tion. Origin and Prmfrcfs of the llinyitlii: League. — Hamburn;h, founded !)y Charlemagne in the ninth, and Tjulieck, fouiidi^l aiinit the middle of tlie twelfth century, vere the earliest mRiubers of the League. The distance between them not bi'ing very consid "rabie, and being alike interested in the repression of those disorders to whieh most parts of Europe, and particularly the coast of the Baltic, were a prey in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, they early formed an intimate political union, partly in the view of maintaining a safe intercourse by land with eich oth..'r, and jiartly for the protection of navigation from the attacks of the pirates, Vvfilh whicli every soa was at that time iiifesteil. 'J'h.'re is no very distinct evidence as to the period when this alliance was consummated ; some ascribe its origin to the year 11 G9, others io the year 1 200, and others to the year 1211. But the most probable o;)inion seems to be, that it would grow up by slow degrees, and lie jjcrfeeted according as the ailvantags derivahlt^ from it became! more obvious. Such wr.s the origin of the Hanseatic League, so called from the old Teutonic word hansa, signifying an as.;ociation or confederacy. Adam of Bremen, who flourished in the eleventh century, is the earliest writer who has given imy information with respect to the conanercc of the countries lying roi iid tlio Baltic. And from the errors into which he has fallen in describing the northern and ea-t'^rn shores of that sea it is eviuent they had been very little frequented and not at all known in his time. But from the beglnnin'; of the twelfth century, the procress of coiunierce and navi- gation in the north v/a.s exceedingly rapid. The countries which stretch along the bottom of the Baltic, from Holstein to Russia, and which had been occupied by barbarous tribes of Sclavonic origin, were then subjuiiated by the kings of Denmark, the dukes of Saxony, and other princes. The greatei , tI of the inhabitants being exterminated, their place wa-^ filled hy German colonists, who foundcil the towns of Stralsund, Rostock, Wisiner. &(•.. Prussia •and Pola'id were afterwards subjugated by the ('hrislian princes and the Knights of the Teutonic Order. So that, in a comparatively short period, the foundations of civilisation and the arts were laid in countries whose barbarism had ever remained impervious to the Roman power. The cities that were established along the coast of the Baltic, and even in the interior of the countries bordering upon it, eagerly joined the Hanseatic coni'ederation. They were indebted to the merchants of Lubeck for sup|ilies of the comniodilies produced in more ci- vilised countries, and they looked up to the.T; for protecticn against the barbarians by whom they were surrouniled. The progress of the League was in cciisc([ue!K'i! singularly rapid. Previously to the end of the thirteenth century, it embraced every considerable city in all those vast countries extending from Livonia to Holland, and was a match for the most power- ful monarchs. Thi' Hanseatic confederacy was at its highest degree of power and splendour during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It then comprised from 60 to 80 cities, which were distributed into 4 classes or circles. Lubeck was at the head of the first circle, and had under it Hamliurgli, Bremen, liostock, VVismar, &;c. Cologne was at the hcai! of the second circle, with 2!) towns under it. Brunswick was at the head of the third circle, consisting of ilJ towns. Dantzic was at the head of the fourth circle, having under it 8 towns in its vicinity, besides several that were more remote. The supreme authority of the League was vested ill the deputies of the dillerent towns assembled in congress. In it they discussed all their measures ; decided upon the sum that each city :ihould contribute to the common fund; and upon the (]uestions that arose between the confederacy and other jwwers, as well as those that fre(|uen' 'v arose between the dillerent members of the confederacy. The place for the meeting i>f congress was not fixed, but it was most frequently held at Lubeck, which was considered as the capital of the Ijea'j;ue, and there its archives were kept. Some- times, however, congress, s were held at ILimliiirgh, Cologne, and other towns. They met once every ',i years, or oftener if occasion recjuired. The letters of convocation specified the principal subjects which would most proliably be brought under discussion. Any one migiit be chosen for a deputy; and the congress consisted not of merchants only, but also of clergymen, lawyers, artists, &c. When the deliberations were concluded, the decrees were formally communicated to the niagisfrales of the cities at the head of each circle, by whora they were snbseqiu'iitly (•oiiimunicaled to tiiose below them ; and the most vigorous mea- sures were ndoj^led for carrying them iiito ell'ect. One of the burgomasters of Lubeck presided at the meetings of congress; and during the recess the magistrates of that city lia'l the sole, or at all events the principd, di,ecti<)ii of the all'iirs of the League. Besides the towns already meu'.ioned, there were others that were denominated confed- erated cities, or allies. The lalt<'r leitlier coiitrilinted to the common fuiid of the League, nor sent deputies to Congress; ^'Acn liie members were not all on the same fooling in respect to privileges: and the internal commotions by which it was frequently agitated, partly origi- nating in this cause, and partly in the discordant inleresis and conflicting pretensions of tho dillerent cities, materially impaired the power of the confederacy. But in despite of these 732 HANSEATIC LEAGUE. I hi I J ' t tlisatl vantages, tha Tieac;iio Kuccncdcd for a lonjTlhcned period, not only in coiilrollins; its own refractory inMniuTS, but in maiiing itsi-lf respi-ctcd and dreadod l)y otllt'r^<. It produced nbio Rcnorais and inlmirals. skilful jioliticians, and sonic of tlio most cntcrprisiing, succesaful, and wealthy merchants of modern times. As the pnwer of the confederated cities was increased and consolidated, they hecame more amhitions. Instead of limiting their ellbrts to the mere advancement of commerce and their own protection, they endeavoured to ac(iuirc the monopoly of the trade of the North, and to exercise the same sort of dominion over the Baltic that the Venetians exercised over the Adriatic. For this pur|)ose they succeeded in obtaining, partly in return for loans of money, and partly !iy force, various privileges and immimities form the northern sovereigns, which secured to t!ii."m almost the whole foreign commerce of S(;andinavia, Deinnark, Prussia, Poland, Rus;;ia, dec. They exclusively carried on the herring fishery of the Sound, at the Fnme time that they endeavonred to obstruct and hinder the navigation of fiireign vessels in the Baltic. It should, however, be observed, that the immunities they enjoyed were mostly indisiiensablii to the security of their commerce, in consequence of the barl>arism that then ]irevailed; and notwithstandinc; their attempts at monopoly, there cannot be the shadow of a doubt that the progress of civilisation in the North was prodigiously accelerated by the influ- eiii.e and ascendancy of the Hanseatic cities. They repressed piracy by sea and rolibery by land, which must have broken out again had their power been overthrown before civilisation was fully established ; they accustomed the iidiahitants to the principles, and set before thera the example, of pood government and subordination; they introduced amongst them conve- niences and enjoyments unknown by their ancestors, or despised by them, and inspired them with a taste for literature and science; they did for the people round the Baltic, what the Phcenicians had done in remoter ages for those round the Mediterranean, and deserve, equally with them, to be placed in the first rank amongst the benefactors of mankind. "In order," as has been justly obsi rved, " to acci)m|)lish their purpose of rendering the Baltic a large field fir the prosecution of commercial and industrious jiursuits, it was ncccs. sary to instruct men, still barbarous, in the rudiments of industry, and to familiarise them in the principles of civilisation. These great principles were laid by the confederation, and at the close of the fifteenth century the Baltic and the neighbouring seas had, by its means, become frp(juented routes of communication between the North and the South. The people of the former were enabled to follow the ])rogress of the latter in knowledge and industry. The forests of Sweden, Poland, &c. gave place to corn, hemp, and flax ; the mines were wrought, and in return the jiroduce and manufactures of the South were imported. Towns and villages were erected in Scandinavia, where huts only were before seen: the skins of the bear and the wolf were exchanged for woollens, linens, and silks: learning was introduced; and printing was hardly invented before h was practised in Uenmark, Sweden, &.c." — {Cat- tean, Tublemi dc la Mer Biilfli/tic, tom. ii. p. l?.").) The kings of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway were frequently engaged in hostilities with the Hansc towns. They regarded, and, it must be admitted, not without pretty cood reason, the privileges acquired by the League, in their kingdoms, as so many usurpations. But their efforts to abolish these privileges served, for more than 3 centuries, only to augment and extend them. " On the part of the League there was union, subordination, and money ; whereas the half- savage Scandinavian monarchies were full of divisions, factions, and troubles; revolution was immediately followed by revolutio;i, and feudal anarchy was at its height. 'J'here was aiiother circumstance, not less important, in favour of the Hanseatic cities. The popular governments established amongst them possessed the resjiect and confidenco of the inhaliitants, and were able to direct the public energies for the good of the state. The astonishing prosperity of the confederated cities was not wholly the effect of commerce. To tne undisciplined armies of the princes of tin; North — armies composed of vassals without attachment to t'u'ir lords — the cities opposed, besides the inferior nobles, whose services tht^ liberally rewarded, citizens accustomed to danger, and resolved to defend their liberties and j ^perty. Their military operations were combined and directed by a c-mncil composed of n ii of tried talents and experience, devoted to their country, responsible to their fellow citizens, and enjoying their confidence. It was chiefly, however, on their marine forces that the cities depended. They employed their ships indifferently in war or ciunmercc, so that their naval armatiients were fitted out at coinjiaratively small expense. Exclusive, too, of these favourable circumstances, the fortifications of the principal cities were looked u[)on as impregnable; and as their cuni- mercc supplied them abundantly with all sorts of provisions, it need not excite our astonish- ment that Lubeck alone was able to carry on wars with the surrounding monarchs, and to terminate Miem with honour and advantau:e; and still less that the League sliould long have enjoyed a decided preponderance in the North." — {UAH de vvrljkr Its JJa/vs, ■]'•"' partie, torn. viii. p. 204.) The extirpation of jiiracy was one of the (/'jects which had origmally led to the formation of the League, and which it never ceased to prosecute. Owing, however, to the bat.-arisin then so universally prevalent, and the countenance openly given oy many jiiinces and noliks HANSEATIC LEAGUE. 788 ill controlliiv;! ita ow" ^.r^. It proilucca alUc ririing, successful, and te.l, thcv brciiine n'oro of coinim'rci- ami their c of the North, and to ,ns exercised over the ^,m for loans of money, l.crn sovereigns vvhu'li /,a, DenmarlM Prussia, rv of the Sound, at the on of foreign vessels in py enjoycl were mostly the l.arl'arism that then nnot he the shadow of a ncceleratcd by the mllu. ■V l,v sea and rohhery hy hrown before eivilisation „loS and set before them cd amongst them convc- them,andins5urLHHhom und the Baltic, what the ,ean, and deserve, equally f mankind. . purpose of rendering the 0U3 pursuits, it was neccs. and to familiarise them in V the confederation, and at I seas had, by its means, ;;d the South. The people n knowledge and industry, and flax; the mines were ah were imported Towns .foreseen: the skins ot the ,: learning was introduced; >ark, Sweden, &c."-(Ca^ , engaged in hostilities with .without pretty cood reason Lo many usurpations. 15u centuries, only to augment hdmoney; whereas the haU'- uid troubles; revolution was Iheight. TluM-e was aiioiher The popular governmenls Jjf the inhabilants, and vyere Ltonishing prosperity ot the 1 tt.o undisciplined armies ot Lichmeul to their lords-tlie , liberally rewarded, cil.y.ens kd 1 • s-rty. 'T'"''f ""''^■"^y (of ,1 'v. of tried talents and Icitizens, and enjoy ingtlunr toe cities depi''">'-^»- ^'^^y Itheir naval armaments were l,c favourable circumstances, Ugnable; and as then- corn- iced not excite our astonish- [rrounding monarchs, and to [he League, should long have *i,rMvallv h'^^ ^^ t^^*" formation |,:how;wer,tothcbar.ar.sm iuy many princes and nobler to those encaged in this infamous profession, it was not possible wholly to root it out. But Jhe vigorous ellbrts of the League to abate the nuisan('e, though not entirely successful, served to rentier the navigation of the North Sea and the Baltic comparatively secure, and were of fcignni advantage lo connnercc. Nor was this the only mode in which the power of the oonfederaey was directly employed to promote the common interests of mankind. 'J'hcir exertions to protect shipwrecked mariners from the atrocities to which they had been sultject, and to procure the restitution of shipwrecked property to its legitimate owners,* though, most probably, like their exertions to repress piracy, a conscipicnee of selfish considerations, were in no ordinary degree meritorious; and contributed not less to the advancement of civilisation than to the security of navigation. Factories belonging fo the League. — In order to facilitate and extend their commercial transaction;;, the League established various factories in foreign countries; the principal of %vhich were at Novogorod in Russia, London, Bruges in the Netherlands, and Bergen in Norway. Novogorod, situated at the confluence of the Volkof with the Imler Lake, was, for a lengthened period, the most renowned cmiiorium in the north-eastern parts of Kurope. In the beginning of the eleventh century, the inhabitants obtained considerable privileges that laid the foundation of their liberty and prosperity. Their sovereigns were at first subordinate to the grand dukes or czars of Russia ; but as the city and the contiguous territory increased in population and wealth, they gradually usurped an almost absolute independ(!ncy. The power of these sovereigns over their subjects seems, at the same time, to have been exceed- ingly limited ; and, in ell'ect, Novogorod ought rather to be considered as a republic under the jurisdiction of an elective magistrate, than as a slate subject to a regular line of hereditary monarchs, possessed of extensive prerogatives. During the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, Novogorod formed the grand tntreput between the countries to the east of Poland and the Hanseatic cities. Its fairs were freiiucnted by an immense concourse of peoi)le from all the surrounding countries, as well as by numbers of merchants from the Hanse towns, who engrossed the greater part of its foreign commerce, and who furnished its markets with the manufactures and products of distant countries. Novogorod is said to have contained, during its most flourishing period, towards the middle of the fifteenth century, upwards of 400,000 souls. This, however, is most probably an exaggeration. But its dominions were then very extensive ; and its wealth and power seemed so great and well established, and the city itself so impregnable, as to give rise to a proverb. Who can resist the tiods and great Novogorod? Quis cnnlra Dcos el niagnam Nuvugurdiuiu ? — {Coxt^s Travds In the North of Europe, vol. ii, p. 80.) But its power and prosperity were far from being so firmly established as ; ts eulogists, and those who had only visited its fairs, appear to have supposed. In the latter part of the fif- teenth century, Ivan Vassilievitch, czar of Russia, having secured his dominions against the inroads of tht- Tartars, nnd extended his empire by the conquest of some of the neighbouring principalities, asserted his right to the principality of Novogorod, and supported his preten- sions by a formidable army. Had the inhabitants been animated by the spirit of unanimity and patriotism, they might have defied his eflbrts; but their dissensions facilitated their (ton- quest, and rendered them an easy prey. Having entered the city at the head of his troops, Ivan received from the citizens the charter of their liberties, which they either wanted courage ot inclination to defend, and carried oll'an enormous bell to Moscow, that has been long re- garded with a sort of superstitious veneration as the palladium of the city. But notwith- standing the despotism to which Novogorod was subject, during the reigns of Ivan and his successors, it continued for a considerable period to be the largest as well as most commercial city in the Russian empire. The famous Richard Chancellour, who pissed through Novo- gorod in 15r)L in his way from the (.^ourt of the Czar, says, that ' .lext unto Moscow, the city of Novogorod is reputed the chicfe^! of Russia; for although it be in majestie inferior to it, yet in greatness it goelh beyond it. It is the chiefest and greatest mart town of all Mus- covy ; aiiil albeit the emperor's seat is not there, but at Moscow, yet the coinmodiousness of the river falling into the Gulf of Finland, whereby it is well fretjuented by merchants, makes it more famous than Moscow itself." But the scourge of the destroyer soon afte.' fell on this celebrated city. Ivan IV., having iliscovered, in 1570, a correspondence between some of the principal citizens and the King of Poland, relative to a surrender of the city i'.ito his hands, punished them in the most in- human manner. The slaughter by which the bloodthirsty barbarian sought to satisfy his re- venge was alike extensive and indiscriminating. The crime of a few citizens was made a pretext for the massacre of '^ri,000 or 30,000. Novogorod never recovered from this dreadful Mow. It still, however, continued to be a place of ctmsiderable trade, until the foiindalion of Pelcrsburgh, which immediately became the seat of that commerce that had formerly centred ♦AsLTicsi of rcsohil ions were unanimously aiireoil to hy the niprrliants frctiuenlini; tlie port of Wisliy, oiH' 111' tlie |iriiui|iiil enilioriiiiiis of ilic l.i'amii!. in 1"2^*7, prciviilini! fur tlic rcstnration of ship- wretlied property to its oriL'inal owners, anil ttircalcMiini,' lofjiHl Irdiii \.\i6'^ consodalitatemercaturum," any city tliat illil nut act tonforniubly lo llie regulalioiiB laid down. Vol. I.— 3 t^ ■.n 734 HANSEATIC LEAGUE. K I Co «1 » c5 f J I f Rt Novogorod. The degradation of thin ill-fatwl city ia now roinplotc. It in at present an inconsiderablo place, with a population of about 7,000 or 8,000 ; and is rcniarkablo only for its history and antiquities. The merchants of the Hanso towns, or Hansards, as they were then commonly termed, were established in Ijondon at a very early period, and their factory here win of considerable magnitude and importance. They enjoyed various privilei^es and iminutiitiiis; they were perniitted to govern themselves by their own laws and regulations; the custody of one of the gates of the city (IJisho[)sgate) was committed to their care; and the duties on various sorts of imported commodities were considerably re5 ctions.. The weMcrn «ulo i-western extremity, allho ^ 1 its lan;e and important. \ Imiiding, repair, and outhl ,1 with every conven.ency. both as rcspectH Htrenu'th ,ords of Ur. Campbell, " i , the most fertile vviU and , been well seo,onde.l by ar , ,„t3, islittleloboregardc'd , such as if Vrov.denee had -the bridling thM'^w^y' ,tune." — C^"'*'-'"'^"/^'""'' ,„c of opening into; the celp- ,^c of Wight, fonmn-asAle shirv'. It is of great extent, I is deep and the anchorage as safely as if they were m nth. bnt is of larger extent; [,1, aflbrding a secure asylum I depot of England, has an nd has recently been much dous breakwater more than Lhips l'.ing i»^'J« /'O'" '^*' ,d soutli-easterly wmds. „n Considering the limited ible for large ships at so great L banks. Ltindon is mainly fr favourable situation on this I excellent port, accessible at [the extensive, rich, and popu- lis more incommoded by baiiks I of navigation, to the lal er. [nd the new channel that has ]"mportancc in facilitating the Irdinaryriseofthetideintjie 1 The H umber is a good deal lery large vessels. The Tyne VvvLh'nexttoLondon,isthe , it, of any in the empire. The shall'>wnrR!< of lhi> (Mydo fr.iin (irci'nork up to filn^'jow im-. been a wtIihh drawr- Imek upon the ('(iiinnerciiii pro.rveur,-e and to deepe.i the beil of the river; niid they iiave been sn f.ir •iii'cesHfiil, that ve^Kels* of ITiO tons biirdeii may now, I'l-nerally speaking, nseeud to the eity at all liiiiiM of ilie tide. ISiit there sicins tilde prolmbilily of ltd ever b^'coming suitable lor tlu) navi^alioii of HJiips of jiretty largo burden. (Jenernlly Kpenkini^ the harbimr^ on the east consts, both of fireat llritain and Ireland, nre, with the exeeptioii of the Tiiaincs, very infi'rior to ihos" on the sontli mid we-tt eoa^tH. .Several liarliours on the nliores of Sussex, Kent, liineolii, tVe., that once adniiUcd pretty IiiriC fliiim, are now coiiipli'lcly choked up by Hiind. Large suuis have been exjieiided upon • the ports of Varinniilli, lloiton, Snnilerla,i(i, Leilli, Dnmiee, Alierdeen, Ae. I)ii!>li'i Ii ir- biiur beini; naturally bad, ami obstructed liy a bar, a new Inriionr has been lorined, at a uieat expense, at Kiiu?stovvn. without the bar. in deep water. There has also been a larf,'(j outlay U|ioii the harbouri of D.nianhadee, I'ortpatriek, ()te. For an ac'ount of the shippiii;^ be|oii;:ino; to thedilVerent ports of (treat Uritain and Ire- land, the ren(li!r is referred to llie article Sini'sin this work. The charges on account of Docks, I'ilola'^e, &c. are specilied under ihi'se articles. Far'-i^n t/ii'luiiirs and Pari . -The reader will lind the i)rineipal foreign commercial harbours desrrilied in this work ai eonsideralile lenirlh under lh''ir respective titles. 'I'iic priiici|)al Trench port> fir the accomtntdatioii of men of war are Hrest, 'l'.)ulon, and Ciier- bourg. The latter has been very greatly improved by the ennstrnciion of a (,'ii:antic break- water, and the excavation of iiiiiiiense basins. Hesides Cadiz, the principal ports for the Spanish navy are Ferrol and (-'arthagena. CroUiiladt is the principal leiid.'zvons of the Rus-ian navy; Laiidscrona of lliat of Sweden; and tiie ITeldcr of tliat of llolLiiid, Law iif I'Jiiirldiid «s Id Hail) 'iirn. — The anchorage, v' |ioiiil mil lln' I'lacrs wlwMi' prlvi'ti! fliips sliail ili-pii^il iIk^ L'Mnpinvili'r lliey niiiy liavr on liiinril cMT'i'diim .'> l!n. — (.1 ti.1 It pniliihit-! till' use iil'any liri' nil liiiiuil :uiy >liip or vi'M^i'l tiiat i.j I'l'iiii! liri'iiiiii'il in any pnrt, li irliinit, or liavi'ii. Iic'tween Iln; linnrs nl' 1 1 in the rvi'iiiie,' ami ."> in llir innrninL'. iVnm lln! Isl m' Ortoln'r In tlii! '.\\f\ nl'Marili litrlnovi', ami ImtwiMMi llii' lioiirs ol' II in tlm rvi'iiiiii; ami I in llii; imirnin;;, I'miii llii! Isl 111' April 111 tln^ HOili 1)1' Si'pti'inlM'r imli|.iivi.' ; iiml il pniliiliils IIk; iimUiii'.' iir Imilin:,' of aiiy pitcli, lar, lall.iw, 4ii'. wllliin 'yid yard?" nf ;iny nl' liin M.ij. 'sty's nhip-<. or nl" liis Miij.'.!ly's ilni-Jt-yiriN. Ily aiMllicr sc'ilinii, till' ki'i'piiiK 'il' cans Hlintti'il, and llm liriiu! iiftlie saini^ in any port, is prnliiliilei uml.T a pi'iialty (if ."iN. fur evi-ry (jan Ucpt ;!iotli'il, and 111..', fur rvrry u'lin disi liiriicil ~ c'H.) 'I'lia HWc'pini; nr rri'i'pinu' fur amliors, Ace. witliin tli" clislame of ITiO y.'irds nf iiiiy of his M.ijrsiy's ships of w.ir. iiriif his Majesty's iiim riii!;.<, is pridiihitcd under a pi'iially of 111/, t'ur iivery oll'.'m i'.— (} 10.) The livadiiiL' and iiiiluadiiii} of hallaft i.s ul.so reniilati.'d liy this statute ; lint I'lir the inovijicins with respect to il,8ee IlAi.i.\sr HARDWARE (fi.!r, Kurze vmarcn ; Du. Yzcrltrmueri/ ,- Da. Incnkranii'arer ,• Svv. Jurnkriiin ; Fr. Clinquailkric, Qu:nca>/lcr!r ,■ It. Cluncaiflio ; Sp. Qitinrjuil/cria ,■ Port. Qniiiral/iaria ; Rus. Mjilafzc/inue lnwarii), includes every kind of Roods manufaetuied from metals, eoinprisinp; iron, brass, steel, and copjier articles of all description.^. IJinniiigluiia and Sheilield are the principal seats of the Hritish hardware inanuraetures ; and from these, iininense ipiantities of knive.s, razors, scissars, t>;ilt and plated ware, lire-arms, &c. are snp- plieil, as well for exportation to most parts of the world, as for home eon^:ulnption. The hardware manufacture is one of the most, imjiortant carried on in (Jreat Britain; and from the abundance of iron, tin, and copper ores in this country, and our inexhaustible coal mines, it is one which seems !o be established on a very secure foundation, 'i'he late Mr. Htevenson, in his elaborate and excellent iirticle on the statistics of Ijiiifland, in the F.dhi' bwi^li. Kiiri/clopwda, )iublished in 181.5, estimated the value of all the articles maile of iron at io,()()(),()00/., and the persons einjiloyed in the trade at 300,0(10. .Mr. Stevenson esti- mated the value of all the artii-les made of brass and copprr at ;1,('00,()00/., and the (lersons employed at .'iO.OOO: and he further estimated the value of steel, [dated, and hardwan! arti- cles, including toys, at 4.000,000/., and the perso;is employed at 70,000. So that, assuinimr these estimates to be nearly correct, the total value of the goods pro bleed from dilli'ieut sorts of metals in EnRland and Wales, in 1815, must have amounted to the sum of 17,000,000/., and the peisons employed to ;J"2(),000. 'I'here is reason to believe that this estimate, in so far, at least, as respects the value of the mamiracture, was at the time riUher too hi.;h; but at this moment il is most probably within the mark. There has been a very extraordinary auguient.ition of the (piantity of bar and pig iron produced within the last l.j years; ami the rapid increase of Binningham and Shellicld, as well as of the smaller seats of the banKvare manuficture, shows that it has been increased in a correspon line; |)roportion. Wv have been assured, by those well ac- quainted with most departments of the tr.ule. lliat if to the iron and other hardware manu- factures of England be added those of Scotland, their tnal aggregate value cannot now be 3 a 2 y;J i ^ .^^v .\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k // {< 4|^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 Ul 125 ■ 2.2 ™ 136 ■■■ lU 1 2.0 ILLS. U 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. USSO (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ 738 HARPOONER, HATS. Jo .• I reckoned at less than 17,500,000/. a year, affording direct employment, in the various do partmentt* of the trade, for at least 060,000 persons. Fall of Prices, — Owing partly to the reduced cost of iron, but incomparably more to im- provements in manufacturing, a very extraordinary fall has taken place in the price of most hardware articles d''ring the last 12 or 15 years. In some articles the fall exceeds 80 per cent. ; and there e few in which it does not exceed 30 per cent. In consequence, the poorest individuals are now able to supply themselves with an infinite variety of commo- dious and useful articles, which half a century ago, were either wholly unknown, or were too dear to be purchased by any but the richer classes. And those who rellcr-t on the im- portance of the prevalence of habits of cleanliness and neatness will readily agree with us in thinking that the substitution of the convenient and beautiful hardware and earthenware household articles, that are now every where to be met with, for the wooden and horn arti- cles used by our ancestors, has been in no ordinary degree advantageous. But it is not in this respect only that the cheapness and improvement of hardware is essential. Many of the most powerful and indispensable tools and instruments used by the labourer come under this description ; and every one is aware how important it is that they should be at once cheap and elHcient. Account of the real or declared Valiip of the diffpront Articles of tlirdwnrn cxportod from Great Bri- tain to Foreign Countries, during the Year ended 5th of January, lt)33. £ J. d. BrRKS and copper manufucturca ...... 010,226 4 9 Hardware and cutlery --....-. l,4.i:!,207 17 5 Iron and steel, wro\iKht and unwrnnght . . _ . . IjKiO.S.'in 10 2 Mallien)atical and optical inntrnnicnts ..... Iti.l.lO 18 .5 Plate, plated ware, jewi'llnry, and watches - . - - . lT3.fil7 13 1 Till and pewter wares (uxclusive of unwroiiglit tin) ... ai.l.lOI 510 Total - . - . £3,'.r72,014 9 8 The exports of the same articles during the year ended 5th of January, 1920, were as follows :— £ s. d. Brass and copper manufactures ...... 653,859 13 5 Ifardware and cutlery - ....... l,45!t,510 19 7 Iron and slid, wrought and unwrouHlit (niallit^malical instruments not specified) !i.!l,4IS 8 1 Tin and pewter wares (exclusive of unwrouglit tin) - - - lti7,811 10 7 Total Increase of the exports of 18.12 over those of 1819 £2,915,6.30 11 8 J£;l,05fi.:^^2 18 The East Indies and China are by far the most important markets for our hrass and copper nianu- fnclures. The total expurls of these arllrles, in IK)I, amounted to (•03,121/.; of avIiIiIi tlii-y tuok 34f^,(»l5/., till' I'liilcd States ICiO.Sf).*!/.. and Kraiice 91.5C0/. Of the total exports of lianlwjirf; and ciillcry in l''3l. a iiiitiiif; to 1,622,12'.)/. the foiled Stales took no less than OUS,l(i'.i/ ! The Hiilisli po.-isessiona in North Ainrrira and the West Indies were the next most important customers ; liiit the e.vporls to th(!ni liotli did not amount to lOO.OOO/. Tlie United ."States, and the possessions now referred to, take the greatest quantity of iron and steel ; the e.vports to tlie former, in IKtl, lieiiiji 'il'-.TOT/., and lliosi to tlie latter 2lj,22,3/. The United (States take nearly a half of our exports of plate uml plated ware, &c. HARPOONER, the man that throws the harpoon in fishing for whales. By 35 Geo. 3. c. 9C. § 34., no harpoonrr, lino manager, or boat steerer, belonging to any ship or vessel fitted out for the Greenland or fiouthern whale fisheries, shall be iinpres.scd front the said service ; but shall be privileged from being impressed so long as he shall belong to, and be employed cm board, any ship or vessel whatever in the fisheries aforesaid. IIATiS (Gcr. Hiife ,- Y^n. Hoeden ,- Fr. Chapeaux; \l, Cnppelli; Sp. Sombrcrnn ,• Rus. Scliliipii), coverings for the head in very general use in Great Britain and many other coun- tries, anil known to every body. They are made of very various forms and sorts of mate- rial. They may, however, be divided into two great classes, viz. those made of fur, wool, silk, &c., and those made of straw ; the former being principally worn by men, and the latter by women. Hats (Fun, Wool, ktcV — The manufacture of this description of hats, which is one of very considerable importance and value, was first noticed as belonging to England in the I4th century, in reference to the exportation of ralihit or coney skins I'rom the Netherlands. About a century afterwards (1463), the importation of hats was prohiliited. A iluty of 10s. V)d. a hat was substituted for this absolute prohiliition in 1816, and is still continued. The following instructive details with respect to the species of hats ni..nufactured, their value. &c., have been obtained from the highest practical authority ; and may, we believe, be safely relied on : — I. Stuf Hals— TMa term is applied hy the trade only to the hest description of hats, or to those broiiKht to the hiphest perfection in l.niiilon. (Since the iiilrodiicticui of " w'i l(i''/ ' 'I'lic llvitisli p«>ssc;^smnH ' custmii.Ts ; hut tlu- exp.irls to sspsiiiins imw iffi-rrtMl to. tiiKc ir exports of plale ami plate.l for whales. By 35 Geo. 3. niRing to any t=hip or vessel be iin|)ressfd from the said |aa he shall belong to, and be 8 aforesaid. [h.7//,- ^|>- Siwihrcriif! : Rus. (ritai'n and many other coun- pua forms and sorts of mute- fviz. those made of fur, wool, )ally worn by men, and the Uption of hats, whieh is one 1 belonsini? to Ktmland in the skins from the Netherlands J was prohibited. A duty of (l 8 10, and is still contmued. 1 of hats in..nufaetured, their gorily ; and may, we believe, noHcriptWrn of hats, or l^o those Ilia wool. Diilcli <"rrolc(l coney 1 with tMiiml ailvaiitaue oVcAal beaver, with white and brown staBc henver, or seasoned beaver, crmmnnly called " icooms." Inferior stuffs are napped with ini.vtiiri-s of slacK boaver, nutria, liarfs' won), and iiiiisi|uush. Of late yiMirs, hats havn been much rcducRd in wi'ivht. Tliis is prinripalty owinjr to the new me- thod of-' watcrproofinK," wliich is elfvcted in tin; bodit^s of the hala prior to their heini; napped. TIh; elastic properties of the gums employed liiir this purpose, when dissolved in pure spirits of wine, give a hoily 10 the slulfs which allows a eood deal ofttieir weifihtto he dispiMiaed witli. Nut 21) yeart' ut;o, 'M> ounces of stuff were worked up into I do/.en ordinary si/.ed hats for gentlemen; at pri sent, from 33 to 34 ounces only are required to complete the siiuie cpianlity. It is proper to ob- serve that the heavy duty on ICnalish spirits of wine is very injurious tn ilii> manuficlure, as it causes the employment of inferior dissolvents, as naphtlia and gas spirit, which injure the unms. The manufacture of the liest hats employs in London nearly 1, 0(H) makers and linishers, besides fjivinseniployment to nearly 3,000 men in (Moucestershire and Oerhyshirc, in body-making and ruf- tine. The gross returns amount to about tilO,00I dozen Bt-avrr and felts Another L. '0,I8S d. Official Value 14,377 Tot.il number nr men employed in the manufacture of beaver hats 17,000 • Including felled cap» for soliliers. Ditto, silk hats 3,000 Hats (Straw). — It is most probable that the idea of /?/«t7< H^q* s/ra/t'.s was first susTgcstcd by the making of baskets of osiers and willow, alluded to by Virufil, in his Pastorals, as one of the pursuits of the agricultural population of Italy. We are ii,'norant of tiic period when the luanufacture of straw i)lait first beeaine of importance in that country ; but it ap- pears from Coryat's Cntditm, puhlislied in 16! 1, that "the most delicate stniwen hau" were worn by both men and women in many places of Piedmont, " many of them having at least an hundred scames." It is evident, therefore, that the art of straw plaiting must have arrived at great perfection u[)wurds of two centuries since ; but it does not appear to have been followed in England for more than 60 or 7(1 years, as it is within tlie remem- brance of some of the old inhabitants of the straw districts, now alive, that the wives and daughters of the farmers tiscd to plait straw for making their own bonnets, before straw plaiting became eslaUiislied as a maniif.icture. In fact, t!>e cu.stom, among the women in England, of wearing bonnets at all, is coin|)arativcly modem : it is not yet 100 years since "himdn and piiiiurs" were generally worn, and it was only the ladies of quality who wore small silk hats. — (See Mulcvlm's Manners and Ctistoinn.) British Plait.— T\\c strain plait ili.^lriet comprises the counties of Bedford, Hertford, and Bucking- hani, being llii' most favoiiraldi' for the produdi.in of tlie wlieat straw, wliii li is the m;ilerial chiefly used in EiiL'lind. The manuf ictiire is also l'.,lli)\ved in soiiKr places in lissex an I StilTulk, but very partially in other counliis. Uuriii!! tlie 1 il(' war, the iiiqiorlation of straw hats from Legli.irn having in a iireat measure ceased, tin exlr lordiiiarv de^'rei: of eiiciMiracemenl was givi'ii to our doiuestic ma- niifaivliire, and a proportional deiiretMif cninfirt was derived liy tlie aL-riiullural laliourers in these places, by the wives ami chililreii of whom it was chiefly I'nlbuved. This produced competition, and led to an inqirovement of Ihit plat by .'iililliiifr ihe straw, whit li had formerly liei'U used entire— to a more carefiil selection oi'thi! straw iiself-.iiid also to improvi'iiieiils in (iiiisliing and bleaching. So successful was straw plaiting at this period, that it has been a.scettaiiied that women have earned as \ •* l! n 740 HATS. I !i I < M ' mnrh n" 2'1'?, n wrok for their Inbnur. ((*cc F.riiii-nre on Hit Poor F.aini, p. 277.) Hiil nt tho rnnrliisinn nl'llii' wnt, l.ciilKirii liali' ii|.Miii caiiic into llic iiiarkcl ; uiiil IVoiii tlirir Hiipcriorily in liiiriuss, coluiir, mill iliiraliili;>, llioy Hpi't'illiy iiciiiiiri'il it |iri rrri'iiri: ovi-r our liniiif riiaiiiiriii'tiiro, wlinli i iiiisi'i|iii'iitly lu'Cmi lo ilcfliiii'. Klill till! waL'i's rimliiiiiol (.'ooil, »8 \Ur lauliioii oCwpariiii; l)iiii-''alili! Hiraw lialii had irradiiJilly cslalilishi'd lliiflt'ovcr Ilic comitry, wliirh kr|>t U|) lliR di'iiiariil for llinii ; and iiiiiiiy in- dividuals ahaiidoiii'd thn v\r>rkiii(.'of /<(//»ir li:re (aiiolliiT ddiiirslir inniMifarliiri! ln'iiiliar In Hcdl'irilaiid JJiuk.i, wliirli ill l^'iO liad falliMi into drcay owinc lo Itu^ n|i|plii:i!ioiior tiiailiiiiriy). and hrlook tlii'in- si'lvi'!) to straw plailini!, as a iiioro iirotiiablc i'ni|iloyiiiriit. With lh(> virw (iriiii|ir'iviii|; llii> lonililinii of tin: straw plailcrs, wlio from llirir IncrraKcil ininilicrs wf^ni riMlnri'il In ^ri'at disirrss, and i'iiahlliif> tlioni lo nii'i't llie fiirciun coiiipt'tition, llii' Sociutv of Arts, ill llic years l>-ii uiiil |}-'i7, held out pn^- niinms for lliu siirci-^sfiil nppliralioii of souh! of our iialivi! gr 'sscs or slraw. oltior lliiiii llii; wheat Ktraw in prni ral use, and for iiMproviiiniils in plailiiiK, linisliiii(r. and l.leachiiiK. Many Bpi-ciineiiH weri! s^'iil to the Society ; and. aiiioiicsl oilier randidales, Sir. I'arry, of London, in lN.i'i. retcivcd the larue silver nndal for an iiiiilatioii and di'scription of the iiiodi; of plaitine the Leghorn hals. Mr. t'oli- liett, also, who had coiitrilinled samples of plaitiim. made from IS ilitTerent Morts ofurass iMliL'i'noiis to Knilhinil, rei-iived a siinilar rewiiril. The piililicalion of these contriliiilinn.s in the Soriely"s Traiisnc- lioiis was ftdlowcd liy the most lieiieticial results to the llrilish iniiiiiifa yards per diem ; that in the counties of TIerlford, ll.dford. ami Ihicks, there are. nt an ave- rage, 10 0011 scores liroiiiiht lo marki't every day, lo make wliiih Ill,.':il0 persons (women and chlli!ren) must he employed. In Dssex and Sulfolk, it is estimated that 9,000 scores are Ihe daily profluce, to make which aliout 3.000 persiuis areempleyed; and alioiit 1,000 [lersons more must he employed tn convert lliese ipianiilies into lionnets. Including other (ilaces where l!ie mumifacinre is carried on in F.nclaiid, there are, [lerhaps, in all, a!"uil ,10.000 perscuis en)jaj.'ed in it. The earniniu's of the women and cliil.Iren vary I'roin 3(1. tn Xv. Or/, per score, or from l.<. Ik/, to lO.v. per week. 'I'here are 7 ilescrip- ticns of pi, It ill teiieral use ; \ i;;. ichcit IhiiifUiblK ilhe lirsl iiilrcduci'il), plaited with 7 entire straws ; split .^Iruir. inlriulilced ahoiil .'iO years sinn" ; jiatrnl Diinslnhlr, or doiihle 7. formed of It split straws, every '.2 wetted and laid toLellier, invented alioiil -,"> years since ; l)i rou.'hire, formed of 7 split ;.|iaws, invenled ahout Hi years since ; l„ili,ii plnil (an in itaiion of wlioli' KiiiisLilile), formed of dnulile 7, and coarser lliaii p item Diinslalde, invenled ahout 10 years since ; Hnlfunl I.tghurn, formed of Ui or doii- hlu II strtiws. and plaited similarly lo the Tuscan ; ai.d Imlinii. fnriiied of II split sir.iws. Ihit lliire are (iiher varieties in fancy straw plait, not tieiierally in demand for Ihe home trade, hut chietly re. quired fi r e.\p •nation ; siidi as the A.i(7.'i,.;ir. uf 7 straws; the /».<'|.f, of 17 straws; the fiirc of ii straws; and i/id/in/jirf, of i.'! straws. There were oilier plaits, called n/,<^ir. of 1 coarsi! straws split; and pearl, of 1 smull straws entire ; hut th.'se are now supers "ded. The principal markels are l.ulon, DiiustaMi , and SI. .Mliaii's, when- Ihe plull i.s usually hrought every morning liy the plailers, and hoiiv'hl hy the dealers. Itiit till' ;idvaiiiiieits which t'ollowed ilf piildication, hy the Society of Arts, of the various aitempts to improve ihe trade, were! not confined to l".n!;laiid. Messrs. .1. & A. Miiir. of (ireenock. (\\ ho siili- seciueiitly sent specimens lo the Sciciety, and recived 2 diU'erent medals), were in conseiiiiem i; at- tracted to tie: uiamifaciure. and In isi;!. established straw plaitinn, in imitation of Leghorn, in llie Orkney Isla^ids. willi singular success, adopting riir straw, dwarfed liy being grown on peor land, as the material hesi suited for Ihe purpose. In the oliiiialion of persons largely employed in the trade in London, hals nianiifactiired in Orkney, are i|iiile eipial. Iioih in colour and ipiality, lo those of Leg. Iiorn ; indeed, some of the plait sent lo ihe Society was so tine, as In lie capable of'niakiii!: a hat of '0 rows ill the liriiii, being ei|ii,il to III or II rows in an inch; but we learn with rei eipial to ."iO per cent, oil the v;ilue of the crop. Tntliis rircuiiislance. and tn the low prices nf l.eirliern hals of late years, is lo be ascribed the dillicully they have had. even with the pntectiiig duly i.l .'!/. V. per dozen, in wilbstaudiiiL' the couipelitioii cd'the foreign in.'iiufK Hirer. In their letter ti Hie Sdcieiy of Arts, of the lOlh of February. I'»iti. Messrs. Miiir stilled,—" We had hist yei'r about .'"airis ofslraw, which will produce about li.O(K) sere ol plait.- suppose on the averai;e of 11 si ure to the hai. will |i,. 4,000 hals, not more. We think them one hundredth p:irt of ihe consiiinptinn of Ihe I'niled Kinu'doin. These 4.000 hits may give tn the inaniifai Hirer, inclitdiiig his prolil, .'i.Oilli/, I'nr seed aid siraw 7 acres nf land wniild be rei|uired, and in n aiiiil'actiiring .'>0U persons would he c.inslanlly eiiipbiyeil all the year. We suppose the consiiinptinn of Leghorn hats to be not less than .OOlLOOli/. in Hie I niled Kingdom : now were these all niade liy our own indiislrious populaliuii, 700 acres of poor l.i'id \vi iilij 111 be reipiired. and 50.000 persons would be emplnyi d in the mnnufictiire -C/V '/•' .in.-.) r\ plailers in Orkney were earning, in I^i7, only from 'is. to 'h. OJ. per week, and since that period Hie trade, it is iinderslood, ha.s dei lined. Italian I'lail.-in Italy, the manufacliire is principally followed in the neighbourhood of Florence, Pisa, Sienna, and the Val d'Ariio, in the Diichv of Tiiscanv ; and it i-. also esi,ibli>hed .it \i and other places. There, as in Liigland, it Is purely a dnnieslic nianiif.ii tun', aid Ihe prniliice is collected by dealers who go round the country. There is no iiieans of eslini.iliiiL'. Willi aiiv degree o|':ic(iirai y, the iiiiniher of individuals emplojed, as the gnveriiment is entirely iinprovid d with slaii>liral dilii, and is even op;iosed lo any beiiu! cnllected. Ihil siipposini.' that ihiirland tnok ahnut a Hiirdoftlie Italian nianiifacture laml it iv believed that we hav4' taken nearer a Inlf \ it would not appear that, even in the iomsI prosperous times, more than ISO.IIOO persons could have been i i ;.Mged in it. The desc riiition of straw used, which is ciilHv.iled solely fir ihe purposes oi Hie nianiilactiire. and not fur the grain, is the Irittrmn liirt;tili:m, a variety of bearded wheal, which seems to diU'r in no re. epect from the spring wheat grown in the vale of llveshiim and .-Hier parts of Knglaiid.- (7V(;ii.<. nf Sir. .Hrt..!.) AOir undergoing a certain pre|i.iralory process, the upper parts of the steirs (Ininj lirst sorted as in cnlour and tiiickm ss) are f. rnied into a pl.iit of generally Ki straws, v. huh is aliiTwanls knii:ed logeiheral the edges into a circular sli.ipe called a ' ll;il," or hat. The tiiieiiess of Ihe tials is deterniined hy the iiMinher of rows of plait which couipnsi' theiii (counting from the botluni of Hie crown to the edgu of the brim), and their relative flnuiiuHS ruiiguH fruiii about No. ttU tu W, being the HATS. 741 77,) Hnl nt Iho ronrliisinn rriority in limin :>^:^. •■"I"'"'' irturc wliiib .i.iiKiMiiii'ntlv rinc 1)1111 'Mlilc! Hlr:i\v liiila 1,1 r-r Ihnii ; iiml "'i'"}' '"- „r.ui.TMliur1ol«.'itlnr.liiml .•hiii'TV). Miiil brtoDkllicin- nfiiii|".r.>vliiKlt'>-ilslo ,HinllifiH..rirly'^''lraiisac- i,-nir<'. «)Mr iialivi! srassus rHlcnis aii.l tli.Mini'v.Miiioss i.r.nBlhc straw »l liis.atiy 1,V IcailiiiiB ami iMiipl'>yiiii! „„iitisi.-cuii«riy(!MMM!,cr,ase. [ilnited in our straw diKtricts; larui'ly iiii|'"ri>-«l, ami made lie l.t'ijiiorii liat. „,„l .ympalliy tlian llmt ot III healllil'iil .■iiii>liiy"i''"<. »'- ,ni.rer«,wliowitlmi.;/';- liunit imliviiliial. iiitiiiiatily 10 yards) of plait cnnsiiims a ,1,1 ail av.'raf!.-, •■very plaitcr \ Hacks, tll.•toar.^nt an avc- ,.rs„,m (womt'ii and . Iidi.ruii) or..s aretluMli'.ily Pro'lm''; o ,^ moro iiiiiHt l)C empluyod to Ihe iiiunnl-Kturfi is .arrird on I Tlie I'ariiiiiMs "' il'^- wmnun r wi'.'k. Tlii'ro lire i d.scrip- nlaitrd with 7 entire Ktraws; ,'■7. f..riiipdofI» split MrawH, „Ain', rurm.M..r7spl|lMKivvs ialdiO,f"rmid nt dmihle ,,and /..vrAurH, |-..rniea of M..r (1(111- I of 11 split straws. .nl ll.iru „„.,„„„«, rade,lmt.'lii..tly r;;. . of 17 straws; tht- inirc ot ^i !,lir. of 1 coarse straws siilit ; „. princilial markets are l.uton, moriiint? l.y ""-■ I'l;'"'-"- «""' f \rts, ofihe varionsaileinpis Miiir. of (Jreeiiock, (\\li(' siili- ll'il«), wen^ ill eoiisenueiK at- n imitation of J.eiili'irP. in the beina u'rowii oti P""r '•'"''• ''*" lari;( Iv emploveil in tlie trade •randMiiality, totlioseof I..C- iM-apaMeofniakiima liat ot Ml Irn with re;.rel lint t lie preva- il: of the straw. IhMl il i> ('(liwu Ilielowpriicsof LeL-lurn hats the pr( lielitm dniv ol •'■ V- 111 llieir lellcr t"lli'' Society |,;,s, ve;>rahontrMi.res.,t straw, e ol':is(.>re to 111" liat. will lie inplioiiof Ihe rn.ted Kinu'donK ,.-,.(111(1/. Vor seed aril >lraw , Lild he cmslanlly einiiloved al .Ia'ili>lie(l at Venice aiM Ire. avdlhe produce i.; eollected I., ivilhaiivdeHree ol :icciua(y, Imrovid d Willi station, al d:.'", fl'iml loo'K about a lliirdol the |i;clf\ it would not appear that, MV been . r^.i^'ed in "'• , Irposesoi till! loaniil.iclnre, and ■ which seems to dill'Tin no re- parts p within their Miiioky Inns, plaiiinu tin; cold and wet straw, are ei|tially iiijiirions to lb»! c(d(iiir id' the hats, wlilcll no bleachiiii,' can improve. The tlals are afterwards made up In caseti (d° 10 or '.jli do/.en, assorted in prosiressivi^ iiiiinbers or t ; but this reiiionstrance, if ever made, was not likidy, from the condition of our own population, '.o be very favourably rec(;ived. Tin; followiii)! prices of dill'ereiil iiiiiiibi;rs and <|iialities of I,e|:horii huts are conBidercd such as would enconrasfe the work-people in Tuscany to produce good work :— K r>t quality. .Second ({ualily. Tuuan. i'/iirlo*. 'riiirii i|u.i!iiy. Twoiii. KiigUth. ruicaii. EiiglUh. £ 3. d. £ a. d. £ s. d. No. 30. 11 lire = 074 10 lire = (1 ti 8 lire = 5 4 ■10. 'Jl - 14 m — = i:i 4 Ih — = 12 45. ao — .. 17 4 25 — ^ 10 8 23 — = 15 4 The straw for plaitina a No. .SO. at 8 lire, rosts 2 lire, nhniit !,<. 4(7. Enslish ; for bleachiiifj and finish- ing. I lira -■ f*'/.; llie estimated loss of rows in a mass, that either (lo U|i into the cn.wn in the process of tinishing and pressinu, or that must betaken from the brim to reilii';e it to London imsisure (22 inches), may lie calciilaled at 1 lira more, or Hi/. As it reipiires not less than 6 ilay.s lor plailiim and kiiiltin;! the hat, there therefore remains only 4 lire, or Is. f Cheap as subsistence may beon the continenl, surely this miserable pittance is not calculated ;oe.\cile the envy of the poorest hihoiirer in tlnyland. Hut the eariiini;s of the straw plaiters so'ely ilepifiid on their ahlliticN and industry. The ptraw is furiii.«h(;d to theni to lie plaited and knitted, and lliey are paid acrordiiiB to the iiiimiier or fineness of Ihe hat. Some of the Uroizi women have earned as much an 4 lire, or about iv. On. to ;iw. per day, when hats were al the hiKbesI, (calculating the time in which they can plait and knit a hat, at 8 days f"or a No. 30., and a forlniglit for a No. 40.) ; and these chosen few still e.Trii about l.s. (W. per day ; 'but taking the whole plaiters, tiie follovina, in the opinion of a house lariicly interested in Ihe trade in Italy, may be considered as u fair calculaliuii uf tliu average wages wbicli have been paid during the last 15 years: — Women earned per du'iii, in the vear 1817, l.<. (W. ; 1819-20, M.; 1823-5, l.s. Ci/. ; 182fi-7, 6d.; 1828-32, 5i/. Men. for ironing the hats, -I.--, a day; ditto, for pressing and washing, U. 6d. to 2*-. ; women, for picking straw , Is. to U. id. The following statement shows the import!) into England of Italian straw hatd, straw plait, and un- manufactured straw, during the last 13 years : Vean. flats (ir Bonnets of Straw I'taitin; of Straw. I'nmanufaci ircd Straw. fmported. Exported. Consump. lion. Nrtt Ri- \enue. Imported. F.i|>orted. Consnmp. lion. Nell Re- venue. Imported, Nell Re- venue, .V,i. i\'o. ,V,i. I.. 1.1,. ifcj. Lbi. L. LbJ. L. fS20 6AilO 2.(i-.2 Tl,!)29 20,461 2 2 2 tS2l I4l.tl2 2.ti.a 120,068 3l,3(i-. 44 30 2u ih22 1 i:l.2>.) I2.-.1,-. 117,020 34,'.37 .IIS 523 447 fW3 12'xmi ID.iliO I2l.tv'il 35.3liO 4,2yt 3,034 2,',79 fSi4 l»9,4 12 5.07) f9'i,5(i>t 6i,77l 4,231 4.!K16 4,170 ISii 32:.IM0 (1.2s 1 217,447 69,047 14,037 ll,S-.0 1 0.073 629 n ISi6 ill,WI7 13,4M •2n4,!l74 5«,l4'i S,S36 9-.-) 6,U1« S.'-Sf 433 36 Is27 2'i.l.S-J 12.;M4 2>"i,(i40 72.4(>S 3,92S 9(M 3,947 3,;1W 7S7 79 IS28 3v 1.072 s,377 274,!106 77,7-» ,'..,•■02 283 A, 106 4.313 4,199 420 l^.-S IliO.lfli '27,IV» 231.2)4 G6.;193 6.2S2 487 3,340 2.-34 6,0',0 603 IKW Ilii.fiCO 34,112 IBS. 52:, 47.7cO li.lSJ 7.-)6 7.H.4 6,ti(j9 ls,-,sti l,8-)9 IKII S 1,0(4) 24.'J»0 9,1.H17 2e,(>i4 23,3-,4 2,102 16,450 t3,2s7 22,314 2,232 1832 ibg,m 3-.,J71 60,!'30 I7,2»0 19,109 l,ti05 17,911 15,174 48,054 811 The duly, from 1820 to The clut (ii.iiiit'tcr V ■ on tills of less than 2 as, diirifii; tlu> aljcivf et- abifVu 2i incti(», (if. llii ! inchi-i in riod, 3f. Sj, Till! rate of duly, di WM I7». per lb. ring the ab( jve period. IS2*), w.as 2 from It2j to per eeut. ; IS32, 10 per per dozi'u ii'nt. It is civt. now Id. per We are indebted for this very excellent article on straw hats lo Mr. Robert Slater, of Foro Street, London. [The value of Leghorn ami other straw hats imported, chiefly from Encfland, France, and Italy, into tlie Ilniteil States, on the avi>raa;e of five years, ending on the 30tli of Septemher, 183,S, amounted to :?'139,.'M)1, that of huts of fur, wool, and leather, imported ahnost wholly from the lirst mentioned country, amountinir only to >lti,H34 ; and about $30,000 in value of the former deseviption of hats are re-cxfiorted. Hats of domestic manufacture, to the value anniiilly of $17(),0U7, have ix-en also exported, for the most part to France, South Ame- rica, 'J'exas, and the West India Islands. — Am. Ed.] 742 HAVANNAH. I I 1 ■« HAVA1S'N\H, on HAVANA, a Inrpre nml flourishini; rify, sitnntrd on the north roart of tho nolili! isliiiiil of Culm, <»f wliicli it is the citpital, tho .Morro rawtle bfinij, acconliiiir to Humboldt, ill lat. 'V.)^ 8' 15" i\., Ion. 82° ti'^' 45" W. 'i'hc- |i()|niliitioii, «'X(lut*ivf of troops ami straiisfru (which may amount to S5, ()()()), is i)rol)al)ly not far Hliorl of 115,000. In 1817, tliu rcsiiU'iit j)0|)iili:tioii aniountcil to 8U,598 ; viz, :)7,8S5 wliilfn. 9,010 frrc rojoiircil, IZi-'JOl fri(> h\.w\i:i, 2.543 colouifil slavos, ami 21,799 black slaves. The part of Havaniiah is the finest in the West Indies, and one of the best in tht! world. 'J'lie eiitranee is narrow, but the water is deep, without bar or obstruction of any sort, and within it expands into ,1 magnilicenl bay, capal)le of acconimodatiiiQ[ 1,000 hirffo Hbi|)s; vessels of tlie ureate.-it draught of water coming close to the (piays. The city lies along the entrance to, and on the west sidi! of, the bay. The suliurh Uegia is on the opposite side. '1 he Morro ami Punta cistles, the former on the east, and the latter on the west, side of the entrance of the harbour, are strongly fortilied, as is the entire city ; the citadel is also a place of great strength ; and furtifications have been erected on such of the neighbouring heights as coin- maiid the city or port. Tho arsenal and dock-yard lie toward the western angle of the bay, to the south of the city. In the city, the streets arc narrow, inconvenient, and filthy ; but in the suburbs, now as extensive as the city, they arc wider and better laid out. Latterly, too, the police and cleanliness of all parts of the town have materially improved. rmiii its posilidii, u'tiicli ci>iainaiul;< both UAutu in tlii; (Inlf of Mevlco, ils Kreat Hlrnnrrlh, ami cxrcl- Iciit liarlxiiir. Ilavaniiuli is, in a iioliiical imiiit ofviuw, liv t'lir llii- iiMi>,t iiii|i(irlaiit iii.iriliiiie sialinn in the West hidics. As a (nauiu'n'iul cily it ali^o ranks in iliu llrst ciass ; l)eiii|;. in lliis rrs|iik only exctiited. Kor a Icinj; pi'riod, llaviiiinali (.'nsfrosscd alnmst the wliole I'uri'iL'ii trade ol' Cnha; liut since tlii' rcla.vaiiiin ol' the oiil idlnnial systi'in. v::riinis pons, sncli, I'lir in.-lanii', as .Mat.inzaH,* llnit weri' liardly known 30 yuars a','(,, h.ivi! lieccnne places nf great coniinercial inipiprnnce. TIk! rapid exleiisiim el' the roininene of Havaniiah is, llurcfiire, eiilirrly to be ascrilii d in the lYeedDin il now enjoys, and to llie great increase of wealth and iiopniation in the city, and I'eni rally llirniighont the island. Tlie ailv.tnce nfC'iiha, dnriiii; the last half century, has been very creat ; thonpli not inore, perhaps, than iiiiaht have iH'enexpeclcd, from il? natural advantasres, at least since lis porlswrre fn-ely npened to foreiL'iiers. in l-IW. It is at once the largest and ilie best siinated of the West Iidia islanils. It is about (Jll.i iniles jn leimth ; but its breadth iroin north to soiilli no where exceeds 117 miles, and Is in many places njiich lu>s. Its loial area, exilnslve of that of the nonierouB keys and islands atl:i( heil to il, is alioni ;il,.',0,) scjnare miles. The climate is, fiMierally speakinj;, delightful ; lln; r"fresliiii;; sua breezes preventiea the heat fioni ever beeoniing excessive, and lillinf! it tor the (.'rowth of a viist va- riety of products, ilarricanes, which are so tiestrnclive in Jamaica and the (.'arililite islands, are here coniparalivi'lv rare, and wlien they do oci nr, far less violent. The soil is of very various i|ualiiies : There is a cdiisiderabh! extent of swampy marshes and rocks nnfil for any sort of cultivalinn j hut there is much soil that is very superior, and capaidc of allordin); the inoBt luxuriant ciops of .-ei:ar, collee, maize, te. The ancient policy, now fortunately abandoned, of restritling the trade of tin; island to 'i or .') ports, caused all the population to conure^ate in their vicinity, neL'b'ctin^' the rest of the island, and allowliiKSOine of the linest land and best sihintions for plantin;j, to remain unoccupied. lint since a ditlerenl and more liberal policy has been followed, pipulation has bei;un to extend itself over all llie most fertile ilistricts, wherever they are .> be met with. The lirst regular census of Cuba was taken in 1775, when the wlnde resident population amounted 170,:!7(l souls. Hini'e this period, the increase has been as follows :— 1791, 272,110; Isl", SOl.Utlti ; unit 1N27, 7U-l,(;(i7 ; exclusive of strangers. \. e subjoin a Classification of tlie Population of Cuba according to the Censuses of 1775 and 1827. Whim .... Free niubltoe« - Free biwks Sl»vc« .... Tolll . 1773. 1S27. 1 Miilr. 54. -Di 10.021 .'i,9.9 2i',7T4 FemaU. 9,0(Hi 5,ti29 15,562 Total. 93.419 19,027 11, VW 44,336 jWa/f. I(i»',b33 2S0JS 2:l,l«vi Icr.JUO Ftmnle, I4-',3ils 2n.4S(i 23,07') 101.6,2 311,031 .'7.314 21>t.,tl|2 99,309 71,0fil 170,370 403,905 1 300,3S2 70-l,4s7 We rrajiljr discover, from this Ttlile, that, in llie terra of 32 I yean, from IT73 'u 1^27, the iiicreaw of Uieditfercnt claidcs of the i iwpulatiou lias tetu as followb : — From To I'erct. ' 5-1,333 I6>i,6'3, nr 209 40,»61 M2,U9S, — 24^ The white mile population incrv.osed The wliik- fLiiiilo — The free mulatto m:ilc population 'the frei* nail:itlfi fi-male — Thtf free M.ick nialt* — 'I'he free Mack f, male — The slave (Mick an.l inulaMn), male The stave (black aiiJ mulatto), t't-iiiale From To Per ct. lO.f.M 2M.3s,or hO !l.'<«i -^IKIii;, — 227 .3,H30 SJ.IKM, — 301 3,W9 '23,ll'6. — 313 2S,774 e-^.^lii, _-,J7 I3,3fc2 1(13,6,2, — 5^6 A very larsre part of the rapid incrivisfi of the black population is to he ascribed to the conlinnance of the slave trade; which, unfertunately for the retil interei^ls of the island, has been prosi'cnii d of late years to an extent, and Willi a . .;',)ur. iinkiKiwn to any former period. I'rom l!"ll to Isf, there werii iuiporled into Cuba lH,'i,()(10 .African slaves : of which nuinher llli.dlKl are said lo have lieen en- tered at tin; llavaniiah Ciistom-honse between ISII and 1>*2(II .v3 as ever, not- wilhslaiidiiiL' the Iraile was to have enlirely ceased in \b'H). — (lii/Kirl n/ ls;i2 um lies! huim Ci./o/uo.s-. Minutes iif Uriilrnre, p. fll.) It is, besides, supposed that the slaves were iindir-niled in tlie ci iisiis ol 1^27 ; so thai, perhaps, the entire population of Ihe island is, at present, lillle, if al all, under !«ill.(IIM). Tin; pla!:t"rs of Cuba derivt; consideiable assistance from free lalniirers, nioslly of an Indian mixed breed, who work for moderate wanes. They are • il much eiiiployed in the fields, but in other lirancbes of labour ; and particularly in bringing the sugar from the interior to the shipping ports. ♦ In lf27, Matnnzas had a population of l.S.OOO souls. Murine th" snnip year. Its Inipnrts were valued at l.:is7,(i(i(l iloll rs, and its exports at 1,717. ;U7 dollars ; and 2;il vessels entered, nml "iiil clear- ed from its port. We have looked into our latest (iazetteers. bin to no purpose, for any notice of Ibis place. Those, indeed, who know that Ihe best of these publications sets down the pupulatiou uf llu- vanimU ui 25,U00, will probably think that tliis was very unnecessary labour. j HAVANNAII. 743 intcd on the nortli roast istlc bfini?, iici'oriliii^ to ilioii, fxclusivo ol' tro(>|w r short of 115,01)0. In ili'M. 0,010 frrc rolmircil, The i):)rt of H;iviiimiih 'I'lip rntrmiii' i« narrow, williiii it cNiiuiulrt into !\ vpsscls of llu- grcuti-rft till! i-iilriiiir«' to, aiiil on e siito. The Morro ami .u\c of lliR <'iitriUHt' of the \n also a jiliu-e of great hl)Ourins hei!;hts as eom- wcstcrn aiiRle of the hay, iiivenicnt, ami lUthy ; hul belter laid out. LuUcrly, illy improved. 18 croiit strnii?tli. ami cxri'l- iiiporiaut iiiariliriii'Miili..n in „.jiiB. ill tlii^ rrs|.iTt seL-ond lliivaiiiiiili (MiLTiisscil iiliiinsl i|,.iiial svslnii. v;:rii>iis pons, li:ivc lici'oiiiii iiliUCH <'I sreat raiiiiali is, tluri'l'Tc. fiilirrly wcHllliaml poiiiilatum iii tlio I • tlimi!:li not ninic, pctliaps, ■c'ils p.irls\v.rc r"l"rt:sliiiin sua I iiir till' (inivvlli "!' a v:ist va- lliu Carililx;!' islamls, an; liiTC is of very various i|iiallii(!s : r any sort "f ciiUivalinn ; Imt nost Inxnriaiil ciopsul' riiL'ar, jf ri'slriiling Hi" tri>'l« "' "i« .•iriniiv, n'ii-'l<';''"K«''"''P^l."f laming, to remain nnocfnpicd. nilation liii'* bt'tiiii lo I'xtind 111 The first mttular icnsiis lied 170,:JT{» souls, f-iiin; tins ; and l^i7, 704,b()7 ; exclusive suses of 1775 and 1827. IH7. ■~ Fitni'lr. Tohil. 3 i.i.',a;« 2<>.4.iO 311,011 .■7. Ml '•i.or'i 4>-.'l 1 10l,6'i2 'li-l:'>lZ 70.|,4»7 3 1 30O,Ma _ Frr m To Per ct. Xi^^ ^^^^^^j:^ 6,l|->0 2).SKH,-301 'i.bM 2.-.,ii-ti,-W.'. VM,m,l» 2N.7T.t l-n.2;«>,-OT lllD), li.-m.il« l''i "ifcj 1P3,G ,.', — ». „. iiscritied tn llifi coiilinuaiire Inland, lias Immmi proseriiK d of •i,,,!. I'rcnn IMl to \>-i:< Hurr .(100 ari' said lo liavi' licni cii- s?,'), Ilii" iniporls of sl-ivi'S ar(! as fiioat ill \>->-- as pvrr, not- 1> 12 0/1 11 f.^- abour. Tht article* princmilly fiportetl fmm Cuba arc, •iin'' "f Ui*' ftnr»l umlitv, C'lirei", ('itrtrct^ Lrpn' wat, himry, muliiaK, n, *i' 0[ rlint. 'I he f'',40ll l>in— IStt 2VI,3S4 IQil.lVl.MKI In I KM 'JTUULlS-l l(is,4(F., .mi 1827 26l,»>4 1-2 IO.,P»I,M;ii IRW 2(W.'."(i ln-.l14 4"() iK!!t 2im.».17 l04,:l4iM)l) 1S30 2!).>,:3J 117.(i!L'.-(l(l 1811 2:B.I,10 llO,Vlil)(0 ItfU 297,V'>7 ll9,(liJ,S(X) 1831 2SI,9i5 1 l3,n:0,0i.K) Ilul ll.iviiiTUti Iiaviti? rratril lo t.e Ihronly jmrl T r lIii* fY|orU. tint! nf lufir. .It it »'o M. fiirni'T litiiri, \ir iiiiisl uKrri tf> tin- tiado nf lliL- niliri |'«trti. In ol.rtiti a r t^^^c• accntiiil tf llie \»l,(,lf iX['ort« nl mif ir, Tht* rnllnwiiix arr the tuilljni'hi'UM rflurnv l-ir I'>i7 ; Kx|iorU of luiar from Ha\aiuMh .SiriliiKn • Niievilas • M.1t.lll/:(S • Trhiiliil • J.itm Man»iillla Il!l,.r>l,ll7 Ibt. (..11 ■.'.'.■ I — a7>,Jr> — 31l,'Mi4.'4l'> — 10,:ilil.3j7 — 3'il.46i) _ I. ',.00 — 120,800 — Tntil Put aa Ihe rii**nni.hoi»B repnrln an- fuittnlr.l ilpDl) the aMDliijili'ih Miat a ImiX <•( Ki).{ir iM'lfht tiut \rt arrotMt (37'» 11m.). while il4 iru'- wentlil IS .-it'iiTiIeiliiclitin llie Lire, at leitt lU mr,l4n ( lOO Ihv), thi-y aiM to their ainntint nne tixteelitli (it ihoulil tw out! liftiwuth), via. ■ l4V-n3,10« Iba. 9.1.3^1118 lla. M.»kill?alntilnf . ri(i,|-,'-,9:4 lln. Tlila is, linwnvpr, only llio riistom-liniisn report. A ereat deal of siicnr lins liecii siinicslcd out of the country. TIk; exports from Saniiai.'o in 1M27, as (siveii ahovc, are certainly iiiinli iindir lln'ir real anioiint ; for at Hint period, and f.ir H or 4 years after. Hie luslotiis ollicors coiiiiivid wild Hie planters to defraud Hie reveiiiK?, and carried tlieir il'epreilalioiis lo siicli an I'Xietit, tlial llic diilirs hecaim! no- mitinl iiifri'ly, and Hie otliiial returns are in no di'irree to !»■ dvpctidi'd upon. Hiilij^riiiieiilly, liowever, these otficers were disiiiissijd; and there is reason to iliink that the returns have sine liceii nioro accurate. Hut siiiiimfliiiir is slill exK^nsively prai tised, particiilaily from the unliceiiseil ports It appears from Hii; siilijoined account (No. III.), that tlieri' has lieeii, since lf-'i7, a treal increase in the exports of suisar, the (iiniitily shipped from the various licensed ports of ll;e islami, haviiit,' aiiiouiited. in 1833. lo 7,li2l,,'>'i3 arrolias, ill,i.l7.'i Ihs.; liiit, an ill (111' case of siicar, coiisiih^ralili' additions must he made to this (iii.'iiilily to gi't the true I'xport. In the ('iisloiii-.„iii9e estimates, colfce hags are supposed uniformly !o weiiili l.'iO Ihs., iliou;:li it is well known that they freiiueiillv exceed that limit. Tlio exports in 1>33 were dislriluiled as fallows ; via. from the llavaiinali, 17,,'!.'t;i", IIM) Ihs. ; Matan/.as, fi, l'2:i.07,') Ihs. ; all (dher ports. Id ■)(i:i,Miil Ihs Toliacco dilfers iiiiicli in ((iiality ; hut the cifrars of Ciilia are consiilered the linest in the world. — (See Tobacco ) l''oriiierly, the culture and sale of this important plant were monopolized liy (ioverii- iiieiit ; hut since |y2l this mniiopoly has heeti wlndly relimiuislK-d, there heiiii! no immrrany restric- lioiirf I'ither on the |.'r(nvtli or the sale of the article. The cultivator pays a duly, « liii h. however, is lo a creat (!xl(Mit evaded, of I per cent, ad valorem upon llis crop. In coiiseijuenci; of tlie freedom Huts l.'iv(Mi to the hiisiness, the culture and exportation of lohacco are hotli rapidly extending' ; s- miich so, thai Hie exporis of cigars, which amounted in 18'20 to only 107, ItM arrobas, had increased to 017,713 arrolias in IH33 : Of !t5.7tif< liliils. of molasses exported in 1S33, 4 14.129 ls,2(>9 31.220 '22.434 2s,s,10 iii)7,320 57.',3-3 72(1,513 '264,1(14 2!,2tO 2-2,206 M.m 64,577 61,13.5 314,337 31.2,763 3:Hi.2-8 .'•0.039 52,770 62,141 472,148 514,l!)4 372,714 IlKdOO 93514 79,243 04 .Ml 115,909 82.3S9 12 1,2 -,7 12 VI 19 135.036 117,270 133,662 162.261 30.502 1S,.,57 |--,'223 177,298 77,858 I92,S.W 22,0I>-. 41.3W 302,113 li),r.K» ta.hm 16,156 31.211 2-,-.|7 19,169 49,518 3I>94 5.1.621 3W lO,."* 30.M8 34.I0O 42,^69 43.348 . 30,7.56 i2i,IOO •28,71-9 8,429 s,h;io 8,949 7,417 0,|i>^4 8,131 115.691 107,820 140,(35 ll ■ 3,249,446 2,976,130 1 3,866,396 M/ "ill :' I ♦ The o»porl8 from Matanzas in 1833 were 57,746,400 lbs. 744 HAVRE. II. Account of the QimnlilicB ni" the prinripnl Ariiclcn of Prodiiro rxpnrtpd frniii tin- various liceimed I'orlK III' till! Ihl.iiiil III' (.'iiliii, rrom \h'2li tn IMi:l, hcilli iiii'liisivc. I i Vara. Siinr. Rum. MnhiMi, Was. jtrriM'. I'iiirr. I'.pin. ^r..^r.. \>,'"0 I.T7.l,-!lH 2J/IIH IW7 f.,-7H,l)^l 2.4i7 7-1,(1- ;i i;,iKji,.si ii,iM l».'S 6.!W,ill-i ^,MII Hi,-M I.JKI.I «S 21,1114 IKW H.-.-M.'s 4.'il!l ni,yT l,73(i,.'-.7 2;i.4).:■.!)■) tk.,il» I,-fl''.''H» av4l IH4I 7,I.H,:l-il S.klH H'l,(i,76» KMiflit 4l,.'iJ() 'loUa 0. 7 ,.-l 7!.,lifl H'.Vil li7,l>l 7li.4;iU (r2,t7> Cipn. .?>r.(n». I'i7.l(l4 li;7.Jt)l 2iiu;i> 211.443 4117,1 '.2 a'ii.43<« 4 to, 1.3 617,713 III. An Account of the Value of the Trnde between Cnim mid other Countries in IMH, an ngcertalned by the CuHtonm' llutiiriii<. CoiintriM. Imiinru. Elfmrti, Cnunlrin. Inirort*. Eiinrti, /.. /,. /.. Sp.in 8,16. IM 665.:)! 7 .NVthfrlandl ■ 42.417 6r..6si •Viuth Aniprin 2!--|.(i! 'I he L'liiteil Sra'*.* 92U.4!'! 9i:i.!i:l4 .Swi-'ipii.-iiiil Deiiniark • ;,vM l.'.,Ki7 <»mt Mrilaiti . 33-,-i77 IW1.7S7 'I'urk.y > I3,SM Kntici! 19:1,327 IIO.WI 47,010 Fnreiptii itroJurr in ihirit of Il;.ly .... I0,7.V, tuba .... 90,495 28'.,42« Hut a cnnsidornble portion of tlie iniportH, espcciully of llinsi! from Spain, are not intended for rniisiiniptioii in Ciilia, but are sent thore merely en entrepot, or till it be found convenient to ship them fur other murkets. IV. Aecnunt of the Number of Vessels that entered the Port of Ilnvannah from Foreign Countries in 18.S1, 183*2, and IH.SS, specifying the Countries to which such VeHsels belonged, and their Tonnage. Thff' irai 1832. 1^3,3. 1 .S1.|JI. Tntll. SItivl. Titu. .37H Titns. Spaniih ..... 334 41,7fiH 1.2 3s,ra« 3-» 40,.'47 Aiiipricin ..... 496 R'i,ini 13 4S9 84,9i7 1-2 Wi'l 91.624 1-2 Haiisr Townl - - - . 25 4,226 34 6,314 26 4,r.l)0 8 l,07H ISl 2,313 10 I.-29 Krt'iirh • ... It 3,?i75 18 4,0(i7 48 10.162 1.2 Netherlands . - . . - 8 1,067 2 J 26 4,764 8 1,4-7 Eiinliih 64 (i,403 1-4 69 i2,.5-i8 1.2 46 9,067 1-2 Porluni the |ienttuul» in Spanish bottoms (excrpt tlnur, which pays I 1-2 dollar per harrel), pay only 61-4 percent, duty ; and when ini(>orted in foreign hottoins they my 12 per cent, less 'han the duties on corresponding foreii?n articles. These products inalte about a third part of the imfiorts. Until lately, the ex|>ort duly on s^f^ar wns much coinpl;iintil of, bein^ mi hl){h as 2 3-4 dillars a box ; but In the course of 1833 it was re- duced lo little more than I dollar,— a rduction which has Iteen of material consequence to the planters. Merchandise that has once paid the duties on iinpnr'alinn, |>ays nolhini; on ex|Mirtalinn. Cuitoni'tKnise /i«^t/n/to/w.— Kvery master of a vessel is bound to have, on his arrivil, ready fir deliverv to (he boarding nffirert of the revenue, two inariifests, containii/g a detailed Btatenl^nt cd his carifo ; and, In the act of hinding them over, is to write ihereon the hour when he §;» delivers them, lakiriff care that they he counlersignol by the boardinc officers Within 12 hours from that time he in»y make any atteratinn he pleases in the said manifests, or deliver in new ones orrertrl. Af'er the expintion of these 12 hours, no alteration will tte | ermitted. (iofKis not manifested will tw confu- cated without remi-dy ; and, if their value should not exceed l.tlX) dollars, masters of vessels will be liable to pay a penalty of iloulde the amount of such non*manifested gixxls : If they do excee' inastM, or come consiipied to him, his ves- lel, freight, and other emoluinents, will be forfeile'l to the re- venue. Goo>ls over-manifested will p.iy duties as if they were on board, (kiods no' m nifesled, but claimed in time by a consignee, will be delivered up to the latter; but the master, in this case, will be subject to a line eoual in nmnuni to that of such ^ooda. Gold and silver, not manifested by cither capltiu or consignee, are liable to a duly of 4 per cent. G.kkIo falling .short of the qu:inlity manifested, when lamfed, and not being inc'uded in any invoice of a con^tgnet^, will render the mas'er liable to a penally of 200 doll irs f'»r each packai^e to f.tlling short. Rvery c«)nsixnee Isobliired to present his invoice or no'e nf goods, within 48 hours alter the arrival of a ves- •el ; if not, such ^oods are linble lo 2 per cent, extra dutv. The ■ame is tho case, if such note do not contain a statement of ifie num- I her of pieces, contents, quality, weight, and mensure. All goods iriipnried in vessels exceeding SO tons tiur'lien, except perinhable imwininnSf bulky articles, and liquors, mav be put in de|)o?it for an indtiinite term, paying I |»er cent, inward and I per cent, outward duty on the vilue, each year. When enterel (or hnnie ronsump* liori, they arc liable to the corrctpnndiii:; dutv. If sidd indeimit, the exporter piys the outward duly. Tf^i'irtge />iiiiu.— Spanish vessels, ^ -^ ils per ton. (llher nations, 20 reals per ton : in case of arrival atnl .It-harUire in ballas', none; arriving in distres:), 4 reals per tun, but full unties if the cargo be landed or taken in. Wharf />uh«f.— Spanish vessels, (i reals per day. O'her nAlioni, 19 reals per day for each 100 Ions of Iheir retri^Vrine'-surenient. Moil IK,!.— One dfdiar =•. H rea's jltte ■.-- 2'^ rols \tlli'n. One doubloon = 17 iloHara, The inerchauis reckon 414 dollar* == 100/,, or I dollar = 4f. tir/. very nearly. There is an export duty of I per cent. anish = li>: 3-4 Us. Kn^lihh. or 46 kilogrammes. 109 varas = 100 yanls; 40 vans - 100 Ktrncli tUs or auuesj 81 varas z= lOOHrabant ells; 108 varns = 160 lliunburgb ells. 1 fanega r= 3 bushels nearly", or 100 lbs, S|'anish. Aw arn^ba ol wme or spirits = 4*1 Knglifh wine gallons nearly. The Npani.*h auli-'ritiesdi^jraced Ibemst Kes by the cotjntenance which they gave to piratical liandiiti lint intest-"! nrtny of the |)orts of Cub 1 liurinr the la'e contest between Spain u.d In r nvoMed colo- ni's. anil, on pretence of cruising against the Mexinns :ind Cotoni- bians, cnniniiHel .'dl sor's of enorndties The eon.uierce of the I'nited States sntfirefl so much fmni their ntl:i(ks. tint Ihey were obliged tnsend a considfrrable squadrrn tnati.ick the banlitti in their ftlrontrlinlds, and to obtain that redrew they hid in vain sought from the pneinmeiit r>f the i.slanJ ; but \'aj>h iiurf, \oin. xxii. |i. riS:!, ; Pniiuctt't Notes on MiT^io, pp. '279--29H. (Kn*. ed.); Papt-n jubhthrd l Ciptl. .1/ r'iat. 1'|-,III4 lli7.U6l 2 10.33 > 211.443 4117,1 ''2 33I,J3» 4II«,U1 617,713 trie* in lH3n. as ascertained Inii">ri«. /.. 42.417 9.401 1(|.'.I71 7,13)1 99,49S El|>ortl. /,. fir..6«l .|,ilS 207,33-. ir..(-«7 I3,!;33 2e'>,42S Hpain. arc not InleiHlcd for je fouiiil coiivcniiiiit lo ship nnah from Foroicn ConntrieB VesgL'ls bi'longeii, ami their ItsTS. 1 vnn. .SViiw, .179 Twit. xlB 3-4 4li..'47 [Ii7 1-2 fiO'l 9I.K4 1-2 ■VI4 26 4,''i00 313 10 1.729 067 48 10,162 1-2 764 8 1,4-7 ,Vi8 1-2 48 9,0«7 1-2 M8 6 494 221 1-2 1 290 222 1-2 « 939 12 2^ 6 1,061 1-2 2f>« 2 366 1-3 193X4 1 1 159 176 ,362 1-2 1,04!« 168,293 1-2 iwlily, neijM. »n(i niewirf. All roods •clin; 80 Icpiis hur'hen, Mcent iienilcible and linunm, may I* irat i" cl<;|""it for an iwr cent, inward an.l I per ci-iil. outward 'par Whi-n cnlotel for li'inii- ronsiimp- corrispiiiidiii? dut.v. If «dd in dnioiil, .ard dnty. ijh vewrU, 1 '■ ■>'» I'er Ion. Other nations, i.f arrival ai>l a,|,ar-ure in l.all.i»', none; lis per ton, but full uiitits if the cargo be ,li v(«flv fi rcils prr dav. Oilipr nalioal, 10(1 liiiu lit llieir reili.'iT nieasurcnielil. - H rra'« ili'e ~ 2' pals v.ll.u.. One 'hit! niercliaiils rirlioii 4)4 ilollan. — 1001., nrarly. 'Ihere i^ an i'x|.orl duly of I ptr -nt. on silver. . ,. .r —dr." (iiiintal - 100 lli«.. or 4 .arrolias of m; 3-4 Us. Kiijlisli, or 46 kilo?raininre. 40 variH = IPO Kioncli i Us or aunrs ; 81 . lO- varus = 160 llaniliurRli rlls. 1 t»n'^ ) II,!. S|i»nisli. An arnibant wine or spiritt 'rdMra«'l lliHilsilM-sbytlir countenance ical liandiMi tint infi d many of llf^lwrU nnleM bet« ee.i Spain -....I i. r fvo!";') " »• rriii.ine against the Me«i<-in» :'»d Cnloin- I „f Vnoriidlirs Tlie .-oiMuerce of the mn h fmm their attacks. th>t they were Iralde squadron b. attack th.-l.andllli in hen^ , that rVdn« thcv Ind iii vain »ouulled HiiliiLnldf, standard ■"„■ ' i'.) 11 enM.., rari., 1K1I ; Ihe excellent .,^,„W,T;y«n..r.«orJun.l«0,. J(-Jl. ^;A'r7Kn™;M" /•llr.r. r"'-'-^''' .'1/ , Ml 648-«''2. ; »i»l ) rifo'r r ■"imiHlua- ■i'i'l, merchants e.t..l.lisli«l at llavanuth. ongly fortified sea-port town iine, on its northern bank, in Wiirlfli/r.— T)ie h«rtiour of ITaTTe cttitnti of 2 Insini, inrlmr I wlihiii the wills of the tnwii, atfir.Iine accnninioda'i'ui for .ii- iji 4 V) ihipv tajH! lie la Hi vr, fmurtnt ilu' ii'irtitf rn r itreniily of lli«* ftif.r, \m N. N. W fn.in llavrr. dMinI ahoiit 2 1-2 miles. II i< riovated 390 f"-et alnive the level o( the s a, an I is surumu're 1 by 2 li"» 50 f.'«l hifh. The"-. " hirh >•» ■i:\ (.•<■' apvrl, i ihil s hrilll.ii.t tiarlN>iir-lii(hl al the rnlrance lit the iciri, on the eiir,*iiiity of the weilem ,|.lly. Havre ^as 2 (iia l*tea Is, "llie KTiat or oiib r rii,i I ii aji.tul a Irariie friini the |ior(, aril rft*her iimr. thin I-.! haiin- \V,S. W. friim Cape de la Ilevej llie liille nr inner rial is almiit 1-2 leafue from the [lort, .Mid abimt 3 4 of a mile S. S. K. Inun i'i|ie ile la lleve. Tlit-y are wparateil by Hie Miid hank eallet I.eelit; lietween wljch and the lank called' Let fiauli tU la lituk is the weit |i.v.!d>;e hi the port. The Hoc, nr si^nthem pstsaje, lien Itetween thn T»it menttnnft henk an I II. It rf Amfir. In lln- ;freai rui I there iifniin o7 l-*fi'hninl ivaifT at el.ti ; and in the liltle, fnim 3 In 3 Nl. I.irve «hi|is .ilwa)i lie in the forii.er. 'I he r.se of the tnle is fnuit 22 tn 27 ft el ; and hf timiH silvin'ace of it. the lari^etl rl.\< of iiieichan»iiiei> enter the [lort. The waier ill Ih*- harlioitr ilo-» not lierin pere-'ftild) to luU si le tillalHilifl hours afti-r hi Mr. t.nurit ; .Iririifoirr dn I'ummmt Marttiiiu Jur 1K13, p. 2)1. ; Cou/itr nir la /'/larrJ, p. *»9, Ac.) Tradf, ^-r. — Havrn lioiim, in fiict, Ihe. princi|)al Hea-porl of Purin, most of thp colonial anil ollii'r fu- rnign prniltii'tH ili-siiiii^il fur tli» t'linsiiiiiplinii of ihat riiy nri> inipiirlcil iiitu it. Il lini* aNo a ('llll^illl■rn- lile Iraili? nf lis own. Tlie principal arliclps ofcxpiirt art' »ill< anil wiinllrii »lii(T-i, larc, u'lnvcH.lriiilti'U, perfiiniRry, IliirBiiihly, ("liainpaciic, anil iillinr winon, liraiiily. Imnks, A.r. lloHidcH rolniiiiil pruiliii'tn and spicus, tli>! itnpnrtM prliiri|iully consist of cotlnit, iiMli!.'ii, lohacco, Itidi'S, dye wodiIh, iron, (in, dried fisli, ice. (ir:iin and tlonr are Hoinetiiiies iiiiportuil and soinciiiiieHe.xport,2,(MiO,000 fr. ; toliacco 4,000,11110 fr., &c. Tlii> < iistnnis diilien ut Havre diirinc the same year anioniiU'd to '2.'),IS7fi,.')3') fr..l)i!iiifr nearly II per rent, iipnn llf eiillniati'd value of itie imports. There entered Ihe port, in the same year, l.l^i I'lemh and otlie ■ ships, coming from foreien cntinlries and tlie colonies of France, anil '2,!i'.i.') ciiaslinj vessels, iiicliidlnp tlinse iiaviKut- inc the river ; 02 ships entereil en rdtuhc and In ballast. — {Bulletin dcs Scienci:ii Ot'df^riijiliiijiirn.ttiiii. .\vi. p. aoo. and torn xxiii. p. S70.) Jlrrinah. — In 1H33, there tMitered Ihe port, 44 ships from IMartinique, 7S from (iiiiulMlntipe, 21.1 from The United States, 311 from Brazil, 1 from Pern and Cliili,'23 from llayli,(i fyoni Mcxicn. II frmii Monte- Video and Buenos Ayres, 2 from Colomhia, 10 from the llavannah and St Iiign, 1 from St. 'riimnas, 2 from Cayenne, 3 from Ki-nesal, 4 from the Isle do Uonrlion and the Mauritius, (i from tin- I'.asl Indies, 2 from China, and 11 from the whale fishery ; in all, 447.— (^nnuuire dii Commerce Murilimt, toiii. ii. p. 345.) I'he total arrivals at Havre in 1833 were Shipi. French ships (toni foreign countries .•••,. 2.^0 -— — ^— French colonies ....... 130 — coasters ......... 2,V21 " from the cod And whale fishery • • - • .14 ForeiKu vessels .......... 49-> Tonnage^ freu-i 44.934 2,.vir, 32,721 1,613 159.0!i3 0,3JS 4.040 421 12j.ll^» Totals 3,410 366,717 In respect to the imports of cotton, Havre Is to the other French Ports, what Liverpool is to the other ports of England. We subjoin an Account of the Imports of Cotton into France in 1S33 and 1831, with the Stocks on Hand,&c., spcci- fyins in detail the Imports and Stocks of Havre and Mirscilles. 1833. IS34. 1 Stock, III Jin. Havre Marseilles . OlhLT PorH Imports. Havre Marseilles . Other Port! Sold. Havre Marscillee . Other I'orta United States. Brazil. Ejypt. Other Sorts. Total in diirereut Torts. United Stales. Braiil. links. .i,:iio 3V1 100 E(t>pl. Other Sons. Balir 4.107 I.VK) Total in difl'.n-ut Torts. Mlrt. 16,270 l,\M 9,-.0 Balrt. 549 Bala. 750 JInla. ISl 1,300 8J0 JIaln. 1 7.000 3,200 l.liCO Balr.i. 29.h:12 3,911 1,40(1 B.ila. '6,632 Bain. 34.(100 15.000 3,000 1^1,370 549 •liO 2,331 22,000 35,143 3.790 -.632 i\ Id 6,43', 3.134 11.519 5.I0S .52,(05 ISI.6II 21,470 14.239 22,410 2,127 726 91,290 6,283 16,012 4,2S5 210.304 76.8S9 19,210 181.057 19,667 IS,074 221,798 l4,2-.a 17,872 201.447 .•4.2)1 23.974 276,674 217,320 25,263 37,260 26,5S0 1 306,443 20,213 19,761 lfiS.049 1K,709 13,789 19.619 1,777 626 31,398 6,636 I3.20i 3,635 193,304 65.0S9 18.0)0 194,180 23.078 IS.874 236,132 15,698 3,172 742 19,512 23,375 3.(162 13.626 .\3JS 21.3.440 t)3.2il 21,974 301.663 2J0,'i47 22,^22 3I.39S 22,476 276,443 23,373 22.1)46 United Stales. Brazil. Egypt. Olher -Slirls. Total. Slock, Isl Jan. 1 Havre Marseilles . Other Torts »5. • JIaiii. 19,710 600 600 2,000 l.iO Bala. 3,500 Bah.: 3(;o 2.0OO 1,2.0 BaUi. I 30,000 Accorlinff to the American official accounts, there were shipped for France, iluring the year ended 30lh of Srplemlier, 18.13. 76.812,449 lbs. of cnlton. value I at 8,84 '),359 dollars. The exports to Kbgtaud during Ihe same year were 238,241,746 tbi., valued at 26,25-1,970 liullars! —i.Pajmt laid before Cun§rai, 22d of April, li)34.) For the quantities of sugar and coflec imported into Havre in the years 1820, 1830, 1831, and 1832, see post. We avail ourselves of this opportunity to lay hefore our readers the following official stato- ments as to the Foreien Trade ami Navigation of France for 1833. On th.i next puge will he fotinil an account of Ihe viiliie of the different descriptions nf ennds (ex- clusive of coin and hnllion) imported into and exported from France in H33, sperifyinc lite mode in which they were imported and exported ; the value of the imported goods entered for home con- eumption, with the duty thereon, and on the exports.— (j}(/rnini£{ru(ion (2cs Douanes, 1833, p. 4.) Vol. I.— 3 N .94 .1 .,( 11^ •I I .|,■^ 'l\'^ m\ r, 746 HAVRE. I CD •V, 1^ P £ Id M O O t» M R o K *•*« s-^s ■3 O If ja;{; ^ a *i 'o I", ro >^ "t O t- '^i >0 ' o * in — O ^ '0 I- X « «> "r fS !• 1^ .o ■|4 1i £1 fc, ^Qo" elt^w'^^ef ■*£■" 2*^SJr a u s s i! u 01 7 O «. s 7 u K E < > •1. .14 ^ § 3 li: •- . 4.2 1 i. is frS 'S sj ! if Si- ll? ri.i t -! a? .t E a 3^8 !ja.'| •? i = P llllSlillllHliilli »ja.Ui^xu.b.u>>u(^h«tfi>^!euar •5g3J = = s IIAVUE. 747 Um\i II mil I 3 I fe \i £a R Ir: o fs Ik % u >/; \W < M m ^ 2 ^ . T . 1 -1 I "8 !^ em? ■-•4^83 1 i;; 2L e m - U -O >• u> e «■= ts "^ O 6(1 y-.S u >> « o e s 5 = o 2- ^• 111 PI si t 8 t- f rt m h- -■i -j) « '»> — r- — *i H — 3? — -f -^.^ tJ) — ti^V — '^._jii' — I*"— tn^- n* — C3 — (N O rj ;* W to t* <> £ •- (T / 1 11-. en [4,cd^ar »-'**tff^'csH'~ a" i;' "*;*''■'*£ i2'' •5 w ^ S. ^ c » rt imir'iiiiir.l, ri'-i'\|iiirtcd. or iviif Imi I. Siirmil rommtref, no :i|iii!i I l.« 1 n;«irti!d arltrlrn ua liuvi; b.'i-il iidiiiitti'd Inr liuiiiu iiiiiiiiiii|iti(in, lllid r iiiiyiMi'iil nf till' nminiii't diiijri, 'till' »iiii» iliatJiH iiMii idil.iiiM III ri'liitiiin to rxpnrta. rimernl mmmirtr, in tlilii inHi', niiviiH rll ('Vpiirli-il urn Ik. u illKiiit riLMrd li> llinr nrlamj wliilr rperiitl mnimtrre iiiimiih mirh iiiily tin are prii- iliiii'd tty til" anil nr iMiiiiiil'ai'liiri-a or Kruiicc. Ai->-(iiiiit Ml' till- t{iiaiitiiii'ii 111" till' illfrTi-Ml Horia of rottoii, Miimr, PolTi'i', Iiidiiio, ttc, liiipnrti'il mill ll:ivri', iliiriii<.' 1^.(5, l»:n, l>.i:i, iK.ia, mid I'-.'tl, « iih tin. HlmkH of C'oltoii, ki:., vxlallii|| uii Ilia lal of Juiiimiy, I^Hi - (./DMrriu/ rfii Uarrt, id Jiiiiiiury, hilli.) (°nuiitrli« whtnca lliair Ciiii'in. t' ■> Auicrin Hnnl Utlii r Bttrtt • • UlM Siifir. M irllii iiiiB «i.il Oiil lilnu|ir, liMi. Il'li'lrll . . 1,,^ II .vtui, ill iili.l ti\, Jim • bolr* tin/. J . . . — II M I ,n>rl« • • • » OH' . M iriiuiqiie aiKl OuiJlloupr, lih !>, Ilillii. . . . — liiMii- ■ . . _ It I'lrlfin • - • li.^l*t llivti, •lirei'l • • lii«4 III ' !• • - • riiitif Vin.i'tt utheriorti • ■ Imxi till II- . . . In. li-im. . . .Midk 111.'.-.. Ki>i liiliiii . . (hnn Aiii< ricui . - Kmn* C'l' II ... |iicki>7 4,ll"(i U I.VII 49, 7 Id 73..MS .n.i Sll J,9-5 Mi 2.74'i 7.:UH Jlltl,"l.'(l IMS. tai,")!!!) twM. lovaM I. '1, 11.11 IIO.Md I IM,ii« 374' 7 t,«1i 2, 41 2,'WI 2ij,rlil i\ T2.MI SI 1,1 I,.II2 4, I -,IJI 4«.n(io Mfim 77 to 6,S23 2,1 If 4,3911 i;»o 2,>l 4i,U.'i 4> 7:1,11.1 l'l2 1)17 3,ro 4,771 V.I.'iS I.T.,2iU IKII, 124.1 in 14 KM 2,J 9 ld7,WI 2li,2:i) Sti' («) 3,5 2in.>iii tnno'i.iia 27,5li,419 407,117,179 By Laii'l. A'l 'I 'Iff, l33 TnUl. Merchiii'llM' pnlni-nl f.ir rtiiitiimiitinn. (S,,roiil (■"imniTfi'.l Vahio. Fin 'in, 4j9.IiJ7,79> ivi.w.m 1M,0j.,772 i2ti,l ■,»,V;^ J 693,27 '1,7 a EXPORTS. fr.iiift. 344,>2l,ii^ll 111.9^.6™' 34,(i9? !tM 491,137,471 Duly ncoival, ""fill,. •7"" 41.I- 1 1, 1.77 .wiafi.s"4 (),I78,.>M ini,t>3(j,tiiti E»:iorl8. Bi" • ,M.iii9 Bv l.lnl. Fiaitrt. >,i0l.itn I'lT.lWi.li) TnUt. Frniiri. 2ttl.i'>'l,(.-.2 .1 'iAf i,«(iO 7ti6,3lt),3:j French Mercliinli«i-. (Speciil C ininirrcF.) Viluf. Frntim, tM,(i'3.n27 404,772,027 S'i9,l2'>,n54 Duly receivftl, Fianri. >"s,-T7 4i7,>ll2 1,2 '16,379 NAVIGATION. Arriv.ils. Ton. IlljU. V,. I 7',iiit Fri"irli I :i.itit :3HI.''7 F..um:ii ' i.lf' 62.',-3-. T'liU I *,''7e 9«),-«2 M^Tchind-'f im|inrlrl. lOeiienil CoinniiTce ) Frfneli Colonies, Foreign. Ftnnra. Fmiicf. Ti>t.ll. Franrt. Dfpirtiim Sliipv i Ton- French ani Fir-ijti M-p'-hiiilUr, (Geuer il Coniiiifrcn ) French Fiirci^n. T.i':il. .V'. T'tii. ' Frnnri, i /V.i,,,- , ^",-r ' i. 6-l,0ji,2l5 i 211.0. nIO 27-4,i5t.;r»4 VVrneh ft.iiT i 3t-.-iO 42.tiJ!mt)i l*t7.HlS ni 2 ^M.fU*'.:*^'' 6i-( m,^l> t 4U3. -21 ,901 46T,|l7.i:il T..t»U S.2V> T-^i Hi-* 43,'ii J,y«| .W^T'iJ .fitlJ 5 •A40S5W WAREM'MSF. TRADE. V.»hpF t'f II n*hin(liM»: — Ii) V. ir. Ii iiiM' oil ihe 3Nt nf DecenibiT, ISJ2 EiitcrcJ iluriiig tht! yeir 1833 /"For rniniimp'ion Wiihlnvvii from warehouioilurinif the jrear 1833 -i F'>r re-t-xiorvmn • ■ ^f^^^^^f V.By ch-iiiji* uf vMrehouie 1 Ry impnrtihoii • * > tt i ,!.i ( Ry cliui^c of rtirehmiic Ftatia, Frtiii't. ■ 97, J -.1,177 4'>i,29'. X't: ) 10,9(1 .ii'lt 440 2,19,127 24,0 12, i7 1 ) III wsroh'iitic nn the 31at of December, 1833 3uS Tol:>l - ■ .'il7,til.',704 - 27(>,<<'2,fl''4-) : 47;i''iiin|- ''"•*="'^'*' . 34s27,.i>2J . I12,9(l0,|l| (I'l •'\ no HAVRE. Summary Statement— con(i>tue({ I I ) ^ J ' TRANSIT TRADE. BOUNTIES, COIN, &c Export!, Value of Artu-lo!i, which, pnssiDf; throui;h Frnnce !rt trantilu, Ime been de)|iaiched In IS3J. Bounties :— Frana. Value of exports, with liounly . - - . 9S,2tj0,9l6 Kecfivetl for tjountiei ■ - . . . 16,483,634 Coin and bullion : — The trade in coin and bullion is not taken into nccounl ill the ab.'Ve slalenient of imports and exfmrts. Value of imports aud exports of coin aud } itrports - 199,506,830 bullion Seaports • 99,945,131 Seilures :— Aoioaut of seizures on importation - - - 1,171,560 By French Ships. Frnnca. 23,6(12,961 By Foreipi Shipl. ByUnd. Total. R»w proil. Manufac. ToUIj Fraitcn. 1,011,950 27,236,CK1 Fraiicf. 2IP,.'tflS,ll2 23,839,760 / ranct. 47,03.1,023 60,838,032- 33,423,150 2S.2-i6,033l 44,197,S72 107,371,033 Pricen of Commodities, Duty paid and in Bond, Tares, Commercial Allowances, l^-e. — Those important particulars iiiiiy be leiirnert by the inspection of tlie suljjoineil Price Current for tlic si-cond week of Septuiiiher, lb3(i. Tlio duties on tlic articles ineiitionud iire niao given; but it i.'4 most prohiiblu tliat some of iheiiu will, at no very distant period, be varied. But the other particulars embodied iu it will always render it an important document. Havre Price Current, 15lh of September, 1838. Ashes, per .50 kil. Pol, New York do. • FiuLind Ru9si.i Casan Pearl, American do. Duty paid. Fr.il. Fi-.ct. Id Bond. Fr. cl. Fr. cl. 67 Oto - 50 SO - 53 - 57 - Oto 0-0 T Duty no nett weii(ht : by French vessels from European port.,, ^1 fr. 90 ct. "; from elsewiieie, S fr. -3 ct. By foreign vesatls, 11 fr. 53 ct. —(See exceptiiins at Note A.) Comuieicial and Custom. bouse tare, 12 per cent. Bark(.Ii-suits'), per l-2kil. I/ifliJa .... Callvss-iya, curled do', flat .... I)u»y on iK'tt iveiglit : by French ve 37 1-2 ct. From countries westof Cape Horn, 13 3-4 ct. vessels. 33 ct. Cuitoin-hoiise tare : on chests, 12 pf r cent. ; on srrons, 2 per cent. Cnimnerci.il tare : ou ca>es, reni ; on serous of TO kil. and iip- wanls, Hkil. ; of 40 kil. and upwards, 6kil. ; aud of 20 kil. and up- wards, 4 kil. nomia-il 1 50 to do. I 33 . 2 do. I 33 - 2 Pis fnim any port whatever. By foreign Bees' w.ix per 1 2 kil. Nurlli American yellow 1 90 lo 2 nominal Ni-w Orleatif, do. • 1 SO • 1 90 nominal Russia 2 - 2 10 nominal Hav.innall ■ 1 7ii . 1 bO nuinirial .Senegal .00- 0-00 Duly nil *cms ct. By foreign veada from any port \v[i,itfvcr, S I-. ct.— I2ii.'e exceifdoiis at Note A.) LoiiiuierCK)! tare : real. Casai.i liitnea, per .2 kil. in mats - • nominM TO to 72 in cliPits • . • nonitn.tl T2 • T5 Duty nu iirtt weight : by French vesu-Is fniin the East IniHes, 18 1-3 ct. ; from eUt w here. 33 --3 ct. By ftireign vessels from any port wh;itpver, 5'> ct.— (See exceptions at Note A.) i'ustoiii-hniisp tare : oii chests^ 12 per cent, i on mats, 2 per cent. Conm.erci.il tare: real. Cochinnl. per 1-2 kit. silviTV. frnninrJ. tofme . to !0 50 to Ifl T'» fMXV.dn. (in. ■ - -00-00 10 • 10 2.» black, do. * noiiiinat I 10 to I 15 Giiav.ir,uil • - - none .'lO • .')'» Rraril ... by French vessels 60 • e2 Trini.laJ - - • nnrie Duty on nt'tt u'eicht: by French vessels fnini the Frenrli cnl(>- pies, 22 ct. ; from conntries ^veiX nf C.ipe llnrn, 27 1-2 ct. ; frort whatever, 57 3-4 ct.— (S.e exccp- tibnsat N'ft'c A.) Cu^t' ni-Juuise tare ; on caiks 12 per cent. ; on bajp, 2 per cent, rnuiuiercii! f-ire r on c.xsks real ; on bi^. 2 per cent. ; on Mocha e^flW. ihe t:ire runt from 4 1-2 to 12 12 kih upon bales of 7^ lo 200 kil. Copper, South Amerinn, per 1-2 kil. I 10 to I 12 none, nmn. RussMn an' British • * I 25 • I 20 none, nnni. Dufy on ur')ss w»-iirht : by French vm-cIi fr'iui F'linipean rorts, 1 1-10 cV ; fforii eUtMvjipre, 11-^0 ct. Rv* furei^n \esse!s from any port, wlutfvt r, I I'J-JOct.— (See exception* at Note A.) Commercial tare: real. oto 63 to 6) 0-00 7:1 • 1 n 0.00 73 - 0-00 62 - OTl 1 - 1 20 • 1 40 - 1 4'. n - n Iluly paid. In Bond. Fr t. Fr. ct. Fr. ct. Fr. ct. 112, 1 57 1 1 to 1 4G 1 10 - 1 47 099 - 1 30 1 12 . 1 70 1 I . 1 59 1 12 • '77 1 1 ■ 1 66 3 - t 50 0-00 1 .10 - 1 %> 1 19 ■ 1 M 1 30 . 1 bS t 19 • 1 74 0-00 none. 1 33 . 1 45 1 24 - 1 34 I 35 . i 43 0-00 80 - 90 0-00 Cotton, per 1-2 kil. I'pland • Alabann and Tennessee Mobile - Louisiana Sea Island Pernambuco K-iUh - Maraiilnm .*^t. Uomiijgn Paiia - Sural and Benjfil • _ _ _ _ Duty on nett weight : on lon« or shoit staple, by Fiench vessels from the French colonies, 2 3-4 ct. ; from European ports, (Turkey excepted), 16 1-2 ct. : from the Easi Indies, 5 1-2 ct. ; from otlii;r countries, 1 1 ct. By fon ieu vtssi'ls (except from Turkey), 19 I 4 ''t. Bv French vessels (mm Turkev. S 1-4 ci. ; bv foreign verBels from Turkey, 13 3-4 ct.— (See exceptions .it Note A' ) t'u5ttnsa) ; 3 kil. on all other de> scrip'ious in bales exceeding 50 kil. ; and 1 1-2 kil. upon bales under 50 kil. Elephants'teeth, per l-2kil. - 3 50 lo 8 none Duty on U'tt weight : whole or in pieces of more than 1 kil. by Frtmh vts-teN frfiUi Soneeal, 13 31 ct. ; frf>ni niher Africin ?ttthr. ments, 22 ct. ; frnm the E^st luJies, lit 1-4 c . ; (rom elhe^berp, 30 1-4 cl. By fnnipi vessels fp'm any port wirttever, 38 1-2 ct. Pieces of 1 kil. and under, d(,ulile the above dutiea.— (See exceLtiooi at Note A.) Commercial and Custom-bouse tare : real. Gums Senegal, |)er 1-2 kil. - I 2 > (o 1 JO to E. India copal, scrape! -20-25 OU-00 cop:\l, sofi, not scra])ed •050-0 55 00-00 shellac, orange • • • I 9,' - I 9^» nominal do. garnet - - - 1 bO • I 82 mmiinal do. liver - - - I 45 - 1 55 nominal Duty Oil Senrjal, cross weight: bv French vessels from Seriepal, 5 1-2 c'.; fnim Eunt( can |>nrls, 13 3-4 ct. ; from elsewhf.-re. II cL By foreign \rssels from any jKirl whatever, IG 1-2 ct. — ^See excep- tions at Note A.) Commercial tare : on casks, reil ; on ba^ 2 ner cent. Duty nn cnpal, nett weiijUt : by French veMtis fmiii thf East In- dies, 27 1-2 ct. ; fmm European ports, 55 ct. ; (rom elscwlicre, 49 1-2 ct. By foreign ves-els from any port wlialever, t>8 3-4 cl.— (^ee excpptioiis at Note A.) Comnurcial tare: real. Duty on shellic, nrtt weight : by French vessels from the East In- dies, 77- IdO ct. ; fnim elsewhere, 2 1-5 ct. By foreign vessels from any port whatevi-r, 327 200 ct. — (See exceptions at Note A.) Commercial tare: real. Hnps, American - • • to none Diify on nett weipht; bv French vessels fmm any port \\hiit'ver, 33 Ir. per 50 kil. By foreign vessels, 36 fr. 2 1-2 cl.--).See excep- tions at Note A.) Commercial tare : on bales, 2 per cent. Hilex. jier 1-2 kil. Buenos Ayres • • rern.nmlii'ico and Rahia, salted Rio .laneiro C.ulli.iiteiia anil Caraccas N>tilh Americin horse hides, ) per 50 • - ' \ Duly nn gross weight : by French vessels fr"in European fuTts, 5 I-J rt. ; from eUewbere, 2 3-4 cl. By f'srei^ii vessels fi-oni any port v» ha'ever, S 1-4 ct.— (Sec exceptions at No'c A ) Five bull hide- are adniillel among 100 hides wiihnut allowmre, and I kil. is .illoweil f'>river)' bull hi le above that iiiiniUr to ihe extent nf 12 ; when more than 12 the allowance 11 conJiliotiat. Horse hair, per 1-2 kil. Buen"8 Ayres, short - - I 5 to I 10 none fnim mixed to long • • I 15 • I 75 none Duty on gnm wt-ight ; by French and foreign vessels, 1 3-y c(.— (See exceptions at Note A.) ('oniiiiercial (ire : real. Intiig-^. p'-r 1-2 kil. Heugil supi rlii'e violet and blue do. Violet aud purple - 7610 47 • TO • 33 - 090 63 81 60 nio - - 1) . GO - e5 . oto Oto 11 50 - 11 75 0.00 10 50 - 10 75 U U ■ HAVRE. 761 II' 1 COIN, ftc Frana. . 9»,.!tjO,9l6 not liken into Mcounl iiirti anJ eximrts. rj\R«v, lion l,ni,560 anctf, <^-e.-Tlirse important Tilt for till- pi'cnml week or hilt it is MK'st pioliKl''" "'?' irliculars embodied in it will Duly P'i''' fr -t. Fr. a. . I 12, . 1 10 ■ I 12 ■ 1 M . 3 . I no ■ I 30 . . I 3S . 1 3.-. SO I B7 1 47 1 70 ' 77 i. 50 1 95 . I hi . I 45 . i 45 90 In Bond. Fr. c(. Fr. ct. I I to I 46 099 I I I 1 1 19 1 19 none. 1 24 • 1 34 0-00 0-00 J 3C 1 .w 166 1 84 1 74 ; Ions or sho,. .mile, b, r.ench veael, I 3-t ,1. ; (mm Kuro|iein ports (Turkey [i the Emi Indira, 5 1-^ ct. j f™in " '"•/ , viwH (except frr-n. Turk.-y), 1» 14 ct. Irkey. » 14 CI. ; by loreign >e.'Mls fron. icei.iions it Note A ) !r cent, on bales of 50 kil. and above, ami J^tBl'states' cotton., 6 per cent, cords off; „ . ; on St. Don.iiim, u. Mies 6 |,er cent 7 U.l. per seron above 40 kil. i and b kil. Knd and Bonjal i 3 kil. on all other de- ,^ 50 k.l. ; and 1 1-2 kil. uiwn bale, under ,;. . 3 so to 9 none > hole or in v\em of more than 1 kil. by Lr U 3 ? ct. ; fronv other A ricin Hltle- "; ;K!,e,,l»l-4c'.jlrm„el>e-vl,er^30 H. fr'tri auv i'.ort "hatever, 38 I-. ct. double the above dutic-l^ee eicepiions n-housetare; nal. 1 2 ■> to 2 ■ 50 ■ I JO to 0-0 0-0 nominal noniiiial noniiiial 2 5 55 - 1 9i • I 95 . 1 (in • 1 82 . 1 4-. ■ 1 55 - wei'ht; bv k'rench vessels fr..n, Senepa , ~ 11 ;i-4 cl.; from elsewbi-re. U ct. ,; pnrt whatever, lli 1-2 cl.-vSee exctp- i.ts real ; on bags, 2 per cent. ' h '■ I) French vessels fr<.o, thf East In- ,mi,ein li>rls, 55 cl. ; Iron. .■Nc«bcrc 49 Trim any IK.'rt «tolever,68 3-4 ct.-(5« i.ht • bv French vessels from the Kast In- Jl wlle^e, -2 1-5 ct. By forei?" >.ssels from M 70 ct.— (See exceptions at Note A.) . Oto none i.v French vessels from any |mrt "Inlever, :,V,5,."^'els,36fr.2 1-2ct.-.Seeexccp. ales, 2 per cent. 7B to 90 lia, salted ■" • " J^ ' . n 70 - SI ccas . 55 - 60 : hides. ides, J CO (5 0-00 'l,v Fri'MCh vessels fr"m Eurt>pe.in ports, ■e .2 3 4 cl. Hy l"rei.!n vessels Inun any vTr^^lMluh.le above that omnVrto .1.0 b tluu 12 the allowance is coiUitioual. . 1 5 lo 1 10 """« . 1 15 - 1 75 none r by' French and foreign vessels, 1 a-« ct.- Iblug Oto II 50 - 11 75 10 50 -10 75 Oto • U • Indifto, fine violet ind dn. • (rood and niiddl. violet do. hnI do. lupertlne red ■ HOod do. i)rJui. lo fine copper - Egyptian NUdr.as, onlin. to fine - Manill.i, do. (Guatemala, floret wibrc salieate • corti-s - Cancels Duty paid. Fr. a. Fr. cl. 10 9 25 9 73 10 9 25 7 50 fi 5 50 5 7 75 7 25 6 50 6 -10 25 • 9 7S • 10 • 10 25 • 950 - 9 . M - 7 40 ■ § - H • 7 50 - 723 8 '23 Tn nnnd. Fr.il. Fr. cl. 0-00 none ■ . • • none Sugar, brown tn yellow Dr.izil, white bmwn lo yellow Benares Manilla Iluty Oil nelt weight : Duly on nelt weight : hy French vessels from all idaces of growth out o(^Euro|ie, 27 1-2 ct. ; from European perls, 1 Ir 65 cl. ; from elsewhere, 1 10 ct. By foreign vessels from any jiort whalever, 2 fr. 20 ct.— (.See exceptions at Note A.) Custom-house tare; on chests, casks, anti serous, real, or at the option of Hie iln[>orter, 12 per ceut. on cIk >ts or casks, and 9 per cent, on senms, Oininiercial tare: on casks or chests, real: on serous of 100 lo llOltil., II kil.: on do. of f5 10 99 kil., 10 kil. ; on do. of 70 to 84 kil , 9 kil. ; on do. of 50 lo 69 kil., 7 kil. Allowance : 1 kil. per chest Laedyc, per |.2kil. ■ - 2 tn 5 40 tn Duly on nett weight : by French vts.sels fnmi the East Indies 27 1-2 cL ; from elsewhere, 41 1-4 cl. Hy foreign vessels fmm any port whatever, 55 cI.~(See exceptions at Note A.) Commercial and custom-house tare : real. Lead, German, per 50 kil. • 15 50 to 35 87 nominal Spanish and British - • 35 50 • 35 87 uoininal Duty on gtwa weight : by French vessels from any port whalever, 2 Ir. 75 cl. By foreign vessels, 3 fr. 85 ct.— (See exceptions al Note A.) Pepper, light, per 1-2 kil. • • 79 to 80 to huly on nelt weight : by French vessels from the East Indies, and from countries west of tape Horn, 22 cl. ; from elsewhere, 44 ct. By foreign vessels from any (lort whatever, 57 3-4 ct.— (See excep- tions at Note A.) Custom-house tare : on bags, 3 per cent. Commercial tare : on siutfle bags, 2 |>er cent. Pimento, per 1-2 kil. Jamaica - - - French vessel 30 to Tobago - - . none 0-00 Duly: Ijy French vessels from the East l.i.lies and from roiinlries west of Cape Horn, 24 3-4 ct. ; from elsewhere, 41) 1-2 cl. By foreign vessels, 63 1 4 cl. Tares : as f -r pepper. Quercitron, per 50 kil, Philadelphia ■ - • 16 to 16 12 to New Vork - - • 14 75 - 15 0-00 Duty on gross weight : by French vessels from European jwrls, 3 fr. 85 cl. i from uliier countries, 2 Ir. 20 cl. By foreign vessels from auy port whatever, 4 fr. 95 ct— (See exceptions at Note A.) Commercial tare ; 12 per cent. Quicksilver, per 1.2 kil. - - 4 30 to 4 40 nominal Duty on gross weight : by French ve^sels fruni any port what. ever, II cl. By f.ireien \essels, 12 1. 10 ct— (See exceptions at Note .■'..) Commercial (are : reil. Kice, Carolina, 1835, per 50 kil. • 23 ,5010 26 OtoO Dulv on ijross w fij;ht : by French vessels fiom places of gmsvth out of Europe, 1 fr. 37 1-2 ct. ; by do. 'ntni places of growlh in Eimtpe, 2 fr. 20 ct , by do. fmm Euro|M-an jiorts, or fmni Pied- mont by land, 3 fr. 30 ct. By foreign vessels from any port what- ever, or by land from any cnuutry whatever, Piedmont excepted, 4 tr. 25 ct.— (See exceptions at Isole A.) Commercial tare : 12 per cent. Sallpeltw, crude, per 30 kil. • nominal 41 Oto 41 50 Nitrate of soila . -00-00 24 - Duty on nelt weight, by French vessels from coiiiiiri, s out of Europe, y fr. 25 cl. ; from elsewhere, II fr. By foreign vessels from any port wha'ever, 13 fi. 75 ct. Nitrate of soda by French vessels from counlriesout of Europe, 8 fr. 23 ct. j from elsewhere, 11 fr. By loreiin vessels, 13 fr. 7i ct Custoni-lKiuse tare : 2 per cent. Coiiimerci.il tare : 6 kil. per double bale of the customary form. Sarsnjiarilla, per 1-2 kil. Caraccis • • - nominal 1 25 to I 50 Mexico - -00-00 95 - 1 Honduras • • • nominal 1 25 - I r,0 Duly on nelt weight : by French vessels from European ports, .55 ct ; fmm elsewhere, 41 14 ct. By loreign vessels fmm any port whatever, 8s 3-4 cl.— (.See exceplinns al Note A.) Cuslolii h'luse (are: on bales, 2 per cent. Ct'iiimerci il tare : on bales, according lo broker's estimation ; on nailed bundles, the cords are deducted. Skins, deer, each - - • I 75 In 6 lo Duly per ill kil. on gross weight: by French vessels friun anv port wha'ever, :V> ct By foreign vessels', tiii 1-2 ct— (See exceptions llNole A.) Spelter, per 50 kil. - - 2'^ 50 lo 2!i 30 none l)u*y on gross weight: 5 1-2 ct. per 50 kil. without diatinclion of flag of derivation. Duly paid. In Bond. Fr. ct. fy ct. Fr. cl. Fr. cl. none 0-45 - - 4^ .14 • - '20 50 ■ 3K • noni. by Fr. ves. 38 -45 • noni. by Fr. SIS. 3rt (1 .45 raw sugars not while, by I'lench vessel* fmm ihe East Indies, 44 fr. ; from European lHcai, [lorts, 57 fr. 75 ct ; fioiii tlsewbere, 52 (r. 23 ct. By foreign vessels, 66 fr.— (See exceptions al Note A.) Custoni-house tare : on chests, 12 [ler cent. ; nu single bags, 2 per cent. ; on double bags, 4 |>er cent. Commercial tare: Ihvanuah and St. .Itgo, chests, 13 per cent.: Brazil, 17 per cent. ; on b&gs under 75 kil ,3 kil. la-r bag j do. oa 76 kil. and upwards, 6 kil. Tallosv, Russia, per 50 kil- • 61 lo 62 none Duly on gtoss wri.(hl ; by French vt-ssels from any port whalever, 5 fr. 50 ct. By foreign vessels, 7 fr. 13 ct— (See exceptions at Xnle A.) Commercial tare : 12 per cent Sugar, pr 50 kil. Martinique and Gaud. bonne 4e 39 23 to 31 Ilavauuah, white none 51) -.53 yellow none 0-0 St. Jaaro, while none -56 Teas, imperial, per 1-2 kil. • 6 15 lo S25 3 70 to 4 Guii|)owder .60- 6 33 4 '25 . 4 27 Hyson - . 490 - 5 3 10 ■ 550 Young hyson - - 3S0 - Sf'O - llysim skin - 3 20 • 323 1 65 . 1 70 Pekoe - - 4 - 6 3 73 ■ 4 50 Souchong - 2 83 ■ 3 1 60 - 1 75 Puuchong - 430 - 4 30 1 90 - 2 Duty on nett weislit : by French vessfis fiom the Eisl Indies, 82 1-2 ct. ; fn)m China 60 cl. ; frum elsewhere,^ Ir 75 ct. By fureij^ vessels from any poit whalever, 3 fr. 30 ct.— (See exceplious at Note A.) CuHloui -house tare : real. foniniercial (are : en imperial, piirpowiler, youn? hyson, anJ pekce, in kit. per chest; on hysi-n, .inii hy.snn sk'in, 9 kil.'j on bou- choiiif, 13 kil.; ou half chests and boxes, c'unventiuoal. Tin, Bnnca, per l-2kil. • - 1 7-i • I 76 U • Briiish • - - . I 70 • I 72 none Peruvian • • • 1 tO - I ()3 none Duty on i^ross weiKht : hy French vessels fmni the Kast Indin, 27 1-2 ct. ; from elsewhere, I fr. 10 ct. Hy foreign vessels from any port whaiever, 2 fr. 20 ct. per 50 kil.— (See exceptions at Notf A.) Cunimercial tare: ou casks real. Tortoise-shell, per 1-2 kil. - . 3S 010 4.1 OtoO Du'y on nett weiifht : hy French vessels from the Eaut Indies, 55 ct. : from Chin:*, 44 ct. ; from Kuropean ports, I fr. tO ci. ; from elsewhere, W 12 ct. By foreign vessels i f r. 65 ct.— (See excep- tions at Note A.) Custnm-linuse tare : on ca«ks or cases, 12 per cent. Commercial t.ire : on ca&ks or caaet, real. Whalebone, per 1-2 kil. northern • . • 2 SO - 3 nominal southern - • - I SS . 1 ftO U - Dulv on gnifci weiifhl : bv French vessels from any port whatevefi 16 I-J ct. By foreign vessels, ID 1-4 ct. Cfimuieicial tare: real. Allowance ; 2 per cent, on southern bone. Woods, per '>0 kil. Logwooit, Canipeachy llonlnras St. Donnn^o • Fustic, Cuba Saut I Martha Pernanibuco - 10 OtoO B 73 none 7 .50 -0 10 -0 22 50 -0 125 .0 . 9 7j to . 8 ->0 . . 7 2.'-.- - 9 75 . • 19 • . 92 . Duty on gross weight : Brazil, hy French ve&sets from Enropeaa rrl9, 4 fr. 40 ct. ; frnni elsev\ lien\ 2 fr. 75 ct. By fnreiRn vessels, fr CO ct. Other dye-woods, hy French vis^el* iioni ihe French cidonies, 44 ct. ; frnni Europt-an jiorts, 1 fr, b'l cl. : from elsewhere, '-2 12 ct. By foreifsn \tssels, 3 fr. 30 cl.— (See exceptioua at Note A.) Allowance ; I to 2 per cent. ErjAayiatory Remarks. The above duties include the siir-(.TX of 10 prr cent. : the custom- house aitnVifs the re.il t.ire w henever t''p intpnrter de.-«ires it. A'>ft' A.— 1 he treafri's of recipnci'v entered int-i wiihthe cnun- triefl hereafter inentiinied introduce the tbllowiuff deviations from tbo above rates of iluty United .V/aff*.— The prochire of the t'ni'ed Spates, except that of tlip tisherits. dircet from the t'lii'ed St >'es, in I'ni'ed Sta'es vessels, pays the same duty as if inii>orted by French vessels from the L'nited Sli'ps. Ihazils and .Ifi TiVn.— The prothue of tlie Brnzils and Mexico^ imptirled direc* in 'ntiinal ves;»«ds, eiij'ivs aisii the abnve privile^*'' F,ne:ta»d. — The prrnlucK of Africa. Asia, or America, imported from ;iny couidry vvldtever in British vest.eN, it ("nmi any port of the British doniminri'* in Europe, either by Krtnrh or foreign ves- sels, can only be a Imi'Ie I in ijcnl f'-r re e\pori.i»oti. The sinie reiidirj' n is app icable to nil K'iropean prn,!uce (except that of (ireil Britain and its pcssessions in Eimtpe). when imported by British ve^'.l ts tmm other ports ti an Iht1^e of Gre.^t Britain or its possession'! in Knrnpe. The weight of 50 kil- is equal to 110 4-5 11>. En-^hsh, or 100 lb. Enzlish are equal to 45 35-100 kil., aiiJ the cwt. equal to 50 79-100 kit. Creiit.—A 1-2 nionlhs, except on cntVto, pinienlo, pepper, quick* silver, an 1 clayed sugars, which are sold at 3 1-2 months, and wheat at 2 1-2 months. Traffe between France and Ev^fand, — Nothing can more strikinj^ly illnstrate the mise- rable efforts of commercial restrictions, than the present state of the trade !)etween Great Britain and France. Here we have two countries of vast wealth and population, near neigh- bours, and eich possessing many important articles that the other wants, and yet the inter- course between thcni is inconsiderable. At a distant period this was not the case. Pre- ■f 1 I'M 762 HAVRE. I i S i| I i t; Navioation ok France, 1833. I. Account shnwing Iho Ships, wlili ilipir Tniiiiudi! iind Crews, tlmt entftred the dilTerenl rortt of I'riince in lS3;i. s|iP(ilyiiiB iliose tliat enternd each uad dittinguisliing tietweeii Fruiicii iiiul l-oreign Ships. — {Miuiniatration des Douanta fur 1833, p. 3U(i.) Fnrti. BiyoDim H-;nlf1IIX (I'hrr port J Rm iKlli Ni'i'.-. • O'htr ports l/i'rit-iU n't«i - Sliiit Miln '■ h rlf-tiiri; li.ili'il ■ H.V'(^ - l);iifr port* Al.lif.ille H-iuhcne ri'^iikrk • IlliIIIL- • Tuiil-n . .M.>r„ill«i othtT port! .Moii'p.llier IVrpii^nau Pallia • Totals N.ivi{alinn carried on jninlly wilti tlie Fort^iKlitT. French Ships. ahipt. To»n. Vi 63j I.W 30,1131 123 96 12,990 .T 2H.' 3 231 I't S77 Hh 4.9'<3 245 7.:ii6: Hi I0,i;l-. liM 4I,9U \i 1,217 Ifi (■•90 40,i 17,24ll H'l 10,3-,0i 40 1,1 3 H2 5,ll 21,0,9 14,778 3 Hi 3,6113 i<,.W4 9,167 19.-'!0 6.IISI U1..169 21,1149 21,3!)4 oi^oie 12,I6> 198 3,0S3 1 3 -.,309 109 9.2(1-. 922 1.614 Toim. I,4ti0 t4,32» 67; 5,611; 390 601 15! 9t;u 3,6IK) 2liO 2!'.- SIX) 6,71,9 99^ 64, 2:; 1311 1,S76 71 Naviption reiervcil to Freiicli Shi|». Colonial TnJo. Toint. 17,086 lj,i*35 (180 32,721 17H 4,9ri9 24,691 (,'rcu;. ,005 36 1,645 10 2jS 1,323 ■ l,t^ and Whale t.^l'cry. Coasting Trade. Tor It. 1^7 4,345 3,S8-i 1,039 79 7,469 5.9S3 4,940 1,716 3SI 516 5,081 1 1,055 1,516 Crtw, I 94 459 453 174 7 2,47fi l,5'-3 421 195 49 90 l.CbO 8SR 161 .S7n>'». i i!l5| 2.472 2.502 I2.l4il L',6»i8 7.136 8,011' 11.061 3,tM* 3,1110 2.52-1 2,-,2l 2,147 1,63! 23t. 9:-0 651 1,911 4.127 3,296 I.3n2 1.177 2,-vl!. Tcunaee. IS.CS'H 134,1^9 54 (,91 370,726 1 3- ,103 lStj.73,s 147,>94 114,125 ir2,0 191 052 157.(123 137,223 I'lirlt. riirrlvtitrg It'ini'ii . Hivro - (MtiiT ports AbbrvillB n .ui'>.,'iio Pii'ikiric Digiic - ,S/i.ri. Tanufifie, 3,179 Ili.WS 2,71'i 164,^81 3.410 366.717 2,;ioi 86.873 1.841 l''4.067 i,«;ti r(7,'i7G I,4-i9 9«.>:n7 702 21,026 Pirrli. Toulon Mirseilles tMluT ports • M'ii.t|ieMiCr • I'erpi.;nan B.islia • General total .SVlij'I. 2.0 10 6.831 3,319 I.'itU i.;o4 2,797 87,180 Ttnnmee, 9l.5,'-0 567.161 146.700 102/90 41,138 42, 54 3,353,219 (For Tahle II. seo ne.tt page.) viously to the accession of William III., the import of wine only fro'" France amounted to about 1 3..')0n tuns a year, nur imports of brandy and other articles ileitis proportionally large. But Loiii.s Xf V. h.iviii',' cspouseil the ciiu.sc of the exiled family of Stuart, the British govorn- mi^iit, not reciilli'ctiinT that the liliiw thoy aimed at the French would also smite their own subjects, jiiijuspd, in lti!):l, a (/!SCTimiiiatinli 7,I36| K,UI1'| 11.061 3,aiH 3,1110 iMM 2.147 l,63S 23b 9;-o I, PI I 4.12' 3,21 iti 1.312 1,17' 2,vr Crrw. 1,5!* I3,!I49 K,361 44.ri56 »,'vl2 n)v''"3 21 ',6(1-1 lMi.73s 30,144 11:,. 94 36,4h7 Ii4.i2r> l.V!-l !r2, 5.fc73 36,t:a 13,319 595i S,035 7S',r23 2,523,632 S0ii,4p 'nrli. n illn ;.r ports teMicr Shir'. 2.110 6,W1 3,319 l.H'l l.;n4 2,797 Tnrivmre. 94,'i^0 567.161 146.700 102.^99 4'<,13S 42, 54 neral lotul li7,lS0 3,533,219 froi'^ France amounted to tieins proportionally large. Stuart, the British govern- ouUl also smite their own French wine, and in 1697 s of duty would have been .ated had disappeared, had ;al, negotiated by Mr. Me- ty, we bound our.selves for :e imported into England, ion, binding themselves to other countries, at a fixed Tort of diplomatic skill and lowest and most contracted common degree, injurious Les to receive Portuguese i, in effect, give the I'ortu- le that vv-e excluded one of lommodilies, and provoked [v, they were but too ready [iicin the example; so that lounter-proliibitions on the ! Hut the indirect were l)olicy. It insjiired both le frowning attitude of inu- Iposed to take fire at even Ito engage them in contests 3ut had things been left to I been allowed to grow up so vast, and so prolitablc a liained long at war without no government would be HAVRE. 753 n. Account showinR the total Niimher nf Ships, witli their Tonnaco and Crews, entered inwards In tile Uitlerent Ports of France in ISXJ, 8pecit'yin|; lliu Cumitries whence they raiiie. Hint dittlinguish- ing between Kreiicli and roreijjn t^hipa.— lJldiiuniilraliun ilea JJuiiaiies for 1S33, p. SUS.) iiliips entered. 1 Foreign. I Countries French. Canning the Flags of | the t nnjitry whence Other Flags. tht-y came .S7ii>». Tominsc. CVcui. SInpt. Tviina^e. fri w. ./iifj /'(itimpt Cnw, Russia ...... 76 11,«'2 619 42 ll.l.'iS .341 137 23.611 1,228 Swedea ...... S 600 44 13" 511,912 1..377 1 2!<0 14 Norway ...... 9 »M 62 592 104,907 5,2.14 20 ifi'O I 161 Iknmark ...... 1 69 6 ;i4 2,1(15 lt.3 20 1.4C3 96 Prussia ... ... 3 327 21 153 32,0.34 1,398 46 5,161 . 312 Ilauseatic Towns ..... 37 3,1S-x 1 70 9 7 7lis 63 Sjiain (the Caitiries) .... 516 33,077 3,093 536 17,771 4.112 .57 9.0-4 690 Austria ...... 7 907 lifl 94 23,906 1.112 17 3,310 215 Sardinia ... ... 699 37,i3i 3,996 413 19,528 2.929 22 1,637 205 Two Sicilies ..... 72 10,719 \,WJi 171 33,378 2.2i;S 13 l.SSl 141 Tuscany, Roman Stati-s, I.iicca 130 5,634 878 96 5,280 634 127 12,6-'2 1,189 Greece, and lis islands in the Archipelno 3 3S.9 31 20 5.0.-9 402 2 364 2S Turkey, and its islands In the Archipelazo 62 9,(H2 ,527 2 203 26 26 5,738 340 Eppt ....'.. AJEieis ...... Other Stale? of narhary .... 30 6,057 302 . . • 1 230 12 71 9.("iS 623 . . 22 4,870 272 114 11.933 t39 . . .1 61 9,148 627 other territories in Africa .... 3 r,<«i 33 India, Kn^lish possessions .... 24 S.I119 460 . . . 3 824 41 Dutch do. . . ... 4 1,058 61 French do. ..... 3 970 62 China ...... 2 767 37 Cochin China, Philippinej, kc. ■ 3 715 2.3 United Slates ..... 59 13.615 759 298 93,248 4,102 2 694 24 Hayli 41 bMi 496 English possessions in America . 4 1,641 67 Spanish do. • 4'* 11,013 W4 3 321 32 10 2,006 113 Danish do. - 6 I.OIS 71 1 2'iO 12 1 236 11 lirazil 43 9,372 651 1 230 13 2,383 122 Mexico ...... 17 3.709 234 . . 4 865 37 Colombia ...... 15 3,062 179 . . 1 204 10 Pern (I.oweT Peru) . . . . - 2 409 31 Chili 6 1.342 98 Rio dc la Pl.it.T, Monte Video, Buenos Ayres 2> 4,31.9 261 - . . 197 11 Martinique ...... ill 2'<,3-'3 l,-03 (lua.laloupe ...... 159 39,163 2,1117 Cayenne ...... 23 4,1'<3 2h9 Sencsal ...... 20 2.139 IHO Bo-jrtxin ...... Total of French ships 70 2l,7i6 1,233 3.561 338,157 28,080 Fishery, cod ..... 369 43,9.18 7,629 whale ..... 12 4.757 406 Coasting trade, in Hie same sea . S6,6n.s 1,937.512 239,S63 from one sea to tlie other . I,3li3 lb9.767 11,314 interior navigation . Totals , 20,1.52 396,35:) 67.301 82,063 2.930,4S4 »l4,5f.3 4.394 519,820 3S,SI1 721 1(S,913 6,5:4 1 willing to inflict on its subjects, and to which, though the government were willing, it is most probable no people would be disposed to submit. A free trade between England and France would give these two great nations U7W common interest, it would occasion not only a vast increase of the industry, and of t'.ie comforts and enjoyments of the people of both countries, but would be the best attainable security against future hostilities. " We know," said Mr. Villiers, in his very able and instructive speech (15th of June, 1830), " th.it British enterprise will fetch the extremest points on earth in the business of exchange ; but here are the shores of France nearer to England than those of Ireland itself — nay, Bordeaux is com- mercially nearer to London than it is to Paris ; and, but for the lamentable perversion of the gifts and di.spositions of nature, and of the ingenuity of man — the highways of commerce be- tween these countries — the seas which surround Great Britain and Ireland, and wash the shores of France, should literally swarm with vessels, engaged, not only in the interchange of material products, but in dillusing knowledge, and stimulating improvement ; in creating everywhere new neighbourhoods; in consolidating international dependence ; in short, in drawing daily more close the bonds of international peace and confidence, and thus advanc- ing, while they also served to conflrm and secure, the peace, the civilisation, and the happi- ness of Europe."* The commercial treaty which Mr. Pitt negotiated with France in 1786, was the first at- tempt to introduce a better system into the trade between the two countries; and it is one of the few treaties of this description that have been bottomed on fair and liberal principles. But the Revolution in France, and the lengthened and bloody wars by which it was follow- ed, totally suppressed that mutually beneficial intercourse which had begun to grow up under Mr. Pitt's treaty ; and when peace was again restored in 1815, the French govern- ment unwisely resolved to continue the system of Napoleon, and to exclude most sorts of ♦ We repret to have to add, that this was one of the last public appearances made by Mr. Villiers. He died in December, 1832, at the early age of 31. Ills death was a luilionnl loss that will not easily bo repaired, few have ever entered upon public life with better dispusilinns, more enlarged and com- prehensive views, or a more alncero desire to promote the happiness of their species. 95 fj i>l\- 1 1 11 t 754 HAVRE. i I .' i; foreign products for which i. substitute could be found at home ! But the wide-spread dis- tress tlmt has resulted from this absurd pohcy, and the more general ditfusion of sounder notions as to th« real sources of public wealth, will, it may be confidently predicted, at no distant period, induce the government of France to adopt a less illiberal and irrational sys- tem. — (See BoBKEAUX.) The equalisation of the wine duties in this country will accele- rate this desirable result. It shows the French that we are no longer influenced by the prejudices in which the discriminating system originated ; and that we arc ready to deal with them on the same fair and c({ual terms as with any one else. In this respect the mea- sure is entitled to the highest praise ; and we have no doubt that it will be the harbinger of others of the same kind — of a reduction of the exorbitant duties on brandy, for example — both here and in France. The statesman who shall succeed in abolishing the restraints on the commerce of the two countries, will render the most essential service to them both ; anil' not to them only, but to all the world, the furthest parts of which have been harassed by their wars. It admits of demonstration, that, under a free system, the trade with France would be incomparably more important and valuable than that with Russia, the United States, or any other country. And we trust, should another edition of this work be called for, that wo shall have to congratulate the public on the opening of this " broad and deep" channel of employment. The following Tables, prepared expressly for this work, give a pretty complete view of the trade with France. Brandy, madder, silk manufactures, flax, wine, gloves, &c. are the prin- cipal articles of import ; for the raw and thrown silk comes, as already mentioned, almost wholly from Italy. Brass and copper manufactures are by far the most important of all the articles we send to France, at least through the regular channels. It will, probably, sur- prise some of our readers to learn that, in 1832, the real or declared value of the silk goods nianufaclured in this country and exported to France, amounted to no less than 7.5,187/.! This is an instructive commentary on the sinister auguries of those who predicted the ruin of our manufacture by French competition, in consequence of the subversion of the old mo- nopoly system in 1825. The most important of the other articles of export are cottons, woollens, sheep's wool, hardware and cutlery, horses, tin, &c. A glance at the first of the following Tables will sufficiently explain the real causes of the depressed state of the French trade. The duty of 22s. Gd. a gallon on brandy is, probably, about the ne plus ultra of fiscal rapacity. The duties on wine, verdigris, gloves, &c. are all very much beyond the mark. Till they be adequately reduced, the trade with France can never be any thing but inconsiderable, compared, at least, with what it ought to be. I, Account of tlie Imports into the United Kingdom from France, specifying the Quantity and Value of eacli An id.', and tlie Amount i)f Customs Duty paid tliereon, during tliu Yuar 1832; witlj tlie Customs Duty received on encli Article. Specie* of Imports. Annotto ... Books . . - - U v>ts, felines anJ piloshes China anil earlhenware Clo;ks Colon manufacture! of Europe Enji .... Fl,i); . . . - Floiver«, artificial Glass bolIlM, commoQ Hals, straw Leather gloves Linen. caint)ric9 MailJer Ma.ltier rtot • Nifp ilcwork and embroidery ttyaten Fnines Silk, raw thrown • was'e ... Silk manufactures, viz.: Silk or satin ■ • Gauze ... Cmne . . - Velvet Ijcp, millinery, ftc. tc. • Skins, i;uit, undressed ki I, drwised l.urili, tanned or dressed Spirits, brauJv Toys .... Venlieris ... Wine, French Wool, 8llft.*p"» - • • Woollen niarmfictures All other articles Denominations. lbs. cwt. pairs declared Talus number cwt. dcclaml value quarts uuntber pain pieces cwt declared value bushels cwt. lbs. declared v.alue number Jiroof gallons ectared value lbs. gallons Ills, declareil value value Quantities ImiKirted. 9,441 I,3S1 4r..i9l L. S.Kil L. 2(>,-,il3 L. ti,3l>'> 55,«:-.l,243 31,512 L. 2,160 56:,749 9,9,14 1,313,106 44,352 39,690 a),394 L. 15,649 77,9-.ci 749,117 145,.!Hi 237, i 16 74,7'23 4'<,17l 13,310 7,790 I. r,3.-cri 20,298 664,019 fl,IV.9 2.647,372 i. 1.230 4t,0'-9 29:,157 1,973 L. 61,749 Tot»l • L. official Value of the Imports. L. 944 11,073 9,459 t!,823 20,393 6,365 17,391 55,558 2,160 12,137 516 37,827 21,719 84.685 246,059 13,649 28,256 3.004 424,669 175,322 23,701 148,438 184,254 3;),346 20,824 63,702 1,691 11,961 51 360,428 1,230 2.798 33,232 49 61,749 331,211 2,452,894 Amount of CuS' tonis Unties re- ceive:! on each Article ini' iwrltxi. L. 12 6,042 3.1-34 i.xe 6,f28 775 19,311 131 624 7,649 1.361 27,195 12.193 8.nofi 2,H21 4,676 fi,M6 t,l21 3,064 48,,5f9 llj 40,909 61,737 12,201 8,635 16,322 240 3,319 25 1,799.947 243 2.4;U 63,2S7 33 9,34 1 84,574 "2^271,249 .( HAVRE. 755 But the wiJc-sprcad di** ral diffusion of sounder fidently predicted, at no wral and irrational sys- his country will accele- nger influenced by the It we arc ready to deal In this respect the mea- will be the harbinger of 1 brandy, for example — dishing the restraints on 3rvice to them both ; anil have been harassed by n, the trade with France lussia, the United States, ,s work be called for, that jroad and deep" channel etty complete view of the , gloves, &c. are the prin- drcady mentioned, almost most important of all the 3. It will, probably, sur- •d value of the silk Roods to no less than 75,187/.! se who predicted the ruin subversion of the old mo- les of export are cottons, )lain the real causes of the on on brandy ix, probably, crdigris, gloves, &c. are all the trade vi\l\\ France can lat it ought to be. vine the Quantity nnrt Value ■ thoYuar 1S3-2; with the w i.9 n 30 »9 til 73 40 L. 944 11,0-3 9,4i9 H,823 20,593 6,36i 17,391 5'>,Si8 2,l(i0 12,137 516 37,M7 21,719 W.6S5 24G,n!i9 13,649 2Sl,2-.6 3.004 424,669 173,322 2,'.,701 148,458 ltM.2i4 33,346 20,!<24 63,701 1,691 11,961 51 360,428 1,230 2.798 33,232 49 61,749 331,211 Uinounl nf Cu»- official Value of If^ivel on eicli the Imporls. j jv^iicle im- porftil. L. 12 6.042 3.634 2,376 5,l'28 775 19,311 131 524 7,649 1.361 27,195 12.193 8.000 2,321 4.676 B.S46 C.12I 3,064 48,5>9 113 . L. 2,452,894 40,<109 63,737 12,201 8.633 16,3 ►Z 240 3,319 23 1,799.947 243 2.431 65,2S7 S3 9,34 1 84,374 "2;27 1,249 11. Account of the Exports of Ilritisli nml Irisli rrnclmc nnd Manufactures from the United Kingdom to France, specifying llie (iuantity iiikI Value of catli Artiile, during llic Year ls:i-J. Specie* of EiporU. Apothecary warn - • ■ . Apparel ..... Beer and ale > Bnolti, printed .... Hrau and copper manufactures Cabinet and upholstery wares . . Cheese ..... Coals Cotton manufaclurcs - . ■ . Uillo Karthenware of all sorts Glass of alt sorts • • . • Hardware and cutlery Horses ..... Iron, piK ..... bar and bolt .... cast and wrought Lead and shot .... Leather and uddlery .... Linens ..... Lilliarge of lead .... Machinery an I inilNwork ... Musical instruments .... Faiiiters^ colours and materials Plate of silver .... Silk i;oods manufactured in the United Kingdom Spermaceti ..... Stationery ... . . Steel, unwron^ht .... Tin, unwmugiit .... Tin and pewter wares, and tin plates Whalebone ..... Wool, sheep's .... Woollen manufactures All other articles .... Oflicial Value nf Declared Value Denorainalions. Quantities eiported. Hrilii'i and Irish rrodure and .Ma- nufactures ex* of llriliih and Irish Iniluce and Manufac- jKirtPil. lurcs exiwjrtfd. cwt. I,a23 2,046 8,225 value . 4,441 4,441 tuns 55 1-2 277 975 cwt. 243 973 .5,51 s ^ 36,2b7 191.822 147.193 value . 2.217 2,217 cwt. 160 102 .558 tons 41,006 40,867 11,119 yards 4,567,067 186,3B8 61, .124 value 3,542 3.670 pieces 06,378 241 l,7;i8 value . 74 23S ' cwt. 3,673 10,101 28,260 numbei 529 5.2P0 23,995 Ions 2,759 2,739 9.348 — 1,6.36 16,31,7 8,119 «. 1,063 32,916 ll.KIl — 63 1-2 6>^6 804 value . 1,136 1,946 yards 291,961 14,626 14,7^0 cwt. 19 9 19 value 4,.52S 4.528 — . 1,742 1,742 .— - 2,293 2,2fi3 ounces 4,028 1,812 1,528 value . 87,803 73,187 cwt. 1,008 7,562 6,177 value • 3.048 3,040 cwt. 1,&31 2,638 3,261 _ 8,508 31,035 29,472 value . 7,399 7,399 cw:. 701 3,503 5.043 lbs. 736,482 26,3(13 3«,.341 value 45,320 43,187 ToUl . L. 106,062 103,860 648,270 674,791 It would seem, from the subjoined accounts, as if the imports into Great Britain from France very much exceeded the exports, the official value of which amount to only 848,270/. a year. Account of the Amount in Oflicial and Real Value of all British E.^ports to France, in each Year since 1614; distiiipuisliing those of British from Colonial Produce; also, an abstract of the Amount in OlTicial Value uf all Imports from France in each Year, as far as the same can be made up during that Time. Years. onicial Value of Im- ports into the United Kingdom. Official Value of Ciports from the United Kingdom. Declared Value of Brili'li and Irish J'mduce and .Mann- faclurts exported from the United Kingdom. Itritiah and Irish Produce and Manu- factures. Foreis;!! and Coloni.^l >lcrcbandise. Total Exports. £ s. rf. £ *. d. £ s. d. £ s. rf. £ s. rf. 1814 740,226 10 .377,799 9 7 1,867,913 19 4 2,245,713 8 11 582.702 15 1815 751,372 8 11 214,823 15 9 !,-.28,8.')6 5 3 1,443,680 1 298,291 10 1 18lfi 417,782 17 2 321,070 4 11 1,313,151 17 8 1,634,222 2 7 407.699 11 4 1817 527.865 13 6 596,753 7 1,054,261 9 9 1,1)51,014 16 9 1,003,180 12 7 1818 1,1152.423 15 7 318,850 19 1 877,912 13 1,196,763 12 1 369,503 14 9 181!) 642,011 14 2 248,078 9 734,779 9 10 982,857 10 t 299,493 6 8 1820 775,132 5 6 334,086 13 2 629,814 9 6 1,16,3,901 1 8 390.744 10 3 1821 8t)5,6IO 12 9 .382,404 a 4 1,037,100 15 5 1,419,504 17 9 438,265 18 5 1822 878,272 15 340,810 15 1 bSg.l.-iO 11 4 1,185,961 6 5 4.37,009 2 5 1823 l.ll.'i.SOO 7 241,8.37 12 11 74,3,574 16 4 985,411 9 3 349,636 4 1 1824 1,556,733 17 5 260,498 9 9 864,500 16 4 1,124,999 6 1 3.38.635 8 11 1825 1,83.'),<)84 12 279,212 3 7 692,402 18 1 1,171,615 1 H 360,709 10 1 1826 1,217,426 U 426,819 13 9 656,124 10 9 1,082,944 4 6 488,4.38 6 7 1827 2,625,717 11 10 416,726 8 13.3,503 12 6 550,829 13 'i 446,951 9 1828 3,178,825 3 9 418,945 2 7 195,497 9 2 614,442 11 9 498,937 12 182'J 2,086,'J!)3 10 10 509,921 1 3 3,17,896 11 6 847,817 12 9 491.388 3 11 l8:to 2,,S28,I83 14 11 486,284 1 181,065 1 5 667,349 1 475,884 3 2 ]8;)i 3,056,154 12 4 635,927 13 5 256,081 19 7 392,009 13 U 602,688 1832 2,452,894 848,270 - - 674,791 a But though the fact were so, it would not, as some appear to suppose, afford the shadow of a foundation for the statements of those who contend that the trade wiih France is a losing one. A man carries nothing but money to the baker's shop, or the butcher's ; and yet it is not said that he is injured by dealing with them, or that he should become baker or butcher for himself. We buy certain articles from France, because we find we can pro- cure them from her on more reasonable terms than from any other country : for, were it otherwise, dw>s any one suppose we should send a single ship to her ports ? Whether we carry on our intercourse with the French by sending them returns in bullion or ordinary products, is of no consetiuence whatever. We may be assured that bullion is not sent to another country, unless it be more valuable there than here ; that is, unless its exportation be for our advantage. — (See Balance of Tbade.) In point of fact, however, we very rarely Bend any bullion to France ; and the proof of this is, that, since the peace, the exchange with 'I ' pi ^7 u ii... ii i \3 "I' 756 HAWKERS AND PEDLAKS. I I li Paris has been oflcner in our fuvour tlinn aRiiinst us. When the bills drawn by the French on us exceed those we draw on them, the balance is usually paid by bills on Holland and Hamburgh, where there is, ot all times, an excess of IJritish produce. It is idle, therefore, to attempt to revive the ridiculous cry as to the dis.uivantaReousncss of the French trade, be- cause the imports from Franco exceed the exports I The imports into all conimercial coun- tries uniformly exceed the exports; and the facts brought forward as a groinxl of complaint against the French trade, is the strongest recommendation in its favour. Perhaps, however, it may be consolatory to those who are so alarmed at the excess of imports from France, to be told that it is to a great extent apparent only. As already observed, large (|uantities of silk and other produce from Italy, come to us through France, and are reckoned among the imports from that country, when they are in reality imports from Italy, 'i'aking this cir- cumstance into account, it will be found that the discrepancy between the exports to and im- ports from France is immaterial. HAWKERS AMI PEDLARS. It is not very easy to distinguish Iwtwecn hawkers and pedlars. Hoth are a sort of itinerant retail dealers, who carry about their wares from place to place ; but tlie former are supposeii to carry on business on a larger scale than the latter. They are sulynct to the same regulations. R(n;H/afi()iis as fo llairkers and Pedlars, — The legislature has always looked with suspi- cion upon itinerant dealers; and has attempted, by obliging them to take out licenses, and placing them under a sort o( snrveil/ance, to lessen their numbers, and to hinder them from engaging in dishonest practices. But the resident dealer has so many advantages on his Bide, that these precautions seem to be in a great measure superfluous. It should also be recollected, that before shops were generally established in villages and remote districts, hawkers and pedlars rendered material services to country people ; and even now the compe- tition which they excite is certainly advantageous. By the 50 Oeo. 3. c. 41., hawkers and pedlars are to pay an annual licence duty of 4/. ; and if they travel witli a linr!'i>, as!i, or utiier beast, lieariniz or drawinii! Iiiirden, tliey are siihjuct tn an additional duty ot'il. for cndi hoa!!! so cinploycd. The granting of licences, and inanagonii.-nt of the duties, are, hy a lat'- act, placed under the control of the connnissinnurs of stamps. Ilawkprs and pcdlarn, unless householders or residents in the place, are not allowed to sell hy auc- tion to the highest hiddfr: penalty 50/.— half to the informer, the other half to the king. Uat nothing in the act e.vtcnds to hindiT any person from sidling, or exposing to sale, any sort of goods, in any puhlic niarliut or fair ; or to hinder a hawker or pedlar from selling in a hired room, where he is not a resident, provided siich sale is not by auction. Every hawker, before he is licensed, must produce a certiflcale of good character and reputation, signed liy the clergyman and two reputable inhabitants of the place where he usually ritsldes. EjV(!ry hawker must have iiiHcribed, in Roman capitals, on the most conspicuous part of every pack, box, trunk, cas(>, cart, or other vehicle, in which he shall carry his wares, and on every room and shop in wliicli he shall trade, and likewise on every hand-bill which he shall distribute, the words " Licensed Hawker." Penally, in default, 10/. Unlicensed persons, wrongfully using this designa- tion, forfeit 10/. Hawkers dealing in smuggled goods, or in goods fraudulently or dishonestly procured, are punish- able by forfeiture of licence, and incapacity to obtain one in future, besides being liable to all the other penalties, forfoitures, lie. applicable to such illegal dealing. Hy Stat, fi (ieo 4. c. SO. it is enacted, that any person or persons hawking, selling, or exposing to sale, any spirits on the streets, highways, &c., or in any boat or other vessel on thi; wati-r, or in any place other than those allowed in this act, shall forfeit such spirits and KHI/. for every such otVeiicc. Any person may detain a hawker of spirits, and give notice to a peace otiicer to carry the olfender before a justice. Hawkers trading without licence are liable to a penalty of 10/. So also, if they refuse to show their licence on the demand of any person to whom they offer goods for sale, or on the diMuamI of any justice, mayor, constable, or other peace officer, or any officer of the cuslouis or excise. Uy Geo. 4. c. 83., hawkers trading without a licence are punishable as vagrants. To forge or counterfeit a hawker's licence incurs a penalty of 300/. To lend or hire a hawker's licence subjects lender and borrower to 40/. each, and the license becomes forfeited. Hut the servant of a licensed Inwker may travel with the licence of his master. Hawkers trading without a licence are liable to be seized and detained by any person who may give notice to a constable, in order to their being carried before a justice of peace. Constables refusing to assist in the e.xecution of the act are lialde to a penalty of 10/. Nothing in the act extenils to prohibit persons from selling tiah, fruit, or victuals ; nor to hinder the maker of any home manufacture from exposing his goods to sale in any market or f;iir in every city, borough, town cor|torate, and market town : nor iiny tinlcer, cooper, gla/.ii'r, plundier, lia mess -mender, or other perscui, from going about and carrying the materi.ils necessary to their business. A sinele act cif selling, as a parcel of handkerrlilefs to a particular person, is not sulHcient to con- stitute a hawker within the meaning of the statute. — (Hex v. Little, H. 013.) By the 52 (ieo 3. c. lOS , no person, being a Iriider in any goods, wares, or manufactures of Great Britain, and selling the same by wholesale, shall he deemed a hawker ; and all such persons, or tlieir agents, selling by whuUiinle only, shall go from house to house, to any of their cnsloriiers who sell again by wholesale or retail, without being subject to any of the pemillies contained in any act touching hawkers, pedlars, and petty chapmen. No person committed under these acts for non-payment of penalties can be detained in custody for a longer period than 3 months. Hawkers exposing their goods to sale in a market town, must do it in the market-place. Persons hawking tea without a licence are liable to a penalty, umler .M) (Jeo. 3, c. 11. ; and even though they had a licence, they would be liabli! to a penalty for selling tea in an unentered place.— (Chitty'sKtWl. of Burn's Justice, vol. ii. p. 1113.) Any person duly licensed to trade as a hawker and pedlar may set up any lawful trade in any place where he is resiili'ut, though he have not served any appreTiticeship to 'he same, and, if prosecuted, he may plead the general issue, and have double costs. — (See Chilly's edit. otBuriis Justice, vol. ii. pp. 11U3— 1134.) lUY, IIRMP. 757 Is (1raw!i by thn French y bills on Hollanil and c. It it iillp. tbiTctbre, of the rrorub tri»ilc, be- ito ail comtnrrciiil coun- a Rroniid of complaint )ur. Porhnim, however, imports from Fniiice, to rved, large tlv procured, aro punisli- Jes being liable to all the other irking, selling, or exposing to ,.s«el on the water, or in any 100/. for every such otjence. otlieer to carry tlie olfcnder so if they refuse to show their ale. or on the deunnd of any isloms or excise. Uy j (.eo. 4. To lend or hire a hawker's „es forfeited. Uul the servant ■il bv anv person who may give peace. Conslahles refusing to or victuals; nor to hinder the IV market or fiir in every city, tier, plumber, harness-mender, to their business. . , „„„ lerson, is not sulhcient to con- rl-s^or niannfactnres of Great 1 and all such persons, or their Iv of their customers wno sen lenalties contained in any act I can be detained in custody for .1 the market-place. Il,.r M) «ieo. a. c. 11.; and even tea ill an unentered place.- L any lawful trade in any plfice I, I2/. gross revenue ; Ihe chnrt'es of rnllccllon are very lieavy, Hmoniiiini! to livtween 5.000/. iiimI fiooo/. Whatever, iherel'ore, may be the other advantages of this tax, il cunriol, certainly, lie said to be very prodnctive. [In the United States, as in Great Britain, there are prejudices against peillnrs ; which, here as there, have led to the enactment of legislative regulations concerning them. For a spee.imrn of these the reader is referred to I'u7-ilun's Dli^cst of Ihe Laws af PiniiKtjIi'unia, under the head of PtHllars, — Am. Ed.] HAY (Ger. Hew; li)\\. Hovi ; Vr. Fo!n ,• It. Fieno ,• Sp. Heno ; Lat. Fccnum), any kind of grass cut and dried for the food of cattle. The husiness of hay-making is said to lio better understood in Middlesex than in any other part of the kiiigdotn. The great object is to preserve the green colour of the grass as much as possible, and to have it juicy, fresh, and free from all sort of mustiness. The sale of hay within the bills of mortality, ami 30 miles of Ihe cities of London and Westminster, is resnlated by the net 3« fieo. ,1. c. H8. It einccts. that all hay slinll be sold liy the load of :;() trusses, each truss wiMgliiiig .'.(i Uis., except nfw Iriy, which is to weifib (iOllis. till the Ith of September, and aft> rwnrds 5d in that way, ur in the making of sailcloth ; being principally made into cloth for the uses already stated. Hemp has been cultivated in Bengal from the remotest antiquily.but not, as in Europe, for the pur- pose of being maiiul'a>:tured into cloth and cordage. In the Hindoo economy it serves as a substitute for malt ; a favourite intoxicating liquor called banga, being produced from it ! This, also, is the uso to which it is applied in Eeyi)X.— (,JUilbuni's Orimt. Cinimierce. ifc.) The price of hemp fluctuated very nmch during the war. In consequence of difficulties in the way of itsimportatiiui, it stood at a very high level from It-OJi to 1814. This was the principal circumstance that originally brouL'ht iron cables into use ; and llie extent to which they are now introduced, has coiitrihnled materially I'' diminish the consumption and importation of hemp.— (7Vofte on Hiifh and Low Prices, ad ed. p. 315.) Of 530,W0 cwt. of undressed hemp imported in 1S3I, 500,1=03 were brought froni Uussia, 9,472 from the East Indies, 7,405 from Italy, 2,262 from the I'hilippiiie Islands, 2,218 from Ihe linited Stales, and some small quantities from a few other places. The dvuy on hemp was reduced in l!J32, from 4s. 8d. to II/. per cwt. ; a reduction which, considering the impurtance of cordage, and other articles made of hemp, cannot fail to be of very great advantage. We borrow Ihe following particulars with respect to the hemp trade of Tetersburgh, from the work of Mr. Biirrisow on the commerce of that ciiv : — Ihtiip forms a very important article of export from Pelersbiirgh, and deserves particular notice. It i« assorted, acconling to its quality, into clean hemp, or firsts ; out-shut hemp, or seconds ; hulf-clcan kemp, or thirds ; and hemp codilla. Of the first 3 sorts, there are annually exported abcuit 2,000,000 poods, the greatest part in English and American bolKuns. It is brought to Petersburuli from the interior, beyond Moscow, by water; and its quality depends very much on the country in which it is produced. That brought from Karalshev is the best; next to this, that produced in Uelev ; hemp from Gshatsk is ccuisidercd inferior to the latter. As soon as the hemp is brought down in the spring, or in the course of the summer, it is selected and made up in bundles ; both operations being performed by sw clean anil free from HliillH ; the »iif-.«/iiir ix le:' the best chance of fziviri); Hiiliiifiiction to their prin- cipal ; bi'caiise, al.hoiiuh the heeip Ih selected by xworn iieluctorii, yet, owini; to the <|ii;uitily of blI^ineKs and the spied with winch It mnsi lie exi-i iited, &i'. there are ot^en iireat dilfercncuM in tho Bnino sorts. The cliar);i'R are in tliLs way snmewliat lllcrl^'lHed; but this is trilline in comparison of till! advaiitaL'e ualned. 'I'lie part ii"p:iral(!d, or picked mil in cleanliiff hemp, is called litiiip cmlilln ; it is (renerilly made op in smill Imnules of I pooil, wliich are a^'uln, when shipped, bound tojjclher in InrL'e bninlieH, each consi-niri!; of ^ib.nil ^11) sin rf». Tnlal in nri- lih ships. To'al. Clean. Out-thol. ll.iir- clean. ToUl in Ki.n-i:ii Ships. Pii'rff. I'lrflt. Pmh. /',kW«, Pnodi. P.nW.. I>.m{%. /"iKlrft. 1825 l,(l!).S,il52 101,633 151,6.17 1,355,232 336,152 101,144 146,911 99,945 350,130 2,011,514 lh2S 9 11, '.Ml 73.750 111,1(75 1,I27,6.VJ 216,()ti3 18.\0t3 186,105 125,130 49.i,h78 1,8 11. .50(1 1827 1,0II.<.I,11 3R,!».iy l(i(>,.'t()l l,2l.'i,l'JI 288,700 166,963 111,155 128,699 409,817 1,91.3,711 |h28 859,753 106,0<,)8 103,744 l,00i),(i01 292,652 192,30i 1.^0,130 12.8,822 471,251 I,8:t3,.'i01 18-W 3il,7l'.» 213,t52 95,5t)3 633,731 139,.'i67 3.^,947 91,9.37 108,311 212,185 l,0|.\l 1 lU n 4 Charges of importation per Ion, taking Iht price at Insurance, My U., an I iwlirjr Krt-i^ht, .J2i. tiff, per toil . - - . Customs ami Russia dues • - - ■ L-iiidiii); chtrj^en . . ■ ■ - .Viiiiid 'lues .--.-. Ihitciunt, 3 3-4 per cent* - BmKerage . . . • Per Ion, i. 10 5 In Ihe atmve calculation, no alloirance is rmde Tnr tlania ■ 46 11 Olher chir< s same. HatJ-aean Hemj).—l 1-2 bundle s 63 poods =£ 1 ton. Ak. cop. Filed charges - • • 48 71 Utber durj{cs samei n 2 rnii'ilen for oul-thol, nnd lur, uiitl lliu othiT Imll by Uio O.nnil iH th<^ iiiiinfi f"' «vcry lUiiutH of llu! HfltJ.K.r, hinder, I II pit-ce of li'iiil. ctHiiiiied on riii-ni|i mill llin >>">'• wlu-ii It III (jnten colour niiil lr>i'l ll>« half-dean iRH mill roliiiira. . luiiiiiroil l)y cxiwrii-iice mid »*i liy which nirmis tlioy nris ^iiiL'ciiiwf.iflloiitolh.iir prm- ,.t, owliis to WW luitiiitiiy ol irtcii urciit (lillVrcmu* in Iho id i» irilliiic in eomimricoii ol ifiiip, is I'lilli^il '"'"'P fi"''"" i " ;ii shipped, h,"78 •10!I,S17 471,251 2I2,IH5 300,150 100.088 443,014 nnnd Tolal. 2,0ll,r)14 1,8 II. ,500 1,013,711 l,8a3,.'i(ll 1,01:'), IWi 1,32:1.121 l„53l,175 l,8:t5,.')5« rgli ; 63 poods iiiiike an English divided into 3 sorts : viz. rein, of hemp, duty paid, as ipioted I. £ ». d. 9 to per ton. — 20 ) — — 21 10 — 0-21 10 — 0—0 — of hemp from Petersburgli, and n per Ion, Uking the price at 401. iier 'on.^ DlicT • • • • " ''" * f""' . . . . 12 li 6 ■ 4 13 8 .own - 5 (1 . I 10 n - 4 Per Ion, i. 10 5 lion, no Jllowance is mvle fur .lanii«e; lu sflwl a mxxi vpssi-l a" I »n e»i!y srwiii, Til,' e«liinalB» are ni-arl) ihi- 1 iwi-s' n'vs icp, ililetil, ii ••iniL'liiiiC' aji w an I2j. W. llial, lin.vever, is only i" 'lie vrry ear.iejt e« to 'W. WT cent, in the in'iinin. -I buuille = 63 poods = 1 ton. Rm. cop, ■ 46 II J.— 1 1-2 bundle = 63 pooJs = I Inn. »ii. cop. . 4S 71 IIEMP-SEED, IIERUINGS AND nr:RRING FrsilKRY. 759 Tlenip the prndiirp or inaniirarliiri" of Rtirnpu iniy mil lie linporicil iiilo |lie liiilrJ Kiiiuiliiiii for hniiie cniHiiinpiion, e.xcepl in llrilisli HliipK, or In iilii|w of llic ciiiiMlrv nf wlm li it it tin' |pi.i.|iM'e, or frniii which it U iiiiporleil. nniler peniilly of furl'i'liiiiu llu jiaine and IOI». Iiy llie iiiaslir of Uie sliil).— (3 A, 4 Hill. 4. c. 54. nil. and 22.) IIkmi' iM\nii,i.a), ciiniiiionlv called Manilla wliili" rope. Mr. Crawford kIvob ihe fnllowinir nrcoiint of linn article :— "Of the wild Itanana, one kind (.l/«.«ii iniilis) urows In viihI iiliniiilaiiii' In sonu' of Ihu iniwl imrllu'rly of the spice islatiils. In the urnit island nl' Miiiilinan, In the riiilipi'iin's, it iMa e.Mrii- sivi' I'nri'slH. rroiii Hie lllirnus hark or e|iiderini!* in inaniitactnriMl a kind nf i Imli. in t'ri'r,ni'nt use anions Ihe natives. Il also alfurds the material of lite most viliialili' cord me » liii It III' iiidiL'enuiis prodiicis of the Archipelairo yield. This is known to onr Iradrrs and naviHiilnrs nniler Hie name of Manilla rojie, and Is ei|iially ap|ilicuhle to tallies, and to standing or riiiiniiii,' rii^iiint!" — ;//m'. "/ Jirrhiittliiaii, vol. I. p. 412.) llK>ii'(lNniAN),or Hi'NM. Thlsronsislsoflhe Obreof the rroUiUnin jiiiirrn. a toiallv diir.Tcnt plant from Ihe ranllalli.^ mtira, which, as already slated, is never iiseil liy Hie Itimlnos lur I'lulli or nml.iL'e. Sunn is L'riiwn in various jilacis of Hiniln'slan. The slroiiilesl, wliilesl, and inost iliiriMe >.|iei ies is produced al Comercolly. During those periods of the lale war when the interiiinrse wilh tlie llallic was iiiterriipled, and hemp bore an ennrmous price, larire ipiantilli's of sunn were impnrlcd ; Init lliu fibre beiiia cmnparatlvely weak, the arlicle was not funnd to answer, and Hie imporlation has siiico been discontinued.— l,1/i/i)HrH'^ Vriciit. Cuiiiiinne ; pniulc infurmiitiun.) [Homp is importrd into the United StnUvs chiffly from Uussiii : tlio annual value, on an averaiTc of the three years enilins; Septemlior UOth, IHIIS, iiniiDrtcii from that (•(uiniry, lieinR ^Jil.^O.OOO, while the whole importation of it amoiiiited to i^(i(i:},!);M. 'i'he aiitiual value of all articles manufactured from hemp, sail duck lii'iMi;tlie princi|>iil of these, imported duriiit; the same period, amounted to JliMl.ll?, of whieii, >.")l'.),()ii>' were from Kussia. An average (piautily of these articles, t> the value of ulioul S 100,001), wax re-exported; for the nio.st part to (^uba and the other West India island.-*, and to ISouth Amcfica. — Am. Er t'.u^v come to us full of fat, and on their return are almost univers:illy observed to be lean ■iiid miserable. What their food is near the pole, we are not yet ini'oriiied ; but in our seas tliey feed much on the onificns inarhius, a crustaceoiis insect, and soinetiines on their own fry. •'They are full of roe in the cud of ,lune, and continue in perfecliou till the beginning of 'M )iti I 760 IIERRINCJS AND IIKRRING FISHERY. I I winter, wlirri llipy drponit llicir Npnwn. 'I'lio yomiR bcrriiiRH lipgiii to approach the nhorsN in July ami .\iiitii|i:iiiy after riiiii|iaiiy Iium heeii Ibriiii'd I'nr itt> |irii)ie<'iitii)ti, t'i:'Ver employed, as has e.t'ieii heeti elated, aliont ir>li,(KiO individual!! in the lisliery ami the ein|i!oymen!s immediately sMtiservii nt to it. We (pieslioii wjn'ther tiiey ever employed «o many us .Ml.dOll. At till' lime when the Dutch carried on the llHliery to the srealest extent, the entire population of the Seven llniled rrovinces did not certainly exceed 2, KHi.dlKI ; and deiliictinu a half for woiiien, uml I'rom a half to two thirds of the remainiii!,' I, '21 II i,l Mil I fur lioyi< and idil men. il would Inllow, uccord- iiiL' to till! s'alemcnt ill ijuisliiin. Unit I'very a^de-liudird man in llolhiml niiisl Inive heen enjiia'cil in the lierrini! fishery! It is astonisliiii!,' Innv hiicIi ridiculously exn|.'ueratoil acconiils everohlnined any cir< Illation ; iind still more so, that they should have tieeii referred to ami (|Uii|ed williont, apparfiitly, any doiilil II 'iiii! ever unlerliiiieil of tiielr aiiilienlii ily, down to our own limes:* Had they heen Bifieil ever so lilllr, their falselmod uiiiild liave heen ohvioii!); and we kIioiiIiI have saved innny liundreiU of ilioiiramts of poiinil.-t that have hnpii thrown away in atteinptin^ to rival that which never existed. It woiilil hi! impos.-iilili', wilUiii llie limits to which this iiiiicle iniiit lie conlincd. In jjive any detaileij nccount of llie various ailiiiipls that have lieiMi mad" at diirerent periiidH to encoiir;(t' ■ and holster up the herriinf lisliery. In I71!l, in pursuance of a recoiumeiidation in Ills Majesty's speech at Ihe opening of parliament, and of a report of a commitlee of the House of Commons, riOO.OOO/. was suliscrlhed for ciirryiii;; on the fisheries, under a corporation called " The Society of the free liritish Fishery." Tins Prince of Wales was chosi'ii s-'overiior of the Soci^'ly. w liich was patronised liy men of the first rank nnd fortune^ in the slate, lint this Society did not trust enlireiy to its own (•Iflirts for success. 'I'he duties were remitted upon the salt used ill the tisMeries; and hesldes llii.s reasonable encimrai;ein«iit, a hii.'li toiniaL'e honnty was firaiiled iipoii every hiiss titled out for tin' deep sea fishery. In coiiso- qiieiice, many vessels were sent out, as Dr. Smith has truly stated, not to catch herrings, hut to ralcll the buuatij ; and to such an extent was this ahusu carried, that in IT.^iU, when Ihe tonnage houiity was 60ji.. the almost incredihle sum of 1;V,)/. 7.<. (id. was paid as liounly w/io/i ei-enj tin ■ re I nf iiiercliunlablo herrinsr,^ that yci/.-. iiruiliicttl ! — (.ll'ialUi nf .Vdti,i>i.<, vol. iii. p. Sbfi. JfCiillnrh'f ed.) iliit. iiiuwithslnndiii}; this encoiiraitemeiit, such was Ihe waste and mismaiiapeinent of the t'omp iny's atlairs, that it was speedily destroyed. Dr. Smith says, that in 17111 liardly u vestijje remainud of ii.: leiviiij; ever Im-'cu in existence. lint, notwithstanding this ill success, a new company was formed, for nearly the siiMe objects, in 178li, of which (ieorge 111. was patron. It has had nearly the same fate. " For a season oi two, busses were fitted out by the sncic'ty; hut if every herriti); caught had carried a ducal in its iiiiN'th, the e.\pense ciirer for barrel, salt, and labour. The bounty of Is. a barrel was, therefore, e(|nal to An// ihe value of the lierriiiL's as sold by the tislier- niaii, and to ane fourth of their value as sold by tin; cnrer! In coiiseiiiieiue of this forced system, the fishery was rapidly increased, i he following statement, extracted from the Ktprrt n/ the Coaimis- siunerj vf the Fishery Board, dated 1st October, lb30, shows the progress it has made since IbOU:— * They seem to have been first set forth in a treatise ascribed to Sir Walter Raleigh ; and, what is very singular, they were admitted by Ue Witt into his excellent work, Ihe 'I'rae Jatereft of Holland. They have been implicitly uUuptcd by Mr. llurrow, in the article Fisheries in the Hupplemcnt to the Encijclupicdia Brilannica. :ky. to npprooch the shoiwi 'I'hmiRh wc havo na mil ill our nous iluiing lu\unU lieiK'rtlh the if'*". "—(^I'ennant's British found within the MrJi- Ifil. The invention of , of Uiorvliot, near SUiya, 1 orileri'J a nio(;nifi";nt ch \\aso uniformly main- 10 Reformation, and tho erringH upon the Conti- liiTc in, piTliaiw. nn lirnnrh nlllie h-rriiitt lixlH'ry. »■<'' nrcix.Miitii.ii.tisliiMUVilnKfS 1111(1 va»l Hiiiiiw fxpi^iKli'il \n i. Till' fiiWe oHiiTimtfH tlmt l',.rrin;!liflu'ry.i"iiiril:«ili)Uiily was „ ecen, hml of inenhuntuble l,'s,.ct) ktut.iK.iwillislninling ■onipaiiv's urtairs, that It was null of ii- i>^'"'ii!5 ever Ik!C1i m ,r nearly the sai.ie olijects, in •' For a season or IW", I'lisses ied a iliical in its iiii..-th, the nileilliv llie society for tuhniR mil ill situations where cnrtrs ;,„all lots to them, at such nil excellent arliclo ou the '',';;;r l\.e Ushery. The act 4S iiice of all nialtera contiecleil tiahery Dtlicers. h> be stationed „s Willi respect to the gutti.ig, carried into etrect. >"'""■»•,'' a lieirir.i lisliery, of above tiO mr ton. which, under certain isVis of from 13 lo fill tons, htted ilie toiiiiatte, a bounty ot is. a nd the r.Ui of April, 1M5, and a n^utted. During the 11 years I.,-, a barrel. . , .fiuredherrinps 18 about 16s.; irer for barrel, salt, and labour. hcrrinna as sidd by the tislier- ,„.,M.r Ibis forciMl system, the ,„, tbeAq-eW .,f the Comml,. it has made since IftOU :— Walter Raleigh ; a"']. w>7 IS'iS If-i!) IHHO - i-:u TnUl ((utnlily nf tltrrlafi cumt. t'lKllllt't. Tniil. Va, nil. ^.iriili. 42,518 -17,0371 S2.U.lli !:tri.!wi LVi.TTO •JOl.CTIi ;;(i;i,777; .•!I7,I!M); 4i;i.:mH V'U.Cil.l '2-.'.'.,037 a.'i.'i.i.'.o :i(i:i,;!n: :i 10,1 IS I •ZVM7I} i ■.m>,:m) I .iiM.iiia; 2.sii,o:t:(i I .ITl.O'.Mi 2ll,T.I7; ll'l.llllt ti:t..')>7i .')7,iil 1 .') 1,7117 •j;i.ti7(i3 'jn.iaiij :!7,iiiii .■t.''i.:iiii '2.-,1^7i 21.H'.17J .'.l'-,7 10} •I l,2(i.''i- .•!i».ll.'>( liO.llS !J.'i,7.!7 •p'.ti-i:)! 00,1851 «l,H97i lll,Al!l', irab^i 1I0,.')1J1 I(i(»,l3lij Iti.djlj i'j'2,:ii:ii •J-J7,l!91 :iio,M)i :(rJ,l!»l', 4 12,1 '.15 J :iifi,.M'aj 3(12, IPO J 3l7,r.(i.'>i :ri',2:i:!; 2>-H,4',ri| ;i!l!>,77M ,iri.'),(t7'.il 32!l,.-..'.7 4;i!t,;t70 'liilal Quaiitiiy of lli'rriiicii l>iaii.|>. I for Hoiiriiv. iliintlt, .•) 1,701 5S,rif,ni .'ih,;:m 70,0-i71 :iMK)i H:i.:i7ii 110.4:111 iio,oisi is.'f.o^.i; •r(),(i22; :;()'.i,7(Mi; ;iiW,N72 2l'..'t.20.'ii UIKI.IIO U'.l'l.dlll •270.HI1.; t!i'(.l'i--;l I 'J7!i,;ii7; 2:1 l,bi7 21S,l|Sl I 2;i7,0N,'> Total Qinniiiy of Hcmn]< ci|Kiri«l. (liitlccl. fniiilii-.l. Ti'UI. 11,0631 IS.SSO 27,501 40,1001 34,W1) os,o;h HI, 5141 IKM^Ol MMI7i 212,:i011 2 M.O'.IO 2.V.I,4I5; 2ia,soii; IliO.l.'iUi 2.1H..-||I5; 20l.s^2,t 2i7,ira| I 10.'-).741 210.700 202.hi:i; I 177.770 I 200,1,1:0 Bat nil. 24,7S11 I0.2.'53 35,2.-0 00,t25 Kl,17ll 72.;iti7; 20.i4;;i 2.1,148 11,I'2 1 1.NOOi 0,420 ."s.noo 10 I 2!M,H0ni I 21 1,0:;0 170,445 1 2.')0,030.; 202,0101 ' 217,073J- j 1 1/., 100 211,050 2(r>,8751 1 Hi, 0541 ' 20 1,003 On Inokiii!,' at this Table, it is seen that the fishery made nn proijress under the new system till 1H15, when the bounty was r.iis.-d to l.<. This is a siillicient proof of the factitious and iinnatiiial state of the business. Its cvtension, under the circiiiiisiances in (piestion, instead of iilfordiu!! any proof of its bciiiK In a really lloiirisliin;! condition, was distinctly the reverse. Individuals without capital, but who nlilaineil loans siilhcieiit lo enabl)> them to acipiire boats, barrels, salt, &c. on the credit of the hnunty, entered in vast numln^rs into the trade. The market was most cnmnionly glutted with lish ; mil yet the teinplation held out by the bounty caused it to be still further overlnailed. (ireat injury was coiiseiiueiilly done to those tish ciirers Who possessed capital; and even the ^".-7/( cihcm were injured by tlie system. "Most of the boats employed in the lisli,.'ry never touch llie water but during (i weeks, from the niidille or end of July to the iiiidillo of Sepleinber. They are owin'd anil s-ijled^ not by ri'i-'iil ir fislierinen lollowiiiir tlitit vocatimi only, but by tradesinen, sniiili firmers, I'lrin-seivants, anil oilier laiiilsiiiiii, who may have siithiient sklli to 1: ana;.'e a boat at that sei.uiii, but who do not follow the sea except for the ii weelis of the herring fishery, when they go upon a kind of gainbling speculation, of earning u twelvemonth's iiicoiini by weeks' work." — (QimcdW// .lounuil, No. II. p. O.)!).) ' It has been often said, in vindication of the bniinty system, that by extending the fishery it extended .in iinporiaiil nursery for seane'ii ; but the precediiis! statement shows that such has not been the elVecl. On the contrary, it litis I ended to depriss llu; conililion of the genuine lisherman, by liriii;.'ing a host of interlopers into iln: lielil ; and il his also b cii prejodicliil to the littb' t'armers and tradesinen. by witli- drawiifii llieir attention from llieir peculiar business, that they may embark in what has hilherto been little less than a sort of lollery adventure. These coiisei|iiences, anil tlie increasing ainounl of the sum paid for bounties, at length induced the government 10 adopt a ililferenl system ; and by an act passed in 1^25, tin; lioiinty of 2.>-. Si/. 011 exported lierriiiL's was iiiade to cense In l>'JO, and \s. was annually deducted from the bounty of 4.<. a barrel paid en gutted lierriiii;s. till it eeasi'd in 1>W. Time has not yet bei^n atforded to learn ibe full ell'ect of thia measure. We. hinvever, hive not the slightest doubt that it will be most aUvaiitai:eoiis. The fore- poiiiL' Table shows, thai thoiiL'h llie ipiaiitily of lierriiiL's taken and exported in 1>2'.1 and ls;!0 IVII oflT, there was a material increase in l!S;tl. This is the more encouraging, as there can be little doubt that the supply will iienceforlh be proportioned to the real demand; while the genuine lisbermen, and those ciirers who liavi! capital of their own, will no longer bo injured by tlie coinputition of landsmen, and of persons tradiniron capital furnished by govermneiit. The repi'al of the sail l.iws, and of the duly on salt, which preceded the repeal of the bounty, must be of simial service to the tishery. It is true that salt used in the fisheries was exeinpled from the duty ; lint, in order to prevent the revenue from being defrauded, so many reL'iilatiniis were enacted, and the dilhciillies and penalties to which the fislierinen wi^re in consei|uence snlijecled were so very great, tint sum ' of tlieiii chose rather to pay the duty upon the salt they made use of, than to under- take coiitpllaiice with the regulations. It is much to be reLoeiied. licit when government repealed the bounty, it did not al-o aliolish the " Klshery Hoard," anil llie ollicers and regulations it bad appointed and enacted. .>*()'iii, or to prrpnri! t'iKh In Ww. Hiiiiir wiiy Cur llic lalili'ii iif tlin |Hinr n» Cut Itinni! of thi' rirh Hi) I'lir, iiiil I, i^ it rmiii lii'iiii; Iriii' tlia( iIh' iiiKprtfinii h>k(i'iii IciiiIh In |miI iIhwii irli ki'ry, lliiit llicrr ll iiiiii'li r>';iHiiii Id lliliik lliiil ilx ciri'i I in dlni'lly llir ri'ViTHr. 'I'lU' mirriillttnci imti'Iiii'iI liy l|ii> iillli'i'rn \* liny lliiiiK lull HiricI ; iinil tlir nlDci'il hruml \.* iiUcii iiHixi'il In tiarrrU wlili li, wirif It iml Icir llii- uiiiliiiti rvi'il I'liiillilt'tiri! Hull U ton l'rri|iii'iilly |il;u'i'il In it liy llic niitv.iry, mimiIiI lii> oii tin; cnri'i'it biiiiilH. It li r:itlii'r II xrinrlty iiii'ilx"! Ili<- <)• li'< linn nl' fraud, Ihnii iiuairiHt iih r.xiAlciiii- 'I'lii' itraiid iiliji'i't ol' Ihi! Ili'rrliiK lUlii'ry " lioiird" liiix iici-ii in i-nrnrci' hiiiIi ii HyHlcin oi° riirlnu ii« would liriiiu llriliNli licrrlnu-t In ii luvt I willi ||ioh<- nl' llit! Diilili. In IIih, liowi'vir, llirv liavr rniii- Idi'tidy liiili'd ; Dnlili hrrriiiKH tfriK'nilly IVkIiIhk dniildi', anil KniiM'tlnirn rvcii llirvr liintH tlir |irlri- of Iritinii lii'rrliiiiii In iivcry niiirki't of lOnrnpu. Ni'IiIht \* Hint In lir unndrri'il at. Tlir rniiinnirrrt or Diilrli lifrrliiKii arc llii! hiliiilillaniM nl' lln- Nclln'rlaniN and of llii' (Jt'riiiiin Inuitr, ulio iihc IIii'iii riilliiT an It luxury Ihaii aH an arlli'lc nl' I'nnd, inid wlm do niU Kruilur llin prli'i' lliiil \* ncri'KHiiry In liavi' till III In till' I'lnrHl nnlrr. 'I'lii' cniiHiinirrM id' llrillMli lirrrliiUH. nii Ilir nllirr hand, arc Ilir iii'iiinrii nl' Hip WckI Iiidjr!i, and tlic iinor nf Inland and Hmlland. (Iirapiirsit |i Ilir priiiir rri|iil4lli' in Urn CKtliualinii iirHili'li piTHiinN ; and nnthlnK ran In: iiinro rnllridy aliHiird, llian tliiil a piililn llmird hIiiiiiIiI cnduavnur tn fiil'nriti! Ilir I'ikIi riiriTH In ailnpl niiiIi a Nyrtinn iii lli>' prrparatmn nl licriiiiKK an iiiiiHt llirulllldv rajsv tlirir priic linyniid llir ini'ans nf tliniif by wlmin lliry arr Ikhii/IiI. \VIi\ NliiMild mil Hid taxti' III llii' riiiiMiiini'rH lii^ rniinulti'il an iiiiiili in lliU an In any lliliii; I'Nr I ll umild mil lii' iiinro riilii'iilniiM In atlciiipt In liavit all cIiithu niaili' nf ihi! hiiiiii' rn liiir.i:' and llavnnr ax Siilimi, ilian it it to alli'iiipt In lirini; up all lirrrlnuH In ilio Klainlard nf llir Diilrii. \Vr tin, Hii-ri'fnri', liopi^ llial a npi'i'dy riiil may lii> piil In lliis iiyiiti>ni ; and lliat niir lrL'i.-ilatiirii ami lialrinlN will ri'ani' In tnriiii lit Hii'iiiHi'lvrH with ri lunirii I'nr llir imprnvrim'nt nf ihi' liwhrrirH. 'lln* vi'ry hi'Ml lliiiii.' tliry niii dn fur llicin U In Irt lliiiii aloiit'. II \h mil a liiulni'xa Hi:il ii'i|uirrs any riirt of advi'iitiliniiH I'liinuraKi'imnt. I'vi.'ry nhslai lu In ihr vwny Iniriiiliiriinn nf ti>li iiiln l.nndiiii anil othiT plarrH niii;hl ci'rtaliily to hii ri'innvvd ; lint all dirrct inU'rft'rriiiiH w illi Hin liHlicry iiro twin tu b'-0 wi'iit tn Inlaiiil, I'i7,li7'2 lu placui out of ICiirnpc, (cliiflly tlii! Went liuUi'n), and SI,3U3 to plucea 111 I'iUropo other Hiuii Ireland. HIDEH ((Jer. Ilautr ; Uti. Hniihn .■ Fr. I'raux ; It. Cimju ; Sp. I'l/kjos, P!rk.i .■ Kus. Kofi/ii), Hip;iiii'y, generally, the Kkiiiri nf lieasis; liiit the tenii is mure |iiirlii'iilarly n|)|ilieil to those of larce eattle, sueh us htillockH, rows, hornes, &e. Hides are raw or (jfreeii ; that is, in the state in which they are taken oil' the rarease, urilresseil -with >^alt, alum, and Kaltjietrc, to prevent tlieni from |iiilrufyin!;; or they are eured or tanned. 'J'lie hides of ISouth ;\me- riea are in the highest repute, and vast ((uantities of tliem are anmnlly imported into (ireut Uritain, Jiargc ijuantities aro also imported from vurioun parts of tliu Coiiliiiuiit ; uiid from Morocco, the Cape of Good Hope, &c. His Maji'xty is authorised tn prohiliit, by prnrlanintlnii or order In roiincil piildli. c. sa. i tiS.) An Account of the Weielit of the Hides imported into the llnilcd Kinciloin lu eacli of Hie Seven Vears I'liilliiK Willi l\i'A and Ihi! KeviMiiie annually derived frnni Hie i-aine ; specifying lliu Couii- tries wheiicu the Hides wi.'re iinpnrted, with Hie (Quantities broiiKlit from each. Countries from wliidl iinp"ri>-'l. 1826 e^T 1323. 13'29. 1330. 1311. I'lrl. tnill'9. 1932. C'wt. i,r\ //.I. t'lttaiimd ItidtJ. Cuil. qn.lla. Vwt. t] y.11,1. Ciof. 1/ I.//.1. (uX. 1/ rrllj. t'trt It rsll.l RuMi.i • D,42li 1 7 14,792 3 2 1 l,4S4 2 21 17,139 6 22,345 1 11 U>,2H2 2 2i N77l' 11 16 >»i-ltii,iiiJ Nur»-,iy - - . 7 ll 15 3 5 1 (1 II nil (1 20 .'IH 1 21 i 73 11 '26 nt'iiiiiiik <),2»2 3 3 12,919 14 12, LIS 3 6 4,991 11 2,176 1 li 9,112 1 7,256 2U IVuMia aw M 2,074 3 27 775 3 15 2,9 ll 2 20 ;i,i'9s 2 111 I3-, 1 IS 197 24 (ifniiany U.JliO 2 23 n3,3(<6 2 22 3s,:l;t;5 1 23 .'3,3'.3 3 23 31,944 1 II 23, -..14 2 9 I3,3(U 27 riiilcil Ntllicrl.uidi ' IA747 3 21 '21,'ilM 27 27,2S9 3 2 19,102 2 26 23,9M> 1 4 19,46,< 3 IJ 11,315 3 11 Fnncft Hi U 8 182 lU Porliinl, Miilfin, anil Ihc A ir.res . 3KI 1 7 • - 13 1 19 • . • - 119 15 Sp^lii iinil ilieCanarin 1 2 22 . • • 30 2 9 6 Gibmlur 2,903 2 l[259 2 22 1,232 I 7 i,tos 1 4 1,152 27 1,731 17 1,051 16 llaly ■ Turkry i.n'is 1 9 2 13 , . 312 2,250 12 4,734 1 4 2 22 Africa, viz. Mnmcco • lO.Wi 1 6 668 o'l7 3 2 4 ti4 13 . 60 biirra l.eoiie aiut cn,isl 111 Cape of Giioil llnjjir l,KS 2 9 3,111 1 27 2,875 2 17 3,090 2 25 3,334 2 IS 3,502 1 6 3,575 2 27 Capi- nf Oiioil Hope anil K-anIcrn ci>.ist 7,520 3 27 12J07 1 3 12,963 1 20 15,344 22 19,957 1 21 16,900 1 4 13,193 3 14 East lnilii'9 (inrluilini; iho M.iurilius) 2,37J S 1,111 1 25 3,3.!2 3 12 3,605 1 19 5,104 19 3,376 5 10,739 26 New Smilh W.ilo and Van Dienien's l.anil - 513 2 IG 1,107 1 7 1,112 3 1 3,161 1 10 3,945 13 e,66i II ,719 2 1 South Sra Islincli and Snnltiern Fishery - 3 3 18 4 15 3 12 6 2 15 • • 23 2 12 British North Ameri- can c^'li'iiii'i 2,l!12 1 1,092 2 20 1,543 1 22 973 3 24 1,052 2 6 515 2 23 399 3 II Dritinh Went Iniliet • 3,775 2 27 4,23S 1 13 4,'i;l7 21 2,922 2 25 2,6.'2 3 2 2,493 3 6 1,307 2 16, Foreign iln. 1^3 1 II (i2 1 15 2111 3 23 13 2 15 36 2 S 50 3 9 1 U. S. of Aiiiirira 12,162 3 26 11, Via 7 19,627 3 II 20,11,2 3 7 16,(;io 26 4,20ii 1 13 12,316 15; Mexico > 2,474 24 73 26 67 2 2 3,946 2 17 1.3 1 2 1,423 1 2; Guatnii .1 • . 1,3!6 2 4 446 3 49 X 239 3 Colombia e'li 3 12 1,054 1 20 1,454 2 21 1,197 2 24 l!212 ]* 259 3 239 120' Ilrazil - 16,124 1 22 12,942 2 11 23,547 3 17 3,207 1 11,253 2 19 13,204 1 9 17,767 1 3. stall's of the Rio de la I'laia 79,027 11 3,59S 3 11 ■lo.cn-, 3 9 156,019 3 13 171,122 in lin,fvis 2 11 6'i,6l3 4' Chill • 7,949 1 19 6,366 2 15 11,266 1 3 3.431 3 15 .5,417 3 26 4,C96 1 17 1,2.53 2 2| Peru • 2,011 3 13 U14 3 7 1,726 1 17 2,3a2 3 '22 3,817 2 3 653 4 3 2,938 127| Giirnisc}-, JcrMy, Al- ijeniey, and Man, 1 1 furei^n 130 1 9 234 1 15 134 2 7 10 1 22 . • 504 1 6 452 I 2 Do. do. produce of 36 No. 118 2 14 37 3 27 . . . 8 1 302 Oi Total and 98 No. and \H No. 121 > 0. an.i 163 No. 194,243 3 24 1 •■2,434 13 22-i,975 3 15 2^6,416 3 13 3:19,773 'o'24 ■271,477 3 2 186,932 Tl and 36 No and 98 No. and 1S2 No. and 121 No, and 163 No. 1 r tid fcir Ihni"! "f ""• '•'* ilmvuirlikrry, lli'>t[l"'f<- , (MTdxiMlliyll"' niniiT* liii li, vvrri! ll IK'I •"' ";'-■ VNOIllll li"" "It ll"! til"'"* H rXl^lfl"'' I'll n h)hH'Iii ol niriiiB »• lii.wrv.r, IlK'V iMVr 11.111- .„ Ihri'i' IlintH llir prliiMir I'll 111 Till' rMiiiliiiiir* i>r „„ (liWll>. Willi u^i' tliilH nrli'i- lliiii i* iii'ii'!-''iify to llMT liiinil, i«rli iiiln l.i'liilii" '""' ,iili till' liHlirry iir"f '^l""« kVi'Hl \Mh>'*), »'>•' '^'.303 to Hji. I'rllrjoK, Virkif i Hus, ore |inrlirnliirly npiilii'il to in- ruw or i^vfi'ii ; that in, 1 milt, iiltii". "'"1 wiltiM'Irc, I'll.! liiili'rtof iSoullt Ainu- iiriUy iini'orli'il into (Jn-at iho Colli iuf lit; undfrom im-il iiiil.lii'lii'd In th"' /■'""'"'» ,'r pari.. li.iiyiiiltl'' '''''';"*''• lliu kiiisil'iiii'-l-' *^ ' '• '"• * nu.l.'i" i" '•»'■'' "•■ "'" f.''""" siuiits Hpucilyiiirf iliet.mii- ..III mull. i 1 . |l 11 Jol I I.I i II.' Ill' 1 4 IKll. (■„.(. .(M/M. ;ls I » 9,1 U I i:ri I 1!< S3,'..'li i !l |U,4W 3 li JT lo m\ L 'i IS It I 21 L 10 \b 13 an 2 1,71)1 n 4,:i<4 I bu X'fil 1 6 1 16,900 I 4 3,376 5 6,662 II mi. C'li'f. .,"»•' b,71l I. Ill 7S II -Jli 7,2'iH (I il) I!I7 ^4 IP.Wll II i'l ll,*ilJ 3 11 119 l.'i n ll] i.or.i 16 1 4 2 2i Zfnh 2 27 13,193 3 M 10,739 26 ,719 2 28 2 12 \,2 2 6 3 -A .- ^ •*! IlO 26 Tl6 2 1"| ||2 1" |-.» 2 lU |22 in in 3 i6\ In 2 i-l ■ l No. 73 24 |2I No. 511, 2 25 2,4'.W 3 6, ',0 3 9 4.2l)li 1 13 ( |->3 I 2 239 31 2)9 3 13,204 1 9 Mf^.noyi 2 11 4,1196 I n &i3 4 f 399 3 lt> l,bO; 2 16 12,316 ir,. 1,428 1 2j 2S9 I 20 17,767 1 3, 6-,,fil3 4' 1, 233 2 21 2,938 1 27 1 452 I 2 3U^J Ol 604 1 6 8 1 0| a,,,! 163 Nn. 17r47r'3~2|T86,9i>2 3 3| i anil 163 No. iio(jsm:Ai)— HOPS. An Aecniinl nf th» Wciirlil of iliu IIIiI.>k liiipnrliMi— (aiiXiiNril. 703 C'liuolriri (mm wimb MiijNirlr.l. tuia. IW. lt». i*i>i. IMO. lUI. - 1 \... .//fcii/ M" »f\l.U.i'l\ Nn. nf /.*. nl -V... ,.l l.l>. it Sn. «t IMn} .Vr^ „/ IM. Ill /Vk 1./ IM-of f>ifinfd H^idu. Hi... ntAtv tHl> ' <^>«' fflii. .IVr Hu: ilhtr Km. Ulur «.». ,4ti,f Hut. i4lut //.<<». llida. MhI» , tlu>- l/M/r< llulu //i.(m //,.*«. lluU: II «Ui. //..Ifl lliiltl. Il'l'i Hutu, IlllWl* • \Mi l,Ml 7,62(1 *,im 1,1196 . 3,2 lU l,6Kl, |ii.iin>rk . • n\ 60 • '20 l'riiMl4 • 970 3,761 . M. 218 Kill li.'lin (itirluilinK III,. Mmri'im) !>,«« 1 »ino 1.740 • a«,^u . 16,03:1 • 11.142 ll.iiith Niirlh Ainflrii-an rnldtlll'^ . . . 27,91 1 l',,',l'i 33,7'iJ llil.iOl Wt.ll IlliliM . 7,'*) r. N. nf Aiiierio . • 1.119 . 2i llr./il • I7i 31 • • 12,1167 3,7|it 1 lull • . . • • li Uii'iiiry, Jrrwy, At- ■ it-riirv, mill Man, fon-l(ii |)t). ilii. iirtHluce uf Ti.t.l . * ■ 63 I,9i.) M.nos ■ W,fl6!) • S6,8liH •4,971 III.IIS ■ 60,440 • 77,M8 1 |i),l'<7 UI,I73 62,313 l.'iU.: lUl.MW 7,1.21 i(y,i,'<7ij ";;'" l,il« M-.,71-> .1,219 I,.ih6 l2ll,ielM| Tlin ralm nf iliiiii nn III.' liiili-8 liiiportiMl itiiring tlio uliiiv.! yviirH wtru tliu Hriiiiu iik tliimu now cliarKt'll : f.ir which, hkc Tahii-'K. Aiiiniiiit .if Duty riir^olvRd on Foruign and Ciilniilnl lll'^nH.\D, u iiioa.'.■ It. Mk ■ I,,it. Mil; Rus. Med; Sp. 3/, >■/), a vegetable juice collected by bee«. •' Its llavour vari.'s accDrdiiig to the nature of ihe (lowers from which it is collected. Thus, the honeys of Minorca, Narbonnc, and England, are known by their flavours; nn.l the honey iircpared in diHirent jiarts even of the same country differs. It is separated from the comb by dripping, and by ex|ircssion: the first nielhod atfords the jiuresl sort ; the second separates a less pure honey ; and a still inferior kind is obtained by heating the comb before it is pressed. When obtained from young hives, which have not swarmed, it is denominated viririn /innry. It is soinctimetj adulterated with flour, whicli is detected by mixing it with tepid water: the honey dissolves, while the llonr remains nearly unaltered.'' — {I'/imiisoii'.s DLi/iciisalari/.) By Stat. *.3 Eli';!, c. 8. § 4., all vessels of honey are to be marked svith the initial letters of the name of the owner, on pain of forfeiting Gs. Hd. ; and contain, the lianel 32 gallons, the kilderkin Ifi gallons, and the firkin 8 gallons, or forfeit .5.v. fur every gallon wanting; and if any honey sold, be corrupted with any deceitful nii.xlurc, the seller shall forfeit the honey, Ac. HOPS (Oer. Ihpfm ; Du. Hnppe ; Fr. Himhlon .• It. Luppoli, lint-icandJi ; Sji. Obion; Rus. ChnnI • Lat. Hamulus Lupulus). The hop is a perennial rooted plant, of which there are several varieties. It has an annual twining stem, which when supjiortcd on poles, or trees, will reach the height of from 12 to 20 feet or mure. It is a native of Britain and most parts of Europe. When the hop was first used for preserving and improving beer, or Nil I 764 HOPS. it cultivated for that purpose, is not known — (see Ale) ; but its culture was introclurpj into this country from Flanders in the reign of llcnry VIII. Hops arc first mcntinufid in the Slalute Book in 1553, in an act 5 & 6 Edward 6, c. 5.; and it would appear from an act passed in 1603 (1 Jac. 1. c. 18.), that hops were at that lime extensively cultivated in Eng- land. Walter Blithe, in his Improver Improved, published in 1649 (3d cd. I6ry3, p. 241).), has a chapter upon improvement by plantations of hops, in which there is this striking pas- sage. He observes that " hops were then grown to be a national commodity : but that it was not many years since the famous "ity of London petitioned the parliament of England against two nuisances; and these wci. Newcastle coals, in regard to their stepch, «Scc., and hops, in regard they would apoyl the ladte of drink, and endanger the people : and had the parliament besn no wiser than tiiey, we had been in a measure pined, and in a great measure starved ; which is just answerable to the principles of lliose men who cry down all devices, or ingenious discoveries, as projects, and thereby stifle and choak improvement." After the lin|)s liavu been picked and dried, tlio tiriplitest and linest are put into pockets or fino bugainn, and the l)rown into coarse or lieavy haptjinp. Tlie fornu'r are cliiclly used in llie brewing of fine jiles, and llie latter liy llie porter lirewers. A juwket of liops, if tliey Ite food in (|Miility, well cnred, and tii'lit Iroildon, will weiali iibont IJcwt. ; and a hnir of hops will, ander the same coniiilions, weigli almnt ajc^'t. If the weight of either eXLHeds or falls nincli short of this inediimi, there i-i reason to enspiM't thai Ihr hops are of an inferior (inality, or have heen hadly rnaniifactnred. The hriyhler tin; colour of hops, the )»re;iter is the estimation in which they are held. Farnhani hops are reckoned best. 'I'hc e.vpiMi.se of farniiiit; liop plantations is very jircuit, ainountin<; in some instances to from 702. to 101)/. an acre ; and the produce is very uncertain, the crop being fre(|uently insutlicient to defray the expenses of cnliivation. The hop growers are placed under the surveillance of the excise, a duly of 2(/. per lb. being laid on all hops produced in this country. A hop planter is obliged to give notice to the e.vcise, on or before the 1st of .\n';nst each year, of the number of acres he has in cultivation ; the situation and number of Ills oasts or kilns for drying ; the place or places of bagging, which, with the storerooms or ware- rooms in which the packages are intended to lie lodged, are entered by the ollicer. Mo hops can be removed from the rooms thus entered, lietnre they have been weii'lied ami marked by a revenue ollicer; who mirks, or ought to mark, its weight, and the name and resilience of tlii" grower, upon each bail, pocket, or package. C'ounterfeii iiig the olticer's mark is prohibited under a penalty of 1(10/., and defacing it under a penalty of 20/. A planter or grower knowingly putting hops of diU'ereut quali- ties or value into the same has or package, forfeits 2(1/. And any person mixing with hops any drug, or other tliini.', to cliange or alter the colour or scent, shall forfeit 51. a cwt. on all the hops so ciianged or altered. Ttie malicious cutting or destroyinir of hop plantations may lie punished by transportation beyond the seas fur life, or i'ny term not less than T years, or by imprisonment and hard laliour in a common gacd, for any tern, not exceeding 7 years. — {Loudon's Eiicij. of ^■;ricuUure, ; Stevenson's Surrcfi ; Biini'n .nislirc, ^'{•c.) Tile dutv on hops of the growth of Orvit Urilain, produced, in 1S.T2, 211,771/.; of which sum the Rochesti-r'district paid 7j.b(il/. lO.s. 10(/.,tlie Sll^se\ Ni,10(l/. Vh. S/., and the Canterbury -IfJ.IWt/. 18.,-, 2t powerful, beautiful, and docile of any of the large breeds. ISumber and Vvhit of Homes in Great Britain. — The number of horses used in Great Britain for different purposes is very great, although less so, perhaps, than has been generally supposed. Mr. Middleton (Survey uf Middlesex, 2d ed. p. 639.) estimated the total number of horses in England and Wales, employed in husliandry, at 1,200,000, and those employed for otlK'r purposes at 600,000. Dr. (-olquhoun, contrary to hi.s usual practice, reduces this estimate to 1,500,000 for Great Britain: and in this instance we arc inclined to think his guess is pretty near the mark. The subjoined oflicial statements give the numbers of the various descriptions of horses in England and Wales, which [laid duty in 1814, when those used in husbandry were taxed; and the numbers, when summed up, amount to 1,204,307. But this account does not include stage coach, mail coach, and hackney coach horses, nor does it include those used in posting. Poor persons keejiing only one horse were also exempted from the duty ; as were all horses employed in the regular regiments of cavalry and artillery, and in the volunteer cavalry. In Mr. Middleton's estimate, already referred to, he calculated the number of post chaise, mail, stage, and hackney coach horses, at 100,000; and from the inquiries we have made, wc are satisfied that if we estimate the number of such horses in Great Britain, at this moment, at 125,000, we shall be decidedly beyond the mark. On the whole, therefore, it may be fairly estimated that there arc in Great Britain fron\ 1,400,000 to 1,500,000 horses employed for various purposes of pleasure and utility. They may, probjibly, be worth at an average from 12/. to 15/., making their total value from 18,000,000/. to 22,500,000/. sterling, exclusive of the young horses. Injliievce of Rail mads on Ifurse.t. — The statenisnts now made, show the dependence that ought to be placed on the estimates occasionally put forth by siuiie of (lie promoters of railroads and steam car- riages. These gentlemen are pleased to tell us, that, by superseding the eniployiiient of horses in public conveyances, and in the regular carriage of goods, the adoption of their project will enable 1,000,000 horses to be dispensed with ; and that, as each horse consumes as much food as 8 men, it will at once provide subsistence for 8,000.000 hiiinan beiiisisl To dwell upon the absurdity of such a statement would be worse than useless ; nor should we have thiuight of noticing it, but that it has found its way into a report of a committee of the House of (Commons. It is sullicient to observe, that thoii:;h all the stage and mail coaches, and all the public wagons, vans, &c. employed in the empire, were siipcrsediid by steam carriages, 100,000 horses would not certainly be rendered superfluous. The notion that I horse consumes as much as 8 iiieii, at least if we suppose the men to be reasonably well fed, is too ridiculous to deserve notice. The facility vvilli which horses may be stolen has led to the enactment of several regulations with respect to their sale, &c. The property of a horse cannot be conveyed away wilhout the express con- sent of the owner, deuce, a honit fide piirchasiT gains no properly in a horse that has been stolen, unless it be bought in a/«ir, or an open market. Tt is directed that the keeper of every fair or market shall appoint a certain open place for the sale of horses, and one or more persons to take toll there, and keep the place from lo in tlie forenoon till sunset. The owner's property in the horse st(den is not altered by a sale in a legal fair unless it be openly ridden, led, walked, or kepi standing for one hoiiratleunt, and lins been rri'islcrnl, Wir \\]\ich the buyer is to pay }d. Sellers of horses in fairs or markets must be known to the toll-lak(!rs, or to some other creditable person known to them, who declares his knowleilg(! of llieni, and enters the same in a book kept by the toll-taker for the purpose. Without these formalities, the sale is void. The owner of a horse stolen may, notwitlistandiiig its legal sale, redeem it on payment or ti'iider of tlie price any time within 6 iiionths of the time of the theft.— (BiirH'." .fusliee of ilie Peace. Chitli/s ed. vol. iii. p. 204.) In order lo obviate the facility atlonled'by means of slaiichn'ring houses for the disposal of stolen horses, it was enacted in 17hO (26(ieo. :t. c.^l.), that all persons keeping places for slaughtering horses, geldings, sheep, boss, or other cattle not killed for butcher's meat, shall obtain a licence from the quarter sessions, lirst producing t'rom llie luiiiifter and chnrchwardeiis, or from the minister and 'i sulistantial householders, a certilicale of their litncss to be entrusled wilh the management and car- rying on of such business. Persons slaughtering h(.rses or cattle withoiil licence are guilty of felony, und may be whipped and imprisoned, or transpirted. Persons licensed, are bound lo allix over the door or gate of the place where their business is carried on, in leL'ible cliaraclera, the words " /.i- censed ''nr shivfrhterini; Horses, parsiianl lo an Jlcl passed in the '2t\tli Year of his Mijesty Kinir ('Co. III." The parishioners entitled to meet in vestry are authorised to choose annually, or oflener, inspectors, whose duly it is to take an occourt and descriplion, (tc of every living horse, &c. that may be brought to such slauglitering houses to he killed, and of every dead horse that may be brought to be flayed. Persons bringing cattle are to be asked an account uf themselves, unit if itlni not deemed satisfactory, 766 HORSE DEALERS. I they may be carried before a justice. This act does not extend to curriers, fellmonirers, tanner*, of persona killing iikoiI or ilistuiiipereil cnttUt, Tor the purpose nl' using or curing llit-ir liides in tlieir respective liujinvsKus; Inil tliese, or any other perscuis, wlin slmll knowingly or wilfully kill any sound or useful horL.v Al"., shall for every such otl'iMice forfeit not more thnu20{.,aiid not less than ]i)l. The stenling of horses or other cattle Is a capital crime, punishable by death. 1'lie maliciously wounding, maiming, killing, dec. of horses and other cattle, is to be punislied, at tlie discretion of the court, by trani. d. i. «. d. L. 1. d. r Satne ) t. J. d. FerwDS keeping 1 161,123 2 17 6 463,228 12 6 116,529 1 8 9 167,510 8 9 123,663 ( 1823.5 do. 177,772 15 — 2 3I,«« 4 14 6 1W,453 9 27,418 2 7 3 64,775 6 31,073 73,403 19 3 — 3 12,774 5 4 6 ti tlo. 16,073 13 — 6 3,670 5 116 20,4(j» f, 3,1 90 2 15 9 8,S92 i 6 3,210 do. 8,947 17 6 — 6 3,060 5 16 I7,74S 2.172 2 18 6,29? 16 2,138 do. 6,200 4 — 748 - 3,372 5 19 6 20,147 14 2,2:9 2 19 9 6,^08 10 3 2,204 do. 6,!1«4 9 — 9 7^0 6 I 6 4,374 U"', 3 9' 1,776 M 9 532 do. 1.W3 19 — !Uto12 . 2,079 6 7 13.201 13 I,4t8 3 3 6l 4,719 1 1,354 do. 4,298 19 - 13 - 16 - 74(i 6 7 6 4,:.i'. l'> u20 3 3 9] 1,6J7 10 719 do. 2,201 16 3 — 17 4 3 4 6 174 3 126 do. 406 7 — 19 38 6 10 247 133 3 5 432 5 76 do. 247 — 20 & upwards Total - Horses let to Iiire • l,34J 228,579 6 12 S,»!)6 16 1,018 3 6 3,339 8 309,178 2 1,142 do. 3,768 12 813,378 II 1 171,447 - • IS2,878 - • 329,839 2 1,4.54 2 17 6 4,1N) 5 "o 1,702 1 8 9 2,416 12 6 "~2,0-3 do. 2,979 18 9 Rice horse's 660 2 17 6 1,610 711 1 8 9 1,022 1 3 997 do. 1,433 3 9 Other tinrscs and mules : Not wholly used in hus- bandry . 177,025 1 1 185,876 S Hordes used bonafi'le in hus- b.iudry, 13 hands high and atrave 722,863 17 6 632,305 2 6 Do. for husbandry or other purimsKS of labour, under 13 hanils 35,816 3 5,372 8 Horses belonging to small farmers, under 201. rent. keeping not wore tlwn 2 horses 38,0!0 3 6,701 10 Horses used for riding or drawing cirna^es, and not excee,Iiii^ 13 h'luds . 19,121 1 1 20,077 1 24,639 do. 23,870 19 Horses rode by farming l)ai- litti. . ' . - ■ 1,251 1 5 1,563 IS 1,438 do. 1,797 10 Do. by butchers, where 1 onlv is kept , . 2,0fe9 1 8 9 4,296 13 9 3,361 do. 4,635 13 Do. n her* 2 are kept solely for trade • . 1,085 10 6 569 12 6 1,213 do. 636 16 6 Horses not char9;eable to any for the of the foregoing duties, and 2d horse' not exempted . 112,989 10 6 5931D 4 6 123,723 do. 64,9-.7 4 Mules Totals . • 410 10 6 215 5 348 do. 182 14 1,201,307 310,805 .340,678 JiJremp'ion.?.— Besides the above account of the horses charged with duty, we have been favoured, by the Stamp Office, with an account of the numbers exempted from duly iii 1832. This account is not, however, to he relied on ; Inasmuch as very many of those wliose horses are not liable to the duties never think of making any returns. By not attending to this ciicuiiistance, we inadvertently, in tin; former edition of this work, under-rated the number of horses engaged in certain ileparlinents of industry. The rates of duty payable at present (1834> on horses are the same as those spccilied in the above Table for 1^25 and IS.ta. A horse bona fide kept and usually em|ilo_veil lor the purpose of husbandry, on a farm of less value than 200/. a year, though oi rtisioiiall v used as a riding Imrsi', h exeiiiptcil from the duly. And husbandry horses. what kept, may he rode, free of duty, to and from any place to which a biiiili'ii shall li.ive been t arrieil or liroiiuht. back ; to procure medical assistance, and to or from markets, places of public worship, elections of members of parliament, courts of justice, or mei'tiiigs of commissioners of taxes. Brood mares, while kept fcrthe sole purpose of breeding, are exi'm|itcil from all duty. Horses may be let or lent for agricultural purposes without any increase of duty. Mules employed in carrying ore and coal are exempied from any duty. — (See tlie Statutes in Chil- ty's edition of Burn's Justice, vol. v. tit. Jissest^ed 7'irc.s-.> Frenrli Tftide inllursen. — The horses of France are not, spijakiiig senerally, nearly so handsome, fleet, or powerful, as those of England. Latterly, liowev('r, the Kn.'iich have bt!(!n making t'reat efforts to improve lite bri'ed of horses, and have, in this virw, bei'ii making lar'.'e import. itions I'riim England aiiJ other countries. At an average of tlie .'i y(Mrs eiiditig with l^iT, the excess td' horses Imiiorted into France, above those exported, amounted to about 13,()(HI a year.— (an//»N;i ) 3 9 ) B 3 5 i I23,G6S 31,073 10,740 ,5,84 ■. 3,210 '2,138 2,204 632 1,334 719 51 126 76 1,142 1 Same ) . M } 1823.) do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. t. .. d. 177,772 15 73,409 19 3 2!',C58 5 16,073 13 8,947 17 6 6,200 4 6,384 9 l.WJ 19 4,299 19 2,jni 16 3 163 4 406 7 247 3,763 12 329,839 2 i 182,878 • - i 6 I 3 1 5 3 9 2 6 4 6 5 2,073 997 24,639 1,438 3,364 1,213 123,728 34S 1 340,678 do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. 2,979 18 9 1,433 3 9 25,870 19 1,797 10 4,633 15 636 16 6 64,9-.7 4 182 U ditty, we have been favoured, y ill 1832. This account is nnt, ies are not liable to the duties aiice, we inadvertently, in tlio ,'ed in certain departments of s those specified in the above I lor the |mr|Mise of husbandry, ridini; liorsi', is exiMiipted from farms on which they ar.^ U'-fit, II liavK liHiMi I arried or lirouL'In. of public worship, elections of a of taxes. ed t'roiii all duty. lase of duty. ^— (See the Statutes in Chit- ener.illy, nearly so Imndsoiiie, eiich have ht^en maUiriK ureal akinjr larL'e importations from villi IT-JT, the excoiis of horses I a year. — (Hnlhlin dcs Sciences some lute years, amounted to k1 sell horses. cd to keep a book, in which he alo anil for u° "■ specifying thtt * * _ >i» HUNDRED WEIGHT. •yw or assessors of the parish in which the par y resits Pet^ai.vfLn^ *'"'''' 1!'.«««"y "' Hie assessor eis'e^LrS?. tS^!"' '"" ''''--'' '' '"^/-rrf o^„ t?.e?r"i'u^si^LSTn S "rr^o^pol"';-^^^ «- f^ ^TBv?'^'^^^"^^^'^^^ distinguishing between onheDu^^e8^-(P^p^ on each Class, and the Produce ur:«i.:_ ii «-.». - . . ~ " ■ . :"^!'''Ml'!."„i"^,'""'°'.f*!^''" ""• We,lmin.ler, Number anened. 74 Rite of Charge. L. I. d. 25 Amount of Duty. L- >. d. 1,850 In any other Part of Great Britain. Total Number of Hone Dealers, Number assessed. Bate of Charge. £. I. d. 12 10 Amount of Duty. Number aaseascd. Amount of Duly. ■ ^ 'Z 1 12,037 10 1,037 |/m HUNDRED WEIGHT, a weieht of n 2 ik» ~, '■ ' «i, a weight of 112 lbs. avoirdupois, generally written cwt. 13 887 10 END OF VOL. I. #
  • I0 *) - *"> t\ — «0 ID - n » - .0 uniler ft /.. • rf A 10 4 i li . 10 4 a I) I) •' U « i S II I i; « I T u n (I Kj'rfjKiiiii.— Min»r ainl JilTna iMionlrt, when rviinffnim :,^ tr. |.orl withiii OiB ilmrii'K Ih. y Uh ii< In, it Iriim Miliar l.i Jiii„ K.ii'K nr I'l'iiil I'l-'lrn, or iMcr rrrtii, in jiiv hiK nf Iheil-neridx lliMll, ve»iH'l», lir ■Ihnniw.i-rrlill.il In l-WoiK lii.lny jmrl 11(0,1,,. lii-iiK utiiler the !i Karre or .,0UO ptrnlii hiirdrn, are tii |,iy .,, | •; 1"»«-- . /. 1 J, rii.Irr fill pirnhl, ■ • • • • I) I) AOiii il iiiiliT 200 parrahi, or I ifarce • > ■ u I K-ime .mil uiiiler i Knrre • - • ■ ^ 1) i - a oil) ■^ — 4 II Id I) 4 — S N u Sailing Dtrecliiiitt and limiarku on the Port nf Culumhu, by Jumci Stfuaii, F.nq. Matter Jllltniani. The l.uiil aliiiul Cnlimilio ia low near llie aea, with aome hilla to thi- I'lalMart. at a iliil.tiicr in the cniiiilry. The IiIkIi niniilitiiii havinr nn il aiihirp roiit-, ralleil A.laiii'a I'eik, heira frniii Cliiliinibo i'.. 7" S., Jinlaiil 12 \i liM(ilrl t ill hrii(lil above the Itiil of Ihr le.l Uflllnialed 11 ahoul 7,0tK) li-et, arroriliiig 10 a rimali trli(niiiiiiielni'.il nieaiurenirnt hy fnlmiel W'llleriiian. When tlio iitiini-iphere li cleir. il ni.iy he neeu .'10 li'iKiiea. .)iiriiii(lhe preVAlenri'nf the N.K.. iiiiiiiMion, Ailani'ii .Vak ii tti-nenlly viailili- in the niorninir, an.l fri.- ipienlly the iiliok- nf llie iliy; hut il ii rirt'ly ai'i-ii in llie S. \V. nioiii'Hin, Ji'iue v.iiKiun i^i-nenlly prev.iiliiig over the inlinJ at Una •eaann. MhiiM nppro.irliirifc rolnriiho in the nicht have ahrilliint liKht to clirecl them, wl.ii'h iieihitnleil every nichi fmni a liulil-l'i-uM- in the fort J IheheiKliI nf the IIkIiI aliove the level of thoiea in IITfint, an.l in.iy he Mt'U ill clt-ar weilher ai far aa ttin lif onril, almut half a mile hroail, with .'» fithomi water on il, lin 7 imli-a W. fnilti Coliiiiibo, exlenilintt nor'hwani to- vanli Ne^onilio (where ilmnrface isiinil), and a few iiiilea to the wnithward of CnlnnilHi 1 i.utii'le the huik the water deepcni at once to 23 LlthoniA, an I in J niiln to *!■< (alhonia, gTeeniih land, which is not far frnm the cd.!e of miiiidiiita. Within the bank there are 23 falhomi (nilually ihoaliiK towanli the ihore . A be.| of lunkrn rnck», nll^l the Druidleii Sailor, liel S W. hy W. 1-1! W. fniiii C..I11111IK1 Lifhi-hoaie, dmtant 1,000 y.irdi. The leniftli of the li^life may he ealiiiiilitl at 100 yar'li, ao'l the hreailth 20 yarili; on ill N. en.l 1 ininll 1llll^ reelfrl fore and mizen top-iiils, and fniiti its siw, a 'iinlc oefel main top«iil, fore»;kil, fomaml main lr>'siilsan.ldrikTr, andn'tunicd lo ancliorage on Ihe 4th. Instances nf ships putting .,1 sen ire me. ml when it il considereil that although the sea is high, the wnH 11 r.il violent: an.l as at these tinies the rain luving fa'len in llie inttrinr, strong rrcihes escape In Ihe S. W , fnnii the Kaliny (laiiga ; it is by lie Drunken Saflnr lies vi neaV Ihe land, and w far lo Ihe loulh- ' no oieaus iur|iriiiiig lh.at Colunibo road pn.vei a safe anrlioruc. Trade nnd .Vuriiralinn of Cci//«n.— The quantity and cstiinatoil viili ■■ of tlie print'ipiil iuiic'ps cxporleil from ('I'vlmi in 18.10, be.iinniiiK with oinniiiiion, thit most iinpni. ml of nil, were its fullow; viz. Ciniiiiiiion ,1S0,(I()0 llis., value 142,500i. ; nrracl< 73!>,47'i Kiillons, value 21.tilM)J. j cnir, anil mir ropes nnilcal)li;s, 1,10!., iriS llis., value 5,4mi.; cocoa nuts 2,812,195, value 2.528<. ; conia nut nil 11N,511 gal- Ions, value 8.!l!»'2/. ; rhaiiks anil chank rings SS^.H.").') pirccs, value 3,0S!l/. ; pluiiihagii SO.IW'J llvs., viilue 18(V. ; jaL'Uery 2'l'2,'iS;i llis., value 3,000/. ; coffee 1,009, l!H) llm., value I2,23'2/. ; areca nuts 3,3l8,ii:2lhs., value 12,004/. ; toliiicco and sherroots 1,095,073 Ihs., value 4,896/ The destination and total vnliionf the e.vpiirts from r^ylon in 1830, were, to Great Ilri.ain, lOS,.^) llis. ; to llritish colonies, iiirliiilliii; Inilia, 811.075/. ; to Coreidn states, 1,530/. ; being, in all, 2.10,787/. j liiit to lliis has to be added, fur lliu value nf Ihe pearl lishery in 18.30, 24,023/. ; inakinir an ajtaregate siiui of 274,810/. Of the imporls, the principal are rice and other grain, the estimated value of the qiiantliy iniporletl in 1830 being 111,701/. ; the next article of importance is cotton cloth, nioslly liroiiglit from Itiiliii, onli- inated at 123.7.V.I/. The imports from Oreat Ilritain are very trifling; tlieir entire value in IsitO lieliii; only estimated at 40,777/. The total imports during that year amounted to 349,581/. ; of which 274,570/. were from British colonies, including India and China.* The number and tonnage of the ships entering Ceylon inwards in 1830 were as follow;— From Great Britain. From Briliih Colouio and lndi.a. From Foreign Stilei. Tnlal. S>' iff. 11 Tmt. 3,911 SAipi. b78 Tont. 00,157 "i. Shipt. 169 rcmt. 12,962 Ship). 1,038 T.ii. 77,030t i ) • Dr. Colqiihoiin (2ded. p. 412.) estimated the exports of Ceylon at 1,500,000/. a year, and the imporls 8t 1,000,000/. ! Perhaps a third nf the Doctor's estimates are about ciiually near the mark. t No accurate returns of Ihe trade of Ceylon for 1831 have aa yet (10th of October, 1833) been COLUMBO ROOT, COMBS. 443 ^f M»rc^.1lll nilp tml Vt»r\ ili'liilxr, MU. ' KiiMTt; »ii. t. I d • » [) p • ft 10 II • ♦ • i II II •400 • a II (1 • J IJ 6 ■ i H ti • I 17 « • I 7 • 11 II llinhln, "li'ii |'l-«iiiic fripiii [<,ri I IK li'.fi liiiMi Miiar Ici Jii|,4 IM |ii\ lull of Ihr .tl'MMi rtlta i| liilrtf.ii«t".iiiy|».rl.,((>,i„|. imhi Iturdin, uti tit ^\\ u i,\, /.. 1. 1(, • • • • • a • n ^ 1) • 7 11 • II in D • IJ II ^m;. Musttr Jllhnilant. HI r'':\'\, ™* ic.irctly III furuut i.m CiiliuiitKi. ulijril 111 roiniilenlilf v.iruliini line inrnnvrlimnrr In *lii|ii, h Inch iM aliiiie ill citlhir iiiiiiiKjiiu M|ti^ iraitr, (rec from fiml Kmund ; jnj 'IMF. |iri)«ilencii nf S. W. wiml, f^p, H rml K. Willi ilir li narrow, it ihiiula n"l br ji. ru tiiTJks un the bar, il ii briirr it> [ Iho bar, which amy be euily dii' jalf of witiil, il a nrf occurrence the vicinity nf llif rijijntiir. Tlie Malabar emit are (ell in simll acarcely wiinl tneii'laneli it la true, ahipa have minelimei but in ninst caaes Ihe cauie tua in tintl anchor or able, a liitit chain, or the chain comini un* II Cnlumb) niail, nf two shi|i nnnvMiit, whmechaiucablnanie r 111 each nhil*. ieclnr ilrove in a iqinll; having y let aiiUan't (Iri^-er, anil ri'liinieil ship«pul!ili|( i.iaeaare nn',.\iil thf^flKa ia hilth. Die wnH ti rot in Ixavin^ faMen in the intcrmr, -iiiii the Kalaiiv Garnca; itiiby lail pri'Vea a safe anclKiraKc. f lilt! priniMfml urlicifs of :ill, were us fullnw; IMli. ; coir, and mir rnp(>3 oriiu nut oil IIN,5II gnU iiihiigd SO.Ii'iU llv!!.. viilue nrt^cii imts 3„1 IH,!i:2 Ihs., ntioii nnd tntnl vnliii>nr itidti ciiloniert, iiiiliidini; Ims to III! addi!d, fur thi: lOJ. f lilt! quantity iniporlcil rniiKlit t'roin India, osti- itirt! Viilut! in ISliO liuiii? 58U.; ofwliicli274,57C(. I II , fn 5 an follow ; — Total. .Vfttpji. 1,058 7-n» 77,030t ;. a ynnr, iinrt the imports ear the mark. I of October, 1933) hoea Exttnt, Population, Revenue, 4-c «/ Crtjlm. — The nrco of Ceylon htw l)«>n computed at 24,nR'l m|uaro milei. Itn |M)|iiilutioii nnx hofti iniirh cxiiKKiTaUvi ; Imvinif l'rci|iiiM>tly U't-ti ,'ittiiiiiit«'il M hi((h oa 2,000,0(10, and cvi-ii Mr. Hortolocci riTkotii'd it nt l,ftOO,0()(). — (I7fic J (yylon, p. OA.) Dut it was found l>y un arlunl i>nuiiK>rutlon taken in INll I , tliut the total iHipuliition did not cxrecd 050,000, of whirh about (\,M)0 wcrn wliitCH. It a|i|i(>iirH from ihi> otiicial account!) laid licfuro the Finanro Cummittci; in 1H25, that durintf tin; II yniri* tndiiiK wi^^ IH24, the cxcoh of cxpcndituro ovor riwenuo in the iitliinil ainotinted to 1,3AA,4A2/., nt tho aaino tiino that variouM heavy itema of exiicnae are not inrluil(!d in thia ucrount. But arcording to a atateinent in tho Cii/lon Almanac fur \WX\, which neerns to iirocced from authority, there waa, during the 3 year>i ending with 1H3I, an aggreKato liurplui of revenue over expcnilituro of 174,828/. We may, however, olmorvo that iho aocouiilH laid b«'fore tho Finance Oominitteu dill'er very wiilely for tiie perimi to whicit they »nply, from thono in tho Ceylon Almanar ; ho much ao, that while, iiccurdinH; to the former, ihoro woa, in 1828, an exceaa of expenditure over revenue of ft.5,89(i/., there wua, uceording til tho latter, an exceaa of revenue over expenditure of I5,;)2:)/. ! Of courne, wo di> not pre- iumc to Bity which of theae accounta m moat to Iw relied upon. Probably our readura will be inclined to think that neither ia entitled to implicit credit. A part, nt lenat, of tho former exceaa of expeniliture may fairly lie ascribed to the nature of the cHtabliiihincnt kept up in the iMiand ; which, in point of magnitude and expensivencMH, jecms to have been a goml deal beyoml what wna really required. We are, however, dia- po«cil to l)clievo that tho greater part of tho exceaa ia to bo aHcrilied to tho poverty and back- ward atate of tho colony, oriaing from tho perpetual interference of government with every branch of industry. All the reatrictive regulationa enacted by the Dutch more than a century «ijo were kept up till 1832. The cultivation of cinnamon, the iiahery of pearia and chonka, the liifffting f'^ chaya root, the felling of timber, &c. — (see these articles) — have been all monoiioliaed by government, and were carried on exclusively either by ita aervanta or by those whom it had liccnaed. A country where moat of tho principal branchea of imluHtry nerc aubjected to auch reatrictiona, could not bo otherwise than languishing. Wo believe, too, that most of these monopoliea have not been worth the cxi)enae attending them. In fact, the whole revenue of the iaiand, including land rent, cuatoma, cinnamon monopoly, Ace, very seldom exceeda 360,000/. a year; but looking at ita extent, ita fertility, ita favourable situation for commerce, and the advantage it enjoya in tho poaacaaion of cinnamon, can any one doubt that, were it rightly governed, ita trade and revenue would bo far greater than they are 1 Nothing ia wanted but the adoption of measures calculated to give freedom and tecurity to industry, and tho imposition of moderate duties on imports and exports, to increase them both in a very high degree. Wo are glad to have to state that government seems, in part at least, to have at length come round to this way of thinking; and that, under the auspices of the present governor (Sir K. W. Horton), the system of compulsory labour has been relinquished, and most monopolies, including that of cinnamon, been thrown up. This wise and liberal conduct will, no doubt, be productive of the most beneficial effects. These, however, will be mate- rially lessened by tho exorbitant duty of 3.«. per lb. laid on the exportation of cinnamon. It is difficult, indeed, to imagine for what other purpose so oppressive a duty could be imposed, except it were to countervail the advantages that would otherwise have resulted from the abolition of the monopoly. It is not, however, possible that so mischievous an impost should be maintained. — (Sec Cinhamon.) Among other improvements recently introduced into the island, may be mentioned the establishment of a mail coach from Columbo to Candy. COLTIMBO ROOT (Du. Columho wortel; Fr. Racine de Colombo,- Ger. Columbo- wunel{ It. Radice di Columbo; Port. Raizde Columba,- 8p. Raizde Columho ; Mosamb. Kalumb), the root of the plant of that name. It is a staple export of the Portuguese from Mosambique. It is not cultivated, but grows naturally in great abundance. It is imported in circular pieces, from ^ an inch to 3 inches in diameter, generally from j^ to j of an inch thick ; the bark is wrinkled and thick, of a brownish colour without, and a brightish yellow within ; the pith is spongy, yellowish, and slightly striped : when fresh, its smell is rather aromatic ; it is disagreeably bitter, and slightly pungent to the taste, somewhat resembling mustard that has been too long kept. Choose the largest pieces, fresh, and of a good colour, as free from worms as possible, rejecting that which is small and broken. The freight is calculated at 16cwt. to a ton. — (Milburn's Orient. Com.) COMBS (Ger. Kamme ,■ Du. Kammen ,- Fr. Peii^nes ,■ It Pellini ,- Sp. Peines ,• Rus. Grelmii; Lat Pectines), instruments for combing the hair, sometimes made of horns of bullocks, or of elephants' and sea-horses' teeth ; sometimes also of tortoiseshell, and some- times of box or holly wood. received in England. Those given in the papers printed by the Board of Trade for 1831, are really for io30. "S* J! "J 111 r -'if !»*">«. »i , t 444 COMMERCE. COMMERCE, from commiUatio mercium, is simply, as its name imports, tlie exchange of commodities for commodities. I. Onir.m of Commerce. — Mercantile Classes. II. Home Tkake. III. FoHEin;. TiiADE. IV. Resthict ONS on CoxMEncE. ' . - I Hmipbi'c... ■■Mifeniii £ffi':m '1 !N 1 I f ■| . • I. OnoiN OF Commerce. — Mercantile Classes. (1.) The Origin of Commerce is coiival with the first dawn of civilization. The mo- ment that individuals ceased to supply themselves directly with the various articles and accommodations they made use of, that moment must a commercial intercourse have boirun to grow up amongst them. For it is only hy exchanging that portion of the produce raisej by ourselves that exceeds our own consumption, for portions of the surplus produce raised bv others, that the division of employments can be introduced, or that diiferent individuals can ajiply themselves in preference to diiferent pursuits. A'ot only, however, does commerce enable the inhabitants of the same village or parish to combine tiieir separate elforts to accomplish some common object, but it also enables those of diirerent provinces and kingdoms to apply themselves in an especial manner to those callings, for the successful prosecution of which the district or country which they occupy gives them some peculiar advantage. This territorial division of labour has contrilmteil more, perhaps, than any thing else to increase the wealth and accelerate the civilisation of mankind. Were it not for it, we should be destitute of a vast number of the neci'ssaries, comforts, and enjoyments, which we now possess ; while the price of the few tiiat would remain would, in most instances, be very greatly increased. But whatever advantajjes mav he derived, — and it is hardly possible to exaggerate either their magnitude or importance,— from availing ourselves of the peculiar capacities of production enjoyed by others, are wliollv to be ascribed to commerce as th>nr real source and origin. We do not moan to say any thing in this article with respect to the practical details con- nected with the different departments of commerce. These will be found under Ihe-rarious titles to which they refer. Our object, at present, is merely to show the nature and inlluencc of commerce in general, an J of the restrictions that have sometimes been imposed upon it, We shall begin by endeavDuring, first of all, to give some account of the nature of tbe scrvieec. performed by those individuals by whom commercial uudcrtakings are usually cariied on. In tlie second jilace, we s'lall consider the influence of the home trade, or of the intercourse subsisting amontrst individuals of the same country. In the third place, we shall consider the inliuence oi foreii^n t;ade, or of that intercourse which subsists amongst imlividuals be- longing to different coui'tries. After these topics have been discusseil, we shall odor a few remarks on what has been termed the restrictive system ; or on the principles involved in the regulations enacted at different times, in this and other countries, for the government and direction of commerce. (2.) Mercnnlik Cldsses, — While the exchange of different products is carried on by the producers themselves, they must unavoidably lose a great deal of time, and experience! many inconveniences. Were there no merchants, a farmer wishing to sell his crop would be obliged, in the first ])lace, to seek for customers, and to dispose of his corn as nearly as possible in such quantities as might suit the demands of the various individuals inclined to buy il; and after getting its price, he would next be obliged to send to 10 or ~0 diircreuf and, per- haps, remote places, for the commodities he wanted to get in L. itead. So tliai iicfides being exposed to a world of trouble and inconvenience, his attention would he continually diverted from the labours of his farm. Under such a state of things, the work of production, in every different ein])loyment, would be meeting with perpetual interruptions, and many branches of industry that are successfully carried on in a commercial country would not be undertaken. The establishment of a distinct mercantile class effectually obviates these inconveniences When a set of dealers ^.rect warehouses and shops for the purchase and sale of all descrip- tions of commodities, every producer, relieved from the necessity of seeking customers, and knowing beforehand where he may at all times be supplied with such products as he vcijuins devotes his whole time and energies to his proper business. The intervention of merchants gives a continuous and uninterrupted motion to the plough and the loom. Were the class of traders annihiliited, all the springs of industry would be paralysed. 'J'lie numberless diffi- culties that would then occur in ellecting exchanges would lead each |)aiticuhir family to endeavour to produce all the articles they lud occasion for : society would thus be thrown hack into primieval barbarism and ignorance; the divisions of labour would be reliminifiu'd; ,ind the desire to rise in the world and im|)rovo our condition would decline, according as it becaoie more difticidt to gratify it. What sort of agricultural management could lie expected from farmers who had to manufacture their own wool, and make their own shoes ! .^nd j.*^ COMMERCE. 445 (nports, the exchange ivilization. The mo- ! various articles and itcrcourric have boijun of the produce raistd plus proilucc raised by Iferent individuals can nnc village or parish to t it also enables those jcial manner to those try which thry occupy bbour has contributed ;rate the civilisation of iber of the necessaries, of the few that would alcver advantages may litude or importance,— jd by others, arc wholly le practical details con- bund under tlw-rariou^; :hc nature and iiilluence I been imposed ujinn it. he nature of tlic servicef. are usually carried on, le, or of the intercourse place, we shall consider amongst individuals be- led, we shall oiler a few rinciplcs involved in the "or the government and icts is carried on hy the le, and t^xperieace many jsell his crop would be :i)ni as nearly as |)ossible Ihials inclined to buy it; (r -0 did'creut and, pet- stead, i^o that hc.^des in would be continually the work of in'oduction, iitcrr\ii)tii)ns, and many I country wo\dd not be U these inconveniences, [and sale of nil dcscrip- seekins customers, and J products as he reijuires, Itervention of nierchanU loom. N\'*'i''- the class The numberless dim- Lich particvdar family to r would thus be thrown - would be relinquifhi'd; I decline, according as it ement could be expected their own shoes ! And what sort of manufacturers would those be, who were every now and then oblifjed to leave the shuttle for the plough, or the needle for the anvil 1 A society, without that distinction of employments and professions resulting from the division of labour, that is, wit/tuut commerce, would be totally destitute of arts or sciences of any sort. It is by the assistance each indi- vidual renders to and receives from his neighbours, by every one applying himself in prefer- ence to Sonne uarticular task, and combining, though probably without intending it, his ef- jiru with those of others, that civilised man becomes equal to the most gigantic ettbrts, and appears endowed with almost omnipotent power. The mercantile class has generally been divided into two subordinate classes — the whole- sale dealers, and the retail dealers. The former purchase the various products of art and in- ;omparatively little use, or are in ex- cess, to where they are of comparatively great use, or arc deficient. If the wholesale merchant were himself to retail the goods he has brought from different iilaces, he would require a proportional increase of capital ; and it would be impossible for iiim to give that exclusive attention to any department of his business, whicli is indispensa- ble to its being carried on in the best manner. It is for the interest of each dealer, as of each workman, to confine himself to some one business. By this means each trade is better un- derstood, better cultivated, and carried on in the cheapest possible manner. But whether carried on by a separate class of individuals or not, it is obvious that the retailing of coin- raodities is indispensable. It is not enough that a cargo of tea should be imported from China, or a cargo of sugar from Jamaica. Most individuals have some demand for these articles ; but there is not, perhaps, a single private person, even in London, requiring so large a supply of them for his own consumption. It is clear, therefore, that they must be retailed; that is, they must be sold in such quantities and at such times as may be most suitable for all classes of consumers. And since it is admitted on all hands, that this necessary business will be best conducted by a class of traders distinct from the wholesale dealers, it is impossi- ble to doubt that their employment is equally conducive as that of the others to the public interest, or tliat it tends equally to augment national wealth and comfort. II. Home Thade. The observations already made serve 'o show the influence of the home trade in allowing individuals to confine their attention to some one employment, and to prosecute it without interruption. But it is not in this respect only that the establishment of the home trade is advantageous. It is so in a still greater degree, by its allowing the inhabitants of the diflTer- ent districts of the empire to turn their labour into those channels in which it will be most productive. The ditrorent soils, dillereiit minerals, and different climates of different districts, lit them for being appropriated, in preference, to certain species of industry. A district, like Lancashire, where coal is abundant, which has an easy access to the ocean, and a considera- ble command of internal navigation, is the natural seat of manufactures. Wheat and other species of grain are the natural products of rich arable soils; and cattle, after being reared in mountainous districts, are most advantageously fattened in meadows and low grounds. Hence it follows, that the inhabitants of dilVercnt districts, by confining themselves to those branches of industry for the successful |)rosecution of which they have some peculiar capi- Mlity, L'ld exchanging their surplus produce for that of others, will obtain an incomparably larger supply of all sorts of useful and desirible products, than they could do, were they to apply themselves indiscriminately to every different business. The territorial division of la- bour is, if possible, even more advantageous than its division among individuals. A person may be what is commonly termed Jack of all trades,- and though it is next to certain that V0L.I.-2P . > h '•«rotection. It will be found, however, on a little consideration, that this duty is rather negative than posi- ijyg that it consists less in the framing of regulations, than in the removal of obstacles. The error of governments in matters of trade has not been that they have done too little, but hat they have attempted too much. It will be afterwards shown that the encouragement which has been afforded to the producers of certain species of articles in preference to others, [m uniformly been productive of disadvantage. In the mean time it is suflicient to observe that the encouragement which a prudent and enlightened government bestows on industry, will equally cxtplied with commodities at so low a '-rico as they might have obtained them foi, had there been no restrictions on foreign eonime.^e, thoy have obtained them at the lowest price that would sufliee to pay tiie liooie producers the (Oat of producing and bringing them to market. It is to this freedom that the comparatively ilourishing state of industry in Great Britain is mainly to be ascribed. ••iiilii n -I III. FollEIGN TllABE. What the home trade is to the different provinces of the same country, foreign trade is to all the countries of the world. Particular countries produce only [larlicular commodities, and, were it not for foreign commerce, would be entirely destitute of ail hut such as are indigenous io their own soil. It is diilicult for those who have not rellecti'd on the subject, to imugine what a vast deduction would be made, not imly from the eomlorts but even from the neces- saries, of every commercial people, were its intercourse with strangers put an end to. It is not, perhaps, too much to say that in Great Britain we owe to our intercourse with oth(>rs a J6'. 448 COMMERCE. '' ; \ ' 1 — i iiiii.ift* in HMmttn ni- ployed in administering to her luxuries, in conse<]uence of her connnerce ; there is proinhlv a^good deal less ; but their labour is infinitely more productive : the |)ortion of coininodilie.i which the ])eople of Great Britain acquire by means of the same labour, is vastly grcat'ir," — (Miirs Coininfrce defended, p. 3S.) What has l)ei>n already stati'd is siitficient to expose the utter fallacy of tho opinion tlwt has sometimes been maintainH, that whatever one nation may gain by her foreign com- merce, must be lost by some one else. It is singular, indeed, how such a notion should c^or liave originated. Commerce {ft ni)t dirrcflif prodadive, nor is the good derived from it id be Intimated by its imme.hate effects. Wliat commercial nations give is unilbrmlv the liir equivalent of what they get. In their dealings they do not pi ey upon each other, iiut arc henefit('f manufwtured goods. IJy this means we obtain two very important articles, which it wie all hut inipossilile to produce at home, and which we could not, ci-rtainly, produce, except at an ihiiiiiti i. greater cost. Hut our gain is no loss to the ibreigners, 'J'hey derive precisely the sann- •sort of advontage from the trans.iction that we do. We have very superior facilities tor manufacturing, and they get from us cloth, harlwure, and other import.tnt articles, at ll./ price at wh'/ h they can be producpo ii this country, and coitser^uently for far lesa than thr. COMMERCE. 440 t fcT the cotion and silj-. la motala, ni- rce ; there is proimlily portion of conunodiiii's hour, is vastly greater," aey of t!ic opinion that ill by her foreign eoiv- eh a notion should e\ : rood derived from it u is uniformly the tiir ion i^ach other, hut arc laliour to be divide I. rious articles for whici. in thosi> countries and iiie from I'oriiiaal. and if manuri'rtiUTd goad*. d be alt but iinposilile 'xeept at an iiiliniui) ive jirccisely the saim; ■y superior facilities tor ijiort.mt articles, at the lor far less tb.an the; direct production would have cost them. The benefits resulting from nn intercourse of this sort are plainly mutual and rei^iprocal. Commerce gives no advantage to any one people over any other people ; hut it increases the wealth and enjoyments of all in a degree that could not previously have been conceived possible. But the influence of foreign commerce in multiplying aid cheapening conveniences and enjoyments, vast as it most certainly is, is perhaps inferior I its indirect influence — that is, to its influence on industry, by ailding immeasurably to tl mass of desirable artic' s, by inspiring new tastes, and stimulating enterprise and inventio.i by bringing each people into competition with foreigners, and making them acquainted wit i their arts and institutions. The apathy and languor that exist in a rude state of society have been universally rc- niarkcd. But these uniformly give place to activity and enterprise, according as man is rendered familiar with new objects, and is inspired with a desire to obtain them. An indi- vidual might, with cornparntively little exertion, furnish himself with an abundant supply of the commodities essential to his subsistence ; and if he had no desire to obtain others, or if (iiat desire, however strong, could not be gratified, it would be folly to suppose that he should be laborious, inventive, or enterprising. But, when once excited, the wants and desires of man become altogether illimitable ; and to excite them, no more is necessary than to bring new products and new modes of enjoyment within his reach. Now, the sure way to do this is to give every facility to the most extensive intercourse with foreigners. The markets of a commercial nation being filled with the various commodities of every country and every eliniate, the motives and gratifications which stimulate and reward the efforts of the indus- trious are proportionally augmented. The husbandman and manufacturer exert themselves to increase their supplies of raw and manufactured produce, that they may exchange the suiplus for the products imported from abroad. And the merchant, finding a ready demand lor such produces, is prompted to import a greater variety, to find out cheaper markets, and thus constantly to afford new incentives to the vanity and ambition, and consecjuently to the enterprise and industry, of his customers. The whole powers of the mind and the body are thus callc ' into action ; and the passion for foreign commodities — a passion which has sometimes been ;o'^''''ntly censured — becomes one of the most efficient causes of wealth and civilisation. IVot only, however, does foreign commerce excite industry, distribute the gifts of nature, and enable them to ho turned to the best account, but it also distributes the gifts of science and of art, and gives to each particular country the means of profiting by the inventions and (Jiscoveries of others as much as by those of her own citizens. The ingenious machine in- vented by Mr. Whitney of the United States, for separating cotton wool from the pod, by reducing the cost of the raw material of one of our principal manufactures, has been quite as advantageous to us as to his own countrymen. And the discoveries and inventions of Watt, Arkwright, and Wedgwood, by reducing the cost of articles we send abroad, have been as advantageous to our foreign customers as to ourselves, Commerce has caused the blessings of civilisation to be universally ditfused, and the treasures of knowledge and science to be conveyed to the remotest cornets. Its humanising influence is, in this rcsjiect, most important; while, by making each (!ountry depend for the means of supplying a consi'tpra- hle portion of its wants on the assistance of others, it has done more than any thing else to remove a host of the most baleful prejudices, and to make mankind regard each other as friends and brothers, and not as enemies. The diead, once so prevalent, of the progress of other nations in wealth and civilisation, is now universally admitted to be as absurd as it is illiberal. While every people ought always to be prejiared to resist and avenge any attack upon their independence or their honour, it is not to be doubted that their real prosperity will be best secured by their endeavouring to live at peace. "A commercial war, whether crowned with victory or branded with defeat, can never prevent another nati(m from bccom- ir.z more industrious than you are ; and if they are. more industrious they will sell cheaper ; and CO isequenlly your customers will ibrsake your shop and go to theirs. This will happen, thougl'- you covered the ocean with fleets, i.n.'i the land with armies. The soldier may lay waste; the ('ivateer, whether successful or unsuccessful, will make poor; but it is the eternal law ei Providence that 'the hand of the (filigmt can ahmc make rich' " — {'I'ltc/icr's Four Tracts, Y>.U.'Mvx\.) Mr. Hume has beautifully illustrated the powerful and salutary infliieneo of that sfiirit of industry and enterprise resulting from the eager jirosecutioii of commerce and llic arts. " Men," says he, "arc then kept in per[)etual occuimtion, and enjoy, as their reward, tlio occupation itself, as \>'ell ar, those pleasures which are the fruits of their labour. The mind acquires new vigour ; enlarges its powers and faculties ; and, by an assiduity in honest in- dustry, both satisfies Us natural appetites, and prevents the growtli of uniintural ones, which commonly spring up when nourishtd v/ith ease and idleness. Banish those n.rts from socie- ty, you deprive men both of action ;'.nd of pleasure ; and, leaving nothing liul indolence in their plaec, you even destroy the relish of indolence, which never is agreeable but when it sutcceils to labour, and recruits the spirits, exhausted by too much aoplication and fatigue. "Another advaiilujio of industry and of refinements in tlu' mechanical arts is, that they 2 ? 2 ' 57 '"Mt ■■'«*« n '"■■«» -I •if 450 COMMERCE. t. " 'i' ' '♦ f ' - , cr,;^' mtm,^, ' » i mm,::^' i •■^; m»tf^.: ^ ( ^ ■Ml*"! . . i ' ,»* ^**i*; 1 iP^lll ■'• m!!>M. ' h| c^ ' •"••B.116 , ^ •MBmC" <««nM' ^Mn ■••i.,'* f" t Wt.*<■ , Hlf" I 1; commonly produce some refinements in tlio lllioral ; nor can the one be carried to pcrfcctioR without being accompanied in some degree vvitli the other. The same iige which produces great philosophers and politicians, renowned generals and poets, naually abounds with skil- ful weavers and 8hip-car|)enters. We cannot reasonably expect that a piece of woollen cioih will be wrought to perfection in a nation which is ignorant of astronomy, or where cthicg are neglected. The spirit of the age affects all the arts ; and the minds of men, being once roused from their lethargy, and put into a fermentation, turn theniselves on all sides, and carry improvements into every art and science. Profound ignorance is totally banished; and men enjoy the privilege of rational creatures, to think as well as to act, to cultivate the pleasures of the mind as well as those of the body. " The more these refined arts advance, the more sociable do men become ; nor is it possi- ble that, when enriched with science, and possessed of a fund of conversation, they should be contented to remain in solitude, or live with their fellow citizens in that distant manner which is peculiar to ignorant and barbarous nations. They flock into cities ; love to receive and communicate knowledge ; to show their wit or their breeding ; their taste in conversa- tion or living, in clothes or furniture. Curiosity allures the wise, vanity the foolish, and pleasure both. Particular clubs and societies are every where formed ; both sexes nieot in an easy and sociable manner ; and the tempers of men, as well na their behaviour, retlne apace. So that beside the improvements they receive from knowledge and the liberal art?, it is impossible but they must feel an increase of humanity from the very habit of convcrsinir together, and contributing to each other's pleasure and entertainment. Thus iuduslry, knowledge, and humanity are linked together by an indissoluble chain ; and arc found, from experience as well as reason, to be peculiar to the more polished, and, what are commonly denominated, the more luxurious ages." — {Esmi/ of Refine tncnt in the Aiis.) Most commercial treatises, and most books on political economy, contain lengthened state- ments as to the comparative advantages derived from the home and foreign trade.» Hut these statements are almost always bottomed on the most erroneous princijiles. The quantity and value of the commodities which the inhabitants of an extensive country exchange with each other, is far greater than the quantity and value of those they exchange with foreigners: but this is not, as is commonly supposed, enough to show that the home trade is propor- tionally more advantageous. Commerce, it must be borne in mind, is not a direct but an iiidi- rect source of wealth. The mere exchange of commodities adds nothing to the riches of society. The influence of commerce on wealth consists in its allowing einplovmcnts to tit separated and prosecuted without interruption. It gives the means of pushing the divisions of labour to the furthest extent; and supplies mankind with an infinitely greater quantity of necessaries and accommodations of all sorts, than could have been produced, had individual;.- and nations been forced to depend upon their own comparatively feeble efforts for the sup- ply of their wants. And hence, in estimathig the comjiarative advantageousness of the home and foreign trades, the real questions to be decided are, which of them contributes most to the division of labour 1 and which of them gives the greatest stimulus to inveiition and industry ! These questions do not, perhaps, admit of any very satisfactory answer. 'J"he truth is, that both home trade and foreign trade are most prolific sources of wealth. Without the former, no division of labour could be established, and man would for ever remain in a barbarous state. Hence, perhaps, we may say that it is the most indispensable; but the length to which it could carry any particular country in the career of civilisation, would be limited indeed. Had Great Britiiiii been cut otTfrom all intercourse with strangers, there is no reason for thinking that we should have been at this day advanced beyond ihc point to which our ancestors had attained during the Heptarchy ! It is to the products and the arts derived from others, and to the emulation inspired by their competition and example. that we are mainly indebted for the extraordinary progress we have already made, as well as for that we are yet destined to make. Dr. Smith, though he has satisfactorily demonstrated the impolicy of all restrictions on the freedom of commerce, has, notwithstanding, endeavoured to show that it is more for the public advantage that capital should be employed in the hoinc trade than in foreign trade, on the ground that the capitals employed in the former are more fre(iuently returned, and that they set a greater quantity of labour in motion than lln^-e employed in the latter. Unt we have else- where endeavoured to show that the rate oi profit which different busiiicvses yield is the only test of their respective advantageousness. — (Princlpks cf Political Kcnnininj, '^d ed. l)p, JCO — 180.) ]\ow, it is quite evident that capital will not he employed in foreign trade, unless it yield as much profit as could be made by employing it at home. No merchant sends a ship to China, if it be in his jiower to realise a larger prolit by sending her to Duli- lin or Newcastle ; nor would any one liiiild a ship, uidess he expected that the capital so laid out would be as productive as if it were employed in agriculture or manutiictures, The more or less rapid return of cajiital is a matter of very little importance. If the avcMgc rate of profit be 10 per cent,, an individual who turns over his caiiital 10 times a yc;ir, will make one per cent, of prolit each time ; whereas if he turns it only once a year, he will cet the whole 10 per cent, at once. Competition reduces the rate of nctt profit to about the COMMERCE. 451 carried to pcrfpctioR, ngc which produces y abounds with skil- iece of woollen clolh )my, or where ctliicg n of men, being once vcs on all sides, and otally banished ; and act, to cultivate ihe one ; nor ia it possi- ■ersatlon, tlioy should 1 that distant manner lities ; love to receive u'ir taste in conversa- inity the foolish, and ; both sexes meet in heir behaviour, reline e and the liberal arts, •y habit of conversing ent. Thus iudustnj, ; and arc found, from what arc commonly c Arts.) itaiu lengthened state- cign trade.* Hut these OS. The quantity and y exchange with each itige with foreigners: lome trade is proper- ot a direct but an iniii- ithing to the riches of ng employments to be pushing the divisions ely greater quantity of duced, had individual ■ble efforts for the piip- antageousness of the ch of them contrilmtes stimulus to invemion satisfactory answer, ific sources of wealth, man would for ever le most indispensable; career of civilisation, oursc with strangers, advanced beyond ilic to the procUicts and ,>etition and example, •ady made, as well as all restrictions on the is more for the public _ foreign trade, on the irned, and that they sot r. iiut we have else- l)usiiie:-,ses yield is the tical Ecnwimij, 2d cd. |(iyed in foreign trade, lome. No merchant ly sending her to Duli- ted that the capital so Iturc or manutactures. rtance. If the average 10 times a year, will nre a vear, he will cet ■tt profit to about the name level in all businesses ; and we may he quite certain that those who employ themsclTCS in the departments in which capital is most rapidly returned, do not, at an average, gain more than those who employ themselves in tho departments in which the returns are most distant. I^"o one is a foreign merchant because ho would rather deal with foreigners than with his own countrymen, but because he believes he will be able to employ hia capital more advan- tageously in foreign trade than in any other business: and wb''-^ he does this, ho is follow- ing that employment which is most benelicial for tho public as well as for himself. IV. Restiiictions ox Commeuce. The statements already made, by explaining the nature and principles of commercial trans* actions, are sufficient to evince the inexpediency of subjecting them to any species of restraint. It is obvious, indeed, that restrictions arc founded on false principles. When individuals are left to pursue their own interest in their own way, they naturally resort to those branches of industry which they reckon most advantageous for themselves ; and, as we have just seen, these arc the very branches in which it is most for the public interest that they should bo employed. Unless, therefore, it could be shown that a government can judge better as to what sort of transactions aro profitable or otherwise than private individuals, its regulations cannot be of the smallest use, and may be exceedingly injurious. But any such pretension on the part of government would be oniversally scouted. It is undeniably certain that a regard to our own interest is, if not an unerring guide to direct us in such matters, at least incomparably better than any other. If the trade with a particular country or in a par- ticular commodity be a losing one, or merely a less profitable one than others, it is quite as unnecessary to pass an act to prevent it from being carried on, as it would be to interfere to prevent individuals from selling their labour or their commodities below the market price. It appears, therefore, that all regulations affecting the freedom of commerce, or of any branch of industry, are either useless or pernicious. They arc useless, when they are intended to protect the interest of individuals by preventing them from engaging in disadvantageous businesses ; and pernicious, when they prevent them from engaging in those that are advan- tageous. The self interest of the parties concerned is the only safe principle to go by in such matters. When the acts of the legislature are in unison with it, there is nothing to object to in them, save only that they might as well not exist ; but whenever they are incon- sistent with it— that is, whenever they tend to divert capital and industry into channels, into which individuals, if left to their own discretion, would not have carried them — they aro decidedly injurious. No one denies that it is possible to confer, by means of a restrictive regulation, an advan- tage on a greater or less number of individuals. This, however, is no proof that it is advan- tageous in a pubUe point of view ; and it is by its influence in this respect that we are to decide concerning it. If the exclusion of an article imported from abroad, in order to encou- rage its manufacture at home, raise its price in the home market, that circumstance will, for a while at least, be advantageous to those engaged in its production. But is it not clear that all that is thus gained by them, is lost by those who purchuse ihe article ? To suppo.se, in- deed, that the exclusion of commodities that are comparatively cheap, to make room for those that are comparatively dear, can be a means of enriching a country, is equivalent to supposing that a people's wealth might be increased by destroying their most powerful machines, and throwing their best soils out of cultivation. But it is contended, that though this might be the case in the instance of commodities pro- duced at home, it is materially different when the commodity excluded came to us from abroad. It is said, that in this case the exclusion of foreign produce increases the demand for that produced at home, and consequently contributes to increase the demand for labour; so that the rise of price it occasions is, in this way, more than balanced by the other advan- tages which it brings along with it. But the fact is, that though the demand for one spe- cies of produce may be increased by a prohibition of importation, the demand for some other species is sure to bo at the same time equally diminished. There is no jugglery in comni'^rce. Whether K bo carried on between individuals of the same country or of different coiin'.ries, it is all in cases bottomed on a fair principle of reciprocity. Those who will not buy need not expect to sell, and conversely. It is impossible to export without making a corresponding importation. We get nothing from the foreigner gratuitously : and hence, when we prevent the importation of produce from abroad, we prevent, by the very same act, the exportation of an equal iinount of British produce. All that the exclusion of foreign commodities ever effects, is the substitution of one sort of demand for another. It has been said, that "when we drink beer and porter we consume the produce of English industry, whereas when we drink port or claret we consume the produce of the industry of the Por- tuguese and French, to the obvious advantage of the latter, and the prejudice of our coun- trymen !" But, how paradoxical soever the assertion may at first sight appear, there is not at bottom any real distinction between the two cases. What is it that induces foreigners to supply us with port and claret ] The answer is obvious : — We either send tlirectly to Por- tugal and France an equivalent in British produce, or we ,scnd such equivalent, in the first 1*1 1 11 ■•Qtit I 1 i 452 COMMERCE. > ( , ■ir-:f iff* V 1 I place to South Amrrica for bullion, ami then spuil that Itnllion to thn Conthipnt to prty fir the wine. And hence it is as clear as tin; sun at iiooii-day, that tlie I'^ni-iishnian who (Irinkj, only French wine, who eats only bread made of PoliHh wheat, and wlio wears only Saxuti cloth, gives, by occasioning the exportation of a corresponding amount of Urilish coitnu, hardware, leather, or other produce, the same encouragement to the industry of his ci>uiitrv. men, that he would give were ho to consume nothing not immediately prmhicod at \m»w, A quantity of port wino and a qtiantity of Birmingham gooils are n-spectively of the saim' value ; so that whether we directly consume the hardware, or, having cxchangtMl it tijr t|„, wine, consume the latter, must plainly, in so far as the employment of Dritisli lalwur is cun. cerned, l>c altogether indifferent. It is absolutely nugatory, therefore, to attempt to encourage industry at home by restrain- ing importation from abroad. We might as well try to promote it l)y intenli<-ting th,' ex. change of shoes for hats. Wc only resort to foreign markets, that we may supt>ly otirstlvps with articles that cannot be produced at home, or that require more labour to produio tliem here, than is required to produce the equivalent exported to pay for them. It is, if any tiiins can be, an obvious contradiction and absurdity to attempt to promote wealth or industry Ijy prohibiting an intercourse of this sort. Such prohibition, even when least injurious, is sure to force capital and labour into less productive channels ; and cannot fail to diminish thp foreign demand for one species of produce, quite as much as it extends the home demaini for another. If is but seldom, however, that a restriction on importation from abroad does no more than substitute one sort of employment for another. Its usual effect is lioth to alter the distriliu- tion of capital, and to increase the price of commodities. A country rarely imports any cnni. modity from abroad that may bo as cheaply produced at liome. In the vast majorilv of in. stances, the articles bought of the foreigner could not be directly produced at home, without a much greater outlay of capital. Suppose that we import 1,00(»,()00/. worth of any cmn- modity, that its importation is prohibited, and that the same quantity of produce cauiidt iv. raised in this country for less than 1,200,000/. or 1,500,000/.: in a case of this sort,— and this is actually the case in 99 out of every 100 instances in which prohibitions are enacted,— the prohibition has the same effect on the consumers of the commoility, as if, supposing ji not to have existed, they had been burdened with a peculiar tax of 200,000/. or rino^ooo/. 3 year. But, had such been the case, what the consumers lost would have gone into the collirs of the treasury, and would have afforded the means of repealing an equal amount of other taxes ; whcrea.s, under the prohibitory system, the high price, being occasioned hy an in. creased dilliculty of production, is of no advantage to any one. So that, instead of gainin" any thing by such a measure, the public incurs a dead loss of 200,000/. or 500,000/. a year. We have said that a prohibition of importation maybe productive of immediate advantage to the home producers of the prohibited article. It is essential, however, to remark that this advantage cannot continue for any considerable time, and that it must be followed by a period of distress. Were the importation of foreign silks put an end to, that circumstance, bv mir- rowing the supply of silk goods, and raising their prices, would, no doubt, bf; in the first in- stance, advantageous to the manufacturers, by elevating their profits above the common level, But the consequence would be, that those already engaged in the trade would immediatelv set about extending their concerns ; at the same time that not a few of those engaged in other employments would enter a business which presented such a favourable prospect : nor would this transference of capital to the silk manufacture be stopped, till such an increased supplv of silks had been brought to market as to occasion a glut. This reasoning is not foundid upon hypothesis, but upon the widest experience. When a business is carried on under the protection of a restriction on importation, it is limited by the extent of the home market, and is incapable of further extension. It is, in consequence, particularly suiyect to that fluctua- tion which is the bane of industry. If, owing to a change of fashion, or any other cau'ic, the demand be increased, then, as no supplies can be brought from abroad, prices suddenly rise, and the manufacture is rapidly extended, until a reaction takes place, and price-- sink below their usual level : and if the demand decline, then, as there is no outlet abroad tor the superfluous goods, their price is ruinously depressed, and the producers are involved in inex- tricable dirticullies. The businesses deepest entrenched behind ramparts of prohiliitions and restrictions, such as the silk trade previously to 182.'), the West India trade, and agriculture since 1815, have undergone the most extraordinary vicissitudes ; and have been at once more hazardous and less profitable than the businesses carried on under a system of lair and free competition. A prohibition against buying in the cheapest markets is really, also, a prohibition against selling in the dearest markets. There is no test of high or low price, except the quantity of other produce for which an article exchanges. Suppose that, by sending a certain quantity of cottons or hardware to Brazil, we might get in exchange 150 hhds. of sugar, and that the same quantity, if sent to Jamaica, would only fetch 100 hhds. ; is it not obvious, that hy pre- venting the importation of the former, we force our goods to be sold for two tliinh of thn price they would otherwise have brought? To suppose that a system productive of such COMMERCE. 483 1 Cfmrtripnt tr> pny fli^ ni>li»*hniun who (irink,-, vlu) wf»rH only fSaxoi) uiit of Uritish cniton, itustry of his coiuitrv- ely prmlucf^l iit liomp. •spectivi'ly of the sam,. ig cxchntnjjcd it fur il„, f Dritish lulwur is cuii. y at home by restrain, by intenJktinp; the ox. I may supjily oiirsclvos ,al)our to produce them .em. It is, if any thins 3 wealth or industry by least injurious, is sure lot fail to diminish thn mds the home demand ond (loes no more than th to alter the distrihu- arely imports any cnni. lie vast majority of in- luced at home, without )0/, worth of any cdin- jT of produce cauiKit iio rase of this sort,— anj libitions are enacted,-. KJity, as if, supposiriir it 00,000/. or riO(),0()(i/, ^ vc gone into i!io eotlirs equal amount of olhfr r occasioned hy an in. ^hat, instead of guininr 0/. or 500,000/. a year. )f immediate advanti\?fi |ver, to remark that this |be followed by a poriod |t circumstance, by iwr- oubt, bf: in llie first in- ova the common level, would in>mediately .■nt lose enRf'tjed in other lie prospect ; nor would Ich an increased su|)plv isoniiif? is not foundid lis carried on under th(i the home market, and ubjoct to that fluciua- , or any other cause, [broad, prices suddenly place, and pricci^- sink |o outlet abroad for the p are involved in iiiex- rts of prohibitions and trade, and agriculture I have been at once V a system of fair and a prohibition against Ixcept the quantity of |ing a certiiin quantity of sugar, and ihat the obvious, that by pre- I for two thirds of thn productive of such results can bo a means of increasing wealth, is to suppooc wliat is evidently absurd. It ia rertainly true that a restrictive regulation, which has been long acted upon, and under which a considerable quantify of capital is employed, ought not to be rashly or capriciously repealed, i'.very change in the pul)lic economy of a great nation ought to be gone about cautiously and cradually. Adequate time should be given to those who carry on businesses that have In'en nrolected, either to withdraw from them altogether, or to prepare to withstand the fair com- iictition of foreigners. Hut this is all that such jiersons can justly claim. To persevere in nil erroneous and oppressive system, merely because its abandonment might be productive of inconvenience to individuals, would be a proceeding inconsistent with every object for wliich socii'tv is formed, and suljversive of all improvement. It may, perhaps, be supposed that in the event of commodities being imported from abroad, nflpr the abolition of a protecting regulation, that were previously j)roduced at home, the workmen and those engaged in their production would bo thrown upon the parish. Such, however, is nut the case. We may, by giving freedom to commerce, change the upeckn of labour in demand, but it is not jMissible that we shoidd thereby change its t/uantiti/. If, in ronsC(iuence of the abolition of restrictions, our iinjiorts were increased to the amount of 1,000,000/. or 5,000,000/., our exports, it is certain, nnist be augmented to the same extent: so that whatever diminution of the demand for labour might be experienced in certain de- iiartinents would be balanced by a corresponding increase in others. The pressure of taxation has often been alleged as an excuse for restrictions on commerce, hut it ii lift more valid than the rest. Taxation may lie heavy, and even o|)pressive; but so !,ins as it is impartially and fairly assessed, it ecpially allects (/// branches of industry carried on at home, and consc(iucntly allbrds no ground whatever for the enactment of regulations intended to [)rotect any jmrticular business. And to propose to |)rotect (ill branches of in- ,lii>try from foreign competition, is, in ellect, to j)r()|)ose to put a total stop to commerce ; for il nothing is to be imported, nothing can be exported. The imposition of moderate duties nn Ibroign commodities, for the sake of revenue, is (piitc another thing. Many of these form aiuoiig the very best subjects of taxation ; and when the duties on them are confined within proper Iwunds, — that is, when they are not so high as to exert any injurious inlluencc upon trade, or to occasion smuggling and fraud, — they cannot fairly be objected to. It is sometimes contended, by those who assert, on general grounds, that restrictions arc inexpedient, that it would be unwise, on the part of any country, to abolish them until she had olitained a security that those imposed by her neighbours would also be abolished. But the reasons that have been alleged in favour of this statement are not entitled to the least wei;,;ht. It is our business to buy in the cheapest and sell in the dearest markets, without lieing, in any degree, inlluenced by the conduct of others. A' they consent to repeal the re- strictions they have laid on commerce, so much the belter. But whatever others may do, the line of policy loe ought to follow is clear and well defined. To refuse, for example, to buy claret, brandy, &c. from the French, because they lay absurd restrictions on the importation of British hardware, cottons, Ac, would not be to retaliate upon them, but upon ourselves. The fact that we do import French wine and brandy shows that we do export to France, or to some other country to which France is indebted, an ctpuvalent, in some sort, of British produce. The fear of being glutted with foreign products, unless we secure beforehand a certain outlet for our own, is the most unfounded that can bo imagined. The foreigner who will take nothing of ours, can send us nothing of his. Though our ports were open to the merchants of all the countries of the world, the exi)orts of British produce must always be eiiual to the imports of foreign produce ; and none but those who receive our commodities, either at first or second hand, could continue to send any thing to us. "Les etrangers nc peuvent demander ni desirer rien niieux, que la liberte de vous acheter etde vous vendre chez vous et dans vos colonies. II faut la leur accorder, non par foiblesse ct par impuissance, mais parcequ'elle est juste en elle-m("Mne, et qu'elle vous est utile. lis ont tort sans doutc de la refuser chez eux : mais cctte faute d'ignorance dont, sans le savoir, ils sont punis les premiers, n'est i)as un raison qui doive vous porter a, vous nuire u. vous- mome en suivant cet exemple, et a vous cxposer aux suites et aux depenses d'une guerre poura.oir la vaine satisfaction d'user dcs reprt'.sailles, dont reil'et nc peut manquer de retom- ber sur vous, et de rendre voire commerce plus desavantagcux." — (Le Trosne de COrdre .VociV//, p. 416.) There are some, however, who contend, that though restrictions on importation from abroad he unfavourable to o[)ulence, and the advancement of individuals and nations in arts and civilisation, they may, notwithstanding, be vindicated on other grounds, as contributing essentially to independence and security. The short and decisive answer to this is to be found in the reciprocity of commerce. It does not enrich one individual or nation at the expense (d' others, but confers its favours equally on all. We arc under no obligations to the Portu- guese, the Russians, or any other people with whom we carry on traik\ It is not our ad- vaMtai,je, but their own, that they have in view in dealing with tis. Wc give them the full value of all that we import ; and they would sutler quite as much inconvenience as we should do were this intercourse put an end to. The independence at which those aspire who would IMll Wll m III *"1 mill urn •lih, mi 9m 'tfi "1 I'li'mM iS I ^ 4M COMMKRCE. mjpn^tfjff I ' IT' ^ I i M promote it by Inying rratriclinnit on roinmprro, i« tlif iiKlrpcndriirr of thr nolitury nrul nn- Rorial BHVHKI' ; it is not iin iii(l<>|H'i,(lt' k jinxlurtivr of Htn-tiKth, Itut of wciikiU'sM. "'l"li„ niotit tlouririhiiic; Hl.atrH, nt the rnoiiit^tt ot" tlifir lli^lu■Kt cli'vnlioii, wlu-ii tlicy wrro cloHcly cin. lU'ctcd with I'vory part of ti>e riviliMid world Vy the f^oldcn cliniim of HUccoMHful (-oiniiii-rciul iiitorpriKc, were, nccordinj; to thiH dortrino, in the mont pcrfci-t Htiite of iihHolnte doixndciicc It wiiH not till all thpfli> runiicitiotiH wore diHHolved, niid they had sunk in the xeule of nittiotix that their true independence coniinenccd! Hueh HtuteineiitH carry with them their own relit- talion. 'I'hero is a natural dependence of nations upon each other, an there* ia a nuturul dc- pendenco of individuals upon each other. Heaven has ho ordered it. Honie soils, noiiii* di- inutc!-, some situations, are i)r()ductive exclusively of sonio peculiar fruits, wliirh curiiini elsewhere 1h' j)rofital)ly procured. Let nations follow this as their guide. In a rich aiul risint? coinnuniity, the opulent capitalists may Ih) as depen(h'nt uis)n the poor laltourera, ly the poor lahourcrs upon the opulent capi'idists. Soil is with natioo't. The mutual lUprtK!- encc of individuals upon each other knits nnd hinds society together, and leads to iIh; imiKt rapid advancement in wealth, in intellincnic, and in every kind of iniproveiwnt. It is iIk, same, hut on a far larger scale, with the mutual de|ienilence of nations. 'I'd this ajon,. j„ we owe all the mighty etlbrts of commerce ; and what lights, what gencTons feelinijis, aiij niidiiplied means of human happiness, has it not every where spread!" — (iVi;r//i Amtricmi luritw, No. .57.) 'J'he principles of commercial freedom, and the injurious influence of rrstrictivo rrpul i. tions, were set in a very striking point of view liy Ur. iSniith, in his great work ; and tlnv have been since repeatedly explained and elucidated. Perhaps, however, the true doctrini's upon this sidiject have no where been In'ttcr slated than in the petition prewnted h tlie uwt- chants of Ijondon to the House of (Jonnnons on the 8th of May, iH'ii). This duxiiiiiciii k one of the most gratifying jiroofs of the progress of lilieral and eidarged vii'ws. It wns suli- scribod by all the principal merchants of the metropolis, who iuive not scrvipleil to express their conviction, that the repeal of every /jny/fc/Zre >ri,'-uA///wj would be for the iJiihlic mj. vantage. Such an address, confirming, as it did, the conclusions of science, by tlie appniviil of the best informed and most extensive merchants of the world, had a |X)wert!il imluenco on the legislature. During the last 10 years several most important reforms haxc tiecn made in our commercial system ; so that besides being the first to promulgate the true tlicory df conunerce, we are now entitled to the praise of being the fnv.t to carry it into ellltt. No doubt our trade is still fettered by many vexatious restraints; but these will gradually tlisnj). pear, according as experience serves to disclose the benefits resulting from the changes alri'adv made, and the pernicious operation of the restrictions that are still allowed to coniinne, 'I'he iietition now referred to, is too important to bo omitted in a work of tiiis sort. It [3 as follows : — "To tlio Honourable the Commons, &c., the Petition of the Merchants of the City of Lomlnn. "Shcweih, "That forciun mmmerce is oniinently coniliicive to tli!> weatlli anil iirosiK'rity of a cnuntrv, hyena- hliiiK it to inipurt tlie cDmiiiodiiics Ibr the production "i" which tlie soil, climate. ca|>it,il, anil iiidiHiry of iillicr coiiiitrii's are best calculated, and to ex|>ort, in payment, those articlos for which Us uwii situation is heller adapted. "That fr«!eest market, and sellins; in the dearest, which rogiilalcs every merchant in his individual dealings, is strictly applicable, us the bedt rule for the trade oi'iin; whole nation. "That a policy founded on these principles would render the commerce of the world an inlerclinnfe of mutual advantages, and diltuse an increase of wealth and enjoyments among the inhaliitantjut' each statu. "That, unfortunately, a policy the very reverse of this has been and is more or less adoptcil and acted upon by the government of this and every other country ; each trying to exclude the proihic- tions of other countries, with the specious and well-meant desiirii of encourauing its own pniilutliiiiis; tlius inflicting on the hutk of its subjects, who are consuiih'rs, the necessity of subiiilttiiig to priviilioiis in the quantity or quality of commodities ; and thus rendi'riiig what ought to be the smirce el' iiinliial benefit and of harmony among states, a constantly recurring occasion of jealousy and lioslility. " That tin; prevailing prejudices in favour of the iirotective or restrictive system may lie Iriiccil 10 the erroneous supposition that every importation of foreign cnniniodities occasions a diuilnutli'n or (lisconragemeiit of our own productions to the same extent : whereas it may he clearly slinun, lli-ii ulthoiigli the particular description of production vvliich couhl not stand against unrestraliiiil tiirrlun ciinipetitlon would bi; discouraged, yet, as no importation coiihl In; coiillnned for any leiizih 1111111:0 without a corresponding exportation, direct or indirect, then' would he an enconragenienl, Inr llie purpose of that exportation, of some other production to which our situation might hi,' bellir siiiicil; thus affording at least an equal, and probably a greater, and certainly a more henolicial einployiiiwit to our own capital and labour. "That of the numerous protective and prohibitory duties of our commercial code, it may lie prnvod that, while all operate as a very heavy tax on the connnnnity at large, very few are of any iiliiniati! Iienetit to the classes ia whose favour they were originally institiiled, and none to the exteiil ol iliu loss occasioned by them to other classes. "That among the other evils of the restrictive or protective system, not the least is, that the .irli- ficial protection of one branch of industry or source of prodiictioii aiialnst foreign compeliilini, is sit up as a ground of claim by other branches for similar protection ; so that if the reasoning npdh whici' these restrictive or prohibitory regulations are founded were followed out eoiisisteiilly, it wnuiil nni stop short of excluding as from all foreiL'n commerce whatsoever. And the same train of an-'iinicnt, which,with corresponding prohibitions and protective duties, should cxcludu us from fo>vigiitruito,uii(; la COMPAMES. 455 Ihc Bolitiiry nrid nn- r WCIlklU'KM. " Tll(» icy wrrt) cliwcly ,.,,||. jccrMHful ('oiiiini'rciiil tlwolutc (lo|)«'n(lt'ii('i<. ihe Hcalf ot'rmiioiis, thciK their own rcti,- thcrc ia a nutiirul dc- SoIllH HOiIh, H(>|||i> cii. I'ruitrt, which luniini uitl»». Ill n rich ami \w [MOT lalnnircru, iw The n»uluul ilcpciul- iiul leailit to (Ih! must irovfincnt. li is thf i. To liiis alone (]i) L'liorous l'i'ulint;!(, imj ' — {North Americun of rrstrii'tivc repiiLi- reiit work ; and tlu'v !cr, the trim iloctrim';! prcfHnitml h. the nitr- ). 'I'his ilihiiincnt is 1 views. It was suli- it scruplnl to express l)C Cor thi! jmhiic ml- icncc, by ll«' apimiviil I ii jx)wcrtMi inlliiencc orms ha\c heen nuule ato th»' true theory i.f rry it into rllWt. Nu 3 will gradually ilisn])- in the changes already [Wt'il to continue, rk of tliid sort, It is the City ofLoiidim, ly of a country, by eiia- te, rfi|>ilal, ami iiiihislry liclu.s for wliicli llstiwii ) foreign trade, anil the earest, wliicli rcgnlaiM le for the trade m' ilic world nn inlerclmnfo long the iiilmbit!nil:iut' lore or li'sa adnpted und to exrllide the |)niiliic- j; its own ptinliiitiiiiis; nhinittin;; to |iriv»tliiiis le tlu> sonri'e of iniiluul sy and hostility, stem may lie triiccdlo isioiH a diniinutii'iH'r he clearly sIkiwii, tli;it nnrestraiiii'd liiroit'ii d for any leiiL'ih (il'liii;e ni'oiiraiieiiieiil, t'nr the ii«hl he hellir siiili'il; lienelicial eniployiucm code, it may he prnvril I'W are of any ulliiii:ilc lie to the exli'iil of the least is, that thpiirti- ign competition, is sol ' reasoninj: iipmi which sistenlly, it weiihl n"i lime train ol"ar!;iiiii(!ni, ronifor«isntrado,iuislit hi> lolitic re^'u- latii;!iH. "That, upon the u hole, the most liberal would prove to ho the most politic course on such occaiiiiiaf- "That independent of the direct henedt to he derived hy this cniintry, on every occasion of such fonrcssinn or rela.vation, a great incidental olijuct would lie gaiocd, hy the recoirnilion of a sound ntiniijde or standard, to wliicli all sulmuiiuent arrangements might he referred ; and hv the salutary inlliii'ni'e which a promulgation of such just viiiws, liy the legislature and liy the nation at lar;,'!;, cuiilil not fail to have nn the policy of other states. "Thill in thus declaring, as your petitioners do, their conviction of llir imjioUnj and injiislur of thr f/itriflire nijuleiit, and in desiring every praclieahle relaxation of n, tln^y have in view only such parts nr it us are not connected, or are only suhonlinately so, witli the piihlic revenue. As long as the npcriisity for the present amount of revenue snhsists, your petitioners cannot expect so importaiil a linincli of it as Ihe cnsloniB to lie given up, nor to lie materially diminished, unless some snhstilute less olijectionahle Ih! suggested. But it is agiiinsl erery realm hi-v, resulaliun of iriides not isftnlml in lit rirfttiie, agiiiii,it alt duties merely jprottetine from foreifrn cooiiitliliini, mid ui;iiiiiKt the (/rf.<.s of siirli, ,iulies 11^ lire parllij fur tlie purpose of revenue, and purlly for that of protection, iUnt tin; prayer of the present petition is respectfully submitted to the wisdom uf parliament. ".May it therefore," &c. For examples of the practical working and injurious operation of restrictions, ace the arti- cles Bordeaux, Cadiz, Caoliaui, Colonv Tkadk, Coiin Laws and Con> 'J'kaiik, Naplks, Ti.nHF.n, &c,, in this Dictionary; the articles on the American Tarill" and the French Commercial System in Nos. 96. and 99. of the Edinburnh Review ,• the Kcport of ihe Committee of Commerce and Navigation to the House of Representatives of the ( 'iiited States, 8th of Fehruary, 1830 ; and the Petition and Meriioire a I'Appui, addressed, in 1828, bv the landowners and merchants of the Gironde to the Chamber of Deputies. For an account of the doctrines with respect to the Ixilmice uf trade, and the importation atiJ exportation of the precious nietaU, see the articles Balaxck of Tuaiik, and Ex- CIHSffK. For aii account of the articles exported from and imported into Great Britain, see Im- POIITS ANn Ext'OHTS. COMPANIES. In commerce or the arts, a company is a number of persons associated together for the purpose of carrying on some commercial or industrious undertaking. When there arc only a few individuals associated, it is most commonly called a copartnery ,- the term company being usually applied to large associations, like the East India Company, the Bank of England, &e., who conduct their operations by means of agents acting under the orders of a Doard of directors. Companies have generally been divided into two great classes— exclusive or joint stock companies, and open or regulated companies. 1. Exclusive or Joint Stock Companies. — By an in.stitution of this sort is meant a com- pany having a certain ambunt of capital, divided into a greater or smaller number of trans- ferable shares, managed for the common advantage of the shareholders by a body of diiectors chosen by and responsible to them. After the stock of a company of this sort has been sub- scribed, no one can enter it without previously purchasing one or more shares belonging to .some of the existing members. The partners do nothing individually ; all their resolutions are taken in common, and are carried into effect by the directors and thosa whom they em- ploy. According to the common law of England, all the partners in a joint stock company are jointly and individually liable, to the whole extent of their fortuiips. for the debts of the company. They may make arrangements amongst themselves, limiting their obligations with respect to each other; but unless established by an authority competent to set aside the general rule, they are all indefinitely responsible to the public. Parli;.ment sometimes limits the responsibility of the shareholders in joint stock companies established by statute, to the I1HM tWt |iU»« tim. iMi« "111 ;:« ':» (Hi inV'i i mKii <>iitij| i;R'ihi 'ilki^ » '■^ ^ >^^ii^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 1.0 1.1 ISiijA 125 Ui Ui2 |22 m f.25 1 ,.4 ,J4 < 6" ► '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WtST MAIN STRKT WtBSTH.N.Y. 14SS0 (716)S72-4S03 '^ 456 COMPANIES. ;a» c?: i i r' 1 "11 •^11 anies to sue and be sued in courts .if law, under the names of some of their ollice-bearers, without in any respect liniitin;? the rcsponsi- bility of the shareholders to the public. This limitation cannot be im])lied in a charier any more than in an act of parliament, and will be held not to exist unless it be distinctly ter into the company. Each lucmlirr, however, may, upon proper warning, withdraw from the copartnery, and demand payment from them of his share of the common stock. In a joint stock company, on the contrary, no member can demand payment of his share from the company ; but each menilior may, without their consent, transfer his share to another jjcrson, and thereby introduce a new member. The value of a share in a joint stock is always the price which it will brinsf in the market ; and this may be either greater or less, in any proportion, than the sum wlilcli its owner stands credited for in tlie stock of the company." — ( Wealth of Naliuii.s; vol. iii. n, 238.) 2. Vlility of Joint Stock Companies. — Whenever the capital required to carry on nnv undertaking exceeds what may be furnished by an individual, it is indispensable, in onicr to the prosecution of the undertaking, that an association should Ik; formed. In all those cases, too, in which the chances of success are doubtful, or where a lengthened period must noros- sarily elapse before an undertaking can be completed, an individual, though ready eiioucii to contribute a small sum in connection with others, would, generally speaking, bo very little inclined, even if he had the means, to encounter the whole responsibility of such eriter[)ri.scs. Hence the necessity and advantage of companies or associations. It is to them that wc are indebted for those canals by which every part of the country is intersected, for the foniiation of so many noble docks and warehouses, for the institution of our principal banks and insur- ance offices, and for many other establishments of great public utility carried on by the com- bined capital and energies of large bodies of individuals. 3. Branches of Industri/, for the Prosecution of which Joint Stock Companies may he advuntuv;eousl)f established. — In order to ensure a rational prospect of success to a conipany, the undertaking should admit of l)eing carried on according to a regular systematic |ilan. The reason of this is sufficiently ob\ ious. The business of a great association must l)e con- ducted by factors or agents ; and unless it be of such a nature as to admit of their duties being clearly pointed out and dolined, the association would cease to have any eflcctual con- trol over them, and would be, in a great measure, at their mercy. An individual who ma- nages his own allairs reaps all the advantage derivable from superior skill, imiustry, and economy ; but the agents, and even directors, of joint stock com{)anies labour, in most casts, entirely or principally for the advantage of others; and cannot therefore, however conscien- tious, have the same powerful motives to act with energy, prudence, and economy. " Like," says Dr. Smith, "the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master's honour, and very easily give themselves a dispensation from having it. Negligence and profusion, therefore, must always prevail more or less in the management of the affairs of such a company." It also not unfrequently happens that tl:ey sutler from the bad faith, as well as the carelessness and extravagance of tluur servants ; tlie lattei having, in many instances, endeavoured to advance their own interests at the expense of their employers. Hence the different success of companies whose business niny be con- ducted according to a nearly uniform system, — such as dock, canal, and insurnnce compa- nies, rail-road companies, &c. — and those whose business does not admit of being reilucfd to any regular plan, and where much must always be left to the sagacity and enterprise oi" those employed. All purely commercial companies, trading upon a joint stock, belong to llie latter class. Not one of them has ever been able to withstand the competition of [irivatc ad- venturers; they cannot subject the agents they employ to buy and sell commodiiies in dis- tant countries to any effectual responsibility ; and from this circumstance, and tiie abuses that usually insinuate themselves into every department of their management, no such com- pany has ever succeeded, unless when it has obtained some exclusive privilege, or been pro- tected from competition. The circumstances now mentioned would seem to oppose the most formidable obstacles to the success of the companies established in this country fur the prosecution of mining in America. This business does not admit of being reduced to a regular routine system. Much must always depend on the skill and probity of the agents employed at the mines ; and it must plainly be very difficult, if not quite impossible, for directors resident in London to exercise any ctTectual surveillance over the proceedings of those who ore at so great a COMPANIES. 45^ ition rjranted by the it by llieactfi (Jco. 4, liirii tlu' niriniicrs of ,iulij(ct Id fiiicli ntru- s arf law, liniitiiii:; the rcsjiDnsi- |)licil ill u charter any CHS it be distiiu-tly tti pany, can transfer liis my. Each memtter, ind demand imyiiiont lany, on the contriiry, ut each menilier may, L'reby introduce a new ich it will brini? in the mn the sum whidi its of Nutiuii.s, vol, iii. |), iiired to carry on nny lispcnsable, in order tu d. In all those cases, icd period must neccs- iou};li ready ciiouyli to speaking, h« very little lity of sui'h enter[iriscs. is to them that we are ;cte(.1, for the foriiiatioii icipal banks and iiisur- carricd on by the com- ick Companies maji k if success to a conipany, gular systematic plan. isociation must l)e con- .1 admit of their duties lave any efleetual coii- .\n individual who nia- •ior skill, industry, and a labour, in most cases, ore, however conscien- id economy. " Like," idcr attention to small res u dispensation from .11 more or less in the itly happens that they of their servants ; the ntercsts at the expense ! business may be coii- and insiiranee conipa- Imit of being reduced icity and enterprise of int stock, beloni; to the ipclilion of ()rivatc ad- dl commodities in dis- Umcc, and the abuses igement, no such com- ^privilege, or been pro- Jformidable obstacles to Isecution of miniTij!; in Igular routine system. liployed at the mines ; |rs resident in London vho are at so great a distance. Hence it is not at all likely iluit tliost; osttiblishments will ever be so productive to 'he undertakers, as if thoy had been nianH}:od by the parties ihcmsclvcM. The AblM- Morellet has given, in a tract published in 17()9 {Examen dr la Hqxinne. ile ,U. N; pp. 35 — 38.), a list of .'5.5 joint stock companies, for the prosecution of various iiranclies of foreii^n trade, established in diiferent parts of Europe since 1600, every one of whudi had fiiled, though most of them had exclusive privileges. Most of those that have iieen established since the public.ition of the Abbe Morcllet's tract have had a similar fate. Uut notwithstanding both principle and exjicrience concur in showing how very ill litted a lar?e association is for the purpose of prosecuting commercial undertakings, there are cases in which they cannot be prosecuted except by associations of this sort, and when it may be expedient to grant them certain peculiar privileges. When, owing either to the disinclina- tion or inability of government to afford protection to those engaged in any particular depart- ment of trade, they arc obliged to provide for their own defence and security, it is obviously necessary that they should have the power to exclude such individuals as may refuse to sub- mit to the measures, or to licar their due share of the expense, recjuired for the common pro- tection of all. The Russian Company, the East India Company, the Levant or Turkey Company, and most of the other great trading companies which have existed in this country, seem principally to have grown out of a real or supposed necessity of this sort. It was not believed that any safe or advantageous intercourse coulil be carried on with barbarous coun- tries without the aid of ships of war, factories, interpreters, &c. And as government was not always able or willing to afford this assistance, the traders were formed into companies or associations, and vested with such peculiar f)rivileges ns ap[)eared to be necessary for en- abling them to prosecute the trade without any extrinsic support. " When," says Dr. Smith "a company of merchants undertake, at their own risk and expense, to establish a new trade with some remote and barbarous nation, it may not be unreasonable to incorporate them into a joint stock company, and to grant them, in case of success, a monopoly of the trade for a certain number of years. It is the easiest and most natural way in which the state can re- compense them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment, of which the public is afterwards to reap the benefit. A temporary monoiwly of this kind may be vindicated upon the same principles upon which a like monopoly of a new machine is granted to its inventor, and that of a new book to its author. But upon the expiration of the term, the monopoly ought certainly to determine ; the forts and garrisons, if it was found necessary to establish any, to bo taken into the hands of government, their value to bo paid to the company, and the trade to be laid open to all the subjects of the state." — ( Wealth of Nations, vol. iii. p. 258.) It may he doubted, however, whether it be really necessary, even in such a case as that now mentioned, to establish a joint stock conipany with peculiar privileges, and whether the same thing might not be more advantageously effected by the establishment of an open or regulated company. 4. Open or Regulated Companies. — The affairs of such companies or associations are managed by directors appointed by the members. They do not, however, possess a common or joint stock. Each individual pays a fine upon entering into the company, and most com- monly an annual contribution : a duty applicable to the business of the company is also sometimes charged upon the goods imported and exported from and to the countries with which they trade. The sums so collected are applied by the directors to fit out ambassa- dors, consuls, and such public functionaries as may he required to facilitate commercial deal- ings, or to build factories, maintain cruisers, &c. The members of such companies trade upon their own stock, and at their own risk. So that when the fine, or the sum payable on admission into a regulated company, is moderate, it is impossible for its members to form ;uiy combination that would have the effect of raising their profits above the common Invel; ami there is the same keen and close competition amongst them that there is amongst other classes of traders. A regulated company is, in fact, a device for making those engaged in a particular branch of trade bear the public or political expenses incident to it, at the same lime that it leaves them to conduct their own business wiUi their own capital, and in their own way. Should, therefore, government at any time refuse, or be unable to afford, that protection to those engaged in any branch of trade which is necessary to enable them to carry it on, their formation into a regulated company would seem to be the most judicious measure that could be adopted ; inasmuch as it would obtain for them that protection which is indispensa- ble, without encroaching on the freedom of individual enterprise. The African, the Levant, and some other branches of trade, were for a long time conducted by open or regulated companies. These, however, have been recently abolished : the African Company, by the act 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 28. ; and the Levant Company, by the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 33, The Russia Company still exists. — (See Russia Compaxt.) In so far as relates to protection, it may jierhaps be thought, for the reasons given by Dr. Smith, that a joint stock company is better calculated to afford it than a regulated company. The directors of the latter having, Dr. Smith alleges, no particular interest in the prosperity Vol. J.— 2 Q 58 1 i .-^1 I J I ■ i 408 COMPANIES. I" IT"!' •a* 49 1, l«.T1-- t . 1 . \ I U of the general trade of the company, for behoof of which, ships of war, factories, or fortj, have to 1)0 roaintaincd, arc apt to lu'^lect thorn, and to apply their whole energies to the ran of their own private conccrnn. Hut tiie interest of the directors of a joint Htocit ootnpanv are, he contends, in a great nicasure identifu-d with those of the association. They have n'. private ciipital emfjloyed in the trade ; their profiU must depend ujion the pmdent and fxo. fitnlilc nianngcment of the common stocii ; and it may, therefore, it is argued, ho fairly pro. Bumed that they will Ims more disposed to attend carefully to all the means by which tin. prosjierity of the association may lie Iiest secured. On the other hand, however, it is st'ldmn that the directors of joint stock companies stop at the proper point ; having almost invariahlv attempted to extend their commercial dealings by force, and to become not only mcrrhauu but sovereigns. Nor is this any thing but what might have Iwen expected, seeing thul ih,. consideration and extensive patronage accruing from such measures to the directors is i;pne- rally of fur more imjiortancc to them than a moderate increase of the dividends on llwir stock. Whenever they have l)een able, they have seldom scrupled to cm|)loy unns to nd. vanrc their projects ; and instead of contenting themselves witli shops nnd factories, liav,> constructed fortilications, cmlwdicd armies, and engaged in war. But such has not hwn the case with regulated companies. The businesses under their co'itrol have uniformly iicfin con- ducted in a comparatively frugal and parsimonious manner; their establishments have Utn, for till! most part, confined to factories ; and they liavc rarely, if ever, allowed themsrlvcs to be seduced by schemes of con(|Ucst and dominipened, over and over again, that branches of commerce which ])roved ruinous to companies, have become exceedingly profitable when carried on by individuals. .•5. Conxfitutinn of Couipanies, — When application is made to parliament for an act to incorporate a number of individuals into a joint stock company for the prosecution of any useful undertaking, care ought to Iw taken not to concede to them any privileges that nwy be rendered injurious to the public. If a company be formed for the construction ol'a doik, n road, or a canal, it may lie necessary, in order to stimulate individuals to engage i'l the un- dertaking, to give them some jieculiar privileges for a certain number of years. IJut if other persons were to be permanently hindered from constructing new docks, or opening new linos of communication, a lasting injury might Iw done to the public. It may be highly exjic- dient to incorporate a company for the purpose of bringing water into a city ; but .■;ii|iikwmc; there were no springs in the vicinity, other than those to which this company has aequireila right, they might, unless restrained by the net incorporating them, raise the price of water to an exorbitant height; and make large profits for themselves at the exiiense and to the injury of the public. In all crises of this 8t)rt ; and in the case, indeed, of all joint stock eoiiipaims established fi)r the formation of canals, railroads, &c. ; it would be sound jwliey to liiiiil the rates charired for their services, or on account of the waU^r. ships, goods, t&c. conveyed by their means, and also to limit the dividends, or to fix a maxiniuni beyond which they should not be augmented : enacting, that if the rates charged by the company produre more than sullicient to pay the maximum rate of dividend, and to defray the wear and tear of the aquc- COMPANIES. 460 :arandtcarorthoaqiic- Juct, canal, &c., ihcy shall bo allowed to rediire them till thry only yield this much ; and, in the event of their declining to do bo, that the whole siiqilus al)ove ]myinpf the dividend i^hall ^"^ npphcd to purchase up the stock of the association, so that ultimately the ctuirsjos on account of dividenda may be entirely abolished. Had this principle been acted upon when canali" Hrst began to lie formed in England, the carriage of goods conveyed by some of the most important lines of communication would now have cost almost nothing ; and this tie- firat)ie result might have been accomplished in the way now suggested, without, we believe, diminishing in any degree the numocr of those undertakings. There are few who, at tlio liine they engage in such enterprises, suppose that they will yield more than 10 or I'-J |)er (^nt.; and vast numlwrs will always bo disposed to engage in them, if there be any reii.soiia- blc prospect of their yielding this much. Now, when such is the case, is it not the duty of government to provide, in the event of the undertaking In-coming in an unexpected and un- usual de^ce projilalile, that the public should derive some advantage from it ! This is not lease in which coniiietition can reduce profits to the common level. 'I'he best, perhaps the oniv practicable, line for a canal or railroad lietween any two places will be appropriated by those who arc first in the field; who f'.i. , in fact, obtain a natural monopoly of which they cannot be deprived: and hence the ai./antagc of limiting the charges and dividends : with- out discouraging enterprise, it affords a security tliat private individuals shall not reap an unusual and unlooked for profit at the expense of the public. In all those cases in which companies are formed for the prosecution of undertakings that mav be carried on, with equal advantage to the public, by individuals ; or where there arc ao very considerable difficulties to overcome, or risks to encounter; tliey ought to enjoy no privilege whatever, but should bo regarded, in every point of view, as if they were mere in- (liviJuals. J'or accounts of the principal joint stock and regulated companies established in this country, see the articles Uank or Exoland, Docks, East I.nuia Companv, Insuhance, RlSSIA CoMPANT, &C. &C. fi. Companies en Commandite. — In Franco there is a sort of companies denominated iwitli en commandite, A society of this descrii)tion consists of one or more partners, liable, without limitation, for the debts of the company ; and one or more partners, or com- tnanditaires, liable only to the extent of tho funds they have subscribed. A cominunditaire must not, however, take any part in the business of the company ; if he do this, he loses his inviolability, and makes himself responsible for the debts of the association. The names of lh( partners in such societies must be published, and the amount of t.'iu suras contriuuted by ijjc commanditaires. It has lieen proposed to introduce partnerships of this sort into this country ; but it seems rery doubtful whether any thing would he gained by such a measure, i'artnerships en commandite may be very easily abused or rendered a means of defrauding the public. It is (ju .e visionary to imagine that tho commanditaires can be preventt^d from indirectly intlu- (ncing the other partners : and supposing i collusion to exist amongst them, it might bo possible for them to divide large sums as prolit, when, perhaps, they had really sustained a lots; and to have the books of the association so contrived, that it might be very dilUcult to delect the fraud. This, it is alleged, is by no means a rare occurrence in France. 7. Civic Companies, or Corporations, — Exclusive of the companies previously mentioned, a number of ancient companies or corporations exist in this and most other KuroiHian coim- tries, the members of which enjoy certain ])olitical as well as commercial privileges. When the feudal system began to be subverted by the establishment of g()o8;i:,':' ir-f" :?«:: .C^' i_''ii-«iiiii i«iii"..f. ■ iWk'M' I I c y-J* i.rt ^1.« '«! I 1 I V f' I .1 80 far as tlipy now possess any Bjirciiil immunities, Ihcy tcnil to obstruct that free compotitinr; that is so advantageous. 'I'ho following extract from a Report on the Couuncrct and ManufncttirtH of the Vnlkd Slates, drawn up by AUxjrt Gollutiii, Esq., then secretary of the Treosury, and laid U r„„, Congress in 1816, sets the superior advantages resulting from the unrestricted freedom of in- dustry in a very striking point of view. •' No cause," says he, " has, |)«rha|)s, more pro- motcd in every respect the general imi»rovement of the United States, than the ahtieiui' nt those systems of internal restriction ond monopoly which continue to disfigure the sisito of society in other countries. No laws exist here, directly or indirectly, confining nun to a particular occupation or place, or excluding any citizen from any branch ho may, at nny time, think proper to pursue. Industry is, in every respect, free and unfettered ; every Hpecits of trade, commerce, and profession, and manufacture, being equally oi)en to all, without m/uir- iiiir any ni^uhir apprenticeship, at/missinn, or licence. Hence tho improvement of Aimrica has not been confmed to tho improvement of her agriculture, and to the rapid formation an.l settlement of new stales in the wilderness; but her citizens have extended their commrrcc i,, every part of the glol)e, and carry on with complete success even those branches for wliich a monopoly had heretofore been considered essentially necessary." There is in Keen's Cyclnpiedia, article Coinpan//, a list of the different Civic Compmiie.< belonging to the City of London, in which tlic periods of their incorjioration, and variou; other important particulars with respect to several of them, are specitiixl. COMPASS {(icr. Ein Kompa^s ; Da. Zeehompas ,• Da. SOekuntpass ,- Sp. ffjdcrmipnsn . Ft, Boussok, Compos de mer ; It. Bu.ssuht ,• Sp, Ai^iija de mareur ,- Port. Conipa'^m ,1, viarear ; llaa, Koiiipu.ss konilMlniii), or mariner's compass, nn instrument cnmpiwd of a needle and card, by which the shiji's course is direcU-d. The needle, with little variation. always puints towards the north, and hence the ukkIc of steering by the C(Mnpass. The common opinion ia that the compass was invented by Flavio Gioin, a citizen of the once famous republic of Amalphi, very near the beginning of the fourteenth century. Dr. Robertson has adopted this opinion, and regrets that contemporary historians furnish no de- tails as to the life of a man to whose genius society is so deeply indebted. — (Hist. ofAnurkn, vol. i. p. 47. 8vo ed.) But though Gioia may have made improvements on the compass, it has been shown that he has no claim to he considered as its discoverer. Passages have U-cn produced from writers who flourished more than a century bi-forc Gioia, in wliieh the [kv larity of the needle, when touched by the magnet, is distinctly pointed out Not only, how- ever, had this singular property been discovered, but also its application to the pur| osis ot navigation, long previously to the fourtcertth century. Old French writers have l)ecn (juotcj (Macpherxon's Annals of Commerce, anno 1200; Ilees's Cyclopirdin), that seem fully to establish this fact. But whatever doubts may exist with respect to thorn, catmot afioct tin; passages which the learned Spanish antiquary, Don Antonio de Capmany (Questioneii Crili- COS, pp. 73 — 132), has given from a work of the famous Raymond Lully (Be Conleiupk- tione) published in 1372. In one place Lully says, "as the needle, when touched by the magnet, naturally turns to the north" {siciit acus per naturam virtitur ad seplentrimmn dum sit tacta a mae^nete). This is conchisive as to tho author's acquaintaiKsc with tiie po- larity of the needle ; and the following passage from the same work — " as the nauticiU iiowlle directs mariners in their navigation," {sicut acus nautica dirigit marinarios in ftiia navi»a- tione, i^c.) is no less conclusive as to its being used by sailors in regulating tliiir rourse. There are no means of ascertaining the mode in which the needle Raymond Lully had in view was made use of. It has been sufficiently established — (sec the authorities already referred to, and Azuni, Dissertation sur FOrigine de hi Boussolr,) — that it was usual li) float the needle, by means of a straw, on the surface of a basin of water ; and ('apmany contends that we are indebted to Gioia for the card, and the methotl now followed of sus- pending the needle ; improvements which have given to the compass all its convenience, and a very largo portion of its utility. But this part of his Dissertation, though miualiy learned and ingenious, is by no means so satisfactory as the other. It is difficult to conceive how mariners at sea could have availed themselves of a floating needle ; but, howevT this may be j.t seems most probable that Gioia had considerably improved tho construction of the compass ; and tliat, the Amalphitans having been the first to introduce it to general usp, he was, with excusable partiality, represented by them, and subsequently regarded by others, as its inventor. Tho reader will not consider these details out of place in a work on commerce, which the compass has done so much to extend. " Its discovery," to borrow the languago of Mr. Mac- pherson, " has given birth to a new era in the history of conuncrce and navigation. Tiie former it has extended to every shore of the globe, and increased and multiplied itf opera- tions and beneficial effects in a degree which was not conceivabie by those who lived in the earlier ages. The latter it has rendered expeditious, and comparatively safe, by enabling the navigator to launch out upon the ocean free from the danger of rocks and shoals. By the use of this noble instrument, tho whole world has become one vast commercial common- COMPOSITION— CONSTANTINOPF.E. 461 that free comprtitinn ictures nflhr VnHcd iiry, and liiid hctiiro tricti'd frcodoin of in- , i)"!!!!!!^, mon; |)ro- than the aliMCiici^ nl disfiRiirc the stnip of , conliiiinpf imii to a l\e may, i\l nny time, ■I'd ; t'vory »|iccit's of 10 ull, without miuir. )rovcmcnt of Ainurira B rapid farmatinii ainl led their coinmorco to brunches for which a rent Civic Compaiiic* 'poration, and variou; d. as ; Sp. SJdmiiipmii ,■ ,• Port. Ciimpn^Mtil iiment compuficii of a J, with Uttle variation. C C(MnpilS8, Gioin, a citizen of the rteenth century, Dr, ;torians furnish no di- 1. — (///«/. iifAmtriai, nts on the coinpuss, it . Passaf^es have licoi oia, in whioli the jio- lout Not only, iiow- ion to tlie purjosos ot iters have hecn (juoteil t), that seem fully to horn, cannot aftoct tho tny (^Que.st lanes Crili- ully (/Jc Cimtriiipla- when touclicd by the fur ad septentrlinifM uaintance with llie fo- as the nauticiU iiopdie nurlos In mta navii^a- gulating tluir course. i\ymond Ijully had in \e autliorities ajresilv that it wnn usual to .vater ; and (Jiipmany 1 now followed of sus- S.S all its convcnicnre, utt'oii, thouijh «iually is dilRcult to conceive lie ; but, however ihi-'. (I tho construction of luce it to Rcneral usr, tly regarded by other.'', comnvrcc, which the lanquac;i! ofMr.Mac- [irid iwvigalion. The 1 multiplied iu oporii- hose who lived in the vely safe, by cnaliliiig ocks and shoals. By coramcrcial common- wealth, the most distant inhabilant^^ of tho earth are brought toifclher for tlieir miitind advan- i;iL'e, ancient prejudices are obliterated, and iiiankind arc civilised and enlightened." — (Vol. 1. p. :"!•>•) L'O.M POSITION, in commerce, commonly implies tho dividend or sum jmid by an insoN vent debtor to his crcditorx, and acceptetl by thorn in payment for their debts. ("O.NKV wool, ((ler. A'««/;ic//(7)»tv(//c,- Du. Komfii/niir .- ¥x. Pnlhh lapln ; U. Pelo ili ('(iiii^ili'i ! ^P- i'diirjitna), the fur of rabbits. This article is extensively used in the liat manufacture ; and besiiles the largo supplies raiged at homo, a Rreat deal is im|>orle(l. 'I'lio imports usually range from about .300,00(1 to about .500,000 skins a year ; but, in \S'M, thcv exceeded' 'JO(»,()llO, while, in ISS?, they were only 197,000. CO.NS TANTLNOPLE, formerly the metropolis of the Eastern, as it still is of tlio Turk- ish P'inpire, is situated on a triangular |)oint of land, on the Eurojjean side of the Sea of Muriiiara (Propontis), at the point where it unites with the Uosphorus, or channel leadinsc to the Ulack Soa, in lat. 41° 0' 12" N., Ion. aH° .5'/ 2" K. J'opulation variously estimated at from .')00,000 to 000,000, but believed, by the best authorities, to be about 400,0tM). Tho situation of this renowned city is, in a commercial point of view, one of the tinest imaginable. Standing on the narrow Ktraits uniting the Mediterranean and Euxiiie Seas, she at once rninniands, and is tho entrepot for, the conmierce between them. The harbour, wIumicc tho Turkish court has taken the appellation of the Sublime Porte, is most excellent. It consists i)f an extensive inlet, or arm of tho sea, stretching along tho north-east side of the city, which it divides from the suburbs of (iaiata and I'era. It has sullicient ilepth of water to float the largest ships, and can accommotlato more than 1,000 sail. Tho strong current that sets through tho Bosphorus into the Sea of Marmara strikes against Seraglio Point — (see I'lan) ; a part of tho water, being in consequence forced into the harbour, runs along its south-western side in the direction marked by tho arrows — (see I'lan), — till, arriving at it:i extremity, it escapes by the opposite side. In tho middle the wafer is still. On leaving tho [xiri, it is necessary to keep well over to the northern side ; for otherwise the shii) nugbt bo taken by the current, and driven on Seraglio Point. It may lie worth while, howev er, to remark, that notwithstanding this inconvenience, tho current has been of signal service to ihocity, by scouring the liarbour, and carrying away the fdth and ballast by which it must otherwise have been long since choked up. 'I'ho distance across from Seraglio Point to the op|)osite suburb of Scutari, on the Asiatic coast, is rather more than an English mile. Within li.ssthan i of a mile of the latter is a rocky islet, upon which is a tower and light-house, known by the name of the Tower of Ijoander. Foreigners reside in (talata, I'cra, and tho suhurbs on the eastern side of the harbour ; and it is there, consequently, that the principal trade of the place is carried on. The quays are good, and ships lie close alongside. The Bosphorus, or channel of Constantinople, runs in a N. E. by N. direction about 15 miles, varying in breadth from H to J mile. It is swept by a rapid current, which it requires a brisk gale to stem, and has throughout a great de|)th of water. 'I'ho Hellespont, or strait of the Dardanelles, leading from the Archipelago to the Sea of Marmara, is about 13 leagues in length. Its direction is nearly N. E. Where narrowest, it is little more than a mile across. It also is swept by a strong current, and has deep water throughout. The subjoined plan of part of Constantinople and its port is copied, without reduction, from the lieautiful plan of the city and Bosphorus, drawn and engraved by M, Merzoll' Robert of Munich, and published by Mr. Wilde, of this city. Nothing can be more imposing than the appearance of the city when seen from the sea, hut on landing the illusion vanishes. The streets arc narrow, dark, ill-paved and irregular. Owing to the want of any effectivo system of yiolice, and of the most ordinary attention to cleanliness, they are extremely filthy ; and are infested with herds of dogs, and also with rats, which perforin the functions of scavengers. The houses are mostly built of w iwd, and iires are very frequent. Most of these happen designedly ; the burning of a few hundred houses being deemed the readiest and most elfectual means of making the government aware of tho public dissatisfaction, and of procuring a redress of grievances ! .Viinf!/— Accoanls are kept in pinstres of 40 paras, or 120 nspcrs. The Turkish coin Ims been so much (iHHrailcd, t tint thr pliistrc Avliiell n few years hl'd w.is worlli 2.<. stfrliiip, is now woiUi litllu liidrc lliari -id. A has; of silver (kiftr) - .lOO [liastres, anil a liair of jjnld (kilu) - :i(l.(HKi piastres. Heifrkis and .Veiimirc.^. — Tile coiiiiaereinl weijllils are— 170 dranis - 1 rulluli); i! -.'T'i roitoli - 1 dke; 6okps - 1 hntiiian ; 7} halniaris - 1 (|iiinlal or eanlnro - lil'l."!* (li-li very nearly) ll)s iiviiirdiipi)i.s = 5 "'nMaKIIM i IB 463 CONSTANTINOPLE. f .f • €:: ' If r •I •If References to Plaii.—\, Seraglio Toint ; B, Oalata ; C, Scutari ; D, Tower ami li^jhthouse of Lean- dcr. The urrow shows the direction of the currents. The soundings are in fathoms. Trade, ^c, — Owing to the vicious institutions of the Turks and the disorganised state of the empire, the trade of Constantinople is very far from being so extensive as might be sup- posed from its situation and population. The imports consist of corn, iron, timber, tallnw, and furs, principally from the Black Sea; and of cotton stuffs and yarn, tin, tin plates, wool- lens, silks, cutlery, watches and jewellery, paper, glass, furniture, indigo, cochineal, &c.from England and other European countries. Corn and coffee are imported from Alexandria ; but a good deal of Brazil and West India coffee is also imported, particularly in American bottoms. Sugar is partly imported from the East, but principally from the West Indies. The exports are very trifling, consisting of silk, carpets, liides, wool, goats' hair, potashes, wax, gulls, bullion and diamonds, and a few other articles. Ships carrying goods to Con- CONSTANTINOPLE. 463 (tantinopio, cithrr rrtum in bnllint, or git rrtiirn rnrptocH nt Smymn, OdpMa. Snionirn, fir., on which plarcs thry frciiuonlly pmcurii billH nt (.'imHtaiilinoplc. Trailo in chiflly in tho hanJ^t of EiiKliah, French, and other Hurnponii mcrchanU (denominated Pranks) and of Armenians and Ci!reek8. Uargaina arc negotiated on their account by Jew brokorii, Boino of vrhom aro rirh. Commercial Poli'ei/ nf the Tiirkn. — It w Ringular that as rcBpcrts commerce, the policy of the 'J'urkish government, whether originating in design or carelessncKR, is entitled to tho highest praise. "No restrictions," says Mr. Thornton, " aro laid on commerce, except in the instance of a general prohibition of exporting the articles necessary for the support of human life to foreign countries, especially froin tho capital, where alone it is rigorously enforced; and this impolitic restraint will no doubt be removed when the Turkinh go- vernment shall l)ccomo sensible, that what is intended as tho means of securing abumluncc, is, in fact, tho solo cause of that scarcity which is sometimes experienced. With this one exception, commerce is perfectly free and unfettered. Every article of foreign or domestic (TTowlh or manufacture is conveyed into every port, and over every province, without any interference on the part of the magistrates, after imyment of tho duties. On this subject I speak from actual experience, and may ap|ical to every foreign or native merchant in Tur- key for its general truth." — {Vrencnl Slate af Tiir/ai/, vol. i. p. 82.) The duties, too, arc extremely moderate, In-ing only three per cent, on imports, and aa much on exports ; so that in almost all that relates to her commercial regulations, Turkey u entitled to read a lesson to the most civilized European powers ; and this she has done in a very able manner, in an olFiciid jjaper published in the Mimilenr Ottoman, in September, 1833. We extract a few paragraphs from this very interesting document. "It is rccncnifioil tliroii|<^ timt it would liv \\»r(»\ to tli<- Kri>iit iiiiijority to siilistituto, for Ihenystvm (if prnliihitiiinH, tint of lilicrlv, wliii^li tlicori'ticnl miimi lulvur-iln ; llic illllinilty Ix, to find nieanii toHcpnrntn the future from lliis pnBl without n violent rupture. IlpiirotliiMlifHrullloH of t'overn- nient in NatisfyinR nil tin; cxiguiicii'H of uitriculturc, industry, unit ciuuniiTri-, drlvrii in n circlr wIuto every niuntiurc in fiivnur of one, ari^ iinnirdiuti'ly in an invvrxo himiki; on llii? otlirr. 'I'lii' rndiNivour it vain to oHtnliliHl), hut ween so ninny crosning inturc^lH, a factitiouH e(|uililiriuin wlilch nhsolutu lihurty ofrxchanilR ainud can Rive. "Thus, one of thd mo8i important questions wliirli occupies the meditation nf stntesinen in Europe, |j, to diiirover Imw the pnlin).'!i wliicli pen c.onunorce up in narrow spacer may bo thrown down with- out shorks that miRlit (endanger puhlir. order. "(iooil sense, tolerance, and liospitality, have long ago done for the Ottoman onipire, what the other states of Europe are endeuvourini; to effect hy more or loss happy politii'ul romliinutions. ,«iiiretlie tlirnneof the sultans lias been elevated at ('onstantinople, commerciiil prcdiiliilions have been unknown ; they opened all the ports of their empire to the ronimcrcc, to the manul'aclures, to the ter- rllorinl produce of the Occident, or, to say better, of the whole world. Mberty of C(unmerce has reigned liere without limits, as large, ns extended us it was possible to be. "Never hns the divan dreumeil, under any pretext of national interest, or even of reriprocity, of restricting that faculty which hns been exercised, and is to this day, in the most unlimited sense, by nil tho nations who wish to furnish a portion of the consumption of this vast empire, unil to share in the produce of its territory. "Here every object of exchnngo is admitted, nnd circulates without ninetini; any obstacle other than the payment nl^ nn infinitely sinnll portion nf the value to the ('iistoni-honse. The cluniera of a balance uf trade never entered into heads seimible ennueh not to dream of calculatini; whether there nas innst profit in buying or selling. Thus the markets of Turkey, supplied from all countries, refiis- iiii; no objects which mercantile spirit puts in circulation, and imposing no charge on the vessels that transport them, nre seldom or never the scenes of those disordered niovements occasioned by the sud- den deficiency of such or such merchandise, which, exorbitantly raising prices, are the scourges of tho lower orders, by unsettling their habits, and by iiitlictiri; privations. I'roni the system of ri>strictions and prohibitions arise those devouring tides and ebbs ':ich sweep away in a day the laboiii of years, and convert commerce Into a career of alarms and pi ■ '.;n! dangers. In Turkey, where this system does not exist, these disastrous elfects are unknown. "The extreme moderation of the duties is the compl. ,.!nt of this rt^gime of coiniiiercjal liberty: and in no portion of the globe are the officers charged with the collection, of iiiore curiliiling facility fortlie valuations, and of so decidedly conciliatory a spirit in every transaction rejiarding commerce. "Awny with the supposition that these facilities granted to strangers are coiici'« Hi KM ■^ '""1 • mm :::» i"inii«Kiwi ■**ltil.«Hli| Tl»rt\1 1 ft ( i \ • CONSTANTINOPLE. IT*" •••If"" f«< 9 llfM., ■ >'« It :| i (Icf^rndatinn in which Oicy nro involved, wnnlil Imvp Ihth utill more romplrtr, hut fur ily. frrnloni of roniiiicrnv iht'v hnvi- nlwiiyM i iijoyi d. TIijh hiiM UmmIciI ti> kct|) alivi- the wiiU uf iiiduHtry, ami to couiitiTiict lliu (ii-htrii'''ivu iiillurncf of oiiprrHMioii iiiid iiiHivtirity, ||ul thoir intiTcourws witli forriiiiiorii Ixm I'ithcr |iruliiliilfd, or iiliicrd iiiidtT oitprcxHivo rcniric. tiniiN, tlic litiriiiiriHm of 'J'tirkc-y would Imvo Ikmii roinplctt'd, iirid itix dillicult to iiu|ii>0(it' ijia; Uicrc foidd liiivo lircn citlirr wridth or industry in tlu' <-rn|iiro. Trat/e of Turkey tvith Em;lttnil. — 'I'iio triidi- ln-twt'rn this rounlry and Turkey it of niurli greater value and iniportaiiee than in generally MUppoiicd; and a|>|H.'ar»i to Iw HU)H-e|rti|i|p of an almost indefinite increaM\ (votton Htulls and twiut are the great artieles uf cxiiurt from (ireat Dritain to 'I'urkey ; and notwitliHtanding the eonvuUed and diHtraeled Htate ot th,. hitter during the last ,0 yearH, t*lin han rontinucd to take off a rapidly inrreaHing aniiiiiiit of these staple articles. In IHSS, for example, we exported direct for Turkey, (inrlutlinr what is now the kingdom of (Jreere), 13,()74,(U)0 yards of cotton cloth, and 4 10,1 ll'^ ||,s, of cotton twist; whereas, in IHUI, wo exported to 'J'urkey (exclusive of the Morcio, 24,.')(i.'j,000 yards of cloth, and l,7l).'»,7<)0 lbs. of twist, being an increase of nearly UiO pir cent, in the exporta of bIuH's, and of 400 |ier cent, in those of yarn! 'I'he Turkish niaim. factures of muslins, ginghams, handkerchiefs, iVc. have sullered severely from this rxlnicir. dhiary iniportutiun of liritish goods ; so nuich so, that of 000 looms for nmsliim Imsjlv employed in Scutari in 181*2, only 40 remained in 18;) I ; and of '-!>; making.', with cnltnn stufl's and yarn, tin; declared or real value of the direct e.\|iorts of llrili.''.i (inarlcrs, currants K'liri cwi.. lisj sn,24.'icwt., hides 4,(>»5, ijidigo 4.181 Ihs., madder root 'i:i,h;i3 cwt., olivi^ nil U^-^.ltl'l valloii.". i>|iiuiii 8,184 Ihs.. raisins 100,458 cwt., silk 452,2(10 Ihs., valonia 102,255 cwt., cotton wool 30(5,550 ll>»., with car- pels, hullion, galls, sponges. Sec— (Purl. Paper, No. 55. iSess. 1833.) Our commerce with Turkey would be considerably facilitated by a reduction of the duties on figs, currants, oil, and carpets. Nothing, however, would contribute so much to its extension, as the establishment of order and traiujuillity throughout the country. But this, we fear, is beyond the ability of the Ottoman government. The abuses which have reduced the empire to its present state of degradation seem to be inherent in the structure of 'i'urkish society, and to be in harmony with the habits and prejudices of the jieople. If such be the case, reform must come from without, and not from within. But of whatever other advan- tages a revolution might lie productive, it is dillicult to believe that it would bring along witli it a more liberal system of commercial policy than that which at present exists.* ♦ The treatise of Mr. Urqniinrt, entitled Turkey and il» Resources, to which wo are principally in- delitnd for these details, is a work of distinguished talent, discovering thronehoiit an intimate ac- quaintance wilh the subjects treated of At the same time we cannot help dill'ering wholly fnini Mr. Vrijuhart in his views as to direct and indirect ta.xatiun. We believe that no inconsiderable imrtuf the poverty and degradation of Turkey is to he ascribed to the prevalence of the former, which lias every where, and at all periods, been a fruitful source of oppression and misery. The niostsaper- ficial reader of this work will see that we are no friends to excessive customs duties; but it is to their I t CONSUL. 405 CONSl'Ti, in rnmmpm", nn ofllcrr n|)piiiiitc(l hy romi)otrnt nniliorily to rrsido in forricrn rouiitri''". in •'"<• view of t'licilitiitinit iimi i'\ti'tulitii{ tlio conirni'rrc ciirrifil mi lictwi'Pii llm Huhji'Ct* of tlio country which npiiuiiitii him, and Ihuie of tho country or pliu'c in which III- it) to rcHiilc. Origin onit Anpninfmriil of Counuh. — The ofliri' of contul njipo.irx to hnvc orii;inntcit ill Italy, iilioul the iniildio of the twchth century. Noon nlirr thi-*, tlic French iinil other Christiiin niition* truilini^ to tlio I,cvaiit lieuiin to iiti|>iiiiite for lilieriy to appoint cotiMiilit to rcnide in thi' ports frequented by their MhipH, that they iniuht wiilcli over the intrrestn of their HiilijectH, und jiidi;e and determine nuch dillereiices with re-ipect to eoniiiierciul allliirft M iiroHi' aiiioni^Ht them. The practice wa-* (rriidiially extended to other eoiintrien ; iind in the wixtecnlh century wan ijenerally cctalilisthed all over I'uroiK-. — (.Marlenit, l>rens dt Droit iki, dens, % 147.) Urilinh con»ir no il(iul>t that it i* highly nrc*-Hii;iry tliitt tlir |{riu tiikni in thf vli'i'imii ol'tli,. UidiviiluuU lo whom mucIi powcrH iiri- intruHtcil. Other NtiiltM hikvu occiiiiidnally Kivcn to ronxiiU «iniilnr poworit to ih(<>M< ronrnlnl ),, thi-m in 'I'urkoy. 'I'iiu*, in llui trcnty hrlwiM-ri Mwrdon iind the IJiilod Mute* i,| Anirrica, riitilicil on the !2Uh of July. IHIH, it in ■ti|iuhili-il thiit tin- commuIm ii|>|Hiiiit,,i by i-ilhrr K<*vi'rtiinont to ri'itidi) within thn doininionM uf the othrr, or their *iili-tiiiiii-s, "Hhall, It* Htiih, hiivo tl)i> rit(ht of iictiiiut iin judittH or iirliitrrN in nil iiirtcK of iliit'rrcii,'!:, which iniiy urine Iw-tween the caiituinH und rrewn of the vi'Km'U of tlir nnlion wjnm nlliiirH art! inlrunli'd to their rare. The reH|K'(tive w»verriiiienlH Hhall have no rii-lii to interfere in thcHe mirt of iiirairri, exerpl in the eane of the coiiduel ol' the rrewn diHtiirliimr |iulilie order and tranquillity in tint lountry in which the vennel niny hHp})cn to U., „r in which liie connul of tho place may he ol)li«ed to call for tiie intervention and Hii|i|,„ft of the executive power, in ortler to caunc iii» deci«ion to U* res|Mvled ; it U'lni;, Iiowcmt, well underHtnouling un their return to tho judicial uuthoritieii of tluir country." Dulivs of Ciinimh. — Tho dutieii of a coniul. even in tho confmed senm^ in which ihov arc commoidy underMtootl, are important and nuiltifuriouH. It itt Imm huHiuew) to 1^. always on the spot, to watch over the enmmercini iutereHtx of the wuhjectM of the gtiH,^ whose xervaiit he Im; to Ik* ready to nHHiHt them with advice on nil douhtful occasiDiis; to Hco that tho eoiidilions in commercial treaties are pro|K'rly olwerved; that thom- h,! j^ appointed to protect arc Hulijected to no unnerexHary or unjiisliliuhle demaiidx in i<(,n. ducting their huriinesit; to represent their frrievances to the aulhoriticH at the place wlurr tliey rcHide, or to tho amhaxKudor of the Hoverei;;u ap)ioinliiii; him at the court nii wliidi tho consulHhip depends, or to tho government at home; in n word, lo exert hiiuwif to render tho condition of tho suhjectH of the country employini; liim, within the limits of his consulHliip, as comfortahle, and their transactions as advuntaKeous and secure, as poHsiliJe. The ftdlowiiiR more detailed exposition of the fi^encrul duties of a British consul, ja taken from Mr. (^hitty's work on Connncrrial Imw : — " A British consul, in order to ho properly (jualilitd for his emfiloymcnt, should take mfc to make himself master of tho lunsuaijo used hy iho court und tho ma^iMtracy of the country where ho resides, so as to converse with ease uj)on suhjecls relating; lo his duties. If tho common pcopio of the port use another, ho must uc<|nire that ajuo, that he may bo ahio to settle little dillereiices without troubliui; the mat?islracy of the place for the interposition of their authority ; such os accidents happeniiifj in tho harbour, by tho ships of Olio nation running; foul of and doiii^ dumai^c to each other. " He is to make himself acquainted, if he bo not already, with the law of nations and treaties, with the tariff or s[)ccification of duties on articles imported or oxpoitcd, and with all tho municipal ordinances and laws. " Ho must take especial notice of all prohibitions to prevent the export or import of any articles, as well on the part of tho state wherein ho resides, as of the K"vernmentein|iloyin!; him ; so that he may admonish all British subjects utrninst carryini; on an illicit conumrrr, to the detriment of the revenues, and in violation of the laws of either. And it is hi^ duiv to attend diligently to this port of his oflice, in order to prevent smuj^Rliiiir, and coiiwiiuiiit hazard of confiscation or detention of ships, and imprisonment of tho masters ami mariners. — (Iknwes, Lex Merc. vol. ii. p. 42.) It is also his duty to protect from insult or imimnilion British subjects of every desrripiinn within his jurisdiction. If redress for injury sull'ered is not obtained, he is to carry his complaint by memorial to the British minister residinu; nt tho court on which the coiiNukhip depends. If there bo none, he is to address himself directly to the court ; oiul if, in an important case, his complaint l)c not answered, ho is to transmit tho memorial tu his Majesty's secretary of state. — (Beaivm, Wardin, i^c-) " When insult or outrage is oflered by a British subject to a native of tho place, and tho magistrate thereof complains to the consul, ho should summon, and in case of disobedience may by armed force bring before him the oflender, and order him to giv»< iininedialc siitiis- f.iction ; and if ho refuse, he resigns him to the civil jurisdiction of the magistrate, or to the military law of tho garrison; nevertheless alwayn ucling as counscl/iir or udnocale at his trial, when there is question of life or property. " But if a British subject lie accused of an ollence alleged to have been comniilled at son, within the dominion or jurisdiction of his sovereign, it is then the duty of the consul to claim cognizance of the cause for his sovereign, and to rei|uirc the release of the parties, if detained in prison by the magistracy of the place on any such accusation brought Iwl'orc them, and that all judicial proceedings against them do instantly cease ; and he may demand the aid of the power of the country, civil and military, to enable him lo secure and put tho accused parties on board such British ship as be shall tliink tit, that they may be conveyed I !• CONSUL. 407 (n (Irmt Britnin, to hfl trlftl l>y ihoir proficr jiidtrr*. If. ronfrnry Jo thin rp<]iMi»ltioii, tin' niiiniKlral<''< til'llu' ••'•untry |icrHint in |i".i'i'iliiin •" tfy the (illi'iii'i', tin* ••oihuI hIkhiIiI iIu'ii ilrnw up mill triiiiMinit n iiiriiioriiil to ilif liritixh iiiinJKlrr nt iIk' court iil' licit cotiiilry ; uikI if tliiit rourt ^ivn iiii rviiNivc niixwrr, tlic conriul >lioulil, it' it In; ii mcii olli'iii-i', ii|>|ily to tin* IJoiiril of Ailniirally at lioruloii, ittittinit lli<< rumi ; nixi u|ioii their rc|ircN4>iitiitioii, tin' Hccri'tnry for tli<* |in>|M*r ilr|iiirtinriit will liiy thi' iniillfr iM'foro tlic kinif, who will ciiu^) the miiltiiNHHiliir uf the iori'ittn Mtiiti*, rriiiilcnt in KtiRluinl, t(> write to liiM enurt iiliroml, itexiriii^ timt (>rileri4 may iinineiiiately \w uiveii hy thnt ifuveniiiient, llmt nil jutliriiil iiroreeditm^ ui;iiiiist the iiriNoiier 1hi Hliiy*Hl« nnil that he lie n-lenHcd, — (Woe Cimt: uf Uurwmim iiiid hin Cirw, tiemnn, vol. ii. p. i'i9.) " It in the duty oIhii of a Hriliith eoiiMul to relieve nil diMtrexned Drilifih mnrinerx, to allow them fid, c approved and ndniitted by the government in whoae territory he ia to reaide. In moat inatancca, however, hut not alwaya, conaula are the aubjecta of the atate appointing them. Much, however, of the peculiar dutiea of a conaul muat alwaya depend on the nature of the intercourse with the country to which he is sent, nnd of the instructions given him. British conaula are retjularly supplied with cojiiea of all acta relatinu; to trade nnd imvi)(ntion, ((unrantine, slave trade supprcKaion, emigration. &c., and with the treaties Mween this and other countries, and must, of course, «hi»p«5 their conduct accordingly. They ore strictly forbidden from corrcuponding with private parties on public matters. We subjoin an extract from the iSemral lnstrHrtl lawful tr.iilt; nnil indinu iiitcrpHts nl' Oral liritaiii hy every lair and proiiir xwans. takinir care to rDiit'iinn in the laws nnd rt'k'iiiiitidiis in c|iii-sti(in; anil whilst he is sii|>|ii>rlini.' hi: lawful triulK of (iri-at llritain, hiMvill liki' K|ii'i'ial iiotiiT of all iiroliihitioiis witli ri's|»cL'l lo the cxiiort or impiirt of siicciliuil arliih's, as well I'll fliu part of the stale In wliieli he resiileH, as of the «i>veriiiiieiit iif (ireiit llriluin, sci that he may rmiliiiti all Itritish suhjei-is nuaiiist rarryinu on an illli'it riuiiinern: tii tlic iletriinenl nf the revenue, aiiilin viiilalinn of the laws uiiil reiliilatiiins of eitlier I'liiiiiiry ; ami lie will nut fail to give tu thia ilopiirliiient iiniiieiliale niiliie of any alteinpt to coiitravein.' Ilmse laws anil reaiilalimis. "The I'onmil will liive his hcsi ailvin- ami assititaiice, when ralleil upon, in his Majesty's trading iiilijerin, quieting their ililfereiires, proinotiiii; peace, harniony, anil ),'niiil-will aimiiiiisi tlieiii, and ciiiiriliatiiiiz as iniicli as (inssilile the siilijerls of the two rniiiitries, iipmi all |>i>ims nf iLlference whicli may fall under his i-ii|2nizam:e. In the event of any atti'iiipt lieiii)! mailo In injure ilrilisli suhjecta oltlicr in their persons or properly, lie will ii|iholil their riuhlful interetts, ami the privileL'es secured iDlliiMii liy treaty, hy due representation in the pro|H;r iilhcial qiinrter. Hh will, at the same time, he riiri'l'iil to comlurt himself with iiiililness and ninderalinn in all his trans iciIums with the piililir, aiillmriliea, and In- will nut upon any arcmiiit tiree claims, on hehalf nf his Majesty's siihjects, to wliirh lliey are nut justly anil fairly eiitilli'il. If redress cannot lie olitained iVnni llie IcmhI adininis- IMlKiii, iir if till! matter nf coinpiaint he not wilhiii their jurisdiction, the consul will a(iply to his Miijcsly's consul-L't'iieral, or lo liis Majesty's minister, if there he no ciiimiil-L'em'ral in llie country wherein he resides, in order that he miiy make a representation to the hiirlier autlmritles, or take mill oilier steps in the rase us he may think proper ; nnd the consul will pay strict altentinii to thu mslriictions which he may receive from the minister or consul-general." Enwlitments of Conmls. I'rohiliifion of Tradinir, tVc. — The emoluments of our consuls were, until these few years, principally derived from certain fees, dcpeiiiling on the tonnage, length uf the voyages, &c. of the IJritish ahipa entering and clearing out of the limits of their consulships. But thia mode of remunerating them was materiolly changed by the act fi Geo. 4. c. 87. The fees payable under this act — (see /«« •■■nil ,t t 1^'"" tHIH 1 'I > 'I' ^i At present, British consuls are, in some iiwtamos, iiermilti d to carry on fratlc, whilp in others they are interdicted from havinp; any thinR to do with it. 'I'hc principle on whicji tjic distinction is made does not seem very oI)vious. We i.liserve, for example, tliat tlic consul at Peterslmrgh, who must have a great deal to do, is allowed to trade ; while the consul at Odessa, whose duties must be much lighter, is denied this jirivilege. 'J'here is the same dis- tinction between the consuls at Venice and Trieste ; the latter, whose duties must be \\\v heavier of the two, being allowed to act as a merchant, while the other is not. If this dis- tinction must be kept up, the preferable plan would seem to be to interdict all consuls rasi- dent at the great ports, and those resident at other ports principally in the character of poll- tical agents, from trading ; and to permit it to others. The public duties of the former arc cither quite sufficient wholly to engross their attention, or they arc of such a kind as would make it very inexpedient for those employed in them to be occupied in mercantile pursuits: in the case of the smaller class of ports, but little frequented by British ships, and where the consuls have no peculiar political functions to discharge, there is a less urgent necessity for prohibiting them from carrying on business on their own account. At the same time, how- ever, we are clearly of opinion that it would in all cases be better not to allow consuls to engage, cither directly or indirectly, in any sort of industrious undertaking. 'J'he main end and purpose of their institution is the facilitating of commerce whh the nation in which thoy reside; and in furtherance of such object they ought, on all occasions, to comnnmicate the fullest and earliest information in their power touching commercial matters, not only to thn governme... that appoints them, but to such of its subjects as may apply for their advice and assistance. But, however advantageous publicity may be to others, it may in various wavs be extremely hostile to the interests of the consul considered in his capacity of merchant; and, when his own advantage and his public duty are set in opposition, it requires little sn;;n- city to discover which will have the ascendancy. Hence tlie fair presum{)tion is, that a trading consul will rather endeavour to profit by the peculiar information his situation niav enable him to obtain, than to communicate it to others. His interests as a merchant must frequently, also, even when such is not really the case, appear to be in opposition to those of the parties for whose behoof he is said to be appointed ; and under such circumstances, his proceeditigs, however fair, will always be liable to the suspicion of partiality. It is material, also, to observe that mercantile consuls lab(>ur under peculiar disadvantages in the obtaining of information. If a consul, not engaged in business, make a proper application to a public functionary, or merchant, for information as to any subject with which they maybe acquainted, he will, in most instances, learn all that they know. But it is obvious, on gene- ral principles, and we have been assured of the fact by some of the most intelligent officers of the class, that if a trading consul make the same application, the chances are 10 to 1 he will either learn nothing, or nothing that is not false or misleading. The inquiries of the former excite no jealousy, those of the latter invariably do. The former is known to be ac- tuated only by a feeling of liberal curiosity, or by a wish properly to discharge his public duties ; but, the latter, being engaged in business, gets credit only for selfish and interested Tiiotives, and is believed to be seeking the information merely that he may turn it to his own account. A mercantile consul is, therefore, uniformly the object of the suspicions of all par- ties, both of his countrymen, and of the foreigners amongst whom he resides. Instead of being, as he ought to be, an independent public functionary, he necessarily gets entanjjled in the cabals and intrigues of those whose diflerenccs it is his provmce to conciliate. He is tempted, also, to engage in smuggling adventures, contrary to his duty, and highly injurious to the character of his nation. And though he should be proof against temptaiinns of this sort, he is, like all other individuals, subject to misfortune and bankruptcy ; and may, in this way, bring discredit and embarrassment on the government that appoints him. These rea- sons seem to be far more than sufficient to vindicate the policy of interdicting consuls from trading. But were it otherwise, it is enough to decide the question to stale, tiiat if they be made properly to perform the functions of their office, it will occupy every moment of their time. To the argument in favour of the existing system derived from economical con- siderations we do not attach the smallest weight. To attempt to save a few thousand pounds by allowing an important class of public functionaries to engage in avocations inconsistent with their duty, and destructive of their utility, would be something the very reverse of economy. Cost of the Establishment. Improvements made in it. — We had occasion, in the former edition of this work, to complain of the cost and inadequacy of our consular establishment. But its expense has since been very much, and, in some instances perhaps, too much re- duced ; at the same time that measures have been taken for increasing the duties of the consuls, by making them furnish details as to the trade, manufactures, duties, prices, &c. of the districts in which their consulships are situated. Hitherto this important department of what ought to be the peculiar duty of a consul has been most strangely neglected ; but if it be properly attended to, it will occupy a large portion of the consul's time, and will be a field for the display of superior talents. Some of the answers made by the consuls to the Circular Queries prepared by the author of this work, have been drawn up with great care CONSUL. 469 ,• on trade, whilr in u'i|il«' on wliich the i|)lo. tlint the consul whilf the consul at en* is tho same ilis- duties must lie tin.' is not. If tliis ilis- lict all consuls rc-M- lie chiinu'tcr of poll- •s of the foniicr arc jch a kind as would iiercanlile pursuits: ihips, and where the urgent necessity for the same time, how- t to allow consuls to inff. The main end lation ill which they to communicate the Iters, not only to the r for their advice and may in various ways apacity of merchant; it requires little saija- iresumption is, that a ion his situation may s as a merchant must )pposition to those of ch circumstances, his iality. It is material, tages in the obtaining ipplication to a public which they may be it is obviou.s, on gene- ost intelligent officers hances are 10 to 1 he The inquiries of the er is known to be ac- discharge his public selfish and interested lay turn it to his own suspicions of all par- |e resides. Instead of isarily gets entanqlod to conciliate. He is , and highly injurious ist temptaiions of this ley ; and may. in this ints him. These rea- ■dicting consuls from stale, tiiat if they be ■very moment of their 'rom economical con- [few thousand pounds .'ocations inconsistent ig the very reverse of Iccasion, in the former Insular establishment. terhaps, too much re- ling the duties of the I duties, prices, &c. of limportaiit department lely neglected ; but if Is time, and will be a 1 by the consuls to tho vn up with great care and into)!i;renre, and reflect much credit on their authors. There are a good many certainly of a very iutirior description; but this is not to bo wondered at — it being hardly possible for those who have not given a good deal of their time to such subjects, to make a [iroper reply ti) queries relating to them. And if the system is to be perfected to the degree of which it is susceptible, the salaries allowed to the consuls ought to be such as to allbrd a sufficient remuneration for the services of gentlemen of character, familiar with the principles of public law, commerce, and statistics ; and such only ought to be nominated to consular situations. We subjoin that part of the General Instructions fur the Consuls that has reference to bta- listical inquiries. "TtiB cnnsiil will forward to tlin serretary ofslnti!, in iliiplinate. so soon as the information lie can rnlliTt will enable him so to do, hut at any rate witliiii a pi-riodof ninnllis from the ilatt; of his arrival m hl9 rfisiil nee, a general Report on the trade of the place and district, sperifying the cunmioditipj, ;is well of the export as import trade, and the cimntries which snpply the latter, tosether with the incrPiisc or decline in late years, and the prnhahle increase and decline to l)e expected, and the causes in both cases. lie will statu the ireneral regulations with respect to trade at the place where he is resident, and their etTecls. He will give the averaco market prices within the year of the several arlitlM of export and import; he will particularise wliat articles, if any, are alisnliitely prohibited to tip iiniinrted into the coinitry wherein he resides; what articles are prohibited to be imported from anv other places than from the place of their {.Towth or prniliictioii ; whether there he any (irivileces ■ifiniporlation, and what those privileires are, in favour of ships that arc of the hoild of, or helonirinn 10, the country wherein he resides; whether there be any dilference in the duty on poods when i:n|)nrtod into that country in a foreign ship, and if so, whether it be t'eneral, or applicable only to purticalar articles; what are the rales of duty piyalile on (roods iinporteil into the said country; \flifllier there be any tonnage duty or other port dues, and what, payable on shipping entering at, or dearing from, the ports of that country ; whether there be any (and. if so, what) ports in that country «!iprein goods may be wareiloHsed on importation, and ai"tcrwards exjiorled with or without payment iifany duties, and under what regulations." He is also to transmit an annual statement of the trade with the principal ports of his consulships ; and quarterly returns of the prices of corn, (fee. This is a good beginning, and, if it be properly followed up, may lead to very advantageous results. The following are tho provisions of tho act 6 Geo. 4. c. 87. with respect to the salaries and charges of consuls : — Silarifs to Consuls. — " Whereas the provision which hath hitherto been made for the maintenance mill support of the consuls general and consuls appointed by his Majesty to reside within the domi- iiwns of sovereigns and foreign states in amity with his Majesty, is inadeiinatc to the maintenancR jiiit support of such consuls general and consuls, ami it is expedient to make further and due provi- M.ma for that purpose ;" it is therefore enacted, that it shall be lawful for his Majesty, by any orders ; I Im issued by the advice of his privy cr>uncil, to grant to all or any of the consuls general or consuls ?;iiHiintert by his Majesty to reside within any of the doniinlons of any sovereign or foreign state or r iwer in amity with his Majesty, such reasonable salaries as to his Majesty shall seem meet, and by :iich advice from time to time to alter, increase, or diminish any such salaries or salary as occasion mav require.— (6 Geo. i. c. 87. } 1.) ftrms on vhith Salaries shall be granted. Leave of Msence. — Such s.alaries shall he issued and paid 10 such consuls genera! and consuls without fee or deduction; provided that all such salaries be ;riute(l during his Majesty's pleasure, and not otherwise, and lie held and enjoyed by such consuls 2<'nernl and consuls, so long oidy us tliey shall be actually resident at the places at which they may b« so ap(tointed to reside, and discharging the duties of such their offices : provided nevertheless, that in case his Majesty shall, by any order to be for that purpose issued through one of his principal .wcrctarins of state, grant to any such consul general or consul leave of absence I'rom the place to nliidi he may be so appointed, such consul general or consul shall b(? entitled to receive the whole, ir such part as to his Majesty shall seem meet, of the salary accruing during such period of absence. -{3. Suhries in lieu of Fies formerly paid. Consuls not to take other than the Fees hereinafter mentioned. — Till' salaries so to be granted shall be taken by the consuls general and consuls as a compensation for ilUalaries heretofore granted, and all fees of office and gratuities heretofore taken by them from the luaslers or commanders of British vessels, or from any other person, for any duties or services by y\C,) ciiiisiils general or consuls done or performed for any such persona ; and no such consuls gei.erul iimnsuls shall, from the Ist of January, 1820, be entitled, on account of any thing by him done in the niTiilioii of such his office, or for any service by him rendered to any inasters o'r commanders of llriiish vessels, or to any other person in the e.xecution of such his office, to ask or lake any fees, I'fiiiiipunce, gratuity, compensation, or reward, or any sum of money, save as hercin-at\er is excepted. -f3. Veriain Fees still allotted to be taken. — It shall he Lawful fur all consuls general and consuls appointeil ly his .Majesty, and resident within the dominions of any sovereign, or any foreign state or power in ainlly with his Majesty, to accept the several fees particularly mentioned in the tables to this present J|| annexed, marked with the letters A. and B. for the several things and official acts and deeds par- iiL'iilariy mentioned in the said scliedules ; and it shall be lawful for his Majesty, by any orders to be kyliim made, by the advice of his privy council, from time to time, as occasion may require, to (tiniinlsh, or wholly to abolish, all or any of the fi.es aforesaid, and to establish ami authorise the pay- niHTit of any greater or snmller or new or additional fees for the several things uientiotied in the said sfticdules, or for any other thing to be by any such consul general or consul done in the execution of fucliliis oftice.— } 4- Pcmltijon Consuls demanding more Fees than spcrijied in the Schedule.— In case any consul general or f'lnsiil appointed by his Majesty as aforesaid shall, by himself or deputy, or by any person authorised lliireto In his behalf, ask or accept for any thing by him done in the execution of such his office, or for my service, or duty by him rendered or performed in such his office, for any person whomsoever, any Mlier nr greater fee or remuneration than is specified in the schedule, or than shall be sanctioned ami flKfified in or by any such order in council, the person so offending shall forfeit and become liable to p^y to his Majesty any sum of sterling British money, not exceeding the amount of the salary of siicli l«r3(in for 1 year, nor'less than the 12'th part of such aimual salary, at the discretion of thecourt in which such penalty may be recovered; and shall moreover upon a second conviction for any such ofence forfeit such his office, and for ever after become incapable of serving his Majesty in the same or the like capacity.—} 5. TMt of Fees to ba exhibited at Cuatom-hou$es.—X printed copy of the tables of fees allowed by this Vol. I.— 2 R 1& ' 4 III, iilH . 1I> 11 •% «» i. lit" 1 't m '■'1 1.411W1 3» ^ :;'15f i « 470 CONSUL. I I W U i TB lU^ '"If- ■ > . ■ if act, or which ma^ be innctionRil nr nllowed by any order to be made in piiriiiiance of this act by bis Majesty in cniincil, shnll be exhibited in a cnnspicuoiis manner, for the inspection of all pergnnK, jn the CustoMi-hoiise in the port of London, and in all other Cugtom-hoiiaeg in the several ports and hiir. hours of the United Kinf^doni of Great llritain and Ireland; and printed copies thereof ihaii, by Uie collector or other chief officer of customs in all such ports and harbours, be delivered gratuitously, g^d without fee or reward, to every master of any vessel clearing out of any such port or harbour, and demanding a copy thereof— } 6. Table of Fees to be eihibited at Connula' Offices. — A copy of the gchedute or table of fees to this present net annexed, or which may be estalilished and authorised by any such order in council, shall he hun" lip and exhibited in a conspicuous place in the public offices of all consuls general or consuls appninird by his Majesty, in the foreign places to which they may be so appointed, for the inspection of all pe,. sons interested therein ; and any consul general or consul omitting or neglecting to exhibit any such ropy of the schedules in such his public office, or refusing to permit the same to be inspected by ai:v person interested therein, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay n sum of nritish sterling inonev not exceeding one lialf the amount of the salary of surh person for 1 year, nor less than the l-2th pan of such annual salary, at the discretion of tlie court in wliich such penally may be recovered.— ^7. Siiperanniialion. — " And whereas it is expeilient that his Majesty should be enabled to grant to ili<. said consuls general and consuls, appointed as aforesaid, allowances in the nature of supeniiinniiitun or reward Ibi- meritorious public services ;" it is further enacted, that all the regulations coniaind ,|, 50(ieo. :t. c. 117., 3 Ceo. 4. c. IIH., 5 Geo. 4. c. 104., re.^pectiug superannuation allowances, are hertl.v extended to tlie said consuls general and consuls, so far as such regulations can be applied lo i|i',. cases (if such several persons respectively, as fully to all intents and purposes as if the same wire repealed and re-enacted in this present act.—} 8. Mlnwanres during Ifur. — If it shall at any time happen that by reason of any war wiiich may hereafter arise between his Majesty and any sovereign, or foreign slate nr power, within the doiiii- iiiiins (if whom any such consul general or consul shall be appointed 10 reside, he shall be prevenicil from residing, aiul shnll in fact cease to reside, at the place lo which he may be so appointed, it shM be lawful for his Majesty, by any order to be issued by the advice of his privy conncil, to grant tii ar.v such consul general or consul, u^ho may havn served his Majesty in that capacity for any iieriod iki'i less tlian 3 years, nor more than 10 years next precoding the commencement of any such war, a spi'- cial allowance not exceeding the proportion of their respective salaries to which such consuls pcncnl and consuls would be entitled under the provisions of tlie said act of 3 Geo. 4., in case the period cit' their respective service had exceeded 10 years and had not exceeded 15 years : provided that in ca^f■ any such consul general or consul shall have served in such his office for the space of 10 years anu more, it shall be lawful for his Majesty, by any such order in council as aforesaid, to grant to liim iiuch a proportion of his salary, which, by the said act is authorised to he granted, as a superannua- tion allowance, according to the several periods of service exceeding 10 years, in the said act -}0. Cummemement.— This act shall take effect from the 1st of January, 1826, e.xcept where any other comiiiencenient is particularly directed.—} 22. ToMes of Fees allowed to be taken I Consuls General and Consuls, by the preceding ^(t of 6 Geo. 4. c. 87. 2 dollars. 2 dn. 2 do. 2 do. 2 do. 1 dfl. i do. 1 do, 2 do. I do. 2 do. 1 do. 1 do. i dn 1 per cent. nble ^.—Certificate of due landing of goods exported from the United Kingdom - Signature of ship's manifest .....-- Ci*rtiticate of origin, when reijuired ... . . - Bill of health, when required ....... Signature of muster roll, when required ...... Allestnlion of a signature, when required ...-.- Administering an oath, when required .-.--- Seal of office, and signature of any other document not specified herein, when required Table B. — Bottomry or arbitration bond ...... Noting a protest ......... Order of survey ......... Extending a protest or survey ....... Registrations ..-......- Visa of passport ......... Valuation of goods ......... Attending sales, J per cent, where there has been a charge for valuing ; otherwise, 1 per cent. Attendance out of consular office at a shipwreck, 5 dollars per diem for his personal expenses, over and above his travelling expenses. Ditto on opening a will .-.....-. 5d(dlars. Management of property of British subjects dying Intestate - . - Siperctnl. The dollars mentioned in the preceding tables are in all cases to be paid by the delivery of dollars, each of which is to be of the value of 4«. Oii. sterling, and no more, according lo the rate of exclwiige prevailing at the place where such payment is made. [The following enactments of Congress are at present in force concerning consuls. ^ct of April 14(A, 1792. } 2. That they shall have right in the ports or places to which they are, or may be, severally appointed, of receiving the protests or declarations, which such captains, masters, crews, passpnsers, and merchants, as are citizens of the United States, may respectively choose to make there; and also such ns any foreigner may choose to make before them, relative to the personal interest of niiycili/.cii of the United States ; and the copies of the said acts, duly authenticated by the said cmisiils or vito consuls, under the seal of their consulates, respectively, shall receive faitli in law, eqn.illy asllu'ir originals would in all courts in the United States. It shall he their duty, where llie laws ofllie country p(!rmit, to take possession of the personal estate left by any citizen of 1 ho United Stales, oilier tliaii seamen belonging to any ship or vessel, who shall die within their consulates, leaviiij.' there no legal representative, partner in trade, or trustee by him appointed, to take c:ire of bis elfccts; tiny shall inventory the same, with the assistance of two merchants of the United Slates, or, fur wantnl tlieni, of any others, at their choice ; shall collect the debts due 10 the deceased in tlie country wlnro he died, and pay the debts due fnini his estate which be shall have there contracted; shall sell :il auction, after n-asonable public notice, such part of the estate as shall he of a perishable iiatiire, ami such further part, if any, as shall be necessary for the payment of his debts, and, at the expiration m one yp'ir from big decease, the residue; and the balance of the estate they shall transmit to llie treasury of the United Stales, lo be holden in trust for the legal claimants. But if, at any tune before such transmission, the legal representative of the deceased shall appear and demand his etTectsin their hands, they shall deliver them up, being paid their fees, and shall cease their proceedmiia. For the information of tlie representative of the deceased, it shall be the duty of the consul or viw CONSUL. 471 rRiinnce of this act by bis upectinn of all persnns, in he several ports and har- pies tliereof shall, by the elivered gratiiitoiisly.and such port or harbour, ani) iblo of fees to this prespnt in council, shall he hiin; eral or consuls appointcii the inspection of iitl per- >cting to exhibit any such rie to he inspected by any of British sterling money or less than the l'2ih part lay be recovered.— j 7. i! enabled to grant to iiie nature of siiperanniiiuinn B regulations contained n, in allowances, are hcrcly ions can be applied to ilii; oses as if the same wire of any war which may power, within Ibe doun- ide, he shall be prevemcil y be so appointed, it sWm ly council, to grant to ar.y apaclty for any period m It of any such war, a spi'- irhich such consuls petieral o. 4., in case the period ipf rs : provided that in ca..c r the space of 10 years ana aforesaid, to grant to Inai granted, as a superannua- 10 years, in the auid act. 6, e.Ycept where any otbcr the prtctding Ati of gdom - hen required - 2 dollars. - 2 do. - 2 do. - 2 do. . 2 do. - 1 do. - 4 do. - 1 do. - 2 do. - 1 do. - 2 do. - 1 do. - 1 do. - i do I per cent )therwise, 1 per cent, lis personal expenses, over - 5 d(dhr!. 2i per cent. I by the delivery of dollars, ing to the rale of exchange ncerning consuls. are, or may be, severally naslers, crews, passensers, se tn make there; and also lonal interest of any citizi'n by the saidcdtisnisorvico litli in law, e(Hi:illy asUu'ir V, where llie laws of liie Mif Ibe United States, nllw nsiilates. leaving there no Ipcnre of bis etfi'cts; tiny ited Stales, or, for want of ased ill the country wluri; re contracted ; shall sell at )f a perishable nature, anil s, and, at the expiration of they shall lraiisinittolli« Hut if, at any time bBfore and demand bis etfecisin ise their proceedings, i duty of the consul or vice •nnsnl, mithorifed to proceed as aforesaid in the settlement of his estate. Immediately to notify 'ils death in one of the gazettes published iiitheconnulHte,and also to the secretary of state, that theHanio may be notified in the state to which the deceased shall belong : and he shall lil.so, as soon as may be, transmit to the secretary of state an inventory of tlie etfecls of the deceased taken as before directed. J 3. That the said consuls and vice consuls, in cases where ships or vessels of the United States shall he stranded on the coastsof their cunsulates, respectively, shall, as far as the laws of the country will permit, take proper measures, as well for the purpose of saving the said ships or vessels, their cargoes and appurtenances, as for storing and securing the effects and merchandise saved, and for taking an inventory or inventories thereof; and the merchandise and effects saved, with the inventory or inventories thereof, taken as aforesaid, shall, after deducting therefrom the expense, be delivered totlie owner or owners. Provided, That no consul or vice consul shall have aulhoriiy to take pos- session of any such goods, wares, merchandise, or other property, when the master, owner, or con- signee thereof is present, or capable of taking possession of the same. H 4. That it shall and may be lawful for every consul and vice consul of the United Htates to take and receive the following fees of office, f >r the services which he shall have performed: — Koraulbeii- ticating, under the consular seal, every protest, declaration, deposition, or other act, which such cap- tains, masters, mariners, seamen, passengers, merchants, or others, as are citizens of the United Slates, may respectively choose to make, the sum of two dollars. For tlie taking into possession. Inventorying, selling, and finally settling and paying, or transmitting, as aforesaid, the balance due on the personal estate left by any citizen of the United States who shall die within the limit of bis con- snlate, five per centum on the gross amount of such estate. For taking into pos.session, and otherwise proceeding on, any such estate which shall be delivered over to the legal representative before a Hnal H'ltlt'inent of the same, as is hereinbefore directed, two and a half per centum on such part delivered over as shall not be in money, and five per centum on the gross amount of the residue. And it shall he the duty of the consuls and vice consuls of the United States to give receipts for all fees which tliey shall receive by virtue of this act, expressing the particular services for which they are paid. (5. That in case it be found necessary for the interest of the United States, that a consul or consuls he appointed to reside on the coast of Harhary, the president be authorized to allow an annual salary, not exceeding two thousand dollars, to each person so to be appointed : Proi-iiied, That such salary bu not allowed to more than one consul for any one of the states of the said coast. }6. That every consul and vico consul shall, before lliey enter on the execution of their trusts, or if already in the execution of the same, within one year from the passing of ibis act, or, if resident in Asia, within two years, give bond, with such sureties as shall be approved by the secretary of state, in a sum of not less than two thousand, nor more than ten thousand dollars, conditioned for tlie true andl^uthful discharge of the duties of his office, according to law, and also for truly accounting for all moneys, goods, and effects which may come into his possession by virtue of this act : and the said bond shall be lodged in the otiice of the secretary of the treasury. ^ct of February ^tk, 1S03. { 1. Be it enacted, Sfr,. That before a clearance be granted to any vessel bound on a foreign voyage, the master thereof shall deliver to the collector of the customs a list, containing tlie names, places oi" birth, and residence, and a description of the persons who compose his ship's company, to which list Ibe oath or affirmation of the captain shall be annexed, that tlie said list contains the names of bis crew, together with the places of their birth and residence, so far as he can ascertain them, and the said collector shall deliver him a certified copy thereof, for which the collector shall be entitled to receive tbe sum of twenty-five cents; and the said master shall, moreover, enter into bond with sut- licient security, in the sum of four hundred dollars, that he shall exhibit the aforesaid certified copy of the list to the first boarding officer, at the first port in the United States at which he shall arrive, on his return thereto, and then and there also produce the persons named therein, to tbe said boarding officer, whose duty it shall be to examine the men with such list, and to report the same to tlie col- lector; and it shall be the duty of the collector at the said port of arrival, (where the same is different from the port from which the vessel originally sailed,) to transmit a copy of tbe list so rrported to hini, to the collector of the port from which said vessel originally sailed : /'rorid^/, That the said bond shall not be forfeited on account of the said master not producing to the first boarding officer, as aforesaid, any of file persons contained in tbe said list, who may be dischargeil in a foreign country, with tlio consent of the consul, vice consul, commercial agent, or vice commercial agent, there residing, siunilied in writing, under his hand and official seal, to be produced to tlie collector with the other persons com- posing the crew, as aforesaid ; nor on account of any such person dying or aliscomliiig,or being forcibly impressed into other service, of wliieli satisfactory proof shall be tluMi also e.xliibitcd to the collector. {2. That it shall be the duty of every master or commander of a ship or vessel, belonging to ciii/.Mns of the United Stales, who shall sail from any port of the United States, after the first day of May iie.vt, on his arrival at a foreign port, to deposile his register, sealettcr, and Mediterranean passport, with the consul, vice consul, commercial agent, or vice commercial agi'ot, (if any there be at such port;) that in case of refusal or neglect of the said master or commander, to deposite the said papiTS as aforesaid, he shall forfeit and pay five hundred dollars, to be recovered by the said con.sul, vice consul, commercial agent, or vice commercial agent, in his own naiiit;, for the benclit of the United l^tatcs, in any court of competent jurisdiction ; and it shall be the duty of such consul, vice consul, commercial agent, or vice commercial agent, on such master or comiiiaiuler producing to him a cienr- ance from the proper officer of the port where his ship or vessel may be, to deliver to tbe said master or commander all of his said papers : Provided, such master or ccunmander shall have comiilied with the provisions ''.ontained in this act, and those of the act to which this is a siippleincnt. }3. That w. jnever a ship or vessel, belonging to a citizen of the United States, shall be sold in a foreign country, and her company discharged, or when a seaman or mariner, a citizen of the United :^laies, shall, with his own consent, be discharged in a foreign country, it shall be the duty of the paster or commander to produce to the consul, vice consul, coimiienial agent, or vice couimercinl ascnt, tbe list of his ship's company, certified as aforesaid, and to p,iy to siicli consul, vice consul, c'liiiniercial agent, or vice commercial agent, for every seaman or mariner so dlsdinrged, being desig- nated on such list as a citizen of the United .States, three months' p;iy, over and above the wages which may then be due to such mariner or seaman, two thirds theri'of to be paid by such consul or commercial agent, to each seaman or mariner so discharged, upon his engagement on board of any vessel to return to tbe United States, and the other remaining third to be retaineil for the purpose of creating a fund for the payment of the passages of seamen or iiiariiiers, cilizi'iis of tbe United States, who may he desirous of returning to the United States, and for the inninienance of American seamen wlio may be destitute, anil may be in such foreign port ; and the several sums retained for such fund siiall be accounted for with the treasury every six months, by the persons receiving the same. H. That it shall be the duty of the consuls, vice consuls, coinmercial agents, vice eominercial Montsofthe United States, from time to lime, to provide I'or the mariners and seamen of the United i^intes, who maybe found destitute within their districts, res|iectively, sulficient subsistence and passages to some port in the United States, in the most reasonable luaniu'r, at the e.viiinse of the I'liited estates, subject to such instructions as the secretary of state shall give ; and that all muster:* I -^ t * I ft? t flilllli '»l'l<« '""1 All!!)! iff *m(ii^ 'Wiiiilni^ I •■? n*. 472 CONSUL. k'!l<...JUii. '•■IP'"!!*) € W^BWltf -ir -If »m;i, , V and cnmniBndnrn nrvpssPU hrlonging to rilizonsi of tlie Unlird RtntPH.nnd bniind to iinini* port of thn ranie, an; licrohy rpi|iiiri'il and I'lijuiiicd lo lakp kiiiIi niiirincra iir Keaiiieti on lioard ul'ihuir Hliipii t,f VfHHfiD, lit tin: riMiiK'Ht of the Fuid ronxiiln, vir*' ronkulii, ciiiiinii'rc.iiil iikriiIk, nr vici; rnninit'rr.ial iisenii re8|wrlivfly, and to transpurt llitini to lliv purt in tliu liiiitrd HiatcH tu wliicli hucIi Hlii|m nr vi:aai;|, may hi! t)(>iind, nn Hncli D^rnis, not fxrct'dinp tacli pt^rsiiin, n» may lie iicroed liftwi'm tliu tiaid niBHtPr and cnnxiil, or roinnicrcini ne<'>>t. And the Hnid niarinerH or acaniun Hliall, if utile, \,f bound til do ilnty on lioard mirh Kliiim or vcKxelii, accordInK tn their HL'Vi^ral iilillilii'H : Prueideil,'\'\\m no niHHti'r or captain of any xlilp or vett'l uliall liu olill|«;d to laku a RreatL-r nnnilior than two nii'ii u, . That it shall be the duty of the consuls residing on the Barbary coast to transmit to tlie spcrc tary of the treasury, annually, an account of all moneys received, and of all disbursements or expcndi. tiiros made, by them, respectively, for or on account of the United Stales, and the particular purpose to which the moneys have been applied, and the vouchers to support the same : and the secrciiiryut' the treasury shall transmit to congress, within two months after the commencement of the lirst session thereof, in every year, a stateiiient of all the moneys disbursed from the treasury of the Uniied rtlaiis, for expenses of iiilcrcourse with the Barbary powers during the preceding year, therein noting, as lai as can be ascertained at the treasury, the sums received by the respective agciitii or cunsulu, uiiii the purposes lo which the same have been applied. J9et of March Uth, 1813. i 6. That, from and after the time when this act shall take effect, the consuls or commercial a;cnt3 of any nation at peace with the United ."States shall be admitted (under such regulations as maybe prescribed by the president of the United States,) to stale their objections to the proper couininiiilei or collector as aforesaid, n"'iinst the employment of any seaaian or seafaring man on boiird of any public or private vessel of .lie United Slates, on account of his being a native subject or clli/.en of.sui;!i nation, and not embraced within the description of persons who may be lawfully employed, aocoriliiie to the provisions of this act; and the said consuls or commercial agents shall also be adniitteil, under the said regulations, to be present at the time when the proofs of cilixensbip, of the persuus a^uiiisi whom such objections may have been made, shall be investigated by such cummandei or collector. Act of March 3d, 1817. J I. Be it enacted, i^e. That the register or other documents in lieu thereof, together with Iheclcnr- ance and other papers granted by the officers of the customs lo any foreign ship or vessel, al lier de- parture from the port or place from which she may have arrived, shall, previous to entry in any port of the Uniied States, be produced to the collector with whom such entry is lo be made. And it shall bf the duly of the master or coniniaiider, within forty-eight hours atler such entry, to dcpiisiie llie said papers with the consul or vice consul of the nation to which the vessel belongs, and to deliver to the collector the certificate of such consul or vice consul that the said [iiipers have be-n so depiisilcil: and any master or commander, as aforesaid, w ho shall fail to comply with this regulation, shall, upon conviction thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction, be lined in a sum not less than live hun- dred dollars nor exceeding two thousand dollars : Prorirfcrf, That this act shall not extend lo the vessels of foreign nations in whose ports American consuls are not permitted to have the cii9ln(lyan(; possession of the register and other papers of vessels entering the ports of such nation, acciirdrnu ti- the provisions of the second section of the act, suiipleuieutury to the act "concerning ceusuls wl CONTRABAND. 473 und to Homo port of (hp III Imaril cil'ihuir Kliipn u^ r vic« roiiiniercial nsenii lich Huch Mlii|)i> or vi^asi^i, I may lie »ttr«fil ln-iwi'cn si'iiiiivn hIihII, if ulilp, lie iilillilk'S : Vruniitii, 'rhni llllllllL'r tllllll two IIK'II to « ; iiiul if any micli fa|,. , vice ronsiil, coiniiicrcial r tlte BMiii of oiiv Inindred It of tliu Unitfd StuttH, j„ Kill or i-oiiinierciiil auint, fugal, in aiiy cuiirtnf law Inibnrse the consul!!, vicv If* iiH I hey limy iH'rcliifun. itc of twelve cents u man cinl npviit, and virc mm. : of (lisicbHret! of uiiyfci. ami receiving tlie amuuia f per ceiitiiiii. il agent, fliiill, falsely umI g tu ciliKonsof the l"iiii|.|| ion, forfeit ami pay u tin,. priiioiied fur any term luii agent, Khun erniit w \as,f. i,iHa citiziMi of tlie riiiii.i ion, forfeit and pay u tin, lext, in a foreisn tnunlry, est lliereon, shall lii> vtr'i' ir vice coomicnial iiseni, ! person giving the ccriiii.' ling on the Ilnrhary coast, for any pnipose, oron idn- 8, or to the olliccrs u\ siil,'. will! intent to iliarpo ilir in writing, from Ilie prcM. all, after notice oftliisuci, ay pretence whatever, iki subjects thereof, a gtcaift itiiig therein, without tiriii pay to the treasury nf iln , moreover, stand cliarEtil It! provisions of this int. United States resiiliiig he concerned, dirciih ii the coast of ilaibiiry, ol' , and being thereof cun- llars. to transmit to thesecre- islitirsenienis or expeiuli- d the particular purpoi^e me: and the secrciury (if ement of the lirst .sossiun iiry of the b'ni(edSlalt'i, ir, therein noting, as I'ai ents or consul.), and the iirls or coDimercial ngcntj h regulations ns may lie to the iiroper coniniaiulet ig man on hoard of any subject or citizen ol'siuli fully employed, accorilins ' also be admitted, uiidtr ip, of the persons n|;aiiist )mmander or collector. r. together with theclenr- ship or vessel, at licrde- ious to entry in any pnn 10 be made. And it shall ich entry, to dcpiisitc llit belongs, and to delivrr to have lievn so deposiled: is regulation, shall, u|i(iu not less than live liun- shall not e.xlenil to the I to have the custody an the said purchase; that the iii- viiice annexed t here :oc(Mita ins a true and faitlifulaccoiint of the ac al cost thereof, and of all char;tf8 (hereon; and that no discounts, h(Mintie3,or drawbacks, are contained in the said invoice, but such xm have been actually allowed on the same ; which said oath shall be administered by a consul or coiii- iinircial ai;ent of the (Iiiited States : or by some public olhcer duly autliori/.ed to administer oaths in the cniinlry where the said goods, wares, or merchandise, shall have been purchased, and the saino duly cerlirfed liy the said consul, commercial aaent, or public ofiicer ; in which latter case, such oth< ial certificate shall be authenticated by a consul or coiiimercial aeeiit of the United Mates: f'roinileu, Xlial if there hi; no consul or cuniiiiercial agent of the United rilates in the country from which the sail! goods, wares, or merchandise, shall have been imported, the authentication hereliy retiuireil, sliall be executed by a consul of a nation at the time in amity with the United States, if there b<: any buch residing there : and if there he no such consul in the ccnintry, the said aullienlication sliall hi; made by two respi.'ctalile merchants, if any such there be, residing in the port from which the said craiils. wares, or merchandise, shall have been imported. ' Ij'i. That no eoods, wares, or merchandise, subject to ad valorem duty, imported as aforesaid, and hiloimiii? I" a person or persons not residing at the time i" the United States, who may not have ac- ijiiireil the same ill the ordinary mode of bariiain and sale, ir belonging to a person or persons who may be the manufacturer or manufacturers, in whole or in part, of the same;, shall be admitted to entry, unless the invoice thereof be verified by the oath of the owner, or of one of the owners, certi- I'ying that the invoice contains a true and faithful account of the said goods, wares, or merchandise, 111 their fair market value at the time and place when and where the same were procured or maiiu- fiirtiired, as the case may be, and of all charires thereon ; and that the said invoice contains no dis- counts, bounties, or drawbacks, but such as have been actually allowed ; which said oath ahall have been duly administered and authenticated in the mode prescribed in the seventh section of thiii act. } 22. That, for every verification and certificate, made under this act. before a consul or commcrrial aeentof the United States, such consul or commercial agent shall be entitled to demand and receive, troin the person making the same, a fee of two dollars : Provided, Each shipper shall liavu the riglit to include all articles shipped by Iiim in the same invoice. Act of March 3rf, 1835. \ 1. Be it enacted, Sft. That if any consul, vice consul, commercial agent, or vice commercial agent, sliall knowingly and falsely certify to any invoice, or other paper to which his certificate is by law authorised or required, he shall, on conviction thereof, in any court of competent jurisdiction, forfeit and pay a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, at the discretion of the court, and be imprisoned for a term not exceeding three years, at the like discretion. See Rentes Commentaries on American Law, Lecture 2d. — Am. Ed,] CONTR.\BAND, in commerce, a commodity prohibited to be exported or imported, bought or sold. CoxTiiAnAxn is also a term applied to designate that class of commodities which neu- trals are not allowed to carry during war to a belligerent power. It is a recognised general principle of the law of nations, that ships may sail to and trade with all kingdom^?, countries, and states in peace with the princes or authorities who.se flags they bear ; and that they are not to be molested by the ships of any other power at war with the country with which they are trading, unless they engage in the conveyance of con fr a- band goods. But great dilTiculty has arisen in deciding as to the goods compri.sed under this term. The reason of the limitation suggests, however, the species of articles to which it principally applies. It is indispensable that those who profess to act upon a principle of neutrality should carefully abstain from doing any thing that may discover a bias in favour of either party. But a nation who should furnish one of the belligerents with supplies of warlike stores, or with supplies of any article, without which that belligerent might not be able to carry on the contest, would obviously forfeit her neutral character ; ami the other bfiligereiit would be warranted in preventing such succours from being sent, and in confis- cating them as lawful prize. All the best writers on internationtd law admit this principle ; whicil, besides being enforced during every contest, has been sanctioned by repeated treaties. In order to obviate all disputes as to what commodities should be deemed contraband, they have sometimes been specified in treaties or conventions — (Sec the references in Lampredi id Commercio rfe' Pnpoli NeutrnU, % 9.) But this classification is not always respected (luring hostilities; and it is sufficiently evident that an article which might not be contra- band at one time, or under certain circumstances, may become contraband at another time, or under different circumstances. It is admitted on all hands, even by M. Hubner, the great advocate for the freedom of neutral commerce — (Df la Saisie des Batimens Nenfres, torn. i. p. 193.) — that every thing that may be directly available for hostile purposes is contraband, as arms, ammunition, horses, timber for ship-building, and all sorts of naval stores. The greatest difficulty has occurred in deciding as to provisions, which are sometimes held to be 60 11 mi; iili .in « JI'H' ii|i;.i u II n TiH ■;li'« ^1 i III! ■'■'■■m ,1 '■ it^l -i li ''^■- •.dm; I lanMl"*** c IN*'- .ail .^fM'u; *l» I 474 CONTRABAND. contrabaml, and sometimes not. Lord Stowcll has shown that the charnrler of the pnrl u> which the provisions are destined, is the principal eircumstancc to be attended (o in derid- ing whether they arc to be looiied upon us contraband. A cargo of provisions intended for an enemy's port, in which it was known that a warhlie armament was in preparation, woulil bo liable to arrest and confiscation ; while, if the same cargo were intended for a port wlim: none but merchantmen were fitted out, the most that could be done would be to detain it, paying the neutral the same price for it he would have got from the enemy. By the ancient law of Europe, a ship conveying any contraband article was liable to con- fiscation as well as the article. But in the modern practice of the courts of admiralty ot this and other countries, a milder rule has been adopted, and the carriage of contraband articles is attended only with the loss of freight and exjicnses, unless when the ship belongs to the owner of the contraband cargo, or when the simple misconduct of conveying such i cargo has been connected with other malignant and aggravating circumstances. Of these a false destination and false papers are juUly held to bo the worst. — (5 Hub. Adm. hep, 275.) The right of visitation and search is a right inherent in all belligerents ; for it would be absurd to allege that they had a right to prevent the conveyance of contraband gooils to an enemy, and to deny them the use of the only means by which they can give elfect to such right. — ( Valtel, book iii. c. 7. § 1 14.) The object of the search is twofold : first, to ascer- tain whether the ship is neutral or an enemy, for the circumstance of its hoisting a neutral flag affords no security that it is really such ; and, secondly, to ascertain whether it has con- traband articles, or enemies' property, on board. All neutral ships that would naviijatc securely during war must, consequently, be provided with passports from their government, and with all the papers or documents necessary to prove the property of the ship and cargo — (see Ship's Papers') ; and they must carefully avoid taking any contraband articles or belligerent property on board. And hence, as Lampredi has observed, a merchant shi[) which seeks to avoid a search by crowding sail, or by open force, may justly be captured and subjected to confiscation. — (§ 12.) It has, indeed, been often contended that free ships make free ^onds {que le pavilion cuuvre la marchaiidise) and that a belligerent is not warranted in seizing the property of an enemy in a neutral ship, unless it be contraband. The discussion of this important ques- tion would lead us into details which do not properly come within the scope of this work. We may, however, shortly observe, that no such privilege could be conceded to neutrals, without taking from belligerents the right, inseparable from a state of war, of seizing an enemy's property if found in places where hostilities may be lawfully carried on, as on the high seas. In fsct, were the principle in question admitted, the commerce of a hcllicerent power with its colonies, or other countries beyond sea, might be prosecuted in neutral ships, with as much security during war as in peace ; so that neutrals would, in this way, be au- thorised to render a belligerent more important assistance than, perhaps, they could have done had they supplied him with troops and ammunition ! But it is surely unnecessary to say, that to act in this way is a proceeding altogether at variance with the idea of neutrality. Neutrals are bound to conduct themselves in the spirit of impartiality ,- and must not afibrd such aid or assistance to one party, as may the better enable him to make head against tlie other. It is their duty " nan interponere se bello, non hoste imminente hostem eripere." And yet it is manifest that the lending of neutral bottoms to carry on a belligerent's trade is in direct contradiction to this rule. The ships or cruisers of a particular power may have swept those of its enemy from the sea, and reduced him to a state of great ditiiculty, by put- ting a stop to his commerce with foreigners, or with his own colonies ; but of what conse- quence would this be, if neutrals might step in to rescue him from such difficulties, by cany- ing on that intercourse for him which he can no longer carry on for himself] It is natural enough that such a privilege should be coveted by neutrals : but, however advantageous to them, it is wholly subversive of the universally admitted rights of belligerent powers, as well as of the principles of neutrality ; and cannot, therefore, be truly said to bo bottomed on any sound principle. In the war of 175G, the rule was laid down by Great Britain, that neutrals are not to lie allowed to carry on a trade during war, that they were excluded from during peace ; so that, supposing a nation at war with Groat Britain had, while at peace, prohibited foreigners from engaging in her colonial or coasting trade, we should not have permitted neutrals to engage in it during war. This rule has been much complained of; but the principle on which it is founded seems a sound one, and it may in most cases be safely adopted. The claims of neutrals cannot surely be carried further than that they should be allowed to carry on their trade during war, as they had been accustomed to carry it on during peace, except with places under blockade ; but it is quite a difTerent thing when they claim to be allowed to employ themselves, during war, in a trade in which they had not previously any right to en- gage. To grant them this, would not be to preserve to them their former rights, but to give them new ones, which may be fairly withheld. Supposing, however, that either of the belli- gerfent powers has force sufficient to prevent any intercourse between the other and its cultt- CONVOY. 475 meter of the port io attended (o in derid- )vi9ions intended lor n preparation, would idcd for a port vi\\cn would be to detain it, cmy. cle was liable to con- jurts of adniirally ot arriage of contraband 'hen the ship belongs t of conveying such a imstanccs. Of these -(5 Rub. Adm. Rep. rents ; for it would be intraband gootls to an an give elfect to such ofold : frsf, to asccr- its hoisting a neutral in whether it has con- that would navigain fom their govcrnmeni, F of the ship and carju .•ontraband articles or rved, a merchant slii[i justly be captured anil . neutrals are not to Iw during peace ; so that, )lubitcd foreigners from ^tted neutrals to engage principle on which it is ipled. The claims of owed to carry on their ing peace, except with claim to be allowed to ■iously any right to en- rmer rights, but to give that either of the belli- , the other and Us co/u- niM, or any tnterenurse between different porta of the other, she might, in the exercise of the legitimate rights of a belligerent, exclude ncntrnls from such trade, even though it had for- merly been open to them; because otherwise she would be dc[)rived of the advantage of her 8ui>crior force; and the neutrals would, in fact, when employed in this way, bo acting as tho most cflTicient allies of her enemy. For a full discussion of this important and difficult question, and of the various distinctions to which it gives rise, see the work of Hubncr (De la Saisie de,i HAtimens Neutres, 8 tomes, 12mo. 1757), in which the different arguments in favour of the principle that " tho flag covers the cargo" are stated with perspicuity and talent. The opposite principle has been advocated by Lampredi, in his very ai)le treatise Del Commerclo de' Popoli Neutrali, § 10.: by Lord Liverpool, in his Discourse on the Conduct of Great liritain in respect to Neutrals, written in 1757; and, above all, by Lord Stowcll, in his justly celebrated decisions in tho Admiralty Court. Martens inclines to Hubner's opinion. — (See Precis du Droit dis Gens, liv. 8, c. 7.) [See Rentes Commentaries on American Law, Lecture 7th. — Am. Ed.] CONVOY, in navigation, tho term applied to designate a ship or ships of war, appointed by government, or by the commander in chief on a particular station, to escort or protect tho merchant ships proceeding to certain ports. Convoys are mostly appointed during war ; but they are sometimes, also, appointed during peace, for the security of ships navigating seas infested with pirates. Individuals have not always Wn left to themselves to judge as to the expediency of sail- ing with or without convoy. The governments of most maritime states have thought pro- per, when they were engaged in hostilities, to oblige their subjects to place themselves under an escort of this sort, that the enemy might not bo enriched by their capture. Acts to this effect were passed in this country during the American war and the late French war. Tho last of these acts (43 Geo. 3. c. 57.) enacted, that it should not be lawful for any ship be- longing to ony of his Majesty's subjects (except as therein provided) to depart from any port or place whatever, unless under such convoy as should he appointed for that pur- pose. The master was required to use his utmost endeavours to continue with the convoy during the whole voyage, or such part thereof as it should be directed to accompany his ship ; and not to separate therefrom without leave of the commander, under very heavy pecuniary penalties. And in case of any ship departing without convoy contrary to the act, or wil- fully separating therefrom, all insurances on the ship, cargo, or freight, belonging to the mas- ter, or to any other person directing or privy to such departure or separation, were rendered null and void. The customs officers were directed not to allow any ship that ought to sail with convoy to clear out from any place in the United Kingdom for foreign parts, without requiring from the master, bond with one surety, with condition that the ship should not de- part without convoy, nor afterwards desert or wilfully separate from it. The regulations of this act did not extend to ships not requiring to be registered, nor to those licensed to sail without convoy, nor to those engaged in the coasting trade, nor to those belonging to the East India Company, &c. It is very common, during periods of war, to make sailing or departing with c(mvoy a condition in policies of insurance. This, like other warranties in a policy, must be strictly performed. And if a ship warranted to sail with convoy, sail without it, the policy becomes void, whether this be imputable to any negligence on the part of the insured, or the refusal of government to appoint a convoy. There are five things essential to sailing with convoy : viz. first, it must be with a regular convoy under an officer appointed by government ; secondly, it must be from the place of rendezvous appointed by government ; thirdly, it must be a convoy for the voyage ; fourthly, them'dster of the ship must have sailing instructions from the commanding officer of the convoy ; and fifthly, the ship must depart and continue with the convoy till the end of the voyage, unless separated by necessity. With respect to the third of these conditions we may observe, that a warranty to sail with convoy generally means a convoy for the voyage ,• and it is not necessary to add the words "for the voyage" to make it so. Neither will the adding of th&se words in some instances, make the omission of them, in any case, the ground of a different construction. A warranty to sail with convoy does not, however, uniformly mean a convoy that is to accom[>any the ship insured the entire way from the port of departure to her port of destination ; but such convoy as government may think fit to appoint as a suflicient j)rotection for ships going the voyage insured, whether it be for the whole or only a part of the voyage. Sailing instructions, referred to in the fourth condition, are written or printed directions delivered by the commanding officer of the convoy to the several masters of the ships under his care, that they may understand and answer signals, and know the place of rendezvous appointed for the fleet in case of dispersion by storm, or by an enemy, &c. These sailing instructions are so very indispensable, that no vessel can have the full protection and benefit of convoy without them : hence, when, through the negligence of the master, they are not obtained, tho ship is not said to have sailed with convoy ; and a warranty in a policy of in- Ill;,; '1 11, IM» I':* "A iili I ' I 476 COPAIVA— COPENHAGEN. ^52 *-S| English yards. Trade of Copenhagen. — ^This is not very considerable, and has latterly declined. Anchors, pitch, and tar, are chiefly imported from Sweden and Norway ; flax, hemp, masts, sail-cloth, and cordage, from Russia; West India produce from the Danish West India islands; to- bacco from America ; wines and brandy from France : coal, earthen-ware, and salt are the principal articles of direct import from England. Of coal, we sent to Denmark (principal!; to Copenhagen), in 1830, 100,127 tons, and of salt 1,272,487 bushels. Owing to the erro- neous policy of the Danish government, which is attempting, at a great public loss, to raise and bolster up manufactures, the direct imports of woollens and cottons are quite inconsi- derable. These articles are not, however, absolutely prohibited ; but are admitted on condi- tion of their being stamped, and put up to auction by the Custom-house, which, after retain- ing 30 per cent of the gross produce of the sale, pays over the residue to the importer, who COPENHAGEN. 4T7 ic master do nil !n h'm ini by ony insuperable jiniimnder of the con- tppi'ig, part iii. c. 3, ; 1 Ac- dnd of resin, that na> n America, and partly lum[>B of a moderate If, beautifully transpa- 1 extraiirouB bodies in iifilliur the solubility rc8in!4, at least in any I oil, and other volatile h, when, properly ap. h WBH first discovered applied to snuff-boxes, Lings ; and contributes I rendering the surface confounded with irujn ortanco to distinguish ess so than the finest so hard. Besides the i eye, the solubility in :his fluid, while the co- vhercas animu softens ise accounts. Theeiitrioa ;with lh3i,tol2:<,723llis. )ul fetches in the Lonilun £t of the island of Zea- i., Ion. 12° 35' 46" E. >ing into Cojx'nhagen, le buoy on the Middle- ;ht, W. S. VV. by com- e water in the channel [ler difficult. There is B may heave to abreast )me into harbour bring )ms, the town bearing 18 feet deep. Vessels ; roads is good and safe. rixdollar being formerly iptcd, according to which pecii! dollar, and 4 of the ns is hank money, which tigsbank dollar, would be md ; 20 lisponnd = I ship- = lOSIhs.ofllambureh. in ; 12 tons = 1 last = 47} lances, should weigh 2i1 e Danish ell = 2 feet J 100 erly declined. Anchors, hemp, masts, sail-cloth, (Vest India islands; to- ware, and salt are the ) Denmark (principally Is. Owing to the erro- reat public loss, to raise )ttons are quite inconsi- t are admitted on condi- use, which, afler retain- le to the importer, who is gpnerally the purchaser. This oppressive regulation reduces the legitimate importation of these articlcH to next to nothing ; but the illicit importation u very eonsiderable, princi- pally by the Elbe nnd the Holstein frontier. The exports consist, for "the most part, of th6 produce of the soil, as grain, rapcseed, butter and cheese, In-ef and pork, hides, horw-s and cattle, corn, brandy, bones, &c. In 1830, the imports of grain into this country from Den- mark were as follows, viz. wheat 88,033 quarU-rs, barley 7.5,532 do., oats 118,203 do., ryo 1,151 do., peas and beans 5,182 do., the importation of rapeseed during the same year' was 286,569 bushels.— (See Cobm Laws.) We subjoin Kn Account, extracted from the Returns published by the Danish t'ustom-housp of the principal Arti- cles of Agricultural Produce exported tVoni Denmark in 1831. AnidM I'liwrtid. QujiiliiiM piimrlfd. 1 Value in Stcrliof. D»ni«h Wcieh'i and Meuurui. Briliih VVeii;lili and Meaauren. V tliju ill Kio- liuik DolUra. Wheat and wheat flour Rye and rye flour barley, flour and groata malt ... Oats, meal and groata - Buckwheat do. ... Peas . . . _ Beans and tares Rapeseed ... Hiittcr - - . . Cheese .... Brandy (corn) ... Fork, salted ... smoked ... Beef, salted ... smoked ... Hides and sk'na— calf, sheep, and lamb ox, cow, and horse Wool, sheep ... Cattle— Horses ... Oxen ... Cowa ... Calves ... 113,096 ton. 78,100 — 384.384 — 19,092 — 351, .340 — 0,988 — 15,995 — 31,133 — 113,1.54 — 47,01)8 bar. 872.0(H) IIh. 2,3191 hhd. 1,419,787 11(9. .305,789 — 091,101 — 15,773 — l,112,.5821hs. 1,741,007 — 779,488 -- 12,350 head 23,013 — 8,461 — 6,056 — 54,912 (ira. 37,921 — 282,108 — 9,28.8 — 109,81ft — 3„377 — 7,730 — 15,017 — 71,008 — «,5!)o'cwt. ' 115.775 palls. 11,331 cwt. 3.003 — 6,808 — 156 — 10,960 cwt. 10,109 — 857,436 — Rbd. . 3,904,772 1,390,487 2,382,!M)0 51,500 ■ 2,885,316 £ ». d. 446,036 17 1.56,429 15 9 208,076 5 6,131 5 321,593 1 10,677,975 £1,201,272 3 9 We have no means of ascertaining the proportion shipped from Copenhagen, but it was very cod- siderable. TarM.- Statement of the Tares allowed by the Custom-house nt Copenhagen, on the principal Arti- cles of Importation. ArlicleJ. Description of Packages. Tares. Articles. Description of Packages. Tarea. Almonds Linen bags ... 4 per ct. Pepper Bags of l.'iO Ills, and under 2 lbs. Omalignea • All sorts of packages • 16 - exceeding 150 lbs. 4 — Cinnamon do. . do. Linen bags do. Cocnj • In linen ban 4perct. Pimento do. .... do. CoiM Casks of 400 Ills, and under 16 - Raisina 1-2 barrel IS lbs. exceeding 400 lbs. 12 — 1-4 do. ... 12 — Malted tags nl' 1 jO lbs. and under 2 lbs. Casks exceeding 1 -2 barrel 10 Mr ct. riceeding 150 lbs. 4 — do. under 1-2 barrel - 12 — East India bags, double do. Rice - Casks .... 10 - do. single 2 lbs. Barrels .... 24 lbs. Colon™, piinlen' Unmixed and not enumerated > 10 iier ct. 1-2 do. .... 18 — do. and enumerated, and not 1-4 do. . . - . 12 — being ochre, white lead, or brown 1-8 do 8 — rud . - . . 12 - Bags of 100 lbs. and not exceed- Prepared do. ing 150 lbs. • 4 — Cottoa Barn or bales All sorts of packages • 4 lbs. 150 lbs. and under 2 — Curnnls 16 per ct. Saltpetre All kinds of packages ■ 10 per ct. Dtlfl ware • do JU Soap, white • do. 14 — tip ■ 1-4 casks - Izibs. Sugar, raw In casks 17 — 1-2 do. - 18 - Brazil boxes do. Casks .... lOperct. Havannah do. - 12 — Baskets, or frails 8 - refined Casks (transit) • do. Glia van ■ Boxes .... 32 — Tobacco do. - - - - do. Bottles in crates and in straw • 20 — Baskets packed in mats • Casks Ctfiick) - 3 — do. in boxes and in sawdust - 40 - Turpentine 17 — Hardware In casks and boxes 12 — oil- do. . • • • 20 — Packed in mats, per piece 4 lbs. do. cased 34 - nopj . Bags and pockets 4 per ct. Vitriol Glass bottles or flasks in baskets 20 - Inlitn • All sorts of packages 20 - do. in boxes . Mustard Glasse^ in boxes and casks 12 — do. packed in sawdust . 40 - flfhre - All sorts of packages In single and double casks 10 - Stone bottles 30 — Olive oil IS — White lead • All kinds of packages - 10 — Bottled, in baskets and straw ■ 20 - do. in boxes and sawdust - 40 — Crerfir— Goods imported into Copenhagen are commonly sold on credit : 3 months is the term gene- rally allowed on most sorts of goods, and in a few instances 6 months. The discount for ready money is 4 per cent. Bankruptcy is of rare occurrence. SMppin^.— In 1831, there entered the port of Copenhagen 1,505 ships; of which 309 were from Swe- den, 305 from Prussia, 208 from Norway, 100 from Great Britain, 137 from Russia, 90 from IMnland, 29 from France, &c. The tonnage of these ships is not stated ; but many were of very small burden. Subjoined is an '"ill ■■" 1 "ii«i ■ « )!> Ill t » I h h ''Wiiiig 'I 4MIM (•■..I m ^% 478 COPENHAGEN. ■MM0IMM i 'is;: ■Ml-A cr < t ,; I I,.'::, J « Account of tho Danish Shipping employed In ili" INirnlan and In the Carrying TrodR of Denmark h tliu \uitr law. ConntriM and I'licci. Ruisla - I'ruiila - Mecklenburgh Liilicck - Swpilon nndl Norway J noinl>iirEli and lireiiii'i N'cthurlanda - Great Britain - France - Spain Portugal - Mediterranean Brazil No. of Slupa, 833 570 lit 383 710 555 209 837 123 76 67 66 11 40't4 Tonutxc. N»ture of Ciffort rvprirtrd rrun Uvunuuk. ai.iiw 29,830 2,517 7,473 25,090 31,154 13,159 43,420 15,959 8,451 9,500 0,637 2,410 225,354 I ( IlallnHt, friilt, lirli.ka, } ( mid pit'ci' (loodH - 5 lirli.'ka, mid pit'ci' (loodH - llalliiNt, lii-rrinim, train nil, iiiidculu mill priidnvo IlerrinXH, train nil, colonial prodiieti and provlHlciiiH - f t"orii,uiidprovir, * ■J picct! tfoods, lisli, t ( andlildi'H - - -^ j DallaHt, piece fioiids, I \ (ImIi, butter, Stc. < I Ball:i!4t, corn, jiifce J. \ KoodH, fisli,flax,&c. > rKlxli, pitch, and lar, ) < tiinhcr, train oil, r (. piece (.'ooils - ' WlH 135 lO'i 12 3fl'i 21 502 IIH 100 OTi 587 31 3 2 13 I25W) Nalarrof Cxnmn im|>ort»d i«ui Uciuuwk. Dniliit. linn. 305 173 250 01 73 65 53 II { Ili'inp, flax, aHhm, ^ tiillow, Heedii.tlnilD.-r ( Mni-n, flax, wood,') HtavcH, nnil tiiiilirr j BallaHt, corn, and") Mci'ds, wool, und [■ piece (foods - ) ^ r IMi^ce goods, iron, J 1 ) (Iralti, and tiinlier, V I sail, &.C. - - )| rlroii, tar, deals, tini-'l } hi'r, (IhIi, herrings, V t train oil - - J | rliullast, piece goods,') | I tuliai'co, colonial :■ I ( prodiicn - - 31 I f llailast, [tiece gooils, ')| ) and colonial produce \. r llallasi, coals, sail,') / pii'ci! goods, and v (_ colonial pnuliire J : f Witin, salt, plnce ) I 'I g1S» Colonial TVade.— In the West Indies, tho Danes possess the island of St. Croi.x, wlilcli, tlinm.'li small, is fertile, and well cultivated. All the ports of Ueiiniark may simkI vessels Ihltlior, Inn the reliirn cargoes must be discharged nt places havins sugar relinerfes. Tlie principal part of the iraileis jnilie hands of Copenhagen merchants. St. Croix produces about •25,0(l{).()00llis. of sugar, and l.llni.oiKi sal- Ions of ruin. In 1831, 23 ships, of the aggregate burden of 5.772 tons, arrived at Copenhagen from St. Croix. A good deal of the colonial produce brought into Denmark is again exported. The trade to the settlement of Tranqueliar and Serampore, in India, is in the hands of an exclusive company. Whether it be owing to the deadening inlliUMice of nionnpoly, or to llie real superiority of the Americans, who supply the Continental markets with lea, &c. at a cheaper rale, only d/ic sblij a year has latterly sailed from Copenhagen for India! The trade to the Danish seitlenieiilsnntlio African coast is, if possible, of still less importance. — (JV. B. For an account of the trade on the Kid Canal, see Canals.) Port Charn-es vary according as the vessel has come from this or the further side of Cape Finisicrre, or from the Indian seas ; as she is whfillv, or only part loaded ; and as she clears out with L'onil.i thai have been in transilii, and are for the most part free of duly, or has on board a cargo of natiii.'iiroiluce subject to duty. On a sliip of 300 tons beloUL'iiig to a privileged nation from this side (.'ape I'inislcrri!, unloading anil loading mixed cargoes in Copenhagen, tin; ditt'erent public charges, iijctniling iSiinniJ dues, brokerage, &c., would be about 07/. in.<.; and from the fiirtlier side of t^afx; Fiiiislerre, the charges would be about 09/. 10s. When a ship is not fully loadeil, lastage moiipy and lialit dues are only charged in proportion to the cargo on board. Lastage money is not chargeil on slii|w oiilwarJ bound, laden with transit goods, as lar, pitch, iron, tc. But nolwiihstaiiding lliese deductions, it is obvious that port charges at Copenhagen are very heavy, and there can be no doubt that they are a material obstacle to the extension of trade. Covimission on purchases is generally 2 per cent., and on sales, 3 per cent., including 1 per cent, dtl credere. Citiien.ihip.— To enable a foreigner to trade as a merchant in Deninnrk, he must become a burpher, which costs about 100/., and it will recpiire about 00/. more to free him from the obligation of serving in the militia. The obstacles in the way of a forei(;ner establishing himself in Denmark as a manu- facturer ore much greater, on account of the exclusive privileges enjoyed by the guilds or eoriwralioas into which the principal crafts or trades are divided. COrPKR. 479 ng Traile of Denmark h Ciinrnf* tinpnrtlld I Iteiuuwk. Driijia. iKin. rtnx, nulifii, \ Huuilii,t>iiili);r I f\nx, wood, ■^ a, mill tiinlicr \ nnd't urul '■ 1, c-orn, H, wool, Ullll > ; (IimmIs - J Ki>nil!i, iron, , nnil tliiilicr tn: ir, (icniK, tini- IhIi, herriiiRii oil , jilecu iiondH,'^ I'd), cfiliiiiiiil > urn - - ) , pierf tfciiiils, 1 liiiiiiil|iriiilii('i! ] I! uiinils, !iii(i > Ilia! prixliicti J siill, |iii>r(( ■) i Hiiil bulliist \' (1 fruit, wiiu! ) iiilt - - S plcro (soodfl, ) fruit, &r. - y , fnilt, wiiic, 7 :)ioce yodds - 5 [il produce 161 I 101 m 559 li w 15)) 13 «l IJl 308 w:j 9S I77J 635I SIR' t 30 15 8 I 521 i 561 I 12711 13331 or in the coaHling trade, rnnenn. Latterly, how. artniunt. lix, wliicli, tlinii!.'li small, thitlifr, hill till' roliirn inrt iif the Irmli' is intlie Jiicar. ,iiiil l.llKl.(i(l(io;ii. 'il at Ci)ppnliii|;en from I'xporteil. . • Imnds of iin pxfliisive 10 llic n^al superiority !!i|ier rnio, only out ship uiiish scltlciiiciilK nntlic of the trade on llie Kiel side of rape Finisterre, ■;irs out with L'liiiilmliiil ciireo of iiatiic produce his side Ciipe Kiiiislfrri', :ir;;i':), iijcliiiline Siiiinij of ('apt! Kiiiistcrre, the )tipy and liirlit dues are araed on siiijw outward llii'sc dcihictimis, it is 10 doubt that Kiey are a iicltidiiig 1 per cent, ill must hernnio a hiirpher, he ohiiaation of serving u DenniHrli as a irmiiu- le guilds or corporations rMiirdwe.— Mnrlnn Inmirnncp U rfTerted on liheral terms, liy 11 rnmpnny cxtnUlitliRd In 1710. / ■iKiil many riiikK are, however, hHiired nt \>ii«ierilaiii and llainliiiriih. Cartrninff, Shipn' Slnrt^, Jj-r.— ('openliai.'' '' li:ir< I'oiid liiiildinK-vardu, and In In all respect* an ellijlbli place for tlu! repair of xlilpii, and for iiuppl> ink tlieiii with provHliimi. Kulijoined la an Accouiitof the Averugo I'rlcu* ofHIiipH' Provinionat Copi-nlmKen In IMI,la Imperial Weight! and Muuiiureii, and Hturllng Money. £$.d. £ t. d. Bifcultn. nhipi', lit quality . • IS per cwt. Ditto 3d ditto - - (1 I'i (1 diiio. nutter, lit quHllty . • . - 9 8 to 9 10 ditto. Ditto, 2 m-* ■ '*•'• (■ f -ai-Mt* •I'J 1: 1 ^ I • rnliinr, nml hn* a f(rp«t ilrni of lirilliiinrv. ItN tii<4i« in »typtir and nKiiM*nu* ; an<1 thr hini|<, >«hfii rul)lH>il tor moiiio time oti it, un|uir<' it |M'ciiliar and iliHaKrrriilili- ixluur. Itinhinlir thiiii HilviT ; it* H|Mrili(' Kravily vurica act'oriiiiiK to itn iitnto, U'lii^, wlicii i|uitr |iiiri', lu'm U'OOO, Its niallcaliility in )(reat ; it may Ik* humiiicnsl out into Ifavi'M ho tliiii ai« to U' IiI.ivsd ftliout hy tlio Nli|{litrHt l)rpi>/,(>. ItH iliictility Im alwo coiixiiliTulili'. Iim toimcity iM mo itrrat tlmt B coplHT win^ ()()7S of an inch in iliami'Icr Ih rapalilo uf *u|t|iortin)( :U)U'Ut) \\m. avoiriliiii,,,^ williuut lireakinK. h» liability to oxidation from fxponuro to uir or damp in it* ({rvuti Nt i!,. ffct. The rust with which it ix thi*onH. — ('lliumfion'a Chemistrif.) If we except D;o|d and nijver, copin-r Hcemn to have hern more early known than nnyollhr metal. In the llrst ageH of the world, lu'foru the inethiNJ of working iron wan diHcovircl, vmy JHT waH the principal ingredient in all domcHtic uteuHilx and inMtrumentM of war. K\eii now t in a|iplied to ao many puri>oijeH, an to rank next, in point of utility, to iron. Jllliiyii (/ Copprr nrc iiiniii'ri>n» nml uf I'mit vnlim. ThiiBt- uf |in art- of iiio«l iinixirtniici'. Tin ndd. Pil to ('ci|i|ii'r iiiiikt'ii It iiioff fiiiiliili', ImH lliilili' to riiivi>r iiiiiiilM'il ni|)|)i>r : lint IIoh U in iiiiiiiy riiHct iiior)- timii coinilRrlinliiiiri'il liy Itiu ffrciil liriMli'ni'i<« which I'vi-ii u niiiili'tat)' |iry iimlli'iiMi'. roppcr iilloyi'il with from I lo S per rent, nf Hn In rendcrfd harder Ihnn lii'fnrn j ltd ctdniir U yi'llnw Willi a cuHt III' ri'd, and IIh I'nii'tiiru Kruiiiilar : It Iiuh coiiHldiTulile inalli'Hiiillty. TIiim appmirH tii Imv,! liri'ii llif iimial roiiipiiniliiiii of iimiiy of the aiiclciit s iiioiiiilaiii.in'iir Amlwch, In Anglcsen, were discovered. The supplies nf nre furnished by them were fur a long limn abundant beyond all precedent ; but for many years past the product iveneMs of the iiiiiie Iiiih lieea de- clining, and It now yields comparatively little cupper. At present the mines in Aiiglesea, anil mher parts of Wales, yield from 1,750 to 2,000 tons of cupper; those of Devonshire yield almnt .Wnton.a; tlie quantity produced In the other parts of Kngland being quite inconsiderable. The Irish niiiiHs prndiirn about 500 tons, Thnse of Scotland never were productive, and have been almost entirely nlmiiilniied. The entire produce of the copper mines of the empire may, therefore, be estimated at present at trmii 14,500 to 15,000 tons. In consequence of the greatly increased supplies of copper that were thus obtained, F.npl.ind, in- stead of being, as formerly, dependent on foreigners for the greater part of her supplies of tliM vuiiui- ble metal, became, previously to 17^3, one nf the principal markets for the supply of otlicrs. And notwithstanding the vastly increased demand for copper during the war for the sheatliiiiL' (ifsliips and other purposes, the exports continued to increase and the im|iort8to diminish : the greater proiliictive- nesg of the Cornish mines having sufficed not only to balance the increased demand, but iilsn to niuke up fnr the falling ufT in the supplies frum Anglesea, Owing to the want of coal in Cornwall, the ores are not smelted on the spot, but nrc, fnr the most part, sent to Swansea ; it being found cheaper to carry the ores to the coal than the contrary. For the following details with respect to the state of the British copper trade in 1830, we are inilclited to Mr. Pascoe Grenfcll, who is largely engaged in it, and on whose accuracy every reliame may be placed : — "The quantity of copper produced during Inst year (1S30) in Cornwall, from ores rained in that county, exceeded ten thousand tons of pure metal : and if to this be added what has been pnulined in Wales, in other parts nf England, and in Ireland, the whole (piantity of fiie oi pure metal jiroducedin the United Kingdom, in 1829, may be fairly stated at ticelve thousund tons. " The quantity of British copper exported in 1829 amounts, according to an account recently laid be- fore the House of Commons, to 7,97() tuns of fine metal ; to which adding the exports of foreign cupper, the total export was 8.817 tons. The copper imported is ultngether intended for re-exportation. 1 cannot state its precise quantity in fine metal, because the greater part of it arrives in a stnte of ore, and I have wt means of knowing the produce in pure metal of that ore, beyond such part of it as may come into my own possession, "The value nf the 12,000 tons of copper produced in the United Kingdom, as above stated, at 90{.per ton, is 1,080,000/." roppKR. 481 \cin\H ; ami thr hind/, i> Dilour. It 14 llirdir vlii'ii (|uit<> imrc, ii.'iii NO thin 1114 til U' til.iuii imcity i" •••> uri'iit tlmi M'i'Zti llm. iivi)ir(|ii|ii,H liimp ii* itH KriMiti Ht >!,. )f vcriligrii*, tiiiil is mif known tlinn nny otlut in wiiK tliw'ovcr»'i|,c(i|i. iitMdt'war. E\uii iiuw til iron. m liii|i(irtntii:c. Tin mid. ic iilr mill iillwr niniiiMin iiy hiiK II rr.il mlviini iji,, liy ihu iiri'iil liriitli'iii'M iiiatuiici.', cuiiHldiriiiij tlm iirn i lt« rnlniir In yi'llmv, /. TlilM il|i|itsirii In Ij:iv<' im, litM'iiri: tlio iiiiMlinihii TlinpH, till? 1/1 111' III!' It, I. Till' iiiirinnl' iliil not. m ici>i(|irr,<'\it'i'l liyHiMiii; \f wIkiIi- U liiinl, liriiili, I i» iiH iiiiirh till ID i<( III,, 10 ycllowncHH dI' ilii-niiny 1 nR will innki' friini nlnnii i'IIh, Iimkh riiiMinn. Iir|. R Plimi! litlll* llinlii'llhllity, ill nlliiy lieiliv llinrp khiu'i. 11 ulliiy I'lir Im'II iiiHlal in mi iiiiiliy,iiiiil hIIvit, iiisiiiull Bkll Mktai,.) [if the iimiin. thn ri^milt i^i a fur a loni! limn if the iiiiiiK has Ihmmi iltf. ill An^lesi'a, ami nllier ,. lelil iiliiMit Min uw : tlie The Irish niiiins proiliin! niiiBl entirely aliaiiiluntil. muted nt presunt at tVum U8 nhtnineil, F.nfilnnil, in- r«npplie>i iit'lliin valiia- siipply iif (illirrs. And he BheathiiiL' iil"slii|)>i!iii(l the irrenlir prndiirlive- lenianil, but also to iimlie pot, hut nre. for the most liin Ihe romrary. e in 1H30, weareinilelited :y cvory rtliaiice may be from ores raiseii in tli.it hat has been prndiueil in ir pure metal proiluced in ncronnt recently laid lie- exports of foriMfn Clipper, !d for re-exportation. 1 Arrives in a utate of i>r«, nd such part of it as may I above stated, at 901. per Arrininl of I'll* Copper prorliireil fiom the Minr< In rnrnwnll ninr^ IxOfl; nlinMlng the Uiinnllty of Ori', of Metal or l-'liii' Copp.r, llio Value iifllie (lri» in Money, ihr uvir.iKi' I'erieiilaue iir I'roilHie, mill (bo overngii Hlsndiinl or Miner'* I'rlcu uf I'liie (.'iip|icr, made up to tlio end of Jiiiiu in uaill \i'iir. Inn^ H<»0n«IOrm. MMm t\mCeftm. VdMolilMOm. 1 rTii-tur* nriln* Avrnfr HianilaH pir rani. l*ri« |j«r io» niM. nnn. tvf. ifTt. Ihi. e «. I.'V17 i>.»U IS 1 20 Mn.n-m II 7| 138 5 (I WO ii« ii,m .<> NW.IIO 10 109 10 \'M 7».'#'t fi.1^3 in 'i i:< 7.tO.'*t5 fl rt Hi Ills 5 n |MI7 7l,iiy| 6,710 X'i 1 «) luio.iNia 13 <>i 180 Hh (17,M)7 •l.TUI 13 a u 4ir>,:«i3 1 10 1(H) 7 j-IKI IK-M 'i.1'11 13 1 19 "0.(1-'* 15 :i 143 18 IUKI iui,iim e,<>iu 19 1 37 570.015 H l.« 5 IMl tUl.'Hd A.ltl 13 3 7 65«,783 19 «t 180 18 \^\'i 71.517 5,7-.J(» 7 'i 4 549.t'.05 fl a 9i 111 I'lil 7»,»t7 fl,9IH 3 n Vll,;il5 10 s 115 7 i-n 7»,:iw li.3119 13 3 7 (.'27.501 III i;io 18 lll.'i 7n,|h:i n,5U.\ t) 3 %"> 5.Vi.M|3 8 >'i 117 10 l«ltl 77,3.14 t\,m 4 17 4l7.9'i9 17 8il 98 13 I'I7 7tl,7(ll 11. IIH a irt 491.010 18 -1 "if 108 10 l^is WI,I74 I1.HI9 7 1 1 fi»0,O(l.'i 4 t) 131 15 hid hH,73fl «.N(II a 8 7 (laa.rio.'i 4 "H 187 10 l'f«) 91,473 7,.'>i!« !W,7(I0 7,h2.1 l.'i I 10 ,5H7,I7^ 3 110 |>'W ltr7,454 H,a2ll 3 81 78rt,.)53 13 71 184 4 jvtf m.-ioH 9,080 18 3 15 7.NS.971 15 n ;l 183 3 m: l'i(),7l() 10,311 14 3 l.'i 745.I7M 1 iim 1 !'«■* I»0,3t'i« H,»ai 1 a 11 7,V1.174 in 118 7 l-i'.l I'ii.soa o.iisn lU 3 4 717.334 U 7} 109 14 ! i I'M I33,(KU 10,748 773.840 8 100 5 Wl I41.I03 18,04 t HOd.OIN) H 100 Exports of Drltlsh Copper since 1830. Van. VnwrouKhl. Coin. !lll,&C. Wir*. Wrouiclil Copper of oinrr Sorii. 'l'cl«l of Rrili^h Ciipprr inporleil. Citt. Ctrl. Cirt. Cat. Ctrl. Ctrf. 1S20 41,1.55 10 58.131 8 22.663 121.!l.58 1^81 34,543 155 66,670 21 21.0.35 125.431 1883 35,889 — 65.070 40 28,731 113.671 1683 34,083 803 .50,140 98 25,387 KKI.SIO 1884 19,209 95 62,930 2<.I3 23,.'.80 1(I6,0<.I6 1 IvM 10 3,1.34 5l,4;f7 40 25,003 78.024 IHOrt 3,601 1,807 65,864 11 26,307 95.994 IW 26,583 1,450 74,!M3 8 40,439 I43.48-1 \^-» 2I,.591 1,150 52,412 71 48,897 121.121 ■ \m 58,978 19 59,871 13 46,643 1.59..581 ls;io 56,783 flJO 60,331 10 50,443 183,1.54 !-:il 67,801) 90 70,477 149 32,690 170,613 M2 77,497 a 79,914 13 37,1.55 191,613 N. n.— The foreign copper imported Is altogether intended for ro-oxportalion. In 18.38, 13,894 of[ii|i|H'r were smelted from foreign ore. The Eiist Indies iind Chiiiii, France and the llniled Stuies, iri'llie er'Sit markets for liritish copper. The exports to these countries, in 18;j8, were respectively S2,mO, 3J,984, and 31,235 cwt. cwf. led States, Fiirfim Copper.— Copper ores nre nbiiiidant in Sweden, Saxony, Hnssia, Persia., Innnn, Chinn, Chili, kt. Near Fahliin, in the province of Dalecarlia.in Sweden, is the celebrated copper iniiie of the same naiiii', ioippimeil to have been wrought nearly 1.000 years. For a long time it was inie of the most pro- dmllve mines in the world. Towards the beginning of the seventeenth century it yielded an annual pnidiH'e of about 8.000.000 lbs. of pure metal : but it has since greatly declini'd ; and it is most probable IImI ill no distant period il will bo wholly abnndoneil.— ('/VinHitKinV' Travels in Siceilen, p. 281.) There are still. Iiowever, several productive copper mines in other parts of Sweden. The exports of copper frniiiStnikliolin in 18.32 amounted to 4,3.36 skippmimis, or 783 tons English, besides tin- exports from Gollfuhnrgh and other ports. The product of the copper mines in the government of Olonetz, in Riis- fia.ist'stiiiiated at 210,000 poods, or 3.375 tons (Eng.) a year.— (SfA»i/:/ir, Ksnai U'laie SlalUliqiii' G(vv- nk.Sft.. p. 41.) The copper mines of Chili are also very rich, and their produce is nt present imported into Canton and Calcutta direct from Valparaiso. The copper mines of Japan are said to be among ihprirliest in the world. The Dutch annually import iibout 700 tons of their produce into llatavia ; imi the Chinese from 800 to 1,000 tons into Canton and other ports. In fact. Japan copper is spread over all the East, and is regularly quoted in the price currents of Canton, Calcutta, and Singapore. — (Seep. 308.) It is purer, and brings a higher price, than nny other species of bar or slab copper. It is uniformly met witii in the shape uf bars or ingots, very much resembling large sticks of red sealing ttax. When the copper of South America is worth in the Canton market from 15 to 16 dollars per picul,thatof Japan fetches from 18 to 20. I'rctty considernhle quantities of copper are imported into Calcutta from Bushire and Russorah. This is mostly the produce of the Persian mines; but a little U undergtond to come from the Russian mines in Georgia. Vol. I.— 2 S 61 .ill ' II. < m I III 'I '!! !| l"IMi 11 :ii '■% 482 COPPERAS— CORAL. ••■/(■"Ill .•If Lijua WWW!'.:;'* ■! ^l ttlBKil <' ■■■■'uni <''iVi»rs '"tt. . f . i If -' . '■ ■ . ) '■f r t Ctiftomi Regvlations. — Old copper shcathine, old copper utensils, and old copper and pewter utonsiH of British manufacture, imported frnni Britisli plantations, and also old copper stripped oif vessris in ports in tlie United Kingdom, may be admitted to entry, duty free, under the Ibllowing rc<;uia. lions: viz.— Ist. Old copper sheathing stripped off Drilinh vessels in ports in the British possessions, upon prnnf to the satisfaction of the Commissioners of Customs, that such sheathing was stripped otf in si-rli ports, nnd also that the said sheathing is the property of the owner of the ship from which it was so stripped, to Im! delivered to such owner. 2d. Old copper sheathing stripped off any ship in any port in the United Kingdom, unon 'he fact bp. ing ce tied hy the landing-waiter superinti-nding the process ; the old copper to he delivered only t $142,012. Of the latter description of copper, the average value imported from England n> $715,240. See article Impohts and Exports. — Am. Ed.] COPPERAS, a term employed by the older chemists, and popularly, as synotiymou.-: with vitriol. There are three sorts of copperas: \he green, or sulphate of iron; thei/Hf, or sulphate of copper ; and the white, or sulphate of zinc. Of these, the first is the mo.st important. Sulphate of iron is distinguished in common by a variety of names, as Martial vitriol, English vitriol, &c. When pure, it is considerably transparent, of a fine bright, though not very deep, grass green colour ; and of a nauseous astringent taste, accompanied with a kind of sweetness. Its specific gravity is 1'834. It uniformly reddens the vegetable blues. This salt was well known to the ancients ; and is mentioned by Pliny, [Hht. N,it, lib. xxxiv. § 12.), under the names of mist/, sory, and ca/chantum. It is not made in the direct way, because it can be obtained at less charge from the decomposition of pyrites on a large scale in the neighbourhood of collieries. It exists in two states ; one containins; oxide of iron, with 0-22 of oxygen, which is of a pale green, not altered by gallic acid, am! giving a white precipitate with prussiate of potass. The other, in which the iron is conihincil with 0'30 of oxygen, is red, not crystallisable, and gives a black i)recipitate with gallic acid, and a blue with prussiate of potass. In the common sulphate, these two are often mixed in various proportions. Sulphate of iron is of great importance in the arts. It is a principal ingredient in dyeing; in the manufacture of ink, and of Prussian blue: it is also used in tannine, painting, medicine, &c. Sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol, was formerly maiiufacturcil from sulphate of iron. — (See Acins.) Sulphate of copper, or lilue vitriol, commonly called Roman or Cyprian vitriol, is of an elegant sapphire blue colour, hard, compact, and semi-transparent ; wlien jwrfectly cr)stal- lised, of a fiattish, rhomboidal, decahedral figure; its taste is extremely nauseous, styptic. and acrid; its specific gravity is 2-1943. It is used for various purposes in the arts, anJ also in medicine. Sulphate of zinc, or ivkife vitriol, is found native in the mines of Goslar and other places. Sometimes it is met with in transparent pieces, but more commonly in while efflorescences. These are dissolved in water, and crystallised into large irregular niassf'!, somewhat resembling fine sugar, having a sweetish, nauseous, styptic taste. Its specilk- gravity, when crystallised, is 1-912; when in the state in which it commonly occurs in commerce, it is 1*3275. Sulphate of zinc is prepared in the large way from some varieties of the native sulphuret. The ore is roasted, wetted with water, and e,vpo.sed to llio air. The sulphur attracts oxygen, and is converted into sulphuric acid ; and the metal, being at the bame time oxidized, combines with the acid. After some time the sulphate is cxtracteil liy solution in water, and the solution being evaporated to drytiess, the mass is run into moulds. Thus, the white vitriol of the shops generally contains a small portion of iron, and often of copper and lead. — (Lewis's Mat. Medica ,- IWs Dictionary! Keen's Cyclu- pwdia ,■ Thomsmi's Chemistry, ^c.) COPYRIGHT. See Books. CORAL (Ger. Korallen .- Du. Kwnulen ,■ Fr. Corail; It. Corale,- Sp. and Port. Coral; Rus. Korallil : Lat. Corallium ,- Arab. Besed; Vera. Mcrjdn ,■ Hind. Mooiigu), a marine 1 i 1} li 1» a 'II 'ii 'ii 3 n 3i CORDAGE, CORK. 483 production, of which there are several varieties. It was well known to the ancients, hut it was reserved for the moderns to discover its real nature. It is, in fact, the nidus or nest of a certain species of vermes, which has the same relation to coral, that a snail has to its shell. As an ornament, black coral is most esteemed ; but the red is also very highly prized. Coral is found in very great abundance in the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, in various places in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Sumatra, &c. It grows on rocks, and on any solid submarine body; and it is necessary to its production, that it should remain lixed to its place. It has generally a shrub-like appearance. In tho Straits of Messina, vt-herc a great deal is fished up, it usually grows to nearly a foot in length, and its thickness is about that of the little finger. It requires 8 or 10 years to arrive at its greatest size. The depth at which it is obtained is various — from 10 to 100 fathoms or more; but it seems to be necessary to its production that the rays of the sun should readily penetrate to the place of its habitation. Its value depends upon its size, so'.i'.'ity, and tho depth and brilliancy of its colour ; and is so very various, that while som ', of tho '^Sicilian coral sells for 8 or 10 guineas an ounce, other descriptions of it will not 1 'tch \.i. a pound. it is highly prized by opulent natives in India, as well as by the fiiir sex throughout Europe. The inferior or worm-eaten coral is used in some parts of the Madras coast, in the celebration of funeral rites. It is also used medicinally. Besides the fishery in the fitraits of Messina already alluded to, there arc valuable fisheries on the shores of Majorca and Minorca, and on the coast of Provence. A good deal of Mediterranean coral is exported to India, which, however, draws the largest portion of its supplies from tho Porsian Gulf. The produce of the fishery at Messina is stated by Spallanzani, (Travels in the Two Sicilies, vol. iv. p. 308, &c.) to amount to 12 quintals of 250 lbs. each. Tlie manner of fishing cnral ig nearly the same every where. That which is most ronininnly prac- tiseJ in the Mediterranean is as follows ; — Seven or e;!;lit men iji) in a boat, tominiintled by the jroprietor ; the caster throws his net, if we may so call the machine which he uses lo tear up the mral from the bottom of the sea ; ami the rest work the boat, and help to draw in the net. This is ((imposed of two beams of wood tied crosswise, with leads li.xedtothem to sink them : to these beams sfasiened a quantity of hemp, twisted loosely round, and inlerminKled with some loose nelliiif;. lu tills condition the machine is let down into the sea ; and when the coral is pretty stroiiirly entwined ,n the hemp and nets, they draw it up with a rope, which they unwind accordiiijr to the depth, and uliicli it sometimes requires half a dozen boats to draw. If this rope happen to breiik, the lishermeii run the hazard of beini; lost. Before the fishers go to sea, they a:,'ree for the price of the coral ; and the produce of the fishery is divided, at the end of the season, into 13 parts ; of which the proprietor hjs 4, the caster 2, and the other men 1 each : the thirteenth belongs to the company, for payment vt boat-hire, &c. — (See AinalU's Mat. Indica ; Hees's Cyclopedia ; ,KHcy. Mclrop. ; BcU's Com. of Bengal, f^c.) CORDAGE (Ger. Tatiwerk ; Du. Touwwerk ,• Fr. Mnnauvres, Cordage ,• It. Caolame ,- Sp. Jarcia, Cordaje), a term used in general for all sorts of cord, whether small, middling, or great, made use of in the rigging of ships. The manufacture of cordage is regulated by the act 25 Geo. 4. c. 56., which specifies the sort of materials that ore to be employed in tiie manufacture of cables, hawsers, and other ropes, the intirks that are to be affixed to them, and the penalties for non-compUance with the respective enactments. — (See Cable.) Masters of British ships are obliged, on coming into any port in Great Britain or the folonies, to re{)ort, under a penalty of 100/., the foreign cordage, not being sti advanced as to their policy, have been so very various and contradictory, that it is indispen- sable to submit them to some examination, and, if possible, to ascertain the principles which ought to pervade tliis department of commercial legislation. I. Historical Skktcii of the Corn Laws. II. Principles of t»e Corn Laws. III. British Cohx Trade. ly, FoR£ioN Corn Trade. I. Historical Sketch op the Corw Laws. For a long time the regulations with respect to the corn trade were principally intended to promote abundance and low price.s. But, though the purpose was laudable, the means adopted for accomplisliing it had, for the most part, a directly opposite effect. When a country exports corn, it seems, at first sight, as if nothing could do so much to increase her supplies as the prevention of exportation : and even in countries that do not export, its prohilntion seems to be a prudent measure, and calculated to prevent the supply from being diminished, upon any emergency, below its natural level. These are the conclusions that immediately suggest themselves upon this subject; and it requires a pretty extensive experience, an attention to facts, and a habit of reasoning upon such topics, to ()erccive tlieir fallacy. These, however, were altogether wanting when the regulations affecting ti.e corn trade began to be introduced into Great Britain and other countries. They were framed in accordance with what were supposed to be the dictates of common sense ; and tlieir * lleckniann (vol. ii. p. 115. Eng. ed.) says, tliat " wlien the iree is 15 years old, it may lie barltoil. and this can bo done successively for eight years." This erroneous slaltMnent liavim,' been ca\wi into llie article Cork in Rees's Cyclopaedia, Ims ;''"nco been transplanted to a uiultUude o( olUct works. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 485 [t. Sughero, Stivero ; Lat. Suber), the thick it in dry mountainous 1 Barbary. The tree o to the Quercus Ilex, tain state of maturity, ) be of a much better effected without any 26 to 30 years, it may Bry 8 or 10 years*, the he bark is taken off in » live for 150 years, or !. It may be cut into rvious to any common stoppers for bottles, in employed as buoys to ' shoes, and in various charred on each side; the better for cuttinir bottle. Spaniali black rhey seem also to have mtis, PUn. Hist, Nat, se till the 17th century, ih century, began to be l27.Eni;. ed.) vs. ere principally intended vas laudable, the means opposite elVect. When do so much to increase ■Les that do not export, prevent the sujjply from liese are the conclusions aires a pretty extensive topics, to perceive their itioiis airecting tl.e corn ies. They were I'raincJ nmon sense ; and their •ars old, it may be barked, ment haviii!; been copii'd 1 10 a multiiude ol' oUict object being to procure as large a supply of the prime necessary of life as possible, its exportation was either totally forbidden, or forbidden when the home prico was above certain limits. The principle of absolute prohibition seems to have been steadily acted upon, as far as the turbulence of the period would admit, from the Conquest to the year 1436, in the reign of Henry VI. But at the last mentioned period an act was passed, authorising the exportation of wheat whenever the home price did not exceed On. 8rf. (equal in amount of pure silver to 12s. 10:Jr/. present money) per quarter, and barley when the home prico did not exceed 3.». id. In 1463, an additional benefit was intended to be conferred on ;)«;rieiilture by prohibiting importation until the home price exceeded that at which cxpor- laliori ceased. But the fluctuating policy of the times prevented these regulations from being carried into full effect; and, indeed, rendered them in a great measure inoperative. In addition to the restraints laid on exportation, it has been common in most countries tu attempt to increase the supply of corn, not only by admitting its unrestrained import- iition from abroad, but by holding out extraordinary encouragement to the importers. This policy has not, however, been much followed in England, During the 500 years immediately posterior to tire Conquest, importation was substantially free ; but it was seldom or never promoted by artificial means : and during the last century and a half it has, for the most part, been subjected to severe restrictions. Besides attempting to lower prices by prohil)iting exportation, our ancestors attempted to lower them by proscribing the trade carried on by corn dealers. This most useful class of persons were looked upon with suspicion by every one. The agriculturists concluded that they would be able to sell their produce at higher prices to the consumers, were the corn dealers out of the way: while the consumers concluded that the profits of the dealers were made at their expense ; and ascribed the dearths that were then very prevalent entirely to the practices of the dealers, or to their buying up corn and withholding it from market. These notions, which have still a considerable degree of influence, led to various enactments, particularly in the reign of Edward VI., by which the freedom of the internal corn trade was entirely suppressed. The ens;rossing of corn, or the buying of it in one market with intent to sell it again in another, was made an offence punishable by imprisonment and the pillory ; and no one was allowed to carry corn from one part to another without a licence, the privilege of granting which was confined, by a statute of Elizabeth, to the quarter sessions. But as the principles of commerce came to be better understood, the impolicy of these restraints gradually grew more and more obvious. They were considerably modified ill 1624; and, in 1663, the engrossing of corn was declared to be legal so long as the price (lid not exceed 48s, a quarter — (15 Chns. 2, c. 7.) ; an act which, as Dr. Smith has justly oliserved, has, with all its imperfections, done more to promote plenty than any other law in the statute book. In 1773, the last remnant of the legislative enactments restraining the freedom of the internal corn dealers was entirely repealed. But the engrossing of corn has, notwithstanding, been since held to bean otlence at common law ; and, so late as 1800, a com dealer was convicted of this imaginary crime. He was not, however, brought up for judgment; and it is not very likely that any similar case will ever again occupy the attention of the courts. The acts of 1430 and 1463, regulating the prices when exportation was allowed and when importation was to cease, continued, nominally at least, in force till 1. "362, when the prices at which exportation might take place were extended to 10s, for wheat, and Os. Sd. lor barley. But a new principle — that of imposing duties on exportation — was soon alter introduced; and, in 1571, it was enacted that wheat might be exported, paying a duty of 2s. a quarter, and barley and other grain a duty of Is, 4f/., whenever the home price of wheat did not exceed 20s, a quarter, and barley and malt 12s, At the Restoration, the limit at which exportation might take place was very much extended; but as the duty on exportation was, at the same time, so very high as to be almost prohibitory, the extensiim WHS of little or no service to the agriculturists. This view of the matter seems to have liccn speedily taken by the legislature; for, in 1C63, the high duties on exportation were taken oil", and an ad valorem duty imposed in their stead, at the same time tiiat the limit of exportation was extended. In 1070, a still more decided step was taken in favour of agriculture; an act being then passed which extended the exportation price to 53s. 4rZ. a quarter for wheat, and other grain in proportion, imposing, at the same lime, prohibitory (lutics on tlie importation of wheat till the price rose to 53s, 4(/., and a duty of 8s, between that price and 80s, But the real etlects of this act were not so great as might have been anticipated. The extension of the limit of exportation was rendered comparatively nugatory, in consequence of the continuance of the duties on exportation caused by the necessities of the Crown ; while the want of any proper method for the determination of prices went t:ir to nullify the prohibition of importation. At the accession of William III. a new system was adopted. The interests of agriculture were then looked upon as of paramount importance: and to promote them, not only were the duties on exportation totally abolished, but it was encouraged by the grant of a bounty 282 1! i ..^ >:i ,ii. i * 111 llllh till! Hill >.,llil«i, tiiUiMi ■|'»»m«i 'I - , I f - ; of 5s, on every quarter of wheat exported while the price continued at or below 48^, ._ of 2*. 6rf. on every quarter of barley or malt, while their respective prices did not exceed 24s.- and of 3s, 6rf. on every quarter of rye, when ita price did not exceed 32«. — (1 VV///.& jl/arw c. 12.) A bounty of 2s. 6rf. a quarter was subsequently given upon the exportation of oak and oatmeal, when the price of the former did not exceed 15s. a quarter. Importation continued to be regulated by the act of 1 670. Much diversity of opinion has \ieen entertained with respect to the policy of the bonntv. That it was intended to raise the price of corn is clear, from the words of the statute, which states, " that the exportation of corn and grain into foreign parts, when the price thereof is at a low rule in this kingdom, hath been a great advantage not only to the owners of land but to the trade of the kingdom in general : therefore," ence, of the ellective de- en that, in 1772, the ba- and in 177:5, 1774 and sased. But the loss of a nd difficulty of obtaining umption ; and this, eom- h on the ."^ide of cxporta- unusually deficient, and 7 the exports again ex- lad fully recovered from y(iuarter of barley; 3s. U. the effects of the American war, and when manufacturing improvements were carried on with extraordinary spirit, that the imports permanently overbalanced the exports. The growing wealth and commercial prosperity of the country had thus by increasing tho population and enabling individuals to consume additional quantities of food, caused tho home supply of corn to fall somewhat short of the demand ; but it must not, therefore, be concluded that agriculture had not at the same time been very greatly meliorated. " The average annual produce of wheat," says Mr. Comber, " at the beginning of the reign of George III. (1760), was about 3,800,000 quarters, of which about 300,000 had been sent out of the kingdom, leaving about 3,500,000 for home consumption. In 1773, the i)roduce of wheat was stated in the House of Commons to be 4,000,000 quarters, of which the whole, and above 100,000 imported, were consumed in the kingdom. In 1796, the consumption was stated by Lord Hawkesbury to be 500,000 quarters per month, or 6,000,000 quarters annually, of which about 180,000 were imported ; showing an increased produce in about 20 years of 1,820,000 quarters. It is evident, therefore, not only that no defalcation of [iro- duce had taken place in consequence of the cessation of exportation, as has been too lightly assumed from the occasional necessity of importation, but that it had increased with the augmentation of our commerce and manufactures." — ( Comber on National Subsistence, p, 180.) These estimates are, no doubt, very loose and unsatisfactory ; btit the fact of a great in- crease of produce having taken place is unquestionable. In a report by a committee of tlie House of Commons on the state of the waste lands, drawn up in 1797, the number of acU passed for enclosing, and the number of acres enclosed, in the following reigns, are thus stated : — Number of Acts. Number of Acres In the reign of Queen Anne 2 1,43U George I. 16 17,(10)0 George II. 226 318,778 George III. to 1797 - 1,532 2,804,197 It deserves particular notice, that from 1771 to 1791, both inclusive, the period during which the greater number of these improvements were eflfectcd, there was no rise of prices. The landholders, however, could not but consider the liberty of importation granted by tlic act of 1773 as injurious to their interests, inasmuch as it prevented prices from rising; with the increased demand. A clamour, therefore, was raised against that law ; and in addi- tion to this interested feeling, a dread of becoming habitually dependent on foreign supplies of corn, operated on many, and produced a pretty general acquiescence in the act of 1791. By this act, the price when importation could take place from abroad at the low duty of 6c?., was raised to 54s. ; under 54s. and above 50s. a middle duty of 2s. Gd. ; and under 50s. a prohibiting duty of 24s. 3d. was exigible. The bounty continued as before, and exporta- tion without bounty was allowed to 46s. It was also enacted, that foreign wheat might be imported, stored under the king's lock, and again exported free of duty ; but, if sold for home consumption, it became liable to a warehouse duty of 2s. Gd. in addition to the ordinary duties payable at the time of sale. In 1797, the Bank of England obtained an exemption from paying in specie ^ and the consequent facility of obtaining discounts and getting a command of capital, which this measure occasioned, gave a fresh stimulus to agriculture ; the efficacy of which was most powerfully assisted by the scarcity and high prices of 1800 and 1801. An agricultural mania now seized the nation ; and as the prices of 1804 would not allow the cultivation of the poor soils, which had been broken up in the dear years, to be continued, a new corn law, being loudly called for by the farmers, was passed in 1804. The law imposed a prohibitory duty of 24s. 3c?. per quarter on all wheat imported when the home price was at or below 63s.; between 63s. and 6f>s. a middle duty of 2s. 6c?. was paid, and above 66s. a nominal duty of 6c?. The price at which the bounty was allowed on exportation was extended to 50v,, and exportation without bounty to 54s. By the act of 1791, the niaiitime counties of England wore divided into 12 districts, importation and exportation being regulated by the particular prices of each ; but by the act of 1804 they were regulated, in England, by tho air^e>ruie average of the maritime districts ; and in Scotland by the aggregate average of the 4 maritime districts into which it was divided. The averages were taken 4 times a year, so that the ports could not be open or shut for less than 3 months. This manner of ascer- taining prices was, however, modified in the following session ; it being then fixed, that im- portation, both in England and Scotland, should be regulated by the average price of the 12 maritime districts of England. In >805, the crop was very considerably deficient, and the average price of that year was about 22s. a (juarter above the price at which importation was allowed by the act of 1804. As the depreciation of paper, compared with bullion, was at that time o\\\y four per cent., the high price of that year must have been principally owing to the new law jireventing importation from abroad till the home price was high, and then fettering uuTcantile opera- tions ; and to the formidable obstacles which the war threw in the way of importation. In II' li. I SI u . Il 1, liilllH f til HMIIIi 'llllUIII '''''HIM I 488 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. V I I : ^■ JllIJi' ■ - fc.!Mlltt ^.viw . . . >m:« IT**'"! iwMimituti'm ^j;.,i,*,iSi •I'limuMi .4 i 75.v., the iinportationa were but siiiujl. From autumn 1808, to spring 1814 the depreciation of the currency was unusually i^reat; ntij several crops in that interval being likewise deficient, the price of corn, iiilluencfd by both causes, rose to a surprising height. At that time no vessel could be laden in any Coutiiu-n. tal port for England without purchasing u licnso, and the freight and insurance were at least 5 times as high as during peace. But the destruction of Napoleon's anti-coiimuircial Kystem, in the autumn of 181.3, having increased the facilities of importation, a large ijuiin- tityofcorn wos poured into the kingdom; and, in 1814, its bullion price fell below ilie price at which importation was allowed. Before this fall of price, a committee of the House of Commons had been aj)poiiitcd to inquire into the state of the laws allecting the corn trade ; and recommended in their Roport (dated 11th of May, 1813) a very great increase of the prices at which exportation was allowable, and when importation free of duty might take place. This recommendation was not, however, adopted by the House ; but the fact of its having been made when the homo price was at least 112*. a quarter, displayed a surprising solicitude to exclude foreigners from all competition with the home growers. The wish to lessen the dependence of the country on foreign supplies formed the sole ostensible motive by which the committee of 1813 had been actuated, in proposing an alte- ration in the act of 1804. But after the fall of price in autumn 1813, and in the early jmrt cf 1814, it became obvious, on comparing our previous prices with those of the Continent, that without an alteration of the law in question this dependence would be a good deal in. creased ; that a considerable extent of sucli poor lands as had been brought into cultivation during the high prices would be again thrown into pasturage ; and tliat rents would be considerably reduced. These consequences alarmed the landlords and occupiers ; and in the early part of the session of 1814, a series of resolutions were voted by the House of Com- mons, declaring that it was expedient to repeal the bounty, to permit the free exportation of corn whatever might be the home price, and to impose a graduated scale of duties on the importation of foreign corn. Thus, foreign wheat imported when the home price was at or under G4s. was to pay a duty of 24s. : when at or under 65s. a duty of 23s. ; and so on, till the home price should reach 86.v., when the duty was reduced to Is., at which sum it beeanie stationary. Corn imported from Canada, or from the other British colonies in North Ame- rica, was to pay half the duties on other corn. As soon as these resolutions had been agreeil to, two bills founded on them — one for regulating the importation of foreign corn, and anotlier for the repeal of the bounty, and for permitting unrestricted exportation — were in- troduced. Very little attention was paid to the last of these bills; but the one imposing fresh duties on importation encountered a very keen opposition. The manufacturers, and every class not directly supported by agriculture, stigmatised it as an unjustiliable attempt artificially to keep up the price of food, and to secure excessive rents and large profits to tiie landholders and farmers at the expense of the consumers. Meetings were very generally held, and resolutions entered into strongly expressive of this sentiment, and dwelling on the fatal consequences which, it was affirmed, a continuance of the high prices would have on our manufactures and commerce. This determined opposition, coupled with the indecision of ministers, and perhaps, too, with an expectation on the part of some of the landholders that prices would rise without any legislative interference, caused the miscarriage of this bill. The other bill, repealing the bounty and allowing an unlimited freedom of exportation, was passed into a law. Committees had been appointed in 1814, by both Houses of Parliament, to examine evi- dence and report on the state of the corn trade ; and, in consequence, a number of the most eminent agriculturists were examined. The witnesses were unanimous in this only, — that the protecting prices in the act of 1804 were insufficient to enable the farmers to make f;ood tlie engagements into which they had subsequently entered, and to continue the cultivation of the inferior lands lately brought under tillage. Some of them thought that \'Hh. ought to be fixed as the lowest limit at which the importation of wheat free of duty should be allowed : others varied from 90s. to 100s. — from 80s. to 90s. — and a few from 70s. to 8()s. The (,'enc- ral opinion, however, seemed to be that SO.s. would sulfici;; and as prices continued to decline, a set of resolutions f(>unded on this assumption were submitted to the House of Connnons by Mr. Robinson, of the Board of Trade 'now Lord Goderich , • and having been agreed to, a bill founded on them was, after a very "!• " -"t op[)osition, carried in both Houses liy im- mense majorities, and finally passed in! i l;iw (53 Geo. 3. c. 2G.). According to this act, all sorts of foreign corn, meal, or flour, might be imported at all times free of duty into any port of the United Kingdom, in order to be warehoused ; but foreign corn was not permitted to be imported for home consumption, except when the average prices of the several sorts * Several irnpniitic restraints had been for a long time iniposnd on tlio free importation anil exporta- tion of corn hetWHen fJreut ISritnin and Ireland, but they were wlioliy abolisliod in 1800; and tlmact of that year (10 Geo. 3. c. 97.), eslablishin(.' a free trade in eorri between tile '2 (Treat divisions of the empire, was not only a wise and proper measure in Itself, but has powerfully contributed to promoto the general advantage. E. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 489 rent. ; and t!io price of iitioiis were l>ut small, as unusuiilly ureal; aiul :orn, intlueiicfd by boilj laden in any ConiiniMi- t and insurance were at jlcon's anti-cotmneriiil portation, a lartfc ijuun- lon price fell below the Imd been a])poiiitcd to iinendcd in their Report which exportation was is recommendation was n made when the hoinu e to exclude foreigners ipplies formed the solo id, in proposing an altc- 3, and in the early jjart those of the Continent, vould be a good deal in. brought into cultivation md that rents would be and occupiers ; and in \ by the House of Coni. t the free exportation of ;d scale of duties on the he home price was at or ■ of 23s. ; and so on, till at which sum it became colonies in North Amc- )lutions had been agreed n of foreign corn, and d exportation — were in- I ; but the one imposing rhe manufacturers, and m unjustifiable attempt and large profits to the rs were very generally nt, and dwelling on the prices would have on led with the indecision omo of the landholders miscarriage of tliis bill, om of exportation, was lament, to examine evj. a number of the most lous in this only, — that c farmers to make good ;ontinue the eulli\alion ght that VZih. ought to luty should be allowed : 70.V. to 80,t. The gene- cs continued to decline, he House of Commons having been agreed to, 11 both Houses by ini- According to this act, }s free of duty into any ;orn was not permitted ces of the several sorts importation anil e.xpnrla- !li(Ml in ISOO; and the act i 2 (jreat divisiims of tlie y contributed to iiromolo of British com were as follows : viz. wheat, SO.*, per quarter ; rye, peas, and beans, 53*. ; barley, tear, or bigg, 40s. ; and oats, 2Gs. : and all importation of corn from any of the British plantations in North America was forbidden, except when the average home prices were at or under, wheat, 67a. per quarter; rye, peas, and beans, 41s.; barley, bear or bigg, 33s. ; and oaU, 22s. The agriculturists conGdently expected that this act would immediately effect a riily of 9 or 10 months' provisions instead of 12 — it is plain that, unless the price were so raised immediately after harvest, as to enforce economy, and put, as it were, the whole nation on short allowance, the most dreadful famine would be experienced previously to the ensuing harvest. Those who examine the accounts of the prices of wheat and other grain in England, collected by Bishop Fleetwood and Sir F. M. Eden, will meet with abundant proofs of the accuracy of what has now been stated. In those remote periods when the farmers were generally without the means of withholding their crops from market, and when the trade of a corn dealer was proscribed, the utmost improvidence was exhibited in the consumption of grain. There were then, indeed, very few years in which a considerable scarcity was not experienced immediately before harvest, and many in which there was an absolute famine. The fluctuations of price exceeded every thing of which wo can now form an idea ; the price of wheat and other grain being 4 or 5 times as high in June and July, as in September and October. Thanks, however, to the increase of capital in the hands of the large farmers and dealers, and to the freedom given to the operations of the corn merchants, we are no longer exposed to such ruinous vicissitudes. Whenever the dealers, who, in consequence of their superior means of information, are better acquainted with the real state of the crops than any other class of persons, find the harvest likely to be deficient, they raise the price of the corn they have warehoused, and bid against each other for the corn which the farmers are bringing to market. In consequence of this rise of prices, all ranks and orders, but especially the lower, who are the great consumers of corn, find it indispensable to use greater economy, and to check uU improvident and wasteful con- sumption. Every class being thus immediately put upon short allowance, the pressure of the scarcity is distributed equally throughout the year ; and instead of indulging, as was formerly the case, in the same scale of consumption as in seasons of plenty, until the sujiply became altogether deficient, and then being exposed without resource to the attacks of famine and pestilence, the speculations of the corn merchants warn us of our danger, and compel us to provide against it. It is not easy to suppose that these proceedings of the corn merchants should ever be injurious to the public. It has been said that in scarce years they are not disposed to bring the corn they have purchased to market until it has attained an exorbitant price, and that the pressure of the scarcity is thus often very much aggravated ; but there is no real ground for any such statement. The immense amount of capital required to store up any consider- able quantity of corn, and the waste to which it is liable, render most holders disposed to sell as soon as they can realise a fair profit. In every extensive country in which the corn trade is free, there are infinitely too many persons engaged in it to enable any sort of com- bination or concert to be formed amongst them ; and though it were formed, it could not be maintained for an instant. A large proportion of the farmers and other small holders of corn are always in straitened circumstances, more particularly if a scarce year has not occurred so soon as they expected ; and they are consequently anxious to relieve themselves, as soon as prices rise, of a portion of the stock on their hands. Occasionally, indeed, individuals are found, who retain their stocks for too long a period, or until a reaction takes place, and prices begin to decline. But instead of joining in the popular cry against such persons, every one who takes a dispassionate view of the matter will perceive that, inasmuch as their miscalculation must, under the circumstances supposed, be exceedingly injurious to them- selves, we have the best security against its being carried to such an extent as to be productive of any material injury or even inconvenience to the public. It ought also to be borne in mind, that it is rarely, if ever, possible to determine beforehand, when a scarcity is to abate in consequence of new supplies being brought to market; and had it continued a little longer, there would have been no miscalculation on the part of the holders. At all events, it is plain that, by declining to bring their corn to market, they preserved a resource on which, in the event of the harvest being longer delayed than usual, or of any unfavour- able contingency taking place, the public could have fallen back ; so that, instead of deserving abuse, these speculators are most justly entitled to every fair encouragement and protection. ',' t ? , ' 1 1 111, iilii iiill " llUIH ri'iiiu II 402 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. I ( i^iM ""*• i ^' . _g0Mr>4llTMI •«*9t ■■'•* %ik.«iiu4 ■rcxmaa •('■■■■"■■« •■%t ' ■ • 'I I ■ . ^ . I t ■■ ! A roiintry m which thcro is no riirisidcriil)!^ ntnvk of Rriiin in tlio hnrnyarilrt of tho fiirmen or in thf wnrchoiiHOM of liin incrchitntM, Ih in the in()- export tho surplus supplies with which they may be occasionally furnished. Wlieiin country without the means of exporting grows nearly her own average supplies of corn, an abundant crop, by causing a great overloading of the market, and a heavy fall of |)ricp, i« as injurious to the iiirmer as a scarcity. It may be thought, perhaps, that the greater quantity of produce in abundant seasons will compensate for its lower price ; but this is not the rns(.. It is uniformly found that variations in the quantity of corn exert a much greater iiilluciui' over prices, than equal variations in the quantity of almost any thing else olfored for sale. Being the principal necessary of life, when the supply of corn hap[)en8 to bo less than ordj. nary, the mass of tho people make very great, though unavailing, exertions, by diniinishlnir their consumption of other and less indispensable articles, to obtain their acciistomej supplies of this prime necessary ; so that its pi ice rises much more than in proportion to the deficiency. On the other hand, when tho su'>,ily is unusually large, the consumption is not proportionally extended. In ordinary yeara, tj'.o bulk of the population is about adciiuatclv fed ; and though the consumption of all clussej be somewhat greater in unusually j)lentifu| years, the extension is considerable only among the lowest classes, and in the fecdin;,' of horses. Hence it is, that the increased supply at market, in such years, goes principally to cause a glut, and, consequently, a ruinous decline of prices. These statements are corroborated by the widest exi>erience. Whenever there is an inability to export, from whatever cause it may arise, an unusually luxuriant crop is uniformly accompanied by a very heavy fall of price, and severe agricultural distress ; and when two or three sucii props happen to follow in succession, the ruin of a large proportion of the farmers is completed. If the mischiefs resulting' from tho want of power to export stopped here, they mii;ht, though very great, be borne /ut they do not stop here. It is idle to suppose that a system ruinous to the producers can be otherwise to the consumers. A glut of the market, occa- sioned by luxuriant harvests, and the want of power to export, cannot be of long continuance: for, while it continues, it can hardly fail, by distressing all classes of farmers, and causin? the ruin of many, to give a check to every species of agricultural improvement, and to lessen the extent of land in tillage. When, therefore, an unfavourable season recurs, the reaction is, for the most part, appalling. The supply, being lessened not only by the badness of the season, but also by a diminution of the quantity of land in crop, falls very far below an average ; and a severe scarcity, if not an absolute famine, is most commonly expcrienccij. It is, therefore, clear, that if a country would render herself secure against famine, and injurious fluctuations of price, she must give every possible facility to exportation in years of unusual plenty. If she act upon a dilTerent system, — if her policy make exportation in such year impracticable, or very difficult, — she will infallibly render the bounty of Providence an injury to her agriculturists; and two or three abundant harvests in succession will he the forerunners of scarcity and famine. 3. Bounty on the Exportation of Com. — In Great Britain, as already obscrvnl, we have not only been allowed to export for a long series of years, but from the Uovolution down to I8I5 a bounty was given on exportation, whenever the home [)rices were depressed below certain limits. This policy, however, erred as much on the one hand as a restriction on exportation errs on the other. It causes, it is true, an extension of the dcniaiul for corn; but this greater demand is not caused by natural, but by artilicial means; it is not a coti- sequence of any really increased demand on the part of the foreigner, but of our furnisliin;; the exporters of corn with a bonun, in order that they may sell it abroad below its natural price ! To suppose that a proceeding of this sort can be a public advantage, is equivalent to supposing that a shopkeeper may get rich by selling his goods below what they cost.— (See BouNTT.) 4. Importation from Eoreii^n Countries. — If a country were, like Poland or Russia, uniformly in the habit of exporting corn to other countries, a restriction on importation would be of no material consequence ; because though such restriction did not exist, no G. rnyordif of tho fiirmcrs, tioii thiit can cusily be nine. Hut w) Idiih dk (IcalrrH n'tiiiti n Htork y ri'l'usini? to M\ it till I of wiisti", and htislinml Hhanilod for tlxcinwlvcs, i imposed by HtiUiiic nii i truo that enurrosisiinr, to bo oU'enccs at com. lire made to answer for ion so loni? pntcrtaiiml, •nsini; plenty at hi)nie, markets of no country !rchants have pmvcrto y furnished. Wlipiia ii^c supplies of corn, an leavy fall of jiricp, in ^ lat the Rreatcr quimtiiy b\it this is not tlic rase. . much Rreatcr intluence lUg else olfored for salo. ns to be less than ordi- xertions, by diniinisliinir jtain their afc\istom(\l [lan in proportion to the , the consumption is not tion is about adc(|imtcly r in unusually piciiliful 8, and in the feediii;; of , years, goes principally These statements are lability to export, from rnily accompanied by a two or three sueii crops firmers is completed, pped here, they mii;ht, appose that a system of the market, occa- be of long continuance: farmers, and causing improvement, and to able season recurs, the not only by the badness op, falls very far below commonly experienced, ii^ainst fiunino, and to exportation in years cy make exportation in bounty of Providence succession will be the already observed, we it from the Revolution prices were depressed ne hand as a restriction f the demand for corn; means ; it is not a con- but of our furnishing road below its natural antage. is equivalent to ow what they cost.— ike Poland or Russia, riction on importation tion did not exist, no CORN LAWS AND t \ TR.VDE. Ciireicrn corn would be imported, unle.s'* it^< jiorf-! were situnt .1 as to - ,\ rentric'tion on importation is sensibly felt only wli<: it is cnforci owing to the greater density of its |iiqmIiilion, tlie titin \ extent of other cause, would, either oeeasioiially or uniformly, ini;">rt. It is fu iliar W tl tion of every one, that a total failure of the crops is a eiilatiiity that bui i a rely oc cxteiioive kingdom; that tlie weather which is unfiivonruble to one dcHcripiioi ^reiicrally favourable to some other description ; and that, except in anonmlod (oiiil produce is not very dilferent. Hut what is thus generally true of single , ;ll^v;^y^^ true of the world at large. History furnishes no single instance of jcarcily ; but it is uniforndy found, that when the crops in a [larlicular country an 408 ve for an rntrrp'il. n\ a country which, fn^rlile land, or any fi an ■loil, i> sses, the olrleH, i» iidiversnl unusually cficient, they are proportionally abund.nil in some other ([uarter. It is clear, however, that I restriction on importation excludes the country which enacts it from profiting by this liciicficent arrangement. !She is thrown entirely on her own resources. Under the eircinn- ^lances supposed, she has nothing to trust to for relief but reserves in her warehouses ; and jluiiild these be inade(piate to m<'ct the exigency of the crisis, tliere are apparently no means 1 V which she can escape experiencing all the evils of scarcity, or, it may be, of famine. A cnuntry deprived of the power to import is unable to su[iply the deticieticies of her harvests by the surplus produce of other countries; so that her inhabitants may starve amidst surrounding plenty, and sufi'er the extreme of scarcity, when, but for the restrictions on importation, they might enjoy the greatest abundance. If the restriction be not abso- lute, but conditional ; if, instead of absokitely excluding foreign corn from the home markets, it merely loads it with a duly; the degree in which it will operate to increase the scarcity and dearth will depend on the magnitude of that duty. If the duty be constant and modc- -nto, it may not have any very considerable etVect in discouraging importation; but if it be (luctuating and heavy, it will, by falsifying the speculations of the merchants, and making I corresponding addition to the price of the corn imported, be proportiotially injurious. In whatever degree foreign corn may be excluded in years of dcfi'-ient crops, to the same ex- (iMit must prices be artificially raised, and the jiressure of scarcity rendered so much the more severe. Such would be the disastrous influence of a restriction on importation in a country which, were there no such obstruction in the way, would sometimes import and sometimes export. But its operation would be infinitely more injurious in a country which, under a free system, would uniformly import a portion of her sui)plics. The restriction, in this case, has a twofold operation. By preventing importation from abroad, and forcing the population to depend for subsiatence on corn raised at home, it compels recourse to be had to compara- tively inferior soils ; and thus, by increasing the cost of producing corn above its cost in other countries, adds proportionally to its average price. The causes of fluctuation are, in this way, increased in a geometrical proportion ; for while the prevention of importation exposes the population to the pressure of want whenever the harvest happens to be less productive than usual, it is sure, at the same time, by raising average prices, to hinder exportation in a year of unusual plenty, until the home prices (iill ruinously low. It is obvious, therefore, that a restriction of this sort nuist be alternately destructive of the interests of the consumers and producers. It injures the former by making them pay, at an average, nn artificially increased price for their food, and by exposing them to scarcity and famine whenever the home crop proves deficient; and it injures the latter, by depriving them of the power to export in years of unusual plenty, and by overloading the market with produce, which, muler a free system, would have met with an advantageous sale abroad. The principle thus briefly explained, shows the impossibility of permanently keeping up I'le home prices by means of restrictions on importation, at the same time that it alVords a fku by which we may trace the causes of most of that agricultural distress which has been experienced in this country since the peace. The real object of the Corn Law of 1813 was 10 keep up the price of corn to 80s. a quarter ; but to succeed in this, it was indispensable not iiily that foreign corn should be excluded when prices were under this limit, but that the markets should never be overloaded with corn produced at home : for it is clear, according 10 the principle already explained, that if the supply should in ordinary years be sufticient loft'cd the population, it must, in an unusually abundant year, be more than sufficient for that purpose ; and when, in such a ease, the surplus is thrown upon the market, it cannot fail, in the event of our average prices being consider.ibly above the level of those of tho surrounding countries, to cause a ruinous depression. Now, this was tho precise situation of this country .at the end of the war. Owing partly to the act of 1804, but far more to the difficulties in the way of importation, and the depreciation of the currency, prices attained loan extraordinary elevation from 1809 to 1814, and gave such a stimulus to agriculture, ihatwe grew, in 1812 and 1818, sufficient corn for our own supply. And, such being the case, it is clear, though our i)orts had been hermetically sealed against importation from abroad, that the first luxuriant crop must have occasioned a ruinous decline of prices. It is the exclusion, not the introduction, of foreign corn that has caused the distress of the agri- culturists ; for it is this exclusion that had forced up the price of corn in this country, in Vol. I.— 2 T i^ :i(ii Hill ' IIIIH i V . \ 404 CORN LAWS A\D CORN TRADE. cr:!;> • ^;?;:::.i":3» ft «*"'■ "•■ill 't > ^ Hcarco o'k! nvcroj;c yoiirn, to i>n uniiiitural level, nnd timt, foiiHC(iurnlly, rcndcM oxijortatiiii ill fiivouraliUt huumuiii* iiii|ii)!ii4ili|t<, witltmit niicIi ii tltll of pricoM us iri iiiimt dir«astriiii-i to ilii fariiiiT, It iiiiiy lu^ rncntioiicd in iiroot' of whitt ix now xtiiti'd, ticit tlu> avonii^i' |iri('i>,i| wheat in liiiglaiid and WiiKm in INl 1, wa* Ttt. u i|uart(!r, and in 1815 it iiad fulleti (Di'iiy Ihit UH tlicie prieuH would not indemnify tlio occupierM (if the poor lundn iiMu^^ht uiiilr tilla^^e durini; tiit^ pri'viouM lii^li pricen, they wurn gradually relini|uishini; their cultivatjoi, A conHideralilu portion of them wa.s converted into pasture ; renin were neneraliy rediiccil and wai(eH had liegun to decline: hut the leufirilature havint^ prohiliited the im|iortaiiiiii ki foreifrn cum, the operation of this natural princi|)lu uf adjutitinent was unforlui. itely counter- acted, and the price of INK! rose to 7r),v. 10^/. This rise was, however, insullicienl to oc, ,. Hioii any new impruveiuent; and as fon'iijii corn was now excludeil, and lan^e tracts of I ' land had been thrown out of cultivation, the supply was so much diminished, that, unlwiii,. standin;! tliu increase in the value of money, prices rose in IH17, partly, no doiihi, ,. conse(pu'nce of the hud harvest of tiie previous year, to Ol.v. 9f/. ; nnd in ISlS, to si.v. i These hiijli prices had their natural ell'ect. They revived the drooping spirits of the fariim . who iina«iMc(l that the ('orn Law was, at leuBfth, liei^inninii to produce thceUccls anlii'i|n(; ; from it, and that the golden ilays of IHl'-J, when wheat sold for Vi^w. a quarter, were ulm,,; to return! liut this prosperity carried in its liooom the seeds of future mischief. The Id. creasecl prices necessarily occasioned a fresh extension of tilhw; capital was ai;ain a(i|ilii',| to the iiiiprovenient of the soil ; anil this increase of tillaf?e, conspirin;? with favouraM,. reasons, and the impossihility of exportation, »unk prices to such u detjree, that tliey fell, Ju October, IH'i'i, HO low as '38s. lil., the average price of that year Ikmiiij only 4U.v, ;!(/. It is thus demonstrably certain, that the recurrence of periinls of distress, similar to th.is,' that have been experienced by the ai^riculturists of this country since the j)eacc, carmni In- warded olf by restrietiiif; or prohibitinu^ importation. A free corn tnido is the only nvstom that can give them that security against lluctuations that is so indisixMisablc. The iuir ,' imjjortation that would take jilace, were the ports always open, ns soon as any coIl^i(ll'^(^ll|| deliciency in the crops was a|iprchen(led, would prevent prices from rising to an o|i|)iTs,sivi' height ; while on the other hand, when the crops were unusually luxuriant, a rcaily oinlu would he found for the tturplus in foreign countries, without its occasioning any very lii'uv fall. To expect to combine steadiness of prices with restrictions on importation, U f,i expect to reconcile what is contradictory and absurd. The higher the limit at wliidi the importation of foreign corn into u country like England is lixed, the greater will W tin oscillation of prices. If wo would secure for ourselves abuiulance, and avoid lluitii.itiun, wo must renounce all attempts at exclusion, and l)e ready to deal in corn, as we ought ii be in every thing else, on fair and liberal principles. That the restrictions imiwsed on the foreign corn trade during the last 10 years shouM not have been productive of u)oru disastrous consequences than those that have actually' resulted from them, is, we believe, principally to be ascribctl to the very great iiicrwist' that has taken place in the imports from Ireland. Previously to 1800, when a iierfectly I'loo corn trade between Great Britain and Ireland was for the first time established, the yearly imports did not amount to 400,000 quarters, whereas they now amount to S,(iOO,0()0 ; iiml any one who has ever been in Ireland, or is aware of the wretched slate of agriculturo in i;, and of the amazing fertility of the soil, must Ihj satisfied that a very slight iiniirovcmcm would occasion an extraordinary increase in the imports from that country ; and it is Ix-- lieved by those best qualified to form an opinion on such a subject, that the settleninit of the Catholic (|ucslion, and the disfranchisement of the 40.v. freeholders, by promoting the puhlic tranciuillily, and taking away one of the principal inducements to the pernicious practice ot splitting farms, has, in this respect, already hud great influence, and that it will eventually lead to the most material improvements. Hence it is by no means improbable, tliiit thi> growing imports from Ireland may, at no distant period, reduce our prices to the lovd of those of the Continent, and even render us an occasionally exporting country, Tliise, however, are contingent and uncertain results ; and supposing them to be uliiinatcly realisij, the Corn Laws must in the mean time be productive of great hardship, and must, in all time to come, aggravate to a frightful extent the misery inseparable from bad harvests. Nothing but the great importance of the subject could excuse us for dwelling so lone; on what is so very plain. To facilitate production, and to make commodities cheaiicr anil more easily obtained, are the grand motives which stimulate the inventive powers, ami which lead to the discovery and improvement of machines and processes for saving labour ami diminishing cost ; and it is plain that no system of commercial legislation deservps to k supported, which does not conspire to promote the same objects : but a restriction on the importation of corn into a country like England, which has made a great comi)arativt' ad- vance in population and manufacturing industry, is diametrically opposed to these priucipk'i. The density of our population is such, that the exclusion of foreign corn forces us to resurt to soils of a decidedly less degree of fertility than those that are under cultivation in the surrounding countries ; and, in consequence, our average prices arc comparatively high. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 405 We l»avo rrsolvrd that our pcdplc ihoulil not employ iln'ir r;ii)itul nnd Inlinnr in tliono Iiriin<'l>('M of iniuiufurturiii); ami coiiiniiTriiil imluxlry in uliii'h (licy havo u ilt'ciilcil iiihiin- Wif "^''f every other rountry ; Imt thiU they xhiiiilil lie nuule to I'oree coniimnitivily liirreii sDi!'* to yield tliein II sfiinty return for their oiitliiy. If we eould, hy liiyiiin out l(i(l(»/. on the in:inufiii'tur«^ of cottoiH or hardware, prodiiee a i|U!intity of thene urtieleH (hut would ex- .liaiifje for '100 i|uarti'rH of American or I'oliHh wheat ; anil if the xaiue mimu, were it ex- norided in eiiltivution in thix country, would not produce more than :I00 ipi:irteri4; the pr(<- vi'iition of iiuportatiou occaNiouM an ohviouM Hacrilice of 100 out of uvery iOO (jUiirtiTN cou- suined in thn empiri; ; or, which in the Hutne thinfr, jt occaxionx an urlilicial ailvance of «.'t percent, in iho price of corn. In a pulilic point of view, the impolicy ot'HUch a Hvsteni i*< however, merely apparent : at liottoin there in no real dillcreiice lietwi'CM tho lnliTCHls of the landiordit and those of the rest of the connnunity. It would In- riiliculouK, uiilccd, to iinaj;irie for u moment that the laiuilorilH can he henefited liy a syntein in which 'liiwe trnmendourt tluctuationH of prices, no nuhversive of all agricultural prosjierity, are in- herent ; liut though thcMO could lie t>ot rid of, the result would he the same. 'I'lie pro-^jierily ol' iiurriculture must always depend upon, and be determined hy, the prosperity of other liranclu'D of industry ; and any wystem which, like thi^ corn laws, is mo^t injurious to tho Litter, cannot hut he injurious to the former. Instead of lieirig pnl>licly a(Kantau;eous, hip;h |iri('e.< are in rirri/ rase distinctly and completely tiio reverse. The smaller the sai-rilice for which any connnodity can he obtained, so much the better. When the labour reipiircd to [irodiice, or the money required to purchase, a sullicient supply of corn is dimiiii-ihed, it is weleur as the sun at noon-day that more labour or money must remain to jiroduce or [iiir- chas« tho other necessaries, conveniencies, and amusements of human life, mid thul the sum ofiwtiomd wealth and comforts nnist be proportionally nut?iiieiited, 'Those who supposo that 11 rise of prices can ever \w a means of iin])roviiijr the condition of a country miixht. with ciliial reason, suppo.so that it would be improved by throwini? its best soils ovit of cultivntion, nil! destroying its most powerful machines. The opinions of such persons are not only op- poseil to tho plainest and most obvious seientific princiiiles, but they are opposed to the ob- viaiH conclusions of common sense, and the universal experience of mankind. Exprrience of the injurious enfecU resulting from the (.'orn Laws has induced many that were formerly their zealous advocates to come round to a more liberal way of thinkin.;. It would, however, be unjust not to mention that there has always been a large and respectable party amongst the landlords, opposed to all restrictions on the trade in corn ; and who have uniformly thought that their interests, being identified with those of the public, would ho best promoted by the abolition of restrictions on importation. A protest expressive of this oiiiiiion, subscribed by 10 peers, was entered on the Journals of tho House of jjords, against the corn law of 181,5. This document is said to have been drawn np by Lord (Jrenville, who has always been the enlightened advocate of sound commercial principles. Its reasoii- in? is so clear and satisfactory, that we are sure we shall gratify our readers, as well as sltengthen the statements previously made, by laying it before them. '•Visstnticnt.—l. Heraiise wn are adversn in priii(i|ili' In nil new restraints on cninnirreo. Wo think it ecrliiiii lliiit imlilie priis|)i'rity Is licst priiinnlcil liy Iciwiii!,' mininlriilli'il tlie I'ri'c current of naliiiiial Industry ; and wc; wisli ratlicr, liy well (diijiidi.'ri'd steps, to lirini; Imclv our cniMiin'riial h'liis- liiliiin tn till! stralL'lit and simple line iit' wisdcmi, iliuii in liicrisise llie clevi:ttii>n l>y siiliji'iliiii! aildl- tiiinal iind extunsivu brandies of tliu public iiuurusl to iVesli systems of artlliciul iiud injiiiiuns ti'strictinns. "11, liceanse we think that the (treat practical rnle, of leavins nil coinmerco unfettored, applies nire piciiliarlij, iind on slit! stroimcr (.'rounds of justice iis well as jiolicy, In llie corn triuli- than to;iny oilier. Irresistilile, Indeed, must !)(■ tlnit necessity wliicli coiilil, in our jnd;.'iiicut, iniiho.is;! the li'lisliiture to tamper with the sustenance of Ihc; peopji., himI to impeili- thii free pnrcli:isu of that ;miili!on which depends the existence of so larfe n iDrtion of the communily. "111. lii'ciuise we think that the expectations of iiliini;iti' Ijinetit from lliisniensur'' .■iri.' loun.lfd on a ilcliisivi! theory. We cannot jiersuadi! ourselvis tli;it this l;i\v will ever (onlrilniii' to proclucu lili'iity. rlictipness, or steadiness of price. So lon<.' as it opcrtiles iit all, itse'lects must !)!■ the o|iposl»(' iirHieae. Jliinojinlij i,i the parent of .icarrity, of ilnifi'c.<.i, iinil of iiiirrrliiiiili;. 'I'o cul oif;inyofthn fiiiirccs of supply, can only ti'iid to lessen Its aliundiiiici' ; to close uL'iiinst oursi'lv.'s llu' (iieapest imrkcl for any conimodily, must enhance! the price at which we piirchasi^ it ; and to c(.iirnie the con- ^I'.iMi'r of corn to the produce of his own country, is to ri'f'isi' to oursi.dves the hi'tielit ol'thal provision wliiili I'rovidciice itself has made for einialisina to man llu' varialions of cliniale and of sfisous. •IV. Hut whatt^ver maybe the fatiire conseiiueiices of this law at some distuit and uinertain [iirind, we pee with pain that these hopes must be purchased at lln^ expi'iiso of a '.'"lat and present evil. To compel th(? ccmsunur to purcliase corn dearer at home thiin it miiiht \f impnrlL'il from aliroiil. Is till! ininieiliate practical etl'ecl of this law. In this way alone can it operate, lis pr('sent |initcction, its promised exteiisloii of ai.'riculture, must result (if at all) from t'le prolii;: which It ircaU's liy kecplnir up the price of corn to an arliticial Irvel. 'I'lie.-i' fiitari- lieiiculs iTi' tlie conse- ilUfiicos expected, but, as we coiilideiitly believe, erroneously expecteil, from ^'ivlny a bounly to the prnwcr id' corn, by a lax levied on its consumer. "V. liccaiise we think the iuloption of any perinanent law for such a purpose, ri'i|uired the fullest anil most lalinrioiis invesllaatloti. .Nor would it have been sutluient for our sali.sfaction, coul I we have hi'i'i, convinced of lliif ireueral pidlcy of a hazardous experiment. A still flintier iiniuiry would liave been necessary to persiiaib- lis that the present moment is lit for Its adoption. In such an imiiiiry. we iniisl have hid the means of satlsl'ylii!: ourselves what its iiiimedlaii^ .iprralion will be, M coiiiiecied with the various and pressing circu'iiistaiices uf pulilic ililliciiliy and distress with which 1 i I Mil mil lUlll i t 496 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. ura.'i'r.uii'in IB-UK""'- • ■■■'*■* ' MMiiTim-iiinn J,:: f I ■M'li'iMiati I. ::■'! t f . t ! ' 1 i..; 4 :f the country Is surroiindnl ; with llio siMte of our rirciihilinti and cnrrnnry, of our asriciiltnroatK} ni:inulactiirt'M, of our intcriKtl and rrUrnul iDUiiiicrcc, anil, aliovc all, willi the condition and a-ward of th« in(histriou8 ainl lahiinrinj.' cl'issc's of onr lonmninily. "On all thfsi! iiarlicuilars, as they ros|ii'tl thiit iiiicslion, we think tliat pnrlianiptit is almost wholly uninfurnied ; on all wo see reason lor the utniost anxiety and alarm troin the o|)eration oitluo law. "Lastly, Because, if we co\i!d approve of the principle and purpose of this law, we think that no suflicient fonndatiou has licen laid for its details. The evidence before us, unsatisfictory and iinper- fi'ct as il is, soetns to us rather to disprove; than to support the proprii;ty of the hi!;!! price adopiLMl ai the standard of importation, and till! fallacious inodi! I)y which that price is to be ascertauii d. AnJ on all these (.'rounds we are anxious to rece >. our dissent from a measure bo precipitate in its cuursu, and, as we fear, su injurious in its cunseiiuencvs." Attempts have sometimes been made to estimate the pecuniary burden which the restric- tions on importation entail in ordinarj' ycar.s upon the country. TiiisJ, however, is a sulijiv* with respect to which it is not j)ossible to obtain any very accurate data. But supposing the total quantity of com annually produced in Great Britain and Ireland to amount to 5'.i,000,000 quarters, every shilling that is added to its price by the Corn Laws is rquivalont to a tax on corn of 2,600,000/. ; and estimatins the average rise on all -sorts of grain at 7,*. a quarter, the total sum will be 18,200,000/. 8o great a quantity of corn is, however, cnii- sumed by the agriculturists themselves as food, in seed, the keep of horses, &c. that not more than a half, perhaps, of the whole (juantity producetl is brought to market. If we are nearlv right in this hypothesis, and in the previous estimates, it will follow that the restrictions ens', the classes not engaged in agriculture no less than 9,100,000/. exclusive of their own jior- nicious consequences. Of this sum a_y2/?/i, probably, or 1,S0(),000/. may go to the liiiid- lords as rent ; and this is iiH that the agriculturists can be said to gain by the sj'stem. for the additional price received by the farnw-r on that portion of the produce exclusive of rent is no more than the ordinary return for his capital and laliour. His prolits, indeed, iiisieat] of being increased by this sy.stcm, are really dimini.shixl by it; (for proofs of this, poothr note on Corn Laws, in my edition of the Wealth of Nations, vol. iv. pp. OfVS — 3G1.;) anj though the rents of the landlords be, nominally at least, somewhat increased by it, it is, not- withstanding, abundantly certain that it is any thing but advantageous to them. It wouIJ require a far larger sum to balance the injury which fluctuations of price occasion to their tenants, and the damage done to their estates by over-cropping when prices are high, thaii ail that is derived from the restrictions. 5. Duties on Importation. — A duty may be equitably imposed on importoil corn, for two objects ; that is, eitlier for the sake of revenue, or to balance any excess of taxes laid on thc agriculturi.sts over those laid on the other classes. — (See my edition of Wcfi!///* ((/"iYrt/Znov, vol. iv. pp. 3C3 — 1309.) With respect, however, to a duty imposed for the sake of revenue, it may bo douhtcd whether corn be a proper subject for taxation. But at all events such a duty should be exceedingly moderate. It would be most inex|wdient to attempt to aJJ largely to the revenue by laying heavy duties on the prime necessary of life. If it bo really true that agriculture is more heavily taxed than any other branch of indus- try, the agriculturists arc entitled to demand that a duty be laid on foreign corn when im- norted, corresponding to the excess of burdens aU'ecting them. It has been doubted, how- ever, whether they are in this predicament. But though the question be by no means free from difiiculty, we should be disposed to decide it in the allirmative, being pretty well satis- lied that, owing to the local and other burdens laid on the land, those occupying it are really subjected to heavier taxes than any other class. It is difficult, or rather, perhaps, imiiosaibie, to estimate with any degree of precision what the excess of taxes laid on the agriciillurists beyond those laid on manufacturers and merchants may amount to ; but we have elsewhere shown, that if we estimate it as making an addition of 5a'. or 6s. to the quarter of wheat, wc shall certainly be beyond the mark. — (See my edition of the Wealth of Nutionf:, yo\,i\.\i, 369.) However, we should, in a case of this sort, reckon it safer to err on the side of too much protection than of too little ; and would not, therefore, object to a Used duty ofGj. or 7s. a quarter being laid on wheat, and a proportional duty being laid on other spwies of grain. Under such a system the ports would be always open. 'ITic duty would not be so great as to interpose any very formidable obstacle to importation. Every one would know beforehand the extent to which it would operate ; at the saii\e time that the just niihts anJ interests of the agriculturists, and of every other class, would bo maintained unimpaired. When a duty is laid on the importation of foreign coru, for the equitable purpose of coun- tervailing the peculiar duties laid on the corn raised at home, an eqttivalent drawbach ought lO be allowed on its exportation. " In allowing this drawback, we are merely returning to die farmer a tax which he has already paid, and which he must have to place him in a fair state of competition in the foreign market, not oidy with the foreign producer, but with his own countrymen who are producing other commodities. It is essentially dilVeront from ;i bounty on exportation, in the sense in wliich the word bounty is usually understood ; for, by a bounty, is generally meant a tax levied on the people for the purpo.se of rendering corii unnaturally cheap to the foreign consumer ; whereas what I propose is to sell our corn al 3E. nry, of our usriniltiirn n.mj llie coniliiii-iii ami reward tlmt pfirliiimcnl is almost II from tliu oiwration oi'tlij^ this liiw, wo tliiiik thiit no , iiiis;illsl'i>tlory and iinper- iiftlu! lii!;li price ii(lci|iteil a-i is to bi; asccrtiiiiK il. AnJ BO precipitalu in ils course, burden which the rcstric- 'hin, however, is a sulijcnt lite (lata. But supposino- nil Ireland to amount ti> Corn Laws is equivalput 1 all sorts of grain at 'in. a of corn is, however, con- liorsos, &c. that not more aarkct. If we are ncarlv r that the rest fictions ens'. elusive of their own ppr- ()/. may go to the laml- ;o gain liy the system, fur produce exclusive of roii'. is j)rolits, indeed, iiistoad jr proofs of this, fob thr iv. pp. 3:178—301,;) and increased by it, it is, nnt- jeous to them. It would of price occasion to their 'hen prices are high, thais )n imported corn, for two CC.CS3 of taxes laid on the on of Wealth ofNutinut:, I for the sake of revenue, But at all events such a dient to attempt to adj •y of life. y other branch of indus- m foreign corn when im- has been doubted, how- tion be by no moans free , being pretty well satis- e occupying it are really ihcr, perhaps, imi)ossihle, laid on the agricullurists but we have elsewhere the quarter of wheat, wc llh of NittiiiiiR, vol. iv. p. err on the side of too to a lixed duty ofGj. or laid on other spwies of he duty would not be so Every one would know that the just ni-htsand lintained unimpaired. ptitabic purpose of eoun- linilent drinvbarh ought ire merely returning to ve to place him in a I'air n producer, but with his sentially dill'erent from a usually understood; for, urpo.se of rendering corn osc is to sell our corn at CORN L.VWS AND CORN TRADE. 407 the price at which wo can really nlT^ird to produce it, and not to add to its pries a tax which shall induce the foreigner nither to [lurchase it from some other country, and deprive us of a trade which, under a system of free competition, we might have selected." — (liicardo on Proteetioii la Aij;riciilUirc, p. 03.) A duty accompanied with a drawback, as now stated, would not only be an equitable arrangement, but it would be highly for the advantage of farmers, without being injurious to any one else. The radical defect, as already shown, of the system followed from 1815 down to the |)resent moment, in so far, at least, as respects agriculture, is, that it forces up nriees in years when the harvest is deficient, while it leaves the market to be glutted when it is at)unilant. But while a constant duty of 6,s'. would secure to the home growers all the iiicrtMse of ])rice which the regard due to the interests of others should allow them to realise ill a lind year, the drawback of (is., by enabling them to export in an unusually plentiful vear, would prevent the markets from being overloaded, and prices from falling to the ruin- ous extent that they now occasionally do. Such a plan would render the business of a (.,)rn dealer, and of agriculture, comparatively secure ; and would, therefore, provide for tlic continued prosperity of them both. We are astonished that the agriculturists have not taken this view of the matter. If they be really entitled to a duty on foreign corn, on ae- lOiiiit of their being heavier taxed than the other classes of their fellow citizens, tliey must also be entitled to a corresponding drawback. And il admits of demonstration, that llidr interests, as well as those of the community, would be far better promoted by such a duty ,ind drawback as we have suggested, than they can ever be by any system of mere duties, how high soever they may he carried. The principal objection to this plan is, that it would not be possible to levy the duty when ihc home price became very high, and that, consequently, it would be every now and then r.ecc.^sary to suspend it. But this objection does not seem to be by any means so formidable lis it has sometimes been represented. It may, we think, be concluded on unassailable irrouiuls, that were the ports constantly open under a moderate fixed duty and an equivalent lirawback, extreme fluctuations of price would be very rare. Supposing it were enacted, ihat when the home price rises above a certain high level, as 80s., the duty should cease, wo iK'licve the clause would very seldom come into operation ; and those who object that it is not fair to the farmers to deprive them of the full advantage to be derived from the highest rricps, should recollect that in matters of this sort it is not always either possible, or, if pos- m!i!c, prudent, to carry the soundest principles to an extreme ; and that, generally speaking, the public interests will be better consulted by guarding against scarcity and dearth, than by securing, at all hazards, a trilling though just advantage to a particular class. III. British Coux Tiiade. 1. Quantity of Corn consumed in Great Britain. — Attempts have sometimes been made 10 compute the quantity of corn raised in a country, from calculations founded on the num- ber of acres in tillage, and on the average produce jier acre ; but it is plain that no accurate estimate can ever be framed of the extent of land under cultivation. It is oerpetually chang- ing from year to year ; and the amount of produce varies not only vvith the dilVerences of seasons, but also with every improvement of agriculture. This method, therefore, is now rarely resorted to ; and the growth of corn is generally estimated from the consinnption. The conclusion deduced from this criterion must indeed be subject to error, as well from variations in the consumption, occasioned by variations in the price of corn, as from the varying extent to which other food is used. But supposing the prices of corn to be reduced to an average, if the consumption of a considerable number of persons, of all ranks and orders, and of all ages and sexes, were accurately determined, we should be able, supposing the cen- rasof the pojmlation to be nearly correct, to make a very close approximation to the total consumption of the country. Mr. Charles Snuth, the well-infiu-med and intelligent author of the Tracts on the Corn Trade, made many curious investigations, with a view to discover llie mean animal consumption of corn ; and reducing it to t/ic .ititndard of wheat, he found ittolic at the rate of about « r/»«r/fry;w f«c/i indirit/ual, yoimt:^ and old. This estimate has been confirmed by a variety of subse(|uent researches; and, among others, by ini|uiries in.ide during the scarcity of 179.") and IT'Jfi, by the magistrates of Sullolk, in 'l".i dill'erent parishes, in the view of ascertaining the average consumption of each family, which they tinnul to correspond very closely with Mr. Smith's estimate. It is also worthy of remark, t!iat M. Paucton, the intelligent author of the Metroln'^ie, estimates the mean ainuial average consumption in France, when reduced to the standard of wheat, at about 10 bushels for each individual ; and as the French consume considerably more bread, and less animal food, than the English, this estimate attbrds a strong proof of the correctness of that of Mr. Smith, Having taken the population of England and Wales in 17G5, at (1,000,000, Mr. Smith reckoned the consumers of each kind of grain, the (juanlity consumed by each individual, and hence, the whole consumed by man, to be as follows : — G4 i } I? til. I nil I 'Mil ill •■» i t tK rvi ! ■»= — >.»■« ■J «>«»■, ..:.«!i|. II '-.-m '"l^: ?^l I t 1"^ . f 498 Eslitrated Popu- lation of Enslaiid tna Wales. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. Avenfft^ Con- sumption of each Person. 3,750,000 consumers of Wheat, at 1 quarter each . . « . 739,000 dr. of barley, all} do. - . _ . . 888,000 do. of rye, at 1 J do. ------ 623,000 do. of oats, at 2^0. - Consumed by man ------ In addition to this, Mr. 8iiiith estimated the wheat distilled, made into starch, &c. Barley used in malting, &c. .---.-. Bye liir hogs, &c. -------- Oats for horses, &c. -------- Total of home consumption - - - - - Add e.\ces3 of exports over imports - - - - Add seed (one tenth) . . . - - Total growth of all kinds of grain in England and Wales in 1765 Consonr! "yMan, •"..JO,(lfl() 1,0111,12', y.io.oni. T,5or.,aif; !)0,(li», • s.'in.m, 3i,on(. ■ 2,461,500 • I,3L15,.H: l•'>.3ln,!^1l This estimate, it will be observed, does not include cither Scotland or Ireland ; and later inquiries have rendered it probable that Mr. Smith underrated the population of England and Wales by nearly 1 ,000,000. The most eminent agriculturists seem also to be of opinion that the allowance for seed ought to be stated as high as a seventh. Mr. Chalmers, availing himself of the information respecting the numbers of the people furnished under the population act oflf^OO, estimated the total consumption of all the dif. ferent kinds of grain in Great Britain at that epoch at 27,18.5,300 quarters, whereof wheat constituted 7,676,100 quarters. The crops of 1800 and 1801 being unusually deficient, thr importation in these years was proportionally great ; but excluding those scarcities, the total average excess of all sorts of grain imported from Ireland and foreign countries into Great Britain over the exports had previously amounted to about 1,000,000 quarters, which deducted from 27,185,300, leaves 26,185,300, to which if we add o'je seven//* as seed, wo shall have 29,925,057 quarters as the average growth of Great Britain in 1800. The population of Ireland, as ascertained by the census of 1821, amounted to verj- near 7,000,000, and probably at present exceeds 8,000,000. The greatest portion of it.s iiihahit- ants are, it is true, supported by the potato, and seldom or never taste bread ; but we ?lial! perhaps be within the mark, if we estimate the number of tho.se fed on the various kinds of corn at 3,000,000, and the average quantity of the different sorts of grain consumed hv each individual at 2 quarters. This would give 6,000,000 quarters as the total consumption of Ireland. But the population of Great Britain increased, from 10,942,000 in 1800, to 16,537,000 in 1831 ; and both Mr. Western and Dr. Colquhoun concurred in estimating the aveiafc consumption of the whole empire, in 1812 and 1814, at about 35,000,000 quarters. The following is Dr. ColqvUioun's estimate : — Species of Grain. EsliniiteJ Aver»«e of the Population of GpL-at Hrit.iiii anJ Iretanil. Each Person averagal. ConsHHied by Mia Consumrd by Aniuals. Used in Heer and S|iirits. tJsed in va- rious Miiiu- factureb. Tol.ll of fimrltrs. | Wheat - - Barley - Oats - - Rye - - - Beans and peas 0,000,000 1,500,000 4,500,000 500,000 500,000 (iuarlcTt. 1 u li- u 1 Qiinrten. 9,000,000 1,875,000 6,750,000 625,(M)0 500,000 Qtmrtcrs, 210,000 10,200,000 50,000 1,300,000 Quarten. 4,250,000 QiinrUm. 170,000 1,000 o.irn.noo | 6,:«,Min(i Ifi.'.l.iO.OllO 1 fi',').!!!!!) i l,S(il),Ol)0 Totals - 16,000,000 18,750,000 11,820,000 4,250,000 171,000 35,0(10,000 ' Dr. Colquhoun has made no allowance for seed in this estimate ; and there can be no doubt that he has underrated the consumption of oats by at least one half (juarter in the consumption of each of the 4,500,000 individuals he supposes fed on them, or by 2,2.50,000 quarters. Adding, therefore, to Dr. Colquhoun's estimate 5,500,000 quarters for .seed, and 2,250,000 quarters for the deficiency of oats, it will bring it to 42,750,000 quarters; and taking the increase of population since 1813 into account, it does not appear to us that the annual average consumption of the different kinds of grain in the United Kingdom can now be estimated at less than FonTT-Korn millions of quarters, exclusive of seed, and at fiftv- TWO millions when it is included. Assuming this estimate to be correct, and the proportion of wheat to amount to twelve millions of quarters, the progressive consumption will bo as follows : — ..^i E. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 499 h, &e. Qri. - 3,:j().(ki(> - l.OID.li'. - 9iK),nn(, - i,7'Ji,a& - 3,417.(in(, Sl.OlK! - 2,401,501, - 13.55r).*-.'if) - 3y?,C2] 13,954,471 - 1,305,4-17 - ir),310,(h2l ind or Ireland ; and later )pulation of England and ;cm al&o to be of opinion c numbers of the people ansumption of all tlie dif. quarters, whereof wheat r unusually deficient, the ding these scarcities, the md foreisrn countries into ,000,000 quarters, which 1 one seventh as seed, we ain in 1800. 1, amounted to very near 3st portion of its inhabit- fiste bread ; but we shall 1 on the various kinds of s of grain consumed by as the total consumption in 1800, to 16,537,000 I estimating the average 00,000 quarters. Ufed in VI- ' rinus Mum- "■ faclures. Tol.ll nf 1 (lilartcra. ' 1. (jitnrtprs. 170,000 )0 - ' 1,000 9.170.000 i o,:«5.iino Ifi.'.i.iO.OllO fi'>.i.llllO l,SOO,Ul)0 )0 1 171,000 35,000,000 ; and there can be no one half quarter in the on them, or by 2,250,000 00 quarters for seed, and 2,750,000 quarters; and not appear to us that the nited Kingdom can now '6 of seed, and at fiftv- irrect, and the proportion consumption will be as Consnmplion of Wheat and other (train, in Ihr Uiiitnl Kingdom, in a Year, Sit Months, a Mtnth, a ll'eck, ^-c. Wheal. <)(hfr Grain. To'al. Q>-... Qr.. Qr,. A year . - . . 12,000,000 40,0(10 nno ."iS.OOO.OOO S'w months ... 0,000.000 20,000,000 20,000,000 Three ninnths - . - 3,000.000 10,000,000 13,000.000 Six weeks - . . ^.^O.^HIO 5,000,000 0,C(10,0(IO One month ... 1,0(10,000 3,33,'i,333 4,333,333 Two weeks . - - .wo.ooo l,()fif),(i(i0 2,l(iH,0(ifi One week . . - 850,000 833,333 1,0S3,333 One (lay - . - . 35,714 119,018 154,702 The total imports of foreign corn in 1831 amounted to 3,541,809 quarters, being the largest quantity ever brought into Great Britain in any 1 year. Now, as this quantity does not amount to one fourteenth part of the entire produce, it would seem as if the greatest importation could have but a very slight influence on prices ; but it has been already shown that a very large proportion, perhaps a half, of the entire corn produced in the empire is never brought to market, but is partly consumed by the agriculturist, and partly used as seed and in the feeding of form horses, &c. Hence, if we arc nearly right in this estimate, it follows that an importation of 3,500,000 (juarters is really equivalent to iibout one .levenfh part of the entire produce brought to market in an average year, and must consequently have a very material influence in alleviating the pressure of scarcity in a bad year, and in checking the rise of prices. 2. Regulations under tvhich the Corn Trade of Great Britain is at present conducted, — These regulations are embodied in act 9 Geo. 4. c. 60., an abstract of which is sub- joined : — Sections 1. and 2. repeal the acta S.'i fieo. .3. c. 20., 3 Geo. 4. c. CO., and 7 and S Oeo. 4. r. 58., and so much oftlie act Gen. 4. c. 111. as impi.ses duties on the imporlatinn of huck-wheat and Indian corn. Forcifin Corn may he iioporteil on I'oiimcnt of the Dvties upecificd. — And whereas it is expedient that corn, grain, meal, and flour, the growth, produce, and manul'acture of any foreign country, or of any British possession out of r;uro|)e, should he allowed to he imported into the United Kingdom for con- sumption, upon the payment of d\ities to he regulated ffui lime to time according to the average price ol'IJritish corn made np and puhlisln^d in manner herein-after re(|uired ; he it therefore enacted, that there shall be levied and paid to his Majesty, upon all corn, grain, meal, or tlour enteriMt for home fonsuniption in the United Kingdom from parts hoyond the seas, the several duties specitied and sot forth in the table annexed to this act ; and that the said duties shall he raised, levied, collected, and naid in such and the same nnmner in all respects as the several diuies of customs mentioned and tninnerated in the table of duties of customs inwards anne.xed to the act Geo. 4. c. 111.—$ 3. Tiie following is the table referred to :— If imported from any foreign Cawitry, ir.'iraf:— Accnriliii? lo Hie average price of wlieat, iiu'le up anJ pul>lislied in manner required by law ; vtdehcet, Wlu-never sucll price shall be 62f. and under G3s. the quarter, \he duty shall he for everj- quarter Wlie.iev iich price shall be 63j. and under &is. Uie quarter, .ue duty shall be for every quarter Whenever such price shall be 64j. and under 65j. the quarter, llie duty sliall be for every quarter Wlienever such price shall be 633. and under 66s. tlie quarter, the liuly shall be for every quarter Wlienever such price shall lie 66t. and under 67J. the quarter, the duly shall he for every quarter Whenever such price shall lit' 67». and under 6K». the quarter, the duly shall he for every quarter Whenever such price shall be 6S11. and under 69j. the quarter, the duty shall he for every iiuarter Whenever such price shall be 69«. and under "Ol. the quarter, the July shall he for every quarter Wlienever such price shill lieTOi. and under 7I>. the quartrr. the duty shall he fir every quarter Whenever such price shall be 71s. and under 72j. the quarter, the duty shall be for every quarter Wlienever inch price shall be lit. and under 73». the quarter, the duty shall be for every quarer Whenever such price sl.ill be at or above 73j. tlie du- ty shall lie for every quarter Whenever such price shal I be under 62... and not under 611. Oie duty shall be for every quarter AnI in respect nf each iulenral shillins, or any part of caL'h integral shilliiii! by which such price shall lie under 61.t., sucll duly shall he increased by Is. inr/n/.— Whenever the average price of barley, made up Jud published in manner requited by law, sli.ill he 33i. and under 34(. the quarter, the duty shall he for ever\' (inarter ■*'"," And in respect of eve, . inle»ral shillin? by which luch price shall be above 3.1j, such duty shall be de- ercawl bv It. 6/., until such price shall be 4I«. Whenever such price shall he at or above 'tis, the du- ty sh.ill be for every quarter Wlienever such priee'shall he under 3.1>. and not under 3.'r., the July »ll.all be for every qiurler And in respect of each integral shilling, or any part of eich integral shilling, by which such price shall be iitiler 32r.. such duty shall he increaseil by Iv. 6d. Oalj;— Whenever the' average price of oats, made up and published in manner required by law, shall be 2)1. and under 26s. the quarter, tliB duty iliall be for every quarter . . . - . 1 10 15 6 I 16 9 L. >. d. L. t.d. And in respect of every integral shilling hy wliicti such price shall be above J'lt., such duly shall he de- creased by Is. lirf., until such price sbali he 31s. Whenever such price shall be at orabive 31s., the du- 14 8 ty shall be for every quarter • - ■ Whenever such price shall be uiider2if. and not under 1 3 8 24s. the duty shall be for every quarter And in respect of each iiitegnirshilling. or any part of 1 2 8 each integral shilling, by which such price 'shall be under24s., such duty sha'l be increased by Is. 6r/. 118 i2i/e, /'fos, auri /Jcam;— Whenever the average price of rj'e, or of peas, or of beans, made up and pub- 10 8 lisliel in manner required by lav/, shall be 36s. and under 37s. the quarter, the duty shall be for evi-ry 18 8 quarter - - • ' • And in respect of every integral shilling by which 16 8 such jirice shall be above 3(is.,siiili duly shin be lie- creased by Is. 6rf.. until such price shall be 4fit. 13 8 Whenever "such price shall be at or above 4bs., the duty shall be for every qnarler 10 8 Whenever such price shall be under 3f)S. and not under 3'»¥., the duly shall be fur every quarter 6 8 And in respect of each integral shilling, or any part of each integral shilling, by wliicli such price shall be 2 8 under 33S., such duty shall be iiicreasul I y Is. 6(^. tlVtrnt Ai't/i/ iwirf Fli'Ur .-—For every l.ariel, being 10 1(^6 lbs., a duty equal in amount to the duty payable nii3» 1-2 gallnlis of wheat. 1 5 8 On(mrii(:—Foreveiy quantity of ISl 1-2 lbs., a duly equal in amount lo the duty payable 011 a qnarler of oats. Matter Indian Cnnl, IJiirk-ll'litiil. Ilcnr nr Fii'^ :— For every ipiarter, a duly tqual in amouiil to the duty pavii'.le on a qnarter'of barley. 12 4 // the PriMlwe nf and imported /rout mil/ Sritith AnsiAtiou in .Vorf/i .-Imertca. or dscwliere out of Knrnpe. tr/ipn(.-— For every qu liter . . . ■ l-iitil the price of Kiitish wheal, ni.nle np and pilh. 10 li«liel in the manner roquired by laiv, shall be 67s. per quarter. 13 10 VVhenever such price shall he at or above 67s., Ilie duty shall be f.r every quart, r \ Barlc'i/;— For every qiiiner . ■ - • ^ I t'nlil Ihe price ol Hrilish Inrlev, made np and pill- I lished in manner required by law, shall be 34s- pir I quarter. I Whenever such price shall be at or above 34s., the 3 1 duty shall be for every quarter 5 6 s • ■i ' 5.- ■'■' t ; e "Ml .!. ,h 000 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. ir^'"i Saanmuwa I I I '■'■Ik. ■ ' , J ■■ ; ■■■) Tahlc of nntli's — continued. Catt .'— Fnr evrry qnirter . . . . IriMI llif |trirV nf Hrilish nits. ma^Ie up anil pub- li-liffl ill nnuner requircil by law, shall be 2js, per iiuarter. "VVJu-ncver such price shall he at or above 25i., the tlutv f>hall lie tor every (juarter . . • /^/(•, 7V(iJ, rturf Wen/It;— For every quarter • I'nlil the price of Hritiali rye, nr of pt'a». nr f>f beans, muteiip.irui publlHliCii iu uia^intT required bv law, bhallbcJIj. /.. t. <(. 2 a n n 3 Wlifncvpr mich price ilnll hft at or nlinve 4Ii., Dip limy sli:>Il !)'■ forrvtry nuiiilLT IVIuiit Midi iiiul yitttr :—ynT fvery li.irrel, brin:; I9fi Itjs., a duty eqiiil in '(niouiit to tlta duly pay.ibluou a^'JealiiMUiif BhL-at. Oatnuill:—i'iir every quantity nf ISIJ lbs., a iliily equal in aninunt to tiie duty pay.ible on a quarlcV nl oals. MiiizcfT Imliiijt fYni, Ihick-tVhcnU Hear, irr B'tiZ ; — For every quarti'r, a duty eciuai in aiju)uu[ to tlie duly payaldi^ tin a quarter of b.irley. L. ,. ,1. t liftr Illations to be obfcrved upon shipjring Corn from anij British possryKion out of Kiiropr, ,^t — \ , corn, priiiii, iiiciil, or flour slfill Iip sliipinul from any port in any Urilisli possession out ol" I^'.iirnpi , j., Iicini; tiK,' produce ofany such possession, iiiilil tlie owner or proprietor or sliipper tliereof shall jim,. niadt! and snhsrrihed, hi'fore llie ■•olleclor or oilier rliiefollicer ol' customs ;it llie port of sliipmoni. •,, (leelaralioii in wriliiiii, specifying the quantity of each sor! of .«iich corn, priiin, or flour, and ilni n,,! same wtis the proiliiee of some Itritisli possession . Section 7. enacts, that if any foreign state shall subject lirilish vessels, Broils'. &c., to any liislior duties or charges than are levied on the vessels, «Scc. of other countries, hid Majesty may prol'iihit ijie importation of corn from such .state. H'ceklij Ritiirn.t of Pnrrhnsvs anil Sales of Corn to hevmilc in the Places hereiv mentioneil. — And wlicre.is it is necessary, for reirnlating the ammint of such duties, that etl'ecliial provision should he iiiaili' lor ascertainiuj! from time to time the averasre prices of Uritish corn ; be it tlierefore enacted, that weekly returns of the purchases and sales of iJrilish corn shall be made in the nniiner herein-aller ilini-lni, in the follow iiiK cities and towns ; (that is to say.) l.omlon, U.\liriili'e, Ilertl'ord, Iloysion. Clieltiislbnl, Colchester, llumford, Maidstone, t'anterhiiry, Darlford, Chicliesler. (iiiildt'ord, Ueues, Itye. Hcill'nl, Windsor, Aylesbury. Ipswich, Wood bridge. S ml bury, Kiintint'diin, ilaillei^fh. Stow market, liiiry Sum Edmunds, IJecdes, Hiiiicay, l,owestoft, (ambridire, ICly. Wisbeacli. Norwich, Varmoiilh, l.ynii. Tliet. ford, Walton, Diss. I'iast Dereham, Harleston, Holt, .\yl-'sli:im. P'akenliam, North Walsliaiii, l.iiirojii, Gainsboronuh, (Jlanford llridire, Uowth, Iloston, Sleaford, Stamford, SpablioL', Oiuby. Norlliaiii|iloii, Leicester, ISottin<.'haui, Worcester, ('oventry, Ileadiii!;, Oxford. Wakefield. Warminslor, liuiiiiiijliiiiii, Leeds, Newark, Vork, UridliiiL'ton, Heverley. llowdeii, SheHield, Hull, Whitby. New iMalfoit, Diirliiiii, Stockton, Darlinsiton, Sunderlanil. Ilarnard Castle, Walsiiiiiham, lielford. Hexham, Newcasile-ii|ioii. Tyiie, Morpeth, Alnwick, Uerwick-upon-'l'weed. Carlisle, Whitehaven, Cockermoinji, I'eiirilli. Klti'. nionl, Apphdiy, Kirkby-in-Kendal, Liverpool, Ulverston, Lancaster, Preston, Wiijin, WarriiiL'loii, Manchester, iiolton, U'liester, Nantwich, Middlewicli, I'our l.ane \-\\u\n, Denhioh, Wrexliaiii, ('ani;ir- von, Haverford West, Carmarthen, Cardiff, (iloiicester, Cirencester, Tedbury, Stow-oii-tlie-Wolil, Tewkesbury, Bristol, Taunton, Wells, Ifrid^ewafer. Krome. Ch ird. Monmouth, .•Vheriraveiiny. I'lir',!- stow, I'ont-y-pool, ICxeter, Uariistaple, I'lymouth, 'lotness. 'ravisloi k, Kiii^'sbriil).'e. 1 riiro, Itiiilmiii, Laiinceston, Redruth, Helstone, Saint .\ustel, lllamlford, liridporl. Dorchester, Sherliouriie. .■>li;i. Appoin'inir Coniptrulirr of Corn Hilurn!'.—\l shall he lawful for his Maje.»ty to appoint a fit ntiil proper person to be comptroller of corn returns, for the purposer^ herein-after mentioiir'il. ami m irriim to such coinptrolhtr of corn returns such salary and allowances as to his Majesty shall seem iiiiii : Provided always, that such persons shall be appointed to and shall hold such his oHice diiriiig his Majesty's pleasure, and not otherwise ; and shall at all limes contorm to and obey such lawful instmc- tions.tiiucliiii!.' the pxecnlion of the duties of such his otiiie.as shall from time to time lie jjiven In him by the l,ords of the comniitiee of privy council appointed lor the consideration of all matters relating to trade and foreiftn plantations. — i! U. Sections lU, 11, 12. embudy the coiiiptroller'a oath, enact that he shall execute his office iii person t-f DE. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 501 1. 1. (.'.I I c hn at or above 41s., tijp illuT or tvpry li.irrel, brins IDfi it lo tlia duty piyaLIf on Illy nr ISIJ lbs,, a ilulv i Illy payable mi a quarler I ■ ll'heni, Hfnr, nr H'g!; :— ■ PMiial in ainuuut t(t tbt; iifbwiiy. ."inn nut pf Kiirnpr, ^^-c,^-^^ i.-iscsifioii (lilt of l",uropi' '.(;, • shipper tlicrcnf sluill |,!,v,. lit till! pnrt (if sliipinciii. ,-. ruin, or (Idiir, unit ilmi t^! icil in fiiicli (li.M l;ir;iliiin, ii,,| IlL'clnr (ir (ilhur clncrniVup.- iiitity oC I'lirii. Erujii. in,.-,]' iiiir shall III; (Mil^^ri'ij iil uiiv iss(!asiiin out ol" Hiirnpc, |j,;'. Hector or otlur cliiel' iiii|(.,,r 111. cerlilieil til lie :i tnii. ;iiiil. ■ (if Clishiriis lit tliii pr,ft „( sJ!!iie(l liy the saiil ciilliicinj shipped ; iiiiil such iii.ifi,,,. riistmiis at tli(! port er plare •11. jjraiii. meal, or flimr ,,n M-laration, art; the sanifiliii; !iy him, without aiij lulling, illy and cornipilv iii;il(i; anv ir Hour was the priiiliici.,,,^ :nn shall forfeit anil Iwro'iin. nr to such person lielim^rjii^^ iiid may ho sued lor, \)utfZ 1 as any fnrfeitiire iiii-iirr.^il t tin; ileehiratiens alnroin! ill liuvi! hoen shl|ipu(l wiihi;! port, from parts lieyonditip iiport, tor con.--ninpii.iii imr, leal ; or to import, forii.n- aforesaid shall hi; iiiiimrlti! 'ilii- — The coiiimisslniiors i.f ihlislied in the I.iniiliin (;a. id Hour resp ciively, wliiih f the total (|iianlilv ofeiirli s of importation sliall Imv,; together Willi ;;li iir ni! resjiuctively reniainiii; i,, fronds, &c., tn any liijlipr Majesty may prol'iiiiit ihc n mrnfhnri!.~.\\\i\ wlierc.is vision should iii; mail.' f.ir (■lore enact. mI, that weekly iner herein-aOer ilir.'.'i.M, nnl, Itoysion, CheliMSI'.inl, ird. I. ewes, Itye. Ilcilf..|.|, 1, Slowiiiarkut, IliirySami h. Varniniith. I.Mni'. Tliri- North Walshain, I, inc. In, iiiL', D.'rhy, \orlli;uii|il,iii, Warininsl'.'r. Itinniiisliam, tiiy. New M:illiiii,I)iirli:uii, lexhain, \ewcastlc-ii|i..||. •ki'riiioiilli, I'enrilli. l.nre- i ill iiianii(;r liorfii.-urt.r jesty to appoint a tit .aii.l T inentioiied, and In ir.'uil Majesty shall seem iiici'i ; such his otllce iliiriii;.' his ohey such lawful inslnic- iii; to time lie ..'iveii loliiin ion of all matters rclaliiig Kccute ilia office iu person nml nnt by ilcp'ity, provide for siipplyinir liis plnci; dnrina illness or ahsenrr, nncJ tiutliorisc him to j(nd and receive letters relatiiip <;\clusively to the duties of hi.s oH'ce tree of poslaue, Sections m. and 11. aiitliorise the Lord Mayor and aldermen lo appoint an inspector lor the city of I,iindnii, who is to do tlit- duty in person, &c. .Sections LI, Hi. and 17. declare that no person shall be elipihle to the otlice of mm inspector in the oily of liOndon, who shall Ik; encaged in trade as a miller, maltster, or 'oni fictor, or he anywise con- cerni'd in the linyiii!; of corn for sale, or in the sale of hreail made thereof ; they also tiiiihudy tho oatli the inspector is to taki;, and provide for tin; enrolment of his appointment. Jkalers in Corn in Limdnn lo lUlir.er in a Derlaruliun lo the Lord JUiii/or, ifc. — I'.very person who shall .arry on trade or liiisiness in the city of London, or within 5 miles from the Uoyal I'lxcliange in the said city, as a corn factor, or as an a!i(;nt employed in tin; sale of llritish corn, and every person wlio shall pell any Hritish corn within the present (drn Ivxchaime in Mark Lam; in the said city, or within any other hnildimr or place which now is or may hereafter he used wnliin the city of London, or williiii ^ inil(;s from the Uiiyul Kxcliance in the said city, for such and the like purposes for whicli tho faiil Onrii l'.xcliaii!!e in Mark Lam; hath li(;en and is Used, shall, lud'ore he or they shall carry on trailc or hiisiness, or sell any corn in iiianiii;r afor(;said, make anil deliver to the Lord Mayor, ur one ofl'io aldermen of the city of London, a declaration in tlie following wiird;< ; (that is lo say,) ' T .4. B. do declare, that the returns to he liy mo inadn, conformahly tt. an act passed in the ninth vrar m';!"" reij.'!! of Kiii): Ceorsie the iMUirlh, iiitiliiled [/uw; felfmlh the liHe oflhisact], of tin; iiuan- iitii'S and pri."S of llritish corn which henceforth shall he liy or tor me sold or delivered, shall, to the, hesl of my kiiowledc(; and lielief, contain the whole (inantity, and no more, of the corn huna Jiite sold anil delivered hy or for me within tin; periods to which such Vetnriis resp iclively shall refer, with thu prices of such corn, and tin; names of the linyers respectiv(dy, and of the persons for whom such corn ..liall have heeii sold liy tiie res|)(;ctiv('ly ; anil to the liest of iny judgiiient the said returns shall in uU respects he confornmhlu to the jirovisions of the said act." Wliirli declaration shall he in writinjr. and shall he siiliscrilied with tho hand of the person so making ilifsame; and the Lord Mayor or such aldermen as aforesaid of the city of London for the time lieing siiall and he is hereliy required to deliver a cerliticate tln;reof, under his hand, to the inspector of corn vturns for the city of London, to he hy him registered in ii book to be by him provided and kept for iliat purpose.—? 18. Ikalrrs in Corn In make Kelurns tn Corn /H.s/iccMr.— Hvery such corn factor and other person as afiiresaid, who is herein-liefore reip:ired to make and who shall have made such declaration as afore- saiil. shall and he or she is herehy r.'iinired to return or cause to he returned, on Wedn(;silay, in each mill every week, to the inspector of corn returns for the city of Loinlon, an account in writiii!:, sisrned Willi his (ir her own name, or the name of his or her aj^eiil ("inly authorised in that liehalf, of the (iiian- liiii'snf each respective sort of Hritish com hy him or her soldiluriiiu the week eiuliti!! on and including till' next preci;(lin!; Tuesday, with the prices thereof, and tin! aiiionnt of (;very parcel, with the total mianlily and value of each sort of corn, and hy what measure orw(;iu'ht tin; same was sold, and tho names iil'tlie hiiyers thi;reof, and of the persons for and on lielialf of whom such corn was sold ; anil i: sli.ill and may he lawful for any such inspector of corn returns to deliver to any person making or li'iiilerin? any such returns a notice in writing, rciiuiring him or her to declare and set forth therein where and hy whom and in what manner any such Hritish corn was delivered to the purchaser or purchasers thereof; and (!very person to whom any such notice shall he so deliv(;red shall and he or -hi' is lieieliy reipiired to comply therewith, and to declare and set forth in such his or her return the feveral particulars .it'oresaid. — j 19. Sections 2(1, 21, 22, 23, and 21. authorise the appointment of corn inspectors in the places before- nientioned, forbid tliose being employed as such who have within the preceding 12 months lieen enjaijed in any department of the corn trade, or as a miller, or maltster, forliid tliosi; who are appointed Iroiii en;;agiim in such occupations, prescribe tlio oath tliey are to take, and provide for the enrolment oflheir appoiiitnients, &c. Ikakrf in Corn in Cities and Towns to vakc Deelaratinn. — Fvery person who shall deal in British nirii at or within any such city or town as aforesaid, or who shall at or within any such city or town incajie in or carry on the trade or business of a corn factor, iniHer, niallsler, brewer, or distiller, or ulio shall be the owner or proprietor, or part owner or proprietor, of any stage coaches, wagons, .arts, or other carriages carrying goods or passengers for hire to and t'rom any such city or town, ami • acli and every person who, as a merchant, clerk, agent, or otherwise, shall purchase at any such lilynr town any llritish corn for sale, or for the sale of meal, tliuir, malt, or hread made or to he made llii'rcof, shall, before he or she shall so deal in llritish corn at any such city or town, or shall engage ninr carry on any such trade or husiness as aforesaid, or shall |iilrcliase any llritish corn for any sucli purpose as afiresaid, at or within any such city or town, make and deliver, in manner herein-after uieiitioncd, a declaration in the Ibllowing words ; (that is to say.) "1 .1. B. do declare, that the returns to he hy me made conformably to the act passed in the ninth vearoftlie reign of King (ieorge the rourlh. iniiuiled [hire set forth the title of this act], of the (|nanti- iii'saiid prices of Hritish corn which henceforward shall hy or for me he lioiiL'ht, sliall, to the best of niyknimledge and belief, contain the whole (luaiitity, and no more, of the Hritish corn bond fide bought f.iror liy me within the periods to which such returns respectively shall refer, with tin; prices of siicli inrii. ami the names of the sellers respectively; and to the best of my judgment the said returns shall inallri'spi'cts he conformable to the provisions of tiie said act." Which declaration shall be in writing, and shall be subscribed with the hand of the person so making lliesaiiie, and shall by him or her, or hy his or her agent, be deliveied to the mayor or cliief magis- trate, or to some justice of the peaci; for such city or town, or for the county, riding, or division in which the same is situate, who are hereby reiiiiired to deliver a certificate tlieri;of to the inspector of mrii reiiirns for any such city or town us aforesaid, to be by him registered in a book to bu by him proviiled and kept for that purpose. — i) 25. Inspectors empoirered to require such Declaration from Corn Dealers.— Il shall and may be lawful for any inspector of corn returns for the city of London, or for any such other city or town as aforesaid, to serve upnn ami deliver to any ]ierson buying or selling corn in any such i ity or town, and who is not within the terms and meaning of this present act specially rei|uired to make any such declaration as af.iresaid, a notice In writing under the hand ofsuch inspector, requiring liini to make such declaration as iiliiresaid ; and any person ii|ion whom such notice shall be served as aforesaid shall and he is herehy required to comply with sm h notice, and to make such declaration in such and the same man- ner in' all respi;cts as if he or she had been specially required to make the same hy the express provi- siuns iif this present act. — 1> 2li. Corn Dtiiter.s to moke Ueturns iii, H'rilinir to Corn Inspector!^.— M\ persons who are herein-before reiinireil lo make and who shall have made such declaration as aforesaid, shall and they are hereby reipiireil, on the first niarki!t dav which shall he liolden in each and every week within each and every binli city or town as aforesaid at or within which they shall r(S|ii;ilively deal in corn, or engage in or carry oii any such trade or business as al'oresaid, or purchase any corn for any such purpose as afore- liaid, to return or cause to be returned, to the inspector of corn returns fur sudi city or town, an ■' P 'H 11 ":J m- I I 502 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. It •' €1' . llinn*- arrniint In writini», sipncd witli tticir iiamnH r.spprlivcly. oftlm iininiiiit nfcncli niul rvprv pnrrpjof each ri'fpc'iiivc' scirl (if Uritiali rnrii sii hv IliiMii rrsin'clivcly lumu'lil diiriiiK llic wcnk rniliii!! im ,iiii' incliulinu' Hin ilny ncixt pntccilina siicli lir'st iii:irkc:l day as at'nrrsaid, willi lli« pricr llicr.i.r. and hy wliat Wdijrlit iir iiicasiiri! tlii! saino was so l)iiu!.'lit liy ttKMii.wilh thn names (it'llio si-llcrs ut'cacli nr'tlil: said parci'ls rcspi'ilividy, with tin; naint's ot' llu? ii'i'scin nr pcrsuns, if any other llian llie pirsi,;i iiiakinf! sneh relnrn, fnV or on acconni ol' whom tin' same was so honitht and sidil ; and it sli ill juki may he hiwfnl lor any such inspector of corn retnrns to deliver to any person inakiii!: or ii'iiclenn;; any such rutnrn a notice in writinc, reqnirini! liim "f I'er to declare and sut t'orth therein where anil bv wlicnn and iti what manner any such Hritish corn was deliv(!red to liim or her; and every piT-nn to whom anv snch notice shall he delivered shall and lie or she is herehy re(|iiirod to comply Ihercnviih, and to deda're and set forth in siich his or lier return, or in ii separate Btateinent in wriliii;,', the sevuriil jiarticiilars afori'said. — } '27. Inspector not to incluile Returns nnlil lie has ascerlainrd that the Persons viakinrr them harf tal;ni Ih, Derlnrulion rri/Hircii.— \o inspector of corn returns shall include, in the return so to he made hy tliciii ns aforesaid to the coniptridler of corn returns, any account of sales or purchases of corn, unless sik h inspi^ctor shall have received satisfactory proof that the pi'rson or persons toiideriii!,' such ac(i/iiii|< hath made the decltiration hnrein-heforc required, and liatli delivered the same to Ihi! mayor nr chu.) nia-jistrate or to some justice of the peace of the city or town for which such iiispeclov shall \w «,, appointi'd to act, or to son;-! justice of the peace for the county, riiliiig, or division in which sinh tjiy or town is situate. — J 2S. Inapnfor to enter Hclnrnsinadc tn him in ii Book, .Vc— Evi^ry iiisperlor of corn returns shall didvaii,! regularly enter, in a hook to he hy him provided and kept for that purpose, the several accoums (,iUi,. quantities and prices of corn returned to him by such persons respectively as aforesaid ; amlevcrv such inspector of corn n^tiirns for tin; city of London, and for the several other cities and towns afdr""- suid, shall in each and every week return to the complroller of corn returns an acconni of ilie wi ■ Idv quantities and prices of the several sorts of British corn sidd in the i ily or town lor whe li h,. i'. appointed inspiator, accordins! to tiie returns so undo to him as aforesaid, ami in such fiirni ,is sIm;. be from time to tiiiio prescrihed and directed hy the said comptroller of corn ri!turns ; and the s.ii;| returns shall he so made to the said comptroller liy the inspector of corn returns for the city ori.onilni; on Friday in each week, and hy the inspector of corn returns fur the several other cities and iduii^i;. aforesaid within a days next after the first market day holden in each and every week in any sii'ii city or town.—} 29. Jlrerajrc I'ricc.i to he made vp and pnlilishcd crcri/ JVeek. — The averase prices of all Tiritisli rnrn, Iv which the rate and amount of the said duties shall he resulati'd, shall In! luaile up anil roin|Miii',| i.;, Thursday in each and every week in manner following'; (that is to say.) tlio said complrolU'r uriirn returns shall on such Thursday in each week, from the returns received hy him duriim ilii. hiv!< iie.\t prccedinsr, endinjj on and iiicludiii;! thi: .'Saturday i|i such precediii!; week, add toijeilier iln' inial quantities of each sort of IJrilisli corn respectively appearini; hy such returns to have heen snl.l, aii.l the total |/ric«8 for which the same shall tlierehy appear to have' heen sold, and shall divide lln! aiiiniiiii of such total prices respectively hy the amount of such total (luautitios of each sort of Hrilisli mra respectively, and the sum prodiicedtlierehy shall ho added to the sums in like manner iirodincl in il,i 6 weeks iiiiiiiediately precedins the same, and the umoiint of such sums so :idde(l shall lie divjili'il liv 6, and the sum thereby fiiven shall he deemed and taken to be the aggregate averaw price of cnii Buch sort of British corn respectively, for the purpose of regulating and ascertaining thontoaml amount of the said duties : and the said com|ilroller of corn n!lurns shall cause such agiregaie wckt; averages to he published in the next succeeding (Jazette, and shall on Thursday iii each week ir ins- niit a C(!rtificate of such aggregate average prices of each sort of British corn to th(! eolleilor or olli. i- chief officer of the customs at each of the several ports of the United Kingdom; and the rate an I amount of the duties to be paid under tin! provisions of this act shall from time to time li- rei;iil:ii(>i| and governed at each of the ports of the United Kingdom respectively by the aggregate averafe nriivs of liritish corn at the time of the entry for home coiisiiniptiou of any corn, grain, meal, or llonr rlinrK- able with any such duty, as such aggregate average jirices shall appear and be stated in the I tst df such certilicates as aforesaid which shall have been received as afuroijaid by the collector erutlnr chief officer of customs at such port. — J 30. I/ow Quantities of Corn nrcto becoinputed. — In the returns so to ho made as aforesaid to lli« cnni[i- troUer of corn returns, and in the publications so to be made from lime to time in the London (;a/i'ii.'. and in the certilicate so to bo transmitted hy the said comptroller of com returns to such collertnrsi r other chief otlicer.? of the customs as aforesaid, theqiruitities of each sort of Hritish corn respeiajviiy shall bo computed and act forth by, according, and with reference to the imperial staiulanl sal- Ion.— $ 31. Comptroller may use thsprcsent ^i-eraircs. — Until a sufTicient number of weekly returns shall liiw been received by the said comptroller of corn returns under this act, to alllird such .igL'ri'giiie iivt'ia;i- prices of British corn ns aforesaid, the weekly average prices of Hritish corn published by him inini • Uiately before the passing of this act shall by him be used and referred to in makiiig smli call iilatimi; as aforesaid, in such and the same manner as if the same had been made up and taken iinilcr ami i.i pursuance oftliis act. — J 32. IVhal shall be deemed British Corn. — All corn or grain, the produce of the United Kingilom, shall br deemed and taken to be British corn for the purposes of this act. — J ,'t3. Provisions of this Jlct o\a\\ he applied to any Toirn in the Vniled Kinsfdom. — For the purpose of ascer- taining the average price of corn and grain "sold within the United Kingdom offireat IJritain and Iro- laiid, it shall and may be lawful for his .Majesty, by any order or orders to he by liini made, by aiii; with the advice of his privy council, to diri'Ct that the provisions of this act, so far as re:; rils III nppniiitmeiit of inspectors and the making of weekly returns, s!i;ill he .applicable to any cities m town- witliin the United Kingdom of fireat Britain and Ireland which shall he named in aiiy sncli oiileinr orders in council : Provided always, that tin! returns so received from such towns .shallnot lie ailiiiiltnt into the averages made up for the purpose of rogulatiug the duties payalile upon foreign corn, grain. meal, or flour. — 1> 31. .Section .35, provides for the continuance in oflico of the present comptrollers and inspectors. // returns are untrue. Comptroller to laifu Statement thereof before the Commilire of I'ricij Counri!.— If the said comptroller of corn returns slnill at aiiy time see cause to believe that any retiirn iJii In be made as aforesaid to any such inspector of corn returns for the citv of London, or for any other ?mii city or town as aforesaid, is fraudulent or untrue, the said complroller shall and he is hereby re'juiroil, with all convenient expedition, to lay before the Lords of the .said commitlei! of privy council a slati- iiicnt of the grounds (d" such his belief; and if. upon consideration of any such statenieiit, the s;iiil Lords of the said committee shall dire.'.t the said comptroller to omit any such return in the cnnipiila- tion of such aggregate weekly average price as aforesaid, tli"n and in that case, but not otberwisi!, the said comptroller of corn returns shall and ho is herehy autliorised to uniit any such return in Ihu computation of such aggregate weekly average price. — 1> 30. Section 37, enacts, that corn dealers having made thu declaration previous to this act shall Itansmil returns and comply with the rules hereby ruquircd, I. E. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 603 f rarli nnrt every pnrcft nf IK llu^ wrok cnciiii!; nii iiij(' li till! price llirriip)', ami liy it'tliL' sellers iili'iK li (H'll,;. iiy oilier lliaii llie |ii'rs(i;i anil sdlil ; anil it >li ill ami ersiiii iiiakinL' nr leinliTln;' jt I'ortli tliurein wlicie aiul I iir her; ami every piTsun liiired tiiriiinply llierewith, lent in writing,', llie several ninkin^ ttiem liiirr lnl:rn thf urn BO to l)i> ninile liy iheiii •liases nfeiirii, nnles's siirli s Irnilerini! such arnnnii-; aiiie Id llle niayiir or chin I such inspeeliir shall lu' «,, ilivisiuii in which siirli cnv corn returns shall duly and the several accninus uilii: ly as iifiiresaiil ; ami every her cities anil Idvviw afori''- 3 ail accDunl of the weekly ly or town tor '.vlii'li Im jj I, and in such riirni as sli:i:i corn returns ; and the s,ii:| liirns for the city iiri.iinil..,; il other cities an.l tiiuii-:!-, lid overy wuek in any siiai irices of nil Uritish rnrn,l)'.- I made up and conipiitiNl na he said coiiiplrolh'r (ircfini d hy him diiriii!; the \vi!.k eek, add to2;ellier llic tulal rns to have heen sn!,l, im,! and shall divide tin; a m; of each sort of Itriiis'.i lura ike niaiuier prodincj imi.,. added shall he iliviileil |,y egatn average price of iMcii I ascertainiii!; thoratnaml luse such asu're!;ale wdeklv iirsday in each week iniis- rii to ili(' collector or ollur vini;doiii; and the rate an I II tiiiii; to time Ic rei'iilaicil m aL'gresate averie.'e nritr-c train, meal, or Hour cliar;'t.'- d hi! statiid in the last (if lid hy tile collector erutlifr as aforesaid to tlio cnmp- iiie in till! London (,'aziMi,>, turns to such colleiiorsi r f Uritish corn respcitiviiy lio imperial staixinni gal- woekly returns shall liav.' ird such ai.'L'ri'L'ate averai:- rn piililislied liy him iinni - iiiakiiie sinii caliiiialiniii up and tiikeii lunler ami i>, United KiiiL'doiii, shall lif- -For the purpose nfasrcr- II of Cireat liritaln anil Irc- ) he hy him iiiaile, hy am: act, so far as reyi-ils llr.- ilile to any cities m towns iiiieil ill any such o;ili!iiir towns shall not hi> aihniiliit ii|)oii foreiirn corii,t'r;iii" leva and ins|)ector:5. ■nmiltre nf I'l-icij CViiinfi'.- ve that any retiirii so tub.: idon, or for any oilier smii 1 anil he is hen-liy ri'ipiiroil, I! of privy council a ;!tati'- siich sta"teiiienl, the saiil mil return in the oniii|inla- it case, hilt not ollierwise. mit any such return in tin.' IS to this act shall ttaiismii C" I" P ''■"•'"■ '9 »■'■"" niretlions rr.^perlhi^r fn.-^jirrtion of Biiaks of fiifpertnri>. — The rnniptrollor of corn returns Khali and he is hereliy authorised IV' i lime to lime, in piinuanci! of any instructions which lie shall receive in that behalf from the Lorii- of the said committee of privy council to issue to the several inspectors of corn returns any ueneral or special directions respeclini; the inspection hy any pcrsor or persons of the hooks so directed as aforirsaid lo he kept hy every such inspector of corn re- luriis ; and no siicli inspector ns aforesaid shall permit or sillier any person to inspect any such hook, or to peruse or trauscrihe any entry therein, except in conipli nice with soiiie such general or special directions from the stiiit comptroller of corn returns us aforesaid.—? .If*. Copij of the last Return to be affixed on Market J^luee on caeli Market Daij. — Each and every inspector of corn returns shall and he is iierehy rei|iiired on each and every inafket day to put up or cause to he pill n|» in the market place of lliii city or town for which he shall he appointed iiepeclor, or if there shall he no market place in such city or town, then in some other conspicuous place therein, a copy nftlie last return made hy him lo the comptroller of corn returns, omiltiii!! the iiaiiies of the parlies \ihii may have sold and hourshl the said corn j and every such inspector shall also acaiii put up such account on the market day imiiiediately followiii;,' that on which it shall first have lieeii put up, in case the same shall from accident or any other cause have heen removed, and shall lake i\\\o care thai the same shall remain up forpuhlic iiisiiectioii until a new account for the ensuing week shall have iiueii jircimred and set up.— J ^i. •Sections 40, and 41, relate to the payment nf cnnintroUers and inspectors. Penalty on Corn Dealers for not making Deelarathnis or Hetiinis.—W any person who is h.!rehy re- quired to make and deliver the declaration or declarations liereiii-liefore particularly mentioned and set forth, or either nf them, shall not make and deliver such declaration or dcclarationsat the lime, and in llie form and manner, and to the person or |)ersons, lii'rein-liefori! directed iiiiil prescribed in that k'half, every person so olfeiidini: shall forfeit and pay the sum of 'JIU. foi each and every calender month duriiiir which he shall neiilect or delay to inakeaiid deliver any such d(!claratioii ; and if any |itr.ir« ac- Wheat at Wheat re Years ac- Wlu-.at at Wheal re- Venn ac Wiiiilsor, duceil lo Ihe conlini; to Windsor, liucel to the; cording lo Win.isor, duced to tlu coriliiiKin Vein. OGilloiM Witiclmitur the Win- Venn. 9 Ga'loiis Wiiichcjler 1 the Win- Vean. 9 Gall HIS Winchester llie Will. 10 Ihe nmhfl of cheder to Ihe ninlii-l of Chester lo tlie Biisliel of clies'fr Diuhel. 8 Ualloni. Bushel of Biisliel. b Cialloiis, Bushel of Bushtl. & Gatlonl. H.nl*l ,Y 8 Uallnns. |8 Galioim. S Cllll,,,,,, £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. \e s. d. £ S. r'. £ 8. d. £ s. ll. 1040 2 8 2 2 H 1707 1 8 6 1 5 4 1707 3 4 2 17 4 )0>7 .3 13 8 3 5 6J 1708 2 1 6 1 10 10? 170H 3 2 13 (11 UUS 4 5 3 15 6J 1709 3 IH 6 3 9 91 1709 2 5 8 2 7 1040 4 3 11 H 1710 3 18 3 9 4 1770 2 9 2 3 (ij 1650 3 16 8 3 8 1} 1711 2 14 2 8 1771 2 17 2 10 8 lOil 3 13 4 3 5 2i 1712 2 6 4 2 1 21 1772 3 6 2 18 8 ir)52 2 9 6 2 4 1713 2 11 2 5 4 1773 3 6 6 2 19 U 1653 1 15 1 11 6) 1714 2 10 4 2 4 9 1774 3 2 2 15 ]i 1054 16 1 3 U 1715 2 3 1 18 2} 2 4 2} 1775 2 17 8 2 11 3J 2 11 3J 1655 1 13 4 1 9 7i 2 11 7} 1716 2 8 2 2 8 1770 2 8 2 2 8 1656 2 3 1 18 n 1717 2 5 8 2 71 1777 2 15 2 8 in; 1057 2 6 8 2 1 5J 1718 1 18 10 1 14 Ol 1778 2 9 2 4 10,18 3 5 2 17 9i 1719 1 15 1 11 ll 1779 2 8 1 10 u 165!) 3 6 2 18 8 1720 1 17 1 12 10} il7H0 2 8 6 2 3 11 1000 2 16 6 2 10 2} 1721 1 17 6 1 13 4 1781 2 19 2 12 Si 1601 3 10 3 2 2} 1722 1 16 1 12 1782 3 6 2 13 91 1002 3 14 3 5 9i 1723 1 14 8 1 10 10} 1783 3 1 2 14 23 1663 2 17 2 10 8 1721 1 17 1 12 10} 1784 3 6 2 13 91 1601 2 1 16 1725 2 8 6 2 3 U 1 15 4} 1785 2 14 2 8 2 7 8i 1065 2 9 4 2 3 lOi 2 10 5} 1726 2 6 2 10} 1786 2 7 6 2 2 2? 16 iiiiiir iwnsi to "« «• €":'*:> •*--1«-l •■?»!:■■"""■ ,_r -r. ' . *• I .t I BrllMi. Wheat, Emm, Kent, anit SuOblk, old ml • erl.ind, Rrrwirk, and Scotch, do. Oilwiy anil Limerick, while and rel Cork and YouKhal do, Dublin, WaterronI, and Cloiiniel.do. njre, New . . Barley, Kent, E>«i, NorWk, and Suffolk, new Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire do. •tained and grinding ■ • do. Scotch .... Mall, EssFX, Norfolk, and SuHblk • Kinnton and Ware Oats, Norlnik, Canibridirefhire, Lincolmhlre, } r,^, and Yorkshire ■' • •j''*' do. • • • • Poland Northufnt)eriand, Berwick, and Hootch iM>tato do. ... feed Dfvnnahire. and Weit Country feed, or black Diindalk, Newry, and Belfast, iwlalo, 21a. to 22: ed. ■ ■ ■ •• feed Limerick, Sligo, and Weatport, • feed do. • - . . potato Cork, Waterford, Doblin, } black - • Vnu|hal,and Clonmel ) while Oahvay ...... Beans, tick, new ..... old barrow and imall, new do old ... Feai, boiling •■■... hog, grejr, and maple .... Tares ....... Flour, English, per sack of 2S0 Iba, • do. fine do. • Scotch and North Country Irish ...... Linseed, crushing, per quarter sowing, do. • cake, per 1,000 of 3 Ibi. each. 111, to III. lOi. Clovcraeed, old English while, per cwl, do. red do. . • foreign white do. do. reil do. new English while, do. . • do. red do. Trefoil, new . . . do. Hapi'seed, crushing, new, per last, 221. lo 251. c.ike, per ton, ■!/. 10*. to 51. Per Qutr ler. I. I, 54 to 5A eo - ei 51 — 53 65-60 47—54 50 — 54 46 — 48 46 — 48 40 - 4H M - M 32— 35 0-0 27-30 0-0 50 — 60 63 — U> 19-21 30— 22 24 — 25 23-24 18-20 19 — 21 18 - IfO 20- 21 17- 19 19 — 21 IK — 20 29 — 32 34 — 36 33 — 35 37 — .19 44 — 46 3H — 42 40— 44 42 — 45 46-80 41 — 43 41 —44 0—0 0-0 58 - 62 46 — 56 56- 66 52 — 64 56-66 40-58 24 — 30 roreign. VVbett, Ihntale and Konlgabarg, Snett high niiied dn. giHxl miaid • do. rrd roiled Sleltin Danish • Ifaiiiliurgh and f\)meranixD Zt*aland and Brabant Otmsa, soft Higa, Feteraburgh, and Liebau, soft . Archangel Tuscan, red Canada .Sp.iiiiBli, soft Biirk or brank Indian corn Hye, Baltic, dried do. undried Barley, Ilamhiirgh, Danttic, Konigsberg, and Riga, malting do. grinding IXinisli do. Oats, Hutch brew and thick D.inish Krirsland brew and thick Russian Beans, lick small Mrditerraiiean Peas, while, l)Otling grey or hog Tarn, (duty IDs.) Flour, Daiitzic, per barrel American, soar do, do. sweet, do. Fret. Per qr. 66 to 68 56 — 58 62 — a« 0- » 0- « 52 -r M - n 46- 41 4.5 — 4« 38 — VI m — (111 68-61 56 — »l 32 - 31 J2 - 36 SO- 32 31 -33 0-0 0-0 - * 2\ -2i 16 - 19 ao -21 20-21 S2-3I 0-0 0-0 48- 41 0- • 0-0 0- (1 0- 0-0 In Bnnj. P" (|r. ■• I « lo V, >" -41 — , r-,j n - ( «_ ■B--.'; Izt •B _ V _ , 0- „ 0_ , , 0- ( ;_ f, 2- ' 0- n H-IS II _ I.. 0- f, 0- In « - f. . a-;; 0_ ,, *-J-, 0- I, 0- ,1 0- I 21 -2i 23 -A Unseed, Russian, crashing (duty l>. per quarter; per quarter .... do. sowing, per barrel • Mediterranean, per quarter Rapeaeed (duly If. per ijr.), crushing, new, per quarter . . . - l.in^eeil cake (dutv 2d. per c^vt ), per ton liipe cake (duly id. per cwl.), do, Cluverseeil, red (duty 20i. per cwi.l, per toia white (duty 20«. per cwl,) do. L- I. L 1 Z (I 2 8 22 7 n 4 10 2 10 2U to 2 . - i; - 21.' -2i - ( - 4 i: - 3 h - 3li' v.— Account of the Quantity of Wheat and Wheat FInur exported, and of Foreign Wheat and Wheat Flour imported, in the following Years (Wincliestcr Measure). Years. Wheat and Flour Foreign Wheal and FInur imported. Years. Wheat and Flour Foreign Whe:ii and Flour imported. Years. Wheat and Flour Fnrrieii Wl«l 111! eiiwrted. eiporled. eiporled. , Flinir ilDfflrliii. Encland. Qt.. (Jr.. Enuland. Qr,. Gl. Britain. 1707 74,155 1742 293,260 1 1776 210.664 m> 1708 83,406 86 1743 371,431 2 1777 87,686 233,35,1 1709 169,680 1,552 1744 231,984 2 1778 141,070 lOC.IWI 1710 13,924 400 1745 324,839 6 1779 222.2(i| S.O.'i'.i 1711 76,949 1746 130,616 1780 224.0.59 3,'.i|.i 1712 145,191 1747 266,907 17H1 103.021 ISH.-tVi 1713 176,227 1748 543,.387 385 1782 14.5,1.52 80,riM 1714 174,821 16 1749 629,049 382 17N3 51,943 ,5SI,IM 1715 166,490 1750 947,602 279 1784 89,2.'>S 216,!H: 1716 74,926 1751 061,416 3 1785 1,S2.6W iin.Mis 1717 22,954 1752 429,279 1786 SO.i.-lCd) Sl.liiS 1718 71,800 1753 299,609 1787 12fl..5,?6 ,5!l.33!l 1719 127,762 20 1754 356,270 201 1788 82,971 MS.TIO 1720 83,084 Gl. Britain. I7S9 140.014 112,iljll 1721 81,6,33 1755 237,466 1790 30,892 223,5,i: 1722 178,880 1736 102.7,52 5 1791 70,620 4P!l,l),M'i ' 1723 157,720 1757 11,545 141,562 1792 300,278 Ii22.4i: 1724 245,865 148 17,58 9,234 20,.353 1793 7li,()'29 4ito,;«i> 172.5 204,413 12 17.59 227,641 162 1794 1.55,048 .•)2;,!i(ii 1726 142,183 I7(iO 39,3,614 3 1795 18.8.19 ,11.3,:!l.T 1727 30,315 1761 441.956 1790 24,679 f;7!l,2IIO 1728 3,817 74,,574 1702 295,385 56 1797 54,525 4tii,:ti: 1729 18,993 40,315 1763 429.538 72 1798 59.782 .w.:2i \-30 93,971 76 1764 396.857 1 1799 39„'?62 463.l^5 1731 130,025 4 1705 167,126 104,547 1800 22,013 1,204,520 i I idon, 7th of October, IM3 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 507 * ll(>ti-ll 0-0 S- i. (July 1». per quwler), , per barrel • •r quarter • .), cruihing, WW, per cwt ), per ton vt.), do. per cwt. ), per ton • «, per cwt.) do. !■■ I- L : to 2 » (1 - n i 8- 21i 7 0- J 4 10 - 4 1; 2 10 - 3 h 2 12 - 3 III I of Foreign Wheat and Wheat Measure). itiin. 16 07 08 69 P70 1 f72 3 ■74 75 |76 •77 -78 ■79 '80 M ■82 >3 ■84 '5 ■SO ,>7 ■88 ■S9 ■90 01 92 ■93 04 ■05 90 97 '08 99 100 Wheat and Flour eiporled. Fnrfljii fftouiii Fl.*r itlifflrlit!. Qr,. 164,9.39 5,071 7,433 49,892 75.449 10,08 327.(Hf; 313'.7!0 g:!l,2IHI 4tii,:i>: 3!)«,;21 4()3.l^5 1,204,520 i VI.— AtcoHnt spfolfylnu Iho Total Uiiaiitilii'H ofall Sorts ofnruin iiiiporlpil Into fircat Dritain, from tlitl'ereiit (^oiiiilriea. In vacli Year, Crciin |h(l| to 1825, holli liii'liiHJve ; llii! Avt'rai'e Uiiantlty nf all iliirls of firaln, anil the Av«raK" Uiiantlty nt'uach |mrtlciilar r<|iiH'i<'s iir(iraiii, an Wlicul, Uyu, Hur- ley, Sec, iiiiportuJ In each of tin.' uliovi! VuarH, from eacli iliU'eriMit fimiitry, in W inclirMlcr (itiarlers. Yon. Ruuii. Swed«R and Norway n«n- iiurk. Pruuia, Ger- Dunjr. The Ni'iher- laiidi. France and .Sniilh of Kurope. I'niled Stain of Anierjca. nrlllah North .AiiieriL'.iii Coloriirs. Oihrr Fort 1 jri Couiitriei, I. 01 .Mjii, and I'rizf Corn. 10,074 850 1,78'. 4,570 8,511 .5,013 18,006 12,230 20,848 28,405 15,034 17,970 10,112 7,470 6,000 4,077 8,016 8,740 0,484 9,869 12,103 5,000 10,303 9,1,54 15,2'27 Ireland. 1 ISfll 1802 1803 1804 1805 i6oa 1807 1809 18U9 1810 1811 1813 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 182S 201,056 12,870 10,448 8,215 17.3,874 57,410 6,183 3,004 14,089 06,809 49,597 128,437 64,038 9,760 1,443 21,108 405,933 670,793 54.3,551 372,109 28,445 22,010 14,568 14,500 26,895 26,.T75 10,901 540 19,931 25,859 110 195 2,318 87,001 40,391 14,019 71,629 30,926 620 60(1 1,100 2,455 2,255 13,492 2,858 4,284 7,088 3,882 8,619 31,029 52,837 10,284 74,019 1,800 9,027 1.32,287 45,127 52,302 58,872 18,3.56 9,250 14,874 140,012 342,213 123,038 147,505 20,778 15,045 0,! 48 100,098 248,282 663,584 377,984 171,001 531,304 702,005 1M1,040 22,800 2,015 310,224 97,880 0,00.3 133,907 180,241 19,428 91,791 414,947 820,640 323,350 .350,288 30,258 28,745 8,743 70,780 217,^30 099,310 ,351,330 15I..303 103,191 101,147 81,758 I.38,M10 170,'.C7 120,140 72,510 108,581 20,040 141,537 237,-523 20,908 18,137 100,055 .328,.5H2 255,475 430,280 2,120 — (110 2 125,1.50 — 116,861 420,(»00 .35,270 1.35,778 54,1571 118,018 2.53,403, 101,141 571,S(«I 701,874 235,070 103,020 218,711' 78,813 51,540 10,904 21,5281 3,024 4,0.35 3,8!H1 231,430 132,100 372,830 ; 03,954 3,223 2,032 1,505 108 2.791 3,790 .32,113 11,7.30 30,848 241,345 5,107 454 170,590 79,051 1,180 35,372 92,891 218,215 12,917 102 741 102 1,305 499 372,151 80,M20 109,832 4,351 13,475 79,900 250,860 13,206 172,878 98,301 18,()'.»7 11,524 1,093 2 45,580 7,209 310,364 187, .570 47,654 91,008 38,488 6,242 4,237 33,872 12,903 67,721 75,172 4.3,215 21,214 2,250 9,801 27,003 21, .500 23,737 85,938 440 23,774 1 3 25 3 25.870 .50,017 14,2,57 40,898 40,916 23,439 2(10 801 95,059 900 407,007 343,548 310,9:i8 300,923 400,917 403.400 050,770 933,(»8 032,819 430,|r<0 000,268 977.104 812,805 821,102 873,805 609,800 1,207,851 907,861 1,417,120 1,822,810 1,003,089 1,, 528, 1.53 1,034,024 2,203,902 Annual ") avtrage of 1 ilie above ( •2j years J Annual "1 average of 1 Jillo for ( 1)0. rye :Do. barley lUo. oats IDo. peas 1 iinil beans j jUo.Iiiilian ) icorn i 117,902 53,377 0,968 7,112 46,652 785 8 14,397 9,570 960 987 2,446 428 67,847 16,324 1,123 18,808 30,072 823 97 228,584 157,359 5,689 18,718 39,209 7,609 171,103 58,103 5,189 24,839 75,828 7,144 158,078 56,817 1,690 9,500 84,269 5,802 37,932 24,649 293 1,097 1,953 9,124 816 80,712 74,021 2,341 31 3 201 4,022 25,627 24,863 51 1 697 15 10,363 4,836 1,4.38 2,194 1,703 151 41 665,908 187,438 253 3.3,331 639,857 4,922 167 VII.— Account of the Imports into Great Dritain of all Descriptions of Foreign Corn in 1831 ; specify- ing the Countries whence they were imported, and the Uuantities brouglil from each.— PuW. Paper, No. 426. Sess. 1832.) Barlev aikl Indian Rve and Wheat and (>)iinlri«« from which Imported. Harley Meal. Beans. Corn and ■Meal. (Jatnieil. reai. Kye M.!al. Wtieat Flour. Wheat. Total. Qrn, lu. (trt. bu. Qr». tu. Qrf' lAt. qrt. Im. Qrt. lot. liri. tu. Qrl. lu. Qrr. I,H Russia . - - 42,.568 2 — 3166 300,608 1 6,3727 53,9115 464,584 1 20 937.303 .■iweden . - - 1,7187 — — 20.063 5 34 3 00 6 712 — 22,548 7 Denmark 115,058 1 1,299 4 — 90,9(H5 5 2,667 2 5,832 2 55,907 — 278,421 4 I'russia . - - 60,778 6 1,157 5 — 70,115 4 35,2110 18,447 3 290,280 5 — 481,000 7 fiermany 116,928 3 7,004 4 — 31,4501 13,9027 7,103 5 218,507 4 01 305,017 1 rhe Netherlands - 12,2810 7,070 3 — 15,220 4710 4,205 2 30,249 41 — 09,500 1 France . . - 18,737 7 1,454 17,8032 7,936 122 5 137 4 103,7(10 5'6,691 4 150,673 3 The Azores - Spain ... — ilie Canary Isl. — 04 2,049 3 — — — 22 2 — 2,072 1 2,318 3 04 1,598 5 30 44 — 154,671 1 — 158,023 1 418 6 — — — — — 1,082 4 — 1,.501 2 Italy 3,003 1 3,091 4 47 6 10 — — 253,295 5 — 200,030 .Malta - - — 1,031 3 — — — — 13,339 7 — 14,371 2 Ionian Islands . — — — — — 219 3 — 240 3 Turkey . . - 6210 01 — — 02 — 6,215 4 — 6,839 7 Caoe of Good Hope 10 — — 10 — — 2,183 4 — 2,185 4 Mauritius — — — — — — 00 — 06 V.UI India Compa- ny's territories 151 — — — 1.360 — 5,490 4 — 5,641 5 Van Dieman's Land — — — — — — 45 5 — 43 5 BritisU North Ameri- can colonies - 240 3 — 04 6,902 6 461 6 2.366 218,327 2 — 226.106 3 British West Indies — — 04 — 01 — 3 4 — 4 1 U. Stales of America — 01 22,195 3 599 4 — 1,887 3 403,418 7 — 488,101 2 Chili and Peru — — — — — — 140 7 — 140 7 Isles of Guern-'i g^S 1,1282 — — — 925 — 9,242 1 — 10,463 sey,Jersey,Al- Vg^ derney&Manj.2a 5,4986 185 — 2,831 2 22 — 14,265 5 — 22,636 2 Total - .381,922 23,3886 44,702 1 022,361 4 59,559 2 01,8104 2,311.302 2 6,093 5 3,.541,8n9 hi i^ % (|.!l 508 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. -i.-"l ir ^^1 i ,♦ .! V HI. Anniint 1 rnport* nf rorn. Flour, mill !Vky iiri'l Oill.iri'l ll. H,3ai 20 4113,231 10,;r». 3,7.57 fl:t2,N|o l-'ll 117,5(17 8,713 21 275,757 4,131 4:10,1 V) Wi 1(1(I,«I3 43,atl9 178 3IIO,!)2fl — 8,051) 000,2t,-t 1 1 MA 217, U» 03,fttlO 420 im,m — 4,.5,fJ 077,1(11 . I I«14 s-is,Mai 10,77!) 4 .501,010 — «.1!H 8I2.MI5 ' HIS IH!»,.')H 87, KM 207 5!l7.537 — (1.7116 821,1110 iNKl r2i.(i3i (ia,a.')4 43 (183.714 — 0,223 873,>'i;s 1 HIT r»!t,()25 ao,70o A14 011,117 — 2,287 «ll!I.M|i) MM uw,a;«) 2'i,;iN7 4 l,0fp!»,385 — 4,M5 I,2(I7.V,1 ' IHIII I.M,(»31 20,311 a 780,(113 — 3,004 0()7,N(il ' 1S-J() 4(M,747 N7,0!>5 131 010.25(1 1 8,803 l,4l7,i;!n ' IN'21 StH»,70() M.Hnl 550 1,102,211) — 7,433 1,822.^111 IH-i-i 4(>;t,()()» aj,r>;u 353 fl(l!l,2:r7 — 7,W13 I.OIW.II*!) \t"i.i 4l)li,0IH 10,274 l!H 1,102,187 — 0,120 I,52M:,.') 1^21 3SI),)()8 45,W7a na 1,225,085 — (1,547 1.(131,(121 IM'iS 3W),UI4 ins.OM'i S20 I,((20,h5«i — 12,786 2,203.i)i;a LSitl 3I4,M51 «l,Hrtft 77 1,303,734 — 7,1110 ,yr«. 1.4.52 ,M-». l,(l!»2,l«!) , ! IN'27 4().'),a.M 07,7!)l 250 1.31.3,2(17 1,705 10,0.37 I,.379 1,8*1.713 l8iH (IS2.584 H 1,204 1,424 2,075.031 280 7,008 I.1M4 2.82(1, ):!5 Hail 5H),4U3 1)7,11() 6«rt l,ti73.(i2H .30 10,414 4.503 2.30ri.'0fi isao sau,7i7 lHy,7l5 414 1,471,252 as 10,053 2,520 2.2I'.'.T'J!) ' lan S57,52() 185,4(1!) 515 l,0'i5,()34 503 15,030 1,(;*»3 2.ll!'.il|:i ' is:)-j S72.,W« 123.0fiH 204 1,800,321 3,0:17 11,512 1,016 8,i)0.').7;ii ' 1H33 N4 1,31)1 107,510 107 1,702,51!) 117 1 10,103 a,tvi5 2.7:i(i,2S j IMJ 77!),S(>1 217,51i« '.)^i 1,747,!IW) 75 18,770 2,17rt 2.7ti(i,y^:) ' 1835 tidl,77tt 150, 17« 014 1.822,7(Ht 1 21.234 3,117 2.'j(lit.(l|,1 i IX. Account of the Foreign and ColnninI Corn, Flour, anil Mral, enfireil fnr Jfomt Cov$um-ptinn\rnhi: IJniteil KinK(lniii§lncH 1815; opucityini! tho total Aiiitiiiiit of Uiily riMTived tlu'riiiiii, iiiiil the Rates of Duty ; in Imperial (^uurtcrs. — (Ajipcndii to nccund Agrkullural lUjtort of 1830, p. 282.) 1 1 e t >• I Corn, &c. cDlercd for H )ini Consui»i. Umirltr. Wheat FIciur. Barky mill Meal. JiKlhn Corn. RtAns ■ml I'ea* Totil, WIieM. J. d. OalD. Inilian Corn. mi PtM. ». 17 Tol.Al. L. Barley. 1. d. Bye. 1 1 ,. d. : d. ». d. iisis .. \eo I4R 2M .. 1 523 MSIfi 22-.,26:» l4,giH 10,2.191 7G.21I4 -. — 326,7.34 1 'iHi: l,ft!0.94!l 133.13N 13.>,221 473,S13 1,57 17,122 l,777,7(H) IHIS l,0«.'),1IH eos.Rji 79,221 1)90,947 1,411 I77,HJ0|3,.-.3K,,16« ISlfl lii.m 3114,012 17,293 6A515 2e,73S 199,716 1,253,407 '<.*iO 34,274 — — 72ti.84i< — 3 761,125 ,1*11 i — — ^ — — 2 '|SM I2,IS7 _ _ _ _ 1?,137 10,310 16 113.4 II-24 1S.777 3!),26» _ 619,340 MIS _ 673.629 I7K,:1KI 11 111-2 S «,3-» — 4 93.) 9 I 1821 M'i'iM 270.679 3,.14J 1.1 91 30,767 xm.iv, 296.121 8 634 4 4 3-4 6 4 4 10 6 r,34: JMifi aii.SKi 3:)2.b'll 67,241 l,iai,214| 6,222 lSH,h94l2.0'»7,104 4I2,59> 11 3 3.4 5 2 14 2 91-» 2 3 311 3 5 iisi; 672,7;l:l 2n6.!ifll 2I,|.R7 l,ii3l,24H 14i.'i42 1.57,854 2,9;<6,-6,5 71)2,9:14 21 4 1.4 1 6 2 1 3 3-1 2 9 1.2 i 6 .;• ']H>H Wi.riSO 217,343 4119: 14.3741 2.',747 119,7S2,l,2IG,!l.S7 1»<,4I2 1 9 H 5 1 3 6 8 1-2 2 4 |.4 < 2|.| IWll l,.'W4,?.20 ■2O2.406 65,331 I!W,H90 22,U-t. 96,514 1,944,U.W 9fi<',20Si 9 23 4 9 3.4 2 1 1-2 11 134 9 7 1.1 in s 1 i.inn 1,701 ,»")') r.2.107 19,121 906,319 4,100 61,614 2.741,176 7»',(m 6 41-2 9 5 3-4 12 6 4 2.14 12 7 |.' 7 *U' 18111 l.4')l,61l 522.709 56,S«S 355,120 6n,42> K(,444 2,.5««,9S3 55 -1.1 5-^; 4 H 1 7 2 7 3-4 7 3 1.4 1 2 3^ .1 10 l-.i Kli 3i:..t35 72.ii« 61 2,l<(i3 1,024 21,ISI 123,229 309,676 16 2 9 6 1.2 17 1-2 2 6 1-4 9 4 |..' 1(1 4 ■ isai M.Jlfi 1.208 1 97C 6 24,077 lflK6l4 36.119' 5 6 1311 JO 6 10 Hi S 10 4|.2' im 6l,6-.3 11.032 21 55,6231 207 102,0MI 23.3,412 99,!)70 5 7 13 7 -M 11 10 1 2 .x 9 1 j 1833 28,413 137,374 3' I7fl,l42| 1,430 94,540 '137,902 236,692 5 6 13 S 26 8 10 2 12 4 9 9 1 It appears, from No. IX. of the preceding accounts, that in 1828, 842,000 ([uarters of wheat were entered for home consumption, at an average duty of only Li. S^rf. per quarlcrf In 1929 the imports were 1,364,000 quarters, and the duty 9s, 2^(1. In ISIiO the imports rose to 1,702,000 quarters, and the duty fell to 0,?. 4A(/. ; and in 1831 the importi were 1,491,000 quarters, and the duty As, 8d. Had the duty been a constant one of 6s, or 7,v., the interests of all parties would have been materially promoted. But there arc obviously very slender grounds for thinking that the quantity imported would have been considerably increased ; for though the jirescnt system of duties frequently checks iniporla- tion for a lengthened period, yet, on the other hand, when prices rise, and the duties are reduced, every bushel in the warehouses is immediately entered for home consumption ; and the chance, which is every now and then occurring, of getting grain entered under the nominal duty of Is., probably tempts the merchants to speculate more largely, though at a greater risk to themselves, than they would do under a dilierent system. A moderate duty, accompanied by an equal drawback, besides giving a greater* degree of security t6 the corn trade, would, in this respect, be particularly beneficial to the farmer. Under the [ircseut system it is not possible to foretell, witli any thing approaching to accuracy, what may be the range of prices during any future period, however near : so that the trade of a fanner, which is naturally one of the most stable, has been rendered almost a species of gambling. But were the ports always open under the plan previously suggested, every one would bo aware that variations of price would be confined within comparatively narrow limits : and )E • »nt DrltMn, ilnce 1807. 1 P« J Toljl. 1 Ifl7 110 in. •lll.t.tW,;rj 1 'ti3 1 aN7 H'.m.MI') 1 M5 i.am.KM IKM ll»17,««l HdS 1,417, 1'jn •l.'t.l l,N2-i,Mi) 1 (H):i ^od.i.n-i) , 12(1 l„VJM,',.i I .vn 1, ('31,(124 [ ,7h( 2,2(0,l»i2 1 r». l,«2,|r». l,(it(2,l«!) i 1,379 I,f'2'.l,7l3 : l.iMl 2,^2(i,l35 4..'503 a.KKVCOS 2,520 2,212,723 1 l.fiM 2.411i,(;43 i.uie 2,(1(15,7:11 2,(V|5 2,73(i,2N| 2,I7« 2,7(i(i,. 2^2.) nor Duly per lni|i. Itunrler, Rye. <. d. Oats. Iniliin Corn. 6 914 2 I) I 1-2 C, 7 3-.t ni-J 11 8 \ 93-1 4 2 3 I 3 3-t » 1-2 1 1 I 3-1 9 I 4 10 311 2 9 1-2 2 I II 9 7 II )nl 4 2 3-4.12 7 I 7 3 1-4 I 2W 2 (1 1-4' 9 4 I-.! 6 10 jKi S 10 1 \ 2 X 10 2 hi 4 5M 6 ■;■ a 1-1 8 I >w 10 l-.i 4 I 41-2' 828, 842,000 (juarters of mly !.•». Q^d. per quarter^ K. 2^rf. In \S:W the md in 1831 the imports a confstant one of Gs, or )moted. But there arc iportcd would have been eijueutly checkH iraporta- rise, and the duties are home consumption ; and grain entered under the more largely, though at a Item. A moderate duty, of security tl> the corn ncr. Under the j)rcseiit accuracy, whfit may be at the trade of a farmer, St a species of gambling. stcd, every one would bo ively narrow limits : and ». (1 - 3 (1 - 2 - t n - a u the hufiincM of fiirminj? would nciiuirc th;»t nccurity, of which it in, nt prcwnt, to cotnpluU^ly ilcatitutc, and which in no inditfjwuaulilo tu itH lUcceM. TV. Foniioif Conif Tradk. PnUsh Corn Trnih, — Dnntzic ia tho port whence wn have nlwnyii licon accuntompd to Iniport the liirKCiit iiupplie:< of cum ; and it would Hccni fully ciitahliiihfd hy the data coljcftcd |«v -Vf r. .Iac4)li, iti hiH tourn, that 28.y. or 'A(h, a iiuartcr w the lowext price for which any cuti- >iiliTitlilc ()uaiility uf wheat for exiiortatiun can ho permanently raiHiHl in the curn-i{rowini; iiroviiicftH ill the vicinity of Wurxaw : its minimum cost price, when brought to Lomloii, ■u'CorJiny; to the data furniHhed by Mr. Jacob, would bo as under: — I'osl of wlient at Wnrmiw, per c]UiirlRr --...-. roiivi'V-iiin- to thfi lioiitH, and (.hurKeii for luaillnK anil Htnwin;, and ivcuring it by niati I'ri'mlit to D.iiil/.le --....... i,iiiu< nil till! |ini<8ii)(i' l>y pilferliiB, iind rnin rnimiiiK it to grow ... Ktii^iix**" It* I'^iii'-ii' in tiiriiini!, ilryins, Hrrecnlnit, iiiul wiireliniifilnR, and Iohi of menaura I'riilll or iwniiiiiHHiiin, an tliii riixu iii.'iy lie, to tin* iiii'rcliiiiit ut l)aiit/,ic FrKik'lit, prliiiuge, inHiiriinco, and Hliippiiig clmrueH, nt Uunlxic uiid in London CMC of tlie wheat to the Engllah incrcliant - - • . - - -48 It ought, however, to bo observed that the premium paid the underwriters docs not cover the risk attending damage from heating or otherwise on the voyage ; and it ought further to W observed, that the freight from Warsaw to Dantzic, and from Dantzic homo, is hero charged at the lowest rate. Mr, Jacob supposes that on extraordinary demand for as much 'vhcatas would l)e equal to six days' consumption of that grain in England, or for 216,000 iiimrlcrH, would raise the cost of freight on the Vistula from 20 to 40 per cent. : and as such :i demand could hardly lie supplied without resorting to the markets in the provinces to tho south of Warsaw, its minimum coat to the London merchants could not, under such cir- cumstances, amount, even suppo.sing some of these statements to be a little exaggerated, to kw than from 60*. to 53.». or .5.0*. a quarter. .Mr. Grade, of Dantzic, furnished the committee of 1831 with the following Table of tho .average prices uf corn at that city, free on board, in decennial periods, from 1770 to 1820. Average price, from Ten to Ten Ycnrs, of the different Species of Corn, fl-ee on board, per Quarter, in tiiturling Money, at Uuntzic, ! Wheat. Ilye. Barley. Oala. 1 a. d. .?, d. S. d. g. d. From 1770 to 1779 . - - 33 U 21 8 16 1 11 1 17Sn - 178a 33 10 22 1 17 11 12 4{ 1 '7Stn— 1799 43 8 26 3 I'J 3 12 6 1 18(H)— 1809 . . - 60 3t 10 25 1 n 1 ■ 1810-1819 - 55 4 31 1 26 20 4 Atgregate Average Price of 49 Years 45 4 27 2 20 10 13 10 In 1823, 1824, 1825, and 1826, prices, owing to the cessation of the demand from England, were very much depressed ; but they have since attained to near their former elevation. We subjoin a statement, furnished by the British consul, of the Average Trices of Grain, bought from fJranary, in sterling Money, at Dantzic, per Imperial Qnarter. Ynn. WIlMl. S. ,1. \< I'liWI 0k^M* V.illMt tfir"'*'^ ••%r1 c:. If ::;j: .Ji a.- 1 t Ordinary Charges on 100 Quarters of Wheat, shipped from Dantzic on Consignment landed under Bond in London.— (/'uW. Paper, No. 333. Sens. 1S27. p. 28.) ' 1 a a. d. £ s. d. One hundred quarters, supposed cost at Dantzic, free on board, 30«. — 150 Freight at 5». per quarter, and 10 per cent. . . - - 27 10 Metage ex ship, &c., 6g. fid. per last - .... 3 S Lighterage and landing, 9ii. per quarter - . - . 3 15 Insurance on 180/., including 10 per cent, imaginary profit, at 80s. ^ 7 14 per cent. ; policy 5». per cent. S Granary rent and insurance for one weelc .... 5 Turning and trimming, about . . _ - 2 Delivering from granary, M. per quarter - . . - 1 5 Metage, &c. ex granary, 2a. per last - .... 1 Commission on sale. Is. per quarter - .... 5 Del credere, 1 percent, on, suppose, 40s. Total coat to importer 2 51 IC if sold in bond 201 10 Imaginary prutit 10 per cent. Would prodijce, at 44s. Ad. per quarter 20 3 6 221 19 6 i JE221 13 4 , N. B.— Loss on remeasuring not con.sidercd. Freight and insurance are taken in this statement at an average, being sometimes higlier and some- times lower. Nothing, therefore, can be more perfectly unfounded, tlwn the notions so prevalent in this country as to the extreme cheapness of corn at Dantzic. When there is little or no forei:n demand, and all that is brought to the city is thrown upon the home market, prices arc, nl' course, very much depressed ; but when there is a moderate demand for exi>ortation, thcv immediately rise to something like the average level of the European market. During the greater number of the years embraced in the consular return, the Polish corn trade wa.s very much depressed ; and in some seasons the exports were extremely limited. But notnilli- standing these unfavourable circumstances, the price of wheat, free on board, at an avi'ras;c of the whole period, was 3is, Id. a quarter. Now, if we add to this 10.9. a quarter for freight and other charges attending its importation into England, and delivery to the con- sumer, it could not, in the event of its being charged with a duty of 6s. or 7s. a quarter on importation, be sold so as to indemnify the importer for his outlay, without yielding him any profit, for less than 50s. or 51s. a quarter. And there are really no very satisfactory reasons for supposing that it could be disposed of for so little ; for whenever it has been aJinitleJ into the British ports under any thing like reasonable duties, prices at Dantzic have uni- formly been above 40s. a quarter. Supposing, however, that, in the event of our ports being always open, the growth of corn in Poland would be so much increased as to admit of wheat being shipped in ordinary seasons for 34s., still it is quite plain it could not be sold in London under a duty of 6s. or 7s., for less than 5.3s. or 54s. a quarter. It is dilhcult to draw any conclusions on which it would be safe to place much reliance as to the suppUes of corn that might be obtained from Dantzic, were our ports constantly open under a reasonable duty. Mr. Jacob gives the following Account of the Total annual Averaee Quantity of Wheat and Rvo exported from Dantzic, in Periods of 25 Years each, for tlie Iflli Years ending with 1S23, Veirs. Wlieat. Qu.irters. Hye. Quarters. Total, tjinrleri. Ifi5l to 1675 81,775 225.312 307,(li7 ; 1670 — 1700 124,807 227.482 3.'i2,')7!) 1701 — 1725 50.705 170.100 22!t.>l».} 1726 — 1750 80.021 110,771 2()0,3!t.) 1751 — 1775 141,080 208,110 3l!).'2il) 1770 — lf-00 150.299 103,045 2,1.1,311 1801 — 1S25 200,330 67.511 2(i7,>4l " The average of the whole period," Mr. Jacob observes, " gives an annual quantity of wheat and rye, of 279,794 quarters ; and this surplus may be fairly consid 'red as the nearest approach that can bo made, with existing materials, to what is the usupI cxce.ss of the produce of bread corn above the consumption of the inhabitant.-^, when no jxtraordinary circumstances occur to excite or check cultivation." — (Rp,j),irt, p. 19.) , We have, however, been assured by gentlemen intimately acquaintc' with the countrifs traversed by the Vistula, the Bug, &c., that Mr. Jacob has very much underrated liicir capabilities of improvement ; and that were our ports opened under a fixed duty of 6.s. or 7.9. a quarter on wheat, and other grain in proportion, we might reckon upon getting from Dantzic an annual supply of from 350,000 to 450,000 ([uarters. We incline to think thiit this is a very moderate estimate. Hitherto, owing to the fluctuating and capriciou.s nature of our demand, it has proved of little advantage to the cultivators; and but little corn lias been raised in the expectation of its finding its way to England. But it would be quite another thing were our ports always open. The supply of the English markets woulJ then i\ 3E. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 511 I Dantzie on Consignmnit, 13. 1827. p. 28.) 10 S 15 14 lid in bond lit. or quarter £ s. d. 150 U 51 10 201 1« 20 3 6 221 19 6 JE221 13 4 sometimes higher and soiiie- tions so prevalent in tlii^i liere is little or no foreign lie market, prices are, of iind for exjxirtation, tliev can market. During the 'olish corn trade was very ly limited. But notnilh- 3 on board, at an average to this lO.v. a quarter for and delivery to tlie con- of 6s. or 7s. a quarter on without yielding him any 3 very satistactory reasuns ver it has been adinitlej •es at Dantzic have uiii- e event of our ports being ased as to admit of wlieat in it could not be sold in rter. to place much reliance fere our ports constantly d from Dantzic, in PerioJs 825. Tot:iI. tjmrteri. 307,()1* 3S2.')T!) 22i).>l(.5 2()0,.'!n') 2.i.Ull 2iir.>n ■s an annual quantity of fairly consid 'rod as the t is the usupI excess of 1, when no j.xtrajrdinary 19.) inte'' with the countries much underrated their ■r a fixed duty of 6.s. or :kon upon getting from A'c incline to think thiit g and capricious nature and but little corn has But it would be quite dish markets would then be an object of the utmost importance to the Polish agriculturists, who, there can be no doubt, would both extend and improve their tillage. We subjoin an Account of the exports of Corn from Dantzic during the Three Years ending with 1831, specifying the Quantities sent to different Countries, reclconcd in Quarters of lOi- to the Last. Specie! of Com. 1820. 1 1830. 1831. Britain and lier Poaes. sious. France. Holland. Other Coun. tri«. BrilaiD and her Posses- sions. France. Holland. Other Coun- tries. Britain and titr Posat-s. sion*. France. Hol- land. Other Coun- tries. Wheat • Rye ■ Barley - Chls • tea • ToUIorCoro - Flmir, iMirrels of ) 196 lbs. • 1 Biicuils, hup of 1 cwt. Qr.. 214,933 8,980 3,648 8,923 2,444 24,169 9,455 237 274 (Jr.. 6-1.594 30,>i66 2,118 217 Qr,. 3,070 28.974 672 181 Qri. 328.982 8,453 4,128 20,997 14,312 Qrt. 21,473 62 Qn. 43.970 28,753 788 1/768 Qri. 4,163 47,816 2,452 465 836 125,330 2,510 11,380 2,2iO 14,780 156,220 — Qr). 7,908 4,560 560 .562 6,456 300 SIO 239,123 34,135 97,795 32,897 376,672 21,525 75,279 55,732 - 13,032 6,828 2,C1G 3,224 8,926 io,2s:i 2,776 108 72 10 6,732 _ _ 2 200 Quality of Dantzic Wheat. — It will be seen from the subjoined accounts, that the price of wheat at Dantzic, during the 10 years ending with 1831, was very near 7s. a quarter above its average price at Hamburgh during the same period, and about 2s. above the average of Amsterdam. This difference is entirely owing to the superior quality of the Dantzic wheat. Though small grained, and not so heavy as several other sorts, it is remarkably thin-skinned, and yields the finest flour. Some of the best white, or, as it is technically termed, " high mixed" Dantzic wheat, is superior to the very best English ; but the quantity of this sort is but limited, and the average quality of all that is exported from Dantaicis believed to approach very nearly to the average quality of English wheat. Allowing"for its superior quality, it will be found that wheat is, speaking generally, always cheaper .4n Dantzic than in any of the Continental ports nearer to London. There are but few season?, indeed, in which Dantzic wheat is not largely imported into Amsterdam ; and it frequently, also, finds it way into Hamburgh. But it is quite impossible that such should be the case, unless, taking quality and other modifying circumstances into account, it were really cheaper than the native and other wheats met with in these markets. When there is any considerable importation into England, it is of every day occurrence for merchants to order Dantzic wheat in preference to that of Holstein, or of the Lower Elbe, though the latter might frequently be put into warehouse here for 20s. a quarter less than the former ! It is, therefore, quite indispensable, in attempting to draw any inferences as to the comparative prices of corn in different countries, to make the requisite allowances for differences of quality. Unless this be done, whatever conclusions may be come to can hardly fail of being false and misleading ; and when they happen to be right, they can only be so through the merest accident. Dantzic being by far the greatest port for the exportation of com in the north of Europe, its price may be assumed as the general measure of the price in other shipping ports. At all events, it is certain that when Dantzic is exporting, wheat cannot be shipped, taking quality into account, at a cheaper rate from any other place. The importer invariably resorts to what he believes to be, all things considered, the cheapest market ; and it is a con-^ tradiction and an absurdity to suppose that he should burden himself with a comparatively high freight, and pay 34s. \d. for wheat at Dantzic, provided he could buy an equally good article in so convenient a port n-. Hamburgh for 26s. 6|(/. If, therefore, we are right in estimating the price at which wheat could be imported from Dantzic under a duty of 6s. or 7."!., at from 53s. to 54s., we may be assured thcl this is the lowest importation price. The greater cheapness of the imports from other places is apparent only ; and is uniformly countervailed by a corresponding inferiority of quality. — (For further details as to the PolLsh corn trade, see D.\m'zic, Komosbkho, &c.) Russian Corn Trade. — Russia exports large (juantities of wheat, rye, oats, and meal. The wheat is of vorious qualities ; but the greater portion of it is small grained, coarse, brown, and very Ijadly dressed. The hard, or Kubanka, is the best ; it keeps well, and is in considerable demand for mixing with other wheats that are old or stale. Russian oats are very thin ; but. being dried in the straw, they weigh better than could be expected from their appearance, and are reckoned wholesome food. Our imports from Russia, in 1831, were extraordinarily large, she having supplied us with no fewer than 464,000 quarters nf wheat and wht^at flour, 369,000 quarters of oats and oatmeal, 54,000 quarters of rye and rye meal, 42,000 quarters of barley and barley meal, &c., making a grand total of 937,000 quarters! Generally, however, our imports do not exceed a fifth part of this quantity. The quarter of hard wheat was worth, free on Ixoard, at Petersburgh, in November, 1832, when there was no demand for exportation, from 2Ss. to 28,9. Gd. — (The reader will find notices of the Russian corn trade under the articles Antii.ixiiKL, PKTKiisiiinfiii, and Rioa. For an account of the corn trade by the Black Sea, sec post, and the article Ohessa.) 1 ), " i- I 012 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. mmti inn MHti-W I: « « •I'm • iii4tl • r- M "■ir )♦ i •! Danish Com Trade, — The export of wheat from Denmark Proper, that is, from JiitJani] and the islands, is but inconsiderable. I'hcre is, however, a pretty large exportation of wlteat and other grain, as well as of butter, cheese, beef, &c,, from Sleswick and Hulstcin, A^ already stated, the quality of the wheat is inferior ; for, though it looks plump, it is coarse and damp. The chief shipping port for Danish corn is Kiel ; but owing to the superior facilities enjoyed by Hamburgh, the greater portion of it is consigned to that city. In 1831 we imported from Denmark 55,960 quarters of wheat, 1 15,658 do. of barley, 96,996 do. of oats, with some small quantities of rye and beans. — (For an account of the exports of raw produce from Denmark in 1831, see Copeshaqew.) Corn Trade of the Elbe, 4 1824 24 13 12 6 8 1830 25 10 21 3 14 > ' 1825 20 6 12 9 13 10 8 6 1831 33 4 26 8 19 HI 1 1826 18 4 17 1 13 3 17 7 12 4 16 9 1827 26 3 23 10 Ave rape 26 fiL 18 9 14 I... 10 Ti Amsterdam is an important depot for foreign corn, every variety of which may be found there. Only a small part of its own consumption is supplied by corn of native growth; so that the prices in it are for the most part dependent on the prices at which corn can be brought from Dantzic, Kiel, Hamburgh, and other shipping ports. Rotterdam is a very advantageous port for warehousing foreign corn ; being conveniently situated, and the ware- house rent low, not exceeding 2d. or 2id. per quarter per month. We subjoin an account of the Average Prices, per Imperial Quarter, of Wlient, Rye, Barlcv, and Oats grown within the Consulship of Amsterdam, during the Ten Yeurs'ending with 1831. Yean. Wheal. Rye. Barley. Oats. Years. Wheal. Rye. Farley. (Mli. j «. d. s. d. s. rf. S. d. S. rf. s. d. s. d. .«. ll. 1 1822 25 16 8 13 9 4 1828 31 6 21 19 (1 12 10 1823 21 1 20 6 16 1 8 1829 4(i 10 25 7 19 5 i;i 10 1824 20 3 17 4 14 2 9 8 1830 41 9 27 4 20 IS I 1825 23 4 16 5 15 9 12 1831 42 8 30 22 4 IS 6 1826 1827 25 33 2 19 3 29 17 7 21 16 4 21 8 Average 31 4A 23 7i 17 9::- 14 ni Previously to the late revolution in the Netherlands, there used to be a considerable trade in corn from Antwerp to England. Wheats, both white and red, are among tiie finest wc receive f'om the Continent, and arc, of course, pretty high priced. Beans and peas are also fine. Antwerp buck-wheat is the best in Europe. According to Mr. Jacob, the cost (if storing and turning wheat per month at Antwerp does not exceed 1 ^d. a quarter, or about half what it costs in London. French Corn Trade. — It appears, from the accounts given by the Marquis Gamier in the last «dition of his translation of ihc WeaUh of Nations, that the price of the hectnlUnd wheal at the market of Paris amounted, at an average of the 1 9 years beginning with 1801 and ending with 1819, to 20 fr. 53 cent. ; which is equal to 30 fr. 80 cent, the scptior; or, taking the exchange at 25 fr., to 4.5s. 6rf. the quarter. Count Chaptal, in his valuable work, Sur I' Industrie Frangaise (tom. i. p. 280.), published in 1819, estimates the onlinary average price of wheat throughout France at 18 fr. the hectolitre, or 42,s. lOrf. the quarter. The various expenses attending the importation of a quarter of French wheat into London may be taken, at a medium, at about 6s. a quarter. France, however, has very little surplus E. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 513 •r, that is, from Jiithml ge exportation of wtkeat ick and Holstcin. As )k9 plump, it is coarse t owing to the superior 1 to that city. In 1831 f barley, 96,996 do. of it of the exports of raw a, perhaps, the gveatest ities of i3altif; corn, and But the cTLcess of the ght have been, expected, 48,263 quarters a year. at at Hamburgh, during ibout 7s. a quarter under ascribable to the infe- with in great abundance y. Bohemian wheat Is ittending its conveyance r, and prevent its being there was shipped from e, 18,200 of barley, and ! about 55s., to import in nmark and the countries 831, in Sterling Money, per Bye. narky. (hi!. . d. S. >' S. d. !0 8 13 . 10 i S 8 13 :< O 4 21 3 14 ' ' 26 8 19 iO 1 18 9 14 t.. , 10 71 of which may be found )rn of native growth; so ces at which corn can be Rotterdam is a very situated, and the ware- subjoin an account of the iwn within the Consulship 1831. Rye. Harley. Oil!. s. d. n 25 7 27 4 HO a3 Tr S. d. 11) 19 .') 20 2-2 4 17 9} 12 10 i;iio 18 1 18 6 M 01 o be a considerable trade are among tiie f;nest we Beans and peas are also ,0 Mr. Jacob, the cost nf l^rf. a quarter, or about e Marquis Gamier in the price of the hectolitre of 19 years beginning with fr. 80 cent, the septier; Chaptal, in his valuable 9, estimates the ordinary or 42,v. lOrf. the (luarter. mch wheat into London er, has very little surplus produce to dispose of; so that it would be impossible for us to import any considerable quantity of French corn without occasioning a great advance of price ; and in point of fact, our imports from France have been at all times quite inconsiderable. The mean of the different estimates framed by Vauban, Quesnay, Expilly, Lavoisier, and Arthur Young, gives 61,519,673 septiers, or 32,810,000 quarters, as the total average growth of the different kinds of grain in France. — (Peucliet, Slaiistique EUmentaire, p. 290.) We, however, took occasion formerly to observe (Supp. to Enq/c. Brit. art. Corn Laws) that there could not be a doubt that this estimate was a great deal too low ; and the more careful investigations of late French statisticians fully confirm this remark. It is said that the mean annual produce of the harvests of France, at an average of the 4 years ending with 1828, amounted to 60,633,000 hectolitres of wheat, and 114,738,000 ditto of otlier sorts of grain; making in all 175,271,000 hectoUtres, or 62,221,205 Winch, ([uarters. Of this quantity it is supposed that 16 per cent, is consumed as seed, 19 per cent, in the feeding of different species of animals, and 2 per cent, in distilleries and brew- cries. — {Bulletin des Sciences Gcographiques, torn. xxv. p. 34.) This estimate is believed to be pretty nearly accurate ; perhaps, however, it is still rather under the mark. The foreign corn tiade of France was regulated down to a very late period by a law which forbade exportation, except when the home prices were below certain limits ; and which restrained and absolutely forbade importation except when they were above certain other limits. The prices regulating importation and exportation differed in the different districts into which the kingdom was divided ; and it has not unfrequently happened that corn warehoused in a particular port, where it was either not admissible at all, or not admissible except under payment of a high duty, has been carried to another port in another district, jnd admitted duty free ! But during the last 2 years importation has been at all times allowed under graduated duties, which, however, like those of this country, become prohibi- tory when the prices sink to a certain level. The division of the kingdom into separate districts is still kept up; and in June, 1833, whilo the duties ou wheat imported into some of the departments were only 4 fr. 75 cent., they were, in others, as high as 12 fr. 25 cent. An official announcement is issued on the last day of each month, of what the duties arc to he in that district during the succeeding month. These depend, with certain modifications, on the average prices of the districts. Spanish Com Trade. — The exportation of com from Spain was formerly prohibited under the severest penalties. But in 1820, grain and flour were both allowed to be freely exported ; and in 1823, this privilege was extended to all productions (frutos) the growth of the soil. There is now, in fact, no obstacle whatever, except the expense of carriage, to the conveyance of corn to the sea-ports, and thence to the foreigner. Owing, however, to the corn growing provinces being principally situated in the interior, and to the extreme badness of the roads, which renders carriage to the coast both expensive and diflicult, the exports are reduced within comparatively narrow limits ; the same difficulty of carriage frequently gives rise to very great differences in the prices of places, in oil parts of the country, only a few leagues distant. Were the means of communication improved, and any thing like security given to the husbandman, Spain would, in no long time, become one of the prin- cipal exporting countries of Europe. Old Castile, Leon, Estremadura, and that part of Anda- lusia to the south and east of Seville, are amongst the finest corn countries of Europe ; and might be made to yield immense supplies. But owing to the disturbed state of the country, and the want of a market for their produce, they can hardly be said to be at all cultivated. And yet such is their natural fertility, that in good seasons the peasants only reap those fields nearest to the villages ! Latterly we have began to import corn from Bilbao, Santander, and other ports in the north of Spain; and in 1831, she supplied us with no fewer than 158,000 quarters. — (See Bilbao.) Corn Trade of Odessa, — Odessa, on the Black Sea, is the only port in Southern Europe from which any considerable quantity of grain is exported. We believe, indeed, that the fertility of the soil in its vicinity has been much exaggerated ; but the wheat shipped at Odessa is principally brought from Volhynia and the Polish prov.^ices to the south of Cracow, the supplies from which are susceptible of an indefinite increase. Owing to the cataracts in the Dnieper, and the Dniester having a great number of shallows, most part of the com brought to Odessa comes by land carriage. The expense of tliis mode of conveyance is not, however, nearly so great as might be supposed. The carts with corn are often in parties of 150 ; the oxen are pastured during the night, and they take advantage of the period when the peasantry are not occupied with the harvest, so that the charge on account of conveyance is comparatively trifling. Both soft and hard wheat is exported from Odessa; but the former, which is by far the most abundant, is only brought to England. Supposing British wheat to sell at about 60s., Odessa wheat, in good order, woulil not be worth more than 52s. in the London market ; but it is a curious fact, that in the Mediterranean the estimation in which they are held is quite the reverse ; at Malta, Marseilles, Leghorn, &c,, Odessa wheat fetches a decidedly higher price than British wheat. 65 614 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. (B/V»^- ■>■-'*« "iw" ' 3j II '^'m ■I 1 1 .1 The hard wheat brought from the Black Sea comes principally from Taganrof. It jg a very fine species of grain ; it is full 10 per cent, heavier than British wheat, and has less than half the bran. It is used in Italy for making macaroni and vermicelli, and things of that sort ; very little of it has found its way to England. The voyage from Odessa to Britain is of uncertain duration, but generally very long. It is essential to the importation of the wheat in a good condition, that it should be made during the winter months. When the voyage is made in summer, unless the wheat be very superior, and be shipped in exceedingly good order, it is almost sure to heat ; and has some- times, indeed, been injured to such a degree as to require to be dug from the hold with pickaxes. Unless, therefore, means be devised for lessening the risk of damage during the voyage, there is little reason to think that Odessa wheat will ever be largely imported into Britain. — (See the evidence of J. H. Lander, Esq. and J. Schneider, Esq. before the Lords' Committee of 1 827, on the price of foreign corn.) It appears from the report of the British consul, dated Odessa, 31st of December, 1630, that the prices of wheat during the quarter then terminated varied from 22s. 4d. to 'Ms. 6(/. a quarter. During the summer quarter, 149,029 quarters of wheat were exported. We copy the following account from the evidence of J. H. Lander, Esq. referred to above : — Account of the uverage Prices of Wheat at Odessa, with the ShippinK Charges, rodnced into British Measure und Currency; tlie Rate of E.\change (the wliole taken Quurteriy for tlie Years 1814 to 1824, inclusive); and the Quantities annually exported. (Quarter ending 1814. 1815. 1816. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June 30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. March 31. June .30. Sept. 30. Dec. 31. ObKrvations. Tlie present price of wheat i.s le.ss than the cost of cullivii- tion. Tliu char!.'e on warehousinsr wheal at Ode.ssH does not exceed 2i/. per (jiiar- ter per luontli. The entire expense of importing a quarter of wheat from Odessa to London may be esti- mated at from 16*. to 19s. We borrow, from the valuable evidence of J. Schneider, Esq. already referred to, the following account, which states in detail the various items of expense — (See Table, next page.) The price free on board is estimated, in this Table, at under 16s., being no less thon 12.?. below the average price of October and December, 1830, as returned by the consul ; but not- withstanding, if we add to the cost of the wheat in London, as given in this statement, 6*. of duty, and allow 10*. for its supposed inferiority to English wheat, its price here, wiwn tliiu reduced to the standard of the latter, would be about 50s. Ci. At present (7th of a CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 515 m Taganrog. It is a heat, and has less than li, and things of that it generally very long, that it should be made iless the wheat be very a heat ; and has some- g from the hold with of damage during the ! largely imported into Esq. before the Lords' St of December, 1830, am 22s. id. to 34s. Grf, vere exported, inder, Esq. referred to rges, reduced into British eriy for tlie Yesirs 1814 to observations. The present price of vvliftiitislcsstlmn the cost of ciihiva- tion. The char;re on wnrehoiisiim wheal at Odessii docs not exceed 2(1, per quar- ter per month. ;o liondon may be csti- of J. Schneider, Esq. irious items of expense being no less than 12.?. by the consul ; but not- a in this statement, 6*. t, its price here, when '. At present (7th oi' Octolter, 1633), Odessa wheat, entered for home consumption, is worth in the London mar* Uct from 43s. to 469. ; being about 10s. below the average of English wheat. Pro forma Invoice of 2,000 Chctwert« of Wheat shippud at Odessa for London. S,000 chetwerti wheat, at 12 rs. per chet. - Charget. Measuring when received, at 5 cops, per chet. Ditto when sliipped — Duty T7 — Carriage to the mole 18 — lighterage 15 — Use of bags 10 — Brokerage, i per cent. ... Commission, 3 per cent. Rs. 100 180 1,540 ,160 300 200 120 Exchange at 24 rs. per £ sterling . . 871 10 87 3 7 10 10 Would produce 1,450 Imperial quarters, to cost per quarter i Charges in London, £ s, d. Policy duty on l,200i. at i per cent; - - 3 Insurance on 1,1502. at 22. is. per cent. - - 24 3 Commission do. t Freight on 1,453 quarters wheat, ut 13«. per quarter Primage, 10 per cent. .... Gratification ..... Charterparty, U. ; Custom-house entries, 10s. - Metage on ship, at 4«. 3id. per last Lastage ..-.-- Lighterage of 1.453 quarters at 4d. Landing, wharfage, housing, and delivering, at 9d. Rent, 4 weeks, at 5s. per 100 quarters per week Metage, &c. ex granary .... Estimated charge for probable damage on the voyage Factorage in London . . . - Del credere, 1 per cent. d. 27 3 9 15 969 9 1 10 31 1 24 54 14 10 7 5 Rs. 24,000 2,800 Rs. 26,800 804 Rs. 27,600 £1,150 3 4 £ s. d. 15 10 £1,136 15 Or per quarter 15 8 1 11 6 2 1 £1 14 6 American Com Trade, — The prices of wheat at New York and Philadelphia may be taken, on an average, at from 37s. to 40s. a quarter ; and as the cost of importing a quarter of wheat from the United States into England amounts to from 10s. to 12s., it is seen that no considerable supply could be obtained from that quarter, were our prices under 50s. or i)2s, It ought also to be remarked, that the prices in America are usually higher than in the Baltic; so that but little can be brought from the former, except when the demand is suficient previously to take off the cheaper wheats of the northern ports. The exports of wheat from the United States are, however, comparatively trifling ; it be- ing in the shape of flour that almost all their exports of corn are made. The shipments of this important article from Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, New Orleans, and other ports, arc usually very large. The British West Indies, Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, England, and France, are the principal markets to which it is sent. All sorts of flour, whether made of wheat, rye, Indian corn, &c. exported from the United States, must previously be submit- ted to the inspection of officers appointed for that purpose. The law further directs, that the barrels, in which it is shipped, shall be of certain dimensions, and that each barrel shall contain 196 lbs. of flour, and each half barrel 98 lbs. The inspector having ascertained that tlie barrels correspond with the regulations as to size, weight, &c., decides as to the quality of the flour ; the first, or best sort, being branded Superfine ,• the second. Fine ,■ the third. Fine Middlings ; and the fourth, or lowest quality. Middlings. Such barrels as are not merchantable are marked Bad ,• and their exportation as well as the exportation of those deficient in weight, is prohiMted. Rye flour is divided into 2 sorts, being either branded Superfine Rye Flour, or Fine Rye Flour, Maize flour is branded Indian Meal ; flour made from buck-wheat is branded B, Meal, Indian meal may be exported in hhds. or 800 lbs. Flour for home consumption is not subjected to inspection. The inspection must take place at the time and place of exportation, under a penalty of .5 dollars per barrel. Persons altering or counterfeiting marks or brands forfeit 100 dollars; and persons putting fresh % li t .# ■ \ *i, ,1 K ■ . • i. 516 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. •aotrai |il«IHr« """J^""'"ffl« »»V.I' IS -m ;; I J< I r .f flour into barrels already marked or branded, or offering adulterated wheatcn flour for gale, forfeit in either case 6 dollars for each barrel. The fees of branding were reduced in 1832. They amount, in New York, to 3 cents foi each hogshead, and 1 cent for each barrel and half barrel of full weight. A line of 30 cents is levied on every barrel or half barrel below the standard weight, exclusive of 20 cents for every pound that it is deficient. The act 9 Geo. 4. c. 60. enacts, that every barrel of wheaten flour imported, shall be deemed equivalent to 38^ gallons of wheat, and shall be charged with a corresponding duty (rtTi/c, p. 500). Hence, when the price of British wheat per quarter is between 52s. and 63s., the duty on the barrel of flour is 20s. lO^rf. ; when wheat is between 60«. and 6I«., the duty on flour is 168. jd ; and when wheat is between 695. and 70s., the duty on flour is 8s. 2|rf.» The following Tables, derived principally from private but authentic sources, give a veiy complete view of the foreign corn trade of the United States during the last 10 years. I.— Account nf the Qimntitieg of Flour and Grain exported from the United States, from October Ist 1821, to tSepteniber 30th, 1831, with the Prices of Flour at Philadelphia, and of Wheat and liidiuu Corn at New York. Yean. Whett Flour. Rye Flour. Corn Meal. Wheat. Indian Com. Price of Wheat Fh>ur per Barrel at Phi- ladelpliU. Price of Wheal tH'T Bu.hel at New York. Price nt Imlian Corii per Uushd M New Viitk. BarrtU. BamU. BatrtU. ButhtU. BxaMs. IMh. ctnli. Colli, cenlt. IhlU, tcnii. 1831 1,805,205 19,040 204,206 405,.384 566,761 - 1 19 7(1 1830 1,225,881 26,298 145,301 45,289 444,107 4 08 98 57 1829 837,385 34,191 173,775 4,007 897,656 6 35 1 38 5(j 1828 860,809 22,214 174,639 8,906 704,902 5 60 1 8 53 1827 865,491 13,345 131,041 22,182 978,064 5 23 97 05 1826 857,820 14,472 158,025 45,166 505,381 4 65 90 79 1825 813,906 29,545 187,285 17,900 869,644 5 10 1 4 50 1H24 096,792 31,879 152,723 20,373 779,297 5 62 1 15 47 1823 756,702 25,065 141,501 4,272 749,034 6 82 1 5 53 1822 827,865 19,971 148,288 4,418 509,098 6 58 90 49 1821 1,056,119 23,523 131,669 25,812 607,277 4 78 89 5,1 II. -Account of the Quantity and Destination of Wheat Flour exported from the United States, cum- mencing Ist of October, 1821, and ending 30th of September, 1831. Yean. 1831 18.S0 1829 1828 1827 1826 1825 1824 1823 1822 1821 Anieric.1. Europe. Africa. Asia. Total. Britisli N. Ainer. Prov. West Indies. South Amer. Gr. FriUin and Ireland. France. Spain and Por- tugal. Madeira. other Parts of Europe. All Parti. All Partt. BitTtls. 150,645 149,966 91,088 80,680 107,420 72,901 30,780 .39,191 29,681 89,810 131,035 Barrels. 371,876 281,256 248,236 370,371 .362,674 433,094 429,760 424,.359 442,468 436,849 551,396 BarreU. 319,616 347,290 235,591 308,110 271,524 285,563 252,786 357,372 198,256 211,039 156,888 Barrels. 879,430 320,182 221,176 23,258 53,129 18,357 27,272 70,873 4,252 12,096 91,541 Barrels. 23,991 56,590 17,404 6,266 19 275 102 426 51 228 1,175 Barrels. 364 10,222 509 294 4,293 501 730 939 62,387 25,104 71,958 Barreh. 12,811 9,628 3,779 4,061 5,171 6,119 3,597 25,851 4,752 21,375 26,572 Barrels. 35,416 36.924 14,959 54,371 52,114 27.716 55,818 47,449 2,088 976 9,074 Barrels. 2,751 2,609 221 1,737 4,909 5,403 7,023 3,883 903 3,929 3,123 Barren. 8,305 5,214 4,362 5,602 7,238 7,885 15,438 0,439 ll,8t)4 2(),42» 10,357 Barrets. 1.805,205 l,225,t«l 837,31*5 SOO.SO!) 805,491 857,820 61,3,906 (H)6,7!« 750,702 827,S05 1,050,1111 Owing to the diminished demand in England, the .xoorts in the yearendini? 30lh of Septonibcr, 1832, fell considerably under the level of the 2 precedii.i; years, being only 864,91!) barrels, valued ui 4,880,623 dollars. There were exported, during the satne year, 88,304 bushels of wheat, and 451,230 bushels of Indian corn.— (Paners laid before Conpress, 15th of February, 1833.) Mr. Keuss givKS (p. 120.) the following pro /«rma account of the expenses attending the iniportatinu of a cargo of 5,000 bushels of wheat from New York, supposing it to cost 1 doll. 12 cents a bushel, which is about its average price. 6,000 bushels, at I dol, 12 cents per bushel WInnowiniF, measuring, and delivery on boird . - . • • 150-00 Brokerage, 1*2 per cent. - • ■ 28'00 luturauce, 6,000 dolt, at I 1-2 per cent • 90-00 Commisiioni 5 per cent. Exchange, 110 per cent. L. L. t. d. I.. I. d. Freight, 125 torn at ISt. per ton - • ■ . 93 1.5 Primage, S per cent. - 4 13 9 98 8 9 Entry, officer's fees, and city duet . 1 10 Metage from the ship at 2i. 8d. per last of 10 qn. - • - • -6 18 4 7 1 Dollars. 6,600-00 268-00 6,868 00 293-40 6,161-10 1,260 1 8 /. «. 117 7 2 12 19 10 2 2 10 10 8 Brought forward Petty chai,;is, at li. per last of 10 qra. Lighterage and porterage to granary, 9rf. Iter quarter .... Grinary rent and fire insurance, say 4 weeks, al2t. per 100 qrb. per week Turning, at 2i. per 100 quarters Metage and porterage to the granary, at 4i. per 100 ((uartt-rs • > • lu o Do. do. from the do. at 5». per qr. 1116 8 Pns'age and stamps • * -17 Factorage, Ij. per quarter ■ - 26 Commission, 2 l-2per cent. ) Guarantee, 1 — S- 4 1-2 per ct. 63 Oil Interest, 1 — ) In London. 103-06 quarters Wincheeter measure, equal to 100 quarters Imperial. 6,000 bushels Winchester measure, equal to 604 quarters Imperial measure, costing 49r. 9 \-2d. 244 4 2| 1,504 5 10 I per quarter \n Itoud i l,M3 14 2 * There is a Table of the duties on flour, according to the variations in the price of British wheat, in the valuable work of Mr. Reuss (p, 117.) relating to the trade between Great Britain and America, CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 617 t| V heatcn flour for sale, V York, to 3 cents foi t, A line of 30 cents lusivc of 20 cents for nir imported, shall be a corresponding duty 3r is between 52s. and een GOs. and 6 Is., the I., the duty on flour is ;ic sources, give a very e lost 10 years. Jtutea, from Octoher Ist, id of Whuut and Iiidiuu Price of Wheat per Du«liel at New York, Price (if Inilijn Cdni ptr Uusliel nt New Votk. ^— Doll3. antt. DotU, fnilj. 1 19 70 U8 57 1 38 68 1 H 53 97 0.) 90 79 1 4 (1 50 1 15 47 1 5 53 00 19 89 5:t 1 tlic United Stales, com- r, 1831. Africa. Asia. All Parti. Bamls. 2,751 2,609 221 1,737 4,90'J 5,403 7,023 3,883 903 3,929 ,3,123 All Farli. Barrett. 8,305 5,214 4,302 5,tifi2 7,238 7,SH5 15,43!^ 0,439 11,804 ! 20,429 1 10,35' ToUl. liarrdt, 1.805,205 l,2'i5,881 837,385 860,809 81)5,491 857,820 8i:t,«()6 996,792 756,' 827,805 l,050,ll«.l iidini; SOtli of Seplnmhor, i64,919 b:irri;l(=. valued ill ■Is of wheat, and 451,230 .) itteiidin)! the importation 1 doll. 12 cents a bushel, /. .. d. - 117 7 1 lore. 2 U ■y,9rf. ■ 19 10 ■. d. say 4 eck 2 2 . 10 6 iry, at . 10 8 erqr. U 16 S ' . 17 . 2G perct. 63 11 244 4 2 1 1,504 3 10 ure, equal to 100 re, equal 1" 6W itins 49». 9 l-Zrf ],W3 14 2 irice of Briti Britain and sh wheat, in America. The iwnal price of wheat In Canada, wticii llicre is a di'mand fur the rncli^h market, ii nlinnt 40*. 1 quarter; hut takiii),' it an low as 35,t., if we ailil to this 12;*. a ipnrter as tin; expenses of carriage and ivurohousliig, it will nialce il.s price In l.lverpixil, when dilivcreil lo the conHiiiuer, 47s. ; and being -prini! wheat, It is not so valiialile, l)y ahont tv. a nnarter, ».•< Iwi^lisli wlirat. The duty on inrii iiii- porled from a llritinh colony hrinu, wlicn thu home pricp is under 07.''., only ^t.^., it is suspected that a ^(Kiil d';al of the tlonr broii);lit from Canada lias lieen really furnislied by the United iStates. It is cer- nin, too, that in the present year (18;!3) wlicat has been sent from Arthan(,'el to Canada, in the vii.'W (as is alleged) of its being re-sliipped, under the low ililly, to liritlsh ports; the savinu if i'"')' beiiiR ^iipjiosed siitllcient to countervail the cost of a double voyage across the Atlantic! Hut yrain from ilic colonies is not admitted into England at the low duty, witlioiit the cvporters sulmcriliiiig u declara- tion that it is the produce of ench colonies ; any wilful inaccuracy in such document being punished iivtlic! forfeiture of the corn so imported, and of 100/. of penalty ; and in addition to this, the corn, illiur. tc. must .also be accompanied by a cirlijiaite oforifrin subscribed by the collector or comptroller al tlie port of shipment. It Is, therefore, dillicnlt lo see how the importers of Unssiaii corn into I'anada are to succeed in getting It shipiicd for England as colonial cum ; and wu believu that uiotit ol'it will go to the West Indies. .Ucount of all Corn and Flotir Imported into Great Britain from Canada, during the Five Years ending with 1832; Bpecifying the Quantities in each Year.— (/'uW. Paper, No. 2(i;i. siuss. 1832.) Cora and Flour. 1828. 1629. 1830. 1831. 1832. <^«. Inu. *fs of JecidcJ agricultural improvement, — was exactly 61s. a quarter, being almost idiMitical with its price (luring the last 10 years ; while the reduction of taxation, the greater cheapness of liiboiir, and the various improvements that have been made in agriculture since 1804, must enable corn to be raised from the same soils at a less expense now than in that year. It c.mnot be justly said that 1823 was by any means an unfavourable year for the liirmers ; and yet the average price of ^vheat was then only 51s. Sid., being rather /(.« than its probable average price under the system we have ventured to propose. The landlords and fanners may, therefore, take courage. Their prosperity docs not doiicnd on restrictive regulations ; but is the elVect of the fertility of the soil which belongs to them, of the absence of all opjircs- Mve feudal privileges, and of the number and wealth of the consumers of their produce. The unbounded freedom of the corn trade would not render it necessary to abandon any but the most worthless soils, which ought never to have been broken up ; and would, consequently, liave but a very slight eftect on rent ; while it would be in other respects sui)reuiely ad* vantageous to the landlords, whose interests are closely identified witli those of tlic other (CoR\ (Price of). — The average prices of British corn during the six years ending with 1838 have been:— Vol. I.-2 X r. ■1 ";i' 11 618 COTTON. ||Ui>'..::Uiiai ■fr ^■;; "J Tear*. Whnt. Rye. Hirley. Oati. PrJt. Brain. 1 >. d. 1. d. «. d. f. It. t. d. » d. 1833 S3 11 32 11 27 6 18 5 36 9 33 2 1834 46 2 32 9 21) 20 11 39 4 35 3 1N35 3U 4 30 4 29 11 22 36 3« 11 1836 48 33 4 32 10 23 1 39 1 38 4 1837 65 10 34 g 3U 4 23 1 38 7 37 6 1838 04 7 35 1 31 5 22 S 36 8 37 3 The average prices of whuRt, bnrlny, nnil nnt«, in Englnnil nnil Wales, during the sevon years ctxlins the Slst of Dect'iiiht.'r, 1835, were, wheal, 50». 3(/. ; bnrley, 31«. 9(/. ; and outs, 22». These pricpn aru iniportuiit, being those by which tlie titlic-coniniutntion§ under the late act arc to he dcturnilneij. Coiix (Isle of Man). — All foreign corn imported into the lele of Man is now eiibject to the same duties as in the United Kingdom. — (.5 «& 6 Will. 4. c. 13.) Conx (PmcE of in FnANCE). — We copy from the Times the following Table of the average Prices of Wheat in France at the End of October of each Year, from lS19tol83C both inclusive, according to the olflcial Returns, with their Equivalents in English Measure and' Money : — Yan. Per hect. Per qr. Yrars. Per hect. Per qr. fr. r. 1. d. r. f. » J. 1819 15 29 35 1828 21 69 49 8 1820 19 56 44 9 1829 21 60 49 5 1821 15 99 36 8 1830 23 29 53 4 1822 15 55 35 7 1831 22 88 52 5 i«''3 15 72 35 11 1832 18 67 42 9 1824 14 46 33 1833 15 42 35 4 1825 15 24 34 11 1834 14 ."iO 33 4 1826 15 55 35 7 1835 13 »5 .32 1827 18 77 43 8 1836 17 3 39 The nveriigo of the whole period is 17/r. Sic. per hectolitre, eipial to 40.?. Id. per quarter; ami it will be re?narl«ed that the average of last year is tlie lowest of the whole period. The average price of British wheat during llie second week of October, 1835, was 37s. a quarter being lower than it has been at any time since 1780. — Sup.) ' [For farther information concerning the American corn trade, see articles Flour, arj Impoht.s and Expohts, — Am. Ed.] COTTON {(jot. Baumwolk ,■ Da. Katoen, Boomwol ,• Da. Bnmtild ,- Sw.Bomull- Fr. Culuu ; It. Cotone, Bambagia ,- Sp. Algudon ,■ Port. Algoduo ,• Rus. Chloblsehataja bnmu- ga ; Pol. Bawelna ! Lat. Gos.si/pium, Bombax ; Arab. Kulun ,• Sana. Kapasa ,- Hind. Jiiihi ; Malay, Kaptvi), a species of vegetable wool, the produce of the Go.ssi/pium herbanum, or cotton shrub, of which there are many varieties. It is found growing naturally in all the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America, whence it has been transplanted, and has become an important object of'cultivation, in the southern parts of the United States, and to some extent also in Europe. Cotton is distinguished in commerce by its colour, and the length, strength, and fineness of its fibre. White is usually considered as characteristic of secondary quality. V\'llow,or a yellowish tinge, when not the elTect of accidental wetting or inclement seasons, is con- sidered as indicating greater fineness. There are many varieties of raw cotton in the market, their names being principally de- rived from the places whence they are brought. They are usually classed under the denomi- nations of Aw^^ atid short stapled. The best of the first is the sea-inland cotton, ortliat brought from the shores of Georgia ; but its qualities differ so much, that the price of the finest specimens is often four times as great as that of the inferior. The superior samples of Brazil cotton are reckoned among the long stapled. The iipland or bowed Georgia coim forms the largest and best portion of the short stapled class. All the cottons of India are short stapled. The estimation in which the different kinds of cotton wool are held may be learned from the following statement of their prices in Liverpool, on the 1st of November, 1833. Prices of Cotton in Liverpool, Ist November, 1833. d. d. d. d. ' Sea-island, st:iined and saw-ginn'd 8 to 12 Alabama and Mobile, good fair - 81 - -il* interior 12J - 13 good 9i - v>\ : middling 13 — 13i Upland, inferior ... n- *> \ fair, clean, not fine 13; — 14 middling ... 8J- 8!| good, clean, & rather fine IH- I.H fair tii- 6j, tine and cle;in - 10 — 20 good fair - - . 9 - (i; 1 New Orleans, infi-rior 7J- H pood - . - nj - in'r ' middling H« - bj Egyptian - . - . u - W: ; fair - - - 8J - ^k Pernainbuco ... 9} - Hi 1 good fair n- !)J Huhia .... 9 -n\ gllOll - - . n- 10} Mar.'inham .... 9J-I1 verv choice gin marks 11 — 12 Demerara . . . - Si-lljl Alabama and Mobile, inferior n - 'i We.n India ... 8 - m middling 8 — «l Ciirthagena ... 7 -/8 fair - ^- SJ Sural 4}- 7i I ! COTTON. 610 Pe.1t. Brans. .. d. .. d. 36 9 33 2 39 4 35 3 3U e 36 n 39 1 38 4 38 7 37 6 36 8 37 3 ing the seven yenrB cnilinq Its, 22«. These prices aru arc to be dclerniiiieil. f Man is now subject to ) bllowing ich Year, from lSt9to 183C, 8 in Eiiglisli Muasure ami hect. Per qr. e. • d. 69 49 8 60 49 5 29 53 4 ! 88 92 5 i 67 42 9 ) 42 35 4 t S6 33 4 { 95 an 7 3 39 , \d. per quarter; and it will )er, 1835, was STs. a quarter, B, see articles Flocii, aril miild ,• Sw. Bomull ,■ Fr. tus. Chloblsehataja buma- I ; Sans. Kapasa ,- Himl. le Gossf/pium herbiictiM, \ growing naturally in all ecn transplanted, and has the United States, and to th, strength, and fineness idary quality. Yellow, or inclement seasons, is con- imes being principally dc- lassed under the denoini- mi-ixland cotton, or that luch, that the price of the The superior samples of or bowed Georgia cotton the cottons of India are held may be learned from of November, 1833. 33. Id. d. 1 , gnnii fair - 8j - -«» ; good - 9i - 10,^ : . * 78- ^ ! _ - i 81 - w ! . - 1 t'i - "-^ ! _ . 9 - O; ; _ . ilj - Ifl'; ' ^ . 13 - i:n ; . 9}-lU| . 9 - m \ ■ »<-", . - ! 8i - lU 1 _ 8 - Hi . 7 -/8 - - 41- n The inferiority of Bengal and Surat cotton is sonietimra ascribed to the defective mode in which it is prepared ; but Mr. Horace H, Wilson doubts whether it can be grown in India of a better kind. The raw cotton of the Indian islands has hitherto been ahnost entirely con- sumed on the spot. A small quantity of very superior cotton has been imported from New South Wales. The manufacture of cotton has been carried on in Hindostan from the remotest antiquity. Herodotus mentions (lib. iii. c. 106.) that in India there are wild trees that produce a sort of wool superior to that of sheep, and that the natives dress themselves in cloth made of it. —(See, to the same effect, Arrian Indie, c. 16. p. 582.) The manufacture obtained no foot- ing worth mentioning in Europe till last century. 1. Kise and Progress of the British Cotton Mmmfitcture. — The rapid growth and pro- digious magnitude of the cotton manufacture of Great Britain arc beyond all question the most extraordinary phenomena in the history of industry. Our command of the finest wool naturally attracted our attention to the woollen manufacture, and paved the way for that superiority in it to which we have long since attained : but when we undertook the cotton manufacture, we had comparatively few facilities for its prosecution, and had to struggle with the greatest difficulties. The raw material was produced at an immense distance from our shores; and in Hindostan and China the inhabitants had arrived at such perfection in the arts of spinning and weaving, that the lightness and delicacy of their finest cloths emu- lated the web of the gossamer, and seemed to set competition at defiance. Such, however, has been the influence of the stupendous discoveries and inventions of Hargraves, Arkwright, Crompton, Cartwright, and others, that we have overcome all these dilficulties — that neither the extreme cheapness of labour in Hindostan, nor the excellence to which the nutives had attained, has enabled them to withstand the competition of those who buy their cotton ; and who, after carrying it 5,000 miles to be manufactured, carry back the goods to thein. This is the greatest triumph of mechanical genius : and what perhaps is most extraordinary, our superiority is not the late result of a long series of successive discoveries and inventions; on the contrary, it has been accomplished in a very few years. I.ittlc more than half a century has elapsed since the British cotton manufactory was in its infancy ; and it now forms the principal business carried on in the country, — affording an advantageous field for the accu- mulation and employment of millions upon millions of capital, and ot thousands upon thou- sands of workmen ! The skill and genius by which these astonishing results have been achieved, have been one of the main sources of our power : they have contributed in no common degree to raise the British nation to the high and conspicuous place she now occu- pies. Nor is it too much to say that it was the wealth and etiergy derived from the cotton manufacture that bore us triumphantly through the late dreaiH'iil contest, at the same time that it gives us strength to sustain burdens that would have crushed our fathers, and could not be supported by any other people. The precise period when the manufacture was introduced into Englana is not known ; but it is most probable that it was some time in the eady part of the 17th century. Tho first authentic mention is made of it by Lewis Roberts, in his Treasure of Truffle, [lublishcd in 1641, where it is stated, "The town of Manchester, in Lancashire, must be also herein remembered, and worthily for their encouragement commended, who buy the yarnc of the Irish in great quantity, and weaving it, returne the same again into Ireland to sell. Neither Jolh their industry rest here ; for they buy cotton wool in London that comes first from Cyprus and Smyrna, and at home worke the same, and perfect it into fustians, verniillions, dimities, and other such stuffes, and then return it to London, where llio s:»tno is vented and sold, and not seldom sent into forrain parts, who have means, at far easier tcrines, to provide themselves of the said first materials. — (Orig. ed. j). 33.) It is true, indeed, that mention is frequently made by previous writers, and in acts of the legislature passed at a much earlier period,* of " Manchester cottons," " cotton velvets," "fustians," Arc. ; but it is certain that these articles were wholly composed of wool, and had most probably been denominated cot- tons from their having been prepared in imitation of some of the cotton fabrics imported from India and Italy. From the first introduction of the cotton manufacture into Great Britain down to the com- paratively late period of 1773, the weft or transverse threads of the web, only, were of cot- Ion; the warp, or longitudinal threads, consisting wholly of linen yarn, principally im- ported from Germany and Ireland. In the first stage of the manufacture, tho weavers (iis[)ersed in cottages throughout the country, furnished themselves, as well as they could with tho warp and weft for their webs, and carried them to market when they were finished : but about 1760. a new system was introduced. The Manchester merchants began about that time to send agents into the country, who employed weavers, whom they su|iplicd with foreign or Irish linen yarn for warp, and with raw cotton, which being caviled and spun, by * 111 an act of 5 & 6 Edw. 6. (' J52), entitled, for tho trim niakinjr oi' woom.fn cloth, it la ordered, "TViiit all cottons called Mmcheater, Lancashire, and Chet^hirecnllon.-'. full wrouL'lit fur sale, shall lie in length," 4tc. This proves incontcstably, tliut what were then called cottons were made wlmlly of wool. ,„^ '■^/■■J *i fi20 COTTON. >««i»a 01"' ■ ''•■# •a I means of a common Bpindlo or distalT, in the weaver's own family, was then used for wrfi. A xystem of donu'stic manufacture was thus estaMlHhcd ; the junior branches of the family being employed in the curdint; aod hpiniiinaf of tlio cotton, wliile its head waw enn-li))cd in weaving, or in converting the linen and cotton yarn into cloth. 'J'his KyHtcm, by rvliiviiir the weaver from the neeetisity of )>roviding himnelf with linen yarn for warp and raw cotton for weft, and of ticekinij cuHtomcrs for hiij cloth when finiHhed,and enabiinf; him to prDscriito hiH employment wiili jjreater regularity, wan an obviuun improvement on the Kysicm ilint had been previously followed ; but it is at the same time clear that tho imposnibility of mak- ing any connidcrabio division among the dillercnt liranchen cf a manufacture bo condiKtcil, or of prosecuting them on a largo scale, added to the interruption given to the jiroper biisinrs^; of tho weavers, by tho ncre:uii/. At its first invention, this admira- ble machine enabled ti'i^/it threads to be spun with the same facility as one ; and it was HUbsecjucntly brought to such jierfection, that a little girl was able to work no fewer tliaii from clffhif/ to one humlnd and twhiti/ spindles. The jenny was ajiplicable only to the spinning of cotton for weft, being unable to give to the yarn that degree of firmness and hardness which is recjuired in the longitudinal tlircail^; or warp: but this deliciency was soon after supjilicd by the introduction of tlie Ay)(j»i/)i;r. frame, — that wonderful jiicce of machinery whicli spins a vast numbiT of threads of aiiv degree of fineness and hardness, leaving to man merely to feed the machine v^ith cotton, an'l to join the threads when they happen to break. It is not diflicult to understand the princi- ple on which this machine is constructed, and the mode of hs operation. It consists of two pairs of rollers, turned by means of machinery. The lov.er roller of each pair is furrowed or lluted longitudinally, and the upper one is covered with leather, to make them take a hold. of the cotton. If there were only one pair of rollers, it is clear that a carding of cotton passed between them would be drawn forward by the revolution of tlie rollers, but it woiili] Jii'M'ely undergo a certain degree of compression from their action. No sooner, hdwcvor, has the carding, or nu'i'/^i,'-, as it is technically termed, begun to pass through the first pair of rollers, than it is received by the second pair, which arc made to revolve with (as the case may be) 3, 4, or 5 times the velocity of the first pair. By this admirable contrivance, the roving is drawn out into a thread of the desired degree of tenuity ; a twist being given to it by the adaptation of the spindle and fly of tho common flax-wheel to the machinery. Such is the principle on which Sir Kichard Arkwright constructed his famous spinning frame. It is obvious that it is radically and completely difterent from the previous nicthoils of spinning, either by tho common hand-wheel or distalf, or by the jenny, which is only a modification of the common wheel. Spinning by rollers was an entirely original idea; and it is dill'icult which to admire most — the profound and fortunate sagacity which led to so great a discovery, or the consummate skill and address by which it was so speedily perfected, and reduced to practice.* Since the dissolution of Sir Richard Arkwright's patent, in 1785, the progress of discovery and improvement in every department of the manufacture has been most rapid. The muk' jcnm/ — so called from its being a compound of the jenny and the spinning frame — invpnted by Mr. Crompton, and thu poiver-looiii, invented by the Rev. Mr. Cartvvright, arc machines that have had the most powerfid influence on the manufacture ; and in conse(pience of their introduction, and of innumerable other inventions and improvements, ^hc prices of cotton ♦ Tlicro is. in Hie new edition of llio KnriiclnpinUa Brilunnico, a pretty full arcoiuit of tlie liO'of Sit Riciiard Arliwriglif. Tho iiucslioii as to liis iiiurit as an orijiiiial (liscovcri-r is still undocidtil. Ut- conlly, liowcvor, it lias bi'cii asccrtaiiii'd that a iiateiit for s|pinniii).' liy rollors, rovi. show, that he was aware of the attempts made in the reign of (.'eorse 11. to spin hy vnachiiicry ; liii'. there is no evidence to prove that he was uciinainted with tlic principle on which these a;;''Uiiilsliii(' lieen made, or that lie had seen the patent referred to. lliidonhtedly, however, the prohaliilily .-icni.-; to 111! that he had. lint adiiiittins this to he the case, it detracts Iml little fnmi the siitistantial iiiiriis of Sir Hichard Arkwright If the idea of spiiininji hy rcdiers did not sprini; up spoiilaneoiisly in ni': mind, he was, at all events, the first who made it available in practice j and showed how it uiigh'. t'j rendered a most prolific source of wealth. COTTON. 521 W!iH thrn used for wrfi. brnnclu's of the family 1 hraJ was cnn-lojcd in his Hyutcin, by relii'viii;r )r warp and raw cotton lablinK him to prosrciitn niMit on ihf fy.-2. ID spin liy ■.nacliine/y; Im'. II wliieli tlifsc alf'jililsliai! iTver. till! prolialiilily jutiiis from llie sntistantial niiTits in" up spoiila-.ieoiisly in ni^ nd sliowcd !>uw it migl'' '^■•» cloth and ynrn have gone on progressively diminishing. But ns the demand fir cottons Inm lieeit, owing to their extraordinary cheapness, extended in n still greater degree, the value of ihc goods produced, and the number of persons employed in iho manufacture, are now de- cidedly greater than at any previous period. 2. linpiirh of Cotton Wool. Countries whence it is imported. Prices, Duties, i\r. The following Tables have been partly taken from official documenla, and partly from tho accounts of merchants of great experience. We believe they may be relied on as approach- in; ns near to accuracy as 't is possible to attain to in such matters. Ai'diuiit of tlie Iiiipiirts ami KxporlH of Cotton Wool to and from (ireat lirltaln, frnin 1781 to 1812. both Inclnslvc, Y«iri. lliiporlefl. Export^!. Venn. Imported. K«iHirtcil. I.h.^. Lhn. Us. I.h,. 1 17H1 r>,l'.W,778 !M'i,7S8 1797 23,354,371 1109,058 I7vi 1 1 .''•iS.Oltd 421,229 1798 3I,8H0,fi41 ('01.139 17H3 !t,73S.fia 177,t)2rf. 1 1821 147.120.01)0 04, 128.0(10 174,174,000 3,106,800 1.52.880,000 81rf. 1 18-25 211.300.000 123,(M1S,000 109.201,001) 3,156,000 11)9.8(10,01)0 ii.;«. 1826 170,520,000 100.,548,000 101,040,000 3,110.100 211.080 000 (1,?,/. 1827 2fll,,3,30.000 131.214.000 211,167,000 3,801,000 28,-), 120,000 OAJ. 1 ISM 222,750.000 12(),.58-2,0l)0 217,701.000 4,1.58.000 2l3,s 10,000 t\id. 1829 218,321.000 81.900.01)0 221,070,0110 4.2(l;t,()()0 255,780,000 5i,l. 1830 259,850,000 95,300.000 212.000,000 4,708,000 292,010,000 njrf. 1831 280,0x0,000 81,090,000 2.57,500,000 5,0 17,700 311.055,000 5S(/. 1832 270,090,000 73,,500,000 259,980,000 5,330.500 290,215,000 (>id. In 1786, the supplies of cotton wool were derived from the following sources: — lb!<. From the Uritish West Indies .... 5,800,000 French and Spanish colonics - . - 5,500.000 Dutch colonies 1.000.000 I'orttisuese colonioa .... 2,000.000 Smyrna and Turkey ... - 5,000,000 19.900.000 11)=. Previously to 1790, North America did not supply us with a single pound weight of raw cotton. A little had, inileed, been raised in some of the Southern States, for domestic use, liefore the revolutionary war, but the quantity was ((uitc inconsiderable. In 1791, it began, fortiie first time, to be exported; the trilling quantity of 189,316 lbs. having been shi|)ped ill the courj* of thiit year, and 138,328 lbs. in 1792. Such was the late and feeble begiii- nin','of the American cotton trade. There is nothing in the history of industry to compare with its subsequent increase, unless it be the growth of the manufacture in this country, American cotton is generally known by tho names of sea-island and upland. The first, which is the finest cotton imported into Britain, grows on the small sandy islands, and along ttie low sandy shores of Carolina and Georgia. It is long in the staple, of an even silky Icxtuie, and is easily separated from the seed. Unlu kily, however, it can be raised only in certain situations ; so that its quantity is limited, and has not, in fact, been increased since 180,5. 'J'he upland, of which the siipjily may be considered as unlimited, though of vary- iflg qualities, is all short stapled ; and its separation from the seed is so very difficult, that if 2x2 06 4 ' *' t 528 COTTON. rCkMP ir I I' ,i it be (loiio hy the hand, tho cotton i^ lianlly worth tlic Inbour. Thin, Iiowcvrr, won tl«? oiilr way ill whiili it could bo muilc iivailiililc ti>r l\i>mc use, or ccporliitioii, |iri!vii)UNly to l7'J:i'; and liiul liny mic tlicii vfiitiirnl Id |irrili(t llmt ll),()()(t,O()0 ll.s. of uiiliiml crlti.ii wou|,l ,.\v, bo ox|Piirlt(l, h(! WdiiKl liuvc Ihcii IokUciI U|ic)ii ih a vinioniiry (Irfumcr. IJiit tlio K«iiius nt Mr. I)li Wliiliuy did lor tiio plimtiTH of tim Soulhrrii Hiatcn wlmt the gniiiiM of Arkvvri,'!i- and Walt did f.ir tliu mainifacturcrH of Kiigluiid. Ho iiivciiU-d ii miuliiiiP by wliicli tlw wool of llic ujilaiid cotton ii* m'juirutod from tho m-cd with ihi- lirratcKt facility oiid i'x|K',li. tioii, and by m) doiii^ laid the fouiidiilioiiH of a now and numl iuiiKirUint braiuh of industry, and doulili'd tho wraith and niran.'* of (Mn[)loyin('nt of his couiilryim-n !— (/'///cm'.i S.'nlU. ticunflhc Vniteil SliilvK, \t. jO'J. cd. isaf).) Whitney's invention came into oiwatiuii in 179.1, and in I7'.tl, 1,1)1)1,700 11m., and, in 17!».'), .VJ7«,HtJ() llw. of cotton wcro exportd. And .Mo astonishing ha.s been tlie >,'ro\vtli of cotton in the intervul, that tho ox;iortH from tin. United Slates in 1S:I7 amounted to tho prodigious (juantity of 441,^1 1,537 ll>.«*. ! of wbich 438,l)a'l,r)(i(i lbs. were ujiland ! Account dl" iho (iMiiiilllli'H of (iilKin Wnnliinportrd Into llic ITnlled Kiriffilntn itiirlni? th« Hl\ Vcnrfi eniliiiu Willi I":);, n|ii'(ir>lii|| Uh- (iiianlllloH liruUKJit I'miii dillVri'iit ('ininirliii, llie 'I'lUal Umuitilici cxpurlLcl, anil llie (Maiitllius left Cor (J.iiiHiiinpliiiii.— ((:iliul Iroiii Varl. I'upert.) Counlricf. L'i>t(tl fniiii rnri'iKn cuuiitriei, vlf.— I'lilliil Milei u( America llnail • • Turkfy .i?i i Knypt Oilier fnrrinii cniintrlpi CiitiiMi niHil (mill llriiiiili poiwuionf, viz.— Kilt liKiii-^ .III 1 ,M.iuritiii4 llri'nli Will lii.liM, thi. urnivlh of - M to, •IiiIm, ini[inrlu.l frum OihiT llrititli |H)S8«»eiuiis Tiilal i|iniitilic9 Importei] Quantitit-i ex|if)rteJ t.ef( f'lr mniumptinn IKM IKtI. I'«l. lU. «t. i! Jir,', li.T'is' 2f.i,.'ii i.OT'i ."•.M.,!,".'!! llt,J'll,1''li !l-7..'i:i HvVlliT l,lj!l(i,IUS VtiO.S'li l,H'i;i,i(i6> l,wi.in lU.MJ. 47,64.^ iliS.SOl,^^ nia,6ifi,Hi7 s^ii.HTi.-U'i n.atiS.i-ci ii,itii.5' 302,114.40.! IfOS. IfKi I SIT. I ii't. I II". I a,. I i24.«-6,40!) -ij.rmjii jiiciiii.i, ' 6,7:lMiWll fi,42t),72l 7.^.l,•,n [ 6,i07,;tii!)| 11,731,413 4,lile,<.'7,P»' i,4%.'n i,3i/.wi« 3I»,7;V) 4UI,VU ai,20S K73>' JI.ITT.li; S'l'vilO I rini,7n2,!iiil 4n(i,!i-n,(i'i7, .lo.vjMir.i' 3A7:».714 3l£3!i,T0l! 3il,:jJ,ull [ 330,!»23,J.'U 37VJI!).J!M' Slj^TuTy I It has been the jiraetice for many years jiast to levy n duty on cotton woni, wlirn jnij/ori- cd. Tho policy of such a duty is very (juestionable ; and it would be iiuite iiitoleriili!c,\verc it not kept at a low rate. For a numlier of years previously to 18;!l,it amouMtnl (i,n foreign cotton) to fi per cent, ml valorrm ,- but, in order to inako tip, in purl, at \c-:lM. for ihe loss of revenue caused by the repeal of tho duty on printed cottoiiH — (see Calico), it was raised in that ye;\r to 5.s\ 10^/. a cwt. Such a duty would have mateiially allected the iin- poit.4 of till? inferior species of cotton, and the jirico of coarse goods ; and being, in consc- (lucnre, justly olijceted to, it was reduced in I S3:) to "■». ll(f. a cwt. The duty on cjllon from a Uritish possession is little more than nominal, being only 4(/. a cwt. At a;i averagi; of 183() and 1837, the duties on cotton produced 'H(),33'J/. a year. The subjoined statement is taken from tho circular of George Holt and Co., eminent cot- ton broliprs at Liveriiool, dated 31st of December, 1838. It contains some additiuiial and in- structive details. Its near agreement with the previous statements affords a strong proof of their and its accuracy. Stateiutiiit of ttic OonHiiiiiiiticin, Expnrljilion, fcr. of llir ilifTiTcnf Sorts of fnttoii Wuol, in and froir. Gri'iil llritaiii, in iliirurt'iil Vear-i, t'roni Hid to 18:W, liotli inclusive. Average weekly consuuij" Itdii. rpiiiij iBie. IS20. 2,9 IS 182.5. 3,713 ism 5,4'i2 IMl. 183-.. 1836. 18)7. IH5. 1 5,-|2 B.siiii 4.7S7 4.118 5.-,0i 1 ( irle.iii^ and Tennessee 990 1,192 2,112 4,7 -.6 7,3-2 7,S'J.l 9 -"11 IU,2.'t ii.Ti: Sea-islaiiil Total United States — 409 360 ■\W •I'lS ■Jit 379 31(1 317' 4,03B .|..|9 (i..'>li 10,l.(.S 13.-.92 14.073 M,.170 M.'iTI i7.'«4 ' Brazil - i,r>«D J.IOS 2,Vi2 3,'iii2 2,(;6i 2,:!. 19 2. "ills 2.4-1 2.4W 1 K,-y|.e . _ ^- yi| ,MIH 131 416 •ill 77'* 7-1 1 R:ut Iii'lia ;!n7 i,:.i8 l,0lltj nto 1,033 1,01.9 1.192 1.11 if l,W 1 Deiiierara, West InJia, &c. Tdlal - 656 534 fi27 2*4 J46 421 43M 41.1 20,111 U9i 6,4S8 P,9-9 ll,r.3i 16,002 17,667 18,318 19,452 23.201 1 Packages aninially con- } stiiiie<1 - - ) 337,400 46(i,900 599,000 832,100 9I>|,700 954,100 1,011, .503 1.! 37,3011 1,206.6011 Average wt. rf packages > coniuiiic.1. ill lin. J 263 2JS 27;; 298 330 333 343 3411 JIO W*eekly cfiii.Hiiiiij.linn in i liacka^o, lvtra, 5,122 G,945 9,634 14,320 17,508 19,348 19,283 20,113 2,),2W ; Average wi. of packages ) iiiiji'irled, ill Ills. - ) 2-6 249 270 300 337 ,131 342 317 3-.)! P'lcka^is expiirte'l 29,300 28,400 72,'00 3,1,400 66,800 1(H,«00 105,900 121.100 103,300 Lbs. ueiL'tit aiiiiiiallv iin-^ porteti ill luillitnis anil > 93-9 :43-9 2224 2S1-2 320-6 361-7 410-8 40S-2 501 -C tenths - - ) Llis, wt. colisuinfft, iln. fS'? 120-3 166-S 247-6 303-1 318-1 »l7-4 363-7 4ic: Ltis. weiglit ill ports, 31st ? of Dec. ciii. J I0'2 llO'S 107-0 91-4 63-2 733 92.0 t2-l IIO'! Lli,. weiglit ill Greit Rri- 1 _ 127'0 113-5 118'S 82-3 89 6 116-3 1156 1CC-! Avernyp prire per Iti. of? liptlll'N ill Liverpool J IS l-4d. 11 \id. U6d. C'9J. 6&i. 10 l-4ii. 9-,S5(;. 7(1. 7J. 2M. 15 1 ill. IVId. 8 \-U. 11 -9^. 141r(. 12S5rf- 1 9 3 4.;. 93T;./. Dn. do. Siir.its • 13 1-4J. 8 I -III. S-9rf. M. Ubrf. 7 l-2rf. 6 3-4.f. 1 4-8V(. N. H. Mc.-isrs. Holt and Cn. estiiimti.' tho averau'c wciirlit of llin piKl(a;.'fs inip.iricd in 1*^'^ ,il 3.12 Ife ppr tiiis I'pl.md; tOfi llis. Orleans and .Maliania ; 320 lbs. Sea-islaud; 174 llis. liiazil ; SOiMbs. Egyp- tian; \i'jO lbs. Kast liidiau; and liG lbs. \Ve::l Indian. COTTON. 623 in, liowcvrr, won tlu oii'v tioii, pruviouttly to \TJ\i; l|iliiiul crttiiu vvouM I'vt", incr. Uul tliti Kt'iiiuit nt llu' BPiiiiiH i)f Arkwri,'!i' II iniu-irmr by whicli llio nutcHt lucility mill ('\|Hili. irlimt lifiiiich III' iiuluHtry, men '.—{l'il/:iit'.i SUifis. I cumo into o;K'nuiuu in >f cotton wpro fxiiortd, timt till' pxporlH IVimi till' l,*Jll,537lli.s.! of which tiffilnm (Inrlnff ttio Hlx Ypum tiirlrit, the Tdtiil Uuuiitltici rl. I'uprrs.) 1(05. I If-a. I IK)7, I SM>t,«ii U'l.uii.G'vj' a^-Mi'ii.'ic /l,U-«,4l)l) 27,-VM.i7Jl J(i,M),|r, BjiiMifiii; 6,207,:)h'J| Mib'i\\ :,^.|,■,|,|| ti,73l,413 4,lill),«.«i I 41,l7.|,liOn' 7'>.M)7,W Jl.',:-,i'.; ' 1,1%, in; l,:ilis<)« 1,1'Hi.i,.' ai»,7iJ 4U1,'k1i! 3'ii,,-,|,j UWOS K73V a,(,-,|| 1(1 unj.!!'.! 4n(|,!r,nn^7| .in;.:-!,:.) ' a-',7T'*.714 3l,7!J|i,':B1j 3!l,:jJ,ul| i3(i,!i2i, ijo 37'p.:i!).:9-r ai.vTi" i attori wool, when iniiiorl- 1 litMiuite iiitoliT:ili!c,\vere o is: J I, it atnouutid (i,m 11), ill part, nt IcdA, for t!iu IS — (see Calico), it was iiitciiiilly alVcctc'il the iiii- lods ; ami being, in consi.- wt. The duty on collon id. a csvt. At a;i averagi: [olt anJ Co., cminciu coi- ns some aililitioiml jiiJ in- affords a strong proof of f rntlon Wool, in and from iiiclunive. 1) .1 I ;i 9 (i 1) 1 IS3C. .17. IMS. 1 i'll .179 4,13'i 1U,.VI 31(1 II.-.; 31: 11,370 2.'>IIS 111! I.l'li 43!i ll.'17l iA-.\ 77** l,|il!> 17.W ' 2.W1 7-1 1 1,7'0 ^•1 no-! 16 IIG'3 9'SW. I 12SW. i (i3.4'f. ! Id. fl 3.4i(. .1-Svf. li:.'-S ■d. i)375J. •s inipnrKMi in I^S^ al 3.t21te 7.J Ills, lirii/.il ; aW lbs. Efc-vf- Wo Bwbjoin, from Rums* Glance, a fulmlnr utatcmpnt, nnjumily publinhrd nt Miinchr with (jrcut cure, iin iiccounl of tho cotton Hpuii in (ircnt Uritiiin and Ireland in IHDH, and liow that xpun in linylund was dif*poHcdof, with nuvcral other intcrcMtinft particiilarH. Htatuiuont of Collon ti|iiiM In rnsliuiil. Hrntlnml, ninl Irel.inil, In 1N3H, Nhnwlnir thi) Quantity of Yarn proiliii'.i'd, and Imw Unit niiiiii In llnvlnnil wiiit illNpimi'il nt'. Unal //nfaui. NiMiilier of rniuitiiifHi. (M«,I«H 1 17, l''2 4»,27.) Ul, IM 1 11, '1 13 l,23(l,H2U AvBr.iffr Wriithi nr nan iu Ibf. 373 171 2N4 3IH 346 Amcrlonn fnllon .... ilrt/il iliito .... r.oi'ii^'i '""" .... Ki.l liiUii ilillo .... VVnl III 111 ilitio .... TiiUl nuiiilirr nf bap comumol • AiloweJ fiir ton in npimiiiiK 1 3-4 01. per lt>. Tfit^l quantity t]nin In Kni(t.in' •|iuii iu b;;utlaiiil TouWiuanlilyipuninEDlluid in IB3S • //ijto diipoitd of, E«portod in pni iliirinj llio yeaf llillii ill fhrrlcl .... ilittti ill nnniifirturwt giwU ... Kilimi'i'il ipian'ity itf yini .*fiit to Scnlhntt 1:.. Irdinil - . • « ^ Ei|Mtrifil in niiirwl niiniif.irMiri'«, mi Ni.itt.j In llii- .iMve-narr ' srtlclei, \. r.' .mul t.i i ci.twMi IliiiiIiik, linliU, Miiilli' mil I iiiin wirk, wirU »«, (liicki, caland' ; Ik V it, b^iki, i iinilir<-lli% lull, .inJ ln<)n in in.iimraci..' mikiU •.»..' Bilince l«ll (or liuiue Cduiuinptiou anJ itu;:!!, Ill J.ti'.i.ir. 1 3.13 niita IJldS Dilto fiilnml. Gnww«>lit of rolton ivun In Irrhnd in IS3f. All.iwcd liir link ill ipiiiiiiuK I 3-4 ut. per lb. Tot.iI qiLintity of vim spiinin Irri.ind in IMS Tohl Weljht in lb.. Wirlily i;'.! fc S \0IO.!(\( IK.0II.3A ^,".34-24 77 1 2'i 1," III 10 3l7'3i *»,7'-!i 370,l«8,St0 3.|,Hi3,4li<> 3.U,(i(i3,044 3l4,crJ,o.u In 1HT2 tlin (inaiitity Hinin wfin 5"?,;i;M,')": it-*, «lvl»>jj .j i^veMy m.pply of l,aK0,7(i' >.i t,, ''rtr. nnrnH estiiiiaten the iiniintity Npitn pn i;)iiiilli', imr ^^ ' .i!ii n )[!> hAu niii.' fnipl r. ci! in .^-u'l,,!) . .'i.rmc U'v wuiii! year, iirii t'sliiiiiilcd. In the Hiiinc u;./, at 'l,C.2(' Mr. 'ii;. in fiiittiw ^1/1 uiMt'f t'.ie i iiiihi r if li.i i.m ciii|ilnyi;il In i;tr,'liiiiil and Wall'!!. 111 IS.W, ;U id.t.TOS. v lu' ciiwiinpti i|i mi' (V.'.r 1,1 i(.c inarint'iiiliirc ^t iniirliKroaliT tliiin any one nov pretty well i'ii|i)iii;i J '■.in, , \v/ 1,|.| ri'iolil. ■.iiinion. V'lO i' "ratio (|iiiiitiiv rciiniii'il for earli Iniim U e«lii!c:ied at t llw, iier •/■<;)■, j i.iakln .- 1 ,1-' t<:i,il iitmwai c liKii.xplip'i in Kiii-land and Wales, In ISM, ■l'2,3()l,.Wt ',l..; , i,r ^l3,S2•' ImrreU ..(' IIH) il.,, each I Arcniint nf the ri)n»nniplinn of the vathuts IJosc ipiiorv >' ."'oi'i.,' In i!i,. iiiilern-enlionri^ fuee'rieii in lKt7, and iil' the Stocks 01, hand on itio Is', of Jniu'-iry, IS'M, i i B(>(t;i.--(l''U'iii I''? Cirt..l,M .-l" MesifH. (.'olinaii and Stultethoft, Liverpool,,^ CoBSiimplioD in firent Itritiin U. SI.1I1.1. Hruii. W V,li«. 20 2:1:1 E. Im'iw. E.ypt. 53.079 •••olll. I,'i'-!t4«3 Wi.GLS IM.S.V, Di'ln Fr.iiK'i! 2i".,.-ll-. .,!.r,63.' ::..4.7 — M\":n .1 ■■7.(i>ft Ddio It.ilhind • Ih,709 4011 3,70 1 .T..,G-. 1 Olil .i(i.-OI Ditto nrlcmni > 22.73s l,li) Z.blll 17 Olu 40 41,V-,0 llitlo flirrn.iiiy 27,''!>2 3,010 11.1.0-1 ;;',:m3 O.'i 02,731 llitto Trieste - 1!<,332 917 _ l..-)B • T », 9-i,.'VI3 Shippivl from (,.vil BriU'n lOpbces Botnitnlioned • Tnl.al Consumplion, 1937 . .VOif* III Jan. 1S3S<. 11,400 2,700 ■xK) r,r.o ■- 2:-.,M0 t,l(»,524 161), .U"i 0."., VH 132, .0 i;2,'i34 1,715,727 Greit Britain f-i.ICO .■»:,.1f.O '4. jr 100.210 is.ono 210,3.10 Fmnce .... i:)(,B.ts 2,217 ii,w;'i .. 20, Ml I 03. -.12 Ilnlland . . . ■ jsr. 6.VI 3,1,12 s,,-.io .17 '> l7.tiK,1 Hrll^iuui . . . - ! i C 1: t 1,1.1 a.roji 2110 4,722 dernnny . . - - fi.-2(i? ?.l' ' ■ •..IS' 4. 7 00 13 an.iWJ Irieile .... Tol»t . ..,105 71! 3'.,2'.6 ii.T.fii 112 14,2.0 'JO.2.10 13i,<;i3 I24.ri4n .'».:-12 3«1,6n4 3. Value of the Br! fhh Coltoyi M/t -nfcdhre in 1833. Amount nf Capiful, and Numher of Persons cinploi/rd ' i ';'. — It \v mid be very dcxiraiilc to be able to form a tolerably accu- rate p.slimate o'" tlu' present value of the cotton tnanufacturc, and of the number of persons employed in ,t.- difi'erent departments ; but the data on which such estimate.? arc founded ..ei.ig necessarily very loose, it is impossible to arrive at any thing like i)recision. Perhaps, liowever, the following calculations are not very wide of the mark. In 1817, Mr. Kennedy, one of the best informed cotton manufacturers in the cmpin'. in n paper published in the Manchester Transactions, estimated the number of persons emiiloyed in the ,'!/)t/;ri(/)i)' of cotton in CSreat Britain at 110,763; tlu; aid they derived fit>m steam enijines as eipial to the power of 20,768 horses ; and the number of spindles in motion nt 6,64.5,833, M. Kennedy further estimated the number of hiinJcs of yarn annually produceil at 3,987,.50O,00O ; and" the quantity of coal cnsuined in their production at fOiVlli) tons. We subjoin Mr. Kennedy's statement for the year 1817 : — m.. 624 COTTON. .\rr. m^m ! I ■"■ft' ►"!«»» •nviwuifcus ' ^11 ■in ,1 I ■ 'i ) ' .1 ,1 J?«w cotton converted Into jram In the UiiKed Kingdom ..... 110,000,000 Ibt, i.os8 in spinning estimated at 1 I':i oz. per lb. ..,..-• IO,312,;»0O IJu.intily of yarn produced 99,0S7,500 Ita. Numtwr of hanln, tatting the average at 40 per lb. ......... 3,987,')00.IX)0 Number of ipiudlea cnipioyeil, each spindle being supposed to produce 2 hanks per day, at 300 working days in (he year 6,6I5,<)33 Number of persons employed in spinning, supposing each to produce 120 hanks per day .... ] I0,7ti3 JHorse power employed, equal in number to *--••-•■- • 20,7(y Four ounces and a lialf of coal estimated to produce one hank of No. 40 ; anil 130 lbs. of coal (jer day equal to one horse power. But the cotton manufacture has increased rapidly since 1817. Mr. Huskisson stated, in his place in the House of Commons, in March, 1824, that he believed the total vakie of the cotton goods then annually manufactured in Great Britain amounted to the prodigious sum of thirty-three and a half millions ; and we believe we shall be about the mark, if we estimate their present value at thirty-four millions ! If, indeetl, we took the increase in the imports of the raw material as a test of the increa.se in the value of the manufacture, we should estimate it a great deal higher. But it will be afterwards seen that the improvements that have been made in the different processes, and the fall in the price of raw cotton, have had so powerful an influence in reducing the price of the goods brought to market, that, not- withstanding the increase of their quantity, their total value must have remained nearly constant. The a.erage annual quantity of cotton wool imported, afler deducting the exports, may be taken at about 260,000,000 lbs. weight. It is supposed, that of this quantity atwut 20,000,000 lbs. are used in a raw or half manufactured state, leaving a balance of 240,000,000 for the purposes of manufacturing, the cost of which may be taken, on an average, at Id. per lb. Deducting, therefore, from the total value of the manufactured goods, or 34,000,000/, the value of the raw material, amounting to 7,000,000/., there remains 27,000,000/. ; which of course, forms the fund whence the wages of the persons employed in the various depart- ments of the manufacture, the prolits of the capitalists, the sums required to repair the wear and tear of buildings, machinery, &c., the expense of coals, &c. &c., must all be derived, If, then, we had any means of ascertaining how this fund is distributed, we should be able by taking the average of wages and profits, to form a firetty accurate estimate of the number of labourers, and the quantity of capital employed. But here, unfortunately, we have only probabilities and analogies to guide us. It may, however, be confidently assumed, in the first place, that in consequence of the extensive employment of highly valuable machinery in all the departments of the cotton manufacture, the proportion which the profits of capita!, and the sum to be set aside to replace its wear and tear, bears to the whole value of the manufacture, must be much larger than in any other department of industry. We have heard this proportion variously estimated, at from a fourth to a half of the total value of the manufactured goods, exclu.sive of the raw material ; and as the weight of authority seems to be pretty much divided on the subject, we shall take an intermediate proportion. Assuming, therefore, that the profits of the capital employed in the cotton manufacture, the wages of superintendence, &c., the sum required to replace the wear and tear of machinery, buildings, &c., and to furnish coals, &c., amount together to one third of the value of the manufactured goods, exclusive of the raw material, or to 9,000,000/., a sum of 1^,000,000/. will remain as the wages of the spinners, weavers, bleachers, &c. engaged in the manufacture; and taking, inasmuch as a large proportion of children under 16 years of age are eir.ploycd, the average rate of wages at only 22/. 10s. a year, we shall have (ilividins 18,000,000 by 22'3), 800,000 as the total number of persons directly employed in the difibrent departments of the manufacture. We should mistake, however, if we supposed that this number, great as it certainly is, comprised the whole number of persons to whom the cott -ti luanufacture furnishes sub- sistence, exclusive of the capitalists. Of the sum of 9,000,000/. set apart as the profit of the capitalists, and the sum required to furnish coal, and to defray the wear and tear of machinery, &c., a large proportion must annually be laid out in paying the wages of en- gineers, machine-makers, iron-founders, smiths, joiners, masons, bricklayers, itc. It i.s not ca.sy to say what this proportion may amount to; but taking it at a third, or 3,000,000/,, and supposing the rate of wages of each individual to average 30/, a year, the total niiiiiber employed in the various capacities alluded to will be (3,000,000 divided by 30) 100,000; and a sum of 6,000,000/. will remain to cover the profits of the capital emiiloyed in the various branches of the manufacture, to repair the dillerent parts of the machinery and buildings as they wear out, and to buy coal, flour, &c. The account will, therefore, stand as under : — Total value of every description of cotton goods annually manufactured in Great Britain £34,000,000* Raw material, 240,000,00011)8. at "(/. per It). . - . . -X 7.000,000 Wages of 800,001) weavers, spinners, hleacliers, &c. at 'Bl. 20,,-. a year each - 1S,000,000 Wiiees of 100,000 engineers, inacliinc-inakera, smillis, masons, joiners, &c. at 30/. a year each .1,000,000 Profits of the iiiannfacturers, wages of superintendence, sums to purchase tlie materials of macliinery, coals, &c. --.... 6,000,000 .•?4,oon,noo ♦ Mr. Kennedy, to « hose opinion, on n matter of this sort, the greatest deference is due, considers this estimate as a great deal too high. We cannot, however, bring ourselves to believe that such is COTTON. B2» 100 ite. -.00 99,0S7,500Ita, • 3,987,500.000 HI da) t in the 6,615,133 110,763 20,76(J ii\m\ to one hone power. [r. Huskisson stated, in (1 the total value of the I to the prodigious sum about the mark, if we ook the increase in the of the manufacture, we II that the improvements •ice of raw cotton, have ight to market, that, not- sinaiiied nearly constant, lucting the exports, may of this quantity alwut I balance of 240,000,008 I, on an averasre, at 7(/, 1 goods, or 34,000,000/., is 27,000,000/. ; which, ed in the various depart- uired to repair the wear c, must all be derived, uted, we should be ahle, I estimate of the number irtunately, we have only fidently assumed, in the y valuable maehincry in :h the profits of cajiital, the whole value of the of industry. We have of the total value of the :ht of authority seems to proportion. Assuminj, mufacture, the wages of :>f machinery, buildings, Ine of the manufactured ^i.000,000/. will remain iho manufacture; and )f age are employed, the - 18,000,000 by 22-,i), lifibrent departments of great as it certainly is, lufacture furnishes sub- t apart as the profit of y the wear and tear of ying the wages of en- klayers, A,c. It i.s not a /'/lird, or 3,000,000/., year, the total nuniiier videdby SO) 100,000; iipital employed in the of the machinery and it will, therefore, stand Jreat Britain £34,nno,000* ' The capital employed may lie estimated as folInwH :— Capital einployeil in tlie pnrclmsc ol'lliu raw material Capital cmplnyotl in payniunl of wages Capital vested in Hpinning-mllls, power and liaiid looms, workshopg, warehouses, utockg 4,onn,ono - io,t;oo,floo -£ 7.000,000 - 18,000,000 It ,"1,000,000 10 0,000,000 .•)4,ofln,nno on band, &c. - 20,000,000 £31.000,000 frrenee is due, ronsidcra d to believe that such is Now, this sum of 34,000,000/., supposing the interest of capital, inclusive of the wages of superintendence, &c., to amount to 10 per cent., will yield a sum of 3,400,000/.; which being deducted from the 6,000,000/. profits, fee, leaves 2,000,000/. to purchase nwtorials to repair the waste of cai)ital, the flour required for dre:;sing, the coals necessary in the employ- ment of the steam engines, to elfoct insurances, and to meet all other outgoing^?. The aggregate amount of wages, according to the above estiinatr. i i 21,000,000/. ; but there ai'e iiot many departinents of the business in which wages liav d be advanced more than 6 months before the article is sold. We, therefore, incline to k that 10,000,000/. is a sufficient (perhaps too great) allowance for the ca])iti'.l employed ir. the payment of wages. If we arc nearly right in these estimates, it will follow — allowance being made for old and infirm persons, childivn,&;c. dependent on thos '. actually employed in the various depart- ments i." I ic cotton manufacture, and in the construction, repair, dtc. of 'he machinery and huiklings equired to carry it on — tliat it must furnisli, on the most moderate computation, sulisi-stcncc for from 1,200,000 to 1.400,000 pcr-jons ! And for this new and most prolifin source of wealth wc are indebted jjartly and principally, as already shown, to the extraordi- nary genius and talent of a fev? individuals ; Imt, in a great degree, also, to that security of property and freedom of industry which give confidoiice and energy to all who embark in industrious undert.ikings, and to that universal dill'usion of intelligence which enables those who carry on any work to press every power of nature into their service, and to avail them- selves of productive capacities of which a less instructed people would be wholly ignorant. The eliect that the .sudden opening of so vast and profitable a tield for the employment of capital and labour has had on the population of the dilVcrcnt towns of Lancashire and lianarkshire, the districts where the cotton manufacture is principally carried on — has been most striking. In 1774, for example, the parish of Manchester is estimated to have con- t.iined 41,032 inhabitants — a number which was swelled, in 1831, to 187,019, having more than quadrupled in the space of 57 years ! The population of Preston, in 1780, is said not to have exceeded 6,000 ; whereas it amounts, at present, to 33,112. In like manner, the population of Blackburn has inweased from 11,980 in 1801, to 27,091, in 1831 ; that of Bolton has increased in the same peri 1, from 17,416 to 41,195; that of Wigan, from 10,989 to 20,774, &c. But the progress of Liverpool is most extraordinary, and can be matched only by the progress of one or two cities in the United States. Liverpool is not properly one of the seats of the cotton manufacture ; but it is. notwithstanding, mainly in- debted to it for the uiiparallelled rapidity of its growth. It is the grand emporium of the cotton district — the port where almost all the raw cotton, and the various foreign articles req' 'a'd for the employment and subsistence of the persons engaged in the manufacture, are imported, and whence the finished goods are exported to other countries. It has, therefore, become a place of vast trad'?, and is now, in that respect, second only to London. In 1700, according to the best accounts that can be obtained, the population of Liverpool amounted to only 5,145 ; in 1750, it had increased to' 18,450 ; in 1770, it amounted to 34.050. The cotton manufacture now began rapidly to extend, and, in consequence, the population of Liverpool increased, in 1801, to 77,653 ; in 1821, to 118,972 ; and, in 1831, it amounted to 165,175. The progress of population in Lanarkshire and KeniVewshire has been equally striking. In 1780, the city of Glasgow contained only 42,832 inhabitants; in 1801, that number had increased to 83,769 ; and, in 1831, it amounted to nearly 203,000. The growth of Paisley is similar. In 1782, it contained, inclusive of the Abbey Pari.sh, only 17,700 in- habitants ; in 1801, it contained 30,722 ; in 1821, it contained about 47,000 ; and, in 1831, S7,466. Since the repeal of tho absurd system of Irish protecting duties, in 1823, the cotton ma- nufacture has begun to make considerable progress in Ireland. This is [iroved by a state- really the case. It appears from the odirial accounts, that the real or declared value of the cotton falirirs exported in 1^3*2 amounted to 12,t>-2'2,HM)/., ami tliiit of the twist to .l,T'JO,T'.)(i/. Now it appears Iroiatlie stati'iiieiits in Jiiini.i' Oluiicr. Jiiiil oilier t:ood aiitliorilics, that the wcitilit of the colliin yarn rvlained at home to he wrmmht up into lalirii^ for doinestie use is ahiMit HI or 1'2 per cent, fir'atcr than lilt! weislit of Mie yarn exported in thi' shape of niannfactiircd fiooils. Hut williimt takim; tliia gri'alt!r weight into accoiiiil, il wo suppose that the f;ihrics ri'tiiiiicd at hniiic ure nearly eiiual in pipint (ifipialilv to those exported, the value of tho manufacture must he at least HO.IKHI.OdO/., viz. tUhrics i'sporli!d"l2,fr2'i,00l).'., twist exporteil ■1,721.000/. .and fahrics consiimiMl at liume I'i.li'i'i.OOO/. lint a very latire pnipoitioii of our exports consist of comparatively coarse fabrics dcistined lur the West Indies, Brazil, il'.; ayd ve have been assured hy tlm^e well iiitiuaiiited wi'h the trade, that the value, of Iho falirirs made use of at home eaiinol he less, at an average, than from 30 to 10 per cent, nliove the value of lliiMc exported ; hut taking it at onlv 30 per cent., it will make llie total value of the manufacturo 34,0(ll),iloO/. W'l! do not well see liow this statement can he shaken. The exporters have no motive tocxa;');erate the real value of the (.mikIs and yarn sent ahniad ; hut unless lUey liuvt) done BO to a very great extent, it will bu diilicult to impeach ilic uliuvu conclusions. *S i' 'If: 'i I i' 526 COTTON. •K»'t9'''"1|| I •r." :.§ i: • mcnt laid before the House of Commons, which shows that the number of yards of cotton goods, manufactured chiefly from yarn sent from England, exported from Ireland to Great Britain, in 1828, amounted to 406,687 ; in 1823, to 556,646 ; in 1824, to 3,840,699 ; and in 1825, it amounted to no less than 6,418,645 ;— having increased in nearly a Itvelvefnld proportion in 2 years, by the abolition of duties that were intended to protect the industrv of Ireland ! But the unsettled state of the country and the want of coal are insuperable obstacles to the continued increase of the manufacture. Exports of Cotton Goods and Yam. Fall of Prices, SfC. — For a very long period the woollen manufacture was the great staple of the country. But the progress of improvement in the spinning and manufacturing of cotton, since 1770, being so much more rapid than any that has taken place in the woollen manufacture, the value of the former is now vastly greater than that of the latter. It appears, from the accounts of the declared or real values of the dilVerent sorts of exported commodities given by the Custom-house, that the exports of cotton goods, including yarn, amount at an average, to about 17,000,000/. sterling, ht'mir about half the value of the whole manufacture ; and form of themselves about two thirds ol the total value of all the wove fabrics exported from the empire. We subjoin a statement, compiled from the Annual Finance Accounts, of the olHcial and the declared or real values of the cotton manufactured goods, cotton yarn, woollen and silk manufactures, and the totals of all other articles of British produce and manufacture, exported from Great Britain to all parts of the world (except Ireland) annually since 1816. Manufactures. 1 Vean. Cot Ion Manufactures. Cotton Yarn. Tulal of Wove Fabrics. Total of all other Aiticlfs. Woollen. Linen. Silk. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ ri8i6 16,335,124 1,380,486 5,586,364 1,559.367 161,874 25,023,215 9,751,305 1817 20,357,147 1,125,257 5,676,920 1,94.3,191 152,734 29,255,253 9.'>0,1.U 1818 21,627,936 1,296,776 6,.344,100 2,153,309 167,559 31,5N9,683 10,373,S14 181!) 16,876,206 1,585,753 4,602,270 1,547,.352 126,809 24,738,390 8,lS,'-,,|t:5 1820 20,704,600 2,022,1.53 4,363,973 1,9.3,5,186 118,.370 29,144,283 8,(17,1,71)3 oi 0) 1821 21,630,493 1,898.695 5,500,922 2,303,443 136,402 31,478,955 8,71o,ii:i« s 1822 24,566,920 2,353,217 5,943,612 2,591,783 141,007 35,599,539 7,9.5f>,(i,00 yi 1823 24,117,549 2,425,419 5,539,789 2,654,098 141, .320 34,878,175 8,2t'ii;,2iil '*' -i 1824 27,170,107 2,981,329 6,136,092 3,283,403 159,648 39,7.33,579 8,29ti,^.■i■ rt 1825 26,597,574 2,897,706 5,929.342 2,709,772 150,815 38,285,209 8.1(i7,M2 1820 21,445,565 3,748,526 5,041,585 2,056,760 106,738 32,399,174 7,1132,^,'iO ^3 o 1827 29,203,138 3,979,759 5,979,701 2,808,081 173,334 42,144,013 9,i;i2,4,'!5 1828 28,989,976 4,485,841 5,720,079 3.118,270 178,871 42,493,0.37 0..'):fti,113 182'J 31,810,436 5,458,985 5,361,997 3,003,394 220,436 45,855,248 9,6111,175 1830 35,395,400 5,655,569 5.551,644 .3,101,031 435,015 50,148,689 10.3l3,il|8 1831 33,682,475 5,674,600 187,979 3,662,945 469,076 49,704,075 9.3Ni.018 L 1832 37,060,750 0,795,006 6.666,700 2,649,343 474.509 53,576,607 n,ao5,u30 r}8i6 13.072,757 2,623,448 7,844,8.55 1,452,667 480,522 25,479,252 M,8«.(i90 1817 14,178,022 2,014,182 7,163,472 1,703,6.32 408,523 25.467,827 M,Ni(l,-i!i!! 1818 16,643,579 2,38.5,305 8,14.3,193 1,(M9,815 499,175 29,621,067 15,5(57, ll>'> 1819 12,388,833 2,516,783 5,986,807 1,.391,245 376,798 22,660,467 ll.Sh'^.O'i!) » 1820 13,843,569 2,826,643 5,583,430 1,653,804 .374,114 24,278,570 ll,2!IU,in() o 1821 13,786,957 2,,307,8.30 6,461,567 1,981,465 .373,938 24,911,759 10,!114,2-23 •^ 1822 14,534,253 2,700,437 6,488,.523 2,192,772 381,455 26.297.429 9,879,4lW > 1823 13,751,415 2,625,947 5,634, lo7 2,095,574 3.)0.880 24,457,952 10,2;i3,!;'2 1B21 15,240,006 3,135,496 6,011,5,34 2,442,440 442,.582 27,272,0.59 in,;ioi,35'J s 1823 1.5.034,1.38 3,206.729 6,193,775 2,1.10,705 296,677 26,862,024 11,221,71!) a 1826 10,522.357 3,491,268 4,982,898 1,489,647 168,453 20,652.623 in,i(),'i,ni5 1827 13,956,825 3,545,568 5,277,861 1,89.5,186 23(),0!)2 24,911,5.32 ll,4S4.Ni; R 1828 13,545,638 3,594,945 .5,120,226 2,000,033 255,753 21,516,6i7 ll.(i.3(l,l.il 1829 13,420.544 3,974,039 4,656,809 1,'^85,831 267,192 24,204,415 ll.nilS,-!,i,S 1830 15,203,713 4,132,2,')8 4,847,398 1,920,2.56 519,919 26,629,544 ii,nt)i,75'i 1631 13,207,947 3,974,989 5,385,811 2,301,603 578.260 25,448,810 11.203.K»4 1832 12,622,680 4,721,796 5,475,298 1,655,178 529,808 25,005,200 ll,n4(),7(iT It will be observed from the above Table, that while the official value of the cotton goods exported has been rapidly increasing, their declared or real value has been about stitionary, or has rather diminished. This circum.stance ha.s given rise to a great deal of irrelevant dis- cussion ; and has even been referred to as proving that the manufacture is in a declinini!; state! But it proves precisely the contrary. It shows that the decline in the price of the raw material, and the improvements in the machinery and processes used in the manufac. turc have been so great, that we are now able to export and sell with a profit, (for, unless such were the case, the exportation would very speedily cease,) nearly double the quan;ily of cotton goods we exported in 1816, for about the same price. Had the Table been car- ried further back, the result would have been still more striking. In illustration of this view of the matter, we beg to subjoin the following statement of tlio production and cost of the different species of cotton yarn in England, in 1812 and 1830, It was furnished by Mr. Kennedy, of Manchester, to the committee on the East India Com- pany's aifairs, so that no doubt can be entertained of itx accuracy. mber of yaris of cotton ;(] from Ireland to Great 824, to 3,840,699 ; and ed in nearly a twelvefnld d to protect the industry It of coal are insuperable : a very long period the progreps of improvement o much more rapid than the former is now vastly lie declared or real value;! m-house, that the exports ,000,000/. sterling, boin? elves about tivo thirds of We subjoin a statement, ;he declared or real values inufactures, and the totals from Great Britain to all Total of Wove rolalotalloiher Fabrics. Alticli'S. £ i £ 25,023,215 0,751,305 29,255,253 y.ilfO.Ml 31,589,083 10,3T3,KI4 21,738,390 8,1S5,1^5 29,144,283 8,6:3,7,13 31,478,955 8,715,ii:iH 35,599,539 7,!l58,!ia0 34,878,175 8,2t'.IV2lil 39,733,579 8,Ut)«,4.'i7 38,285,209 8.lli7.('12 32,399,174 7.1t32,>30 42,114,013 9,132,435 42,493,037 0.536,113 45,855,248 9,tilO,475 50,148,689 10,313,1143 49,704,075 !l.38ti.048 53,576,807 11,005,230 25,470,252 14,840.(190 25,467,827 M.i'tiO.Siia 29,621,067 15,5(17,ll«2 22,660,467 11,58^,023 24,278.570 11,2(10,10!) 24,911,759 10,014,22,S 26,297.429 9,879,408 24,457,952 10,233,172 27,272,059 10,301,350 26,862,024 11,221,749 20,(i52,623 10,105,015 24,911,532 11,4S4.M)7 2 1,516,6 i7 11.0,30,151 24,204,415 11.00S,4,i,S 26,629,544 11,061,75't 25,448,810 ll,203.hM 25,005,260 11,040,707 n value of the cotton goods has been about stationary, rcat deal of irrelevant ilis- ufacture is in a dectinins; decline in the price of the sscs used in the manufac- with a profit, (for, unless early double the quanJIy iad the Table been car- bllowing statement of tho [;land, in 1812 and 1830. on the East India Cm- COTTON. 527 Hanln per Day, per Spindln, Price of Cotton, .and Waste , Labour per lb. per 11>.» Coat per lb. DracriplioB of yarn. 1812. 1830. 1812. IKiO. 1812. 1830. 1812. 1830. JVk. '. d. .. d. 1. d. f. d. 1. d. J. d. 40 2- 275 1 6 7 1 li 2 6 1 'A 60 15 2-5 2 10 1 6 1 0,i 3 6 1 10 i- 80 1-5 2- 3 2 11^ 1 U 2 2 1 7i 4 4 2 «i 100 1-4 1-8 2 4 2 10 2 2i 5 2 3 4i- 120 1-25 1-65 2 1 4 3 6 2 8 4 1.50 1- 133 2 10 1 8 6 6 4 11 9 4 6 7 200 0-75 090 3 4 3 16 8 11 20 14 250 05 006 4 « 3 8 31 24 6 35 28 2 The following Table is 'nter^sting, from its exhibiting the state of our trade in wrought cottons with the different couiitrias of the world. It sets the importance of the markets of Brazil, Chili, and the other Si,aies of South America, as outlets for our cottons, in a very striking point of view. , Accounl of the Exports of Cotton Goods and Yarn from the United Kingdom in 1837 ; specifying the Quantity and declared Value of those shipped for each Country. White or Plain Cottons. Printeil nr Dyed Cottons. Hosiery ind Small Wares. Twist an' Yarn. Total Declared V.ilue. Coantries to which exported. Declared Value. Yards. Declared Value. Yards. Declared Value. I. Pounds. Derlared Value. L. L. t. I.. Russia .... 980.779 40,203 145,760 7,590 9,106 24,108,593 1,612,9-6 I,669,a35 Sweden .... ei,939 1,717 48,552 1,850 70^ 734,336 5,5,(160 69..335 Noriiay .... 164,634 4,1181 3-17,S09 9,964 1,682 197,700 10,474 26,201 Denmark . . - - 45,9!U 1,033 71,569 1,369 88 37.470 2,x70 5,357 Prussia .... — _ — _ 4,924 502 ,302 Germany .... 14,203,855 294,378 28,967,374 713,771 162.263 34.272.607 2,177.823 3.34 ■'.235 Holland .... 16,3S2,5SI 341,448 11,58S,24I 322,400 .50,203 15,993,0:2 1 ,386.3S« 2,100,411 Belsium .... 86 -.,339 32,271 1,99!<,160 72,52S 102,233 67,397 8,752 21,5,781 France .... 1,169,753 23,6S3 1,269,924 35,529 91,768 94.707 31,361 184,344 Portujal, Proper 15,966,118 268,189 15,74'<,2I6 369.712 21,0-4 323,262 23,612 6S2„597 Azores 641,603 11,769 731,946 18,740 838 17,i>)0 786 32,153 Madeira • 519,315 8,255 &t9,954 12,767 1,068 1,358 7s 23,168 Spain and the Balearic Islandi 151,350 4,047 20i,9-6 5,694 221 687 43 10,(1117 1 Canaries 471,917 10,763 435.599 12,234 924 1,071 SI 23,984 , Gibraltar .... 13,956,830 310,777 12,681,183 375,367 17,271 225,939 14,729 718.144 . Iiair and the Italian Islands • 24,976,414 526,881 17,61)1,057 481,913 40.910 8,773,028 477.h82 1,327.3'-K Malta .... 1,108,032 21,6.38 562,773 17,364 2,208 176,260 9,729 50,9.19 ••nian Islands 1,497,280 26,314 84l,6?6 19,955 790 297.980 14,303 61.3(i> ' Morea and Greek Islands 9,0V4 256 67,791 2.661 33 1.800 KlO 3,053 1 Turkey .... 23,727.090 482,438 9,423,139 289,230 2,297 3,527,338 180,225 953. IM 1 Svrij and Palestine • 5,140 330 — — ^ — — 3'iO Ejypt .... 5,559,900 107,125 693,2(0 23,207 349 660,700 41,372 172.0vt Tripoli, Tunis, Aljiers, and Morocco 2,928,580 41, -.52 253.009 4,892 407 — _ 46,s31 1 Wtsiern 1 oast of Alrica 607.843 15,783 4,365,569 119,540 391 2,9*2 393 I.36.II19 1 Cjpe n( Good Hope 2,293,943 54,567 3,136,936 80,483 9,3S9 9,314 899 145,3.18 : S'. Helena .... 1H,H16 519 5,326 141 19 — 679 I Mauritius .... 3,053,808 78,395 2,237,689 73,356 7,749 10,400 46S 160,108 ' EMt India Company's territoriea and ' Ceylnn - • • 46,366,175 1,040,018 17,847,458 438,231 30,444 9,479,021 602,293 2,160,986 ' Suniatn, Java, and other Islands of the i In'liaii Sea ... 5,952.818 144.962 2,620,300 97,620 5.931 127,620 7,858 2,36,371 Pliilippiue Islands • 473,370 10.075 613,421 17,693 1,115 — 2S.-^85 i Cliina .... 8,5I9,:45 193,075 2,443,178 79,300 1,012 1,973,965 103,908 .377,293 New South Wales. Van Diemen's Land, and nlher Australian Settlements 1.275,348 36,561 1,335,325 44,8=9 1.5.S09 13.1125 781 98.040 Rritiih North American Colonies - 6,319,8ti4 161 39.' 7,950, ^81 222.001 39.06- 260.732 14.307 4.16,768 Briliih West Indies - 19,695.492 417,580 17,998,432 4tx->.449 43,812 55,549 4,487 931,32.8 : Hayti .... l,246,4ti3 28,421 1,612,897 63,270 2,751 ._ 84,442 1 Cula and other foreign Weal Indian ; Colnnies .... 6,79«,703 14^,024 11,966.302 293.S63 II. 60S 6.250 309 451.806 , I'nilel Stales of America 5,471,7X8 187,585 12,010.067 407,237 117,372 219,712 13,339 72,3,753 Slates of Central and South America: \ Mexico 2,7I3..0,427 551.233 26.987 560 43 1,014.485 Slates of the Rio de la Plata 10,923.196 207,714 9,260.2>8 237.537 18.818 5,7.14 364 461,473 Chili 7.825,718 130.402 9.356.806 240.2li7 18.217 _ — 408.970 Peru 3,635,774 88,013 5,641,331 165,804 14,300 — — 268,117 Isles of Guernsey, Jersey, Aldeniey, Man,«:c 1 Totals 833,701 38,975 159,360 ^,209.407 4,334 6.642,200 21,323 912,19J 7.2J-1 101,133,13^ 376 G.935.912 63,003 20.- 9(1. 12.1 286,164.256 6,085,789 Such being the vast extent ami importance of the cotton manufacture, the probability of our preserving our ascendancy in it becomes a very interesting topic of inquiry. But it is obvious, that a great deal of conjecture mu.3t always insinuate itself into our reasonings with rc.=pect to the future state of any branch of manufacturing industry. They are all liable to lie affected by so many contingent and unforeseen circumstances, that it is impossible to predicate, with any thing like certainty, what may be their coiiditian a few years hence. But abstMcting from the elfect of national struggles and commotions, which ctm neither be foreseen nor calculated, we do not think that there is any thing in our state, or in that of the different commercial and manufacturing countries of the world, that should lead us to antici- pate that the gloomy forebodings of those who contend that the cotton manufacture of Eng- land has reached its zenith, and that it mu.st now begin to decline, will be riralised. The natural capabilities we possess for carrying on the business of manufacturing are, all things ♦ Wages are entiinated at the same rate, or at 20r/. a day, for ,'very person employed, men, women, and children, in 1813 and 1830; the saving being entirely in tlie better application of the labour. i • <»■ '4i 538 COTTON. i V r'' run I ~ , ■rt»>!«inaiwk ■0:' ■ " ''1 consitlcreJ, JcciJctlly superior to those of any other people. But the superiority to whicli wc have already arrived is, perhaps, the greatest advantage in our favour. Our master Jiiauufucturers, engineers, and artisans, are more inteljii^cnt, skilful, and enterprising, lima those of any other country ; and the extraordinary inventions they have already made, ami their familiarity with all the principles and details of the business, will not only enable tlicin to perfect the processes already in use, hut can hardly fail to lead to the discovery of others, Our estidilishments for spinning, weaving, printing, bleaching, &c. are infmitely move com- pletc and [)erfect than any that exist elsewhere , the division of labour in them is earricij to an incomparably greater extent ; the workmen are trained from infancy to industrious ha- bits and have attained that peculiar dexterity and sleight of hand in the performance of tluir separate tasks, that can only be acquired by long and unremitting application to tiic saino employment. Why, then, having all these advantages on our side, should we not keep tlie start we have already gained ! Every other people that attempt to set up manufactures must obviously labour under the greatest dilficulties as compared with us. Their CHtahlishiiient*- cannot, at first, he sufficiently large to enable the division of employments to be carried to any considerable extent, at the same time that expertness in manipulation, and in the details of the various j)rocesscs, can only be attained by slow degrees. It appears, therefore, reason- able to conclude that such new beginners, having to withstand the competition of those who have already arrived at a very high degree of perfection in the art, must be immediately driven out of every market equally accessible to both parties ; and that nothing but the aij derived from restrictive r-~uIations and prohibitions will be effectual to prevent the total de- struciio.i of their establisl.inents in the countries where they are set up. 4. Pros;ress iif the Manufacture in other Cinintricti. — But notwithstanding what has now been stated, a notion seems to be spreading abroad, that wo shall have no little diihculty in maintaining our ground against the competition of the Americans, Swiss, Austrians, French, &c,, and a good deal of evidence upon this subject was taken before the committee of the House of Commons appointed in 1833 to inquire into the state of manufactures, commerce, and shipping. Such apprehensions a^-, Mr to us to be quite destitute of any real foundation. Provided we have no agitation, that public tranquillity and security in fact and opinion be maintained unimpaired, we need be under no sort of uneasiness as to any competition ta which we can be exposed. The tariff forced cotton, woollen, iron, and other manufactures, into a premature existence in the United States; but we have little doubt that, except inthe coarser flibries, and those where it is necessary to use large quantities of the raw material, the late modilloations of the tariff have given a death-blow to the American mauuflicturin" system. Independent, however, of this, there was nothing whatever to fear from that quar- ter. During the year ended the 30th of Septeml)er, 1829, the exports of all sorts of cotton goods from America amounted to 1,259,4.'J7 dollars ; while during the year ended the yoth of September, 1832, they amounted to 1,239,574 dollars. — (Papers laid before Cun<'nss, 5th of February, 1830, and l.'5th of February, 1833.) It is plain, therefore, notwitlistanding the protection of the tariff, that the exjjorts of manufactured cottons from America have not increased any thing during the last 3 years ; and it is very unlikely that even the trillinn- quantity now exported will be maintained. They have been exported only because the fabrics contained a great deal of the best cotton, which made them more durable and heavy than those manufactured here. But goods of this sort arc in very limited demand ; and the Manchester manufacturers have already produced a.i article similar to and cheaper than the American " domestics," which will go far to ex[)el them from the market. Among the singular statements that have been put forth as to the cotton manufactures of America, one is, that the wages of labour are lower there than here ! 'i'o dwell on the ab- surdity of such a statement would be an insult to our readers. But though it were true that Wages are as low in Massachusetts as in England, that would afford no real ground for ami- ci[iating any formidable competition from America in this department. The jiriee of cottons depends more on the profits of stock than on the wages of labour ; and, so far as we know, it has not yet been alleged that they are lower in America than here. Su[)pos(! an English and an American manufacturer have each 100,000/. vested in cotton mills and in the float- ing stock required to carry on the business ; if profits in Englr.nd be 1 |ier cent, less than in America, the English manufiicturer can afford, casteris paribus, to sell his goods lor l,OU0/, less than the American. We are very far from insinuating or believing that this lowness of profit is an advantage; but whatever may be its influence in other respects, so long as it continues, it gives our manufacturers a decided superiority over those of every other coun- try where profits are higher, in the manufacture and sale of all articles, such as cotton yarn and stuli's, principally produced by machinery. It is ludicrous, indeed, to sujipose that a half-peopled country like America, possessed of boundless tracts of unoccupied laud of the highest degree of fertility, should be iible successfully to contend in manufacturing industry, with an old settled, fully peopled, and very rich country like Great Britain. The ^rovern- ment which encourages such a misdirection of the public capital and industry, and those who su[)pose it can end in any thing else tlian ruin to the parties, are ignorant of the merest elements uf the science of wealth. COTTON. 529 iie superiority to whicli ir fiivour. Our master I, and cntorprisiriff, than havo aheaily rnaiiaiKijii I II: ■::^ .■■•«. "I ' t ■" J the (lyes, a single particular connected with the cotton manufacture in which wc have not ;i manifest superiority over the Swiss, Auatrians, French, Prussians, and every Continental nation. Certainly, however, we are inferior to some of them in the brilliancy and durability of their dyes ; and this circumstance occasioned a considerable demand for Germun anil Swiss printed cottons in many parts of the East, where vivid colours are held in the highrst estimation. But even there, the greater cheapness of our goods is proving an overmatch fur the greater brilliancy of those of our rivals. On the whole, therefore, we see no reason to think that the British cotton manufacture has reached, much less passed, its zenith. At the same time, however, it can hardly bo necessary to observe, considering the vast importance of the trade, that while, on the one hand, nothing should be left undone that may serve to widen its foundations, and to pronioic its prosperity, on the other, nothing should be attempted that may, by prssibility, have an opposite effect. The subsistence of 1,400,000 people is not to be endangered on slight grounds. The abuses even of such a business must be cautiously dealt with, lest, in eradi- cating them, we shake or disorder the whole fabric. We admit, however, that the case of children employed in the cotton factories is one of those that call fairly fur legislative regu- lation. But it may be questioned whether the plan for having relays of children is the best that might be devised. The general opinion seems to be, that it will, in most instances, be impossible to carry it into effect. The whole subject, as to the limitation of hours, is con- fessedly one of great diiliculty; and it would perhaps be better, before taking any very decisive steps in the matter, to try the effect of the system of inspection, and of the publication of the inspectors' reports as to the condition of the children employed. 6. Statutory Rgovlations as to the Employment of Children in Factories. No stntiitory restrictinns respecting tlie employment of children in the mills and factoriea nfthe United Kingdom existed until the year 1803, when an act of parliament wiis passed (42 Geo. 3.) („t Hn. preservation of the health and morals of apprentices and others employed in cotton and other I'uclories] and directing the local magistrates to report whether the factories were conducted according to law! and to adopt such sanitary regulations na they might think fit. This act was followed, in ISlfi, by an act, generally called Sir Robert Peel's Act, imposing various regulations on the einployuient of children in cotton mills. Both of these nets were repealed in 1831, by an act 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 39., commonly called Sir John Ilobhnuse's Act, which provided, that in cotton factories, to which alone it related, no child rouM legally be employed till it had attained the age of 9 years; and that no person under 18 years of a;e conld be suffered to remain in the factories more than 12 hours in one day; and that on Hututdays they should only be employed in the factories for 9 hours. Sir John Ilobhouse's Act was repealed in 1833, by the act act 3 &: 4 Will. 4. c. 103., which contains the following provisions, comprehending the whole statutory regulations at present applicable to cotton anrl other factories in the United Kingdom : — 1. That after the Ist of January, 1834, no person under 18 years of age shall be allowed to work in the night, that is, between i past 8 p. m. ond i past ) a. m., in any cotton or other factory in which steam or water, or any other mechanical power, is or shall be used to propel the machinery, excepting in lace factories. 2. That no person under 18 shall be employed more than 12 hours in one day, nor more than 69 hours in one week. 3. That there shall be allowed, in the course of every day, not less than li hour for meals to every person restricted to the performance of 12 hours' work. 4. That after the lot of January, 1834, no child, except in silk mills, shall be employed, who shall not be 9 vears old. 5. "That after the 1st of March, 1834, no child, except in silk mills, shall be employed in any factory more than 48 hours in any one week, nor more than 9 hours in any day, who shall not lie II yp.nj old ; nor after the 1st of March, 1835, who shall not be 12 years old ; nor after the 1st of Mnrrh. IMrt, who shall not be 13 years old; and that these hours of work shall not be exceeded, even ifthccliill has worked during the day in more fhctories than one. 6. That children and young persons, whose hours of work are regulated, shall be entitled to 2 holi- days and 8 half holidays in every year. 7. That children, whose hours of work .ire restricted to 9 hours a day, are not to be employed without obtaining a certificate from a physician or surgeon, certifying that they are of the ordinary strength and appearance of children of the age before mentioned, which certificate is to he coun- tersigned by some inspector or justice. 8. That it shall be lawful for his Majesty to appoint, during pleasure, 4 persons to be inr German ami irs are held in the highrst ) proving an overmatch for British cotton manufacture however, it can hardly bo le, that while, on the one )undation8, and to promote lay, by prssibility, have an ;o be endangered on slight ly dealt with, lest, in eradi- liowever, that the case of II fairly for legislative regii- elays of children is the best will, in most instances, be limitation of hours, is con- 5r, before taking any very :tion, and of the publication oyed. ILDREN IN Factories. itic mills and factoriei of the iviig passed (42 Geo. 3.) for ihu 1 in cotton and ottier raciories, R conducted accordins ui law, t was followed, in ISlfi, by an itioiis on the employment of 39., commonly called Sir John one it related, no child mulil person under 18 years of ase ) day ; and that on Saturdays ^fill. 4. c. 103., which cnntains ions at present applicable to ge shall be allowed to work in ^on or other factory in which opel the machinery, excepting one day, nor more than 69 jn li hour for meals to every all be employed, who shall not be employed in any factory ly, who shall not be U yni> after the 1st of March. Md, be exceeded, even if the chill ed, shall be entitled to i holi- day, are not to bR employed that they are of the onlinary hicli certiticatu is to be cuun- 4 persons to be insncrti,nni' en employed in the I'actoriis ind that ono of the secu'taribs int superintendents to supir- lion of the art, and lo enfone eek, of chililren eniploycil in in every shilling, for sthoollni; ■ry week, give to the factory /eek. vear. iia part of every mill. dings lo one of the secretaries time shall he Inst hy the want specting the steps In lie taken hem'; respecting the erection before inspectors iiiid magis- and foreign trade of cotton, in the session of 1835-36. Tewi. 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1803 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 COTTON. I. Raw Cotton.— Quantity grown In 531 Von. The World. U. Statet. Brazil. Wat Indin. Egypt of Afriu. India. Rait of Alia* VIezico aniJ S. America eicept Braiil. Elnwhwt. MinioDi Millioni Milliou Milliou Milliou Milliou Milliou MilliODI .Milliou Millioni Ibi. Ibt. llM. llx. Ibi. Iba. Ibi. Ibt. Ibi. Ibi. 1789 ~ 1 1790 — 11-3 1791 490 9 39 13 ^ 46 130 190 68 1798 — 3 1793 — 9 1794 — 8 1795 — 8 1796 — 10 1797 — 11 1798 — 15 1799 — 30 1800 — 39 1801 520 48 30 10 — 49 160 160 S6 15 1802 — 59 1803 — 60 1S04 — 65 1805 — 70 1806 — 80 1807 — 80 1808 — 75 1809 — 82 1810 — 89 1611 555 80 39 12 1-13 44 170 146 57 11 1813 — 79 1813 — 79 1814 — 70 1815 — 100 1816 — 124 1817 — 130 1818 — 125 1819 — 167 1820 — 160 1821 630 180 39 10 6 40 179 139 44 8 1822 — 210 1823 — 189 1824 — 219 1825 — 359 1826 — 350 1827 — 270 1828 — 329 1829 — 369 1630 — 350 1831 820 389 38 9 18 36 180 119 35 4 1832 — 390 ■1833 — 449 1834 900 460 30 8 25 1-3 34 185 110 39 13 1835 II. Raw Cotton.— Quantity grown in Virs. Milliou Ibi. N.C. Milliou lbs. S. C. Milliou Iba. 11-2 20 Georgia. Florida. Alabama. Tennessee. Mississippi Louisiana. Arkansas, Millions Ibi. 1-3 10 Millions lbs. Millions lbs. Millions lbs. Millions Ibi. 40 30 Millions lbs. Milliou lbs. n; ■ I" ''!:: . I ;^l' I • %^ '- «i ^ COTTON. II.— coR(inu«(I.— Quantity grown In I . Ymh. Vii». N.C. S.C. Oeorfia. riorida. Alalunu. Tenn«M«. MiiiiMippi. touiiiuix ArluriMj. )' Milliow MillloM MillioDt MilliOM Million! Millinut Millloni Milliou Millloui Mlllii,!,! 1817 1818 lU. Ibt. lU. Ibt. lU. Itii. Ibi. lb*. Ibi. 11* 1819 1820 1821 1823 1833 13 10 50 45 — • 20 20 10 10 1834 1839 1826 25 18 70 75 3 45 43 30 38 1-4 1827 182S 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 13 10 73 88 IS 65 50 70 55 3-4 1834 10 01-2 651-3 75 20 85 45 85 62 1-2 1833 The Secretary of the Treasury states that he has "not been able to find any official returns, of either the general or the state governments, which give the crops of cotton in each state;" anjihal "tlie present table has tlierefore been compiled from the best data in his power." 111. Raw Cotton. I..'*! "'>■'! r.:3w "'HI Huiki^siyMii vr-'iwMii •1^ ii f Prlcci per lb. Capital employed in couneiion Persons employed in Value of whole cup with growiiij growing, and dependent in ' Vean. United Statu. England. United Stales. Egypt. Brazil, United Slates. Elsewhere. United Stales, Elicwhere, Millions Millions Million* Millions Milliou Centi. Pence. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Millions. Millions. Dollars, DolUn, 1769 12 to 22 1790 14 1-3 12 — 21 1791 26 13 — 30 3 1-2 33 1-20 1 1-3 401-2 1792 29 20 — 30 1793 32 13 — 22 1794 33 12— 18 1795 36 1-2 15 — 27 1796 36 1-2 12 — 29 1797 34 12 — 37 1798 39 22 — 45 1799 44 17 — 60 1800 28 16 — 36 1801 44 17 — 38 80 — SO I-IO 7-8 8 391.3 1802 19 12— 38 1803 19 8—15 1804 20 10 — 18 1605 23 14— 19 1806 22 12— 15 1807 21 1-2 10— 14 1808 19 9—30 1809 16 10— 18 1810 16 10— 19 1811 15 1-2 7—14 134 1-10 58 1-7 7-8 121-2 37 1812 10 1-2 11 — 14 1813 12 16 — 26 1814 13 28 average 1815 21 20 1-2 — 1816 29 1-2 18 1-4 — # 1817 26 1-2 20 — 1818 34 20 — 1819 24 13 1-2 — 1820 17 11 1-2 — 1821 16 9 1-2- 300 31-3 83 1-3 7-8 29 3-4 37 1822 16 1-2 8 1-4 — 1823 10 & 12 8 1-4 — 1824 13 8 1-2 — 1825 21 11 1-2 — 1826 11 6 3-4 — 1827 9 1-2 61-2 — 1828 10 1-4 6 3-4 — 1829 10 5 3-4 — 1830 10 6 7-8 — 1831 9 1-4 5 5-8 — 650 30 S& 3-4 4-5 381-2 S91-4 1832 10 6 5-8 — 1833 11 7 3-8 - 1834 13 8 1-2 — — — — — — 76 361-3 1835 16 1-2 12 1-2 — 800 31 50 1 4-5 to 1 1 "The prices, given for the United (States, are those at the places of exportation, and are the average during the year, and including all kinds of cotton : but the sea-island cotton is worth usually twi> hundred and fifty per cent, more than the other kinds ; and formerly tlio dilference was etill greater, wlien the amount grown elsewhere WU3 not ao large." COTTON. Louliiana. | Arlumu, ) find any official returns, of tton in euch state ;" and thai I power." I employed in , and [tepemleut Vilue of whole crep in I srtation, and are the average cotton is wortli usually two i difference was still grealer. IV —Raw Cotton.— Export! Prom Tean. United SUtei. ""■FSi:^ Rnzil. India, Wmt Indlet. Spaniih America. Elsewhan. 1770 3,000 Ibi. Milliona Milllou Milliou Million* Milliou Milliona llM. Ibi. lU. lU. Ibi. Ibi. Mllllnni 1799 ll». 1790 4-16 1791 1-5 — 90 19 s. 9 1793 1-7 1-3 1791 1 2-3 — — — _ 1 1795 6 1-4 — — 30 1796 6 1-10 1797 3 4-5 1798 9 1-3 1799 9 1-3 1800 17 4-S 1801 20 9-10 — 24 30 T7 7 1602 1803 27 1-8 41 1-10 — — 22 1-2 1804 38 1-10 1805 40 1-3 — — - 41J-2 1806 37 1-2 1807 fi6 1-5 1808 12 1809 53 1-5 1810 03 9-10 1811 62 1-5 — 31 ^^ 7 1813 29 ■"* 13 1813 ' 19 2-5 1814 D 17 4-5 1815 83 1816 81 4-5 1817 95 2-3 1818 92 1-2 1819 88 1820 127 4-5 1821 124 9-10 5 1-2 28 50 9 1822 144 7-10 4 1-2 1823 173 7-10 11 1824 142 2-5 14 1825 176 1-2 _ 75 1826 204 1-2 1827 294 1828 310 1829 264 3-4 18.10 298 1-3 19 3 68 10 4 1831 277 20 1-3 37 70 12 4 18M .^22 1-4 1833 324 1-2 1834 381 3-4 23 30 80 8 7 3 1835 I 386 1-2 ill "The exports of cotton, or, in other words, the foreign trade in raw cotton, in the whole world, is small compared with the whole growth, manufacture, and consumption of that arliclB. It probably iw.i not exceed 535 millions of pounds, and of that the United States export about 384 millions of pnuiids, or almost three fourths. Our exports each year have not always corresponded with that part of the crop of the previous year not consumed at home, as in 1808, 1812, &c. commercial restric- tions anil war caused the stocks on hand to accumulate, and the high prices in some other years have left much less on hand here than usual." V,— Raw Cotton.— Exports from Teara. Louisiana. S. Carolina. Alabama. GeorKia. New York. N. Carolina and Virjjini:!. Real of llip United S;.Vi\.. Whole valne. Millioni Millioni Millions MillioDS Millioni Mil'if>ns Uollan, Itu. Ihi. Iba. Ibi. lbs. lb>. lbs. 1789 f' 1790 i - . - - - 48,285 1791 . - - - - - 52,000 1792 . - - - - - . 51,470 1793 1 . - - - - - - 160,000 Millions. 1794 . . . _ . . . 1-2 1795 _ _ . _ - . . 2 1-4 1796 , . . . . . . a 2-10 1797 _ _ . . . . . 1 1-4 1798 _ _ _ _ . • • 3 1-2 1790 _ _ . _ « _ _ 4 1-10 1800 _ 10 . 3 • 5 . 5 1801 _ _ _ „ _ . _ 9 1-10 1802 „ _ . _ . _ • 5 1-4 1803 _ _ . _ « _ . 7 3-4 1801 „ _ _ . _ . 7 3-4 1805 _ _ _ _ _ • • 9 1-2 1806 _ ^ „ . _ . . 8 1-4 1807 - - - - - - 14 MJ 2tS i :t c:3 ^ ■•'1 '-»1|V fi84 COTTON. V. Rnw Cotton— fundwued.—Eximrlt from Vean. Louliiina. S, Carolim. Alaliani.1. (lenrKia. New York. N. Camlint •nd Viriinia. Rnlofthi L'liileil StilM, Whole mlue Million* MlllioDI Millioiia Mlllliiut Millloui Millioiu. Million! Million. Ibi. ll«. Ibt. Ita. lb). Ibt. Ita. ilnlUn. IHIM • . . . • - - 2 1-4 1S09 . . • . . - . 8 1-2 1810 3 40 . 30 10 13 4 15 1-4 INIl • . . . - - - 9 1-2 1813 . • . . . - • 3 1813 . . . . • . - 2 14 , 1614 . . . _ . . . 3 1-2 1 1815 . • _ . - . - 17 l.J 1 INlf) . • . . . • - 24 1-4 ; 1817 . • . . . . . 22 1-2 ; IHIH . . . . . . - 31 1-4 1 18m . . . . . . - 21 1820 30 37 8 35 38 6 3 22 1-4 ( 1821 . . . • • - 20 l-i i 1822 . • . . . . • 24 1 1823 . . . - . . 23 1.2 lh24 - _ . . . . - 21 3-4 1825 . . . . • . . 38 3-4 1 182fl - . . m . . . 25 i 1827 . . _ _ _ . . 811 l-.t j 1828 . . . • . . . 22 1-2 1829 . . . • . . - 20 1-2 i 1830 120 1-3 53 1-3 24 40 37 3-10 11 1-3 3 29 2-3 1 1831 - . . . . 25 1.4 1 1832 . . . . . . 31 3-1 1833 . . . . . . . 3(1 1834 164 67 3-4 51 1-2 56 1-3 30 2-8 11 1-3 3 4!) 1-2 1835 - - - - ■ - 1 - - CI 1-2 _ "The Hxporta from each Stiito arc the foreign oiici", and for 1830 and 1831, from official data ; but prior to that they are estiinaleH from the crop, conHiimption at honio,&c. "The portion exported of sea island cotton, was, in 1834, 8,0S5,U35 pounds, and in 1835, was 7,752,736 ; and was chiefly from South Hnrolina and fieorgia." "The value has been computed from the quantity and average price tlirough each year, so far ai obtainable from otHciul data." h* .■'"»i HP"" ^»SI di.ttliklS' VI. Ilaw Cotton.— E.Tports. i U. statu tn U. Slilea to U. Slalei tn other pl.icei than Great India to India to Drazil to West In- Brazil and West In- Egypt and Turkey to anil Tur- key to France. 1 1 All other ritacrf to Engliii'!. tH Gnglanil, France. Britain and France. England. China. England. England, France. England. ■"■" ■ Ibi. Millious Million! Millions Millions Millions Millions Millions Millions Millious MillJOQJ lb5. lbs. Ibi. llw. Ibi. lb*. lbs. lbs. Ui>. Ibr. 1770 2,000 1787 _ . . . . 2 1-2 6 2-3 . 5 2-3 . 7 3-4 1789 R-itio of , Ratiiu>rher Hatio. 1790 her imixirU from U. S. ' intnorts frumBrazil. 1791 1-IOOf) . . _ _ 1-2 1-3 1792 1-126 _ . . . 1-2 1-3 1793 1-225 . . . . 1-4 1-2 1 ITOl 1-110 . . 1-3 - 2-5 1-2 ITO.I 1-25 . . 1-3 . 2-5 1-2 17(16 1-11 . . 3-4 - 1-2 2-5 1797 1-11 . - iri 1-3 - 1-2 1-3 1798 1-6 « . 2 - 2-5 1-3 1799 1-9 _ . 7 . 3-7 3-7 1800 16 . . 6 1-3 - 1-5 1-3 1801 19 3-4 - 4 1-4 . 1-4 2-7 1802 23 1-2 2 • 3 • 1-3 1-6 1803 27 3-4 4 . 1 3-4 . 1-3 i-10 1804 25 3-4 6 . 2 1-2 . 2-9 1-12 1805 32 1-2 4 1-2 . 1-4 . 2-9 1-10 1806 24 I-l 7 . 2 2-3 . 2-9 1-9 1807 53 1-4 6 . 3 1-2 . 1-18 1-11 1808 8 2 . .5 1-2 . 1-11 2-9 1809 13 1-3 - . 6 1-2 . 1-3 1-11 1810 36 . . . - 1-4 1-18 1811 46 3-4 . . . . 2-7 1-29 1812 26 - . . . 2-5 1-23 1813 . 10 1-4 . _ _ 3-5 1-12 1814 . 1 3-4 . _ . 3-5 1-11 1815 45 2-3 20 - _ , 1-4 1-24 1816 57 3-4 18 • . « 1-3 1-35 1817 51 . . 36 « 1-3 1-26 1818 58 1-3 . . „ _ 1-3 1-52 1819 51 3-4 . . . _ 1-3 1-.52 1820 90 - - 23 . 29 6 8-10 ^ 1-4 _ 2 1-4 1821 93 1-2 1 2r i-z 9 3-4 9 . 19 1-2 7 _ 3-4 _ 2 3-4 1822 101 21 1-2 8 2-3 4 1-2 _ 24 3-4 10 1-4 ^ 4-10 ^ 2 1823 142 1-2 25 8 1-2 15 _ 23 1-2 7 ^ 1 1-3 m 2 1824 92 40 1-2 1 1-2 16 1-2 - 25 6 1-4 . 7 7-10 - t 2 POliM Rnl or Iht riiiiia. L-iill»l SUtm. Whole vtlue K)IU. Millioiu Millioni i. lU. ■Inllan. - a 1-4 • H 1-2 J 4 15 1-4 - I-D - 3 . 8 1-4 - a I.J - 17 H 1 • a4 1-4 1 - as I.J - 31 1-4 1 . ai 3 aa 1-4 . 20 1-4 . a4 . a3 i.j - 81 3-4 - 38 3-4 - 25 i - 2« 1-3 - 82 I-J - 2fl 1-2 11-3 3 JiJ 2-3 - 85 1-4 - 31 3-4 . 3t) 1 1-2 3 4» 1-2 - 01 1-2 I83I, from official data ; bui i pounds, and in ISSS.was hroiigh each year, so far ai Kgypt and Turkey to England. Millions Ibi. 5 2-3 Millioni lb). All olbn I Liiglin^ Million] Ibr. 7 3-1 1-4 3-4 4-10 1 1-3 7 7-10 2 1-4 8 3-4 2 2 8 COTTON. VI. Raw Cattnn—fonUnyed.—r.xpottn 686 """ l<. Slilei In i V. Statn to V. .Slain lo olhar placM than Onal Inlla to Braxil to W«i In. Drariland Wealln. Kml iii'l 'lurKey to EngUnd. Mr. All olhrr (M Eufllod. Fraucs. Rrilain and France. Cn(land. Chiaa. EuiLud. Griiland. -^ :|(i' % ::,K-.'( ^- 536 COTTON. VII. — etnliniird. iHlwrtaof Wh.r. from, Vhii. Into EnfltiKl. UnllKl Stall!. Brull. Denmnin ami BtIhci. Wfrt IikIim. ■^i-r Imlla. Olhar |.Uc« lUiki. Mllllnw ll». Rallo. lUlIn, Hallo. Hallo. iUllo, HaiM. 1HI3 SI 1-8 3-5 1-10 1-13 • 1-21) IHll 73 8-3 3-0 3-» 1-19 Ml • 1 -.'10 1HI5 UA 1-4 4-7 1-4 1-19 1-34 • 1-31 INIO Vn 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-11 1-39 ^ 1-24 inn 1311 1-4 1-9 1-3 l-»t 1-96 . 1-14 1HI8 174 3-7 1-3 1-40 1-98 . 1-9 IHKI 137 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-40 1-93 • 1-9 \K%) 147 1-3 4-7 1-5 1-49 1-78 1-930 1-7 l.fl5 1841 mi-9 5-7 l-« 1-48 1-39 1-179 1-14 1-1.18 IH'il 141 1-3 4-7 1-9 1-33 1-49 1-390 1-39 1-228 WXi mat 183 1-3 117 1-3 S-9 3-5 1-8 1-8 1-73 1-93 1-143 1-10 1-13 I-M 1-72 1-13 1-94 Ihl'i 944 1-3 3-9 1-7 1-20 1-17 1-10 1-7 \H'm 170 1-9 9-3 1-17 1-40 1-18 1-0 1-11 1827 2H4 1-3 3-4 1-11 1-38 1-96 1-13 1-23 IH'28 929 3-4 9-3 1-7 1-48 1-97 1-h 1-17 1H21» 918 1-3 9-3 1-7 1-39 1-30 1-U 1S30 95U 3-4 9-3 to 3-4 1-7 to 1-8 1-60 1-80 1-99 1H3I 380 3-3 to 3-4 1-0 _ 1-39 1-13 IHM 970 2-3 3-4 1-13 . 1-30 1-8 1833 988 7-8 1-10 . 1-300 1-0 183t 320 1-3 0-7 1-17 1-900 1-900 1-0 1833 3til 1-9 3-4 1-12 - 1-8 An > 1 tvnmm r II ■ m VIII . Raw Cotton. Ini|»rti. Whore from. 1 Imports. 1 Tmh. Into Fnnct. UDited SltlM. Enplawl Turkey. nnzi) and the Won Iiidiel. IiiioHAinny, FruMiaf Triftte, and Huuia. Into HwiU uriand. Into Spain. Into Chiai. Into Iht l'njt^l iillln. MiliiODi MilliODI Millioiu Millioni MilliODI Milliou Miltioni Millions Iht. Ibi. Ibi. llM. Ibi. Ibt. lU. lbs. Ilx. 1780 - - - - 97,357 .Mill. Ibi 1791 . ^ ^ ^ . . _ 1-4 1793 . . . ^ _ . _ 1-3 1703 . . . _ « . . 22-3 1704 . ^ ^ ^ . _ _ 21-2 1709 . , ^ ^ , _ _ 4 1796 • « _ „ . . _ 41-4 1797 • « . m . . „ 3 1-2 1798 _ ^ ^ ^ . ■ . ^ 3 2-3 1790 . . ^ ^ . . _ 3 1-2 1800 . . _ ^ _ . _ _ 41-4 1801 . 3-4 _ . . . . _ 41-4 1802 « 3 . „ . _ _ _ 31-2 1803 . 4 _ _ . _ 3 1-3 _ 3 1804 . 6 . . • • _ 31-4 1809 . 41-2 . _ _ • _ 21-4 1808 21 7-10 7 • « . • _ 25 21-4 1807 _ 6 _ . . « _ 31-3 1808 _ 2 . . _ . _ _ 41-2 1800 ^ ^ ^ ^ . . _ 1-2 1810 25 _ ^ ^ . ^ _ _ 1-3 1811 . ^ ^ . . _ ^ 1-3 1813 . . ^ ^ _ _ _ _ 1-2 1813 _ 10 1-4 , ^ . . _ _ 12-3 1814 _ 13-4 ^ ^ . , ^ , 1-ti 1819 _ 20 ^ ^ _ . ^ _ 1-6 1816 « 18 ^ ^ . „ _ _ 1-3 1817 _ _ ^ _ . _ _ 3 1818 _ _ _ ^ . . _ ^ 11 1-2 1810 . . . ^ _ . _ _ 15 1830 44 1-9 « . ^ _ 6 _ _ 1 1821 47 1-3 27 1-8 . _ . _ _ 2-3 1823 81 21 1-2 . _ . . . . 1-4 1823 51 29 ^ . . ^ . 1-8 1824 79 1-2 401-2 . . . , _ 2-3 1829 811-3 30 . ^ • „ _ _ 1-2 1826 06 62 1-3 _ ^ . _ _ 301 1-4 1827 87 70 1-3 ^ . _ , 1-6 1898 612-3 53 1-3 _ ^ _ _ _ « 1-2 1890 72 1-2 67 1-2 _ ^ _ . _ _ 1-2 1830 84 2-3 to 91 75 6 7 38 17 1-2 _ . 1-2 1831 65 1-2 to 61 46 to 50 71-2 3 1-2 39 18 4-5 « 38lo6S 1-3 1833 77 to 85 73 to 77 1-3 8 1-2 3 2-3 48 191-3 . 60 1-2 1833 91 76 3-4 . 36 19 _ . 1-2 1834 83 to 94 1-2 78 to 81 3-4 7 4" 19 1-3 2 451 1-2 1839 04 1-4 91 I 12-3 COTTON. 637 1 luid lujr. Iwlli. 1 0(h*r yUm. H.IMO. lio. Mtio. . |.«) . i-;i() • i-at ^ l-ti4 . 1-14 . 1-S . 1-5 ft30 1-7 1.05 175 M4 1-1.18 .330 1-35 \-m .143 1-13 1-711 -10 l-M 1-IJ -17 1-10 1-7 -IH 1-U 1-U .1« 1-13 \-n -Vt 1-8 1-17 -30 1-0 -flO 1-9S -35 1-13 -30 1-8 -3()0 1-0 -iiOO 1-0 — 1-8 Import!. Into lite Into Spain. | Into Chiiw. I'nilpl iltln. Million* 1 Millinoi Ibi. Ibi. Ik 97,357 Mill. Ibi . . 1-4 . « 1-2 . • 22-3 _ _ 21-2 . _ 4 _ , 41-4 . _ 31-2 . . 3 2-3 _ « 3 1-2 ^ ^ 41-4 ^ _ 4 1-4 _ _ 31-2 9 1-2 « 3 . 31-4 . 21-4 _ 515 21-4 ^ 31-3 _ _ 41-2 _ ^ 1-2 ^ ^ 1-3 _ 1-3 . _ 1-2 _ _ 12-3 . . l-ti , ^ 1-0 _ 1-3 _ . 3 . , 11 1-2 . _ 15 _ 1 _ 2-3 1-4 1-8 2-3 1-2 30) 1-4 1-6 _ 1-2 _ 1-2 _ 1-2 38lo6S 1-3 60 1-2 1-2 2 4S1 1-2 12-3 "Tti* Import! Into th« ITnlt«i1 Hintci nrn tnkcn from oindal rptttrn>,nn(l havo been reryfliietiiailng In miiniint i thry hnve rnnin ctilolly I'rnni liiiliii." "Olhor cnuiitrlt'D of riiropti Ihnii ihciii* i-iiiiiii)'ritli'il, Import rnnnldrralilu ijiiantlllpi nfruM' mtlnn i ,. ||. lliilliiiiil mill lli'iKiiini, tthoiit III or 12 iiilllliiiiii nl' poiimlii, iil whlrli ii piirt |iiiHH<-a into (Icrniunv, iind ')<>r (i inillloiiH oI'ikmiiiiIh iiru I'roiii thn riiliiMl Htiifit. Ho Inin tii'riiiiiiiy illriTt iirc liii|i<>rtiMl at Trl< •(« iilDii)^. from tliL' lliillvil Htnli'K, ul)oiit 4 to 5 iiiIIIIoiih, iiiiiI Ruiiif I'roiii Kiiypt niiil 'I'lirkKy ; In nil, iniikiiit III IKM), Vli imIIIIoiih of poiiiiila i 1H3I, 111) niillloim I iinil IM.tU, Vt\ irilllioiin ol' |h>iiihIii. Into tin- lluiiiia tnwiK iiri) iinpurtflil from lii>r« '.I to II milllonN ofiioiindii itioru vviirly, unil iklmiit I million of poiiniU to Hiitiiia, It''. '^i'. Iliiiialn lin|M)rt(>il Into I'utcmbiirit, Iti nil, Ih,1(), 'li mllllonii of poiinila i IHIII, 7-10 liiljlloii of poiinilc IH3*i, 1 N-iu nillllun of poinuU In 1^*34, liclRliini li iiilil, by Mr. Aliv.xnniler, to linvo iiii|ixpenBlve, and the manufacturer cannot compete with England, thougli 20 per cent, cheaper than in I'rance." "In France many fine goods are made by skill and experience; but the machinery is poorer, and costs more. Hence the prices in those two countries, of the cloth made from a pound of raw cotton, exceed on an average 50 cents, while in England they are about 50 cents, and in the United States are now somewhat less. In 1806 the cotton was made chiefly into velveteens, nankeens, crapes, muslins, &c " " In 1810 our cotton cloths made in houses and manufactories, on an average, were estimated at 33 cents per yard in Coxe's tables, page 10. The prices are now lower, notwithstanding the introduction 80 extensively of finer cloths and of printing calicoes." " We make more coarse and substantial cloths of cotton now than England, and they can he afforded cheaper by 2 or 3 cents per yard. They are in greater demand abroail. We put more staple into them, the raw material being cheaper here. But the English laces, being made chiefly of sea-island cotton, with a very Utile silk, enhance the value of each pound to over $5; and tlie whole manufac- ture of it equals Otnillions of dollars per annum, and 30} millions of yards." "The coarse India co.tong are made of the worst materials and less smooth, being chiefly spun by band, and the raw material poorer. But the thread so spun is softer and the cloth more durable." XI. Manufactures of Cotton. Fenons employed, connected with factories, chiefly, number of Spindles employed in factories, number of Yean. In England. ' ITniled States. France. In England. ITniled SUtes. France. Swilzerlaiid. 1750 30,0001 1760 16,0001 1770 30,0001 1784 80,0001 1787} 163,000 to 360,0001 1789 — — 49,500 1790 _ — — — 70 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1790 1797 1798 1709 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 „_ — — — 4,500 1806 — 120,000 — — 81,000 1807 _ — _ — 8,000 1808 1809 800,0001 — — — 31,000 1810 — — — Millions. 87,000 1811 — — — 5 60,000 Millions. 1813 .«. _ 41-31 — 1 1813 1814 , ._ ... 123,646 1815 -V 100,000 _ — 130,000 1816 — M _ 6 2-3 1817 _,_ ^^ .^, 6 3-3 1818 , __ .._ — 13-10 1819 1820 — — , ■ — — 220,000 .!' COTTON. 539 lanufacturing by Machinery io rrance. Unite* Slain, Vlillioni Dollan. Milliniu UoUui. — 40 3-4 or 62 441-8 119 — 80 in lliem ia the same, differs online to the (jiiality of tlie I En);lan(l, in 20 years after nintlia of their former price. ) per cent. In the Aniericuii loths fell two thirds." the skill anil machinery are r by land, is ijxpensive, and ler than in Trance." ichinery is poorer, anil costs ]ound of raw cotton, e.xcecd 1 the United States are now eena, crapes, muslins, &c " jrage, were estimated at 33 tba'tanding the iiitroductiun •nd, and they can he afforded We put more ataple into g made chiefly of sea-island 5 ; und the whole nianufac- looth, being chiefly spun by the cloth more durable," D factories, nun)t}er of France, Switiertiad. 81,000 Millions. 1 13-10 XI. Manufactiirea of Cotton. — continued. Spindles employed in factories, numlier of ' Tean. In England. United Stales. France. In England. United Slates. France. | Swilicrland. • I8il „ 230,000 182'J 427,000 1633 1824 — — — 6T — — 259,900 1823 — — — 1 800.000 1826 1827^ 705,000 to 1,000,000 Mlllioni. 1828 — — — — Utol 1829 — — — 7 1830 — C 179,000 ■) 175,1465 — U 1831 — 200,000 200,000 7i to Si 1832 1,200,000 — — — — H 1833 1,500,000 1834 — — 600,000 9} 1835 — — — U There was " very little spinning by machinery in France till after 1785. — And the cotton cloths were chiefly made from thread or yarn imported from England, Switzerland, and the Levant. There were large numbers of cotton pocket handkerchiefs made at Rouen, Montpelier, &c. aa early aa 1789. " The change of late yeara in some places in England, from the hand to the power loom, haa caused some distress, and the employment of a larger portion of females and children ; now about one fifth there are men, one third women, and the rest children. The number of hand looms in England, in 1620 and 1830, waa about the same, viz. : 240,000, but that of power looms had increased from 14,000 to 55,000. Each of the latter performs as much as three of the former. In 1834, ths power looms had become 100,000." XII.— Manufactures of Cotton.— Values of Exports of their own, from Years. England. France. Germany. Spain. Millions Turkey and Africa. India. United States. \ China. Millions Millions Millions Millions Millions Millions Millions Dollars. Dollars. DolUrs. Dollars. Dalian. DolUrs. Dollars. Dollars. OIBciil Value. 1789 6 1790 8 1791 9 1792 9» 1793 8i 1794 lU 1795 11* 1796 15i 1797 17 1798 17 1799 28 !M0 m 1801 33 1802 37 — — — 20 1803 34 — — s 1804 41 IS05 45 b06 50 — — — — — -" 4 1807 48 IS08 61 1809 92 1810 90 1811 68 «I812 78 1 1613 Keal or declared value. 18 1814 84 95 1815 1U6 98 1816 86 74 1817 101 76 1M8 98 89* ! 1819 88i 70 3 ' 1820 107* 79 — — — — ■— ' 1821 113 77 1 1822 128 82 1 1823 137 82i 4* IS24 143 86 6* 182S 1826 135 86 119 7U __ — — 1 1-10 1 1-10 1 1-10 1 1-4 1 1-3 1 1-10 1 2-10 2 1-2 If 1827 157 83i — — — — — 1828 159i 81 — — — — — i 1829 197 83i 4i — — — — i 1830 188 81 10 — — — — 1831 208 83 10* — — — — 1832 209 63} 10* — — — — 1833 222 88 11 — — — — 1834 98* 10 — — — — 2 2-10 1835 88i ^ 1 .«M 640 COTTON. "1 u 1 in I :i- i\ i |pi>*«iiiau, "The exports of English (cotton) manufactures. In 18.S3 and 4, were about one third in valut In yarn. Some years yarn constitutes one-half in weight." " From 1814 to 1823 inclusive, the value of yarn e.\|ii)rted compared with the value of other cottoji goods, increased slowly from behig about one seventh and one sixth, to be about one fifth. The pro- portional increase of yarn has been even greater since. The yarn exported is understood to be ge- nerally coarse." "The declared, or what is sometimes called tlie real value, in the 2d column (of the above table) jj still usually from 2^ to 5 per cent, uiuler the actual market value. The ojficial value is founded un the quantity, computing the price as it was at the close of the 17th century, or A. O. 1680." "The exports of cotton manufactures from England are now, and for gome years liuve been, nearly equal to one half of her exports of every kind." XIII. Manufactures of Cotton.— Value of exports from England to Enjland to F,ni;laiid to England to Eni;hnd to In- England tn SoutliAinerica I Various places to Spain. Varioui phct-j to Russia. Enj;land to Yean. Unitod Stales. France, Germany. Netberlands. dia and China. and Mexico, except Brazil. Brazil. .Millions Dollars. Millions Millions Millions Millioni Millions Millions Millioni DoUan, Real Olli. or dec. Uollan. Uullars. Dollars. Dollara. Dollars. Dollars. DolltB. Whole snm. 1820 8,700 20 5 4 - 4 8-10 1821 6 6-10 8,500 18 5 5 1-4 1832 8 2-10 18,000 19 5 1-2 5 1-2 1823 7 22,000 14 1-2 7 6 1824 7 6-10 55,000 13 1-2 6 1-2 5 3-4 - . 2 7-10 1825 11 57,000 15 1-2 7 5 1-2 1836 6 1-2 119,000 14 6 5 3-4 189.7 8 122,000 14 3-4 6 3-4 1-2 5 1-2 1828 8 3-4 110,000 13 3-4 6 3-4 - 6 3-4 1820 6 1-2 122,000 14 1-2 6 3 4 _ 7 1-4 18.30 6 2-10 50,000 14 6 . 8 1-4 1831 13 240,000 11 1-4 6 1-2 9 1-4 7^ 7i] . . 3 1-3 1832 8 1-10 318,000 15 .3-4 8 1-3 8 2-3 6 1-3 - 6 Bl-3 1833 C6 3-10 or 18 3-10 450,000 14 1-2 9 1-10 8 6 1-2 " 6 1-2 8* ■ 1834 8 2-10 730,000 15 3-4 10 7 1-3 8 6 7 1-4 XIV. Manufactures of Cotton.— Value of exports from France to the France to France to her Germanv to V. states to U. Slates to In- United States to United S'.»te« In United Slates. England. Colonies. tlie U. States. and .Mexico. dia and Africa. China. the West InJi-,. 1 Millions jMillions Millions Millions Millions Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollar!. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1821 1-25 - 1-30 1822 1-7 , . 1-20 1823 1-7 _ . 1-20 1824 1-3 « . 1-18 1825 1-6 . - 4-10 Whole turn slateil. 1826 1-2 . - 1-3 9-10 10,000 14,000 Oil.llflO 1827 1-3 . . 3-10 9-10 13,000 9,000 fifi.OOO 1828 1-2 _ . 1-2 8-10 22,000 14,900 4fi.oun 1829 1-2 . . 4-10 I 8-10 37,000 26,000 •lo.noo 18.30 2-.1 - . 1-3 1 75,000 56,000 47,000 1831 1 1-2 1-20 - 9-10 9-10 66,000 49,000 41,000 i 1832 I 1-4 9-10 . 1-2 9-10 83,000 8X,000 ,'i3,oon 1833 3-4 _ 1 i-4 1-6 1 9-10 120.000 215,000 sii.odo ' 1834 1 1-10 . I to 3 3-10 1 5-10 186 000 152,000 127,000 ! 1835 .-J The raw cotton exported from the United States amounted, in 1836, to 423,631,307 #71,284,925; in 1837, to 444,211,537 lbs,, valued at »63,240,102 ; in 1838, to 505,9.52,2,)7 #61,556,811, In 1836, there were exported to Great Britain (including Ireland) 202,518,707 llw. 101,363,189 lbs. ; in 1837, to Great Britain 321,.570„368 lbs., and to France 99,3(^,11^7 1 Great Britain 441,857,943 lbs., and to France 120,324,425 lbs. Export of Cotton to Foreign Ports, from 1st October, 1837, to 30th September lbs., v.tIii^.I lit lbs., valrcd at and tn Fran* bs. ; iu 183S, lo , 1S.33. FROM New Orleans .... Mississippi, (Natchez) . . - Alabama . . - . - Florida Georgia (Savannah and Darien) - South Carolina .... North Carolina .... Virginia ..... Baltimore . . - - . Philadelphia ..... New York ..... Boston ..... Grand total - . . . Total last year ... Increase .... Decrease .... To Gre.it Britain. To France, To North of Knnipe. Odier Foreign rorls. Total. Knht. 631.437 1.1.210 2'2.'),0tVl .34.1.14 2'29,70S 216,407 4,CT 10.4.".- 1 2,3 IS 4.600 161,050 676 I, ,575,620 1,1 68,42-. 407,204 Ilnln. 48l„501 15.216 158,09,9 31,002 201, ,582 158.212 4,270 12,205 2,210 2.054 97,005 Unk.t. 127,828 61,123 2.210 27.021 55,6s5 4' 136 '4'-.5 4'",020 50 JSnlf. 7,580 .3,088 560 28,853 2,446 78 OO.-i 18. ion 483 }lnlr.f. 14,528 12 632 3,717 '651 2.^2 4'^3 1,16,5,155 850,786 .321,480 260,722 63,090 26,437 25,890 30,480 4.585 3M,.369 60,758 36,662 r-! <■' COTTON. 541 30Ut onn third in valui In 1 tlK! value of other cotoa about one (iftli. The pro- Rct ia understood to be e,e- nmn (of the above table) is Metal value is founded un ■forA.D. 1080." ne years Imve been, nearly rom V.uious pUccit to Spain. Various ])Iices to Russia. England to , firuil. Millions Dollars. Millions IJollars. 4 8-10 2 7-10 Millioni llullus. 6 6 1-2 6 3 1-S 6 1-3 7 1-4 i from [n- United States to a. China. Dollars. Unitei) States In | ihe West Iniiiss. Dollars. sum slated. 14,000 fK),OflO 9,000 fifi.OOO 14,901) 46,oun 20,000 49.000 6(i.(ino 47,000 40,000 41,000 1 8-1,1)00 ,'i:i,ooo 215,000 sii.OdO 152,000 127,000 1(1 42S,(';U,S07 l!is., vnliif.1 lit |tu 5U5,9.V2,-J',)7 lbs., valued at J 518,707 lbs .and to Fran* tc 99,;!!)'^, 1'. '7 lbs.; in 1838, to Ith Scptenibf!r, 1S3.S. nrttior ,0;lier I'rircijn iiipe. 1 I'orls. ToUl. — l... 1 Hale 7hlii. ,580 ! U,KS 031,437 p>'<" 1 1.5.2 It) 01^8 1,010 2-15,0li'l 12 34,154 500 032 2'i9,7i)S ,853 3,717 240,46: . 4,'270 140 051 19,43- 78 _ 2,31^ 005 2.^2 4,606 .190 3.'*20 101.950 483 483 676 25,890 090 1,. 575,62'.) .437 30,480 1,168.42.1 ,662 407,20-1 1 4. .585 — The imports of ravy cotton from abroad, inihc thren years of which we speak, amounted respectively to 1,617, 390— 1,298,385— and 1,529,500 lbs. Those were chictly from Ti!.\as, and were for the most part ie-e.\pnrted. Ofcollim manufactures genoraJly there were imporli'd into the country in 1''30, to the value of 517,870,087—^14,092,477 of which were imported from (Jreat liritaiii, and JS2',321,0(iS frdin Franci- ;— in 1-37, to the value of .911,1.50,841,— .8^,118.175 of which « rru from (Jreat Britain, and .Sl,791,0.'>0 from France ;— in lft3;<, to the value of $0,599,330, — .$4,&00,Uy5 of which were from Great llriiaiii, and iiUl.fl?! from France. ,j-2,7')5.076, $2,0^3,418, and ^1,153,500 of the cotton manufactures imported, in the several years 1836, Ig;i7, a'ld 1.'.'38, were re-e.xported, chiclly to Mexico, Cuba, and South America. The exports of domestic lottou (roods were, in these years, §2,255,734. $'2,b31, 173, and $3,758,755 re- .ipi'Ctivi'ly ; and chiefly to Cuba, Soiiili America, and Africa. The imports into the country of cottnn bajzainS- diirin-,' the same period, amounted to .^1,701,451, $4i9.2Jl, and .^173,235,- almost exclusively from Great lirilain and the Ilanse towns. A very incon- sidf ruble quantity only of the article was ve-exporttMl. Sec articles Imports and E vpoiits, and Taiiiff. — Am. Ed.] COVVH.\GE, on COWITCH (Hind. Kiwach), the fruit or bean of a perennial climb- iiiK I'lmit {Doliclw. pruricns Lin.). It is a native of India, as well as of .several other eastern fouii'^ies, and of America. The pod is about 4 or 5 inches long, a little curved, and con- tjins from 3 to fj oval and flattish seeds; the outsidd is thickly covered with short, bristly, i.rown hairs, which, if ifK.iiitiotisly touched, stick to the skin, and occasion intolerable itch- iiic. Syrup tiiickenod with the hairs is prescribed in certain complaints. — {Ainsllc's Materia Indicu.) COWRIES (Ger. Kauris ; Du. Kaurin ,• Fr. Coris, Cauris, Boui^es ,• It. Cori, Pored- lane ; Sp. Bucios Zimhon) are small shells brought from the Maldives, which ))ass current as coin in smaller payments in Hindostan. and throiurhout extensive districts in Africa. They used to \w. imported into England previous to the abolition of the slave trade, in which ihcv were subsequontly employed. They are an article of trade at Bombay. The best are f\m\\, clean, and white, having a beautiful gloss ; those that arc yellow, larp;c, and without lustre, shijuld be rejected. The freight is calculated at 20 cwt. to the ton. — {Milburii's Orient. Com.) CRANBERRIES, on RED WHORTLEBERRIES, the fruit of a moss plant, the Yaccinium oxycocctis of Liniiffius. The berries are globular, about the size of currants; arc llmnd in mossy bogs in dift'erent parts of Scotland, but not in great numbers : they were once common in Lincolnshire, and the northern parts of Norfolk ; but since the bogs have been drained and cultivated, they arc rarely met with. Cranberries have a peculiar flavour, and a sharp, acid, agreeable taste ; they are easily preserved, and are extensively used in nuking tarts. They are very abundant in North America, and in the northern parts of Kussia; the latter being of a superior qualify. We import from 30,000 to 3.') ,000 gallons annually. It is said that some very line ones have recently been brought from New South Wales. CRAPE (Fr. Crepe; Ger. Flohr, Krau^Jlohr ; It. Espumilla, Soplillo ,- Rus. Flior ; 8p. Crespu7i), a light transparent stull", in manner of gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and twisted on the mill and woven without crossing. It is principally used in mourning. Crape was originally miinifactured in Bologna ; but that made in this country is now deemed superior to any made in Italy. CREAM OF TARTAR. Seo Auoal. CREDIT, the term used to express the trust or confidence placed by one individual in another, when he assigns him money, or other property in loan, or without stipulating for iis immediate payment. The party who lends is said to give credit, and tlie parly who bor- rows to obtain credit. Orii^iii and Nature af Credit. — In the earlier stages of society, credit is in a great measure unknown. This arises partly from the circumstance of very little capital being ilien accumulated, and partly from government not having the means, or not being suffi- ciently careful, to enforce that punctual attention to engagements so indispen 'ble to the existence of confidence or credit. But as society advances, ca[)ital is gradually ai-ciiiuulated, and the observance of contracts is enforced by public authority. Credit then begins to grow up. On the one hand, those individuals who have more cajiital than they can conveniently employ, or who are desirous of withdrawing fioin business, arc disposed to lend, or to trans- fer, a part or the whole of their capital to others, on condition of their obtaining a certain stipulated premium or interest for its use, and what they consider sullicient security for its repwmi'nt ; and, on the other hand, there are always individuals to be met with, di-;[)osed to borrow, partly (and among merchants principally) in order to extend their busine.-ss beyond the limits to which they can carry it by means of their own capital, or to purchase commo- dities on speculation, and partly to defray debts already contracted. These dill'orciit classes of individuals mutually accommodate each other. Those desirous of being relieved from the fatigues of business, find it very convenient tii lend their capital to others ; while such as are anxious to enlarge their businesses, obtain the means of prosecuting them to a greater extent. It is plain, that to whatever extent the power of ihe borrower of a quantity of produce, or Vol. I.-.2 Z X 642 CREDIT. mm 'Ml HtM 1 IM«S>> "'H IH '1i a sum of money, to cxtond his business may be increased, that of the lender must be equallv diminished. The same portion of capita! cannot be employed by two individuals at the same time. If A. transfer his capital to B., he necessarily, by so doing, deprives himself of a power or capacity of production which B. acquires. It is most probal)le, indeed, that this capita) will he more productively employed in the hands of B. than of A ; for the fact of A. haviiiL- lent it shows that he either had no means of employing it advantageously, or was disinclimij to take the trouble ; while the fact of B. having borrowed it shows that he conceives he ciui advantageously employ it, or that he can invest it so as to make it yield an interest to the lender, and a profit to ' irnself It is obvious, however, that except in so for as credit contri- butes in the way now mentioned, to brinr; Ci uital into the possession of those who, it mav be fairly presumed, will employ it most benefit lally, it conduces nothing to the increase oi wealth. The most common method of making a loan is by selling commodities on credit, or or condition that they shall be paid at some future period. The price is increased proportion ally to the length of credit given ; and if any doubt be entertained with respect to the pimr. ti aKfy or solvency of the buyer, a further sum is added to the price, in order to cover tlio risk that the seller or lender runs of not receiving payment, or of not receiving it at tin .stipulated period. This is the usual method of transacting where capital is abundant, aiiu conli doubt that the va>t majority of regidar loans are decidedly beneficial. A/iitsfs of t/w pre,si:nt Cndit Si/steiuin Great Britain. Me/im^ of olmntitvj, llicm. — The previous observations refer ra'her to the credit given to individuals engaged in business, who mean to employ the capital which they borrow in industridus undertakings, than to that V iiicli ts given to individuals not so entfaged, and who employ the advances made to them in su[iporting themselves and their families. In neither ease is credit of advanlau'i', unh'-s it 'jC granted with due 'iscrimination, and with reference to the character, coniiition, a:m /rosjiects of those receiving it. In this coiuitry, however, thes(> considerations have lieeii in a great measure lost sight of, in the granting of credit by shopkeepers and tradesman ot all CREDIT. 543 e lender must be pqually indiviilualH at thu same prives himself of a power , indeed, that this capitiil for the fact of A. havin- eously, or was disincliiieil that he conceives he caii it yield an interest to the ; in so far as credit conlri- sion of those who, it may ithing to the increase o; modities on credit, or oi: :e is increased proportion with reajiect to the punr- l;o, in order to cover the : of not receivins; it at tin ; capital is abundant, aiin c amount of property kii! countries, in this way, is r the buyers to give their •edit is to expire ; and it is 1 of that magical inlluencc Suppose, to illustrate tlii^, r, and that he gets his bill •ntered into the transactii)u g he has occasion foi tiie ; hills, to give the rniuisitc In a case like this, both •t are cxceeditigly cmiiinim, an by its means. All, Imw- irtion of those engagcil in it of others. In the case in the latter employs that of most likely the amount in it to make of; but theindi- [v it to useful purposes, or of the workmen omjjloyed itransaction will have been it will have been so, not •an give birth to oiipital not is its way into t'lose chap- s as money consist?, -r, has " exchange as paper, in the , give to the transactiniiof i/., the latter will be able to Itry in exchange for it: but |e note did not 'jve it birth, /holly on the i ii-ciinistaiioi) ■viously employed, wheiher :. On analysin;^ any ea^o [ee of credit or conlii'.enre Insfer it from one rlas.s to lurious res\ilti, by brin:{iiiT Ipt ill the case of the creilil jc n> doubt t!vat the va>t 1.9 nfnhnathvj. ///fw.— The Is engaged in business, wli'i lunaertakiniis. than to that he advaufcs made to them [credit of advanla-e, unless L (character, eonduion, and Tonsideruti.ins bave been m Lpcrs and trade.-^man ot all descriptions. Owing to tho competition of such persons, their extreme eagerness to secure customers, and the general indolence of opulent persons, which disinclines them to satisfy every small debt when it is contracted, the system of iling u[)on credit has become almost universal. Few among us think of paying ready mo ey for any thing ; seven ♦enths of the community are in the constant practice of anticipat.g their income.;; and tnere is hardly one so bankrupt in character and fortune as to be unible to find grocers, bakers, butchers, tailors, &c. ready to furnish him upon credit with supplies of the articles in which they respectively deal. We look upon this facility of obtaining accommodations as a very great evil. They are not, in one case out of five, of any real advantage to the parties receiving them, while they ure productive of very pernicious results. The system tempts very many, and sometimes even the most considerate individuals, to indulge in expenses beyond their means; and thus becomes the most fruitful source of bankruptcy, insolvency, and bad faith. To guarantee themselves from the extraordinary risk to which such proceedings exj)ose them, tradesmen are obliged to advance the price of their goods to a most exorbitant height ; so that those who are able, and who really mean to pay the debts they contract, are, in fact, obliged to pay those of the hosts of insolvents and swindlers maintained by the present svstcm. Many tradesmen consider themselves as fortunate, if they recovci from two thirds to three fourths of the sums standing in their books, at the distance of several years. The extraordinary extent to which the credit practice is carried may be learned from the inquiries of the Parliamentary Committee on Small Debts. It appears from them, that hat- tors, shoemakers, &c. in the metropolis, have often 4,000/. and upwards on their books in debts below ?0/., and that^we nixfhs 'if their book debts are bt/ow t'lat sum ! A large pro- portion of these debts are irrecoverable ; but owing to the artificial eniianceinent of prices, those that are good are sufficient to indemnify the traders for the loss of the bad. It is not easy, we think, to imagine any system better fitted to generate improvidence and liaud. '''he vast majority of those who become insolvent, or arc imprisoned for debt, consist ol' labourers, artisans, half-pay officers, clerks in public and other offices, annuitants, &c., — persons whom no prudent shopkeeper would ever allow to get permanently into his debt. The following table exhibits some of the effects resulting from this system : — Number of Persons committed for Debt to the several Prisons of the Metropolis in the Year 1S2", anil Ilie tjunia for whicli tliuy were coiniriilteil. — (Purl. I'aper, iNo. 70. Sess. 1S'2S,) i For Sums above 1001 For Sums hetweuii 50i. and lOOJ. For Sums betwfi'ii BOi. anil 20(. For Sums under 2UZ. Total. 111 C'uslody, J J.iituirv 1, 1.-;-'. Kinii'a Bench prison Fleet prison - - - - Whiteeross Street prison Marshalsea prison . Uotsemouger Lane prison - 200 206 20 57 354 141 273 30 ,18 550 223 81rt IfiO 131 213 113 fiOO 411 0'23 l,5rtl (it's 1.893 (BO ' 172 t)74 2:)3 h78 102 lOJ j 1 Total - 003 1 850 1,880 2,203 5,909 1,512 1 It Is time, certainly, that something effectual were done to put an end to such flagrant abuses — to a .system that sends 923 persons to a single prison for debts under 20/. ! We uo not mean to say or insinuate that credit may not frequently be given to the labouring classes with the best eli'ects: but it is of its abuse that we comidain, — of its being iiidis- criminatc'y granted to every one ; to those whom it encourages to continue in a course of idleness and profligacy, as well as to those industrious and deserving persons to whom it may occasionally be of the greatest service. To secure the advantages of credit to the public, free from the enormous evils that result from its abuse, is an object of the highest importance ; and few things, we believe, would do so much to secure it, as to take from creditors tho power to arrest and imprison for debt. — (See 3.\>-Kiiue-icr.) It was stated in the House of Commons, (I'Jth of February, 1827,) that in the space of 2j years, 70,000 persons were arrested in and about London, at an expense to the parties, iti.ay be estimated, of between 1.50,000/. and 200,000/. ! In 18-.;7, in the metropolis and two adjoining counties, 23,51,'j warrants to arrest were granted, and 1 1,;J17 bailable processes were executed. Hence it may be concluded, that in this single year, within the aliovc limits, no fewer than 12,000 persons were deprived of their liberty, on the m(>re allegation of others, without any proof that they owed them a farthing ! Well might 1 lOrd El Jon say "that the law of arrest is a permission to commit acts of greater oppression and iiihuinan- ilij t/uin are to be met with in slavery itself, and that the redress of such a grievance wouKi not be attended with any fatal consefjuences to the country." The following Table, which shows ihat 1,120 persons were conu^iilted to Hfirsnmongi^r Lane prison, in 18:31, for debts amounting, in all, to only 2.417/. 7.<. or/., being at an average no more than 2/. 3s. 2d. each, proves that the discussions which have taken place with u>pcct fo the law of arrest and imprisonment, have not, in any degree, less.'ned its mischievua- operation. Whatever else may be dear in ICiiglaiid, the fact tliat thr)usauds of people are annually imprisoned for such miserable trifles, sliowj that personal liberty is, at nil jvonts, abundantly cheap. t ■* 5:«:;:::i., I)-' i 1 f f i i- 544 CREDIT. A Hotiirn of the Niimher of 'PeMnrs cominilfrd to IFnrspnionirer T,nr(> Prison, on Prnrpss ont of t^• Court ot' RiMiiiijsta, (luring tlit^ Ycirs eiidiii;; Ist of" .lanuiiry, 1H32 unci 1833; BtnlinR tliu aKunHviii. Animnit ol'UobtH and <,'ostH, si'|mr:iltdy, in oatli Year; sliowinif, in ('lassi;a, the Niinilipr coiHini,.,! Iroin Ono tolesH than Ton Days, for Ten Days and lens than Thirty, Fifty, Seventy, ami one ilim. dred Dayn ; statinc. also, the Amount paid ont nf the County or otlier rates for the Maintenance ;iiiil Support of such Prisoners, as accurately as possible. 1831. 1832. Number coinmittcil in the year .... 1,120 945 Agsrregate amount of debts . - - - - costs - - - - - £ s. d. 2,417 7 5 696 2 7 £ », d 2.039 14 <) 566 18 2 Number confined from 1 to less than 10 days for 10 and- - •"'O 30 - - 50 - 50 - - 70 - 70 - - 100 - 100 days and more - - . 610 336 77 47 26 24 394 317 110 65 2!) 30 Amount paid out of the county or other rates for the ^^ maintenance and support of such prisoners - -» £ 208 226 1 We defy any one to show that the law ofarrc. ♦ and imprisonmont has a single c;ond con- .^cquence to be placed as a sot-off against the iiitolpralilc evils of which it is pnninctive. Tradesmen depend, as is clearly evinced by the above statements, upon the despotical ixnvcr which it puts in their hands, to get them out of scrapes ; and believe that the fear of ln-jn.r subjected to arrest will stimulate even the most sus[)icious jmrtion of their debtors to make payment of their accounts. The records of our jjrisons, and of our insolvent and otiiiT courts, show how miserably these expectations are disappointed. We believe, iiulwil, thai we arc warranted in atfirming that the more respectable classes of shopkeepers and trridps- tnen are now generally satisfied tliat the present system requires some very material nioiljii- eation-s. The law of arrest and imprisomnent is, in fact, advantageous to none init kiimv atid swindlers, and the lowest class of attorneys, who frequently buy up small accounts ainl hills, that they may bring actions upon them, and enrich themselves at the expense of tiio poor, by the magnitude of their charges. Such oppressive proceedings are a disgrace to l( civilised country. Were the law in question repealed, credit would be granted to those onlv who deserved it ; for, generally speaking, tradesmen, supposing they had nothing to trust t) but their own discretion, would not deal, except for ready money, with those «f whn.so ohi- racter and situation they were not perfectly informed ; and the difficulty under whicli nil idle and improvident persons would thus be placed of obtaining loans, would do iiuicii to wean them from their vicious courses, and to render them industrious and honest. " Those," says Dr. Johnson, " who have made the laws, have apparently considered that every ilcl'i- ciency of payment is the crime of the debtor. But the truth is, that the creditor iilwuys sliares the act, and often more than shares the guilt of iniproper trust. It seldom ha)i|iens that any man imprisons another hut for debts which he sutrered to be contracted in hope of advantage to himself, and for bargains in which he proportioned his prolit to his own opinion of the hazard ; and there is no reason why one should punish another for a contract in which both concurred." The power of taking goods in execution for debts is also one that requires to be materially modified. At present, the household furniture of every man, and even the impkinmh mtd in his trade, should there be nothing else to lay hold of, may be seized and sold in satisfac- tion of any petty claim. It seems to us quite clear that some limits should be set to this power; and that such articles as are indispensable either to the subsistence or the business of any poor niau ought to be exempted from execution, and, perhaps, distress. The )]resrat practice, by stripjjing its victims of the means of support and employment, drives them to despair, and is productive only of crimes and disorders. We are glad to observe that there seems to be a growing conviction among mercantile men, of the inconveniences arising frcii ;he [iresent practice. A petition against imprison- ment, for small debts, sub.scribed by iiviijy of the most eminent merchants, manufacturers, bankers, &c. of the city of Glasgow, was presented to the House of Commons in 183:). I; contains so brief, and at the same time so forcible, an exposition of tho evils resulting from the present system, that we shall take the liberty of laying it before our readers. " Your petitioners have been lone and seriously impressed with the belieCthat very 2;i>!U evils have arisen and ilo arise from tin' iinprisoninent of debtors in Sc(Ulan;l, espi'clnlly for sm:\\\ sums. •■ 'I'lie petitioners wdl not here question the policy of tlie existing; laws w Inch anllmrise the inipri- sonnieMl of (Ic'lilors for considerable stuns, nor do lin^y intend to object lo the creditor retMiniii; ill'; t'i)lb:sl power over the properly and ell'ects of his deiitor; bill they are humbly of opinion tlnl. in si far as these laws siive crediiors the power to imprison dc^blors for small sums, mmIi as >•/. ami iinilrr, they are not only nijurious lo tlie public, and ruinous lo tlie debtor, but even hiiiifiil to the crcilitur himself. " It wrrihl be a waste of lime tn dwell upon the li.iri!?hip of snbjertinc debtors to imprisoiiuieiu fi" small debls. coiitr;irled soinelinifs crrlniii'v iiiidiu' ciri'iiriisl;uii-es of n;al distress, but more l'riM|iii'ii!l\ from the improiH-r use of credit, wiiii wluch they are loo readily supplied. TUe creditor tukjscntv CREDIT. 545 'rison, on Prncfss inn of th" I8;i;i; HtiiliiiR till! a^uriMMi,. lasHUH, tliu Niiiiil)cr coriHiii'ii it'ty, Sevunly, and oiu' llim. lies for lilt' MttiiiKMiance ■.\\u\ 1. 1832. 20 945 ». d. £ «, d. 7 5 2,039 14 2 7 see 18 2 SOI 6 317 7 110 7 115 !0 2i) i4 30 e £ 18 221) iMit has a single good con- of which it is productive, , upon the despotic:)! jiowcr evo that the four ot' boin.^p m of their debtors In miikp if our hipolveiit and othor We believe, indeed, tiut of shopkeepers and trrulfs- soine very material ninili!]- ageous to none lint kimvo>: )ny up small aeconnts ami elves at the expenne of t!ic eedings are a disfrracc to a dd bo granted to tlm.sc onlv liey had nothing to trust to y, with tho.se at evil.s Imve ally fur siiiiill sniii,<. vvliith inillinrise ll'.i' inii)ti- the ercdildi- retaiiiiui tlif liiinilily of iiiMiiiiiii ilial. iiisi. SIMMS, ;-n(|i as '•/, ami umlrr. 1 I'vuri luiilfol to llic ereililur (lelitor.s to iniprisoiiuiont f.i': listrc'ss. t)iit more frefiiieiith i.il, TUe crcJitof lukJdCftrv l!\,it bi^ profit sliall be ronimoiisurnli' with Ills risk ; and the delitor is iiidiired to purohfisn frenly, and :,l iiny price, lliat wliltli In.' i.s imt imnieilialely c ullwd upon lo pay ; tin,' cri'dilor ciiollv and rrueliy nil- fiilaks upon lln; power wliicli tlnr law has uraiited him over the pc;r,soii of his delitor if In^ fail to din- cliarirc his delit lo liini, while llie debtor torsrets that, by the credit so iinpriidi'iitly all'urded him, ho ,s preparinK the way for his own ruin, and thai of all who have any dependence upon him. '■ riie total number of diditors imprisoned in the gaol of (ilassow aliuie, for dcbLs of (>/, and under was. ill the year l>3n, .'iriH ; in lH,tl, 11(1, and in 183-2, 1.37; vvliilti the whole nuniber of Incarcerations ,11 that (.'ad the I'ak of the Law. — The taking away the power of arrest and imprisonment, except in the case of fraudulent bankruptcy, would cer- tainly be a material improvement upon the existing system. Hut wo are satisfied that it Joe's not go far enough ; and that by far the most desirable and beneficial reform that could ;« etrectcd in this department would be to take awni/ all arfianfor debts under a ic'iven sum, '(,< ,50/. or 100/. The only exception to this rule should bo in the case of claims for icai^ex, ut labour done under executory contracts. To prevent the measure from being defeated, no action should be granted on bills under 50/. or 100/.; except upon those drawn by or upon regular bankers. This would be a radical change certainly ; but we are fully satistied that it would be highly advantageous to every class of the community, and most of all to iahouicrs, retail dealers, and sm-dU tradesmen. It would protect the former from ojipres- sion, at the same time that it would tend powerfully to render them more ^irovideiit and considerate; it would teach the latter to exercise that discretion in the granting of credit which is so very indi.'.pensable ; and it would be publicly beneficial, by str-'ngthening the moral principle, and making the contraction of debts for small sums, without the means of paying them, at once dillicult and disgraceful. We attree entirely in opinion with those who think that it is to no purpose to attempt to remedy the defects now pointed out, by multiplying courts and other devices for facili- tatiii;; the speedy recovery of small debts. This is beginning at the wrong end ; or rather it is attemjiting to obviate the influence of one abuse by instituting another. Ps o wise states- man will ever be easily jiersuaded to fill Iho country with jietty local courts ; for these, when not absolutely necessary, are the merest nuisances imaginable; and he would, at all events, e.\crt himself, in the first instance to do away, in ,';o far as possible, with the circumstances that make i.'idividuals resort to thorn. But it is certain that nine tenths of the cases in county courts originate in (juestions as to the simple contract debts under .")0/. ; and were such debts placed, as they ought to be, beyond the pale of the law, the courts wovild be wholly unnecessary. Our 'ject ought not to bo to provide means for enforcinur payment (if trilling debts, but to prevent their conf ruction. We believe, imleed, that, instead of les- sening, the mMlti;,i!ication of district courts will materially aggravate, all the evils of the yire- scnt credit system. The belief that they may readily enforce their claims by resorting to tlieiii will make sho])keepcrs and tradesmen still more disposed than at present to >;ive credit, while the unprincipled, the incimsiderate, and the necessitous will ea'j;orly grasp at this in- creased facility. What there is of cautiiui amongst our retail dealers is in no inciuisiderubb^ (leaice owing to the want of those petty tribunals so many are anxious to have tiniversal'iy rsialilished. The n ore they are increased, the less will caution prevail. But inste.ul of diminishing this virtue, — for such it really is, — it cannot be too much increased. Nothing will ever deter thos.i who ought not to obtain credit from taking it while in their power; but tlio.se who give it may be made to exercise greater discretion ; tliey may be made to know that it is a jirivate transaction between themselves and those to whom they grant it ; and that in the case of petty debts they have only their own sniiacity to look to. such transac- tions not being cognizable by law. A measure of the sort here proposed would not. as siune appear lo imagine, annihilate credit. It would, no doubt, annihilate that s]iurioiis indiscri- niinatiug species of credit, that is as readily granted to the s]iendthrift and prodigid, as to the frugal and industrious individual ; but to the same extent that it deprived the former of the nibaiis of obtaining accoinmodalion, it would extend those of the laUor. Nothing short of 2 z 3 69 mT i ,'* )' vl S4e CREW— CUDDEAK. trm ;•»"*• IW ,1. ta' 'I f- IT !■!' this — nothing but the placinR nil «mnll debfa bpyond the pain of tho law — wiil ever fulf? impress triidi'sii"'P ■>"i{\\ a conviction of the vast advaiitancH that uoiild result to thcinsclvc;) from their withJravvinK their confiilciicc from courts and prisons, and preventing every otiu from getting upon their hooks, of whose situation and circumstanccH they are not fu||v aware ; nor will any thing else he ahle completely to eradicate the llaiirant almses inherent in the present credit system, and which have gone far to render it a puMie nuisance. One of the worst conHeciucnce.s of the present system is the sort of thraldom in which it keeps thousands of labourers and other individuals, whom the impro[>er facilities for ohiain- ing credit originally led into debt. Such persons dare not leave the shops to which thnv owe accounts ; and they dare neither ol)jcct to the cpiality of the go(hts under 50/. or Ifin/. ; luit wo liavi' since iiii'i with u pauiplilut, entitled Crnlil Pcniiriinis, piililislied in l^2:^, in which this plan is propositi and alily sup. ported. There are also some valualile remarks atnl oliservations ou liii! topics imw treated el', in tile 7>f(i/i.«e on the Pulice, J^-c. of the Mttrupalis, by the author of the "Cahiuel Lawyer," pp. 111—134. CREW, tho company of sailors belonging to any ship or vessel. No ship is admitloJti) be a Uritish ship, uides.s duly registered and navigated as such by a crew, Ifiree fai/rtlinoi which are British subjects, besides the master. — (3 «& 4 If'ill. 4. c. 54. § 12.) The master or owners of any British ship having a foreign seaman on board not allowed by law, shall for every such seaman forfeit 10/.; unless they can show, by the certificate of the Uritish consul, or of two British merchants, or ishall satisfactorily prove, that the requisite number of British seamen could not be obtained at the place where the foreign seaman was t.'konon board. It is also ordered that the master of every Briti-sh vessel arriving from the West Indies shall tacles of misery )n his head." By lakini; le hut Bulwtantial ft/trrion I (rot, in the fir^'t instance, cease to furnish liim with lilc the customer, to whom ohtainiuK it would eloprnd of the so't now alUulcd to, llv occasioned its ahulitiou; the bringing of petty debts awarr; lliat it linil l"'''n pro- tit we liavi' since incl wiiti a an is prnimsiMl and alily sup- r tupics imw trcutt!il ill', in llie (;t I/awjLi," pp. Ul-134. icl. No 8^'P '^ adn\itloJ to by a crew, three fourllmof . 0. 5'1. § 12-) 'I'^i^' '"''^'" j not allowed by law, slwll ;hc certificate of the liriti-h re, that the lenuisite number jr'eign seaman was tMicii on cl arriviu'j; from the West ■house, a list of the crew on ,f arrival in the West hiilies, p and the amount of w aires C.54.U9.; 3&4Vn//,4. ■^. Cuhehas; lln^. Kukhn ; ind. Cubah-chink), the pro- isivelv to Java. It is a small live a'hot, pungent, aromiilic, juld be chosen lar;,'P, Ircsh, ti-red for home consumption, 1,854/. 6s. Their price in wt. . , . arietics, largely cultivated in ■ing violet, purple, and crim- or crustaceous moss, jirow- ■th of England, &c. About t commonlv soils m the port must be washed and dried; half, ami the price, in ellcct, e colours obtained from cud- 1 but in aid of some olbn In this country itischicliy iigo, and to produce a saviii;' hich commonly inctm''' too ic cudbear was given to this It for the preparation, chose vpliij of Permanent Culuurs, CTTMMIN SEED (Ger. /iTunim ,. Vr.CHinin,- \i. Cnminn, Cnmmo : fip.Cnminof Arab. Kernun), the seeds of an annual plant (Cumlmtiii Ci/mlnnm Lin.), a native of Eijypt, but extensively cultivated in Nicily and Malta. They have a Htrong, peculiar, heavy odour, and a warm, bitterish, disagrerabie taste. They are long and slender. CURRANTS {Ft. Haininn (te Corlnthe ,• iirr. Kurinthen ,• It. Uve pause (U Cnrinto ,- Lat. Passnlx Corinthlucm ; Rus. Koriri/m, Opoek ; Sp. P(Lsas de Cor/zi/o), a small species of grape, lar(j[p|y cultivated in Zante, Cephalonia, and Ithaca, of which islands they form the staple produce ; and in the Morea, in the vicinity of Patras. The plant is delicate ; and as 6 or 7 years nuist elapse, after a plantation has been formed, before it begins to produce, its cultivation reijuires a considerable outlay of capital. Tho crop is particularly liable to injury from rains in harvest, and is altogether of a very precarious dcscrii)tion. After being dried in the sun, the currants are exported packed in large butts. They are in extensive demand in this country ; and, when mixed with flour and suet, make a dish that is pecu- liarly acceptable to the lower classes. But, as if it were intended to put them beyond tlio reach of all but the richest individuals, they are burdened with the enormous duty of 44,s'. Uf. a cvvt. ! The fact, that in despite of this anti-consumption impost, tho entries of currants for home consumption amounted, at an average of the 3 years ending with 18131, to 127,084 cwt. a year, producing an annual revenue of 281,787/,, shows that the taste for them is both deeply rooted and widely ditVused. With one or two exceptions, they arc the most grossly over-taxed article in the British tarilT. Their price in bond, in London, varies from 20.v. to 27s. a cwt. ; so that the duty amounts to more than 200 per cent, on the importation price! So exorbitant a lax admits of no justification. It is highly injurious to the con- sumers in Great Britain, to the merchants engaged in the Mediterranean trade, to the produ- cers in the Ionian Islands and Greece, and, wo may add, to the revenue : for, considering how highly esteemed the article is by all classes, and that it might be imported in much larger quantities without any considerable rise of price, there can be no manner of doubt that were the duty reiluced to lOs. or I2.s'. a cwt. the consumption would be so much increas- ed, that in a few years the revenue would be materially greater than at present. By referring to the article Ioniav Islands, it will be seen that the duty has been pecu- liarly hostile to their interests. It has, in fact, gone far to countervail all the advantages they have, in other respects, derived from our protection ; and has done much to estrange the allections of the inhabitants, and to excite and keep alive a jealousy of this country. The Mediterranean merchants, in a petition presented to the House of Commons last ses- sion, prayed for the repeal of the duty imposed since 1806, being 16.«. 'id. a cwt. leaving a duly of 28,s'. a cwt. A reduction to this extent would, no doubt, be a considerable relief to the growers and importers ; but it would be quite inadequate to bring tho article fairly into consumption among the mass of the people. To accomplish this most desirable object, the duty ought not to exceed 10s. or 12.';. ; and we are well convinced it would yield more revenue at this rate than at 28s. A duty of 50 per cent, is surely high enough upon an article fitted to enter largely into the consumption of the labouring classes. No al)afement of duties ia made on accomit of any damacR received liy currants. Currants, tlie produce of Europe, arc not to lie imported for lionie use except in Itritisli ships, or in ships of tlie country of wliicli tliey are tlie produce, or of tlie country wlienco tliey are imported. — (3& 4;™.i. c. 51. HD-lii.) A Treasury letter oftlio 30th of ■\rarch, 1810, directs tlie followinc lares to he allowed, with liherty iotlie merchant and officers to take the actual tare when either party is dissatisfied. Currants in casks from Zante - - i:t per cunt. Leghorn - 10 — Trieste - 10 — (The exorbitant duty of 44s. M. a cwt. on currants was reduced, in 1834, to half that amount, or to 22s. 2rf. a cwt, — (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. •§ 15.) But this reduction, consider- able as it is, is not enough. The duty ought not to exceed 10s., or .it most 12s. The price of currants in bond usually varies from 2()s. to 25s. ; so that the duty, as fixed by the 4 & 5 Will. 4, c. 8!)., is equal to about 100 per cent, ad valorem. But such a duty is obviously oppressive ; the more especially as currants, if low-priced, would bo largely consumed by all classes in this country; and as they form the principal eipiivalent the inhabitants of the Ionian Islands and of the Morea have to otter in exchange for foreign product-s. We are satisfied, too, that had the duty been reduced to 10s. a cwt., it would, in a few years, have yielded more revenue than it will ever yield at its present rate. Such a rfduction would have brought currants within the command of a much greater number of persons ; and would, in fact, have gone far to render them ait article of general consumption ; whereas, the duty of 22s. 2c?. will still conline their use to the wealthier classes. It has been said, that a reduction of the duty from 41.«. 4(7. to lO.?. a cwt. would not have made a cnrrcspondiiit; reiluclion in the price of the article ; and that the measure would liave rodounded morii totlieadv mtage of the irrowers of currants than of the consumers in this country. That such might Iwyi! lieiMi in some dearee the case, at the outset, we admit : hut \\f iireiiter advanlasres di-rived hy the misers of currants would havt! made thiMii lie produced iii miirli lar;;er iiuanlities, so that at no ilis- liint period we should have reape'..:*|| • (.■■■IH4WI '\' A- I 1 ■>, f • ^.* _ t t 1 i 1 i 1 ,' liirroa»(< 111 ilir> Imports nfciirmiitx. IIuvovit, wn iiri' lthIi'I'iiI fcir wimi linn ti(!Pn duno} nnd it rn 'v lii> iMiily pri'Munii'il that Hid lii;:iutlclul jll'vct uf Cllu rvduclinii* ulriiiuly iiiuilu will Iciiil to oiIilt;! uii a still Kfiilrr H(:ili'.— ««;».) ClIfHTOM-HOr'HK, tliP hoiiso or olfirc \v)irrc> ronitnoilitirs iiro piitrrcd for im|iort;i(iiiii or exportation ; where tlio duties, liduiitien, or (Irnwbiick.s jmynble or rreeiviiblc u|>iiii hik'Ii iin)iortatioii or exportnlioii are iiaiil or received ; nnd wliere M\in am cleared out, &c. For iiiforinntiiiti aH to the iiroceediiiRM iircessary at the ('ustoni-hou.so on importing ores- porting coininiiditief*, hco tlic iirticlo iMPoirrATiox ami ExeoiiTATiov. 'riie principal British (Justom-house in in London ; liut thcro arc Custom-houses sulior- dinate to the latter in all considerable sea-port towns. CliSTOMS, lire duties chnricd upon commodities on their being imported into or ex- ported from a coiuitty. Custom duties seem to have cisttd in every commercial country. Tho Athenians laid a tax of a fifth on the corn and other nierclinndise imported from foreign countries, and :i|ho on several of the commodities exported from Attica. The porluria, or customs payalilo on the commodities imported into, and exporteil from the diflerciit ports in the Kotnaii cMipiri', foniicd a very ancient and important jiart of the public r{^veiiue. The rates at which tlicy were charged were lIuctuatinR and various, and little is now known respecting them, ('iccrn informs us, (hat the duties on corn exported from the ports of (Sicily were, in his time, ."> percent. I'nder tho Imperial government, tho amount of the ywr/^rw depended as mucli on tho caprice of the prince us on the real exigencies of the state. Though siJinctiinprf diminished, they were never entirely remitted, and were much more frc'|uently incrcascil. I'nder the JJyzantinc emperors, they were as liigh as I'JJ per cent. — {Supp, to Enci/c, Brit, art. Tii.mfloii.) Customs seems to have existed in England before the (/onquest; but the king's claim to them was first established by stat. 3 Edw. 1. Tiiese duties were, at first, principally laid on wool, woolfels (sheei)-skiiis), and leather when exported. There wen' also extraoidinarv duties paid by aliens, which were diMiominatcd parvu cufluma, to distinguish them froni tin: former, or >itit!i;nac(ifitti ma. The duties of tonnage and poundage, of which mention i- i fre(iuently made in English history, were custom duties; the first being paid on wine iiy thf tun, and the latter being i\n nd viihircm duty of so much a jiound on all other merchamiisi'. When these duties were granted to the Crown, they were denominated xuhsidics ,- and as the duty of poundage had continued for a lengthened period at the rate of Is. a jxmmuI, or !y jier cent., u subsidy came, in the language of the customs, to denote an ndiHili'nni ilutv of 5 per cent. The new sulisidi/ granted in the nngn of William III. was an adJitiuu ut !S per cent, to the duties on most imported commodities. The various custom duties were collected, for the fir.st time, in a book of rates published in the reign of ('harles 11.; a new book of rates being air. i in published in the reign of (foorio I. liut, exclusive of the duties entered iu these two Imoks, many more have been iin[)ospd at diMcrent times; so that the accumulation of the duties, and the complicated regulations to which they gave rise, were productive of the greatest (Mnbarrassincnt. The evil was in- creased by the careless manner in which new duties were added to the old; a percentage being sometimes added to the original tax ; while at other times tho oommodity was esti- mated by a new standard of bulk, weight, number, or value, and charged with an additional impost, without any reference to the duties formerly ini[)osed. 'I'he confusion arising from these sources was still further augmented by the special appropriation of each of the duties, and the consequent necessity of a separate calculation for each. The intricacy anil con- fusion inseparable froin such a state of thinj^s proved u serious injury to commerce, aiiJ led to many frauds and abuses. The Customs Consolidation Act, introdv;ccd by Mr. Pitt in 1787, did much to remedy these inconveniences. The method adopted was, to abolish the existing duties on all arti- cles, and to substitute in their stead one single duty on each article, cijuivalent to the wi^k- gate of the various duties by which it had previously been loaded. The resolutions mi wliicli the act was founded amounted to about .3,000. A more simple and uniform systeirrwas, at the same time, introduced into the business of the Custom-house. These alterations were productive of the very best eflects; and several similar consolidations have since been effected; particularly in 1825, when the various statutes their existing relative to the cus- toms, amounting, including parts of statutes, to about 450, were consolidated nnd compressed into only 11 statutes of a reasonable bulk, and drawn U[) with great perspicuity. Sinre then, a few statutes were passed, amending and changing s(jme of the provisions in the con- solidated statutes ; and these have been again embodied in consolidated ads passed last session.* The Board of Customs is not to consist of more than 13 commissioners, and they arc to be reduced to 11 as vacancies occur. Tho Treasury may appoint 1 commissioner, and 2 assistant commissioners, to act for Scotland and Ireland. Oflicers of customs taking any fee or reward, whether pecuniary or of any other sort, on * 3 & 4 Will. cap. 51, 52. 56. and 58. I' CUSTOMS. 849 inn licoii (Innci nnd If in v 4(li.' will Irail til iillii I I iia „ c niitornl for importalion or rrci'ival'lc iipDri kiii'Ii n cli'aral out, i*tc. ouso on importing or ex- ■iitx. Cuslom-houscB sulior- nng imported into or ex- . The Athenians laid u eign countries, and also 7, or eustonis jmyalilo or. rtM in tlie Kolnan einpiri-. 'l'h(^ rates at which they 1 respectini? llieni. ('icpro icily were, in his time, fi •/uria (lepeiided as muih »te. Though soiiictiiiips lore i'n'i|ucntiy increaswl. — (^Stipp. to Encijc. lint, ; hut the king's claim to t first, principally laid on were also extraoi(lin;irv listiiiifuish them from thu of which mention i,< - . ein^ paid on wine liy ilu' .in all other mevchamlisi'. nated nultKidif.s ,■ aiul as le rate of is. a pcniul, oi LMiote an advalin in lUity n III. was an addition ut L book of rates pnlilishcil ed ill the reign of (ioorcii' norc have been iinpospii mplicated regulations to nent. The evil was in- the old ; a pcrcciitiipo the oommodity was csti- irgcd with an additional confusion arising from on of each of the duties, The intricacy and con- ry to commerce, and led 7, did much to remedy xisting duties on all aiti- eijuivalent to the acrijio- The resolutions on which uniform systcnrwas, ut These alterations wore latioiiii have since been ting relative! to the cus- olidated and eoinpressol leat perspicuity. Since le provisions in the con- lidated acts passed last ssioncrs, and they arc to 1 commissioner, and '» or of any other sort, on ,0 nccount of any thing (lone, or to bo done, by them in the exereisn of their duty, from nny one, except by the order or jjrrmissioii of the coiiirnii*siiiiiers of the cuhIohh, shall Ihi diw- niissed their ollice ; iind the pernoii giving, olVering, or proiniming hucIi gratuity, fee, er annum. " In addition to the amount of fees from which the public were relieved, various allowaiirps made by the Crown to oificers for quarantine, coal poundage, jioundage on seizures, ami many other incidental allowances, which did not appear on the esta!)lishment, were also abolished, and the salaries of every ollicer placed at one view upon the establishment. " The elfect of these salutary measures has been to give a great apparent iiu-r<;asc to officers' salaries since 1792 ; and, upon a mere comparison of the estalilishnient of liO'^i with 1830, without the above explanation, it would appear tiiat the jniy of the oHicers had luin most materially augmented, whereas, in point of fact, the dillerence is in the mode >>( [jay- mcnt : and the incomes of the olHcers at the present period (as conii)ared with 179C) arc in general less ; and, consequently, the public ore less taxed lor the performance of the same duty now than in 1792, "In the year 1792, the warehousing system had not been established. Oflicers were ad- mitted at all ages, and there was no system of classification or promotion. The otlicers :i; the out-ports and in London were generally appointed through local influence; and were i ■) often persons who had failed in trade, or had been in menial service, and VN-ho regani.'d iliiir situations rather as a comfortable provision for their families than as offices for which eirkiint services were required. The superintendence and powers of the Doard were craiiii'cd nml interfered with by circumstances and considerations which prevented the enforceini'iilof wholesome regulation. The whole system was so imperfect, so far back only as is IS. tliut a special commission was appointed to inquire into the de|iartment; and, upon the recom- mendation of that commission, various regulations have been adoptcil. "The age of admission has been limited; a system of classification and promotion ot" oflicers, and a graduated scale of salaries, established throughout the whole department ; uiiil. by this means, local interference in the promotion of officers has been abolished ; the aiiim!- ance of officers increased, regulated, and strictly enforced ; holidays reduced from 4tl in tiu' year to 3; viz. Good Friday, the King's birthday, and Chrisimas-day; useless oaths, mid bonds, and forms of documents of various kinds, discontinued ; increased facility and dcsjiatdi afforded to the merchant's business; the accounts kept in the dilli'rent offices, and rclurib of all kinds revised, simplified, and reduced ; and various minor regulations of ilctail t^a- blished ; the whole machinery of the department remodelled, and adapted to the trade and commerce of the country, " In Ireland, the number of officers employed at all the ports, in the year ended the .'itli of January, 1830, and the salaries and charges, did not much exceed the number and ex|Hii,'e at the port of Dublin alone in 1818 : and, within the space of 11 years, nearly two iliird-^ of the officers employed at the ports in Ireland have been discontinued ; the number hiiviiiir been, in 1818, 17.'}.'); in 1829, 544; and an annual reduction in salaries and charges lias been etiected to the extent of 173,724/. ; the amount having Ijeen, in 1818,28.3,11.")/.; in 1829, 11 1,391/. (103,813/. of that amount having been reduced between the years lK'.;;j and 1828), ujion an expenditure of 285,115/.; and the receipts were nearly equal, in 1827, U> those of 1818 and 1823, notwithstanding the total repeal of the cross Channel duties, amounting to about 340,000/. per annum, subsccjuent to the la; ar period. "Already has government refinquished, it may be said, any interference with promotion in the department of the customs, and the road is open to advancement to the meriiorioub officer. " Influence is no longer allowed to prevail ; and in many ca.ses which have recentl;. occurred, and in which the patronage of government might have been fairly exercised.it has been at once abandoned, in order to give way to arrangements by which the services of some very intelligent and highly respectable officers, whose offices had been abolished, could hi again rendered available, with a material saving to the public. f CUSTOMS. sn ely cxcTcisod the riglu of 1)0 palcnti'cs rccpivfd tlir ihi- fees (if iisiis;o tor llii'ii Vfd I'tTH lor (les|i;»li'li. ■nt. The siiluiif^i of tlip income was ilorivcd frtmi it, and forme also m the establishnuMit. great apparent inrreasc to estalili^ihrnent of 170U Willi luv of the ollicrrs had Ih'ih nee is in the mode ><( \i:\\- onipared with ITDC) are in e performance of the same iblishcd. Oflicers were ad- )romotion. The oiluers ,i; icttl inlUience; and wcri' t > ,-icc, and who ret;anl.'(l tin i; as otfices for which elliiiiMit e Board were cramped ami •vented the enforccnii'iil i>l' far back only as IslS. tluU lent; and, upon the rccoin- opted. isilication and promotion of the whole deitartinent ; ami, been abolished ; the attcml- ays reduced from 411 in tiie las-day; useless oaths, ami creased facility and despatch ditVercnt oilices, and ntuiiis r letrulations of detail c.-ta- adapted to the trade ami .,, in the year ended the .''jth ued the number and e.\|KMise 1 1 years, nearly twi) tliircN linued ; the number havimr in salaries and charges has ■cen, in 1818,285,115/.; in letween the years lSv::3 aiiJ re nearly enual, in 18'27,t» the cross Channel dutb, !r period. i-rfcrence with promotion m incemenl to the incrilorious cases which have recently ! inen fairly exercised, it luu- ^ which the services of soim' ,d been abolished, could bo "By a recent order from the Lords of the Treasury, of llic 20th of February, 1830, tho salnrief) of the commisaionprs, and of other ollicers, have been prospectively reduced, and directions p;iveii to revi.«e the whole cst;t!ilishment in the spirit of that order, with a view to every possible reduction." These are very great improvements, certainly, and reflect much credit on the government, and on the Board by whom its etTorts have been renlously seconded ; but we are, notwith- standing, satisfied that very great reductions may still be mailc in the cost i)f the establisli- mcnt. These, however, arc not to be cfFccted by reducing the salaries of the oflicers, which, if any thing, arc now too low; but by lessening the demand for their services, by reducing and simplifying the duties. The coast guard and const blockade (the latter is uiuler tho orders of the Admiralty), costing together about 400,000/, a year, might be wholly dispensed with, were it not for the exorbitant duties on brandy, gin, and tobacco — duties which seem to be intended only to encourage smuggling; and which it is quite certain would be 3 tinic^ as productive as they are at this moment, were they re 2 10 275 2 10 » 275 2 10 lAutidili) 671 1 „ 671 1 671 1 — 671 1 Aif Im, Dnt driP't 2,9M 12 S 299 11 3,296 7 8 2.912 19 7 298 2 3,211 1 7 :Ariol 67S IS r. 8 I 6V6 IS 6 670 3 6 8 1 678 3 7 A'roK root rr powiler 7S7 19 9 64 19 4 8V2 |9 1 7S7 12 4 61 1" 8 S|9 II A'liM, piarl ami jtot • 1,«H7 14 4 163 2 2,0-.0 16 11 I,S77 II 163 2 7 2,040 3 6 R^r-in iiid iiaiiis I.7BJ IS 5 IW 3 6 1,960 18 11 1.701 I.I 1 19s 3 6 1,959 16 7 I'llMiiii 2,HI0 14 II 57 2 7 2,.147 17 6 2,.1S3 6 4 57 2 7 2,440 8 11 iBinlla am! alkali 15,166 16 7 174 4 9 15,341 1 4 1.1,1,56 16 7 172 11 7 15,329 8 2 jhirk I'T tanner*' or tly- T,' u« 19,001 3,3-10 13 10 22..34I 13 10 18,970 2 8 3,2!-0 17 9 22,251 5 iPirkvl! l,Ol;l 9 -' 1 1 7 1,044 10 9 1.04 1 6 2 1 1 7 1,044 7 9 l-nf, Hl'eJ . 3(10 in 4 11 12 3 312 II 7 300 19 4 II 12 3 .112 II 7 Rf .T, .|irnre • .'>,H-.6 6 3 fil2 9 10 6,S4S 16 1 .I.OW 17 690 6 1 1 P.S4I 3 11 IWrrirttif ail Bort« - 3,037 II 11 2i f, 3,0(i2 12 4 3.017 11 II 25 1 3.1 t,2 12 4 ,Kv.k! 8,S43 4 7 86 5 4 »,9-29 9 11 8,824 1 10 83 S 5 8,1109 10 3 !lv'''!, ihoti, »U(1 ca- lulin 3,74'* 16 3 6 3,751 16 6 3,743 4 3 6 3.746 4 6 :Binj (>:■. 6 1 7 9 SS2 11 1 875 6 1 7 9 8>.2 15 1 11 lrr^ nf all snrli 3,.142 1 g 36 7 3.37'* 8 9 3,321 4 9 36 7 ,1,357 II 9 iRniiistniie 6,.>-,(i 6 5 1,136 8 4 7,792 14 9 6.2VI 18 .1 1,'vlO II 10 7,7«4 10 3 U\\\t.i 2-.,lNi 16 I 42S R 3 2>,614 4 4 25,l'-4 14 7 4JS 8 1 25.613 2 10 ;Bii< 127,739 16 7 553 19 10 I2S293 16 5 |ririn(ifjllsortl 3.->90 8 2 40 16 4 3.6:n 4 6 3,169 17 7 40 16 4 3.610 13 II * iii'hiriJes ■ I.W) IS 12 9 1,SS> 7 l,M8 19 4 12 9 l.«7l 8 4 r\|*r) l,-.34 4 4 19 1 l,5-,3 1 4 1,1,14 4 4 19 1 1 l.-.Vl 5 4 ,1 wia lijnea \,tm 1 10 144 1 l,S07 2 10 t.Htl 1 10 Ml 1 1.-07 2 10 1 hiTW 62,367 2 11 6,S08 13 69,173 16 6 62,248 19 7 6,794 13 11 6",041 13 6 \y.M\\ ware, porcelain, m1e,wllien«arf ■ 4,.169 l« 5 12 1 3 4,381 19 8 4,_'00 17 7 12 1 3 4.212 IS 10 X'tinanion 416 16 10 416 16 10 416 16 10 — 416 16 10 iflnckl S.03X 7 11 ir>4 13 9 6.093 1 8 ,1,''6S 14 fi 154 13 9 6,023 8 2 H'lnvei 7,613 13 !) 66 2 7,709 15 9 7,314 16 9 66 2 7,1-0 18 9 Kiiohii»al, rranilla, ami ' iMl 4,217 IS 5 _ 4,217 18 5 4,195 15 1 <— 4,195 15 1 l>f.j,(vicna mil hiiska, i 'h( lis and chonilaie U.W\ 19 9 44 1 - 14,146 1 4 14,185 11 10 40 8 1 14.126 3 II CnllV. 54? .092 » II 2R,I63 1 9 676,247 10 8 647,106 13 8 2.8. 158 5 575.264 18 8 H'iulliradi . 2,140 18 1 2,140 19 1 2,140 IS 1 2,110 18 1 IC^Hifeanil cahli'« • ii IS 4 ~l 16 3 24 14 7 22 IS 4 ~l 16 :l 24 14 7 1' "tk. unnt;tnnfaoliire*J I2,<>iks ri'ady made . 264 19 9 9 274 8 264 19 9 9 274 8 t'^ni, cram, meal, ar.d 1 fl"ur.incliidini! Imck- 1 "liai, . jCn"'Ninarmfaoliir«(not 279,9>t 7 4 29,956 5 S 309,910 13 278,005 9 4 29,910 5 2 307,915 14 6 i nlherwiiede.chbed) 2.930 11 9 6 13 10 2.937 5 7 2,903 1 9 6 13 10 2,r09 15 7 ilw-im of tartar 1,374 12 2 291 10 3 1,666 2 f. l.3-,4 18 9 291 IC 3 1,646 9 >CuL(1ji 1,20S 18 « 33 6 1,244 4 6 1,208 18 b 35 6 1.244 4 6 I i^* CUSTOMS. 1 - ■ 1 «> ■ ■''ii'wi^ 11 It H Gross Ucceipts, Nell PriKhicf. f 1 I,i.| of Articltt. Enilaod. Scotland, Great litilain. England. Scutlan,l, Great Biiuin. ! htilief /fm«r (i. M:ihoi:.-iiiy 39,>W 17 5,923 11 6| 45,407 8 7| 31).r.0l 7 5| 6,9(3 19 6| 43,405 1, 111 Nicaninia Hl-i 12 t — 815 12 > 8il6 li J - boij 12 i' Ri'sewooJ P,0i7 11 10 331 4 6| H,37!< IB 4| f,027 11 10| 34S 14 t 8,J76 b 4 Rtn . 2l,'«i 1 2 — 21,565 1 21 2I„W 2 01 — 21,337 2 o' Kliiilnnts'tiwth 2,700 12 3 11 14 3,712 6 ,. 2,070 18 0| 10 4 10 2,0'JU 2 10: Euil^niiclery anJ iicwlle 1 work 5,300 12 1 1 13 C 5,302 5 1 6,195 19 4 1 13 C 6,197 12 4 Easfnce of bereanint ntw leiliOTts, {Sre LiKU ti.ll oils.) Feathers for Iwtis 4,121 13 9 .580 14 C 4,702 7 2 4,116 15 I 572 7 C 4,0^9 2 7 ostrich (jJli S i — 6J6 5 i 026 6 2 — b2« 3 2; Fin • 22,371 15 IC 270 18 5 22,ti42 14 a 22,131 8 5 270 18 6 22,41-2 6 10 Fish, anrliuviefl W7 2 f 2 3 (J 829 5 S 815 6 C 1 13 1 s|7 I 1 rels . 940 10 C — 910 10 C 940 10 f 9411 10 oysti-r* • 5,t46 6 8 — 6,846 6 6 5,816 5 S ^ 5,81U 5 p' Ft.ix, .111(1 tow, or coditin of hemp and flix ■ 1,412 1 2 2,703 17 a 4,115 18 6 1,405 12 6 2,669 16 9 4,075 9 3 Flowers, artificial (no of silk) filS 7 9 18 3 616 6 614 7 S IB 3 615 6 C Furs • 34,331 19 2 8 3 9 34,.1I0 2 11 34,071 6 3 8 3 ; 31,079 10 C (linger, dry • 3,450 12 7 63 7 5 3,514 3,428 13 7 63 7 5 3,4!r2 1 I' (iUss; viz.'bottles,sreen or coiiinion 9,156 19 10 633 12 3 9,790 12 1 9,145 11 2 631 2 7 9,776 13 of all other sorts 4,6'.0 11 7 83 16 b 4,7b4 8 1 4,674 1 3 S3 16 3 4,7,57 17 u. Grains, Guinea I,b33 10 — 1,63:1 10 1,6,13 10 1,033 10 o) (trapes l.i»0 R 1 102 14 7 l.bs:! 2 8 1,539 8 1 102 14 7 1.002 2 ^^ Guiij, ininii and copal I..',C8 15 8 — 1.308 13 8 1,496 3 3 — 1,490 J J| Arahic • 2.6-.7 12 2 114 4 9 2,771 16 11 2,630 13 b 114 4 9 2,75C is 3 ^eneinl 6,78S 3 — 5,788 3 6,633 11 5 5,1 JJ II ■,• lac dye 1,447 4 8 — 1,447 4 8 1,447 4 8 — . 1.447 4 H shellac ■ 2,046 3 8 — . 2,046 3 8 2,046 3 8 _ 2,146 3 b traI 13 2 6 1,170 13 .' Horns, horn lips, and pirces 1,715 1 5 64 12 3 1,769 13 8 1,705 12 11 63 3 2 1,75S 16 I; Horses 945 67 l,(X)2 937 67 9U4 0, Jalap - 2,5,3a 4 3 71 5 6 2,607 R 9 2,511 1 7 71 6 6 2,t)IU 7 1 India nihbers • 772 16 3 ~- 772 16 3 7(i5 10 705 lO' Indiffo ,'!0,597 13 10 140 9 6 30,738 3 4 3fl.5;i9 17 4 1,10 17 6 30,0:0 It |.' Iron, in har« • 20,338 17 1,011 12 21,350 9 20,233 9 2 1,010 19 21,244 8 i] of all other sorii 707 10 4 33 3 740 13 4 704 2 I 32 18 3 737 4 Isini^lass 3,838 9 12 9 6 3,850 10 3 3,836 5 2 12 9 6 3,SJS 14 t Juice of lemons, limes, and oran^rt 1,041 13 4 114 10 1,156 3 4 1,011 13 4 114 10 1,156 3 4 Juniper berriei. {Ste lleiries.) I,ice thread • 358 10 2 2 9 6 360 19 8 358 10 2 2 9 6 3ti0 1!) f Lacipierel ware 1,008 2 8 17 1,016 19 997 8 3 8 17 i.(m 3 3 ILead, liLick ■ 2,347 1 9 5 6 2.352 7 9 2,292 8 5 4 14 2,2117 2 i Leather glovi-s 27,220 6 — 27,220 5 27,105 16 3 27,IUj Hi J' manufactures of, 1 except hoots, 1 shoes, & gloves 1,050 11 8 13 11 2 1,061 2 10 1,0.50 11 8 13 11 2 i,«ii 2 ic; I.emons and oraiiget • 50,2,55 11 9 2,315 o 4 62.570 17 1 49.852 17 9 2,.10', 13 4 52.I,-.S 13 l! Linens. forei|[n 17,429 11 7 43 19 10 17,473 11 5 17,190 2 1 43 19 10 17.2)4 III ijiluorice juice 19,924 7 4 1,888 7 21,812 14 4 19,924 7 4 l.SS.') 2 4 2I.S1.' 9 >: Mace 2,613 8 11 ~- 2,613 8 11 2.613 8 II 2,0lJ |i II: Madder and madder root 18,976 8 2 2,754 5 3 21,730 13 5 18,856 8 2 2,723 13 6 2l.5'0 J 8! Manna 605 6 6 — .505 6 8 4S0 8 7 4'-0 8 -1 Mats of Russia 4,1 IS 2 10 700 17 9 4,«20 7 3,9C7 17 2 (KiS 3 1 4,0.0 ai other sorts - 815 11 2 23 I 5 838 12 7 814 6 9 23 1 ,5 :-,)7 s 2\ Melasscs 128,216 5 8 126,439 5 11 254,655 11 7 128,0^9 16 3 123.841 15 3 253,i«il II Ol .Musical instruments - 1,,t08 14 9 3 9 6 1,512 4 3 1,493 3 11 3 9b 1,4115 13 5i Myrrh 663 17 10 _ 663 17 10 495 4 11 4''3 4 III Nutmen Nuls, chesnuts 14.51)5 8 3 60 2 6 14.553 10 9 14,502 8 3 7o 2 1 1.3 ,2 If »> 2,333 8 10 12 18 2.346 6 10 2.310 14 10 10 IS 2.121 12 IC| small • 12.679 19 7 57 I 6 12,737 1 1 12,610 5 7 .52 17 6 li!,Oi.J 3 1; walnuts 1,454 12 10 49 5 4 1,503 IS 2 1,437 9 4 48 IS 4 I.4S6 7 SI Oil, castor 2,422 6 10 127 7 b 2,549 14 4 2,412 1 I 127 7 6 2,3J9 8 li chemical, essential. 1 and perfumed of all sorts 9,061 18 6 91 6 10 9,153 5 3 9.000 13 5 91 6 10 !).0f2 3 olive 42.5!-0 I 10 384 2 5 42,964 4 3 42,505 1 383 14 1 4-2.>V< 13 1 palm 27,.5,59 2 6 27,559 7 27,541 7 3 3 4 27,341 10 7 train, S|ierm»ceti k blubber 2.277 15 4 429 2 I 2,706 17 5 2,272 5 5 427 2 10 2,6D9 8 3 Oker 507 17 4 I 4 8 .509 2 .507 17 4 1 4 8 609 2 Opium 5,933 7 6 62 6,965 7 6 5,929 ' 6 62 s.psi (1 o; Orchal and orchella • 28S 10 6 4 9 2''S 15 3 283 2 11 4 9 2f3 7 8l Paper 801 15 7 — 801 15 7 801 8 1 SOI S 1' of the Isle of Man 92 11 2 3,609 14 7 592 16 7 4,202 II i 9C6 2 11 — 986 2 11 977 6 II — 977 6 II CUSTOMS. 563 (Kxcfss of n'pay iiiiiiiB.) S I.! 3 13(1 II 5,ilt3 19 «i GreAl Hiitiia. ! 314,324 U llj I,S07 17 -1 572 7 C 270 18 6 I 13 1 2,669 16 9 4,0- 6,197 12 4 C31 2 7 83 lU 3 3 12 I 31 13 71 6 6 114 10 2 9 6 !• 17 4 U 13 11 2 2,30 ■. l:i 4 43 19 10 l.Stb 2 4 2,723 15 6 WIS 3 1 il I S 125.MI li 3 3 9 (i 91 6 1(1 3iO 14 I 3 4 427 2 10 1 4 » 52 n 4 9 f,227 S SI •)3 li 7] 287 10 b9 1» 7 1 11 3 9 12 3 356 4 9 n 12 7, 592 16 71 I,7')S 16 1 994 I) 2,Wt: 7 1, 7W I0| 30,liT0 II I'', 21,244 !> i\ -■y, 4| S.S'JS 14 M 1,IJ6 3 4 9,or2 n 3 4i.>l"< 15 I 27,341 10 7_ Gross Receipts. Nett Produce. Liil of Article*. nutia lnuMTdi—tnn\. Enrland. Sculland. Great Brilaio. /,. t. d. England. /.. «. d. Scotland. l'.' ~i. d Great Britain. L. 1. d. L. t. d. /,. : d. jRiA, fcc. U.t |'«|«r . 1,401 7 318 15 10 1,710 Ifl 5 1.375 4 8 318 4 1 1,693 8 9 |K.1I>IIIB 141,5.17 17 2 4,177 8 u 145,715 i 2 140,285 2 10 4,057 17 9 144,343 7 Mncti »iKl »lh«r oil 1 cUa 3.232 17 9 388 13 10 3.621 11 7 3,221 386 1 3 3,607 1 3 RliuMrb 4..'I3 17 10 _ 4,213 17 10 4.2'i7 2 10 — 4. O: 2 10 IK.« • CWt 12 5 237 13 8 6.740 8 1 6.417 2 11 237 13 6.6-14 15 11 1 in the huik Z^W 7 11 28,187 7 11 20.095 9 8 20,095 9 8 [mCo • 9t3 7 4 ~3 9 8 916 17 913 7 4 ~3 9 8 9:6 17 'Mjipelpe • • 5,144 18 4 9 10 >< 5.154 9 5.123 Ifl 5 9 10 8 5 1X1 1 1 •jmiarill* • 4,275 4 H 54 4 9 4,329 9 5 4.i'fl7 2 4 .54 4 !i 4.(»j| 7 1 yairiltinny - 1,477 lit 10 3 14 u 1,481 13 3 1,384 19 6 3 14 5 1,388 13 11 «rMi tfM cnrtt (iacluil- m^ lira) • 93.244 6 2 9,987 11 1 103.131 16 3 92,723 4 6 0,839 13 8 102.561 18 2 ?*tiiia 6,t3l 11 175 16 6 U,8C6 17 6 6,503 13 3 176 10 6 6,679 11 9 sniir.' hulli anii mtteri- ill - 726 7 7 203 1 9 929 9 4 637 10 6 179 1 9 816 12 3 >i.'jm*c SMI 6 ii 656 15 5 6,218 2 1 6,311 12 111 622 3 « 5.933 16 4 l>,lk, raw 14,202 2 2 _ 14,202 2 2 14,159 5 3 — 14,159 5 3 waile, knubs an! hu-ks 294 4 3 _ 294 4 3 293 19 3 „_ 293 18 3 thmwn • 52,013 1 5 ~- .52,013 1 5 14,032 6 7 (Excess of 12,097 18 1 guQufactum, East drawlui.k>.J ludiail 19,296 15 f) _ 19.296 15 8 19,262 17 10 19.262 17 10 not do. 149.079 11 4 9 4 5 149.0M8 15 14s,f,fi7 5 10 9 4 5 148.676 10 3 1 >kiM (not being (uiT) 16,2S9 IS 11 2,104 t. 18,193 16 5 16.ai7 17 7 2,0.: 3 15 11 18.1193 13 « IsnillU 6,033 3 6 612 4 6 5,563 8 5,ail 7 10 312 4 6 5,363 12 4 l>»p, hanl and loft, fo- 1 rtiro 1.277 10 6 33 7 9 1,310 IS 3 1.277 10 6 33 7 9 1,110 18 3 *pe'.tpr 5,578 17 6 125 5 5,-03 17 11 f.,5-3 17 6 125 5 5,698 17 11 l>pinti,roreisii, vii.iimi 1,520,102 1 II 1)0,411 14 2 1,570,513 16 1 l,518.iliH 8 1 50,408 2 2 1,569.402 10 3 bninly I,t97,444 16 5 6«,:99 4 l,:6li,2l3 lU 9 1,«97.(>95 7 2 68,791 2 10 1,705,8-9 10 Gi'iiera 15,577 9 1 7,956 16 9 ■23,334 4 10 15,367 fl 8 7,946 lb U A514 8 5 of all oilier •orts- 9,126 16 1 734 2 10 9,S60 19 11 9,020 1 11 721 1' II 9,741 17 10 of lh« nianufac* tiire of Guern- Ky and Jeney 21,071 IS 1 — 21,071 18 1 21.054 7 21,054 7 spnrce - 2,147 II 7 -*. 2,147 11 7 2.f«7 4 1 -« 2,097 4 1 MOM*, »!«. biirta for mil'stoiie^ 1,315 9 31 12 4 1.316 IS 1 1,309 15 2 31 12 4 1,341 7 6 Burble blocks 6^9 4 11 50 15 r. 739 4 6t-5 7 5 .50 6 1 715 13 6 -TiccaJei ti99 8 8 62 14 2 91:2 2 10 8^9 4 II 62 14 2 951 19 1 i5 3 6 662 9 3 7,317 12 II Tin,ter, 6r, 8 inches iquart, or upwards 1 oak dn. 362.417 1 2 61.047 11 9 42.3.494 12 11 314.2.18 15 60,671 II 7 374.910 6 7 29,999 10 7 8.174 11 3 38,174 1 10 29.966 7 10 8,012 1 4 S.t.otS 9 2 of other soHs,da. 5.944 12 5 1,5^7 3 6 7.r,31 15 11 5.903 4 10 l,.56l 6 7,404 6 4 Wainscot lo^s. Jii. 7,4 ■■3 4 10 353 7 1 7,806 II II 7.191 17 9 353 1 1 7.744 19 10 Hiacco ind sijulf • 2,146.442 9 291,392 5 2,437,834 5 9 2,137,242 10 1 291,289 17 6 2,428,512 7 7 i'lronesliell 459 10 7 8 6 458 19 1 457 13 I , 8 6 458 1 7 Tyi ■ 3.4^6 19 6 50 5 3 3,50- 4 9 3.41S 16 4 60 5 3 3.469 1 7 Turj^ntinc, common 73.707 M 2 _ 73.707 II 2 7.1.558 14 3 •|3 558 14 3 iW..itiii 11.909 2 10 30 6 9,18 2 10 6.907 7 10 30 6.' 37 7 10 IWriicris 2,463 4 38 9 2,506 13 2,457 38 9 2,495 9 Itruiicelli and macci' rmi 1,407 7 2 79 4 6 l,4«6 11 8 1,401 13 10 76 15 C 1,479 9 4 ;'|'w,;ar 216 13 123 9 340 2 216 10 6 121 16 337 6 6 j o( the manufac- ' turenftiueni- 1^ sty \ JiMsey 16 6 14 4 16 14 10 16 6 14 4 16 14 in ■ •Vi!pr,C(>li)ine,in flasks 4.012 11 2 112 7 4,144 18 2 4.031 5 '2 109 19 4.141 4 2 ' 'Vu. Usa', \c. 77'* 6 9 49 1 1 827 7 10 774 1 7 49 1 1 823 2 8 ;»■;«»( 111 „rtl -i 1,331.5«.| 16 5 104.259 8 6 1,435,844 4 11 1.277.196 15 5 99,829 2 9 1.377.1125 18 1 H26I3 4 7 — 142.613 4 7 142.613 4 7 _ 14J.6I3 4 7 vV:*!. cotton . 591.135 17 1 37,834 13 10 029.270 10 II 68>..4t9 11 1 37,303 1 7 62-..7>4 12 8 shcc:)>*s anil Unihs' 102,276 19 1 Oil 102,277 2 102,027 19 4 (Encessof 202,027 2 11 ''Vtv)H(n niaimfactures. repayments,) t'l' other .lite dm- ' "ibtd, includini ca>- L.K' 11.907 18 9 1 1 9 11,909 6 11,879 1 10 1 1 9 11,880 3 7 >ini, cotton • 4H9 12 5 .103 15 2 803 7 7 4''9 12 5 303 15 2 803 7 7 1, linen, raw 634 8 118 14 9 633 2 9 634 8 US 6 7 652 14 7 >!l.m berriei. (See i Brnies.) 7j8rt 416 12 10 416 12 10 416 12 10 _ 416 12 10 i'l'«h»rir;icle« • Td'aldutes, inwards ) earned forward j C'llsanilnilijieiportel 9n.>-.33 2 4 3,194 17 It 94.028 3 88,852 4 4 3,178 5 9 92.030 10 1 16.419,716 6 2 1,467,803 6 6 17,887,599 12 8 15.l'6,1.788 2 9 ~,364,0O2in0 16.727.7'fl 14 7 61,0.12 8 6,673 14 10 56,616 2 10 48,y23 5 5,407 14 11 a4,3''0 15 4 iBnnilllbeep and laniln 1 '"fl. noollen yarn, ' tc.eiported 2,905 16 3 38 17 2,944 13 3 2,827 4 9 38 17 2,866 1 9 ■»."l.dr). 15 2 7 ^ 13 2 7 15 2 7 — 13 2 7 i^^centa^edulyonBpi. 1 I'ili foods e«|»,rted ;T«ii duties ogtnaids, > j tarried forwanl \ 59.697 6 2 113,660 12 2,553 IS 3 8,166 7 1 62,251 5 121.826 19 1 53,513 6 6 105,278 14 5 2,523 6 9 56,036 12 3 7,969 17 8 113,248 II 11 I 70 664 CUSTOMS. ;=«.. -i cr::> fi"* ;1 .:i r- -MkM c:v3 €:,:> ■rc««wnii •I" WCM li -.Tl 1 1 a ■f - LiitorArticlet. Grmi Receipts. Nrtt Pmdurr. KncUn'l. L. 1. d. IC.4i<>,'n)6 6 3 iiu.oeo 12 Scotland. Oreal Dri ain. L. 1. d. l7,»<-','i99 12 f I2I,H26 19 1 KriKUn'l. Scollaiil. /,. ». d 1,364.002 r, 10 7,%9 17 » ('•'<■'' IliilJIn. ; Otitif^ inwanli, brnuthl forwanl outwardt, do. Canal and dnck duty, NlenrManiliilir*, renr of fiuays KiKhli Kild for duty, &c. Tcilal, Omt nritain Ireland Total llnilel Kin^doni /.. .. d. l,467,Hn3 6 6 H.I66 7 1 /.. .. d. l5,36.1.-«« 2 9 I05,27H 14 .1 16.737.790 'Ci .' 'I'l,248ll 1, lli,:>33,lJ6 18 2 156,294 15 2 I6,U»9,75I 13 4 1,47J,!IB9 13 7 1,944 1 9 1,477,913 15 4 l«,009,426 11 9 I5!),23R le 1 1 lH,l67,>i6-. 8 S l,il8.9S»( 16 i 15,469,0116 17 2 117.910 6 2 1,371,972 13 6 1,618 17 G It',»l0,433 10 . ! \2n.m 3 ., I5,5»7,nii 3 4 1,373,016 II lii.ntin,(tii 14 ,j i.w,.M9iiii: - - I9,(>HI,6>4 4 10 - - lSI67,Mtl t, 1, Inippctnr Oonornt'g Office, Ciifitnin House, London, 2Stli of Murcli, 1833. Wn.I.IAM IRVINO, Inspector General of Iiiiporls anil Exports. Oitat Drilain. £ 5. ll. - 731,7'.»3 10 II J .M87 17 1 - 13.%9I4 3 2J - 22.tiiiilislip,| in 1606, The accounts of the trade and navigation of the country, annually laid In-I'iirp par. liament, are furnished by this oflTice ; and, owing to the aiiility of the olficerH, the iiiiiirnvcd manner in which these accounts arc now made out, and the practice of giving stati'iiicnts nf the quantities of the princifial articles exported and imported, and the declared or real n\w of the former, they have Itecome of great public importance. It is singiilur, li.iwpvpr. ihit after having existed for about 13.5 years, and being gradually brought to a hii;li pitch otpr- fcction, this office was. in 18U0, rendered nearly useless by a pitiful attempt to siim ih aalari/ of a couple of clerks .' Previously to that year, the accounts of the trmlc iiiul ri'vtinic of the two great divisions of the empire weie exhii)ited separately and jointly ; .ko llmt if any one, for example, wished to know the quantity of sugar entered for home con-itim]itiin in 1829, in Great 13ritain and in Ireland, he would have found the results separately siu'ol; and in the same way for the produce of any article or tax. Nothing, it is ))lain, conll !ip more desirable than an arrangement of this sort ; which, indeed, considering tht; riitinly dilferent situation of the two great divisions of the empire, is the only one capable nlairni- ing the means of drawing any ui^cful conclusions. But in 1830, ministers, in order Ux- complish the miserable object already alluded to, had all the accounts con.snlidatcd into nno mass (ruds rt Indifresla nmks) ; so that it became imimssibic to tell what wiisthe coii- fiumption of any article, or the produce of any tax, cither in Great Uritain or in Ireland,— the only information communicated being the general result as to the United Kinsjiloiii ! N,)- thing more absurd was ever imagined. On the principle that Ireland is taken inli) tho sanip average with Great Britain, we might take in Canada ; for there is dociiledly less liill'orena' between the condition and habits of the people of Canada and those of Britain, than iliinis biJtwoen those of the British and Irish. But this measure was not olijcctionublc meri'lv I'rn:!! its confounding such dissimilar elements, and laying a basis for the most a'isiird luul un- founded inferences: it rendered all the previous accounts in a great measurt- us"li'ss; niiil would, had it l)een pirsfvered in, have eirectually deprived statesmen anti slatisiiciaiis ul' some of the very best means of instituting a comparison beiween the past niu! I'liliirf sia!' of both ilivisions of the empire. Happily, however, this almrlive iiltcin]it at ccomdiiiv Iim been relin(]uished. 'I'lie moment Mr. Foulett Thomson attained to (.(nee. he took nicusurH for the restoration of that system which had been so unwisely abandoned ; ami every one in any degree conversant with matters of finance, commerce, or statistics, wdl a-ircc wiili nsiii thinking that the Uight Hon. GentliMiian could have rendered few more acceplalilc scrvin'?. The public accounts fi>r 1830, the only ones made out on the new system, were a ilisgrace to the country. We are glad, however, to have to add that they have been withdrawn, and replaced by others. CUSTOMS. 555 Nell Prmlurn. Scollaii'l. I. t.d Orn' RiiUin. .. d. /.. .. i. 2 9 1 » 7 2 1,361.002 r. in 7,%9 17 » 1,371,972 13 6 I6,73:,T!I0 'S - ll'l,248 II 1, lt,SlO,433 10 ■ 6 2 1,648 17 G UO.Ii!* 3 . i 4 1,373,010 II Ili,!)(i0,(tll 14 , t,W,J4!)l! p _ 3I87,5S1 (, ,1 (An Account of the Orosi and Nfitt Amount of Duly recelvnd at ouch Cuntom-Itnuiin of the IT. Kinf- doni, iluring ihe Yvar viulitiK .'Mh Jitnuarv. i'^'IH, coui|iaru(l witli siiiiilar Kcceipu during the preceding Veur.— (/luurii uf Trade I'uper.i, VII. p. 'it.) XIAM TRVINO. ral uf Iiiipcirls and Exportn. ted Kingdom during the same riUin. Irflanil. >. d. £ .'. d. 10 11) 130,011 IS 7 17 1 233 12 9 3 2} Q.tifiO 6 fl 12 li 112,1B» 1 3i 8 4 1 jE2r.2,:w7 I'j u Mtcmpt at Econntin/ in Una nd exports wa^ pstalilishfil in ntry, annually laiil lu'lorc par- y of the oHicprH, the imiirovcd ■actice of giving slati'int'iits nf and the declared or real value It is singular, h.iwevpr, thit jirought to a hi^h iiitch of[i('c- a pitiful attempt to sure thr lunts of the traile iiiul revi imp irately and jointly ; so that il ntered for home con^iimptini the results separately staled ; Nothing, it is iilain, coiil.l !* leed, considering the riitirily ip only one cnpal'le ol'ail()'ii- 830, ministers, in order li ar- iccounls consolidated into one le to tell what was the cmi- ■at Hrilain or in Ireiuml,— the the United Kinsjdmn! Ni> reland is taken into the same re is decidedly less ililVi-rtnic those of Hritain. than ihirc i> not olijectionalile merely iVi'm for the most a'lsiird and i;n- great measure us'dess ; a'ld utesmen and statislieiaiis >A pen the past and future siai- tive attempt at eeonoiny ha* ■il to (iffiee, he took iiicasuri'i nliaiuloned ; and every oiic m .alisties, will a-^ree with iisiii few more aeeeptalile sl■^vi(•('^■. new system, were a disgraii' sy have been withdrawn, and Cnm R criiit in IS3b. OroH Rrrciijt in Ib37. Nell Rec<-ipl in IMS. 1 Nell RMcipl in IH37. j Poili. KxliiljitiiiK Prfwliicr, il.^urtinf Kr|taymrnl (pf 'I'm le Voiichert. Olficc kipeiiMai, 4c. England. £ a. it. £ ». rf. £ a. rf. £ 1. d. London 12,l5fi,279 14 6 11,188,036 8 11 11,088,207 8 6 10,190,006 6 4 Al)Hry8twilh 1,«37 iH 3 1,007 10 4 633 11 Aldliro' 155 1.^ 2 32 7 4 Arundel 2,405 2 1,990 5 5 1 llarnataplc - 12,005 IW 7 10,480 2 6 10,125 10 8 8,923 18 1 i Hcaiiiiiuria - 3,230 10 5 3,.327 4 5 llerwicli 7,H51 8 10,678 8 10 — 2.357 3 4 Ilulelord - 3,(i«3 1!) 11 6.490 10 9 060 15 5 3,734 10 Ulackney and Clay 1,225 2 6 1,252 12 2 Hiwlon 10,5.35 6 2 17,265 7 H 6,171 19 7 12,929 10 8 \ llriilKi'watcr 8,3Si) 3 y 9,001 7 8 6,627 14 9 8,131 11 3 ' IlriilliiiKtun 51 I!) 1 130 13 0>- llridport 5,821 « 9 6,207 7 6 2.617 9 2 3,880 16 8 llrislol 1,112,H12 U U 1,154,817 11 1,073.099 11 11 1,114,591 18 7 , farditr 7,6.')0 H 11 10,843 6 5 5,927 10 7 9.101 17 11 Cariliiran - 809 17 t> 2,232 3 6 — 652 13 2 Carlisile 31,003 15 10 27.433 1 8 29,771 8 26.112 18 5 Clit'pstow - 517 6 9 1,003 5 6 6 9 511 12 8 Clitster 68,334 9 7 82,1.57 13 3 67,008 3 80,788 17 1 i Cliichester - 1,031 15 1 971 8 6 C'oklifster - lO.S-W 3 7 17,518 8 12,335 1 5 12,992 4 8 Cowes 2,151 17 7 2,839 12 7 Durlniouth 3,135 12 3 5,422 6 9 Di'iil 1.50 1!) N 621 5 Udvcr 47,137 11 7 39,101 17 10 18,798 2 11 11,282 15 10 Kseler 7i),8(r7 8 2 82,8'.l3 15 8 69,569 18 9 72.063 5 9 Kalmouth - 23,524 3 22,883 9 5 11,325 18 10 10,515 7 2i Fcversham 3,075 9 5 3.185 14 3 Kowey 25,.549 2 10 8,882 10 .5,017 8 filoiiccster 160,187 I 2 132,879 9 1 160,093 11 3 126.538 17 11 (iticile 00,317 8 a 77,033 1 6 58,6.39 12 9 75.201 11 8 (irimsliy 11,6.^3 2 3 10,027 12 11 .5,910 lb 9 4,247 1 4 (iweek 25,080 16 6 2,828 4 8 7,827 11 3 Harwich - 1,078 1 2 2,231 17 6 Hull 801,628 12 10 741,600 17 10 768,448 11 7 705,300 1 4 Ilfraoombe 104 7 5 .376 2 Ipswicli 37,881 17 6 36,871 9 2 35.9,36 16 10 34,837 14 6 Lancaster - 42,313 17 3 40,031 12 11 38,226 16 1 36.169 11 9 Llaiinelly - 1,834 7 2 2,844 10 4 407 17 10 1,266 5 3 Liverpool - 4,450,425 3 6 4,351,496 6 8 4,221,798 6 2 4,136,624 3 1 Lyme , - 1,467 19 10 1,795 15 6 Lynn 52,470 16 10 59,518" 9 2 48,483 16 2 55,502 1 11 Maldon 5,152 4 11 5,131 19 1 Milfurd 4,073 4 2 4,989 9 2 Newcastle 307,274 19 3 413,796 17 293,087 7 7 396,533 2 6 Newliavcn 13,2.50 13 9 13,806 11 2 3,707 5 4.027 16 1 Newport - 11,183 4 2 13,5.35 2 10,270 8 9 12,563 19 5 1 I'adstow 1,410 5 5 1,013 10 2 ', Penzance - 30,558 11 11 16,818 8 10 8,291 8 I'ly mouth 103,423 7 4 105,495 3 5 78,066 8 8 80,896 2 9 I'oole 12.000 17 11 10,30 t 11 4 1.S43 9 2 1 I'ertsmouth 46,873 1 2 47,259 3 4 27,313 11 28,436 12 10 ; Itamsgate - 10,262 17 1 9,972 16 7 , Rniliester - 17,096 13 11 20,478 7 8 — 1,131 19 3 . Hye 8,564 15 4 7,.304 17 11 '. !Si. Ives 4,.521 11 5 4,701 18 1 496 10 11 ! Scarliorough 2,1.39 8 10 2,117 2 — 195 10 6 1 .Stilly 82 4 8 134 2 6J ! Slioreham - 22,920 10 9 20,701 1 1 11,290 9 4 9..507 10 i .Soiitlianipton 49,13!) 17 1 45,427 9 7 30,126 9 7 24,525 4 4 Soutliwold 22 7 5 219 5 2 ' Hiockton - 54,497 17 4 61.515 13 1 49.765 8 8 .56,598 13 2 : Sunderland 78,126 15 8 86,912 2 6 71,637 3 9 80,072 4 1 Swansea - 3,448 13 10 4,879 14 4 — 1,173 19 5 : Truro 48,552 13 7 25,469 3 18,381 14 2 703 7 Wells 252 13 10 877 3 9 1 Wevniouth 13,120 8 11,384 3 11 , Whitliy 1,106 II 7 1,427 13 4 1 Whiteliavcn 88,291 9 11 100,628 10 7 83,3.'.0 9 6 95.895 3 Wisl)each - 8,917 15 9 6,728 2 2 7,624 11 5,549 16 Woodliridge 2.001 9 10 3,280 14 11 — 1.312 13 8 1 Yannoulli - 63,783 7 9 66,1,59 10 3 50,713 15 4 52.711 IS 5 ! Douglas j 24,429 6 6 28,606 18 7 15,561 1 8 18,944 16 1 1 Total of England Scotland. 20,327,057 11 9 19,321,324 15 2 18,390,550 19 5 17,471,469 10 5^ Aberdeen - 58,673 9 4 65,330 6 11 50,081 2 7 50,767 4 9 Avr 1,518 2 8 1,037 18 2 385 1 8 68 3 7 llantr 870 15 9 1,104 1 9 1 Borrowstoness 3,232 11 1 3,102 18 1,531 5 6 1,591 7 a I • S56 !["•**' ■f'"T J m CUSTOMS. CuRtonii — conlinueH. Gmu HiTpint IHM. Q Ort>« ttrrejpt io 1K17. NetlReniptinlMS. Nttt Rnetpt in IJ07. ttikt Elhihillnn Pmlurr,. rilurliiif Rriaimiriil oClnJa Voucheri, Otliii! tt^tmri, »c. Scotland. £ 9. (/. £ s. d. £ 3. d. iC «. i. rniii|ilii'lt()wn .•W9 17 11 002 15 4 niiiiil'rics - 4,218 5 2 7.928 17 11 6lfl 10 4 4,317 8 s buiidce 70,(W'i 5 3 76,189 15 8 63,951 9 11 69,161 8 B (lIUSIIDW 2W>.7()2 2 lU 391,152 9 8 r5,395 18 372,086 2 7 (iriiM)(i'nioiith 25,728 11 I 30,267 19 1 3.3.0.'>0 13 27,589 !l tiretiiiock - 371,t(>7 14 360,703 13 1 385,206 1 278,485 19 1 Invi'rrifsa - 1,(1115 17 3,201 1 9 Irvinp 2,:.h5 14 2 a,7;8 9 725 2 3 SOS IS 10 Kirk'ilily - 7,5f.l 12 4 4,191 17 9J 3,289 H 11 98 13 N Kirkwall - «5I 19 1 814 10 11 1 l.cilh 514,974 3 5 525,40-J 19 3 393,143 6 2 491,852 4 11) l.crwirk 052 19 11 :i96 5 MiiiilnisB - 21,575 9 2 .3.1,217 13 1 19,294 I 11 27,796 4 I'lirt (.'laxeow 104,J92 (i 91,161 14 4 90,215 17 5 87,440 9 5 j Wlornoway 1(17 9 1 434 16 4 1 Hiriniruet - IIH) 2 9 426 11 1 1 Wick Total of finotlnnd Irgi.ano. 937 It) 1 695 18 7 1 1 1,587,489 7 « 1,626,291 19 101 1,288,170 4 1 1,102,920 B e 1 1 naltiMKiru - 1.408 .1 1.078 a 2 lli'll'ast 3f)ti,7l8 5 4 .32l,Ni9 17 1 333,414 8 295,770 9 1 CiilHruino - 4,(>h9 17 3 5,784 11 7 Cork 230,9(14 2 9 221,110 15 3 W.851 11 10 186,013 14 5 Droglivda - 13.3V2 13 3 13,105 11 4 9.6N) 7 9,395 fi Ji Oiililiii 898,fi3() 5 1 859,7.'i.'l 12 6 8.32,355 7 2 793,.',4i la o' ; Diiiiilalk ■ 4,514 5 10 15,058 16 81 161 6 11 10.-ti2 U 0' ! tialway 31,7(i9 2 5 2H,6tl 4 6 21, ,554 15 10 1H.5S3 7 i 1 Mtni-rii'k - 14(;,222 17 U 111.174 10 9 126,290 15 1 120.928 2 i 1 l.onilciiulerry 99,052 3 7 1()((,057 4 HS.H.-iO 18 86,158 2 5 ' Nrwry 58,800 2 6 49,292 10 43,867 14 6 .35,191 If, n , WliK.. 35,8(i3 18 2 .32,120 4 6 19.:t85 3 8 1.5,643 3 S 1 Watcrfnrd - 137,126 7 9 145,()69 19 11 124,706 13 l 133,001 19 5 1 W(!Hl|Mirt - 577 H 4 1,778 11 2 Wexford - Total of Ireland 6,306 10 9 6,0 >'J 11 2,036,572 5 9 l,m5.819 3 2i 1,770,020 6 3 20,556,559 4 8) ABSTRACT OF THE ABOVE ACCOUNT. CouDtrio. England Scotland Ireland Grand totals - OroB Receipt ia I83(i. Gn« Rroeipt in 1S37. Ncit Recript ill IS36. | Nell Rfceipl in IM". fihil'itioe Produre, ilnliTliriR Rtpajmrm . (if TiaJe Vnucden, Otiice ExpeiiMra, .U. | £ >. d. 20.327,057 11 9 1,587,489 7 7 2,036,572 5 9 £ s. d. 19,.321,.324 15 2 1,626,291 19 lOi 1,915,819 3 2; £ s. d. 18,391.5.50 19 5 l,a.v-,170 4 1 1,770,020 6 3 £ s. d. 17,471,469 10 ,1; 1,402,<.»20 6 fi : 1,1182.169 7 9 23,951,719 5 1 22,893,460 18 3 21,448,741 9 9 20.556,559 4 fj [For customs in the United Slates, sec article Taiiiff. — Am, Ed.] CUTLERY, u term used to desifrtiatc all maniirr of sharp and cutting instruments madf of iron or steel, as knives, forks, .scisaors, razors, shears, scythes, &c. yheindil is the prin- cipal seat of the cutlery manufacture ; hut the knives and other articles made in London arc said to be of superior quality. The act 59 Oeo. 3. c. 7. gives the nianiifnctnrers of cutlery made of wrought oteel, the privilege of markins or stanipiiiB thoiii with the tiiiiire of a haiiinier; and prohibits the niaiiiifainirt'rsoi'any articles of ciitl.jry, eilne tools, or hardvvari", cdfl orfnnnrd in a muiilil, or iiiaiiiifaftiin'il otherwise llian hy mean." of a haniiner, from markiiii; or iiiipressinK upon tlicm the liunrc of a haiiiiiii'r. or any sym- bol or device resenihlinf! it, on pain of forfeiting all such articles, and 5/. for every dozen. .\ penalty of 10/. per dozen, exclusive of forfeiture, is also imposed upon every |ierA)n haviiu; arlicles ol'iullory in his |Kisscssion for the purpose of sale, niarkiMl with the words l.ondun, or l.ondim nuuie, uiiliissliio articles so marked have been really manufactured within the city of London, or a distance ofiUiiiilt:; from it. CYPRESS, a forest tree of which there are many varieties, the species <]enominated the evergreen cypress (Ciipressus senipcrvirens) and the white cedar {Cttjjreifsus Thyoiden) being the most celebrated. The cypress is indigenous to the southern parts of Europe, to several parts of .Asia, and to America. It grows to a great size, and is a mo.st valuable species of timber. It is nevor attacked by worms ; and exceeds all other trees, even the cedar, in durability. Hence the Athenians, when desirous to preserve the remains of their heroes and other great men, hai'. them enclosed in cypress coffins ; and hence, also, the externd covering of the Egypliaa DAMACED r.OODS— DANTZIC. 557 ceipt in IMS. I Net! Riceipt in ISIT. iilinn I'mlurp, .IriliirliiiK Rr|i.l)>inriil nje Vouchert, lllliic Kipmun, hn. e $. d. fllA 10 4 <.)r>i II .mb IS O.'iO 13 u ,20ti 1 T^S a n '*9 H 11 ,115 6 2 ,2!M 1 11 ,215 17 5 £ ». i. 4.317 8 a 379,nfrt a 7 I ';7..'>N« II I 278,485 19 1 8(W 18 10 ' 1)8 13 H 491,H52 4 10 27,7.)3,.')4l Vi Itil f> 11 10,'M 13 01 ,5S4 15 10 lw.r)N3 7 5 i.a'.K) 15 1 120.928 2 •, j.MO 18 8«,I.'>S a s 1,8f.7 14 6 .3.'>,l!tl Ifi X »,:iH5 3 8 15.ti43 3 •* 1,706 13 4 133,001 1» 5 0,020 6 3 20,556,559 4 f-\ NT. tcct'ipl ill l^lSti. I NttI Rrteipt la Is)'. liliitio^ Prndure, (leditrling Rfpaynifnt TikJe Vouchers, (iflicv Expeui«::>, kc. £ s. d. rm 19 5 170 4 J 020 6 3 ^741 9 9 £ I. d. \ 17.471,469 10 Si ! 1,402,'.»20 6 fi l,li82,l('>9 7 9 20,!)5e,559 4 fl Ed.'i nd cutting instruments madf i, 6ic. Sh<'iriL'lil is the prin- articles made in London are irroHgltt stocl, the privilege of liibils lilt- iiianiiradnriTsoi'any r iiiuiintarlnicil ollierwise lliaii iirurc ot' n Immnu'r. nr iiny syiii- o;. for every dii/.en. A penally |i.'r*<)n luiviiii! arlitles nt' cutlery nduK. (It iMmliin made, milepsllic Lumloii, or n distance ol'iOiiiilt: , the species denominat«l the cedar {Cupmsus Thyoidts) to several parts of Asia, and pecies of timber. It is never lar, in dural>ility. Hence the oes and other great men, haf. nal covering of the Egyptian mtimmios w made of the same ernhuinu: material. The cypres* u said to live to n pfreat aire ; anil tliis circumstance, c>iml)iniii witii itn thick dark Rreen foliage, has made it be regarded 08 (he emblem of death and the grave. In his Geiitrmphi/ and Hlntt)ri/ af the Western Stafe.<> of America, Mr. Timothy Flint has given the following account of the cyprenH trees found in the southern parts of the valley of the Miasinsippi : — " These noi)|e trees rear their straight colunms from a laruM- cone-shiipeil Imttress, whoso circumference at the ground is, jvrhaps, 3 limes that of the regular Hhiift of the tree. This cone rises from (> to 10 feet, with a regular and sharp tajs-r, and from the a|H'X of the cone towers the iterpendicular column, with little taper after it has left the cone, from CO to 80 feet clear shaft. Very near the top it begins to throw out multitudes of hori- /(iiital brandies, which interlace with those of the adjoining trees, and, when bare of leaves, liave an air of desolation and death, more easily felt than described. In the season of vegc- latioii the leaves are short, fine, and of a verdure so deep as almost to seem brown, ^i^'ing an imlescribabie air of funereal solemnity to this singular tree. A cypress forest, when viewed t'foiu the niljacent hills, with its numberless interlaced arms covered with this dark brown tolia:?e, has the aspect of a scallolditig of verdure in the air. It grows, too, in deeji and sickly uwainps, the haunts of fever, mosquitoes, moecassin snakes, alligators, and all loathsome and ferocious animals, that consjregato far from the abode of man, and seem to make common lause with nature against him. The cypress loves the deepest, most gloomy, inaccessible swamps ; and, south of 3:5°, is generally found covered with sable festoons of long moss, hanging, like shrouds of mourning wreaths, almost to the ground. It seems to flourish beat when water covers its roots for half the year, l/'npromising as are the places and circuin- staiipes of its growth, no tree of the country where it is foumi is so extensively useful. It is free from knots, is easily wrought, and makes excellent planks, shingles, and timber of all unrts. It is very durable, and incomparably the most valuable trco in the southern country uf this valley."— (Vol. i. p. 02.) D. D.\MAGED GOODS, in the language of the customs, are goods, subject to duties, that have received some injury either in the voyage home or in the bonded warehouses. It is enacted by thi; 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. .52., that if any goods rated to pay diUy arcnrdini; to the niiin- iwr. nicasiire, or wi-iglit therfMif (except thosi; after nienlioncd), shall receive daniai?es dnrinij the v.iyaue, an ahateinenl of diich duties shall he allowi'd proportionally to the daniauu so received ; pro- viiied priinf he made to the satisfaction of the eominissioiiers of customs, or of ollicers actiim iinilcr llieir ilirectiiin, that such daiiia&e was ri^ceived after the (.'ooils were Hhipped iiliroad in thi! liliip ini- piirliiij; till! sanii!, and hetbri^ they were lanited in thu rnited Kinciloiii ; and provideil elaiin to sacll abalemeiit of duties l)o niaiU; at tin; time of the tirst examination of such {roods.— J 30. It is further I'liacted, that the olheers ofriistoms shall e.xamine such goods, and may state the damage wlili li. in tlieir opinion, tliey have so nu'eived, and may make a proportionate Hhat! e an abali.'ment uf the du- ties according to till! proportion of damage declareil hy such mereliants •( ;'!. I'niviileil alv/ays, that no ahatenient of diuies shall be made on aceouiu !' any damage received by any of the sorts of goods herein enumerated; vi/.. cocoa, cufTee, oranges, pepper, currants, raisins, tigs, tobacco, lemons, and wine. — J 32. [Sec article Ahatkmknt. — Am. Ed.] DAVfAR, a kind of indurated pitch or turpentine exuding spontaneously from various trees indigenous to most of the Indiati islands. UilVerent trees produce dillerent species of resin, which aro designated according to their colour and consistence. " One is called Ddinar-lintu in Malay, or Diiinar-nelo in Javanese, which means hard or stony rosin ; sind another iti common use Damar-puteh, or white rosin, which is softer. The trees which produce the damar yield it in amazing quantity, and generally without the necessity of mak- ing ineisiotis. It exudes through the bark ; and is either found adhering to the trunk or liraiiches in large lumps, or in masses on the ground under the trees. As these often grow near the sea-side, or on the banks of rivers, the damar is fre iivwaa ^Krrai I E^ m T* j ,1 or wrutfrn Imnk of tlio ViHtuIn, about 4 nvIi-M from wlicro it fullH into tho nn. Thf hnrhntj- 18 at till* mouth of the river, iiiul in ilcft'iulcil on carli hkIi! Iiy prrtty KtronK fortH, 'V\w Um\i Ih trnvrrhcil l)y the niiiuII rivur Mutluu, which hiu lievu rundurcd naviguhlo for vosnetH JruM ing 8 or 9 ft'ct wntrr. Rnailii. Purl, l^•r.— Tlift rnnil nr Imynf Dnnt/ir in rnvrrt'il on Iho wp«t *U\e hy n lonir, nnrrnw, \n\\ inntlv ti>riviii' nl' liiml. c^lriiilini; I'roiii Kmcrliol'i Pciim (mi wliicli i'4 ii lialit-liiiiioc), in lal. M ' .'>();' Ion. I""' 'i'.i' [:>". niiwiirilH nf 'J(l miIIi'h, in iiii K. Iiy H. itirt'ilion, Iiuviiik the Htmill imvii unti'ilii, nr llc'i near ilK tiTMiiniitiDn. A liBlit-lioiiHi', I'W'vnti'il l'j;i IVrl (l''.iig.) iilmvi' tliu Icvrl of iln- iti>ii, jmii Ihth cdmIimI williin atioiit | ii iiillr of tlio ivxtrpniity i>( Ihi! point. Tlii> hanlii'n iil' ilio llirlit, wliiih in ii ri'. volvinu one. Hiicicffil caili oiIht i-vitv i iiiiniitc. I)nnl/.ii- II«h iiImiiiI H. J W. Iniiii llip lli'i'l ; iin pun, ili'iiiiiiiliiati'il lhi> I'liirwaliT, licine illMant ulioiit 1 Iimikiich, 'I'Imtc Ih K"'"! aiirlioraiii! In lliu rnait» inr liiil|)ii ol' liny hiinlc'M ; liiil llicy ari' ivvpimcil. )'\i')>|M liiinn-ijiali'ly iindi'r llic llt'i'l, to llii- norlli niul norlli-ruHtiTly wlniJH. 'I'Iiitc art' liarlionr IIkIiIk at tin- rnirancc In tlii' jiort. All Mlilpii rntcrliii; iii,. VlHtnIa niiixl linnvr tn iiIhiiiI ii iiiili' nil' tlir port, ami lakr a pilot on lioaril ; anil pilots! niiiHl alwiui |j,. eniplnyi'il in inovinc Hliipn in llir liarlmiir.nr in (.'niiiu up ami down llir rlviT. Tin' iiHiial ilrptli nt u:i ti'r at IJM- inijiitli of tin* river in I'mni \'i to l.'l fiit (Knir.) ; In tin- liarliniir, froin l:< tn 1 1 Tret ; al ih. roiitliii'iii'i! nl' till! Mntlaii with tlii' Vi.' iMilranct! to tin- liarlionr: that on tin; I'anti-rii Hiilr, wliiili ii< iiii expotiMl, in cuiiHtructud ot' ^raiiiti^ liut in not yet cuniplutud ; tliu iithur In partly orBtont! iiiiU purllydf (liiibur. Trade af Diinfzi'c. — Next to Potrrsburfr, Dant/.ic is tho most important conimrrcial ritv in llic iiorlii of EuroiK!. It owes itH ilixtinction in this rp.^jiect to itH Hiliiation ; tho Vistula with it^^ important tril)ut;>rifs the U»g, IS'arow, &e. giving it the commanil of a groat inter- nal navigation, and rendering it the entrepot wiicro the »urphiH jiroducts of West Priissjii, Poland as far as Hungary, and part of Lithuania, arc exehungrd for thono imported from thi foreigner. The exports of wheat from Dantzic are greater than from any port in the world. There are four sorts of wheat distinguished here; \h. vhite, filg/i-niixid, mixed, iiui] rtd according as the white or red predominates. The quality of the Dantzic wheat is for the most part excellent ; for, though small in the berry, and not so heavy as many other sort.^, it is remarkably thin skinned, and yields the finest flour. Tho white Polish wheat exportfn here is the best in the Baltic. Rye is also very superior, being both clean and heavy ; ani! the exports are very large. The exports of barley and oats are comparatively iueoti.sjdcra. ble, and tho qualities but inditferent. Very fine white jjoas arc exported. Next to grain, timber is the most important article of export from Uantzic. The principal supply ot lir timlM-r, masts, &c. is brought by the River Narew, which, with its branches, rise in Oldl'rii.^sia and Jiithitanin, and falls into the Dug near the confluence of the latter with the Mstula. Oak jilaiik, staves, Ac. are brought down from the higher parts of the Vistula, and the tri- butary streams of Dunnjetz, Wieprez, &c. Weed ashes, pearl-ashes, bones, zinc, wool, spruce beer, feathers, &c. arc also exported. Munty. — AccnnntH nscd fnrinorly tn lie wholly knpt in (tnldcna, (Tilildcrs, or florins of 30 trrnsrhiii The ri.\'ilnllar .'.i florins =110 irroschen^ 270 schillin^H = 1,020 pfeniiiiii(s. The florin or guililer-. ua. alerllnir, ami the rixdollar- %i. 'M. \ new .-ivsieiii was, however, introdiired into all parts of the I'russinn doniininns, cnnfiprniahlytu the decrees ni llie HOth of Seplemher, 18'Jl, and nf the 22d of June, 1»2J; but il has not hilhtTlo'en- tirely superseded the inetlind of accniiiilin)! previously in use. The folniiiie mark (coniainiiiB H,0()'.) F.n«. (jrains) is the weight at present used In the Prussian mint in weluhiii!; the preeioiis metals. The tineness of the mins is not deterinined, as previniislv, Ijy rarats or Intlis, lint the mark is divided fnr this pnrpnse into 2.>H grains. Arconnis are now ki>|ii m the piililic otiices in thalura or dollars (R.), silver groschen, and pfennings: 1 dot. ^ 30sil. f;r. ; hll }!r. . 12 pf. The only silver monies now coined are dollars and 1-0 dollar pieces ; but smaller coins are in circu- lation, of former rninaites. 'I'lic Prussian silver coins have } of alloy ; and as the mark is coined into 14 dollars, each shniild rnn- taiii 2,')T OS Kii;;. i>rains pure silver, and he worth ahuut 2«. ll'^U. sterling ; hut tile assays dunutaiwu)s strictly cnimidc! with the mint valuation. The until coins are Krederick d'ors, ilniilile, sinsle, and half pieces. The mark of 288 prains. havjii; 2fi0 crains nf line pnid, is cnined into M Kred. d'ors. 'J'lie I''red. dor is worth from 5 dol. 15 sil. gr. iC 9 dol. 2'i sil. gr., according to the demand. H'eiffhts and Measures. — The commercial weights are, .12 I.olhs = 1 Ounce. 20 Pounds = 1 Small stone. 10 Ounces = 1 Pound. 33 I'ounds = 1 Large stone. lt>! I'ounds = I Mspnund. linihs.r- 1 centner ; ,3ceniners- 1 shippnund (330 Ihs.) ; 100 lbs. of Dantzic- 103'3 lbs. avoirdupois = 4b'83 kilne. = '.M'7 Ills, of AmsterdHiii - 90 lbs. of Hamburgh. The liquid mea.sures are, for beer. 5 Quarts - 1 Anker 4 Ankers = 1 Ahiii. Ii Ahm ^ 1 Hhd. ' 1 2 Ilhds. = 1 Both. 2 lioth = I Fuller. 2 Kuder =- 1 Last = 0204 Eng. wine gallons. In wine measure, which is less than beer measure, ihe ahm = .fUJ Eng. gallons. The pipe ^ 2 alima. The last of corn = 33 mailers - tiO sclietTds ^ 210 viertels = Ot'fl nietzen ; and weighs l,IW0 llis. Danl- zie weight in rye. The schelfel - M* of a hectolitre - r.W2 Winchester bushel. Hence the last of fiO schelfels = 11 quarters 3 bushel ; the last of .Wi.^ HihelTels -= 10 quarters 7 bushels. The Dantzic font ^113 Eng, inches, or 100 Dantzic teet ^ OIK' Eng. feet. The ell is 2foct Dantzic measure. The Ithineland or Prussian fnnt = •313H French metres, or 12-,W) Eng. inches : licnci' ItH) Prussian = 102'8 English feet. The Prussian nr Berlin ell has 2.'i.i Prussian inches = 20'2M Ens. ilillo. 100 Berlin ells = 7293 Eng. yards ; and 137112 Berlin ells =-- 100 Eng. yards. Hi Prussian miles arc equal to l.'i geoeraphical miles. 0:ik planks, deals, and pipe staves, are sold hy the shock of fiO pieces ; wheat, rye, &C. are sold liy the last of &bi sctietiels. — (Kelly's Cambut ,* JVelkenbrecker, Manuel Universel.) DANTZIC. B9d into the nm. Thf hnrhnir ly ittronu tortii. Tlir town imvigublo for vosiieU tlruw- t hIiIp by n Innir, nurrnw, low II liiilit-liiMiii'). I" lilt •'>l •'''. i W. Iriiiii llio llt'i'l ; iln iiiiri, mil iiiiiliiiriiKi! Ill llio riiiiili. Int r till' ll'.'i'l. til the iiiirlli mul le port. All iilil|i»enleriiii{lhi- ril ; mill pilot!" niiinl iilwiiyH lie Ivcr. The iiHiliil ileptll 111 wn. loiir, from IH to 11 feel ; ill lli.' lowii from « to 9 feel. Mnlc, he eaDtern Hide, whiili li< iiiii>i Ik partly of Htoiiu unit purtly nf important conimprcial rity its Hituation ; the VistuLi. coinmiinil of a ^rpiit iiitir- s proiUicts of West Prussiu, for tlioso imported from Ihi from any port in the world. hlgk-tnixrrf, mixed, tuiil rtd, the Dantzic wheat ia for the leavy as nmny other sorl.s it white Polish wheat exportm both clean and heavy ; nml re comparatively iiiconsidirii- iro exported. Next to grain, The principal supply ot lir a branches, rise in Old Prussia f the latter with the Visiul.. ts of the Vistula, and the tri- larl-ashcs, bones, zinc, wool, ilders, or florina of 30 ernschcii The ttoriii or guilder = llj. inn (loniinions, cnnfornialily tu i-ii; but it luia not iiilliurUi tii- esenl iiseil In the Priiiisian iiiliit iletfrmineil, aa previmisly, liy ilia. Aetouiila lire now kt'iil in iiiiiigs: 1 dol.^aOsil. gr. ; Isil. ; but smaller coins arc in circu- nto lldolliirs. each should rnn- ; hut the usaaya do not ulwajs The mark of iW8 prnins. Imvins: worth fromSdul. Ib8il.gr. lu 1 Small stone. 1 Large stone. intzic = 103-3 lbs. avoirdupois = Entr. wine gallons. giillons. The pipe ^2alima, n; and weighs l,l»l) lb". Pant- ter hiishel. Hence the hist ol rs7 hUHliels. „ . feet. The oil ia 2 feci Dantzic lasrifl Kng. inrheB : lienci' 100 sian inches = 26-250 Ena. ditto. ards. HJ Prussian miles ate la ; wheat, rye, &c. ate sold by mierscl.) Imporh, — Wo ret^et < .• inability to Iny before iho reader any nrrnunt of the qunntiti«ii of the dilfcrent articles usually imported iiiln Uantzic, They consiHl of siinnr, colli-e, wine, oil, brandy, spices, copper, lead, furs, cotloa Htullii and cotton yarn, woollens, hardware, »lka, indigo, dyo woods, &.c. VVe Rulijoin an Account of the prim ipnl Art irl^n py ported frnin Dnnt/.lr diirlnir enrh of the Three Years c ndins with IMI, with t leir Price* and Values In Ml urIiiiR Money, ArtlrlM. 18W. 18.10. 1S3I. Aytn^r Avi*ra(r 1 Avrnar Qiian- Illy. Vr\m 111 SltrliiiK Valua. Quan. tity. Frier* Ml Mfrtiii|( ValiM. Quan* I'rirt^ m Illy. ,.Sifrliii« V.ilua. Moiwjr. Miififv, 1 Mnli,,. L. 1. d. Z. 1. d. L. 1. d. L. 1, d. \L ,. 7-. n i:l « 4,'>2 19 .',22(1 r. «• 1,719 |V,%., dilln • ■ i,'>2 to N IU.9IH 1 N 17,479 17 4 l>,.,0 1 7 7 21,8-,9 li 10 rl.mr, liarreli of 198 Ihi. 2.0 Hi 1 3 2,3iM 1 n ll.KIO 1 1 8 I2,«9-, li 1.' 1 2 13 4 n BiKUiKbiKiof 1 cvH. 3.1U U 10 l.lili I0.3in5 10 R,1T9 li B,9ai nil (1 3,812 12 (1 Firlinit*r,«|U«rfJ, pifrr^ 61,704 1 01,-1)4 47,VIH 1 47,'>4H « '7,40: 1 e 37,497 rir jKili, luMf, >horl, aii'l 1 CT1'«, cliltii 290,J'.S 4 &K,0-il 12 2711,300 4 r>4,IVl| 18 n 179.166 4 Vi.-Xi 4 MuH.iud ipan, dillo • 1,001 1 15 I.T'il \f, 2.7(17 1 10 4.(l«l 10 .113 2 Kili (1 Oik pl^ink, tljlio I2.m9 n.7oi 1 1I1,-'IW (- 10 4, VIS i tl 11,7116 in iJ 5,3V) U (1 iillllKT, 'fiHO 2,041 1 3 2,318 S 1,W."> 1 3 1,926 S 1,197 1 3 1,. 376 11 lUVCT, iliocli of 00 1 ptffM 17,464 t I.'! r. 30.00S 12 11,0IK 2 22,038 li,2in 2 14 6 16,!>22 ft flipb'wtnl*, ditto Trtmaili, liilto • J'^ sou A--, 21 5 140 •,' '> n 260 6,Ctil J 1 6 424 12 :l 2,!IV'> 1 6 214 2 t, .'i,12ll 1 6 408 10 Ulhuiioil, rehiinn 933 2 1,1*6 1,102) 2 2,'206 916 2 l,v;2 W«d..t«liM, larrel of »b«ut 3ci»t. s,a'in t 13 13,714 10 6/,<70 1 2 (I l4.ilJ7 2,4>e-. 1 2 «,7;13 10 369 1 3 424 7 B..Dlt, ditto S,-|ti3J 2 5 (1 12.-.I7 17 8 4,il2 2 S 10,.'17', 4 2,-67 2 in 9,ti67 10 (1 7.M, ditto 2H,M0 12 S li-.OiS 6 S 29,707 12 S l8,H->2 H 1. 2,940 12 4 1.HI6 14 Wodl, dillo l.iwj T 13 fl !1,'<43 4 l,M> 7 ir. 2 14,238 in in .l.M, 8 8 3,!'I3 12 rniihrn, pniin.li • 30,010 1 2 2,100 tl 8 22,sii 1 2 1,331 2 l.3,!>30 1 2 780 S jiltH |inivifliun>, barrel of iix) jHimids • l'.7 2 4 ,t4i 8 378 2 4 827 4 n 45 2 4 99 S|itu«l)Mr,ke«i Tl2 1 6 l,0',2,Jlt 2 10 1,183,08, 12 6 526,952 10 4 .\ccount, shnwinir the Countries for which the prinripal Artirlea oTportcd from O'lntzic during the Three Vears ending with 1H31 were Hhljipuil, and the ((iiantitica shipped for each. isaa. 1830. 1«3I. 1 Articica. Ilritiin anil her ^ 1 mhrr Ilril-iin and her i i Othor Brit.-tin :uid lirr g ■^ n other Cnim* trirs. i'nHSet- 1 3 Couulrles. FlMSfS- 1 Cimiitries. I'mids. Q Slims. b. a sinna. u> X linns. b * rt'hfii. Imp. i|r. at lOKIprrlait • 214,933 24,169 61,591 3,070 328,9'>2 21,473 ■I3,97n d.lSt I25,3nn — . 7.908 S62 Rvf. Jiltn . x.SSO 9455 .10,866 28,974 8,453 h2 28,7,53 47.810 2,Mn — 4, aw 5.4'i6 Hukv, ditto 3,64S 2,17 2,118 672 4,128 — 788 2,152 ll,:tsn — — 300 lllll, ditlo • 8,923 274 20,997 _ 465 2.Jin rn>,('i!to - 2,444 — 217 18t 14,312 — 1,768 ^36 ll,7>.0 — 5fi0 510 FLnir, barrrli of 198 ! ibi - 2,016 ^ — _ 8 928 — 2,776 108 10 — — 2 B.mili.li.m'ifl cwt. 3,224 _ — 1U,2»7 1-2 _ 72 6,732 — — 200 Fir tiriitier, xiuar&l. pifCfl • 31,232 24,013 7,P,i2 1,697 26,639 10,379 8,622 1,908 33,612 2.152 1,115 588 Fir dfiK lone, short. anlciitB. di to • 98,609 9'2,09O 60,724 3S,<«.5 85,664 «H.nM 48,738 46,994 111,31- 11,005 18,292 38,5iH iM»I, aii'l s)An, ditto 111 7-.0 40 IIX) 132 2,32:1 171 SI Kfl 60 18 66 IIU lilink, ditin - 8,128 2,273 — 2,268 4,718 2.:ji7 3,2:15 8,7 M 2, .3 — 1,719 Iinit)er,diMo - 1,170 872 — -_ 97 1,227 — . 351 311 238 — 648 lUvM, «hcick of 60 pieret • irlipbreirls. ditto • 7,873 7,786 1-2 H&1 940 1-2 4,388 3,366 807 2,457 .5,4112 366 34 348 107 1-2 ._ i) 4 1-2 22 — 2 4 11 8 TreJiad,, ditto - 5.2ii 1-2 — — 370 2.2'I8 _ _ .567 4,71.' — 708 I.iltiivnot, fattinmn 929 _ 4 1,096 1-2 — 6 — '.ijt; |Wff,l.i,IiM, tiirrel of iti«it3c«'t. 2,073 ^ 6.21-, 12 2,720 — 3,«67 2.5-1 — 1,987 510 'IVirUiiips, cwt. • •_ 10,436 3,13.4 21 12 — 2,251 '212 1-2 — — 3G9 iB'ii«,dit-o .5,=;r» 1-2 _ — — 4,323 — — — 3.M57 Z'lif, dil'o - 24.629 _ ^ 3,881 25.6-19 — _ 4,073 l.9fi — — . 1,000 «'wl, ditto 1.219 1-2 37 26 1.769 — 66 — 154 Ff\:ti.'r?, pnutwl 30,810 » 6,100 100 21,093 — 1,41)2 330 i3,5i;o ^il',-l prnvi,miis,l)ar. rfl nf 20O lliv • 1.57 _ ^ -— 370 — — _ 4 •^pnicp twer, ke^ • 24,950 — 80 4.30 29,320 — — 719 25.818 — — 34S Rtimrkf nn Tariff .—The followin? Table affords a pretty siifficient specimen of the sort of tariff whirli the Prussian eovernnient are so anxious to extend all over fJerniaiiy ; iiiiil in furtherance nf which object thcv have displayed eiinal iidilress and perseveriince. Some of the iliitiea tire ahiin- il.nnlly moderate ; hut those on cotton goods, wroimht iron, and woollen gomls. are ipiite exorbitant. It isiiliviiiiH loo. Hint from their beini: impnsed accurding to Ihe wei'.'ht, they fill priiiciptilly on tlio riarser fabrics, or those worn by the mass of the people. The lilali dtilies on wroitu'lit iron are par- liiiilarly objectioiiuble. If Prussia wish to become a maniifacttiritiir cniinlrv. she otmlit to open her imrH f I'r the reception of all articles made of iron, from wherever they m.iy btt had clietipest. They lire the principal instruments by which nitiniifactiires are carried on; and if one were Id set about Cinitrivintj methods for depressinc the latter, they would not easily find one belter filled to effect their (ibipci than by confining the manufacturers in their choice of tools and iiislriiments. and making them adopt iliiidc ilm were bad and dear, because they happened to be mtiile at hume. The duties on sii- car and cotfee tire also, in the circumstances of Prussia, quite excessive. We are, indeed, astonished tliat so liberal and intellieent a eovemment as that of Berlin should, at this late period, become the patron of the exploded errors and absurdities of the tncrcantile system. ,',! 000 DANTZIC. BilM of Piity nn Ihofhiff Aritrlri liiipiTii'il fur lii'iii- ron«iitnptlon Into the Frmtprn PriU'l.in I'lovincni III ma-i. ■ ffOlMMNi •»«" 11 -ia B VbkH in U4kr> III 1 irticlM. Pnialia Krltnh Mnnn'i Artle'n. rniMi«n Rrllitli Monr)r, | Lurrtuc)', — - — . C'urrrii'7, ■"" — -- R. i.f . ff. P" •IniuI ll 1. d.'~ H. M, rf' \Tt •l.iMl t. t. li " Aniv tn>il. |i»r nnlMr of (Ill, rrnirinrr. In niaki, pmI dn, • 4 n ^ U III ' llrMii«iiia« do. do. ■ It .M ^:14 I'lniriitn .\n. ■ 7 Ml — 1 1 Hi Cndff do, do. . e I/I _ 11 D IV|i|i.T d'l, ■ 7 10 — 1 1 1 1 ; ( l(',t.ii do, ■ 3 n — n It « 1 I't'ttoii iI'KmU dn. dn. . 5.-. n 7 IH ll'ini :ind linindy dn, • N n — 1 ■' 1 J' vim, i«*kim(, do. ilo. iwKt dn. dn, ■ « I) _ n 17 :i ^U|(4r, niiiiuUcturrd, dn, • II — • Ml n j 1 U _ (1 ii II riw dn, . fi U (1 ^ 1) -i Cnali ,|<>. dn, • 1 3 _ n n II 1 Syrii|i dn. • (SOU — II II \ Kirtlimwirr do, dn, . n 10 _ II II I-; ^iMl.elrd iln. . II 10 II •- 1/ II l-i ItltM dn. do. . » ^ h H Mini dn, . i ^ II j'l 1) (•ni 17 t I'riltllill • CJ cwl. 7 U » !>.. dn, . II ^ 1 II H Inili^'i dn, dn. , IS 1 » Till, in lirtn .In. , inn ,— -. M Inpn, >ihwmu3-4 Willie l>ld dn, ■ J — n 't ii lA:\i i)n, , I'l _ 1 f> NViMillrii cnojf dr., . 33 n — 4 i> n Linf-n dn, • II (1 w 1 II N Wiiie do. 8 ,— 1 1 uii: l)d, l^vrnri'. iiillA%k«,Ar.dci, NODI — _ 1 3 |.J With tho exception of wool nnil boncn, aliiiOHt nil nrtlclri of export iiru duty frco. Corn Tniilf of Dnntzie.—The reiiiler will tliiil, iiniler llio lienil CiinM I,*wh and f'onN TRAns (pp 50(1 — 5li.). a pri'lty (iill iirriiiiiil of llir I'djinli inrii Iriiili-. Iliil llie iiii|iorliiiir'n (if llii' Hiih|i(l u ill ex. riiHi! niir vlviiie » fi'W iiilililiiiiial iIi'IiiIIh. tirainii) nliiiiiKt wlinlly lirniiulll l<> Danl/.ii' liy water, in ilm. Iinllonioil liiialH, Hiiiteil to the iiavliialliiii nf the ViKtiila, Itiiu, &(■ Mr. CdiihiiI tiilMnii ckIiiii ilcn ijn, exiienne of the cdiiveyniicu ol' wheal iiii^l rye thillier, liiiliiiliiii; the duty iit Thurii uiid the cliarinK ui' turning on tUc rlvur, till put into tliu gruniiry, um I'ullowii : — Ttr. Imr,. v. >. d. ',.d. I i U,i ' Fmm Ihf npprr prntinceton Ihe Duf, a diilancis nfi IpiIII tiki In iim Mill'1 ! Frniii 111,, iirnviiict-K i f Cracfiw, Sfudoinir, and l,iib- j llM, Vlll l.lllVI Mill' Per Imp, qr, | f. d, t, d, I 2 lo 7 10 6 — ,1 4 Fmiii Winaw jud ill iici;hbourhood, about 240 j, . » ,, uiilea j'* " ~ -^ " From WacUwufli and lU Dflghbmirhood, about 1 10 ) iiiilfA Frolii (Intiidfiitz, a dinlanro nf atxiiit TO iiiilf Iln duty at I'linni, and when nnl turned un river It,,.; U 10 _ > JV, B.— Theie are the ordinary chnrgeg. They are liiglior when there l« any unuiiial demnnil (ot cxportaliDii. The lliiu liaH ninny wliiilhiCH, niid its naviKatioii, wliirli Is todlniiH and iincertniii, onii only lie at- tcni|ileil III the i^prini!, when llie water is hi|.'h. It Ih lite M,'iiiie, thniiuli in i> lens ili'Kree, with hiiih' mI the rivern that tall iiiln lite ViHiiila hefure it reaclieH Warsaw anil luwiiriU Crai'iiw Ilie Vi^tlllil ii^iir is l'rei)iieiilly iiiiiiavisaiile, csperlally ill ilry seasiiiis, i'.\i'e|it in spriiii.',aiiil after the iiiiilsiniiiiiir riiiii.. when lite siiiiw melts (III the Cariialhiaii iiiniiiitaiiis The n.'iviu'iiidn nf the Polish rivers in lyi'2 was mure than usually had. The mrii I'roin llie upper prnviiiies iliil nut reach Daiil/.ic till rreiii'ilu I iiHinths later than usual, and was hiirdeneil with a very heavy ailililliiiial expense. In fait, tliisiiii- plies nf ur.'iiii at l)aiil/.ic depend (|iiiti> as niiit'li on the aliiiniiance of water in the rivers, nr uii liieir euny naviuatiiiii in Hiiiiimer, as un tlie uiuilness iif the harvests, " There, are," says Mr. Jaruli, "iwu niiiiles of eiinveyint,' wheat In naiitzir hy the Vistula. Tli;it which uriiws near the luwer parts of llie river. I'limpreheiidiii!; I',ilish itiissia.anil part uf the jini- Viiire iif I'liM'k, and of Masiiviu. in the kiii){iliiiii of I'ulaiid, wlilcli is ci^iierally i<( an liit'irinr qn ilit\, in conveyed in cuvereil liiials, with shifting hiianls thai protect the rargu from the rain, hiii imi iVnin pilfering. These vessels are luiig.aiid draw ahiiiit l,'i inches water, and lirliii; alMiiil I.Ml i|iiaiiers ni wheat. They are nut. however, su well cak'iilaled fur the upper parts of Hie river, (■'ruin trannv. Where the Vistula first lieconiea navigable, to lieluw the Jiincliun uf the Iliiif with that stniiiii, the wheat is muslly cuiiveyed lo l)aiil/,ic in open llats. 'I'liese are coiistriicted un the liaiiks, in seasuns of leisure, on spots far fruiii the urdiiiary reach of the water, hut which, when llie riiiii; of uiiluinii, or the melted enow of the Carpathian mountains in the spring, fill and overlluw lliu river, are easily floated, " Harites uf this description are about 75 feet long, and 21) broad, with a depth of 21 feet. They ari' made of lir, rudely put toitether. fastened with wooden treenails, the curnors dovetailed and suiaicil with slight iruii ciainps.— the only iron iMiiployed in their cunstriictiuii. " A large tree, the leniith uf the vessel, runs aluiig the hottoni, lo which the limliers ar:' seciiri'il Thi.s ruiiulily cut keelsun rises ',) or 10 inches fruiii the tluur, and hiirdles are laid un it, wliii h evtiiul to the sides. They are cuvered with mats made of rye straw, and serve the piirpuse uf ihiiiiiii.'i'; leaving beluw a space in which the water that leaks tliioni.'li the sides and hultuiii is reieiveil. 'Iln. bulk is kept frum the sides and ends uf the barge by a similar plan. The water which llii'si' ill- cnnstriicted and imperfectly caulked vesseU receive, is dipped out at the end and Hides uf the iiiilk of wheat, " Vessels of this description draw from 10 to 12 inches water, and yet they frequently got agroilinl in descending the river. TIk! cargoes usually consist uf from IM) lu 2(111 niiarlers of wlieat. " The wheat is thrown un the mats, piled as hiuh as the gunwale, and left iincuvereil. expiisei! Inall the inclemencies uf the weather, and to the pilferini! of the crew. During the passace, llie harpe i* carried along by the force of tlie stream, oars beiiii! merely used at tin; head and stern, tu steer clar of the sand banks, which arc numerous uiid shifting, and tu direct the vessel iu passing under tlir ♦ A cask, or li barrel, weighs about 5i cwt. + A puncheon of iH) lo 100 gallons weighs 8 to 9 cwt,, according to the degree of strength, t A hogshead weighs about if cwt. DANTZIC. 561 Inin the r:iatprn rnm^lnn M in |'pi«lin Friluli Mnnt-y. Curl«li«7> "i |i.r •UhiI " It.Ti.ri /.. «. ,i, 1 ir 1 c«l. n 9 i ^ h W 1 n II i 10 \i « i> _ n 17 i 110 II u — |-p 17 8 II U — 1 II ll ion — 5 H :l .HI — . 10 7 7 13 — II 12 i _ t 9 K\ n ■~ 4 l> 8 U *~ 1 :) Oli; ro iliiiy frfo. » I.AWM Ann Corn Tr^di! (pp inriaiirr nl' lln' xiiMii I w ill <\ 111 to Diiiil/io liy waliT. iiilliil- r, CollHlll 0 10—0 t re in nny iiniisiml ili'iininil I'nr luiil iiiiiMTlniii. i-nii (inly bo al- iii a li'ss ili'LTci', Willi yoiiii' III' irils Criu'DW till' Vl>liil;t iliill' III :ifli'r till' iiiiil^iiiiiiniT tiiih'i, )f ilio Polish rivers in l>:ii ri'iuli Diint/.ic nil rnoicilii I ml ivvpi'iiitc. Ill fad, lln' "iip- altT ill llie rivorii, or uii ilnir llaiit/.lr hy till" Vi«tiilii. Tli;il ■ ll RiiHsia, mill pan of llii' prn- ciu'rally of an iiifirmr iimliu. run from the rain, liul iml Iniiii ll hriii)' alviiiit l.'ill i|ii!iiliTsiii IH of Ilii- river, brmii Irannv, if lliu Hub Willi thai slniiin, conslriiili'd (>" "n' h^ik*. in , r, hilt wlvii ll. whin 111'' r;lill^ iig, fill ami overllow llie nviT, ladiMilliof 2i fi'i'l. Thi'V.iri' iiriiers (loVL'taili;il ami suniirl wliicli IIk- linihi'rH iir;,' Hi'ivireil •s are laiil on il, wliii li I'.Mi'iiil . the |iiir|iiise of iliiiinu.'i'i 1 anil hottimi is rei eiveil. Tlii. The water which tlii"n. A unmll hnnt prorirrln » llli a man In 11, who I* enipioyril noiinilinii. in urilir to iivoiil tju' >liitiinK ntioiiU I In Ir ul' na\ iiiMlihU id ni'ica- «iirily vi'ry kIow ; .mil iliiriiiii the progreitii ol it.ulinli la^iK hi'IituI u i iIik, mihI even iiioiiIIik, ilii> ruin. If liny fall, nooii railnei the M lie.il In Kfow, mid the vi'uKel imniinif^ ihi' iip|.i'.iritiii e of a lloiilliig nil allow, i'lie nhootinc III the lllire* noiiii foriiiK a lliirk iiiiil, and (iievi nU tin rain Iruii ;>• tiitraliiiK iiinre lli.lli an 1,11 h or two. The imiin hulk l* prolerlud hy IIiIk kind of (overiiiK, ninl, w lull that m throw 11 loiil", 1. foiiiiil ill toleruhle roiidllloii. ■' The viiHiiel'* are liroken up at l>unl/lr, uiiil iliiinlly iiill for ulioiit ] uf their orllimnl nml. Thn ini'll hIiii rondiii'l lliein ri'liifii on fixit. ■■ When the eartfii nrrive* at llant/li: or Klhlnii, all hut the vrown mirfare U thrown on the Inmt, spread nhroail, <'\pi»ii'i| to the Kiin, iiiid l'rei|iii'Mll> liirneil ovir. till any Hliuhl iii<>i>liiri' it iiuiy have linhilieil l< drieil. || a hIiowi r of ram fiilln, mm will an iliirlnB the nlvht, the heapii I'T w Inat oil the .(linre are thrown toiiether in the form of ii ulecp root' ol'ii Iioiiki, that the rain iiriy run oil. and ore riivereil Willi a I ill loth |i ih ihiiK lrei|iii'nlly a loiiK lime ufler the wheat liaH reurhed |)»nl/.ir, tii'l'nre It Ik III to lie plueeil In the w ari'lioiiNi-K. ••'i'he wiirelioiiBi'H (.•/idf^ff..) are verv well adnpteil for HloriiiR mm. They ronnlut iienernlly of 7 ■tnriei, '< of whli'h are in the roof The lloorH are uhniit tl feel iiH.inder. I'iai li of them I* divided hy lierpeiidii iilar parlitloiiH, the whole Ii'IikiIi, .ilmnt I feet lii|,'h, h) w lin h iliirereni paneln are kept di«- tiiM't from I'Hi'h other. Thiix tin- lloirx have 'i div IdIhiii*, eai h of llieiii (iipalde nl f>|i>rinu Innii riltu iml ipiartern of whi'at, niiil li'uvin|( xiiHii lent spaie tor liirniii)( and Kiri'i'iiliiK it. There are alniiiihimii otvviniliiwn on each Moor, which are iiIwii>m Ihrnwii open in dry weather In ventihite the lorii. It u u^iiiillv tiiriieil over :i timei a week. The men who perforin the ope rat ion throw it w iih their nIiumIh .m hilfh n* they can, and thim the uralini are reparated Iroiii each other, and exposed to the dryiiiv iii- liiiciice of the air. "The whole of the rom wnrelioiiBen now left (for iiinwy were hiirnt diirlnit the sieije of Ihi ii, am mpalile of Hlorini(SlK).IHlOi|mirterH of wheat, KiippiMiiiK the i|iiarteri> to he liirue enoii|(li to till each of till' 'i divisions of the tloiirs with a separale heap; hiit as ul' late years il has come ilotvii from I'li- luiiil in smaller parcels than formerly, and of more varimis i|iialities, which innsi nt necessity he kept ilHlilicl. the present slock of alHiiij 'Xl.dlHI i|ii:iriers is foiiiid to oicii|>> nearly the » hole' of thoMii wirclionses which are in repair, or are adviniaueonsly silnated for loadiiiulhe ships. Khips are loail- I'll liy i;aii|!s ot' porters, w Itli great despatch, who w ill eoiiiplete a lurgo of M) i|uarti:rri in ahoiit ^ ur 4 lioiirs."— (*'!"' Hrpiirl.) \Vi' extract from llie work of Mr. Oddy, thn followlnu ndditional InforniHtlon with renpert to tho ll;int/ic warelioiiseH :— " The warehouses for lineiis, ashes, hemp, jic, and the extensive uranaries, ,iti' situated in an island t'oriiied hy the iMollaii. To Kiiiird these warehouses, I'rom 'U^ to III) l'erociiiii« iliiUs nf a larire Ki/.e, amoni.'st which aie hlooil-honiiils, an* let loose at 1 1 o'l lock at niitlit. To keep ilie ilnirs within their districts, as well as to protect the passencers, larue hiuli itates run ncross tliti mil of each of the si reels lendliiKln the main one : no liKlit is allowed, nor any person sii tiered lo livu en tills island. These dous prowl ahoni the whole night, iiiul create great terror. It would he iiii' pimnihle otherwise to keep property secure ainoii|!st the hordi s of Totes, Jews., Ace. met willi here ; nil iiiinishinent would have half the etVect that the driMid of the dous produces. In winter, when till- wilier is fro/.eii uver, there are keepern placed ut particular avenues, w itli w hips, to keep the ilogH in their ran«e. ".>i) lire or rohhery wan ever known ; nnd the oxpenHO to each hiiildiiig, with the Iniiiii use pro- perly they niiilain, is very reasoiiahle. Vessels, either iVom the inti^rior, or other unarli rs, lying nlonitside these warehouses, are not alloxved to have a lire, or livlit of any kind, iin hoard, nor is u !iuilor or any other person siifTercd even to miioke. These reguhitinns partly i xtond to all shipping lyinK in the linrboiir." — (f'.urupean Cumuierre, p. 2iy.) Y'lmlicr VVoi/r, AriirAr.— Kir tiniher is usually brought down in ilR natural state, and is gi|iinred hito \nf«, (ir sawn inln planks, in winter, when tlie labourers cannot he otherwise emphiyeU, The Htavi'S iiliipiieii here are carefully assurted, and are reckoned superior to tiiuHe of America. The cxpenica of the water conveyance of •quared timber, including duty at Thorn, are— s. d. I. d. From the Bug - - from alioiit ti to 5 « per piece. — Wieprez (above Warsaw) - — 4 6-44 do. — Vistula (above do. )- — 30-24 do. Being higher when the demand ia unusually great, or when hands are «riirr>>. At Pantzie, an well n« nt Petersburgh (which see), Riga, and several other Ballir ports, sworn in- npi-clors (AnirAcM) are appointed by authority to examine certain articles intended for exportation, and In classify llieiii according to their (|iialilies. Staves and limber of all sorts, w illi the exception of pine wood,' is BUhjected to the brack, rrinie nuality is branded Kmhn or Crvirii ; second i|iiality, Itrark ; and the tliird or lowest i|iiality. Bracks Brark. All unmerchantable articles are rejected liv tlie brackers, and arc not allowed to be exported. The gaiiiie for crown pipe staves, which the hracker has always in his hand, is 45 inches broad, U iliick, and lil inches in length, which tliey must be at least; but they are expected lo bo larger in every resjiect. - , ,. I'ipc stavea are from (W to 68 inches long ; 6, 5, and 41, at least, broad ; and from U to 3 inches thick. Hrandy staves are at least 54 to .^S inches long, as thick nnd broad as pipe staves. Ilnpshead staves are M to 45 inches loiii.', as thick and broad as pipe staves, all English nieosure. The (piality is ascertained by marks, to distinguish each sort, aa follows :— Hogshead bracks brack, II. Brandy hogshead crown, at tho end, B K. — brack, in the middle, X. — bracks brack, >ck uf tiO pieces. 0>k plank } (lak end! ( - - 1 ID - load. .Slllti . .~ 13 HI — niille nil*. Blark or spruce beer — 7 1-2 - I.isinf liken. Fralhcra - — 2 — lOUIbs. N. B.— The IVuMian pound it about 3 1-3 per eeul. heaTirr than the Enjlisti pound. The ripensrs of sendinn pxids down arc taki-n :vr about M avrra«u rale j but if the whole, or the greater (art of the cargo, were loaded in the Fairwaier or road», Ibe eapeuses ivoulj U aoniewbat more. S/iip/iiiii'.— Acrnnnt of llic Ntimhcr of Sliips. spccifyinj! the Cmmtrlra to which they bcloiiRrd, willi thdir Toimiipe in Lasts, of 1,000 I'russiiiii Ihs. thut arrived at, and departed from, Dantzit in 1S31. — {Prussian Official .^ceounta.) FUgs. Ships Arriied .-ind Sailed. Lasts Of these Flags. Ships Arrived and Sailed. Usts. or lliem j Uden. , llalla.l. Liden. Ilall.iil. Shipi. Lutt Ship*. i,in 121 114 32 93 224 319 4n 976 2,79S 2,2-.S Ships.] l,.-u(s. Ships, Lxli, Mecklenburg 1 !*,;[,; Hanse.Townsjj*;;- Russian - \t;^ Swedish • jj',':;;. Norwegian | |,"' Hanoverian \ ^,'J^; 2-. 23 4 4 7 12 3 2 3S .38 64 50 l,TO-. I,si3 2»r 270 3S1 56-. 200 156 fHQ 16 22 1 4 5 12 2 1 11 662 l,6r>2 2>» 270 2-0 56i I4H 63 622 661 1.797 us: 1,734 4,749 7''2 2.917 9 3 3 2 1 2 12 29 21 34 Oldenburg ) J^,';;- Nilberlands if^^^; 13 12 1.33 132 4 4 J 492 470 7.341 7,.1il3 2.34 240 ,50 I!I7 6 1 .55 132 ~4 "3 214 470 2.764 7,393 240 ~97 7 78 4 I 275 1 4,-.77| 1 234 M i.iso! '5 l,M3 61 l.MI' 20 4.>12. 17 TotalForeign J Arr. .Sl.ips • ) Dep. Pn.vsian .*»hip8 ai rived and departed Grand Total arrived and depirted - 3.9 361 571 21,048 21,791 »^0,7 The charf^et on the »hip« of all conntrie? having reciprocity treatipt with lYussia (which inKt^r.-enilly Ihe case) are thesanul 16,000 lasts = 24,000 tons^ ii^vieated by almul i> V) nien. They are employt-.! in foreign trade, 'i lie port has no tishery, and no coasting trade worth mentioning. Cuttom-fi(nt9e Rc^ilatiimi.^The shipmaster muit, wi'hin 24 hours after arrival in port, make a declaration of Ihecarjo on Kard, and of the ship's provisions, .and he incurs a severe penalty if the declaration do not prove correct. The ship's hatL-hes (if irt*o.l» arr on ImanI) are sealed on arrival, and an ariihtinnil declaration is ac- cepted iK-fore Ihey are unseale I ; but no lattr declintion, tt;pple- mentary.or eYplanalory, (d the first, and no Jiil'niitling the giols to investigation by the officers, m received or allnwetl. If tlie ehtpnna- ter be imitjle to make a conipliMe declaration on arrival, a ("iistnm- house oflicer is put on IxarJ, who remains until the ship is iiiiloade'l, at an expense to hir of about 2x. per day and niitht. The cargo can only l»- discharged in nn'senre of a cus'oms nfficer. Thf shipmaster, and not the receiver of the goodv i^ niafle re- sponsible, if the contents of the packages do not correspond with his (lr( laration ; and he is only exonera'etl from this by ntlt nmly avt r* ring, on making tjie declaration, that the contents are unknown to Mm. An evident mist.ike or oversight is treate>l as rigorously as an intentional fraud. On commencing to /oarf, tlie shipmaster receives a blank loading list, in which he must daily note the articles he likes on lK»anl.or he is liable to fine ; but thisreetilation is not very rigidly enforceil. (hi clearing out, this list is compared with the goods enlered by the ves- sel, when the sea pasB|Mirl is given. Ball.ist can be discharged only at stated places, on |>aln of the ship- ma-ster beicg fined. It is material, however, to observe, that the whole Custom house business of the shipmaster is cnntluc'ed by CuMnni house hn'ker*. so tliat he is never at a loss, being iufonne^l liy 'tie one lie wleci* wh.tt lie hat to do. Alterations are frequently made in the Customdiouse regidations. The sliipmiiter receives, on arrival, from the pilot coninio*tnrc, a copy r)f the h.ir)>our refutations, in his own language, with instruc- tions how to act as to ballast. H^ureAou«i»f.-^ucb goods aa pay a higher duty than 1-2 a dollar per centner falx^ut I*. 5 l-2d. for about 113 lbs. Enpllsh) imyhe Jdaced in the king's stores iiio where else), ami reiii.Tin thtnt^ri years wi'bout payinrnt of duty. No aIIo»anre is iin.le for wnjftor damage in tbe*e stores. (Hlur gorvfs, not capable of beinn ch.inKrI, may be placed in private stores, under the kinij's loc k ; but rmi else- where, wiih'iut |>crmission. No rent is chirned fnr Kmuls in i)ie king's stores, tluring the first three months ; afierivanlH ahnut t \-L{. monthly rent is charged for the f)rer cent, interest ; discounts hilts with 3 signatures, rot hiving more than 2 months to run, at 6 iier cent., and snnietinir*. when nsoiH-y is plenty, al a lower rate. It alw n.akes aivances at 4 per C( lit. on dei)osiis of Fred, d'ors and certain foreign mnnirs; anJ it occasionally buys hills fnr account of, and sells bills on the Derliii hank. It does not issue notes. The aniount of its r.i|iil:i! jv n'.\ fixed ; but government guarantees its transactions, ft is relieve'l from the pa^ ineiit of [mstaee on money, and it is not required tn wv ll'e s'am|ts fixe«l tiy l\w,on bills for its dt posil traiis-iciinns, Imt only thni. f, (aliout *> S-lrf.) for^ums of .')(! dfil. !-> .liOdnl., and al the same rate for ever}* additional sum between 100 dol. aul 40) dot. Rills from and on foreign places, negoliattd at Ihnl/ic, are not subject to the stamp duty. The atfair^of ihe bank are not msde public. Being a cnvernmciit concern, tbere are no divirteiids. It is not BUp[iosed lo he very yro- fi' dde, iti h-att in the present circuinscrihed slau* of traile, allhouih eninyinr the advaiitanea of exemption fmiii postaije of nioiiies, mid payiii? less stamp duty. It is true, however, thai the direct advaii- tase of V.-v lower ■tamp diitv is enjoyeil hy the borrower. t'TH't, //rfiftirar*'-.^"''-— Very few iffHvlsare consittiied fmin.il>m! fnr s.ile, for such mnsi^nment^ rarely turn to eiwwi arcHint. Iii;i>oit9 are seldom s<^ld for cash, tr cash payments, when sold m • ini*-. is usuilly 6 perceiit., but it varies according as luotifV U pleii- lifiil or otherwise Any |HT«on, \mns a liurgher of the town (which any nnenf gnot character niav liefonn-), inav transact business as a conniiissinn (n^r- rhinl or factor; hut l-nikers must lie chosen tiy the eiden of ths {'or|M.ration of Merchants, approved by the regency of Uw provitifif^ and iwom iu by the magistracy of the lowu. DANTZIC. 663 >|joul 23 1-2 per luod. — 1 — fnihnm. — 2 — >l.('ck uf 60 pieM». — I 10 — liiail. — 13 10 — niillr pi|«. — 7 1-2 — bsint II ke^ — 20 — 100 Iba. •ntn of MtidiliK noolii down nrc Likrn :il Irwaier or roadi, llie eipauMi »nui.l U to which thpy bclnnciMl, willi parted fruiii, Duiitzic in IH^I. Of Ihcm Laata. Lailen. II.ill.iM. Ship.. 1.-UU. .shipt. L»l!. 492 6 214 7 27S 470 1 470 7,341 55 2.764 79 4,577 7,103 132 7,393 234 — — 4 234 240 4 240 50 _ ~ I SO l!)7 3 197 21.048 196 9.022 163 I2.CJ6 21,791 316 20,0f2 45 1,-|» M,MI 3f-3 .53/.7.> m 27,265 41,OT 123,eT9 S95 W.679 .596 ■2d. for almtit 113 lbs. Knplisit) m.iyl* (iio where elw), .irisi reiurxin thini-Ti iluty. No allow .mrr is iniile fdr w.uuor ilhiT goo-Is, not ca|jahlf of brirtu cll.l|llt^l, toreft, uiulfrlhe kin;£'s Inik ; but notfUe* [i. No tent is chiri^eil fur ttmh in i)ie rst three nmiiths; afi*T\vaj-.l»aliiiut | |.jj. If Ihf firtl, 'inri about '.kt. mooitily Tir the r about li:i l^^. Kti^hali. he iiionihly rpnt fur 10 quarfrrs of wlint lut 3 \-2d. Io7d., or more, arconlin^ ai JanI or otherwise. Other (ti'("U ifo nul lut |iart of n store is hired fr)r thtni, tuJ miewhnt higher in prot»orlion. lin?' grain is fmiii It. 2rt. to It. ft/, nmnili. inc to the season of the year ami other vheu granary nmiu ii si-nrce, ami wafu ,— There is none mich here, f .tcPptipK -i lovernmenl Bank of Berlin. This wai w of receiving ile^Misits of money umltT he province; monies the pnipcrly i>f m- lOns, tl.e former until iliRpn«.illetir (ilacfJ iniei belonging tn indiviilu^ls not itiei^ those of the htter. Interest is paiJ on lining to minors, charitable insttltntinns, churchn, eponrmwfr. "ery few 'eiKulsAre cr)nsiitnttl fromabreil nts rarelv turn to eoor cash pavmenls, when sold "n but It varies accoriling as money is pitii- 'her of the town (which any one of uroi V transact business as a romnn^inn nirr- ra must be cluwn bv the enler^ of tfiB approved ty the regency of tho (imviiitf, racy of the lowu. Tie mini nttt of commlmion *T^— 3 per cent, ou wood article* i .,_n-.ftj Z do. other chkIs { "PO"^, 3 do. ciwhIs im|ri the actual or the computed uiiuunt of transactions in puLlic funds, ffoni l>o'h parties. \l per cent, usuilly (wimelime^ more or less) for merehmdlte. On r^i" for ex|KirtaMon, the brokerage is recently fined at I per cetd., t'l be piid bv the seller, the buycrrefunding to him ') ». gr. ptr last nf -Tfa I 2 "tclieffels. Rur^liers l«iitg nierchants, may act u brokers without direct au- thority, in the purchase from, and sale af ito nicn's in court, make Iwilh detdor and creilitor de^iimui of settling bv MtniHi-i'ion ; airl hence few Insolvents are made liaiiknipt, by 'hefr affaint beint liruKhi inh) court. It is (o lie olfterved, that creditors, havine claims by bills in firce, must by law be pai 1 to the full, be< fiire those «ith only hook claims receive any 'hing ; bu! to avoid 'he tarliness of the court, hill crditors here generally agree to le' book cn'-lil'trs receive half as nnicli in composition as they themselves (Eft. It is, however, difficult to arrange a comi)nsiiion, as each credi- tor ctn make bis own term* ; and those who hidd out, generally ^et more, at least privately, than the ostensible rate of coDi|>osillon offered by thedetdor. If a pnvai" comiKMilion cinnot be ertt'cted.and the insolvent la re- (uliHy nia le haoBrnpt. by his alTairs teine put Into court, the law prtHcrilies that, if a small portion of thecredi'on will not accept the divi'leii'l with which the ereater wrtion are satisfietl. the latter can r«]iiirf ihe former to omsent, nr become res|)onsilib fnr the estate pmiliicin; is nnieh fm.'tlly ; tiui so many objections may be made, that 'his comtiulsive nn-asu'e is very seldom reported 'o. A private ciini>osi*i Ml is. howfver, general'y preferred by all parties, more mrticiilarly by th.' debtor, as being the only means by which he can DPi''>nieetlireiv free, and get a fpiieral dijcharje. H'^nest liankrupt«, whose atlairs aie bmuthl Into court, may he freel fn'in perwtnal arrest hy faithfully delivering up all their pro- perly. Dishonesl ones, upon conviction, are punished by being sent to the Mmi«e nf Conrction ; hut Ihcy often enrape piinishinmt, fruni the ton Kfi-at laxity In ent'orcingtht laws In crimin-il tn.itleni The cn-ditora of a banknipt estate bronchi into curt, rank undrr H ditlerent classes, each prior cl.ias ertjoyirm a pretedenry of claim over those fulloning, lo the full amount. I he two n.ost eoiiMderable classes In geneni, are the (ilh .md 7ih, li.e I.>rn.er bt-ing (hat of Ifae bill, the Inter that nf the IxH-k, rr^lit^ls. yoitt, ^'f— 'Ihedu'lrsare in grmral payable on the ^ross weight; a fixed allowance l>tiiig uiadi', In many cases, according to the )»:ick- ag. n in others, there IS no allowanre 'I he taritt' specifies 'he par- ticular regulations on iliis point. Tie taie on gixvts in sinitle sarki is 4 lbs. |»er Cfiiiner (about WiWr.. Kiisjlisli), it b«inK left to the op- tion of the receiver lo have the nt-tt weight asfert.nned. In trade Iherc arc tiled rales uf tare only on the tokluning goods ; vir— I'otaahes, 6 (ler cent., when sold by a merchant. Dye wofKl, ground, 8 to 1 1 per bals. Currants Figs and raisins Olive oil in whole butts* half do. l-4ihand 1-mhdn. casks. whole and h.tlf butts. l-4lhand l>th. ptpus. 14 per cent. 16 -- 18 — 10 — i(i — 18 tn 20 16 — Sed oil, latterly Ihe tire is ascertained^ Pepper, Fnglisli, in double bags, 7 II s. — Danish, in baits and mats, II lln. Orange and lemon peel. 6 |>er cent.,«ir tare ascertained. Hice I'lom Fnglnnd or Handnirgh, Ihe tare as ou ibe c;isks, less 2 lbs. per cask on that froni Enel md, and in pniivortiou tothr weight on that front Hamburgh. Danish should give ID percent. tarCi but the buyrn are In general not Hatisficd with (his. Tallow, 10 per cent., or riett tare. Tea, Dani'^h bohea, 7N IIm. If in linen and matt. — 24 :bs. in churls alxive IdO lbs. 22 Itis. — of about 80 lbs. Most frequently the tare is ascertained. Vitriol, 10 i>er cent. Raw siiear, 12 lo 16 per cent, according lo the si/e nf the chests. Caiidii d snear, tare by invoici>, adding in that proportion for tho dif* fcrence in the wt-ight usually heavier. Syrup in w hole casks, 10 ner cent. — in 1-2 do, and barrels, \l percent. On the sate of imi>orls, I percmt. on (he nett weight (called good weight) is allowed in favrmrrf the buyer. Inmraiice. — There are no insurance conipaniesnoi private insurer* here; but the'eare agents tf insuram-e cornpinics in Htmburj^h for ships, and those of Locdoii and other places for boiises ;in(l live-*. M'(ig<« '*j ccnimoit Lalnnirrn in Danlzic vary fiom 9*/. to llrf. a day, and thote of carpenters, masons, 4c. from It. iiiK to 2». Wages in all the lirge Prussian towns are higher than in 'be simii towns of the coun'ry, from the price of Hour, bread, am! I u'cher's meat tieinj hlxher In them. This is oreisioneil partly tiy the hner being sub- ject tooffroifor excise duties on entering the gn*at towns, fnim which the country districts and smaller towns are exempted. The kiTi{ receives 2 ads of these itnties, and the lou ns ilie other 1 3d, This duty is a ^rea* rdis'acle to the free Inteicourse wi h the cnnntiy. (We have derived ilnse -'et ills fn»m ditferei.t sources, but priiici. pally from the valuable Jin^u^rs made by the CoiiSitl to (he L'trcu- lar Qtiertet.) I'Ri'ssiw SmpiMNn —Summary SlatftmenI nf the Arrivnls of Ships at, nnd of their Dcpnrtiirn from, the (litlt'retit Prussian Ports, in 1834.— (From the Otlicial Accounts I'lirnisliod hy the I'msniau Uo- vernriiL'nt.) lAilen. In n.lll.«t. Aimn ^Ihese were F'iri-ii;ii 1 1 Nimea of Por!a. Ship* Enlered .111(1 .Saileil. Burden In lAsta "f 4,ooo:b«. 71.2 -|7 1 Ships. Laata. Shipf., Ships Klll.TCl RiirliMi in l.isfs i.f 4,000 ll.j. Ijilfn. In Ihllast. Siilrcl. 270 Ships. Uis's. Sl.ips. Ijsls. 19,578 Meniel • ( KnI. 6^3 221) 25,6r'.4 40'. 52.6 '3 2h,483 10(1 6.n05 170 >Sil fi-lS f0.9l7 630 80.215 IS 6K9 2-2 2(-.S92 261 26. 'II 11 374 Pilhu • ( Kill. 3»l 2-.2II 2«7 19-.40 94 7,671 23S 11, -.^o IK9 8.23S 49 3.292 .102 2I.72S 2Pfi lfi.«.'0 66 8.10" 2?2 10.7^9 206 9 691 26 i.roe Dantzic ( l.rit. {Snil. W9 62.342 .309 2l,6-,8 340 3e.fi'1 56 2.316 361 21,791 316 20,0.>.i 45 1,7.9 5 KnI. SI 2. '02 76 I.^IO r, 203 1 55 1 53 81 2,21! 32 7;i6 49 l,49(i 1 55 _ 1 55 RlSenwalJo ■ < KnI. JSail. 84 .3.142 .13 1,212 51 1,910 31 1.264 9 416 2! 848 M 3.!fil 67 2. -OS l". 661 31 1,264 30 1,217 1 47 5 Kn'. >Siil. 8X 3.273 30 6.1 .58 2,620 H W2 3 101 13 S9I 90 3.4 1-. 82 2. 7 -.6 81 659 18 612 18 642 Swinemtm.Ift . 5 Km. jSiil. 817 58.TI>2 608 4 ' 077 209 16.62-. 2i'.i 17.715 214 I3,IS5 82 4.5,30 M2 59.'nT 7U m.-t-i 128 9 :i3 ') 21)7 ix.orn 219 13.681 78 4,322 Wnl-Mt ( Km. ! Mil. 100 .5.321 47 2.P(i3 53 3,2-.s ,33 i,o,r, 23 701 10 344 114 6.40S 87 4,9V-, 27 1.4 -3 30 1.168 IS 537 IS 631 Greifiwalle • 5 Kill. ) Siil. IV) 11. WI ,38 t.l"5 112 10,096 2s 1.3 8 15 461 13 887 167 12.314 l!7 7.0'.9 40 5.2-.-. 29 1 .020 18 fOI 11 42S StnlsiinJ ArriviN 5 Km. iSjil. 3SS lO.MW r,9 6.9>6 229 I2.-.80 1,38 4.820 100 3.691 38 1.129 390 19.S90 27I.54- 300 12,7,32 90 7,1,58 146.270 129 1.412 4.(ii2 8-..9',0 79 1,1-98 ■^0 2.754 1,<15 12-.,2-7 1,556 8-.0 42,775 5(a 43,175 I)e[iar(urra • 3,418 ~6,7H9 274,212 54-1,779 2.921 "4^36 237,102 161.379 497 2,(M 37,130 1W,400 1.4' 6 2.818 86.2^5 172 235 1.165 7I,M19 241 ll,4lb l4,59r 2,015 117,644 803 Ciwniriff inirhifh Fareiirn VeDfcIs helnngej.— 0( Ihe foreign vessels that entered and were despatch- «d from I'russian Ports in 1S34, there were— Arrivals. Dt'D^rtiirw. Uritish - 211 . - 210 Netherlands - 3ii . - .S,1l Diuiifh - 2(12 . - 2(;o Hiindvi'rian - 19« . - 188 fwedisli - - !I7 - - (W Nnrwepinn - 191 - - I(»7 Then follow the ships ofthe Uiinseutiu cities, Russia, Mecklenburg, Slc, ■ii 564 DANUBE, DATES. c:. \ 1 if » 1 < s I f % t '■ tr Ships bflonghg to Pnuiitt.—'M. Ferhcr gives the Tollnwing Table of the ghlppinf; nf Primsla :■— UumniHry liiUicntion of the Vessi-ln bKloiigitig to rruKHinn Owtifm, in the Yt!«irs 1&33, 1820, 1927, 162A, 18'i'J, 1830, Ulid IK31, —(*'cr*er, p. 174.) Port!. 1825. 1826. 1837. 1 l'>28. 1820. 1830. 1831. 1 Shlp«. !-».!>. Sliipi, Uili. Ship^. La. Sliiln. 1^^ s. Ship". tMU. 1 Kdniusberg - D 1,617 l,-> 2.3fiS 16 2,539 17 2,738 18 3,026 20 3008 11 3.2'.> 1 Pillau - II I.7ti7 12 2,026 16 2,670 11 2,408 15 2,li02 15 2.61.0 14 2,:i-!ii Mi-mci - :»■. 4,2i7 235 25.014 241 25,460 .'52 2(i.;tiN 1 Ciislin - 32 1,724 •i-i l.fi.37 34 2,761 35 2,792 39 3,015 39 2,!H)!1 41 3.m! Siralsiind - 82 6,215 7S 5,983 80 6,324 81 6,186 70 6,001 75 6,310 HI 7,24s i <: riffs walde 41 2.057 42 3,069 52 3,928 54 4,070 52 4,10.1 52 4,185 62 4,17H Wdlsiist - 21 1,020 19 I..510 18 i.^r^a 20 l,7h8 22 1,992 21 1,919 23 2,ltH Harth - - Total - 41 3,5.-.4 41 3,572 41 tl23 3,781 70,731 41 3,781 41 3,7M1 41 1,369 44 4,;itiy 576 51,007 5f«9 61,393 ('.31 72,434 620 73,418 613 75,079 ii>.-,2 r6,uwj Influence nf Reciprocily Treaties.— IMa Table is important, as exhibiting the titter ffroundleasnesj of the clainoiir raised in this country as to the reciprnclty treaty with Prussia. Taking the last ni 1] Ion, the total inrrease of Prussiian shipping, from 1825 to 1H31 inclnsive, will be 76 ships atid 2N,.|7o tons, which is viiry little more than the increase, during the same period, of the shipping bi'loiiglni; ir, the port of Newcastle ! It will be observed, too, that the increase since 1827 has oidy aniounlcd to 29 ships and 9,,184 tons. If, therefore, our shipping be distressed, it is quite itiipossihle it should have been occasioned by the increase of shipping in Prussia. Considering, indeed, thii e.xteni of sea coast now in possession ofthat kingdom, the tran(|uillity she has enjoyed since the peace, and her rapid pro- gress in manufactures and commerce, the small increase of her shipping is not a little surprisine. ll could not well have been less, though the reciprocity treaty had never been heard of. Indeed, many of the Prussian shipowners think, and, perhaps, justly,thut it would have been greater had that triMiy not been entered into. It must also be kept in view, that this tritting increase in the sbippjneof Prussia is the oidy increase that has taken place in the shipping of any country of the north nt' Eiirn|ie since 1825. The inercanlile navies of Sweden, Denmark, and Russia, have undergone little nr no cli:inge ; hut it is a fact, that the shipping of Norway has fallen otf even more rapidly than that ol' Prussia has increased, and yet we have a reciprocily treaty with her ! Is not this siillicieiii in slimv that the intliience of these treaties has been grossly e.vaggerated by our ship owners 1 and that thoy cannot really have done them ar.y injury 1 (DANUBE (N.tvioATioN of). See Galacz.— 5u/j.) DATES (Ger. DaHeln ,- Fr. Dattes .• It. Dalteri ; Sp. Datiles), the frait of the palm tree (Phisnix daclyllfrra Lin.). This tree is al>uii(lant in Egypt, Barbnry, Aralda, Persia, and the adjacent countries, particularly on the confines of the desert, and wherever there is sufllcient ni'iisture. It is a tall majestic tree; and repeated references are made to it in the sacred writings (Eccles. xxiv. 14.), and in the Koran. Mohammed, in one of his sayings, beautifully compares the upright and generous man to the palm tree. " He stands erect before his Lord ; in his every action he follows the impulse received from above, and his whole life is devoted to the welfare of his fellow-creatures." But the veneration in which the palm tree is held in the East is to be ascribed more to its utility than to its beauty. Dates form tiie principal part of the subsistence of the inhabitants of many parts of Arahii and Barbary, and they are held in the his'hest estimation wherever tiiey are met with. " They are," says Burckhardt, " by far the most essential article of food for the lower classes of Medina ; their harvest is expected with as much anxiety, and attended with a^ iiuith gene- ral rejoicing, as the vintage in the south of Europe ; and if the crop fails, which ofioii hap- pens, as those trees are seldom known to produce abundantly for 3 or 4 successive years, or is eaten up by the locusts, universal gloom overspreads the population, as if a I'aiiiiiie were apprehended." — {Travek in Arahia, vol. ii. p. 214.) There is an endless variety of dates. Generally, however, they may be de.scribed asbcinj somewhat in the shape of an acorn, but u.snally larger, consisting of a thick fleshy sulwtance, including and freely separating from an oblong stone or kernel, having a furrow on tlio one side. Their taste is agreeably sweet, accompanied with a slight astringency. The new fruit is called by the Arabs ntteb. When the dates are allowed to remain on the tree lill they are quite ripe, and have become soft and of a high red colour, they are fonned into a hard solid paste or cake called adjoite. This is formed by pressing the ripe dales forcilily into large baskets, each containing about 2 cwt. " In this state," says Burckhardt, " the Bedouins export the adjoue : in the market it is cut out of the ba.sket, and sold by the pound. It forms part of the daily food of all clas.'ses of people : in travelling it is dissolved in water, and thus affords a sweet and refreshing drink. During the monsoon, the ships from the Persian Gulf bring adjoue from Bussorah to Djidda for sale in small baskets weiiih- ing about 10 lbs. each ; this kind is preferred to every other. Ships bound from Arabia for India take with them a considerable (pianlity of adjoue, which is readily disposed of amongst the Mohammedans of Hitidostan." — {Trave/ii in A-ahia, vol. i. p. 57.) The Arabians and Egyptians use the leaves of the tree in the preparation of bags and baskets ; the boughs, the outer and inner bark of the trunk, and the fleshy substance at the root of the leaves, where they spring from tiie trunk, have all their res^iective uses ; and be- DEALS— DEMURRAGE. 505 shipping of Primsla:— a Yetirs IWS, 1826, 1*27, 16W, i>ts. 1830. Sliil». ,020 ,(i(12 ,SI5 ,1)11 1,(105 .,014 1,015 1,001 l,IO.t t,7Hl 20 15 .IS I'J 711 241 Ktl 75 52 21 41 3008 2.O11O 5,0f< 2.i,4fiO 2,tK)!) 0,310 4,lr<.5 1,«1S» 1,3«'J Ship". Lut,. 1831. 11 14 m 20 76 :5a 41 81 52 33 44 2,.'i-'.i i 4.51?: 3,15.1 j IV.Oli 3.1"«1 7,'i4s I 4,179 1 2,ltM 4,:il)'l<">K"ii; 10 ce 1827 has only anmuiiifd 10 iiite inipiisHil'li^ i« slioiild liavc luleed, the e.xK'iil of s«'i\ rn.isi > the ppnin.aiiil her rapid pro- f isiiol a litll«s;,s7;/ ,• Pol. Ttirclcr), a thin kind of fir planks, much used in carpentry : they are formed by sawing the trunk of a tree into longi- tudinal divisions, of greater or less thickness, according to the j)urposes they are intended to st.rvc. They are imported from Dantzie, Petersbtirgh, Narva, and many other ports in the Baltic, and from North America ; but tho.se from Ciiristiania, the capital of Norway, are the liest, and bring the highest price. They are distinguishable from those produced iti the con- tiguous provinces of Norway ; their superiority has been said to depend principally on their king more perfectly sawed ; but it really depends on the greater care with which the sap- wooil and other defective portions of the timber are cut away, and on the quality of the timber. A Russian standard deal is 12 feet long, II inches wide, and IJ inch thick ; 400 feet of IJ inch plank make a load. A I'brisliania standard deal is 11 feet Ions, 9 inches wide, and \i inch thick. There is another fiaiiiiard of Norway deals at Urani, 10 feet long, 9 inches wide, and li inch thick.— (See Chiiis- TUNIA.) DEBENTURE, a term used at the custom-house to signify the certificate subscribed by the customs oflicers, and given to the exporter of goods on which a bounty or drawback is alkwetl, bearing that the exporter has complied with the required regulations, and that he is entitled to such bounty or drawback. It is enacted by 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. } 86., that no drawback or honnty shall bo allowed npon tlie f\|inrlation of any goods, niili'ss entered in the name of the real owner ttiereol", or of tlie (lerson who hid actually purchased and shipped the same, in his own name and at his own risk, on nuiimission. Hiuiupwner or conunission merchant shall make ami subscribe a declaration on the delieitnre that llieeniiris have been actually exported, and are not to he relanded In any parr of the linited Kingdom, if.; and if such owner or commission nu'rchant shall not have purchased the right to such drawback irbiiiMity, he shall declare under his hand in the entry, and in his oath u[ion the debenture, the person \\lin is entitled thereto; and the iinnie of such person shall he insiTted in tlie corket, and in the (lelieiitiire, and bis receipt on the latter shall he the discharge of sucli drawback or boiiiily.— J 87. For these and the other clauses in the act relating to debentures, see Importation anu KxeouTATioM. All ilelienlnres must he on 5s. stamps. lltheiitiires or ccrtilicates for bounty on the exportation of linens or sailcloth exempted from duly. DELFT, OH DELF (^Ger. Fai/enre, UnCichles PorzelUin ; Du. Delfs pnrcrli/n ; Fr. /'(■'/'(Hof), a coarse species of porcelain originally manufactured at Delft, whence its name. It is now rarely used in this country. DE.MIJRRAGE, in commercial navigation, is an allowance made to the master or owners if a ship by the freighter, for detaining her in port longer than the period agreed ujion for her sailing. It is usually stipulated in charterparties and bills of lading, that a certain num- ler of days, called running or working days, shall be allowed for receiving or discharging llic cargo, and that the freighter may detain the vessel for a further specified time, or as long as he pleases, on payment of so much per d.ein for such over-time. When the contract of illreighlment expressly sti|inlates that so many days shall be allowed for discharging or re- fcivnig the cargo, and so many more for over-time, such limitation is inter|)reted as an ex- press stipulation on the part of the freighter, that the vessel shall in no event be detained longer, and that if detained he will be liable for demurrnge. This holds even in cases where the delay is not occasioned by any fault on thy freighter's part, but is inevitable. If, for ex- ample, a ship be detained, owing to the crowded state of the port, for a longer time than ia allowed by the contract, demurrage is due ; and it is no defence to an action for demurrage, itiat it arose from port regulations, or even from the unlawful acts of the Custom-house (iflicers. Demurrage is not, however, claimable for a delay occasioned by the hostile deten- tion of the ship, or the hostile occupation of the intended port ; nor is it claimable for any ilflay wilfully occasioned by the master, or owners, or crew of the vessel. The claim for demurrage ceases us soon as the ship is cleared out and ready for sailing, though she should Vol,. I.— 3 B I ' t f 566 DENARIUS— DIAMOND. y . ■•""'"''"'SI •«>■,. •••1 nat>..iuti«a I ; be detained by adverse winds, or tempestuous weather. — (C/iilti/'s Commercial Law, vol. iii. pp. 426—431.) DENARIUS, a Roman coin, estimated by Dr. Arbuthnot to have been worth 7^rf. ; but it8 value iliirered at ditl'erent periods. DENIER, a small French coin, of which there were 12 to a sol. (DERELICT, FLOTSAM, JETSAM, AND LAGAN.— It was enacted by the 3 & . Will. 4. c. 52. (see Impoiitation ash Expohtatiov), that such foreif^ii goods dercljri jetsam, and flotsam, as could not be sold for the amount of the duties, were to be. deptiip,, unenumcrated goods, and cliarged with duty accordingly. But this proviso has lieon repealed; and the Commissioners of Customs are authorised to inquire into the extent (r> which such goods shall have been damaged, and to make such abatement of the duties a^ may appear just and reasonable. — (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 60. § 3.) It is further enacted, that goods found derelict, or under the denomination of flotsntn, jetsam, «tc. shall, if not claimed within 12 months, be deemei' condemned as droius ot Admiralty.- (§ 7.)— Sup.) DIAMOND, (Ger.Du. Da. and Fr.ZJ/anirtr?// Sw. Demanf Diamatil ,■ It. Sp. anillVt. Diamante; Rus. ^l/wns ,• Vo\. Dt/amaiit ; liAt. Adainax ,■ Kind. ///m), a precious sion,. which has been known from the remotest ages. Pliny has ''escribed it (//■>/. Nat, Jih. :j; §4.); but his account is, in many respects, inaccurate. It is found in dillerent parts oi India, and in Borneo; it is also found in Brazil, on which, indeed, Europe may be said to be at present entirely dependent for supplies of diam )mi'h. Hitherto, however, it has not been met with any where except within the tropics. It is the most beautiful and most valui. ble of precious stones. Its most common colours arc ■ vhitc and grey of various chailcs. It occurs also red, blue, brown, yellow, and green. Tbj colours are commonly pale. It [^ always crystallised, but sometimes so imperfectly that it might pass for amorphaus. Jti, the hardest body in nature. External lustre frrm s|)Iendid to glimmering; internal ainavs splendid. It is brittle ; its specific gravity is 3- '>. When rubbed, it becomes positively (i^t. trie, even before it has been cut by the lapidary, which is not the case with any other gem, — ( Thomson^ s Chemintri/,) According to Mr. Milburn (Orient. Cam.), the colour should be perfectly crystallinp, resembling a drop of clear spring water, in the middle of which you will perceive a sironJ light playing with a great deal of spirit. If the coat be smooth and bright, with a httip tincture of green in it, it is not the worse, and seldom proves bad ; but if there be a nii\. ture of yellow with the green, then beware of it — it is a soft, greasy stone, and will iirove bad. Tesln of Diamond.i. Cutlinfr.J^r.— To nsrertnln wlietlipr any sppcimen is a true dianinrd nriKit.a fine tile may lie used ; anil if ilii? surface of die sloiu! Ixs tilt- least abraded or scratc^licd liy its aclinn. ■ is not u diamond. Tlie ilifl\!ri'iicf' will also appnar upon closo examination wiilionl this inslniii-it' tlic rays of liplit easily pass lliroiifli other gems, tint in the tliamond Ihey are refracted to Ihi- siirli...' wliiih ocrasions its superior hrilliam'y If ihi! siwcimcn under evaTiiination ho very iniiMiti', it mm |„! placed lietwcen 2 lialf-rrowns. or other flat nn^lallic surfaces, and pressei) with the IhumI) ami tiii'.r' if a pe. Hut, in I t-'iti, a young man of the name of I.onis nerglien, a native of linii'is. iss.iiilni have tonstructed a polishing wheel for the purposi-, which was fed with diamond jiinvdi-r ins-pirlnf cnriinilitm, which the Chinese ami Hindoos had heen Ion!.' accustomed to oinplov llemhen \i:is i"ilm this discovery hy ohserviiig the action produced hy ruhhing '2 rough diamonds toL'eilier. Diiiiunlj are cut into hrillianis anil rose diamonds; the former heing, for the most part, made out of i||,.ii,;n. hedral crystals, and the latter from the spheroidal varieties.— (Jwjce's Procficui Miiicraloini; lita's CijcloptPtlia, S;r.) ''Commercial ^'alite of Pianiovd.i.— In tUe fireai or wholesale trade there is hut little fliirlnalliin in the price of those diamonds which may he termed stones in /lenenil demand. 1 will hejiiii with l)rilliiii|.i from I grain to 21 grains each.— Such hrilliants, douhli- cut, and what may he termed line, an- Wdrlli from 7/. to 8;, per carat. Nei-dy sellers may take 10 per cent less for cash; hut this is the (.'iMnnl average [irice for a hd of 10, 20, or iJO carals'of well-made stones, if the (|ualiiy he good. "Hrilliants, from 2 grains to 3, may lie hought in lots, at from 7^ 7.«. to h/". per carat. It is In b' understood, that diamonds in a lot are never all unite free from faults ; hence tlier ay arise ,i iliil r! ence of 10 per cent, in the price. Stones of 3 grains, if tine and perfect, arc always in deiiiuinl, ai W. or 9t. p"r carat. " Hrilliants. from 3 grains to 4. if very fine and well proportioned, are worth from S/ to 0^ I'crnril. Those of a carat eacli. if very fine and well selected, are worth W. or 10/. Three years airo I nCVrol 12/. each for eight, and could not ohtnin them. " Hrilliants, from .'J mains to ti. if pure, are worth from IV. to 1 1/. ; if perfectlv line, anil of t!i« full weii'ht oft) grains, they are worth from 17/. to IW. each : 1 have, for such, paid 20/ " Krilli.ints. of 2 carats each, are worth from '27/. to HO/ Stem's of tliis wei.ht, if well proprrilnriH!, are cousideied of a tine size, and well c di iilated for pins, or the centre of dusters ; iiiilc'il. will nrn- portioned diaiiioiids, from (i L-rains to 2 carats each, ,ire alwavs in d"Uiaii(l, and are r'laileil m i'miii 20/. totf.'i/. each, accord ill'.' to their (leL'ree of jicrtVcl ion. or as tlio rel:iiler iiiav I hi ilk lit to i liiriv lliiai. " For hrilliants of H carats, if line and well foriii'd. from 70/. lo hO/. may he ohtaiiied. Sinies iil lliii size, and l.irger, nre more li ihle to cajiricioiis lliictii itions of |irice than tile smaller ones Imfureiiiuiii'J, beiiiB chiefly ri'iiuired tor the centre slones of s-ile:ilile necklaces. '•n illianis of I carats, if tine, are worth fmm 10(1/ to l.'tO/. I have pold stones, siegle cat, ii liil'» off ndior, of this weight, .^t Ml guineas. I ptissesseil one of 17 grains, [i^rfecllv while. Iiaviri' ii sur- face as lime as lliat of a 7 uirat stone om-lit to he ; it was, consei|ii''nllv, very thin, liut lieinj! liiiiill in reipiest, on account of its great spread, or siirfice. it was sohl for 160/. " " Hrilliants of ,1 carats are not freinipntly niet with in general trade, and are valiialile in prirc; « the deal rs exact mor.- if iliey know iii:it such stones are wantiMl, than they would in the regulw course of busiiiubs. '1 lie price* iiiuy hu said tu vary from IbO/. to 200/. DIAPER— DISCOUNT. 567 hilly^a Commercial Law, vol, to have been worth 7 Id. ; bu; t sol. -It was enacted by the 3 & .< ; such foreign goods /. Nnl. lili. ;j;. is found in diirerent parts ol indeed, Europe may be saiij to Hitiierto, however, it has not most beautiful and most valuj. and grey of various shiulcs. It urs are commonly pale. It js light pass for amorpliDus. his o gliunneting ; intcrmd alwavs l)bed, it becomes positively fl-c- 3t the case with any other gem, should l>c perfectly crv-stallinp, i\\k\\ you will perceive a stroiii; smooth and brii'ht, with a liitle es bud ; but if there bo a mix- ift, greasy stone, and will prove pciinen is a true dinninnrf criwt.a bratlcd or scriitt'lii'd hy its .iclinn. i; iiiiniition wittiinU this inslriin.-M; (I iliey iiro rHfriutcil to thi' siiriv.>, iiiinalioii tie vrry iiiiinui', il inuytv iresi^nil Willi llie tlmiiili and tiiii.r: iiid I'lill to powder. On accmimfir l\\^ it was I'lir a Ions tinio unkintvi: ji;liiMi, 11 lialivi? of linii'i.'S. is!i:iii||,i with iliamiind pinvdiT iii?:eii|n|' lied to ninploy ItiTuhen \\ is !"ilifi L'li diaiiioiids toiit-ihrr. DiinioiiiU 10 most part, made out ol'ilifwin- yce's r radical Mincriiloinj; Htu's Ide tliere is Imt lltlh> fliirliialionin \ilemaiul. 1 will liciiiii v. itii lirillnn!* llial may he Icrinod line, art' wurlli 1 for rash; but this is the ^tt\\m\ 'the (inaliiy he aood. hi. 7.1. to bl. per carat. Il is m b! Ills ; hence tliere may arise a ililfr- ]rfi!Cl, are always in dctniunl. alW. , are worth from t-7. to 0/. pnr rnril. :)r 1()(. Tliree years ajio 1 etl'irtl 1. ; if perferlly tine, and of thfl full It such, paid 20/ If this wei.ht, if well prnprriionH!, liilre of (lusters ; inilc'il. will tT.i- d"iiiand, iiiirc// ; Du. Drel ,• Ft. Lini^e onvrS ,• U. Tela fessmaaopcre ,- Sp. Man- tdts alemaniscas ,■ lHus. Solfi'totn.icfinoe), a sort of fine flowered linen, commonly used for lablc-cloths, napkins, &c., brought to the highest perfection in the manufactories in the north of Ireland, in Germany, and Scotland. DICE (Ger. Wiirfel ,• Du. Tuarlin^en ,- Fr. Dex (ajouer) ,• If. Dad! ; 8p. Duddn ,- Rus. Kosli), cubical pieces of bone or ivory, marked with dots on each of their .sides, from I to (i. according to the number of the face. The regulations as to the manufacture and sale of (lice are the same as those with respect to Cauiis (which see). Every pair of dice is to pay a duty of 20s. All pieces of ivory, bone, or other matter, used in any game, having letters, fiiures, spots, or other marks denoting any chance, marked thereon, to be adjudged dice ; aiui if more than 6 chances are signified on any one piece, then such piece to be ch;irged with the full duty of a pair of dice. — (9 Geo. 4. c. 18.) DIMITY (Fr. Jia.sin ,- It. Dobktfo ; Sp. Dlmite), a species of cross-barred stull' entirely composed of cotton, similar in fabric to fustian. DISCOUNT, an allowance paid on account of the immediate advance of a sum of money not due till some future period. It is usually said to be of two kinds ; viz. discount of bills, and discount of goods ; but they arc essentially the sam(>. When a bill of exchange is presented at a banker's for discount, it is the practice to calcu- late the simple interest for the time the bill has to run, including the days of grace, which interest is called the disaninf ,• and this being deducted from the amount of the iiill, the ba- lance is paid over to the presenter of the bill. This is the method followed by the Bank of England, the London and provincial bankers, and by commercial men in general. But it i<, notwithstanding, inaccurate. The true discount of any sum for any given time is such a i-um as will in that time amount to the interest of the sum to be discdiiiited. Thus, if inte- rest lie ^re jiercent., the proper discount to be received for the immediate advance of 100/. due 1'2 months hence is not ."i/., but 4/. 15,9. 2Jr/. ; for tlii.s sum will, at the end of the year, amount to 5/., which is what the 100/. would have produced. Those, therefore, who em- ploy their money in discounting, make somewhat more than tlie oidiiiaiy rate of interest upon it ; for a person discounting 100/. due at the end of a year, advances, supposing interest to be .v. per cent., only 9.5/.; so that, as this O.'i/. produces 100/. at the i>eriod in question, the interest received has really been .'3/. ?>s. '.id. per cent. The rule for calculating discount on correct principles is as follows : — J* 568 DIVIDEND— DOCKS. \\ i i i ' ' ■B«r"JJ| IB-'; ..>4« i ! -i ■MmHMt ' M ■'■:m ■•■•► • m If • I ,i As thn ninniint nf 100/. for tlio xiven rate and time \» lo till' ^iveii Hiiiii or tk'lit ; H(i IK lUiU. to tli the in^wt hazardous. The returns arc principally made in cash. The trade with India and t!ie Gull of Persia is safer than the coflee trade, and is very considerable. Djidda has also a gOD.l deal of intercourse with the ports of Cosseir, Souakin, and Massouah, on the oppoisite coist of the lied Sea. The imports from the last two principally consist of slaves, gold, tobacco, dhourra or barley, hides, butter (of which immense quantities are made use of in Arabia), mats, &c. ; in return for which the Africans receive Indian goods suitable for their markets, dres.ses and ornaments for their women, dales (which are not produced in any part of Nubia), iron, &c. The principal article of import from Cosseir is wheat ; and not only Djidda, but the whole Hedjaz, or Holy Land of Arabia, is almost entirely de{>ondeiit ujiou Egypt for corn. Coffee is the principal article sent in return. Business is transacted at Djidda with case and expedition. The number of ships belonging to the port is estimated at 250. Owiiii^ to the scarcity of timber, none of them are built at Djidda ; those belonging to it beiiiiToitlier purchased at Bombay or Muscat, or at Mocha, Hodeida, or Suez. For a considerable poriod each year, before and after the feast of Ramadhan, when pilgrims come from all quarters to visit Mecca, the town is thronged with strangers, and a great deal of mercantile business is transacted. Djidda is at present, and has been for a nutnl)er of years, under the government of Mohammed Ali, pacha of Egypt. The monei/s, iuei(l. the most part, of madreixin'? its quality indiflercnt. ^\m\ bliged to anchor in the ro:v!s The entrance to the rouli dda is a place of consideraMe the greater part of tlie cum- |h;»nts possess large capit;ils: radc in colVee brought frjin t it is said also ta Ihi the must Iradc with India and the Gull ble. Djidda has also a goi)] ssouah, on the opposite coist nsist of slaves, gold, tobacco, aro made use of in Arabia), iods suitable for their markets, oduccd in any part of Nubia), at ; and not only Djidda, but dependent upon Esypt for is transacted at Djidda with t is estimated at 250. Owiii^; le belonging to it beini; cither •/. For a considerable period ms come from all ([uartcrs to Ideal of mercantile business is years, under the government iiieamn.i of the latter coun- idda, the commerce of which ompiirative security and good from the diilercnt works of 1—100.) term has been supposed by pome to be derived from the fireek Jtn'/um, to receive ; but it is obviously no other than the Teutonic (f(ic/(, originally perhaps derived from dthkci), to cover, enclose, or protect. Docks are of 2 sorts — xrcl and ih-ji. Wet docks are generally constructed with gates to veuiin the water. Ships are iidmitled at high water; and the gates lieing shut, they are ];, pt constantly afloat. A dry dock is intended for the building, repairing, or examination of hhips. The ships to be repaired or examined are admitted into it at high water ; and the water either ebbs out with the receding sea, or is pumped out after the gates are shut. if Hit 1/ (if Docks. — The construction of wet docks has done much to facilitate and promote navigation. A large vessel, particularly if loaded, could not be allowed to come to the ground, or to lie on the lieach, without sustaining considerable injury, and perhaps being destroyed ; and even the smaller class of vessels are apt to be strained, and otherwise hurt, if they arc lelt dry, unless the ground be very soft. Hence, when large vessels have to be loaded or unloaded where there are no docks, and where the water close to the shore or quay is not sutliciently deep, the work can only be carried on during a particular period of each tide ; it being necessary, in order to keep the vessel afloat, that she should leave the shore with the ebbing tide. Attempts have sometimes been made to obviate this inconvenience, by run- ning jetties or piers to such a distance into the sea, that there might always be a suflicicnt depth of water at their heads ; but this can only be done in peculiar situations ; and it re- quires that the ship's position should be frc(}uently changed. It is in most cases, too, impos- liible properly to protect the cargoes of ships loading or uidoading at quays, or on the beach, from depredation. Previously to the construction of the wet docks on the Thames, the pro- perty annually pillaged from ships was estimated to amount to .500,000/. a year, though tliis ii probably much exaggerated. I. Docks on the Thames. I w 6, London Port Duea, — Charges on Account of Lights, Pilotage, ^c. in the Thames. — Shipping, <^c. of London, 1. West India Docks. 2. London Docks. 3. East India Docks, 4. St. Katharine's Docks. 6. Commercial Docks. II. LivF.npooL Docks, Siiippixo, etc III. BnisTOf. Docks, Shipi'ino, etc. IV. Hull Docks, Shippino, etc. V. Goole Docks, Shipping, etc. VI. Leith Docks, Shipping, etc. I, Docks on the Thames. It is singular that, notwithstanding the obvious utility of wet docks, and the vast trade of the metropolis, there was no establishment of this sort on the Thames till nearly a century after a wet dock had been constructed at Liverpool. The inconvenience arising from the crowded state of the river, at the periods when fleets of merchantmen were accustomed to arrive, the insufficient accomniodation atforded by the legal quays and sufferance wharfs, the necessity under which many ships were placed of uidoading in the river into lighters, and the insecurity and loss of pro|)erty thence arising, had been long felt as almost intolerable grievances ; but so powerful was the opposition to any change, made by the private wharf- ingers and others interested in the support of the existing order of things, that it was not till 1793 that a plan was projected for making wet docks for the port of London ; and 6 years more elapsed before the act for the construction of the West India Docks was passed. 1. West India Docks. — These were the first, and continue to be the mnsa extensive, of the great warehousing establishments formed in the port of London. Their construction com- meneed in February, 1800, and they were partially opened in August, 1802. They stretch across the isthmus joining the Isle of Dogs to the Middlesex side of the Thames. They ori- ginally consisted of an Import and Export Dock, each communicating, by means of locks, with abasin of .5 or 6 acres in extent at the end next Blackwall, and with another of more than 2 acres at the end next Limehouse ; bath of these basins communicate with the Thames. To these works the West India Dock (Company have recently added the South Dock, formerly the City Canal, which runs parallel to the Export Dock. This canal was intended to facili- tate navigation, by enabling ships to avoid the circuitous course round the Isle of Dogs, It was, however, but little used for that purpose, and is now ai)[)ropriated to the wood trade, for the greater acconmiodation of which, a pond of 19 acres has lieen recently formed on the south side for the reception of bonded timber. The Export Dock, or that appropriated for ships loading outwards, is about 870 yards in length, by 1.35 in width ; so that its area is near 25 acres: the North, or Import Dock, or that appropriated for ships entering to dis- charge, is of the same length as tlie Export Dock, and Ulfi yards wide; so that it contains nearly 30 acres. The South Dock, which is appropriated both to import and export vessels, 3 B 2 72 ■I ' ^ 670 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). lu si •SB'.""* »■*' ■ »ri| SI ), ifl 1,183 yardi* long, with an entrance to the river at each cnil ; hoth the IocUh, an wrFI m that into the Dlackwiill IJnsin, lu'intc 45 feet wiile, or lar^e enough to nrlniit sliipH of 1,200 ton^ burden. At the highcHt tiden, tlie ih'pth of water in llic docks is Ul feet ; and the whole wil' contain, with eaw, 000 vesselH of from 250 to 500 tons. 'I'he separnlion of the hoineuart'; hound hhips, which is of the utmost importance for preventing plunder, and giving additJoiml security to the revenue and the merchant, was, for the first time, adopted in this CHtablLsh- uient. The Im|>ort and Export Docks are parallel to ea<*h other, being divided by a raug( of warehouses, [)rincipully appropriated to the recqHion of rum, brandy, and other K-piriiuoii^ liquors. There are smaller warehouses and sheds on the quays of the Export and South Docks, for the recej)tion of gomls sent down for exportation. The warehouses for imported goods are on the four quays of the Import Dock. They are well contrived, and of great extent, being calculated to contain IGO.OOO hhds. of sugar, exclusive of cotTee and oilier pro- duce. There have been deposited, at the same time, upon the quays, under the sheds, and in the warehouses belonging to these docks, 148,503 hhds, of sugar, 7(^875 casks and 133,648 bags ofcoiTee, 35,158 puncheons of rum and pipes of Madeira wine, 14,021 logs of mahogany, 21,350 tons of logwood, &c. The whole area occupied by the docks, ware- houses, 6ic, includes about 205 acres ; and the most elfectual precautions arc adopted for the prevention of fire and j>ilfering. This spacious and magnificent establishment was formed by subscription, the property being vested in tlic West India Dock Company, the nllairs of which arc managed by 21 di- rectors, as a body corporate. The right of voting is vested in those shareholders only who hold 500/, of the Company's stock. The Company's capital is 1,380,000/. The West India Docks have proved a very successful undertaking, and have been highly beneficial to the original shareholders. All West India Ships frequenting the Thames were obliged to use them for a period of 20 years from their completion. The dividend on the Con)pany's slock was limited to 10 per cent,; and, after making dividends to the full amount, with the exception of the first half year, they had, in 1819, an accumulated fund of near 40i),000/. But they then diminished their charges, at the suggestion of the committer of the House of Commons on the foreign trade of the country, so as to give the traile using the docks the benefit of the surplus fund, which was to be reduced to 100,000/. before the 30th of January, 1820, Latterly the Company have been obliged, in consequence of the competition of the other Companies, to make further reductions of dividend. It now amounts to 5/. per cent. At present, the Company's stock sells at about par. The nearest dock gate at Limehouse is about 3 miles from the Exchange; and the other, next Bldckwall, about ^ a mile more. This distance has the disadvantage of increasing the expense of cartage, and of being inconvenient to the merchants and others using the docks. On the other hand, however, ships entering the West India Docks avoid a considerable ex- tent of troublesome, if not dangerous, navigation, that must be undertaken by those bound for the St, Katharine's and London Docks. Contrivance forclcarint^ Water in the West India Dvcks.^ln ahiio-it .ill lUn'ks and liarhtmrs, a serious evil is frll from tti(.'C(iiistaiil accuiiiulatinn of mud, anti tlie consequent expense of preservint; the proiter ilepth uf water. In various situalidiis, provisioii lias bten niaflc fnr Fcniiriiii; out nr raisins? mud and silt by mean? of liack- water, dre'l)cer», .SiC, according to local cirrumslaiires; but, m ihe West ln<\\\ Docks, the evil hasln-en mtirtly oliviriled : a brief U' lii't? of Ihe manner in which no important an object has btenaccuniplish- ed, may be both inierestiiii; and useful, Thft'waternf the Thames is Kenerally very muddy, and when it isadmitled into the basins aud docks in jariEe (juautiiies, tu replace the water Inst by e\ai)on'iiin, leakage, Inckini; vesiels in and nut, Ac, Ihedeiiosit is very great. In Ihe West India Dnck?, the accu- mutation of tnu !, frniii Ihit cans'-, was most c(njsi>tfraMe in (hr Eastern or Blickwall Basin ; and the annual cost of clearing out llie sann- was bttv^een 3,000/. ai d 4.000/. And yet the pmctss by which that basin was cleared, was probably the most economical which could he adopted. A tloaliiiir dre.Ut-i, of Ihe ^^ual discriptinn, raised the nmd, which vxas Ihrown into barges; and these, when luailed, were cmptieit by a stationary en* Sine, workiiR an endless chain of buckets, similar in th'ise of the redi^er. Rut the field where the tnud was dejKisited bavin:; become full, alditioiial enpen.se was likely to be incurred by removing the niu'l to a f^u ater dii'tance, so that the subject called for and received more attention : and Ihe result will show, that the Company baveat length pn)vidi'd the most etiectual remedy. All Ihe gales nf the locks point inwarU, to sustain the water nf Ihe docks ; a^ htoe as the level of the water within, is higher than the level of the river, Ihose ^iles remain closed ; but as soon as the river rises above the level of the HIackwall Basin, the eaien of the outer luck are thrown open : w hile the gates of the two locks at the west end of that basin remain closed, the influx from the river (vr.iilj not lie tonsiderabltr ; but wht'n the tide has risen above the Ifvel of the Import and Export I)(«-k!<, those gates uould also le throHn open, and then Ihe river would fli w in with corbiderable f rre. the muddy water disrolourini; that ot the dock";, and of course dt|)csi'.iiij the silt or mud held in susjeusion. These facts showed 'bai the exclusion of the river water w« (In; only etieclual cure for the evil ; hut the loss or waste of \\\tfT from Ihe dorks was iipial, on an a\i'rai^p, to 5 inches o.er Ihe whole sur* face in 24 hours, and Ibis In-s had to be supiditrl ; and not niilvll.it, but 1o keep (he river out, it was necessary at all times t'l ketp rhe watered the docks and basins up to a higlier |^)int than tltaltii\\lii,.ii the river would rise at the hiRlicst sprint? tides. After Ion? consi.leration, Ihe following plan was malured fnr ef- fictiiiij this object :— The CompaiiyV spare land on the north side of the Bbckwall Ba- sin lay below bii;h water mark, and then- three reser\nirs «ere furmed : the two next the basin receive the wati-r from the rivtrly . a culvert with ^luicfc5, which are cIo>et as sfKin a* tlity are filie>l; I from these the water is puni|)ed by an eneine of 36 horse pnvver, after having had tinie to depo.sit the silt, info the elevated lesennir, from whence it flows by a conduit into the bain, and thenre in'otlia dock, and thus the h vel of Ihe whole is kept up to 'he liiuliest point whi. h can be desired, and the river Thames with its n.ud u do loni:er admitted. The great l>ody of water in the docks is Ihiis constantly mninlamitl, and is at all tinies clear and swet t, anil no mud w ill I cnatter t.«-le- pfwi'ed ; ^n-at id vantage arises, however, from Ihe lit-ptli t^f Hater, w liich is preserved from fluctuating with Hit Kvt 1 of thu ntaii anl spring tides, as the deepest laden ship can al all linies betran;|)orttJ j —the depth throughout beinjf from 23 to ib fctt. Ri'i.Es AND Regulations to be obseuved, and Rates to be paid, by tue Shipping frequentino THE VVkst India Docks. Rules and Orders to be observed by Ma.eters, Pilots, and oihor Persons Imviner tlie Charpe of Ships, Vessels, Liuhters, or Craft, cominj; into, lying in, and going out of, the West India Docks, pursuant to Act I & 2 Will. 4. c. 52. The Coiupavifs Mnorintrs. — The moorinira in the river, within 200 yards of each of the entranrpsai Blac'kwai), and that hito Liniehotise Rasin, and within 150 yards of the Limehouse entranre of tlip South DiH'k, are reserved for the exchibive use of vessels entering into, or which have recently come out of. the docks. Every master or person in charge of any thip, lighter, barge* boat, or other vessel, of any descrip- tion wUutsutivcr, lying within the above distance, shall immediately remove the same, when required ^ ' INDIA). ; lioth thr Iwks, as wrll m o iidinit HliijiH of 1,200 ton.". M feet ; and ihp whol.; wil! ■parntion of the hoinrwarc! miU'r, and giving additional c, adopted in thin nslalilish- r, being divided l)y a range )randy, and other rpiriluon^ of the Kxport and South 10 wnrehoums for im|)()rlcil well cojitrived, and of great sive of coffee and other pro- quays, under the s'heds, am) f BURar, 70,875 casks and ladeira wine, 14,021 logs of cupiwl hy the docks, ware- precautions arc adopted for y subscription, the property /ixicharc managed by 21 cii- liose shareholders only who 1,;580,000/. liking, and have been highly •(•(lucnting the Thames were lion. The dividend on the aking dividends to the full i 1 9, an accumulated fund of suggestion of the commiltce so as to give the trade using luced to 100,000/. >)rforp the iliged, in consequence of the itions of dividend. It now s at about par. le Exchange; and the other, isadvantage of increasing the s and others using the iloclcs. ocks avoid a considcralile rx- undertaken by those bound ain closril, tlic infliiJ from tlip river ivmilj .vlifii tlie ti>ie lias riM'ii abov* liif Irvil U Di-'-kv, those ^ates woviM alni Le ihrown vi.iiltl fli w ill «illl cni.siilerable f .fee. the f ili;it "I tlie docks, and o( couneJtiic!iiiu| J elision. 1 llii' exclusion of the river w.iier w« (he evil ; tint tlit* loss im' waste f.f w^ipr fnia ,.i ii\ i-r.il^H, to 5 Indies o.er tlie whtile sur- i lo-sliad to beslilililiiil i and linl onl) tl,ll, il w.i'j neccssirv at all times h< k«i' ttf .ins up to a liiiilier |Kiint than il.altouljiili e hiniiest sprini; tiles, n, the lullowii.j liiau was nialun-d fw ef- in.l on tlie north si.le of li.e Ulifkiull Bi- mark, and there thice reservmrs i\ere laslii receive the water from Ilif rivirly h are close: as soon a« lliey aretilieil; milled liv an eiisinc of 36 hnrsp y>nm, :|iosit the'silt, into the elrv.ile,l ifs,-nmr. ioniluit into the ba in, and ilieme iii'itlm . ihe whole is kept up lo 'be liiaLesI f»?mi nd Ibe river Tlianies with i's li,ud li do ^. in the docks is thus constantly mnintjiniil, nd sweet, and no niiid will Icreallf r be ^le- arises, however, from the depth i.f »>ter, fluclnatin* with the level of tbeiieJIi aiJ 'St laden ship can at all times belrani|iorlul cingfroni23 to i6 feet. lY THE Shipping freqiextino nns Imvinsr the riiarcc nf Sliips, the West India Uocks, |)iirsuaiil arils of each of tlie pntraiioesal ' the Linifliniise eiitraiir« of the o, or which have recently come ur other vessel, of any ;li!si:rip- imove the same, when required DOCKS ON Tin: THAMES (WEST INDIA). 571 hy the dock masters or their aHRiaianti<. Penally 5/. fur every hour which iiuoli veiiel may rcninln. I'ilcita shall not nttompt to place shipi Inilde the hiioyn. If other shipH have previously hrniiirht up, but shall lirihK llivin In tliiMr IhtiIih in (liii^ succession im the nntsjile, nnless lliey shall he e,vpressiy oriiered l>y the d.ick master to take a berth inside the tier for the converiienre iirdnckinil. All parties creating iilislrnclions will lie pruseiiiteil, and the penalties will lie rigidly eiifurced. ytnnU about til enter tlie Dvckx, Sfr. Siuiiiitn.—'Vhu rtd tlau on Ihe lliiL'-stall' at Ihe entrance is the siitnal for ships to prepari;. A bluv Hag u ill tie kept tlying thit whole time proper Cor dockinc ; when the tide has reaclntd liigh water mark, that llau will he struck, after which mi ship can lie taken in. Derlaraliiiti Bou*:.— When ships have lirnnuhl np properly at the montiniis, an nH'icer will ilelivcr ttie Ciimpany's reciilatinns, and the ciminiamler or pilot of every vessel e.\ceedin« KKl tons mnsi cer- tit'y in the Dechiratiim Hook her draiiulit of \\al.'nffri»ir.— When a ship's number is hoisted, she must drop np lo the entrance, and have good and BUllicient warps ready lo send to each pier, when ordered by the dock masters. If the ship shall not socointt to the entrance, she shall forfeit her turn. When within the piers, proper ropes will he sent on hoard to guide and check the vessel through the lock : the master and pilot will be held responsible for making these, as wi'll as Ihe ship's warps, pro- perly fast on board : ijie vessel must be hauled ahead hy her own warps, and they are on no account to lie cast oir, unless ordered by the dock master, until the ship is in the basin. Every pilot niust bring Ilia boat into the basin, or South Dock, as it isu most essential part of his duly to moor the ship. The owners must be nnsvvernhle for all ships' boats, and none can be admitted into the Import Dock except such as are conveniently stowed on ilvalile niarhiiiei7 lent, e-iih ji((;;rr with id iftar, ]»r (ijy 'riiK ii"C of the (Ifvil the a(t(^ndancc nf .._ . taitd not 1' 10 • m linit riiitinit f((r waihin;( flhipt, including the man in ch.ir^c, jii^rd.iy • • iU Q not l«M iiuin 1 day to Ihi charged.) Cundilinnx In br nhar.rved hij Ship.i tailing in Carffotn from the fmpnrt Warthnimrit. — 1. The tiikintr llio Blilp in iiiitl nut nf (luck, to liiid trniii tin; (|iiay, to be purl'nriiiuil liy tin; iiinHtur uiitl cruvv, ast ilirt'ctid hv till! (luck lllIlHltTH, 'i. 'I'll!' Kniolx to be takcti from the slings, and to be Btowcd uwny by the crow, iiiidcr the orders u:' tlie in;isti'r. H. If II mifllrionl crnw be not nn board to receivn nnd ntnw nwny the itoodfl an delivered, or to tratm. port the vessel, 11 further iminber of men kIiuII lie provided by the ('niiipaiiy.at the ch;ir(ri) of S*. tW. jiir man per day, to work under tin; direiliiiii and res|i(inHilillity of the niiiHter anil his nti'icerH. 4. 'I'lie veisel to be hauled into the hnsin or Kxport Dock lifter the iisuul hoiirH uf bii«inei- ^,al llii> cli;iri.'i) ol';!*. tW.|iir ■ mill liUiitl'irt^r!*. il liimrM of biiiinean, by lier iiiport Dock to load, without 'kH. yiiieiit of the usuiil rliarBPn. thu riiiit mill 1 Imru'iv* iiikmi Slc, make u diipoHil to cuvit iro it) rhnmo or the nianlnrs ini'piirl lliL'ir ri'^'|)t'ftiv« vim- or fnmi the rivir, iiiid to or hands to dock and lr!in''|inrt 1 removed liy the dock iiiaslur, lorka will he roRardi'd an pri- the dock niasli-r. asslsli'il by issist ill transporting llie uui- d by the dock master on the Os. 0(1. 5.<. 0(/. Its, tiii. per hour. Lipht ships not taking in froods ly jiiiipe conveniiMil. ers should be got in iinil m.iilc to the dock master, nnd liii to which they inaybedolivcr- (1, will bo tho HUino as tlu! riMit rent will bo rhurL'oil. Timb- xoniption, 21 hours will lie iil- urs after being loaded or ilis- . all dust, ashes, Ac. are tnlic ;(iiiipany, and by no one else. \ daybreak, iihout an order signed byilic in of the court of directors, to L'oods by land, shall liave tlio ll bo acrominndated as fir as t\bout to discharge or lake in lover tlioHO which are merely priority of their enteriiif,' the Intivc and careful to boom off [neap tides. fim 3 (lasses: viz.— [iig outwards. Vd taking in goods. land the cireuinftances umlcr |ns, tho penalty pnscriliLMl by snecifvini; the names anil ca- I'siblefor their attention to the licks will be opened at6n*clnfk lirch to tho mill of November; 1 8 in the morning and shut al Ihc police oflice, at the Imiiorl erson whatever can be alloweil I in sufficient time to be at the L of hauling down the BlacK- DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). 673 wall nnsin or Romh Dork ilurlni thu llnic that ntlier vcHsel* arc rRqiilrInK adinlKsInn, which niuit hav0 the prefcrenii'. Vohhi'Ih can only be let out after high water, upon Itie special requvil of the oDici^r^ in charge of tlieiii. ri)cks are permilled to retain their crews on hoard, when required by the owners ; and the direclors have lilted up ihe ship Waterloo, in ilie Siiiilli Duck, lor Ibc accommoilalioii of junior ollicera and apprentices, while their ships are discliurging their cargoes in llie Import Dock. The captains, olhcers, and crews of ships arc requested not lo give either wine, spirits, or pros, to Ihe servants of Ihe Company, as, by so doing, they expose them to tho certain and immediate forfeit- ure ef their situations. No fee, peniuisilo, or reward of any kind or denomination whatsoever, is lo be Inken bv the Com- IHiiiy's ollicers, or any persons who shall be employed In the service of ibeC p,iiiy,lor ii'iiyacl dono williiii the docks, ronalty, forfeiture of thu sum taken, and any sum not exceeding 5/. lor each dlVuiice. Ihrk Hiitcs. — Import. VtiisfU, vhen ttisthnrgrd bij the Vmiipantn including docking, nnioriiig, anil rumoviiig within the docks until discharged, ihips' cooperage or mending, and the use of the docks, if from llambiirghor the Mediterranean, for C weeks from the date of entrance ; if from any other port or place, for 4 weeks I'rum the (Iniil discharge ; viz. Per Ton rcic. i.d. Sbipi liilrn entirely, nr in pari, wilh hophRuIi and tierces cf siuir or uinluses - • • .26 laiieii tutin-iv, or In part, with chesls of siigir above Sent. • ■ 2 enlirely, with cheula under 5 cwt., nr ba?* of suifar, cof- fte. bpirila, wine, inin, ciiiipt-r, lirass lead, 'speller, oriillier iiieial, in pii^, b.ir«, nidi, pUti's, or Riniitar pieces, rice, or oilier ^oihls, (except oil, tallow, or axbes.) paclted in biles, b.i|5s, serous, cisks, cisei, rhesis, or similar packaifcs, or wond in planks or bit lels, such as dye vvoihl, slaves, *(c, UJeii entirely or in part, wiib uiabogauy, timber, or oilier wool in logs I.d. lindier (for ever)- loatl of bant wood and pine timber &/. in addition) t G Kiden entirely vi ilh bard wood or pine timber • •20 Ships ilifirharg-ed in either of Hit litickti or Bassina hij their own Crews, tho expense of docking, mooring, unmooring, and reiiioving, not in- cluded. Per Ton reg. For Ibe use of tbe docks for any period not exeoedinr, if from Ihe Mtditerranean, 6 weeks, from olber ports nr places 4 weeks, from tbe date of eiil ranee - - • -09 Vessels fmm any port in the I'nited Kingdom, or Tiiropean port, outside Ihe tlallic, between tbe North Cape and I'sbant, with cargoes for trans shipment, for delivery on bn.ird ships, or for taiidinir in either dock (except when vvootl laden), not reniainiiiK beyond, if from IJ.)nilinrKli, 6 weeks, if fmiii any other jmrl or place, 4 weeks, froiu tbe date of entrance - - . - - -06 Sloo|)s and craft coastwise, wilh bricks for delivery on boani ships and vessels with broken granite or piviiig-slones, not reniainiliK beyond I week - - • . -03 Vessels entirely'corn ladea (in lieu of tonnage rale), of IOC Ions and upwards, each - • • - .210 tinder 100 Ions, each • • • . ■ 10 6 Rent to commence after I clear day fmm final discb.Tri:e. Vessels two tbinis laden wilh corn, will be cbarseft the usual ton- nage rates in proportion lo the other part of their cargoes. VcsseU entering to load from the Import IVare- hoiiscs only. Per ton on gr. wL shipped. I. d. For the use of Ihe dock for 1 week . . • - 6 Light Vesseh, the expense of docking, mooring, unmooring, and removing, not included. Per Ion reg. I. d. Not bavin? discliar^ed in either of the d.ick., for .any period not exceeding 4 weeks from the date of entering • > 6 Dock Rent. For remainine over Ibe periods specified, per week • -01 Vessels which re-enter after h-iviii? been out fir repair, will be allowed their privilege without reckoning the time Uiey reniained out. entirely with hemp, or enlirely or in part wilh goods in hulk la leu entirely or in part wilh tobacco or nil, not in- cludiin; ship's cooperate • • • .16 enlirely wilh tallow, not inclndin? ship's cooperajje - I 3 laden entirely with mixed cargoes of hemp and tallow, or ashes, not including ship's cimperage ; viz. t. d. For every ton ot hemp • £ 0^ Tbe nunitier of Ions charged For every Ion of tallow or > not lo exceed tho register jslies • - -13) toun.age. Shps Wood laden from F.nrope, or the JVorth .Ame- rican Ciilonie.i, irhen disrharged by the Company, inchiiliiiB docking, mooring, and removing with- in the docks, until discharged ; unlondiug the cargoes, and the use of tho docks for any period tint exceeding 4 weeks from the dale of the linal discharge. Per Ton. reg. I. d. Laden entirely wilh deals, planks, slavi^ or wood in billets 1 6 priucipaliy with ditto, and bringing bard wood or pine Table fob i.mpoiited Ooods. The Prime Rate ineludeR nil expenses for Inndinu.wharfaire.weiBhing, or gauging at landine, cnoper- iii2, niarkiii2, sampling, housinc, weisihiiia for actual delivery, and delivering; fiiriiishing landing and delivery weiabts or gaiices, surveying and furnishing cerlilicates of damage, and rent for 12 weeks from the date of the ship's conimoncemcnt of discharge. This rate will ho charged on all goods imported from the East or West Indies, the Mauritius, Mexico, or South .\nierica, and upon wood, spirits, or wine, and tobacco, from v\'liatovcr place of importation, sinlesB notice be giveu by the importers, uf their desire to have them placed under the lauding rate, oi I -I l. ' ^ mi DOCKS ON TIIR TIIAMRS (WEST INDIA). CIWIIW^ if"" '-«»lli thi>ir inti'tilloii til ri>riii)vi> IIiimii wllhciiit liiiiiHtiii or piling. If riicIi notlcn l« Rlvnn hefhrn Imiiiiing or pilltitf, llii' r III III IIk' 'imoihI iiiIiiiiiii will III' ijiai'liiiriff'il. I'/ie t.iinilinif Halt IncluiluM luiiiliiiK, «vhiirriiKlil|i|iiii|f. ii* llir wlmli' riili', UN >tali'il III llir HiTiiMil niliiiiiii. Wliiii tin' |iriim' rail' liait mil lirt'ii |ialil, lliimi' t liiir|ii'« w ill In' inail,', to|{irllirr Willi rt'aniiiialiln cliariii'M fur I'liiiprriii^, iiamjilliiu, iiiiil hniiio'il nr piii.,|. It' liilriiili'il t'lir liiiiiii'illali! triiiH-Hlilpiiii'nt, llii'y may ri'iiimii mi llir ijiiay, Hiilijiict to tin; gaiiir ri'ijiila. lliiiiH an ifiMMJH pri'pari'd lur ^lllplm'Mt, payliiK nut an 11' luiiiHril at laiiilliiK' It'anliiiiin Hnil, mi (.'iiihIh In wlilrti till' priiiic ralii itnrii mil altaili, will liiM'liarKi'il I'rnni tlii' ilui>>n|' till! Hlilp'x lirraklim liiilk ; liiit wliiii uiiiiiIh hiiIiI rrmii llir lamliliK Mcali! uri! liniiaiMl, lliv mil wjll jju cliarKi'il li'niii llir liiial wi'iuliliitf <>( tin' parcrl. A wiu'k'H rriit will lii' iliarifi'il Inr all frailiniiN nT n wri'k. Ili'liiri' till' traiii •liimitity In III' iraiiHri'rri'il nr iliflivrri'il iniiHt br paiil rlllirr In llic cnlluttor, at tliu (ittiifral lllUcu in Luiiiiuli, ur to tllu cuiiiplruller, ut tliu (iuni'ral Ollici: at tlii! (Inckx, Ralea mi (HoiiiU iiiipiirted, ^. /?.— All Horln nf itnortH may In- iiiipnrliMl into and wari'lioiiHi'il nl tlm Wml Inilla I)ork», on nlioiii tliL' Haiiii' li'miH an at tin* otlii'r dnrkH. Wi! Iiavi' kIvi'ii, iiniiiT Ilii' lirail /.uiiilini huck.i, a Tahlr df Hi,. cluck iliM'H, &t' mi iiinNi articli'it ('iiimiinnly iinpnrti'd, wlilcli may hi' appllt^il, Willi vrry trillini! iikmII. tli'atiniiH.cillii'r to lliuWi'st Imlla nr til. Katlianiif'H Doikn. Tliu rnllnwini,' lalili! imliiili'H iii'iri.'ly iIk' ilnc.k cliarKt'll nn lliu inipnrtutiun, wureliuiiHiiig, ttc. nl' tliu principal itrticU'H iil° W'uHt Iiiilia pro- Uucu :— Aril. I.J. I'riiiie Hsie I (/. tumUan Rile Heni per Week. Articles. Pr Ua 1110 te. rf. l.ih.ling Hale. >. d. Kriil l.cr W..k. f/lll jitr. 1. d. iinat jitr 1. J. Stitptr 1, (irim yir j. rf. Aniiollo - • 1(111 i\ U 7 Inn ■ U 7 ,Motlii'r.n'.pearl shells mn IH (i 7 6 l"ll • II 4 buk. anil pack.undcr 1 cni. 1 7 1-2 lOOpckp. 4 2 Wira • • client 1 6 clinl • i Ar^l^v root • - Idii 2U U 7 8 Inn ■ 7 bn> 1 lm« • 1 Ciiiflia .ilba • • cwi. 1 K cwl. . 34 I'iccaha • • cwl. 6 Inn .04 Chficnlile • • Ixji 9 boa . 2 fickles, casei ■ doa. bo'lles u 2 1.4 ih'Z. lAlli. e 012 Iniliim-al ■ • cwl. 3 9 cwL . 1 12 liarrels - gallon (1 II (1 12 l.arrcl • I CiKoa anJ coiTw. casks — 1 « U 6 Ion • 6 riliiento, casks > cwt. 1 tj II U :lnii • 6 baKS • • — 1 2 6 — • 6 bags • . — 1 2 8 - -OH Coltoii wool, press packed— 9 3 — S Snake root • • — 10 12 barrel nr 1 iiol prfM packed • — t 4 1-2 - . 6 \-i :.ale 1 Ginger, casks • • — 1 6 a - . 6 Ire, or Ule i bans . - — 1 2 U tt — • 6 hh.l. .03 prescrveil. SreSuccades. Succades, under 28 His, pack. 6 3 cwl, . 0^4 Jalap • • • — 10 1-2 bale, 3 cwt. 1 2» 11.8. to 1 c«l. — 1 li — • 11 3-4 Indian rubber • lihJ. orpipc 1 6 liotrshtad or 1 cwl. and u|iwards cwt. 1 6 — • 1) liU: pipe ■ 4 Sugar, ca'ks • • — 8 3 Ion • 5 [ case 2 lo 4 cwl. 1 6 CA»e 1 to 2 chests alKive 5 cwt., case 1 '0 2 cvvL 11 1 cwl. . 1 or baskets - — 7 3 • 5 1 baa or barrel 6 barrel . 1-2 chi-sta under 5 cwt., loose, cwl. 1 in bottle • 1 or bags • • — 6 3 - .04. Ipecacuanha • • cwt. 10 12 Inn . 10 candy . • — U 4 1-2 c.vt. . 01-!' Molasses • - — 7 3 nun. < [itid. or trc. 2 1-2 Tobacco. See Limilon liorkf. 1 12 Wodil. See separate 'J'able, l*arrel or keg 3-1 p. on. 1 •I- • Rates on Su^ar. 1' ■' •> Sugar, 4 to 5 cwt. bat; or haoket nhniit U rwt. du. ur nmt bo.xes or chests - ton bastards, Mcwt. and upwards cask 12 and not exceeding 14 cwt. cask under 8 - . tierce notexcRedin(!'2i -barrel relined, H cwt. to 24 cwt. cask Wliarfagel and Porterage. 8. d. 8 n 4 3 4 1 9 1 2 H 5 2 Rent per Week. K. d. 1 01 5 VO Stun 2 1 7 Sugar, refined, 14 and under 18 cwt. - - cask 12 ami under 14 cwt. do. Do. packed in lihda.nr vnts.lo he hoiiBcd lor exportation. Ilniisiiig . . - Weiuhing or re-weighing - Onhniising, wharfage, and Hhippiiig ... Rent - - per week Wharfage and PorieraRe. 1 1 (I 1 1 3 I) lleiit I per«rck. I .1. d. I I 6 i 4 I 6 1 8 3 Cnislnnff Sugar.— The following charges include all expenses fur receiving, delivering, coiiperins,: and rent, for two weeks : viz. 8. d. »• d-^ Crushed fine by the mill and packed into llavannah cases - - - ton 2! partly crushed and packed with lumps — Ifi crushed rough - - - — 19 crushed line - - . — 22 ground hy the mill - - - — 16 broken and packed, rough and not to par- ticular weights - - - ton 14 broken small lumps broken large lumps Transferring llent per week Sainpiing I'apering and rammed and rammed with entire - Iia 14 with entire - Kill H . — . - - rnak , - INDIA). DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIAN 076 I U Rtvfln hefbri) hniiilni m from llienony."'"* '"'""'••>• wlili'h iniiy '»■ ini|""i''il; III riH ri'iurincl, iiml In i'Vitv iliiik, inili'"« III" tiii|"irUTs ti^oliiliil'rl riili'x. ■ml Dllurwlff H|i"'ill|Mil,nrfl II •lll|>|l>l>tl- '" ""' Wlliilr rillr, , lliiiHK ilHir)i<'« will I"' iiiuit., r (,|ii>riitli>iiii coiiitiiiii'iii nil ! til Hie st'i'diiil I'liliiiiin. Fui . will Im' iillowol liltT\ril;iy< llcV will III' licillnril nr pllnl , Hubjticl li> 111"! ""H"" rc'i-iilu. I. II lit! rhiirnfd from tlic fliiipof iiri! lioiiifd, Uit! mil will be kc iilnrr, tlif rlmrufs nn tlir tJor, 111 lliu tiuiitiful Ullicu 111 WcKt Inillii Dorkn. on iilimit l.oniliiii y^uc/i". ii'l'i'lil'-i'l'll"' illoil, Willi Vfry Irillini; iniidi- ,iim liilili! iiiflmlfs iii'^K.'l) ihi; urlitli'H of WuHl Iiitliii pto- RaliM ON l)y» Ifooii. Prlmo'l'iK'lii'K Rriil per W.iL 1U1I-. 1 Kiiir. ,tr 1. ('. ». rf- fit'iitt }>(r t, iL 1 on IM (i 7 « 11111 ■(141 t'Kt () 1 tt tlint • i n< 10 Ixx • 1 vi.i u 1 a mil • 4 In' i U 1-4 .li'7. 1«ll». 1 ! „„ ! (1 \i larrtl • 1 | vi.l 1 li ; Inn • li 1 -12 6 1- • B 1 -00 10 1-2 ll""'! "f 1 1-J -..ale 1 Ire. or Ulf i )M. . 3 ck. 6 n 3 cwl. • (il4 1 u _ . nw vt. 1 n B — • OWi - » 3 toil • S 1 - 7 3 _ . 5 ! -06 3 - .04 1 -00 4 1-2i>vl. • Q O!!' kt. .le, 1 \Vh.irfJi!e licnl 1 PoriiTHf. ytt wttk. „ —m ». (1. .. ,/. 1 and unrior cask 1 " 5 1 CWt. (III. 1 1) (1 4 1 i.or vnts.lo Vil, Hill xportiitioii. 1 6 1 ■cifilniiR - 1 6 i rfiigis and 3 1 8 : per week ti 3 1 ci'iving, deli vering, coopering,! s. d.' id rainmod with cnlire - l.ii U l> d rumniod with entire ! - Kill 12 " . _ a " .-07 - cask (' - . — ( t* nyfrt' W(y»l, he, B4r WI111.I Rill woml Hniil wikkI, Ur(e (Kin wiin.1 I'KU^ WHItd Klxmy ■ KlHli'- ■ l,iril wixmI, iniall Fii4fi('. yoiinic Nir tnKu* wooil, ■mall S.i|>aii . s.i-nilr« Sindil Ollur wood, ttatfi ' "ilh July, »t pi-r 'nil M.itii'Foiy, rf'l.if, tiMnnili, r(«f winmI, utiii wiMkl, lulljs zrbra, &c. lit f. rf. 7 5 I I i (I'lKxl Wo/M.— TliB Weft Indln Dock roin|iiiiiy hiivins approiifiillnd ihi» Hniith Dock to llie lliiiliir trmle, nod iiirnrdcd other nicllllieD fur ciirrviiiH It on wllh eiiHe iiml expeillllnii. we milijnlii ii Tiilih* of tile dock riitei on wood iiii|iiirlud. M". H.-Kor Ihu riilHH on iilii|H liideii with wood, Mee itnle, p. AT.1. Oooil* inportnl. Dealt, Aiii«ri«-in, Ruiiian, an3l - - I 14 inch thick, under 10 feft lonK - — — 10 In 12 - - — eiceedinc 12 In 14 • — — — 14 In 18 . - — — 16 In IH • - _ — 1«|.. 20 . - — — 20 In 21 . - 1 1-2 and 2 in. thick, under 10 fl. Innt — — 10 In 12 • - — excceiiinK 12 tn 14 - — — — 14 In 10 • - — — 16 In 18 . - — — IHIo20 . - — — 20 111 21 • - 2 12 and 3 in. thick, under 10 ft. Inn; — — 10 In 12 . - — exceeding 12 In 14 • — — — I4tnl6 • - — — 16tnl8 . - — — IS In 20 • - — — 20 to 21 • - Hnl cTid<. 6 feet and under ■ . - Ilecll 'leili, 3 ir.rhea Ihick, 30 to 45 feet lonr each 2 1-2 - - 2 1-2 and 3 22 In 30 .' - 2 - — Battrm fmm ill pnrta, 3-1 and 1 inch Ihick, under 10 ft. long 120 — - 10 la 12 . - — exceeding 12 In 14 • — — — 14 1" 16 . — — — 16 In 18 . — — — 18 to 20 - — — — 21 . _ I M Inch thick, under 10 fi long _ _ 10 to 12 . — — exceeding 12 In 14 • — — — 14 In 16 • - — — IStnlR . — — — IS to 20 . — — - 21 . _ 1 12 and 2 in. thick, under 10 f!. long 10 In 12 . — I. d. 9 A 14 6 18 U fS 6 7 8 10 10 7 H 10 II 6 13 l'> 3 n II 1.1 1.1 20 II 6 14 6 17 6 20 6 2.1 6 2li 6 2H 6 I 10 8 H 6 4 10 7 10 S — exceeijing 12 to 14 14 to 16 1610 18 18 tn 20 21 — i in 6 4 I 6 1 10 2 2 2 6 2 10 3 2 !> 2 2 H 3 4 4 4 8 4 N ti 6 U 6 6 9 2 4 ;i 2i .1 2 1 2 1 4 I 6 1 10 2 2 2 6 2 8 I H 1 II 2 2 2 5 2 8 2 II 3 2 2 2 4 2 8 3 4 4 4 8 5 Ooodi Imporltd, Raltenn fmm all port», 2 |.2aiii|3ln. Ihick,undrr lOfl. long 120 — 10iol2 . — — exceeding 12 in 14 • — — — II In l« • — — — IHInl8 • — — — lb In 20 • — — — 21 • - 22 to 30 earh 120 Hallen ends Paltnc iKnirda, not exceeding 7 feel - — Fir. thick iluir Did plank ■ lo.id Kir hnardu, I 1-2 inch Ihick and under ■ — LaltlW'nfKt, under n feel • • • fm. 5 feel md not exceeding; 8 feet • — Fimvnod • • • . • — Ikilki above 24 feet and under t inch - — under 24 fei-l ami under 5 inch • — Nnrwrty timber in ll Iks • • • I0.1.I Spars under 6 and .ibove 4 indict • 120 Lince.v'inil • • • — Riclieiii, under 4 inch, 24 feet long and upu.irils • ■ • -120 nniler 24 feet long • - • — I'ffrs, un.ler 21 feel long • • — 24 111 32 ditto • ■ • . — ahoie 32 dittn • • • • — .''pirhniizand lOclU, one third moretlau I'fei (l.ik, Africm and n'her liinher cli du'v at I ni.ick birch . . . , under cover Wainscot legs, 14 feel long (greater kiigih in propnrtinii) ■ • each . 7 feel lnn< • • • • — Oik and o^hiT pliiiks (except fir planka) load Clap hoards, 6 feet long • • each 3 feel long • • • • — Ilimlspikuj . • - -120 Spokes .... 1,21*1 Oar^, under 24 feet long • . -120 alKive 24 feet Inin; Tri'emils, 2 feet and under • • 200 ibnve 2 feet Staves, Quebec, pipe in and n'her fsipiare, per loirt nf^ •harmed vvilliK.'i'i fi. round, per > er loiul ( load of 4U ft. ) 3 to 4 each nr. 1,200 r2 in 2 12 I to I 12 — hogshead ■ .{3lo4 — 12tn2 1.2 — 1 1 In I I 2 — barrel and heading 3 tn 4 — 2tn2 1.2 — 1 tn 1 1-2 — Nnrth American, puneheon and hogshead, 1 inch and uiiler .... barrel and heading ditto Htnihurgh anil Baltic, pipe h'tffshoad .... bariel .... heating .... iii|>e. ihin 1 tn 1 1.2 inch thick noitshead dilto barrel and heading ditto t 1 Of I f. rf. 8 10 li 14 Hi iM pi I. rf. « 6 li 6 4 .•■ .1 7 10 !•■ 7 6 42 32 ■1 40 30 20 III 2 1 n 3> 5U 6 6 S 7 2 N 7 3 1 6 In li 20 1 12 «0 5> 3> I 70 I 4i 30 m 40 I I 30 ; 12 7 3 I) 7 « 10 IJ I 01 2 2 6 4 PI .2 >\ .>&. IS 6 12 4 40 1ft 3i I,'. ,10 10 .•7 « 10 II 2.i 10 22 10 16 (1 10 > The quarter to be calculated from the date of the ihip'a breaking bulk. t 676 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). I i .lit Ki* 1 ir •r- 1 .r Goods impor'etl. !4fl| Billpt staves, nik nr ish, cxceetiiiK 3 1-2 inch) „. ^, ,. „ uuUt 112 ) '""S Pipe biKinls, 3 1-2 inches thick - pihe ..... each ImIT pipe . . . - qmrter pipe . . . - Tlie Oiinpir.y wiP be amwcnhle for the rtiimUr of pit-(t:v otilv of lathvvcxiil^ and caiimii he rcfipnnsii'!'' fnr the di- niensinn^ of Quebec or billet staves. Fir slaves .... Hr.i:Iiiij iind stive rn'ts, not exceeding 20 inches long Flnatifi TitnUr. RifUn?, Nirhidine m;*"*, slijplfr:. lavin? un or tinvini tn thi* finck ffltes, or tn tfir pnnil : — East Cmiiifn-, Swedish and AniiTicaii tim- ber and nia ts, ptT load Norway limber • - - — Sfiars, 6 iiirli and upwards Rifted timber ft-n't- 1 from the river • Delivering storcil limber at tlie dock rales* Enst Country, Swedish, and American tim- ber and nias's - - per laid fm 1,200 = ? = s Of = - ^- m £ Oooda imporled. 4S 3t 22 ti() undfr I n n !* 4 13 12 3 1. d. 20 (1 15 (1 in (1 22 6 cnvi'l fi 1 2 6 4 1 ti 2 1 Norway limber and spars • per load 4 Ren' on >ols are inten led In be phced under the East India CompaTiy's care ; inthalcise llie orijinal bill nuist I* exhibi'e.l, and a true cipv ibere- f dep'witiHt. Should the original bill have been previniislv le!iverel ensa-retn indmmify the Comiiaiiy by l»ond, orotliT- wise. ■'s Ihe Court may dir-rt. When bills of ladins are prolnced, which are at variance with the manifest, ^^ (f> t^e original con«i?nee. the C'^tiTpany ^*ill I'ot |,as« any delivery order fiunded tbereou, until 3 clear days shall havt ela[>sed. Tfie deliver)' nf ^oods afloat will he the act of Ihe captain or olTioer in charse of the vessel No onler can be reci-ived until Ihe manifest of thpr*ar;n, dulv cer- tifiei by the captain, has tieen drpositei at the West India IW-k House ; Init 'he order* of 'he importers of all S'wi h etitruste-l to the We«t Inrlia Dock C'inpany's nnnasement ma) then f^e parsed. When parties hoi liuT orters for (b livery fro.n the qmvs wish the goods house I ill thei' o'\ n names or in (he names v( other parties. they must lol^e the onler indorsed to that cfllect, and warrauts will be granted accoriinjly. All merchandi'c waretnii'ed nn-^er the cire of the West India Dock Company is deliverab'e in the ordimiv course of bitsme s bv Warrant, witti the excen'ioii of muscovado surir. r-nnt*. re'iirned maniificlnres, and r»r'ic'ps imp T'el in bul'<. of wbich 't'e weighl or measure i< liable In increase or derrea>^ fnun nahira! causes. ii,d (fOM Is which ate lint ti bp \v»relttiu«et, or are intended fnr in>nie< dia'e shipment ; in the lal'er ca«e, tlie iniporters must state on their orders 'ba' " wirrants are not required."' AH r>ods entrusted to the iininie'TieMt of the East India C-^m- pany. alth'Mish depo-slte t in the W^-s* India Docks, will l»* d'-livert-l in 'he n«ual course of Ihe Honourable Company's busiiiess by East India wa -rants. Tn ficilitate pa«iM:; orders and piyinj the cliar*es due upon the roods, the Conipmv ^^ ill nperi deposit accounts upon request from the merchants as hereieaf'T itntire I. That the course ''f bu'^ine-s. as respects tfie West India Dr.ck Compinv, may be fully nn-'ei-^'o'vl. the a'*en'ion (f inqiofer^ ari) purchasers of produce Is partuiilarly retpiested to the followin* inemoran la ;— The West India Dork warrants for coots wbich are n«na'ly sol I without lotting. Will l>e n.arle out f^^r surh qiiai«»i'ies as I ave ^^een found generally convenient to the importers. Warran's or cbeqties for s;inMer quinlitles. or "inrle rarka?ps, may. however,!* graiileil, on pa\ing f^ir the ex'ra nuniler, it the ra'e« berei-i fixed. For (foods "hich ire 'oi'e ?. ma 'e me'cbautible. Vr , the wafnufs wilt be niade out as soon as the opention^ are perforrneil. When directions from the importer are required, notice will he Riven on the Imding accounts ; it is desirable that particulir and early alVu- ti-n should b- paid to such notices, and that the importers nt'coti(,n pepper, or oiher articles wliich usually require beini; male nier- ctian'able, flnnld htd^e a ireneral order directing that oieratien l» Le peffnrn.e.1 to all their i m ihi rt.at ions. The first wirrmts of Ihe West India Dork Company will he issued to (he order of ihe importers or their assigns (provided ihtre is I o a'op upon Ihe gools for freii;hl or otherwise), upon ( ayniem of the pr.nie rates or hndin? charges. Such pivments must inclu'Ie all charges to the time of Iinu-sinr, anl t|i"se for lotting or nnkin? merchatitable for the importer, hut] if the g')ndsare deliveralile by warrant, are not to include m.t ; J chirjfes accniing sul)sequefilly, ami the rent, must l^. j,:,,,} |,y jhe h"Ider« of the warran's before delivery of Ihe gonds. The propri- etors of goods may. however, clear the rent and iucideri'.Tl cli.ir^es to any desired date, and have new warrants or chuqufj accorJ- iuglv. When the assignment nr removal of pirt of the gf»ods only Is in- ten 'eil, the warran's or cheques should be divide*! at the dotk ImuiC in I/iuton, as bercifier provided. If the delivery of the whole of the contents is directed .ir.J ihs gni.,ls are no* removed within 2 days, a new warrant or ch.^ue fur the remainder of ibe oarcel must t)e taken out. In the ease of casks of liquids used to till up others, the warrant must U' lo-l^e!, nnil the proprietor may ei'lier have i new wamiit for Ibe remainder, or it nny be delivered (if not required again lo be i>e 1 ill the sime way) to hii or ter. When II e b-i| lei-s of warrants or cheques are desirous of as'ien- ini f>ir» of 'heir con'enfs, without delivery, lewei^rhmg, reiioi.siiij, kc, new locnments wdl be given in excbanire. onlo'ginj thenriri' nals. duly indorsed. The ii dorsement slinuld specialty 'firtrl the ■' r.nuer m which the contents are to be divided, andr.'a'u theimm i of Ihe parties in whose fwour Ihe new vMirints '>r cliequet at-c to ht- Ji'iue'I. In the f.dloMiug fmn:— "Phase to divide the «iihiii;'* or « hen part i% to tie rfelivered, " Deliver (o beirer (sM'e I ow many pa^kiies', andgnnt new one for M.ite hnw maiiy park'gts) in fiVMur of one fnr,''\T. Wtrnnts mav be exchanged or divided witju'ut assi^nin:? the goo l«, when d.-sire t by the h.dder. at 'he Mnie rvt of elinn:''. The ■ ri^iiial warrant is not charged for; I ut the chai\'.-« for di- viding or issuing new documen's, or traiisferrii'tj, are— For cacb warrant or transfer. 26 to 30 pacKares or quanti- lbs . ffl — 3ido. . 36 — 40 do. . 4 1 — 4') do. - 4ti atiil u|nv;ir 's (toods in bulk, per ton Every ne.w ebefjue gnntcd . d. I or 2 packages or quanti- ties - . .1 3 or 4 'o. - . -2 ?i to 7 do. - - -3 S— 10 .lo. . . -4 It — ]^ lo. . . . r, IH — 20do. . . . fi 21— 2'ido. . . -7 If from the nature of the contrvct between Ihe sellt r and litiycr, reueiihing. S:e. may In- necessary, the uamiits slmub' Le ('epositcit indorse I with direciituts *'» that eft'ert. aint new warrants will Im issneil. containing the laidJng weights an 1 reweiglils, a.s wwn as llie operattiMis are comileViJ. When iny alteration!*, sticb as repicking. ftc are lo be nrnleict cept « licH j)repTaMry to iinnielinte deliveiv), Ibe uanariismusi l« I'viget ; and otlicps, lepresenling the goods correctly, isnued in llie E.an e niainer. The wa«-r»n»« must likewise be Ind* d m givirs- or Irrs to vnt.hiit if imniediite shipment is not intended, new warruiis will I.e issueJ as nviii a» the cisks aro refilb'd. In the 3 'a^t meiiiioue I cases the charges for perforiniitg the opera- tion* idc'ude the ixpeise of the new warr iii's. When warrants or cheques are lost oi mi«liid,tle Conipary rc- • If not remove t within 2 ti les if'er beioir br^urht for deliverv, to l;echarg «i jwr !i le per b'al 2'!o. . • -11 I 411 and npivar's - ■ I-' I (toelsiu bulk, per Ion • i m- . I Every new cbiciupei-itilrd • i loulrart between the sellir ami lan-fr, ■■ssarv. Il-P wanaiils slioiil' bi- ('epnMli-.l That eirer'. anil npw varrauis "ill bo 1; weights an 1 reweii;lilj, .a.s soon as tlia .1 as rpparkinif. he. are to bp mule in line liale delivpivl, llie wariantsniiisl « lliiif; Ihe goods correctly, issued i" "* |?p l.p lodi d on nivirir orlrni to val.b'il intended, new warnnls will l:r i»neJ les'lhpcharsps for pprforniimtlipnp'"- ■ lie ne^v warr in'^. Is are lost 01 n.islsid, tie Pomparyrc lii Ihe Ea>t \oiltt, or my article thai ■ allot incut. ^ire ttiAt tticy should be advertised in the PitUie ^srfyrr, the piper cnnlainini; Ihe adverliseineni, and an en^ai^einent to mdemnify the Company, by bond or otherwise, to be enclosed vs'ith the a)iplicaiion for duplicates. The new doeuniputs i,ot to be issued (unless the original shall be found and delivereil up) until 7 clear days shall jiAve elapsed from the dale of nolije bv adverlisenient. IJ'poii no- tice of the loss, Ihe ^oods will be slopped ; an 1 the original d.icument canon 1.0 account lie acu^d upon. When E.vst Imlia warrants are Iftiit, the notice shniitJ be given to the Honourable Company's ware- house keeper- Irreenlariliea in Ihe indorsements lessen the security of the propri* p'nrs of gooiis, and render the documents iiicouifilete as authorities. Xfie attention ol the liolilers is therefore particularly called l:i that imini, to prevent Ihe inipelinicnls which mint otherwise arise to the fepilar despatch nf business. Aav a'tenipt to remove such impediments by indorsing any war- rant, 'nrili-r, or cheque without due authorily,even althoin^h no fraud may be intended, will be iiu-ariably noticed in Ihe most serious man- Ofrhy the directors of the West India Dock Comiiany. Forms on which persons may be authorised to siiin 'for others, may be ol'laiued in t'he general ntlice at til-' dock house : and as no signa- Inre but Ihil of Ihe Jiarty named on the warrant, delivery onler, or cheque, can be acted tipon, when i;oods are made deliverable to crJer, persons so authorised should a.lbere to Ihe following form :— " For Inanie or firm.) (Signature of the person authorised.)** flfponf .4cf(7wnf* may be opened svith such deposits aslhemcr- clnnts think proper; sshen the balance is rediiceil below lot. a fur- ther deposit must be made^ lOf. being the smallest sum which can be ttceived at a time. Parties having deposit acrounts with the Company, must transmit a note of advice on the pnijier form with each deiHisi',and it will be necessary that they should iuvariably stale on their orders or war- rants whom Ihe char.;t-s are to be paid by, thus: — " Clia ses to Ihe (Jae) to our acco-ant. fSi/nilnre.)" Or, " Charges lo be |aid by lite holder, (.Signature,)'' Hy opening such accounts, llie business of merchants with the Cnnijiaiiy, par'icul.irly where goods are upni rent, is much facili- tated, "rhe jirnper firms and pass books may be obtained on appli- cation at the dock house. Ortitri lor Kx'rn fl'-rfc.— The char:;ps for repackin-r, or prttjiaring fir exliort.itiun, ami all work not ciinprised in these Tables, will lie fise.l from lime to lime, w itli n-fen-nce to the cost of labour and ma- terials. No such work, however, can be done but by the order of Ihe proprietors of etx'ds, or piirtips duly authorised by them. Tht> warrants, or other documents, must llie'ref- re be produced, lo show their authority, except for t-as'ini; of wine, and sampling wine and spirits; in these cases the number of the w.uranl must be inserted on the order. The charges under this head must be paid by the parlies giving the order or clearing the gooiis. li(Kids jn-epand fy the proper ollicer of the customs, if foreign ; when a pass will ho prantiMJ, which must lie lodged with the dock master on leaving the dock. f'lrsf Cfns.s'.— Vessels arriving from any port in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, .MiliTiicy, Sark, or other European port outside tho Baltic, between tlie North Cape and llshant (llainbiirgh excepted, see Second Cla.is). with liberty to reload for any port, for every register ton of the vessel til/. ; ami rent, atler I weeks from date of entrance, if cargo discharged hy own crew ; from tlieilutiioftinaldischargi!, if cargo dischirged hy the Uoek Company, \d. per reL'ister ton p-^r week. If with part nf their cargoes, for every ton of goods laniled, Orf. ; and rent, after one week I'rom date of entrance, Irf.per register ton per week. Vessels /oariiHif for any of those places, not having previously discharged their cargoes in tlie docks, for every register toa of the vessel, (td. ; and rent, after 4 weeks from date of entrance. Id. per register ton per week. Strand Ctas,^.— Vessels nrrii'in^ from Hamburgh, with liberty to reload, for every register ton of tho vessel, 6(/. ; and rent, after (i weeks from date of entrance, Id. per register ton per week Vessels loading for Hainlmrgh, not having previously discharged their cargoes in the docks, for ev^ y register ton of the vessel, Cd. ; aiiil rent, after 4 weeks from date of entrance, Id. per register ton per week. Tliiri C/os».— Vessels arriving from any port in the Mediterranean, with liberty to reload for any port, fur every register ton of the vessel, Od. ; and rent, after weeks from date of entrance. Id. per reglrter ton per week. ; Vessels hading for any port in the Mediterranean, not having previously discharged their cargoes in Vol. 1.-3 C 73 tif 678 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). ^ ■* I C3 C.3 I 11 i/' \ ir- 1 , i ! I I i the docks, for every register ton of the vessel, 9d. ; and rent, after 4 weeks from date of entrance, Ij, per register ton per week. Fourth C7fl««.— Vessels arriving from any other port or place whatsoever (with the exception nf those hereafter enumerated), witli liberty to relnud, for every register ton of the vcssi'l, s,/, . anil rent, after 4 weeks from date of entrance, if cargo discharged by own crew ; from date of final discharge, if cargo discharged by Dock Company, id. per register ton per week. Vessels Uiudivg fir any other port or place whatsoever (with the exception of those hereafter enu. meraled), not having previously discharged their cargoes in the dock, for every ntgister ton of the vessel, !)(/.; and rent, after 4 weeks from date of entrance Id. per register ton p. r week. >.Vcf;)l S -pt. to '20th Oct., both inclusive, opened at 6 o'clock, closed at 6 o'clock 21st Oct. 20th March — 7 _ 6 — Visiters are not admitted on Sundays. No person is permitted to quit a vessel after the wicket gate is closed. The hours for the ciunmencement of business, and opening and closing the harrier gate, are. From Ist March to 3l8t Oct., both inclusive, opened at 8 o'ch>ck, closed at 4 o'clock. Ist Nov. 28th Feb. — 9 — 4 _ Lodgmevt of Manifist.—MaatPts of ships are required to deliver at the superintcndenl's office, williiii 12 hours after the arrival of the vessel in the dock, or reporting at the Ciistfuii-hmise, (wliithsliall first happen,) a true copy of the manifest or report of the cargo, signed by themselves. IHncliariie of fesscis.— Vessels are not to break bulk, without the permission of the superiiiteiideiu, until the whole of the cargo has been entered at the Custom-house. Upon application of the masK^r, the Company will pass a warehousing entry for such snods as llie owners or consignees may have neglected or refused to enter williin 18 hours; ami will aUiiluiiil goods not entered within 7 days ; both periods to be computed from the date of the reiicrl. Labourers or hiinpers are not allowed to work on board vessels, on the quays, or in the wiirclidiisos, unless encaged by the Oimpany ; but may be hired of the Company, to work under the ilincii hi.hhI responsibility of the master, the charge being 3s. 6d. per day for each man : and should not a sulliiiiMit number he employed for the timely discharge of the cargo, additional hands will be provided h) tlie Company, at tiie expense of the vessel. The decks are to be speedily cleared of such articles as may impede the discharge ; and the iii;isicr, mate, or some person duly authorised by the owners, is to remain on boiird duriiiL' the unidadiii;! Slops for Fruirlit..—Vtum\» landed will be detained for the freight, on due m^ice in wriinii!, hj lliR owner, master, or other person interested therein; and will not be delivered, nor warrants I'ranl.'.l for them, until orders shall hav(! been given for the release of the goods, or the freit'lit dep.isiled willi the Company; nor can a stop be received after the goods liavu been transferred in the Cumpaiiy's books, or a warrant lias been uranted for them. (■oods delivered into craft to b(^ landed elsewhere, cannot be detained for freight. Vessels leaving the dock for repairs are not charged rent whilst alisiiit ; nor is any charge made for ballast, chalk, or flints, received from or delivered into craft. Water is supplied from the reservoir, and delivered into the ships' boats, at Is. per ton, on aiipli- cation to the dock iiinster. Abstracts of cargoes, for the purpose of making up freight accounts, will he supplied on ap litaliou at the comptroller's oflice, at the fidlowing cinirge: — s. d. If the goods have 10 marks or umler - - - . - . -20 — 11 to 20 marks 3 — 21 and upwards, 2d. each mark or parcel. ONDON). weeks from date of entrance, Id, liatsnever (with the exci'ptinn nf regisler ton of the vcssi'i, 9,; . by own crew ; from date of final i\ per week. exception of those hereafter cnu, otk, for every register ton of ibe (,'isler ton P' r week. ry register ton of the vessel, 6<; • ek. e vessel, 1*.; and rent, after the of oil delivered into craft, (id. art of their ciirifucs, fur every ton III. per register ton per weelj. i>n (III houril from the quays ur by ister ton per week. )n the proportion which the oilio:- It they will be charged for docking; mira after final discharge. Rent, Should the vessel load outwanls] ; charged, instead of the rate tut very ton of coals landed, 61/.; fof rccister ton per week. ding to their ports of destination, f the vessel, an.»/ers.— Warrants for goods in general, are granted on written application at the dock, in favour of such person as the party in whose name they stand in the Compaiiy'.s hooks may direct. The first are issued free of charge ; on all subsequent warrants and transfers, the charges are as follow :— s. d. 1 2 » 4 5 6 7 For each warrant or transfer containing 2t) to 30 packages - - - 31— 35 - 36 — 40 - 41— 45 - 46 and upwards - - . and for goods in bulk, per ton s. d. 8 9 10 11 1 3 For each warrant or transfer containing 1 or 2 packages - . - 3- 4 - 5to 7 - 8-10 - 11-15 - 16-20 .... 21-25 - The contents of one warrant may be divided into warrants for smaller quantities, at the will of the holder. Whenever housing, taring, weighing, dipping, rehousing, or counting of goods is required, the operation must be performed before a warr^nt can be issued; and if reweighing, &.c. be required, a new one must be obtained. Applications for duplicate warrants, in consequence of the originals being lost or mislaid, must be .iddressed to the secretary, at the London Dock House, who will make known the conditions on which the Company will isstie them. IVei(rhts of Ooods. — Duplicates are furnished, upon reasonable cause for requiring them being assisned. Second Sumples of Oooih.— Orders for second samples, if the goods arc for "exportation only," are issaed at the comptroller's oflice, the proprietor paying the customs' duty thereon. Kmptij Casks and Packages. — If not removed froii'i the dock within 7 days, are sold by the Company, and the proceeds paid to the owners, after deducting the sale charges and other expenses. Eiplanation of the following Table of Rates and Charges on Goods imported into the London Docks. The consolidated rate is charged upon the nett weight, and includes landing, wharfage, and housing, or piling on the quay, coopering, sampling, weighing for delivery, delivery, and 12 weeks' rent from ihe date of the importing ship breaking bulk ; which may be paid on each mark separately, and will attach unless notice be given to the contrary, prior to final weighing or gauging. The import rate is charged upon the gross weight, and includes landing, wharfage, and housing, or piling on the quay, or loading from the landing scale, and furnishing the landing weights or tales ; to be paid before the delivery of any part of an entry can take place. The charges for reweighing, rehousing, unhousing and loading or repiling, are oacli one tliird of the import rate; those for unhousing or unpiling, wharfage and shipping, the same as the import rate; when not otherwise specified. Table of Rates and Charges on Goods imported into the London Docks. ll Rent. 1 Goods imported. t: . II Rent. Goods imported. Per Week. Quaotitiei, &c. 1 'er eek. Quantities, &C. Per >. d. «. d. Par J'cr I. d. ll. Ptr Alksnel root ■ cwt. 6 1 cwt. Aloes, Altiiondi, fmm Atrira Ion 4 6 U .| ton io chcsls or casks ton 6 1 parkiee under 3cwl. in txixea md barrels cwt. 6 2 1 3 lOOlKiies 1110 li.'iir boxes or a coiipolidauil rate of 20j. per Ion nett. 11-2 diHo 3 and under 6 cwt. 2 lurrel 2 cwt. 3 qrs. to 3 cwt. 2 diito 5 and under 8 C«l. 1-2 1-4 barrel 3 dilio S cwt. and up- shell ■ • cwt. 9 2 lame iMie war.l» 1 1-2 small bale Alum • ton 3 6 3 too 1 liairbaU'orBeroD3'4 lo 1 1-2 cwt. Alva marina, in liales press-packed, Aton, in ^urds . ton 8 1 score gourds ton 3 4 Ion oraciinsolidaled rate of 1 Inlnginotpresspiclcrd, SOi.pertODuetU 1 ton 5 7 6 tOD " i. 580 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). , I »"WI :.LMt Uwtm III iMi>mi»l MMi:' :'«• ■Ml ';.:«* I. 1 , ' i t ' , ? i Good« imported. Ambf r and bnda, p:icka^e Ainvergris, in boxes or ke^ - paclufte AncDOviM - • cwt. Angelica root Anisoed - - cwt. a:ar - . cwt. Annntto - ton or a ronaoUiI&ted rate or 2\i. per Ion oett iu in h.'uketsorsnuU park- ages - - owl Antimony • - ton ore • • ton if loose, filltDg and weighinjCi 2r. per ton. Apjtles UuJcet or barrel (ierce hogiheAd Argol - - ton Arrow mot - ton or a consolidated rate ot 20s. per tmi ne(t In casks, or HOs, in twxes or chests. Araenic • - ton A^af^;t^da • - cwt. Ashfii, from America, b>n Itiiuia > • Ion Odessa • • ton Uiihousini;, wharfajt', and siiipping, 2r. pur ton. Asphalium • ton Bacon • • hogshead bate side middles, 3 cwt. tierce ditto, ! to 2 cwt cask Baggage, including deli- very aud uns week's rent, presents, samples, par* eels ik pftpers, and other small articles, package cases, tnmkN boxes^bun- dtes of brddin^, and wearing apparel, package mlddlti-sizixl ditto and cttests - package larger packages in pro- |)ortlou. Bags, empty - score Balsam canivi,ia jars, cwt. in barrels • cwt. Peru, in jars • cwt Cwiper's attendance it landing and delivery is a separate charge, CaavU - package Bamboos. See Canes. Bark, oak, in bags or loose - • ton in casks • ton in cases about I civt 2 qrs. • cwt, Jesuits' or Peruvian, cwt. BariUa, k)Ose • ton Unhnusing, wharfage, & shippinfT, 3s. per ton Filling and weighing, 2r. per ton. in serons - • ton UnhnusinfTt wharfage, and shipping, 2s. 6d. per ton. Baakati • - bale 1-2 bale Taree bumlU small bundle Brads, jet, or other kinds, not described yackagv Bean^, in bagf • bng ciator • • cwt. si I. d. I 6 I 6 9 5 3 4 1-2 712 7 6 5 6 Rent. Per Wwk. •. d. 1 3 2 6 3 1-2 I 2 3 6 10 7 3 1-2 4 2 Quanlilies, be. Per box or case Kclu^e barrel, or dou- ble barrels lOOkeits cask uiiiler 1 1-2 cwt. barrel tierce hDtjibead ton tOB cask 3 to 8 cwt. mat nr bisket I cwt. and under ton tOD 7 1-2 basket or l)arrel 1 t-2|llerce 3 boi^head ton in c%,ks 100case8uriiler2cwt too ba^s or ca«s 2 cwt. aud under 4 cwt. ton 5; 2 6 2 1-4 Sl-4 6 6 f •' 1 I 6 4 ton 1-2 cwt. 1-2 cask 3 ,cask 3 ton 2 2 1 1 1-2 6 t 1 1-2 1 6 5 3 6 1 3 6 3 3 3 1 6 1 6 1 6 6 3 c 3 I 01-4 I 01-2 1 Jo I 1-2 2 Goods imported. Per Beef aud pork • tierce barrel tub, kit^or half barrel Bernes, juniper • tou yellow or bay • Ion Betel nuts • - ton Biscuits ■ • cwt. Bones iu bags Books - 1,000 ■ bag • cwt ton Unhousing, Wharfage, and Khippiii;. 1 6 6 I 1-2 6 4 fll-2 01-2 I 2 01-2 1 2 3 n I 1-2 I 01-2. I n I 6 package package package score jar barrel, under 2 cwt. barrel, 3 cwt. aivl upwards jar package 4 ton u 4 ton 1 case (1 1 chest 03-1 1-2 chest or seron Ul-2 't-2 seroB 2 ton bale 1.2 bale large bundle small bundle package bag tou Boracic acid - ton Borax, rough orrefined ton Bottles, empty glass gross Brass • - ton Brimstone, loose - ton Unhousing, wharfage, Ht shipping, 3s. per ton. Fillingand weighing, 2j. per ton. in casks or cases • ton Unhous I n^, wharfage, and shipping, 2t, Hd. per toDi Bristles, in packages above 5 cwt. • • tou under 5 cwt. • ton Bronze - • case case Bucco leaves • cwt. Bugles - - ton BuUiou - cask or case small p,ickagD smaller pack^es, not exceedi^g5^ in value. Burr slnnes. Sue UtoTW^ Bulter, foreign, Friesland or flntstein, landing, wharfage, and housing, or leading, and furnishing, land- ing weights to the im- porters 1-4 cisk the like half qr. cask Loading from the ware- house, \d. per cask. Weighing on delivery, if requirol, and furnish- ing delivery weights to the buyer, Id. per cask. Emden or Holland, landing, wharfage, and housing or loailitiz, and furnishing land- ing weights tirkin XiOading from the ware- house, 3Ad, perArkin Weighing on deliver}', when required, 3*4ut per firkin. Irish - score firkins Weighuig npon deliv- ery. Id. per cask or tirkin Unhousing, wharfage, & flhippingj t l-2d. per cask or nrkin, > ton ton • ton package . cwt owt. d. 8 1-4 &t-4 t 5 3 3 6 t 3 3 7 6 8 1-4 I 6 I I 5 I 6 t 6 3 O 3 Rent. Per VVtek. d. 01 8 4 5 OM 012 2 1-2 2 3 4 Quintities, kc. 10 1 2 2 3 8 4 4 2 2 I 6 6 2 I 1 1-3 2 9 4 2 3 3 Cables, iron hempen • coir Cambric Camels' hair Camphor - or a consolidate rale o( 1j. 8d. per cwt. nett, Canes, common rattan, 1,900 or a consolidated rate of 3i. 6d. per 1,000. gTOund - - I. poo reed, in bundles, 2S each lllO bundles whanghee, bamboo, and Jumbo - 1,000 Canilla alba • cwt or a cnnsi)lid.ited rate of 1». 8d. per cwt. nett. C.-uitbarides. ■ cwt Capeit CWtl Cards, playing package small package Caidamoms • cwt. bag 6 10 12 6 2 6 10 1-2 6 4 6 3 5 6 1 3 I 6 I 6 2 2 3 4 5 4 2 Per tierce 100 barrels too barrelk 100 bags under 2 cwt too bags 2 to 4 cwL ton ton keg .bag or barrel 1,000 bar bale or box I package or chest ton ton groas Ion ton ton !■ casks 100 cases of .-ibout 2 cwt, too bis. about 1 cut. I00bx3.aboui561l)i, ton tou case box case or barrel 2 cw| case 3 to 6 cut. ton t No rent or walctiiDgwIll be cliaigej 11 taken juj f mm Ihequjv within sixi Win-kilig day*] from the peri ' o>l of Hie in 100 porting shif breAkiiii;Li.liL' tU vitayj, af-i • lor llij eipi-i ration ofuael week, per; nignl, on any; number i>i> casks or fir-' kins, f Not exccedin"! 1. d.\ 2i - oa 2B4nol500 9' 61 - 75 I 0! 76 - 100 I e On any num- ber atnivelOO, iu like pn- portioa. 10 1-2 I"" ton ton ton ,|>ackage { bale or case 1 1-2 '■«» 3 1 6 1,000 100 bundles 2 1,000 3-4 wl- case or cask under 4 ; cwt. lease or cask 4 and under H cwt. case or cask 8 cwt. I and upwajds butt jpuncheoo 'hogshead I barrel I package small packag. 3 4 6 6 4 3 1 I 2 I 1 {■3 chest ~ Q 1 |ts« NDON). DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 681 Reol. M.2 n 3 3 Qmnlitio, &c. t. 1 Pa tierce 100 barrels lOd barrelli 100 bu|tBun(]er2cwt 100 kaga 2 lo 4 cwi. ton tOQ I 2|l«)0 3-4 wl- 3 6 case or cask uuler 4 I cwt. lease or cask 4 and muler N cwt. case or cask 8 cwt. and upwards ;butl puncheon 'bogstiead I barrel I package small pukagt 1 1.3 chest I itag I Goods imported. Ptr Carpets, bale above 70 s<]uare yards ballot, under 70 s<|uare yards Carraway seed - Ion Cashew nuts ■ cwt. Casks landed empty, or cask cases, if not deli- vered withm 6 days (and includes delivery) butt, pipe, or pun- cheon im.aller cask or ci«e tl. /J.— If Uken awsy wilhinSdays, half the aliove chargea, and no rent, wine or spirit, small ul la^es (iiicludinf turn- i(uc over the contents, storing and delivery) each Cassia lignea • cwt. buds • • c«t or a c^^nsolidaled rate of li. 6d. [ler cwt. neit. fistula - • cwt Ci'tor beans • ton Catonim, keg or small box Catlings case or chest Civiare • package Chaises or carriages, with 2 wheels • - each 4dil'o - - each Chnik, French • ton Chissuni - • bale Clieese, foreign • ton Unding, wharfage, and housing, or loading, and furnishing land- ing weights lo the im- porters. Turning, each time, per too, 9ii. On delivery, weighing, per ton, It. 4d. Vnhousing and loading, per ton. Is. 4d. 6,2 I. d. 2 I 4I-: S 6 8 4 I 6 6 7 6 to 6 in tub or case Chesnuts . cwt, bushel Chicoree, under 1 cwt, 2 qrs. case or cask under 3 cwt. cise or cask 3 and under 5 cwf, rase or cask 5 cwt. and abow^ cask Chillies - • cwt. or a consolidated rate of It. per cwt. nelt. China root ■ - cwt. China ware or porcelain, case small case box rhiraypll • - cwt. Chocnhle - • iHix Cinnal'ar - - cwt. or a consolidated rale of 4*. 6vt. or a consolidated rale on press-packed, 9rf. per cwt. nelt ; not press- packed. If. per cwt. nett. • cwt. • cwt. ton -. each • keg barrel ton 3 G 3 3 1 6 10 1-2 6 & A 11-2 quantities, he. ton cwt. 4 2 6 71-2 6 1 ^0 4 3 1 2 3 Ptr 1-2 2 100 bags ton chest cwt too case or cask under 1 cwt. case or cask 1 and under 3 cwt case or cask 3 cwt and upwards, cwt too r ' 6 2 1 6 1 6 15 6 3 4 1-2 Cotton yarn Cowhage • Cowries Cows Cranberries Cream of tartar Cubebs Cummic seed • cwt. . cwt Cunranls, 23 cwt. and up- wards • - butt 1.5 In 23 cwt • butt 9 lo 15 cwl. - pipe 5 lo 9 cwl. caroiel Reals. See IVood Goods. Deer ■ - each Diamonds - package Drigons' blood - cwt. Ilri()slones • - each Dye flower - ton or a consolidated rate of 14.S- 6rf per Ion nelt, Gau de Cologne - case small case Kges • - box Elephants' tcelh. See Iviiry. Kmery stone. See Stfflic. Kssen'ces, 1 cwl. and up- svanls . • case under 1 cwt- • rase Extract from nak bark, cwl ton 1,000 case or cask case box ton ton on quay Ion under cover 2 bag i cwt 1-2 hag 56 lbs. hogshead chest box 1 03-4 2 1 12 I 5 G rhatania - Jesuits' bark cwl. cwt Bl-4 6 G 9 1 1-2 3 1 1 6 2 3-1 1-4 I 6 I 6 2 I G 3 9 9 « 4 3 2 3 1-2 1-2 6 bale box or case trunk Ion Ion bale cwt ton keg t)arrel Inn cask under 13 cwt cwt- cwt- Unhnusing, and Ixiading. , I. rf. I 8 6 n 4 4 2 1 package cwl. each ton case small case box 4 case 2 small case 1 ca.sk atout 4 cwt. 1 1-2 cask above 6 1-2 cwt. 1 cwl. 1 cwU 1.^ DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). m^ffti t;.!ii-«l . I C'.'^ •^1«^1 *''fS"'"'!!SB «>at'''r'"3a ir" Goods >Dipoit«L u Rent. 1 Goods imported. 1 Import Bate. Rent. 1 Per Week. Quantities, kc. Per Week. Quantities, ke. Per 1. d. >. d. Per Per «. d. 1. d. Par Fuu « case 1 1 12 case Hair, ben*, ox n cow hox 1 1 box cwt. 6 1 bale under 3 cwt FntlMTt, iMd • cwt. 10 1-2 1 1 1.2 small bale bag 1 1-2 and under 2 cwt. 1 12 bale 3 and under 5 cwt 2 bait S cwt and ud- 2 bag 2 and under 3 wards 1 cwt. 01-2 cwt loose | | fmm Ireltnd 3 2 bale 3 and under 6 «wt. bale buuB - - • Ctrl. 1 Z t alt Untag. oatrich - package 1 6 2 package Vv»i|5e. »uliure, not exceediiw 2 anu cwt. - p»ck»B« not (xceadioK 50 lln. bag 1 6 6 2 01-2 lag not exceeding Hami hogshead 2 3 Shipg, r. d. tl 4 hogshead tierce barrel or basket 1 6 6 1 1 lierce hrl. orbu. Unhosnj Kent Week. xet and loose • • each n 03-4 n 1-4 Mch FigJ, 3 qn. to 1 cwt. 1 qr.; ctiest LanJg. f. d. Hall, Leghorn 10 doz. 6 1 OdoMn S 012 2 100 chests 2 middling case or about 66 Ibi. 1-2 chart 3 01.2 1 3 1001-2cliests IMCkage 1-4 chest— 28 lbs. score 2 6 6 1 4 arge cise or pckj. ilrunu . • score 2 6 6 chip tub of 80 dm. 1 6 2 ub of 80 dozen |.2&l4dninu score 1 6 6 1 S ton Helluwre root • cwt. 6 10 Ion half qr. drums * scnrf 1 6 6 Hemp (including weigh- tapnrts • • scon- 1 6 6 . ing) - - Ion If sold from landing 4 6 6 on Fish, rod • - ton 4 6 4 ton scale : to importer, ton 3r. 6d. ; to uuyer. lierrin^s • • tierce 1 3 100 tierces iii.-\cki'rel • bai-rel 6 I 6 100 barrels Ion Ij. salmon • • tierce 6 5 IHO tiercel Weighing in the ware- kit 1 1-2 1 6 100 kits house, Ion 2i. stock, or sturgeon 1,000 6 4 1 2 6 1,000 stock 100 kegs sturgeon lOO barrels stock or sturgeon T.oadmg, ton 2r. Unhousing, wharfage, and shipping, 4f. per ton. not otherwii^e described, press.packe. d. Pv 6 1 2 1 6 6 03-4 6 1 6 6 1 112 2 1-2 2 3 1 1 n 01-4 1 2 4 2 10 ■le under 3 cwt tnle 3 and under 5 cwl. ball- 6 cwt. and up- wards CVTt looM 1 balk Unhi«. 4 hopliead lierce bri, or bu- net each 10 dozen middlin? case or IMCknite large cise nr pck?. lubofSOdoien ton 4 6 6 toa 4 « ! 4 8 ton ton I 1 2 81-4 3 containlns 150 or under larger bale in pro- portion m TOO 100 1 03-4 ) 7 6 ■ 3 ff 8 10 10 11-2 10 lOOhidei 1 2 2 100 10 11-2 10 100 9 10 100 6 3 4 2 6 6 100 100 3 1 6 1 3 2 6 6 4 1-2 3 1 1-2 1 3 1 1-2 10 2 1 bale bale small talc hale or ihett barrel keg or jar ton ban IMxket 10 1-2 6 10 5 1-2 ton honu tnn tips ban 3 3 iOO pair 1 1 (i 12 6 10 1-2 1 6 1 G 1 II-2 I 3-4 3 2 )aie bale bale about 3 cwt. bale about 1 1-2 cut ijackaje box 1 6 1 e 1 6 1 3 9 4 1 1 01-i 1 03-4 1-2 1 hophei case case barrel cwt. in cwt. 10 bag ferou ul or pipe bolUe id Ooodi imporltd. Rent Goods imported. H Rent p» Week. ()uanlities, &c. rcr Week. Quantities, Ac* Ptr f d. •, d. Pit i'cr >. if. i. d. Ptr IndifO-coiKinued. Linseed. SttWhiat. East lodij, in chnti akee - • ton 3 6 3 Ion cwl. or a conwlidittd rata, 81-4 11-2 chest Liquorice - . cwt. root - . cwt 334 6 1 case or hanel loose, ton including all opera- 1 bale under 2 cwt. tions incident on tar- Mace • . cwt. 1 1 12 chesi ing, raising, repack- or a consolidated rale of 1 cask about 1 cwt. ing, stowing, and at- 3f. per cwt tendance whilst no Madder - - ton 3 4 1-2 6 Ion show, nailing down, rooti • • cwt 4 1-2 1 bale under 3 cwt. lotting and piling away, of VJ: 6a. per 1 1-2 2qrs. bale 3 cwt. 2 qn. chest and under fi cwt. Ink • cwt. 9 2 cask 2 bale 5 cwt and up- wards liikle cwt. 1 1 1-2 case Maiden hair - bale 1 1 bale 1 box or keg Manna - • cwl. 10 1-2 1 chest or cask Inecacuanlim - cwt. 10 1-2 10 Ion Marbles • - ton S 4 ton Irou (including weighing). Marble baths • each 6 6 each tun 3 4 1 ton mortars - • Ion S 6 ton if landed for transit, and sculptured works of art : not weighed - ton 2 6 1 ton import rate according when shipped from to the size and value , 3 case boding scale (includ. ingdetiveiy) ton 2 small case 4 2 none if shipped within 1 rough, in cases - cwt 6 2 case Unpiiing, wharfage, and shipping, without week from the Hit day of lauding. Delivered weighing, 2i. 6((. per into craft Ion- . .^ , per Ton Wharf- When weighed on baiiti, (including use of scale* and weighU), of 25 Palms or 12 Cubic axe and Shipping. 2i, per ton. Feet. old - • ton 3 4 2 ton f d. «. d. ore -. - ton 3 2 ton blocks, under 2 tons, ton « 3 3 4 6 iteini engines, boilers. al>ove 2 Ions Ion 10 3 5 7 6 cylinders, and other above 10 Ions ton 20 3 10 \=, n heavy machinery ton if discharged from the 7 1 ton vessel into craft, with- Mastic - • cwt. 6 1 case or cheat about out landing or weigh- 3 cwt ing - - Ion 6 Mata !- . 100 1 8 1-4 6 100 bundle! IsiiKlass ■ - cwt. 10 1-2 10 ton Indian - • chest I 2 chest Ivory • • cwt. 10 1-2 1 cwt box 9 1 box tak, or old rope • Ion 3 6 3 ton from corn vessels, bun- Jute, ptws-packed • ton 4 4 Ion dle of 10 2 6 100 bundle* on consolidated rate of Delivery by land, l-ld. Hi. pertonnett. per bundle ; by water, Id. per bundle. Kelp ■ ■ ton rilling and weighing, 3 6 2 Ion Melting pots ■ cask Minerals - - case 4 4 cask 2). per loo. 1 2 CTse Knives - package 1 6 2 1 01-2 case barrel box Mohair yarn - cwt. Molasses. See Wat In- dia Dock Charea. Moss, rock or Iceland, ton 7 12 i bale Ljc dye or lake - chest 1 1 chest 7 6 9 ton in bags Ijce • case or bo« 2 6 6 case or box 1 6 100 casks about 84 Lacquered ware • chest 1 6 2 chest lbs. ^ box 1 1 box 3 100 casks about 2 Unl - • bladder 34 6 100 bladden Molher-o'-pearl, shells. cwl. Ltad - - ton 2 6 1 Ion Ion 7 6 4 ton Uopiling, wharfage, and ihipping. It. 8. d. Ptr Oil-oad)iiK (jr liQusinf; 6 1 6 1 2 Pitch • • Ion 2-6 3 100 barrels Cooper's atteudance at Plaster of Paris - ton 3 2 ton linuninx, and at de* livery frnin the v.iull Plums, Portugal, in boies. n 1 1 dosen 9 1 too boxes UnhousinKAnd londini; 6 ) 6 1 6 Porcelain • • case 1 6 3 case L'DlioiiiitifCt wharfage, small case 1 2 small case and shipping 4 6 3 3 Potatoes • - Ion 3 6 3 Ion Rent per week 6 4 4 Pol.ish. See ^hit. N. a.-Fouileen daya Preserves, allowed from hn.il d.iy under i» lbs. package 3 [.0 034 J of l.indinR previous to 2» 10 112 lbs. package 6 cwt. the conunence'iienl of 1 cwt. and upwards. rent ; Inl Hie Company p.ickage 8 are at liberty to Louse 6 or a consolidated rate. days after iauging, un- less de'ained by written order previously. under .28 lbs.package,6d. 2S to 112 11*. do. It. 112 lbs. and upwards, Rem on the quantity remaininj? will be cliarKed from the day of the veaael breaking bulk. package, If. per cwt. nett. Prunes or French plums, about 8 cwl., hhd. oi Unhnusg and I.anding. Rent per Week. P«nf Import s. d- >. d. Rate. ^i ee'k. puncheon 1 6 6 2 5 to 7 cwl. • barrel 1 3 1 1.2 olive, in jars ; t. rf. 1. d. 2 to 5 cwt. 1-2 barrel 9 2 1 common jars • cwl. S1.4 3 common jar under 2 cwt. 1-4 barrel 6 2 4 2 1-2 jars • cwt. 8 14 2 1-2 jar about 1 cwt , containing large jars - cwi. 6 6 large jar boies or cartoons case 6 2 1 rase cases containing 30 about SO lbs. • box 2 6 I 3 IIW quirt bottles cas« 1 3 1-2 score cases 8ci>re salad, 1-2 chest of 30 about 28 Ibi. 1-4 chest 1 1-2 6 1 100 botilus n 6 21.2 score 1-2 chests score palm and cocai nut. Inn in Lirge casks, for every 3 9 4 ton Rent cwt. above 30 cwt. 9 Xek. seed • • tun 6 6 tun Oil cake. See LiiMid Prussiate of potash Ion 4 6 4 Ion Caku. Puree - - chest 6 1 cheat Olibanum. See Gifm, in Pyrolignateof lead ton 5 5 ton cases or chrst.s. Quassia • • cwt. 6 03-4 cwt. Olives, about 12 galls. Quicksilver, in bottles. 1 " 1-2 hrl. 4 1 1-2 barrel bot'le 3 l-4'ix,ine — 6-1-4 bri. 3 1-2 1-4 barrel containing 1 skin case 6 0l-2:case — 2 3 4 ke< 2 1-4 1-4 keg Quills . • vat 4 6 4 val about 5 quarts small kei. small v.ii 3 3 small vat score 1 6 2 score hogshead or Uarrel 1 6 3 hogstiead or barrel 3 pint jars . score 9 1 score case 2 a CAse in larger lackagei, fill- 01-4 3 2 1 tierce barrel, 30 gallons 1-2 barrel bale Quinine, sulphate of, con- taining about 3 quarts. 6 2 bale Onions - • bushel 6 1 basket or barrel ca.se 9 1 cise Opium - - cwt. 10 12 1 1-2 cheat under 3 cwt. Ridlx conlrayervae cwt. 9 2 case Oranges and lemons, chest 712 1 chest seiiekx - - barrel 6 12 barrel boi 5 1-4 1-2 box Rags or old ropes ■ ton 3 3 Ion Oranges, in cases case Orange buds • cwt. 4 1-2 1 1-2 2 case tierce L'nhnusg Rent 3 hogshead and per Orchella weed • cwt. 5 1-1 1 bale L.iiiding. Week. Orpimenl • - ton 5 4 Ion Raisins, 12 to 20 cwt., bull 3 8 4 butt Orrice root - cwt. 3 3 hoMhead 9 to 12 cwt. • pipe 2 3 6 3 pipe carotd 2 tierce fi to 9 cwt. - cirotel 1 6 4 2 1 barrel orseron 2 cwt. 2 qrs. to 4 cwt. Oraidew • j-ackage 1 6 3 2 laree case small case 2 qrs. . - barrel 1 cwl. 2 qrs. to 2 cwl. 9 2 03-4 barrel Otto of roses package 2 6 ) 2 qrs. • 1-2 barrel 6 2 1-2 l'2baml middling iiachagc 1 6 ^0 4 package under 1 cwt. 2 qis. small package 1 ) i"i barrel 3 01-2 2 100 Oien • each 10 Weighing do. Is. score. Paddy, in bulk quarter 10 I quarter Cape,ca8kaunder3cwl., I Paper - - cwt. 6 10 ton cask 9 03-1 cask 1 Pearl barley - keg 3 1-4 keg 3 cwl. to 5 CWI., cask 1 6 i 100 ; barrel 6 1-2 barrel boxes, about 60 lbs., score 3 1 8 Peas - lierte or barrel 9 1 tierce or barrel Uenia jk Valentia, boxes, bag 4 1-2 2 6 lOObags score 2 6 C 1 3 100 Pepper (unsifted) Ion 6 6 ton Weighing do. 8d. score. or a cnnsnlidale.1 rate of 1-4 and 12 Imxes sc-ore 1 6 6 1 100 I M. per cwt. nett; or of 2«. 3d. per cwt. f^ails or liasliets score 1 S 5 1 100 1 Wi-ighina do. 6d. score. 1 nett, incltidmg ordi- 1-4 and 1-2 frails or bas- nary sifting and bag- kets, - - score 1 4 1 100 ging . 1 bagor3l71bs.nott. Weigtiine do. 4d. score. long or Cayenne cwt. 6 7 ton Malafa, lioxes score 2 6 1 100 or a consolidated rale 1-4 & 12 boxes score 1 6 6 10 lOO of Is. per cwl. nett. Weighing do. 8d, score. Piann.fortes • - each 4 6 6 each Smyrna, dnims score Weighingdo, lOd. score. 2 6 6 1 100 Piccaba - cwt. 6 4 Ion ! Pickles doien bottles in barrels gallon 2 1-4 012 01.2 dozen ImtUes barrel 1-4 Ac 1 2 drums score Weighing do. 6d, score. 1 6 6 1 lOO laixe hollies or jars, Kent under 2 gallons gall. 1 1-2 01-4 bottle or jar W«k. 2 U under 'i do., gall. 1 1-2; Mile or jar 6 and upivards gall 3-4 3 41 bottle or iar Rhalania extract ■ cwt. 9 1 cwt. Fictuics, large bale or case 4 6 6 large bale or caic root • • cwt. U 10 1-: 01-2 cwt. 1 ONDON). DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 585 Ptr 3 U 6 2-6 3 9 1 6 I 3 a 3 6 8 I. d. 4 Wn'k. *'»l"i«.*t. 3 I 1-2 6 41 6 2 3 U 2 1 3 2 3 'fOOOA Per middling bale or c.iu iniall bale or cue bald larxe vit ■wall rp. has- :ore ore ire. 4 6 6 5 6 cwt. Uiihotug iud lauding. I. d. 6 3 2 2 2 6 »cnre 6 •core Rent per Week. 4 I a 03-4 Rent Iter Week, 1. d. 2 I 1.2 1 4 2 h'l.ortxn. larri-l l-2biml 100 rate 100 100 Inn cheat Ion cwt 1-4 bottle 1-2 caie vat aniall vat bnnbead or band Crtae bale 3 2 I 6 2 6 1 6 9 U 10 1-: 1 2 12 3 Unhousf; and LAiitiing. 8 6 4 2 2 01-2 6 6 5 4 6 6 6 6 ITent per Week. I ciae case barrel foil cwt. 1-2 cwt. Rent per Week. -l butt n 3 pipe 2 caroltl 3-4 barrel I 01-2 l'2biirel 2 100 03-4lra5k i 100 1 8 I 3 1 1 I I 10 1 I 100 100 c , Heot. 1 '" ^ Rent. Ooodi inported. '4 1 Goods imported. si P.. Vr Weiik. 1. d. quanlities, kina, bile 1 G 1 1-2 bale I'Xt'niptcd from duty. leopard, lion, and tigi-r. dee. each 11-2 1-2 each Saphora . package 6 1 package nutria - hogahi-ad 1 6 4 hogshead Sjraaparilla • cwt. I 6 1 cwt. barrel 1 1 barrel 10 1 too bundles about ISO doz. akiiia, or a conaolidated rale of bale 1 G 4 bale of 150 dozen 4f. 6d. per cwt. nett. about 100 i.'oz. akina. Re»pii!bin«l)ale8 4cwl. bale 1 3 bale of 100 dozen and 'upwards If. (id. about 50 doz. skins, per bale. bale 9 2 bale of 60 dozen under 4 cwt., 1«. Sralcboanit 100 bundlee opossura,about 50 skins. 3 4 lOObundlet bundle 6 1 bundle hc.imniony • • cwt. Serd, agricullunl (or nol 3 01-2 drum Quebec or Hiidsoirs Bay, case, bale, or ollierwise rated), puncheon 1 6 3 case, bale, or pun- in bafja • ton 3 9 3 1-2 Inn cheon in casks ' Inn 4 6 312 ton large bundle 1 2 laree bundle Seed lac • • cwl. 9 1-2 cwt. ordinary bundle small bundle or kc» 9 1 ordinary bundle or a conaolidated rate of 6 1 small bundle or keg 2i. per cwt. nett. seal - - iiipi puncheon or hogshead 2 3 pipe Setina - - cwl. 6 7 1-2 ton 1 6 2 puncheon or bogs- Shawla, small bnx or hale 2 1 1-2 small box or bale he.ad large liol or liale 3 2 large box or bale barrel 1 1 harrel Shiya root, preta-pickid, loose ■ - 120 1 6 3 120 ton 4 4 ton South Seas, wigs 120 i 9 G 120 Sliellac - • cwt. 9 1-2 cwt. middlings - 120 1 9 4 120 or a consolidated rate of smalls and pups 120 1 6 3 120 2». per cwt. nett. Greenland, loose 120 1 6 2 120 « ships" storea warehoused, sheep, Hamburgh bale 1 G 2 bale ciiisnlid.ilcilrate, 2cwl. 8liee|i or goat, ami upwarda - cwt. 1 6 1 package Cape bale, lOO skins 2 2 bale uuder 2 cwl. packai;e 1 0I-? package "S skina 1 6 1 1-2 bale under 23 lbs. package 6 01-4 packajje .Wski a 1 1 bale if liquids ■ gallon I 5 tun 2.)akii3 C 1-2 bale Shot - ■ ton 3 1 1-2 ton looae, dry • dozen 3 3 120 Shurf - • Ion 5 2 ton salted • do7i n 4 1.2 4 120 Silk.raworlhnnvn, cwt. 1 2 1 1-2 bale above 2 cwt. bale under 2 cwt. India, loose ■ 120 about 4 cwt. large 1 2 120 manufaclureil, 1 cwt.and bale 2 3 bale upnards lialeorcase under 1 cwt., ainall I 6 11-2 bale or caae •mall calf, Russia, 100 skins, bundle 9 n-2 bundle bale or case 1 11-2 small bale or caae swan, bale cniilaining waste, 4 cwt. and up- 150 skins 1 6 2 bale wards - • bale 2 G 1 bale 100 skins 1 1 bale 2 and under 4 cwt. Vicienia, loose ■ 120 1 6 3 120 bale 2 I bale Smalls - - tou 5 5 ton 1 and under 2 cwt. Snake root • cwl. 10 1-2 1 1-2 bale or barrel bale 9 012 bale 2 lierce Silk ribands • ■ caae 2 case 2 bale Skins, calf or kip, 4 cwt. 3 hogshead aul upwarda • bate 1 6 1 12 bale Soap - • cwt. 6 1 case under 6 cwt about 2 cwt. Soda • ■ Ion 3 4 Ion middling hale 1 1-2 middling bale Soy • • chest 1 2 chest small hale 9 1-2 small bale in caik» • • gallon 1 5 iiuncheon lalled, wet • dozen 4 1-2 4 120 3 liogshead loose, dry - dozen 3 1-2 dozen 2 kit or bart«l dry salted • dozen 4 4 120 skins Spectacles • • caae 1 1 case Weighing and loading. Spelter ■ • ton 3 1 Ion Id. per dozen each Wharfage and ahipping, 2 ton, in casks cliarge. 2t. per ton, when Mngadore, dry sailed, piled on the quay. toQsc - dozen 3 1-2 dozen Sponge • • cwt. 9 2 case or bale under cat 01 fi'ch. cask or case 1 6 3 c.isk or case 1 cwl. 2 qrs. cbinchilli, bale, cask, or 3 large c-ate or cask case 1 6 3 ■jale, cask, or case Squills • - Ion) S 3 Ion deer, pun., hhd., or bale 1 6 2 pun., lilid., or bale dried, about 4 c-fft. c.ise 1 6 1 1-2 case ewe or pack 1 1 case or pack alKiul 2 cwt. • case 1 1 case bundle 9 'J 1-2 bundle in bags • cwt. 6 1-2 bag dogfish ■ ■ bale 9 bale Starch • - ton 5 6 Ion elk.looM • - 120 3 4 120 Sli-el • . Ion 4 6 2 ton tun, large bale, caae, or Stick lac • • cwt. 9 1-2 cwt ijak 1 6 6 large bale, case, or or a consolidated rate of middling bale, caae. cask 2*. per cwt. nett. or cask 1 3 middling ditto Sticks, walking - 1,000 5 2 1,000 , tmall bale cue, or cask 9 2 small ditto Stockfish. SeefiiA. I' • 74 S ( jl .Ki 586 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). Ptr Stonff *mrr • earh fiiitry • ■ (on Filling and weighing, ii. i»fr tnn. lilhocraphic • tnn pufiiice • * Ion Turkey • • cwt Stnw, iii.'inuriclure'J, under I cwt. cMf 1 U. uDdrr'i cwt. ciie 2 — 3 rwt. ciM) 3 _ 4 cwt. C'Mj 4 cwt. mil upwardii, cast; unmnniifactured, 1 to 2 cwl. • case 2 tu 3 cM't. • cise 3 cwt. aud iipwanh, CAse 5u)(ar, in cnslt4 • cw). iu ctinis, 5 cwt. and altnve, nr in ba>kets of any size, • cwt. cht^ti, mats, nrbagi un- der 5 cw(. • cwt. or a cnnRolidated rate of — in raakG, Hd. cwt. nett ; in chciti.Scwt. and above, or in has* kfts of any lize, *\d. cwt. neti ; in chests, niatR, nr ba|^, under 5 cw'l.f 6d, cwt. neit. canily • • cwt, Sulphate of zinc • ton Siini-ich - • ton Tallow In casks ■ ton if sold from Ihc landing scale to the importer, ton also to the buyer* ton Vnhnusinitf wharfa^f, and shipping, 2i. &/. per ton. Wtiarfa^eaDd shipping, 2i. 4£(. per ton. in flkini • ton Mt92cwt. ■ cask Tonquin beans • cheat in casks - • cwt. Tortoiseahell ■ cwt. or a consolidated rate of 4«. 6 bale barrjf 100 barrels quarter ton ton ton ton bale Ion ton Vslnnia ■ • Ion rilling and weighing, 2j. per ton. Vanelloes, case or canister WnliKfis • • ton Verniilion • • cwt. Vermicelli, case umler I cwt. . ■ cwt. 1 lo 2 cwt. . case 2 cwl aud upwards, cwt Vinegar, pun. of 100 galls hogshead tierce or t)arrel M cask ConperN atlendanre in acutition. tiee f('iMc« and .S'pirifi. If hiiiised, including at tendance at delivery, puiirtieoli 2> ; lilid. Is. 6(,'. J tierce If. Walnuts ■ ■ bushel Water, mineral, dozen bottles Wai ■ - ton .Sealing - . cwt. Weld • . ton WlialclKine • Ion Wliale fins • • ton bale 1-2 dozen 1 tierce 12 cask I to 2 cwl. 112 chest cwt case cwl. in casks I 2 I I 1 1-2 2 6 4 3 I 6 1-2 3 6 3 6 I 2 bale 4 cwt. & under bale .ibove 4 and under 6 cwl. bale 6 cwt. and up- wards large case or vat middling case orval small case or vat large case small case ton chest 1 cwt. 2 qn. 100 tierces 100 barrels 100 casks from France mat or bufidlo bala . Wheat, ftc. Seed, heavy grain, *c. quarter Oats, light grain.KC. ur. Filling and porter- age at landing, qr. 2 Ditto at delivery, qr. 2 Turning each time ion qra. 2 6 Screenine, lOOifrs. 6 fi One turning to be charged on screening. Tnnisferring too sacks 6 Peeling over heavy grain - (jr. 6 Ditto light - qr. 4| If imported in bags, an addi- tional charge of 4d. per bag, for cutting npenand shooting out. Collecting empty bags and pack- ing into bun- dl.s • bdle I Iy>.ading or ship, iiine, • bdle. I Working nut and deli verin< into craft, Zd. per quarter. 4 |.2 « 212 Hent. I'lr Woik. ». it 3 10 I 12 012 4 4 2 1-2 C I 4 Landing, Whaff.ige, Housing, and Oelivenng, In a Ilargc, f. d. Quantities, tc. fa case or canister Inn ton Imi under S6 lb., case under 2rwi. case 2 and under 4 cwt. case 4 and under 6 cwl. case « cwt. and »p. wants pnnchenn nngshead tierce or barrel I 4 cask lOOs-acks 100 bags dozen botllee tnn cwl. Ion Inn ton In a Shi,,. Whetstones cwl. Whisks for brooms 100 bundles loose ■ • 1,000 bale 1-2 bale 1-4 bale one eighth of a bale manufactured - 100 Wine in casks, see conso- lidated rate, p. hm. in cases, see p. h%%. Wire, iron « cwl. ilatedorgilt • cwt. Woad. See Weld. Wool, sheep or lamb, Gerniaii - • cwt. or a consolidated rate of 6i. per bale of about 4 cwt. 6 U Rent per 100 <nl ap. w.inU pniichP'Ui nni^hfltd liercr or banrtt I 4cuk 100 neks 100 Ugt dozen bottle* ton cwt. Ion ton Ion Landing, Whirfiiie, lIouKini!) and Delivering. In a Barue, t. d. Ill a 9 8 6 li Rent per 100 (^ni.per Week. I. d. 4 9 3 10 hip brtakiii< bulk, lauding nrifhlii, oriifinal warratil», cer- tiUcate nf d.iniaiie, or vurvey .^ter Ian lini;, mending at landing, taring, lollini(, laiU' plin;(, ulipilini^ for •liow, thowiiiK, rC' nilinj^. llieadinR, and filling in, ret«Ti)tbin^, and any other usual o|(eratioii performed by order of the iin' porter. I'nhoimin^ and Wtadini; b> land, or direct into slop or li^bter, and inriidinff, M. |iflr liale of .about I \l cwl, goals' • -cwt. M t. d. 4 1-2 HbdI. Per Week. f. d. 3^ I 1 1-2 % Mir or beards cwt Spanish • - cwt. or a rnrisnljthted rate of Ai. [tt-r baJe of atmut 2 cwt., an>l 3ulk, \(i. pi-r ton per wwk. tnn tnn tnn ton tnn (on ton •2 ton ton, 3 3 4 1-2 4 4 11 6 after 1 yeir from vpuel break- ing bulk. ton ton 2 bale Iton ConHolidated Ratca and Churgcs on Cigars and Tobacco. Chests containing from JI.'O to (iOO lbs. Boxes containing Cisan. Above 300 and not exceeding 400 lbs. Above 200 and not exceeding 3(K) llrs. Above 100 and not exceeding 200 lbs. Import rale; includins laraling, wlurra.(e, housing, weighing groM; and eia- mining, or s.auiiilinK, one side ....... Iioih sides -....•' Unparkinr, weiithini; nelt, rep.icking (when in bundle**), and coopering • If lo'ise, an ezlra chari^e is made. Garbling, or lorting, is also an extra rliirge. Ex.aniining, or resampling, one side .-,... bnlhsidej Vnhoijsinj. wharfage, and shipping ...... UiMn. ant loading ......--. 'i'raiisferriiiz .....-- .. liuxfs or cbeils, not of the above sperified weight*, charged in proportion. 1. d. 8 10 10 6 4 6 3 1 2 I. d. 4 5 4 1 2 6 2 1 2 1. d. 2 9 3 9 2 9 1 2 2 9 2 J. rf. 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 6 6 2 Tobacco. I jn-ling charges and coopering, weighing, sampling, ani ii.akiiig nierchantalile at lauding scale, per 100 lb! riett . . ■ • On delivery for exportation, including coopering, per W U». nett ..... Ditif), if re vali'iiiliir iiiiiiitli I'riiiii the Hlilp liri'tikliiu liiilk, or tin.' Ilri4| |jitiilln([ I'rniii rrafl. ^ liniini'il within tlic tiiiip iiIIhwimI, (nnr rnlrnilnr niiiMih.) nr» |iarlli'iil;irly riM|iu-iili'il tii Ivavu u writleii uriier In Hint vtfcct, wlivii llim riilu will heiiimi) liiiini'illnti'ly rliiiri(i>!ilili3, 'I'hf ViiniKiliiln'rd H,ilf iin Rum liii'liiilcii InnililiB. whnrfiiL'ii, hnimlnij, rooppr'n Btti'mliiiici', ninpfrjin, fiiriiiHiiiiiK oriijliiiil wurraiitii, uiiiiki'k, Hiri'iiKtli, llrMt iiuiiipli,'>i, iiiiil lU wtiukii' rt'iit I'rniii the ijilp bri:ak- iliB hiilk.nr ihi' tlrxt laiiilliiii I'riiin ihii irntl. Hint nlUithn In ll'imn iiiiil Spiriln, ihariti-il with the InnilltiK nnil (Icllvi'ry ratr, iiftrr II (I:iy<, cliarL'iMl Willi till! laiiiliiiu ami IiiiiihImii r.ili', I'rnni tliu nliip hrcakiiiU hulk, nr tin' llrNi laniliii); rriiiii rimt on riiiii i'liJirK>'il vvitli llio iiiiiHiiliilali'il rale, iiltiT I'i wcrkR I'rniii tin- xliip lirrakmi; hulk. Milf — Ki'iit Ik III all caHi'i4 raliiilati^d I'rotii tliu datu cit' the iihl|i hrt-aklnv hulk, or llic firit IntKlIn; rriiiii rralt, hiicIi day Iii'Iiik liirliiilcil in the lerni. W«r/,i«4/'.— l-'iirly-eiulii liniirii' niilici- will hn (zlv(!n when rarklnit in nei'i'Hxary. tii irnnlili- thi< pro. nrii'tor to muiiiI hiit own lankH, or tlicy will hu Kiipplii'il hy tliH iiiinpaiiy, at llii* prlieii Htiilcil lii'riin. riic proi'i'cclH ol' I he rarkril rn*k*, when milil, will hu paid tu thu proprletom, u|K)n u|>|ilicutioii, uii,.r di'dui'tiiiu (III' I'xpi'iiHi'i* ot'Hah', Ice. No rliartfr Im iiiailr on wiiirn iiiid npirllM rnrked in the vaiilli witliln A iiioiithH froin llio period ortli L.... - 1.:.... tl.. r... ..».....•.>■•.... ... •.. I.» * ........f ... ■. it...l iio riiarue m niaue on wiiiep niiii npiriiH riirKrn in iiie viiniiH wiinin ii iiioniiii* iroiii iiie period ni tne IniMllnit and hoiinini; rate attai'liintf, IhiiHe for e.xportalion or to he Heni ciiiih! wIhc e.vt epled. 'l\iHtinjr JH not pt^riniited wilhoiit a written oriler, tin; iimial rharue lor whlili in not made, when the InxliiiK iH hy the proprietor or IiIm clerk, (aiitliiirlKvd to mIkh delivery und ull other orduri,) provided li« IH mil aieoiiipaiiieil iiy any other pemon. Ciinpevine anilHfiuiirM, ,Vc when re(|uired Tortile preservation of the property on landinu, (.'Xtiniin.i- tioii, or delivery, will lie perl'orined, iiiileHH direitioiiH are reeelved rroiii the proprielor to the eonlriry. mill charged at the rateii Hpec.llled herein; und any work required to he perl'ornied, not purtir.iilail'y deHcrihed, will he charged at a proportioiiale rate. HiiMi/ealile caHkH, at the rate of'ilO callonK per Inn, for 1 plpen or 4 hngNheadi*. /./f/ifKiHriM.— 'I'lie roinpanv make i;ood the followini; ilelicieiicics from whatever caiiMO nrisiii);, if the caHkM are of oak tiiiilier, hut not otiierwiiifl : aUo, provided the claim he made witliin U uiuiitlij from delivery, viz. : — F.xceedinu one gallon each rank, for any period not exreedinu one year. Two fiallons, if more than one and nut exceudini; two years, and in like proportion for each Huccecil- Inp year. PaiimenI of Charpen. — Provioiig to warrantH heiii^j iHKiied, or the transfer or delivery of any winej or Hpiritii takini; place, the landing and hnuaing rate on the whole of the mark ur parcel Aiiuoi/, inuat be paid ; the rent und other charges on the (|iiantity delivered ur traimferrcd. Wlnei and Spirit* in caies. Containing 6 dozen. Containing .IDoifn. ! quart!. Pinli. Quarli. Finli. 1. d. 1. d. f. d. 1. d. Ijnliinanil iWivtrv nlei incluilinnlanJirc, wtwrfliir. ""l 'o»dln|t • 1 e 9 9 e L.ii)iliric «n n;; rite ; incluilinK lauding, wharfage, hnuiiog, examining, coo- (ifririic, ami limi l,l^flll)^ . .,-... t 9 1 Klaihiiiinfr unil C'vi|»rrifi(C ....-•.. 1 6 9 9 6 Hfiil.fniiu Ihn ilalenl «hip brrakinu bulk, per week AVIi.irfj){e aii(J iliippint;. In ailiii ion In lauding and dtlivery rate KmtkiuK out aud opeuiug for uuuplee, or Mcond tailing, nailing down, and 3 S ii 1} 1 6 3 3 I reiiowing ... ...... fi 8 6 4 t^iliiuK fnr publir wle ■ . . . - 2 2 2 i IJiihouunK and lf>adlng - - .... 1 6 6 4 I'uhnuiun, wliaifne. and ihipping ...... 1 fi 9 9 ti DIvi'liug fi-dnrrn cam into tvvn 3.doten caica, including new endi, unpacking, and rrpacioug, i-acii new c.isf 3ji. 3i/. Casn containing quantities not specified above, are chargeable in the like prt). portion. Landing ani delivery rale, on vinn and spirit!, except rum, tiy land carri.ige .... ShippinK from the qu.iy, ad'litionil *Ju.iy ri-nl, after 14 ays, per week Latidii.g ami houiim mte, on port, l.i!bnn, sherry, M^ligi, M.inala, Spanisli re.!. Sicilian, auri!iik- (li'llvi'ry mil', nflPt !• il:>V'. iir III-' llrnl liUuHiiK I'riini i tiilt II l.ri'iiKiiiK hulk, ikinii Imlk.or llie firtl Iniidlin I iiBii'i<'ll»' iiinlriry, he perlbrmoil, ""I purticulaily nUHlirnd*. , . roiii wlmlpvcr rnii»o nrUihg, If liiii he iimilt) wiiliiii ti iiiuiiilig ke proportion for ench iuccectl- uigfer or ilrlivnry of any wiiio* lin mark or parcel huuatd, iiiual ilerrcd. Coutilning 3 Dozni. quurti, f. d. 9 1 9 9 IJ 3 6 2 6 9 Pinti. I. d. 6 1 6 I i 4 (I I 4 H lO 01-2 butti, eiffW; SpinUh red, brandj, «^ Kiim. 0>n">ll'l«M ™irt'» «itin'rin*«iKlrnc«, dithi U»ilii| MJ il. d. S 1 Punt. llh.li. ll^irrrlk I. d. lit Olll 1. d. lU 1. d. 4 1 1. d. 2\-t 1 BoUllnf. MMnumi. I d. 1 n 1 Oil riiiii. CnnMfW***! nit« fnr bnlllitu, p»r c1o»f n ... ... rutiKWinr wh«,itn, fw> -ue of 6 dnxuii, (liKn -..,,... >. d. 1 H 4 1 1. d. 10 i 1 VattlniiRiim. Vlliin* mm, Inclulinc removim to Ih* wtrrhnuw, ilrtwiin iiflT, rf (lllini, tiunn'mf up, the ute of Ihe v»l for ona niiht, ami (li'livf ry hy Innil nr water .•'•.......* niil*', for piveni'iiimt cnulrarii ............ (iiio, when liromhl into Ihp ilock, inrluitinc Ihe for......... Itiitii, tTiare Ihiti t>«ontchi4, per iti(hl ........... Cmpfririic fnr ripiirtalion, on delivery, per puncheon ......... Iliil", p" ImoliMd .............. IIM iriin h™i|i« • . ............ n A SiirvRya and (Jertillrateii. Xn'.tT ^ ca;k« Ahcite i r»li> and uider 20 Xliiid upwania >. d. i U 9 7 8 Coopnrnun, and Extra Rate!) and CharROR on Winrs and ApiniT.i. Pi pel. HhJ.. Thir.li. IJr. Ca«ki ll.llf (Jr. C.ki. a. rf. A'lii ,. 1. rf. IViul.le. 1. ((. Sing f. e. 77 Hiif. 1. d. «. rf. 1, rf. >. rf. Trimmint. inrludinn wood hoope, or 9 1 2 1 9 " ■', ! G 1 9 Ilnvini; .... in 6 A n 4 31 n B U 4 4 1 hlrhiin an.! Iiiniim 3 2 IJ n 1 1 2! n y\ 1 n-Mkiin "111 fnr cniiprrinic 6 ^ 3* j! 2 B r 2 biiio fir drlnery, in«p«'ion, n^lip- I Id JO 13 li 9 T'liliniilH Cllk CM« 1 8 6 4 3 Sim|iliii{( ill tlif vault, or aecond lam. |,lin« nn Ihe quay 6 6 6 8 n 6 6 A 6 Ti.iiin Ml s'nre, Mch lime - 2 i 2 2 2 2 n 2 2 Ditii^at public sate • 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 u 1 n 1 hintm M«k« 4 2 6 2 6 1 9 1 n 3 2 (1 1 A I'lliiir'ic ilii* licadi ' - each 1 9 9 n A 6 1 n A hrk hi»nli* .... 1 9 1 4 1 4 1 9 1 A 1 4 I Wt h, .... 8 H » n 6 5 R u li A A 6 3 2 9 2 6 2 3 3 6 3 n 2 A li\ertn«itigaiid brandyinc, or fining 1 9 6 n 6 4 9 A n 6 Tea. Packages Ian led in good 'oniliUim. Ralei. 2001111. grnas and upwanti. 130 lt«. aii'l uniler 80 lbs. and under 60 Ihs. and under 40 lbs. and under 30 lbs. and unrler 2n lbs. aii't under I'nder 20 Ihe. Gmsi. 2(10 Ihs. (irosa. 1.30 11.1. Grow. 80 lln. Gmss. AO lbs. Gmss. 40 ll». Gross. 30 111,. Gross. .. d. .. rf. 1. rf. 1. rf. 1. rf. 1. rf. 1. rf. >. rf. Lan^iiic: mniprising landing, wharf- IP", neighitie. fiinii.Hhing landiint wriiht,. .anil ilelivtry by land from tlifiiyiv . . . - AMiiininl. if shippcil 1 6 1 3 1 101.2 9 71-2 A 3 6 5 4 31-2 3. 212 2 1 Lui.lint and l.nnsine : cnmprising lin'in«, whirfige, wpighii'?, fur. niiliiii>r Imliiitf tvoi^h a, housing, 2 1 8 1 2 1 1 10 8 4 AMitiniial, if ihjppfd 1 10 8 7 a 5 4 2 1 M iMne, nailing ilnwn, rr ivpighing in 1 piling away. 7 6 B 6 9 8 3 n 2 4 2 n Alliiinnil, ifihipiwil 1 Ri-nt, per week 1 8 A n .'-. 4 3 2 I 1 1-2 1 ni.2 n 01-2 1-2 01.2 014 014 Vol. I.— 3 D 590 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). Con«nli(lnted Rates on Wood Ooods.— Trnnsferring, One Penny per Loail. ■MB«2irtii -a '' 1 j r •r- J-, ) f V 1 * ■■ * ; ti ; V it ! ^ Ooodi imported. Staves, fniiii America^ Per • 1,200 3 to 4 in. thick — 2 - 2 IJ - — I _ 1 12 3-4 I tn I 1-2 in. thick — Uiirt-I or heading tttircl Idjcx doiilile larrel fn)ln t^iel^ec |.ipe \"if» itdulilf |iipe h'u^limit Ini^ dntiKte hu^tiita 12 — 2 1-2 •inKi' - I — 1 1-2 — — bind \i I 44 22 22 13 40 I 20 37 6 I"* 9 3> 6 I 17 9 :12 16 27 20 10 8 6 16 8 8 4 5 8 u 7 4 4 4 14 8 Goods imported. li 12 6 20 16 8 16 19 22 n 2-. 2>1 12 n 14 3 W H IX 9 21 >l t n a 6 13 6 12 6 10 6 3 12 6 8 4 8 9 6 II 12 6 14 fi 7 S 3 9 10 6 4 t. 3 (1 2 6 1 3 4 7 5 6 5 6 6 6 tj 6 7 8 9 6 Deck deals, J\r 3 in thick, 30 to 40 feel long each 2 12 — 30 — 40 — , — 2 — 30 — 40 — — 3 _ 20 — 30 — — 2 1-2 — 20 — 30 — — 2 _ 20 — 30 — — Dunnage boants • . • 120 Norway lind)er antl balks - load Spars under 6 and above 4 inches 120 Kickers, under 4 inches, and 24 ieet lont; and upwards • • — under 24 feet long • • — Mand spars - - • — (iini blocks • • . — Litiiwo'.d underSteet long fathom fitjin 5 to 8 — • — Fir staves • . ■ — Treenails, large, above 2 ft. long 1,200 small, under 2 — — Wainscot logs, 7 feel long • each 14 — - — Clap boards 3 — - — 6 — - — (Jak and other timber charged with duty by the load, square, per load of .50 ft. i round, |«r load of 40 ft. \ inclu ling under cover, per load • Deal plank and Ijoards • • — Kir,-wooI - • ■ falhnii) Spokes, American • - 1,200 'iLakwfKHl, planks of, not under cover - - • load under cover - — Turning to measure fir sale at land- ins, oik or other timber, U. per load. Sorting staves for freight, 7a. per 1,200. inti':rs JiO 25 12 6 2'i 40 «6 U 12 20 6 3 .„ „ , 10 30 15 30 I li Marking lots on timber piled i 4(t per lot. 6 4 1 4 RAT15S ON Goods sunt to the London Docks Fon Expoutation. Wliicli. if lieuffd, may be aliipped on board until sunset. If (.'nods ho not shifipr-il at Ihft explrnlloii of 3 wftcks, rnnt is cbiir)!vd upon thcin. Goods not enu. incrat.'d in ttie fdllowini; Tahli>, arc cliari^ud by tlte package, see post. Goods for Exportation. 1-1 Rent afier 1 hree Weeks. Goods for Eipnrtatkxi. •S, score 1 1-2 or 1 4 barrel jug or bamd < to lo ■Iiell - • evil. 6 4 larie Inle I 4 10 ) 3 Ml. Ill ,ttrn narrows • each 2 5 score 2 V 1-2 bil. fmni3iirs } lu 1 cwt. 2 ips. Be.lste.ids, accoplilig Io ^ ", '' '"'• ■ ■ "'") l'"6 1 lo ,'e-.ch Alnm . . ton 2 6 6 ^n n 3 ) An. boi^ or ,rripnel», ton 3 4 3 "111 Reef and pork ■ inrre 6 8 KVItiirrts AncliOVlt->,ca«.-c n'ai iiii< |,arrel 4 6 U(l '•r.itfis Sl,air.l« 8 1 .■ase neer - . kilderkin 4 1 k 1 'er in donb'e I.H',-1 keg or !,iiij;e bi.ri-i 2 1) 1 J05 %rnre l.inl 4 bng-lieal S 1 1.2 n 2 |,orvl ll,ii»h.M,l AnisctJ • • ih'st, n II 1 e'e.,1 bntt or I tinri .on' 1 4 4 Lull or puncliwia llJ'f ClM'..'' II H 1 1.2 1-2 ■ ..■it bottled, ill ca^k^. it'/rii Ann^ Ito . small Ija.k. , 4 1 s., all b.isket li.rlles 1 0\A 'oTell iMjIllrt (,0 6 1 ) in rsst's, bottles. or liiiii- Axle rees . car, J to I'l [ ach pers - d, 7B', IkiIiIcs 2 n n 1.2 rl 7ini bolllej } < a s Heei' wai, in n-k- io,i 3 4 10 Inn Dicon . . b.ie (1 li II 1 bale n o n !•" 1. Ille 1 4 4 Ille si.ir (1 2 11 II M s„le aliout 4c^^■l. but 1 3 |,'ile lU'rtgo • r^ltORe] (1 ti 1 Macksgo (08 2 In tn nelltws, smiths' piit< to In pair 2 6 i {l 2 6 6 ) NDON). DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 591 Penny per Loail. i-9_- 1 I . 7 a. IP f^ 5E.- Ss JlS i J K I'tr .. d. ■ 1. d. ». d. eel long each 1 a 10 5 4 M __ ^ 8 4 3* _ 9 OS 3 _ 7i 4 21 __ 6 3 C •', - 120 12 6 6 3 4 s - IniJ 6 3 A 3 4 liichM 120 40 20 13 4 anil 24 leel 25 12 6 8 4 , 12 6 4 ■ — G 3 2 t ■ ^ 2-. 12 b S 4 . . — « ' 2'l n 4 rds - — 66 U 33 20 () add oae fei^ 12 6 6 3 4 2 - — 20 10 6 » irdi ■ — 30 15 16 30 1 l'> 9 , 6 1 3 2 long fathom 9 4 6 3 (i 12 6 4 • — 15 7 6 5 (1 2 ft. long 1,200 12 1 6 4 2 - - 8 ; 4 2 6 ung ■ each 9 5 2 1 10 3 1 . _ 3; « li ' , _ 6 3 2 harjed with f soft. )i 40 fi. 6 6 4 1 cr, per oad ■ 7 ; ■ 7 3 6 1 6 1 i 6 fath'nn 7 3 !■ 2 6 . 1,200 20 10 r 4 not uiider „ 1 . „ • load 7 ! 4 1 6 er cover ■ — 7 6 ■ 2 f>r sale at land limber, 1». pel freight, 7». pe ber piled in liir )n ExrouTATioN. nil sunnct. •t'd upon them. Goods not enu. t. ■& V Hcnl after Thne WeikJ. a ^ = . . - _. — . ■ 1, "-a — I'l Per Week. Q'lan'iiiei, Ac p.i I. rf. Td~ Pf i.ll' 2 2 6 no r.. U rsl 1 3 lies' 1111 H 2 ■2cli»lormon rre 1 3 iene .-k 8 1 1-2 tiirres i irl 4 8 Ulliisireu ,iM 4 1 k 1 'er' in ivl 4 ! 1 l-2,l'i"vl Ml S 2 nn' 14 1 4 1,1)11 iir |.uiiciictn In 1 CM ',,lell IwllUl li's 2 n 1-2 .1 nu liollles Mil 3 4 10 <<)ii llr 1 4 4 l.le , .■ 1 3 I'lle r 8 2 ) , 1 ' 10 i|*ir J 2 6 6 ) Billiaril lablM Blacking - Goods for Exportation. each- • firkin barrel imall canK from 5 to 7 cwi. c-ik about Hcwt. cask 9 c\si. caik frnm 10 to IScHt. cvk |5Jiuniler20cwt. ca-k alHiut 20 cwt. c.isk Botlles. em^ly iflais, con- Milling from 15 to 20 dnyeii ■ • crate frouj 21 to 29 iloz. crale 3(1 to 44 .I..Z. cnle 4j to 50 doz, cr.ite uiiall basket or boi i Bnn - • »?':'' Bricks • • 1.200 i( shipped by crew 1,200 flroniJ, birch, 1 iln^rn buiulle 2 doyen bnn-llf hsirorhouie bun He Bollion • lar«e package siiiill package Biiller ■ tub or firkin 1-4 cask Ciblfs. hemp - Ion cliain - • '"" riiiiiihnr ■ -chest Ciuillrt, less than 2> lbs. box 2« lb». to I cwt. Iioi alxive 1 r"t. bol (ires, cnnituon rattan. anonns, under 2 tons, each uii l,T 4 tons* each I • Urcer ill proportion twviss - - lioll Cirtj, according to lize. J each) Cart wheels wA Cvsia LiiJcr 1 cwt Ceuieul CoikJ, empty sugar hhd bull or puncheon hogsliead barrel - chest 1-2 chest - barrel 1-2 liarri-1 Cli.Mrrutters, accorilini^ 111 size - -c.ich^ Cluin, single or niahoita- ny - - each conimnn, bundle con- taining 2 - other bimdles in pro- liortion. Cbiises with 4 wheels, each 2 ivbcels, each Ctalk, in cask! - Ion Cluriols - • each Cteeif, loose - cwt hamper about 1 cwt. basket 2 qni. b.uket Cider - • pipe hogshead CimumoQ - single liali- doulile bale 3 or 4 iKilis, package 6 bolts, [lackage case or chest 1-2 chest C'ncks in cases, accord- ^ in; to size • each! Cloves - small bag al out 2 cwt. bag 5 or 6 cwt. cask Coirhes. slage - each priva'.e - - each Cm's • hogshead Coffee - - bag small bale Icwt. 2qr8. to 4 cwt hale G cwt. bale Tuu • each-i enginct or ihelleno cadi) Coke • chaldron 111 Rent after J liree Weeks. 1 Goods for Exportation. 1.1- Kent af Per Week. 1. d. er Three W.:eks. Quantities, &c. Per Week. ». d. Quantities, &c. 1. d. Per Ar 1. d. 1 Pa 2 6 G ) Colours, in casks - Inn 3 4 8 on to to ^earh Copper, in casks, 4 to 6 1 5 1 ) cm. . Ina 3 4 1 4 on 4 3-4 tirkin in cases, 5 to 7 c» t case 1 4 ) 6 1 larrel 7 to 8 cwl. case 2 ^0 6 on 8 1 1-2 snnll cask 9 to 10 CWI. c.ise a 6 1 > 1 2 cask bottoms, 1 cwl. bolt 4 1 on 1 2 2 1-2 cask 2 c« 1. biiltnm 8 1 nn 1 4 3 cask 1 bolls 2cwl. bun.lle: U 8 1 undle 1 6 3 1-2 cask 1 slieets, loose - toiij 4 1 .HI 2 6 4 cask cakes - - loni 3 4 including weighing 3 6 cailc Coppers, ibout 14 cwl. each 5 1 Ion Cordage - - ton! 3 4 8 Ion 8 2 crate Cork - • ton. 4 1 Ion 1 2 1-2 crate 1 (1 2 1 vbagorcask 1 4 3 rtate Corks - bag or cask J to to 2 4 cr 'Ic l\ S 2 1 ) Corn, in sacks - eich! U 1 .■icll to SOOI-4 small basket or box Cotton, East India h.i'ei 8 1 12 lale 2 5 1-2 bale 4 1 1-2 bale 4 1 sack American - b.ile 1 2 bale 4 1-2 bag twisl, uniler2cwt. 2(irs. 7 « 6 1,200 I'lle 8 2 bale 2 6 6 1,200 presses, woodcu eacli 10 n 1 eich Iran - eicli 20 1 C each 1 014 bundle Cows, shipped by machine 2 1-2 bundle eaib 8 ti 2 1-2 bundle Cowries - • t-ni 3 4 6 ton 1 Currauls • - bull 2 G butt 8 pipe 1 6 3 l'i|ie 2 3 100 firkins or tub caroiil 1 2 carotel 4 6 100 quarter cask* ( 4 io. 3 4 S Ion Pampen, iron cacb< to 5.0 3 ton 3 4 3 ton ( 8 i 8 1 1.2 chest nogs - - facli 6 1)1 ips and pots - l.ftH) Drugs, unJer 2 cwt. 2, pa. 10 1 6 1.000 2 1-2 box 3 1 box chest 8 2 chest 4 1 1-2 box 2 cwt. 2 qrs. to 5 cwt. cbe,l 1 n 3 ibest 1 3 1,000 ( 6 2 > crate 3 4 Earthenware - crate .< to to 6 6 each I 1 4 3 ( 5 6 ) ! 1 3 100 bolts Engines, fire • cach.< to to >each 2 3 ) < 10 9 ) to to J- each garden - • each 2 6 3 each 5 6 i rclt . - bale 5 8 2 Miale 4 1 ) to to to to >pair ( 1 3 1 2 V Fire-armi - large chisi 1 4 3 large chest 6 11-2 sugar hogshead ( 8 i ? 4 1 buit or puncheon case or chest .< to to >-cise or chest 2 012 hogshead < 1 3 ) 1 3 score Fire or flagstones ton .1 4 3 tun 8 2 ichest Fish, loose - • ton 5 8 ton 4 1 '1-2 chest barrel or box -c 3 1-2 ) 6 1 b.irrfl to to !• barrel or box 4 3-4 1-2 barrel 4 1 i I 6 2 ) Flax - - Ion 3 8 Ion to to >each I cwt. 2 qrs. big 4 03-t big 2 G 3 y Flints, under 1 cwt. ken 2 1-2 keg Flour • • banel 4 10 score barrels 2 1-2 each 1 Furniture in packages, according to size. 4 012 bundle Ginger - - ton 5 1 ton Glass ■ box or 1-2 bci 4 1 box or 1-2 box crate 8 2 crate 6 10 each Mer.ile 8 1 1-4 crate 5 6 each butt or hogsheail 1 G 4 bull or hogshe-ld 2 6 6 ton pipe or puncheon 1 2 3 pipe or punchooa 8 6 1 leach tierce 1 3 tierce 3 i-2'cwt. ( 4 1 ^ small cask 4 1 1 hamper small cask^ to to 4 1 1 basket 8 2 2 OI-2b:eacb ^ accordiagto size, each' 5 9 to to >each Harrows • - pair 2 4 pair 5 8 1) Hals • • casi 1 3 cai* 4 1 1 cbaldroo Hat boxa - • each 2 ':■ » 692 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). r3 "<' «B«(-..,l-»« ir i jr- f " ■ . vr- Goods for Exportation. 1 Rent after Three Weeks. 1.1 i Rent after Three Weeks. , Goods for Exportation. I Per ' it 1 1 Per : Week. Quantities, Ac. Week. Q'l'olities, »c. P/r 1. rf. >. d. ftr Per I. rf. 1. d. 1 Ptr ~ Hay ■ lo:\il of 36 Iruues 4 ) Paper • ■ bale 8 2 bale lule of 3 Irusst- 10 4 >0 3 score trusses small bale 6 1 1.2 small bale truss 2 5 Pearl barley, 1 cwt. barrel 1 Hemp - - ton 3 8 ton or keg 4 1 barrel or keg •crews - - caclj 4 1 each ( 4 03-4 Merrings • !)arre 4 1 -21 barrel Pepper • - bag .J to to |;'bag Hides or sllins, East linlia \ 6 1 iJ ;'i to 7 lbs. . lOOl 2 6 100 Perry ■ - bull 1 6 4 Ibutt 10 10 12 ll». - each 1.2 U 6 100 Piano.forles, grand, each 4 1 each ox and cow . lOOl 6 1 > 6 100 cabinet • • each 3 9 iCacb Hoops, wood - bund If I 3 score bundle* square • . each 2 6 leach truss - . bunillf 2 5 score bundiM Pickles • large package 1 2 large package Hops - - bag 8 2 bag middling package 6 1 niiddling package 1-2 small pickagP pocke 6 1 pocket small jiackage 3 1 Horn, tips and plates, hhd 1 4 4 hogshead Pigs • - e.ach 6 „ , L Hiiises - • each 10 riijeclay, loose - ton 3 4 3 Uvn cob or pony . e.ic\ 3 6 hogshe.ad 1 6 2 1-2 hogshead Indian rubber barrt 6 1 1-2 barrel puncheon 1 2 2 puncheon ludiso - - seroj 6 1 1-2 seron ( 4 1 > about 3 qrs. 1-2 chest or small cask< to to Mmall cask box 6 1 1-2 1-2 chest or box < e 1 12 s ches' 8 2 chest Pipes, empty - each 4 1 each Iron, liars and unnianu I'itch - barn 1 4 6 100 barrels faclured ■ Ion 2 6 3 Ion Plants, about 5 cwt. pack- boo])3 1 cwt. bundle 4 ) age 1 6 4 package 3 qrs. IiumiIIl 3 Joe ton middling package 1 3 middling package Sqr;). bundle 2 3 small package 8 2 small p.ickage pots . • 100 ( 4 2 9 100 Ploughs - • each Potatoes, about 1 cwt. I 3 each tire - bundle< to Jo 1-2 bundle basket 3 1-2 basket } 4 ) 3 bushels, s.ack 6 1 sack heavy mannfactnred ma- ton 3 4 ton chinttry, mill work. Quicksilver, iron tiotilc 2 1-2 each *ic. Sic.f pieces above Rags - 3 cwt. bag 4 1 bag 1 ton - • ton 6 6 ton Rice - - bag 3 4 ton under 1 ton - ton 5 6 ton Rigging - . cwl. 4 03-4 cwt. • scrap, loose - ton 4 6 ton Ilnsin • barri;! 4 6 ICD barrels in tiags • ton 3 6 Ion Safllower, under 2 cwt. hurlles • - each 1 5 score 2 qrs. . • tale 8 2 bale • Ucuhing 1». ed. per above 2 cwt. 2 qrs. bale 1 3 bale ton. Sago, in boxes about i cwt. Iviirj- . . rivt. 3 I cwt. box 4 1 box Knives Mahy, small cask 8 2 small cask Sail.cloth . . bolt 1 3 score U\c dye 3 cwt. chest 1 2 chest Saltpetre, rough, in bags. abdiil 1 cwt. 2 qn. chest 8 I 1-2 chest Ion 3 6 ton r 9 4 ) refined, 1 ewl. barrel II 4 01-2 barrel Uce - package^ to to ^package above 1 to 2 cwt. cask 6 1 cask 1 G 9 10 cwt. . cask 1 2 3 cask Uths ■ • bundle 1 1 6 TOO bundles Saws . • bundle 6 10 score bundles Lead, in pigs - Ion 2 3 Ion Seel, clover or other bale 8 1 1-2 bale black - 40 llis. cask 2 1.2 cask Seed lac, 2 cwt. to 2 qn. shot, ban, or rolls, ton 3 4 3 Ion bag 8 2 bag Liuu * • puncheon licgshead 1 2 3 puncheon hogshead Sheep • . each Shellac, in bags or bundles. 6 1 6 4 ( 4 1 ) ton 5 1 ton small cask .{ to to >3Biallcuk Skins IS to 20 cwt. cask 3 7 eisk i » 2 3 13 c» t. cask 2 6 6 cask Logwood - . ton 2 3 6 ton vat 1 6 6 vat Mace and nutmegs, small hogshead 1 2 4 hogshead cask 8 2 small cask tierce 1 3 tierce .Manslcs - . each 5 6 each goat and Mogadort), Manure, about 1 ton cas!' 2 6 4 cask about 2 cwt 2 qrs. Melliug pots - Ion 5 6 ton bale 4 1 1-2 bale ( 1 3 ) large bale 6 2 large bale Mill cases - each< to to >each Slates - - hogshead 2 4 hogshead < 2 4 S puncheon 1 (i 3 puncheon pidfcnns - • each 1 3 each Soap, 66 lbs. and under. stiilies, about 1 ton e.ich 4 6 each small box 2 1-2 small box Mineral brown (in turpen- B7and under ll21bs. box 4 1 !iox tine casks) Scwt.birrel 6 6 ton I and under 2 cwt. chest 6 1 1-2 chest M(diMe« - puncheon 1 2 3 puncheoo 2 and under 3 cwt. chest 8 2 chest .Mother-o'.pearl shells, ton .i 8 tou 3 to 5 cwt. • chest 1 3 chest .Mules . - each 2 6 ■ 1 3 ) Mu>k . - box 8 2 box Sofas - ■ each< to to f-each Mustard - - he« 4 1 xen - ■ eaoh!l refined - hogsheail 1 2 3 hogshead Paint. In small kegs, ton 8 1 on I2(kund. I4cwl. cask 1 6 4 cask in casks containing do.. 14 — 18 cwt. cask 2 6 cask too 3 4 6 on 18 — 24cwl.c»ski 2 6 7 cuk NDON). S '■«= 8 6 4 4 to 6 Rent after ThrM Weckl. Per Week. Quaotitiu, kc I. d. I Pir 2 bale I 1-2 uiiall bale 1 barrel or keg 3-4 6 n 3 •h t'l k' se Ke I'll rt. el ck ni] lie i»R ag ,vl. rtl ivl. ale ale wt. JOX ^11 '(!'■ Inn rrel aik ■ask ulle l):lle qn. bli( ach !lrs, ton :ask ■ask vat lieail Tce jcire, Mrs. t)ale .ale' trail 1 [t!on| llrr, [box I box nest nest neiit hdle hclle I ton 6 4 6 2 4 > 6 4 4 6 8 3 6 2 4 3 4 4 8 4 1 to I 4 1 9 6 2 bag b'ltt each eacb eacb lar« package niiiidlini; package 01-2 saiall package Ubn -2 hothead puncheon Umall cask •2 S each ICO barrels packae;c iniflJlint; package small package each 1.2 basket 1 sack 4 'ton 1-2 each 1 ibas 4 I ton (l3-4Vivl. 6 4 6 2 6 8 8 6 6 6 2 6 01.2 3 10 11-2 2 ICO barrel! halo bale box score too barrel cask cask score bundles bale 6 6 bag 4 6 2 ton c^tsk cask vat hotrshead tierce bale large bale hoffshead puncheon 01-2 1 small box I ibnx I 1-2 2 to 1 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 n 3 3 to 4 I 2 4 1 I chest chest best [each bundle buodle ton 4 6 luss |l>aK Iket I ton 3 liin' l-rel free Iwt.i lask Vl5,l ■ask lead ■ask 1 4 8 4 6 9 1 6 3 012 1.2 4 6 2 to 3 3 box box pack lack leach' score truim 6 1-2 niat or bag 2 6 a.sk 2 2 6 1 6 1 2 lo6 3 1 4 6 7 I mat or basket I ton barrel tierce lion hophetd ! cask I cask cuk DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 593 Kent afUT Three WL-t-ks. Go^ds (or Exportation, i ^ ^ ■ r. U. Per Siinr — cotUinurrf. Ui'Iiiied. packtd in hon* heals I'r v\i3, In lie hhd, liiiuied For ux{>iirtati(>n. i llhKin? - - 6 i .Vi-i carboy barrel Wagons Whalebone 6 cwt. bale I ton 5 Wheels, according to ^ j | size to chest or package jiunchenu hnzshead I 1-2 birrel or 1-2 hhd. 1 .gallnit 9 iniidillinfl;caae 6 small case pair^ I , Wheelbarrows ■ eachi Wii.e, bottled, in casks,' dozen hottli-s incases dnzen liu'lles Spirits, pipe, puncheon,' or bull 2 hogshead ; 1 Nocharse is made for svharfage of wines and spirits landed at the docks, and carted to the export ((uay, except for "sirikinn 'and ship- pin^,'' viz. pipe, butt, and pun- cheon • M. hogshead - 4rf. Wire, iron, 1 cwt. 2 qrs. bundle' Wood . - Ion, 2 When not cleared the same day .as sdit down, piling is charged. | Wood hoops - bundle I truss bundle Wool, English, 3 cwt. loj 3 cwl. 2 (jrs. bale: 3 cwh 2 qrs. to 5 cwt. I bale' I Spanish - I cwt. bac 2 cwt. bag 2 cwt. 2 qrs. ba^ German, under 4 cwt. h- 4 to 6 cwt. ha'.' 1 6 cwt. & upwards, hit 1 Rent after Three Weeks. J. d. I to I 6 4 1 I to 2 14 each : ^e.ach bile 'ton \l ■ i >p»ir I 4 dozen liolMes 1 2 duzeii buttles I 3 3 3 pipe, pun. or butt hogshead bundle ton iscore bundles : score bundles 2 3.4, bale 2 I hale bag bag .4 b.ag i. bag bag I bag * A', i/.— *' Persons sending to the dock, for shipment, aquafortis, oil of vitriol, or oilier gootis of a dangprous qnalitv, and nepleclingio ii;,'i'K"lv mark, or slate, Ihe nature of such eoods on ihe outside of the package, or otherwise give due notice thereof toUiesuiieriutcudbUt, Hi subject to a penally of 20/.'— (See act 3 Geo. 4- c. 116. § 13J.) When charoed by the Package. Gooils for Exportation. Rent after Three Weeks. s 5 i •ji I I'd Bl-s, simll - each IiIiIps, small - each 1 inidJIuu ■ each : larg'^, 5 and under 7 cwt. I each ' 7 and under 8 cwl. I each I 8 and un.ier \i cwl. ' .^icli 12aud under 14 cwt. each 14 and under lo cvl. each 16 cwt. and upwar Is each E. 1. eoods^ single, each liimlile - . e.ac)i half hales repacks.!, each Birrels - - each Bi'^keis. small - each niid !Iin^ - • each lar^e - • etch Billies or jars, 1 lo 3 ,ra|. each t. d. 4 c I 1 4 1 6 2 2 6 3 4 8 1 4 6 B 2 4 6 Pit Week. 3 1-2 2 3 Quautitics, &c. Per Inns I 4 lo 7 galhiis I 7 In 10 e.illnns II to 12 gal. ons iHiles . Run-lies, large ! mi'Mlin; I sirall - iCis^s. small niil'lling Isrt,', 5 10 6 cwl. 6 In 7 cwt. . each each each each^ • each . each . each • each each each each: 2 4 6 « 2 to 8 1 1-2 1 1.2 1-2 1 1 1-2 each each each each cwt. each each each each ach each each Goods for Exportation. Per Cases— fontintierf. extra larg';, 7 to 8 cwt. each 9 lo 12 cwt. - each altove 12 cwt. - each Casks, butts • each hogshead - each pipe or puncheon each tierceor wine hhd. each small each-. 6 8 ■0 1-4 01-2 to gallon each Chests, small - each middling • eacli large - - each Hotheads, not exceeding 8 or 9 cwt. Jars, see lioUtet. Kegs each - each ball - each onlinary - eacii 2 3 each 2 I ' each 1 1-. leach 2 e.lch 3 each 3 I each |.2icwt. Packs, vats, tc. Pipes Portmanteaus, size Ollirr sizes will he charred in proportion. and rent one fonr'li ofj the rate fur wharfage' and shipping. I Puncheons I Tierces ! Trunks I Trussei each each ^ to I each 6 , " 6 each ^ to 1 Goods not inclu'led in the foregiiiig Tables pay in proportion to the ra'cs therein coniaiuel, according lo weight or size. 3, East India Dochs, — These docks, situated at Blarkwall, worn orisrinally intended for the accrtmniodation of ships cm(iloypd liy the ?]ast Imlia Com|>aiiy, or in the East Indian trade ; but they arc now open to vessels from all parts. There are 2 docks ; 1 for ships uu- 3d2 75 fiOl DOCKS ON THE THAMES (ST. KATHERINE'S). J '♦ <' '» I "ft- •I ! 1 1 '"' I w 4 ■ i loading inwards, and 1 for those loading outwards. The Import Dock contains about 13 acres, and the Exjwrt Docic about 9 acres. The enlrance basin, which connects the dorka with the river, contains about 2^ acres: the lenglli of the entrance lock is 210 feet, the width of the gales 48 feet clear. The depth of water in the East India Docks is never loss than S3 feet ; so that they can accommodate ships of greater burden than any other esta- blishment on the river. 'J'herc is attached to them a splendid quay fronting the river, nearly 700 feet in length, with water sufficient at all times of the tide to float the largest strain ships; and the Export Dock is furnished with a machine for masting and dismasting the largest ships. The Company have, also, since the termination of the East India Company's trade, purchased .3 of the bonded warehouses belonging to that body, situated in the heart of the city, in which they warehouse and sliow tea and other goods, on the same terms as at the London or St. Catherine's Docks. — (See Rates below.) The discharging of shijis in the Import Dock is wholly performed by the ser\'ants of the Company, and the regulations as to fire, cooking, «&c. are similar to those in the other docks. The docks arc distant 3J miles from the Royal Exchange, and coaches run every half hour between those places, at the moderate charge of Qd, Should the projected railway to Blackwall be completed, the journey to the docks, or from them to the Exchange, will be accomplished in less than 10 minutes. Were this effected, no steamers, or at least none above 100 tons burden, should be allowed to come higher up than Blackwall. It will, we apprehend, be found to be quite impossible, so long as they are allowed to come further up than this, to regulate their speed, or to prevent the perpetual recurrence of accidents. The company's capital, including the cost of the city warehouses, is 623,000/. The pre- sent dividend is 6 per cent.: and the stock is now (December 183G) worth from 116/. to 117/. The management is committed to 12 directors, each holding 2,000/. stock. Rates of Charge. — The charges on goods exported arc the same as at the other docb. Inwards they are, as before stated, the same as at the other docks, ivhen the goods are brought up to the city warehouses ; but if kept down at the docks, or while they are there, the charges and rent are considerably lower. yetitU Inwards. Tonnage Rates, I. d. For dischareing cargoes, and for the 1132 of the dock for tvveiity-eit^ht li.iys from ttte date of iitial discharge, with liber'y tolnad for any port, jier register ton • -16 A'. B — Sliip cnoiierage, when incurred, will be charged ; and vessels dischar^irn; ttia whole, or Kr.^ater part of their carijoes irdo li^titera, will lie subject to luch terms as shall be agre»;J upou between the ship- owneni and the Dock Company. Rent, after the eipiration of twenty-eight days from the time of linal dischir^f, per rt'gisItT t(»n per week - 1 Vesnels of bOO fnns and upwards (havin:; landed the greater part of their ini1)ort cargoes in the East India Dock) when lying up, per register ton per week • • " ^ VtntU Outwards. Entering to load, that have not discharged their import cargoes in the docks, for any period not eicecling twenty- eight days from the date of entrance, per register ton - 6 Rent, after the expiration of twenty-eight days, per register ton per week - • - - ■"•01 VesstU tying up. Light vessels (other than sleajn vessels) entering the dock to lie up for any period not excteding twenty-eight days, per register ton - • - - - - -06 Rent, after the expiration of twenty-eight days, per register ton per week - - - - . -01 Sttam faitU. Rent, from the date of entrance, per register ton per week 1 The charge for getting out and landing, lifting, or shipping boilere and heavy niachinery (including (he use of gear) is, per ttin - - - - . - .50 Use of wharf for ditto, per ton per neck • • -06 CoasUrs and Craft. Other than lighters, with cargo fiir outward bound ships, with liberty to remain for one week, per registtr ton - * 6 other tlun lighters louling fntni Itie Import Warehouses, with the like privilege, on the gross weight they lake on board, per tiii - - - - - -06 In either cate, rent, after the eipiration of one week, per register ton - • - - - - -01 Wafer. Supplied from the reservoir, per tun • - • -10 Filtered svater, do. - - ■ • ■ - 2 i5"c., on Shipping. Charges for Masting or Dismasting at ttie MastBttildins, Main Fore Mizcn Pniv- Ships of Mast. .Mast. Mast. (|Tlt. 1 /.. ». H. /,. .. 0— SOO — 4 3 12 200:2001 500— 6;'>0 — 3 4 2 16 1 12 1 12 300— fiOO — ■2 12 6 2 5 1 6 3 1 (i 3 under 300 — 1 17 6 ; 1 IS 9 1 2 6 1 2 6 For putting on or taking off Tops. Tor Ships of 1,000 to 1,500 tons 800— 1,000 — 600— !*00 — under .500 — Main. /,. s. d. l.i 10 7 6 in proportion. Fore. L. s. d. 13 10 7 6 Mizen. /.. /. d. 10 5 u 5 The prices of the above Tables are for each operation, n liicli id- dudes the use of mnsting-fill and slings. N. 11. — Uwnen of ships may purchase not less than half afiil, at 25 per cent, under the ready money cost price. Bates on Goods in uptown IVarrhimses. Landing Manage- RT.t Tier We.k. Tea, in packages of Housing. ment. f. d. .1. d. I. d. 200 lb. gross, and upwards 2 7 6 11-2 130 and under 200 1 8 5 6 1 80 — 130 1 2 3 8 01.2 60—80 1 3 01-2 40—60 1 2 4 01-2 30—40 10 2 012 20—30 8 1 3 014 under 20 4 1 Oil Silk, Bengal, per bale, 150 lbs. and upwards 2 8 3 6-> _ 11-2 104 to 1.50 2 7 6^5' 1 1-2 unde.' 104 1 6 6 6?=. 11-2 China, per bale. 6 6j • * 104 lbs. and upwards - 2 11-2 under 104 1 6 1 1-2 4. St. Katharine's Docks. — The Company for the construction of these docks was incor- porated by the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 105. (local), and they were partially opened on the S.'ith of October, 1828. They are situated immediately below the Tower, and are consequently the most contiguous of any to the city, the Custom-house, and other places where business is transacted. The capital raised by shares amounts to 1,352,800/. ; but an additional sum of 800,000/. has been borrowed, on the security of the rates, for the completion of the works, IIERINE'S). )rt Dock contains about 13 which connects the docks rancc lock is 210 feet, the t India Docks is never icss iirden than any other csta- ly fronting the river, nearly Je to float the largest steam masting and dismasting the ■ the East India Company's body, situated in the heart ids, on the same terms as at rformei' by the servants of similar to those in the other id coaches run every half luld the projected railway to n to the Exchange, will be o steamers, or at least none han Blackwall. It will, we allowed to come further up urrcnce of accidents, ises, is 623,000/. The pre- 183G) worth from 116/. to ing 2,000/. stock. same as at the other docb. docks, it>/ten the goods an :ks, or while they are there, or Ditmatting at the MaitHuadins, Main MMt. Fnre Mint. Mizen Mist. Pniv. 1 (I'nl. 1 /,. .. rf. 9 6 15 4 3 4 •2 12 6 1 17 6 /,. .. . ri. A 10 n 3 12 2 11 1 12 1 li 3 1 2 6 ng on or lahing off Topt. Main. Fore. Mizen. /,. ». ./. 15 10 7 6 /,. 1. rf. 15 10 7 6 /.. I. d. OIO 3 1) 5 inpmr orti )n. Table* ire for each operation, n liicli in- ^■fill aii'l slims. IS njay piircl.iise not Itss than half a li.l, it iJy money cost price. lorft in wp-town IVarthmmt. Landing and Housing. Manage- ment. Rfnl per VVe.k. >. rf. ... rf. 1. d. wards 2 7 6 !l.2 1 8 5 6 1 1 2 3 8 01.2 1 3 01-' 1 2 4 01.2 10 2 01-2 8 1 3 014 4 1 014 2 8 » 61 _ 11-2 2 7 6=3 11-2 1 6 i; «| 11-2 ill ■ 2 1 6 6 6|^^ 11-2 1 11-2 on of these docks was incor- lially opened on the S.'ith of er, and are consequently the Iher places where business is I. ; but an additional sum of he completion of the works, DOCKS ON Tirr. THAMES (ST. KATIIEIJINE'S). b95 nnd the purchase of a freehold properly possessing river frontai;c from the Tower to the corner of Lower East SmithfielJ, of the value of upwards of 100,000/., hut not reijuired for the immediate purpose of the act. A portion of this property has hcen appropriated as a f.team packet wharf, where passengers embark and land without the aid or risk of boat con- veyance. The purchase of the numerous houses that stood upon the ground occupied by the docks proved, as in the case of the London Docks, a heavy item of expense. The space included within the outer wall is about 24 acres, nearly 1 1 of which are water. There arc 3 docks, communicating by a basin. The lock leading from the river is 180 feet long, and 45 broad : it is so constructed, that ships of upwards of 600 tons burden may pass in and out 3 hours before high water, so that outward-bound ships have the opportunity of reach- ing Blackwall before the tide begins to recede. Ships of upwards of 800 tons register are docked and undocked without difficulty, and the depth of water at the entrance exceeds that of any other wet dock in the port of London. Vessels are also docked and undocked by nisht as well as by day, — an advantage peculiar to this establishment, A clear channel of not less than 300 feet in width is at all times to be kept in the pool ; and vessels drawing 18 feet water may lie afloat at low water at the principal buoy oil' the dock entrance. The warehouses and vaults are upon a very large scale ; far more so than one might be disposed to infer from the extent of water. The warehouses are exceedingly well contrived and com- modious ; and, owing to their boino; built partly on pillars (within which what is called the quay work of the other docks is transacted, close to the water's edge, goods are hoisted direct from the hold of the vessel, without its being necessary, as in the West India and London Docks, to land them on quays ; so that there is in this way a great saving both of room, time, and labour. The whole establishment is exceedingly complete, and reflects the greatest credit on the public spirit, enterprise, and skill, of those by whom it was pro- jected and executed. The regulations to be observed by vessels using the St. Katharine's Docks are similar to those enforced in the West India Docks, to which, as in the case of the London Docks, we beg to refer. Taltl'i of Ttinnaffe Ratos chargeable on Vessels entering the St. Katherine Docks and also of the Rates for ilischargin^' Cargoes landed by the Company, subject to such Uevision, from Time to Time, as shall be found expedient^ f'aii'i Inwardi. On V«Me)9 ladea, arriving from Fint CJass. — Any port of the L'liiitsJ KingJnm. I^Ie of Mm, Jerti-y. Guern- yy, AldenifV, J^ark, nr othtrr Europeati portiouUiile the Bil- iic. behveen the North Cape and Ishanl &teond Clasi.—Any other port. • Per Ton Ref^ister. 6 9 Privilege. Kcjielf whose cargoes are di»- charged by the Doek Cmnpany, Use of the Ooiks td vessels arriviiiy from Hanihm', or fmin any port in the Mediterranean, for 6 weeks from Ihe date uf entrance; if ftrrivinz fnini any oilier port, 4 weeks miin the tla'e of final di9Chari;e, with liberty to load outwards f(»r any port or place, and to quit the docki for repairs, and re-enter; the period of ab- sence from dock for such pur- pnseii not to atTuct the privile);e, y&isels whoie car^nea art dta- charged ' u their crews. The like pii\ilcon rxfesn landed beyoni a ship's rei^ister tonnage. Oil, addiiinnal for everv tun delivered iutocralt - ' 6 s. d. 1 g Per ton of gooils, charge in im case to exceed (lie re- gister tnimige of the vceiel. yessds Otttwards entering the Docks with.)ut Cargo*M. Per Ton Hegisler. Privilege. Loading for any"] 1. d. port enumtTited in the Import > 6 l'«e of (lock tol Table in iirst load 4 weeks class fn>m date of .Rent after ex- T)o. do. 2d. do. 9 entrauce • piration nfthe Vessels luadins in'] !■ priiiljgi', Id. part, on quantity per ton regis- taken on board f Use of dock to ter per week. according to J- as above < load 1 week their port of des- ( from entrance' J tination, as above classified. J Table oftpccial Rc^ulntioiu, Remisiiont, and KxemptimiSy and ytiscrllaneous Chnt'^es applicable tit i'^rssels muuirds, ikA Uing fully laden^ or laden with tfit Jtlicla tnutncrated, c# entering the DiXks tight, ^c. No tonnage rale will be changed on vessels wholly corn laden, whose cargoes shall be landed in the docks; but a charge will in such ca^e be made for docking and uuduckiiig, as umier : L, I. rf. Vessels of 100 tons and upwards • • - 1 I Vessels unler 100 tons - - - lO 6 ■with lilierty to remain in thick without further charge fur 34 hours after final landing. Rent, after expirition of that peri'Kt, Irf. per ton register per week. Shoul 1 itie vwsel load outwanls, the usual tonnage rates, according lo ih'' port "f dei'linatinn, will he chargwl, initeatt >*( the ri'e for dockiri:; an I utidocking. The Doi'k Company reserve tlie power of refusing ihe admission of ships laden entirely with C"rn. Other vessels, noi bring fully laden at the time of entering the docks, will be chirked tnnnage rate only, on the projHirtinn of canro bnnght in; theanntjiit of rale lo 1«^ diti-rmined by the port from whence the vessel has arrive! ; and if disch.i»"ged by the ("nrnpany, ra'es for unloA.Iing in ad-titim, accorling to the description lif the cargo, and quanii'yso disch.irged. Kent, after 1 week, \ti. per Ion r gister |)er week. Vessels laden with cork or wool from Spain nr Portugil will be charget mutually agreed uiwn beiwceu tbe owuiJ* aua ihu Duck Company. ' ;H t: 596 DOCKS (LONDON PORT DUES). Table of Tonnagn Ratua, fee. — continued. gg0„M t,|H:iW i;m» pj:.i.:i--^ ^■i: -war 1 Mii'-ellamota Charga. Fnr hhnurf* liirH of t he Cnni(nny, to work on boinj^ nti't tv|it> Hhall liif iinilpr lliu (lirccioiis and rr^fiiiiisiliiliry cil ctpitiiis or "Wmrsnf vp«si*lv t^'lli or I'ittu'r (which rule .i|iiitif-* l<> all ovrr boar I ili.-liverle9}, a charge will (it! lliaf the West India Uociis. The docks are of large extent ; the space iiuhidcj witliiii the outer wall heiiic; about 49 acres, of which nearly 38 acres are water. Tiny are princii)ally intended f>)r tlie reception of vessels with limber, corn, and other bulky com- modities. They have but little accommodation for warehousine; ; and their cstablishimius are not conslnicted so as to entitle them to bond all goods. The Surrey Canal Company also admit vessels to be docked in the busin of their canal. 6. London Fort Due.s ; Charges on Account of Lights, Pilotage, ^c in the lliames,- Shipping, «Vc- of Lotidon. It is highly desirable that expert pilots, brilliant lights, and every other means that it is pohsible to devise, should be allbrded to render navijration safe and expeditious. But to secure these advantases, it is imlispensable that the charges on their account shoulii Im mti- derave. If they be otherwise, navigators are not unfreijuently tempted to resort to what are less (expensive, though less secuie, channels. This principle has not, however obvious, lioon always kept sulliciently in view either in this or in otlier countries. During the lattor vcars of the war, and down to 182.'), the charges on account of docks, lights, pilotage, «^:c. on ships, in the Thames, and most other British ports, were exceedingly heavy ; and would no douht had they been inaintained, have materially injured our commerce. Instead, also, of encou- raging the resort of foreign ships to our ports, a contrary policy was atlopted ; the oharnos laid on them being usually about double those laid on British ships. This regulation was intended to promote the employment of the latter; but, as it led to reprisals in otln-r coun- tries, its real influence is believed to have been quite dillerent; while by drivini; away foreigners, it injured the trade of the country, and prevented our ports from becoiiiinn;, what they arc si) ivell lilted to be, the emporiums of the world. We are glad, however, ta li.ive to state that the circumstances now alluded to have been materially changed vvitliin tlm last dozen years. In IS'i.'}, the various dock monopolies expired; and a very great reduction has been made in the charges on account of the docks, which, as already seen, are now very moderate indeed. Exclusive of the dock duties, certain port or tonnage duties were imposed on stiips freqiiptitliijf the port of I.oiiiloii, liy I lie ads 3!) (leo. .'). c. (lit., -13 Geo. ."t. c. 121., &.C., parlly to pay llie liarboiir masters provide itiiKiriiii; i liaiiis, &c., ami parlly to create a riiiitl tor the Itiiprovt^iiicnt of IIk; purl, anil in pir- ticiilar fur (lefrayiiiir the ciist if making a navisalili- canal acrnsn llio NIe of Dol's, HiiI lliis caiiiil Jiavliig lifii.'ii cold ((i«f'' p .")t)lV) for I2(),I)(HI/. to the West Inilia Dock Company, iiniliT llie 10 Cimi. I, c. 130., anil the siitns advanced liy the ptihiic fur the iniproveinent of the port hiivini; lieen n|iaiil. it was jtitlicionsly ri'solvi'd In ri-diiru lli« port duties to the lowest r.itcs capalile of delrayinL' the iiccossary expenses. This was eirecled by the 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 32., wliich inipoaos the following tuniiagf duties on vessels in the port : — Per Ten. d. 1st Clans. — For every ship or other vessel trading coastwise between the port of London anil any port or pi in: in (in-at Britain, Ireland, tlie Orkneys, Hlielland, or the Western Isl.iinls iif Scotland, ihere shall l)e p.iiil for every voyaL'e in and out of the said port - - . j 2<{ Class. — I'or evrry sliip, &c. enleriiii; inwards or clearing outwards fnini or to Uenniark, Nor- way, or l.apland (on this side of Ilie .North Cape), or from Holsteiii, Ilainlniriih, lireiacn, or any othi^r p.irt id'fii'rinany hnrdi'rinf; on or near lie; (.'ermanic ()c mii, or from nr lo H illaiid or any olher of the Uiiilud I'rovimus, or Hraliant. AnlwiTp, I'laniliTS, or any other part of the Netherlands, or IrDin nr lo Kranie (vvllhin Usiiant), 'inernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Surk, or the Isle of .M.m, tliere shall lie paid fur every, &,c., as aliove - - - - - i 3d Class.— Vnr every slii|i. &c. enlerinf! inwards or cleariiii; outwards from or to l.apland (beyond the NorlU Ci|ie), I'Miil md, lliissia (without or wilhin the Itallic .Sea), Mvmii i, Cninlatid, Poland, 1'nir.sia, Swedeit, or any other country or place wilhin ttie ilallic Sea, there shall lie paid fur ev- ry, &r,. as above - - - - - - - ..i Ath Class.— Viir every ship, &r. entering inwards or clctirine outwards frtnn or lo Krance (bdwi'cn llsli.anl and Spiiiii), Portugal, Spain (wilhoiit the .Mediterranean), or any of llie Azores, Ma- deira, or C itiary I>lands, or any of the llniied State's of America, or of the liritish colonies or priivinci's in North America or I'lorida, there shall be paiil for every, &;c., as above - - i St/i Class. -Vi\r evi'ry ship, &c. entering inwards or clearing outwards from or lo (ireeiilaiid, (iihraltar, !•> nice, or Spjiin (within Ihi^ Mediterranean), or any connlry, isl iiid, p.irt, or placo within i/r bdr.lerin!; nn or near llie Mediierranetin ur .\ilrialic Sea, or from llie Wesl Indies, Louisiana, .Mexico, South .\inerica, Africa, liast Inilia, China, or any otlier cou'ilry, island, port or place wilhin or bordering on or near the I'acilic Ocean, or fnnii any other couiilry, island, port, or place whatsoever to the souliivvard of '2j degrees of north latiiuile, there sliall be paid, &c. an above - - - - - - - --( 1 «i JES). DOCKS (LONDON PORT DUES). 597 up (rcigbl ucounts, the followiug charge ' :», nr uinItT i> tn 20inirks ■ . .111.1 uptVAt'Jt t, d. i 3 i each tinrk or pirrrl. ' rent, .9,ls liir passengers. — Any vessel or cral't navigating the 'rhann^s aliove anil lielow London Itridge, as fur us (iruveseiid only. —Any vessel entering inwards or outwards in hallast. JV". B. — The port or tunniiire duiien paid hy ships in the port of London, as staled in the nccoiinls liclow, were lliosi; payahle previous to the act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. ;I2., which only took etfect on the 25lll of July, lt)34; and were, at uii average, from 4 to 6 tliiies as high us ut present. Owing to the distance of London from the sea, and the rather intricate navigation at the niouth of the river, the charges on arcount of lights and pilotage must necessarily he pretty heavy. They have, however, been very materially reduced of late years. I'lie charges on account of the lights tmder the management of the Trinity House have been diminished, ia almost every instance, at least one third ; and in many instances as much as a half, and sometimes even more, since 1823. — (See LiniiT-noL-sKs.) The illiberal and impolitic prac- tice of imposing discriminating light and pilotage dues on foreign vessels is still kept up ; but owing to the general establishment of reciprocity treaties with foreign powers, the griev- ance thence arising has become rather nominal than real, and at present atVects very few of the foreign vessels coming to our ports. The act 6 Geo. 4. c. 125, made a reduction of 8 per cent, in the charge authorised to bo demanded by the pilots licensed by the Trinity House for the port of London ; and foreign vessels, privileged as British vessels, have been relieved from the additional or surplus rate of 26 per cent, payable to the Trinity pilots, as well as to those licensed by the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. — (See Pilotaoe.) The oppressive and troublesome charges in the port of London, imposed on alien goods under the names of package, scavage, &c. — (see Packaoe) — were put an end to during last session (183.3). At present, therefore, we believe we are warranted in aflirming that, considering its distance from the sea, the public charges on shipping in the port of London are quite as reasonable as in any other port of the empire, or of the world. But we are inclined to think that further reductions may still bo elVectcd, particularly in the article pilotage. The following accounts show the nature and amount of the various charges that are at present incurred by vessels in the port of London : — fro forma Account of Charges on a Ship of about 480 Tons, entering and departingthePort of London, laden both Ways, supposing every tiling to be conducted with strict Kconumy, and excluding any Charge on account of extraordinary UcHpatch or superior Accoiumodation. Reporting the ship and appointment .----•■ Pilotage from the Downs -.--..-■ Boarding tlie pilot ut sea -....--■ Waterman, boat, and kedge, from Gravesend . - . - • London port dues inwards, bd. per ton ...--■ Do. do. outwards, do. ....... JV. B.— This duty is of a temporary character, and will cease in about 5 years. Trinity dues and lights inwards ._...-- Dock dues, in and out, 9J. per ton ....--- Trinity dues and lights outwards .....-■ Dungeness light in and out ...--.-• Clearing outwards, and victualling bill ._.--• Steam-boat to Blackwall, optional ._..--• Pilotage to the Downs .--._---• Putting the pilot on shore, unless landed in the ship's boat . . - ' £ a. d 1 1 14 4 2 1 11 6 10 10 11 12* 8 18 6 2 5 2 12 6 10 12 8 6 10 £98 7 4 Charges on a British Vessel of 285 Tons, entering and departing the Port of London, laden both Ways. Reporting, appointing, &c. -..-.-- Tonnage duty inwards (with cargo) ....-- Do. outwards (do.) .._.-- Putting pilot on board at Deal ------- Pilotage, Downs to London, draft 15 feet fi inches . . - - Do. outwards, draft about 14 feet - . . - - Boat and men up and down, 3 guineas each - - - - - Trinity lights, inwards -------- Do. outwards ------- Priva' Io. in and out -------- DiingeiiPss do. -...----- Dock duty, 9*/. per ton -------- Clearing outwards .-.--.-- £ s. d. 2 10 6 5 18 6 5 18 6 2 10 10 8 7 9 15 6 6 6 13 2 5 6 6 9 10 1 9 10 13 9 2 7 JE85 6 6 * If discharged by the Dock Company, there would be an additional charge of 12J. on that account. * . 1_ 598 DOCKS (LONDON PORT DUES). mmm^ ■^.^*1 ML'!' .: isr:;* tr 'in ||iit..:ai«i €:::3 ■c:3i> 1 v*^mMi • '.^"''LMinii \ .'■■^ -; r-l Charges actually paid on the Prcgldent, American Pnckol Slilp of from 470 to 480 Tons, Tlianii-H, in October, 1633. Ileporliiie and nppdintiiiu ..--.... Tunniiee duty iiiwiird!*, iind entry ....... Do. oiitwardH - ....... Trinity liglita and pilotaec inwards ....... Do. 1 611,431 863 161,703 171*2 2,4 «9 431,188 I,I8« 132,243 IS '4 3.132 6(17,106 1,643 251.WW 1793 2,MS 478,103 1,193 177,019 1R25 3,989 7S-.,36; 1,743 31 '2 \ii War. 1826 3,493 673,026 1,386 215,234 1HI4 269,834 1827 4.012 769,162 1,594 221,008 1813 275,373 1823 4,064 767,212 l,;)03 1'j5.629 1818 115,463 1829 4,108 784,070 1,300 £;='*'>3 1817 131,617 1830 3,910 744,-'29 1,268 207,500 I8|l 272,636 1831 4, '40 780,989 1,537 2b9.l.i0 1819 138.882 1832 3,26-9 639.840 881 .'34,142 N. B.— Till! temporary falling off in 1832 is to be ascribed to the prevalence of cholera, and the un- fortunate misunderstanding with Holland. Account of the Number and Tonnage of the Ships that have entered the Port of London, with Car- goes from Foreign Parts, distingiiishing the Countries whence they came, during the Years 1833, 1834, and IS35.— (Papers published by the Board of Trade, part v., p. Sti.) CountriM. 1833. IS 34. 1635. British. Foreign. Br Ships. ilis . Tons. 87,203 ForeiRn. British. Foreign. Ships. Tons. Ships. Tons. Ships Tons. Ships. Tons. Siiips. Ton!. 1 338 76,137 47 17,1.30 399 71 24,978 312 67,193 54 l^&•.7 12 2,686 51 13,698 22 3, ■■48 76 22.319 22 3,520 67 IS.t'SO Norway 102 31,8',9 15 2.1.37 122 3S.328 — — 87 10 1,370 70 6,.')09 22 2,699 207 18,349 19 2,469 136 n.h'.n 1 43 6.621 130 31.486 36 6.639 12-. 30.622 33 6,436 107 *f i i 243 43,0-3 48 ,3.173 217 44,2,31 122 12,292 190 44.362 81 7,2'6 3iig 41.301 277 23,703 466 67,291 240 21,341 463 72,794 226 188 21.473 197 12,480 223 24,133 178 12,147 245 24.220 \2< 9.6')6 I'oriujal, Azores, and Madeira 377 37,331 4 394 364 3-,".0-l 4 .319 369 3S.>'I0 20 S[iaiti and Canaries 180 33.398 44 4,385 239 27,302 27 210 22 124 IS.S^O S 1,808 107 16,0- .3 19 4,903 118 16,918 6 1,358 Ionian lsl:)n'lB 33 4,464 — — 2a 3,637 — — 25 3,700 Ttirkey and Continental Greece 68 8,4S1 _ 69 9,535 — — 75 Morea and Greek lalinds ■ 9 1,350 1— — 14 2.026 — — 12 Esvpl Tripoli, Barbary, and Morocco Foreign pou.-ssions in Asia • China 132 183 29.«I2 96,033 1 "290 4 28 6 27 7)6 3,438 2,323 28,199 ~3 ~956 21 47 2,347 3.9(>3 28,918 4 1,617 18 5,126 44 19,46.1 24 7,116 61 20.0-.3 14 4, aw 68 389 Forei'n West Indies 36 6,963 7 2,073 29 5,648 6 1,367 19 3,303 Foreign Coiilinental Colonies in America Totals - 75 14,394 448,479 1 238 85 16,172 4 758 SO 1.3,061 3 976 2,491 1,031 171,731 2,123 398,967 1,234 212,634 2,289 374,281 I.OflS 181,196 1 470 to 480 Tons, \n the River £ K. d 2 10 . 10 « G ■ in 10 . ]i I'l . 2« 10 . 5 IH . 15 12 - 6 . 21 2 . a 12 8 . 3 13 H - 10 6 £Vii 18 •eA frnm Cowrfi, so lliat a onti- iiiliiir lo (In- 'riiiiiiies, A purl uw ; llio last two items are nut I. — According to the offirial other vessels not registered, !6 men and boys. In 1819, iinied lo 7,7 10,403/., tlio ex- i_.d. per cent. In KS:}i, the lotion had sunk to 213,678/,, No. 414. Sess. 1833.) So y concentrated in any single eiiiporiuin. May her iiros- progress of the foreign trade n Foreign Parts, distingnishins li^h. Foreim. r Ml. SAi>«- Tim 63'.0M 8.6 12UI9 5SJ,9'J4 671 y.\f-j (.03,11)7 697 lC«,Ci99 CII.4>I 86j 161,703 6.7,106 1,643 2ii-l,K!S 78'>,:'>6> 1,743 3<2 1.'2 67r.,02t> I,'>86 2I::,254 7Bi',l62 Ui'.n 2i 1,008 ISl.i'.l l,;i03 l'y>.iii 7K4,(r70 1,300 744,J29 \,iM 7S1) 9i9 1,5.7 2i9,i:.a 639.S40 (.81 1 151,U2 , ralence of cholera. ind the up- the Port of Lnndo n, with Car- V came, during the Yeurs 1833, '26.) 183 5. gii. Brilith. 1 Foreign. ™ 1 ron>. Ship»- Tom. Siiipj. Tom. 1 24,»7S 312 67,193 ^ l^'S 22M9 iH,;t49 30,622 22 19 3i 3,320 2,469 6,436 67 IS'.f'SS 1 87 2(1,1(11) 1 107 2M72 li,20^ 190 44.;i62 !-io 226 12-. 20 9.6'i6 2,l;)l 3,272 210 23.371 22 1,558 4,903 118 25 16,918 3,7liO 6 75 n,03.t — 12 1,7:2 21 2,347 1,647 9^ II 3.9li3 4 Jl),0'.3 1,367 47 14 19 28,918 4,030 3,303 6S 2 2?,09'i 389 758 90 1S,061 3| 976 12,^4 Ifi 89 ' 374,281 1 1,008 1_181,196_ DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). 699 II. LiVKnFuoL Docks, Shifpi?i», etc. The first wot dock in the British empire was constructed at Liverpool, in pursuance of on act of parliament obtained in 1708. 2\t this period Liverpool wa.s but an iiuoiisiilerablo town ; and tlie acconiinodiitii)n slie has derived from her docks is one ol the cireumstaiu'es that has done most to promutu her extraordinary increase in eommcree, po|.ulittion, and wealth. A second wet dock was opened about the middle of last century ; and since that period innny more have been consiriicted, some of them on a very inairnificeiit scale, and furnished with all sorts of conveniences. When those now in progress are completed, the total area of water in the docks will exceed 90 acres. The entrance to the port of Liverpool is a good deal incommoded with saiulb,inks; throni^h which, however, there arc .several channels which, wlien tiie proper precautions are observed, atford an easy and safe access to the port. In spring tides, the water rises in the Mersey about thirty feet, and in neap tides about lifteen ; but tlio height depends much on the state of the winds, and other cir- cuiustanees. The following Table gives the annual amount of the Liverpool dock duties since 1 7117, the number of vessels entering the docks since that period, and the tonnage of the same since ISUO. It exhibits an increase of commerce unequalled in any other port. Amount of Dock Duties at the Port of Liverpool, from the Year 1757, ending the 21th of June each Year. r.ar. No. of f'tne/t. L. J. d. I'm.. No. of KfJKil. /,. f. rf. r;,7 1,371 a;i6 H 1779 2,374 4.!i37 17 10 17 w I,4i3 2,103 6 3 1780 2.261 3 328 7 9 [■■•9 l,3>il 2.3"2 12 2 1781 2,312 3,!I5 4 1 I7t» 1,24> 2,.'J0 6 7 I7S2 2,496 4,249 6 3 n\ 1,3^9 l',3>2 2 1783 2,-16 4 f'I'i 8 3 m 1,307 2,326 19 6 1784 3,09S 6..3il, s: '-, J: 13 7 ISOt) B.Oil .5!>4.t>01 47,3S0 19 3 iv:'4 4.!1M 4i • "1.1 2.. .7 11 ISIO 6,-«l 731.'19I 1 5.- 2 1 im> 4 6IH ■iril.4 3 ^:)3iii n 1 l-^ll 5.bl6 61 1,1' 34.732 IS r. )■.'■. A'O, of i'K'ff/f. Ti'ii'.nM r. J. d. L. 1. d. 1M2 ■I,-.'J9 44«,7t.8 Dulits on ROTili 20.260 3 .10.60-, 6 11 } 76,915 8 8 ISI6 e.jss 771,243 Duties on goo.!! 41,-63 6 3( 4i..b''l 4 K t 92,646 10 9 1«I7 6,070 6o3 42j IlU'io^OI) ^'-odi 3,,lt-6 8 U) 40.-' 3 8 4 i 75,8>:9 16 4 1»I3 6,779 754,690 43-42 in 6{ M 603 11 9 i 98,338 8 3 Dii'ira on i5oi>ls 18:9 7,819 867,319 Ilu'ies on «t. lis 60.0 2 7 8 { W.l'-'i 14 of 110,127 1 8 1>20 7,276 h 0.3,031 niilirs on *[Mi.ils 44.-'7 17 10 > 49.694 14 { 94.412 11 10 tsil 7,910 83;),- 18 43 ':n 6 2» 51.423 2 11 94,336 9 1 Duties on i»iK.,ts 1^22 8,136 812,902 Dulieit on gmt'ls 4-229 10 4 5-..1 4 7 102,403 17 4 1^21 8.918 1,010,819 .'.2,'':17 5 3 62 0.13 16 1 113 7t*3 1 g Dutips on pv'cis 1 1»24 10,001 1,180,914 . 60.-7'< 9 7 ( 1.10,911 11 6 Dunes on icwvis 70.0 '3 1 1 1 ( 1K5 10,S37 1,223,-20 Dulil'S Ol. IfiM.ls .38.41.; 7 (. { 6'J,.'43 12 ! 128.691 19 8 l»26 9,601 1,2:8,319 nii'it.s on .(o.T.;s 60 411 g 11 > 70, «9 9 1 ( 131,000 19 1827 9,592 1 223,313 V Jlies on gooJ» . 6 ,f 72. ■W"'^!"!!.* Mli>'>'>V'i« ■;«'. ...•« ««^r. ITf'-^l sarj 0'"t . -I a i i 000 1828 li>i9 1830 1831 IS32 1833 IS34 183) 1836 1837 DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). Amount of Unrk Diillon at tha I'urt of Llver|ionl. — continued. •Vu. uf yatelt, 10,-03 11,383 11,214 12,537 12,929 I2,%4 13,444 13,941 13,038 I4,8jO TnitnaKt, 1,311,111 l,3>'7,ni7 1,411, nut 1, '92,436 1, 140,017 1,390,4B1 1,692,870 l,7ti8,426 1,958,081 2,026,206 Uulic* on fondl Duties on gnoJl Duties on goodt Dutii* oil goods Duties oD goods Duties on goods Dulin on goods Duliin on goods Duties on goods Duties on goods Duties on goods / ». it L. 1. d. 62.!X!9 7 1U> 78,|(IU 7 9 5 141,369 l» 7 66,128 H 10» 81,198 6 1 i I47,3.'7 4 11 6n322 9 IU 83,007 7 II ( 151,329 17 10 81 0)9 nil) in2,4l.'> 12 4( lS3,4-.5 4 3 74. '30 4 1 1 { 9i,517 2 0} 170.017 6 II 7H„VW 3 11 > ln:(,l22 12 b\ 182,980 16 4 84.061 15 II { 107.U68 1 «i 191,729 17 8 87.H44 14 5 ( 110,993 4 4S 84.»96 11 l{ 89.2.6 19 0) 198,627 13 D 173,853 10 1 76,324 II l{ 6»,96& 12 10 5 146,290 3 11 A Stntcmi'iil of Dnck niid I.ialit Duties rnceivod from Ihii S.'itti Septonilior, 1830 (frniii wliii-li d.itu tilt! Diirk Dulk's wvru ruilucud), tu llie '21lli June, Wi't ; anil fruiii tliu 'J5tli Hupt. 1b37, tu tliu 24tli .Iiiiie, l»a8. Ti-ar. Duties on ToruM^e. Duties ou Goods. Liijhlliousf Duties. Floating Light Duties. Total. 1837 ls38 /.. I. rf 5S.80-. 11 57,12i 6 8 1,319 l.i 8 L. 1. rf. 52,768 12 4 6-1,129 1 2 /,. ... rf. 3.'W.-> 2 6 4.2J7 18 1 L. 1. rf. 1,832 8 1,873 10 /.. J. rf. 114,'ini 6 6 117,55.5 6 9 liicre.ise. ■ 1,560 8 10 232 1,5 7 41 2 3,154 3 Dock Dues. — The following dues are payable by ortler of the 6th of Septembpr 1836, upon all vc'^seU entoriny; inwards, or clearing outwards, at the port of Liverpool, fur dock rates and harbour lights : — ». rf. From lietwpen the Mull of Otilloway and St. David's Ilfi.nd, Isles of Man and Anglesen, tlio ton 2i From lii'lwci'n tlii' Mull uf (Jallowiiy and Uiiiif.nnahy Heail, Orkney Isli-s, niiil islaniLs on Kit! wtislcru to ist of Sriilliiiid ; lit'twi'l-ii 8t. Diiviil's Head and Hit' Land's F.nd, the Scilly Islaiiiis, and llle fast const lit' Iri'lunil, from Cape Cloar to Malliii Head, till! ton - - - 3J From the i!a8i and soulhiTU coast of Groat Britain, lietwenn Uuncaii's Hay Head and tlie (.ami's End, the islaiid.s of Sheiland, tlie west coast of Ireland, from Cape Clear to Malliuj,' lle.id, incliidiniE the islamls on that coast, tlie ton - • - • - - - 5\ From Ktiropc, north of Cape Finislerre, and westward of the North Cape, and without the Caltegal and Uiillic Sett, the islands of (itiernaoy, Jersey, Aldernuy, Sark, the Faro Islands, and Iceland, the Ion - - - - - - - - - -09 From within the Callegat and Haltic, the whole of Sweden, the White Sea, eastward of the Nurili (;ape, Ktiropi!, south of Cape Finisterre, willioiil lite Meditcrraiieau, Newfoundland, (Jreeniand, Davis's Hirails, Canaries, Western Islands, Madeira, and Azores, the Ion - 1 From lilt! east coast of North America, the West Indies, east coast of South America, north of Kit) I'liila, the West coast of Africa, and islands iiorlli of the Cape of (iood Hopi!, all parts williiii the M^itlilerr mean, inchiilln),' the Adriatic, tht! Black Sea, and Archipel!is;o,the islands iif St. Helena, Ascension, and C;ipe de Verd Islands, the Ion - - - - - 1 6 From South America, sotilh of Rio I'latu, the I'ucilic Ocean, Africa and Asia, eastward of the Cape of Cooil Hope, ihe ton - - - . - - - . -23 JVu^e.— Vessels roiiiainitig Itinger than inonthB in dock, to pay in addition to the above rates per month - - - - -- - - - ...02 All vessels arriving at or clearing from the said port, are to pay the saiil rates from or for tlie must distant port or place from or for which they shall tritile ; but vessels arriving from iiny purls in li;il. last do not piydock-ig' on eiileriitB inwards; and shouhl such vessels proceed lo sea aijaiii in ballast, then only one liitlf of the duck rales are due, with the whole of the lights ; hut taking a cargo outwards sti jecis .such vessi:ls to full In 111 ■ tlay tiiiit!, from sutiris.! to sunset, a blue flag, with the letters N. W. in white, will be hoisted at the mainmast head, and in thick and foggy wi!allier, either by night or day, a bell will be kept constantly ringing, to prevent vessels from running foul of the light-vessel. Dock Hegiilaliun.-i. Ivitrarls from Jicis of Piirliament. — Any owner, or master, or any person bavins the comm itid, agency, or consignment of any V(!ssel chargeable with dock duties, refusing to pay the saiiie, is liable to have sui:h vessel or goods seized. Any person throwing any b illist or riilibish friuu out of any vessel upon any of the quays, kc. shall iDiinedialely cart or carry away Ihe same : penally Ws. Every ship shall, bofore she cum-js within any of the piers, take down all her sails : penalty 51. f >j ■■ DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). 601 continued. ;. f. rf. ,9fi9 7 10 ) ,1(10 7 »S ,1« \* 10 ( >9H 6 I i fill nil) ,(107 7 11 ( 0J9 II" ,41.'. li <.>30 4 .,517 2 i.vvt a 1,422 li l.dHI li lit l,l>B!« I il S r,t>44 U f> { - - 4 4 5 'ii •a ),9U3 4,696 11 I { !),2>(> 19 0> ti,;li4 II U 9,9ti5 li 10 $ £. >. i. I4l,3(i9 IS 7 I47,3J7 4 II IJI,3iO 17 10 183,4".ri 4 :) 170,017 U II 1r by niglit or day, a bell will be Iglit-vessel. Tor master, or any person bavins I dock duties, refusing lo pay tlie upon any of the quays, &c. shall Ivn all her sails : penalty 5J. Any porunn havlntr the rhnrcn of any vessel In anvof the dnrlts, refnsiiiB in remove the (iime, nfier 21 lionrV nolirr in wriliiiL', hIiiiII forlelt 20/., and p.iy lli<> exiPenHeHof removal l>y Ihe walrr baililf Any pi rsoii liiving Ihe lon.mand of any vesxl moored in the river, refusing lo remove Hie »amr. u'lii'ii ordered by llii' walrr liailiU". Kbiill forfeil '.id/. Tlie mister, or oiliir person liavini! the command of any vessel from which any cannon or •run shall tie lireil wliilst in the pi.rl, shall lorlVil Id/. Any jiirs.in miiMnt' payment oldoi U iliillis, who refuses to nnswir such (luesllona us Khali be put til I b> ilio cc lln tor. or irive a false or untrue answer, sball loriiit lli/. Any rii»slir,*ie,( va. ling pMymoni oflbe iliities, shall forfeit anil pay donblo the duties evaded : and liy .'ill Ceo. :\. II Slim of -Jll/. In aililillon llierelo. Wlii'iievif it sliall be neressary, t'nr tlie purpose of cleaiiine or repairini: Ibe ilorkx, lo remove the V''>s.ls lying tberciu, the mat-ler, male, or other person taking the command of miiIi vessel, shall, uiiliin .1 davrt al'li'r nolire ijjven, remove siu-li ship from such dock, on pain of lorl'oii jnu' 10/. Any neisler, &c. refusing to miinr and remove tlie Hiiine in ijoiKs, according to the direction of the (link maslnr, will forfeit .0/., lomMber wilb tlie costs of removal by Hie dock inaslir. Any master, in- atting conlrary to tin. direclioii of Die dock master, will forfeit 20/. Any nnisier. &c. entering and giving false information of the draught of water of any ship to un» efllie (lock masters, will forfeit 2(1/. Any mister, .fee. briiiL-im; tlie same into the entrance basins, when a signal is hoi-ited on the pier, at tlif eiilraiice of such liaMii, sit'iiifying lliat such dock is full of vessels, will forfeit 2(1/. Any iiiaMir. i-c. bringing his vessel into any of the docks, contrary lo the directions of the dock liliisler, w ill I'orliit '^D/. Kvery master, or oilier person, damaging any nf the dock gates, bridges, piers, quays, ic. is liable to have llie ship seized, and sidd to cinii|ieiir.ale lor damage done. Any person openin;.' or shnitinu' any of the dock gales, sluices, or clews, is liable to forfeit 100/. ; or oiiciiiiii: or shiittiiiL' ;uiy drawbridge. 2(1/. Any owner. &.c. leaving gtinpowder. pilch, tar, &c., or combustible matter of any kind, on Ihe (iiiayn ofthe dm'ks. &c., or upon the deck of any vessel lying In any ol the docks, for iibove ■I'* hours lifter passing Ihe Ciislom-lionse odicers, is liiilile to u penally of 'j.i. an hour j on neglecting to watch such piinils in the iiitht time, to a penalty of .I/. Any master, or other person, having Hie command of any ship, suffering any fire, candles, or lamp to be lli-'liled and liuniin'.' on board : penally 1(1/. Any owner, &e.. landing, or causing to be landed and laid, any pumps, boats, anchors, cables, lime- fiiiiiis, &.C , or other lliiiiL's whatsoever, upon any of the dock ipiayi., shall wilhin 48 hours wholly ttiiinve the same from ort'such Cjiiay, or sliall forfeit .").«. per hour above the 4W. Any iH'rson will'iilly cuitiiij. damai-'iiig, or desiroying any cables, &.c. by which any vessel in the river or in any of Hi" docks shall be fastened ; penally .M'/. Any person d imauirig or breaking any lamp, Ai,c. set up near the docks : penalty for each lamji. .'j/. Any iiiasler.or other person. haviiL' tlie command of any vessel abiiiil which any olfence shall have been ciinimitled, in relation to any oi ; lie docks, &.C., is li.ilde lo the penally imposed tor siicli oU'ence. Any owner or masler of any slii|i or vessel giving or offering a bribe to any otltcer employed in piir- iu:iMco of the dock acts : penalty 20/. Any (iwiier, consign, e, or master oT any vessel arriving and departing in ballast without payment (.filork duties, is liable to a sum equal to double the amount of dock duty which should have beeii paiij, and the master liable lo the penally of 20/. in addition. I'Acry master, &.c. wilfully throwing, casting, or putting any earth, stones, rubbish, &.c. out of any e/iip, ic, into any part oflbe port : penally 50/. Any owner, itc. of any vessel laid up for sale, or which shall not be actually employed for two iiiiinliis, not removing tlie same within 21 hours' notice in writing from the harbour master, or left on tMurd: penalty 5/. and costs of removal. Any person discharging timber in any dock without having obtained the consent in writing of the cliiiirinan or deputy chairmen of the dock committee, or of some justice oftlie peace : penalty 10/. Any person having consent, not removing the same therefrom within 21 hours, liable to u line of 5j. an bull r. Any person damaging any ship, &c. in any oftlie docks, &c., or in the river, and refusing to make coinpensatioii, liable lo have his goods, or the tackle of the ship, &c. doing the danniL'e, seized. Any justice oftlie peace for the county of Chester or borough of I,iverpo(d, upon coiiiplaint made to iheiii, may summon persons to appear before him, and may fix Ihe amount to be paid to bo.itmen, and ftrsons lindiiiL' and taking possession of anchors, &c. in any part of the port of Liverpool. Any jicrs 111 throwing, casting, or emptying any hall ist, ashes, &.c. out of any sliip, &.c. into the rivpr Mersey, Ihe Uoik or Horse Clianiiel. or I'orinby (Channel, to the eastward oftlie Moating Light, or frnin any Of the piers into the docks or basins, or into Hie river Mersey : penally 1(1/. Tliiil every vessel laden with a cargo consisting solely of limestones, paving-stones, flintstones, gtnvc. ami chalk, shall be charged tonnage rates, as if coming in ballast. Kvery owner or master, &e. of any vessel arriving at or departinu from the said port, shall produce tntlie cnlledor. upon diMiiand, at the time of making (■nlry,all books, accounts. &c. in relation to such vess.'l, or w biiii show Ihe weiglils and quantities oflbe goods, &c. In case of dispute, such owner, tc. shall produce a stalement in writing, to be verilied by oath, and showing the actual weiglils and (|!i;inliliis nfsiich goods, &c., or the accuracy of the said books, &c. Ill rase thi' 111 ister, &(',. of any vessel from which rubliisli, ballast, dirt, or other refuse of ,iny kind $b:ill lie laniled. shall peviiiit or suiter tin! same to be so Ian led, or laid within i yards Irom the margin ol'iiny such dock or basin, or of the river .Mersey, and shall not cause such rubbish, itc. to be wholly removed from off such quays, &c. within 21 hours after the same shall he so landed or laid: pe- n;illy 'A. Any owner, &c. of any boat or vessel, permitting gunpowder, exceeding 10 pounds in weicht, to be liniiizlit into any of the docks or basins, or any vessel or boat lying therein, without ihe previous cou- .'uMit 111 writing of a justice of the peace oftlie borough of Liverpool : penalty 100/. Tlmt upon line proof, on oath, to the satisfaction of any jnsHce of Hie peace oftlie borough of Liver- pniil, or county of Lancaster, that any dealer in marine stores, wilhin the said borough, or To.vteth I'ark, shall have beiMi guilty of receiving stolen goods, or piirchasing, or receiving. Jlcc. every such lursnii shiill forfeit 20/ for the first otr'nce, HO/, for the second olVeiii e ; and after con\ iction for such scioiid oHVnce, shall not carry on business as such deal.'r in marine stores within 200 yards from the iii:iri;in or side of iny dock or basin (exclusive of 10 yards prohihited by a former act) on pain of for- feiting Ihe sum of 10/. for every day he. she, or they shall carry on such trade or business. In ruse any person or persons civing or accejitiiig any bribe to or from any water bailiff, harbour nrisiiT, &c. give inf.iruialiou thereof, he or she shall be excused from Ihe penalty of 20/. imposed by llie il (ieii. 3. for such olfence, provided such informalioii he given before any proceeding for punish- iiii: the said offijine shall have commenced, or any information laid before any justice of the peace apiiist such person in respect of Hie si ine. Justices of the peace may, upon complaint made, summon parties and ascertain and award tho Vol. 1-3 E 76 60)2 DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). a i' I t nrnniint rif ri'romprnrc, for nny ncrvlicn ri'iiilrri'd liy hiiiilninn, 4.r. lo vpii«i>Iii in llie lolil dncki nr liUHliin, Fiiiil, in I'liMi' iil'iKiii-iitiyiiiiMjl, iiiiiy Irvy lli<' hiiiii hi> awiirili'il liy illHlri'HM. Hii-liiim —\. Thill till" iiriMlrr, lite. wIm hIiiiII imtiiiII r ntlier rnnilmHlililf iroi'iU on nr trnm imy of till' i^ii:iyii, wtiii hIi ill pi'rnilt or mitl'r any imtmoii or pi'rKMiiN lo snioki' or hum tolMiiio, ^lmll \„, cadi oili'iirr Inrfi'll 'Jll..; anil nny olliir jirri-on or [ii'rHons who bIiiiII linrii or Kiiiokr IoIimii o, i.r nny iillii'r Ihliiir, anioM(Hl rotton or any other niinhiiNlihlo Kooilri, lylnK i>nil Imiiik on ihi' i|iia) d, pliall lur cai li otrcinw I'urlVii tlio likr |iriijlty of'J(l.» ,'l. 'I'hal 11° till' niiiMli'r. All'. i/. I Thil I ho III 1 Hi IT, &C. of any vrjon'l, or any ollii-r person or pcrKoiiH whoniKocvi'r, who Khali pprniii or KuH'.r any rii|M' Ironi Kiirh vi'khcI to he made fiiHl lo any i h.iln-poHl ..r iinin lenilrr, i r any r";i,. rliaiii, or to kle of any ileKiriplion, to lie tiinile faKi to any of the pillar^t of any iron or oilnr i-li. i|' ,,, uny of the ipiayK, or to the roof or any other part of hiiiIi shed, shall for every olfiiie (erliit 1(1... 'I'liat the iniiKter, &.i'. of uny veKKel Ivinu within or up to any of the iloikH, liasiim, &.i- Wlln KMlf r my (lalliHt, \r. to he lakiii on lioaril Kinh vensel, ir llirown, dis liari'eil, or rarried out RMiiie, without liavini; a iiiiiv'i>iii h ilorks or li i.-iiiiH, nIiiiII fur every oirence furleit Ilie hiiiii of III,«. I'. 'I'll II till' iinsler, ifti'. of any ship or vi'hh.I lyini; la any of the Kalil dockn or hailim, or tli.' rnlr.u cch to the Kiiiiie, w lio vliall I'litfr any repairn to he done to the ontsideN of hiiiIi vi'i-hi U, witlium h ivihtf a i-anvasK or Koiiie other Kalemiard Ki'cnred from the Hide of kik h veKMel, and plareil or fj.vi.,| ,„ iiH to pr i'Vent any i liips or piei'in of nm od from f illini.' into the fuid doLkH or hiiHins diirini; Ihu wlii.li. of • I'uit fr^m the I'll:',' of the ipiay, or on the oiitsideH of the cart or chaiii-piititD of the miid <|iiuy, and lukeii uhuv iimihdiately, sh ill fir every olfeme forfell W.-'. H. 'I'll It tile inasler. &!■. or other person liavinii the (iiaru'e nr rommnnd of every vessel ly in nwlihin any of ill ' dm ks or hasiiiK. shall have u ship-keeper on derk to attend the vessel every tMe, ai li.iia: S hiiiii'K hefore the lime > f hiiih waler. and I hour afli'r liiuh water, under the penalty of III,,. !l. I ha the niasirr, .'(ic. of any vessel, when hniliiiL' into or out of the iloeks or liasli s. i\e., hjiih (e.\c..pi wli'n any sm li vessel he driven liy stress of weather) have the yards a-peaU, ai:d llie ^ipri. did yard tore and aft, and the jlli-liooiii run in. within ,'< t'eet t'roni the lap. if pr.iitii uhle ; and,iirier liiiy siii'h vessel shall he hroimht into any ilo< U or lasin, shill have the .ini h..rs ijot in on the ferr. cisile or deck, and shall have the Mteeriia'-sail hoiMiiK an I irons liken oil' I'roni the yards, ami sli.U liav,' .the III liii or ini/.eii hoiiiiis, ami the slum or ipiarter ilavits rig^t'd in, within '.!1 hours, under tlu^ penally of lO.i. ID 'i'ii il ihe master or other person haviiiji the romniand of any vess •!. who shall, hy noi'lit'enrccj oth rwise, 1,'ave an aiohor in the intra me to any of the ih i ks, or iipi;?) the strand of the rivur, wiili- oiil a tiiioy, f.ir a loii-.-er period than one lidi'. shall tor every oll'-me t'orl'il .■/. I i 'I'lia; lae owner, &.r. of any vess, 1 who shall refuse lo strike llie top-ijallant niaits and yanU of every such vessel entering any of the repairiii).' or i-'ravinu docks, shall forl'.'it .'i/. 1 -'. I'liat III" owner or driver of any cart, itc, or any other per-mi or persons who shall rirnw.nr rnii>:'. or permit, or stif'er lo he dr'iwn upon or over uiiy of iliu dock hridgos, any aiichori, liulks, &>■ Khali fir every otr.Mic,' f irfeit IP-. IJveiy d.iy, two hours liefore hiiih w.iter, n hell will he run>f for I minute at each dock, when cviry fihi:)-k."''per IS lo make his appearance on Iht; deck of his vessel, or incur Ihe |ienalty of ,(!,«. All iii'Trh mis ami olli T owners or aL'ents olships and vessels iradiiij.' to tlie port of l.iverpnnl. will b ' r 'ipiir.'d to enter llie names of such ves els, I heir draiiuhl of water, and llie date of their arrunl m till' jioi I of Liverpool, ("aether with tli ■ n.iiu.? of the duck into which they are intemli i| to he b\, iii.|;i, ill I lii'ok kept f Thu Duties Outwards are for Toreian. Rritish, or Irish Onods. except those marked tints (*) which art! for British or Irish (ioods only. 1 Iievarls, Inwards. Arlii:!e^. (lul- w.irds. Articles. I'mji. dm- v ar :h. Fi- t:oisl- Fn. t't'i.:(i. CMSI!. n H". vvj^e. a. d. 1 d. .. d. .f. (/. t d. 7T" Afrtrni - • (on (4J leu. 2 1 S Bicon • • • lon 2 1 n t .litjisier • • 1 (1 6 4 ll.i.'i;tn^ • • - iiico- 1-2 1-4 11 w. XW., liter, md porter lon .ih 4 1) .1 4 r pnicinii coails • . led 2 1 t li'T.t- :l II 3 3 liek. :tli ci-i'iim. picci'hcriffi. Je^^Cl■f.', (.11.1 1 IZ 1 1-2' n t 1-2 ciisoirti ;\. nr Wiiilfr.iiius i-v t. 6 3 2 tciciil-cr 1 1 lot unk, cork Icce, birdi, and lurch, .A'kmct roo(, anchtT, aiiJ aliteii c« c. 3 ( (-2, 1 Ion 1 a 9 n 6 ' ii)M'-» • • • 1(111 2 10 10 8 qccercilrnn ■ • — 2 1 I) 8 1 .1 .1,1, r.chi! • . — 1 6 I) 4 nascfraa - -cut 3 1 1.2 1 : \..,li M pil-s • - 1 6 ' .S Hinkcl ickIs - - - lii.ii M.- (1 1.2 Il 1-4' oi; \iirli (vi ■■*. -oi^fliri.niiLlanriolto cwi. 3 11-2 t I,H*I !) 2 1 ! 2 1..! *;iis elk, aijliinoiiy • • — 3 1 1 2 1 Pass mils • • - l.'O 3 U 1 |..' 1 1 A 1 Li . ■ • LlHlo;! 1 12 1-2 Hue .(IpC - - - CdCl 1 tl 4 ! .V.u.irnris. iiirj nntnic • c'» 1. 3 1 1.2 1 liccf or pork • hnishful 1 6 :i 1 Ag, • - -In i n 10 (1 S pCJClctiC'll s 11 4 (t 4 A ...v r"i' in I pow-.IcT - c>^■^ « ,1 n 1 1-2 1 tit Tce 4 1 2 (1 1 h.'i Allc.-j— I'lrliu . imc' 1 i; II , 6 l,atu-l 3 1 1..'. n 1 1 lifjfl aci! poI . ~- \ i n 1 1 S 1-2 barrel and smaller pai k.i.- t (.2 n n:;..i, o ci-:i *.lilifs— 1)1 '. k, ') 'i wpL'il .(i vvoml — I 8 ' 4 tlTt, fiirucf' 32 K'li«"i n J I.J' (1 1 I-.'' |;i.:HlC.N< - - — 2 1 S n.. ,' w.iv, or hell ir.dal - ci\'. 2 1 " 1 , coj'tici'ici Irish - — — (i 1 — (icilows, siticclu' - - tuch • • 3 1) 1 1 DOCKS (MVKRPOOL). r.()3 vnmolii in the iold ir iitiy cillur mm. •I, iiiliirr nil liimnliii'mitli w*- iniliiiHlllilp C'""!" o" "' ^"'"' ""y iiinki' i>r liii'ii I'llpurni, hlmll inr 1 litini or Kii.Mki' liili!i<(ii lliL- 1(1111) ». 'till" I'T iiku, li;i»iiis, or cnlriiiicpo, with Ivy »lri'^"* ol ufillii-r. ''Iiill mi- lur on hoard, iiiilil ili'ii' d' iIh: n wh'HimofVi'r, wlio hIihII iiiTiiut iiHl IT '|"''!i -I'l'ii'lif' ' ' ""5 '":'" urn iif any iron or oilur sli. il i,i ,ir c'Vi'rv oir'iio' li'rifii Id.-. Iii> ilu(k'?<, liiisinn. &'■■. >*l'" 't'll' |« hiirsi'il. or rarriid out ol' I n- •llier Piil'i'iiiiiiril I'roni falling uili^ \r Hiild dorkH or liio'ln*, or 111.- l.lllHidfH ofHlllll Vfl-Sl 1., WHlh.lll uli vcriscl, iiiid pliu'i'dor li.M il m. otks or buBiris diirini! Ilio win h; M- dockfi, itc. who dhiill not cnnn) , to 111! ihrowii III li'iisl •'' •'.'•■I Iriiin ,(\\\c siiid (inuy, nnil l«l*«" ""uy unnil ofrvory VPmifllyin!.Mvilhin ml till! vi'i'»'il I'Vi'ry li'lf, al li:;i»: iid.T thi- pi'iiiilly or UN. of llii' do(■k^: or liiiBli ». \c'., s!nil . ilii' vardH ii-|»aU. and Ihr .-iirl. llo'ia'p. irpr.iiliiuhli-, an.l, iillcr .,. ihi' anth.'fK Uol ill on llic Icrr. (,.11 oil' I'roin llic yar.M, Hmlsli...ll «d in, wuliiii'.il lioiiia, unitrr lliu ps-s"l. who i-Mall, tiy iiei'litfonro (ir ,[,,11 l|,e^-lrand of llif river, wilh- forl.'il ."'i. . , , ,. Ill,' top-Ballant niaata and yards shall forf.'il M. I, ,11 or pi'r.-ous who shall draw, or riilgeSi iliiy inii;hori, Imlks, ti ..iiiitf lit fiuti ih>il<. "hull cviry i,i,rth.M"-iially of .(i.^. liiiL' totlfi' port 111 l.iv.rpnnl. wiP r and Ilir ilali' of lln-ir ariivnl :ii t'li.-y aro iiiI'Midiil to he I'r. iiLlii, , ■l'r''iilliiiii Siri'. I. Aialali v.■^- riler only in whiih they sli;ill H- Duties that may In" ihnr'.-i-.l im l.iv.-niool ; l.'it IlK' (.•ll"ii"r It ,,niin full of S.'pl •uiliii', I".*, to U iiiiporlc-l (•oa^^l^vi^(Mll1ol.ly■r- .mallcliariif on ac lounl "1 iluiK ■,. pi those marked lh»3 (♦) wliifb nil Iriu'it rJi Oui- ' Fn. I'msi- i^arli. r,. n„. WM. . 1 1 — ^— 1 i .«. ■/. t (1. 1 !■ ll- 1 Inn 2 10 1 I! ' . ,,i,,,' 1-2 1-4 HI-: I n\hfr siuiinj iKii 2 1 1 i icrix. Jeniii', r.ii,im c»M. 6 3 2! "'•""""-J« To 11 :,„:;:. !:3i.2"nl:^:^ow 1 .HI or, 21! I-' . 'ijo IP a 11 1 1-!- 1 . 1,.„ in r. 1 4 hn.j.hrul 1 ' li.rc-e (1 4 Of. ■• 11 4 1 " ■• , , 1 l-i. ft 1 . nailer pa. k..; 1 1- 1,1 . c>v. i ! n 0;'.. : :i 1 1 1 3 1,0 Ol-.- >' II 1 1-.' n 1 1 Ailirln. ncrriM, bijt, Juniixr, yellow Inn huckiiif • , lii'Oh'*'' pUUCMOO OT clkll llrro* birnfl •iiiillrr packxx nivlilxn cnnltlninf l.inl, kc, mch iii,Kksi'«'i • • r"" |1,| . . . 1,0(10 llii|l • • • 100 Rliilil'rr ■ • • 1"" l< ,. fnckH' H„i, . . • Mrh M.i>im ■ • , •, "'k niurr ilu>l •nd bonm ol cillli', >jiil hran • • • '"" Il„,k, . - pirlli«e niriinr lineal • • i«l. t\Uda ■ ■ ■ frJii' of Krrrit nr rnnininii i[Un\ n<>l liim tluii |iinli itrt)*^ Umllrr tlnljM ■ • l"il li nf wiKi.l • • (Inreii ii .in (nr cilll* • • — Ora» • • • <•»»' n|.l • • • Inn nre.vl ■ • , • <•"'! Iiai( nr %v k Brick", lie-irPM, Jnl lilM - 1,^00 llri-iirt • • • <•"' Hnioii, ami bruih liainUrs bun I l,(W Rroouii - • • ill"''" loaa(48buiiilli'«) Rrnwn powdrr • • Inn Hruili IimJi and alocka • In ■ (M) Bniiliei Pnrkc'lf of wood |l.i«l- R.iUlnn |liillrii«llfii fliirr (Inlifl • nuller • bundle or iHtx nsk • d. Inn parknc load (63 biin.ll. 10(1 rank nr firkin 1-2 llrkiii or kejc Inn liovarili. In. rriKn, >. (i. t I I li a 1 :i 8 Ciwl.t- \1 I I Int. w.inN. f. li. II N « 4 U S Arllclti. 1.2 I 1.2 I U 14 I 1-2, I ■ U 3 piecr each CiliUinrmrl.ice I'lk.* limred nr ny<- ( il.iiiiin.*, calainiiiarifl lapii I'uiilifiC ■,.ii|iIior, rniirlla -.Ibi I'wJIm, and Ciudli wick • — park Iff f fine rw Is - • • 1,20(1 Ciiilliariai-a, caoulchuc, and capurs, cwl. rirpflt Sr« H'."//r?n. lirrii^ci, rip", and c:irt» fnr iruns • • — li.indGirts • • — C»wiabuli • ■ • cwl. fiViila anil lienea ■ — Calllr, a Ml and inulei, bulh, cnwa, aaJ oxfii • ' " Mcli cilvea • • — hnrtM - • — lambs, sheep, and awino — fiviarB ■ • -Ion f-nient Chilk fliirwal ♦Chctae hamper bo< or other packa|;e, iipl described if loose, cwl ("haw boards - • dnjei (hesnuts • . • bushel rhin.1. See E(ir(toiioai-e. thirl slones • • .ton British or Irish • — rh-icohle and cocoa |«i- • ipiar i-r Mral, liai Ity inial or iwil inr tl. Inn 2 Mall, also whral • ipiariuri fl (laia . ■ ■ — Whral dour ■ ewi.l d. 6 4 3 Cotton s,',..| hue, clii'st, nr trniik Oalanpl, i^lliannni. Kails, ((anit,niie, cwt. Gentian rnot, Rranella (cochineal re. fuse) . ■ . cw-t. GijB .... each Ginirer, Glauber salts, or glue Inn preserved . . cwt Ginseng . . . Inn (ilaas . - - cwl, broken - . . — crnwii . . package flint Grapes Grease or f-reavea •Grflats ll.Ml- .. I»c. 7"ir~ 3 1 n i I I-: I i I 0,1-4 II 012 U i 1 1.: e u I 12 i 3 |. 1 « 3 1 a 3 1. Grindinz stones Inn . barrel ca»k j.aror jus tierce ach 2 I 1 3 2 I 4 n a 3 6 2 II N 4 I s 2 1.2 I 4 I i 1 n 2 1 II 12 6 I 12 I (11-: 2 3 I 12 3 1 4 2 I 6 1 1-2 I u w rls. I d. 2 I) It U I I n K I (I I 1-2 t«|. (I I ;l * I 2 2 U 12 3 1 2 0|.2 1 lU 14 0|.2 2 8 S U I 4 I I 1.2 G l-S Old I Gum. Aininnniac, aninii, Araliic, cashew, en|..it, elemi, guaiacu Senenal, and tragacanth ton Gunpowder . - ■ cwt, •barrel • 1.2 barrel •1.4 barrel and ke: ITaherdishery . package Hair, bull, cow, anil 01, goats' and hnrse ... cwt, 2 Hairpow.ler - . package 3 Haniinocks - . • do/en 2 Hams . - . ton 2 Hindconpf . . . 101 I Hardens . - package 1 loase . . piece Hardware . - -bundle: 2 ke?i n 2 all other packages fi ILarrowL also hats . . each, 6 Hay . ■ ■ . toal 6 1-2 I 6 6 8 I 12 2 3 I 6 4 I 1-2 I 01 3 K 4 2 I 1 0» 1-2 I 8 I 1 1» ■i* 1-2 4 1 1-2 4 12 3 1-4 I 1-2 1 1-2 3 I 1.2 6 1-2 11-2 1 1 I 8 3 01.2 1-2 I 3 2 3 604 0'^t» B,r«3ta »1' I t «i : DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). ArticICH. Hay rakes • • • dozeo Hfiiip, rounh • ■ Ion Hides, dry • • • cwl. wet pieces of, or glue pieces ton Honey • • cw(. Uo.'ps, mist, anJ truu • 120 set wood - • . 1,300 Hoofs of cattle • • too Hops - • • cwt. bag or pocket Horniuid horn tips • • l.iJOO hogshead tierce 'jtiivifH^s, alsn alii?s - idii Hurf^ies f crmlaiuing one dozen) nial J-i'kscrews . • - piir *Jani and juifs containing barley^ oatmeal, Krn.its, penn, or olhrr ar- ticles cf Britisli or Irish erowih, prnduce. or manufaclure, not other- wise raleii, - - - each Icelitu) inass,or lichen Island icus,cwt, IndiiO • . . — Ipecacuanha root • • — Iron, viz. » liolt, or rod - ton b- 'k'-.i ruid • • — ■ « :■■ .i>\ sheet • — and sheet Inwards. Fo- reran. f. d. Out- wards. Coast- wise. i. d *. d. 1-200 1-2 > 8 1 I 2 1 I 10 I t-2 .2 3-4 1 6 1 2 1 0* I 2 6 ore wire, or wrought box packatre ton •cisk cwl, Isinglass Juice, lemon, lime, and orange tun Junk . . - . ton vnry - - - cwt. Kelp .... toil Lir. i;um, stick, seed, and shell, cwt, Lace - - package Luiii hlick, laltoii black, k lard, t'»n Lilhs - - buii' LeaJ, and Ifad ore • - ton hliok, red, white, k powder — Leattier (tanned) • - cwt wrought - package Leechei Lemons - - rase or chest box or other package Liuie • - hogs!it-ad *keg •puncheon or cask ♦tierce Limes - - package Ltiiieslnnes ... ton Liueii cloth ■ • packai^e piece *raffi - • - crate Ilireid yarn - - cwl, *maiinfactitre(l packa^p Liquorice paste, also tithar;re ton Maccaroni - - - cwt. Mace - - - — ^Machines, birk rniPs, binn.icles, lirewimr. coifte fanners, and conk- ing apparatus • • each copyin" • - — cnni, alsn filtering — fire engines • — gins, liiisoe*! cribbles, niait mills, mansles, packine; presses, paper moulds, sawin?. sedans, an I shower balhs, each soap cutters - — straw O'liters, also tin — lurnin!; lailies • .— turning drdls • — all other packages of ma- chinery • — Machinery (loose) - • ton Madder - . . _ roots - - . -_ Mangaueiie, also marble • — Manure . - . — Mar! .e, sculptured, loose piece* — package Marm'>lade • • • cwt. Masiirh. k mother-of-pearl shell — Mitflicts • • package Miliboirds • - - 120 stones • • • each Mineral waters - packacre Mul lases • • - ton cask or puncheon Mum . • . (un Muriate of lime, potash, and sndi, ton I Musical inbtruments - pnckiije ! •Muskets • . case or chest 1 2 3* 2 4 1 6 n 2 1 1 4 2 6 ! fi 6 2 2 1 6 1 n •2 2 6 1 1 3 I 6 MustArd Natron, aI«o nixon sal Neils nf trunki Niitiiieini Nub . - cu-(. package ton - eacli • r\v», • builiell I 4 1-2 9 6 6 6 I 3 I 1-2 1.2 8 0l-2» 6 4 1 1 1-2 I 1-2 6 4 12 3 9 I I- 1 2 I 6 i 11-2 ! 6 1-2 6 1 1 1 I 12 I 6 01-2 Arlidet ton >. d. I 1-2 I 4 1 4 8 S 1-2 I 2 t>« 4 I 9 n 4 2 4 1 6 1-2 6 2 6 9 6 3 6 3 2 6 1 n I 3 8 1.2 S S I 3 2 1 I 3 3 3 I Oakum Oatmeal .hudcs, orduit Ochre, or oker • - — 2 Oil, cailor ■ - - cwt, I 3 cmi . - - tun I 9 dul'bin?, linseed, alsoolive —,2 4 ill fla^s • • chest' " 6 box or 1-2 chest 3 palm, se.-*!, train, or whale tun' 1 ti rape, also spermaceti • — i 2 4 of vitriol . .—30 *0il3 of nil kinds boileil or mauu- factured since their ironorl.ition Dutt or pipe puncheon or cask lioxshend barrel bottle, jar, ju^, or can Onions • • package, loose ■ • • bushel j I Opium, also orange peel • cwt. ' 3 Oraiigt^s - . ciM or f best | 3 box or other packai^e 2 2 1 3 12 3 3 8 2 4 Orohella weed - • ton Orrice root ... cwt. Parkins boanis . • do7en f'.iint anJ paintere* colours and nia. tcriats . - - Ion case, chest, or hogshead tierce cask or puncbeoti barrel box or bundle kee jar or jiw I'aper . bale, casi-, chest 1-2 bale, bundle, box re.im Paving stnnes - - ton Pear! and shelled bar'cy. pepper. white or black, pewter,or pimento ton Pears, pistachio nuts . bushel I'ickles . . . gallon *box, case, or chi^il *barrel "lES. j"> or jn? Pink root • - . c»t Pitch - last of 12 barrels Piaster of Paris - - ton Plate aud plated ware package PIf)nghs . - 10f)ae, each Potatoes - • . Ion exported in packages barrel hamper I 1.2 1 l.> I 12 t 6 I 1.2 ni-4 6 12 6 6 1 1 6 10 01.2 4» 9 5 2» 8 S 4 Preserved ginger Pnserves Printers' liquor Prints or pictures Prnnelloei Prunes Pittnioe stone ()iiern stnncs . (Quicksilver • Quills Rags Hiisins, also rock moss Rluibarb Rice ... Riddles Kosin cwt. lOOgallon.s ca.se or Imx - cwt. ton . each packaee . 1.200 package ton 2 2 I 01-2 3 1 ti I 1 o' 6 3 4 7 « 2 >. d. 6 2 1 I I 10 1 2 3 1 1-2 9 1 2 1 6 Out- wards. d. 4 R 1 (I 7 •1 2 I (> ti 9 1 A (> 4 2 2 1-2 12 4 2 1-1 1 . cwt toir bundle Ion barrel Rushes . loid (63 btmilles) Safil uver, sal ammoniac, or gent, ton Satfron - • package Sa.-o, sanguis draronis, salup. also s,anders wood, white and yelloiv, cwl Sailcloth • ■ package S.iils .... each Saltpetre - • -ton firkin Salt, rock . . -ton white . . . — SnnI for ironfounders and glass- blowers . . . ton silversmiths . casks .Sarsaparilla, also sausages . cwt. Sassafr,is . . .ton Sra'i.niony ... cwt. Scythe stones ■ - dr.7en Scythes . . bundle Seeds, vi7. aniseeds, carasray, clover, or trefoil . . . cwt. Ci'iary ■ . ton coriander and garden cwt. flax or linseed, hemp and rajre . quarter furre . . 100 bushels ntustarrl . • ton rye grass ■ 100 bushels Senna . . -ton Shaddocks . - pack.ag'- Shakes . hhd. puncheon, nr tierce Irarrel, t-3 barrel, or 1-4 c-isk Slinthiug • • .tor) 1 2 3 1 6 1 1 1-2 014 I 1-2 9 II 6 6 4 3 I |.: 2 3 1.2 3 1 1 6 4 1.2 3 1-2 6 4 2 I I Li Ol.ill 1 « 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 3 4 11.2 2 0I-: 1-2 3 1 6 1 6 1 2 G tl 1-2 6 1 112 9 9 O" fi' 1 3 1 12 6 3 9 n 1 6 n 1 » on tt I 8 0|. 3 1.3 (i|.. I 6 n 4 3 i« 3 U 1' 0|.J> I 3|.J 3 U I 8 4 3 2 3* H n 8 I 6 01-2 6 I |.2» 4 8 2 I 1-2 1 I 1-2 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1-2 1 1 6 4 1..1 01-2 OOl.i'l u I 8 I 11-2 I I I I I 1 1-2 I 01-2 6 s 8 1 1» 001-2»| DOCKS (LIVERPOOL) 605 Iiiwinls. ton Fo- reign, Coast- w ise. _ 2 . . cwtJ 3 . tun » ? olive — i 2 - chrtt: " ir 1-2 chest n-hale tun' » '. — 1 3 I or mauu- lortition 3iitt or vipc eon or cMk hogstientl barrel jUf?.or«n packi^ei " f . cwtJ a ISM or chest [ jj 3 her package 2 ton I •* ^ cwt. . dozen ir« and nia- |0)1 or hogshead tierce or puncheon barrel ox or bundle kcff jar or jnff p, caw, chmt , bundle, box ream ton ley. pepper, TjCHT pimento ton . bushel . gallon case, or chi^st ^barrel ?5, jar, or jii? cwt. lof 12 barrels ton package loose, each ton kages barrel hamper . cwt. I " — 100 pillons case or Iwx . cwt. Ion - each pacbaee : 1.200 pacUasf^ ton li. f. d. n 8 2 1 3 1 1-2 9 10 4 1 2 e 3 3 1 1-2 f. 9 4 1 2 1 6 - . , Out- wards. 6 1 1-2 I •» OU » 01-2 2 112 9 9 6 3 16 9 I I! i-2 3« I OU 3 4 10 8 1 1-2 ' roM-4'S i;o..2O0,.2 00..2.1 ^' . tori I 1 C I • Articles. Inwards. Fo- Coa^i- reign. wiie. I I. d. -bundle; . ton I 6 - dozi-n I • cwt. I I 6 packai^t: • cw t. Shovela or spadei Sieves biilK, raw or thrown - wasti! I manufacture 1 • Skins, k'l'^'lca'*")*^^' 1 wet badi^cr, Itear, beaver, deer, elk, ei'ii.ine, tj^thcr, fjif, iL-(>|)nrJ, lloii, iiurteii, oiler, I'tiitihcr, seal, \fur), lijtT • score cat, ctih. chilli, (nine, niiiik, laco'tii, MMi (hair) • 120 goat, liU'h, kid, ia>i.b, nuta- quasli, nutria, shutp, swan, ; IJO conev, hire, ninlft - — I Skates, albo slatu pcticiU package Shte and slate slabi • - Ion i\iiei • punclieon or cask 6 € writing Slime • Siiiiri sticks jSiiud" • Soap ■ Smier, or noMer, or spelter Sp.Tiiiactli • Splnuel iSpiriti "Jpirifsof lalts S[i(ni;:e ^i.n■s 1-jiriice beer |,,,,:ill. - - >,fcn !*:»f;dir»n?ry • Sue!, also sulphur vivuin X'.v sud siMW plait -i.ro (in of all kinds Ion Tiiiiiprs' nasle Tipts. Bnlisli Tar . water Tirrai packa^f last (12 bun Is) - birrt'l • bushel pickage liiread, linen, twist, cotton, or ya cwt. T^^^nnl . - • has Tm [)I.ite» - • • b'>x Toiaccn^s'alks.also turmeric cwt, r..liicco pipes To.iaiies I'ltrioiM; shell Tnvv - Tu\s - Tr^iiiails rmcki TniiHea riinii)>8 Turpentine • Twiue T,|.« V,i]e:ian Vilnnii, also varnish VmelloM Venice lur|)eiitine Verti^rii Veriiiict'lli, also vermilion ViiiKgar auJ vcjjuice Vitriol, ivliile nil nf Whaldioiip tins Whcelli.irrows U'heistiiin'H • Wlii|>.<'iiks . Wbitiiij5 Wiue bottled Lm>x packai;e cwt ton packa^t' . 1,200 - each • cwt. ton civt. ■ 1k.« Crtt. ton - cw ton CWI. ton Pi|"' ci!.k hofslical 1-2 ho^'shf.id tun cw t. - earh - ca.k bun lie t'n tun - barrel bor cast! C:Hk hoyslu'a I punclti'on tierce 2 3 2 4 6 2 2 1-2 6 4 3 o' 1 I I 9 1-2 9 4 1-2 6 I 1-2 03^ 3 3 1 1-2 01-2 a 3 2 I 9 I I- 1 1 1-2 5 I 3 1-2 3 1 1-2 2 9 3 1-2 6 3 1 1 1-4 3 2 1 I- o'l-2 1-2 3 6 3 3 t 6 3 2 1 I 1 2 4 9 I 2 I 9 6 Out- wards. d. Ol-Z 6 01 6 3 3 I 01 1-4* 2 2 I 1-2 2 2 4* 3* i 6 8 8 l-2» 8 1 I 6 4 2 1 2 2 I s 3 6 2 1-2 4 8 3 I 1-2 4 Article*. 1 8 n I 1 2 1 012 UI.2 2 fll-2 2 4 3 2 2 4 3'^ 6 ) I 3 1 2 B 01 6 1 2 2 1 2 9 (i* 4» 2» 1» 8 10 I 2 4 1-2 4 9 1 12 2 2 4 Fo- rtinn, Inwards. Out- C'u.ist* wardl. I 1 6 S 1 Wood, viz. anchor stocks • each aie hanilles - - 120 battens, viz. 6 Ft. to 21 ft. Ion; 12U above 21 ft, long — batten ends • • — be, ch poles ■ • load boards, viz hcech,birch,piue, and [)opUr • Uo clap - • — oak, above 15 ft. — under do. — wainscot, aliove do. — under do. ~~ coal pit props • load crate and crop wood • — deals, viz. under 21 ft. 120 exceeding do. • — deal ends - • — fir qn triers or balks, viz. under 8 in. stiuare — 8 inches and abote loid ftre wood - fathom lalli wood masts, viz. 6 in. and under 8 in. . Kirh 8in. and under 12 in, — oak knees, viz. under 8 in. square - • 12,' 8 in. square & upwards, load oar rafters and oars • 120 old wood • • load planks, viz. beech, birch, oak, and poplar load pine ■ ■ 120 spars, viz, under 22 ft. lon{ — 22 ft. lon:.^up.varils — apnce knees, viz. under 8 in 120 Sin. and upwards, load staves, above 1 1-2 in. thick, not exceeiling 36 in. Ion?, 120 exceeding 36 in. and under tiO • ■ 120 exceeding 60 in. loniy — notab-ne 1 1 2 in. thick, not exceeilin2,'16in. lon^ 120 exceeding 36 in. and under 60 . . 120i u exeeelini;60in. lonf; — timl)er, viz. tir - loadj teak or oak ~ I ' pine, tall other limber— uf.rs, V z.under24ft.loni{ 120 2 24 ft. long or upwards — 3 wainscot logs - ■ load I wedges - • I, 00 1 British or Irish — wheel spokes and fellies — British or Irish — barwood or boxwood ton Brazil and Braziletto, or cam- wooil • - Ion pipe boards. See ^tavn, masts, 12 in. and upwards. .See Fir Tiinlxr. cedar wood, eliony. fustic^ Guinea wood, lignum vi'a?, lowwood, lnaho.;ai]y, or red Sanders • ton Nicaragua wood, sapan, or rosewood - . ton Woollens • - package Vims . . . paokaue Vam, bay - ■ - cwt cotton or twist • - — gro^ram, also worsted — linen - . — Yeast - - package 1 ZatTre (a speciei of cobalt) • cwt. 3 6 9 1 6 2 1 6 2 I 3 2 4 2 4 4 J. d '■ d. I 12' 1 1 1.2 1 6 9 212 6 6 a U 6 6 3 6 6 1 4 12 2 3 I 1-2 3 1 3 6 6 3 7 1-2 1 6 1 4 4 1-! 2 4 8 4 1 8 8 3 2 I 2 10 4 4 2 5 8 4 8 10 8 4 1-2' 3 1 l-2i I 3 ! n 2 4 1-203 012 1-2 I I 11-2 1 4 12 3 6 I t 4 1-2 3 8 I I 6 n 9 o" 9 1 9 1 1 1-2 1 2 1 2 6 2 1 6 6 3 6 3 6 8 6 S I I n 2 2 Artidnnot ratedj but to pay tufolloios. Inwards, viz. Carpets as woollens; china as earthenware; ci,ler, boltIe,t..as ile ; cordials as spirits, dainnionas rnsiii ; enln, ftiteiirn, as bullion; hosiery as hatxTiIashery, iron licpior as prin'ers' liquor, iron in packages as har.lware, millinery as Inherdas' e, y, sala 1 oil as olive in llask=, pomegranates as orati^es ; siddlen-, wrought leather sloiis, see HaUrdtvthcry ; straw boinurts and weiring apparel as hatierdaslit-ry. Ontwarls. viz. Bacon, lianis. lard, and tripe, as beef an'l pork ; iron, in packages, as liar l\v ire; linen as cotton, nncliinery as wroiijiht ir(ut, paper as stationery, pewter an i tin as erqqier, pre- serves as pickles ; soda vvaler as pickles, tapes or linen, and twine, threail, twist, ,8 cottons. j Painters' colours, in packages, outwards, inclu-les ashes, brown pow- der, ce pent, clia'k. eliareoat, ehrninale "f le.id, or in-n, copperas, cielbear, earths, bine, irrease orereave«, lamp black, lead, litharge, matiganese, ochre, starch, and whiting. 3x2 606 DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). "SSiiw ■IM'« ..^^ IT'"'' "waF I'.tlMtjP ■ ( ■^ t * : ! -j^ ,'. 5 LivETtPooL Town Dues.*— Beshlos the dock rates, town dues are levied on proods fnwardfi and out- wards, at a certain rate per packairu. The annual amount of these duties, since 1812, in shown in a previous Table, and we now subjoin an account of the rate at which they are charged. Articles. Alabaitpr, Mie ton - • - A»he9 of fem, the 100 bushels • Ricoii, the (on . - - . Uricks, the 1,000 liutter. the tnii .... Calamine, the ton ... Oaridlea, ihe box Chees", ihe Ion Clay fur pntttre, the ton C(»|ipLT, ihe ton Cotton, tl,t; ta< • Conlii, the chaldroD (Winchester mea- suie) ..... the ton • Cow shii.ka, Il.e 1,000 • horns, Ihe 100 - - - Cork wnoJ, tlie ton • Corn, of all sorts, the 100 bushcU Ciirniits, Ihe hutt . - - Dt-ils, Iht! 120 - Deer bkins, loose, the 100 dressuil, the hogshead DypMig wood, of every kind) the too • Kartheiiware, the crate the 1-2 crate loose, the load (60 pieces) Ebony, the ton ... Elephants* teeth, the ton Feathers, the bed or hajj Fi.sh, salted, or stockfish, the too Giniier, the h^e; ... Glavi hollies, the 100 dozen Groceries, coistwise, the hogshead the tirkin Oum Senegal, the ton - Gunpowdci", Ihe barrel He-i.[ior flax, the ton - . . Herriiins, the t»arrel . . - Hides of cows and oxen, each iiiiporte.l from the East Indies, the dozen • of hnrsM, each - Hops, the picket Iron, ill Irnrs, the ton • in pi^H, or cajt, the ton - ore, the ton Kelp, the ton - - . . I.eml, lead ore, or copptr ore, the ton Lithwood, Ilie faihnni ... Linen, of all sirls, the pack a box or hinidle Lemons or oranges, Ihe cheat - the box • Lt7num vita*, the ton • Mali'ipiny, the ton Masts, a'v'ive )2 inrhes diameter 5 iiirhcs and under 12 inches diameter 6 inches and under 8 inches dimieler Mi\al of oafs, \'c. the ton M dis'^es. Ihe hogshead Inwardi. Outwards. ». d. f. rf. 2 2 1 4 8 1 6 1 1 6 3 3 1 12 6 6 3 .1 6 3 2 1 2 3-4 2 34 2 2 2 1 1 1.2 1 6 1 4 8 8 4 1 6 3 I 1-2 4 2 6 3 2 . 1 . 4 6 3 1 6 3 3 1 6 1 1-2 1 6 2 2 1.2 1.2 1 6 1 12 1 6 1 1 1 012 1 1.2 01-4 1-4 2 2 1 6 6 3 3 3 6 3 6 6 2 1 4 2 2 I 2 1 1 1-2 6 3 6 G 3 3 2 2 1 1 6 6 2 2 Article!. Inwards. Oulwanli. >. d. «. d. Null, the birwl 2 1 Ihe bag .... 1 1 Oak bark, !ho ton • ■ 6 8 tinibiT, Ihe ton - 6 6 plaiiks, Ihe 120 - 1 6 Oil, viz. fish or train, the ton • 8 8 Paper, Ihe |wck 2 2 Perry or ciJer, Ihe hof^head . 2 2 Potatoes, the 100 bushels 1 1 Pols of iron, Ihe Ion - 6 3 Riisius, Ihe 100 baskets 1 6 Salt, while, Ihe 100 bushel! ■ 2 caislwise • . 1 rock, tlie 100 bushels . 1 4 coastwise, do. " 8 See The ahnvp diilii'anrn iinf due on gnndu, tltp properly of, and to bo sold solely on account of, p»r- goiis frt-f! of Liverpool. Dristol. London, Wiiterford, or Wexford; nor on the exporUition of piods. wtiicli may liiive been imported, or brought coastwise, provided they are, at the time of e.xporlatlon, the same property aa when so imported, or brought coastwise. Tlic Tjiverpool Docks are all constructed upon the estate of the corporation, and are ma- natjeii by commissioners appointed by fmriiamtMit. The warehouses belong to individuals, and are private property. None of thorn belong to the Dock estate. Most of tliein are, of course, situated in the immediate vicinity of the docks. The discharging and lo.iding of vp.sscls ill Liverpool is cft'ected by a class of men called lumpp.rs. Individuals who follow this business engage to discharge a ship fi)r a specific, or lump sum, from 2 guineas, perhap.s, up to 20, according to the size and description of cargo, having the requisite number of com- mon labourers (chiefly Irishmen) to do the work ; the lumper being master an, I superin- tsndent : these l.ibourers a.c generally paid day wages, but sometimes the job is a joint con- cern among the whole. A West India ship of 500 tons would be discharged by lumpers for from 15/. to 20/.; a cotton ship of the same burden for M. to 6/. By discharging is merely meant jiutting out the cargo on the quay ; the proprietors of the goods employ their own porters to welsh, load, and warehouse tb' property : they likewise employ their own coopers, where cooper- age is required. It will he seen that the system of managing business of this sort in Liverpool is entirely diflereiit from the plan followed in London, at least in the East India Docks, where all these operations are performed by the Dock ('ompany. The expense of loading a West Inilia ship of 500 tons orifwards would not be half as much as that of discharging inwards, because they very seldom take a full cargo outwards. DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). 607 icd on poodd inwardH and ou:- ilifs, nim-e 1»'12. >» shown in a icy are clmrgeil. Inwards. Oulnank !. d. 1. d. 2 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 1 6 on ■ % 8 2 2 ad - 2 2 1 1 6 3 1 C It ■ ■ 2 • 1 . 1 4 - 8 1 01-2 2 2 1 01-2 8 4 6 3 the puncheon 2 2 laudspikn, the 6 3 2 2 4 2 » 11.2 2 1 1 1 2 1 (1 6 3 4 2 1 2 1 1 6 1 6 6 3 _ 1 C _ 1 1 1-2 01-2 4 4 6 3 4 2 ifatt ■ 3 4 ck • 4 ^ described, the , V.Z. 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 01-2 1 1 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 01.2 4 2 R 3 3 112 2 2 2 1 1 01.2 ' anld solely on ncrniint of, p»r- ; on the exporlati'in of gnoils. iire, at the lime of e.xporlallon, Ihe cv)iT>oration, ami are ma- louses belong to individuals, state. Most of them arc, of discharRirii? and loading of ■ra. Individuals who follow uin, from 3 guineas, perhaps, the requisite number of corn- er being master and suiicrin- letimes the job is a joint con- ipers for from 15/. to 20/. ; a s merely meant puttinR out their own porters to wciKh, own coopers, where cooper- sort in liiverpool is entirety India Docks, where all these mrds would not be half as take a full cargo outwards. The average does not, perhaps, exceed a third. Hence the total expense of a West India ship of 500 tons, coming into and going out of the port of Liverpool, may be eslimuted as follows : — z. ». d. 8 11 10 6 17 10 5 10 U Pilotnec outwards Uoat hire UHsisting out L. s. d. - 3 8 - 10 6 i. 37 Pilotape inwards Boat hire, warping, &c. Luinperx' discharging - Lnliourers' hire for loading Besides these, there is the charge for the various light-houses in St. George's Channel which cannot be called an expense peculiar to Liverpool. On the 1st of January, 1836, there belonged to Liverpool 966 registered vessels, of the burden of 207,8.33 tons, manned by 11,511 men and boys. The gross customs duly col- lected in the port during the year 1837 amounted to the enormous sum of 4,351,496/.! Imports of the princip.il Articles of Knst and West Indian, American, &.c. Troduce into Liverpool, during each of tlie FUc Years ending witli 1838, with the Stoclis on Hand on tlie Slst of J)oceiiilnT eacli Vear.— (From the Circular Statement vf Messrs. Jce, Brothers, and Co., 31st Uecev.iber, 1838.) 1 1 Fackanes and Imports. Stocks on Hand, 31st if December. Articles. Quantities. IS34. 1835. 1830. 1837. 1838. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. ' 1838. Aibe', American ■ barrels. 6,580 13,900 17,500 14,800 1.5,700 5 pot. 2,150 Iprl. 2,100 3,500 1,000 6,700 2,400 4,300 7,300 2,500 2,500 Brinit!one - Ions 9,780 11,900 14,800 14,5flO 16,900 21500 2,900 7,500 7,410 11,000 Cocna brls. and bags 3,0!!0 1,550 6,500 5,500 2,3«) l,93u 620 5,000 6,200 1,300 Coirec, West India • casks KOIO 7,i00 7,600 6,i00 8,100 ) ditto ■ brls. and bses .■i.lTO 5,900 5,000 6,000 6,800 }■ tons 800 1,990 1,300 950 1,630 Kaat India, &c. du. 9,9J0 8,800 6,900 15,700 s,420 ) Cotton bajn, &c. 839.28.5 9«8,279 1,022,871 1,034,000 l,330,.Ull 143,300 1M,700 204,590 170,820 248,340 Uyertoo.l, fustic - tons 11,770 8,500 3,700 3,100 3,150 4.200 4,41.0 3.200 1,7'X) 250 lo.{wood • do. 10,4'JO 8,900 6,900 9,000 8,860 3,800 3,i0(1 2,300 1,500 330 Nicaragua wood do. 3,460 4,5.W 3,700 1,730 900 l,8-0 3, 00 4,800 4,9(0 4,(.a) Camwodd do. 5i.'G 4;iO 3-:0 550 2:50 2i10 100 100, 200 30 b.irwo(Hl do. l.-iUO 2,200 1,000 1,200 640 1,100 750 930 1,700 1,0(10 Flour, American - birrels 21,020 3,800 2,>-00 410 16,20il <63,50O 100,000 69,1 00 52,(l( 20,0011 Ginger, West India brls. and bags 2,u:o 2,330 2,000 2,450 2,000 bags 2,3D0 4,600 S 600 1,300 2,700 } 7,000 toi,s300 tons 450 Eist India, Ac. iwckets 10,020 l.-.,100 28,000 22,101 28,000 Hides, foreign, cow 1 and 'O 54,(00 33,400 68, 51) 8,4^0 10,(K,0 6,5(KI 5,300 12,000 Sufir, British plant. hhds. and tea, 31,380 35,0)0 56,r)00 47,80(1 47,OilO 9,53lj I2,tfl0 I7,OCO 7,800i 14,000 Ihvaiinah • boxes — 680 none 840 620 1 , VX ni'Ue • • 550 none Bnzil cases 2,180 3,900 5,500 2,300 3.'-20 550 3)0 1.9(0 l,('(-0' 1,300 M.luril. k G. I. bags and bxs. 13.1,6-)0 113.100 102,3fO 143,000 I55,7(XI 21,800' 22.0.K) 41,(00 47.000 32.500 Manilla, &c. bags and brls. 12,970 16,000 M.lftl 42.000 26,200 13,500 3,060. 12,rOO 19,,503, 13,500 Tar, Aniencan barrels 19,180 16,200 I9,0l'0 U.IWI 12,(00 500 non.. 1 l.iCiO 301 2,500 Stockholm, &c. do. 41,700 41200 17, -on 19,80(1 44.570 10,(,(». 13,ro0 6,10 4,(00 lt,,)(K) Tallow - - 1 casks 21,i30 2.j,6lO 21,90(1 18,((;0 24,1.00 5,500 8,51.0, 3, lOO 2,0(,0, 3,000 serous ;-;20 I.Ol.O ICO 1,300 400 Tobicco - hogsheads ^Kfl 9.200 9,: 93 6.100 8,100 8,30'' 8,800 ' I0.2t3 IJ,050l 5,280 Turi;en'ine barrels 87,970 58,200 lOt.OOi 101,300 122.000 13,000 4,500 25,000 2l.)<10: 50,(l(j0 Arrival.1 at Liverpool.— \ccoi\r\t of the Nuinlier of Vessela, and their Tonnufp, lh,Tt have entered the Port of Liverpool from Fureian Ports, di.stini!iiishin(! British from Foreign, since IviO. Yean. British, Foreign. Years. B Shim. I'ish. Forei,-jn. .SViipi. r.'iij. Sliipt, Trail. Ti-m. .S/iif)>. T.n .>. ]m 1,116 22S.Vi33 b33 lCti,821 1827 1,122 300,31)9 810 231,863 1*121 1.18S 242,322 .5^2 14!), 1.51 1^28 l,(i.'i2 311,011 (iC'O 179..')14 1822 i,2(i;t 2()I,I37 (ill!) 17l,tm7 182il 1,487 ,320,311 811 210,713 1S23 1,I5<) 2(Mi.7IO 7!)S I'.til.Mifi 18.10 1,(1.'),-) ;!(>^.2liS 1.0.-1,5 272.403 ISIl 1 ,.'>.54 327,l(»8 7()i 17 ^.WS 1H31 I,s(i2 4i;),(l2S 9; 8 20,5,037 1S25 1,531 3I.'>,11.5 H(i3 222,187 1832 1,719 397,9.33 628 2i7,087 1826 1,387 29!l,037 080 181,907 The I'lilliiid off in 1832 is nscrilcilile ptirlly to the cholera then prevailing ; tint nmro to tlie niiiturc with llie Diitcli towards tlie end of the year. Iri.sh Trade. — The trade between Tjiverpool and Ireland has always been of considera- ble value and importance ; but since the establi.shment of recjular steam-packets to Dublin, Belfast, &c., it has increased prodi^iollsIy, The imports from Ireland into Liverpool may, at present, be estimated at about 4,. '500,000/. a year. 'J'ht^y eoiisi-t principally of articles of provision, which meet n ready and advaiilagetms market ill Manchester, and the surround- ing manufacturing towns. The benefits resultiiiE; to Ireland from this intercourse are quite et^ual to those it confers on England ; and the iiitluence of the wealth arising from it is suf- 608 DOCKS (BRISTOL). B,;;.lj..-«, •MtV.IM r •t,«>'Hi ■r ■I ll a i •' ' » ficiently apparent in the improved a.spect of all tho oaatern pnrt.s of tlie country. We sub- join an account, which, though not oiriuial, may be depended upon as being suinciently ac- curate fur all practical purposes, of The Quantity and Value of the varioua Articles of Irish raw Produce imported into Liverpool in 1831. Arlicin, Quantities. Av. Price. Amount. Art idea. Quautiliei. Av.Frice. Amount. £ s. £ s. £ ». £ s. Cows - 90,715 10 907, 1. W Butter - 2.58,087 firks. 2 10 fil,%217 10 Hiirses - 296 20 5,920 Do. 19,217 i firks. 1 5 21,0-21 5 Sliei^p - 134,702 1 5 235,833 10 Fugs - 2,ri96 crates 20 ,50,120 Mules - 213 15 .3,615 Wiieat - 277,060 qrs. 3 831,183 I'iirs - 156,001 3 15 685,003 15 Oats - 3SO,()70 — 1 12 632,9J0 12 Calves - l.l'JO 2 10 2,990 Barley - 2I,.328 — 1 15 37,324 Lambs - 23,725 1 25,725 Rye 013 — 1 10 919 10 Uiicon - 13,099 Imlcs 5 65,491 Uuiins - 8,4.52 — 2 16,901 Pork - 14,5.^nirls. 3 43,662 Peas - 1,724 — 2 4 3,418 Do. 936 i- brls. 1 15 1,638 Malt - 6,850 — 2 10 17.125 Jtainsand Mnal - 149,816 loads 1 5 187,270 6 tongues 500 hhds. 20 11,800 Flour - 23,154 sacks 2 5 209,596 10 Beef - 6,301 tcs. 4 5 27,171 15 Do. L189brl3. 3 3,567 4 Thus making the gross value "^ of Irish produce imported in- > to Liverpool in 1831 - J Lurd - 405 tcs. 8 3,720 4,497,708 Do. 4,542 tirks. 1 10 6,813 Uutter - 5,7.04 cools 2 11,508 Account of the Quantities of Salted Beef, Pork, and Butter, imported Into Liverpool from Ireland during the Twelve Years ending with 1832. Year. Beef. Porlj. Butter. Ticrat. Barrel). BnrrtU. Halj Barrel). Firkint. Half Firhi,!,. 1821 6,283 2,444 23,263 3,096 232,0-18 13,.583 1822 5,387 2,713 13,222 1,423 166,365 14,629 1823 9,936 2,137 17,408 l,4i»8 270,!)2l 19,265 1 1821 7,114 1,743 16,389 1,6;)0 296,564 15,6^4 1 18-25 7,371 1,696 14,434 1,606 327,143 13.711 1826 5,358 773 11,351 844 2;i6,647 12,2,'i7 1827 6,201 997 1.5,510 2,427 302,915 20,219 1828 6.8.52 1,538 9,978 1,169 336,603 21.1112 1 1829 5,170 1,.536 14,453 1,491 286.710 1.5.PIH 1 )8,30 7,105 82S 19,3>0 2,158 250,385 17.1170 1 1831 6,,391 1,189 14,554 936 258,087 19.-2I7 j 1832 6,887 1,173 11,919 1,297 292,292 l5,Nf6 1 III. Bristol Docks, Shippino, etc. The Bristol Docks were formed in pursuance of the act 43 Geo. 3. c. 142., by changing the court-c of the rivers Avon and Frome, and placing gates or locks at each extretiiity of the old channel. The accommodation thus obtained is very extensive. The warehouses at Bristol, as at Liveipool, are not in any way connected with the docks: they all belong to private individuals. Bristol, as a port, used to be inferior only to London ; but now she ranks far below Liverpool, and probably is second to Hull. However, she still enjoys a very extensive trade, particularly with the West Indies and Ireland. The custom duties collectetl in Bristol amounted in 1831, to 1,161,976/. In 1832, there belonged to the port 296 registered ves- sels, of the burden of 46,567 tons. The produce of the dock duties on tonnage and goods, since 1820, has been as fol- lows :— Years. 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 Tonnage Rates. Rates on Goods. Ye.irs. Toiina![e R.ites. | U-ilcs on G-xxis. £. s. d. 10,489 19 6 10.530 11 2 10,747 19 2 12,395 6 4 13.-424 4 10 £ s. d. 7,237 7 6 8,062 5 3 7,746 7 7 7,990 7 2 9,409 11 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 £ K. d. 14,863 10 13,934 1 8 15,292 2 15,833 4 S 15,998 12 8 £ .<. ,1. 9.138 14 3 7,773 12 8,3'.«i Hi 2 8,871 13 8.087 1 fl The charges on ships entering Bristol are very heavy. They are as follow : — For every vessel on entering Into the port of Bristol, except Imrges or other vessels passing nr en'in^ to or from the Batli River Navigation, or Keiinet ami Avon ('anal, or re-shipping or diseliargitig their cargoes to be again laden, iind pass or go up the said navigation or canal, hut not disiliarfiii^' any part of thi ir cargoes at the riuays of Bristol for sale, the several rates or duties, according to the register tonnage of such vessels following, viz. — Per Ton. £ s. I First Class.— For every vessel trading from Africa, Honduras, Surinam, and other ports in .South America, the "rnited Sttites of America, the Kast and West Indies, all the ports within the Straits of (Gibraltar, and the Southern Whale Fishery - . - - Seninil CVd.-.".— For every vessel trading from the British Colonies, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain without the Straits, and l^weden ...... 3 3 DOCKS (HULL). 609 the country. We sub- 1 as being suiriciently ac- ortod into Liverpool in 1931. Av.Price. Amount. — £ c £ s. kK. 2 10 61.1,217 10 irks 1 5 2t,021 5 ites 20 50,120 s 3 831,183 1 12 632,9i0 12 1 15 37,324 1 10 919 10 2 16,«.)01 2 4 3,448 2 10 17.125 nd9 1 5 187,270 6 icks 1 2 5 209,596 10 •ross valued iipurted in- V 4,497,708 31 into i. fir J Liverpo ol from Irelan i Bull er. him. \ Half Firkint. 232,0-18 13,585 106.365 14,629 270,.52l 19,265 1 296,564 15,0-*4 i 327,143 13.711 i 2:16,647 12,2,07 1 302,915 20,219 336,603 21.102 1 286.710 1.5.!-(H ■■. 250,385 17.li70 1 2.')8,087 19,217 1 292,292 15.XC6 1 'C. Geo. 3. c. 142., by changing Dr locks at each extri'inily of ctensive. The warehouses at 10 docks : they all belong to t now she ranks far below njoys a very extensive trade, 1 duties collected in Bristol the j)ort 296 registered ves- II incc 1820, has been as fol- iiiase Rites. KilfsniiGirels. 863 10 934 1 292 833 4 998 12 (/ £ .V. <;. 9.138 14 3 8 7,773 12 2 8,306 16 2 6 8,871 13 8 8.087 1 jr are as follow : — ir otiior vessels piissinp; or ening rL'-shippinS "r discliiircini: H'l'if riiniil, Out ii"t disiliiirmn« any ates or duties, iiccording I" i"'-' Per Ton. £ S. I inm, and other porta in ^t Indies, all the ports ^ ^ ^ |rtugal, Prussia, Uussin, ^ ^ ^ Tit Ton d. Q a G Third Class.— Tot every vessel trading from Flanders, France without the Straits, Germany, £ », Guernsey, Holland, Jersey, Norway, Poland, and /eiiland - - - - - Fourth C/a.fs. — For every vessel trading from Ireland, the Isle of M:in, and Srollaiid Fifth ClasK. — For every vessel employed as a roaster, except as nfiiresaid, not including vessels from Carilitf, Newport, and other ports to the eastward of the Holmes, at each enterina into the said port -..-._... For vessels from CarditI', Newport, and other ports to the eastwiinl of the Holmes (except HS aforesaid), lieing market linats or vessels, having oniMhiiil part at least of the lading consisting of coal, scrulf, tin, iron, tin plates, grain, copper, hricka, stones, cual, tar, slate, hark, timber, or wood, and not exceeding 75 tons burden, each voyage - - . _ if exceeding 75 tons biird(in, each voyage ---... I'lir all other vessels fiom (;!ir{|ilf, Ni'wport, and other ports to the eastward of the Holmes (except as aforesaid), if tinder 40 tons burden, each voyage - - - . . if of 10 tons and under 75 tons btinlen, each voyage - - . . . . if 75 Ions and under 100 tons burden, each voyage - - - . . if 100 Ions burtlun or upwards, each voyage ..--._ The following is an estimate of the various expenses incurred by a West India ship of 500 tons, entering and discharging at Bristol : — [nmirds. — Anchorage, moorage, and lights, about Crf. per ton. — Dock dues, 3». per do. — Pilotage, \jl. to 2.i/. — Warner, 1/ 'l,s. — Mayor and (luay wardens' fees. 2/. 5s. — Cranage about 30/. — Labour dis- rbaruiri!,', 31» to 111/. — ("oopera' charges, from .',0/. to 100/. The uV'.' lust items depend greatly on Ihu comlilion tliu cargo is in. OHfu-arc/K.— Lights, about W. per ton.— Pilotage, 15/. to 20/. .\ccount of the Number of Ships and their Tonnagi^ distinguishing between British and Foreign, which have entered inwards at Uristol since 1820. 5 7 7 12 10 1 1 Yrirs. B rilisli. Foreiijn. Yi-iu. Briiisli. To rci^u. .S'm>>. Tint. .S7n>j. r,«ii. AVii()<. T.m.l. S/.i>s. Tm<. 1820 ,^ll 53,919 40 5,6.52 1S27 412 75,916 72 8,308 1821 266 46,811 52 7,3.50 1828 357 60,5.58 61 850S 1822 291 53,808 50 8,165 1829 371 7,3,129 63 8„561 1823 305 .57,186 39 7,121 1830 357 66. 179 50 7,818 IS'4 338 65,878 61 10,177 1831 404 76,807 97 12,387 1.S25 359 73,709 68 11,323 1832 210 46,b71 29 4,352 1826 334 65,087 60 6,931 IV. HuLi Docks, Shipping, >:tc. There are three considerable docks in Hull ; occupying, inclusive of their basins, an area of 26 acres. They arc capable of affording accommodation for about a 12 ships of the average size of those that fretjuent the port. Hull is the next port in the empire, after Bris- tol, or perhaps Liveroool ; for, although the customs duty collected in Hull be inferior to tliat of Bristol, it hav;ng amounted, in 1831, to only 689,116/., she has a larger amount of shipping. In 1832, there belonged to this port 557 registered vessels, of the aggregate burden of 08,892 tons. The protluce of the Hull dock duties, since 1824, has been as follows : — Years. 182 1 1825 1820 Amount. Years. 1827 1828 1289 Amount. Years. Amount. £ s. d. 18,776 6 3 25,801 16 19,089 16 £ s. d. 22,381 9 9 1830 18,510 IS 5 1831 19,009 5 4 1832 £ s. d. 18,.544 19 4 22,380 18 5 10,797 9 2 The decline in 'he last year was owing to the temporary falling off in the trade of the port, occasioned by the cholera, and the interruption of the intercourse with Holland. The regulations to be observed by ships using the Hull Docks are similar to those in the Thames ; but the dues on most articles are higher. The dock and harbour dues on ships are as follow : — Per Ton. s.d. From within the Baltic - - - - - - - - - -13 D.'nmirk, Sweden, Norway lielow Elsinore, or any place in Germany, Holland, Flanders, France, to the eastward of Usiiant, Ireland, Guernsey, and Jersey - - - - 10 Westward of lishant, without the Straits of (Jibraltar - - - - - -13 West Indies, North and South America, Africa, Greenland, eastward of the north cape of Norway, within the Straits of (iibraltar - - - - - - - -19 Ntiiiiber of Vessels, with the Amount of their Tonnage, entering inwards from Foreign Parts, at the I'ort of Hull, each Year from 1820, separating British from Foreign.— (.PuW. Paper, No. 056. Sess. 1833.) Vp- . British. Foreii^n. I Ve.ir<. llrilish. F )rfiin. aUilLi. 't'un.3 1,000 100,773 1832 702 1 10,788 454 43,181 lo2B 717 130,674 851 70,137 77 i^r^ : f .J ( i 610 DOCKS (C.OOLE, LEITH), DOG. W llH, I ,1 4. .; i i . * I Thp port of Onnln his Inttnrly drnwn nff snme pnrlinn nf ilio tradi- nf Hull. A Inrcr" prnporlinn of •.lie liirciirn vchscIs frc(|m'nting the port arc of himiiII biirilcn, and are fiigaged in tliu iiiiportalion of buiiKH, rags, rapeact'd, &c. V. GooLE Ddckh, Siiippino, etc. The port of Goolc, situated on the Ousc, a little nhove its junction with the Hiimher about 22 miles more inland than Hull, promises to prove a formidable rival to tin- litter Ten or 12 years ago, Goole was but an insignifieant hamlet. It eommutiirates by mciin of canals with Liverpool, Maneiiester, Leeds, Wakefield, &c. Though so remote from th sea, vessels drawing 15 or lli feet of water reach (ioole in s,ifety. It has 2 wet dncks and ,i basin. The first, or n/ilp (/nc/t, \s 800 feet long by 200 in breadth. The second, or Ai.Tifc (lock; is 900 feet long by 150 wide, and is intended for the accommodation of the small craft which ply upon the canals and rivers. The warehouses at Goole are extensive and eonve- venient ; and it has been admitted to the privileges of a bonding port. There belonged to it, in 1832, 119 registered ships, of the burden of 8,545 tons. VI. Lkith Docks, Shippino, etc. Leith has 2 wet docks, constructed in the very best manner, containing more than 10 acres of water room, and capable of accommodating 150 such ships as frequent the port, There are also 3 dry docks contiguous to the wet docks. The total expense of these docks seems to have amounted to 285,108/. sterling. Exten- sive improvements are at present going forward at the harbour of Leith ; but the money for this purpose has not been furnished by individuals, but by government, and there is much reason to doubt whether the expenditure will be profitable. The customs duty collected at Leith in 1831 amounted to 431,821/.; the number of registered vessels belonging to the port is 246, and their burden 25,629 tons. Dock Rates at Leith are as follow : — Ter 1™. s.d. For every ship or vessel, from any port bptween Bnchnnness and nyomoiith, including the great catial and tli(! rivnr ("lydi-, as far dmvn as Orccnocli, coming by I lie canal. - - 4 from any ntlier port in'Oreat Britain and Ireland - - - - - -US friini Nd'rway, f'wcdi'n, Denmark. Ilolstein, Handiiirgh, Brnmen, Holland, and Flanders, that is, wilhonl the Baltic, and no farther sonlli than Dunkirk - - - - - lOi from IhK llriltic, all ahove the Sound, On<'ga, An hangel, .lerscy nr Guernsey, Portugal, Franco, and Spain, without the Straits of Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Madeira, or Wetiturn Islands - -_. - . .. .. ..ii;. from within the Straits of Gibraltar, or from America - - - - - 1 4 from the West Indies, Asia, Africa, or the Cape de Verd Islands - - - I 8 from Greenland or Davis's Straits - - - -- - - -!!0 But if such ship or vessel shall make a second voyage, she shall be credited in the charire for such voyage For all ships and vessels (e.xeeplinff those from Greenland or Davis's Straits) remaining in the dock above .S calendar months, for each after-month, or any part thereof - - - 2J For all foreign vessels from any of the before-mentioned ports or places, the aforesaid re- spective rales, and one half more. For all loaded veHsels not breaking hulk, and for all vessels in ballast which do not take in goods, coming into the present harbour, provided they do not nake use of any of the docks, nor remain in the harbour above 4 weeks, one half of the aforesaid rates nr duties. For every ship or vessel going from the port of I.eitli to any other port in the Fiilh of Forth, to take in a part of a cargo, and return to Leith, upon lier return - - - - 2 No ship or vessel shall be subjected in payment of the aforesaid ruim and duties for more tlian6 voyages in any 1 year. Flag, or Light Dues.- -Every vessel, of whatever burden, from foreign ports of 40 tons'burden and upwards, to pay for each coasting voyage \l Beacon and anchorage, per ton This duty is only charged upon four-fiflhs of the register tonnage. DOG (Fr. Chiin ; Gcr. Hund ,• It. Cane,- Lat, Canisfamiliaris). Of this quadruped, emphatically styled "the friend and companion of man," there is a vast variety of species. But to attempt to give any description of an animal so well known, would be quite out of place in a work of this kind ; and we mention it for the purpose principally of laying the following account before our readers, with a remark or two with respect to Asiatic dogs. An Account of Ihe Number of Dogs entered, and for which Duty was paid in Great Britain, in the Vciir 1H30; distinguishing the Number of Pncks of Hounds, and the Number of each ))eicri|itiuii of Dog, the Rate of Duty on each, and the aggregate Amount paid. nescription of Dies. Rilci of Duty. £ .«. rf. Total NuiiiljtT. •Imnilllt rf llllH. £ .«. i- Grevhounds .-.--- 1 18,192 18,192 Pointers, hounds, setting dogs, spaniels, terriers. lurchers, or any other dogs, where persons keep two or more dogs . . - - - 14 113.307 T0,.114 18 Other dogs ; pijrsons keepings one only Total, e.xclusive of packs of hounds 8 219.013 350.512' ST.tiOS 4 ; 183,112 2 Packs of hounds . . . - - 36 68 2,418 " Many doss are exempted, either as belonging to poor persons, or ns sheep dogs on small farms. " Froth the number of persons compounding for their tti.xes. it is impossible to ascertain the number of dogs kept ; the account is, therefore, made out of the number assessed." )G. DOWN— DRAWRACK. 611 IMII. A larcc prnpnrtinn of igugcd ill the iiiipurluiiim of nction with the Humbrr inicliible rival to tin- liiUer t communicates by mvm hough 80 remote t'loiu tli It lias 2 wet ducks mul i dth. The second, or bar^e imodation of the small craft )le arc extensive and convc- port. There belonged to r, containing more than 10 ships as frequent the port. 285,108/. sterling. Exten- ;if Leith ; but the money for tfcrnment, and there is much 431,821/.; the number of 25,629 tons. Per ToQ. s.rf, Kvcmoiith. incUiding the y'lhc canal. - - ' n,Hollaml,niiilFlniiilers, ^ ^^ .y or Giipriisey, Portii):!il. nd, Madeira, or Wusleni ^ ^^ I I 1 4' '»\ : : : \ I ' Bliall bo credited in the - 4 I Straits) remaining in tlie lereof - ^ - .^ - " ^« places, the aforesaid re- ist which do not take in > use of any of the docks, d rates or duties. ,ort in the Fiilh of Forth, ^ ^^ )t.:s and duties formore tlianS s.d. »v\an porta - 'If, y for each coasting voyage i ^^ miliaris). Of this qtiadrupei re is a vast variety of Kpcciei-. '11 known, would be quite out rpose principally of laymg the ith respect to Asiatic dogs. •IS n:iid in Great HriKiin, in the X.Nun.i"rofeuchl)c..crM.-."" Tobl Nunilier. 1 Aw>ui;ijJ3ii £ ••>■• it 18,192 18,192 Oj 111 -107 70,314 18 350,512 " '183,212 .aj I '68 "iM*^ "J-l rnslhMP dogs on 'n'»\'J'\™'-^, ...possible to usccrlani the numuer sessed." Cuvtpr, the great French naturali.st, says, "The dog is the most complete, the most rc- marknlile, and the most useful conquest ever made by man : every species has become our property ; each individual is altogelhrr devoted to his master, assumes his maimers, knows and defends his goods, and remains aliachcd to him until deatii ; and all tliis proceeds nei- ther from want nor constraint, but solely from true gratitude imd real friendsliip. 'I'iie swift- ness, the strennlh, and the scent of the dog have created for man a powerful ally against other animals, and were, perhaps, necessary to the establishment of society. He is the only animal whieli has followed man through every region of the earth." It is singular, however, that iieitlier Cuvier, nor any one of those by whom his statements have been cojtied, should have mentioned that this account is applicable only to l-]iiro|)e. All .Mahotnmedan nations regard the dog as impure, and will not touch it wilbont an idilit- tion. The same, is also the case with the Hindoos. From the Hellespont to the conlines of (yOchiii-China, dogs are unappropriated, and have no master. They prowl about the towns and villages; and though they are naturally more familiar, they are in no respect more do- nie.slieati'd, than ihe carrion crows, kites, vultures, (fee. which assist them in jierforming the functions of scavengers. In <'' ina and Coehin-Cliina, the dog is eaten as food ; its flesh being, with the exception ol .1 of the hog, the most connnon in their markets. The unnecessary multijiluation of dogs, particularly in large cities, is ,1 very great nui- .sancc; coming, as they oft in do, into the iiosses-ion of those who arc without the means of proviJin:; f>r them, they are frecpiently left to wander about in the streets; and from ill usage, want of food and of ])roper attention, are apt, durina hot weatlier, to become rabid. In ieveral dislricts of the metropulis the nuisance his attained to a formidable height; and it is singular, considering the numerous fatal occurrences tiiat have taken place, that no rtf)rt ■^iiould have been made to have it aiiated. It has grown to its present excess, partly from too many exemptions being granted from the duly, and partly from a want of care in its collection; Init besides lessening the numiier of the firmer, and more rigidly cnfircing the latter, it would be proper to enact that ail dogs found wandering in the streets without mas- ters siiould be destroyed. DOWN (Gpr.D'mni,Fla'inififfe>n; B». Dt»i» ,- Fr. Dnvrt ; It. Pennn nin/fri, Piu- mill' I 8[i. Fhijel, Plnni'izo ,• Kus. Puck ,- Lat. I'luinw), the fine feathers from the brp.ists of several birds, particularly those of the duck kind. That of the eiiler duck is Ihe most valuaiile. These birds phi<'k it from their breasts iiiid line their nests with it. Mr. Pennant says tliat it is so very clastic, that a (juantity of it weit>hing only ^ of an ounce, fills a larger space than t!ie crown of the greatest hat. That found in the nest is most valued, and ternieJ lire diiu} ; it is much more clastic than that plucked from the deac' bird, which is coni- imraiively little esteemed. The eider duck is f lund on the western islands of Scotland, but till' dnvn is principally imported from Norway and Iceland. DIJACOX.-;' BLOOD. See Balsam. Dii.WVBACK, a term used in commerce to signify the remitting or paying back of the lUities previously p.iid on a commodity on its being expirted. A drawback is a device resorted to for enabling a commodity airoctcd by laves to bn ex- ported an i sold in the toreij;!) market on the sirne feniis as if it had not been taxed at all. Itil'll'irs in this from a bounty, — that the latter enables a conimodily to he sold abroad for / Hi th.ei its natural cost, whereas a drawback enables it to be sold exactly at its natural cost. Drawliaeks, a-i Dr. Smith his observed, "do not occasion the exportation of a greater (]uan- tily of goods iiiaii would have been exported had no duty been imposed. 'I'hey do not tend to turn towards any particular employment a greater share of the capital of the country thiiii would go to that employment of its own accord, lint only lo binder the duty froin driv- iin;away any part of that share to other empliymenis. 'i'hey lend not to overturn that b.dance wiiich II iturally establishes itself among ail the various employments of the society ; but to liiru'er it from being overturned by tiie duty. Tlicy tend not to destroy, but to preserve, what it is in ino.st cases advantageous to preserve — the natural division and distribution of lah.mr in tiie society."— (Vol. ii. p. ;552.) Were it not for the system of drawbacks, it would be impossible, unle.ss when a country fiijoyed some very peculiar facilities of production, to export any comml,iill li ,vr I) 1 enle id in llie iiiiiiie 01 the iierooii who was the real uwinf llitreof ul tin; tune of entry and sliiiipiiig, or of the per- 'i ' ;' 1 1 i^^' eis DUBBER— EARTHENWARE. ^HSi €!!::> *^«"ii '« • I ■ at; .! K I. 1 »on who Imil !irt'> tli<' |ir;ii'll('i' of iricriliiuits, aiitl who uits iiiitl hIiiiII Iiiivu CdiitiiiuiMl Id 111' i'iili;!i'il ill liis own ii(;lil lu sutli drawijiick (ir Ijoiinly, t'XCL'pl In the ciises liereln-iifirr prdViiliMl fur.— (? Mi. Nudrawlmck sliall lie ullnwed npon tlifi <;xpnrliili(in of any ((oodH, unlepH siirli cooils lici tihippcd williin .'t yi'arH alK^r llie p.iyniciil iil' the dniii a illu■ar(l^' llH'it'iin. And no dclii'iiliirt; (or any druw- liack ocIs to lie so cleared shall furfiil 2UII/., or trehlu the aiiiouiit uf the druwliack, at the (iplioii of the coinniissiuMi'rR of cusKhiis. — 1> (HI. t\n drawhiick or hinuily hliall he allowed upon goods exported and cleared n« beini? press-packed, iiiilesH the i|iianlilies anil i|Malille!< of llie same he verilled hy oath of the iiiut-ter packer tliereof, or, ill case of his iinavoidahle ahseiice, hy oath of his foreman.— } Ki. No cooils cleared fur drawhack or hoiiiity, or frniii any warehoiices, shall he carried tn be put on hntird ship for e.\porlation, e.Ncept by a pi^rsoii uiitliorised for that piirpogu by licencti ul' the Cdiiiiiiia- Hioiiers of tnsloiiis.— ^ 01.— (See Imi'oiitation .\nd Kxi'ohtation.) [All pr"0(ls, wares, nnd incrchandisp, which were entitled to debenture on the Gth of Jiiiiuiiiy, 1829, or which shall have been imported into the United States subseijucntly to that date, may be exported with the benefit of drawback, and without any deduction from tlie duty on the same, at any time within three years from the date when the same shall have been imported. For the regulations concerning drawback, the reader is referred to the article Impoiita- Tiox AMI Exportation. — Am. Ed.] DUBBER, a leathern vessel, bottle, or jar, used in India to hold oil, ghee, &c. Barrels, as already observed — (sec BahuivLs), — are entirely a European invention. Liijuiils, ia Eastern countries, are for the most jiart packed for exportation in leathern ves.sels. Uub- bers arc made of thin untanned goat skins ; and are of all sizes, from a quart up to nearly a barrel. DI iNN.\GE, in commercial navigation, loose wood, consisting of pieces of timber, bouglis of trees, faggots, &c., laid in the bottom and against sides of the ship's hold, eillier, 1st, by raising the cargo when she is loaded with heavy goods, to prevent her from becom- ing too still' — (see Ballast); or, 2d, to prevent the cargo, should it be susceptible of damatje by water, from being injured in the event of her becoming leaky. A ship is not reckoned seaworthy unless she be provided with proper and suflicient dunnage. — {l''ulami:r\s Marine Dictionary ; Abbott (Lord Tenierden) on the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 3.) E. .'; i,. EARNEST, in commercial law, is the sum advanced by the buyer of goods in order to bind the seller to the terms of the agreement. It is enacted by the 1 7th section of the fa- mous Statute of Frauds, 29 Cha. If. c. 3., that " no contract for the sale of any good:?, wares, and merchandises, for the prices of 10/. sterling or upwards, shall be allowed to be good, except the liuyer shall accept part of the goods so sold, and actually receive the same, or give something in cument to bind the bargain, or in part payment, or that some note or memorandum in writing of the said bargain be made and signetl by the parlies to be charged by such contract, or their agents thereunto lawfully authorised." As to what amounts to suflicient earnest, Blaekstonc lays it down, that " if any part of the price i.s paid down, if it is but a penny, or any portion of the goods is delivered iiy way of earnest, it is bimling." To constitute earnest, the thing must be given as a token of ratification of the contract, and it should be expressly stated so by the giver. — {C/iitty's Commrrc'al Law, vol. iii. p. 289.) E.ARTHENVVARE {Uct. Irdene Waaren ,- Bu. Aardegoed ,- Ft. Valsselk de tern, Folerie ; h,lSUwiglie,Terru^lia; Sp. Loza dr. barro ,• llui>. Giirsche/sc'iile pofinodli ,• Pol. Gliniaiiw tiuczj/niti), or crockery, as it is sometimes termed, compri.ses every sort of house- hold utensil made of clay hardened in the fire. Its manufacture is, in England, of very con- siderable imjiortance ; and the improvements that have been made in it since the middle of last century have contrihuted powerfully to its extension, and have added greatly to the comfort and convenience of all classes. " There is scarcely," it has been well observed, "any manufacture which is so interesting to contemplate in its gradual improvement and extension as that of earthenware, presciiliiij, as it does, so heautiful a union of science and art, in furnishing us with the comforts and ornaments of civilised life. Chemistry administers her part, by investigating the several species of earths, and ascertaining as well their mo.st appropriate comhinatioiis, as the respect- ive degrees of heat which the several compositions require. Art has studied the designs of antiquity, and produced from thcin vessels even more exquisite in form than the models by which tliey have hecn suggested. The ware has been jirovided hi such gradations of quality as to suit every station from tlie highest to the lowest. It is to be seen in every country, aiiJ EAST INDIA COMPANY. 613 and nt IiIh nwii lialiilily Biid m ami nliall liavu tcmlima'd casurt lieruiii-al'liT providwl nlesH surli cond:* lin pliippt'd no dflprmiiri! I'lir any ilriiw- (! fxpiraliiin " •i vi'ars Ircim IV L'dods wliiili, liy rrasiiii (il I'iiniDnnt ol' khi li druwlmck ; irtVilc'd; and tbr p'T-"'" ^\ !"> Diint of the draw back, at lliu Ipnred nn bfin« prcss-pin-ki'd, ilie niuelt'r packer thuriMil, or, shall hi! carried to he put nn lac hy licence of the conwnis- dcbcnture on the 6lh of lited Slatea subsfqucutly to without any deiluclion rrom e date when the same shall red to the article I.mpouta- lold oil, ghee, &c. Barrels, an invention. Li(iuids, in n in leathern vessels. Dub- 8, from a quart up to nearly iialing of pieces of tinilicr, les of the ship's hold, either, to jircvent her from becom- should it be susceptible of :orning leaky. A ship is not icient dunnage.— ( Fulawer's ■ Shipping, part iii. c. 3.) le buyer of goods in order to by the 1 7th section of the fa- the sale of any goods wares, hall be allowed to be good, actually receive the same, or mcnt, or that some note or by the parlies to be charged .. down, that " if any part of Jie goods is delivcied by way nust be given as a token of so by the giver.— (C/(i7/i/'» ■)ed ; Fr. VaisseUc de tene, Giirschelschiie pomidi'i ; Pol. mpriscs every sort of house- re is, in England, of very coii- nade in it since the middle ot d have added greatly to the aclure which is so interesting at of earthenware, proseiiUii;, ng us with the comforts and by investigating the several conibinati..ns, as the rcspect- rthas studied the designs ot ■te in form than the models hy in such gradations of (juahty be seen in every country, and almost in every house, tbrouf^h the whole extent of .America, in many pnrfs of Asia, and in most of the countries of Europe. At lioini! it has superseded tiio less cleanly vessels of pewter and of wood, and, by its cheapness, has been brought within iho means of our jioorest housekeejiers. Kortiicd from substances originally of no value, the fabrication has induced labour of such various classes, and created sldll of such various degrees, that nearly the whole value of the annual produce may be considered as an addition made to the mass of national wealth. The abumlance of the ware exhihited in every dwelling-houso is suHicient evi- dence of the vast augmenfalion of the manufacture, which is also demonstrated by tho rapid increase of the population in the districts where the potteries have been established." — ( Qituiier/y Jieriew.) For tho great and rapid extension of the manufacture wc are chiefly indebted to the lato Mr. Josiah Wedgwood ; whose original and inventive genius enabled him to make many most important discoveries in the art; and who was equally successful in bringing his in- ventions into use. The principal scat of the manufacture is in Staffordshire, where there is a district denominated the Potteries, comprising a number of villages, and a ])opulation, which is supposed to amount, at this moment to above 00,000, by far the greater proportion of which is engaged in the manufacture. There are no authentic accounts of the popula- tion of this district in 17(i0, when Mr. Wedgwood began his discoveries; but the general opinion is that it did not at that time exceed 20,000. The village of Etruria, in the Potte- ries, was built by Mr. Wedgwood. The manufacture has been carried on at Uursleni, in the same district, for several centuries. Tho canals by which Slairordshire is intersected, have done much to accelerate the pro- gress of the manufacture. Pipe-clay from Dorsetshire and Devonshire, and flints from Kent, arc conveyed by water carriage to the places where the clay and coal abound ; and the tlnished goods are conveyed by tlic same means to the great shipping ports, whence they are dis- tributed over most parts of the globe. It is estimated that tho value of tho various sorts of earthenware produced at the Potteries may amount to about 1,500,000/. a year; and that the earthenware produced at Worcester, Derby, and other parts of the country, may amount to about 750,000/. more; i.iaking the whole value of tho manufacture 2,250,000/. a year. The consumption of gold at the Pot- teries is about 650/. a week, and of coal about 8,000 tons a week. The earthenware manufacture has increased considerably since 1814, but it is not possi- ble to state the exact ratio. It has been estimated at ^ for the porcelain, vj for the best earth- enware, and i or i for the common or cream-coloured ware. The prices of the ditrerent sorts of earthenware are said to have fallen 20 per cent, during the last 15 years. Wages have not fallen in the same proportion ; but wc are assured that a workman can, at the pre- sent day, produce about four times the quantity ho did in 1790. — ('i'his article has been prepared from information obtained at the Potteries, obligingly communicated by James Loch, Esq. M. P.) The real value of the earthenware exported from Great Britain to foreign countries, during the 6 years ending with 1 832, according to the declarations of the exporters, was as follows : — £ 3. d.\ 1827 - - - - 437,812 17 8 1830 - - - 1S2S - - - - 49S),7'13 6 6 | 1831 - - - 1829 .... 461,710 5 7 | 1832 .... £ s. d. - 43!),,'-)6fi I'J 3 . 458,nt)5 11 11 - 489,«»0 17 7 The foreign demand for earthenware has increased considerably since 1815. The ex- ports to South America, Cuba, and other ci-devant Spanish colonies, have been largely in- rrrased. But notwithstanding this increase, the United States continues to be by far the liest market for British earthenware. Of the entire value exported in 1831, amounting to 'i')S,96.')/., the exports to the United States amounted to no less than 255,159/. The markets next in importance are Brazil, the British North American and West Indian colonies, Culm, (Jermany, the Netherlands, &c. We have been assured that it is necessary to add i to the declared value of the exports, to get their true value. [The average annual value of British earthenware imported into the United States, during the five years ending September 30th, 1838, was $1,602,000; that of the earthenware of every other description imported amounting to no ntore than $11,560. — Am. Ed.] EAST INDIA CO.MPANY, a famous association, originally established for prosecuting the trade between England and India, which they acquired a right to carry on exclusively. Since the middle of last century, however, the Comrany's political have become of more importance than their commercial concerns. East Iviiiks, a popular geographical term n.it very well defined, but generally understood to signify the continents and islands to the east and south of the river Indus, as far as the borders of China, including Timor and the Moluccas, but excluding the Philippine Islands, New Guinea, and New Holland. China and the Philippine Islands were, however, included within the limits of the East India Company's peculiar privileges. Vol. I.— 3 F f 'f ei4 EAST INDIA COMPANY. C.3 r r 'I \. I {4' I. East IvniA Compaxv (HmTonicAi. Hkktcii ok). II, Kamt Imiia ('omi'anv ((jonstiti'tion ok). III. £aht Indieh (Htatk ok Sociktv ix,ohowino Demand tor Enolisii Goods Tradf,, Colonisation, ktc). IV. East Indiks (Extknt, Poi'llation, Military Force, Rkvknue, etc. ur British). I. East India Company (Historical Sketch of). The persevering ctForts of ihc Portuguese to discover a route to India, by sailinff round Africa, wore crowned with success in 14U7. And it may appear singular, that, noUviili- standing the exaggerated accounts tliat had been prevalent in Europe, from tlie romotwt anti<|uity, with respect to tlie wealth of India, and the importance to which tlio coiiiincrc,: witii it had raised the IMid-nicians and Egyptians in antiiiuily, the Venetians in the miildl,. aged, and wliich it was then seen to confer on the Portuguese, tiie latter should have lieeu allowed to luonopolisc it for nearly a century after it had heen lUrned into a channel acees. sihle to every nation. But the prejudices liy which the peo do of most European Ktiitcs were actuated in the sixteenth century, and the peculiar circ nnstnnces under which ihpy were placed, hindered them from embarking with that alacrity and ardour that might liuve been ex])ccted in this new commercial career. 8oon after the Portuguese began to prose- cute their discoveries along the coast of Africa, they a|i|ilied to the pope for a bull, securiiiif to them the exclusive right to and possession of all countries occupied by infidels, they eiiluT had discovered, or might discover, to the south of Capo Non, on the west coast r>f Africa, in 27° 54' north latituile: and the pontitf, desirous to display, and at the same time to extend. his power, inmiediately issued a liull to this ell'ect, jSior, preposterous as a proceeding of this sort would now appear, did any one then doubt that the pope had a right to issue such a bull, and tiiat all states and empires were bound to obey it. In conseijuencc, the J'urtucucse were, for a lengthened period, allowed to prosecute their con(iucsts in liulia without tliu in- terference of any other European power. And it was not till a considerable period alter the beginning of the war, which the blind and brutal bigotry of Philip II. kindled in the Imvi (Jountries, that the Dutch navigators began to display their flag on the Eastern Ocean, and laid the foundations of their Indian empire. The desire to comply with the injunctions in the pope's bull, and to avoid coming into collision, first with the Portuguese, and subsequently with the S[)aniards, who had comjiiercd Portugal in 1580, seems to have been the principal cause that led the Englisli to make repeated attempts, in iho reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI,, and the early jiart of the reign of Elizabeth, to discover a route to India by a north-west or north-east jJawHacrc ; chan- nels from which the Portuguese would have had no pretence for excluding them. But these attem|»ts having proved unsuccessful, and the pope's bull having ceased to be of any cll'cct in this country, the English merchants and navigators resolved to he no longer deterred by the imaginary rights of the Portuguese from directly entering upon what was then reckoned by far the most lucrative and advantageous branch of conmierce. Captain Stepliens, who performed the voyage in 1582, was the first Englishman who sailed to India by the t^ipe of tJood Hope. The voyage of the fimous Sir Francis Drake contributed greatlv to diU'iisea spirit of naval enterprise, and to render the English better acquainted with the newly opened route to India. But the voyage of the celebrated Mr. Thomas Cavendish was, in the latter respect, the most important. Cavendish sailed from England in a little squadron, fitted out at his own expense, in July, 1586; and having explored the greater part of the Indiun Ocean, as far as the Philippine Islands, and carefully observed the most inijiortant and cha- racteristic features of the people and countries which he visited, returned to Englninl, after a prosperous navigation, in September, 1588. Perhaps, however, nothing contributed so much to iiisj)iro the English with a desire to embark in the Indian trade, as the ca[iliires that were made, about this period, from the S|)aniards. A Portuguese East India ship, or currack, captured by Sir Francis Drake, during his expedition to the coast of Spain, iiillanicd the cuj)idity of the merchants by the richness of her cargo, at the same time that the papers found on board gave specific information respecting the traffic in which she had been engiitred. A still more important capture, of the same sort, was made in 1593. An armamont, fitted out for the East Indies by Sir Walter Raleigh, and connnanded by Sir John Uorrouulis, fell in, near tiie Azores, with the largest of all the Portuguese carracks, a ship of 1,C()0 tons burden, carrying 700 men and 36 brass cannon ; and, after an obstinati! confiict, carried her into Dartmouth. She was the largest vessel that had been seen in England ; and her car;,'o, consisting of gold, spices, calicoes, silks, pearls, drugs, porcelain, ivory, «Stc,, excited the ar- dour of the English to engage in so opulent a commerc^e. In conse(|uence of these and other concurring causes, an association was formed in Lon- don, in l.yjO, for prosecuting the trade to India. The adventurers applied to the queen for a charter of incorporation, and also for power to exclude all other English subjects, who had I* EAST INDIA COMPANY. 615 Ni) TOR Enolish Goun5, JHCK, RkVEMJE, KTC. OV cii of). ! to India, by sailint^ romul i-ar sinRular, that, noUviih- Europn, from the rrmolcut e to which the oomimTic he VcnetiaiiB in the iniildk 1 10 latter Hhould liavc lietu ] arneil into a channel acces. I! of most Euroiieaii kIiikn iHtancos uniliT which thoy and ardour that mi^ht have Portuguese hep;an to iiruse- ihc iiope for a hull, sccuriiiir allied by infidels, they eitluT I the west coast .''f AlVica, in at the same lime to extcrnl, oslerous as a iiroceediiis of )C had a right to issue such a consc(iuenec, the I'ortucucse 3sts in Ini'.ia without the in- considerable period alter the I'hilip !!• kindled in the liOW g on the Eastern Ocean, and uU, and to avoid coming into ipaniards, who had conqnercd vAi led the Englisli to make I., and the early part of the or north-east passacre ; chan- V excluding them, liul these ing ceased to he of any clVt'ct „ t'o be no longer deterred hy pon what was then reckoned rco. Captain Stephens, \vl4 true that the charter slipuiated that liieCoiii- paiiy Khould import an iMpial (juantity of Ridd and uilver within (i monthsj of the termiiMtiun of every voyage; hut the enemies of the <*ompany contended that this condition w us nut complied with ; and it was, besides, hinhly injurious to the public intercHts uiul nnilruri/ In all principle, to allow gold anil cilver to be sent out of the kingdom. The menhunts and otlierH interested in the Hup|iort of the Company could nt.l controvert the reasoning of thi ir opponents, withoutopenly impugning the oncienl policy of almolutely preventing the expurtii- tion of the precious metals. 'I'hey did not, however, venture to contetid, if the idea really occurred to tl.cni, that the exportation of bullion to tlio l^ast was advantnupous, on the hiuad ground of tho commodities purchased by it beimr of greater value in England. Ihil tlipy contended that the exportation of bullion to India was advantageous because the coinnKpdi- ties thence imported were chiefly rc-exjiortcd to other countries from which a nmcli gn iitcr ([uanti'.y of bullion was obtained than had been required to pay for them in India. Mr. Tiiu- mas Mun, a director of the East India ('ompany, and the ablest of its early ailvocatcs, inge- niously compares the operations of tho merchant in condudingu trade carried on liy tli^ exporlafioii of gold and silver to the seed time and harvest of iigriculture. "If we only In • hold." says he, " tho actions of the husiiandman in ih') seed time, when ho castcth aw.i\ nnicli good corn into the ground, we shall account him rather a mudnian than a husbaiiJ- iiian. JJut when we consider his labours in tho harvest, which is tlie end of his endiMvour^, we fmd the worth and plentiful increase of his actions." — (^Tn'unure by Furci'j^n TruJi, \). CO. ed. ICfM.) We may here remark, that what has hccn called tho mercanlile .v/skm of political eco- nomy, or that system which measures tho progress of u country in the career of wcaliii by the supposed balance of payments in its favour, or hy tho cstimnted excess of the value of its exports over that of its imports, appears to have originated in the excuses now set u|i for the exportation of hullion. Previously to this epoch, tho policy of prohibiting the exporta- tion of bullion had been universally admitted ; but it now began to be pretty generally al- lowed, that its exportation might he j)roductive of advantage provided it occasioned the sub- se(|ucnt exportation of a greater amount of raw or manufactured products to countries whence bullion was obtained for them. This, when compared with the previously existing preju- dice — for it hardly deserves the namu of system — which wholly interdicted the exportation of gold and silver, must be allowed to be a considerable step in the progress to sounder opinions. The maxim, ce ri'est que Ic premier pus (pd conic., was strikingly verilled on this occasion. Tho advocates of the East India Company began gradually to assume a higher tone, and, at length, boldly contended that bullion was nothing but a conunodity, and that its exportation ought to be rendered as free as that of any thing else. Nor were these opinions confined to the partners of the East India Company. They were gradually com- municated to others ; and many eminent merchants were taught to look with suspicion on several of the previously received dogmas with respect to commerce, and were, in conse- quence, led to acquire more correct and comprehensive views. Tho new ideas ultimately made their way into the House of Commons; and, in 1663, the statutes prohibiting the exportation of foreign coin and bullion were repealed, and full liberty given to die East hidia Company and to private traders to export them in unlimited quantities. But the objection to the East India Company, or rather the Eart India trade, on tho grourMl of its causing the exportation of gold and silver, admitted ofa more direct and con- clusive, if not a more ingenious reply. How compendious soever the ancient intercourse with India by the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, it was unavoidably attended with a good deal of expense. The productions of the remote parts of Asia, brought to Ceylon, oi the ports on tlio Malabar coast, by tho natives, were there put on board the ships which arrived from the Arabic gulf. At Berenice they were landed, and carried by camels 250 miles to the banks of the Nile. They were there again embarked, and conveyed down the river to Alexandria, whence they were despatched to different markets. The addition to the price of goods by such a multiplicity of o[iorations must have been considerable; more especially as the price charged on each operation was fixed by monopolists, subject to no competition or control. Pliny says, that the cost of the Arabian and Indian products brought to Rome when he flourished (A. D. 70,), was increased a hundred fold by the expenses of transit EAST TNDIA fOMPANY. ew llul thru it hIkhiIiI 1)«j soldoin mfKinplisluil in 1 it hIkiuIiI fiirllitr lie ri<- ispoKi'd of at loiiR iTi'tliU iirn hrrori! tht! coiuitiih J the Cniii/iiiii!/, |i. in.) ly be Hi'cii ti\at llif (Join- i;i.v not. It wilt ttifii miuli! u^,'uin•^t Iter I'XchiilinK tlii' |)ul)lif (.'oinpmiy looxiHirtn.iM • stiiuilaU'il that llu- Coiii- iiDiitlis t)l' tlio tcrminali.m t tliis CDinlitioii Wiis nut iiitiTcstt ami rdiilrari/ In jin. Tlu' morrlmiits and :frt the ri-asoiiin;; nf tin ir ly preventing the cxiHTtii. rontend, if tl>c idea really dvantntseoiis, on the broad (• in England. Hut tliey Dus beeauso the CdiiiiiuKli- roin whieli a niucli nr. atiT ■ them in India. Mr.Tho- r its early advoeates, iiige- ra tiadu carried on by thn •ieulture. " If we only lu • le, wlicn 1)0 eastcth aw,i_\ J madman than a husbainl- i the end of IiIh eiuli'.ivourf', sure by Foreign Tradt, \). \lilc si/sinu of political cco- I m tiic career of wealth liy ated excess of the value uf the excuses now set up for of prohibiting the txportu- n to be pretty gciieviilly al- /ided it occasioned the siib- iroduels to countries whence ,e previously existing (ireju- interdieted the exportation in the progress to sounder ■, was strikingly verilied on ran gradually to ansuinc a thing but a commodity, ami ling else. Nor were these They were gradually com- it to look with suspicion on mercc. and were, in eonse- The new ideas ultimately he statutes prohibiting the icrty given to tlie East India nlities. ic Ear-t India trade, on the 'd of a more direct and con- ,cr the ancient intercourse lidably attended with a good -1, brought to Ceylon, oi the mrd the ships which arrived ried by camels 250 miles to conveyed down the river to , The addition to the price msiderablc ; more especially iits, subject to no competition 11 products brought to Rome by the expenses of transit — (///s/. Nat. lib. vi. e. '2:1.); but there can Im* little or no doubt that thin u to be regarded M a rhetorical exaggeration. — (See iiiifi; p. *.;1.) There are good irroumlH for tiiiukitin thai the leHs bulky nortH of Eiwtern iirtNliietx. hucIi iih silk, NpiteM, liaN;iiiiH, precious NloiieM, Ai-., wliieli were thoHC principally made une of at lioine. niinht. supposing there were no politi- cal obstaelrs in the way, be conveyed from iiiost |itirt» ot India to the jtorts on the iMediter- raiiean by way of Egypt, at a decidedly cheaper rate than they could bo convoyed to IhuiH by the (Jape off Sood Mope. Ijut at the period when the latter route to India began to be fre(|uented, Hyria, Ei;ypt, Ai;. were occupied by TurkH and . Mamelukes; linrbariaiiH who despised eoinm.'ree and imvina- tioii, and were, at the same I iiie, extremely jealous of strangers, es|ie('ially ot" ( Miristians or •nlidels. 'I'lif price of the cuiiimodities obtained through the intervention of such piTsons was iieccHHarily very much enhanced ; and the discovery of the route by the ('ape ol'Oood Hope was, eonseipiently, of the utmost importance, for, by putting nn end to the moiicipoly enjoyed by the Turks and Mamelukes, it introduced, for the (Irst time, something lik m- pclitiou into the Indian trade, and enabled the western parts of Europe to obtain supplies of Indian products for about a third part of what they had previouH'y cost. Mr. Mini, in u tract published in l(i'21. estimates the (piantity of Indian eommoditiea itnported 'uto Europe, niid their cost when bought in Aleppo and in India, uh fil'owsJ Coitt of Indian coimiiodith'H rDiisiinifil in Eiirnnt. wliei loufrhi :ii Al ji) ,■ (1,000,000 ItiH. (icppcr cniit, with eliiirges, &r. al Aleppo '.V | .,!■ lit. 4,')0,00() llN. clovi.'H, lU In. IW. - . . ' . |30,(H)OtlH. Miacr, at 'l.«. IM. ....>, 400.(101) Ills. niitiiit'KM, at 'i.i. id. . - ... . :i.'iO,OI)0 IIh. iniliuo, ul '!.<. id. - - ... . 1,000,000 IbH. rcrsiuM ruw Bilk, at I!2j). ...... Hnt tlie damn qiinntltins of the same commodities cost, wlrjn t>ouf;1\t in til Mr. Mail, as IoIIuwh :— 0,000,000 Ills, pepper, lit 2Jd. per II). . . . > . ■l.'iO.(HM) Ihs. ilovcrt, al '^ o n • . w,m, '.' 1 .. . 7",.t%l'! tl M . - t)()'i,(|n(l U It ». «. —*«. *.....■....- ;«'! W,),!!'';) (!) i:iL Kiirt InOiuH, r.ceoriljii;. .1. J . - ()-.'..''„il, ( . ■• I,I,ST 1! ' . ."),"ii'o n ,1 • 'i,(,i,,\ i:\ J .. ■ '.'.Mlil 13 4 - - •!.yO,OlM) t) £311, 1 JH o H Which being deducted from the former, leaves a bp'.iucc of {ih.^fi^Hi, \3.<>. -W/. \nd uunpos- ing that the statements made by Mr. .Muu are eorrof i, and ti'i-.i a'lowauc : is mudc for tli.e ililK-reiice between the freight from Alepjio and India, lin. resi-lt woul.j ■ndieute t!if> suvih).; which the discovery of the route by the (Jape of (Jood lloi)'^ occdifionod in 'lie ,!U(-ch!ise of the above-mentioned articles. — (A Discmirxe af Trade fi;;in Ei}^i,l bainc safely and richly laden, 4 had been worn out by long ^H'l•vicc in Itulii, 2 had liei n lost in careening, had been lost by the perils of the sea, and \S hud been cajilured by the Dutch. Mr. Muu further states, that the exports to Ind a, nirce ihe I irni.Uu.;! of t ic (company, had amounted to 340,;}7(i/. ; that tlie produce brouglit t'loin Ii.()i>. b.'id coat 3.j(),2SH/.. ami had produced here the enormous sum of l.'JH.fiOO/, ; I'^at the ipiaiiels with the Dutcli had oc- casioned a loss of 84,088/; and that thn .I'ock c! tho ooinjiauy, in ships, goods in India, dec, amounted to 400,000/. The hostility of the Dutch, to wbirf iVr. Mun Las here alluded, was long a very formida- ble obstacle to the (Joi bring al out this their favourite object. The English, on their part, natu- riUy exerted the.nselves to obtain a .share of so valuable a commerce ; and as neillier p.irty \v!.s disposed to abandon its views and pretensions, the most violent animo.-ities <.;iew u]) be- tween them. In this state of things, it would be ridiculous to suppose that uujustiliablc afts were not committed by the one party as well as the other ; though the worst act of the English appears venial, when comiiared with the conduct of the Dutch in the massacre al Amboyna, in 1022. While, however, the Dutch (Company was vigorously supported by the government at home, the English Comimny met with no ciricient assistance from the feeble and vacillating policy of James and Charles. The Dutch either despised their le- monstrances, or defeated them by an apparent compliance; so that no real reparation was obtained for the outrages they had coniniitted. Dming tlie civil war, Indian allairs were necessarily lost sight of; and tlie Dutch continued, until the ascendancy of the republican 78 ' y F 2 618 EAST INDIA COMPANY. CD ■■^ 'W*'8 I? I « a i i ' 9 party had been established, to reign triumphant in the East, where the English commerce was nearly annihilated. But notwithstanding their depressed condition, the Company's servants in India laid tho foundation, during the period in question, of the settlements at Madras and in Bengal. Per- mission to build Fort St. George was obtained from the native authorities in 1640. In 1658, Madras was raised to the station of a presidency. In 1645, the Company began to estal)lisl( factories in Bengal ; the princijtal of which was at Hooghly. These were, for a lengthened period, subordinate to the presidency at Madras. No sooner, however, had the civil wars terminated, than the arms and councils of Crom- well retrieved the situation of our atl'airs in India. The war which broke out between the long parliament and the Dutch, in 1653, was eminently injurious to the latter. In the treaty of peace, concluded in 1654, it was stipulated that indemnification should be made by the Dutch for the losses and injuries sustained by the English merchants and factories in India. The iJ7th article bears, " that the Lords, the states-general of the United Provinces, shall take care that justice be done upon those who were partakers or accomplices in the mnsKacre of the English at Amboyna, as the republic of England is pleased to term that fact, provided any of them be living." A commission was at the same time appointed, conformably to another article of the treaty, to in(]uire into the reciprocal claims which the subjects of the contract- ing parties had upon each other for losses sustained in India, Brazil, &c, ; and, updn iheir decision, the Dutch paid the sum of 85,000/. to the East India Company, and ;3,61G/. to ihe heirs or executors of the suH'erers at Amboyna. — (Bruce's Annals, vol. i. p. 489.) Tho charter under which the East India Company prosecuted their exclusive trade to India, being merely a grant from the Crown, and not ratified by any act of parliament, was understood by the merchants to be at an end when Charles I. was deposed. They were confirmed in this view of the matter, from tho circumstance of (Charles having himself grant- ed, in 16:35, a charter to Sir William Courten and others, authorising them to trade with those parts of India with v lich the Company had not established atiy regular intercourse. The reasons alleged in justificulion of this measure, by the Crown, were, that " the East India Company had neglected to establish fortified factories, or seats of trade, to which the kiiig's subjects could resort with safety ; that they had consulted their own interests only, without any regard to the king's revenue; and, in general, that they had broken the condition on which their charter and exclusive privileges had been granted to them." — (lii/m. Fadera, vol. XX. p. 146.) Courten's association, for the foundation of which such satisfactory reasons had been as- signed, continued to trade with India during the remainder of Charles's rtign; and no sooner had the arms of the Commonwealth forced the Dutch to desist frcmi their dejircda- tions, and to make reparation for the injuries they had inflicted on the English in Iniiia, than private adventurers engaged in great numbers in the Indian trade, and carried on with a zeal, economy, and success, that monopoly can never expect to rival. It is stated in a little work, entitled Britannia Luna;uens, published in 1680, the author of which has evidently been a well-inf()rmed and intelligent person, that during the years 1653, 1654, 1655, ami IfiSti, when the trade to India was open, the private traders imported East India comnioditii's in such large quantities, and sold them at such reduced {)riees, that they not only fully supplied the British markets, but had even come into successful competition with the Dutcii in the market of Amsterdam, "and very much sunk the actions (shares) of the Dutcli East India Company." — (p. \'M.) This circumstance naturally excited the greatest a|iprehensions on the part of the Dutch Company ; for, besides the danger that they now ran of being de- prived, by the active competition of the English merchants, of a considerable part of the trade which they had previously enjoyed, they could hardly expect that, if the trade were thrown open in England, the monopoly would be allowed to continue in Holland. A Ktiik- ing proof of what is now stated is to be found in a letter in the third volume of T/nirlnw's Slate Papers, dated at the Hague, the 15th of January, 1654, where it is s;ud, tlmt "the merchants of Amsterdam have advice that the Lord Protector intends to dissolve llie East India (Joinpany at London, and to declare the navigation and commerce of the East Indies free and open; which doth cause great jealousy at Amsterdam, as a M/nij //i£.7 ((///dcH/ much prejudice the East India Cumpuny in Ua/land." Feeling that it was impossible to contend with the private adventurers under a system of fair competition, the moment the treaty with the Dutch had been concluded, the Coiiipany began to solicit a renewal of their charter; but in this they were not only opposed ly the free traders, hut by a part of them^-clves. To understand how this happened, it may lie proper to mention that Courten's association, the origin of which has been already nutieed, had begun, in 1648, to found a colony atAssuda. an island near Madagascar. 'J'he Com- pany, alarmed at this jiroject, apjilicd to the council of stale to prevent its being carried into eflect ; and the council, without entering on the question of either party's rights, rccoinnicnd- ed to them to Ibrm a union; which was accordingly cHected in 1649. But the union was, for a considerable time, rather nominal than real ; and when the Duteh war had been put an end to, most of those holders of the Company's stock who had belonged to Courten's associa- EAST INDIA COMPANY. 619 re the English commerce icrvants in India laid tho Jras and in Bengal. Per- oritiesin 1640. In 1C58, upany began to cstaMish so were, for a lengthened ns and councils of Crom- :h broke out between the ) the latter. In the treaty a should be mode by the iits and factories in India, nited Provinces, shall take iiplices in the massacre of 3rm that fact, provided any cd, conformably to another subjccU of the contract- •azil, &c. ; and, upun their mipany, and 3,015/. to the s, vol. i. p. 48'J.) ;d their exclusive trade to any act of parliament, was was deposed. They were arles having himself grant- irising them to trade with ed any regular intercourse. , were, that "the East Iiiilia • trade, to which the king's own interesta only, without d broken the condition on o them."— (iv^»'- Fadera, factory reasons had been as- |of Charles's rt ign ; and no ) desist from their deiireila- n the English in In.iia.than , and carried on wilh a zeal, It is stated in a little work. which has evidently heen a 653, 1054, 1655, and lOSli, East India commodities hi they not only fully supplied tition with the Dutch in the ■s) of the Dutch East India e greatest apprehensions on they now ran of being de- • a considerable part of the pect that, if the trade were Uinue in Holland. A stiik- third volume of Thurlows where it is smd. th:it "the intends to dissolve the East ommerce of tl>e East Indies m,asailimglliulinllviry venturers under a system of e„ concluded, the Company were not only opposed -y iw this happened, it may 1'^ „ has been already noliail, •ar Madagascar. Thetom- .revent its being curried uito r party's rights, reconmicml- 649 ■ But the union was, DuUdr war liad been put an •longed to Courten's associa- tion joined in petitioning the council of f;tatc that the trade might in future be carried on, not by a joint stock, but by a regulated compeiny ; so that each individual engaging in it might be allowed to employ his own stock, servants, and shipping, in whatever way ho might con- ceive most for his own advantage. — {Petition of Adventurers, nth of No\.lG56; Bruce" s Annab, vol. i. p. 518.) This proposal was obviously most reasonable. The Company had always founded their claim to a monopoly of the trade on the alleged ground of its being necessary to maintain forts, factories, and ships of war in India; and that as this was not done by government, it could only be done by a Company. But, by forming the traders with India into a regulated company, they might have been suhjected to whatever rules were considered most advisa!)!e ; and such special duties might have been laid on the commodities they exported and imported, as would have uulliced to defray the public expenses required for carrying on the trade, at the same time that the inestimable advantages of free competition would have been secured ; each individual trader being left at liberty to conduct his enterprises, subject only to a few general regulations, in his own way and for his own advantage. — (See Comi'ami.s.) But notwith.standing the ellbrts of the petitioners, and the success that was clearly proved to have attended the o|)erations of the private traders, the Company succeeded in obtain- ing a renewal of their charter from Cromwell in 1657. Charles II. confirmed this charter in 1661; and at the same time conferred on them the power of making [)eace or war with any power or people not of the Chrinlian religion ,• of estabhshing fortiti<'ations, garrisons, and colonies ; of exporting ammunition and stores to their settlements duly tVee ; of seizing and sending to England such British subjects as should be found trading; to India without their leave ; and of exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction in their settlements, according to the laws of England. Still, however, as this charter was not fully confirmed by any act of parliament, it did not prevent traders, or interlopers as they were termed, from appearing within the limits of the Company's territories. The energy of private commerce, which, to use the words of Mr. Orme, '• sees its drift with eagles' eyes," formed associations at the risk of trying tho consequence at law, being safe at the outset, and during the voyage, since tho Company were not authorised to stop or seize the ships of those who thus attempted to come into competition with them. Hence their monoj)oly was by no means comi)lcte ; and it was not till after the Revolution, and when a free system of government had been established at home, that, by a singular contradiction, the authority of parliament was interposed to enable the Company wholly to engross the trade with the Ea-i. In addition to the losses arising from this source, the Company's trade sufli^red severely, during the reign of Charles II., from tho hostilities that were then wag -d with the Dutch, and from the confusion and disorders caused by contests among the native princes ; but in 1668, the Company obtained a very valuable acquisition in the island of U.)mbay. Charles II. acquired this island as a part of the marriage portion of his wife, Catharine of Portugal ; and it was now made over to the Company, on condition of their not selling or alienating it to any persons whatever, except such as were subjects of the British crown. They were allowed to legislate for their new possession ; but it was enjoined that their laws should be consonant to reason, and "as near as might be" agreeable to the practice of England. They were authorised to maintain their dominion by force of arms ; and the natives of Bombay were declared to have the same liberties as natural born subjects. The Conqiany's western presidency was soon after transferred from Surat to Bombay. In 16r)4, the French East India Company was formed; and 10 years afterwards they laid the foundation of their settlement at Pondicherry. But the reign of Charles II. is chiefly memorable in the Compnny's ann-ils, from its being the era of the commencement of tho tea trade. The first notice of tea in the (Join[)any's records is found in a despatch, addressed to their agent at Bantam, dati'd '-i4th of .January, 1667-8, in which he is desired to send home 100 lbs. of tea, " the best he can get." — {liruci^s Annals, vol. ii. |). 310.) Such was the late and feeble beginning of the tea trade; a branch of commerce that has long been of vast importance to the British nation ; and with- out which, it i-! more than probable that the East India Company would long since have ceased to exist, at least as a mercantile body. In 1077, the Company obtained a fresh renewal of their charter; receiving .it the same time an indemnity for all past misuse of their privileges, and authority to establish a mint at Bombay. During the greater part of the reigns of Charles II. and James II., the Company's afl'airs at home were principally managed by the celebrated Sir Josiah Child, tho ablest commercial writer ol the time; and in India, by his brother. Sir John Chill. In 16SI, Sir Josiah pub- lisiied an apology for the Company, under the signature of 't>tK:n-ar^i^, "A Treatise wherein is dc!inonstrated that tho East liili.i Trade is the in >st National of ad Foreign Trades:" in which, besides endeavouring to vindicate the Company from the obj 'ctions that had been made against it, he gives an account of its state at the time. From this account it appears that ilie t'ompany consisted of 556 partners; that they had from 35 to 36 ships, of from 775 to 1000 tons, employed in the trade between England and India, and from port to port '\\« n I 620 EAST INDIA COMPANY. tiK» s . c^":» *BBlt«„ •»«.... -1 ■m*::;* "^ C2^ i ^V'% ««' • '» ■' S^ ' f ■''««l th'(k,-.jUU C3 . c:> , f r*«" • , ;*'•**«• ' V nil -y:, i ^"^■■ S , f A, I.' ■ i fn India — (p. 23.) ; that the custom dutios upon the trade amounted to about 60,000/. g >i'ar ; and tliat tlic vahie of the exports, " in lead, tin, cloth, and stull's, and other coininoiji- ties of the production and manufacture of England," amounted to about 00,000/. or 70,000/, n year. Sir Josiah seems to have been struck, as he well might, by the inconsiderable amount of the trade; and he therefore dwells on the advantages of which it was indirectly jiroductivc, in enabling us to obtain supplies of raw silk, pepper, &c. at a much lower price than they would otherwise have fetched. But this, though true, proved nothing in favour of the Cominmy ; it being an admitted fact, that those articles were furnished at a still low- er ])rice by the interlopers or private traders. tSir Josiah Child was one of the first who projected the formation of a territorial empire in India. IJut the expedition litted out in 1086, in the view of accomplishing this purpose, proved unsuccessful ; and the Company were glad to accept peace on the terms olFored Ly the Mogul. Sir .lohn Child, having died during the course of these transactions, was suc- ceeded in the principal management of the Company's alliiirs in India by Mr. Vaux. On the a{)i)ointinent of the latter, Sir Josiah Child, to whom he owed his advancement, exhorted liim to act with vigour, and to carry whatever instructions he might receive from home into immciiiatc elllct. Mr. Vanx returned for answer that he should endeavour to ac(iuit him- self with integrity and justice, and that he would make the laws of his country the rule of his conduct. Sir Josiah Child's answer to this letter is curious: — "He told Mr. Vaux roundly that he exjiectcd his orders were to be his rules, and not the laws of England, wliich were a lioaj) of nonsense, compiled by a few ignorant country gentlemen, who hardly knew how to niaki" laws for the good government of their own private families, much less for the regulating of companies and foreign commerce." — {Hamillon's New Account of titc East Indies, vol. i. p. 2;J2.) During the latter part of the reign of Charles II., and that of his successor, the number of private adventurers, or interlopers, in the Indian trade, increased in an unusual degree The Company vigorously exerted themselves in defence of what they conceived to be tlioii rights; and the question with respect to the validity of the powers conferred on Ihcin bv their charter was at length brought to issue, by a prosecution carried on at their iiistanci' against A!r. Thomas Sandys, for trading to the East Indies without their licence. Ji,(lg- ment was given in favour of the Company in 1685. But this decision was ascribed to cor- rupt influence; and, instead of allaying, only served to increase the clamour against tlicni. The meeting of the Convention Parliament gave the Company's opponents hopes of a suc- cessful issue to their etVorts ; and had they been united, they might probably have succicdod. Their opinions were, however, divided — part being for throwing the trade open, and part for the formation of a new company on a more liberal '. )ting. The latter being formed into a body, and acting in unison, the struggle against the Company was chielly carried on by them. The proceedings that took jilace on this occasion are amongst the most disgracelul in the history of the country. The most open and unblushing corruption was practised by all parties. — " It. was, in fact, a trial w/iich side should bribe the hi;j;hcst ; public (ntllinrilij inclining to one or other m the irresistibleforcc ofgolddircclcd.^' — (^Modern Universal Hixturij, vol. X. p. 127.) Government appears, jrland tradins; to the Enst Indicia. The authority of parliament was soon after inti;rposed to give effect to this agreement. The United Company engaged to advinn n 1 ,'^00,000/. to government without interest, which as a previous advance had been maii \ of 3,000,000/. at 8 per cent., made the total sum due to them by the public 3,200,000/ t earing interest at 5 per cent. ; and govnriuiient agreed to ratify the terms of their agreemeni, and to extend the charter to the 25tli of March, 1720, with 3 years' notice. While those important matters were transacting at homo, the Company had acquired some additional possessions in India. In 1C92, the Bengal agency was transferred from Hooghly to Calcutta. In I BOS, the Company ac(]uircd a grant from one of the grandsons of Aureng/.obe, of Calcutta and 2 adjoining villages ; whh leave to exercise juiliciary powers over th« inhabitants, and to erect fortifications. These were soon after constructed, and re- ceived, in compliment to William III., then king of England, the name of Fort William. The agency at Bengal which had hitlu-rto been subsidiary only, was now raised to the rank of a presidency. The vigorous competition that had been cirried on for some years before the coalition of the old and new Companies, between them ar.d the private traiiers, had occasioned a great additional importation of Indian silks, piece g.iods, and other products, and a great reduction of their price. These circumstnnccs ocrasioiied the most vehement complaints amongst the home manufacturers, who resorted to the arguments invariably made use of on such occa- sions hy tlioi-c who wish to exclude foreign competition ; affirming that manufactured India goods had b?en largely substituted for tliosc of England ; th: t the English manufacturers had been reduced to the cruel necessity cither of selling nothing, or of sellir.g their commodities at suc!i a price as left them no profit ; that gr^at numbers of their workmen had been thrown out of employi..ent; and last of all, that Indian goods were not bought by British goods, but by goiil iuid silver, the exportation of which had cau:-ed the general impoverishment of the kiugdom ! The merchants and others interested in the India trade could not, as had previously happened to them in the controversy with respect to the exportation of bullion, meet tliei-o statements without attacking i\\3 principles on which they resUrd, and maintain- ing, in oppo:-ition to them, that it was for the advantage of every peojjle to buy the |)roducts they wanted in the cheapest market. This jast and sound principle was, in consequence, enforced hi several petitions presented to parliament by the importers of Indian goods; and it was also enforced in several able publications that appeared at the time. But these argu- ments, how unanswerable soes-er they may now apjjcar, had then hut little inlluence ; and in 1701, an act was passed, prohibiting the importation of Invllan manufactured goods for home consumption. For some years after the re-establishment of the Company, it continued to proseeute its efforts to consolidate and extend its commerce. But the unsettled state of the Mogul empire, coupled with the determination of the Company to establish factories in every convenient situation, exposed their affairs to perpetual vicissitudes. In 1715, it was resolved to send an enihaasy to Delhi, to solicit from Furucksur, an unworthy descendant of Aurengzebe, an extension and confirmation of the Company's territory and privileges. Address, accident, and the proper application of prcnentf!, conspired to ensure the success of the embassy. The grants or patents solicited by the Company were issued in 1717. They were in all 34. The substance of the privileges they conferred was, that English vessels wrecked on the coasts of the empire should be exempt from plunder ; that the annual payment of a stipulated sum to the government of Surat should free the English trade at that port from all duties and ex- actions; that those villages contiguous to Madras formerly granted and afterwards refused by the government of Arcott, should be restored to the Company ; that the island of Uiu, near the port of Masulipatam, should belong to the Company, paying for it a fixed rent; that in Bengal, all persons, whether European or native, indebted or accountable to the Ccinpany, should be delivered uj) to the [)residcncy on demand ; that goods of export or import, belonging to the English, might, under a dustitck or jjassport from the president of Calcutta, be conveyed duty free through the Bengal provinces ; and that the English should be at liberty to purchase the lordshi|) of 37 towns contiguous to ('alcutta, and in fact com- manding both banks of the river for 10 miles south of that city. — (Grunt's Sketch of the Hift, iftlieEcLst India. Compuni/, p. 128.) The important privileges thus granted, were long regarded as constituting the great char- ter tf the English in India. Hone of them, however, were not fully conceded; but wero withheld or modified by the influence of the emperor's lieutenants, or soubahdara. 622 EAST INDIA COMPANY. irr"9 i i In 1717, the Company fouml themsclvrs in clanger from a new competitor. In the courso of that yc;ir some ships appcarcil in fmiia fitted out by private adventurers from Osteiid. Their success encouraged others to engage in the same line ; and in 1722, the adventurers were formed into a company under a charter from his Imperial Majesty, Tiie Dutch and English Companies, who had so long been hostile to each other, at once laid aside their animosities, and joined heartily in an attempt to crush their new competitors. Henionstrancerf being found ineirectual, force was resorted to ; and the vessels of the Ostcnd Company were captured, under the most frivolous pretences, in the open seas on the coasts of Brazil. The British and Dutch governments abetted the selfish spirit of hostility displayed hv their respective Companies. And the emperor was, in the end, glad to purchase the sup- port of (Jreat Britain and Holland to the pragmatic sanction, by the sacrifice of tlie (Jom- pany at Ostend. 'J'hough the Company's trade had increased, it was still inconsiderable; and it is vrrv difficult, indeed, when one examines the accounts that have from time to time been pulilislicd of the Company's mercantile affairs, to imagine how the idea ever came to be entertaimd that their commerce was of any considerahle, much less paramount, importance. At an average of the 10 years ending with 1724, the total value of the British manufactures and other products annually exported to India amounted to only 92,410/. 12.s. dd. The averiigo value of the bullion annually exported during the same period, amounted to .518,102/. ll.s, 0(/.- making the total annu..; average exports ' .^,51.3/. 3s. 10^/.; a truly pitiful sum, when we consider the wealth, population, and industry of the countries between which the Company's commerce was carried on ; and affording by its smallness a strong presumptive proof of the elTcct of the monopoly in j)reventing the growth of the trade. In 1730, though there were 3 years still unexjnrcd of the Company's charter, a vigoroin effort was made by the merchants of London, Bristol, and Liverpool, to prevent its riMicwal. It has been said that the gains of the Company, had •''■^v been exactly known, would not have excited any very envious feelings on the part of thi> merchants ; but being concealed, they were exaggerated ; and the boasts of the Company as to the importance of their trade contributed to spread the belief that their profits were enonnous, and consequently stimu- lated the exertions of their opponents. Supposing, however, that the real state of the ease had been known, there was still enough to justify the utmost exertions on the part of the merchants : for the limited profits made by the Company, notwithstanding their nionojioly, were entirely owing to the misconduct of their agents, which tliey had vainly endeavoured to restrain ; and to the waste inseparable from such unwieldy establishments. The merchants, on this occasion, followed the example that had been set by the petition- ers for free trade in 1656. They offered, in the first place, to advance the 0,200,000/. lent by the Company to the public, on more favourable terms. And in the second place, they proposed that the subscribers to this loan should be formed into a reu^ulafcd company, for opening the trade, under the most favourable circumstances, to all classes of their countrymen. It was not intended that the Company should trade upon a joint stock, and in then- cor- porate capacity, but that every individual who pleased should trade in the w,iy of private adventure. 'I'he Company were to have the charge of erecting and maintaining the forts and establishments abroad ; and for this, and for other expenses att^'uding what was called the enlargement and preservation of the trade, it was proposed that they should receive a duty of 1 per cent, upon all exports to India, and of 5 per cent, upon all imports from it. For ensuring obedience to this and other regulations, it was to be enacted, that no one should trade to India without licence from the Company. And it was proposed that 31 years, with 3 years' notice, should he granted as the duration of their peculiar privilege. " It appears from this," says Mr. Mill, "that the end which was proposed to be answered, by incor])orating such a company, was the preservation and erection of the forts, buildings, and other fixed establishments, required for the trade of India. This Conijiany pronnscd to supply that demand which has always been held forth as peculiar to the India trade, as the grand exigency which, distinguishing the trafiic with India from all other branches of trade, rendered monopoly advantageous in that peculiar case, how much scx'ver it might he inju- rious in otliers. While it provided for this real or [)retended want, it left the trade open to all the advantages of private enterprise, private vigilance, private skill, and private ccononiy, — the virtues by which individuals thrive and nations jirosper. And it gave the proposed company an interest in the careful discharge of its duty, by making its prufits increase in exact proportion with the increase of the trade, and, of course, with the facilities and accom- modation by which the trade was promoted. " Three petitions were presented to the House of Commons in behalf of the proposed company, by the merchants of Ijondon, Bristol, and Liverpool. It was urged, that the pro- posed company would, through the competition of which it would be productive, cause a great extension of the trade ; that it would produce a larger ex|)ortation of our own produce and manufactures to India, and reduce the price of all Indian commodities to the people at lionie ; that new channels of traffic woulil he opened i» Asia and America, as well as in '!i EAST INDIA COMPANY. 623 npctitor. In the ctmrso i>iitun-rs iroiu OsU-nil. 1 1723, the aver it might be inju- ant, it left the trade open to skill, and private economy. And it save the proposed lakiug its pi-"i't« ■'""'•^^'^ "^ ,ilh the facilities and accora- ,s in hehalfof the proposed 1 It was urged, that the pro- Luld bo productive, cause a lortation of our own produce lommodities to the people at aiwi America, as well as lu Europe ; that the duties of customs and excise would be increased ; and that tlio waste and extravagance caused by tho monopoly would bo entirely avoided." — (Mill's India, vol. iii. p. :}7.) But these arguments did not prevail. The Company magnified the importance of their trade ; and contended, that it would be unwise to risk advantages already realised for the sake of those that were prospective and contingent. They alleged that, if the trade to India were thrown open, the price of goods in India would be so much enhanced by the compe- tition of dilferent traders, and their price in England so much diminished, that the freedom of the trade would certainly end in the ruin of all who had been foolish enough to adven- ture in it. To enlarge on the fallacy of these statements would be worse than superlluous. It is obvious that nothing whatever could have been risked, and that a great deal would have been gained, by opening the trade in the way that was pro[)oscd. And if it were really true that the trade to India ought to be subjected to a monopoly, lest the traders by their competition should ruin each other, it would follow that the trade to America — and not that only, but every branch both of the foreign and home trade of the empire — should be surrendered to exclusive companies. But such as the Company's arguments were, they seemed satisfactory to parliament. They, however, consented to reduce the interest on the debt due to them by the public from 5 to 4 per cent, and contributed a sum of 300,000/. for the public .service. On these conditions it was agreed to extend their exclusive privileges to Lady-day, 176G, with the customary addition of three years' notice. For about 15 years from this period, the Company's afl'airs went on without any very prominent changes. But notwithstanding the increased importation of tea, the consumption of which now began rapidly to extend, their trade continued to he coin[)aratively insig- nificant. At an average of the 8 years ending with 1741, the value of the British goods •md products of all sorts, exported hy the Company to India and China, amounted to only 1,57,944/. 4,v. Id. a year ! And during the 7 years ending with 1748, they amounted to only 188,170/. lG.'?.4r/. And when it is borne in mind that these exports included the military stores of all sorts, forwarded to the Company's settlements in India and at St. Helena, the amount of which was, at all times, very consideratile, it does appear exceedingly doubtful whether the Company really exported, during the entire period from 1730 to 1748, 1.50,000/. worth of British i)roduce as a legitimate mercantile adventure ! Their trade, such as it was, was entirely carried on by shipments of bullion ; and even its annual averace export, dur- ing the 7 years ending with 1748, only amounted to 548,711/. 19.9. 3rf. It would seem, indeed, that the Company had derived no perceptible advantage from the important conces- sions obtained from the Mogul emperor, in 1717. But the true conclusion is, not that these concessions were of little value, but that the deadening influence of monopoly had so para- lysed the Com{)any, that they were unable to turn them to account; and that, though with- out coini)etitors, and with opulent kingdoms for their customers, their commerce was hardly greater tiian that carried on by some single merchants. In 1733, the Company were obliged to reduce their dividend from 8 to 7 per cent., at which rate it continued till 1744. The opposition the Company had experienced from the merchants, when the question as to the renewal of their charter was agitated, in 1730, made them very desirous to obtain the next renewal in as quiet a manner as possible. They therefore proposed, in 1743, when 33 years of their charter were yet unexpired, to lend 1,000,000/. to government, at 3 per cent., provided their exclusive privileges were extended to 1780, with the usual notice. And as none were expecting such an application, or prepared to oppose it, the consent of govern- ment was obtained without difficulty. But the period was now come, when the mercantile character of the East India Company ; if. indeed, it could with propriety, be, at any time, said to belong to them, — was to he eclipsed by their achievements as a military power, and the magnitude of their conquests. For about two centuries after the European powers began their intercourse with India, the Mogul princes were regarded as amongst the most 0|)ulent and powerful of monarchs. Though of a foreign lineage — lining descended from the famous Tamerlane, or Timur Bee, who overran India in 1400 — and of a different religion from the great body of their subjects, their domi- nion was firmly established in every part of their extensive empire. The administration of the dillerent provinces was committed to olficers denominated soubahdars, or nabobs, intrusted with powers, in their respective governments, similar to those enjoyed by tiio Roman priutors. So long as the emperors retained any considerable portion of the vigour and bravery of their lianly ancestors, the different parts of the government were held in due subonlination, and the soubahdars yielded a ready obedience to the orders from Delhi. But the emperors were i;radually ilebauehed by the a|)parently prosperous condition of their affairs. Instead of being educated in the council or the camp, the heirs of almost unbounded power were brought up in the slothful luxury of the seraglio; ignorant of public affairs; benumbed by indo- lence; depraved by the flattery of women, of eunuchs, and of slaves; their minds contracted with tlieir enjoyments; their inclinations were vilitled by their habits; and their govern- ment grew as vicious, as corrupt, and as worthless as themselves. When the famous Kouli .1 624 EAST INDIA COMPANY. ■.» ^l«"H ' I /.(. Ivliiiii.tlic usurppr of the Persian tlirono, invaded India, the eflfeminnto sucrcssor of Tamer- l.iiu; and Auren^fzi'be was too unprepared to op|)ose, and too claHtardly to thinii of iivenning ilie attaeit. Tiiis was tiic Hignul for tlie disinenil)eiinei\t of the monarehy. No Hoorier had tlio invader withdrawn, than the souhahdnrs cither openly throw oil' their allegiance to the emperor, or paid only a speeies of nominal or mock deferenee to his orders. The indc. pendenee of the souhahdars was very soon followed by wars amongst tlieniselves ; and, be- ini^ well aware of the su|)criority of Euro[)can troops and tactics, they anxiously courted tlio alliance and su{)port of the French and English East India Companies. These bodies, having espoused did'ereiit sides, according as their interests or prejudices dictated, began very soon to turn the (juarrels of the soubahdars to their own account. Instead of being contented, as hitiierlo, with the possession of factories and trading towns, they aspired to tiie dominion of provinces; and the struggle soon came to be, not which of the native jirinces should prevail, but whether the English or the French shotdd become the utn|)ire8 of India. IJut these transactions arc altogether foreign to the subject of this work ; nor could any intelligililc account of them be given without entering into lengthened statements. We shall only, therefore, observe that the atfairs of the French were ably conducted by La Bnur- donnais, Uupieix, and Lally, otficcrs of distinguished merit, and not less celebratt d for their great actions than for the base ingratitude of which tliey were the victims. IJut though vic- tory seemed at fust to incline to the French and their allies, the English affairs were eirect- ually retrieved by the extraordinary talents and address of a single individual; — ('olonel (afterwards Lord) Clive was equally brave, cautions, and enterjirising ; not scru])uloiis in the use of means; fertile in expedients; endowed with wonderful sagacity and resohiiinn; and capable of turning even the most apparently adverse circumstances to advantage. Hav- ing succeeded in humbling the French power in the vicinity of Madras, Clive landed at Calcutta in 1757. in order to chastise the soubahdar, Surajah ul Dowlah, who had a short while before attacked the English factory at that place and inhumanly shut up llfi Eiiglisli- men in a prison, where, owing to the excessive heat and want of water, 123 jierishcd in a single night, ('live had only 700 Eurofjean troo|)s and 1,400 Sepoys with him when he landed ; but with these, and .570 sailors furnished by the fleet, he did not hesitate to attack the innnen^e army connnanded by the soubahdar, and totally defeated him in the fimnus battle of Plassey. This victory threw the whole provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and O.issa, into our hands; and they were fmally confirnied to us by the treaty negotiated in Hi]'). Opinion has been long divided as to the policy of our military operations in India ; and it has been slreimously contended, that we ought never to have extended our onquests beyond the limits of Bengal. The legislature seems to have taken this view of the matter; the House of (Commons having resolved, in 1782, "that to pursue schemes of coiiquost and extent of dominion in India are measures repugnant to the wish, the honour, and tlie policy of this nation." But others have argued, and a|)parently on pretty good grounds, that, hiiv- ing gone thus far, we were compelled to advance. The native powers, trembling at the increase of British dominiim, endeavoured when too late to make head against the gnnving evil. In this view they entered into combinations and wars against the English; and the latter liaving been uniformly victorious, their empire necessarily went on increasing, till nil the native powers have been swallowed up in its vast extent. The magnitude of the ac(|uisitions made by Lord Clive powerfully cxxited the attention of the British public. Their value was prodigiously exaggerated; and it was generally aj- mittcd that the (>*ompany iiad no legal claim to enjoy, during the whole peri >d of thriir charter, all the advantages resulting from conijuests, to which the Heels and armies of the state had largely contributed. In 1767, the subject was taken uj) by the House of t.'ominons; and a committee was appointed to investigate the whole circumstances of the ca.';e, and to calculate the entire expenditure incurred by the public on the Company's account. Diirini; the agitation of this matter, the right of the Coni[)any to the new compiest wa-! totally denied by several members. In the end, however, the (juestion was eom[)roinised by the ("oinpany agreeing to [lay 400,000/. a year for 2 ye^rs ; and in 17()'J, this agreement, including the yearly payment, was further extended fur 5 years more. The Company, at the same time, increased their dividend, which had been fixed by the former agreement at iO, to 12^ per cent. But the Company's anticipations of increased revenue proved entirely visionary. The rapidity of their conquests in India, the distance of the controlling authority at home, and the abuses in the government of the native princes, to wboni the (^)mpatiy had succeeded, conspired to foster a strong spirit of jK'culation among their servants. Abuses nf every soit were nmltipliid to a frightful extent. 'I'he English, having obtained, or r.ithei- (•nl()rced, an exemption from those heavy transit duties to which the native traders were snliji'.t, engrossed the whole internal trade of the country. They even went so far as to decida \vh:it rpiantity of goods each manufacturer should deliver, and what he sh(vuld receive for thi'in. It is due to the directors to say, that they exi'rted themselves to repress these abuses. But their reso- lutions were neither carried into effect by their servants in India, nor sanctioned by the pro- jirictord at home; so that the abuses, instead of being repressed, went on acquiring frosh .'» KAST IM)I.V COMPANY. 625 ito 8Ucrc'«sor of Tamer- lly to think of uvrniTing archv. N o rtoorifr had ilVlhoir allogiaiifc to the his oTihrA. 'I'hc ii\ilc- rst t'.u'int^i'lvps ; and, he- :,y anxiously courted the inpnnit's. Thi'so bodies, vrjudices dictali'd, bi'i,'an count. InsU-ad of being owns, they aspired to the lich of the native princes imc the umpires of India, his work ; nor could any ,'thencd statements. We iiy conducted by LaBour- lOt less celebrati d for their victims. Hut though vic- ;'.nRlish affairs were elTeot- igle individual -,— ('olonel [iris'in!! ; not scriii)ulaus in 1 sai;ai-ity and resolution; anccs to advanliiije. Hav- f Madras, Clive landed at I Dowlah, who had a short lanlv shut up MO Eni,dish- of water, 123 perished in a I Sepoys with him when he c did )iot hesitate to attack efeated him in the fimniis Bengal, Bahar, and Odssa, ■aty negotiated in ITt)"). r operations in India ; and it ended our eomiuesis beyond [his view of the matter; the [> schemes of conquest and L the honour, and the policy Wy B"'"' grounds, that, hav- ve powers, trendiling at the ic head against the gri>wing ainst the English; and the went on increasing, till all ierfully excited tl.c attention Id; and it was generally ad- Ig the whole peri id of their Tthe lU'ets and armies of the by the House of Cloniinons; Instances of the case, and to Lmpany's accovmt. Durini! fcon.piest wa^ totally ; were snbj.-ct. engrossed Ir as to decide what (piantity 1 receive for thcin. It is due Ise abuses. But their rcso- 1 nor sanctioned by the pro- L.J, went on ac/4uiring fresh £ s. d. 487 1,018,398 19 11 32.5 890,910 17 1,246 634,404 1 8 m 50,226 2,153 £2,594,029 18 7 ntrcngth and virulence. The resources of the country were rapidly impairconiw,illi:< was, beyond all question, a sincere friend to the people of India ; and laboured earnisilv, if not always successfully, to promote their interests, which he well knew were identified with those of the British nation. During the 3 years ending with 1793, the value of the Company's exports of British produce and manufactures lluctuated from 928,783/. to 1,031.202/. But this iuereaso is wholly to be ascribed to the reduction of the duty on tea in 1784, and the vast increase liiat consequently, took place in its consumption. — (See article Tka.) Hud the consumption uf tea continued stationary, there appear no grounds for thinking that the Comjiaiiy's exports in 1793 would have been greater than in 1780; unless an increase had taken place in the quantity of military stores exported. In 1793, the Company's charter was prolonged till the 1st of March, 1814. In the act for this purpose, a species of provision was made for opening the trade to India to private individuals. All his Majesty's sulijects, residing in any part of his European doiiiinions, were allowed to export to India any article of the produce or manufacture of tli^^ liritisa dominions, except military stores, ammunition, masts, spars, cordage, pitch, tar, and copper; and the Company's civil servants in India, and the free merchants resident there, were iillow- cd to ship, on their own account and risk, all kinds of Indian goods, except calicoes, dimities muslins, and other piece good.s. But neither the merchants in England, nor the Company's servants or merchants in India, were allowed to export or import except in Company's ships, And in order to insure such conveyance, it was enacted, that the Comjiany should aiinuallv appropriate 3,000 tons of shipping for the use of private traders ; it being stipuhiieil that they were to pay, in time of |)eace, 5/. outwards, and l.o/. homnwanls, for every ton oeeupiid by thcin in the Company's ships ; and that this freight might be raised in time of war, with the approbation of the Board of Control. It might have been, and, indeed, most probably was foreseen that very few British mer- chants or manufacturers would be inclined t'> avail themselves of the privilege of seiuHiii^out goods in Company's ships; or of engaging in a trade fettered on all sides by the jeah)usy of powerful monopolists, and where, C(nisequently, their superior judgment and economy would have availed almost nothing. As far, therefore, as they were concerned, the relaxation was more ap|)arent than real, and did not produce any useful re:^ults.* It was, however, made ♦ In Ills Ifttter to tlie East Imlia f'oinpany, dated ilie 21st of Marcli. IS12, Lord Melvill.' savs: " It Will not be denied that the facilities {,'raiited by that act (the act uf i'l'i'J) have nut been satisfactory EAST T\DT\ COMPANY. 027 V. to raise an extraordinnr)- il it as an invasion of llicir carry into clVcit the sti]m- f necessarily revcrtinl to itu; OS upon any other (lucstion. osnl for vestinp! tliP nniniua- le iircroi?ativo of lli<^ Crown, verful, by milling the pirtron- Dwcver, carried throush the exciteil. anil the avowed op- ds. This event proved fatal Pitt at its head ; and (mrlia- sive majority ii> both Houhis. forward' liis India Bdl, whidi Joard of Control was en itinl, eck, superintend, and coiUrol • civil or military Rovi'mineiit, 1 Company." All connnuni- HCTC to be submitted to this imands, and to alter or amoiid ttec of 3 directors was fDrinci], it did not choose to submit to be obliged, under very sever.- lal was appointed for tiio trial of a judge from each of tho 5 members of the House of •ing chosen by lot at the coir- nmcrcial matters coutitiucJ, as icceeded Mr. Hastings, Tippoo s dominions; the Company's the same time that the pernia- iportant changes acconiplislied. changes. On the whole, how- dvantligcous. Lord Coniwallis lia; and laboured earnwlly, if well knew were identilieil with Company's exports of British 131,263/. But this inerease is 784, and the vast iticrense tlwt, KA.) Had the consumption ot ins ^^^^ ^^^'^ Company's exports lincrease had taken i-lace in the istof March, 1814. In the act [ng the trade to India to private jrt of his European dominions, or manufacture of lb" liritisii [cordage, pitch, tar, and copper; Unts resident there, were nllow- f goods, except calicoes, ilimitie?, [n England, nor the C'oiupany's l)orl except in Coni|)i)n>'s ships. the Company should annually .traders ; it being stipnlaied th,»t newards, for every ton oeeupi.'.l It be raised in time ot war, with liecn that verv few I-riti^li mer- ,;ofthc priviiejie of semhns! out Il on all sides by the jealousy ot Ir iudgment and econ.Muy would |e concerned, the relaxation was esults.* It was, however, maJc Lh mi. Lord Melvill." favs:''!' If i;u3j have not been salisfacioiy U80 of to a considerable extent by private merchants in India; and also by the Company's Bcrvunts returning from India, many of whom invested a part, and some the whole, of their fortune, in produce fit for the European markets. The financial difticultics of the East India ('ompany led to the revolution which took place in its government in 1784. But, notwithstanding the superintendence of the Board of Control, its tinances have continued nearly in the same unproaperous state as before. We have been favoured, from time to time, with the most dazzling accounts of revenue that was to be immediately derived from India; and numberless acts of i)arliament h.ive been jiassed for the appropriation of surpluses that never had any existence except in the imagination of ihcir framers. The proceedings that took place at the renewal of the charter, in 179:1, alU)rd a striking example of this. Lord Cornwallis had then concluded the war with Tippoo Saib, which had stripped him of half his dominions : the perpetual settlement, from which so many benefits were expected to be derived, had been adopted in Bengal ; and the (Company's receipts had been increased, in consei|uence of accessions to their territory, and subsidies iVom native princes, &c., to upwards of eiir/il millions sterling a year, whicL, it was calcu- lated, would afl'ord a future annual surplus, after every description of charge hid been de- ducted, of 1,240,000/. Mr. Duiidas (afterwards Lord Melville), then jjresident of the Board of Control, availed himself of these favourable appearances, to give the most flattering repre- sentation of the Company's affairs. There could, he said, be no question as to the perma- nent and regular increase of the Company's surplus revenue : he assured the House that the estimates had all been framed with the greatest care ; that the Company's possessions were in a state of prosperity till then unknown in India; that the abuses, which had formerly insinuated themselves into some departments of the government, had been rooted out; and that the period was at length arrived, when India was to pour her golden treasures into the lap of England ! Parliament participated in these brilliant anticipations, and in the act \no- langing the charter it was enacted, ist. That .500,0(i()/. a year of the surplus revenue should be set aside for reducing the Company's debt in India to 3,000,000/. ; 3dly, That 500,000/. a year should be paid into the exchequer, to be appropriated for the public service as parlia- ment should think fit to order; 3dly, When the India debt was reduced to 8,000,000/., and the bond debt to 1,500,000/., one sixth part of the surplus was to be applied to augment the dividends, and the other five sixths were to be paid into the Bank, in the name of the com- missioners of the national debt, to be accumulated as a guarantee fund, until it amounted tj 12,000,000/. ; and when it reached that sum, the dividends upon it were to be applied to make up the dividends on the capital stock of the Company to 10 per cent., if, at any time, the funds appropriated to that purpose should prove deficient, &c. Not one of these anticipations has been realized ! Instead of being diminished, the Com- pany's debts began immediately to increase. In 1795. they were authorised to add to the amount of their fioating debt. In 1796, a new device to obtain money was fallen upon. Mr. Dundas represented that as all competition had been destroyed in consequence of the war, the Company's commerce had been greatly increased, and that their mercantile capital had become insutlicient for the extent of their transactions. In consequence of this repre- sentation, leave was given to the Company to add lim nii/Hons to their capital stock by creat- ing 20,000 new shares; but as these shares sold at the r.ite of 173/. each, t!iey produced .'S,4()0,000/. In 1797, the Company issued additional bonds to the extent of l.U/.OOO/. ; and, notwithstanding all this, Mr. Dundas slated in the House of Commons, on the 13th of March, 1799, that there had been a deficit in the previous year of 1,319,000/. During the admiinstration of the Marquis W^ellesley, which began in 1797-3 and terminated in 180.')-6, the British empire in India was augmented by the conquest of Serin;japat;im and the whole territories of Tippoo Saib, the cession of largo tracts by tite Maliratla chiefs, the capture of Delhi, the ancient seat of the Mogul empire, and various other im[)orlaiit acquisi- tions; so that the revenue, which had amounted to 8,059,000/. in 1797, was increased to 15,403,000/. in 1805. But the expenses of government, and the interest of the debt, in- ireasnd in a still greater proportion than the revenue; having amounted, in 1805, to 17,- HTS.OOO/., leaving a deficit of 3,269,000/. In the following ye.ir the reveime fell oil' nearly 1,000,000/., while the expenses continued nearly the same. And there was, at an average, ac.ontinucd excess of expenditure, including commercial charges, and a contraction of fresh debt, down to 1811-12. Notwithstanding the vast additions made to their territories, the Company's cominerce with them continued to be very inconsiderable. During the 5 years ending with 1811, the exports to India by 'he Company, exclusive of those made on account of individuals in their ships, were as under: — ISf)7 ISOS ISOD £ - 0."j2,llf. - ill !),."> ti - 81)0,15:) 1810 ISll £ - i,'m),Hi.5 - 1,033,810 atli'ast to lilt! nifrchaiils eitli'T of this couiilrv or of Inilia. Tliev liavi; l)een tlie soiirc(! of constant dispate, and tlipy liavo even entail.'il a liiMvv"e\piMise ii|)on tlu" Coinpany without atTorilins to the public any adequate ...'nelit from siicli a sairl'liie."— i./'";'.'-.-; pubthUd bij E. I. Comp. 1813, p. *t.) % 028 EAST INDIA COMPANY. • Q {, ,t ■• r ■i', Tlio rxportg by tliR private triidr, ami tlio privUrirc trndo, that is, the rommnntlors and olTicfrrt of till! Coiniiiiiiy'H v\\\\)^, chiriii); tlip ahovc-mciitinTH'il yi'nrH, wrrn iiliout ns Inrijo. During till! 5 years fnihnu with 1807-H, the nnniini averafjo im|M)rtn into India by Hritish j)riviit(i trndiTs, only, aiiiDinitcd to ;)()r),496/. — { f'fiprrs published by the Eiust India Cum- jmny in ISIH, -Ito. p. nfi.) Till! ComiianyV fx(i()rts include tho valuR of ihn military Btores sent from (Jrrat Britain to India, Thi- Khips rniployrd in ihr tnidc to Inillu and ('liina, durinp; the Hame 5 years, varied from 44 to r);?, and their burden from l)fi,t)71 to 45,.'M2 tonn. For some years previously to the termination of the ('ompany's charter in 1813, the con- viction had been gaining ground among all eluMges, that the tray Hrilish the Eii-tl India Com- ni from Great Britnin li» thoHttine 5 years, varied hnrterin IRTJ. the con- o the Kns't WHS capnlilc want of t-nterprisp ntul t it was confined within LT the nmnutaetiuinp! and o the East thrown open, re^t enough to procure n lina to the 10th of April, i«m1 ill their hands tor the under certain eonditiong, ' individuals should trailt, /.and the port of Penally; « burden ; and that they f (;ontrol, from enRa'j;in«: Uina. Andyet,indi-spitr as compared with inono- mry over the East Iiiilia ih India ! ,reisn trade of the country, iHumption of British Rooils c, aceounted for hy the dc- rially vary ; and it ai-prars ul use of the natives. 1 Iwt ,c first opcninK of the trade, Pd from /(/'/,'/ to .-i-X'/f'-W)' India, which amountoil.in houn'h the market appears , of "nearly one half in the ken plaee more in the arti- aiid the trade is now stattMl \Vhen the amount of pqiu- n of these articles is s[ire!id, Lntlv with the pohtical m- i)rivate trader, for the ihs- i,h ho may have the option ,re ready and extensive de- Icedings of the free traders,^ jrom the commercial spccula- [cial residents, with large es- Lscs, stationed in all the coii- Ihe intimation of a wish from he native manufacturers anil Icome fairly into competition Istructed to make their pur- Ithe Company, states, m his (purchases) in India during Lrced ; meaning hy tins, that npulsorily obtained from the d have brought in a market it was not in the nature o natives could not deal wUli . and it would be absurd to i and to draw on the public iriulence and discretion of in- heir transactions. Themtcr- L, lot quite accurate, see ?..(. %., passed in pursuance ot the fcrrnce of such per.wns would. nndiT any circmiutanecH, have reiidtTivl the E.isl India tradn ]ieculiar!y lia/mloiis. Hut tiicir iiilliifiicf in this ri>s|M'cl was inaleriiilly uutjiavatcd by iho irrctiulaiity ol tlicir ap[ii'.ir;iiiccs. No individual, not lu'lom^iinj to the court of directors, ciiuld foresee whether tiie (Jtiinpany's agents would be in the market at all ; or, if there, to what extent they would either juirchase or sell. Ho capricious were their proceediii';>i, tliat in some years thiy have laid out 700,000/. oniiidiLjo, while in others they have not l.iid out ft siiiRle sliiliinn; and so with other things. A lluctualing demand of this sort neci'.ssarily ni'casioned great and sud.li ii variations of price, and was injurious alike to the proilucers and the private merehants. Mr. Mackenzie, late secretary to the government of Uengil, set the iiii.schievoiis inlliience of tiie circumstances now alluded to in the clearest point of view, in his masterly evidence bi't'oi'd the select coimniitee of 18!32 on the alliiirs of India; and liii further showed, that it was not possible, by any sort of contrivance, to obviate the incon- M'liiences complained of, and that they would unavoidably continue till the Company ceased ill have any thinu; to do with coininerce. Hut besides being injurious to the private trader, and to the public genernlly, both in India niid Kiiglaiiil, this traile was of no advantage to llu^ East India Company. How, indeed, t'oiild it be otherwise! A company that maintained armies and retailed tea, that carried u sword iii the one hand and a ledger in tlie other, was a contradiction; and, had she traded with success, wouhl have been a prodigy. It was inipossilile for her to pay that attention to details that is indispensable to the carrying on of commerce with advantage. Slio may have gained something by her mono()oly of the tea trade, though even that is very iiuestion- iiiile; but it is lulinilted on all hands, that she has lost heavily by her trade to India.* When, therefore, the question as to the renewal of the charter came to be discus.-ed in 1832 and 18.J.3, the Cmnpany had no reasonaiile oiijection to urge against their being denrived of the [irivilege of trading. .And the act 3 «.V 1 Will. 4. c. S.'j., for continuing the charter till 1804, has Icniiiriuted the Coinpani/'K coiiiiui rcial c/ia meter,- by enacting, that the Coin[)any's trade ii) ("hiiia is to cease on the -vJd of April, 1834}-, and that the Comjiany is, as soon as possi- i>le after that date, to dispose of their stocks on hand, and clo. e their commercial business. We congratulate our readers on this consuinination. The trade to India, China, and the l^ist generally, is now, for the first time, opened to free and unfettered mercantile enterprise. Whiil has beeneilected since the opening of the trade to India in 1814, notwithstanding thf! many drawbacks undi'r which it has labimred.is an earnest of what may be anticipated from die new arrangements. We have no doubt that it will be found that the commerce between the Eastern and Western worlds is as yet only in its infancy; and that it is destined, now that the incubus of monopoly is wholly removed, to attain to a niagnitu;lo and iinportai'co of which we can form no definite idea. II. East IxniA Compaxt (Constitutio:^ of). Under the new act, the functions of the East India Company are wholly political. She is to continue to govern India, with the concurrence and under the supervision of the Board of Control, nearly on the plan laid down in .Mr. Pitt's act, till the 30tli of Ainil, 18.)4. All the real and [lersonal jnoperty belonging to the Company on the "i'id of April, 1834, is vested in the Crown, and is to be held or managed by the (Company in trust for the same, subject of course to all claims, debts, contracts, &v„ already in existence, or that may hereafter bo brought into existence by competent authority. The Company's debts and liahiiilies are all charged on India. The dividend, which is to continue at \0\ per cent., is to be paid in England out of the revenues of India; and provision is made l"or the establishment of a se- curili/ fund for its discharge. The dividend may be redeemed by parliament, on ]iaynient of 200/. for 100/. .stock, any time after April, 1874; but it is proviiled, in the event of tho Company being de[)rived of the government of India in 1854, that they may claim redemp- tion of the dividend any lime thereafter upon 3 years' notice. — (3 & 4 U'(7/. 4, c. 8.j.) Cumyiniii's f-Vu-A-— itiriiH a rapital of 0,')nO,Oi)()/,, into wliii-li all |iersniis, natives or forcML'iiers, males nr fL-iii;iles. Iiiprlies pulllie : by liriini'dl or nmrrliiBc Pcrxiiim piiNBCH-iril of I.Odd/ nKick nrc fiM|i(i«i'ri'il to Blvn n *inirlr vntf> ; 3,(MNI/. arc ii i|iiiililli'iilioii lor two vhIi'm; it.oiKl/. Inr lliri'r viili'4 ; mill l(i,(HKi/ unci ii|iwnrilii I'ur rum votcH. TliiTf wrrc 'J.IKi;) lirnprirlor.i (111 Mil' ('iiin|iiiliv'K liocikd In In'J.'i; iiT ijirsr l.UII with i|imli|l|.,) In idvf hIiiuIi' viiIi'H ; 3(l*j, Iwn vmIi'm ; tH), llirrr viilrx i iiMil IH, fdiir vi>li '4. |i|ii>M any Miii'ilal iiniHlnn. I) |irii|irii'liirri, iliily i|ii;ilHi>'il liy llir pnxiirHMtiiii nl' I.OIHI/ (.tmli, may, liy a rri|ilMllll° viiIccm ; in ciihc nt' iin ci|nallly. lln' ilclcrinlna lion iiiiHt lie hy ihc trcaiinrcr ilravvinu II liii. Mnc prnprii'lor^ may, liy a rcipiliiltlHii In writing, ilc iiianil a li:ill(ii upon any i|nc»tiiiii, wlin li hIwiII not Ik: tiikcii within 'i\ Uimt* uticr llic lircakliiu up „i tho ucncral court. CdKri of Vinrlnrs.—TUi} rniirt of ijlrcclorii Ix rompoMcil of 21 niiMnliiTH, clioncn from aiiioim tlic pro- prlclorn, each of whom niii'-t lie pusHi vxcil of '-i.llllll/. Htork ; nor laii any ilirci tor, al'lir li< Inif cIiohci,. net loiifcr than while he conliniics lo liolil nlork. Of these, li arc choHcn on the necoiiil \Veiliic..) 'ii,,, (llri'clors I lioosc iinniially, from amoiii.'st Iheniselves, a chairman anil a ilepniy chalrioaii. 'I'hi y iirr rt'i|ilircc| hy liy-law s in meet once in every w cek at least ; hill lliey freiini nlly liieel oflcner, as in , a- vion rcipiiri'N. Not less than l.'l can form a conrl. Their ileteriiiiiialions arc uiiiihil hy a inajiirliy . ill case of an ei|iiality, the iincstioii must lie ilci lileil hy the ihaw inn of a lot hy Ihe Irciisiirer ; niinii nil i|ilcstioiis of iiiijiortancc, Ihi; seii.'^e of the court is taken liy liallot. 'I'lie Compaiiy'H oHici.r-.. |,i,||, at home anil iihnmil, receive their iippoliilnients iinnieilialely from llic cottrl ; lo whom llii'\ .ir,. reNponsilili- for Ihe iliie anil faitlifiil (llscharce of Ihe triiHt reposeil in them 'I'he patroiiii|{e is, n'cvcr- Ulcle-s, so arraiiL'eil, .as Ih.it cai h meniher of Ihe conrl Mcp.-iralily parllcipales Ihereiii. Sernt ('(iiiiiiiilirr.- 'I'he prlncijial powers of the conrl of ilireciors are ve^lcll in a secret coininiipi, formiii).' a sort of cahiiiet or privy council. All comniiinicalions of a conlnlcnlial or ihllcaic nainrr between the lloaril of Conlrol ami the Company arc siiliinillcil, in the fust instance .il Icasl. in i|a. coiislileratlon of Ihis ciiiumlllee ; anil Ihe ilireitions of ilic lloaril, lis lo polilical all'iilrs, may lie Iraim. liiitted direct to India, Ihroimh Ihe coiiimillee, willmut hciiii! seen hy Ihe otlicr dir dors. The seirci comiiiillee is appointed hy the court of direclors, iiinl itH iiieiiibers are Hworii lo h .cresy. III. E.\sT I.MiiK.s (Statk iik Socii.TV ly, (JiiowiMs Dkmand fou EMinsii (Joons, TllAItK, CoLOMSATHIN, KTC). 1. Di.stincfion nf Ccistts In India, liiaceurari/ tif Ifir lirjnrstnfiitiDH.i nx tit t/ic In/inlii/. ants hcliii^ unalferalt/i/ iilluched to anciint Cu.slmiis (md i'roctlcvs, — We hnvp tiikpii occa- sion, in liio {iroccdiiiR ski-lcli of the history of tho East Iiuliii (Join|)any, rc|it'iifi'iily to notice the sniuli oxlfiit of lite traiic carried on iiy its agency. It lias been contciiilctl, liowrver, llmt tlii.s is to ho nHcribcd, not to the deadening inlluenee of monopoly, but to the iiecviliar state of the people of India. A notion has long been prevalent in tlii.s qiiarter of the world, that the Hindoos are u race unsusceptible of change or improvement of any sort ; lliat every nimi is brought up to the profession of his lather, and can engage in none el.^-c; and that, owins to the simplicity and unalterableiiess of their habits, they never can be consumers, at least Ui nny considerable extent, of foreign conniiodities. " What is now in India, has always iiccii there, and is likely still to continue." — {RohcrtsorCs Dlsfjitinilion, p. '20C.) The Hiiiiioos of this day are said to be the same as the Hindoos of the age of Alexander the (I'reat. The descriiition of them given by Arrian has has been ipioted as applying to their actual siiua- tion. It is ailirmed that they have neither iin|)roved nor retrograded; and we are rel'errod to India as to a country in which the institutions and manners tlial iirevniled .'^OOd years ;i('il'i'i«>li': rvuiilrt 111' iIk- •■•iiii|ii>»y 111 iifilialrly <"i "»'''■ '■•'I'i'iil" if mi lliry iif iiii'liiiilili' 111' 1 (liZ/.l. <••*''''■ '!■'•"'■' ''l'" rpiiiy ili;ilriiiiiii. 'I'ln > 'it. cnllv iiiii'i nil''"'''. »" ""•'- s iiri' (.'iiiili'il liy » iii'i.iiiriiy • itliit liv llii' lii'iisiiriT ; ii|i.iii I'hc ('iiiiiliaiiy'.iiillii'i'f'-l"iili i. (oiirl ; ti' wliiMii ilii'\ lite I. Till' imtiiiiiiiK'' '". iii'viT- piilr^ tlii'iriii- ,i.-liil ill 11 Hi'iTft rKiiiiiiillii'. „l(l(li'lllilll IT lli'liiat liirr ruivor ; wliiih three are exclu- sively lirahiiiiniait." Mr. (Jolehrook, who is ncknowlediTed on all hands to he one of the very hicjhest authori- ties, as to all that respects Indian alfairs, has a pa|ier in the tilth volume of the Asintir He- smrcJii'n, on the Buhject of castes. In this paper, Mr. Colelirook states that the Julliniila, a Hindoo work, enumerates y(»r/y-/j(V) mixed classes spriiininu; from the intercourse of a man of inferior class with a woman of a superior class, or in the Inirr.se order of the classcH, Novs', if we add to these the number that must have sprunu; from intermixture in the (tlrrcf order i)f the classes, and Ihe hosts further arising from the conlimied intermixture of the mixed tribes ainonRst themselves, we shall not certainly be disposed to dissent from Mr. (/'olehrook's conclusion, " that tho Hubdivisions of these classes have further multiplied distinctions to an <7if//('.vs vurlffi/.'" Mr. (Jolebrook has (riven the following distinct and accurate account of the professions and employments of tho several classes at the present day. It forms a curious commentary on the "irrevocable destiny" of Dr. Uobortson, and tho "impassable walls" of Dr. Tennnnt. "A Brnliiiiaii, nnatile to siihsisi liy his iliilii's, may live liy the dnly of a snldii'i- ; if he caiinnt pet ii salisisteiici! liy eitlier nf these emplnyinenlM, lie may apply'ln lillaae ami alteiidam:c' nil catlle, nr (fain a ci)iii|ii'luiui; liy Irallic, avoiiliiii; ei.'rtaiii (^niiimndilies. A Cnhalrija in dislriss, may siijisist hy all llii'se mraiis ; bill he iiiiisl not have reeniirsi' to llie liiirliesl fancliniis. In srasniis of ilisliess, a fiir- liicr laliliide is given. The prarlini of meilirhie, ami nllier learned profissinii-i, paintiiisr, and other nrls, wiirit for waues, menial service, alms, and usury, are aiiinmj llie nioiles of siilisislenii' allowed liiilii III till! Wni/i/HK/i ami C.-'lidtniu. A F«i.«//i(, iinalile In snhsisl liy his own iliilii's, may ilesrenil to till! servile arts of a i'lii/nt .• and a .S'l/f/n/, mil lindimr employmenl liy wailiii); on men of ilie liisher classes, may subsist hy handicrafts; principally followiiitt iliose mechanical operalions, as joinery anil niasnnry, and practical arts, as paintinc and wrilinu, by which he may serve men nf snperinr classes ; anil allhnnah a man nf a lower class is in ijencr il reslricted frnm llie acLs of a higher class, llie Siitlrii is evpressly permitted Io become a trader, or a linslmndinan. "Hesiiles Ihe particular occupation assiiiiied to each of llie mixed classes, lliey have Ihe alterna- live nf fiillowini! that iirofession, which repnlarly bilnniis In llie dar-s from whii h Iliey derive their orijin en the motlier's side ; llinse at least have'snch an nptinii, who are horn in llie ilirecl order of the dassi's. 'J'lie. miriil rhisses art- alsn pel-milled In .^rh.•i|) vcars 11. ('. ; for Ihe mixed classes are speiilied in this work, and il also refers, in many places, to past liiiies, :iml to events which a conrsii of time only could have broiniht aliniit. The nriain of the inlpriiiixinre is Iherefnre lost in Ihe remotest and obscurest antiiliiily; ami havinz been carried on llirniiijli a IniiK course nf aires, a heteroL'em'ous mass is every where pri'sented In us, in these latter limes, williont a siimle i-xiiiiipli' in iinv |iarliciilar s'ale, or kiiifjilom, nr separate pnrlinii of the llin- dnn coimmiiiitv, of that (|iiadriiiile division of castes, which li:is lii'en so cniirKleiiily insisted upon. "I have my.self seen cnrpenti'rs of live or si.\ dillerent castes, and as many dill'ereiil bricklayers (MnplinednirUie same ImildiiiK. The same diversity of castes may be nbserviMl aiiinns Ihe crafts- men in diii'kyaids, and all otiier (rre.it works ; and Iliose, who have rrsided for any lime in the prin ripal coiiiniefcial cities nf India, must he sensible, that every iiicreasins; demand fnr lahnur, in all itn ilitl'irenl iTiinclies and varieties of nlil aii'l new arls, has been speedily and etrectually supplied, ir> s|iiliMjf the iremeMdons iiislitution nf rastes; which we are taught to believe forms so impassable ar obstriiclien to tlie advancement of Indian industry." 2. Grnwinir Demand for E»,S()5 80.') 18-22 !t,58;i .1.1,0 I2,!I,'J3 l,lli».!l!).') ^\^|.\,K>3 483,702 1S,S2 i8.2iii,r.r)n 3!l.270,51 1 1,53 1,303 '4,295,427 30!l,719 The Kast India Company eontritmled nolhinjj wh.'itever to this extraordinary increase of the cot- ton trtide ; their exports not liiiviiiKl n so liirye in any one year as in 1814, when they only amounted 10 tliu inconsiduralile snin tilreiuly nienlioiied. The demand for several other articles of Kritish manufacture has recently increased, though not ill the same unprecedented manner as cotton, with considerable rapidity. JVot- withstanding all that has bwHi said as to the immutability of Hindoo habits, the fact is not to bn denied, that a taste for EuropeiUi |)roducts and cu.stoms is rapidly .spreading itself over India. And the fair jiresumiition is, that it will continue to gain ground according as cdu- calion is more dillused, and as the natives become better acquainted with our language, arts, and habits. The authenticity of Dr. Heber's statements cannot bo called in question; and there arc many passages in dillerent parts of his ,Iournal that might be quoted in corrobora- tion of what has now been stated. Our limits, however, will only permit us to make a very few extracts. "Nor have the relisiotis prejiiitices, and the unrhangeahlennss of the Hindoo habits, been less <";a;;!rcrat('il. SoniiMif the hcsl inl'orined of tlioir nation, with whom 1 li.ive conversed, assure me, lliiu half their most rcniark.ililii customs of civil and domestic life are horrowcil from tln^ir Moliani- tiic'dan fonijuiiio.-s ; nwil nl prc.-eiit there is un (ibriuiis and iiicrcii^hii.' ili-'^l>i>^i>i"n to iniitiilc the Kii/rlisli ill evcrij tliiiif/. which Ims iilready li'd lo very riMiiiirkable changes, ami will, prolialily, to still more inipnrlant. Tht! wealthy natives now all iiU'cct to have tlieir lion s decorated willi Corinthian pil- ■;irs, iiii'l lilleil with Ihi^jlisli fnriiltiiro ; llicy drive the best lioritis and the most dasliing carriages in Ciilctitla ; many of them speak I'.nu'lisli tliieiitly, ami are tolerably read in Kn^lish literaluri,': and llie cliililreii of oni^ of our friends 1 saw one day drc'ssed in jackets and trowsers, with round hats, shoes, and stockings. In tlie Heiii.'alee newspapers, of which then; are two or three, politics are caii- viisseil witli a bias, as 1 am told, inclined to Whiugism ; am! one of their leading men gave a great dinner, not ioi i; since, in honour of tin; Spanish revolution ; iiniong the lower orders tliu same feel- ing shows itself more benelicially in a urowing neglect of caste."— (Vol. ii. p. ;!()0.) "To say that the Hindoos or Mussulmans are delicitiiit in any essential lealure of a civilisr 1 peo- ple, is an as'-erlion which I can scarcely suppose to be made by any who have lived witli theio ; their manners are at li'ast as pleasing and court is as those in the cornspomling stations of lite among ourselves; theii houses are larger, and, acco:iling to their wants ami climate, to the full as conveni- ent as ours ; llii'ir arciiileclure is at least iis el.gant ; nor is it trii.' that in the mechanic arts thi'y are inferior to the fj'.neral run of lOiiropein nations. Where they tall short of us, (which is chietiy in asriiultiiriil implements, and the mechanics of common lite,) they arcMiot, so far as 1 have under- stnod of Italy and the south of France, surpassed in any degree by th peo|ile of Ihosi^ countries. Tlicir goldsniiths and weavers prodici; as beantifnl fabrics as our ovtn; and it is so far from true that they are obslinatelx weihled lo their old patterns, Ibat they show an anxiety to imitate our models, find do imitate ijiein very siiccesst'iilly. Tile ships built by native artists at Uoinbay are no- toriously as good as any w liicli sail iVom l.(indoii or Liverpool. The carriages aiil gigs which they .supplj at Calcutta are iis hand- uiie, though not as diiraide, as those of Long Acre. In the little town of Monghyr, 30(1 niili's t'rom Calcutta. 1 had pistids. double-barrelled guns, and dilferent pieces of cabinet work, broimht down to my bout for sale, which in outward form (for 1 know no further) nnliody but perhaps iMr. cij'iid detect to be of Hindoo (jrigin ; and at Delhi, in the sliop of a Healthy native jeweller, 1 found brooches, ear-riim's, snuH'-boxes, &c. of llie latest models (.so far as I am a judge), and ornamented with French devices and mottos "— (Vol. ii. p. 382.) As Bishop ITcber penetrated into the interior of India, he found the same taste as in Cal- cutta, for Eu-opean articles and for luxuries, to prevail every where among the natives. Of Denares, he writes as loUows : — "Rm what surprised me si ill more, as I penelrateil further into it, were tin; large, lofty, and hand- soiii; d'.v.'lling-honses, the beauty and apparent richness of the goods exposed in the bazaars, and IhB evident hum of business. Henares is in fact a very indiistrious ami wealthy, as we'll as a very holy city. It is llie great mart where the shawls of the north, the diamonds of the sonlh, and tho imisiins Of Dacca and the eastern provinces ce:.lre ; iiiid it has vi.'ry considerable silk, cotton, and I;:* ♦ Including lace, hosiery, and small wares. 80 634 EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). r • * I I J- i t ' I fine wnoUon ninTHifuctorics nf its own ; wliile Knplish liiinlwnro, Kwords, sliii'lds, nnd spenrs, from l.ueknow and Moiijjliyi '""' llmxc I'.umpran Uixiirie^ and ilrpuiicies irlnrli arc tluilii lircuiniiiir iiiiire po- pular ill India, I'irciilatc from lieiicc tliroiisrli ISiiiKllucinid, (;i>n'ii('k{Mior, Nu|miil, and otliur tructs which aro reinnvcd from the inuin artery of the Ganges." — (Vol. i. p. 2s().) Proceeding still further into the interior of the country, and when at Nussecraliad, distant above 1,000 miles from Calcutta, the bishop continues his Journal in the same strain ; viz. " Furopean articles are, at Nusseerahad,* as niiKlit he expected, very dear ; the shops are Itept Ijy a Or^ek .1' ■'. two I'arsees friini lionihay ; ttn-y liad in llieir list all llie usnal items of a ('alciitla ware- lionse. Enulish cotton cloths, both white and primed, are to he met with conmionly in wiiar among the people of the country, and may, 1 learned to my surprise, be bonirht best and cheapest, as well as all kimis of hardware, crockery, writing-desks, &.<:., at I'alle, a larije town and celchralid marl in Marwar, on Ihi^ edftc of the desert, several days' journey west of Jouilpour, where, till very lately, no European was known to liave penetrated." — (Vol. ii. p. 36.) As to the character of the Hindoos, their capacity, and even anxious desire for improve- ment, the bishop's testimony is equally clear and decided ; and as this is a point of pre-emi- nent importance, the reader's attention is requested to the following statements : — " In the schools which have been lately established in this part of the empire, of w hicli there are at present i) esialilished by the Church Missionary, and 11 by Ihe (,'liristiaii Kn(jwle(lL.'e Societies, some very iine.\pi'cted facts have occnrred. As all direct attempts to convert the (bildven are dis- clainn'd, the parents send them without scruple. IJiit it 's no less straiifie than true, that there is no ohjection mad(; to the use of the Old and New 'i'estiiment ;is a class-book ; lliit so Ion!; as llip teachers do not nr^e llieni to eat what will make tlieni lose their caste, or to be baptised, or to curse their country's jio(is, they readily consent to every IhiiiL' else ; and not oiily iMussuliiians. lint lirali- niins, stand by with perfect cocdtiess, and listen slerably in the Eimlisli cbaritc- ter. and exceliing most boys I have met with in the accuracy and readiness of their arithmetic."— (Vol. ii. p. 3Sti.) "The diHeretit nations which I have seen in Imiia, (for it is a great mistake to suppose that all India is peo|iled by a single race, or tliat there is not as great a disparity between the inhabitants of Gu/.erat, Hengal, the Dooah, anil the Deccan, both in language, manners, and physiognomy, es hc- tweeii any four nations in Europe,) have, of course, in a gri'ater or less degree, the vii es wliii ii \\n\fi he expected to attend on iirhitrary government, a ilemoralisiiig and ahsind reli'/ion. .iiiil (in all tin- independent states, and in siune of the districts which are partially subject to the IJritifli) a lavityof law, and an almost universal prevalence of intestine feuds and habits of plunder. The ceneral cha- racter, however, has much which is extremely pleasing to me ; they are brave. ciMirteons. intelligi in, and most eager iifter knowledge and improveiii cut, with a remarkable talent for the scicnre.j nf geometry, astronomy. °cc., as well as for the arts of paintinu and sculpture. In all these points they have had great dilliculties to strnirgle with, both fnuii the want if models, instruments, and elirnem- nry instruction : the indisposition, or rather the horror, entertained, till lately, by many ainoni' their European masters, for giving them instruction of any kind : and now from the leal dilliinlty wliiih exists of translating works of science into languages which liave no corresponding terms."— i. Vol. ii p. 409.) Even if our space permitted, it would be unnecessary to add to these extracts. The farts and circumstances now mentioned, must, we think, satisfy every one that there is noi!iii,ifi;iii the nature of Indian society, in the institution of castes as at jire.seiit existirp;, or in the iiabits and customs of the natives, to hinder them from advanrint; in thi! career of civilisation, com- merce, and wealth. " It may safely he as.sertcd," says Mr. Hamilton, " that with so vast an extent of fertile soil, jieopled by so many millions of tractable and industrious inhabitants, Hindostan is capablo of suppiyinij; the whole world with any species oftrojiical merchandise; the production, in fad, bciiic; only limited by the demand." 3. Trade vith India. — The principal olistarle in the way of extending the commerce with India does not consist in any indisposition on the part of the natives to purchase our com- modities, but in the dilliculty under which they I're placed of furnishing equi\alents for tiieni. This, however, is rather a fictitious than a real di(n;'itlty. It results inon; from the iliscriini- nating duties laid on several articles of Indian produce, than froin their beinfj, in any ic-pect, unsuitable fc our markets. Instead of admittint!; all the articles raised in tlte different de- pendencies or the empire for home consumption on the same terms, we have been accustomed to give !i marked [ireference to those rai.sed in the West Indies. We confess, liowever, that we are wholly unable to discover any grounds on which to vindicate such '/reltsreucc. The protection which every just government \a hound to nlford to all classes of its subjects, cannot vary with the varying degrees of latitude and longitude undiT which they happen to live. And lis no one denies that the iidiabitatits of Bengal are, as well as those of Deineraia or Jamaica, liege subjects of the British crown, it docs seem quite at variance with every fair ♦ Nu8seeral>ad, near Ajmere, in the heart of lUe Rajepoot country. 3 • c). EAST INDIES (SociETV in, Tuade, &c.). 635 liields, nnrt opcars, from iluilii birumiiif.' more po- uiKUil, and olUut triicls t NussccraliaJ, distant the same strain ; viz. • the simps iir(! kept 'ly a i.,ii« of n t;;ili''H'!' waro- iinnmiilv hi wt;iu iimonf; and rhrnpci'l, ns well as I and ci'lidii-iiKd ni;iit ui r, wlicre, till vory laldy, lus desire for improvp- s is a point of pre-enii- italcments : — mpirc. "f wtiiilHhrroare ian WnowUMlL'i.' SociclUT', „'ti thn rliililron an; tlis- than trniMliat llicrc is no (.ok ; llnl so Ions: a^ llio to 1)0 liaptisi'il.ortocursL' ,lv Mnssoihnans. lint lirali- "lit iutorcst and pli-iisnri', I and ol' Josns CliriM."— linns, I rortainlv did not at lion, hut Willi the prisitost H.ui to he fnlly sensible nl ivleiP't; of Kiii;lish. There iiininl' 00 to I'iO each ; ami lately hy a wealthy Hindoo i„irv">'oeietv. in wlii'li, lie- s I'crsiaii imd Araliir, the mneV History of KuLdaud. sand n'.'iral piee-ins of ||», raldy in the Knuli-h eliarac- nesaiif llieir anlhinelic. '- mistake to suppose that all lietween the iiihaliite.nts of -i and tdiysioiiioniy, i'S hc- lie^ree. till' vices wliic li iiuist i.Tl reli'.'ion. and (in all the I't to the l>vili^■l^. a laxity nt' lilunder. The ceneial eha- hrave, eourteons. iiitellicrnt, talent for the seieiires (if re. In all these ptdnts Ihcy 1 in?trunients. ami ideiiiem- latelv. hy inanv aiieniL' iheir roni the ieal dilhinlty whuh responding terms."— Ould. ;hese extracts. The forts [no thattlicre is nothing in it I'xistino;, or in the habits Irart'or of civilisntion.com- ()n, " that with so vast an ](1 industrious inhabitants, Ics of tropical merchandise; jendinR the ronimerco with ces to purcliasi; onr com- LhiiiR e>iui\ah'nts for them, its more from tlie discriini- Itheir heins. i" «">' respect, Iraised ia the diiVerent dc- I, we have been accustomed Iwe confess, however, that late such --reference. Tli<' lasses of It's subjects, cannot -ihich they iiappen to hve. I as those of Deineravaor lat variance with every fair lioot country. principle, to treat them worse tiian the West Indians, by imposing higher duties on their pro- duce when brought to our markets. The following Tables give a conipr-'heiisive view of the trade with India since the relaxa- tion of the monopoly in 1814, and paiucularly during the 3 years ending with 1833 : — An Account of the Value of the Imports and Exports between Oreat liritaiii and all the Places Eastward of the Cape of Good Hope (e.xceplini; China); dislinKiiisliimt the Private 'J'rade from that of the East India Company, in each Vear, from IBM to tlie latest Period to which the same can be made up. Van. Value of Imtwrts into Great Rrilain, Kistwaril of the Cape of (ir.Oil Ho| .icr triJiiiif to llie PrictiH .it lliu K.ist S.iles ti) the respective YeaM. from nit Places i; (except Cluiia), lli'lia Company's Value of ElporU from Grcnt Dritain to all Places East, ward of (lie Cipe of tiood Hope 't-Kvpt China), ac- cordiut; to the Ueclaratiodb of the K:; porters. By the East lu'lla Cudipiuy. Trivilo Trade. Total Imperil. By the East Iir.iia Company. Private Trade, Total Evimrts. j: £ £ £ £ £ 1814 4,W-,079 4,43.'), 196 8,043.275 826,558 1,048,132 1,874,690 1M5 3,111 !),.'>,■>() 5,119,0)1 8,l,30,lti7 9iHi,218 1,569,513 2„5(,5,761 ISlti 2,0J7,7i)3 4,402,()'2 6,429,785 633,546 1,9,55,909 2,589,455 1817 2.3-23,6."0 4,.')41,9,M> 6,805,586 638,382 2,750,333 3,,3.S8,715 1818 2,305,003 fi,90i,l»4 9,'2o6,U7 553,385 3,018,779 3,572,164 1819 ),'J;j2 101 4,(iS3.3(i7 i>,(>\:,.'M 760,508 1,586,575 2.3 17,0S3 18i0 i,7.-.:,i:i7 4,201,389 5,958,,',%', 971,096 2,066,815 3.0.37,911 1821 1,713,733 3,031,113 4,775,116 887,619 2,656,776 3,541,395 1822 1 ,(jy2,329 2,(i21,:i3l 3,V13,i;63 600,089 2,8.i8,35 1 3,414,443 1823 1.087,078 4.314,973 5.9,32.051 458,550 2,957,705 3,410,255 1 1824 1,1!»I,7.'J3 4,410,347 5,605,101) 651,783 2,841,795 3.490.578 1 1825 1,162,(192 4,710,083 6,17.8.775 598,553 2,574,660 3,173,213 1826 J,,V2»),0t)0 5,2l0.8t:o <),730,926 990,964 2,480,588 3,471,5,52 1827 I,*ii2,ls0 4,00!',537 5,681,017 805,610 3,830,580 4,036,190 1S28 1,030,107 5,13.V'73 7,065,180 488,601 3,979,072 4,467,673 182'J 1,5«(3,442 4,021,842 6,218,284 434,586 3,665,678 4,100.264 IS.SO l,.')',l3.iR0 4,(l80,.',0,'i 5,679,071 195,394 .3,891,917 4,()N7.311 1831 1,431,372 4.295,138 5,729,810 116,480 3,;8K,.571 3,li:i5.0,^l 1832 1,107,787 5,229,311 6,337,098 149,193 3,601,093 3,750,286 An Account of the Imports into Oreat Britain from all Places Eastward of the Cape of Hood Hope (exreptiii? Cliiiiii), 'listiiifrnishint; hetwien those made hy the F.ast India (Jonipany and tliosi! made by private Traders during the Tliree Years ending with 18J2,— (From Pari. Paper, i\ii, 425, Sesg, 1833.) Articles. lbs. .Aloes • JAi.ifieli.h ilkMij^niiu • - — Korax • ■ • — Cainpbire, unrefined — Canes, viz, rattans (not jrround) • numb, Cullee - - lbs- Colt'. n piece ^orels, while calicoes an'l iiiuslins, pes. Cotton pii-ce go.ni.i. ilyed cniion K erass cloths, (ics, N.ui.|'iin cloths - — ( ar l.mionis - • lbs, L.TSaia buds - • — C.assia lii 83I,2IH) 449(>56 3,198 ll,S92,:»b 1,301 14 l,t;0i l.olil 1,234 55,&', 1,962 4«i,2r.1 eif'.taii 37,,-.!IS 14,130 4'),0,9 441.27 6,4S4 466, 1. 'i 4.ISI 2,712 2->4 .5,104 5,772,5 1 (> I2,9i;2 W)2 46 1,59 1 3.320 157,211 I2,,4S7 21,9 IS 2,170 2,361 9s,77l I7li,i!l'l 710,268 Total. 1831. East India Company 6l,P6:j S,722 27,42! 172.642 273,0S2 2,414,562 7,026,7a'J 171,223 252,563 573, 'ml 41,035 86,"' 831,296 44;i.6')6 3,138 I2,512,>09 1,3UI 14 1,0 '2' 1.51)1 i 1,269! 55,6)1! 1,962'i 48.5,2691 649,o3()' 37,595' 14,130 45,059! 441.275; 6.4S4! .166,15 4,l.«l 2,742.221 3,104 7,926,8.7 12,962 jl)2 465. -,91 3,120 137,211 I2),4S7 21,94S 2.170 2 601 143,7' 2 176,593 1,736,231, 1,467 32,107 446,930 Private Trade, 1,070,464 1,781,9' 28,818 l,0S8,f;3 20,305 892 81.879 IS,<24I 106,979 3,908,423 7,656,386 1,5,900 1.16,731 8,54,671 72,800 171,720 392,7S9 222,991 I24.fc()7 25,366,6)3 II 65 2,173 1,03! 850 190„!7t 2,489 7.53,252 1,140,128 U9,I44 11.735 110,039 343,373 3,5 631,14 761 5,037,776 3,3761 5,223,2t)8] 411,921 1 2.-,7li 510,493 3,147 133.462 I3.1.8S7 33,5531 ■2.436 2,2 -.l 141,9111 200,9i:e 636,677 Total, 20,305 892 83,-79 188,241 106,979 3,90,s,423 7,65U,3i6 17,367 !.:.'i,S38 854,671 72,800 171,720 392,7S9 222,991 124,607 15,SI3.)73 111 65 2,173 l,o:ii 8)0 190,274 2,489 753,252 I,I46,I2'< 149,144 11,735 110,039 3.13.373 3,5:15 631,14 761 6,12«.210 3.376 7,0O\216i 40.'121 2,571 510,492 3,147 13.1,1621 I3.^,8^7; 33,553! 2,436! 2,253 1 170,722 20',:l<>0; 1,725,030 1832. Private Trade, 11,120 2,586,415 1,731,898 49,51. ' 727,175 31,681 13,731 92,49'j 1,50, .•95 203,734 3.922,355 10,407,837 79,090 216,100 195,^07 67.218 75,173 9'.i6.3fc8 25,738 224,614 32,63j,U.-9 70 149 1,010 867 2,r)09 155,290 2,693 4.59.379 1,070,261 319,173 t.l.iMO 223.426 257,387 10.660 201. I< 3,3lX 4,6.10,475 10,719 4,479.99 72,li22 ;H4 "21,5>' 8,129 11.5,2371 171,560 ! 19,744; 5,556 3,377 180.026 464,917 1,087,644 Total. 31,(11.1 13,731 92,493 150,295 203,734 3,922,335 10,407,837 79,090 227,226 195,807 67,218 7.5,173 996,368 25,738 224,644 33,219,.504 70 149 1,010 ft., 2. I,55,2lX)| 2,693 j 459,379 1,0-0.261 319,373 Ll,940 223,426 2)7.3.S7 10,660 264,10 3,306 4,630,475 10,739 6,211,895 72,022 234 721, .527 8,129 I15,2;17 171,560 19,744 5,556 3,377 229.51S 464.917 t,8l4,S19 680 EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). Imports— continued. C.3 a -r Articles. 1830. 1831. 1832. Ea-t Indi.i Company, Private Trade. Total. Eiist India Company. I'rivate Trade. ToUl. East India Conipany. Piiva'e Trade. Total. Silk, mmu factum), viz. Q.-iiiilaiia hiiiiikt:rchief» anil rniiials pieces 68,524 6S,7-.2 124,276 e2,i"i7 121,401 184,398 63,547 148,040 211,887 Cnpe, III pifCL'9 — . SI3 513 . 932 932 Cnpe (ihawls, scarf, and go^vii-piRces and liind- ki-rchif(s • nmiili. . 23,711 23,711 . 17,740 17,V40 - 11,469 11,469 Tattatit!*, and other silks, in pieces • piucea 6,173 2,E-8 8,529 4,282 3,086 7,303 2,206 2,319 4,525 Snap . • • cvvt. ■ II 11 • • 1 1 bpiriU, viz. arrack, imp. gall, 4I,J19 41,419 ■ 7.911 7,911 . 20.591 20, -,91 Suear, uiirefincd • cwt. 118,333 6( (1,729 779,087 102,476 647,972 750,448 56,CC0 647,077 703,137 Tin . . _ 1-4,574 14,374 . ■■,472 5,472 :^6,ti42 2l),(,42 Tnrtniseshell, rough • lbs. . 32,11-9 32,|W9 . 30,iiO2 30,902 39,004 39,004 'I'urineric ■ ■ — . 1,81)7,764 1,867,764 . l,292.0J8 I,292,(>2li 1,004,043 1,004,04:-, Vermilion • • — . 10,923 10,923 1,926 I.!I26 (Jiher articles value L. 2,SI3 206,020 208,833 2,181 201, -279 203,460 20).,719 20S,719 Tolal Value of Imports, L. l,393,56« 4,0SJ,50;> 5.079,071 1,434,372 4,21)5,438 5,729,810 1,107,787 6,229 311 1. ,337.1 98 An Account of the Qunntities and declared Values of tlie various Articles exported from Great I!ii- tain to all Daces Eastward of the Cape of (lood Hope (except Cliiiia), distiiijriiifliiiiji helwccu those made by the East India Company, and those made by privalu Traders, during the Throe Years ending with 1832.— (I'rcm the Pari. Paper, No. 425. Sess. 1833.) Articles. 1830. ! 1831. 1832. East India Comp, Private Trade. Total. East Imlia Coliip. I'rivate Trade. Tolal. East India Comp, Private Tr.ide. Total, Apothecary wares Declared valued. IO,5t*S 9,642 20,230 6,382 6,169 12.751 6.967 9,778 16,745 Apparel 4,352 28,224 32.37C 1,895 27,362 29,257 9,271 23,477 32,748 Hcer and ale • • tuns . 3,473 3,473 26 3,144 3,170 . 4.737 4,7,17 Declared value L. . 71,364 71,364 390 60,403 60,795 . 87.606 87,606 Books, printed ■ • cwt. 40 703 743 6 823 829 13 1,032 1,01:) Declared value /,. 1,143 19,504 20,iJ.17 259 2,3,016 23,273 237 27,189 27,4J6 Brass - - - c«t. 10 232 242 6 164 169 45 12! lti:> Declared vnluo L. 90 2,143 2,233 40 1,244 1,284 393 1,00j l,39i Cabinet and upholsicry wares Declared value L. 3,523 3,523 . 2,019 2,019 47 3,C98 3,14-. Carriages - • nunilier . 133 133 , 137 137 - - 80 to Declared value L. 11,83-1 11,833 . 9,382 9,382 . - 5,430 6,430 Coals • - - Ions 1,877 2,lb6 4,043 2,013 3,043 5,0i6 1,926 4,547 0,473 Declared value L. 2,538 1,033 3,59! 2,314 2,553 4,869 1,870 3,898 5,7(8 Cochineal - - • lbs. . 44,329 44,329 34,676 34,676 29,588 29,588 Declared value L. 21,036 21,036 13,870 13,870 . 11,093 11,093 Colours for painters Declared value L. 679 14,434 15,113 891 8,573 9,464 1,150 11,S31 13,101 Copper, unwrought, in bricks and pigs - - ■ cwi. . 46,807 46.807 . 49,359 49,339 2,639 43,710 46,349 Declared value L, . 200.0--.0 200,030 , 204,936 204,9:16 11,180 178,030 189,216 wrought, nf all -orts, cwt. 1,02S 43,186 44.214 714 3.5,216 33,930 243 40,348 40,791 Declared v-ilue L. S.O-i!- 193,(98 200,1,36 3,500 133,.334 137,031 1,232 173,870 173,108 Cordage • • cwi. 411 911 1.332 1,405 1,393 3,000 28"> 3,7'.l 6,136 Decl irtd value L. 1,101 2.187 3,288 3,270 3,043 0,915 602 10,324 11,126 Cotton manufactures (British) Calicoes, &c., while or plain yards 7,300 37,553.687 37,.363,lf7 10,410 25.639,367 28,&19,9-7 6.414 34,077,810 34,084,224 Declared value /- 240 1,C08,S63 1,009,103 320 726,380 72t<,700 268 8it.,'.i:'l 819,lt3 Ditto, printed, checked, siaincd. ordyetl - - yirds 2,600 13,426.203 13,428,803 690 13,971,220 13,972.110 . n,"" 07,1188 17,907,(S!< Di'chred \ahie L. 160 53.i,93l 636,111 71 471,617 471,68.- - 531,034 6,31,654 Mu&lina, &c., whi:e or pl::in, yards 5,917.969 5,917,969 . 6,362,976 6,362,976 6,192,2:7 5,192,257 Declared value L. ' 185,940 185,940 . 179,652 179,632 . 143,140 143,140 Ditto, printed, checked, stained, or dyed • • yai-ds . 166.271 166.271 . 697,473 697,473 . 384,562 384,562 Declared value L. ■ 7,362 7,362 . 22,379 22,579 . 14,168 14,10* Hosier)', and bmall wares ' Declared vilue /„ 149 21,685 21,1*35 SO 19,280 19,370 . 23,242 23,242 Ag^reeate value of Rriiish cot- lou manufactures Declared value /.. 649 1.760,00:3 1,760,552 481 1.419,514 1,419,995 26S l,'.3l,l2-> 1.531.393 Cotton twist and yarti - Ihs. 3S 4.6!.9.532 4,689,370 6,34l,s^3 0,341,83'' 109 4,2:l-..2iv 4.293,427 I'Jechreii value L. 1 324,954 324,955 . 483,762 483,762 i: 3t'J,7W 3(J9,73I Cotton manufactures (foreign) square yanls . 2,883 2,885 7.806 7,^06 valiie /.. 114 114 . 1 1 991 991 Dpflared value L. . 238 2.8 . 327 327 941 991 Earthenware of all snr's pieces 42,000 1,245,800 1,287,800 27,000 1,233,.523 1,280,52;. 6,9fti 2,087,339 2,094,239 Declared value /,. 420 20,072 20,501 312 17,209 17,5-'l 62 27,001 il.m Glass - Declared value /„ 1.7411 102,870 104,616 2,334 100.060 102,423 1,060 100,0,-7 101,147 Guns and pistols • • nuuit.rr 2,300 1,400 3,700 1,420 47C 1 ,Mi>- 82(1 8,219 9,039 D'Clared value L. 4,284 5,100 9,384 1,583 3,&in 5,22o 1,410 11,257 12,673 Haberdashery and niillincry Declared value L. 112 25,367 25,479 20 20,862 20,8S12 16 29,543 29,539 Hardwares and cutlery Declared value /^, 9.030 72,013 81,013 10,352 Bo.ono 61,04.' 11,264 71,025 82.289 liats of all Sl^rl^ - - dozens 1.222 2,232 3,134 9^0 2.014 2,!-94 1,001 2.791 3.792 iJeclared value L. 1,847 13.340 13.387 1.471 9,3711 IO.«47 1,604 12.7(;0 14,364 Iron, bar and bolt torn 43 12.290 12,3;)3 93 11.733 ILS- 30 17,100 17,430 Declared value /,. .376 86,938 87,314 980 79,2 -18 80..M!. 27.! 10:1,763 l(M,n37 cast and wmuaht - rwt. 3,980 69,616 73, -.96 10,402 73,987 86,;^!. 2,493 88,834 61,349! Declared value L. 7,341 60,231 57,372 12,624 60,628 63,232 2,740 37,916 40,636 Lace and thread of gold anl sil- ver • - Ib'i 163 ,557 720 96 212 30- 187 474 661 Declared value ■.. 1,45-1 4,66' 6,1^ 786 1,677 2.463 1,465 2,944 4,409 Lead and shot - • .ons 34 1 ,226 1,260 52 1,28? 1,332 61 l„3li5 1,^6 Detlared value /.. 487 16,507 16,994 719 16,432 17,131 827 18,986 19,813 Ldtherandiaddlery Declared valuu L. 1,345 , 20,051 30,396 3,G71 18,367 22,038 1,503 22,709 24,214 B.). 1832. E',^' I Piiva'e India .||.,jj. )iii|iany- Total. 63,547 148,340 211,887 2,206 56,000 T7l07,7»' 11,469 2,313 11,46!) 4,525 20.591 20,-,!ll 647,0771 7(13,137 it),li42 2H,t,42l 39,00-1 39,00) 1,004,045 l,00.|,0-|-i 1,920 1,W6 20!',7I9 20!<,7I9 5,229 311, j;,33T,l|}8 I exported from Great liri- 1), (ligtiiipiiisli'i'ff belween I'ruilers, iluriiig H'c Three 1632. Ea.t I privjii, ■""i'* Tr.ide. Comp. Tmal. 6.967 9,2711 ?51 i57 170 795 ti29 275 169 284 ,019 137 .3?2 ,0')6 ,869 ,676 1,870 ,464 1.1 ^"1 13 237 45 303 47 l,9Jf> 1,S70 9,77! 23.47' 4.7.37 ^7,ti0b 1 ,032 27,189 12' 1,0OjI 16,7i: 32,748 4.7.17 87,(j06 l.UIJ 27,i:6 16! l,39!i 3,C98 3.ir) 80 to 5,430 6.430 4.547 b,47a 3,!^a8 6.7t8 29.5!.8 29.588 11,095 11,095 .3591 ,ii:16i .9301 .0311 ,000 ,915 2,639 11,180 243 1,232 28 6021 6.414 268 11,951 43,710 178,03li 40,54: 173,87(1 S,7M 10,524 110' ,68.-1 ,652j .473' ,579 ,370 .995! ,85''! ,71)2 l| 327 :.42? p,88: 1,04; !,894 J.84' J.M' p.J38| |i.3!!ij i,r<)ii 1,60-1'. 30, 272i 2.4951 2,740, 1,465; 61 1 K7l I l,50>i 991 i S91 9>1 99' 2,087.339 2,094,239 ' 27,001 ^f,0«i 100.07, 8,2191 11,257 29,543 7 1.023 1 2.791 12.7ffl 17,100 103.765 5S.854 37,916 101,14' 9,039 12,673 29,5391 «2 289 3.7921 14,364' 17,430 104,0371 61,3491 40,6361 474 2,944 1 1,,5:.5| 18,986 1 22,709 1 661 4.409 1,626 19,813 24,214 E2VST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). 637 Exports. — continued. Artie In. 1830. IS'M. Uuf.n iiiitnufacturta DiTUrcd value L, Michincry anJ niill-wnrk UtrcUrett vilue /.. Mililiry Rtorea not otherwise .irtiTlIlCd Declared value L. Muiical iMtrunn-nls Ueclared valuff A. Opium - - - llis. Declarel value L. Onhiance, of brnM ;\ml iron tons Declart* I value L. I'l.ite, pliteii ware, jewellery aiui , watches HecIarC'I value L. pnvisinna, DeclarcJ value /.. Quicksilver • - Hjs. Declared value L. Silk manufactun's M -"Clared vahit L. Snap antt candl'.-s • cwt. r-'dired value f^ Spelter, foreigu - - cwi. llt'clared value f,. SpinM, British • gallons Dc.:lircd value /. I'irilB, foreign - - nallniw lleciii.?'! value A. ! Kfntintierv, I)eclai."i value /,. I SiL'd, uu'wrou^tit - cwt. I ncclarcHl value /*. ' S\ip.T, re&iied • - cwt. I D. Glared \. • L\ Swords - ■ • nunii/v Declared \aliie /-i Tin, wnwrou^Iit ■ - cwt. I Dt'fhred value /«| Tin and pei'T't^r w:»res, and tin pUtes, Declared valuo t. \ Wines - - Imp, gallnns Declared vilue L. Wnnllcn manufactures (Uritish) \ CiDlliS of al! sorts - pji-cesi Declared value /..| Stuffs, viz. camlets, serges, Jtci piecf^sl Dichred value A-] Other woollens, Dec'ared vi, l..\ AsTi^i-eR.itc value of firitish wool-, 1-1IS, Declared value L. Woollen manufactures (foreign) ! pieces value /.. Declared value L. All other articles - Total value of exports • L. East Ii)i!ia Coiiip. Privalc Tm.le. Tolal. 1 Ea»t lii.lia Cniiip. hivate Tl-llll!. Tot; 25,33,5 K.int liulia Comp. Private 'I'raJi;. 1 Tolal. 1 2,077 21,211 23,288 1,611 23,724 6,IM1 43,715 49,056 7,3S4 21,105 28,489 3,092 10,340 13,432 3)6Si 11,523 15,174 B,98L 494 6,387^ 1,081 221 1,302 128 115 243 294 12,060 21,890 12,3-4 21,890 240 8,954 5,4''3 9.194 5.483 252 7,083 7,337 • 16,418 16,418 • 4,521 4.524 223 116 339 224 .■) 229 .31 23 B7 8,140 730 8,870 3,286 140 3,426 816 130 946 10,025 44,370 54.395 2.3.33 38,208 40.541 . 3.3,778 33,778 7,889 21.347 20.236 7,931 lb,l:,l 24,082 10,992 21,4.54 32,446 . 153.948 15;t,91S . 95,702 95.702 36,743 36,743 ■ • 14,112 14,112 - - 8,972 8,972 3,521 3,521 . . 9,873 9.!-73 l,0.=3 8,015 9,f98 45 25,159 2,5.201 C19 h(Hi 1,485 40') KiO I.23-, 2 1,3-14 1,346 1,845 3.h-9 5.734 1,318 3.657 4,975 4 5.207 ,5.211 - 62.370 62.37() 49.964 49.91H - 37,490 37.499 . 32,747 32.747 . 27,4!-0 27.-l>-0 . 21,093 21,093 3,632 3.(i32 . 6.001 6.001 . 6.289 0.289 . I,7f0 l,7-' 20.242 251 1 1.767 1-9,0(8 56 18.909^- 18.963} 302 49.129 49,431 352 40.757 41,109 84 42.^01 42.885 4,127 19,10'- 23,233 2,22b 11,497 13,723 3,609 15, -.42 19,151 64,092 279,406 ' 344,398 34,048 2^7,390 281,438 37.801 199,708 237,569 . 2 2 . . 372 372 . . 483 483 . 4( 40 . 404 -.04 - 4110 too B> ,5.^ 3..'Bb 3.566 . 4,505 ,.f.05 16,215 • 147,218 163,433 14.661 122.656 137,317 8.709 162.236 170,945 195,394 3.891.917 1.087.311 146.480 3,488,571 3,635,051 1 149,193 3,661,093 3,750,286 1832. The preference in favour of greater than at present ; but th West Indian eommodities was within these c following statiMnent shows that it is still very 5 years much considerable : — An .\f('nuiit of ArlirU's imported from Rritisli Pr.ssf ssions Kast of the Ctipe of ttood Hope, on which a hiijlier Customs Duty is ruarirt^d on Import into tlic I'nited Kiiipdom, than is cliiirj-'cd i-i. tlio same Arti(l(!s imported from Uritisli Possessions in any olli.r Parts of the World : showing;, in Tliree pnrallcl "oliiinii.s, tlie Dirt'crent Rates and llie E.xress of Duty on each Article ; also, lh(! .\innnnt (if Duly levied on each of these Articles in the Year 1832, and tlie Uuantity on wliicli tlie same was levi(!d. I Article). Coffee To'a Rates of Duty char^cil. ^(lailtitv rli^rjeil \vi(li Duty in the Vor 1832. (),t (iiiporta. ti ins fr<»m Brit. I'oHspi- ainns "itliip l.e Limits nf ..>a E 1. Co.'s Charter, ex- cept the Mauritius. On Importations frnii. other British possessions. .1 Od. ptr lb, 12.r, per c«'t. t'lT. per c^l. 3f. |ier It). 6d. per lb., if the pr-i- dure (it Mv\ iiupnrtt'd rr.>rii !!'<■ M.iuritiii! or iiiv IJniisb pos- fe^-i'iu in Anierioa • :ZI(. per cvvf,, if do. ' 9s. per ff'l. : 2f. !W. per lb. . Excew of Duty rhargcd fill Iniport- atiori'* within 111!' lii'iils of Ilie E. I. Co.'s (.'liarler. Imported fnuii British Possessions vvithlii the Limits of tlie K. 1 Co.'s Cbarter. Imported from other British Posses- sions, »Mtl cbarRPil with :i lower rate of Duly. ;-3(i. per lb. 1 J *^j. per cwt. hy. per yral. 3ii. per lb. 1,953,714 Cwt, or. lh.\ ;9.tiOR 2 5 i 20,996,S37 Cxot. qr. Ih. 3 513,230 {fti/. Amount of Dntv recuived iuibf Vea^■I^32. On Import atioiis frnni Bri- tisll PdsScB sions within the Limits of tlie Coiiip.^ny's Clwrler. /,. .T. rf. 73,227 18 On Import- atiiMis horn other British possession?, and charged with a lower R.tf of Duty. /.. s. rf. 524,920 18 6 127,373 13 6 ^^,276 977 12 6 l,5Kl,9t;2 10 Uruler the new retrulalions as to rosiilenre in India (see pnsf), Englishmen will be allowed to employ themselves in th<^ raising ofsu'jfur, as they liavo hitherto hren alliiwed to employ themselves in the raisint^ ot" iivligo; hut, unless the duty he e(|ualiscil, this concession will be ot' little importance, at least in so far as respects sugar. An eiiuilisation is, however, impe- riously required, as well in justice to India as in the view of promoting the interests of the • Qutintily of le-jacco brouglil from tlio East too tiifling to deserve mention. Vot. L— 3 H 638 EAST INDIES (Society in, Tkade, &c.). British public ; and slioulil it take place, we have little doubt that the growth of sugiir in In- dia will be very greatly extended, and that it will become an article of great connnercial value. The regulations as to the importation of coffee from India are as objectionable as can well be imagined. Why should the coffee of Malabar and Ceylon pay 3d. per lb. more duty than that of the Mauritius? A distinction of this sort is an outrage upon common sense, iiiid an insult to India. Foreign coffee may be imported from any port of British India at 9 t Prices, 1st of November, nmy. lb33. I'er nmies, Islcf Rite per Cent. Dillies, 1st of Goods. Moveinber, 1S33. J.iiiu.irv, |v;Jl, From To From To L. ». rf. L. s. Parilla .... . 6 ton 40 Ion • 40 Borax, refirie'l 4 4 5 cwl. 10 cwl. 12 12 5 2 IG - unrttiiieii 4 4 9 — 4 — 4-5 5 1 s n - Camphor . . • • 7 5 — 1 — • 0-7 9 4- Caniaiiions, (>vl-->n "O 1 6 1 8 lb. 1 Ib. 60 66 2 Ib. Malabar 3 6 3 9 _ I - 26 30 2 0- Cassia buiIs . . - - . 4 cwt. 1 — 1411 lignea 3 6 4 5 ^ 6 — 65 (■■« Cinnaiiioii . - - • 4 6 9 6 lb. 6 — 5 11 Cloves, Hourlmn 1 1 2 — 2 0- 170 200 Anihnyna • 1 3 1 6 — 2 — 133 IbO CocculuR Int^I'MS 15 . cwt. 2 6 — • I8(i0 Cochi.i(-al . - . - 1 1 3 lb. 2 — 13 16 4- Cotlce, Mocha 3 10 6 6 cwl. 1 9- 66 120 olher sorts • 2 10 3 from Drilish ports 140 168 CottoD, Benisal 6 7 ib. i . 0'5 0-6 Mulraa 6 1-2 8 - [ 4 cwt. 0-4 0-7 Surat 5 1-^ (10 7 - ) . 05 06 Ciiliebs .... 2 15 3 5 cwt. 6 Ib. 80 100 2 0- DragonS blood 5 10 23 — 4 cwl. 8 3-7 6 8 cwl. Khony wood 6 10 7 10 ton 3 Ion 2 23 13 Km C.ill/ .... 3 10 4 5 cwl. 2 cwt. 2 3 5 c»t. Ci.iniboge .... 9 18 — 4 — I'l 2-2 9 6 S - (liiijer, Rental 1 15 I 18 — 11 — ^2 31 116- Gum ammoniac 2 10 5 — 6 0- 6 12 7 0- Atiiiiii . . - . 6 10 — 6 — 13 5 2 10 - Arabic . . • - 2 10 2 15 — t^ — 11 12 Gum lac, lac flye fine DI. - 1 6 2 3 Ib. •■ — 22 33 J 5 ptT ct'iil. other sorts 9 1 3 — 6 — 4 'S shell lac - 6 5 7 15 cwl. 6 — 3-7 4-7 20 - Hemp .... . 23 ton 1 8 Ion 03 free Hi.les, butfalo and ox J '^^^ * [ 5 3 9 1-2 5 lb. 2 4 cwl. 1 2 — 2-5 25 5 4 Indigu, fine . • . . 6 9 8 6 — 3 3-7 ^nod find midtlling • 4 3 6 6 — • 3 Ib. 4 6 oniinary 3 6 4 — 6-2 7 Mace .... 4 6 B — 3 6—" 63 87 Molher^'-pcarl sheila, Bombay 1 5 2 c«t. • 5 ner cent . 5 Manilla 3 15 4 — , yr ^l\. I \.^-Jll. Musk .... 15 1 8 or.. 6 oz. 1-7 3-3 5 (12. Myrrh .... 4 14 cwl. 6 cwt. 2 V-5 9 U 8 cwt. Nn'niPes .... (1 3 ti 6 6 lb. 2 6 ll>. 38 71 NuK vi'iiiica 15 r^^t. 2 6- • li^60 Uil of aniseed 6n.4 . rz. 1 4 - • 15 4 n II). cassia e 1-2 7 _ 1 4 - 14 1 ''■ 16 - cinnamon 5 fi 1 4 - h3 If. n - clfives 9 10 14 — 105' 116 1 12 n - innit; .... 2 4 . 1 4 — 25 1 .W 2 0- im'megs 10 1 3 1 4 — 6-7 1 '" 2 0- Olibaiuaii . - . , 2 3 15 cwt. 6 G cwt. 8 1 15 2 cwl DC.). ■ growth of 8Ug!ir in In- clc of great conimercial lijoctionaMe as can wpH '. per lb. more duty than I common sense, aiul an itishlniliaat 9rf. iierlli.; tish ship take on board ome at Bombay or Sin- i regulation requires no J a disgrace to a civilised rtant articles of East In- cxample, which may be ; 15s. It is almost unnc- ect is to exclude a valua- ion they might otherwise ['lie duly on pepper is also ells from about 3t/. to lirf 1 by this anti-consumpu m ir 4d. would be productiv, IS been made from the du- ; publication of the former hich these reductions can- iring account will no doubt a of East India Prniliioo, nn lie Kale {wr Cent iitllii' Duly ivo siiicB been iiioililieil. -1 ) I Duly. ! t ftile lier Cent. Diilits Isl of i 1 L^— 1 January, 1S3!. t EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). 680 From To 7 46 10 20 0'5) 1 27 [ 2-7 4^ • 40 12 12 S 4-5 5 01 60 66 26 30 /,. J. (/. ptr I I 3 ll>. 4 13 4 cut. I II 4 - 5 170 133 13 66 140 O'S 0-4 0-5 go OS 2 2 M 29 6 13 II 2-2 4 3-7 2-8 2-3 3 4 6-2 1-7 2 38 MO SG II 200 IbO )b(M 16 !2fl 168 0-6 0-7 06 100 3-7 2-3 3 22 31 12 5 12 3 3 ) 'S 4'7 0-3 3 4 3-7 6 16 8 D 4 4 n 13 - 8 c«l. loll 5 c»l. 9 6 S - 116- 7 0- 2 10 - piT 20 - free :eut. 103 23 6-7 8 3-3 7-3 71 IhtiO 13 r, lie 60 10 13 5 9 6 n«. 8 cwt. 4 n II). IB - n III - 1 12 - 2 D - 2 - 2 Ocwt Table — ci»i(tniiei2. IVicei, Isl of Nuveiiiher, ' Dutv. ,1st of y, 1831. GooJi. INU. Per Pulies, 111 of November, 18.13. Rate per Cent. l)utie> Januar From To Fnim To I'eppcr, blick /.. .. rf. 33.4 L. ). d. 4 12 lb. », rf. PtT 1 lb. 2li0 320 /-"T d. ftr whito 4 9 1 _ 133 300 Rhubarb, rnmmon • 1 10 2 4 _ 1 — 43 51 ) litK! Oufclt, trimmed 3 6 3 _ 1 - 20 28; 8 2 6 lb. Rice frniii llriliah iraineMioiu 12 1 (1 cwt. 1 cwt. S .Spirit*, nnick 3 . . ijni. 13 nal. 600 Sitllower .... 5 5 8 10 cwt. 1 cwt. 0-6 ' 2 6 cwl. S.iK'i, cnliimon 10 . . _ 1 - 10 |)e»rl 13 2 _ 1 — ' 23 ' 6-7 10 cwt. Sal aiiiinnniac 3 _ 1 - l'7 1 8 — .Saltpetre .... 1 15 '2 0' _ 6- l'2 11 Sap.in wood .... 8 17 ton 1 toil 03 0-6 13 ton SauiiiJers' woml, red 13 16 1 - 0-3 04 12 — Sied^. aiiisei'd, star 3 3 cwt. 5 cwt. 7-3 1 10 cwt. .silk, llensll awl Chiiil 16 1 3 0' lb. 1 lb. 033 0-43 Sujir, ileiigal, while 1 4 1 11 cwt. 32 cwt. 103 133 yellow 1 1 1 3 __ 32 - 139 152 Mauritius, yellow . 1 6 1 11 __ 24 — 70 !>2 brown . 1 2 1 6 _ 21 — 92 109 Teeth, elephants' . 19 28 21) — 3-3 32 Terra japonica 3 13 4 ^^ 1 - l'2 1-3 3 cwt. Tortoise shell 1 10 2 13 lb. 1 lb. 0-1 0-3 C lb. Turmeric, Rental . 16 is cwl. f 13 13 J.lva 1 1 3 2 4 cwt. 10 11-4 China 1 1 5 from British ports 9 114 Vermilion .... 2 10 lb. 6 lb. 17-2 1 — JV. B.— We are indebted for this valuable Table to Mr. liegbie, secretary to the East India Asso- ciation. There is another grievance aflecting the East India trade, which calls loudly for redress. Goods from America, the West Indies, or any where except the East Indies, may he con- veyed from one warehousing port to another without payment of the duties. But with East India, goods a ditl'erent rule has been established. There are only about a dozen ports in the empire in which East India goods may be received and warehoused ; and whenever it becomes necessary to remove those goods to any other place, not privileged to receive India goods, the whole duties have to bo paid ; so that if a merchant found it expedient to ship 1000/. worth of pepper from London, Hull, or any other privileged port, to Newcastle, Ply- mouth, Aberdeen, or any non-privileged port, he would, before he could make such ship- ment, have to advance aiiout 4,000/. of duty ! This is a most oppressive regulation. There is not, and there never was, any good reason for prohibiting East India goods from bcinjj removed, under bond, from one port 10 another where other goods are allowed to be bonded. Many considerable advantages would result from permitting this to be done. It would dis- tribute East India goods more equally over the country ; and country dealers would bu able to lay in and keep up sufficient stocks with a far less outlay of capital than at present. Such a measure, coupled, as it ought to be, with an adequate reduction of the duties, would ma- terially extend the comforts of all classes at home. 4. Cohn'tzation of India. — Hitherto very considerable ob.f.taclcs have been thrown in the way of Europeans establishing themselves in India, and particularly of their acquiring or holding land. This policy was dictated by various considerations ; partly by a wish to prevent the extrusion of the natives from the soil, which it was supposed would be eagerly bought up by Europeans, and partly by the fear lest tiie latter, when scattered over the coun- try, and released from any ertectual control, should ollend the prejudices of the natives, and get embroiled with them. Now, however, it seems to be the general opinion of those best acquainted with India that but little danger is to be apprehended from tliese circumstances; that the few Europeans established in it as indigo plaii''^r;,, &;c. have contributed very mate- rially to its improvement ; and that the increase and diit'usion of the English population, and their piTinanent settlement in the country, are at once the most likely means of spreading a knowledge of oui arts and sciences, and of widening and strengthening the foundations of our ascendancy. It is obvious, indeed, that the duration of our power in India must depend on a very uncertain tenure, unless we tiike root, ns it were, in the soil, and a considerable portion of the population be attached to us by the ties of kindred, and of common interests ;uul sympathies. In this respect v\e ought to imitate the l{oman in preference to the Lace- ilt'iiionirtii or Athenian policy. '^^uid aliud exUiu Laccdivinimiis Athemensihus fuit, tjiuiiKjUdin uriitis pullerent, iv.ii .juitd rid is pro alienii^enis arcihant? Looking, however, at the density of population in India, the low rate of wages, the nature of the climate, and otiur similar circumstances, it seems very doubtful whether it will ever become the resort of any considerable number of English settlers ; at least of such a number as would be suffi- cient, within any reasonable period, to form any thing like a powerful native English inte- rest. But to whatever extent it niiiy be carried, it promises to be highly advanta-^eous. "M^e need not, I imagine," says the present Governor-tieiieral of India., Lord William Ben- tinck, "use any laboured argument to prove that it would be iiitiiiitely advantageous for India to borrow largely in arts and knowledge from Eiiglmid. Tht^ legislature has .-xpressly declared the truUi ; its acknowledgment has been implied in the daily acts and professions 040 EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, Sec). of (jovprnmrnt, anil in nil the rfTort.s ot" liuinnnc irulividimlx mid sociotii'M for tliP cdiicnlion of tlie [)i'i)|>!t\ Nor will it, [ coiicrivc, he (li)iil)tc(l, that the dilfusioii of useful kiiowk'djTp, nud its iiji|ilIciitioti to the arts iind husiiii-ss of lif(>, must Ik; iM)iii|)aiativi'ly tardy, iiiiicss wc ndd to |)rrco|)t the ex'iinple of Kiiropcans, iiiineling familiarly with the natives in the roursf of their jirofession, and jiruetically demonstrating,', hy daily reeurrinj? evidence, the nature and the value of the princijiles we desire to ineuleale, and of tlie plans wo seek to have ado|)ted. It neems to he almost eijiialiy plain, that independently of their inlluencintr the native comnuinity in this way, various and important national advantages will result from there heini,' a considerahle liody of our eountrymen, and tiieir deseendants, settled in llir eountry. To i|uestion it, is to deny the su|)criorily whieh has gained us the dominion of India : it is to (loulit whether national cliaraeter has any ell'ect on national wealth, stren)i;th. and ijoixl Kovernmenl; it is to shut our eyes to all the perils and diiVieulties of our situation; it is to hold as nothing community of language, sentiment and interest, between the goverii- Jnent and tho governed: it is to disregard the evidence alli)rded by every corner of the f.lobe in which the British Hag is hoisted: it is to tell our merchants and our manufacturers, that the habits of a people go for nothing in creating a market, and that enterprise, skill, and cajtital, and the creclit which creates capital, are of no avail in tho production of com- modities." 'J'lie existing regulations as to the residence of Englishmen in India are embodied in the net -i lawful for nnv )uiliir;ill).ii'ii siilijcds iii' lij;! Majcsly lo iirocecil liy .icii In any |inrl or iilace liiiviii!,' a t!iisli]iii.|ioi|..(;. eslablisliMii'rit within Ilie same, anil Id resiile tlioreal, er to I'.nii ef il In n.'side in or piiMS tUrnnsrli aiiv (larl (if siii'li (if llie paid Icrriinrics as were iiikNt tlic (.'ovcriiincnt of llic said Conipany "n llic 1st dnv (if .larniary, lf-()(!, and in any part of the cnnntricH ci'dcd liy lluMialKih el' tlui Carnatii , of tiK' prii'- viiicc (if ( 'iitta( k, and of the sclllcnicnts (if Sintaptirc anil .Aialacca, withdul un.i liccni c m lialcvcr • provided tliat all sulijects of his .Majesty not natives of lh(; said tcriiloi-ics shall, on llifir .-iirival in any part of the Kain(; from any port or i)iaci; not williin said terriKirirs, make lumwii in writiiii.' their liumcs. places of (lesliiiatlon. ami olijeits of pnrsiiil in Indi.i, to the chief otl'icor of the custiinis (ir i.Iher (pfHcer antliorised for thai purpose at such pmt or place as afores.iid. — /i hi. Sulijerts iif liin .Miijiflii not to rffiile in r.n-lain rnrls rf India n-iiliuiif l.irrnre. — It shall not he lawful for any sniiject of his Mij.sly, except the servants of the said Company ami others now lawfnjlv loiihorised to reside in the said terriiories, to enter tin; saint; liy land, or to proceed M or rcs/dr in mcli pans of lliu s.aid territories as an; imt hereiii-liefnre in that h<;lialf mentiioied, witliont liceiici; l:tst ohlained t'roin the commissioners of the hoard of control, or lie; conn of directors, or Un; ro- vtrmir-!,",;neral, or a poveriior of any of the said presidencies ; proxiiled, that no licence i;ivi'n to any liulnrallioni sniiject of his .Majesty to reside in parts of the territories not open lo all sncli siilijcita sli.ill lie (lelcnnined or revoked unless in accnrdanci; with the leriii.s of some c.\press clause of ruVD- tati(in or dctermiiialioii in such licence contained. — ij KJ. V'/.'c (fcii'mor-frineriil iril/i jircriuus Ci>n.--cnt of Dimtor.''. maij drchire other I'larca upfn. — It sliiill lie lawful fnr the f;iivi;riior-i.'i;nt;ral in council, wiiii the previous' consent and approhation of the said iiiiirl of directors, to declare any place or places whatever wilhiii the saiil territories open to all his Majesty's naUiral-hiirii siiliji;cls, ai.d it shall lio llienceforlli lawful for any of his Majesty's iiatnial- horii siihjiets to proceed to. or reside in, or jiass lhron;,'li any place or plates declared ojien willumt any liience whalever. — tl Ki. JMirs iifTiiinsl illicit Kcsiilence to be made. — The povernor-jreneral shall ami is rcqiiirfid lo make Inws or rej-Milations providiiiit for the pri;veiilion or punisliment of the illicit entrance into or residence in ihe said territories of persons not authorised to enter or reside therein.— J M. Lair.sund Kcirnlatinns lo hr mode for Pnilectian of j\'alire.<. — .\nd whereas the removal ofreslric- tiois (01 the inti;rcoiirse of Knropeiiiis with the said li;rril(iries will ri;nder it necessary to proviili; .icainst any mischiefs or daimers that may arise therefrom, it is enacted, that the covernor-Kenirai Khali and is rei|iiir(;(l, hy laws or re^'ulalions, to provide with all convenient speed tor the proliciiim of the natives of the said territories from insult and outru;;e in their persons, religions, or opinions — ^ 8.5. Lands within Ihe Indian Territories way be purchased. — It sliall he lawful for any natiiral-Iinrn sub- ject if his .Majesty auUiorisod to reside in the Siiid territories to acipiire and hold lands, or any rijiht, interest, or profit in or out of lands, for any term of years, in such part or parts of the said territories .Ts h(; shall he so autlioris(;d to residi; in: provided always, that iiothini; herein ronlaiiu;d shall he taken to prevent the }rovernor-}£eiieral in council from (;nahliiii.', hy any laws or reimlalioiis, or other- wise, any suhject of his Majesty to ac(iiiire or hold any lands, or rit'lits, interests, or prolits in or out of lands, in any part of the said territori(;s, and for any estates or terms whatev(;r. — J b6. JV« IJinabililies in respect of Jielioion, Colour, or Place of Birth. — No native of the said tcrritnrios, nor any natural-horn suhjeet of his Majesty resident therein, shall, hy reason only of his religion, placi; of hirtli, (h;prent, cidour, or any of tlieni, bo disabled from holding any place, ollice, or employ- ment under the said Company.— J b7. IV. East Indies, (Extent, PorcLATioiT,Mii.iTABT Fohce, Revenue, etc. of British). 1. Extent, Population, ^cof British Dd/ninionsin Hindnstaii, andofthe Trilmtan/ and Independent States. — We copy the following Table from the second edition of Mr. Hamil- ton's Gazetteer. It must, however, be regarded as an approximation only, inasmuch as no .tieans exist of coming at correct conclusions ; but tho talents of the writer, oad his perfect acquaintance with the subject, warrant the belief that it is as accurate as it can be made with the present imperfect means of information. kc). •tics for the education of useful knowlfdse, ivoly tiirily, unless wc le niuivi'rt in Iho ctnirso jr cv'uU'ucc, the niilurc ilaiis wo sei'k to have f their inllucncini; ihi- ntiiROS will rrsull from :'ciuli>uts, tirttlfd in llui led us till! dominion of tioual wealth, Htri'ii«lh. iciiltirs of our situation; 'tit, botwiH-n the govoni- liv every corner of tiu; aiid our uinnuracturers, nd that enterprise, skill, I the production of coin- idia are embodied in the -U sliiill l«! lawful t'lir any I'C llHVill!,' il r.llsKllll-lllinMC i(l.> ill or piinH tlinmali iiny ;iiil Coinliaiiy mi tlic Istil;!;, if till! ('arnuti> . of tln^ pm- imit uiiy lii'i iiif wliali'Vrr ; icrt sliall, cm lli.'ir arrival in iiko linowii ill wriliii'.'llii'ir e( otUcer of the custcima (ir I.— J Hi. nice.—U fliall not bn lawful iiv anil iilliiTs iiriw lawt'iilly • id prdCL'tMl 111 iir ri'>iili- in lIKMIlUHlc'll, witllllllt liri'lici: iiiirl of illri'Ciors. or llii; l"i- tli;it no liriMici: liivi'ii to iiiiv lot OpiMI to all !--|l(ll SIllljl'lU joniu exiiross claust: of rovo- ptl'cr I'larfs oprn—ll iilliiM Im anil npiiroliation of tlir saiil 111 tcMrilorii'S opi'ii to all liis jiy of liirf Majesty's uatiiial- liites (li;clari!il open williuiil il is riMtniriiil to iiiakel:iws naiicu into or residence iii as the removal of rislru- ler it nerrssary to iirovido (1, that llie (.'ovenior-flciMTai lit spccil lor till! proieclicni sons, religions, or opiiiimis. fill for anv natnrnl-bnrn sub- anil li.)lirianil3,orany ntilit, ir partsof tlieKUiil territiiries 111! herein conlaiiieil shall be laws or reiriilalions, or otliot- iiiterests, or profits in or out , whatever.— { ^fl• . . liilive of the said Icrrilnries, , reason only of his reliuinn, . uny place, ollice, or eiiiploy- ;VENUE,ETC. OF BlUTISIl). ,,(mdoffheTribulari/and ;oikI edition of Mr. Hamil- ition only, inasmuch as no the writer, aad his perfect irate as it can be made with EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, &c. of IhiiTisn). Oil Table of the relative Area and Popnl.itinn of the Modern Stales of irinihintnn. Ilenenl, Hahar, ami Hennres ---... Additioim in Illndostaii slnee A. I). 1765 .... (iiirwul, Kiinioon, and the triici between the Sutiileje and Jumna - Total under the IlenKiil Presidency . - - . I'nder the Madras Presideniy ...... Under the llinnliay Presidency ...... ■i'errilorii's in the Deecaii, &.c. acquired since 1815, consisting of the I'eislnva's domiiiioiiH, &c., and since mostly atiaclied to tlio Boni- bay Presidency ....... Total under the Hritish government - . - - BrilUh Allies and Tributaries. The Nizam ........ 'I'lie Natjpoor Uaja ....... The Kini; of Oudu ....... 'I'lie (iiiicowar --...... Koiah,li,.'J(H); nooiuleu, 2,500; Bopaul, 5,000 . - . . Till' Mysore Kaja . . - The rta'tarii Uaja ........ Travancore, 0,000; Cochin, 2,000 - . . . . Under the Kajasof .loudpoiir, .leyponr, Odeypoor, Picancero, .Tessel- mcre, and other Uajpoot chiefs, llolcar. Ameer Khan, the How of Ciilih, Hhurtpoor, Macherry, and numerous other petty chiefs, Seiks, (ionils, Hlieels, (,'oolies, and Catties, all comprehended within the line of Hritish protection .... Total under the rtritisli government and h8 allies - Independent States. The Ncpaul Unja ---.... The Lahore Raja (Runjoet Singh) ..... Tile Ameers of Sinde ....... The dominions of Hindia ...... Tlie Cahul sovereign cast of the Indus .... Grand total of Ilindnstan ..... Britiih Squlro .Miloa, Populalinn. 102,(100 HH.OOO iH,ono .lO.OOO.OOl) 18,(1110.(1(10 500,(100 328,(100 15t,()00 11,000 60,000 5-„'.0(),(l()0 l.''),(IOO,0(IO 2,500,000 8,000,000 553,000 flfi,fl00 70,000 20,(100 18,000 11,0(10 27,000 14,(100 b,000 283,000 83,000,000 10.000,000 3.(1110,000 3,0(10,000 2,011(1,(1110 1,500,000 3,000,01)0 1,500.(100 1,000,000 15,000,000 1,103,000 53,000 50,000 24,000 40,000 10,000 123,000,000 2,000,000 3,0110,001) 1,0(10.000 4,000,000 1,000,000 1,280,000 ' 134,000,000 India beyond the Ganges.— British Acquisitions in 1824 and 1825. Countries south of Rangoon, consisting of lialf the province of Mar. laban, and the provinces of Tavoy, Ye, Tenasserim, and the Mer- giii Isles -.--.... The province of Arracan ---.._ Countries from which the Burmese have been expelled, consisting of Assam and the adjacent petty states, occupying a space of about Total .... nri.i:,h Si|unri- MilM. Pu[iutatir)n, 12,000 11,000 54,000 51,000 100,000 150,000 77,000 ,301,000 In 1805, according to ofticia! returns transmitted, the total number of British-born subject's in Hiudostan was 3 1, 000. Of these, 22,000 were in the army asoHicersand privates; the civil olfieersof government of all descriptions were about 2,000; the free merchants and mariners who resided in India under covenant, about 5,000; the oilicers and practitioners in the courts of justice, 300 ; the remaining 1,700 consisted of adventurers who had smuggled themselves out in various capacities. Since the date above mentioned, no detailed reports have been published : but there is reason to believe that even now tht* total number of British subjects in Hiudostan does not exceed 40,000 ; the removal of the restrictions on the commercial intercourse having, contrary to expectation, added very few to the previous number. The army reiiuired for the protection of these extensive provinces, and for the retaining them under due subordination, although it presents a formidable grand total, probably does not amount to a fifth part of the number luaintained by the Mogul sovereigns and th(,'ir fuuc- tiomiries, when their emiiire was in its zenith; yet, even under the ablest of the emperors, commotions in some quarter of their ill-sul)dued territories were unceasing. The British sys- tem in India has always been to keep the troops in a constant stale of preparation for war ; but never to enter into unprovoked hostilities, or engage in any contests except those renderetl necessary by the principle of self-defence. At present, with the exception of the Russian, the British military force is ])robabIy the largest standing army in the world. In 1796, it amounted to 55,000. In 1830, the latest period for which we have a detailed statement, it consisted of infantry 170,002, cavalry 19,539, artillery 17,385, engineers 1,084, with pioneers, invalids, &c., making a grand total of 223,47f) men. Of these, 187,068 were natives, and 37,370 Europeans ; the latter being divided between the King's and the Com- pany's services in the proportion of 20,292 to the former, and 17,084 to the latter. The total expenditure on account of the Indian army during the same year amounted to 9,461,953/. It !uay, perhaps, be wortli while remarking, that the war department in Prussia, 3f2 81 012 EAST INDIES (Extent, l»optrr,ATioN, &e. or niUTisii). CD 1 -ir'S ! ■ I we-.- c::> i' I :i ■fi whicli liiis one of tlir inoHt cllWifiit arinirs in Ili'ropr, ciml in 1S20, 22, 1^5.000 rix-dollnrt. or ;3,:J2'l,(l(Mt/„ Ijoiiig little nioni thiiti tliii third nl tim coHt oyn arc inferior both in phynieal strenyth and moral enertty. ^<)me of the witne.-i.sea weem to think thut the Indian army has recently beeu a good deid delerioi-ated. The army is distributed throuKhout Hindostan imder the orders of tho supreme Roverri- nient, promulRate.) 2. Jiiirinit intd I\.rj/nn/iture iift/ic East Iiidiii Coiiijunnj. — The far greater jiart of the revenue ol' India is at |)rescnt, and has always been, derived from the soil. The land has been held by its immediate cultivators generally in small j)ortions, with a f)erpetual and transferable title ; but they have been under the obligation of inakinR an aimual payment to governnuMt of a certain portion of the produce of their farms, which miRlit be increased or diminished at the pleasure of the sovereign ; and which has in almost ail eases, been so lartre, as seldom to leave the cultivators more than a bare subsistence. I jider the Moliam- medan irovernnient, the i>;ron^ produce of the soil was divided into eijual or nearly e(]nal shares. between the ryots, or cultivators, and the government. We Tfrret we are not able to say that the British guvermnent has made any material deductions from this enormous n.sscss- nient. Its oppressiveness, more than any thiiiR else, has prevented our ascendancy in India; and the eom|)aralive tranquillity and good order wn have introduced, from haviiiy; the lieiic- fieial ell'ects that miu;ht have been antici|)ated. The cultivators throughout Hindostan are proverbially i)oor; and till the aimmnt of the assessment they are at present subject to lie effectually reduced, they cannot be otherwise than wretched. 'I'hey are commonly obliged to borrow money to buy their seed and carry on their ojierations, at a high interest, on a spe- cies of mortgage over the ensuing crop. Their only object is to get subsistence — to be able to exist in the same obscure poverty as their forefathers. If they succeed in this, they are satisfied. .Mr. Colebrooke, whose authority on all that relates to India is so deservedly hii^h, mentions that the (piantity of land occu[iied by each ryot, or cultivator, in Bengal is eoiii- monly about fi acres, and rarely amounts to 24 ; and it is obvious that the abstraction of li;ilf the produce raised on such patches can leave their occupiers nothing more than the barest subsistence for themselves and their families. Indeed, Mr. Colebrooke tells us that the eon- dition of ryots subject to this tax is g.?nerally inferior to that of aliired labourer, who receives the miserable pittance of 2 annas, or about W pence, a day of wages. Besides the land revenue,* a considerable revenue is derived in India from the monoj[)0- * Tor an acroiiiil of tlie laiiil reveiiiic, of Iiiilia, of tlie various modes in wliicli it is iisseHsed, and its intlueiice un tlie condition of tliu inliabitunts, wu Ijeg tu refer to iMr. Kickarils's worit on India. Tiie niirrisii). 22,\rif>.000 rix-<1olliiM, i,.|\ Indian iiriiiy ! Kr- l\\\H ili'imrtiufiit. The T ullowanccH have liccn \te sflcrt committro on ciilcilly Hiii»'ii«>r, i" rc- ,.,1 ill iiiiliii. Huliimny opposition to Kuioiicim ri pliyninil sirriiijlli iiiiil army 1»uh rci-eiitly been of tho Kuprrmo Rijvcrii- thp Rrciit stntioiw in tho li ; 11 third at Mow ; all rat suhnidiary forrrn, llio f by tho Uoinlmy army. 1 Mahratta country ; tlic m; and the di'tachnu'iits r divisioi\i<. from whriui i, hahle, of course, to liiii- iltions. At prem'nl, with there is an vuihrokr'.i line aUnitta. government extends much r Monul; yet the i.ilt'.'r.Ko 1 from the reli>;ion of tli' the Mohannnedan uioivr, n\ disputes. Neitlier (l.es )n of tlieir own eountryinci! d with one very nunnrous lated, have two to imt in I third. Karh fon.i'.Mi iii- itowini? on them vlaces and imtlienin!; his do,,unation. j^Tinermnent.in a powerful ..'s by eoloui , lamjuaue, imd "of tlie prior Mohammedan (i5G-0'''.'-) fThe far greater pari ot lUr jn the soil. Tlie land has fons, with a perpet\u\l and king an annual payment to lieh mi'^ht be inereascd or almost all eases, been so |,.„ce. I'nth-r the Alohani- qual or nearly eijual shares. ret we are not able to say from this enormous assess- led ouraseendauey in India; liced, from having the luMic- throuRhout Uindostan are .re at present subjeet lobe 'hey are eonnnonly obliseu ntahii^h interest, on a si-e- gct subsistence— to be able V succeed in this, they are /India is so deservedly hi'^h, liltivator, in Hential is eoin- is that the abstraelion ot li.ill >thinK more than the barest .l.rookc tells ua thai the eon- hired labourer, who receives l>RCS. ill India from the monopo- I1..S in which it is assessed, and llickarils's work. HI India. Ha EAST INDIES (Exrn\T, Population, Sic. of T^rittrii). 013 lies of Halt and ojiium, the sale of spirilnons li(|Uors, land and sen euHtonis, post-office, Ace. Of these nionopoiieH, the first is, in all respects, dccidi'dly the most libiectionalile Kew thiiiRM, indeed, would do more to promote the improvement of India, than the total abolition of tliifl mono|ioly. An open trade in call, with moderate duties, would, tliere can be no if nbt, l»c prort'. Saint llclnia. I.nuih'11. Tiil.ll. 1,1111(1 rent l.liliiors (iH'il) Opiuni (1 poly) 'rohacco (ilii ) - Halt (partial iiioniipnly) I'arnis and lii rn(L'S(iiL'tt) Mini - - - I'ost-iitlico Sliiiiips Itank, Madras, (nett) L'asloms— sea - iiilanil do. uiispccitied Sundries Ui'vinnio (Ji-ncral Imard, (repay- iiKOit liy) Marine (pildtaijc) Judicial Uiiies and fees) Total civil revenue Military (ri-payiiieiits) Uuildinijs (do.) M'Dtal receipts lutorest Gross rn venue and receipts - Nett surplMf. revenue over e.vpeii.lituro - £ 8,2,'i2.7!)7 4H.'..4a-i 2,051,620 2,3S(),(i00 .18,|;ni i»l,KI3 327,7(10 831,734 ;i08,,15.') £ £ ^ £ 3,.'ilO,74.^ 1,965,003 21,803 857,038 - 85,182 '- I I 316,102 10,036 - ,')(i.2.')2, 22.'>,(i.',0l - 4,3;i2< 5,110' - .Ti.OKi; 12.581' - 56,il>ll 5,16i; - 0,1 ti2' - - - 12(i.8.',0 6.'i,fi08 - 430,870, 1(10,209 - - 1 210,7841 . 302,355 - - i - £ 4,881 £ 18,550 £ 1,061 (i(i 2,216 £ £ 13.781,(132 7i;i,()60 2,051, 6iO 85,482 2,7')5,728 2s 1,068 17,911 i:(6,l(i0 ;(89.l31 9,162 191,773 519,079 1,051,518 700,710 22,780,634 3,617 6,'),0.t8 143,113 14,777,209 .38,48(1 l(lii,2s7 5,326,191 2,628,555, 21,893 - - - 3,617 7,802 18,383 .107 13,815 17,800, 5,030 4,881 4,881 18,,559 3,340 52 - I4,yai,()'!2 5,347,838 2,604,828 1 30,916 373 49 18,559 3,398 • 22,002,402 373 49 14,021,082 5,347,838 2,604,828 31,338 31,338 4,881 18,509 3,31.8 22,992,821 14,921,082 1,470,273 5,347,838 2,064,828 4,881 18,!)59 3,398 - 22,992,621 Account of the Territorial Charges of the East India Company during the Official Year 1827-28. Description. Bcnpl. Madras. Bombay. Penang. Ma- j Sin^a- l.ii'ca. ' port. .Saint Ihlcua. l.onilon. 1 Total. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Laud rent (coUec- lidii, peiisiiins, 1 ic.) - 1,608,480 702,077 642,551 3,000 .-■OO l.-'iOO - - 2,958,709 Liipinrs (L-harcesol collection not speciiied.) Opium (cDst and 1 • cliar(.'es) ,- 058,254 - 1 - . . - - - 6.58,254 Tobacco (do.) - 31,813 - - . - - - 31,843 8alt ((In.) 808,322 74.419 - - - - - 882,741 Farms and licenses (charu'cs of collcclidii not spec itied.) I Mint (cliar^cs on) 51,786 20.100 3,6.17 - _ - - - 75,829 l'(isl-()(iie(! (do.) 89,075 29.339 18,848 - . - " - 137,262 Stamps (do.) 81,000 9,437 . - - - - 91,127 Hank (cliarucs not specified.) Cusdmis— sea ((■linri;i'S ot col- lucliiiii) _ 23,445 14,867 _ - , - - 38,312 inland (do.) - 28,587 3,037 . - - - 31,624 (,'oncral unspe- ' cilii'd 126,808 » 25,605 - . . - - 152 413 Sundries (;lmrcn under re- 140 819 363,854 136,914 - - - - 641,047 1 i venue board - 3,505,264 1,284,0071 845,489, 3,000 500 1,500 - - I 5,699,7601 various iriiportaiit tind diflicult (iin>stions with respect to Indian tiwaiion karnin;; and sayaeity, and placed in the most Uuiiinons point of view. are there treated with great IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 mm 122 ™ 13.6 ^Bl Its lU u 1^ ■ 4 IL25 Wl 1.4 2.0 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WnSTEi.N.Y. MSSO (716) t73-4503 5"^ I'" *• 51 r I ^i,j 644 EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, - pore. Hell;;,'..! '"■«'- Toll). Brought over CharRos under gc- niTul Imard - f.'liarueH under mu- rin(! do. ClmrRcs under ju- dicial do. firosa ninoiint of civil cliarcea Do. niililary do. Ituildings Imlli ci- vil and milita- ry do. Charge in India Inti'rest on debt llns|)i;cilied firossi charge - Ncit charge, or ex- cess of e.xpendi- tare over reve- nue - £ 3,565,264 1,102,824 117,745 1,150,394 £ £ 3,000 500 100,014; 12,825 6,000, 1,000 1 12,000 2,000 £ 1,500 36,637 3,000 0,000 47,137 11,341 4,606 £ 46,808 £ £ 5,699,760 9,127,M8 359,388 1,8.17,591 5,936.227 5,245,737 548,492 2,028,198 3,897,520 81,877 1,838,.')78 2,051,810 163,088 121,014 10,.325 49,255 8,030 4,833 1,186 46,80n 75,172 1,989 - 10.034,287 11,338,865 786,071 11,730,456', 6,007,.595 1,712,253 179,025 4,033,470 175.102 25,541 63,084 123,969 27,230 2,024 - - - 2,060.111 22,l.'i9,24i l.'.ti(l..'.3-2 13,442,70'J 6,186,020 838,782 4,000,706 1,. 395,881 177,126 25,541 145,788 20,660 63,084 44,525 123,969 120,571 2,000,141 2.060,141 20,l3ll,M)t) 3,147,975 The territorial revenues at the disposnl of the E.ist India Company have, for a lengthened period, eciualled those of the most powerful monarchies. At present tiiey are greater than those of either Russia or Austria, being inferior only to those of Great Britain and France! Still, however, the Company's fmancinl situation is the very reverse of prosperous. Vast as their revenue has been, their expenditure appears, in most instances, to have been still larger ; and at this moment their debts exceed (50.000,000/! The Company have given the following statement of their allUirs, which is applicable, as respects India, to the 1st of May, 1831 ; and as respects England, to the 1st of May, 1832 : — Total territorial and political debts abroad and at home Ditto, credits, ditto ---... Balance deficient in the territorial and political branch - Total commercial debts abroad and at home ... Ditto, credits, ditto ...... Balance in favour in the commercial branch Balance deficient ..... Add the amount of the Company's home bond debt Total balance deficient, including the home bond debt . £ 61,197,782 29,579,523 £ 1,028,494 21,617,149 31,618,259 19,718,655 - - 11,899.604 3,542,854 £ 15,442,458 Of the credits placed to account of the Company, arrears of revenue, &c. form an impor- tant item ; but of these it is most probable a considerable portion will never be realised. In a statement laid by the East India Company before parliament, and printed in a former edition of this work (p. ^ 1 1.), intended to represent the situation of the Company's afl'uirs on the 1st of January, 1831, their assets were said to exceed their debts and liabilities by about 3,000,000/. The wide difference between that account and the one given above, is princi- pally owing to the Company having struck out of the latter a sum of 10,870,000/. expended by them on account of fortifications, buildings, &c. erected in India, which they took credit for in the former. The statement now given renders it abundantly obvious, that the recent arrangements with the Company have been quite as beneficial to it as, we doubt not, they will prove to the public. All the territorial and other property made over to the Crown will certainly be far shoi t of meeting the claims upon it. The following account shows the balance between the revenue and expenditure of our Indian dominions, from 1809-10 to 1830-31 : — British). — continued. in' I/imlon. ena. Tolil. e £ £ 5,090,700 1,808 - 2,127,51« . . 359,388 . - 1,847,591 B,80^ - 5,172 - 10.034,2-7 n,33«*,S05 1,980 - 780,071 23,000 - 22,l.V.I,2-2;! 1,020,532 2,000,Uli 2,00(1,141 23,900 2,000,1411 26,130,sy0 I 20,57ll 2.060,1411 3,147,975 | ,ny have, for a lengthened sent they are greater than ireat Britain and France! ,-crsc of prosperous. Vast tanccs, to have been still B Company have given the 8 India, to the 1st of May, 494 149 £ 01,197,782 29,579,523 31,618,259 19,718,655 _ 11,899,604 3,542,854 - £ 15.442,45S .(venue, &c. form an impor- 1 will never be realised, hi nd printed in a former edition Company's allUiis on the 1st l.ts and liabilities by about ■ one given above, is princi- i,n of 10,H70,000/. expended idia, which they took credit at the recent arrangements ibt not, they will prove to the Crown will certainly be tar mo and expenditure of our EAST INDIES (E.vtent, Population, , 22. rtiss, 1^30. and .\(), .3(N), Scss. 1H33.) ' * Ytari, 1-09-10 1M(I-1I IMI-r2 1-1-2-13 1-13-14 1-14-15 I-I5-10 1-10-17 i-i;-is I8I--19 i-l9-'20 |S'2(l-'21 1 -2 1-22 1-22-23 1-23-21 1-2I--2.-. Iv2.-i-2(i |-20--2r l-2:-2- 1-28-2(1 1-20-30 1-30-31 Ti)t»i Grmi Urvnnn^ of 111 111. To(nl C'hirnis ill llllli.!. NiK Clnr-i-nf Hl'IH'lH.lfll, I'riiicf nf W.ilrj M.iiil,.iiil SI, llelcia. Inlprf.l oil l)L-blt. TerrK.in.il Cluir^es |iiiij in t;iii(l^ii.l. (•Mitral Itrtud. Cm( nf rnillici! Murtf. O'lirr TiTri- luii.ll I'ly. iiii'iifi ch.irtft'.-ilije 1 II tllii Ke\i-iiii('. (I'CTISI.'IIS, &C.) Tola!, ^iiriilirt Itt^lllUL'. Surplus I liarsf. £ \ £ 10.1ti|..?9l 1.3.77.5.577 lO.OTll.liI- l;i.!l(H).(l-:t |0,('d.',('IO l.V22l),00r 1(1,150.771 13,0;V,I, 1-20 I7,22-,7I1 13.017,72,^ 17.231,101 14,1-2,151 17,I(1-,I(I5 15,(1-1,. 5-7 1 -,(110. 135 , 1.5,120,'<3O l-.;i(l5,-205 15,Hll,!«i| Ill,3'.t2.(l02 I7.5.')8,(il5 10,n2,,5(lO 17,0I(I.H1- 21.292,(1.(0 I7..520.0I2 2l.7.'i;i.271 17,.5,'u.filis 2;i.l '20.031 18,0-:(,4'-2 2I,2:)-.(123 l-,!)02.511 2(l.:(l.'i.l.V2 2il,41O.0-20 2l.(lil(i.'.l(i(l 22,:il0,3t'i5 23,;V27,7.53 21, 42 I.V.I 1 22,M-,l^l 2l,77-,4:il 22.002,711 10.20X,022 2l,(i02,:tl(l 1-,300,715 |. 22,306,920 18,075,42« £ 2();t.301 I0!l.li03 |(.-.2- •2(11. :u'» 200,057 20 1,2,->0 2'25,,55S 205,:t72 2I0.7'.I3 210.221 112.01!) 2'2(I.OI.t 2!l7.M(i 151,701 2.")7,2rO 270.277 21 1,2-5 2or.'.i7;t 272.(11 1 250.704 213.301 80,044 £ 2.150.010 2. I'll!. 001 1.157,077 l.l'.ll.-7(P 1 ..537.4.34 1..5(l2,217 1,.5S|,|,57 1.710,170 1.7.53,(11- 1 ,0(i5,'l2- 1,010,:)'27 1.002.5-5 1 .o;t2.s:i5 1.001,731 1.0,V2,MO 1.400.133 1,. 57 .5.0 II 1.740,(IC.- I,'i5s.:ii3 2.121.105 2,007,(i93 2.211,809 £ \ £ \ £ 190,128' 807,097 1,057,225 217,703 '.K)1,0-S l,llO.:t!l| 151.00- 022.770 1,077.708 103,7-1 1.1-1.070 l,37-.70- (>l.2-7 MiM.'iO 1.212.413 120.-;:! 1.00I.-223 i.ioi,.'.im N!,0 3,301,9-2 l,303,7S^2 IS3I32. l!i3233. /.. 7,t)!>7,228 3,174,347 2,0,14,710 1S33-3I, |e34-3j. 7,535,170 3.2.19,261 2,0tiO.19s /.. /.. 7,01S,449 6,749,293 5SI,S00 3,258,995 3,076,404 l,96!i,045 l,90i,749 14,198,155 207,5S1 13,955,642 264, 32 13,690,16) 13,908,764 57P,336 12,831,929 94,152 1,476,65,1 I2,S96,2S5 95,553 1,227,536 12,245,489 12,313,246 91,641 10,986 1,293,637 2,I62,S63 14,405,736 1 1 14,219,374 13,630,767 14,487,100 49,398' 14,405,736 14,219,374 13,(;80,I65 14,487,100 l4.4n-,,738 14.219,374 13,(1,-0,165 I4,4C7,100| N.n. The ('ompanv roalisrd in 1*31-35 the sum of 10,670.223/. hy the s Th« ilt'lil t'ttited Kiiigtluui • • -J Amount of duty received • Bate of July chanied fiiumUr. !1,020 3,0i-s,6!l>( 63, 109,6 IS 436,l«2 220,674 1,220 5,4 17.3'0 60,C43,U26 609,930 34?, 447 5,090 A'umttr. SO 6,719,759 60,370,479 671,433 373,419 300 A'WKlirr. 3,600 4,02ti,74S 4»,U26,00« 703,700 281,6'>4 40O \untliir, 7,517,146 60,401.-.0'. 732,!l'IS 50-.,7'l> 24(1 .VK.i.'.r. 3.120 5.734.%0 5i,t;il,J43 635,22!) 5KM't 1.200 63,200,027 1 C6,Sr6,l32 66,4M,773 64,16i,472 33,044,10!< 59,lfr;,6ss 62.391,617 /,. ». il.- I.. 1. d. 21,726 10 2 23,071 4 1 A. r. d. 22,920 8 3 L. 1. d. 22,1» 2 10 /.. 1. d. 1(1,505 M S /,. .. d 20.372 15 9 /.. I. d. 21,337 i lOd. per 120 duriiuj the whole [leriod. It appears from this ofTicial statement, that the eggs imported from France amount to about 5.'),000,000 a year ; and supposing them to cost, at an average, 4(f. a dozen, it follows that the people of the metropolis and Brighton (for it is into them that they arc almost all imported) pay the French aliout 76,388/. a year for eggs ; and supposing that the freight, importers' and retailers' profit, duty, «&c. raise their price to the consumer to lOrf. a dozen, their total cost will he 190,972/. EJOO, See Gomutt. ELE.MI, a resin obtained from tlie Amyris ckmlfera, a tree growing in dillerent parts of America, Turkey, &c. It is obtained by wounding the bark in dry weather, the juice lieing left to thicken in the sun. It is of a pale yellow colour, semi-transparent; at first sottish, but it hardens by keeping. Its taste is slightly bitter and warm. In sincll. which is, at first, strong and friigrant, gradually diminishes. It used to be imported in long Mumlish cakes, wrapped in flag leaves, but it is now usually imported in mats and chests. — {Thomson's Cheinixfri/,) ELEPHANTS' TEETH. Sec Ivonr. ELM {U/mux), a forest tree common in Great Britain, of which there are several varie- ties. It attains to a great size, and lives to a great age : its trunk is often ruggeil and crooked, and it is of slow growth. The colour of the bctirt-wooJ uf elm is generally darker ELSINEUR. 617 inn ; Ru«- Ehmmivf' lO KilSt. It \^ CM'fll- M.lmh, aiul oil 111"' ac- , „f e»)onv. 'I'lw' *•••«* ingpi.t. niul of JUi mrid ■Uienus), is »'»»ii'l l'""- of tUo trof is siiiil t" lie •),0l7/.7^. tiV'- ^"'-■f* V anil villow eboiiicH ; ii-rs arc in tlu" !»"'"< "' genuine d'Oi.y ; lli'-xc, The l'"^"'" "'"'''"'"y ies iniiM>rlcil arc l>wl in- whifh is too woll known Kuropr. frciinrnliiii; not , abundant, paitii'ularly id to the raisin!- ot »i'ls ; , But by tar the larui'st IndecMl, very few ox.q.t monJ arc principally suj.- who cin\>loy in it several y nroviJiHl for. A cargo nd is clian;iHl with a duty /. lUs., sliowins tlial Vi .'m.v, 11. 93.&C.) be dcscrilH-d. TlH-y d.nir that lay tlu-m. The e-^s le of very considerable iin- ,,Tht from the counlry t^ ,een very lar-ely imported brmsaconsidi'rablebranei ,nt for a number ot small ntries whence tliey were 53,r.44,10S ■• (>triod. cd from France amount to .raso,4rf.ado7.en,ittollows em that they arc almost all sui.posin!? that the ireisiht, consumer to 10(/. a dozen, crowinRindllTerentpartsof dry weather, the iu.ee l>rinK isimrent; at first sohish. It. smell, whiolii-''^^ 'f '- ,rtcd in Ion? roun.hsh cakes and c\xcm.-{Tlilanting l)etter than any other large tree. — {Tredi^uld'n I'rincipks of Carpnitry, pp. 201—20.1. &c.) ELiSlMiliK, oil HELSL\(jOR, a town in Zealand about 22 miles north of ('oiM-nha- Scn, in lat. .')f)° 2' 17" N., Ion. 12° :JS' 2" E. Population about 7,000. Adjacent to Elsiiieur is the castle of Cronborp;, which connnands the entrance to the Ualtic by the Sound. All merchant ships passing to and trom the Ualtic are obliged, under the reserva- tions mentioned below, to salute ('ronboni Castle by lowering their sails wiien abreast of the same ; and no ship, unless she belong to Sweden, is allowed to pass the Sound without rleariiiK out at Elsineur, and paying loll, according to the provisions in the treaties to that ellect neuotiated with Denmark by the dillerent European powers. The first treaty with England having reference to this subject is dated in 14.'jO. 'J'he Sound duties had their origin in an agrwment between the Kiiigof Ueinnarkon the one part, and the Hanse Towns on the other, by which tin- former undertook to construct light-houses, landmarks, &c. along the ('attegat, and the latter to pay duty for the same. The duties have since been varied at dillerent periods. Ships of war are exeiiipli'd from the payment of duties. Most maritime nations have consuls resident at Elsineur. The following plan of the Sound is taken from the Admiralty Chart, compiled from Danish authorities. — (See following page.) Onlinanri' rr.'iprrtiiiir loirrrinir in tlir Sniini/ — 'I'liis cpri'iiKiny lii'iiiir allt'iiilcd wilh tinirli iTiconvciil- eiici' ill iinl'iivmiriililf woathi'r, his Diiiiisli Majesly issiird, in IHJil, ilu; rollnwiiif! nrdiiiamc : — 1. All sliips sailiiii! tliniimli tin' Sound, wln'tlirr lliry niiix.' rrniii llii! mirth iir snnlli. iiiiist saliito Crimliiiri! Casilc, liy IciwcrinB llirir sails sii smin as the ncirthcrnnmsl church in Klsincnr licuiiis In liu cnncnalfMl lu'lilnd liic castll^ 'I'lir lovvrrinu inilsl iidt cciinniciiCL' licfiiri! thr church uncs In hi'liinil thi! casili', and iimsl cunliiiiio till tin; church (ipi'iis ilscIT withniil llie castli* acuin, or Tor the Tull s|iaci' of rniiiiiiiti's. Dvcry person ncalectiiii! this duly must i'.\|ioct to lie cniii|iullcd, liy cannon-shot, lo thu eauii', anil lo Id; lineil lor conliiinacy. .V. B.— When a shi|i lowers her sails on lier first enlrancp into tht- marks, and keeps llieni lowired 5 iiiiiinlus, Ihonuh not come out of llie marks, it is coiisidereil siil!icii>nt. 2. The sails lo be lowered are as follow :— Ships carryini! lopuallant sails, standine or llyin;;, iiuist liuver the lop-j!allant nils entirely down on the cap : shi|is liavini! only one top-t-'allanl sail, and at III!' same time, the for .'-top-sail, ihey must he lowered lialf-niast down : ships havln;: no lo|i-|!allaiil nails must lower Imih Ilie liip-sails on half-mast: all oilier ships, he they galliots, smacks, kilches, briL'inilines, or of what deminiination soever, carryiiii: only llyiiii! lop-sails, iiiiisl lower tlie lop-sails eiitireW down ; lint those liaviiii.' no standini! ur llyiii!.' lop. sails, or which have all their reel's in their |(ip-stiils, are evenipl from lowerinir. .'(. When ships cruize lhrou(!li llie Sound wilh a contrary wind, or wliifti (with a scant wind or small liree/.e) the current is so strong auainst them llial it would set llieni astern, if they loweruj tlii'ir sails, Uirn if fliiill he made liiniirn to Ihriii, luj lioiftinn llir nilmirs ill the nislle, that no sutnte ia re- ijuiriil. anil thai Ihrii maij make the bent of their iratj inlhuul flrikinir their sails. •I. When any vessel iias lieen tired at, then ilie master or male, wilh two of the ship's crew, must pnoii shore, aiid make declaration, on oaih, hel'ore the Court of Im|nest, why Ihey have not lowered ill tlie lime or In the manner prescrilieil. If il he deposed that luwerint; was perforineil in due timo ami manner, then the master will he free from payinu for the shot tired at him ; on the contrary, liu masi then pay for each shot fired at him from the castle, .'i ri.v dollars VO stivers current ; and I ducat fur each shot from Ihe uuard-ship's boat when in pnrsuil of the ship. If the inaster of a vessel sliould sad away wilhont iiciiiiiltinj; himself, when il is proved who the inusler or ship was, the liiiu will lie ili.'iiiaiided of ihe person who clears him at the Ciislom-hoiiso. Ill stormy weaiher, wlien a ship cannot come lo anchor In KUineur roads without danger, or if she lie liiiky, or iroing to repair or deliver ; in such cases, going lo (Copenhagen is not considered a fraud. Ibil il ij in all cases indispe.isable that the ship's papers should be sent to lilsineur as soon as possi- ble, that she may be cleared. I'iliiidirr. .Ii'-i-.— When ships come into Elsineur roads, or lie wind-bound near the I.appen, watermen cniiie on bo:ird lo inquire if the master will be carried ashore to clear ; and in rough weather it is always best to make use of their services, their boats being generally very safe. The Danish aiillior- ities have published a Table of rates, beitiL' llie liiL'hest charge llial can be made by the boatmen iipon such occasions ; hut captains may liartain wilh tlieiii for as much less us ihey please. Most ships passing the Sound lake on board p'ibils, Ihe signal for one being a Mag at Ihe fore-topmast-head. Tbiise bound for the Jlaltic take a pilot at I'.lsineiir, who either carries the ship to ('openbagen, or Drairo ■. a small town on Ihe soiilh-easl e.Mreniily of Ihe island of Ainack, where she is dear of Ihe groiiMil.-i. 'I'bose leaving Ihe llallic lake a pilot from Dragoe, who carries the ship lo Klsineiir. Siiiiielinies, when the wind is fresh from the Iv and S. Iv, il is impossible for a ship bound tor Co- pi'iiliagen or the llallic to double Ihe point of CronhorL' ; and in that case an Elsineur pilot is soiiiK- luiHs eiiiploved to moor tint ship in Ihi! channel towards Kiill I'oinl on the Swedish shore, in lat. 6li^ IS' U" ,N.', Ion. Vi^ 2t)' E. This conlinaeiny is, however, less likely to happen in future, as weuii- cliTsiand llie Danish government have recently hired a steam tug for the special purpose of bringing ' ips, in adverse weather, round Cronliorg Point. The pilots are regularly licensed, so that, by em- ployliiL' Iheni. the captain's resiionsibllity is at an end. Their charges are li.veil by aulborily, and (li'l I (III till' ship's draiighlof waler. We subjoin a copy of the tarilf applicable to pilots taken on biiuril ai Klsineiir to carry ships lo Uragoe, Copenhagen, or Kull I'oiiit, with the sinus both in silver and in Uig bank paper dollars. C48 ELSIXEUR. 1 !•! References to P/iin.— A, Castle nnd liglit of CronhorR ; B, EUini'iir; (", KctsiiicIiurL' in Swcilrti; 0, tlie bank called the Luppen ; E, the bunk called tlio Uisikun. Tliv soiiiidlii;:.^ are in riiili.>jiis. Pilntapn from the 1st of April to the 30th of September. Dragoe. Cojwiiha^ii. Hull roiiLi. Shipi (1 rawing water. Silver. Paper. .Silver. Paper. Silver. I'jper. Fait. R.b. dr. sch. R.b. dr. IC/l. R.b. dr. ich. R.b. dr. JrA. R.b. dr. ,ch. R.li. dr. Kh. Under - 8 78 12 1^ 9 10 9 38 i> 72 5 W Betweea - 8 anH 9 13 16 13 56 10 6 ID 36 6 63 6 K) 9-10 14 fiO 14 HI 11 2 11 ai 7 53 7 76 10—11 15 84 16 .16 11 94 12 34 8 44 8 at 11 - 12 17 22 17 74 12 91 13 33 9 3-, 9 63 12 - J3 18 M 19 16 13 87 14 .32 10 2". 10 66 13 - 14 19 90 20 54 14 83 15 31 11 Hi 11 50 14 - li 21 2.S 21 !>2 r> 78 IS 30 12 7 12 43 15 — 16 22 62 23 34 16 75 17 29 12 93 13 36 16— 17 24 65 2i 43 18 56 19 16 13 ^4 14 30 17 — |H 26 68 27 52 20 37 21 2 15 44 15 90 IS — 19 2a 71 29 61 22 \^ n 86 17 3 17 .54 19 — 20 30 74 31 72 24 24 72 18 59 19 19 20 — 21 3> 77 33 W 25 77 26 68 20 19 20 BO 21 — il .11 M) 35 S9 27 59 28 46 21 74 22 43 22 — 23 3S 83 38 1 29 40 30 32 23 31 24 ti ELSINEUR. 649 12 hor'j ill i-^v.i'a<':i; Pilotnpe from the Ist of Oiinher to the notli of March. 1 Ur»j^. Cupenli.i^eu. Kull hiiol. Ships dnw nit witer. Silvrr. Pjiwr. It.li. dr. I'h. Silv«r. rj|K!r. Silvel r I'l per. Fat. « /'. dr. if/i. 11 i. dr. II d. H (.. dr. tfl. «.(,. dr. •r/,. H.I: dr >rh. I'tl.lnr • H II 9Z 1', 40 II 3i II 70 7 6;i 7 76 UolvvBen • - 8 and 9 IB 7-. 17 31) 12 61 13 2 H 73 9 3 9-10 IH m 19 III 13 M 14 t>| 9 02 to 26 10 - II 20 37 21 2 li 19 i> e« II Hi II «) II - 12 -•2 19 22 m 16 47 17 — 12 36 12 73 1! - 13 24 21 11 17 73 18 30 13 fii 14 _ 13 — II 25 77 2ti SH ID 4 19 n> 14 75 15 1\ 14 — li 27 69 29 46 20 29 20 SKI \r. 05 16 48 li - IS 29 40 31 32 21 67 22 26 17 17 17 68 16 - 17 32 12 33 12 24 — 21 72 18 37 18 U2 17- IH 34 M 35 eg 26 39 27 22 20 48 21 14 l« — I'l .17 62 W (.8 28 79 29 7() 22 67 23 2s in - M 40 21 41 48 31 21 32 19 24 68 25 46 20- Jl 42 W 41 28 ;i3 m 34 G'l 26 79 27 64 21 - a 4i CI 47 9 36 4 37 16 28 bs ;■> 78 22 - 23 48 3fi 4!t ti-. 38 43 39 ti2 31 3 32 ^V. B. When n pilni is lakrn nii hnani nt Urngnu to carry a ship tn Elninciir, tho rharuu im the same :iij that giVL'ii iiiuivr thu tiriil hvuil uf the abuvu culiiiiin.— C>4rc/iit'cii da Cummcrce, tuiiiu iii. |i. 143.) Thfi Minies. Iffi^rlit.', and Mrnsiires of ElsiniMir art* the same ns thosn of Copcnhacpn (which st'P), cxri-pt that Ihi; ri.\(l>il!ar is Uiviili'tl into 4 ortu instuad uf U iiiurcg : thiiH, 21 8killiii);ii iiiaku 1 urt; and 4 ortri 1 ri.viliillar. Ill p:i.viiiK tiill, howi'vpr, at the passaeo of thu Hound, the monies are distinguisliud into tlircc differ- ciit values ; iianK'ly, specie, crown, and current. Specie money is that in wliicli tlie duties of the Sound were fixed in 17(11. Crown money was the ancient currency of Denmark, in wliich the toll is gomctlines reckoned. Current money is the actual currency of the country. The prswal(le WiMn:»r • Ancl.iin • Ho>tc)ck, 5 lasts for 6. Stettin ■ Wjirnt'inunde Wincmun^lR Lubeck, 7 lasts for 9. Lailt. ■ I - 13 ■ 12 ■■]' lasts reckonol as i. ■ ?6 lists for 7. HiRa - K 'ni^stcrg l).inl7.ic • Klhiiii; - .Mi'lncl ■ nr\e\ ■ IVtiTsburgh Ocsil . 1 Tho mmi' as (lie Uulcli • J to muiclj from Havre ... 7 nuiyna fniin Ca^liz, LislKin, &c 400 Dutch marts (ihta.turt'ii) • 1 Englitli thalilroii, 2 HFighs, 2 tons, or SO bushels IxliU. ■ 12 ■ 12 • 7 • I Liquid Measure.— K tonneau of French wine is considered as 4 oxhofis, or 24 ankers. A pipe of Spanish or I'ortiicuese wine, as 2 oxhofis. 3(1 Spanish arrobas, or 25 rortuiruese almudes, as a regular pipe. 30 Spanish armbas.or 48 pots of oil, as a regular both (pii)e); u hogshead of brandy, as 6 ankers; a tierce, as 4 ankers ; an anker, 5 veils, or 40 Danish pots. Duties payable al the Sound on the principal Articles eammonly passing through Rial. St. A f or l«"UiiJ ... Ami.el. till' ton il.s. . . . . . Auim.pnv, the ihipimniid .... Antlmr anil lork«, Ih'- shuck of 60 ■ Afl'li.''. tl\£.hstnf 22barri.|5 - ' . ." „ A^;.'ln'('a^n'^' Ie3, cnniaKc or cable yarn, the hhippoiind Calicoes, the H (liL-ceR .... Capers, thf pipe, or 1 hof^hends Car'i, ftir p'ayipR or for wool, the 10 dozen C;mlanioi»9, ciiinanion, cloves, ur cochineal, the 100 Ibe. Ciinilets, llie 4 pieces .... t Aiivass, or caiiilinrs, 4 do. CalliniiiiicoM, ti.e y do. . . . - CinipiMrhy wnml, the 500 Ibi. C:\ra\v.iy sect!*, Ihe 100 do. .... C.ixi.Tri'i thi'*hippouml, valued a(3G rixdolhra ('hecse, the shippound .... Chesim's, thf 3f»s.ick8 .... CiiiiT, llie hm(-*hi-.i>l ■ . . . - (lock- work, ilie 100 Ihs. valued at 36 rixdollan - Cloth of si'k, Ihe pieii' .... fii.e or short cl(>ih% or double dozeni, the 2 pieces course, or toii;; cloths, or do/xus, thu 4 do. - Coffee, the 2(flilH. Ct'pptT, Ihe hlii|po(ind .... wrmi^i I, ttie 100 lbs. valued at 32 rixdollan Cork, tbe 30 l^uiidleH .... Ct)pV»r.i«, raboiinf, or cream of tartar, the shippound Cotton wool, the 100 llii. .... Corn, bsiTley. Ihe lastof 201)arrels - btaiis, peis. oiu, or buckwheat, the la»t of 12 do, malt, the hsl nf IJdo. rye, (he la^tuf 20 du. 82 Rild St. 18 S (1 6 li n IK n 6 34 (1 10 IS 10 IS 9 9 4 n :Hi 12 IH 9 9 » 24 24 ■ 6 36 • 6 • 18 • 22 . 18 . 12 - 10 650 ELSINEUR. vi ' r I f I' K Tf aihi tf, and Dantzic, Gmn, whMt, the lut of 20 t«nTt« - CnriaiidBr and rurniit*. Ilia iOO lb*. l)auuilirnf iilk, Ihr pirrp • litii-ii. IFir 4 piPCri . wonllfii, (he M (in, Deali of oak ur tir, iiUtvn iO fivt, the iihnrk ( 4rM)iiti, uiHJrr 20 foi't I'ruHMtt rniiitiinti, 10 to U feet, the 1,000 Diaper nr 'IrilHnf. thn 20 furce* J)nwn, thf Hhii'iioiin t . . . DniKCrta, ilir 2 \uvret Kelt, ihi' UMi'f I.' lurreli < KlephAiitaMreth, i.irh Fealhttn, Ihe iihi|>|)Otin|K>unJ, nr 1,000 fuh Mliiinti, llir l)irn-l tillr I |irrnii<«, iln. ffl Ii.Tniiis, Die l.ntnf 20 dtraei, or 20,000 FUnriHi, (he n \utcn '•( J » HU e.-irlt Flax, (IreMTil. Hip nlnnpfiiiinl uii'tn-Mrd, n% IVrcnbiinrh, Nirvn, 12 ho(«heuti M.irii'ii)uri(li, .ill tine Kirti imhJiIIa, racket pllrni'ifilcr, the 4 i!'>. coirM', (i.ilf cle.iji, Kirken, Ri»spIs, Menx M.iriei)|iiir^, the tj dii. tow, Itif fl III, • . . • FlounflerB, 'Irv, Ihe 20.001 . FInurol whe.it. the 200 Itn. • Inrlev nr rye, Ihe lait of 12 barrtii Friew. Ilie piere .... (iallB, or K1IIII, the 200 tin. ... Glaaa for win. lows. Kiit^linh, French, f.uhcck, and the H chefs .... Venice, 'Iriiikinic '!o., Ihe rhest bottles, the l(tn, •! hri^^tuMils .)n>l 30 Bchocka the 2 pipes qtmrt hnttlt-H, ifK) tii7en. ^OriIlfltlln Olovei, Kimla, '.r C'nurhml. the 2V» [lair • IciihfT, the .Inicii, value 2 rixlullare Oiinpnwilir, Dm 100 Hr^. H-ilM-rfiNhery ware, thr 100 Ihi. valued at 36 riaJollara Hair, e^riieU' nrcnir vi', Diu 50 tba. • IfaniJAjtike).. t)ie 'iOO ' Haa, tilt, the caik .... beaver, -tie . dry, ("ikV. \\.v'ft\ l-iirks", or Kubsia, the ;'» d Hu^^iii, the shippouu'i Honey, the hnoheid H')p', the hiptxHiiid Homes, the itur • IndiKo, the tOO Ihi. ■ Iron " ire, nr inns, do. stoves, plate* or pots, the shippnund • bars, bats, holfs, )ionps, anrhira, and cnn", do. wmufht, the 100 Ilia, valued at 24 riidollan o'd, Die »hippound (Ktrriiiiind*. dr>, ... IsinjcliiHs, the 100 Ihs. Juniper tiernes, the 200 do. Kene>'4, the H plerea Lace, silk, or ferret, the 4 Mm. thread, wwl, cnHon. or hair, the 10 do. Hold and silver, the |h. Lemons, the 12 ebisri* nr 36.000 • pirkled, Ihe pipe nr hniphead Lead, fo.lder, the tno. or 6 shippound ■hot, the 100 lt«. red or while, t\n. Leather, Rtusia or Srntch, Ihe derker S|)anish, Cordovan, Turkey, and buff, do, Seiiis, the 10 do. - Hes. the 16 pipces flai, the20dn. Hollmd, Silesia, and Weslphaliai the 4 do. Iiemp, hhck tow, the HO do. canvass, Ihe N do, ... damask, the 12 to. • drilliii!:. Die 20 do., nr r»00 anheen* fmni IVt<>r^huri;h, all sorts, the 40 do., or 2,000 do. Lonwoffl, the vOO lU. Mace, Ihe '^0 ll.s. .... Alas's, Iri palms and upwanls, the piece snixll .... fur iHial*, Ihe Hchnck - • - Mat« from l*.'ie<, the IOO do. . . - i(uirk.ilv.r, thi- Wd.i. Hape^eed. the liM of 21 barrels H^isMiR, Die 400 Ills., or36buket« • Heiin, the shiNM'Und Ribands of lilit, nr ferrets, the 4 Iba. irnlii or silver, Ihe 2 do. Rir. . Die 200 ilo. .... .Virtrnii, Ihe 2 do. .... Sal', Spanish, French, and Scotch, the last of 18 bamis, or H tfuOiels .... I.unenhnrv. Ihe hst of 12 bushels Saltpetre, the rhipiNtijiid Sau, dniilde, lh»* 2 pieces »(iii(Ie, or Knifti''h, the 4 do. Siilrlfilh. Die H do. . Sar^ap-iiilli, do. Shun.ic, the 4()0 Ib^. Silk, H-» imr, fern-t, wrought lace, the 4 do. raw. the IOO do. ■tuffs, dti. Kilh ifidd nnd silver, the piec* Skins, beaii-r, (he 5 deckera nttiT, the piece Iry, wol Itoil, the20do. calf, the 10 do. cat and sheep, flie 500 pieces bhi-k rabbit, or lamb, the I.OOO do. - irri y rabbit, nr kid, the 2,000 nnrleii, the 40 • • • h.ire, Ihe bile, valued at 62 riidollan Sosp. white, Ihe IOO lb«. ((neii. Ihe list ff 12 barrels ■ Span, ere tt. Die 2i pieces • small, the 1.000 do. • S'arch. th'-.TOOIbn. .... St,iM-s, pifM! h')l V, IS 21 t is 3i 1.; Is IS la 30 30 n u ' ■ . • ■ ■ • - • ■ • . u • n ■ . . ltarTel,ti.er«'t»'"n'i';;''"'^* rtt'nf WO ell» • ; -I 1n;l»y«^»"'^''°• irrel* • ' . ijSc;!;Xii2-^>^- ; unil."i-12t)»"el» „( lilurrcli l"f''"- „.'■ |ml, iheSOlUt. Oie lb. ; lonhevls • y 2 piMM • I Ciller, the 2 Jo. 24 % b « t, 3(1 lb 9 10 311 15 lit 24 (i IS 3-, M. I» IS 1'. M ■K !\ X, 3i; l(j 8 4 *) 30 1 . ■ • . . . ■ • . . . . . . . . ■ . . ■ 30 30 3() 12 12 12 11 IS 1.1 19 >l 6 3f IS D 30 \„, „r 4 ''««'«•' "i.^,,,i/„;,c, Ihe 2 TinJ, Musral, »»J FroiUign.ic, liljueM, the P'l* I"' '. In- jhippo'""' ilhelb. J"i'lw 4 thil'pound - ; i „.vil, II" 2 do. • ■,e 40 piMia ■ 1,-hnclH ■tlieiJo. 24 9 36 (i 9 3li 9 9 12 !1 3ii 14 M l'un.l,or40Khocta llleii.tteWH* 1 I 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . 36 36 9 li 10 9 9 9 K 3li 36 3t> 36 3I> Memorandum retpeclinff ihe Mode of prtrrntinp rrrtain Ortrehargts of Sound Dutirt on Gvoda Bhipped for Ihe Uallie. Tlmro liiivo liccn iimny rnniplriinm of ilic SdiiihI iliilv lii'inu ovcrriiteil on (frxiilH wlilih, n« llioy nr« not iiiillccil III llii; tiirirr, un; rliiirBiMlilr ml ruhirrm, (I per iriit. in the i .inr if llii' i;ii!;li»li. Diilili, and Swi'ilcs; li piT cciil. in Ihe ciihi' of nilifr n.ilioiw;) IIiIk i Ii.'ul'i' lirini; solely reuiiliili'il In tin- viilin-ex- prcuHeil III the cockelH, the only ilmiinieiits liy wliiili Itie CiiBtoiii-lioiise o'llieers iil llie Soiiiiil iirii RO- vcriii'il. Tills or iiilimti'H ill (lic>liippersof uooi'Ih limlinu it expedient oceiisioim II y lo^'lve:l 110111111:1! vmIiio to iiii'rrliiiiiilisn not liiihl' lo iiii export (Inly in Kntiliinil, fur exceedinL' tlic real viiliie, in orilir to providu for II fiirtlier slilpiiieiit of the siiiiie species of ifnods ill Ihi' sHiiie vessel (which entry ciiii ill : lie con- sidered lis expressive of Hie int'iition lo ship Roods lo tliiil exteiitj. It is, llierelore. »iim;esieil lo tho tiliippcrs id'nierchaiidise for the llullic, lli.it. hehides Ihe iihove-iiienlioned noininiil viiliii', they slioiihl ruiisc' the nut nilnr of iht jtoiid.^ iirlunlhi .-^liiiiiird to he inserled on Ihe reverse of til-' coi ket, ils llieic ia every reason to helieve tilut this real value will lliun liecoine till! crilerioii liy which llio Sound duty will lie calculated. For insliinre, siipposine a cocket lo rnii thus — "Know yelliat I'arkinson and (;o. have entered ilritish collons, valuu 10,000<, Blurling, to he shipped per Ihe iNewland, I'miicis lliinler, master, fur Hi. I'oturiibiirRh :" The iiidorsenienl should be — " 1'. I. a. 1(1. Ten hales ciunbrics, value 4,701/. 5*. BterlliiK, shipped on board tho Ncwland, Francla Hunter, fur Pelursburyh." (Hisned by) I'ahkinrov nnd (,'0. (Or by the siuniiiR ('iistoni-lioiise ollicer) N. N. The Sound duty will then probably be chari'pd not on lli,(lo(l/.. lint on I.T'.IW- r>s. Should, hinvever, the latter entry be wanliiiR, the lirsl siini will be the only crilerion by which lo calculate the Sound duly ; and in casuof overcharge, no resiiiutiun need be hoped i\n—{.Hurduii:, Kuropeuii Commerce.) Navio.m'ion of the lUl.TIC. INavio.m'ion of the lUl.TIC. This is exiiibiled in the followiiii; Account of the Niiiiihi.T of Ships th tiirnliij:) lln^ Sixiiiil at ilillVrenl I'eriods, from the Vear 1777 to the Countries to which they belonged. hat have passed (coina and ro- preselit Time, specil'yini; the Cnuiilrics. Bri'lsh Islands 1777. I7H0.' 17S3. t7S5. 17S7. 17S9.| 1790. 3J7i 1792. 1814. 2.319 1816. 1,S4- 1S20, lS2,i. 1827. :.,u99; 1S29. 4,'0-. IKW. 4,27 ij 1S31. 1832. J, ■.-.2 1,701 j 2,V17 2,9 J9 4.3-19 3,'>97 5,1 Ml 3,330 llolUll.l 2.'i«i7 2,(I'>S •>in l,'i7l l.iaii 1,924 2,(^l 49ri 399 242 33 1 3M 3li7 401 421 2,493 I'liiti'il Slatei ■ 3 20 30 42 41 «s lliS 169 23(1 191 ISO I52 179 Is9 France 21 • « 211 :ri III 123 2-i 12 16 6J 72 103 ISO I IS6 24il 209 M.tklciiliurnh ■ . • . . . 3S6 647 C02 S'r. 627 664 fas 594 OMiiiburjh • • • . • 2 24 3-. IS 29 47 31 31 41 Mi f.3 7S Ubuk 7S «2 123 79 6li Kl Sfl t-0 2S 4-. M 121 99 101 t-0 77 77 Ilreniwi *2 14fl 263 17(i 142 ISI 177 l»s 21s Ill 69 31 ;V> (■■) 79 ^l SO •a 31 ■ 61 77 62 l(W S3 au 36 Ij 31 35 46 2"> 41 21 Rwtoflc 79 104 67 101 . 224 ;u' 33a Piljeciburgh . > • • 61 (>! 142 PorluKal 12 21 2» 2S lb 33 2S II 42 4H 2 9 II , ■ 2 t'nuilind 2 7 10 23 10 !> 22 21 Niptcs . ■ 1 Venice 2 2 4 . 2 (IM 6 . n . • . 2 6 12 8 N(ir"v\y Greece Tnllh . ■ * • l(l,2li'- 9 7 1() s.sii 9.7U " w 794 946 "flj! S79 1,161 I3,4sf 1,202 13,21.' 1,357 ■ 1,53. !t.n,vilH,ioi 11.2:13 '12.114 s.lso S.S7I 10.926 13,1(10 13,000 I2.94( 12,202 The statement in this Table for the years 1777, 1780, 17H3, and 17f*!), lire taken from the valuablo work entitled KiiHii^rc de I/ini i-Vmifni.s iiii jVord de /' F.iirope (loin. i. p HWI.l; the other yts'irs are Liken from the relurns sent by Hie llrilisli consul at Klsineiir, printed •■, \ iirlons parliamentary pa- pers. We have seen no two retiirns of ttie shipping that pass the Soiii ' ••• I. iiiiile aL'ree, tlioiicli the (lillVroiices are not very material. The above account, iIioiirIi in man, . i'. •■■is most iniereslinu. ia defective, inasmuch as it does not irive the lonniiRe as well a.s the niinilier )' llin ships. Since Ih.'U, iiowpver, the lliilish consul has sent relurns of tin' sliippinj.'; and it is not iii^iroliable that the Danlsli autlinrilies maybe able to supply Ibis de-^ideratum for a leiiRllitMied period. Tin" fallini» olf in tho ainiiuiil of Dritish shippiia' in IN.I2 was wladly owing to the alarm causedby the prevalence of cholera, and other evanescent causes. — We subjoin an Account of the British Shippins employed in Ihe Flallic Trade Ihrniiiih the Sound in \^K; rxhibitin)» the Number of Vessels sent out. the NuiiibiT of Voyages pert'oniieil by them, and their Tonnage, as nscerlained by Ihe Consul at Elsineur. — {Papers publislnd bij Hoard of Trade, vol. ii. p. ,53.) To what I'orls belonging. Number of Ships sent out. Tonna?e. Number of Voyasi-s ficrfttrnied. A^5rei;ale Tinuiage. 1 Fii:l:in 1 and W.-i1m Sciitlaud • 1 Ireiiiid • 1 fluenisoy anil Jersey The Coloniea Tout . 679 140,4(i9 395 60,694 18 2.193 22 3,55li 3 690 l.'Ol 1.352 3S 43 6 .103,997 175,»'i2 5.232 6.914 1,-198 1,115 ' 197,611 3,330 1 5:i.1.-.33 There were lost in Ihe Italtic, in I'^liO, It Ilritish ships, of the burden of 2,807 Ions; and S liritish iliips, of the burden of l.H2.'i tons, were detained in it by the frost at the close of the year, and obliged 10 winter in its various porl.s. EMB.\RGO, an order is,5ued by the government of a country to prevent the sailing of ships, EMER.MjT) (Fr. Em>'raude ! Gvr. Smrlrmrd ,• It. Srncra/di) ,• Ijnt. Smmn^dtis ,• Sp. EHineralfid), a precious stone in liip;h estimation. It isdistitiiTuished from nil other p;emsby its peculiar ennnilif grrrii lustre, vnryiiiK in intensity from the jnilest possible tinge to a full aiitl deep colour, than which, as Pliny has truly stated, nothing can be more beautiful and 692 emi:ry, emigrants. ^k1 "••JOB C5 IT***' • 1 I * ... S|)iTilic Hnivity from S-d li) ', C/tcntinIri/.) " l'"'il in llnrnini: nliniit "J .\ iMirK iiL'ii 1 rill line, e\ii eiliiiy •JininccH in wetL'liI, I'ur Hie Klii|i rer nl' Munii'ii, liiil it w-.t^ |,||| (■r iiiiiierrei'iiiinH, 'I'lie lart'e^'l MiieiMiieii kimwii is an liexaumml ervmal, nearly n imlie^ Ihnl'. aiiij aliiive ■.! in ili iineler. 'I IiIh t'eiiii lintvever xi'iall, in ho rarely xeen prrlei i, llial 'an mieralil wnliuiu n (law ' Ins |ia».. per rariit ; anil if .«inalle|- anil ilefi'i'iive, at III.1. or ITi.v. perearat. Fine emeraliU are rare, anil in hiiiIi ileinanil. that a parliiiilar Kiiit lias lieeii known lo have pa.iseil inio the possession of ii serieM of piirrhaner:', anil to liavi.' niaile tlio tour of Miirope in Hie loiirse of half a i-niittiry." — (Jluirr un Jliuniniiilx, Sil I'll. p. Idl.) VsWViliV (^Fr. /•Jiiuril, Eiiuri; iicr, Smlr^rl ,• It. Kmcrfiliit, Sinen^io ,- Sp, f'snicril ,- RiiH. Ninilidnlc ; Lilt. Sin'iris'), a iiiiiu^ral liroiinht to Urituiii from tlic islt.' of Nnxoa, wlieroit exists ill larL'i' (juutitilios. It occutH also in (Ji'miuiiy, Italy, uml Hpaiti. It is iilwny.s in shajn'lcss iiiassiv, and ini.vod witli otlu-r iiiiiirralti. Colour iiitcrmi'iliatc lu-twiTii (;rryisli Mack mill hhii-li uroy. SpicKic uravity alvnit '1. JjUtitie ulisti'iiiii.L; ami ailaiiiaiiiiin'. Emery is fxii'iisivciy iiscil in ilii; |ii)lisliin^ of hunt lioiiii.'.-*. Ilti lino powder Ih obluined liy trituration, — ( 'I'/iom^dii'.s C/innif-fri/.) (lO.MKiKA.NTS. — It will bniswii from the subjuincd accounts, that thcMnimlit'r of omiijranl.s to (.'anada and the riiilcd ."^titcs, wa.s very dfcidcilly ujrcater in 1831 and IS'.i'i than in eiilipr of the 'Z pieeedini; or 2 following years. The falling oil" in Ih:);J seems to have lieen iiiainlv a consrijueiiee of (he alarms occasioned hy the hreakiiif; out of cholera, duriii]i; the |ire\ii)ii^; very iii'ijr.ivated state, in some of the emiurant ships, ami ut Uuehi year, ip, inisiiicr; cir- ilily cmnsluiiie had less inllueiiee in ISIM, and t!ie emigration for that yiarwasc greater; Imt it has since f.illen oil', particularly to Canada, partly because of the intiea jirosperity of this country, and partly because a higher price is deinaiided for government land in Canada than for public land in the United iStates. Arroiint of the Niimlier of KiiiJsraiil.s, sneiilyiiiK the ('i)iiii- triis wlierire ihey raaie, anil llie Nilliiiiers from caili, that arrived at liucliei.' ilnrinu the Seven Vuars ending willi \fiXt.—lParl. Paper, No. 70. Hess. 1830.) Whcr • trim. is2i). 1S30. ibJi. 10,343 1^3.'. I7,1SI 1SJ3. .•>,I'J- IS34. IKIi- Ki.flvil »iiJ Wales a.m 1 (i,7'K.l 6,7!«l .;,()o7 In-liii'l • 9.<)H I^,3(X1 34,133 2-,.>i)l li,OI3 IB.JdIi 7, ins Si-o'hii.l . ii,IM3 2,430 &,3ii4 5,->00 4,19b 4,591 2,127l ll.iMiliicr|{handOib- nltir - . . . IS Nnva Scotia, N"\v. riiiii!l.ui.l, West lulus, fcc. ii.-. • 123 4-.t 424 546 34". 3;w 2r. l-,94i 2s,noo AJVl .■>I.74B 21.7 .i 30.91-1 IJ,r,27 tinu.t TmIiI 211,152 netiirti of the Niinilinr of F.inierntits frniii the United Kinird Colonies and Countries I'ur wliicli tliey cluarud out, uml {Pari. Paper, ut supra.) Enchnit • Smlland • Ireland Totals Colonies in North America. Unitnl SLitM of America. Cape of Good Hope. Auslrilian Colonics. 1S)3. 1 IS34. 183-1. 18.13. IS34. IS3-.. 1S33. IMI. ib.r.. 32.-, • 1S3.1. ISJI. i l«3.>. Mf-; \ i;,->JO S,i92 1.9.14 17,431 JS,.i86 .i.iiir. i.AW 9,4 ■■» 2.',;i'i_' l,'J-.3 4,7l>4 .'-..nsi 2.SSIII 4,213 33,1)71 2J.n-io 1,'J'JO 2,0^4 2o.7iO 5lli •)I7 2b1 1 3.317 2'i3 23 131^ III 2,MX) l.StO 23,S0S 1 40,000 |-),)73 J!', 109 2-S 32.') I.OIO r , Total Number of Emigrants, in ls33, 02,527— in lb3», 70,222— in 1835,44,488. Pcwscna^er Acts — Pollci/ of. — It appears from the above statement that, durinq; 1S3^, 183-1, and 1835, no fewer than 183,237 voluntary emigrants left the I'liited Kingdom; 173,31'! being destined for America, and 9,893 for the Australian colonicR and the (-'ape of Good Hope. Such being the extent to which emigration is carri(-d, the projiriety, or rattier necessity, of enacting some general regulations, with respect to the conveyance of einigr.inU to their destination, must be obvious to every one at all acc|uaiiited with the subject. The greater number of emigrants are in humble life; few amoii'^ them know any thing of ships, or of the |)recautions necessary to insure a safe and comfortable voyage : they ore, also, for the most part poor, and exceedingly anxious to economise, so that they seldom hesitate to embark KMUi RANTS. 053 ntiiiucH, if il i1'> not Hur- fr nl;iri' of Iho more liril- ilifii.'il l>y t!>f - i, S.yiliia. 'I'li'wi' 'iicl 111. of U llUlfl* liUUlT KIZi', wil one i\Hiiin'V<'-«liii.sin lifcn fouiul crystiilliMMl. vii. cap. il.; Tlwinsim's ,( ,.ni.Ti-l"lH iH IVrii. wl>. r« ,,„v.' i.|.i..'!>r.'";t '"",'•'•'""' llni ■iini'iiii'r:i\(l\Mlli(mui .„ KU. or M'/ . ".f ''\';" "'""; „.rriiriil:anilit siinl .v iu.l I.mI. p. lltl.) Sincniiio; »!>• /■>""''•'/,• he UKM)f Nft'txa, wluTiMl \\ Spiiin. I> ■»' '>1^^'''>'^ '" ormi'ilirtU' lH-tw<'rii Kn-yisU lisUMiiiii; i>i>«l ii'l'.'iiiniiiiif. mil powder i't .iblaiiad by \Mit thi- luiiulH-r of iMuinnmts 431 ami I8:i': llvm imithcr (s,.,-inslohiivi-l'<'t'»i".''"'ly •holorii, iluriii« tlif \muoM a,ul «t Qiu'l'^H-. 'I'Uis nr- r that yt ar war; (•()nsiiicr;ilily ly because of the inniMsin.; ilcmandud for -.>)vcvunuMit 11 111 '">-■, __ ••.,,1, rp.,i,i I i,, •^T l^n-l, ami I'^^r., specifynistlio hors llial cleared out l"t wuU- Australiin Coloiiin. 1K». IKJI. 1 1S33. 3.317 2,»« , 1,-W \i>3 i3t ; '!« a ' i,.2-22-ii> 1835, 44,488. statement that, durmR ISA ,m left the Vnitcd Kingdom, lian colonies and the Ux\^^oi |uried,thepropriety^orra.h<-r pthcUvcyaneeofemv^ra.. inted with the i=uh,,ert. IHl I em know any thin, of sh,rs |voyai;e:theyore.also,fo ihey seldom hesitate to embark in any chip, howe\(r vnit'it fir tlie enuxeynnee i>f pa.l -serious iuipeiline.'nt is thrown in the way of what oui;l»t to he nmile ax ea.sy a.s piwsilile, I'onsiMtont with Hcenrily. Hut, on llie tulier hand, if too many passeni^er^^ lie ulloweil. their heaUh in lialile loMnUrr; and nhonld the supply of provisiiMiK he inadequate, or tlic (pialiiy lial, tho nm.sl serious eonseqnenees lu.iy ensue. The Pas.'^aije Aet ((i (J. 1. e. 1 10.) olilii,'ed to.i i;reat a tpianliiy of expen-ive proxisions to he put on iioard, and was, in eonsecpienee, olijecUil to by einii;rants as will as >!iippers. The aet, !) (i.'l. e. "1. (art. l»»ssKMa.Ms) avoi.ld ildi error ; lint it, too, was deleeti\ i', inasnnieh as it made no provi.-ion with r<'speet to tlie sulii.ii'ney of tile Hhip, the haviii'.; a surgeon or otlur properly tinaiilied inedieal person on hoard siiipa carryinj; u certain nuniher of passeufrers, and in otiier partieulars. 'J'liese dt lleieneies iia\e heen in part supplied hy llie aet of I8;J.') (.') (V W. 1. e. .')■,!.), of wiiieh a full ahstrael is sulijoined. Ihit we douht whether even it will eoinplelely answer the end in view. Durin<; l.S:51 no fewer than 17 ships, with pas.sen:;ers on Iioard, hound tor (.^uohee. were wrecked on the pa.ssane ; ViJl enUKrants losinj; their lives in eonse(|uene«», while many morn lost ino-t part of their property, and were reduced to the greatest didicul- tles. The.se |os.ses prineipally took place in the ^'ulf and river of St, J.awrenee; Imt wo ■.^lould err if we aserihed them entirely, or prinei|ially even, to tl"- diilieulty of the navi;,'ation. Enii;;rants to Quehee are mostly taken out in ships enu'a;;ed in the timher trade; and it is well known that, speakins; iLj'iU'rally, these are a very interior class; it heini; the usual prac- tice to turn worn-out shijis, unlit to carry dry car;;oes, into this department. Must jiart of the catastro|ihies alluded to may, we are assured, lie ascribed to this eircumstanee, and to the misiconduct of the masters and crews. We doubt whether the clause (7th) in the jin'.sunt aet as to llie sea-worthiness of the ship will bo sulVn'ieut to obviate the disasters arising from tlie use of i.nproper vessels. Atid we incline to think that, in addition to what is sl.iied in the act, il should be further proviiled that all liritlsh ships, not htandiii'^ in the class .\. or tho class Au. of the new register (see /mut), should be prohiliited from undertakiui; to carry pusseii- <;ers; and (hat either some similar re;;ulation should be adopted with re.-pect to fori'i^ii sliijis, or tliat liiev siiould be prohibited from elearin'4 "ut witli passen,;;ers, unless re|)orltd .is sea- worthy and suitalile for their conveyance by (;iiveriiinent surveyors ap|ioinled lt)r that ptir- liuse. There can be no ([uestion as to its beini; the hounden duty of (jfoverninent to lako every reasonable precaution for olivialinp; shipwreck. And, even if liij^her considerations did not make an ellectual interference imperative, il i.s pretty certain that the elieck given to cniii^ration to Canada, by the shipwrecks and destruction of life that have recently taken (ilace, is mueli greater tlian any thateoul 1 be given by the trilling addition that the adoiition of somi' such plan as has now heen suggested would make to its cost. The subj-'cting of ca|)lains of ships to an examination, and the exclusion of spirits (see arti- cle Sines, .Su/)j)kineiit), \\ou\d go far to obviate t!»e other causes of loss. 'I'lie abso- lute ]iroliiliition of ardent spirits in emigrant ships, except as a medicine, has been strongly reeoiiiiiiended by Mr. Uuchanan, the agent for emigrants in Canada. This recommendation shotilil, we think, be adopted. It is partially, indeed, carried into elVect by the 10th clause of the sulij lined act. J3ut the better way would be, not to allow any spirits of any sort to ho tikeii on b.ianl ships conveying emigrants, except a few gallons to he used as a cordial in case it should be recommended by the doctor. If more than this be allowed, it will all'ord facilities for the clandestine introduclioa of a slill greater quaulily ; and caniiol he otherwise than injurious. The new aet does not make it im|)erative on shi[)s conveying passengers to America to have a surgeon on board ; and, perhaps, when hound for iVew Voik.he may not be riMiuired. But tlie voyage to Quebec is ofien very tedious ; and much sulleriiig and loss of life have iVi'iiueiitly arisen from no medical olllcer being on hoard emigrant sliij)s destined for that jiori. It has heen said, that if we lay constrictions on the conveyance of emigrants to Quebec, it will iiiiike \ew York the great landing port, and throw the business of their conveyance entirely into the hands of the .Americans. But the legulalioiu enforced in the subjoined ;'.ct, and l!\ose we have suggested, apjily equally to both parties. And it is, besides, true that u continuance of the old system, attended as it, no doubt, would have been by a repetition of the most appalling disasters, would have had the very elli'Ct falsely ascribed to judicious regulations. It would have prevented any one not compelled by necessity — who was not, ill iael, a beggar — from sailing in a vessel bound for Quebec. We suhjoiii the now i S act;— 3i 094 KMKJUANTS. Sam Ml :^ o •1 'I , ' i llrpciil, .Vc-Tlio nd (I (IcO. 1. r 91. illm l. il to hf ri-peiilfil - } I. A" >7i(/i to Kiiil irllh iiiiirr Ihan 'I'hrrf I'l r^oiiii nn liiniiilfnr trrrfl h'irf Tunil. — Mo uliip l'nrryin(|Kiiiii jxitl or |il:ii'i' nnt t<( l';ur>i|ii', mmiI imi wiiliin llii' M< iliirrr:in> iin, hIi;iII | ri'ij nn jiJr vi>)iii;i' w nil nmri' III in '.t |M'r>>i>ii'< on liniiril I'lr ivrry .'i tniiH ui' ijn- r<'iri"lrri'il linnli'ii ni' nnli nhiii, iji,. niiiftrr anil rrrw Immmi; liiilnilril In, unit I'lirniliin purl cf, him li pri'mrilnil nnniluT; iiinl im xliiii. Iki'vihk ni'iri' lliuii oiii- ilirk, hIi:iII iiirry iiiiy imih virx npnii niiy mn li vn)ii;;i', mil' nx xlio hr nl' iliu liriu'lil »i 01 li'i'l III leant lirl» It'll ilnkn ; iiliil nn Kliip, liiivlnif iiiily iiiii' ilii k, ^llllll curry iiii> |', nnli'S'4 ii pl.iHorni li<' lanl hi'iii'illi «iirli ilci k. «'• im in iiH'onl ii npai c nf iIh' Ih'il'Ih ,,| ut li'iMl "li I'll I, mill no xliip hIiiiII have iimri' than 'i liirN nriiirllH ; iiinl no hIiIji liivinu 'i lii'moriicriliii rIiiiII riirry iiiiy paHHi'iiui'rti, on any xinli voyaiii-, iiiil>':"4 ilnri' In- an iiitrrval ol' il mi Ih'h, iiI Iiii'.i, I,,..' Iwi'i'li till' ill'' ''V or pliiiriirni ami lioi ll'ior nl'llio Inwir tirr, tlir'Hiulioiil llh' wlmlo rMiiU llnrror: pni. vlilril. Hull wliali'Vrr hr llir l"iin.ii/r orHii' f!iii', no (;ri alir niiinlM'r iit'ptr^oii,. uliall Im' laki ii nn hnaril nn piiH-o'i'tfiTH, Ilia II Mill' II Im iifii r llio ralr i if one pir'^on lor I'vorv HI «i||m rl'nlal li-il iil'llii' lowrr ilcck or platroriii iiiioi'i'upu il liy i;oiiils or i-lori'H, nol lii'lni; tlw pmniiial liivuiilti' ol' hiii li pir^'iiH, n' ,\i,], Kliip xli'ill ii"t liavi! lu ii:i< hf. nirriiil hii /V.or/* r il\ Pniftnirfr*. — Nn nlilp ( nrrylnir paKHi-n- Rern i>ii aiiv voyatfe, iii* al'oreHalil, nliall In- rleareil out lor mull v> yuu" lioni any port In llie I . I\ , ur hi llie li-laiiiU III' (iiierriKi'y, ,lerney, &i'., iihlesH there lie nrliiiilly lailrii ami mi Iniaril mii li »|i|{i umik) iiml wliol'K'iine proviHioiiH for llie iiki' ami ronsiiniption ol' Hie lanl piiH-'eiii.'er^, over ami almve thi' vicliiiillliii ol' the irew, to the iiiiioiinl or in the proporlmn I'olliiwlnff ; \ i/.. a mipply il' the ifiillniiH „f iiiirii water to every week of I he loiiipillMl voya«e Inr every paftiinijer on hoiiril miili whip, om ji \\ii|i..f ii'liilt larri'il In tanki* or swei't iiivK^, ami a supply ni' 7 IIih. weight ol' lireail, lil'iiiit, calnii'aj, up lireail Hlnll'-i, to every week ol'the loiiipiiteil voyau'e I'lr every piiN-ieiii.'er ; provnled. tliiii in Hn' eyicin fit' one tlilrl oi' win h supply, anil no more, 7 lli.-i. « I'liMii of piitatoeH may he liehl tn he ei|iiivaleiii in l III. Weii'lit of lir'Hil, liHiiiil. oatmeal, or hreail sinll'-, in ilie .-tiipply nf 'iiiy hlilp h' iiliil I'l any pl.ne m North Aim rli a . provuieil, that w hen any ' nr stmes I' r tlit ' diiriiii.' the \\ liiile of the vnyaffe ; and no liiL'iier prices III, in are sl.ili d in siuii ■ he cli.irL'ed for such prnvisimis nr stores dnrliii.' the vny iiL'e : hill iioili III',' iiiriiii {iiirpi if sale tn passei'L'ers who have cmilriicled tn viclliil lliei ■Ives iliiriii'! the v I'ftlii'ie.^.s nf the Ship 1 iyai!e .1 11. rliiiiiril liij Si'rrrii. — if iloiiliis arise wlli^tlier any ship aliniil tn proceed with piissi'in.'ers, as lU'nresaid. is Heawortliy, or lit I'nr Inr inti'lnled voy ii-e. and siicli iliiiilu- are not ri'imiveil tn the satisl'actloii if the coll -i Inr and cninpiniller nf ciisti.ins al llie pnri trmii hIiIi h Kill II vessel is to he cleared mil, il shall lie lawl'iil for sio'li i iillectnr and cmii|ilroller tocan.-e siii'lislii|i to he siirvi'ved hy 'i cmiipeteni persmis ; and if il he lepmied hy iheiii, that such ship is nut, in g|j,.|r opinion, seaworthy, with relernnce tn such vnyii'.'e, sin li ship shall mil he clear id out, iinli'ss lliecim- t'.MitH nf such ri'P'irt h" disprnved to Hie salisfaclioii uf tin: cniiiiiiissinnerH nf ciisloiiiH, or until tile liliip he rendered seaworlhv.— i.> " Cipii .■lh. K. .H .Miilinil I'rni'iUiioi r III mil irilti reirii .^iiip ciirnnnir Illh l'iisn-ii!;ir.i. —\it ship carrviiia passeni'iTif iforesaiil, e.\i 1,'pi in North Amerii a, if the iiiiinher of passeiis.'' rs ainniiiil tn nr ev. Ace, iiii- e as to any p.irt or plic c.vceed Kli). sli.ill clear mil frmii any p irt in Hie II. K., nr in Hie islands nf (Inernsey , .ler.- less there he r:it''il, ami actually serviiiL' mi linir'l such ship, snine p.'rs.iii iliily aiiliioiiz''d in pri as a physa'lan. siiri:enii, or apulhecary iiii« 111 nil sinli sliip shall put In s 'a, or prnceed ell Miih vo\.e.!i', unless sill h ni'Mlical praclit inner he Ihereiii. and tunut fnle prnceeil on such voy'i|>e, lakiii!,' with liiiii a ineillciii ' < lust and a proper supply of meiliciiii's, iii>lriiiiienls, ami other lhini;s siiil.ilile to the iii- ten.lifil vo\a<:''; ami im ship carry iiil' pa; sen<.'i'rs under the prnvislons of this act sli ill clear niil Inr any voyai'e as afnresii'l, unless there he aitiiilly laden and mi hnard such ■i"'< ■"";''"''*'■" .„- •Willi !'■• l:.Kri..ml>"i'"l. !'; "'..1.1..'-.'-." "",'; ",u HiKli |Ht»o,. lut .very b .,--Nnhliii"""\i>'«i'^;;'"'"; ,,o, .u.Ki'^''M'--";"^^r": ,■ ,,,.„l. I.l-'i". '■:"""• '!•'" "'.pIvVwMi.ii''''''-''';'-'^';''} .'i.. i...\.ii"i"^-''i'"^"'''""' * , „1. I" ">"l '" ■'"> !•'■" " '" ■ V t or 111'"'- nil"'"""*' ''■;'.',;;;,." ;„.,„r..u'.M,.,.>n..rt. ;'^;.u>;j:ii.y .I- '•""'-""'"" VcslCoiilof Af'''^"'!''^'^'''" I«,.r„rpnnv^'Kl.''liil'Hhani'o |.11S vi'll'"'";""' ,l„.ri'iHiiii liii;irilaii i.i,. • mill ^"'1' I'llii'T""''"'! ;!;i;;;!;;i;i;'"'n»r>i'su.vci...u 1""' r.' ,.,il..lu'^vlli.l'l«'s.,•1l- iirwr xM> '" ' ...: , ,,,..1, ,i,,,,i;is ,,.,i,l.'.lN' V - ,r„,„„l"ili ,;,„.l|l> lh'> nnnihrr nf fftnnn* (ntn( Ihn vny- ilKi- i Id. MiL'ttr In ilrlirir /,i,.> (./ I'liAiiriij^rr.t lo Ciillfliir i/ Ciittiiw.' -'Y\\i< lin»lcr of I'Vrrv ulilji riirryltiK pnil- ii ilii|iliraln urtlic •• ii.ii-, >|h'i i(\ Inn, iih iiii iiriili ly lilt limy III", 111'' iiiiiiii', Mill', |iriilV. ,11111, or i'ii|;rr ; iiiul hiii li colli riiir or olli'T nlDi'rr rliall llii'ri'ii|i<>ii il< livir in lln iiinl mii-lrr a rmiiiti nniil nl mn li li-l iiiuiii'il li\ liim ; anil llin iniiHti'r hIiiiII i'\lilliiMili'r|i irl ot° lil^ i<:ili| li«l in llin i nlli'iliir nr ullur i lii'l' nllinT m|' riii- imiiH at any imrl iir|ilari> In M. M.'« iiiio'ikmhiim, nr In II. ^I'mniiinil al any fur Inn |i it. at » liii li lhi< Halil pa-'riiL'i'rK. nr any 111' tlii'iii, «liall 111' liinilril, anil uliall it>'|ir nt any pnrl nr iilari' ntlirr lliaii that at \t lid |i In? iniilrai Iril In lamlnr |iiil »iii h |i iN^rnurrnii xlmri' 1) I'i. i/inr Chililnii iirr tii hf roinftiilnl I'nr lln* piir|in4ii niiil witliiii tlir niranlii'.' nl' tlii< ail, 'j iliililri'ii, cai'li lii'inu iimliT lln* l\\t'' nl' 1 1 yr.irK, Imt alinvn tlir hit oI'T yi'iirn, nr 11 rliililriii. I'.'irli Ihiiik iimlrr tliu a.'i' 111' 7 yrarH, n1i:iII hi all i.iki m In' rnin|iiili-il a?< niii' pi'r? parlnii' nl' till' nliip nn till' vnyai.'''. iml tin' wanii' niiy lir rr "Vrml ilaily ; ami ilh' ini^ur nlHiii li hIii|i iiliall vicinal raili ami ivrry pasKcim.'r at Hliall liavi' iiinlrarli"l In lii> Vii tiiall il liy tlir xliip n« ni r mi anil rrnlli lln' ilay nn appninti'il : prnvjili'il llial tin hiii li lini' ntiall lir payalili' in ri'Hpi'it nl'any ilctciitjull of till! vi'HHi'l liy Hiri'HH 111" wrallnr nr iillirr iinivniilalili' iiii.sr. - i 11. I'lifsriiirrri til he iiiiiiiiliiiiinl fur 1"< ll^iir.i ii fur llinr .Irrtnil.— At tin' I'limt' nf liny viiynUP PVi'ry pnr- doti arrlv iiiu an a paHHi'iicr al any pmt nr |>l ic' nliall, ilnniii! Ilii' npaiT nf b Imiiri al'iir arrival, liA oi.lilli'il In riiiil:iiiii' nn Imaril Hin II nIiiii, ami In In' pniviiliil Inr iiml iMaiiiiaimil nii Inaril In llm Haiiin liianmr .11 iliiriii'_' lln' vryaiir. iinli' - it h.-ivn Inrn I'vprr-i-ly Nllpiilaiiil lirlwn n II patiHi'iiurr anil III'.' inaHli'r nr "iirli nlilp, that Htnli p iKMiini'r sliall imt 1 nlilli'ij In sin li maiiitinaiiri' iliirini; Hit' Haiti \'^ liiiiirH, nr nnli'HH, in tin! iillnrinr prnHi'ciitinii nl' lirr vnyai;i', tin' sliip i|iiil ninli pan nr plan.' witliiii till' naiil !"< liniirH. - i !.■>. Vniiiltir.i III rn.'f i|iip I'liall nnt lin ol llii' Iniu'lil lii'lvvri'ii ili'i Kh lii'I'nri' rii|iiirril ; nr il'smli a platrnnii as lii'l'nri' ilni'i ii'il nliall iim W laiil iinil i'iiiiIiiimimI llirniii,'hiiiit llm u linli' ilniatlnn nl' hiii li vii\ai:i', in tlir iiianmr liil.iri' riiiniriil : nr if llii'rr III' mnrn lli.iii '2 lirrn nl' lif rlliH ; nr if ilnr'' lin nnt tlirniiylinii. I In' « Inl'' il lira I inn nt >m li vnjaijo riuili an inlirv;il, an is lirl'nri' pir>rrili(il, lulwi'nii tin' iln k ami tin' llnor nl' llm l"« rr liiT nj' liirtliH ; nr it'siicli .ship !-liall iliar nnt ami piil In sea, imt hayinu mi linanl >m li wati r ami pinvi>miiH a- alnrt!- riiil, I'nr llm nsnaml I'miHiiiiiplinn nrUm pasHi'iiL'<'rH,nrtln' kimi, ami tn ilm aimnini. ami in ilm prnpor- tiiin. Iicl'iiri' r(i|ilirril ; nr if a tahlr nl' tlir prii rs nf iirnyisimiH nr slnrrs l.r imt I'Sliihilnl as Ihtnrn rc- iliiirril ; nr if any liiulmr prirrn llian .iri' naniril In hiii Ii tahh' shall Im chart;! 'I ; nr if tlicrr hi! not on iHiaril Hinli yrsscj hiicIi niriliriil pnii lilinnrr as afnrrsaiil.nr siirli nii'iln incs ami i llnr t'lin::!) nrci'ssary In till' imiliiiil tr'^atini'iil nf llir passi'iii;' rs, as is lirfnri' n i|niri(l ; nr if sue h ship shall Im ilcirml mil lio- I'h list nf pasHi'iiifrrs us Iji'fnrc imnlimii'il liavr lirrn ilclivrrril in manni'r ami fnrm .ilnri'salil to •r if III'' cnpy nr alisirai t nf ihis ,icl Ih! il In cnntiniii' nn hnanl smh ship l.iri' sn illii iirli oHii'i'r iiH al'nri'saiil ; nr if any hiii ii list lin \\ ilfiilly fals nnt pmilm I'll as hil'nri' rniuiri'il ; nr if any passi'ni;i'r In' lint us lii'liirr proviili'it ; or if .any passi'ii!.'i'r, w illimii priviniis cnnsnni. In' put nn slinri' at any plain ntlirr llian Ihal al wliii'li till' niaslnr hail cniilracliil In I iml such passi-iii.'i'r ; tlm inasirr nf sin h ship shall, ill ri'spri't nf I'liili and I'Vnry slid; nll'i'mi'. In' lialih', m, .•iiinnrirv KMivntion, as is after mi'iiliniit'd, to till' payini'iit nf a tiiir nf imi less than .V. imr innri' than 'id.' stiilini: llritish iimmy If.. Ihf Kiislil I'f Jirlmn nf l'iis.i'rfminance nf iiny sinh rules and remilalmns, shall he well and iiiily paid: provideil thai sndi Inind sluill lie wiilmut stamps, ami that no such Imnd shall li • put in siiil.ami ili.it no prnsecii- tinii. sail, action, or inforiiialioii shall he hrniiu'lit hy virliM! nf tliis ml. nr hy reasen nf the hreacli of ;iiiy iif i!s pmvisions. in any of ||. .M,"s pnssessmns ahrnail, after the e\pir ilnii nf Vi calend.ir mniiths siiirceiliiiL' the cniiimem'emi'nl nf any such vnyacc, mir ill the \' K.. nr an;, nf llie islands hefnre iiieii- tiniii'il, afier llm e.vpiratinn nf Vi cale'iular nioiillis iil'ler llu! teturii nf Hie masi t tn the port wliuiico Ive saili'il on such vovaue.— J 111. Kicrpii.iii I'f iiiii-tiniliir .>>'//i/'.«.— Xntlii.'!! in this act shall he cniislnnd loe\|iinl to sliijis carryiii:: pns- siimers ill cases in which tlm niimlier nf prrsnns. compuli'd in manner hrl'nre prnvided, shall mil u.x- rpi'il 1 prrsmi I'nr every fi Ions of Hie rei-islered hurdeii of sudi ship; imr shall any Hiiii); in this act cxtenil In any ship in the service of Hie Lnrds of the .\diiiirally, nf II. .M.'s rostniasler (Jeiieral, or of llie KasI India Conipany.— J 20. Wii/nimii.s,.\'-r., ihiiiiril in South Jlmrrirn. —Thi- Hal.aina Isliimls. and all places in .Vtiierica soutliwarda uf tin; same, ::liaU bu Uot'ined lo bu in Soulli America lor llic purpuses nf this uti.— { 21.— Sup.) \ I 656 ENGROSSING— EXCHANGE. . « ^ V| ■It '* c:> * 1 J- ♦ - ^ i ENGROSSING, is " the buyincr up of corn ntid other dead victunls with intent to sell them again." — {lilnckstone, book iv. cap. 1~.) We have sliown in another article, howob- Burd it is to suppose that this i)ractice sliould have any injurious inlluence — (uiili; p. 491.). But, for a long time, most scarcities that occurred were either entirely ascribed to tlie inllu- ence of engrossfrs and forestallers — (see Fo!iKSTALLi\(i) — or, at least, were supjmsed to bo materially aggravated by their proceedings. In consequence, however, of the prevalence of more just and enlarged views upon such subjects, the statutes that had lieen made for tl)o suppression and punishment of engroiising, forestalling, Ac. were repealed in 177~. — (See ««/(■', p. 48.'j.) But notwithstanding this rejieal, engrossing continues to be an indictable oHence, punishable at common law by fnic and imprisonment; though it is not at all likely, were an attempt made, that any jury would now be found ignorant or prejudiced enough to convict any one on such a charge. ENTRY, BILL OF. See Impoiitation. ER.MINE (Ger. Hermelin ; Fr. Herniine, Ermine,- Rus. Gurno^tal),^ species of weasel (Mttslrlu Candida Lin.), abundant in all cold countries, particularly Russia, Norway, Lnp. land, &c., and producing a most valuable species of fur. In summer, the ermine is of a brown colour, and is called the s/ont. It is in the winter only that the fur has thai beautiful snowy whiteness and consistence so much admired. — (See Frns.) IWPAUIV), a species of rush, the Stipa tenacimma of botanists. It is found in the southern j)rovinces of Spain; and is particularly abundant on all the sterile, uncultivated and mountainous districts of Valencia, — Beckmann {Hist, of Invent, vol. ii, p. 288. Eng. ej.) supposes, ajjparently with good rt son, that the stipa ttnuci simn is the plant described by Pliny under the name of Sparta, who ascribes its application to useful purposes to the C'ar- thagiiiians — (///.v/. jVc//. lib. xix. c. S.). It is still used for the same purposes as in anti- quity, being manufactured into cordage, shoes, matting, baskets, nets, mattrasses, sacks, (!tc. Cables made of esparto are said to be excellent ; being light, they float on the surface of the •water, and arc not, therefore, so liable as hempen cables to be cut or injured by a foul bottom. They arc exclusively made use of in the Spanish navy. FJsparto is largely consumed in the manufacture of alperi:^atcs. These are liglit shoes worn by the Valentian peasantry, Imvin?- platted soles made cither of esparto or hein[>, but principally of the former. They are ex- tremely cheai) and commodiouii in hot climates; and besides being in extensive demand at home, used to be exported in immense quantities to both Indies; but since the emancipation of Spanish America, this trade has greatly fallen oil', 'i'he Spanish peasantry have attiiiiied to wonderful dexterity in tlie manufacture of esparto. "After having soaked the rush in water, ihi- women and children, without either wheel or spindle, contrive to twist two ihrcails at the same time. This they do by rubbing them between the palms of their hands, in the same manner as a shoemaker forms a thread upon his knees, with this dillerence, that one motion gives the twist to each thread, and, at the same time unites them. To keep tiie threads asunder, the thumb of the right hand is interposed between them ; and when that is wanted for other purjHises, the left thumb supplies its place. Two threads being thus twisted into one of the-bigness of a large crow-quill, 4G yards are sold for little more than \d., the materials being worth about ^th part of the price." — [lownsend's Travels in Spain, vol. iii. p. 177., see also p. 129. ; Flucher^s Picture nf Valencia, Eng. cd. p. 92. and p. 57. &c.) ESTRICH oil ES'J'RIDGE (Fr. Duvet d'aiilruclic ,- It Penna matlu di sirozzo ,- Sf. Plumuza de avesfrux ; Lat. Struf/iionian plnmx molliiire.'<), is the fine soft down wliicli lies immediately under the feathers of the ostrich. The finest is used as a substitute for bea- ver in the manufai ture of hats, and the coarser or stronger sort is employed in the fabrication of a stutf which resembles fine woollen cloth. Estridge is brought from the Levant, Italy, and other parts of the Mediterranean. EL^PHORUIUM (Vter. Euphorbienijnmmi ; h&t. Euphorhium ; Yx. Euphorbe ; Arab, Akal-nafza/i), the produce of a perennial plant, a native of Africa, and of many parts of India, &c. It is a concrete gum resin ; is inodorous ; when first chewed has little taste. l)ut it soon gives a very acrid burning impression to the tongue, palate, and throat, which is very perma- nent, and almost insupportable. It is imported in serons containing from 100 to IfiO llis. It is in small, hollow, forked pieces, often mixed with seeds and other impurities, — (T/ioiinon's Dispensatory.) EXCHANGE. In commerce, this term is generally used to designate that species of mercantile transactions, by which tlie debts of individuals residing at a distance from their creditors are cancelled without the transmission of money. Among cities or countries having any considerable intercourse together, the debts mutually due by each other ap|>roach, for the most part, near to an equality. There are at all times, for example, a considerable number of persons in London indebted to Hamburgh; but, speaking generally, there are about an equal number of persons in London to whom Ham- burgh is indelited. And hence, when A. of London has a payment to make to U, of Hamburgh, he does not remit an e(|uivalent sum of money to the latter; but he goes into the market and buys a i)ill upon Hand)urgh, that is. he buys an order from C. of London addressed to his debtor D. of Hamburgh, requesting him to pay the amount to A. or his EXCHANGE. 657 lis with intent to scV. inotherartifle, howab- ience— (""''■'P-'*^^')- y nscriln-il to the inllu- st, wcro 9Ui)l)r>sed to be r, of the prevalence of had been mnile for the pealed in lV72.-(Sce ue8 to be an indutablc Eh it is no» »^ »" '•'^'^''y' or prejudiced enough to 9/aO. a species of weasel y Kussia, Norway, Lnp- nnier, tlie erTninc is of a the fur has thai beautiful lists. Tt is found in the le sterile, uncultivated and vol. ii. p. 288. EnR. ed.) is the plant described by seful purposes to the Cat- same purposes as in anti- cts, mattrasses, sacks, «N:c. float on the surface of the at injured by a foul bollom. i is largely consumed in the ralcntian peasantry, having the former. They are ex- iiT in extensive demand at but since the emanciiiation lisii peasantry have attained having soaked the rush in contrive to twist two threads Ipalms of their hands, in the ith this diilerence, that one unites them. To keep the .en them ; and when tliat is vo threads being thus twisted for little more than \(}., the /'s Travels in Spain, \o\.m. d. p. 92. and p. 57. &c.) >enna nudia (Ii f^lruzzo ;^Y. the fine soft down which s used as a substitute for hea- is employed in the fabrication ight from the Levant, Italy, ium; Tr. Euphoric ;.\rA^. a and of many parts of liulia, ,'d lias little taste, but It soon ,i throat, which is very jienna- iningfromlOOtoir-Olbs. It tlier impurities.— (i/w'«»""s to designate that species of ding at a distance trom their se together, the debts mutually £litv There are at all tunes. Indebted to Hamburgh; but, Is in London to whom Ham- \ payment to make to U. ol [thelatter;but he goes into Torder from C. of London pay the amount to A. or his OTtler. A., having indorsed this hill or order, sends it to B., who receives payment from his neighbour D. The convenience of all jiartiea is ennsulted by a transaction of this sort. The debts due by A. to U., and by U. to C, are extinguished without tlie interventi(m of any money. A. of London pays C of dUto, and D. of Hamburgh pays 15. of ditto. Tlio debtor in one place is substituted for the debtor in another; and a postage or two, and iho stamp for tlie bill, form the whole expenses. All risk of loss is obviated. A bill of exchange may, therefore, be defined to be an order addressed to some person residing at a distance, directing him to pay a certain specilied sum to the person in whose favour the bill is drawn, or his order. In mercantile phraseology, the person who draws a bill is termed the drawer; the jwrson in whose favour it is drawn, th'! remitter ,■ the person on whom it is drawn, the ihtiwee ,■ and alter he has accepted, the (unplDr. Tliose persons into whose h^uids the lull may have passed previously to its being [laid, are, from their writ- ing their names on the back, terrned indnrscr.s ,• and the person in whose possession the bill is at any given period, is termed the holdtr or possessor. The negotiation of in/and bills of exchange, or of those drawn in one part of Great Britain and Ireland on another, is entirely in the hands of bankers, and is conducted in the manner already explained. — (See ante, p. 71.) Bills drawn by the merchants of one country upon another are termed fiircirrtor cent, sull'iced >m London to Paris, it pnt. premium for a bill l)rcmium were less than y bills in preference to every one woulil prefer to cover the expense of ween the two couiitrips, •iuis were increaseil, the icreasetl. For the limits with the cost of making B currencies of countries rcncy is clej)rcciale(l, the of the hill drawn on his •e of the goods exported, i,r„ bill is a consequence, y^of bills, there is no rise operates as a stimulus to mere inspection of a price chant. If it he unfivnur- lis bill must be inchiilcd in >n. The greater that pre- liin to export. And hence h what would he produced ;ign bills. icrcascs exportation, it prn- y unfovourahle, the price of their price at home, as not -k on their sale, but also to foreign bill, if he remit one e if his correspondent draw t' our market when the mil ade abroaanl/.ic Paris* Uordeaux Hrenien Barcelona Vsiiice. niys (if Once. 1 m (1. 1 ni (1. r> 1 III (1. (i 1 in d. for every dollar; whereas, by remitting tliroUKh Lisimn' lie will pay only ,11(/. ; it is, therefore, the interest of Loiulon ton-mit indirectly to iMadrid tliiouch Lis- bon. On the otiu'r hand, if London draws directly on Madrid, he will receive SM. sleriirig per dollar; whereas, by drawins? indirectly through Lisbon, he would receive only 31(/. ; it is, therefore, the interest of London to draw directly on Madrid. Hence the fullowine rule.? : — " 1. Where the certain price is given, draw through the place which produces the lowest arbitrated price, and remit through that which produces the highest. '•2. Where tin; uncertaiti price isgiven.draw ilirough thatplace which produces the highest arbitrated price, and remit through tliai which produces the lowest." In ciunpound arbitratinn, or when more than 3 j)laces are concerned, then in order to find hnw niiirh a remittance passim.' through them all will amount to in the last place, or, which is tin; same tiring, to find the arbitrated price between the first and the last, we liave only to repeat the ditferent statements in the same manner as in the foregoing example. Thus, if the excliango between London and Amsterdam be 35s. Flem. for II. sterling; between Am- sterdam and Lisbon 42(j. Flem. for 1 old crusade ; and between Lisbon and Paris 4t)0 rees for 3 francs : what is the arbitrated price between London and Paris'? In the first place, as 3.V<. Flem. : II. : : A'id. l'"lem. : 2s. sterling = 1 old crusade. Second, as I old crusade, or 100 rees : 2s. sterling : : 480 rees : 2*-. 4'8(/. sterling = 3 franca. Third, as 2s. 4'Hi/. sterling : 3 francs : : U. sterling : 25 francs, the arbitrated price of the pound ster- ling between London and Paris, jl'his operation may be abridged as follows : — 1/. sterling = 3i shillings Flem. = I old crusade = 480 rees 35 X 400 X 3 4,200 IIciicc U. sterling. 35s. Flemish. 1 old crusade. 400 rees. 3 francs. = 25 francs. 480 X 3.} \m This abridged operation evidently consists in arranging the terms sn that those which wonid form the divisors in continuiMl statements in the Uule of Three are multiplied together for a c oniiiion di- visor, and the other terms for a common dividend. The ordinary arithmetical hooks abound with examples of such operations. The following account of the manner in which a very large transaction was actually conducted by indirect remittances, will siifliciently illustrate the principles we have been endeavouring to explain. In 1801, .Spain was bound to pay to France a large subsidy ; and, in order to do this, three distinct methods presented themselves: — 1. To send dollars to Paris by land. 2. To remit bills of excliange'directly to Paris. S. To authorise Paris to draw directlvon fSpain. The first of thesi; uiclhods was tried, but it was found too slow and expensive ; and the sernnd and third plans were considered likely to turn the exchange against Spain. The fidluwiiig incithod by the indirect, or circul.ir exchange, was, therefore, adopted. A merchant, or bnviiniir, at Paris, was appointed to manaee the operation, which he thus conduct- ed :— He chose London, Amsterdam, Hamburgh, Cadiz. Madrid, and Paris, as the princiiial hinges on Which the operation w;is to turn ; and he engaged correspondents in each of these cities to support the circulation. Madrid !ind fadiz were the places in (Spain from whence remittances were to be made; and dollars were, of course, to be sent to where they bore the liit'hest price, lor which bills were to be procured on Paris, or on any other places that might be deemed more advantageous. The principle being thus establislnrd, it only remained to regulate the extent of the operathui, so as not to issue too much paper on Spain, and to give the circulation as much support as possilihi from real business. With this view, London was chosen as a place; to which the operation might he cliictly directed, as the price of tbdlars was then high in England ; a circumstance which rendered the pro- portiimal exchange advantageous to Spain. The husliiess was (oniiinMiced at Paris, where the negotiation of drafts issned on HainburBh and Amsterdam served to answer tin; immeiliate demands of the state; and orders were transiiiilted to these places to draw for the reiiibiirsements on London, Madrid, or Cadiz, according as the course of CAchange was most favourable. The proceedings were all conducted with judgment, and attended with '/■ ' EXCHANGE. C61 lirect vcmittanceisnot ;„ai8chargcaaebtduc f the ilifct cxchnngo ,1 oiiy in l.on.lou for a . bi-lwei-n liOiiJo'i and it may l'« '"""' ■'''^''''"■ a„d toMirect lu» accent tothclallcr. Hus is udicc to show the i)im- 'pKter al.lc ..km!.- of ren.u- in Par s WMO r.M.mtnd l.y 'hnrL-eKlil.! of -24 francs: , vo\. ii. p. 137.),"tliccx- liMartriaaOOrm-.perdomr ' '^.utoM!ltlr^^lll>l'>s- LTiliBftl-eleforMVeintercst produces the lowest arbitralcU produces the WgLcslarbilralod .1 „ in order to fiiiiHiow nmrli "Jp^ttUecUtrerentstutemenls , ,11 RicrViiig; between Am- \[rd'parts"bOrees for 3 francs: L:!:;^';^;:^.!?ti;c pound st«. lisb. ude. fe,::^cll"l».!:i^ abound with ■ •..„. Tiid tbc pcrondand i"?^:f..uowS""=ti'"<"'>'^^« I „lii(li be tbns coiiduct- lerat.on, " 'Y.^m>l'''l »""^''* "" b:;:;;t,[idrre;;;;::redtbepro- u„d <"•'>"", y/.tA,e course of i'lfij:(^!u:l"aattendedwah romplctc siirceRs. At tbc eomnieiicfinent nf the (.per-iiioii, Ibe cniirsn of rxclianse of Cadiz on Lon- don was Xfid. ; biit, by tbc plan adopird, Spain i;cl ;i'.',i/., or alnive H per cent. Iiy lliu reniiltanre of dol- lars to London, ami tunsideralile advanlatfrs wen' also uiiinrd lij llie liriulation of bills lliroujili tlie (ieveral places on tlic ConliMcnt.— (AX/i/'s Ciiiiibi^l, vol. li. p. l(')t>. ; IJubocl's h'.lemeiils of Cuinmcnc, '2d td. |>. 21H.) Law ok IJii.i.s or ExtiiANOK. Tb" rhief legal privilil in tli is an engagement to pay a hill according to the tenor of the ac- reptaiice, which may be either ubsuliite or qualifcU. An abnohile acceptance is an engagement to pay ,1 hill according to its request, which is done by tlie drawee writing " Accepted" on the bill, and sub- tcriliiiig his name, or writing " Accepted" only ; or merely subscribing bis name at the botiom or ;icross the bill. A iianlijied acceptance is wlien a bill is accepted conditionally ; as when goods conveyed to the drawee are sidd, or when a navy hill is paid, or other future event wliich does not bind the :ic- ceptor till Ibe contingency has happened. An acceptance may be also partial ; as to pay lOOJ., instead of 100/., or to pay at a ditferiMit time or place friuii that re(iuired by the hill, lint in all cases of a conditional or partial acceptance, the li(dder slioiibl. if lie mean to resort to tlie other parties to the hill in default of payment, give notice to them ol'sucb partial or conditional acceptance. In all c;ises of presenting a hill for acceptance, it is necessary to present the bill at the house where llu' drawee lives, or wiiere it is made jiayable. Uy 1 & '2 (ieo. 4. c. 7H., all bills accepted payable at a li;inker's or other (ilaee are to Ik," di'emed a general acceptance ; but if they are accepted 'sayable at a iKinker's "only, tmd not otherwise or elsewhere," it is a qnalilied acceptance, and the aicepior is iiot ll.ilib'lo pay the bill, except in default of payment when such payment shall have been lirst dem;iiided ■A llie Icmker's. The drawee; is entitled to keep the bill 21 hours when presented for acceptance. The ;u(i|i|;iiiix' of an inland bill must be in irrilinir on the face of tlic bill, or, if there be more parts liian llie. (Ill one of such parts ; iiolhiiig short of this consiitiites a valid accepiame. !r a bill is made payable a certain time aflir .■^i^r/il, it must, in order to lix the time w hen it is to be I'liil, III' presented for acceptance, and the date of the acceptance should appear thus : "Accepted, July \A. IMl." Due diligence is the only thing to be considered in presenting any description or bill for acceptance ; ,imt such diligence is a question depending on tiie sitiialioti of the parties, tlie distance at which they iive, and the facility of coiiiinunicalion between them. When the drawee refuses to accept, any third party, after protesting, may accept for tlie honour of the bill generally, or for the drawee, or for the indorser ; in wliich case the acceptance is called an ac- uoplance supra protest. The drawers and iiidorsers are discharged from liability, unless due notice of non-acceptance when liri'seiitud for acceptance, or non-payment at the time the bill becomes due, is given. These notices imijt be given willi all due diligence to all the parties to whom the bolder means to resort for pay- iiifnt. Generally, in both foreign and inland bills, notice is given next day to the immediate iii- ilnrser, and such indorser is allowed a day, when he should give t'resh notice to the parlies wiio ar« liable to liiin. Notice may be sent by the post, however near the residence of the parties may be to each other; ami lliougb the letter conlaiiiiiig such notice should miscarry, yet it will be sullicient ; but the letter aiiitaiiiiiig the notice should be delivered at the (ieneral rost-otlice, or at a receiving-house appointed by that office, not to the bellman in the street. In all cases of notice, notice to one of several particg is lielil to he notice to alt ; and if one of several drawers be also the acceptor, it is not necessary to give notice to the other drawers. Vol. L— 3 K i.i EXCHANGE. lk.»>i •VI I I' ■at"'" I' ', r I (' i:.^i^ Upon (he non-BCceptnnre or non-pnyincnt of a hill, the. lioliler, or a piililic notary for him, nfmiiKl prntnMt it; that is, ilraw up a notire of lliu ntfiiKal to accept or pay thu lull, anil the declaration of thi> liolitur n|;aiii8t BiiitaiiiinK loxs thorchy. Inland liillri nt-eil not he pruteatvd ; in practice tlipy arc lliiiially only noted for non-acceptance ; lint this, wllhoiit the protest, in wholly futile, and addH nnthini; whatever to the evidence of the holder, while it entails a useless exptmse on those liatile to jmy. Indiir.ftment of Rilln. — An indorsement is the act liy which the holder of a nei?otialde iristrniiieiit traiisfurs his rlKlit to another person, termed the indorsee. It is usually niadtMui the hack of a hill, ^,^n^\ must he in writiiiK ; hut the law has not prescriheil any set form of words as necessary to the ceriunii- ny, and in general thi; mere sicnature of the indorser is sutiicient. All hills payable to order or to hearer for \l. and upwards are negotiable hy indorsement ; and llie transfer of tliem for a good consideration, before they are payable, t'ives a riiiht of action against all the precedent parties (ui the hill, if the hills in theinsejves are valid ; hut a transfer after they are due will only place the holder in the situation of the person from whom he takes them. Dills may he transferred either hy delivery only, or hy indorsement and delivery : hills payable to order ar<' transferred hy the latter mode only ; hut hills payable to hetirer may he transferred hy tjliier mode. On a transfer hy delivery, the person making it ceases to he a party to the hill; hm ua a transfer hy indorsement, he is to all intenls and purposes chargi'ahle as a new drawer. A bill ori^tinally transferable may he restraini'd hy restrictive words; for the payee or indorsee, having lh(! absolute property in the hill, may, hy express worils, restrict its currency, by indoriiii^ it " Payable lo A. H. only," or "to A. II. for his use," or any other worils clearly denionstraling hi^ j,,. tention to malii- a reslflctive and limiteil iinlorsement. tSuchs|iecial indorsement precludes thu person in whose favour it is made from making a transfer, so as to give u right of action against ike sjieciul indorser, or any of the precedent parlies to the hill. In taking bdls to account or discount, it is important well to rxaniinc all special iiidorsoinonts. I.nrj Tenterden decided that a person who discounts a hill indorsed " Pay to A. U. or order )\,r mii use," discoMiils it suliject to the ri:!k of having to pay the nniney to the special indorser, who so liniiieil the appliialioM /()/• wi/ H.vf ; thus a party maybe liable to pay the amount of the hill twice over, iiiiK.sa lie previously ascertains that the payment has been made conformably to the import of llieindurseiavnt. Al'ier the payment of part, a hill may he indorsed over for the residue. I're.tnil mini fill' I'uijmenl — The holder of a hill niiist he careful to present it for payment at Iho time when due, or ihe drawer and indorsers will he exonerated from their liability ; even the hanknipicy iiisolveniy, or death of the acceptor will not excuse a iH'glect to make presentment to the assimiets or executor ; nor will Ihe iiisulliciency of a hill in any respect constitute an excuse for non-preseiilnieiu- the presenluient should he made at a reasonable time of the iliy when the hill is due ; nnil if by ihj known cusliuu of any trade or place hills are payable only within particular hours, a preseninieiit must be wilhln those hours. If a bill has a i{ualltieil acceptance, the presentment should heat Ihe place nienlioned in such ((ualilied acceptance, or all the parties will he discharged from their ubli. gations. If a hill fall due on Sunday, Good Friday, Christmas Day, or any public fast or thanksgiving ilay, the preseMtnient must he on Ihe day preceding these holidays. By 7 & h fieo. 4. c. 15., if a Tail nr liole be payable on the day preceding tliese holidays, notice of the dishonour may he given llieihiv following the holiday ; and if Christmas Day fall on Monday, notice may he given on Tuesday. Dills, however, payable at usance, or at a certain lime after date or sight, or after dernand, niislit not to he presented for payment precisely at the expiration of the time mentioned in tlii' bills, but "at the expiralion of what are termed d(iij!< lif grace. The days of grace allowed vary in dillerent coun- tries, and ought always to he computed according tothe usageof the place where the hill is ilm-.— (.«!(.e nnii, p. (i.V.I.) .\t llamhurgli, and iu France, the day on which the bill falls due, makes one of tin: iluys of grace ; hut no where else. On bills payable on demand, or when no tinieof payment is expressed, no days of grace an^ allinveil; hut they are piyable instantly on presentment. On "bank post lulls no days of L'race are claimed; but on a bill piyalde at sight Ihe nsu.tl days of grace are allowed from the sight or demand. Payment of a bill should he made only to the bidder ; and it may be refused unless the bill h- pin- (luced and delivered up. On payment, a receipt should he written on the hack; and when a purl i^: paid, the same should be acknowledged upon the hill, or the party paying may he liable to pay tlit- amount a second lime to a bona Jiilc indorser. Proiiiis.'oni JV(ili:s and Clirrk.i. — The chief distinction between promissory notes and hills of exibaiije is, that the former are a direct engagement by the drawer to pay them accorditig to their leimr. wiih- out Ihe intervention of a third parly as a drawee or acceptor. Promissory notes may be drawn piiyiihle on demaml to a person named therein, or to order, or to bearer generally. They are as.'^ignaiil ■ -muI indors:ible ; ami in all resperls so nearly assimilated to bills hy 3 &4 Ann. c. U., that the laws wjijili have been stated as hearing upon the latter, may be generally understood as applicable to the Inrun'r. In h'.ili.-- v. Br 1-1/ it has been decided, in case an instrument is drawn so equivocally as lo remler il uncertain whether it he a hill of exchange or promissory note, the holder may treat it as cither asaiusl the drawer. Promissory notes, bills, drafts, or undertakings in writing, being made negotiable or transfiTiilile, for a less sum than 20.v., are void, aiul persons uttering such arc subject to u penalty not cxccediiij! 2(1/, recoverable before a justice of peace. The issue of any promissory note payable to bearer on demand for a less sum than 5/. by Ihe lt;nik of ■■England, or any licensed English hanker, is prohibited ; and by !) (Jeo. 4, c. (l.'i, it is proviiled, i|i;ii no corporallon or persiui shall utter or negotiate, in Fnglaml, any such note which has been inaili' ur issued Iu .Scotland, Ireland, or elsewhere, under a penally not exceeding 2(l<. nor less than j/. Hut this does not exteinl to any draft or order on bankers for the use of the drawer. Promissory notes lor any sum exceeding 100/. may be drawn payable to bearer on demand nrntliir- wise ; hill notes iVoiii 2/. lo 101)/. inclusive are not to be drawn payable to bearer on deiiiaiiil, exccpl bankers' re-issiiable notes, which require a dilferent stamp. A clirrk or ili;ifl is as negotiable as a hill of exchange, and vests in the assignee the same ri^rhtiif action against llie assignor. As to the presentation of checks, &c., see Chick. .\nv person ma king, accepting, or paying any bill, draft, order, or promissory note, not duly slatiipoil, is li liile to a piiially of .^lO/ ; for post-dating them, Kill/. ; and for not truly .-pi.'cifyiiig lln- place wlieni unstaiiipeil drills are issued, 10(1/ ; and any person knowingly receiving such iinstampeil draft, iil)/. ; and the b inker knowingly paying il. 100/. ; besidi's not being allowed such sum in account. Defure loncliiilliig this article on iiii'rcaiitlle iiaper, it may not he improper lo inlrodnce one ur two cam ions with regard to acceptances, and aicomiuoilation paper, and proceedings in case of llio li>.>.s of bills. I'irst, .\ man should not put his name as acceptor to a bill of exchange wilhoiil well coiislilcriii? whether he his the ipi'ans of paying the same when due, as otherwise he may be liable noi only tii the costs of lln: action agiinsi liliiisidf. but also lo the costs of the actions against the other parlies tii Hie bill: Ihe shrewd tradesman is generally .inxious to get Ihe acceptance of his diditor at a shnrl date, well kiiowingthat it noi only fixes the amount of the debt, but it is more speedily rucuveruhlu by legal procedure than a book debt. EXCHANGE. 663 iMic notary for him, nhniiM liilt aiicl the (Iccliiralidii of tesir.l; inp'^clico ll.ey ar.^ lioUy fiHil«. nnti aM» linlliiiiK . on those li!it>l« to imy. •of II iu'«otiiililL' iiistnuiicni iiacoiilheliiitkofiiliill.iiml jusufccssarylolheciit.-iim- l,le liv indorsement ; nnd tlic , a rialit of iiction iigaiiiHl all 11 trunsfer afli't tliey iiru diu; .nd delivery: ..lis payi.1.10 to rninvhetriiMslerred lyuillioi iilKirty lothe liill; I'Ui una I'ni'W drawer. . ^ . l-,.r the payee or md..r3e.., •t its nirreiu y, l>y mdor*nn! il I clearly demimstralnii! Ins iii- ..rseu.ent preclud.'s the puraon ,t of action against iVie specui! nU special indorsements. Lord to A. IJ. or order for mtj use," Hi indorser, wli" «o luniled llio of the hill twite over, nidi>s J the import of the indorseincul. ^seiit it forpayiiient at the lime lial.ility ; even the hankriipHy, ,. nreseiitnienltollie assimic.s nn excnsf for non-pr<-f' ',l|"«^''l; .„ the bill is due ; and it In tli« .articular hours, a preseiuiiient (. nresentnienl should \k at the I'be discharged from tlieir obli- iHildic fast or thanksciving diiy. ,r7&V..r- !;\;^rtobe'.reroudeiuaml,eK..,a in the assignee the same riiihl "f ;,n;ml^orvm,te,no,d.,lys.amH, iMvin"sueh unstampiMl dr.ill, ■""• . iMl-uiclisum in account. ', npHMvr to introduce one «^ iind proceediuKS in case ol tUt In., '"-«^SS:rat'asi;:^^ •';;:;;r:s;;:^;ly--verabiei.yie.»> ppconrtly, Trnilern who wish to support their respectability, and desire to nuccecd in hiislness, Kboulit be caulioiiir in resortini; to the destrmtive systciii of cross-acconimoilatiiiii ucceplancis : ii sel- dom emls well, and usually excites suspici(ui as to llie inteurity of the parlies ; it beliiK an i-speilient ol'teii adopted liy swindlers toilel'raiid the public. Iiidcpeiideni iif tlie expense in stamps and discounts, and frequently ill noting, interesi, and law expenses, the danxer atteiidiii',' such accomnioilalKui i:i sulficienl to deler friuii the praciice. Suppose, for iiislaici', A. and H. niulually accomiiiodale each .ti.) 1. Table containini; the Vai.ik of tiik MoNiKsof Account of difTerent Places (e.tpressed in Pence and Uecimals of Pence), accordiue to the Mini Price both of (iold and Hilver in llngland ; that is, 3/. 17s. lOJii. per oz. for Uold, and is. ij. per o/.. for Silver.— (A'c//y'i* Cambist, vol. ii. p. M'.l.) V.tliie ill I V:\lui! in silviT. tlolJ. Aix-la-Chapellc, Rixdollar cur- rent - - - - Ainsterdain, Uixdollar banco (aL'io at l percent.) - Florin banco Florin current - Ponnil Flemish current Antwerp, Pound Flemish (mo- ney of exchange) Florin (money of ex- change) Pound Flemish current Fioriii current - Barcelona, Libra Catalan Basil Uixdollar, or ecu of ex- change Kixdol'.ir current Berlin Pound banco - Uixdollar current Berne, Feu of 3 livres - I thrown of 25 batzen I Bremen, Uivdollar current i Uixdollar ill t'arls d'or j Cassel. Uixdollar current Cologne, Uixdollar specie of SO I albiises 1 Rixdollar current of 78 ' alliuses ronstantiiiople.l'iasl re. or dollar I Dantzic, (inlibn or lloriu I DuHinark, Uixdollar specie I Uixdollar crown money I UixdollarUanish currency I Enuland, Pound sterling i Florence. Lira - - - I Ducat, or crown current I Sciidod'or.or gold crown ! France, I.ivreTouriiois Franc (new system) i Francforl, Uixdollar convention j money 1 Uixdollar Munt/.e, or in I small coins : Germany, Uixihdlar current - ' Uixdollar specie Florin of llie F.mpire - Uixdollar Muiilze I Florin .Miinlze - ; Geneva, Livre current - i Florin - - - I Genoa, Lira fiiori banco I Pezza, or dollar of cx- 1 ciiange , Scudo di canibio, or I crown of exchaiiL'e - HamburKh,Mark banco (at nied.) Pound Flemisli banco - Slark current - (/. 31 40 31-43 52'54 21- 20-72 121-32 123 25 20-54 105-(i5 17-(iO 28-14 47-27 4245 47-25 .10 • 42(il 3.-»-53 37 -bO 37-80 31-38 30-f)0 0-45 !)• .54-72 4H-37 44 27 240- 8-12 5tv84 9-58 970 37 80 Sl-IiO 37 -.'•0 50- 10 2.120 31 50 21 lli-l;! 4-UO 8- 45-92 30-75 18-22 I,i0(i5 14-82 variable ditto ditto ditto 123-67 20-04 100-18 17-70 20 70 47- 42-20 variable ditto 42-90 35-75 variable 39-08 variable ditto ditto uncert. 9- Coins. ' V.ilue in ' Value iu , .Silviif. Goll, 44-?8 210- 8-53 59 71 03-1I7 9-:i8 9-52 3705 variable ditio ditto ditto ditto 1013 4-84 7-83 45-50 3002 variable ditto vuriablo llamburgh, Pound Flemish cur- rent - - - - Hanover, Uixdrdlar (in cash) - Uixdollar (gidd value) - KCinigslieri;, (Juldeii or lloriii - Leghorn, Pezza of 8 reals Lira niimeta buona Lira moiieta liiiiga Leipsic, Uixdollar convention money Rixdollar in Louis d'ors or Fredericks Malta, .Sciido or crown Milan, Lira Imperiale - Lira corrente Scudo Imperiale Sciido corrente Modcna, Lira - - . Munich, (iiildeii or florin Naples, Ducal of 1818 - Parma, Lira . - - Persia, Toman of 100 manioodis Poland, Cnldeii or tloriii - | Portugal. Milree - - i Old crusade - - | Ripa, Uixihdlar Alberts - ; Uixdollar currency (agio' at 10 per cent.) - | Rome, i*cudo or crown - i Scudo di stanipa d'oro i Uiissia, Uoiible - - I Sardinia, Lira - Sicily, Ounce - - - | Scudo or crown - | Spain, Ueal of old plate - 1 Ueal of new plate - ! Ueal of Mexican plate , Real vellon - - i Dollar of old plate, or of exchaiiae - - i Sweden, Uixdollar - - ; Swifzerland, Franc, (new sys-, tem) - - - - 1 Trieste, Florin, Austrian cur- rency - Lira. Trieste currjiicy Lira di piaz-za - - I Turin, Lira Valencia, Libra Venice, Lira piccola (in the old coins) Llla piccola (in the coins introduced by the Aiis- triaiis) Vienna, Florin - - - Xante, Real - - - Zurich, Florin (money of ex- change) Florin current - d. ' d. 111-15 variable 4-2- 4220 39- 3924 12- variable 40-25 49-16 HI 3 8-.55 7-79 8-19 37-80 .variable - 3908 21-32 23-34 10-41 1053 7-15 7-44 00-00 01 00 42-32 42-78 3-72 21- 21-28 41 20 41-22 2-35 2-40 287t)0 C-03 0-27 . 07.34 - 20-94 52-54 variable .37-53 ditto .V205 5103 79-37 78-73 - variable 18-21 18-82 123-,54 124-80 4'.i-n2 49-92 ■1 8H 4 57 5-18 4-80 0-48 0-07 2-,'i9 243 39- 30-59 55-41 50-43 2-214 25-20 4-70 405 11 -Ub 39-45 25-05 4-73 4-03 11-23 39-59 4-25 25 -".0 400 25-85 23-50 5-07 ivariable ditto 25-03 variable ditto ditto , ! A :y 664 EXCHANGE. •^^ ^1 1 I f I I « ; • ,t 1' .V * "v.'^".'' "/ /^/*',''"»nff<' I'ntwcen Enpliind mid tlii> followiiiK IMiiccn, vi/,. Amntorilam, iriimJiiirBh P,i,j, Mudri.l. I.islmri, I.cglioni, Uoiinii, .Niiplrs, uiid V.-iiiie j tint nuiiu.' Ikmiir roinimKMl Injiii tlK- ii iri n-iV Vulii.' ol tlH-ir prinnpal <;r.jn», by n.iu|i:iriiiK (inid Willi (iold, and Hilvcr Willi Hilver, u.-cordii c t,^ tlii'ir .Mint Kek'iiliilicins, mid lo AnsiiyH iiiiidu iil lliu l>. curreni Hniiitiurifh I'ariii Mi.lriJ ■ I.islKUl iinwx N.iplfi VVtitfu Gtild. Mint Ri^tiila- 30 8 II 4-5 M 3;i 2-.70 37-3 C7'4 J!)- 1 455 41-22 48.3 Aiuyt. 36 6-ii II 3H 35 1-5 2'i .'6 37-2 «7-.'. 4!)l) 45'5 40-0 Silver. OM CoJiiiK«. New Coiiugfl, Mint lle)(i)l 41-42 475 Mint Asuya. HitKula> tions. 37 10-5 35 II ll-V 3-. 13 24 ill :i«o SH-33 4t;> 4S9 40-9 10 14-6 32 II 23 23 41-7 64-30 ■l'J-60 4D-t 43-9 44-0 Aiiayi. 35 6-j 10 l7-(i 32 11-5 23 40 41-5 B2H9 4!l 5 520 461 Kxplanstinni. ModIm of Eichinge. ( Sriiillitisx nnd prnce Flemish per poand ilerlirig, i Acio 2 prrrrnl. I'Inritu anil stivers per pnuU'l sterlini;. Schilliiiics and |>t-nce Flemish hani-o per pound sterl. Franra nnd eentinit-s per pound sterling. Pence sterlinc for the piast.-o or dollar of exchanre. Fence srerliiiK ]icr inilree. Fence nterlinic per perya of exclnnffp. Vfiici: Bterlini( per pezza fuori hanco,* Fence aterliii^ per ducat (new coinage of ISIS), Lire piccole per |»ound alerlinc. III. All Account of the Course of Kxchmisc Lnndon, 18th of November, 1836, with aome Explana- tory Htuteitients. Cnurae of Eichanfte. Eiplanalory Slateinenla. Amstenlani, 3 ina. - 12 4 1-2 that is, London receives 12 florins 4 1-2 slivers fnr II. Antiverp .... 12 2 12 _ receives 12 diM" 2 1-2 dill., for II, Haniburrth, mcs. hco. 13 11 — reciives ISnnris 11 scliilliuTs haiico for I/. Paris, 3 ins. 25 70 _ recuvi'S 2'i francs 70centinit« for If. Fnncfiirt .... 151 3-4 _ receives l.->13-4 Iial7.enfnr II. PelersLureh. p. r.iu, 3 us, • 10 _ Kives 10 pence slertia^ for I roulde bank money. Vienna, elf Flo. 2 nis. 10 10 — receives 10 ttoriiis lOcieutzers for II, Madrid, 3 ins. 3-. 7-8 _ Kives 3'. '-a pence sterling for 1 dolhr. LPihitrn .... 4S — Kiv.-s 4H ditto for 1 pe7.za of 8 reals. deuoa . . . • 2-. 75 — receives 2-'> lire Italiane 75 cent, for II. Venice, p. 6 Aust. livr. 47 1-2 — receives 47 1-2 lire piccoli for II, NaiiU-s .... 40 5-8 — pvra 40 5 s pence slerliii;; for 1 ilucalo di regno. I-iil>on, .10 dav«' si,-hl .54 — /iivi-l .04 ditto for 1 niilree. • Kin Janeiro, dillo - 36 — ftivts 36 dillo for Idilto. For fiirtli(;r .iiid more ample elucidations, see the articles on the great trading towns, in this Dic- tionary. [What follows is extracted from a report of the Secretary of the Treasury to Congress, ilated May 26th, 1838 : The Anieriran dollar contains 371, crains of piirn silver. nr4Iflerains of stnndaril silver. The SpaiiLsh diillarH are not all of tlie same weiL'lit. Those in circulation in 18*i'J were said by the director of the mint lo be worth, on an average, 100 cents 3 mills. Till! M(-.\lrati ilollarsare said to lie eiiiial to the Spiiiiiifh. The " (Viroliis" dollars are the Span is li dollars coini'd prior to the year ISO!), in the reigns of Cliarles III. and IV. They are said to he not superior in weinht and (inuneps to the Me.\iciin. The Amtirican eagle of the old coinage, previous to the ;ilst of July, Ib-tl, cuntuined 21"; grains of pure gold. The American eagle of the new coinage contains 232 grains of pure gohl. The llritish sovereign, when coined, conlaiits 113 grains and 1^-121-1 parts of a grain of pure gold worth, according to our present mint valuation, $\ t'7 T-120. The Spanish doubloon should, according to the regiihitions which have nominnlly prevailed since the year 1T72, contain 370 grains of pure gidd, which would, at our mint valuation, be worth 1(1 ilnlliirs iW cents. Hut, according lo assays made at the I.onilon and I'hiUidelphia mints, previous to the year 1829, Sp:inisli doubloons contained only I'roiii 3(iO to 3()2 I-IO grains of pure gold. This would make their average value, at our mint valuation, about •SI.'' •'JfiJ. The Piilriot doubloons are said to be eiiual in weight and fineness to the Spanish, Till" dilference in the price of Spanish and Patriot doubloons, and of the ditferent species of dollars, at N<;w Vork tind I'hiladelpliia, is cliietly owing to ditiereiice of demand for tlieni in foreign markets! In file price currents, $i 14 '!-',> are assumed as the par of e.\change on England. This practice began when llii.' Spanish pillar dollars were in circulation, and when the market value of gcdd, compared with silver, was less than it is at present. Tlie true par varied as the market value of gold varied, when compared with silver. It was estimated by Mr. (iailatiii, writing in 182'J, at 7 per cent, above the nominal par ; by others, at 8 per cent. Since the passuL'oof the act of 1831, for rcforniingthe American gold coinage, the true par cschange with England, eslimaling gold against gold, is about 7-10 above the nominal par. The (iiiotalionsof e.xchange on France are so many francs and centimes payable in France for a dollar paid here. According to tilt! regulations of the Frt^nch mint, tlie silver franc should contain ()')'453 troy grains of pure silver, eiiuivaleiit to 18 708-1000 cents in silver currency of the United States. Theijiiaii- tity of pure silver in an .\iiierican dollar is eiiiial to that in 5 francs 34 .^S.'i-lOOO centimes. Ihit as foreicn coins are not a legal tender in France, and as a seignorage of about U per cent, is charged on silver coinage at the French mint, American dollars, when sold iis bullion in I'rance, are said to bring, on an av(!rage, not more tliiiii francs 2(i 2.')-1000 centimes. This is, by some writers, assumed as tlie par of excliangeon France. Other writers assume 5 francs 34 centiim^s as about par. The tiuotaiions of e.vchange on Holland, are so many cents a guilder ; on Hamburg, so many cents a mark banco ; and on Hrenien, so many cents a rix dolhir. The exact value of the guilder of Holland is 39 "'R'>> PnrJs, ,„i.iitiMl iruiu Uic iiitriiiHic Willi HUVLT, ucconliiiK \» liiiu.-;!'"^'*""*'';' ''y I'f u Uank'ii te»uuiiii« Cuili iDin Bt Eich«ns«- er iiiilrce. ieJ audi (!>"« '<>""«• ""*'"■ r (iminiljicrlini; , 1836, with Bomo Exp\ana- .'2 stiver* for H- i ,1111.1 for 11. ,, criiliniM for W. "lKforlmul.l=binkmon.y. cieutzcn fur I'-,, , 1 iipzJi of S rf aK jni- 7) cent, tor II- ■ 1 niilrce. ■ I dillo^^ ^trading towns, in ihis Die the Treasury to Congress, 1 of Btnndanl silver. JationinlB'Ww'^resawlbylhB ■ 1800, in the reigns of Charles the Moxii'iin- „„;„,„? Ib31, contained 21 «. grains ot 'fimrtsofairrainofpuregold, .,ave nomii.nny prevailed since vuluatinn, l.e worth It. dnllars . T™ ...iiits nreviouf. to the yt-ur '";;,^;"'gold.' This would make 1 lire dirrent species of dollars Irld for them in fore.ign narkuts, I V Mind. This practice iH'gan I •uke value of gold, compared trnmrket value of goUl varied l„g in lB2y, at 7 per cent. aDove .coinage, the true par exchange nominal par ,^„^j ffn.i;c^lnmldc'.n.ainO>)-453.roy & llnilU States. The., uan. L -M .W-VIOOO centimes Hn -s >'•^^^;;;;;cn;le':f^S^ ,;!;?:;!: UaKrg, so many cents (d States silver currency ;l.ul 40 [l.lOOO cents United States tur- unda very sroaU fraction United |e same as with Pons. Th« qunlntlnmi offdreiun exrhnnscs are fur hllN pavniilc sixty days after ilght. The iiMotatiiiiiH oriliuiii.rttlc <'\iliaii;.'c arc fur bills pi'iyiilili! at Hiijlil. In the following tallies ilie letter d. Ntands for Hichiiionii jN.irtli ('arolini • jCli.iil"lon pivAiiiiih • jNew Orlcinl lAiiitTiraii |i»iii>h ilnlhn . itUnilus ilrill.in . |Mtxicaii (InlUm ■ iFi\e fMlic pieces . \t2i. I a. I lo II p. f. MZ \i l33 JO to 11 Lie. pil to 1-4 it, (i.ir to 1-4 il, I -I tn l-i.l. a-4 tn I l-i,l. i \-i In j.l. ■1.4 10.1.1- 1 1-4 In 3 1-2 il. Mp to 2 1-2(1. ' I In 6 p. 1 1 1-2 In 6 p. /Al.iriOlnl6l>|.2 'n.li 33 1.1 lUUO 2 1-2 I.I in p. 2 I 2 tn lU p. l-2t.i2 1-2 p. l-2tn3p. lltM. 7 1.2 tn 12 p. ^1 2.) In fi 41) :l')to4l par lo I -J.I. 1-4 to 1.2 J. 1-2 In I .1. i-i to I 1-2.1. 2:1-4 lo 5 1-2.1. 1 to 3 .1. 2 1-2 1.1 4.1. I lo3.l. «l-2toUI2p. 4l.i« 1-2 p I5,i0lo 1.8: IIOOIolj 50 tit. II 12 11 6tnll p. p-ir tu 1 p. 1807. I!i28. I KID. »3.4tn II ;|.4p. l2l2lo5 2Tl.i 40 1.2 In 41 1.2 1-2(1. topir I 4 In 1-2(1. I 21(1 I (I. 3.4 tn I |.2 d. 3 In li (I. I l-llo2(l. 1 1-2 tn 3(1. |Mr lo 3 (I. 4 1-2107 l-3p. 4 1-2 In 7 1-2 p. liriOtn 16 bj l.'ilWin 15 7,> K 1-2 to II p. Klo 10 1-2 p. pir lo I p. 1-2 In 2 p. 14 1.1 I p. I 1-2 1.1 a p. n34tnll 1-2 p. .i 10 to '.21 |.2 10 12 to 42 |Kir tn 1-2 (1. p.ir to 1 (I. 1-2 to I (I. .1-4 10 I 1 4(1. 3 3.4 In 14 (I. I In 3 1.2. 1. I to 3 1-2 .1. par In 3 (1. 3 tn 7 p. 5 In 7 p. 1.3 70 In 16 SO 13 3.1(1 13Hj .'< 1-2 to 10 p. f to 10 |i. 1.4 lo I p. I 4 to I 1-4 p. 1-4 1.1 I p. 1 1-2 tn 2 1-2 p. t> tn lU p. 3 17 |.2tn3 30 -10 I-4I041 1-410 1.2.1. I 4 to 1-2.1. 3-ttn 1-2.1. 1 .1, 2 to 4. 1, I I -2 to 2 I 2.1. 1 l-2to3 1.2il. I lo2 1-2(1. 3 to 6 p. 3 tn ti p. I3 40tn 16 30 1:3 10 In 13 30 7 lo S p. 7108 1-2 p. par to 1-2 p. p,ir to 1-2 p. par tn 1-2 p. liar lo 2 p. 1830. liloi) 12 p. 3 2-. lo •. 47 1.2 W I 2 I.I 40 1-4 lo 12. 1. 1-4 1(1 1-2.1. 1-21.13.4.1. .1-4 to I il. I 1-2 tn 2 1-2 il. 1 lo 2 .1. I 1-21(12(1, 1 to I 1-2 a, 2 tn 4 1-2 p. 2 10 4 1-2 p, 16 10 lo 111 00 I3 0UIO 1.43 4 lo 9 p, 3 1-2 to 8 p. par pir par p,Tr In 3-4 p. IKIt. (i I 4 to 11 p. .3117 to 3 27 1-2 a'l to 41 par I'l 1-2(1. par I.I 1-2 a. 1-4 1.1 1 (I. 3 4 t.i 1 a. 1 In 2 .1. 1 2tn I 1-2(1, 1-2 1(1 I 1-2(1. 1-2 10 I 1-2(1. 3 lo (i p. 2 1-2 In 8 11, 13 30 1(1 16 10 13 into 15 63 510 10 p. 3 to It 1.2 p. par to I |.2 p. jjiir In 1 1-2 p- par to 1 p. Ijiar to2 t-2 p. \ Table showing the highest and lowest rates of foreign and domestic exchanges, and of specie, at New York, in oacli year, from January, 1832, to May Ut, 1H3«. Bills nil 1S32. 1833. 1 IS34. I»3.3. 1836. 1837. 1838. I-nii.lnii • 7 1-210 10 l-2p. 5 lo8 3-4p. 2.1. In 7 1 2 p. U 1-2 t.i lU p. U 3-4 to 10 p. 1 7 1-2 In 22 D. II 2tol0l 2p. Krinec f. 5 15 to 5 33 3 30 lo 5 -10 5 30 1 1 5 63 5 20 lo 3 33 -. 22 1-2 lo 5 37 1-2 4 70 to 3 33 ) 20 lo 3 47 1-2 ll.ill 111.1 - 40 tn 41 1.2 c. 3910 41 37 In 39 1-2 '19 t.i 40 39 1-4 to 40 1-2 19 3-4 lo 13 ;9l(i40 1-2 lUiiit.uig 34 1-2 to lie. 33tn33 1-4 33 t.i 3« 33 to 36 33 1-2 to 39 ,31 to 37 7-8 I Hreliien • • ».■ • - lo 77 1-2 c. 77 1-210 79 1-4 7,H lo 79 3-1 79 1 -210^7 1 ■7 to 81 14 lliftlnll 1-4 10 12 d. l-2d. tn|.2p. par 1.4 to 1 -2d. 1-4 In -d. par par to 3-4 d. par lo 2 d. , lar tn 2 d. Plii'«,lelphia 1.4 to 1-2 d. 1-4 In -d. par to 1-4 d. par lo 1 3.4 d. 1 14 In 3d. Iii!tiiiiore 1.4 In 1-2 d. l-l In 3-4 .1. 3-H In — d. 3-8 In - .1. |i ir to 3-8 d. 3-4 to 1 1-2 d. par lo 2 d. 1 1 In 3 (1. I3 4ln33.4d. Hicliiiiond 3 4 to 1 d. 3-4 lo 1 d. 3 4 I'l 1 J. 3-4 to 1 d. 2 In 7 1-2 d. ] N(.rtti Carolini . 1 1-2 to 3d. 2 1-2 d. 2 1-2 tn - d. 2 |.2ln — d. 2 1-2 to -d. 2 1-2 to 5 d. — In 3 d. jI'lLirlLHuu 1 lo 2 .1. 2d. 1 1-2 1.1 2d. 1-2 In 1 d. 1-2 lo 2 d. 2 1-2 In 3d. ' 2 Id 8 d. iSiviiiiiali 1 In 2 d. Il-2tn2d. 2d. 1 t.i 1 1-2 d. 1 lo3d. 2 12tn3d. 2 34 1.1 10 d. New Orleins 1 lo 1 1-2 d. 1 to 1 l-2d. 1 In 1 1-2 d. 1.2 In 1 d. I-2lo4d. 31010.1. ! 2 1.1 12.1. Aiiicricaii gold ■ 2 1-2 tn 6 p. 2 10 4 3-4 p. 1-2 10 6 1-2 p. 6 1-2 to - p. 6 1-2 lo — p. 6 1-2 to 16 p. 1 7 In 9 p. Aiiii^ri(Mn, new 1 1 c.ii..aie • 4l2laS1.2p. 2 In 8 p. par par par tn 12 p. 1.2 In 3 P. Snven'isns 6 1-2 to 9 1-4 p. n.X 84 to 4 S5 1-2 4 84 to 4 86 4 84 In 5 47 1-2 4 H3 lo 5 06 | lleavvisumcas . 6 1-2 ton 14 p. 4 l-2tnHI-2|i. 2 lo4 p. 2 10 4 3-4 p. 1-2 toil -2 p. /).3 06to5 0S 3 06 lo 5 OS 5 06 to 3 43 I 93 In 5 10 I'nrluijuese (tol3S0 13 20 In 16 12 14 9010 13 60 13 3010 1613 131'?. IO16 30 13 7310 17 50 13 33 In 16 30 iS|ianisll dollars - 'Cirilus dollars - 1.2 to 2 1-2 p. 1.2 to 4 1-4 p- pir 10 3 1-2 p. 1 tn 3 p. 2 1-2 to 6 p. 210 13 p. 1 tn 7 p. 1 lo2 1-2 p. 1-2 to 4 1-4 p. par to 3 1-2 p. 1 tn 3 p. 2 1.2 to 6 p. 2 lo 13 p. 1 1-2 In 8 p. ISIciiicin dollars • par to 1 p. I«r Uiar par lo 1 p. .par to 1 p. • 1-4 Inn p. l.^nirricali half do. par par par |.ar i!ol-4to95 liar to 1 1 p. 1-4 1.14 1-2 p. ! Five-franc pieces par tn 2 p. p.ar liOlnfl31.2cls 'MtnO-l 1-2 'J4 tn 106 D3lo96 Bates of Exchange at Philadelphia on London, Paris, and Amsterdam, from 1788 to 181-1, with the paper medium of England valued in gold, and the Loudon prices of standard gold and of Spanish dollars per oz. Exchange on. I'aper ni(..liiim of Kii^land value I in g.il 1. London price of standard London price of !;pauiih gold |ier oz. diilUrs per oz. Year. London. Paris. Alnsterd.ini. 178.S 3i p. 3 p. 2} p. — 77 00 1789 3.^ p. 3 p. 2? p. — 77 OB 17 51 d. — — 77 00 5 02 10 .i 05 1797 2d. par — 77 00 to 77 101 4 10 til 5 001 179.H 5'i d. — 5d. — 77 101 to 77 OS) 4 11 to 5 00 1799 7id. 7id. — 77 00 to 77 07 5 05.1 to 5 07 i8no — par 77 101 1(1 5 00 ISOl — 81 d. 85 5 00 to 5 11 m-i Ip. 21 p. 8; d. 84 5 03 to 5 Oil iw:! 2 p. — 2 p. 23 d. SO 5 02; to 5 (Hi l-Ol 7d. — par 2} d. 80 5 (10 to 5 07 bo.') •J.; il. 80 5 01 to 5 0,^ \m yj d. 80 5 04 to 5 051 1807 — — 2J d. 80 5 Oil to 5 "til 1808 — — 23 d. 80 5 02 to 5 07 1800 — — 23 d. 80 5 03 to 5 07 1810 131 d. 00 to .'i 081 1811 6d. — Hd. 84 06 5 101 to 011 1812 10 d. — 2l).f d. O.i 06 00 to 081 1S13 Ifid. — — 221 d. 101 t) 111 to 7 001 1814 7d. — — 25 d. 104 5 00 to 5 07 L .Vdfe.— The rates of exchange, and the value from a table appended to the letter of tlie Secret From the same tabic has been taken the price 3k2 of the paper medium of England, have been taken :irv cif the Trpiisiiry, of May 29, 1830. ot' standard gold at London, from 1800 to 1814. The 84 ' ■ ..il 660 EXCHANGE. Mm Ira ( «1 ; I ( '* • i '-' i London pricPN of itnnilnrd koIiI, rrnin ITlin to IHOO, nnil of flpaniiili itollnm, Trom 1700 to 1SI4, hirr l)P)'ii (iiki.'n rroni Mnrxhnll'H HuillHlicH nl' ilie llritiHli Kiiipiri!. Till' priri-K lit' giilil mill of Hiiaiiinli iliilliirH iin.' rxprcHHiil in NlilllinKH nnil pnncn HtcrllnR. CiiiiHiilrriihln illllVri-nru i'xInIs atnniiK niillinritii'H mh to tln^ prli't'8 i>l' |!«lil, nnd tliiMli'prcclntion of till- pupiT iiii'illiiiii, diiriliK till' NiiHpi'iDiiiiii III' Hpi'i'li' piiyiiiL'iitii liy lliu Hank nf KnRlnnd. The I'lilliiwini; wn* tin; riitK ol' i'XcIiiimbi! iim Ktiidnnd lit lliiaton nnd Dultillinrc, from 1800 to INK), omIiraviiiK tliu yuarH for wliii'li no i|iiot:itlong are given at I'liiludulpliia: Yiar. INK) At n.«ioii. Al ILilliiiiorc, Viar. Al llmlnn. At B:lltiliinrr, 'Ud' to 3 p. 2 d. 1.1 S p. iHno 1 d. to 3| p. 'i d. to pur IWIl 1 lo5d. •1 d. to 2. p. mn 3d. lo'tp. ad. Ill piir IM(»2 3il. to} p. 1 d. to 3i p. IH08 3i to H p. |Hir to H p. IH03 1 to 'U p. par to 3i p. 180;) lid. to Dip. par III ^1 p. IWII par to 3 p. par to S't p. 1810 tii to 7} d. 2 to 5 d. 1W(I5 1 to d. A d. to par Knti'.ii nf e.xrhanffc at Pliiladnlphin on London, Paris, and Amsterdam, from I!^IS, to April, 1838, with till' paper ini'diiim of riiiladelplila valued in silver, the paper iiiudiuin of Kngland valued in gulil, and th(! I.undon price of standard gtM and Hpuiiisli dollars per o/. Exchiivcc on I'iipiT iiifilium I'apiT iiieilium /j'niloii prire of I/iiiilon priceof Year ISl.-i valutfil ill AniL'. riciiii silviT. nl' Kit^lAn.l valued III iC'M. ■taudjril KoUl per ■Spaiiitli ilcillan ptT oz. .') 03 to OU Lnn 05 to .-i (Ml ISIO 1 d. to 3 p. J p. 4i d. to par 77 101 to HI 00 .'> 02 to .') 01) lh2(l 1 d. to 3i p. d. fii d. — par 77 lOi 4 lOi til .'i (l'2 1821 3J to I2i p. Od.topar 1 d. to par — — 77 lOi 4 0' Id 4 11 1822 8i to 13 p. par to2J p. par to li p. — — 77 lOi to77 004 Oil to 1 II) 1823 5 to 12.1 p. H d. to3) p. 1 d. to U p. — — 77 (Mi i» 0^} loi my 1821 7i to 11] p. 2id. to2J p. 1 d. to lip. — — 77 00 to 77 09 •1 09; 1(1 4 l().l 1 1S25 5 to lOi n. U d. to 2} p. lJto3p. — — 77 (10 to 77 lOi 4 10] till 111 182li 7} to 12; p. 3 d. to S p. 1| d. to U p. — — 77 00 4 09Jto4 11 l.><27 10 to Hip. i d. til 2j p. ,par to 3i |i. — — 77 00 4 Oil] til 4 lO] 1^2•' »; to 11 p. U to2i p. li to 3 p. — — 77 00 to 77 I0J4 0!t|jio4 lit lH2i» (>i to 10 p. i d. to 2i p. 1; d. to 21 p. — — 77 09 to 77 I0i,4 0>-i to 4 O'l'. 1830 (I Id (ij p. 3d. to j p. 33 d. to par — — 77 09 to 77 101 4 mi 1(1 4 (1!).. 1831 (ii.i Id; p. 3 d. to 3J p. li d. to2i p. — 77 09 to 87 lOi 4 091 to 4 llli l'*32 7 to II p. 2id. to 1" p. 2i d. to 3; p. — 77 00 to 77 lOi 4 08Jto4 lU lH.t3 5 to p. 3 to 13 d. i d. to 21 p. — — 77 00 to 77 lOi H.M 2d. to 8 p. } to 7 d. 1,' to 5 d. — — 77 09 to 77 lOi 1S3.', 7; to 10 n. 3.; d. to lip. .Sd.to 11 p. — — 77 (19 to 77 lOii lS3(i 7 to lOJ p. 13 d. toll p. 2id.to2ip. — — 77 09 to 77 lOil 1837 7 to 21 p. Ud. to 9i p. par to 12i p. par to 12 d. — 77 00 to 77 lOii 1838,8 to 12 p. IJd. to21p.ipar lo33 p. •J to d. — 77 00 to 77 m 1 The rntPS of e.xchangc from 1815 to 1S28, the value of the paper nicdium of Philadelphia frnni 1815 to 1818, and the London price of standard fold from 1815 to 1825, have heen taken from a talile ap- pended to the Treasury report of Mav 20, 1830. In foriniiiK that talile, 5 francs 20 centimes were assumed as the par of exchange on Paris, mid 40 cents a f;uilder, as the par of e.Nchange on Amslerdom. In calculating the rates of e.\cliaiiKe on Paris and Amsterdam, from 1829 to 1838, it has not been thought necessary to assume a new par. The prices nf Spanish dollars in London from 1815 to 1818, have been taken from Marshall's Sta- tistics nf the British Iviiipire. 'Hie prices of standard jiold London from 1820 to 1832, and of Spanish dollars at London from 1819 to l.>32, have been taken from tlic "Report from the Conimillee of Hecrecy on the Uank of Knglaiiii Charter." From the '-Report of the Select (Joniniiltee on the Royal l\liiit," nrdered to he jirinteil .Iiini! ?,0, 1837, it appears that, thniifih standard gold has been Hleailily r,ii(iled in the price currents siuoe the year I.S)2, at 77 shillinijs and 9 pence per ounce, it is not unfreqiiently sold at 77 shilliiiffs and 101 pence. On tills authority, and that of some late English papers, the price of gold is represented in the table as having been the same from 1833 to 1838, that it was from 1829 to 1832.— ^wi. Ed.] EXCHEQUER BILLS. See Funds. E.XPECTATION, of life. See I.vsuuance. EXPORTATION, in commerce, the act of sending or carrying commodities from one country to another. — (See I.mi'ohtation and Expoiitation.) EXCIfSE, the name given to tiie duties or taxes laid on such articles as are produced and consumed at home. Customs duties are those laid on commodities when iiuported into or exported from a country. E.xcise duties were introduced into England by the Long Parliament in 1643; being then laid nn the makers and venders of ale, beer, cider, and perry. The royalists soon after followed the e.\ainpli^ of the republicans ; both sides declaring that the e.xcise should be continued no longer than the lernii- (latinn of the war. Hut it was found too productive a source of revenue to be again relin(|iii.she(i; and when the nation hud been accustomed to it for a few years, the parliament declared, in ll)49,tliiit the " impost of e.\cise was the most easy and indifferent levy that could be laid upon the people. " It was placed on a new footing at the Kesloralinn : and notwithstanding Mr. .lust ice Hlacksicine says, that '•from its first original to the present lime its very name has been odious to the people of Kiig- land"— (C«m. hook i. c. 3.),— it has continued progressively to gain ground ; ond is at this nidini'iil imposed on a variety of most important articles, aiid furn:;hes nearly half the entire public revenue uf the kingdom. Tlie prejudices in the public mind to which Blackstone has alluded, against the excise duties, seems EXCISE. 607 from 1700 to 1914, harr mill 111'' .l.'prccintion of •2(1. I.I piir 2,1. Ii> piir |mr I" ** !'■ pur to >» P- •i lo il. ,,,1815. to April, 1838, with 03 to 0!) — ■\ 10 — f) OJ 05 to S 06 (« to r. Oil 101 ,„ ,-•, [Yi 0< lo I H (HMol 10 o^? to 1 O'U- OO: to 4 lO'i io;t.i4 iii O'.IS tol 11 (Hi; to 4 lo;- O'lJ lot lU ()>-;- to •» floj ox; to •» "'.IS OOi to t 101 0HJlo4 Hi lo jot) Of) to t^'i 00 to »•<> , OfltoM 00 , lO.i to 81 00 5 r loi !•» 7 ioi to 77 0014 ; ml to 77 09(4 7 (Hi to 77 lO.j •; 77 00 to 7;, lOil 77 OOto^- Wi\ 77 00 to 77 1.4 ■;7 OOto^i 101 •' |V7 0«to77l'>M 77 00 to 77 1 M 77 09 to 77 lOi 77 0010 77 10 I ,77 00 to .7 lOi, ,7 jmo77_10i'. „f Philndolphia from 1815 ;;r;e.ntX.fn.mata.,:.up- ofexcUangeonP"'''''"*^'* In, 1829 to 1838, it lias not been .en taken from Marsha""^ «"»" bi^^:.;,:o:"meai.HUe tabic »s -Am. £''' '"'"""" trr.arf^i.e"nti^e P"'-''-^^"" 1 against tltecxciBC duties, Bcems Kn^Unil • Snilliiiil • Irolaud 1 l'iii(fJ K. ■ lUI. 1833. IN34. /.. I. 4»,2;i« II 10 1-4 I«,(i4.',lli0 i il IV77,2W a U3-4 to havn oriKlnalcd more in the rrgnlniionii mnnoctml with tlirlr impnaltlon, than In the npprPRiivo ex - tunt to wliich tht>y linvu iiiiiiiellni)>it lii'cn i:arrii'il. The I'lirilillcH iil' KniiiVKlniB, and lhi> Iraiiiln thai nilKht be ciiiiiiiiillril upon llir ri'vi'iiiu-, miiIi'hh a Htrict wali-b were l«rpl, h ivc led to llic rniu'linciil nl Hcvi-ral rather Hnvere reKUlaliiiiis. 'I'he olhrers have been enipiiwcreil In eiili'r and Hcareli Ibe lioiifieH III' Kni'h iiidlvidnalH ax ileal in e.\i'i.\cliic, or 'iju«- ticud of the peace, withiuit Die iiiterveiilion of a Jury. I''iir the more eaHily levyini: (be revenue of e.vciHe, P.nKlandaiiil VValen are divided Into about 50 rol- lectlonit, Home of which are ealleil by the iiami'H of parllcni.ir loiiiitii'H, iitliers by the iiameit of Kreat lownn, where one county in iliviiled Into several collections, or where a colleclinn cninprebemlH Ihu conliijnouH parts of several cnnntieH. Kvery such cnllection ift fiubdiviiieil inloAeveral dlKlriclH, within which there Ih a supervisor; and each ilJHtrlct is again subdivided into out-rides and foot-walks, within each of which ther« is a gua^er or Kurveying olHcer. Abstract of tho Urosg Excise Uevcnuo of England, (Scotland, and Ireland, for 1833, lt»33, and 1834. Ttif* fip«nM^ nf rnltrctin^ Oie eiriM revenue, in 18.14, aiiKiuiiliMl Ml (irral Hnt.iiii In iii. Ii. 5 l-4d. l>cr crnl. of lite KHMi iinxlucr, .iihI in lrrl.iii lj,2Jg,3'i2f. This falling off in tho excise revenue is apparent only, having been entirely occnsloned by the tranii- fcrence of the tea duty from llieexcise to the customs, and by the repeal of certain duties, as those on tiles, sweets, starch, &c., and the reduction of others. The e.vciso duty of 1W15 was collected (exclud- ing arrears) from (en articles only, vi/.. auctions, bricks, glass, Imps, licences, mall, paper, soap, spirits, and vinegar. Of these the duty mi glass is by far the most objectionable. —(See art. Clams.) But were il repealed wc do not know, now that the paper duties are reiluced (see art. I'ai'EB), that any of the oliiers can be justly objected lo. That on bricks, is, perhaps, the most exceptionable. Tho table below shows in detail tin- quantities and numbers of the articles and persons charged with excise duties in lKi2, lH;i;i, mill 1>31, und the gross revenue they rrsperlively produced each year. — N. II. Ten has since been transferred lo the customs; and Ibe duties on tiles, starch, stone bottles, and sweets have been repealed. (l''or detailed accounts of the duties and regulations atVecling the ditferent articles siibjecl to the excise, see those articles.) Ciniipleiitij uf F.iriae Lmc->. — Tl'e great objection to the e.vcise laws, as tliey at present stand, con- gists in their obscurity and comple.xily. lleing intended for the guidance of traders, they iiUKlit to bo brief, clear, and level to the apprelieiision of every oni' ; but, instead of this, they are in the last de- gree lengthened, contradictory, and unintelligible. There are, at this moment, some 40 or 50 acts in c.xistence relating to the duties on gbo^s, and from 25 to ."iO relating to those on paper ; so that it is all but ini|)ossilile for any one to tell what the law is on many points. Tbis disgraceful state of things might, however, be easily remedied, by getting the Treasury to prepare a short digest of t lie law as to eacii duty, drawn up in a clear and unambiguous manner; and enacting, that a manufacturer or dealer abiding by this abstract should be held to liavu abided by the law, and slioiild not be liable to he fur- ther quest ioned on the subject. 'I'lie adoption of some plan of this sort would be the greatest improvu- iiicnt which it seems possible to introducu into the excise. All Account of the Quantities of the several Articles charged with Duties of Excise, in tho United Kingdom, together with the Oross Amount of Duty thereon, during the Years 1H33, 11^33, and 1H34. —(Papets published by Board uf Trade, vol. iv. p. !i8.) Qtuntitiei charged. Amount of Duty Articlet. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1832. 1833. 1834. L. : d. L. : d. L. s. d. Auctionif amount of Bales charged with duly ■ L. Bricks ■ - * ^o- 6,523,7ia 6,S67,396 7,331,892 236,319 8 24.3,981 11 11 2-.6,336 7 l0 3-» 99'<,34ti,362 l,103,59l,'ib6 l,180,161,22» 294,322 18 10 304,942 1 II 347,305 a 2 1-2 Tiies * * . — "6,001,051 8,293,186 . 38,010 17 1 4,6-0 1 1 Glatt. crown • * cwti. 103,902 129,984 136,708 381,839 17 477,691 4 502,101 18 Flint - • . — 79,4b8 78,387 83,32-. 212,145 6 5 219.483 12 '233,304 8 Hale • • • — BroAd " * • — 12,270 14,518 I8,!l^22 36,810 43,5-6 6 36,781 4 5,304 6,306 6,766 7,956 9,4-|9 10,149 Biitlle - • " — 3I2.3B1 323,398 344,014 109,326 7 113,11-9 6 120,404 1,8 DDIUQ Hnpj. • • ■ Ibl. Liceiiies auctioneers* • Wo, 29,012,406 .32,777,310 39,!:4i7,497 241,770 1 272,894 5 329,895 16 2 3,628 3,686 3,604 18,140 18,430 18,020 BrewiTs nt slmiij beer, not eiceeiliiil! 20 barR-U - — 8,683 8,527 8,496 4,311 10 4,263 10 4,248 Dillo t'xceriliiiK 20 and not eicralini! 50 • • — 6,84S 7,249 7,276 6,848 7,'249 7,276 Dillo eumdinn 50 and not rxceedins 100 • • — 9,l()5 9,540 9,861 13,747 10 14,310 14,791 10 Diltnexcft'ilinv lOOftnd not eici-tiiiiii! 1,000- - — I6,S8S 17,390 18,433 33,776 31,780 36,866 Dim esctinliiii! 1,000 brU. — l,5()4 1,710 1,806 14,610 15 15,395 a 17,212 15 llrewera I'f table beer - — 134 96 69 217 5 87 10 74 Hetail lir.^wers, under tho act ) (ion. 4. c. 54. • — !iO 50 47 262 10 262 10 246 15 Sellers of slrc)ll« beer ouly, 1,0'. beins brtwert • — Oil 966 1,074 2,869 13 3,042 13 3,383 2 Beer ntailerN "bose pre- mises are rated under 201. per annum - - — nillo al 20,'. or upward.n - — 70,142 73,390 72,755 73,649 2 77,068 19 76,392 15 17,052 17,439 17,393 53,713 16 64,923 8 54,787 19 IlelaiUrsof beer, cider, or perry, under the acta 1 \Vill.4. c. 64.,aiii4«l5 Will. 4. c. Sj. - - — 33,515 34,976 37,381 70,331 10 73,449 12 90,997 4 Dit:o (if cider and perry only, uniler tlic said acts — Teaami collee de^lert - ^ 188 653 1,054 197 8 635 13 1,106 14 100,191 101,579 103,540 55,105 1 5,'i,86S 9 6-),95l 19 (ihfs niapufacturers ■ — Mnllslem • ■ - — 'lis 12,8^ lib 13,243 122 12,89 2,360 23.869 10 2.520 24.346 12 b 2,440 23,931 5 l,,.,,,a, intt, riot b»- iiij^ rft.itlrr* No, 3,77J 3,(104 ,1,»i-, 37,710 3»,IM0 3B,2M Rfl^itrri "f s|.iriU. whowp iTMiii^mm ritoil uiiJrr 10/. (Mcr miniim • ^ 3>*,4.M 4i,nn 30. 1(11 m.n's «1,137 16 1JI.I4I 12 bo. do. at KM. Mtin>lfr30/. — 2U.Z0I 2(1, "C7 :jii,3-.h 1111,014 (1 112,92/1 !( 11,',. IK, H - 201. - J'./. — :),7(» 3,7."< 3.l,(.'-, -2:1,3111 2t,l''(l H :ii..fi,i III u — ZM. — JO/. _ ;<,ni 2,1'19 2,1 VI l\s;)i |H (1 1(1,102 13 ii,(.,. 19 6 — 3:l 15 Mikrinnf iilitit • .. ^4 2ft 23 12 14 11 to U Ctii'itiiiu nr 4iiy mhf r tnJe ri<|tiiriiic K »>ill — U ee 61 26 33 34 Rrtiil n n( «| ini^ in ln»- lan'l, hi inc itulv lj('rii«*l t<» nrll ciilltf, 111, \C. wIhw iii-riiiiw;irf>nilru iiiiiirr J'l/. piT. Milium - ^ w M 102 642 12 793 18 9(13 11 U).ilM.ati'W. \ ijtiJrr:M)/. — 4 4 7 42 II 42 u 7:1 10 • 3u/. - 401. — f> 4 7 r.7 ir. u 46 4 H) 17 — 4(M. - .'^.7. ■>- H 11 n IIKI l(i I3H 12 111 H — ftW. and upwarili — 3(1 W ,30 491 N (IIM 14 n 4119 10 Wsrch in^krn — M m mi 21tt II 300 311(1 Aliki-n nf n«pHi • — 2.) 27 2H fii in (1 rs 14 ',x IH HHiitfi^of >li(in • -_ KM !>a 924 927 3 96!l 970 4 MRtiurictiiren of tnbtcco 'Mitl simir — 73» 711 72(1 6,440 6.W n,',5n IValfm in nt iKitiuviiii.t li' r<-iicc In rt-lail "pirits • _ 09 83 lis 373 16 3^tS 12 4il3 Dc^ilrn in riirt'iifu winet hiviiiif liri-ncM to nfiil t'ci-r iri'l opirilb • — 23,111 24,079 '23,714 4i',->33 2 80,563 IR 49,7M S PanH.iifc M'Mi-ls (in h7 279 2»n n Niirc(nr/i'^ • . 3,792 It 3 3,7-|3 15 9 4,174 7 6 AuiMiini of itu'yon tireniri Kraitled lor \muKia leM llni, .1 U'lr . I7,%7 ^ l",0«0 5 IH,rt2S It Nf.ilt fr.m larU'V • huih. 36,343,OTI ns.'i'ii.'.ii 3n,- l,0-17,3'>-. l,i24,3«M l,33>'..109 1(I4.7:1-. 10 l.>3,4.'W 16 Ki'i.i-ao H r.ip' r, til it chs* IbR. 4!l,404,'i!iti .',1,»4I,K-!) />1,H,V1,72I UI7,r,A7 9 &I9.273 4 9 bTyfiT 10 3 SiTnn,! rl.iss lj,i3i,o:,n l(i,477.in-, l(i,-.-,2,l6- !l7,0(« 2 2 102,!WI 17 II 10:t,4il 11 12 I'l^lfUnrd, niillboanl, lie. Cttll. 43,.ti;s 4(>,liVi 49,3»2 4>',41iH 9 6 52,246 IN 6 61,(:>9 U 3 So.i|i, hard - yan!» 7,140,317 7,170,761 H.7in,144 W.IIIM IH 3 f,!<,l2n 2 3 M,7!li 16 S3-4 Itn. ll9,V!3,(m.' I3H,I7II,7K7 I44,.IU,043 I,493,7SS 13 1 1,115,167 19 9('2,I50 5 4 Sift — 10,3W,7(n 1 1.731,1 .e 10,40I.2HI 7 •,,473 17 4 .59,253 4 4 4;l,3,1» 13 5 Spirits galls. a),77S,ft.>l 21,^7), l.Vi 2;),;i'i7,«ui> 4,!17>,4:1H -. 10 6,2V1,-,I3 19 2 .5,2U,43M fi 10 Starch Ili». »,07n.l2l) f.wwis 4.72(>.921 109.281 11 !l 119,211 (1 2 61,1110 6 U ^tnne botllci • CWIl. Ili,)i2li i7,(aN Iti.nil 4,l>(i 10 4,2-,9 10 4,.';7 15 Swffts gilN. i-.-.tu 122.21,7 lJ(i,v)r, 3,973 (J ,1,0 -,6 13 6 3.170 2 1; rt-a .... Ibi. 3I,MH.I07 31,W|i,BI9 I4.427,(il6 3,V)').K20 I'l r> 3,444.103 7 7 l,45;,,:ti,-. 19 10 Vinegar Total • galli. 2,914,261 2,H(,3,080 3,1191, 2.VI 24,2^-. 10 J 23,K59 25,7(J0 9 • • • • - •_ I8,2»il),ll71 (i 2 I!i,6l2,llj0 2 "9 I6,S77,292 6 G.^4 The hws with respprt to the cenenl mamrfnient nf the excise were cnn'nli.iated hy the 1 k ^ (ieo. 4. c. 53., I'mm which the fol> lowiiii; p,irtir'iUrs are selectel :~ Commisfioners.— four conmilttlonera constitute a hnanl. They are tn !« auhjert, in all thiniTi retalinic tn their |ir<'uhar duty, to the orteni of the Treasury. They may appoint rnllectnrs aii'I oiher niih- nr liiintp ntficert. and ^ive (hem «uc-h sil.tries and .illo\saTice)i as the TreaMirv shall rlirect : hut they are not allowed to inrrea^e the nnm* bernf inferior officers without the perniimion and approval of the Treasury. No meniljer of the House* of Coniiunns c.ui be a com- mis«iinner of excise. Oifficcra nf AJj-rwe.— No officer of excise la tn vote or interfere at any election of a nir.nber of parliament, under iiain of forfeilinij 500/., and belnif rendereoscd ffir such oiTences. /' t,i and Poweri nf Offictrt.^W is lawful for any ofTicer to ei ■ any tniilding or other place, used for carrying on any trade «ijl.jtTt to the excise, either by niu'ht or Ity day (but if Iiy night, in the presence of a constable o." peace officer), to inspect the same, he. And upon an officer making oath that he has cause to suspect that Soods forft'ited nn'fer the excise acti are deposited in any private nuse or place, 2 Cfimmis-sionersnf i xcise, or 1 justice of the peace, may grant a warrant to the officer to enter such house or place (if in the rUeht. in the presence of a constable), to search for and seize such forfei'ed giKvls. Sptntmn Bonki may be left by the officers on the premises of jier- •nnssutijert tn the excise laws; and any one who sliall ri-move nr deface such hooks shall be liable to a penally nf 200/. Iltmovifig Goodi to avoid Z>u(y.--Good8 fraudulently removed or secreted, in order tn .avoi I the dii'v. to b- forfeited ; ani cvm person a««i»ting in fwh removal sball forfeit ami Im? tn-hle the value of such goods, or 100/., at the discretum of H.e uj«jiiii|. sioners. iihslnjetin^ (iJficrrf.—AW person-* who sinll oppmc, nmleii, kc. any officer nf fXi\%r. in Ibr execution of bis dutv, shall lespectivdv' for every surb otlence. foiteil ZWl. '* Officers violently resisted in iit.'kinir any seizure mav oppose fnrcf i to force; and III tlie event of Ihetr wmindih?, in.iiiiiiiig. or killir:r any person, "hen so opposed, Ihcy shall be ulnittled to bail, ;iiij may plead the general issue. Justices, mayors, hailitls, mnstables, *c. ire required to assist rx- cise officers ; and any constable, or peace officer, w ho, on notice ,iiid reijuest, deelities going with an excise (dlicer, is to i.irleil 20/. fur every ?*uch nth nee. Cfnimanta nj iimds t.iijrf.— No claim shall be entered fir goods sel/ed, except m the real names of the prtiprietors ot such goo-is. Claimants are houml with 2 sureties in a penalty of nm/. tn pay tie expense* of cl.iim; and in defatdt there%s to one jutnth part thereof; but it is lauful fur the commisiioners of excise, wln'n they see cause, further to iniligate, or entirely remit, such penalty. DiMtrihutuni if l'ennttit-i.— AW (H-nalties ami forfeitures incurred under the excise :icts are tu be distributed, half tu his Majesty, aod half to the officer or person who shall discover, iuforoi, or lua for FACTOR. 000 ml cf Du'T- l,«40 (),m i« " fl,b-..l 1 H.M It 1*14 _ . _ «>-* — ^— /.. 1. (1. 3t4M> lil.Mt 11 n UA.ll'i H n »I.Jlil 10 f>,lKVl in « 4«.t'''> \i 1) a.;i.7 :\ u i.),*>^i n II 10 M 34 71 1(1 so n " III H 4i'« in ao« !," W o:n 4 Tin i« 01 u " W 4 I5H \l » M« H 9 3(in »| r>a 14 , w.i 6-*^ » d 430r. S 2"J " 19,000 •».«" « 3-B 12 483 50,r*5 l« 40,:99 B 3 -.,3 15 9 4,1,4 1 6 1»,060 S . 6,0lf,3Jl 14 ft '''|23,43«I6 (i.|'t.v!T3 4 9 102,!W 11 I' iUi'i '!*, « 6M20 ■^ J, 1 iir.,itii 19 0' ' S9,ir.3 * * 5,2-.3,-.13 Ift -i ' 1 19,2 11 « 2 •l,2-.9 10 ' 3,n)8 13 • \ 3,"<''"2 I 'i '. lB,K:i9 I IH,^2S s n ri,i4i."i II "• 13'1.SVI 1" bT'i.tiT' 10 3 I l(M,.r>l 11 1-2 frl.l.'-O 3 W.7!r, 16 SI3-4 9('.M''0 '' 4 43,3aj< 13 5 r>,2i.i,'t3'< ij 10 , lil.iiin s 01-4 4,J:7 It 3.170 2 6 i,4r..'i,;K.'. IS 10 2:-,,7liO 9 ' -;;;:^27^2 /J. 'B.«''^«^^ '^J'-i' I , It,- ,l„tv to b.- forffilr.! ; »n'l cvm «/.:Mti^iscrHK,n..nl.ec,,,,,,,,,.. b^,t;sri;;;vsi:;i"i.a.i,..5 Jviiha"'--'";"''"""'^'^' Li nan« "' ""; ' " p., ,. „( u«ll. In l)ay ll« |,,„l)"n'"'-'VC. ,J" l"■l'"''•l>'''• r|„, nil''""'- ,,,„ ,„i„,t (l,p «ci.r 1»«< {:;l.'";;;hKe';:i^e,a,.d..,aybe.,«rj |l..rr i» ? 'l"'^' ffi cc co.nnMl.r.l apm.l nt.l":i;^ -'-•'"'"''" ''""""" •fc« ptnftlly. *>n proof bftn« ms.!r nf my offlrff Aftinv mlli«l»Hjr ' iM nmliHiK A M>i/iirr, tlm riiiniiKMiiuit'it luiy dtracl hi* ih-irn In l«> f.iffftlr.l. fJdt/u ii)iiiii«r(i< I with llir r*<'\M \\«'% ■h.-lll, U|Miii lH*tni( ninVH'''| |irrjiiryi nft il«i«r iirn- turiiit (If iijbiinnn< Mtch twr^Miit (^ i*»-«r or iitllrni f»l%rly •h»ll. i[]Mm rniivirh'Mi, he liitiln In lh>* |l.lkttBi/ft | *iultii-^ liKnli-ltt (■■ ■itti* i»rii.»M'm of (wrjiiry. A'tioHt itgamtt /]/■•» f|/yiiYfi. — No writ, miu, n 'ns nr prtirPM ih*tl br wf-i nut iT wrvnl ui-oti, iiiif »|iall .-iny .viion '"• bnnii(ui 'f I r ni'Mith I fit aflor nolicv in wriliri« ), s '>iTiiilrtiv4 rr irlinn •lull ln» .ixhimI »iiy rxiiM ^ f >r my Ui.it. ihc 1 Jit'tw U»(i, iiiili'M II Ur bfitiiiil/ . , i i mniiiln .w< 1 1 tcttnii iImiI Uwr .itivt-n. II julxiiu-i i ivtn 4<.tii)»i tUr (iliiii- IjII', Mil I III livniir nf III'* ilrfrliiriiil, (h>> Iam r -ItjM, ui rvcry siiilt trii"ii. hivi> (r<7'/r rnnU .i\t4rilril In Itnii. A'.rci,(jr Ci'tifirnlti, 4rc-.-Hy tlit- 41 Uen. 3. c. •!. i' (# tu.ic(«l, (hut If inir nn« ilwill fnr«», cnuntrrfcltt nr hnnwin^U riv* mf tHfV 411) ' lliri r uf I «• \%,\ \w Mull It 4uilty nf fcinii), till Uiiif iMnviilrtl, tliAll bv tr.ui«| thr C't*« iniv lw\ m ilif ii,uiiii nl Ihf ri'O nv^iti-p, Miih thf nflli-rr nf nriw m whinr •urvt-y mitIi liti'UllMC. |>lirr, \r. tliAll \m tiM>ili itn'-n'i'rcl t ii< iwi iiiantifArt'irit^ are tr\«ti|*> iii I p^-n^lty ' '301, l' roinimtti^l to Hi/' Im>u»v of rnrrrciinii nr nlliPf |)n««>ii Inr .1 r4l**ii-l.ir utnnilit, (n be lir-pf t<. ^> tnl hlNiur, .iii'l mi' In bf liU n)rl ; tn I ir Inim I cuilty of 1 ircnivl nlt'-h(T, ftlH fktir i« tn 1 1- *()/, ; au\ m l|ir fvriit nf ||« itnl I nriz |iiiwn\\\ RTMHry lor lh« rtinov«lo< civlMAblo eota iiiihliiifA.— (See Punmlf) EXPORTS, tUo urliclrs exported, or hciU hcyonJ neat). — (ScolMtonxs XHU E mvwv place an hispriMci|ial, luit, iiHiially, ill a fiircii^ii country. He is aiithoriKcd, i-itlicr liy letter of iitlDriiey or otherwise, to receive, liuy, aiied in such a transaction, as well as to the persons to whom the jewels had been sold. The office of a factor or agent being one of very great trust and responsibility, those who undertake it are bound, both legally and morally, to conduct themselves with the utmost fidelity and circumspection. A factor should take the greatest care of his principal's goods in his hands: he should be punctual in advising him as to his transactions on his bi'hall', in sales, purchases, freights, and, more particularly, bills of exchange : he should devi;iic as sel- dom as possible from the terms, and never from the spirit andlenor, of the orders h(> receives as to the sale of commodities; in the execution of a commission for purchasing good.--, he should endeavour to conform as closely as practicable to his instructions as to the (juallty or kind of goods: if he give more for them than he is authorised, they may be thrown on his hands; but he is bound to buy them for as much less as he possibly can. After the goods are bought, he must dispose of them according to order. If he send them to a different place from that to which he was directed, they will be at his risk, unless the principal, on getting advice of the transaction, consent to acknowledge it.* A factor who sells a commodity under the price he is ordered, may be obliged to make good the difference, unless the commodity be of a perishable nature and nut in a condition longer to be kept. And if he purchase goods for another at a fixed rate, and their price having afterwards risen, he fraudulently takes them to himself, and sends them some- where else, in order to secure an advantage, he will be found, by the custom of merchants, liable in damages to his principal. If a factor, in conformity with a merchant's orders, buy with his money, or on his credit, a commodity he is directed to purchase, and, without giving advice of the transaction, sells it again at a profit, appropriating that profit to himself, the merchant may recover it from hiir, and have him amerced for fraud. If a factor buy, conformably to his instructions, goods of which he is robbed, or wliicii sufifer some unavoidable injury, he is discharged, and the loss falls on the principal. But if * " Whoever," says Dr. Paley, " undertakes another in.m's Inisinefs, makes it his own ; ili;it is, promises to employ upon it the same care, attention, and dilisjence, lh;it he would do it it were iic- tually his own ; for he knows that the husiness was commitleil lo him with that ex|ie(lation. Aiiiliu! promises nothins more than this. Therefore, an agent is not olilitfcd to wait, iniiuire, si. licit, riilc ulioiit the country, toil, or study, whilst there reniiiins a possiliilily of henefiliiiK his iiiiployir. If lie exert as much activity, and use such caution, as the value of the imsim'ss in his jM(l(;iuent deserves; that is, as he woidd have thought sullicient if the same interest of his own had lieen at slake; lie has dischurued his duty, althouuh it should afterwards turn out, that liy more activity, and liinscr perseverance, he might liavc concluded the husiness with greater advantage." — (Mural and Vol. I'hil. c. 12.) There seems to he a good deal of laxity in this statement. It is necessary to disliiejuisli lietwecn thos(! who, in executing a commission, render their services fur the particular occasion only, uilliiiut liire, and those who undertake it in llie ciiurne. of bin^im.-is, nniking a re};ular liiarue for their irmilili'. If the former bestow on it that ordiis'iry deuree of care and attention which {Ur ^rtneraliln I'f mtuikinii bi^stow on similar aflairs of their own, it is all, perhaps, that ran he expi'cled : but the latter will be justly CfMisurubie, if they do not execute their enL'aneiiieiits on account of cpthers with that euro and diligc'iice which a " propidenl and attentirc fiillifr nf n faniilij" uses in liis own private Cdiiccriis It is their duty lo exert tlieins<'lves proportionally lo the exiizeiK y nf the allair in hand ; and initlur to (/» any thing, how minute soever, by which their eiuployers may sustain dainace, nor omit a;iy thing, however inconsideiahle, which the nature of tlu^ act reC8S, nink(!B it bis i"y';r- " "" h" „,t-lb'^w'tb Ur.il cure ^i;;; n/.,a.;;;.ue. nor ;;... -. the goods be stolen from the factor, he will not be so easily discharged; for the fact of tlieir having been abstracted by stealllt, and not liy vioknrr, raises a strong presumption tliat he had not taken that reasonable care of them ' Uich was incumbent upon liini. If, however, he can prove that the goods were lodged in a place of security, and that he had not been guiky of positive negligence, nor exercised less care towards them than towards his own property, he will not be held responsible even for a theft committed iiy his servants. — {Juncn oil Bail- ments, 2d ed. p. 76. ; Cliiffi/ on Commercial Law, vol. iii. p. 308.) If a factor, having money in his hands belonging to his principal, neglect to insure a ship and goods, according to order, he must, in the event of the ship miscarrying, niiike good the damage; and if he make any composition with the insurers after insurance, witlunit orders to thatellect, h'e is answerable for the whole insurance. A princijial, at the end of a very long letter, directed his agent thus: "Observe the |)reinium on this value is also to be insured." But the agent, not noticing this sentence, neglected to insure the premium ; and, being sued, was held liable for the omission. If goods are remitted to a factor, and he make a false entry of them at the Custom-house, or land them without entry, and they are, in consetjuence, seized or forfeited, he is bound to make good the damage to his principal : but if the factor make his entry according to invuico or letters of advice, and these j)roving erroneous, the goods are sei'/.ed, he is discharged. It is now a settled point, that a factor has a lien on goods consigned to him, not only for incidental charges, but as an item of mutual account for the balance due to him so long as he remains in possession. If he be surety in a bond for his principal, he has a lien on the goods sold by him on account of such principal, to the amount of the sum he is bound for. It being the general rule of law, " that property does not change while in transitu,'' or in the hands of a carrier, a consignment made bfforc the bankruptcy of a consignor, but not arriv- ing till aftrr, remains the property of the consignor, except, indeed, where the dclivcri/ is made bi/ the order and upon the account of the consignee, and is a complete aliennt ion front the consignor. In the case, therefore, of a consignment to a factor, the property remains the consignor's, and passes into the hands of his assignees. When a factor has a lien on goods, he has a right to the [)rice, though received after the bankruptcy. Where general or unlimited orders are given to a factor, he is left to buy and sell on the best conditions he can. And if detriment arise to a principal from the proceedhigs of a factor acting under such authority, he has no redress, unless he can show that he acted fraudulently or with cing bound to repay such advance; and notwithstanding this third party was wholly ignorant that the individual pledging the goods held them as a mere factor or agent. It used also to be held, that Ijoad jfide purchasers of goods from factors or agents not vested with the power of sale, might be made liable to pay the price ofthegootis a second lime to the real owner. The extreme hardship and injurious inllueiice of such regulations are obvious. It is the business of a principal to satisfy himself as to the conduct and character of the factor or ai^enl he employs; and if he make a false estimate of them, it is more e(]uitable, surely, thai he should be the suirercr, than those who have no means of knowing any thing of the matter. The injustice of the law in question, and the injury it did to the commerce of the country, iid lVe(|nently excited attention; and was very ably set forth by Lord Liverpool, in hi» speech in the House of Lords, on tnoving the second reading of the new hill. "Tliiisc of tlieir Lordships who were :ir(iiiainte(l willi rniniiicrcial transactions, would know that miiiii'v was l"ri(|ii('iilly advaiKi'd on l'ooiIs, wilhmil its being possihlc tor the person advaiicinf: the money til have any iVirllier ariinaintainc with tin; transactions, than tliat the lactor was in actual piisscssinnol'the l'ooiIs. It then liecaine a (iMi'stinn, putliim fraiul out of view, it" the lactnr liecann^ a li;iiikrn|il. or in any other way tailed to execnti' his eiiiiHdeinents, whether the loss shonhl Tail on the |irhii:i|i.il who had consigned these gooils, or on the /i/ci/ifce who had advain'ed iininey on Iheni. It li:iil heen of late ruleil. that it" the factor were iiitnisled only to dispose of thi' properly, the loss must I'.dl on llie pled'-'ee. Me ineiinl to contend, that this was contrary to eipiity, and contrary lo analogy ; lliiii ,1 was disMjiproved of hv high authority, ami was contrai"y lo the law in every country of the werld, e\i epi this, ami the lliiited States of Aiu(!rica, which iMd drawn their law from this country. It was coMlrarv to eipiitv, he thoUL'ht, thai the pledgee, who had .idvatued his tnoiu'y w itiiout any I'ruud. Inn (Uc the bona Jitii possession of the goods, should sulfi-r. ll<- had placed m> conhdence, hut tlio principal who had appointed llio factor luid placed cunrtdunce. He could limit hiai in his operations "i^ 673 FACTOR. i •<■'■' %y ■Mi. 4 •%"! nn .^ ^■KkJF I J .' J n>! h.' p:i;i-:c,l- 111" rniilil ;'ivt< liiiii ;iiiy kiril orinslniorions— lio niialit nunlify Ills power— lie wiis bnntiA ti) l;il were connecleil with it. And hi' iniiilit say, he lielleved thai two-thirds of the whide coiiiinerce of the rounlry was carrii'd on hy cousianiim es accordiii!; to these precedents. Unit tliey had heeii eslahlislied.) He inferred from these opiiiioi s, thai these jiidyes, ihoutrh they had leli themselves oliliued to decide in this way, supposed that the law was contrary to the ijeneral analnyy of otir laws, and to the principles of jiisiice. He then came to the last consideration, the hnv of tins country lieiiiK in this respect ilitVerenl from the laws of all other countries, except the law of the riiited States of America. In all other countries, the law was recognised to lie what he wished to estalilish it hy the hill hefore their Lordships. When there was no evidence of fraud, it was li:ld, \\\m the iiian, advancini; money on iioods held by a factor, should not sutler for his t'aulls, hut thai the per- j.on who confided in the factor must he the sufferer. This was also the law in Scotland. Ilu had un- derstood, too, that the evils of the law were felt in America, and that means had been taken for hrinyiiiL' it before the cnntrress. with a view to assimilate the law of America to the law of .iiIut coun- tries. If the iiiieslion were examined by the principles of eiinity, by analogy with other cases, by \\w authority of those who decided in our courts, or hy the practice of other countries, it would he fimiid that the reasons were slrom; in favour of the hill, ll was of great importance in conimercial transac- tions, that our law should be like the laws of other countries. It was not the same with the laws re- lative to real property— to our local law, if he liiitilit so call it ; but when the hill was founded on eipiiiy ami analogy, he thonjiht it was an additional reason in its favour, that il assimilated our i uminercial law to the commercial law of other countries. He did not know if he had made himself umlerstoiul, or if he had sulliciently explained the object of the hill ; but the measure was tonnded in justice, ami he hoped to have their Lordships' consent to it." The noble Eail concluded by iiiuvhig the second reading of the bill. By the new law, all persons intrusted with and in possession of goods are supposed, unless the contrary be made distinctly to appear, to lie. their owners, so far, at least, that they may pledge thetn or sell them 1 i third parties. The following arc the principal clauses of this im- portant act, 6 Geo. 4. c. 9 i. Factors or Jigenls iiariiig- Goods or Mcrchandhe in their Possrasion., shall be ihcined to be the true Oirv.ers. — Any person intrusted for the purpose of consimiinent or of sale, with any jjoods, wares, or merchandise, and who shall have shipped such in his own name, and any person in whose name any goods, wares, or merchandise shall he shipped hy any other person, shall be deeimid to be the true owner, so far as to entitle me consijinee to a lien thereon in respi.'ct ol^ any money or nei;iitialj|e sicii- rity advanced by such consignee for the use of the person in whose name such coods, wares, er mer- chandise shall be shipped, or in respect of any money or iiet'otiable security received by liini to llio use of such consiiinee, in like manner as if such person was the true owner ; provided such i nMsiL'ni'e ishiill not have notice by the bill of lading, or otherwise, before the time of any adviuice of sin h nioni'y or negotiabh; security, or of such receipt of money or nepoti.ible security, in respect of w hie h siiili lien is claimed, that such person so shipping in his own name, or in whose name any rnoils, wares, or merchandise shall be shipped by any person, is not the actual and binn'i fide owner, any l:iw, iisat'e, or custom to the contrary thereof notwitlistandiii); : provideil also, that the person in whose name (Uich goods, wares, or merchandise are so shippeil shall be taken, for the purposes of llii> acl, in lime been intrusted therewith for the purpose of consignment or of sale, unless the coiilr:'ry llnreid' shall be made to appear bv hill of discovery, or be niaile to appear in evidence by aiiv person disputing such fact.— J 1. Persons in Pnssessiim of Bills of lAiding to be the Owners, so far ns to mohc rolid Ceiif/vii/.v.- rriim and after the 1st of October, lS2(i, any person intrusted with any bill of lading, India wa. runt, dock warrant, warehouse keeper's cerlilicate, wharliiiL'er's certificate, w.arrant or order for delivery of (goods, shall be deiMiied to he the true owner, so far as to give valiilily to any contract or aiireiiuenl thereafter to be entered into by such person so intrusted, with any person, body pcdilie or curiMirale, for the sale of the said goods, wares, and merchandise, or for the deposit or (ileilL'e thereof as a sei ii- rity for any money or negotiable instrument advanced or given by such person, body politic or (nrpi)- rali,', upon the fi.ithof such documenls; provided siidi person, body pcditicor corporate, shall net have notice, by such document!) or otherwisi!, that such person so inlriisled is mit the actual and huiia Jide owner. — i> '2. JVo Person to arqnire a Seeuritij upon Goods in the Hands of an Jioent for an anteeeitrni lUb!, heijondlhi: Jlinount of the Jifsent's Interest in the Goods.—\i\ case any person, body politic or icirporate, shall, alter this act, accept any such goods, in deposit or pledge, from any such person so intrusted, « ilhoiii milico ns aforesaid, as a security for any di'bt or demand due from any such person so intrusted, lo such per- .son, body politic or corporate, before the time of such deposit, then such person, body polilii or ior|io. rate, so accepting such goods in depisile or plediie, shall acquire no further interest in the said gomls, tir any such document, than was possessed, nr might have been enforced, by the said person Mumnisl- ed, at the lime of such deposit or pledge ; but such person, body politic or "rporale, so 'ii'liP"< ri, !'"'>"■'"• <""""'''" ,,.'." I,.- -ouia iw.l .■M.lain. •", oHMo >.'=--H. ii';;i» •'7' U^ElWM.lM.ro..L.l.,.n,la '""7 iwu'li lli.'v linil f.iU J""'"'mo e«''.miaana\o«y '"'•"'; r.M. 1 1.-3 l^'-^vifll"^ ■■""'"'''xi ' >'• !■'« of vl.f '" of r-uul.itNvivsl.iM.ilmt "" r^nvv'wfoi.iici.aoiMHimy of coeds are supposcil, unless [ L at least, that I >.7 may *p;inni,al clauses of tin. im- i ..iili uuv C'l'"'"' ^^'" ' Persons may contract with knnjrit .7i^(•»^i^ in. the ontiiKini Cuiir.'r of Riisinc.-i.^, or out of that Course, if within thi. Jiirent'.^ Jtiithnriti/.—Vrim) »n'\ iiftir tlio Isl of (titohiT.' I'-iO. it slinll he lawful for any per ■^' "'''^;:;"iu.nawa.r.-.t In.rity, «>> '^>'-l '.' is. xvaros, , will's.' >'••'""■■'",,';. I; w,„si.L'.-. |,iui.i..M-fr';i v:\;,:,,.,,.v,. Itiifpiin'i'S''^" ;'■,,,„,■ siinii iliiik 11 of i^"""-' ;rrfoV;u-iivry ..f luii person ,„„,v poiiti.- or '-.'.'n"': ay imliuc or rovpoiau- linisiml is not till' hall iii'i luUial ami liomi trl^;.t:t!ao:orUi.er«va..i..U^ 15011, body poliiic or corporalo, to ronlract with any saiiio may hw consiKneil. for llu; piircliasr of sii person makim; and eiiteriim into such contract, or on whoso behalf siicli rniitraitis made, is ai ment be! made in the iisiiiil course of husi ant ha 1 n'.'iMit ; provideil such coiilrad niid pay- iioss, and Ihal such person, body |inlitic or corporate, shall not have iiolka that such aijeut is nut aulliorided to sell the said goods, or l() receive tlie said imrcliase money.— (> 1. J'emnns way aei-ejit and tnkr. Onmls in Pleilire from known ^irrnts.—Trcim and after the passing of thin act, it shall be lawful for any person, body pcdilic or corporati>, to accept anv such eoods, or any sucli document as aforesaid, in di'posit or pie, iL'e from anv factor or aL'enl. notwithstaiuliioi such person, body politic or corporate, shall have iioiice that llie |iers(ui inakinp such . Kiffht of the true Oirnrr to follow his Good.t while in the Ifiinds (f his .Igent or nf his ^ssi^nee in case (f Bankniptcn.—Suthuvi heroin contained shall be dei-med to d'efirive the true owner or proprietor of such goods from demandiiic and recoverini: Ibi' same from his factor or afrent, before the same shall have been so sold, deposited, or pledjied, or from the assiitnees of such factor or at'eiit, in the event of his, her, or their bankrupt i-y ; nor to prevent such owiu'r or proprietor from demamlini; or recoverins of and from any person, bodies poliiic or corporate, the price au;reeil to be paid I'orlhe purchase of such ponds, subject to any richt of sel-otV on ihe iiarl of such persons, bodies poliiic or corporate, against such factor or agent ; not [nor] to prevent such owner or proprietor from demandiii!.' or re- covering of and from such persons, bodies politic or corporate, such gooils, so deposit. id lu- pledged, upon repayment of the miuiey, or on restoration of lin; lo'irotiabh! instrument so ailv.inced or given on the security of such goods, by such persons, bodii^s politic or corporate, to such factor or agent; and upon payment of such further sum. or on restoration in such other negotiable! inslrnment (if any> as may have been advanced or given liy such facwu- or aL'ent. to sucli owner or proprielor, or on pay- ment of a sum eiiiial to the amount of such instriimenl ; nor to prevent the said ow ner or proprielor frmn recovering of and from such persons, boilies politic or corporate, anv balance remaining in their hands, as the produce of the sale of such goods, afier deductiii!; th-reout the aiiionnl of the miuiey or nogntiabli! iiislriimeut so advanced or given upon the security thereof; provided ahvavs. that in case of the bankruptcy of any such factor or n'.'ent,tlie owiu'r'or proprietor of the gomls'so pliMlged and redeemed shall be held to have discharged pro tuvtn the debt due by them to the estate of such bankrupt.—} 6. 'gents fraudulently p'lCdfting the Goods of their Prinripnls.— The 7 kf^ (ion. A. c. 2!'. } .ll. enacts. "That if any factor or agent intrusted, for tlii' purpose of sale, wiih any goods or merchamlise, or in- trusted with any bill of lading, warehouse keeper's or wliarlinger's ceriilicate, or warrant or onler for llie delivery of goods or merchandise, shall, for his own hem fit, oiid in riohilion of good fiiilh, deposit or pledge any such ponds or merchandise, or any of the said documents, as a security for any mmiey oriicgoiiable iiistrumeiit borrowed or n^ceived by such factor or agent, at or before the time of making such deposit or pledge, or intended to be thereafli'r borroweil or received, every such oU'ender shall |je guilty of a misdemeanor, and, being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the discreticui id' the court. 10 lie transported beyond the seas for any term not exceeding 11 ye.ars, nor less than 7 ye.ars, or ti tiilTer such other punishment by fineor imprisoiiment, or by hoili as tiie cmirt shall i'.ward ; "but no such factor or agent shall he liable to any prosecution for depositing or pledging any such goods or mer- chandise, or any of the said documents, in case the same shall not be made a security for, or subject Inihe payment of, any greater sum of money than the amount which, at the time of such deposit or pledge, was justly due and owing lo such factor or agent from his principal, together with the amount (if any bill or bills of exchange drawn by or on account of such principal, and accepted by such factor or agent." This provision does not extend to partners not being privy to the offence; nor does it take away any remedy at law or equity which any party aggrieved by imy otftMice might have been entitled to asainst such otfemler. And no one shall be liable to be convicted by any evidence whatever as an offender against this act, in respect of any act (bmo by him, if he shall, at any linu! previiuisly lo his lieing indicted for such olfence, have disclost'd such acts, on oath, in consequence of any compul- sory process of any court of law or equity, in any aclicm, suit, &c. which shall have been Ixinti fide in- sliliitcd by any party aggrieved, or if he shall have disclosed the same in any e.xamination or deposition bel'ore any commissioners of bankrupt.— J 52. FACTOK.VdE, (til COMMISSION, thr allowance given to factors by the merchants and manudictiirers, (fee, who employ them: it i.s a percentage on the goods they purchasi- or sell on account of thoir priiicipuls; and varies in ilill'erent countrii>s, and as it refers to dilVercnt articles. It i.s customary for factors, as oh.served in the previous article, to insure llie dehts line lo those for whom they sell ft)r an additional, or (hi credere, conioiissioii, generally averaging from H to 2 per cent. Factorage or commission is also frecjucnfly cluirged at a fortaiu rate per cask, or other package, measure, or weight, especially when t!ie factor is only employed to receive or deliver : this commission is usually fixed by special agreement between the merchant and factor. FACTou.\ni2, Hrukgraoe, and Commission Tadlk. Amoimt. L I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 Al 1-8 per Cl. /.. J. ((. 1-4 1-2 03-4 1 1 1-2 13 4 2 2 1-4 2 1-2 3 6 9 At 1-4 per CI. ~L.'V.'d.'~ 12 I 13-4 2 1-4 3 312 4 4 34 S 1-4 6 1 1 6 Al3 8per Cl. L. s. d. 03 4 1 3-4 2 12 3 1-2 4 1-2 S 1-4 6 3-4 7 R 9 I 6 2 3 2 per Cl. At 58perCI. Al 3-4 per Cl. Vol I.— 3 L At 7-8 per Cl. Allp L. t. rf. ~l..'u 2 4 GI-4 8 11 10 1-2 1 1 1-2 1 1 2 1-2 1 I 434 I t 6 3-4 1 1 » 2 3 (i 4 5 3 U it. 2 1-4 4 3-4 7 ■I 1-2 2 4 3-4 7 ni-2 674 FACTORY, FAIRS AND MARKETS. *t.^ :■■ :f *t: ■••-tail Table— tontinued. Amount, i. Al IS per CI. Al 1-4 per CI. Al 3 8 per Ct. At 1-2 per CI. At 5-9 per CI. At 3 4 per CI. At 7-8 per CI. At 1 piT CI. !■■ t. ./. L. 1. d. L. t. rf. A. J. rf. /.. .. d. L. 1. d. L. >. i _ L. I. d. 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 60 1 3 2 6 3 9 5 D 6 3 7 6 8 9 10 60 1 6 3 4 6 6 7 6 9 10 6 12 70 1 9 3 6 5 3 7 8 9 10 6 12 3 14 80 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 90 2 3 4 6 6 9 9 II 3 13 6 13 9 IS 100 2 6 5 7 6 10 12 6 15 17 6 1 200 5 10 f 13 1 1 5 1 to 1 15 2 300 7 6 15 1 2 6 1 10 1 17 U 2 6 2 12 6 3 400 10 1 1 10 2 2 10 3 3 10 4 fiOO 12 6 1 6 1 17 6 2 in 3 2 6 3 15 4 7 6 5 WO 15 1 10 2 3 3 3 13 4 10 6 5 6 70O 17 6 1 15 2 12 6 3 10 4 7 li 5 5 6 2 6 7 (■00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (1 900 1 2 6 2 6 3 7 6 4 10 a 12 6 15 7 17 6 9 1,000 1 6 2 10 3 15 5 6 5 7 10 8 13 10 2,000 2 10 5 7 10 10 12 in 15 17 10 20 3,000 3 15 7 10 II 3 15 IS 15 22 10 26 6 !iO 4,000 6 10 15 20 23 .10 ai 40 6,000 6 5 12 10 IS 15 23 31 5 37 10 43 15 M 10,000 \i 10 25 37 10 60 62 10 75 87 10 100 Amount. At 1 1-2 perCt.! At 2 per CI. At 2 1-2 lerCt. At 3 per Cl. At 4 per CI. At 4 1-2 perCt. A; 5 (jer CI. L- I. li. L. /.. t. d. i. .. d. /.. J . 77 /.. J. d. L. I. d. /.. I. rf. 3 1-2 4 3-4 C 6 7 9 III 3-4 1 2 7 9 1-2 1 1 2 3-4 1 7 1 9 1-2 2 3 10 3-4 1 : 1-4 1 6 1 9 1-2 2 4 2 8 1-4 3 1 4 1 2 1-4 1 7 2 2 4 34 3 2 3 7 4 6 1 6 2 f 1 6 3 4 4 6 5 6 1 9 1-2 2 . 3-1 3 3 7 4 9 5 4.'M 6 7 2 1 2 9 1-2 a 6 4 2 14 5 7 6 312 7 8 2 4 3-4 3 2 1.4 4 4 9 12 6 4 7 2|.4 S 9 2 8 1-4 3 ■ 4 6 5 4 34 7 2 8 1 !) 10 3 4 .n 6 8 9 II) 20 6 8 r II II 12 16 IS 1 30 9 10 !;• IS 1 4 1 7 1 10 40 12 16 1 1 1 4 1 12 1 16 2 !» 1 1 1 c I ,1 1 10 2 2 5 2 10 60 18 4 1 111 1 16 2 8 2 14 3 70 1 1 1 H 1 1' 2 2 2 16 3 3 3 10 U 80 1 4 1 12 2 C 2 8 3 4 3 12 4 90 1 7 1 16 2 .-• 2 14 3 12 4 1 4 ID 100 1 10 2 2 10 3 4 4 10 5 2no 3 4 5 C 6 8 9 10 300 4 10 6 7 10 9 2 13 10 15 400 6 8 10 C 12 6 18 20 600 7 10 10 12 10 13 20 22 10 25 600 9 12 15 C IS 24 27 .10 D 700 10 10 14 17 IC 21 2S 31 10 3) »iO 12 16 20 24 .32 36 40 900 13 10 18 22 K 27 36 40 10 45 1,000 15 20 25 30 40 45 .W 2.000 30 40 50 60 hO 92 100 n 3.000 4-. 6(1 7". 90 120 135 150 4,n00 60 SO ino 120 160 ISO 200 6,000 73 100 22i I'lO 20O 225 2i0 10,000 150 2C0 250 300 400 450 51)0 FACTORY, a place where merchants and factors reside, to negotiate biisincs.s for them- selves and their correspondent's on commission. We have factories in China, Turkry, Por- tugal, Russia, &c. FAIRS AVI) MARKETS. These institutions are very closely allied. A fair, as the term is now generally understood, is only a greater species of market recurring at niorp distant intervals. Both are appropriated to the sale of I or more species of goods, the hiring of servants, or labourers, &c. : but fairs are, in most cases, atteniled by a greater concourse of people, for whose amusement various exhibitions are got up. 1. Origin of Fain: — Institutions of this sort are peculiarly serviccalile in the c.irlier stages of society, and in rude and inland countries. The number of shops, and the com- modities in them, are then either comparatively limited, or they arc but little frriiurnteil by dealers ; so that it is for the advantage of all, that fairs should be established, and im^iclmiiis induced to attend them. For this purpose various privileges have been anne.xed to liiirs, ami numerous facilities allonled to the disposal of property in them. To give them a grcitcr de- gree of solemnity, they were originally, both in the ancient and modern world, associiitcil with religious festivals. In most places, indeed, they arc still held on the same day wiihtho wake or feast of the saint to whom tiie church is dedicated ; and till the practice vva.< priijiibitcii, it was customary, in England, to hold them in churchyards ! — (J^icoh'.s Law Dirt, mt, /•'(;(>.) But since the growth of towns, and the opjiortunities afforded for the dis[)osal nml purrhiisii of all sorts of [iroduce at the weekly or monlhly markets held in them, the utility ol liiir.'S, in this country, at least, has very iiuich diminished; they have, also, lost much of their ancii'iit splendour; and, thoiig'i some of them are still well attended, and of real use, a good numliiT might be advantageously sujipressed. But it is far otherwise in inland countries, where the facilities for carrying on commerrial transactions are comparatively circumscribed. There it is of the utmost importance, that certain convenient places and specified periods shi)uld be a|»pointcd for the bringing toi^etlicr of commodities and dealers. This is not only the readiest and best means of promoting ,TS. FAIRS AND MARKETS. 675 t. d. 9 1 7 2 4 » i 4 4 9 5 7 B 4 7 2 8 18 4 12 ; 8 ! 16 I 4 3 12 4 8 9 16 JO 24 28 32 36 40 M) /.. »• T, iiiislrcs.-i, or oIIilt pcrscin, Inivin',' Iho care or in;iiiai;eiiu'iit nf iuiy'lumi^i', simp, ruDin, rioiHli, stiunliiiL', u nt, r.iraviin uv wiisimi, wlicru any lircacliof thi-< onailnicnl siiull liavi' hern ciirMiMillnl. I'liwrr is iilso 0 6,(:(i2 1.222 7,.'«4 i IS/: Tl.TIS I5,4r,0 !i(),l77 6,3_'2 3,C93 9,1117 1 Kli 7.'),t)S4 20,315 9'>,fl"9 t.,r.s8 4,,321 I0,n09 I>24 77,.H>J C,7»6 S4.2:M 9,n',K 1,4-17 10,:-,(ij IS23 72,S77 I7,6S8 M,26.i ROii 2.254 w.m IS26 67,S08 36,5!I7 94,40,1 4,393 3.S44 (•■,J40 1>27 77,075 14,300 91,375 6,ti38 1,711 t-,349 1I-2S M,374 n,oio n7,3?4 7,707 3,S06 11,513 1S2!) 71,434 14,979 b6.4l3 5,677 3,666 9,347 ISJO 66,S74 11.611 ei,4.'>5 5,.'-94 i,r>f,3 7,457 1^31 57,940 ■i.im 6I,3:>9 6,192 1,321 7,513 1 I?32 5S,053 4,7M 62,ori 7,'2Sl 9,011 10,909 10,'>03 lO.iCB S,240 f-,;149 ll.-iUt 9,M1 7,4ri1 6,C'.7 LTthe fairs of St. Germains, lonne; but they are said to be fapneartobcthecasewiththe f'/ It is said that there xvcre U; the bnsiness done exceeded lowever,omcial, aiidarcniost C greatest fair that has been lim iii. pp. 230— 24r).) D 1 fa.rs, arc those of Frank- '^^oii:-ourseofmerc'.^nts,am , -^ copiouslv supplied with I -,u'.. and jewellery of France; Iuractured,a.id library products Tnerc shawls, &c.-, and there hanncKOliating with those fcpiiyuig themse veswi^ k-re in fact, arc met the rcprc thou-h without intending it, to Cties that bind together the The fairs at Frankfort on the Maine should bei;in, the first on Easter Tuesday, and tho second on liic Moiuky nearest to the 8tli of Septeniber. Their duration is liiiiited to 3 weeks, but they usually licirin I'roni 8 to 15 days before their ieiral eoininenccment. Accounts are kept in rixdolliirs: 1 rixdoliur of account ■= 1 J (lorin, or 4^ copslicks, or ^2^ batzen. The rixdollar -^^ U.v. l-8(/. ; so that the par of exchange is 141 bafznii per I/, stcrliiic;. ' 100 lbs. cominoii Fr-inkfort weight == 103 lbs. avoinlupoisi. Tho foot = 1I'27 English inches. 'J'lic fairs at riaiikfort on the Oder are 3 in number: viz. Jtetninisccrr., in February or Atarch ; Sf. Maru:urit, in .Inly ; and .S7. Martin, in Novemlter. They ought, strictly si)eak- iiiif, to teiniinate in 8 days, but they usually extend to l.'i. The Prussiun governtiu lit gives every facility to those who attend these fairs. Accounts are kept in Prussian money, that is, in rixtlollars of 2.v. 1 \^d. 100 lbs. Prussian = 103 lbs. avoirdupois. The foot =. X'i'i^^ii Ei^lish inches. Tlie fairs of Leipsic are still more celebrated than those of either Franktbrt. They aro lielil thrice a year,— on the 1st of .lanuary, at E.ister, and at Michaelmas. The first is tho least important. .\l)ove 20,000 dealers are said to have been present at the Easter fair in IS32, and above 13,000 at that of Michaelmas. The Ea.ster and Michaelmas I'liis are fa- mous, pai-ticulaily the former, Ibr the \ast iiumher of new pulilicalions usually olfered for sale, 'i'hey are iitleiided by all tin- principal booksellers of (Jennany, and by many from tho adjoiniiitjr countries, who adjust their accounts, learn the state of the trade in all parts of tho world, and endeavour to form new connections. Most (Jerman publishers have a!,'ents in Leipsic; which is to the literature of (Jerinany, what London is to that of (iroat Britain. As many as 4,000 new publications luive been in a siiii-le Leipsic calaloe;ue ! The fairs ought M chwe in 8 days, but they usually continue for about 3 weeks. No days of qrace are allowed. The holder of a bill must demaiul payment on the day it becomes due ; and, if not paid, he must have it protested on that very day, and returned by the llrst opportunity. If he neglect any of these lesjulations, he loses all risrlit of recourse upon the drawer and endorsers. Money of account at Leipsic same as at Frankfort on the Maine. 100 lbs. Leipsic -^ 103 lbs. avoir- dupois. The foot -=■ 11-11 Eiiirlish inches. — (Kelly s Cambist; Manuel Jc Ntlkriibrccher ,• Archives (hi, Commerce, toin. ii. ji. 27., ttc.) Dr. Urijjht j^Mves, in his Travels in Ifuiiij;nry (pp. 201—223.), an interesting account of the fairs held at Debretzin and Pesth. The latter has become the grand centre of Hunifariaa commerce ; most part of which is conducted at its fairs. 11. Italian Fairs. — Of these, the most eelebr,ited is that of Sinigaglia, a small but hand- some town of the Papal dominions, on the Misa, near its confluence with the Adriatic. Tho fair commences on the 14th of July, and should terminate on the last day of that month, but it usually continues 5 or G days longer. The duties on goods brought to the fair a'-e extremely moderate, and every thing is done to promote the convenience of those freijuent- iiig it. All sorts of cotton and woollen goods, lace, iron and steel, hardware, jewellery, brandy and liijueurs, raw and refined sugar, dried fish, cacao, coffee, s[)ices, &c. are brought here by the English, French, Austrians, Americans, Swiss, &c. These arc exchanged for the various raw and manufaetured jiroducts of Italy and the Levant; consisting, among others, of raw, thrown, and wrought silks ; oil, fruits, cheese, alum, soda, sumacli, sulphur, &c. The value of the imports for the fair of 1832 was estimated at about 2,000,000/. Ac- counts are kept in scudi of 20 soldi; the scudo = 4v, 4,7. very nearly. 100 lbs. Sinigaglia = 73^ lbs. avoirdupois. The ell or braccio measures 2.o"33 English inches. — {Manuel de Nel/icn/jycrhfr ; Arc/iires du Comm>rcc, toin. ii. \t. 38.) 12. Russian Fairs. — These are numerous, and many of them well attended. The most important is held at Nishnei-JN'ovogorod. This city is situated at the confluence of the Oka will; the Wolga, in lat. .')0° Hi' N., Ion. 44° 18' E. It is tho great emporium of the internal trade of Kiis.sia; communicating by an inland navigation with the Baltic, the Blai'k f>ra, and llie Caspian. '1 he fair was formerly held at Makarief, 84 versts distant. It generally lasts I'roni () weeks to 2 nuniths, and is well known all over the east of Europe. The b.azaars crei'teil for the accominodation of those who attend this fair, form, according to Dr. Lyall, tile finest establishment of the kind in the world. The sale of iron and iron articles is .said usually to amount to above 10,000.000 roubles; the furs to 36,000,000; the images to l,:il)l),l)00. Captain t'oclirane is of opinion, that " the fair, in point of value, is second fj none in Europe; the business done being e>tiiiiated at nearly 200.000,000 roubles."' The .stationary populaticni of (he pli.'e amounts to from lo.OOO to 10,000: but duriiiv; the fair it is .said to amount to 120,000 or 150,00it; among whom may be seen (,'hinese, Persians, Cir- cassians, Armenians, Tatars, Bucharians, .lews, •' and a specimen of almost every l^nropean nation.'' — (See Moiltrn Triinlkr, art. Jiussi00,006, and even 2,000,000 pilgrims and dealers are congregated together from all parts of India and the countries to the north. In 1819, which happene** nodilics »)rouglit by the i,\ Gcrninn broatk-loth;^, he nitiHt -.'art, bullion. jcd silk, uiiuki'cns, por- 1, using the woril m thi^ ,\\w Russians, amounts. lO()lbs.;tho!?roatcrpun f this, the Russians buy tea, vvhieh, thouKh^ not ncil by the noniailic Tar- ,y the Russian Custom- amounted to 4,655,5:50 trade is iu tl»e hands of a neh;th.(tofthcChmeso ichta to European Russia .g a year; in the latter, it r the most i)art of the year a liussin, p. U3.; private 1819; OffiCMl Statement ,orU1 is that held at Mecca, I to be frequented by many T from the remotest eorners ng it have deelincd of late • miles N. E. from Delhi, is rimage, and the greatest tair „ the (iancps, at the pt)ml rrimagc and fair are heUl to- i to cxagi^eration, who have J00,000 to ;500,(H)0 strangers 'elfth year is reckoned pecu- ,00 OOi), and even 2,000,000 India and the countries to the the auspieious moment lor L the rush was sotrciuemlous under foot, or drowned in the Ll purposes only, consist prin- kfghans, Usbeek Tartars, &c. an dried fruits, shawls, dru^s, Unices, and other tropu-al pro- Lwds, but conduct the bargam Ltandors Rainiiv,' any mtorma- L on eatlle were levied ; but wing, also, to the precautions eserved; much to the surprise ation of the country, the fairs \iun, and the excellent account Lious, arc now totally desert, lasuring the length of cordage, lilt- Ger.Fe(lcrn,B,;fdern; J a considerable article ot com- L goose, and other poultry ; for i'he coarsest part of the ostrich Lemblanecandisusedm 10 lathers for beds, and an mcrior Lnorthof Europe; the duds lorway. The eider duck bveeJ^ It numbers to form a prolitaWo Her fn.e feathers. The down lies of superior feathers. The brd-fcathcrs imported in IS'JS amounted to 3,103 cwt., yielding fi,82f)/. 12s. of duty. The duty on ostrich feathers during the same year produced ilfi'i/. 8.?. !)^/. FIDULEH.on VIOLINS ((Ser. Vinllnm, (Ivii^ni.- Uu. Vlnnlm i Fr. rinlnm;\i. VwU- ni ; Sp. f'lnlinc/i ,■ Rus. S/frip!zii), musical instruments, too well known to need any parti- cular description. Tho finest toned viojin.s are those made in Italy ; they are usually called Crcmonas, from the name of the town where they were formerly manufactured in the high- est perfection : SSO to 00 guineas have not unfrc(iuently been given for a (Jremona violin. FIGS ((Jer. Fe!i!;fn ,- l)ii. Vi/i^m,- Fr. FIgue.f ; It. Fir/ii ,■ Sp. Hi I rxiot for any consiilrrnblc timo out of the wator. Hut in n ninimrrciiil )(oinl of view, those IihIk'h Diily iiri! rrfcrrod to, tiiat urr ciiiifrht l)V iinm, ami uscii cillicr an fooil or lor xoinc other useful imrposp. Of these, herriiif;, flalnion, rod, ijilehanl, niacUarel, turliot, iohster, ovHter, whale, &{•., are anionff the niont iin|iortaiit, — (Met! the dinereiit urticlcH uiiiler tliene litleH.) The KU|ii)!y of li«h in the seas rouiu! Uritain is niont aiiundaiit, or ratiier (|iiile ifiexiiaiisli- bit'. " 'J'iie eouNtH of tSreat Britain," nays !Sir John ISoroiitjliH, "doe yielil nuch a continued ura harvest of Kain and benefit to all thone that with diligenee doc- labour in tiie same, tiiat no time or season of the ycare passeth away without some ajiparent nieanes of ])rolitableem- pioynient, esjiecially to such as apply themselves to lishiiif^ ; wliieh, from the be^finnini; of the year unto llie latter einl, roiitinuelli upon some jiart or other upon our eoastes ; and these in such infniite shoales and inidtitudes of lishcs are olVered to the takers, as may justly move admiialion, not only to strangers, but to those that daily are employed amongst tlieni." "That this harvest," says Mr. Barrow, "ripe for gathering at all seasous of the year — with- out the labour of tillage, without expeuse of seed or manure, without the payment of rent or taxes — is inexhaustibK", tlu! extraorclinary fecundity of the most valuable kinds offish would alone all'onl abundant proof. To enumerate the thousands and oven inillious of eggs, which are impregnated in the herring, tlie cod, the ling, and indeed in almost the whole of the escu- lent fish, would give but an iiiadeipiate idea of the prodigious multitudes in which they llock to our shores; the shoals theinsi'lvcs must be seen, in order to convey lo the niiiul any just notion of their aggregate mass.'' (For an account of the shoals of herrings, see IlKUItl.Xi.) But, notwithstanding these statements, there has been, for these some yeirs |)asf, a grow- ing complaint of a scarcity of such lish as breed in the (Channel ; and it is allirmed, in the report of tlu; Commons' committee of 18:3^, on the Channel fisheries, that the fact of such scarcity existing has been completely established. 'I'he committee ascribe it to various causes, but principally to the destniction of the s|iawii or brood of fish, by fishing with trawl or drag nets with small meshes, near the shore, during the brev^ding season ; a prac- tice prohibited by several statutes, which seem, however, to have (. I. en into disuse, 'i'lic committee rei)resent the (ibhermeii as being generally in a very de;'-i-jscd stale, and that the business is, tor the most [nirt, very unprofitable. We believe thii;. t! is is the fact; but we do not know any period when the same might not have been said vvith quite as much truth as at present. Smith has remarked, that from the age of Theocritus downwards, fishermen have been (iroverbially poor — (^Wealth (if Nations, vol. i. p. 107.) ; and a library might be filled with the acts, reports, })lans, tracts, posiiig t;.ey were to be acted upon, would have any better success. The injury done to the breeding grounds might, perhaps, he obviated ; but besides this, the committeo lay much stn^ss on the encroachments of the French and other foreign fisher- men, and on the licence given to import foreign-caught turbot, mP "<1^p' lurl.01, lol-st'-r. oyntcr, vid.l Huch u c-ontmucd hiLour in tin', w^inu-, thut „„-u.u-Bofl.rot.tal.UM-m- , Iroin the l»-t;'«>""'U "f ui..)U our ooa-*H's ; nml tlu.Uikrrs.i>si<>ayjusllv Jonsoftheyi-ar-vv.th. UlluM»0'"'''". "!"'.", ,..,\.lc Uiiuls of li«h wouUl „ iniHion,* ..f W.'S wl>"'h ost t\u- whole ..ttluM..™- uullitu.W''' in wlmh thoy or to conv.-v to t>»' ">>"^* lie shoaU of herrings, see , gome yors past a crow- a,Hl it in alV.rn.ed, m the ,rii-s, llv.it tlie tact of su.-h iUeo ascribe it to vanouH ,a of Onh, hy hshiii',' with , brc'Mling season ; a i-rac- ,c 1. 1. en into ilisusc 1 he i„„.i.u.cil state, un.l that the ivSlis is the fact; hut wc ,,i vvAh qnilfi ='^ """"'^ ^""^^ •ritus uownvvaras. fishermen r ^ ; and a lihrary nu^ht be nted in this country duniis ,s &c. for the inn.rovemont not one of these well meant carrying some ot them into sec no reason to think that be acted upon, would have obviated; but besides this, ■nch and other foreign hsher- ^c. duty free! We eontess, ,,,u-es can have much lufla- [„> ^vhich the French are ««d lure them a superiority, vv.lh- u>d, of their forei.^n cx,ini)eti. 'U own door so well as one ;„l of skill or industry; and The proposition tor exclud- ttened to for a single moment, c British fishermen, unless t I that if the legislature be to ]r' its object ihelowcruig,and Lm tithes and other buniens I and other countries ough o led in thisway,and,perha», L what more is to he dcme by tlu-rring and whale hsher- tilhuut leading to any uselul lion of fish in England is not Cdeal reduced of late years, , Pin no small degree owing I I'ealure, to regtilate both e lever, declare, that though they have not niinulely examined the subject, it dors not appear Ihftt n ly improper iiopoly or injuriouH regulations rtuhxiHt ciilicr in the mode of „u|)plyiiii{ ihi market, or ii. hcoulo of the ti.sh. JIail imy such exiwted, the recent estalilislimeiit of ll,/' Hungerfor^, 'narkiill woiiKl have tended materiidiy to counteract tlieir inlliience. Mr. Harrow, in a valualile article on the lislieries, in Ihc Supp/riiKiil tn the Kurf/rfuji^tiiia liriliiniiicfi, has estimated ilic value of the rntirr annual prodme of tlic fnri'iijn and donifH- tie fisheries of (ireat Hiitaiii at H.HOO.OOd/. Hut it is adiiiittiil by every one who know« any thing of the subject, that this estimate is very greatly e.\airi;erated. \Ve doubt much, whether the entire value of the fisheries can bo reckoned so high as H,r)00,0O(>/. Rr^iiliiiinii.i iif III Iiiipiirliiiiiin.—Vrri'h tisli. Ilrilish taken, iinil iiii|icirtril in Uriti^li slii|is; nnil t'roHh turlmts iu\il liihsliT!', JKiweviT l;ikrii nr iiM|Hirtril ; iiwiy i»; liiidril in llic I iijtiil Kjimilnjii witlinut re- port, eiilry, iir \v:irr iiit.--(:i & 1 /I ill. 1. c. .'I'J. j 'i.) Krcsli tisli ( it' every lii 11(1, 111" Iir ilisli til kin !.M\iul inijinrti'd in llrllisli slii|is ; iinil iVisli lu!i-iiers 'iinl tiir- liDtH, Imwi'vor t:ik>'rj, or in wliiiti'viT Hliips iniinirtcij ; anil cnriMl tisli nl' evi'r.\ Kind, ut' Uriii-li t:ikini{ :oiil inriiiL'. ini;iiirl>'(l in llritisli Flii|i>i ; h!iiiII Im' ini|i(irle{|//Yi' "/ nil iliiliis, and ^llllll not lie ilri'mrd to lii< iinliiili'il In iiiiy I liiirL'i' id' iliity iiii{iiised liy ioiy ni t lierrut'iir to li>' inndi' uii llie inipcirKititiii of L'odijs (.'I'MiTallv ; pruvidi.'d lluil ln'i'iirc iiny .nn''/ ,/i.«/( siliiill lie rntrrrd fri t' ilnty, iis liiinu iil' Hncli i.iKIn!; and i nrhi^', the inastrr id' tlie ship linpinlinu the s:iine shall nmke nnd sniisrrllii' a dii larution het'.>re till' < III! 'I iiir or riiinplndlir. that sni li llsh wan aclaally cunglit, taken In llriti.-^h ships, and iiired, wlinlly hy his Maji.'sty's snhjerts.— ij II. Kiidi III' I'cirrinii taUini! nr rurinL'. or in tundsn vpbhi'Ih, except tiirbntN and lidisters, (itncklisli, live eels, uiif liovies, »tnr(;eiiM, hiitar[;ii, and caviare, pnihiliiled to he inipurti'd im pain id' turlritiire. — { 58. [The following t.ablo cxhibit.s the nmomit of dried and pickled fish exported from the Initcd States, from 1803 to 18:j7 inclusive. Yean. Drint run. I'iokltvl Kl.h. 1 Vi'.irg. llriitt Fish. I'icklc.l Fish. i8o:t (jH.nid.nao •S'ii'O.ooo 1S21 .?i:r,s.-,'TK «t2i'i|,hl3 ISO I a.Kin.ooo (ilO.dllO ls22 t'lCili.THO 210.108 1H().-, 2,(l.'iS,(ll() :ti-,(ioo 1.S23 731.021 270.777 iwm 2,1. '1(1,(1(10 ;iiiti,(i(io ls2l 87.i,t''S,'; 2(13,010 1NI7 ),8'.1(1,(I00 ,1(12,(100 ISA'S 8;'0,,1.'i(i 218,117 IMH t''2:f,(i()0 08,000 lS2(i (102,7 12 2.'i7,lsO ls(l<> l,l-J.'i,()(IO 282,000 1827 717,171 210,270 lt<10 i»i:i,oiio 211,000 1828 810,020 21(1,737 1811 7.'>T.()00 ,10j,000 182!) 717,.') 11 220,.')27 IS 12 5'.l\J,(ll)0 140,000 1.830 S.'iO.OOO 22.-,,ilS7 181.1 210,000 81,000 18.11 (i2,-|,3iJ2 .101,441 ISU I2s,ni)0 50,000 1832 710,000 .1(in,hl2 lsl5 4iU,0(IO 218,000 1833 713,317 277,073 181fi (1,1.'), 000 221,000 183t (130,38 » 223,200 1817 Loo.i.ooo .125,(MI0 1835 783,h03 221,020 1S18 1,0.11,000 317,000 18.10 740,40.1 221,420 ISli) i,(«a,(ioo 409,000 1837 0s8,500 181,333 1820 060,000 538,000 1 ^m. Ed.} (FLAG. Any of her Majesty's subjects hoisting the Union jack in their vessels, or any pendants, ■((■« ilreijliiiiid (MT>'i ■■ of the three other provinces, the lirst (luality hears till' iiiiliie of riikiner;—-M- Dniiniia riil;il--ir (l>U), 'I'hirsrnlunifen ml;il:rr (Tit), and J.itliiiaiiiii rakilier (1. 11). The rut tlii.v of llii'se thnii,' provinces is the seioiul tiuality : and to the third quality belong the /)jt, Motnr iif fhr It'ilimi p'lrtx wliirh uscil to lit' Hii|)|ilicil l'ri)tii l{ii-ini:i, liii\r licrii I'nlly Hii|i|ilii'(l mi lower trrinx tVniri Altxutulrin, The I'lniriniuin titui.v, or IS'cw /riiliiii(l (lux. Im wiid to rxci'nl cvi i y otlur ('[u'cicH m Htrt'iiKlli lit' I'llirc iiiul vvliilcnrHs ; i|ihilili('>< wliicli (it' il rciilly iih.hhchh tliciii in llic ilt'tjrcn Mati'd) miHl niiiki- it pcculiiirly Wt'll-littcd for liciiK; nnulc into i';niviiiH an.! cordiinf. Il Ikh Ihth oi)l!iincd within tlii-KC ll-w yciiiH iit Hccond hand I'roni Sydury and \ an Dicnan'M Land; the imports from thcni liavini^ mnonnti'd, in IHMI, to ir),7','.'> cwt. Atl('m|)tit aro now ni;d Adttitiuiut liuty, 10 per cent. Cuitoiii'tiouse charzes, 4 per cent, npcfivinit ^fiil vveji(hiti<, 4(1 cnp, pnr lx)bbin Ilrnckiti/, I roi:h. p.T hrrcovitz • niu'tini!, 75 cctp. per ilitio .... Lighterage incl attendance to ( miutadl, 8 roub. per 60 pttodi ...... Mai, Brolieiage, 60 cop. per Ion ... Fixed charges Brotceragp, 1-2 per cent. Cnriiiinniion an't t-xfra charges, 3 per cent. Sfamii, \A liiT cent. ? i n , „. ^ , Bn.iiirace ./„ I.ill,, M per cent. I '^ I'" «"<• aru charges viryitig according to the (iricea paid. Hi(a (lax is bought at bo much per iltippoun'l. 6 1-6 shippound =; 1 toil. Thf rharifes of importation are the Bame, or nearly so, as on Pe* tersbur^h ll.ix. /,. I>m. cap. ■M i 34 3 40 K. 37 78 !>l U 40 - « ,'10 • 4 72 . 8 40 8 60 B. 73 C9 Ch.irgrs ht're, per ton, taking the price at 4V. Insimnrp, I2t. ft/. p(;r cent, an I pulicyt during the sunf iiier, \ T liiiil rinks SCMKI'I liutll Kn ieli', say hh, 6d. per ton \a full Cufiiiiiia .... Lii)'liii[( ch:\r^es n 6 <( h t 2 12 tt I H 1 11 U Disntuiit, 3 3-1 per rrnt. (being loM at months* crclil) I l.) u •046 Brokerage, 1*2 per cent. horn by tare, 2 per cent. /.- 1 11 H - 18 I. tJ 13 H I ton. Umi. tor. OHrnlFlax. 26 t>obliin« bJ piKKis Fixed charees at Fulemluir^'h .inmunt to Thr ntlier fh^iritt** wnie an en 12 heail ; tiic chirifps of im- pfirt II, ay hv ca'Ifd tlir siiiie ni on Ii ln-:i'l rilso, ([>.. .jif fcrrnce beirn; only on thf v.iliie ; vhii-h innkcs iht- in (timiict', (lisffuint, mi lin»keri/n, of Ii-m nrnciiut. T|,e increase (if fixed cliiret^ at I'l tiTHburgh isouin^ to (lie larger number of bobhins in 'he ton. eilf.i.l Fl;ix. 47 hnbhins = (>3 p'loJs ~ I Ion. Ruii.cuj>. Fixed fharife', prr ton ... • 91 i»i Other cliarKt'!!, urie wpra. FI. AX-SEED, on LINSEED (Fr. Lin, Graine de Lin ,- Gcr. Liemarit ,- Du. Lj/n- zaad ; It. Liihscme ,■ Sp. Linaza ; VnrX.. Linhuca ; Vo\. Siiinie, Iiitiiue ,■ Km. .^emja kn- janoe ,- Lat. Lini .semen), the seed of flax. It contains a frroat deal of oil, wliicli it yields by expres-sion ; and is cultivated cither that it may he used in sowing, or sent to the crush- ing mills to ho converted into oil. As the quality of the crop depends much on the seed employed, a good deal of care is requisite in selecting the best. Generally speaking, it should lie chosen of a bright, brown- ish colour, oily to the feel, heavy, and (juite fresh. Dutch seed is in the highe.tt estimation for sowing; it not only ripens sooner than any other that is imported, hut jiroduccs larger crops, and of the quality that best suits our principal manufactures. American seed pro- duces fine flax, but the proceed is not so large as from Dutch seed. British fla\-soeil is .sometimes used instead of Dutch ; but the risk of tlie cro[) misgiving is so much greater, " that those only who are ignorant of the conso(|uences, or who are conipellej from iiecfssity, are chargeahle with this act of ill-judged parsimony." — (Liiiidon's Eiiri/. af Aisriculliirc.) Crushing seed is principally iinjiorttul from liussia, but considerable quantities aro also brought from Italy and Egypt. Of 2,759,103 bushels of lin.-eed imiiorted in lt-:M, 2,^10,702 were brought froin Russia, 172,0i»9 from Prussia, ll)(i,294 from the United States, 105,4'18 from Italy, 9H,847 from Egypt, .'53,738 from the \ctlu;rlands, &c. The duty is 1«. a quarter; and the price, in December, 1S33, varied from 4.'J.v. to Ms. a (juarter. FLOTSAM, .IETS.'\M, A\n LAGAN. In order to constitute a legal wnvk. the goods must come to land, If they continue at sea, the law distinguishes them Iiy the foregoing uncouth and barbarous appellations : Jliilmiin is when goods continue floating on the surface of the waves ; jetsam is when they are sunk under the surface of the water ; and /i/ijuji is •iiiKtVoin AU'Mitiilrm. ■virv "tl>*'> "I"'''""" "> , tl,;-!.. ii> «l»' ^\''«';''" H iv.,,1 cori!'..'.!.'. II r\M V lUl.l Villi 1)H-"»''IH :,'■, (wt. All'ii>l>l'* '"" I. Tlx ^<' l'iiiiiii"ii»f"''< «!. A li.k.'l is iilliu'lu'd .,,,'r mul "vv.i.T, tlu- m.rt '(•oarwr i">rli"i» "'' '^>« 4 usuiil to I'lui'loy a«.'i.lH 1H31, 02^ "•'^•^ cwt.v.oro 7-i'i) cwt. from rniwsin; pii'o... 'I'l"- ''"*y ^^"^ '"• ,niiu- roTiHUir.li'i""' f \irpl in '::.,t M.n» of llnx ir.im I'^U-rs- ,er ion, li.kinO'"'!"-"'' ■"*■''•/.. ,. d. „.„vl,.ulKy,a>'riusnH-.u,n- ^ ^ ,^ FLOUR. 083 nn ill '"" ; ■•,„g.oUatOmontli';cn'lit) 1^ U » 5 1) 2 12 B I t 1 II U (Ijcii I tare, 2 per «">■ /„ 5 ir. » . 18 ;,. a 13 » V;;atl^'"A..rsl.i.''^v,u«lollic ll.iiu i<> 111' '""' Gcr hknmiit 1 I'"- J-,'/"' L-c, /"'V/»f .• Kii-'. ^^'lya/f/'- atcloalof oil,xvhi<-hilyu'lJ9 jsowing,orB.nttothccrusU- Lvrd a Kond doul "f <-«re '» I be chnscMi of a l.right. brown- Vl in in t\io l>i«lH-st ostiiiyation inuiortiHl, l.ut i.nHluoc. urgct «<-turi>s. Amrri '""'•'» '^^"'''!"' I.,,v<-onipelkdfroin..ocr^..ty. t.ra.U.^n.ltU.■.^-^2 C &c. The duty is 1«. a k;;;^c-..u.tho,ooas Ir.Uinuc lloatins on ibc .u Uc^^ Le of llic water raiiit /..-:,'«"« when thoy arn niink, but tioii;ri lii|uorM, broiii^ht or roniin " into (triMt lti'i(;iiii or Ircliiiul, ns ilorclir't, flot*ain, ft.v., iiri< I'o |iuy tli» Hanio ilulifit and rcc> .m^ thu Hainu ilrawbarkx bh iiitiiilar lii|iiorH regularly miporti'd. FliOlR ((icr. Frinr^ tiir.fil, Sr/nmelmrlil ,- I)u. lilorin ,• I'lntr ilf fiiriur ; h, Fiore ,• S[). t'/iii ), tbi) iiioiil of vvliciit CDrn, tirii'ly urouml mid Hillrd. 'I'licrc iirc ihri-o qiiiiliiii's of flour, dpi»oiniiinti'(l _/(>>/, itccoiiJii, uitJ IhirJn, of wliich the fir«t ih tho parent. — (ISoo Cou5r LaWH \ ♦!! (JolIX 'rilAIIK.) [For the firnt lidib^ wliich followN, witb tlie nccorupiinyinR rriniirku, we nre iiideliti'd to Mr. Hiizurd's vtibiabb' jouriiiil, entitled " Vnifid Slates Coiumirciiil auil Sfdlislirtil liiuv... 1 Jitiiiitity nf (lour flll|'|iL>il I'l Kll<- Expfirtitit lliHir froiii 1 1 1700 riportrj. Vl hi'.it in Eucti. iXlKMtf.t. lar nl I'lu- l.lilfl)'tllA. nnf pri'M III l'hilalcl|>lii;i. Uin). Harrtlft, \ 1 lanvli. Ilarrcls. l,121.l.',8 .V3. a 2.11,107 721,023 .*5 50 1791 i,()iH,:i:io 17. 2 .321, .178 OIO,IM 5 22 3,234,735 . niia N53.7tHl 41. 9 430,07 1 821,161 5 25 4„TiM.i;iO . nos l,i5i).:i:5 47.10 422,075 1,071,039 5 IK) 6,310.370 . 10.900 niM fiOH,71l7 .10. H 300,711 810,010 90 ,1.837.109 - 13.700 1705 111,273 72,11 227,171 0(S7,3tV.l 10 60 7,2f.0,lll . 18,000 I7(m 31.22(1 70. 3 100,0.11 72,1,191 12 50 9,001,915 . 4,300 17«7 ij.c.'jri .'.2. 2 138,002 511.0.33 8 91 4,504,2IMI - 14,000 I70H In.oii 50. 4 100,175 567.118 8 20 1,(..13.975 . 9,500 171)0 lO.O.'ill (iti.ll - 5l9,2li5 9 66 6,610,090 . ,14,400 Irir'i 2(i,hJ3 no. 3 .325,818 053,0.-.2 9 80 0,139,092 172,8)5 20,000 ICOl 23!),!I2'J 11.1.11 3 12,005 1,102,144 10 40 11,10,1,417 479,720 38,000 |H(12 2.sn,2Nl f.7. 9 420.012 1,1.10,218 6 on 7,97M11 208,7 14 28,200 1S03 fi.S(l,115 57. 1 325.915 l,311,h.13 6 73 8,82.8,771 203,127 15,432 IKOt 127.024 (iO. 5 39l,iMll 810,008 8 23 0,000,305 7,140 14,067 1H05 1N,041 87. 1 419,372 777,513 9 70 7,541.876 .30.7.12 l>.,19fl IHlrt Nn,7H4 7(i. 9 471,. 121 782,724 7 30 5,713,h85 127,019 10,997 1H07 77l').814 73. 1 709,559 l,210,h|9 7 17 8,901,202 323,908 20,142 ISOS 87,330 78.11 400,411 263,813 S 69 1,501,005 2.922 42,402 boo 3il3,KM> 01. 5 591,975 810,247 91 5,817,100 1.19,711 19,476 IhlO 32:),024 103. 3 527,267 798,431 9 37 7,181,298 92.130 12,119 11*11 216,H33 92. .1 707,501 1,445,012 9 95 14,377,809 .3>.|C3 10,340 1S12 53,H32 122. H 1,215,097 1.443.102 9 83 1I,189,.126 28,429 37,025 1*13 as.S,530 101). 1) 1,220,832 1,200,012 8 92 11,217,602 . 5i7 IM4 . 72. 1 708..MH 193,274 8 60 1,602,150 - 1,217 HIS 17.034 03. 8 1,116,011 802,739 H 71 7.511,4.10 104,885 1,920 ISIH 02,321 70. 2 1,121,101 729,053 9 78 7.130,138 5,572 1,135 1M7 Wi.l07 91. 1.3.30.702 1,479,198 11 69 17.291.824 700,001 .3s,017 1(^1^ 100,S08 83. H 1,20 ■.,105 1,157,097 9 96 11,5.(0,002 389.530 30.543 lt|9 h2.or.5 72. 3 1,107.791 750,000 7 11 5,3.37,112 51.817 12,085 Is20 22,137 6.1.10 1,877,109 1,177,030 4 72 5,155,009 171.772 45,369 1IJ21 2.'.,H21 51. .1 1,707,3.10 1,0.16,119 4 78 5,018,248 94,.141 22.635 1S22 4,418 43. 3 1,590.970 827,865 6 58 5,417,351 12.096 47,247 1S23 4,272 .11. 9 1.. 1.17 ,72 1 710,702 82 5,100,708 4.212 46,210 h2l : 20,373 f.2. 1.711.100 91.16.702 5 62 5,601,971 70.873 41,901 ^•r> ' 17,000 m. 6 1,S82,011 813.906 5 10 4,150,920 27.272 40,003 1S2() 4.'-),l(i« 56.11 2.031, ,1.15 857.h20 4 65 3,9^8,803 18,.3,15 33,040 1S27 22.182 50. 9 2.0»8,459 H0!',490 9 23 4,542.2.14 53,129 54.023 1S2S 8,006 00. .1 2,200,078 800.809 5 60 4,820.1.30 23,2.18 35,720 1K20 4.007 00. 3 2.220,219 8.37,385 fi 33 5.300,6 17 221,170 11,783 ISliO 4.1,2.80 , 04. 3 2.S51.S70 1,227,431 4 83 6,02^,5(M) .320,182 71,749 is:!i 40^,010 00. 4 3.05S.393 l,s00,529 5 67 10.213,010 870.430 |H32 8-i,;iot 1 .18. 8 2.015.010 801,919 S 72 4,917,337 95.918 31,419 if<;!a .32, 121 i 52.11 1 2.815.006 955,708 5 63 5,.380.974 22.207 51,4.35 1H31 30,018 1 46. 5 ; 2.911.811 835,3.12 5 17 4,318,770 19.0^7 26,812 i>:ts 47,7fi2 ' 39. 4 2,8.10,418 779,396 5 88 4,182,8 18 5,376 16,976 is;ttj 2,0t;2 4'^. 2,512.416 501. 100 7 99 4,0.1H,1 16 161 1837 17,303 1 5.1.11 2.005.793 318.719 9 .37 2,9^0,397 183S 6,291 i 63. 4 2,.140,079 448,161 7 79 3,491,174 8,295 " The preceding table exhibits a general view of the flour and wheat trade of the United States, for forty-nine years. The first column shows the exports of wheat, which in 1790 amounted to 1,1'24,458 bushels, and in 18H8 to only 6,291 bushels. The following state- ment shows the same divided into periods often years, and their annual average. Ilu.hpli. BiislirN per un. 1790 to 1799 5,319,190 - - - .13.1,919 1800 to 1809 2,72,1.360 - - - 272,330 1810 to 1819 - - - - . _ . 1.310.359 - - - 134.035 1820 to 1829 175,272 - - - 17,527 1830 10 lb38 085,290 ... 70,143 Total bushels, 10,283,471 Being a yearly average of 209,666 bushels. ^ ■**» •^^ SI"'** ■f J .'a^ ,1 1 '!- 684 FLOUR. The second column exhibits tho aiinuiil average price of wheat in Enpluiiil as published in the Iioiiilon Ciazeltp, ami the Ibllovving stuteincut shown the average of each period often years from 1770 to 1838. 8. d. ITTOtolTT'J '•5.0 i:n() to i7h(» ir). a IT'.HI to 17m> r..').!! IMKMo IM)'.) t>2. 2 1M(» to I.SKI - Ki, 8 1S2() to lv2it --SH. 5 1»3() 1(1 IftHS 55. 1 Making the annual average price Cl.v. (id. In the third column is the inspection of flour in the different places in the United States, ns far as it can be ol)taincd. From 1790 to 1793 inclusive is for Philadelphia only ; this was obtained from the books of the i»;-;>cctor for tiiat period. Fron, 1800 tlie amount of inspection is taken from the tables originally formed, with great labour, by a gentleman long engaged in the Hour business, and published first in the Phila- delphia Price Current, and continued to the later ilutes in the Commercial List. It is to he regretted that complete returns from the whole United States could not be obtained, and in sonic instances these are estimates — so that they can only enable us to form some idea of the amount. From 1800 to 1811, we have no account of the inspections in Philadelphia or Kew York. From 1800 to 1803, we have only those in Baltimore, to which, from 1803 to 181 1, the inspections in Alexandria are added. 1813 shows the inspections in Philadelphia, Baltimore and Alexandria. From 1813 to 1818 inclusive, we have the inspections of Phil- adelphia, New York, Baltimore and Alexandria. In the next year (1819), arc added Rich- mond and Petersburg — and to these, in the next two years, Fredericksburg. From 1822 to 1829 inclusive, are embraced the inspections at New Orleans, to which in 1830 to 1836 inclusive, Falmouth is added. In 1837, Falmouth is deficient, as are Fredericksburg and Falmouth in 1 838. The exports of flour from the United States in each of the forty-nine years, are shown in the next colunm — which we have divided into periods of ten years, as follows : Barrcli. Ter ami. 1790 to 1799 7,104,4:!6 - - - 710,443 1800 to 1809 - - 8,9,'iH,721 - - -895,372 1810 to 1819 10,120,498 - - 1,012,019 1820 to 1829 - - 9,052,930 - - - 905,293 1830 to 1838 7,741,078 - . - 800,18(5 42,973,263 Annual average of the whole period 877,000 barrels. The average prices of flour are given each year for Philadelphia, in the next column, as published a few years jince in the Price Current. The following shows the averages of periods of ten years. PhilaiUl|plii,l. 1790 to 1799 .--.--..$7 87 1800 to 1809 -- 7^9 1810 to 1819 9 39 1820 to 1829 5 54 1830 to 1838 6 45 In the next column is shown the amount of the Exports of flour each year calculated at the average Philadelphia prices. Then follow the quantities of flour exported to England from 1800 to 1838, being in the former 172,815 barrels, and the latter 8295. The largest quantity ever sent there appears to have been in 1831, viz., 879,430 barrels. In 1837, none was sent there. In the last four years large importations of wheat and flour took place. Wheal. Flour. Pushrls. Dnlliint. Cwt. Ilnllars. 1834 ... 238,769 ... 198,647 - - - 39,397 - . . (19,976 18.36 ... 583,898 ... 493,1,59 - . - 21,269 - - - 62.341 18.37 - - 3,921,259 - - 4,154 .329 - - - 30.709 - - - 122,(i51 1638' ... 894,536 ... 896,560 - . - 12,731 - - - 44,273 In the last column are given the exportations of flour from Canada, as published in the Montreal Gazette, from 1793 to 1830, the remaining years are from other British documents. During the period embraced in the preceding tables, there has been a succession of important political and commercial changes, calculated to affect the prices of tiio.=e most essential articles of subsistence. We notice a few of them derived from the tables heietolbrc published, and other sources. 1790, '91. '92. Pence ; and fiivotiralile seasons in England. 1793. War with rrnncn roniinenccd 1st February, 1793 ; favourubli; scukoh. 1794 to 1801. Wnr with France. , 1794 to 179i. Delicieiit crops FLOUR. 685 I Enc;laiKl ns published Tc of each period of ten .1. (1. IS. 45. 9 M.ll 82. 3 SH. 5 55. 1 CCS in the United States, obtained from the iiooks niially formed, with groat ',lished first in the Phila- .mercial List. It is to be I not l)e obtained, and m as to form some idea of ,cctions in Philadelphia or c, to which, from 1803 to ,spcctionsinPhiladel,.hia ve, the inspections of 1 hiL ar (1819^, arc added Uich- ^dcricksburg. From 18-22 towhichinl8;?0tol83(. as are Fredericksburg and • ♦ ty-nine years, arc shown in rs, as follows : rer am). . 895,372 1,01'2,019 . 905,2(13 I . 800,186 ,hia, in the next column, as ving shows the averages of Fllila(Ul|ilu.>. - §7 W . 7 ^9 . y 30 . 5 54 . 6 45 flour each year calculated at ,,1800 to 1838, being in the intity ever scut there appears s sent there. lok place. IS Flour. Jv.\. 39.397 21 ,209 .09 2,731 lliilbrs. 09.970 02.341 122,051 44,273 Canada, as published in the from other British documents, ■re has been a succession ol iffect the prices of those most fvcd from the tables hevetolorc ITWu Wheat waa 7/. pnr qoiirtor. 1797. Sus|)cnsii)n (if s|>ccie |iii\ ineiilg by Bank nf rnijIaiKl. 1798. Soasniis less iiiifaviiiirarilt'. 1799 anil lf*00. Hail seasons, crup slinri oiic> I'Diirtli in 1790. and a scarcity of bread corn in 1800. ISOI. Oond cro|), fullciwcil liy pearo in 1M)2. If'fl2 and 1H03. (J.mkI siiasons, avrraL'i' cnips ; war roroiniMiMicnil May IS03. 18(11 and IHO'i. Scarcilv in Spain ; di'liticnt iriip in i;n(!lanil in lh04; avi'rago crops in 1S05, '6, and •7; IH03to 1H15; second war willi franco. ISOS. Partially deficient crops ; act of I'arliamenl restrictins nentral trade. 1H08, 1809. Einliarmi in II. S. .Inne 0; peaci; willi .Spain ; liieat ileficieiicy in Kngiand. 1810. Good crops in England ; 1811 deficit'iicy. 1812 ami 1813. War between Aincriua and Kngiand; favourable crops in England, but currency depreciated. 1814. War between England and America ; nearly an averane crop, but creat import, and decreas* of charges of prndnclion, coiisecinent on peace ; hanks in the I'niteil Stales suspend specie payments. 1815. Honaparte surrendered himself to the lliiglish, .luly 15; peace between America aiid Eng- land ; full average crops in Ensrlainl. 1810. Hank of England partially resumes specie payments ; peace ; great and general deficiency of crops. 1817, 1818. Not exceeding an average crop; the ports open from November 1818 to February 1819, teaviiigon hand 1,000,000 quarter* of wheat; 1817 lianks in the United States resumed specie pay- ments. 1819. Somewhat below an average crop. 1820. Hank of England resunnid issuing gold. Exceeding an average crop, 1821. '22. Average crops ; isa.i, scarcity. 1624. An average, and nearly an average in 1825. 1826 and 1827. Average crop. 1828. Scarcity; 1829, averairo crop. 1830. Full average crop, and 1831 nearly an averaie. 1832, '33 and '34, Above an average crop, and 183.') considerably above. 1836. Above, and 1837 billow an average ; in 1835 a revolution in Spain. December IC, 18.15, great fire in New York ; war between Mi'xico and Texas, revolution at Lisbon. 1830, 18,37. Crops in the United States short— importations of foreiin Hour, wheat, and potatoes. 1837. Ureal commercial embarrassments in the United States; suspension of specie payments by the banks of New York, May 10; by others soon after; e.xlra meeting of Congress; troubles in Canada. 1838. Specie payments resumed in the United States. The following statement will show some facts respecting the early exports and prices of flour and wheat in Pennsylvania. F.zporls of Flour. t7'2!) 35,438 baiTds r at III. bd. per cwt. equal to D.2 57 17M t7M 38,570 ilo. 10 6 do. do. 2 4.> 1730 1731 B(j,639 do. S do. do. 1 aa 1731 1749 C7,092 ilo. 16 6 do. do. 3 SI 1749 17.iO »i,09i do. 12 6 do. do. 2 92 17:-)0 17il I0S,695 dn. 12 do. do 2 SO 17,il I77t 25-2,744 do. 1771 \ni 2.<4,872 do. av enge 2 74 1772 1773 205,967 do. 1773 F.zports of nil cat. 71.500 buslicU at Sn. lid. or 47 cents. 37,(i43 do. 3 4 •14 do. 53,3J6 do. 2 6 33 do. 4'i,775 do. S 3 70 do. S6,745 do. 4 W do. 7e,s-n do. 8 10 51 do. )li; season. Upon comparing the preceding statement with the tables, it appears, that for the last eight years, the exports of wheat from the whole United States, were not as great as they wer« from Pennsylvania alone 100 years ago ; nor with only two exceptions, will they exceed, in the last 25 years, the exports from Pennsylvania 60 years ago. And the exjiorts of (lour for the last 3 years from the United States, are not double the amount of exports of that article from Pennsylvania 60 years ago ; while the average prices of both articles have increased probably three or four fold. Upon comparing the exports of flour in the table, we find the exports for the last few years less than they were 50 years ago ; and that for several years, with a few exceptions, there has been a gradual diminution in the tjuantity of e.vporla of this article. On the other hand, viewing the inspections from the same districts of the United States, we find that they average nearly alike for the last 10 years, rather diminishing, however, than increasing in quantity. * * * * It appears to us important that more attention should be paid by the slates, if not by the general government, to the inspections of flour, as a means of ascertainiii'j; more nearly than can now he done, the actual consumption of the country. It is true, that from the inspections we can form no very correct idea of the consumption, as vast quantities of the flour eoiisumed, even in the cities, are not inspected, as is also nearly all that is consumed in the interior of the country. But, as a census is to be taken next year, may not some provision be made for ascertaining the number of mills and their operations during the present year ] also of the quantity of wheat grown 1 The comparative price of flour has, by some political economists, been considered a good test of the value of money at different periods ; if it be so, the preceding data enahle us to furnish the following comparison. We have shown that prices in Pennsylvania, at difllerent periods, from 1729 to 1751, averaged $2 74 per barrel, at which rate $1 would purchase 71 53-100 pounds; and the average from 1790 to the present time, is $7 43, at which rate Si would purchase only 26 41-100 pounds, the former being 1 40-100 cent per pound, and the latter 3 78-100 cents ptir pound ; showing money to be less available now for the purchase of this most important article of subsistence in the proportion of nearly three to one. But on referring to the table, it will appear that the highest prices and greatest exports arose from demands for Europe." Vol. I.— 3 M 1 1 it' 686 FLOUR. I i I as 1^ o ■> » ^— ' (^ ^ ff '^^ ^— '^ T e*? o cQ o o o c "T c; w -- •— ■ ^ I- M w ~ CI c If: I- — ■ I - c>i — I o -^ c* 5*: o o e^ '-o I— c; s^ x j^ -^ o « M I' m (o w X o o o o o o ("^ cr> ^ »; I-- c: 'Ti I - cr. I - u-. 3i 1^ — o CJ o ic o /. — • — *- ^ ti '-i (Tj ^^ O^ O^ »C^ -^^ 0_ X;^ O Ci C^ P3^ C;^ « C-^ M , --^ ^; '-T, ^^ 'C oTtD tooD'og -T^i-^o i-^c~o tyTcr'/To ® " *■; £t L: »:::59r::'}SiG?^:::r'ri 5 'N -C (r» ?> C» O t -. 5 'JO in CO X; o 5 Oj^CC •3' »o — (N t- 3 ^^"^^^^'-o I-;";,*";— "^^i I- I ji FOOT— FREIGHT. 687 - V • «-; — — (7» ^ •'^ f ' "^ l" " -n ^ I— Ti Li *■■ I I no 1 p| i 8 S ?^ >" '^ -^ "" '^ "■ ITo o o o '■J 2 r^ fi '^"i 5 ri FOOT, a measure of length, consisting of 12 inches. — (See WKifjiiTs A^n Mkasi'iiks,) FORESTALLING, the buying or contracting for any cattle, provision, or merchandise, on its way to the market, or dissuading persons from buying their goods there, or persuading Ihem to raise the price, or spreading any false rumour with intent to enhance the value of any article. Several statutes had from time to time been passed, prohil)iting forestalling under severe penalties. But as more enlarged views upon such subjects began to prevail, the impolicy of these statutes became obvious. They were conse(iucntly repealed in 1772. But forestalling is still punishable at common law by fme and imprisonment. It is doubtful, however, whether any jury would now convict an individual accused of such practices. — ( Wealth of Nufions, vol. ii. p. 409.) FRANKINCENSE. See Rosix. FREIGHT, the sum paid by the merchant or other person hiring a ship, or part of a ship, for the use of such ship or part, during a specified voyage or for a specified time. The freight is most commonly fixed by the charterparty — (see CiiAiiTKui'AnTY) — or bill of lading — (see Bill of Lauino) : but in the absence of any formal stipulations on the subject, it would be due according to the custom or usage of trade. In the case of a charterparty, if the stipulated payment be a gross sum for an entire ship, or an enfire part of a ship, for the whole voyage, the gross sum will be payable a'though the merchant has not fully laden the ship. And if a certain sum be stipulated for every ton, or other portion of the ship's capacity, for the whole voyage, the payment must be according to the number of tons, &c. which the ship is proved capable of containing, without regard to the quantity actually put on board by the merchant. On the other hand, if the iiiorchant have stipulated to pay a certain sum per cask or bale of goods, the payment must be, in the first place, according to the number of casks and bales shipped and delivered ; and if ho have further covenanted to furnish a complete lading, or a specific number of casks or bales, and failed to do so, ho must make good the loss which the owners have sustained by his failure. If an entire ship be hired, and the burden thereof be expressed in tlic charterparty, and the merchant bind himself to pay a certain sum for every ton, &c. i.f goods which he shall laile on board, but does not bind himself to furnish a complete lading, the owners can only demand payment for the quantity of goods actually shipped. But if the merchant agree to load a full and complete cargo, tliough the ship be described as of less burden than shi' really is, the merchant must load a full cargo, according to the real burden of the ship, and he will be liable for freight according to what ought to be loaded. The delivery of goods at the place of destination is in general necessary to entitle the owner to freight ; but with respect to living animals, whether men or cattle, which may frequently die during the voyage, without any fault or neglect of the persons belonging to the ship, it is ruled, that if there bo no express a'^recmcnt whether the freight is to be paid for the lading, or for the transporting them, freight shall bo paid as well for the dead as for the living: if the agreeni'' ,t be to pay freight for the ladinir, then death certainly cannot tlcprivc the owners of the freight ; but if the agreement be to pay freight for tranxportlns; them, then no freight is due for those that die on the voyage because as to them the contract is not performed. These distinctions have been made in the civil law, and have been adopted into the modern systems of maritime law. Freight is most frequently contracted to be paid either by the whole voyage, or by the month, or other time. In the former case the owners take upon themselves the chance of the voyage being long or short: but in the latter the risk of the duration falls upon tho merohaiit; and if no time be fixed for the commencement of the computation, it will biggin from tlie day on which the ship breaks ground and commences her voyage, and will con- tinue during the whole course of the voyage, and during all unavoidable delays not occiisloited by the act or neglect of the owners or master, or by such circumstances as occa- sion a suspension of the contract for a particular period. Tlius, the freight will be payable for the time consumed in necessary repairs during a voyage, provided it do not ajipcar that the ship was insufficient at the outset, or that there was any improper delny in repairing her. In ihe absence of an express contract to the contrary, the entire freight is not earned until t!in whole cargo be ready for delivery, or has been delivered to tho consignee, according to the contract for its conveyance. If a consignee receive goods in pursuance of the usual bill of lading, by which it is Mprrsscd that he is to pay the freight, he by such receipt makes himself delitor for the iVfight and may be sued for it. But a person who is only an agent for the consignor, and who is known to the master to he acting in that character, docs nut make himself personally answerable for the freight by receiving the goods, although he also eniors them in his own name at the Custom-house. In some cases freight is to be paid, or rather nn equivalent reconi|)rnce made to the owners, although the goods have not been deliviTcd at the ])Iaco of destinution, and tl'ough the contract for conveyance be not strictly peifarnuHl. Thus, if part of the cargo be thrown overboard for the necessary preservation of the ship and the remainder of the goods, and tho 688 FREIGHT. ft a ■J- f ■ + > t »■■ >v A'- ship afterwards reuch tlio place of dostiiiiitioii, tin- value of this part is to be answered to the niorchaiit by way of general averau;i', and the valiii' of the freight thereof allowed to the owner. So, if the master be couii)elled by nccvsisity to sell a part of the cargo for victuals or repairs, the owners must pay to the merchant the price which the goods would have fetched at the place of destinuliun ,• and, therefore, arc allowed to rharge the merchant with the money that would have been due if they had been conveyed thither. When goods are deteriorated during the voyage, the merchant is entitled to a compen- sation, provided the deterioration has proceeded from the fault or neglect of the master or mariners ; and of course he is not answerable for the freiglit, unless he accept the goods, except by way of deduction from the amount of the comiHjnsation. On the other hand, it^ the deterioration has proceeded from a principle of decay naturally inherent in the commodity itself, whether active in every situation, or in the confinement and closeness of a ship, or from the perils of the sea, or tlie act of God, the merchant must bear the loss and pay the freight ; for the master and owners arc in no fault, nor does their contract contain any nsurance or warranty against such an event. In our West India trade, the freight of sugar a!id midasses is usually regulated by the weight of the casks at the port of delivery here, which, in fact, is in every instance less than the weight at the time of the shipment; and, therefore, the loss of freight occasioned by the leakage necessarily falls upon the owners of the ship by the nature of the contract. DilftTont opinions have been entertained by Valin, Pothicr, and other great authorities aa to maritime law, with respect to the expediency of allowing the merchant to a!)andon his goods for freight in the event of their being damaged. This cpu'stion has not been judicially decided in this country. " The only point," says Lord Tcndcrden, " intended to be proposed i'v me as doubtful, is the right to abandon for freight alone at the port of destination : and in point of practice, I have l)cen informed that this right is never claimed in this country." — {L(uc iif Shipping, part iii. c. 7.) Freight being the return made for the conveyance of goods or passengers to a particular destination, no claim arises for its payment in the event of a total loss ; and it is laid down by Lord Mansfield, that " in case of a total K .-s with salvage, the merchant may either take the part saved, or abandon." — (j4iiy//, part iii. c. 7.) But after the merchant has made his election, he must abide by it. It often happens that a ship is hired by a charterparty to sail from one port to another, and thence back to the first — as, for example, from London to Leghorn, and from Jjeghorn back to London — at a certain sum to be paid for every month or other period of the duration of the employment. Upon such a contract, if the ivhok he one entire vvi/ugc, and the ship sail in safety to IiCghorn, and there deliver the goods of the merchant, and take others on board to be brought to London, but hap|)en to be lost in her return thither, nothing is due for freight, although the merchant has had the benefit of the voyage to Leghorn: but, if the outward and homeward mj/agcs he di.fttnct, freight will be due for the proportion of the time employed in the outward voyage. " If," said Lord Mansfield, in a case of this sort, " there be one entire voyage out and in, and the ship be cast away on the homeward voyage, no freight is due ; no wages arc due, because the whole profit is lost ; and by express agree- ment the parties may make the outward and homeward voyages one. Nothing is more common than two voyages : ivhererer there are two voyages, and one is perfinned, antl the ship is lost on the homeward voyage, freight is due for the first." — {K. B. Trin. Term, 16 Geo. 3.) It freijuently happens that the master or owner fails to complete his contract, either by not delivering the whole goods to the consignee or owner, or by delivering them at a place short of their original destination ; in these cases, if the owner or consignee of the goods rfmre any Ijcnr/tf from their conveyance, he is liable to the payment of freight according to the proportion of the voyage performed, or pro rata ilincris peracti ; and though contracts of this nature be frequently entire and indivisible, and the master or owner of the ship cannot, from their nature, sue thereon, and recover a rateable fi eight, ox prorata itineris ; yet he may do so upon a fresh implied contract, for as much as he deserves to have, unless there be an express clause in the original charterparty or cintract to the contrary. A fresh implied contract is inferred from the owner's or consignee's acceptance of the goods. Many di/n. culties have, indeed, arisen in deciding as to what shall amount to an acceptance : it is not, however, necessary actually to receive the goods ; acceptance may ho. made by the express or im{)lied directions, and with the consent, of the owner or consignee of the goods, but not otherwise. It sometimes happens that the owner of the ship, who is originally entitled to the freight, sells or otherwise disposes of his interest in the ship ; where a chartered ship is sold before the voyage, the vendee, and not the vendor, or party to whom he afterwards assigns tlie chartirpany, is entitled to the freight. 13ut where a ship has been sold during the voyage, the owner, with whom a covenant to pay freight has been made, is entitled to the freight, and not the vendee. A mortgagee who does not take possession, is not entitled to the freight. FRUIT— FUNDS. 689 Is to he finswcre'l to the thereof aUowcd to the \io carRo for victuals or 'oas WOUUI have fetched the merchant wub the is entitled to a compen- e.Tlect of the master or S3 lie acce\it the rooGs, On the other hand, if ihercntinthecommoJity 111 closeness of a ship, or bear the loss and pay the leir contract contam any rade, the freight of sugar [he port of delivery here, ac of the shipment; and, falls upon the owners of 1 other great authorities as e merchant to al)andon his tion has not hecii judicially , «' intended to he proposed port of destination: and in aimed in this country. - r passengers to a particular alloss; and it is laid down .' merchant may either take er the merchant has made ill from one port to another, Leghorn, and from l.v^\mn r other period of the duraunn e mtlrc voijage, and the ship Merchant, and take others on rturn thither, nothmg is due voyage to Leghorn: but, ij be due for the proportion o« insfield, inacaseofthissort, av on the homeward voyage, dost; and hy express agrcc- .asesone. Nothing is more l„done/.sper/-r",er/,aiullhe ' " __ (K. B. Tnn. lerm, 16 Icte his contract, either by not llivering them at a place short ponsignec of the goods dcme U of freight according to the \ti ■ and though contracts ot I or owner of the ship cannot, I or pro r«/r)i//«e'-'s.-y«^t he fcerves to have, unless there be Ic contrary. A f^-^:'; '"^l'.',^f L of the goods. Many m- lu to an acceptance : it is not, 1 may l« made hy the express lonsigncc of the goods, but not Linally cnlillod to the freight, Ta chartered ship is sold before L he afterwards assigns Uie f been sold d-'!'; 'II' -■ I V ■ 1 'n assignees 4/. 10s. a year in all time to come, or, otherwise, to cxtiroiuish the ilebt by a pay- ment of 150/. In consequence of the j)rcvalciit'e of this practice, ic principal of the debt now existing amounts to nearly two Jiflhs more than the sum actually advanced by the lenders. Some advantages arc, however, derivable, or supposed to l)c derivable, from this system. It renders the management of the dcl)t, and its transfer, more simple and lommodious than it would have been, had it consisted of a great number of funds bearing tlilForent rates of interest: and it is contended, that the greater field for speculation aflbrded to the dealers in stocks bearing a low rate of interest, has enabled government to borrow, by funding addi- tional capitals, for a considerably less payment on account of interest than would have been necessary had no such increase of capital been made. Were tliiH a jiropor placo for cnicrini: upon fiirli disciissinns, it would bo easy to slinw that thn ad- vanliigcs now referred to are really of very IriHiiifr iniporlniice ; and tliatllie inetliodof fnndinj; by an increase nf eapilal lins lieeii a iiiosi iiiiprovidi'tit one, and iiiiisl injurious to the piildic Interests. Hut it would lieipiile foreign from Die olijeilsiif tills work to enter into any exaniliiatlouof biicIi (|ue»tlons: our rcadi.TS will, however, find them fully investigated in an artlrle in the IKtd No. of the Kdiiibiivifh Revietr. Here we have merely to consider funded property, or government aecurities, as transferable or ninrki^tahle coimnodities. It would be foreign to the object of this work to enter upon any examination of the com- parative advantages and disadvantages of the funding system. Perhaps, on the whole, the latter preponderate ; though it is not to be denied that the former are very considerable. The purchase of funded property atVords a ready method of investment ; and as neither the Bank of England, nor any of the London private banks, allows interest upon deposits, it is plain that, were if not for the facilities given by the funds, individuals unable to employ their savings in some branch of business, wouhl derive no advantage from them, unless they re- sorted to the hazardous expedient of lending upon [irivate credit. In Scotland, where the public and private banks are universally in the habit of allowing interest upon deposits, the advantages o) funded investments are not ([iiite so obvious, though probably as great; for it may be doubted whether the banks could aftbrd interest, or whether, indeed, they could be conducted at all, without the aid of the funds. An Acenniil of the Total Nnmher of Persons to whom a ITalf Year's Dividend was due at the last Half-yearly Payment thereof, nn eaeh Deseription of Public Stork, and on each Description of Terminable Annuities; distinguishing the Number ri'spectivciy of those whose Divideiuls fur the Half Year did not exceed 5/., ]()/., ML, 100/., '21)0/., 3(10/., 500/., 1,000/., 2,000/,, .l.tlOO/., -l.Olin/., ,'),nno/., and the Number of those whose Dividends e.xceed 5,000/. ; distinguishing also, in those above 1 Olio/., the Divideiuls due to any Public Coinpanv, or to more than a single Name. — (Pari. Paper, No. -Jui. Sess. 1S;I3.) Not exceeding If -~ fp l=S ^ .>: 'c .J ■SO -J I'cS Toul, 5/. 101. so;. loot 200/. 3001. 5001. i g « ■ § -Jrt a - •^ a = n A I -J- £« n-' Number to whom divi- < ■< — •«: cJphds were payable On 3/. piT cfiil. re- > diire{ tics. I Sit) .5 >^* 1,601 993 2.014 512 312 92 59 15 4 1 2 1 nil ml nil 0,616 On Innt; annuities 9,078 4.212 S.38I 1,516 723 IS7 99 34 4 1 1 1 1 1 nil 24,221 4,5.-3 On annuilka for terms t of ^ t-ars - ■ S . 1,519 787 1,632 351 ITS 56 32 20 4 nil 2 nil nil nil 2 On 3/. per cpnt. conso- \ ' 28,722 13,749 32,601 9,612 6,2S6 2,141 1,424 7C9 1.53 18 16 20 7 13 21 95.55,i On 3/. pi-r cent, annui- } ISO - ISO 40 27 4 2 nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil 447 Or 'U'W 3/. lOf. per ) 1 ■ 2G,8S1 14,698 29,370 6,648 3,1:9 765 431 204 28 20 4 I 2 4 9 82,194 On WW :')/. per cent. ? annuities - -J 3-. 31 107 36 20 3 4 nil 1 nil nil nil nil nil nil 237 On ;iiiijii'i(.s for terms ) of jears • - J . 1,(»6 833 1,757 333 2-..fi41 161 37 34 12 1 nil l.'il 1 ' nil 1 8 4,839 Tntrtls . ST.ITfi .t4.fi4^ "S.,7(r. 1-1.701 4,.|p-i 2,^2t 1.367 266 40 35 'l' 24 6(1 279.7M * Diviilends payable lOtli of Ottoher. t Dividends payable on .5tli .lannarv. ; The preceding account of the number of dividend warrants issued in the half year ending with flie ."ilh of January, 18:53, is a very important document. The large number (87,17fi) of holders of sums not producing above •'i/. of half yearly dividend, is principally to be ascribed to the circumstances already mentioned as jieculiar to the banking system of ilic metropolis; and there can be little doubt that their number would be materially diminished were the Scotch system adopted in it.s stead. It is evident from this account, that the num- ber of persons having a direct interest in the funds is nnieh greater than it rejiresents. The dividends on the funded projieity belonging to the Eijuitable and other insurance companies, the difu'rent banking ('oinpanics, &c. are |iaid upon single warrants, as if they were due to so niaiiy private individuals; whereas thry are. really, paid to these individuals only k'- cause they act as factors or trustees for a vast number more. It is consequeiitlv tjniti' .JjsurJ FUNDS. 691 isli the debt by a pay- , nrinoipal of the debt ually advanced by the oMc, from this flystem. ,,nd .ommodious than arinc; dilTercnt rates of (Torded to the dealers in rrow, by funding addi- ,t than would have been . „a,v to show thnt tlio ad- ',, iml)li.- iiittTCBts. Hut I'll No of tli« K(/l/i'""J,''> examination of the com. .eilmp., on the whole, the ■e very considerable, i he • and as neither the Bank t upon deposits it is plam s Lnable to employ their rom them, unless they re- In Scotland, where the /interest upon deposits the „h probably as great; for It rthcr, indeed, they could be Tiu-idcnd was due at llie hst V "'"'wl,o«ri ivukM.as fnr the &BpaynWeo.,5tb.lu.mary. ■, kued in the h^lV''7«TlS 1 The hiTge number (,w ^i « ltothebanUinu:systemoftl>. lould be materially diminished, t" this account, that the num. loater than it represents. Ihe Ind other insurance company. Larronts, as if they ^^ en due ir to these individuals only k- lit is consequently .piito .'.^surJ to pretend, as is sometimes done, that iiny interference with funded property would ufTect only 280,000 individuals out of a population of 2r),000,000. Any attack upon the divi- dends would really be destructive, not merely of the interests of those to whom dividend warrants are issued, but of all who depend upon them : it would destroy our whole system of insurance and banking, and overspread the country with bankruptcy and ruin. Not only, therefore, is every proposal for an invasion of the property of the fundholders bottomed on injustice and robbery, but it would, were it acted upon, be little less ruinous to the commu- nity than to the peculiar class intended to be plundered. The following Table has been calculated, in order to show in which of the public funds money may he invested, so as to yield the greatest interest. It gives the prices, diil'ering by 1 per cent, from 50 to 93 for 3 per cents. &c., at which they all must be, to yield the same interest ; so that, supposing the 3 per cents, to be at 80, a sum invested in them, or in the 3i per cents., will yield the same interest, provided the latter be at 935 : if the 3^ per cents, be beldw this sum, it will of course be more advantageous, in so far at least as interest ia concerned, to invest in them than in the 3 per cents. ; while, if they be above 93^, it will be less advantageous. To get the true value of the different funds at any particular period, in order to compare them accurately together, it is necessary to deduct from each tlie amount of interest accruing upon it from the payment of the last dividend. — (For further details, sec ante, p. 87. and p. 247.) Tabic showing tlic Prices tlii! dilTiTont Funds must he at to produce nn equal Interest ; and also the annual Interest produced l)y 100/. Sterling invested at any of those Prices. SperCent. Prici'. 3i Vf rni Cent, rice. £ £ s. er Cent. I'rice. 5 [HT Cent. Pl'ict;. Interest. Sli'rLLiit. SJ per Cent. I'rice. Price. £ n. d. ()0 13 4 08 09 8 70 13 4 72 73 6 8 74 13 4 70 77 6 8 78 13 4 80 £ .-■. 83 85 81 6 82 13 84 85 6 86 13 88 89 6 9 90 13 4 92 93 8 91 13 4 80 13 4 88 8 90 91 13 4 93 6 8 95 90 13 4 98 6 8 100 101 13 103 6 105 100 13 4 108 6 8 110 111 13 4 113 8 115 116 13 4 118 6 8 £ s. d 5 17 5 15 5 13 5 U 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 5 4 18 4 4 10 9 4 15 2 4 13 8 4 12 3 4 10 10 4 9 6 4 8 2 4 U 4 5 8 4 4 6 4 2 1 9 7 1 3 5 8 £ 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 £ s. d. 84 85 3 4 86 8 8 87 10 88 13 4 89 10 8 91 92 3 4 93 8 94 10 95 13 4 96 10 8 98 99 3 4 100 6 8 101 10 102 13 4 103 10 8 105 106 3 4 107 6 8 108 10 4 per Cent. Price. 5 per Cent. Price. £ s. '.Ki 3,lj:i I l,133,S07 62.092,238 I ^6,773,192 I 3!*,Nl'i.430 10,2^l,7.1.i;3'i 121,2>7.MW 2,217,531 2,634,500 4,852,031 380,480 24'J,^'>l.ti2-< 1 0.301. 3,i0 2,19,3 'lO. I IS uOI :»:;Mi 84",8'i(1,19l 53,211,1)73 767.03>,81C 4.471,371 4,9»0,201 9.431,772 2)3,277 9,20S,493 22,829,696 3-'.03B,191 2,'^94,674 29,143,517 • This acc'unt has liei'n male up parity from the lalile in Dr. Hamilton's work on the National l)et)t i3r.l e I. p. IW.) ; partly from Ihe fori, I'lijicr, Ko. Itii. Scss. 1834 ; aud parily from llic AniMat fiitaiux liouk, for the year eudiiig oih January, 1830, pages 14. 99. & 104 ^ 692 FUNDS. ' ^ ^ ct: V'l; 'I . ■»rv,un r. ■^ :■ M ^ »i:i : « . "i U'^ I i^mft^,^ *. j i^ FUNDS. 003 " j= = c > C- •««■=■— i2 !£ F-5 -^ ^ S 3 -^ , ■* a s ^ ° = -: = '^ a « to 3 'Z; ^ 3 rt _r — r i^ ij ■^ ^ S .H ^^ c ijE = M "I C 2S rt o P.'S - 1; a. o -3 ca X. rt a = 5 H ____ J CO I- t> -' 2J '~ u — •- 3 o c = .= s a- ; ::: S 3 S, CO CO IT. Z> 4) t; u C •a '/3 •5 5 \n Is V is ^a ■ - 3 r, ■- tn HN ■ -^ _,. 1. c -> q c"' ^ c 2 '•3 C 3 in 3 O ■3 -a V •3 B C^ B 3 t3 B C3 ■a i« i 3-?, " g CO "3 '-'> ''3 The atntpmenton pnp;c fiftl, shows thnt n mliirfion of 5:^,2 11, OVf)/. was ofTiTtrd in tha principal of Ihe nationiil ilehf. nnd of S,S!)4,fi7'l/. in tho aiinniil ciinrcc on nccount ihoroof, luHwoon Tcbruary, 1817, niul .Inntmry, 18:!(i. The debt, at llm la-it nuMi'.inncd piridtl, int-luilcs tlu< stock crcatoii hv the fiintViriR of tho loan of iri.OOO.OOd/, in \H'.V\ for lu-hoof of the slave jiropriutors. The artly by tin* iipplicalion of sairpius revenue to buy \ip stock, but more by the reduction of the'ititerest on the '1 and 5 jicrccnt. stocks existiufrin 1817, and by that jiaid on the unfunded debt. 'I'lic total annual savins by the reduction of interest between 18'^2, when tiie lirst, and 1821, when llie last, reduction was made (that of tlie 4 per cent, annuities, mentioned in former im|)ressions of tliis work), has been 2,:ir)r),845/.; and considerable as this is, it would have been more than three times as Rreat, but for the pernicious practice, previously pointed out, of funding large nominal capitals. We subjoin a brief notice of tho diflcrcnt funds or stocks constituting the public debt, as it stood on the f)th of January, 1836. I. FlNDS IlKiVlllNa l;,TKttHST AT TlIIlKK PElt CeNT. 1. Snuf/i. Sm Debt and Anmu'lie.i. — This portion of the debt, nmountinR, on the ."ith of January, 18;{(), to 10,H4,.'J84/., is all that now remains of the capital of the once famous, or rather infamous, South Sea ("ompany. The ("ompany has, for a considerable time past, ceased to have any thinp; to do with trade: so that tiie functions of the directors are wholly restricted to the transfer of the Company's stock, and the payment of the dividends on it; both of which operations are performed at "the South Sea House, and not at the Bank. The dividends on the old South Sea annuities are payable on the f>l\\ of April and 10th of October ; the dividends on the rest of the Company's stock are payable on tho Gth of January and ijth of July. 3. Deld (ftie fo Ihc'Bank o/ /:;n^'/«Mrf. — This consists of the sum of II, 01.'), 100/. lent by the Bank to the public at 3 per cent. ; dividends payable on the .')th of April and 10th of October. This must not be confounded with the Uaidi capital of 10,»14,7.')0/., on which the stockholders divide. The dividend on the latter has been 8 per cent, since 1833. — (See ante, p. 86. and p. 89.) 3. Buuk Annuilies created hi 1726.— The civil list settled upon George I. was 700,000/. a year; but having fallen into arrcar, this stock was created for the purpose of cancelling Excheipier bills that had been issued to defray the arrear. "The capital is irredeemable; and being small, in comparison with the other jmblic fund?, and a stock in which little is done on speculation, the price is generally at least 1 per cent, lower than the 3 per cent. consols." — (CoAe/t's edit, of Fairmau on (he Funds, p. 40.) 4. Three per Cent. Consols, or Consolidated Annuities. — This stock forms by much the largest portion of the public debt. It had its origin in 1751, when an act was passed, consolidating (hence the name) several separate stocks bearing an interest at 3 per cent. into one general stock. At the period when the consolidation took ))lace, the principal of the funds blended together amounted to 9,137,821/. ; but, by the funding of additional loans, and parts of loans, in this stock, it amounted, on the 5th of January, 1836, to the itnmense sum of 356,768,258/. ! The consolidated annuities are distinguished from the 3 per cent, reduced annuities, by the circumstance of the interest upon them never having been varied, and by the dividends becoming due at different periods. The stock is, from its magnitude, and the proportionally jroat number of its holders, the soonest affected by all those circumstances which tend to elevate or depress the price of funded property ; and, on this account, it is the stock which speculators and jobbers most commonly select for their operations. Dividends pay- able on the 5th of January and 5th of July. 5. Three per Cent. Reduced Annuities, — This fund was established in 1757. It con- sisted, as the name implies, of several funds which had previously been borrowed at a higher rate of interest; but by an act passed in 1749, it was declared that such holders of the funds in question as did not choose to accept in future of a reduced interest of 3 per cent. should be paid off, — an alternative which comparatively few embraced. The debts that were tlius reduced and consolidated, amounted, at the establishment of the fund, to 17,571,574/. By the addition of new loans, they now amount to 125,851,977/. Dividends payable on the 5th of April and 10th of October. > II. FCNIIS ItEAHINR UTOHE THAN" ThHEE PEH CeNT. INTEREST. 1. Annuities at 3^ per Cent., 1818. — This stock was formed in 1818, partly by a sub- scription of 3 per cent, consolidated and 3 per cent, reduced annuities, and partly by a subscription of Excheciuer bills. It was made redeemable at par any time after the 5th of April, 1829, upon 6 months' notice being given. Dividends payable on the 5th of April and 10th oi October. The capital of this stock amounts to 10,861,104/. 2. Kaluied 3^ per Cent. yl//Hi/i7/<.s. — This stock was created in 1824, by the transfer of a slock bearing interest at 4 per cent. (Old 4 per cents.) It is redeemable at pleasure. 694 FUNDS. n^l 1 1 t" I -^ 4 Dividenilst payable 5th of April ami 10th of October. Amount on the 5th of January, I83(t, 63,4;«i,Hr)t)/. y. Niw UA per Crnf. AnntiUlcs. — Tliis stock wns formed by the act 11 (Jro. H. p. 13, out of the Mtock known by the name of " New 4 per ccntH.," nniotintinu; on the 5ih iif Jan- uary, 1830, to 144,331,212/. The holders of lliis 4 per cent, stock had llicir option either to subscribe it into the new oj per cent. arinuitieH, or into a new 5 p('r cent, stock, at thcr rate of 100/. 4 per cents, for 70/. .') per cents. Dissentients to be paid olf. Only 4()7,7l;)/. new ii per cent, stock was created under tiiirf arrangement. 'J'b(! sum rccpiired to pay dis- sentients was 2,(510,000/. The new 3A per cent, stock thus created, anioiinti-d on the 5th of January, 1830, to 140,. 057,00 1/. Dividends payable 5th of Jatuiary and 5th of July. 4. New 5 per Cent. — Amount, 5lh of January, 1830, 438,241/. — (Weo previous Article.) III. Annuities. 1. Lnns; AnnuHles. — These annuities were created at difTcrent periods, but they all expire together in 1800. They were chiefly ffrantcd iiy way of |)remiums or douceurs to the subscribers to loans. — I'ayablo on the 5th of A|)ril and 10th of October. 2. Aiinui/ie.i per 4 Geo. c. 22. — 'I'his annuity is j)aynble to the Bank of England, and is commonly known by the name of the " Dead weight" annuity. (Sec ante, p. 85.) It expires in 1807. It is equivalent to a pcrpitiud annuity of 470,31!)/. 10s. 3. Aniniit'ics per 48 Geo. 3., 10 Geo. 4. c. 24., and 3 c;7;c/Ma/ annuity of 1,970,019/. — {Par/. Paper, No. 457. Scss. 183G.) Irish Debt. — It seems unnecessary to enter into any details with respect to the public debt of Ireland. The various descriptions of stock of which it consists, anr terms of lives, 5th of April and 10th icts amounted, onthc^ilhof lculationsofMv.I''iul^';|''n.to ,,,fr. No. 457. SOS.S. 18.JG.) .Is with Tusiiect to the public it consists, and thoir amount, atthcBankof Ireland; and, at the pleasure of the holders, lament. They arc for vari- diem, per 100/.) acconhnsto Government are made upon ,. Bank and Government arc the time at which outstandmg nient. Bankers prefer vcstrng the interest he for the moA a at the Treasury at the rate any risk of lluctuation. Ex- jiillV issued ever snice. Ihc rv, -1836, was '29,088,950/. as of the prices of the public Ic is 6,000,000/.; the dividend remain at that rate duriniT the [M each, and hear at present 'i.^ lomher. In sellinB them, th. ded to the amount ol the bills; , which is, consequently, the uces which inlluence the pncc n. Tstances. Whatever tends to (overnment, tends, at the same talso allected by the state ot the IpVies of disposable capital and Ifc persons. S'ron» lV.U)t the Id were once, in June, 1/ -57, a* lin 174'J rose ap;ain to UH). in LingoutoftheAniericanwar. Ivar they sunk to .^.l. In - -^ lets of Uie country, owing to tha BUCcesHns of the French, the mutiny in the fleet, and other advcrne eircumHtance.«, were by no meann favourable; and, in cniiHequence, the price of .1 per cent, sunk, on the SOtli of Sep- tember, on the inteliiKenco truiwiiiriiin cf an attempt to nei,'ociate with the French republic having faihid, to 47g, being tlio lowest price to which they have ever fallen. Prices of 3 per Cent. Consoli, in February and Aimnst, uatli Voar lince ItiW.— {Report of Hank Com- mittee.) Ynn. I'rice of CntiMiti. Vran. I'rice of Connili. 1 1820. I'pliriiary AiiKnnt 1821. Kchniiiry AuKiist 1822. Kehraary AllRIIHt 1823. reliriiary Ancniit 1824. I'elirniiry AllRllNt 1825. Kfliriuiry AURllHt (')8| per cent. <17J - 73' - 801 — 73 - 82J - m - m — 03J — 87J - 1820. rcbrimry AllRIIHt 1827. I'Vliriiary AiiRilst ISaS. I'eliriiary AllRIISt 182'J, I'Vliriiary AllRIISt 1830. I'Vliriiary AllRIISt 1831. I'ehriiary AllRUHt 77J percent. 7i»i - 82 i — 801 — m - H7i — WiJ — h«; — 1)14 - II0| — 77^ - 81^ - The following is a statement of the prices of the different descriptions of British funds during the 6 days commencing with Saturday, the 14th of December, 1833. IVacriptinn of Stock. Hank Block, dividGnd 8 per cent. 3 per cent, reduced 3 per cent, consols for account 3\ per cent, unnuities, 1818 34 per cent, reduced - New 3i percent, annuities New •> per cent, aniiuities, 1826 New 5 per cent. I,nnganniiitle8,expire5.lan. 1800 New annuities, Jan. and July goutli Bea stock, dividend 3i per cent. - - - - Do. old annuity, dividend 3 per cent. - - - - Do. new annuity, dividend 3 per cent. - - - - 3 per cent, annuities, 1751 India lionds, 24 per cent. Kxclieqiier liills, 14d. 100/. I Bank slock for account I liiillaslock,dividend lOJ per cent S.HurJ.iy. 210 11 874 ft m i 96} 4 103} i 16} 15-16 210 11 874 J 8.Si ft 90} i 103} t 22.t' M inli, iiinl rrniii llii< .'iili nf .Inly In lli)> IHlii iif Oclidiiir i iiiid llilii Ix iiL'iirly llur riiKiv Ari'iili'iiliil < Iri'iiiiHtaiii r« iiiiiy nrniNJnii il nllL'tii ili'vlatiuii. '•Till' ill\i'li'iid< nil till' iliU'ri'iit iilnrl(H Id'liii paynlili' ill ililfiTiTil IrriiiB, Il U In llir pi'^'T 'd' llii; ctnck-linlili-ri In liivr^t lliiir prnpi'rty In kiicIi a inaiiniT in M draw Ihi'ir Imiiiiiii' i|iiiirl'rl> . " 'I'lii' liii-iini'iiH 111' HP 'nilaliiiii in |liii hIih k wlm liavi- no hiiiIi prnpiirly, nl° ('iintrarlliitf fur llir nali* iit' -ilnrk nil ii fiiliiri' ilav III II piiri' iiilrri'd on, I'lir ttxaiiipli', A may mjri'i' In ^,■ll In II. Kl.lKlli/. nl',') prr ii'iit, nini k, to hr Iraiu'- fi'rri-d III '20 ilayH, I'nr II IHHI/. a. lias, In I'lirl, iin niicIi nlmk ; lull II' tlin prlii' mi tliii dii> iippninti-il liir till* lranrr lii< mily '>•*, In? may piircliaHi' an iiiiii'li iih will I'lialilit liliii In riillll liU liarL'iiiii I'nr .'i.Mlli/ , mill IImin ualii '2IIII/. hy lli<> traiiHiirlinn ; nil llir nlliitwi!t>n tliu price nl' ■tuck nil thu dny of HHttlu- iiipiii, and till' prli'n nKnird nii. "'riiln practlcn, wlilih iiiiiminlH to nnllilnit I'l.-ni tlinn a waniT rnnrirrninu tlio prii'i' nf dlnck, Is imt finnrllmii>il liy law ; yrt it In carried on In a irrrtl (!\ti'iit : and iih ii)>lllii>r parly can hi! cniiijii'lli'd hy law to iinph'ini'iil lh<'Hi> birualiiH, IlKdr hii|ihi- nl' hniinnr, and tlin ilmuracr iitlrndinu' ii hrrai li nl' mn. tract, ari' llii^ prini'i|ili>H hy which tin' IiiihIiii'i'.h I.m Hiip|i iiaiiicii of tliuii! (li't'aulturM nru uxliihited In IIh; rttuck ExcliuiiKC, wliuru tlivy dure not appiiar ivfU'rwards "TlirHt! harifaiiiH aro liHiially niadn I'nr certain days tlxeil l.y a coininittee of Iho Htnck I'xcliaiini., rnlh'd sellliiiif ilain', of which then' are a limit M in thr year j viz. one In each of the innnlliH nr.laniiaryl Feliriiary, Ajtrll, May, .Inly, AiikiihI, Octnlier. and Nnvenihr'r; and they are iilwayHoii 'lin'mlay, \Vn|' lii'silay, ThiirHilay, or Friday, lieini; the ilayn on which the ciiinniiHHlonerH for the reiliictinn nf |||,. n.^. tinniil ih'lit III ike piirchasen. The Hetllinir dayx in January and .Inly are alwayn the lir:'! ilay.n nf |||,' opening of the Hank liookH for piihlic IranHfer ; iinil thcKe dayn are nolltied at the Hank w hen ilie cnii- ■nJH are hIiiii In prepare fur the ilivlileiid The price at wliich tilock Is Hold to he Irainiferred mi iIh; next setlllni! day, ii called thi< price on arroiint. Soini'tlnieH, itiHtead nf c|nHiii){ the accuiiiit nn ilii> hmI. tliii|{ day, the ntnck in carriuil on to a future day, mi nuch terniii an the partien aijrm! un. Tliln is called a riinliniiafiiin. " All the hiinlnens, however, which is done In the nt'ickn fur lime. In not nf a KatiihUiiR tmiiire. In a place of so exteiiHive coiiiiiierce an I.mnlnn, opnleiit iiierchanin, who pnsncnn property in lln; fiiailH, and are iinwillini! lo part with it, have freiinently oci anion lo raine iiionoy for a nlinrt liiiie. 'Ihcir renoiirce in lliin cane in to mil for money, and liny for nc.i'miiit ; and althuuKli the iiinney ral^id in i\\\^ luanner costn iiinre than the li'Kal IntiTi'st, it atrnriln an inipnrtant uccuuillioilatiuii, and it may lie ren- dered Hirictly h'Kal and recoverahle."— (Third ed. pp. 311— 317 ) (Flniis (Amkhican). — The subjoined statemcn* v.li; not, we hope, be uniiuerrsiinjr. It givc» a view of the most prominent facts vith ri'spect to il^e puiilic funda of the principal American States ; exhibitinij, ainon>;st other particulars, tiieir rcsppclive amounts, the pe- riods when they are redeemalile, and their prin; in London in January, 1839. — (VV't7/e;j. /lalPn Lht, S.5th January, 1839. [See article Siocks. — Am. Ed.] Account specifying the separate Debts of each Slate, unU thu Periods when the same arc redocm- ahle, &).. Funds. Ahl>aiiin h \icr cent. Do. Sterling dn. l)o. do. In4 2,000,000 Price in tiondo.i, J.iii. 2j. 92 b3 93 96 1-2 to 6 102 100 103 93 93 99 to 99 1-2 90 I 92 3 4 \ 92 10 92 1-2 93 J 93ei(liv. r 95 1-2 ' {95I096 I 95 I 93 \ Funds. /nojrfiotnlfit jinnkf. t'nite.l .Stiipi, s per ct. I.OI115 am St le, 10 do. flllik tit l.'iiiiii.ini, 8 1)0. Do. of N.llrlrinl, do, N. 0, ( anil t II. Co. do. Do. Ciiv n\iik, do. MiisiMiiipi l'linten,IOdo. TennessiT, 9 per '■ent. Fl'inla, 6 per cent. Do. (!o. Baltimore City, 5 per ct. Ciinideii k Aiiiljoy H.\il w.iy, do. Delnv.ire & Raritan C.iiial Bonds, 6 per cenl, Anier. l.if,', 7 1-2 percent. III. J(i Trust Co. D'l, CertiliMtps, 5 per ct, N, V. I.ilB (t Trust, do. Do. ilo ' Do. City, do.' Neiv Orleans CilT. 6 do. I Do. .5 per cent, j FliiladelphiaCity, do. I Do. .^ Keailiii« Railway Phil.ilelphiaCily, 6pi-rcl,; Do, C'liintry, do, Ptiil, ^ Healing, Sptrct. R. R. Doiids ■ Harrisburjch ft Lancaster, 5 ■ er cent. Rictiinond Railway B.ls,, Opert-enl. Lehlili Oal k Nav. B Is., .5 per cent. Morrii Canal k Pankin|;j Cum p. 6 per cent. Do. Notes do. Pedeemable. 1SS8 Ifi-O 1H70 IITO ISTO 1S70 m70 IS70 IK-iS.60.02.61 l>>fl0 1800 1864 ISGI 1'61 IMii. I'd" I -61), 1 1-64 1«63 1S61 1ST} I'til I81K) 1^:60 IS«0 1858 1846 .;-0 • V) 56 51 Anmuiit in Dol ais. SVOfO.OOfl 2,00(1,(1(1(1 4,()iiO,lioo 4'.II.(I0II 4,(1(1.1,1^ 1,1110,1 HO 3(1iO,l")0 2,(Hi'l,(ilXI 1,000.0(11) 500,000 t. 210,000 /,. 225,000 2,000,000 250,000 l7',n(V) 2,000,000 L. 210,000 82.000 L. 200,000 4.100,000 i 3,000,COO Price in l/iii(l(in, J.>ii, 25. £,.25. 92 m. lOi, 85 ex div, 90 99 Ttie dividends nn the above Pennsvlvinia loans are pivihle half yearly, on the 1st days of February and Aurust, at the Bnuk pf Ptrm- tytvania, Philndtljihia, exreptin:; lliu loan of 281b of March, l!UI, for 120,000 .lolian, tvbich Is payable at the tauie bank on tbt.' Ut of January and July, eacb year,— .S'uji.) FURS, FUR TRADE. 607 ,10 Tim". Ill'' ^P'' C!"- ' X,; rr..n. 11... Ml. ..I ,',,;. „i..l lUiH U l.ii.rly ti..> ,, It U In H.r l"'W«!r "f ll>« ininc ciiiiirl'Tly .,,.,. •;..• prl.-.- -'I •'""•'< 0^'.'' H li.tf Kloi'li ....uul.niilo ^J.ly of «l.c v.Uu. r.-m« , fmxU. Hiitii|.">"l''"»''" ,1 rHlc..k .....> fHt.in'.lMv '::;! > ""'rr'n.';" ' : „.k .U,mM rlM. to .,-i. ...,,.• Hi. Ilk, <" triiMnliTj ,r i„ ly '••.>l> •'" e.....l.cll.Ml l,y „;;'„n,..H....kKxcl.an);r. .lltco of Ihn Hln.k Ky 1.1U.U0, uofii.o...o.;;i'^" •"'uvX' /hi y '«•'>'''■'*'•■'''' '''';■',?■ :.;-!..« lhouccou.a on.. ;;h,. ^,o\h. «H i>ro|HTiy in il.« V,'.'."'*' '..f.,r 11 whorl uu..'. Tlinr oSuvUon,""'! it '"">''«'«"■ ;, we hope, be uni.Urrrstinp. nu\.lic fuuJB of llie i.rnuii.al respective amount-, t he pe- in January, 1839.-C VVd^cn. »\s when tUe game are rcilcem- Price in 1 . ,1. I Ani"Uiit i^iiiJcn, I PtflK-malile. | ;„ i)„i a„. | j,,, 2i. >,; nf 0.10(1 2,iion,«« 4,()H0,I»X) 4'.l),(lfll) 4,(10,1.1100 1,0(10,1 (Kl I 3 Il(l0,l«)0 I 2,|»'|).(«W ),000,0(X) 500,000 L. 210,000 I /,. 22:',,0(X) 2,000,000 I ' 2J0.0O0 I Cl. IBfiO .«-o n. .170 1). i><:o 0. IH70 n. imn n. 1^70 it. l(«7fl It. |K-,H.6O.02-61 1"» :t i6:.o M IS^Ol let. I'M |ln. .M.<-'0 tin 1 l«t«-',0 liio ' 1 -W-Se iil ' l^M k.»y' ism ISiiO ISCO Iter,! Ills., 92 n'.oon 2,000,000 IW- i<". t. 210,000 85 HI dW. 82,000 flO F'O^I I8G0 I 1858 1946 99 I L. 200,000 4,100.000 1 I 3,000,C0O I i^t^^^^^^^^ FIITIS, ill conimirco, tin- hUIhh of tliirirciit iniincils, cuvi-rrd, for tin* iiinxt pirt, witli tliick full* liir.r, the ini.fr HJilit lirini; coiivcrtcil l>y a poruliar pnict'i'it into a Hurt of Irutlier. I''ur«, jircvidiinly to ihrir uiiilrr'»i)ii.'i lUi.^ pruciNs, an' di iioiniiiiiti'il pr/lri/. Ui'iivor fur, friiiii itn ('\li'i.., ilLslriclH. 'I'iic fur of the miililli'-uni'il or youi.K aniituil, cullfil ciih hciivrr, is iiiomI I'sln -il. It is tlii' fii.i'st, most flossy, and taki'H thi" l.i'st dyo. Fitcli, or llu> fur of the lilrhct or poliMMt, is prii.ciiially impirti'il from (}«r- tnany : it is Hofl and \v;inii, hut the unpliMsant Hint'll which adiirrcs to it ilc|iri';i-;('s itn valiir. Marti'ii and iiiinit (a (iiminutivi- Hjn'cifs of oiler) arc princi|i:illy imported fiom the Ij.ited .Siuli'M and ('anadi. The fur of ihe lousipn.sh or niU(>!; ral (a liimii.utive s|ie('ies of heaver) is imported in vast ipiiniliiies from oiir pot^Hes^ions in iS'oilh Ameriea ; which al-o supply us with eonsiih'rahle ipiaiililies of otter skins. iN.ilria Hkins are pri..oipally liroiiu'hl from JUioiKM Ayres. 'I'lw iiu)ro valuaMe furs, as ermine, Hahle, iVe,, eoine priiieijially from HuHsia. FlJIt TRADK. We arc indebted for the f ijlowin'.; details with respect to the fur trade to one of the most exteiiHivu and intelligent fur inereiiaiitM of London. " Tlioiijjli practlriilly eimiiu'eil in ll.i! I'l.r trailc, 1 I'c ir I «li ill lie alile In H:iy litlli' will, rcsaril lo it not jilrt'iidy k..o\vn to yon ; lint w ere I lo wrile on llm Hiilijocl, I ulimild iliviili'i lla- Inide iiilo 'i, or ralliur 3c\Mitt:tt. " I, Till! t»t rlaiit would rnniprlKe nrtli'los of nontusiiv ; an.oi.g wl.kli I nlioiild prii.cl|mt!y n.nnlier nn liii...eiii cles of aiil- niiilti. Tlli'se liiiiih Kkli.s are priiiliii'td in all parts of .li . ^'I.iln', anil an^ every \\ lieri' nnisiinieil : hut ll.cy fiiri.i. In p.rtii iil ir, an e^isenlial part of ilie dress of ilmiisanils aiiionu llii> lower rhinses in lias- Hi:., I'nla.id, l'',aHt I'r.iHsia, llnni^ary. Ilulii'iiiia, ami .Sa\iiny. In Itns^ii and nil. er cold cl.ii.atuti, the rki...'< of various i it her animals may he iiiiii^idereil as iirlichs of ailn.il iiecessily. "•J. 'I'lic 2d ilass would in a ..leasi.re I'nriii pari of Hie lirsi, as il :iUii cDinprises fiir» which throinh hiliil and fai-liiiin li.ve now liecnine art ides of neies-ily. I shnnld here e.iiimeral" all II. use diirerenl f,kii.s ro.ninoiily railed luittuif; furn. I'ew who are ma aiiinai.ileil Willi lliis hraiich of Ihe far tr ido run for... an idea of Us I'xleiit. It h pre ads, of noirse. over ill p iris ofilie yhdi,. where hals are worn, ziiil rei|nires very siiiieiior jiiduini'iit and i'iiM»lder:ilil,. capital lo condiii I it sue sfl.llv. The fi.rii niiw used for l.al iiialunt; are heaver, ll.llsl|lla^ll, iiitcr, nutria, hare, and ralihil ; lint each of these may be Hill.divided In 2H d.tVereiit sons or classes. " Neiitria, or ni.lria, is (Mi.iiparalively a new arlide. It hniiaii lirst lo hu iiiiporled in larL'e i|iiaiiti- lii'sahiiiit IHlll, frmii llie Spanish possessimis in Siiiilh Ameriea. --(See .NiiTlilA ) 'I'lie skin is used fur ilillereiil pnrpiises, heini; either dressed as a pellry, or cut (shnrii) as a haltii.i; fur; and if wull tiiiliiiifii'liired and prepariMl, it lie.rsson.e resenililame to hnaver fur, and is used for simiiir pi.rposes. "It. Under the lid and last class 1 should hriim all those fiirs. whlili, lliiiii!.'h conlina illy .^olil, mid u^imI in Inline use i|ii'ilititles, liiiist still le: consldereil mere artii les nf f.isliioii, as their value varii'S ac- (iinliiiK lo the whims and faiicies of dillerent .laliia.s. Thert? are, hnwrfver, evceotimis ainoiia tliesii ; ami i.iiiiy furs may he considereij as slaii.lard articles, siiico lliey are always used, tlumgU their pricu IS iiiiich ialliienced hy cliaiii.'es of fashion "This class comprises an endless variety of furs, as under it may he liroiight the skins nf iiiiist aiii- ni.iU in ovistencu ; alninst all of them appeaniii; oKasinnally in the trade. " Kara heiiia entirely the produce of nature, which can i. either he cnllivaled nor Increased, Ihoir TiiliiR is not intliieiii'eil hy fashion .ainiie, hut depeiiiU mate.iallv on the l.'UL'er or smaller sii|iplles ru- ler; cd. The weather has (irent InMuence nn the iinalily and iinanlily nf furs inipnrted iViiiii all i|iiiir- s i.f the Klolie ; and this circiimsl nice reii lers Hi' I'lir tr.iile more ilillic'ilt, peril. ips, and pr. lliiin .iny other. The iiiiality, and coiisei|iieiitly Ihe price, nf many fms will dill'er evi'i-y jear. It III he completely impossihli! to stale the value nf the d.irereiil articles nf furs, Ihe trade lieiiii; the 1 have often seen the s.inie articles rise and fall Hid. 211(1, and IlllO per won iiinsl tiiirliiatin!; imaiiinal eiit. ill the course of a tw elveinonth ; nay, in several instances, in the space nf I iiinnlh only. ".\iii niL'Ihe furs which always rank very lii'.'h(tliniii;li. liki^ all the re-l, they cliaiiiji' in Viiliie.) may lie spi •cilied the Silieri ui sahle, and the hiack and silver f.i.\. These arlicles are at all times conipara- ...I'iy very scarce .ind cniiimaiiil lii|;h prices. "the chief supplies of peltries are received from Iliissia (particularly the Asiatic part nf th.at em- pire), and fmtii .N'ortli America. Hut inaiiy ntlier cniiiilnes prndiice very lieailtifiil anil useful fiira ; aiiit lliiiii'-'li Wi^ are most iiidehted to Asia and Anieric.i, KairiMie furnishes a very coiisideralde iinan- lily. AlV.ia and Australia are of Utile iiiipnnaiice to the I'nr inule, as, from their siliialinn. they fiir- iiwli hill few articles, anil consume still less. From llii! fnriiier we draw leopard and tijjer skins (the iiiost lu'liiilil'iil of tint species), while Ihe hh/i/ prodiiciinii of Ihe latter is the l.aiiL'iron; this, hnw- i'ViT, is never used as a fur, being chielly consumed hy leather dres,ser9 and tanners for the sake of ilj pi'll. "Bi'sides niinierniis private traders, there are several liir cnnipaiiies nl very Innf; standing, who in v.iriniis ciiiintries do a ure it aii.imiil of hiisiiiess. Aiiioni; lliest , the lliidsnn's l!ay ('nmpiiiy (in l.oe- ilnn) deserves to he meiilinneil lirst, not only front the e.Meiil of their hiisinuss, but because il Is onu nf ll.e oiliest chartered conipanies in lliujland. ••The A riiaii l"nr t'onipiny (in New Vorkl stands next. They ctiiedy trade to London, whillier tlicy send the produce of the tlii'ited States and nilier parls i\< Nnrtli America, "The 3d company is the llnssian American (in Moscow i. They trade tn the Russian pusaessiniis on tlin western coast of ,\nrtli America, whence Iliey draw their supplies, which are chielly ccinsiiined in Iliisniii. "The 4th and last company of any couseciiience is Ihe Diiiish fJreenlaiid Company 'in (,'i)|ienha- fen). They do but a very limited hiisiness ; exposin:; their goods for sale once a yi;ar in tJopen- >n. rho principal coiisiiniplion of the t'nrs w liicli I should hriiii; iiinler the head nf the ed class, i.s m liasen. China, Tnrkev. and Iliissia, and iii.ioiil' the iiinre civilised cniiiitries of V land, (terniaiiy consumes a considerable ipiantiiy rii partii'iilarly in Kiig- lilllu. Ill Africa, none hut the ligyptians w ir tor. In Aiistrali.i e coiisiimp inn of Aiiierii a is cnmpuralively me is ronsiiined. Hattiiiu I'urs are used Ihroiiphinil r.iimpe (u 'h the excepiimi of Turkey and (ireecel. and in Ame- rica J l.iit by far the principal Irude in these arliclea is carried on in Lundun and Nuw York. Vol. I.— 3 N 88 :AMk \ ■ ' I i 698 FUR TRADE. CS Si •Sj^i ■1^ t -I I' ■ I ' 1 I ^ ,1 ■ *: ( "Most of thecnmpnnins soli their pnndshy public Hnlc,Bnd tlie prinripal fur fairs nre held at Kiachta (on tlic borders of Cliiiia) ; Nislinei Novogorod, between Moscow and Casaii, in Russia ; and twice a year at Leipsic. — [8ee I<'aiii8.] " It is u rennirli 'J n £211, UK' •» '^ lu,strvo.fBriMJi.nmca,\y'i9.) 1 e .., llriiish AMii-riiM, »i"""ii"'"> The North American Fur Company, the leading directors of which reside in the city of New York, have long enjoyed the principal part of the Indian trade of the great lakes and the Upper Mississippi. But, with the excejition of the musk rat, most of the fur-clad ani- mals are exterminated in the vicinity of the lakes. The skins of racoons are of little value; and the beaver is now scarce on this side the Rocky Mountains. The further north the furs are taken, the better is their quality. Account of the pr incipal Furs import ed in 1831, the Countries whence they were brought , and the Quantity furnislied by each country. Ciiuntriei. Hejr. Eeaver. Filch. Marten. Miriz. Musquash. Nulrin. Oder. Prussia - - _ 2,lti8- (ierniaiiy - - 115 186,409 21,139 688 7,028 Ndtlierlands - - 53 21.418 517 . - 44 Krance - . 30,620 27,070 - 702 2,000 Britisli N. Ame- rican colonics .1,094 93,1(1!) _ 112,038 30.742 7.37,740 . 21,6.36 United States - 13,180 7,452,l.30 1,401 Huenos Ayres - - . _ _ _ . 420,960 All other places Total - Ii28 118 - 2,354 2,011 157 9,971 117 17,602 I00,<»44 243,705 214,107 103,561 772,693 494,067 23,198 Of these imports, tlie heaver, fitch, and marten were mostly retained for liomn consumption. A larce iiundier of bear and otter sUins were re-exported to (Jeriiiany; and no fewer tlian ,')92,117 inus- iHiash sltins were e.xported, in 1831, !■> tlie United States.— (ftiW. Paper, No, .550. Sess. lt-.33 ) The imports of ermine are inconsiderable, haviiii? only amounted, at an average of 1S31 and 1832, to 2,107 skins a year. , Tlie duty oil furs produced, in 1832, 34,079/. ; and that on sltiiis, not being furs, 18,093/. 13.?. Orf. China is one of the liest marlsets for furs. Tlie Americans began, with tlieir diaractiristic activity, to send furs to Canton very soon after tlieir flag liad appeared in the Eastern seas in 17M; ami they still prosecute tlie trade to a considerable e.xtent, tlioiigli it has rapidly diiclined within the last 3 or 4 years. Tlie Americans procure the furs intended for tlie China markets, partly from the American i'lir Company already alluded to, and partly from Canada ; but tliey h!ive also been in Ibe habit of sending out ships to the north-west coast of America, which, having purchased large qiiantities of skins from the natives, carrying them direct to Canlon. Recently, liowever, this trade has been ma- terially diminished, in consequence, it is said, of the regulations of the Kussiaii government, wlio do not permit the American traders to cruise so far north as tliey did formerly. FUSTIAN (Ger. Barchent ,• Du. Fuslein ,- Fr. Futainc ,• It. Fusfagno, FruKfa'^no ,• Sp. Fustan; Rus. Bumasea,- Pol. Barclian), a kind of cotton stuft", wealed or ribbed on one side. FUSTIC (Ger. Gelbliolz, Fudick,- Du. Gcdhout ,- Fr. Botsfaune de Brcsil; It. Legno rriallu de Brmilio ,• Sp. Palo del Brasilamarillo), the wood of a species of mulberry (Morns tincforin), growing in most parts of South America, in the United Slates, and the West India islands. It is a large and handsome tree ; and the timber, though, like most other tlye woods, brittle, or at least easily splintered, is hard and strong. It is very exten- sively used as an ingredient in the dyeing of yellow, and is largely imported for that pur- pose. Of ().335 tons of fustic imported into Great Britain in 1831, 1,G83 tons were brought from the British West Indies, 1,354 ditto from Cuba and the foreign West Indies, 1,013 ditto from the United States, 990 ditto from Mexico, 510 ditto from Colombia, 705 ditto from Brazil. Fustic from Cuba fetches full 35 per cent, more in the London market than that of Jamaica or Colombia. At present, the price of the former varies from 10/. to 12/. a ton, while the latter varies from 8/. to 9/. a ton. The consumption amounts to about 0,000 tons a year. Zante, or young fustic, is really a species of sumach (Rhus cotinus liin.), and is quite distinct from" i\\c moru.i tinctoria, ox old fustic the latter being a large American tree, while the former is a small European shrub. It grows in Italy and the south of France, but is principally exported from Patras in the Morea. It imparts a beautiful briii, English . . - cwts. 0,1 ■ . . • — Olives - - . • — Pepper . . . lbs. l<.-iisin3 - - . cwts. KlCB • • - . — Kmiii ■ . . . _ S.iap .... lbs. Su^ar .... cwis. Tin - - • - - Wax ■ . . . _ Wines • - ■ • — MrSLellanegus - Total 3,000 7.500 »,yo-. 226,100 70,750 3,500 3,7.50' 66,600 7.500 5,000 8,750 56,600 S,7:50 8,751) 750 234,700 2,500 25 375 500 L. 9.000 3,937 •1.1 S7 21.000 9,373 6,562 22.500 5.625 4,SS0 I4.lii5 33,750 10,687 4,500 13,125 19,6J7 3,037 10,123 16,S75 .5,625 6,750 '.',.'50 l!,250 Butter .... cwts. Cattle, oxen - - .No. C(tWS . - . — horses . ■ . — sheep . . . — Iliilcs, ox • . . — Salt .... cwts. 'I'allmv . . . — Wheat . . - kilos.t W'ines . . . galls. Wool .... lbs. Miscellaneous .... t Of 2 chelwcrti each. Total 17,500 6,000 3,!!00 .■i.liOO I0,0>10 15,1100 30f,0fl0 20.000 31 '.000 166.666 424,500 /.. 45,000 31,250 '24.223 22,!)50 3,7.56 26,250 I3i,0«( SO.OW 112.V0 .5.625 16,^73 7,500 254,232 527,M5 S/(i>/)iHi'.— M. Ilagemcister gives the following return of the shipping which entered the Danube, by the rioulineh mouth, in the following years, with their destination ;— Years. Ismail. Rerii. Galacz. 113 Brailoff. Turkish Port). 1S30 84 sa n 31 1831 184 IS 180 22 30 IS32 158 17 451 61 s I8.W 32 :i 202 170 37 is:i.l 37 2 lt6 l!-5 2'i * This island was famous in antititiity for its temple in honour of AchiHes, to whom it was sacreil. It was called /.cure, or the While l.~land, from the myriads of sea-fowl by which it was ti>iiially covi.'red. There seems to be no good I'luiiidatinn for the' moilem imlion of its being infested vvilli ser- pents. It is singiilir. however, seeing that it is now annually passed by numbers of Ihiropeaii ships, tint il should not have been visited by any trtiveller. It luiiy lie expec'led to contiiin some remains of uutiquity. — (Mee Clarke's Tiaceh iu Jiuaia, Turkti/, i^c. tfvo. edit. vol. ii. p. 31)1—401.) GALACZ. 701 -escuing the provinces contribute not a little rising in importance, to Galacz, and thence, ^c* of which the iree 'ntries that it traverses, warrant the belief that more developed. msiVral.10 b-ird.M.. ll.e cc.ir.linL' to tlie season .It p";cls of :iOO 10119 lie close .in.or.lcrcd with r.^iMla ana V\vl ol l'lii cwts. . kilin.t . galls. . lbs. 6,000 3,a)0 1i,«10 tO.MU IS, 000 300,000 20.000 31 ',000 ItiS.UtW 424,)00 I.. 4'i,000 3<.2yi 3,1.i0 2r,,2'i0 ISi.WO 90.0CO lU.Vfl KATn 7,500 kach. W7,W3 ling w 111 : — Uich entered the Danube, Turki'h Port!. Ikailoff. r.7 22 lit 170 l'i;^.;:^s>rt:o;r hi.. In 1835, 202 vessels arrived nt fJalarz ; of wliicli P were Rritisli, 'LO Russian, 17 Austrian, 60 TJreek, 49 Turkish, 17 Ionian, 4 Sardinian, 2 Saiiiian, 1 Wnlladiian, 1 Helgiaii. Duties. — An ttd valorem duly of 3 per cent, is levied on all articles of nierchnndlse imported into, or exported from, the princi|ialities of Moldavia ami Wallachia. (ioverninent reseives to itself the power of prohibiting the exjiurtaiion of any an it le, but it has to give ii month's previous notice of any Mich prohibition. O.ilai;/. is a free port ; that is, a port at which all commodities may be landeil, wnrelioiiseit, re-cx- porlerl, anil consumed in the town, free of duly. Quarantine regulations are strictly enforced at <;alac/,, iiiil'Fs performed previously to entering Hie river. Ismail nd Ki'iii, ports ol'the Russian province of llessarabia. are situated on the Danube, and arc both, but especially Ismail, a jiood di^al nearer its nioiitli than (Jalacz; hut they are much less con- siderable in point of commi'rcial importance. Having little importation, their trade is conlined almost entirely to the exporlatioii of corn, and even in this respect they are very inferior to Galacz and Brai- loff. They are subject to tlie Hussian duties and regulations. We hive irleaned tlii'sc particulars fr.mi a variety of works, but principally from the valuable Reimrt. hij M. I)e Uaaemei.itcr, on the Commerce of the Black Sea, Kng. 'iVuHs., pp. b3— 05., &c. ; Piinli/s Sailims Directions to the ISlark Sea, p. HI,"), &c. Mouths of the liiiuuhe. — Tliere is a great discrepancy in the statements of ancient authors as to the jiumber of channels by which the Danube poured its waters into the Eiixine. (Cetlurii J^''iitiiia Orbis ^^utiqui, lib. ii. cap. fi.) A similar discrepancy exists at this nioiiient ; some authorities atlirii'lng that it has four, others five, and others six or sevcui mouths, lint, as stated above, there are only three of any cmisid 'r.itib! niagnilinle, viz. the Kilia month on the north, and successively tlie Sonlineli month, and the lOdrillis nioiilh. Hiit besides the e. there are other channels of inlV'rior importance, of which two, at least, are still more to the south than Ih ! Kdrillis mouth. In aiiliipiity, the most southerly clianiu.'l was the deepest, and li.st suit 'd for the purposes of naviL'atioii,and was thence called Sacrnvi. (See Cellariiis, lit suprii.) It is not. however, to be wondered at, that in the conrsi; of so many ages, very great changes slinnid have taken place in the channels of llie river. It seems probable that the Ostium iSiieruiii, or soiitliern channel of the aiicii'iits, may have run between Ciirsiim, now Ilircliova, and the lake Ilulniijris, now Kassein, which cmmnunicati's with the F.iixine at Kara Kernian, formerly Islropolis, and at a point still more to the south. At any rate, there certainly w-as a channel in the route now pointed out [lyjinrilh, Abrvn-e ilr la Grognqihic, Jincitinie, tiim. i. p. .'111".): and as it is ,i good (leal more to the south than the Ivdrillis mouth, with which the Osliiun Sarrinn lias been coni- inonly identilled, it would seem to have the best claim to Ihi! distinction of being syiionynious with the latter. This channel is. in fact, still partially open, and it has b('en recently stated that the Aus- trian government is seriously eiitertaiiiiiia a project for makiiiL' it navigable. 'I'here can hi- no doubt dial if this could be (/tr,'cti'd, it would be of much iiiiporlaiice to the trade w ith Hungary and the coun- tries on the upper part of the river, by materially shortening the river navigation, and facilitating the transit of ships and goods lo and from the Ulack Sea. Steaui A'liriurnlioii if the Danube. — A reuular line of steam-boats for the transportation of passengers and merch.imlise, is established on the Diiiube from Presbnrg (Hiinitary) to Galacz, by an Austrian company, entitled, " First Company for Navigation by Steam on tlie Danube." "'I'liree boats are running on tbis'line, viz. The Paiinonia (3(i-horse power), from Presbnrg to Pesth. The Francis 1st (bO-horse power), from Pesth to Minl~, in riMiioviiig sand hanks, and in dealing the lied of the river. '•A fmirth steam-boat, 'The Maria Dorothea,' of Tfl-liorse power, is expected before the winter (is:i4), lo extend the line from (;alacz to Constantinople. During w inter this boat is intendeG for temporary service between Smyrna and Constantinople, until the return of spring and the opening of the naviiration on the Danube. '•Two other boats are held in reserve, to be used in case of accident or repairs to any of the four rcuiilar boats." ...„., . „ . ,. Accordimr to the regulations published by the company, the prices for the extreme points of the line are as follow : — Pasaeii^ers. one place, two places. Frnm Prestmris'o Gilirz ( iescndins) • 4S flnr. 77 flor. Fniin Mnllavi.i li> I're-Mire (asceiiiliii») - 14 ilo. 21 do. Chil Iri-ii nf 10 Vfars lialf pnre. PisscLijers ,ire allowfil, I'ri-e of charite, SO poimiis nf lus^ase. Trice ff transport Insurance on c.icli Merclianilise. pi'r 100 lbs. wiih. out insurance. 1 llorin I:> kr. I do. 30 Frnm IVsUi In Mntdivia Friim .Moldavia In I'e.lh luO ll.rins of value' i!J kr. •Ii do. On merchandise, tV.e above rates only apply to such, the value of which din s nut exceed 7C ItnrilLS for every lOO jlis. \\i iiht. Merchandise, the vahre of which is more cons declared, and will piy according to value, at Uie fn! transport fioin Vienna lo Galacz:— Per ICO lbs. wilh- Merchandise. out iiisurAnee. Iron and scithes • • !■ tinrins 20 ki'.^ Furniture and bulky articles • !) do. Other articles, cniiiprising those calli-d nf l.el} sic , ihust be ,,\ in.; rales, for Insnrauce per 1011 llurinl. 4j kr. • 6 do. SOdo.j This last Table gives Vienna as one of the extreme points of the line ; because, in fact, the great * The rapids in this place have received the name of the " Iron Gate." All vessels asceiidinir the river have to be lowed up against the" sireatn ; an, I the water is fieiiiiently too shallow to piMiuit the ilcsient of any but the smallest class of llal-lmttonieil hnats. The Kiituans under Trijaii hail, with riiiial iiiilusiryand saL'acitv,fornieil a road or path along the river's •■iIl'i' for facilitatim; the i'|i'.raliiiii (iftnwiim.of ivhiih the reiiiains are still extant, with an iii^^ci iplion c eemorative olthe i (Uiiidetion nf the works. It has I n proposed to overcimie the dithciilties in the way of the naviL'iilion, by rcnnvalinn the old Ronrin road, and deepening the clianml conti'.Mious lo it. Hut it rarely happens tliil alleiiipts to improve the iiaviL'ation in the bed of a river, under any thing like siinihir ciriiim- stiiiices, are even loleralilv successful ; and provided it cmibl be aciomphslied, there can be no doubt that the proposal for cutting ii literal canal sutlicienlU larue to admit the steam-hoats and other craft naviL'ating the river, is hv far thr most lii,elv means of ohviatieg the ilillii iiltii'S in (|iiestion. At iill cviiils, it is to be hoped 'that suinething etl'ecnial may he spreilily accomplished in reference to Ibia iinportanl snliject.— (For some details with respect to the " Imn (iaie," and the navigation of the Danube, fiom'l'resburg to Uouslchuk, see Mr. iiuin'd I'uijajre Dvirii (Ac Danube, vol. i. pamm.) 3n 2 702 GALANGAI^GALLIPOLI. :> ]i «$=* ^ **'i E\i ^ : ■' r-^ V O f^' r* fcv^ ri ;• J IV ♦ I object nr the company ia tlin cstahllshmRnt of a direct communlcttion between the capitals of the Austrian states nnd of the Ottoman Pinplre. "lis first intention was to make VIennii tlie point of departure for its steam-bonta; hut the sinunsi- ties of the Danube, between it and Presburi;, interposed a tterious obstacle. RiRbteeii nr twenty hours are necessary to pass tlie distance between tliesu two towns by tlie river; whereas, by land, it is performed in five or six hours. "The ronipany has, therefore, determined to erect, either at Preshnrg, or at Raab, a vast entrepflt Whicli will he connected with Vienna by a rail-road, upon which sleani cars shall transport all mer- chandise coniina from the north and midille of fierniany, on its way to the east, by the Danube. "The o(fi(!e of the company is at Vienna : its charter is for 15 years. It is privileeed by eoverninent gratuitously to draw frmii the Imperial coal mines of Moldavia the coal re()uired for the congumption of its boats. Its capital consists of 1,12U shares, each of SOO Horins. The dividend, in 1831, was lixedl at 7 per cent. "From the day on which the first steam-boat of the company shall have entered the Black Sea, it de- clares that the enterprise no lonjier belonsrs solely to the Austrian Slates, but that it belongs to Kurope. "It is announced, that the company coiilemplutcs extending its line of steaiu-boats from Constan- tinoplt! to Trebizond. "This extension will depend on the results which will have been obtained by the experiment between Oalacz and Constantinople." The above statement was published more than a year ago, and we regret that we have no recent information to communicate respectiiiK the stateof this important nndertakini. The Russian irovern- nienl, to whom the treaty of Adrianople give possession of the mouths of the Danube, has, it is said refused to permit any steam-boats to pass in and nut of the river without payment of toll. Hut the power oillussia to im|)ose this toll, conformably with existini; treaties, has been questioned; and till this distMile be ailjiisled, the undertaking will necessarily snder. Junrlinniif the Daniihc and the Rhine.— .\. project has been for some time on foot in Bavaria, that would add (.'really to ibe importance of the free navigation of the Danube. This is for cultiiic a canal from VViirizhoiirg, where the M.iync!, vvliich flows into the Rhine, ceases to be naviL'able, to the Danube, between Doiriuwerlh and Ingoblstadt. Were this accompllsbrd, an internal communication by water would be established throughout all the vast countries stretching from the shores of the Netlierlaiufs to the Hlack Sea ; so that prodnci' shipped at llotlerdam, or at Galacz, might be conveyed from one to the other in the same vcss<'l i The cost nf the canal in iiue-tion is estimated at 8,()(M) 000 florins, and a coujpany has been formed for its construction. The llavari.in governnn'Mt, whicli is a liberal patron of every umlerlaking likely to promoti! the public prosperity, has, we believe, engaged to subscribe a fourth of the sum required. But we have not liNiriiud what progress has been nuulu iu the uiider- lakiiig, wliicli is truly of European importance. — .Siip.) GAL.\NGAL (Ger. Ga/ganl ,- Du. atul Fr. Gahnga ,- Rus. Kalgnn ,- Lat. Galanga,- Arab. Kusttulk ; Chin. Lauiuhin), tlic root of the galum^n, brought frotn Cliina ami the East Indies in [lieces about an inch long, and hardly A an inch tliick. A larger root of the same kind (Greater GahtnsruJ), an inch or more in thickness, is to be rejected. It ha.s an aromatic smell, not very grateful; and an unpleasant, bitterish, extremely hot, biting taste. It should be chosen full and ))Ium|), of a bright colour, very firm and sound : 12 cwt. are allowed to a ton. — (Letuis's Mit. Mvd.,- MH/ium'fi Orient. Cunt.) GALBAXTIM (Fr. Gulhmmm ,■ Ger. Mtlterharz ,- It, Galbam ,■ I-at. GaVmnmi; Arab. Barziid), a species of gum resin obtained from a perennial plant {Gulbtinum nfficinalc) growing in Africa, near the (,'ape of (rood Ho|)e, and 8yria and I'ei-jiia. It is brought Id this coiuitry from the Levant in cases or chests containing from 100 to ;?!!() lbs. each. The best is in ductile masses, comi)osed of distinct whitish tears aggluiinatcd together by a pale brown or yellowish substance. It is generally much mixed witli stalks, seeds, and other impurities. The separate tears are considered as the best. When the colour is daik brown or blackish, it is to be rejected. It has a strong peculiar odour, and a bitteri.sh, warm, acrid taste. — ( Thomson's Dispensatory.) (GALLIPOLI. Account of tlie (Quantity of Oil exported from Oallipoli in British and Neapolitan Bottoms, in 1833 nnd I'^l!, inuetlier wiih an estimate of the Value of the same formed on the Quotations in the Giornalc deile Due Sicilie, Fn Rritisti veMcU la Neaiulitau do. In British vctwIs 111 Ncipulilau do. > Total - Tot.il - 1833. ' Quantity. Value. In S.ilnis. ts.sm) 6, '•01 In Imperial Tons, J.t,2-. 9H 3,56!) Prime Ducils. '.«t. Cash ( liar^es and nuly. Tol,il. Sleriiii!;. Ducats. Slerlins. I^ucats, Sterling. .lV,31fi |i;2,407 L. 77,Vr, 27.')0-. l3.i.2fH 36.72 -1 I.. 22,731 6,310 :'>S3,(»1<) iH'J,l32 /,. ini1271i 3l,2i-, 23,700 613,723 103,4 169,018 29.041 732,741 I34,4!)l 183 4. 1 2B,«7!) 3,X())« 3.733 1,H73 C71.P7-. (-11., 1(10 llli,''6-. IIB.llOS l'*l,6W 32,-22 3I,V,9 14,321 361. 1 1* l,022,^9>) H9.->S7 177,^07 327,494 60,.i27 8,406 l,:-.13,17'> 263.173 .%8.S32 l,8'<3,027 Statement of the Number, Tonnage, and Crews of Vessels, distinguishing the rounlries to whicli they belonged, which entered inwards and cleared oiilwanls, at the Port of (J.illipoli, in 1835. Fl,vt<. Kutere'l,'t» „t nnah, a vast entrcpftt ' , hy Ihc Uiimihe. ,r vilP2e'>"S''»"^"'r'"- |Ji',„.bouls frou, Conslun- jtaineil by the experiment rpt that wfi have no recent imp on foot in Bavaria, tlmt . vtlicliisalilterMpiitrdn ".■"*' ,ei"eiltosnl.«crilma ;|-^S;:u^;;:aeiutheunaer. Knlunn ; T.at. Ga/anq:a • ;usht from China an, the ,Uk-k A larger root ot the toberejooUHl Ithasan exlrcmoly hoi. biting astc. rniand sound: 12 cwt. are Sah^ from 100 to n lb. whlli^^h tear. agsUi.raXed illy nuich mixed wUh stalks 7 a. the best. When the strong peculiar odour, and a 1 vmnolitan Boltoms, in IS'M fenc^louth.auotat.o.>Biu.he Value. Yrisi aiiJ nuly. ! Slerliiis- I Tolixl. lIuMls- Slerlin!. mu.i ■^^1 iM,4niJ i.i.:i2i I i,»^3n"_ islui." Vlu! ('onnuies !;> vvliicU ,;fl"rrlot-OMln..'H,mlNb._ III GALLON, a measure of caparity, both for dry and liquid articles, containing 4 quarts. By 5 Geo. 4. c. 74,, " the Imperial Kailoii shall be the standard measure of capacity, and shall contain 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distilled water, weighed in uir at the tcrnperaturo of 62° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being at .30 inches, or 277'274 cubic inches; and all other measures of capacity to be used, as well for wine, beer, ale, spirits, and all sorts of liquids, as for dry goods, not measured by heaped measure, shall bo derived, computed, and ascertained from such gallon ; and all measures shall be taken in parts, or multiples, or certain proportions, of the said Imperial standard gallon." The old English gallon, wine measure, contained 231 cubic inches; and the old English gallx de ^alle ,- Ger. Galhtpfcl, G alius ,- It. Galle, Gulluze ; Lat. Galw ,• Arab. Afis ,■ Hind. Miijoiiphol ,■ Pers. Muztt), are ex- crescences produced by the attacks of a small insect, which de[)osits its eggs in the tender shoots of a species of oak (Qucrcus Infccloria Liti.), abunuur* 'n Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, &c. Galls are inodorous, and have a nauseously bitter and astringent taste. They are nearly spherical, and vary in magnitude from the size of a pea to that of a hazel nut. When good, they are of a black or deep olive colour; their surface is tubercular, and almost prickly ; they are heavy, brittle, and break with a flinty fracture. They are known in commerce by the names of wliifc, i;rcen, and blue. The white galls arc those which have not been gathered till after the insect has eaten its way out of the nidus and made its escape. They are not so heavy as the others, are of a lighter colour, and do not fetch so hig-h a price. 'J'he green and blue galls are gathered before the insect has escaped ; they are heavier and darker than the former, and are said to allord about one third more of colouring matter. Galls are of preat importance in llir arts, lioinR very extonsivrly nsed in dyeing, and tlm nianufnc- tnre of ink, fif wliiili they forin one (if the principal inurcdients. Tln-y are ilie nnist powi.'rfnl of all tlic vejietahle aslrin^'ents ; and are frecineiitly nsed witli (!re;il etVcet in tiiedicine. Tlie ancients reckoned the eull-niita of Syria superior to every otlu>r, anil tin'y still retain their pre- eaiinence. They an; principally exported from Aleppo, Tripoli, Sniyniii. and Said; those hronitht from the lirst come chielly from Mosul, on the western hank of the Tigris, alinnt ten days' journey from Aleppo. The real Mosul calls are nminestionahly the best of any ; hut all that nri' (rallicred in the surroiitulini? country are sold under this name. Those from Caramania are of a very inferior quality. The fjalls UM!t with in India are earried thither fnun I'tirsia l>y .\ral)ian nierehaius. It is Hot nmisunl to dye the whitish iiallnuts hine, in order to incre.ise tlu'ir >iilne. The fraud is, however, (leleclcd hy tlie deeper blue tinue that is llins imparled to tlieni; and 'ly their being perfo- r.iled, and liL'hter than the s-'enniiie Idue aalls. The prii-i; of trails in bond varies in the London market from ft^.i. to 85,?. a cwt. The duty is 5s. a cwl.— (Ill cit's Cijrlopirdiu; Bancrufi on Caliiitrs ; Jiin.-lie'i-- J\Fat. liulira, •l^'C.) GAMBOGE (Fr. Gomme guile,- Ger. Gummigutl ,- It. Gomma s^iiltu ,• Lat. Gummi gutla", Cumboi^ia; Arab. O.ssariimvutid,- Siamese and (Jambojan, lioiii;), a concrete vege- tr.lile juice, or gum resin, the produce of the Gdrdnia Cambni^l/i. a forest tree of the genus wliich affords the niangostein, the most exquisite fruit of the East. The districts which yield gamboge lie on the east side of the Gulf of Siam, between the latitudes of 10° and 13° north, comprising a portion of Siam and the kingdom of Cninboja, whence its English name. It is obtained by making incisions in the bark of the tree, from which it exudes, and is collected in vessels placed to receive it. In these it assumes a tirin consist- ence; and being forme J into orbiciilar masses, or more frequently cylindrical rolls, it is at once fit for the market. It is of a bright yellow colour, opaque, brittle, bre.dvs vitreous, has no smell, and very little taste. Spccitic gravity 1-22 When taken iiiteniiilly, it operates as a most violent cathartic. It forms a benutit'ul yellow pigment; for which purpose h is principally used. The Dutch began to import it about the middle of t!ie seventeenth cen- tury. The greater part of the ganibogc of coininerce first linped for Europe. Its price at Singapore varies, ac- cording to (piality, from '•)() to 80 dollars per picul. Dark coloured jiieces should be rejected. —{Cr(iirfi)rd's Einbasm/ la Siam, p. 42.').; Tlioninnu'.s C/ieiiushi/.) GARNET, GARNETS (Fr. Gmmts ,- Ger. Gninnleu, Graiifihlrin ,- It Granat! .- Lilt, driinuli ; Ros. Graiiahioi latinvu ,- Sp. Griuutdax). There are two species of garnet, the precious ami the common. The colour of the tirst is red ; and hence the name of the mineral, from its supposed resemblance to the (lower of the pomegranate ; passes from Co- lumhine .d, to cherry and brown red; coinmo.dy crystallised. External lustre glistening, internal shining, vitreous; transjiarent, sometimes oniy traiisiucent; specific gravity 408 to 4'31. The colour of the common garnet is of vaiious shades of brown and green. DiH'er- ont colours often appear in the same mass: translucent; black varieties nearly opaque: specific gravity from 3'66 to 3-7;'). — {Thomson's Clinnhlrj/.) The fuiest varieties come from India, and some good specimens have been received from Grceidand. When large 704 GAS COMPANIES. I I 1^ I ' r J 1 and free from flaws, garnets arc worth from ?.l. to n/. or fiA, nnd even more ; bnt stones of this value are of rare occurrence, and always in demand. — {Maivc on Diamonds, ^c. 8ded. {). 11.3.) GAS COMPANIES, the term usually applied to desit^nate the companies or a«Boeiations estahlished in most large towns for lighting the streets and houses with gas. Every one must have remarked that most species of coal, when ignited, give out large quantities of gas, which burns with much brilliancy, yielding a great quantity of light as well as of heat. Dr. Clayton seems to hav(! been the first who attempted, about 17;l(J, to ap|)ly this gas to the purposes of artificial illumination ; but his experiments were upon a very limited scale, and no further attention was paid to the subject till more than half n cen- tury afterwards. At length, however, Mr. Murdoch, of Soho, instituted a series of judicious experiments on the extrication of gas from coal ; and, by his ingenuity and sagacity, suc- ceeded in establishing one of the most capital improvements ever made in the arts. Mr. Murdoch found that the gas might be collected in reservoirs, purified, conveyed by pipes to a great distance from the furnace where it was generated; and that it nfVords, by its slow combustion, when allowed to escape through small orifices, a beautiful and steady light. This Rreat discovery, which places Mr. Murdoch in the (irst rank among the benefactors of mankiiid, was first brought into practice at Kedruth, in ('ornwall. In 1802, it was applied to light Mr. Murdoch's manufactory at Soho; in 1805, it was adopted by Messrs. Phillips and Lee, of Manchester, in the lighting of their great cotton mill ; and is now employed in the lighting of the streets, theatres, and other public buildings, factories, «Scc. of all the considerable towns of the emj)ire ; nnd also in most considerable towns of the Continent and America. Gas light is indebted, for its rapid diflusion, not more to its peculiar softness, clearness, and unvarying intensity, than to its comparative cheapness. According to Dr. Thomson (.V«n, to Enci/. Brit. art. Gun Liixhtu), if we value the ((uantity of light given by 1 lb. of tallow in candles at Is., an equal cjuantily of light from coal gas will not cost more than 2jV/, being less than a finirtli pari of the cost of the former. Oil and other substances liiive been used in furnishing gas for the purpose of illumina- tion, but none of them h;is answered so well as coal. Most of the oil gas establishments have been aiiandoned. The construction of gas works on a large scale, and the carrying of pipes throimli the streets and into houf-es, «fec., is very expensive, and requires a large outlay of C!i])ital. Hence most of the gas lights in the dilVereiit towns are supplied by joint stock companies. Many of them have turned out to be very profitiible concerns. The subjoined 'i'able contains a statement of the most important particulars connected with the principal gas companies; viz. the number of shares in each, the nominal amount of each share, the sums actually paid up, the market jirice of shares, the divideiwl |iaviiii!n on them, • l/.Ki.s'.pi 10 per Ulvi.iciBl! rent. iMay, Nov cent. ,'\Iiiy, Nov eeiil. Aliir. Sept. eeiii. .Mar, Sept. eeiii. April Oct. rem. .I;in. .Inly, i-eni. I'rh. Kw'n. Iiiire. .April, Oct. Ii^irc, ..\pril, Oct. cent. .liui. .lulv. cent. .■\jiir..«ii'pi, cent. April. Oct cent. M:ir. Srpt. ■rsh. Tel). Aiij;. dl.,w inot cost more than 2^(/., for the purpose of illnmina- 3f the oil gas csf..bhshn,enl. orrvinR of pipes thronch tliR ef a Tarpe outlay of casual. icd by joint stock oomi.unies. portant particulars connected Crach,tbenom..>u».noun hrtvcs the dividend imyidilo .at Mcr, of Change .Mlcy Price Sliare. lO n ■>o 1^ 15 10 13 21 \-i 2'i 03 45 21 <> +1 :i(i 45 25 •^•^ 15 Dui'lii"! jirr All" ""• Divi'lends \ ^\.a1 It. C, ,pr cent. May, Nnv. Cm" cent. >liiy, N"V. 10 .erfei.l. Mar. Si'pt.l .-, ,„.rc.M.t. A|ii-il Oct. .1 ,er.-em..l:»i..l<.ly. ,-. lerc-.Mit. IVh. .\»'J. I hi Hersliiue. Aiir\l,(Hl.i ;';;sl.:ue. .Mml (M. V„,.reent..liui..l^ily- ■f, irreenl. Miir. r^l.. Vv\y\n^- lOpereeiit. i>ii>>- rob. A"?. ! iMiir. Sept. GENEVA. 705 Nnmbrr of Sliilri'a. Namrf of Conipaiiies. AllHMltlt 1 (if j Sh-ires. I'li.l up. Trici, |itT share. DiVliI,*!! 1 jicr A; mini. I)ivi»M,-. 7S0 'iifiil VitriMoiitii - . . 20 IS 13 3J per cent. Jnlv, Jan. tiiiill'iirj - « „ 25 29 23 U. (lOI) ll.lil:i.x ... 25 ai 30 1,200 |l|wwi(h - . . 10 . 12 12.<. Mar. Sept. bm l^li' lit Tlmnnt - . . 85 20 22 5 piT cent. Jan. July. 10(1 Kldilei'iiiiiistcr - - . 50 . _ 53 5 piT ec'tit. 10/. 201 I.<'«mI» - . _ 100 100 105 I.eiiestGt - 90 50 05 (1 3/. 10.». Jannary. 220 l.i^wis - - - 25 25 23 4 per cent. January. 500 Liverpool - - . 100 loo 4.00 1M. , I'VI). Ani?. 200 IMiililslone - - - . 50 50 100 9 per cent. Mar. Sept. 200 i\i'\v<:asll('-uii(lnr -Mno 25 320 N.'wpnrt, Isle of VViglit - 50 ^ _ 1« 1/. 512 .\orlli:iiii|itoM - _ _ 20 1!) 20 10 320 Niiltlii|,'liaiii - . . 50 50 96 8 per cent. 120 (t.M'oril - . . L-iO 130 3,200 I'aisltiy - - . 50 (iOO I'nplar - _ _ 50 _ 27 (iOO Porisea Island - .50 53 47 5 per rent. Jan. July. 2..100 Piirlahlo - . . 100 20 IH 10 (lis. 10,000 I'lyinoiitli - M) 70 5/. July. 1,000 4mO Ralclitr Kocliilale - - - 100 25 60 15 40 par 58 4 per cent. Mar. Sept. 240 Udi'liestcr - - . . 50 .50 .3/. 1,000 .Sli.Mlield - - . 25 IH 5 5H 10 piT cent. 1,000 Slirewslinry - - - 10 12 10 V2s. Jannary. 144 Stncklon " - - - _ 55 _ _ 204 Warwick - - - . 50 _ „ 50 5 ppr cent. March. 400 Wakfticlil - - . _ 25 - . - 2/. 10.--. 1(]0 Wiirrington - - . 20 _ _ 21) 10 per cent. 1,0110 Wicnii - . - 10 - « 210 Wdnlwii'h - - - . 50 30 - 10 per cent. MO Wdlverluiinpton - - . 20 20 20 ■ (100 Worcester - - 20 - 10 4 per cent [Gas works for lighting have been introduced into the United States at Hostoii, New York, Philadelphia, Wilmington (Del.), Baliimore, Pittsburg, Louisville, New Orleans, and .Mobile ; and are all of them conducted by johit stock companies, — by one eomiiany only in each place, excepting in New York and Philadelphia, where there are two. With the exception, also, of that in Pittsburg and the two in Philadelphia, they are conducted under the usual organization of joint stock corporations. In the three cases just mentioned, the general features are the same. The stock is heid by individuals ; and the management is confided to trustees. The.se trustees are, in the Northern Liberties, annually chosen, one half by the municipal authorities, and one half by the proprietors; l)Ut, in the city of Philadelphia proper and Pittsburg, they are chosen by the former exclusively. Li all these works, the nmnicipal authorities have granted the pri- vilege of laying down pipes, reserving to themselves the right of redem|ition at the original cost, for the benefit of the corporations respectively. 'I'hose works have no legislative charters. The success which has attended the works in Philadelphia is attributable, in a great mea- sure, to file strict regulations adopted, to prevent the leakage of the gas in the minute rami- fications of the j)ipes conducting it through the buildings that are lighted. — Am. Ed.] GENEVA (Du. Genever ; Fr. Geniarc ,■ Gcr. Gaud, Genever ,• It. Acqxiadl Ginepro; Lat. Juii'prri arjun ,• Sp. Al^iki dc Embro), a spirit obt;\ined by distillation from grain, rectified, with the addition of juniper berries. The latter give to the sjnrit that peculiar flavour by which it is distinguished, and arc also said to render it diuretic. Geneva is a corruption oi aciiin're, the French term for the juniper berry. B' ■ the best geneva is made in Holland, where its manufacture is carried on to a very irrc Mit. The distilleries of Schiedam have long been famous, and are at present in a very pui.perous condition. Schiedam geneva is made solely of spirit obtained from rye and liavley, flavoured with juniper berries. It becomes milder, and ac(}uires, as it gets old, an oily flavour disliked by tlie Hollainlers; hence nearly the whole of the "Schiedam" is exported, jirincipally to the East Indies. There are no fewer than .^00 distilleries in Schie- dam, 100 in other parts of Holland, and not more than 40 in Belgium. The entire annual [iroduce of the distillery in Holland is estimated at 2,000,000 ankers, or 20,.'J00,000 wine lalloiis, of which about two thirds arc exported. — {Clucl, Description G tugraphique des Fuijs Ba.t, p. 92.) In nntliinir, perhaps, liaa llie destrnctive effect of heavy taxation Ix'en so strnnaly i-xhiliited, as in till' Iraile i>l" i-'i'iiev.i. It app-ars rnnn llie l':irl. Paper, No. 21S, rtcss. 1S20, tliat iliiriii!,' Ilie 10 years onilina Willi 17S0. when the duty on f;eiu'Va was almnl U)s. tln' wiin- iralloii, the average aiimial con- siimiiiinii in (ireal llrilain anioiinleil in aliiiiil HO, 302 lmIIhiis. lint in HNi, .Mr. Pill reiliiced llu' diilies ti)0.>'. a Kallnii ; ami the eU'ecl ot'tliis wis(! and jxditic nii'asiiri' was smh, that in the next decennial jitriod tlie average imports lor home consinnptioii ainounted to 4 14,M)1 yullous '. Frum 1790 to 1606, 89 ,i 1 1 706 GENOA. ■^•S 5t5 V- if tho diillPR niictiinted from 7.«. M. In 1 Is. ; l)iil ns ilio tnBin for cpnovn Imil hocn formed, and an thn dii. tirn on (illiiT xpiril.s liail Ikmmi i.jciiiistMl in alionl tliii s ujii- |irii|)(nlii)ii, lliii ciini«uiii|ili(iji went (Mi iiicrcus ins, Iwivi.i'.' I)i;i-fi. iit an avTau.' ol'tli.' 10 y^ irs. an lii;4li iih ",'J;,:i.".1 lmIIimis a \v.:\r. Tliirt wa;. Ili,' inaxl' liMMiiiifriMisiini|(l(i)n. Mr. Van.^illarl h(miii allcv luc ui liin iiiunH|>li'icnii< carcir. and lininciliatilv rni»H(i tlic (Inly from 1 Li. to 2(».<. H,/. ; tli)> r(inHi'i|niMiri> nCilii.-' hurcaMi! Iiejntf, lliat in llii; 10 yrara Kiicliiig wi'li ISIO, llicavcrai.'fion»uni|Hion auK It'll lo only 27 V.H Kallims. Siinu llnni llii- (inlics liave CDjuinnt'd stationary, lii'iriK at this niiinii'nl 2'i.«. t),/. ilii. Iiii|i"rial Kallun, on an ilr wliidi niav ii.' I ujn jn bond fnr 'i.t. 3(/. or 'Av. (W. ; TInMlntlcHon r ami BritiHiiMpirilH Inivint liccn niatcrially r'l'ilnicd riiirine the IU9t lOywus. lliL'consnniiilionof pencva liaHKoniMin procri'ssivrlv (liniiniHliini.Miil'il now ainonnts BH appcar> froni tin,' siilijoiio'il oHici;.! Hlatfini'iil. I i ii on' than •i-.i.iioo nallon.-i ; Imiiij; only une ihiilu', fourth part of wlial it ainonnli'il to duriiij,' tlu' 10 Vf'urH cMdinj.' with l.'-OO ! In Irclainl, the ctrocls of tliiri fehnlc. .-e .ly.slcin liavn In nn>r>> injurious llinn nppcara from ijiji, Tiilili!. DnrinK tin; 4 years endinij with IMK). tlii^ hooks of iln- Irish Cnstoni-honsc show that thero wore, lit an avuragi-, bi,h'28 gallinis of t'cncva i-nicrcd for hinni- consninpli producin;.', at tint tlirn duty of 7.<. 3i(/., 3!t,'J-2;». II year; whiTras, notwilhslaiidiiiz thn v.ist incri'iist' of population, the con- sumption of cciiirva In Iri'lanil, in \KVl, was only l.ioi gallons, and the rcvrmnt only I,, 177/. To make any liiiuthcin'd coniimMilary on anch statinii'iits would biMisidcss. Onr iiolity, if \vc nmy npply this term to so riivollin),' u display of short-si(;lileil rapacity, Ins had no other etl'eit than to lessen the piildic revenue and enjoyments of the people, to injiire our trad-.' wilh Holland, and to foster and (iromote the niinoiis and ilestriielive prailiei! of RiiintiiiliiiK. The e.\(iriiilant diiiies on t'e- nevu, hrandy, and toliaeio, have led to the fonnali f the euiisl Kiiard anil the preventive witer guard, cost in;.' toijolher hitweeii 100,000/. and r;00,(10il/. a year; and yet, tiotwillisiandiiip this eimr liimia outlay, and iioiwithstandinf! the iiiniimerahle peiinllies iiiid piinishiiienlsto which heii expnseil" Ihe trade of the sinnt.'(;ler is not put down.lmt is, on the uonlrary, in a peculiarly Hoiirishiiii,' conditii,,, .' and so it will Lonlinne, in despite of every thing that tan he done for its suppression, till these duties be adei|nalely reduced. We helieve onr (lin inannfaclnrers have nolhinff to apprehend from a rednctlnn of the dntjps on it,. neva to l(l.<. a (.'allon. The lower classes, who are the creat consumers, prefer lOiifc'lish L'in to evirv other stimulant ; and now that the duties on juniper herries— (s.e lii:iiuii;s)-are reduced, iis iiiialiiv may he materially iiimroved. Hut nolhiii« would have so niiich inlliieiice in this respect as the adini/ sion of Keiieva at a inoderate duty. It would also h.ive the heneliciul ellecl of putting iin end to i!ij maiiiifactiire of the spurious compounds sold under its name. The regulations as to the imporiatioii, &c. of goiievu are similar to thosu airectiiig Krandv j which 881!. An Account of the Numher of Gallons (Imperial Measure) of Oeneva entered for !Iome (-'onsuinpllnn in (ireat Britain and Indaml, the Kates of Duty on the same, and the entire Nett I'rodnce of tlie Uutv, each Year since IHH. ^u.iiititiefl rctiiiird for Home Nell Proiluce of Duty (Customi and Excise.) tlilpsnf Dijfv per tin|ii;r],i|(iill,.„',i:„3,„„„ Years, and Kxoj f). C.reil liriliin. Irdl'i.i. Uriilcil Kiilitttoiil. Great Britain. Ireland. Viiited Kins;toni. Gt. Britain. IrelsuJ. lini>. (InlOlmp. C, ill. Iinih Gall. £ s. d. £ .9. d. £ s. (/. £ s. ll. £ s. (/ 1814 Il',»,302 0,072 1.55,.374 168.559 13 3 5,581 18 5 174,141 11 8 1 2 0} 17 3J 181.5 I21,'.08 4. 146 128,951 139.768 13 3 4,029 8 11 113,798 2 2 1810 I0:t,073 1,30.) 105,278 116,967 12 11 1,359 15 8 118..327 8 i 1817 105,183 2,174 107.0.57 118.837 19 10 2,012 16 120.850 15 10 1818 !l,3,25j 3,032 116,287 127,503 18 11 2.772 3 3 130.275 2 2 ISI'J 102,523 3.121 105,647 114,799 13 7 2,795 2 9 1I7,.59J 16 4 1 2 7; 1820 105.0(17 3.383 108,450 114.903 15 2 2.913 17 11 117,817 13 1 1821 8!Ui3 3,324 92,767 100,965 15 9 2,910 2 10 103.905 18 / 1H22 88.1)70 2.917 9I„587 99.981 Ifi 2 2,.523 14 3 I02,.505 10 5 182.'? 82.784 8,164 90.918 93.112 7,020 14 5 100,162 14 5 . 1 2 8 1824 lil.tiO.i 412 90.017 101,0,><9 12 3 472 7 11 10l„562 2 1825 8;),701) 1.000 8 1.709 94.463 2 1 1,115 17 II 95,609 1826 (•.7.07i» 2.081 69,160 7.5..5.53 5 10 2,:!:i7 10 11 77,^90 16 9 1 2 C 1 2 6 1.827 50.700 1,908 52.668 57,204 11 11 2,117 12 6 59„352 4 5 1828 43,037 1 2,223 45,260 48.4;i3 9 1 2,500 11 10 60,934 11 1829 35.301 1.815 37,146 39.647 17 2 2,075 12 6 41,723 9 8 |8:iO 29,(HJ() 1,703 30,799 32,650 9,018 34,6(H I8;u 2i.510 , 1,388 23,898 25.33 i I, .562 26,894 (I 1832 20 S'Jt) 1 1, 102 22,301 23,514 1..577 25,091 GENOA, a maritime city of Italy, once the capital of the famous rc[itiblic of that name, now of a province of the kingdom of Sardinia. It is situafeil at tlie liotloin of llic cxtoiisive gulf to which it gives its name; the light-house being in lat. 44° 24' 40" N., Ion. 8° .5a' i),5" E. Population 80,000. Genoa is otic of the finest cities of Europe. In general, tlie streets are inconveniently narrow ; but some of the principal ones are moderately wide, and consist almost entirely of public buildings, and private palaces erected during tiie period of her prosperity. Being built on a rising ground, in the form of iin amphitheatre, the appear- ance of the town from the sea is most magnilicent, and justifies the epithet given to her of " la superba." Porl.—'V\\K harbour is siinicircular, the diameter being ahoiit 1,000 fathoms. It is nrtillciiil. Iicin^ formed by two ijigantic moles having opposite directions. Tli.'it on the ea.«t side, called the idd mule {violu rrrcliui)y projects from the centre of the city W. by S. It is about 2f0 fathoms in length, and has a battery near its middle. The new nude imalo niiiiro), on the oripusile side of the pun, adjiiJDsiJii] 8oiitliern extremity of the siihiirb of .S. I'ietro d'Arena, projectine about 210 fal bonis I'roin slinrc in an E. S. E. direction. The mole heads bear from each other i\. V.. by I', and S. W. by \V.. the dis. tame between them, forming the entrance to the harbour, being about 350 f.ithoms. The lit'lit-limisic is without the port, on the we.st side, near Ihe extremity of a point id'land. and (diitignoiis to llie Iml- toniofth:- new nude. It is a lofiy sinnre tower; aiid as it stands on a liiL'h rock, ami is paiiili'd white, it is visilde in clear weatlier at a great distance. Tlien^ is also a harliniir light at the exlreiiiily of the new mole. There is no ditlicully in entering the harbour; the grmiiid is clean, and tlieri' Is plenty of water, iiarlicularly on the side iiext the new luole ; care, however, must he taken, in coming GENOA. 707 „ formed. «"'">".'*"'''"" "„ ,U..u^v>■<.l....l»l:rK.s- , ln,\ it..u..Mlv..lf y r!U*.Ml '•,l'ov:.r««i"l>"«. «•''''', , .,M\ rVdiin'il (luring S '^*'""«""";"'r• '".uo .V.'r ..nWlllr.n.o 1 tlw i.rfv.'iiuvi- wilier ';;::;v s.^MUn!:U.>.nu,r. V;' u n(.urwirn.l.M.niuliUuu ; Sre".>on,U»iUcscau...>. ..„i,„tU.noftluMlut\eMm|!.:- '^ .■ r I'liL-li-ih uuilofviry •intl.rrr*.i..MtastlM^»'Uiiis- ;;;^norpuAu>t;an.M,uoi.,e Crom tho wost, to pivn thft licht-lionsf! point n gnnd nll'iii!.'. Mmlorntc sl/od morrlinntnifln rnmnionly oiu'lior inside Itic nld mule, ciinliiiiiou!" Id I'm pnrlo frnm-o, i0,( 00 900,001 1,300,000 . 33,000 1 Cnfffr'. rtiun • tons l,!H(i l,.'W« 2,9,30 110 t80 I'iiiieiitd - — 132,000, 143,(00 130,00(1 93,000 Collnn. ditto • bales S,rt70 13,700 10,6(10 4,130 1,030 C.is^ia li,.iie.i,ra. 790 530 820 40 Corliiiieil - ll»5. I'l.i.O 29.0011 7,1,1 00 33.(X)0 64,000 (llUO ■ ITIllS 1,'DO Fish, Co'lfiRh, quint. 36,90(1 3l,V)ll 34.1 00 7:.o Sug.ir*. lo.ives, c.isks 310 175 83 30 45 St ckfi>h — 20,: 00 lf.,9C0 22,000 I.BOO criislieil — 2.7' 2,r!.o 2 8,30 130 310 I'llclianis, lihds. 2.:,M) 3,0r-.0 5,200 ll.'i\niiiiah, Isf. S',2no i:i,3oo 13,1 2.1,0 4,3CO Hfirji.o • brls. 5,100 430 m Pr.l7.il ca-,?s 6,410 6,101 4.'-00 88(1 1.040 Hides, lirit'd and dry dilln h.\i% 4i00! B.4a 11. .id 2,100 2,500 stili'd - niiinK 118,400 G2,-.00 8C,4(X1 5,roo 3,200 K. Ill.li-. - 2,300 12 201 24,001 Iu90 1^0 roi*..Kico, csks. 4, '.70 2,4(:( 4,31.0 4P0 470 Spanish sernii* mr-i 27.^ 7(>2 1,070 t,120 Tin iilales Ltixes 4.930 2,t00 6,500 850 1,700 j I^ead • • pif;s 24,300 23,^W 21, -.00 16,2(0 17,000 1 ♦ We are not sure that this is the correct readiiifi, the title to the nccmint beirg d|;nwii up in so fliiveidy a way, that it is not easy to say wliethe.r it means that 84 ships urrrived and 84 departed, or Hut '12 arrived and -12 departed. 708 GENTIAN— GIBRALTAR. et: to r I t. a I .... !..' I" Slntcnictit of tlin rrlnflpnl ArlicloH iif lUnv Proiliiri! c.vpnrli'il I'ruiii Onnn. witli II fir Vrkcn tUcte on till' l-it III' Jiiiiiiary, inn,!. In t'orhi fniiirii (ilniiil , In Ifiiliari Miinry, Wi'ltrlilM, anil Mcauun^i, aiul I'ri'i'iin lliiaril In l^iigllsli Money, W'uiglils, anil MciiiiHrt'M.— (Kruin thB Circular uf Oranla, Balfuur, and Co.) n)h ■nl< Almnnilii, iiu'eet, Sicityi Art(nl, whim • le I i;;irlilej nnrill:i, Mcill.lll BrilliHtxiii:, imi^ll roll CaiilliAri'tes - Clii-eii-., i'.iriiirsan Coltnii, Mako Cri-aiti of Mrlnr Kssi iic« uf Lt'ri;.lniot It-iniiii G.ills, I tiikey, blue in sorli . - — Gum Ar.ibic, picked • — ii. wjrls • - — Hemp, Holii^na, (li^MeJ, lit ■ - liv. 2J ■ • — f^nleii • - — ctml.i.5e, lit • — ■il . - _ Fit!ilinnrit, Ut ' — Liqiinrirt' |i.u e,Calabria — S>cili.ia • • — LinBPcd • • — Madder mnts, Cyprus, .inl Smyrna • lol» Tripoli • - — Manila iij rt.ikfs • — in snr:(, Ornci • — 61 In 4U — 4H ■1.! - 4t 14 — 7|.2— 13 — It 7-7 ijO — n,o los —loo 10 — 11 B 1-2 — 9 7—0 4 3-4 - 1 2> — 2K 11 — 12 — 44 — 2U — 76 — 71 — — 40 — 37 — 37 — f.7 — 45 — 7 1-2 - 8 7 1-2 — 8 60 — fO 29 — .10 TriBiii Kii; — 10 lli. 14 3 III. 1 ti lU lb. I'aper, Florell.l,I.llb«.— 7 - 7 1-4 p. rill. 4 lllrni of \m ii-H — Mi'iii. Mill - r, - 3 1.4 if 171 n 3 u; ITi _ II 7'9 — Almaivi, Ifilbi. — H 2— 9 1.4 ^llrel^ « 3 »IlMH 1 2 19 7 CHI. (Jiiickiolvtr - «(>>" 42 — lb. 2 lllll'. ^. 8 9 lb. Itit'r, l/onibarily • liv. 20 - 21 I.Mllh. ir> llH-wt. .. fi III — Silllmver, new • »oli Ull — lb. i 1 2 lb. _ 4 II — Sall'ron • • liv. 3i — 30 - 1 1 12 4 — __ 6 13 1 CWl. Snap, while - — 48 — 48 1501b. 1 l:-< cwl. _ 3 1 (> — inaiblfd • — 41 — 46 1 1.'. 7 — ^. II 3 8 .— Shu.iiac, Sicily • — 22 — 22.>lb. !0 9 — "~ S 1 8 >- Sponicc», line and *u- pcrlinc • • — 4 — . lb. A 4 lb. l-)0 S4 1 7 ton Steel, Milan, No. DO — 29 _ ji LWIb. 1 2 U cwl. - m 10 fi -^ No. - 29 ._ ' 1 1 2 6 — - 34 l> 1 — No. 1 « 2. - 27 — '^, _ 1ft 7 — J8 9 3 — T.lllnw . . — M — M »_ 1 15 7 — 21) U 7 Valoiiia . - — 10 — 18 _ 12 9 .. ._ .'« 6 7 10(1 2 18 10 c»vt. Grain, Hhe.il, Ill.ick 2 3 3 — SiM.infl ■ — 20 — 23 mina 2 1 7 iiuart. 150 1 19 2 i|r. dillo, bard - — 22 1.2 - 23 2 1 7|lnip. Beans, Alcxan* 1 2 1 2 civt. dri.i, new • — 13 — _ 1 3 6 — — 2 1 2 — old • — 11 — 19 10 -^ — 3 8 lb. Corn, Indian ■ — 14 - 18 _ 1 12 C — — 1 4 — TVirrt.— 'I'ho^e of iiinfri» are,— on cott"n, fisli. tallow, and valonia, 4 per cent. ; bcinp, I per cent. ; w(h>I, 116 for lOO Itm. ; ,ilinond», wai.and (!j1I», 104 fir 100 lbs.! liinger, 112 for 100 lbs ; «iniiis, rice, cream of tirlar, e«ieiices, iiiiii ksilV' r, sliiimac, steel, and soap, have no lare; for all oilier arii lissoM by »eiih', I0(i lbs. are i,M ai»l >"1'" , u .^r.-. M b«'o.l .ire..n p.Jencia»a;llvi8.£nr«an; e Pyrenees, ana m North w They are in i-iecpa of and covered with a brown- is intensely bitter, without tremity of Ppain< ^"VT name! ioi"i'"^ ''>^' •^*^''"^'' Tu ituatinl on the west he ancients, rro].;e.mg -to h of a mih^ in \vulth. 1 he k northern .ide.iV.ntin, ho \r and wholly iiv.u-ceHs.We , {c any attack upon t^l^em, llyontliewo.t.ac>jn^ built, that It can he. uuked Lofthclbrtiricalions,aultUc ,. impregnable, even tlm^ taken by the Kn,h.h...l't). \, ,,rps,>nt. Towanls lUe ciiu L!;;;«tf.«j»»'>>;£,S Ivrrv of the sanison. dtltatca T(3, exclusive of the troops, fl all the more darj^rou. (vP been constructed at a vw r -nf from the north end of hloleU mile more to the rrned by the shore -;n paptl Smyth's beautiful Trade, VnVVrnl Tmpnrtnnrr, ^r, — fJiiirnltur in of ron.Milerahlo coniicqupncc an a com- tnerrial Rtation. Bcirii; a fire port, sul>jc<'t to no duticH and few rcHlrictionw, it in a convc- nifnt cntriput for the English and 'Jther forci.;n gmuls ilostined for tiie Hupply of the contiRUous Spanish and African provinces. In this re.-ipi-ct, however, it has ^really lUlleii oir. This haB been owinj; to a variety of Cannes : partly, and jirincipaliy lurhaps, to tho in«ociirity and appreliension occasioned l>y the fciir of peHtllential disi'u-.en, the place never having recovered from the elVects of the dreadful eontiiirion by which it wan visited in 1804 ; partly to larpte qunntiticH of tho.so goods being now kept at Malta and (lenoa, that were formerly kept at (iihraltar ; and, more recently, to tho making of ('adiz a free port. Thia measure has, however, been revoked; but, notwithstanding, it is not nt all probable that (iibraltar will ever again be of much importance as u trading station. In 1831, the ilectured value of the various articles of British produce and manufa.ture exported to (iibr.iltar, was QeT.SS.V. ; l\\e iijjici'al value of the foreign and colonial products exported to it during tho eame year lieing 1'2I,343/. The trade witli Gibraltar, or any British dependency in the Mediterranean, may be regulated by an order in council ; and any goods imported or exported contrary to such order shall be forfeited, together with the ship importing or exporting the same. — (6 Geo. i.e. 1 14. § 73.) 1T6 i?*'^ 1 C A is 12 ,f^ 10 -!. t f% 40 Minnces tn PI„v.-\. point .ind liylit-hriHi- of TarilVi, in tat. 30- W N., Ion. 5" 3.5' IS" W. TheliphNhouHe WHS erect'd in 1813. nn.l .Up lipl.t rovolvrs B, Cabrita P..i„t, C, Ei.ropa ro.n , he •■xlremitv of the rnrl< of Gihrnltni'. D, town and fortress of tViiIa. on tlic \rrican u.iist. L,- /■'"'« Cema Bay F Point Leona. O, Point Cirrs. The soumliiigs and the diriction of the currents are marlied in the chart. Variation in the Straits, 22° 31'. Vol. I.— 3 i* 'I ■'■ 710 r.ILD— GLASS. %^ kStsu C3 ' \ i f I' Thp rofti vnJiiP of Oilirnltnr to frrcnt Driliiiti rotiKintH in its Importnnrc in o militnry nnj nnvul point 1)1" view; in il« li.'int;, in f;iit, llic ki'v of tin' Moditt'rruni'un ; iiinl in iti iitliirdirnf a convcnii'iit inid Hccurc Ntntion fir tin- outfit, ri'frcHliint'iit, rfpnir, ami ni-conunitiliitinn of our Hlii|H of wiir nnd nicri'liiintnirn, 'i'hi' ri'vcrnn' collirti'd in thr town iiniiinhtr4 to from nO.OOO/. t > lO.OOOA, which in aliout Municiiiit to dcfniy tin) pnldic civil cxiH'nditnrc of tho place. 'I'hc rxpcnsi! iiinnially incurred in (Sreitt itriliiin on account of tin! niirrison, in il,iio of peace, arnnunlH to aliont «il(),()l)l)/. — a Hniall Muin compared with the iin|iortant poliiicul and coninierciiil aiivantanes it in the nu-auH of HecurinR. .Arinci/.— ThoclIVclivi- iir Imr'l ilnll ir - ii- id; llii' nirn'iii ilollivr liwlfiij pmlnmtnd ftt ■( hnnl dnlhrt ■= '/«. ln^/. III) i|4 anil ipiiirtiiH (irimlli liiinl iiinl ciirruiit il'illiirH arc tliii riiiiiiu, liuhii;, tliii loriiinr i',il , and till! Iatti!r ■ I \-\iit. Ai'i'iiiiiitH art! kf |it In ciirri'nt ilnlliirH tpc-idH), dlvlilnl Inti) t4 ri-alx i>f 10 i|ii!irtiiK each ; 13 ri-nW ciir- r'rx y iicikc ii mlt or h in! d'lllar, liy uliicli (.'nodri iirii IxiiiKlit utid mild ; and ■'< of lliuHti reals arc i:(iiiHi- dcri'd iM|iial In 3 HpaiiUh ri! iIh vi'|Ii>ii. (•Iliriill ir druwH on London In vll'i.'Ctlve dollam of 13 rtMiln, and London on (liliraltar in ciirrunt duU lar- of H rcalH. Till' evi'liaiisi' of nitirallar nn (^aill/., and oilier rItli'H of i4|iain. In In liaril dnllartt at u pi'rciMitui;i>, wliii'li V irli!M niiHJ.Ii'ralily, and iiuiHlly In t'lvmir of (;j'irallar. ll'iijr/,1^ ami .Mriifiiffa lire lliiDie iif Hnt'laiid, i'iiri'|iiiiiir the arriilia «» SS llin Kiiflinh ; train h »n|i| by till' r.iMciia, .I (iT wliicli niaki' 1 Wjm'lii'Hlcr i|iiarlrr ; wine U Hiild liy tlie uallnn, l(M> cil' wliii h ;i„) C(|iril to KHII Kmu'IhIi wine itiillnMs. — (.•^iic- Papci-.i Imdhifure Finance Ciiiiiiiiilltc ; FAinhurgh Oa-.ellrcr ; ini^h.-'g Spain in IH:tO, vid. il. |>. Klil. Ac. (Jllil), or (ilJILD, a company of merchnntx or manufucturcrM, whcnco tiko huiJHofguch ConipanioH are denominated (iild or (>nild Mail!). (jIIiIj, a mcuMuro of capacity. Wco VVkioiith and Mr\suhks. CifN. Enirlish (geneva, or gin, is made of Hpirit olitained from oat«, barley, or malt, rcrtilied. or redi .tilled, with the aildition of juniper lierricM, oil of turpentine, &e. All Kpiiitu manufactured in England, and inont of the Neotrli and Irish Hjiirits iinixirted into Em-liitid, arc suliiected t) the pro''ess of reclilicution. English gin is naid to bo one of the most wholesome Hpiritrt. — (.See NeiiiiTS.) CiIN(iEH ((Ser. hi^unr ,- Dii. (iembe-,- Fr, Clliiirnnhre ; It. Zinztni; Sp. Jmj'hrr, Aiirniriliie ; Huh. Iiihr,- \,aU Z ni; I'Vr ; Vcm. Xiiiiarliir/ ,- Arab. Zi'iiiribrtl), tlie rcits of a plant {Ainnmnm Z n'^iher), a native of the East Indies and China, hut which wi.'; early carried to and sue eeds very well in the West Indies. After the roots are diia;, the hest aro 8ele(!lpd, scraped, washed, and dried in the sun with '^leat care. This is called ich tr ii!!ht IVoiii a Itritisli (Misscssion. The rHVciiiii' ilrrivi'd t'roiii il is alioiil .t.^.'iO/. ,1 year ; a sum wliiih niii'lil he doiihh'd hy ri'ilm iiiu tile diitii's loi all il"S' rl|iliniis i>ri.'iii- Rcr to 7.S a cwt. Ol'.").,'!l,'> cwt. of (.'ini-'cr iminrli'd in I8;il, .t,.')5l raitie from llie ltriti>h West ImiIjcs, HClfrom till' I^ast India Company's possuasions and C<;>lon,HU7 fruni the Netlicrlamis, and 1110 iVdia Western .M'riia. CiINSEXfi (J)\\. Glnsenii, Ginsrm ; Ft. Gln.snts; ^ Ger, Krriftwerz'l, Glnsenir ,- \u GinKeuir ; Sp. ./•' sfimr ; ('hill. Yiinsu/u ,■ Tart. Or/io/r/), the root of a small plant {I'lUiux qiihtqu'fitHinii liin.), growing in China, Tartary, and several parts of North .\iiu'rica. 'J'he latter i.s what we generally see in England, and is an article of trade to t.'hina, wliidi is its only market. Irirge ipiantities were formerly exported from this country; hut il is now carrieP 'iif .ri/uil.dil.) [The ipiantity of tp'iscng evporled from the United Stales to China, in 18.37, aniounteJ to 21'-J,«9') poinds, value! u ^ID^.'jt-^. -.1 'i. E I.] GLASS ((Jer. and Dii. r;/ V ,. Fr. IV/v, Vrrrc ; It. Vctm ; Sp. Vhlrin ,■ Rus. Silekla; Lat. Vilrant), a transparent, brittle, factitious body. It is formed by mixing together some CLASS. 711 utitncp in a niilitnry nnd ,.i,u ; una in i»^ iilVi.r.linit r, mill ncc'>ininii ol ,', low II mn'Oii'l" to from \' civil oxiM'iiilitiirfoftho ,toftl.«Ki»rrison, in Im.o ilU the imiiorlant j)olUicul ,,.„lm.it.Mlnl ', ht»r.l dn\l:.M l„e.l.ulni!,ll»>«.>rM...r l,.r, ,,„,,rh.* •■"'•I'l 12 r.MilH ciir- i„l itollU.^Hor.'iiUiiriMimiKl- noMdil'riilliirlncurr.mlilul- hnril .loll"" »» " |i«cciUaRn. ai llH, I'.iiBli"*' ■ eriinH'<"l'« rrt, whence the holU of iuch ?r'om oats, barley, or malt, ,„ri.onli.io. &'•• All-'P'^lf ,iriH iniportoil into Ln^l;ul.l, lii.l to be ono of tlic most It ;fcH:rro; Bj.. .A'»»/W. ,r«l.. ;?;/\mmt , e.ipb eontainin;! almut a cwt. PtU-r llavoure.l. 'n,.M.xt.Tn,,l ,l„c.s or the b...n« tree torn V lisrht, an.l soft, or very IriaM. L, .early lr;m-lneenl; it should \ U ilark-eoloured, fibrous, or :;arNe\trUmls,a,ulU)0 1rom ,.r. Kniflwerz'l, Clnse"!^.-'^^- oroolofasn,aUl.laul(/V'!"a, Veral parts of North Anu'ru-a. (rucleoftradeto.nii.uj .u. Id from this country ; 1' it it « Ii„K.s exported eru.le, and sonic- |!"ndise;.ve,elintUe I>.n.:i)a ;nton;butthes,een.non - L sent from A.n.ne. ..<>•• 1 .^uDPlies from the wild., t l,u Pl.. now sells in the C.j^:m Lm 70 to SO dolus .. ^I- L of ginseng, vaUied at JJ,.>UJ 1 10 China, in 1837, amounted to l,.„ . Sp. Vhlr!o ; R"^. •''^'^'•'''• fo;.U'by mixing together somo sort of Milirflom oarth, an fine «and, or poiuiiii',1 flitit, wiili an alkali, nueh nH iioda, pofiish nr pearliiNh, and NnhjeetinK thnn to a sinniL! he it. Ily tliix nieiiMN ilicy are incited into a tranN|iiirent, noO, (iiit and Hiiaprcl in every ponHilile way. VVlicn cool, it Immoimch hriltle. niid in dftiominiiteil (jliiHri, T.illiari;p, niinium, liorax, the hlmk oxide of inaii'.'ani'sc, iVe. iire Noiiii-liineN iiHt'd in tlio iiinnut'.ietnre of KlasH, iiceonlinij to the imrpowes lo which it is to he np|ilicil, 'i'he kinds of jjluss, hiiiI their innrcdienlH, are stated liy Dr. I're as follows : — "TtnTr .irc 5ili»iiiirt kiri'l* nf «),,«• at prt'^rnl tnirinfartiirp I i— I. J'liiii «r«l«l :l. I'm.«ii vin.lo\» iiliui I. |lriiaMir. ttni.R iiiire :uiliiyc,l aa llic llul. Tlie jinijiorti'in nf rlii' ni.ilrnala ia — I'lim uii'l 4!1 Dry mil'mrlmniitp of loJa . « ■ il't i I'lim (|tiu-kliiiiti t'O Nilr I /» Br kill plain nUn .... 2iO 1000. Almiil 70 paili 111 (iioci pl.iif |hu ni.iy t.« riiii oil fmni Ilium m«t«. r>ala ",1. Crnuti, or /tnr tl'iii'tiiw(lt,ut,—'V\n% I* lo-i leof aiivl vifriJltal liy flir lltii ilrr Urilll tniliurnrlitrrtt Iv lliriiiri.ifHin of art mvmI OH tlie hiiiMi ai oh 'iiiii ta- lly Klrnaur*. liy Wui|(ht Fiiii' B.inil piirillrd . . . fi . . ^ki Itral krip iriiunl . • • . II . . .tlO " 1. h'niil (iliiii.— Thia la nimtg nf a mitiim nf a'iap.|i<,il»r»' w:utc, krip, .tii'l .iiiiil Til** llrat ititfrftllrnl cnttsl,ta nf linir um. i fitr rniilrririir llir :ilk>li of Ihn aojp lH>ilrr caoatic, the ioaoliililf ii>ail«r of Ilia ki'tp or liaiilli, ami a (|Utiilliy of aMJI ami Hairr, , I of Iclp. ami I of a,ri of a nier'iinut ship lailen with nitre (fossil alkali J havin!? used snmi jiieec'Siii'it to .«nj.<>i'r vh'' I'ottle . [ luced on the fires they had made on the saml. were surjirised ta[; liiuvV't'^d. Hence the mau;netieal stone came to he aililed, (:<.• .1 iiii idoi t!;'tl it couii, Pid no' on'y if.^ti, hut kIuss. 'J'ln\,' also used clear pehhles, shells, iiiul fv/ssi! sand, Ifi';,;;- !;(ii.is is s:iil ',0 lu formed of native crystal, and is on that account puiterior '0 evei-y ot'i •■.■,* I'iin'n eiai) ffht^t, is prepared with liijlit dry wood, to which copper and ritre arc uude.i, th'.' ':'..«• tteie^ yiinci- pally lirouKht from Ophir. It is occasionally tini;ed wiili di'Verent eidoisr^. Scnii'tiniCb it i« lirousht to the desired shape by heinj» blown, sometinm: by heir'^ |:;rftii.i'i on r. utile. nMil fioiiietimcs it is cmhossod like silver." fSidon, he adds, is i.imojs fo" ;1 1-, maiinfiiitur.'. U was there that mirrors were lirst invented. In Pliny's lime, giiibs wu; made in l!u',y, of fino sand on the shore between Cunin> and the liUcrinehay. Glass was manufactured at Home into various articles jf con\«"iioi('J and oriniiKint Pliny mentions that Nero p;avo f),00() sesterces (.'iO.OOO/. >iceL,diii:\; tc. thi c nlin.iry n'."thoJ nf reckoniner) for two t^lass cups, each havinc; two handles! 'I Li'.-o, Iio'.vi:''er, I'lii^i ho-.-a liceii of an immense size and of eX(|uisito workmanship; for glass was lliei u\ >.• inirriOii i-,se« fordrinkiiiR vessels, and was used even in the form of bottles in which to keep wine •-(iVai'i. Upifr. lib. ii. 22. 40., and lib. iv. 80.) 'riieie is no authentic evidence of glass beino; used in windows Drrvionvly to the th;cd Mr fourth century; and then, and for lom? after, it Wiis vscil only iji einircl.t . .ud other public buildings. In this country, even so late as the lalti r i>;irt of 'hi- sixtci'iuh rons ,iry, gla.ss waa very rarely met with. In a survey of Alnwick Castlo, m;. 'e n ,' 'i?.'!. it is itated — "And, because throwe extreme winds, the glasse of the windmvc-i of this ii d i '.h'l my lord's castles and houses here in the country dooth decay and wa.^fe, \i were ^ood tl.,- v.hiile leights of cvcrie windowe, at the departure of his "ordshipp- fr' ; 1 1 ingc at an^- of his said castels, and houses, and dowring the tymc of his lordship's o',.-- nc". o; Pllicrs l',iii).e in them, were taken (loune and lade up in safety: And at sonche ♦^■if as athii his lordshippe or anie other sholde lye at anie of the said places, the same r,ir|i tlic-n be set iippe of newe, with smalc charges, whereas now the decayc thereof sb I'l up verie costlie and chargeable to be repayred." — (Nnrlh. Hntisli. Honk, xvii.) Sir F. M. td.ii thinks it probable that glass windows were not intro- duced into farmhouses n England much before the rei'^n of James I. They are mentioned in a leas' in Ifil.'), in a parish in SutVoik. In Scotland, however, as late as KiGI, the win- dows of i,rdinary country houses were not gla/.ed, and only the upp-r parts of even those in the king's palaces had glass ; the lower ones having lwi> wooden shiitlcrs, to open at pleasure, and admit the fresh air. From a passage in Harrison's l)i>n-''plii,n of Enir/and, it may be inferred that glass was introduced into country houses in the reign of Henry VIII. He says, — ♦ If this lie a rorriTt description of t!it> iiliit^s of Iiulia in tlu^ aiio of Pliny, it lias since falliin otT very iiiiicli ; Indi.'iii plass b.'inf; mnv almnt llie very wurst lli:it is iiiaiU'. Al present, Um Hindona miiniifactiirf it of fra|;nii'nls of liroluMi irlass. cin-irl/ sand, ami iiiipnrc sittla.— an artit Ic found native in many parts of India, Muliciilarlv in llio Minlli. 'lai' lurii Ufs art' m> had that tlioy tannitt melt our cniiiimin ImiIIIi; uliss - (//'. S(Z. per cwt. for plate and flint, and other kinds in proportion, the quantities paying duty were as follow : — Flint aiil rlilr^ nrn^'i. Crfurn. Pollle. Cwt. 07,015 . - - - 20,e07 ... - 83,'.)!0 . - - - 227,176 The duties were successively raised to2/. Os. ; and at last, by Mr. Vansittart,in pursuit of his favourite theory, in 1813, to 4/. 18^. ! and let us see the result. In IBlli, the consumption had declined to Plate. Rroa'l. Crown. RntHp. Cwt. 29,000 - - . . 6,140 ... - 55,502 - . - - l.W.SOS In 1||5. eovernment saw a part of their error, and reduced the duty by one half, still leaving it too highVbut mark the etfect. In l!528, the last year for which I hav(! the returns, tlie consuinptioii rose to I'htp. Prr.\'l. Crown Po'lli'. Cwt. 68,131 . - . . 0,050 - - - 90,003 - - - - 224,St)4 Still, howen(1 it is difficult to .ay "o • . n.t we ure well c.nvin. ed ■.,.' -retised in a still croiUer lyAlvl'^'it'''**''""'"'^"''''? J W tl.e exorbitant excess to ' Sin. l..tt.ro tlic vniulertlutM- :;";i/^,ucl.thcUi,U.lon .en- r tliis oppressive tax, is loi, «e LsimiKlHV.I.ut is wholly to >e fy of tending a substitute, andth. k-itnin (exclusive of Ireland), to ttuvneit, or saim"" ■■■ ^, U' ke ol sucli 11 Slim as .')09,00n;., Iw m '. poitnd on tlint iM.t eiiiml riio icr cent.; tin jilass-wlicn U wtatHwas;.}"rtlu.ret^ llM OS on consuuiplion, I'lid coii- iu Is M. per cwt. for plate and [is iiolloW :— ■"" Bottle. - 227.170 Lit^ar.,m pursuit ofliisnwourite |,BU11.1>1«>" "•I'i '"' „„I",. . 155,595 t. iw one lialf, still leaving it to" V^lurrelurus, the consumption Il - Boitti'. 2'24,Sfi4 Irp'tlial nntwitlislandinL' llio in- lin!X for l.s'. """,. or a ter it tii'9 r ,11 is way the duty is raised luid 111 >'9 ,^^ .> gj.y uf pruducms Id into 11'" uei.essiiy "' i frei^urnlly an article wlilcli lie does not want. lie makes the fine class from the middle ; the coarser from llir iop and hollom of the put. He Ireiiiienlly wants only line glass, and he would re-melt tli» f Plate. | cf l.llvS. I|,|„y |,)„,j. li.Ke Brravl. 1 <| ,Du>. Ree Crown. of Duty, n^.til,- Cila. 15 967! 12,270 1 6..-61 4,>>15 .5.915 5,301 30 Cwl. J. ((. 1 11,.' 62 73 6 96.5I>5 100,0-6 103,902 Cut. I. .1S'2,S9» 7 310,793 293,^-6H 310,3t)5 •^31,899 18 10 725,597 1 3 :::6.512 o i 71^,097 3 11 [. !. d. 221.791 17 2 l^2,678 4 8 201.152 2 189,565 7 8 L. J. d 607,015 1 8 512,918 16 7 5;;2,359 18 1 558.531 16 3 III. Account of the Qnaiitilic? of Uritish-made (Jlass retained for Home Coiisuniption, with the iiiiporls of ForeiL'ii (;lass entered fur Home Ciiiisuniiition ; llie Atnount of Customs Ptily on the Later, and the Nett Kiivenue arising from Uritish Glass, in each Year, fnuii 1829 to l!:'32,'bolh iji- clusivii. Brilisli. Foreign. | Ve.iis. Flint. C'll. 49.00 1 l:\()63 iS,sS7 19,552 riate. Broid. Crown. Bollle. (•«■(, 209,Mi2 165,519 1 I3.9S9 151,705 Plate. .S.;. r II. 1.763 1,136 863 717 Crowii. Bottle. Revfcinie on F- li-i^ri (ilass Nett Revenue on lililsh OlaM. 18-29 IVllI IM!I l,->32 Cirt. 14,299 13,9.57 11,796 11,990 Cwt. 6,861 4,845 5,915 5,304 t'w". 97,134 84,178 83,527 90,253 Cwl. 152 101 101 25 I^'unrts. 761.778 713,768 693.151 615,526 16,708 16.411 15,sil 1 1,532 /.. ». H. 610,397 1 8 52ti,.507 16 7 516,518 18 1 513.999 16 3 (Compiled from the Purl. Papers, Noh. 3ti4. and 717. fio«s. l&3:i.) 3. Tif;;n'.n>'om fit (o thr ^fnnn''acture of (Iht's — T! t* t-xrisp ro- pruli'l'ids ^vit ■ '» i| e I t'l kIiss lie miriifr.'xis, rnmi'Iex. ami cut' rce I uiilfi lieAvy jiiii:iifi'-«. Wt! fill n"'ue only ;* fe.v uf llir ieaitiii^ le- piilitiii ». -Ml l'I ibv m ikt-rs iiiusi 'ak" uu' i litviu-e, rt-new^lile nii- miilly, rtiiicli (' -s'-. 21):. (r e.ith '^iass'Ii'iit-ie ; an I 'h.-y must i.itke t'litry t" 'M'- 'ir-x' eiiise nllu'' nf ;» 1 wiirkliiuscs fiinncc''. p'fs, j) t* rhwii! i-rs, 11.11 .litiiX a rhrs, *varplniii!it'»,itc iiii-iir;\ |it'in'1y ol'-MO/. N I l"it IS HI If rtr-r-.'!'.! \- i'h'iil eUii K tu'il"v lioiiii' pii'. inu^ iiivice. in \^^i•ill.^ I'l' Hir'iiii'' nf 1 liimiiisf. tlu: \^e iri-t m until, -m I species iif c'l V ■''■ 1'^ 'I r f^l- Kf -'f 'T iid'icr eiveii ainl .i ^^\ml Mkfii I'v I f 'irK-'-r, Tiy nil )v i.il nr pri-[ ar.i'ioii Iit^ put iu'o.Tny [jnt, i lu'i.al'y of 'liJ IS I ciuf I ; I 111 if thi; iinrinltcture he of lliiit tclats, tie |ip< ml ) in JfH>.'. Mii:':rK-:ii ' ' K'{iiiiiiii'j'"ctn'-,rt' th.-iri. au'! nn^k Iht* p'ltsas they tfiink fi'; ^ny attempt tnnb»-triiof theofllreM Mifuiplnye t imur^.i (t'lnliy ntMiH)/,': the CMUiitiTleriii<. alteiii.;^, or elVaciii:{ 'any maiks in' li* l.y the tiHloiis is vi>ittit \\^\h a jfiialij^ of ■'CO-. ; a pt!ii:»l'y "f 2i O; hcli.ir aho mpnst'il itp-in any t-nt- pmcuriiiff or cfpiij i\inif at"i's h iii<.!oiu\ OHittrrsare etititlfi u* take saiuple-v II 't r.vft-filii* 4 niiucfi in ail. nil >{ each pot; payiiK (nr them, it (leiiiai. Ifii, i-'2«/. an 'imice. Tin- wlmlfMiC 'he m C'lMii'Mi t;l.^^s ImtiU-s is to he wiirktd "iihin 16 h ui-s I'fxt ;ifn r llu' saiut- -.In'! he he^un ; ami when tte htiittes a'C ilrp''siieit in the amuM i--^ .irches. luahi.ric'uifr* are asain. in the ptetenre cf 'he nUiirr. tit chat'-Te each p"' « iih f'tsh nia'eriils, nther than hr ikcii i;las-<. m-i l-t^s thin 'lO Ih.-i. weiah' ; aud (ietiaralious are f 11 1 III ^''a?". arv alo wd [\ h'mrslitr i lo t-c tlelivei-i-il, in x^riiiinj, cf the m:mler of smh bottles, cm pcuilty f'.-rth ' tPinc sp.'ciri.'-l inihi-ir iinlicps. I nf 100/. EiiTifinf ih«ii ni'ilies Ui.i'le are In he ini.le in wri'-ii?. noon oaih, j Mauuficturers nf fflass hnt'lcs are to affix proper hnnks or itaplo, ml 'Iifiiiu'i.s pan! mnnthly in lyui-Inn. ami ever\ fi wctk-* in the j wilh snih-s anil wtiifl.'s, 'o be npprnvtii of, in «rilini;, ly llie aur- cmiiiltv. Du'v upon m>tcr', ils tost or ipoilel is iM-iwcl fnr. upon vt-vnrnr su)ifnis.tr. umltr a penalty of Oi. ; the M\v.e ativ falie or liuepr'o'tf huii'^ lua'eof lu- l.ic'. cfflceis at all Imit"*. hy «l-t\ ami i iu-Iutlifinif ^■ -iles ur wt-iglits in the weighing of bottles, iucuri \ niglit, are to luve access to wuikhuusuit, &c., tu gauge thu uialcriaU) < peially uf iUO/. 3o2 90 i-n 714 GLASS. t t * * 3 I J Notices are not tn lie given for (Imwlni? out bott!es, but only he- or any other h^vy substance, other tljan flint ^hn, or pliial z;\mo, w tweeii 8 o'clock in llie mnrnin; ami G in the afhTiKinu ' tiroif glass, or cimivh glass, in anv ra k, hox, or chest cnnuinin? No crown kIiss, orOtrnian sheet glass, or Ijrna'l or spread window flint t^Iass, &c. |tacltini or packed ^)r expnrtalinn on drawback, ihe ;UsH, shall lie made of greater thickness, exclndini? thu centre or peisoii so oltendint; shall fir each such ollencu forfeit 200/.. and all lulllon aiid the Bi-lvaj(e or rim thereof, than one ninth part of an -ncli Klas'*, hnik, sUnie, or other heavy subsiance coutajnevl (hereia inch, unless nntice shall )iave been given that il w.is intenled to sli.ill lie forfeited. -('>2 (ycn, 3. c. 77. sect. 7.) manufacture the nie^al into plate glass, and the duty on platf glass be j Any person allerin*or def icirip any marks on any cask, box, &e, paid thereon —(See the Statutes in Burn's Juitue, Maniolt's ed, vol. i containing gl tss for expnrta ion, exprt-siing the weii^ht aiiil tare uC li. pp. IH6— 22s.) such cask, &c., or the weight of tht) glass therein, or the ••■ne or For an account of the duties on foreign glass imporJed into Great place of packing, or the number of the cask, fitc, shall for each Britain, and the drawback, itc. allowed upon the exportation of Bri* ' o.lence fttrfeit 200/., with the gl.iss.— Sect, 8. tiih-ni da gK'^j see I'arijf. The (dJicers nf excise are to bnuid or mark every ca'ik. box, &c, 4. KxpurtaUon nf (//as*.— It is enacted by staf. 6 Geo. 4. c. 1 17., of ijlas-, for expitrtatioii with the letters K. (l. ; and if any cask, &c, (hat no (lint gl lis shall be entitlcil lo the dniwback nn expnrtati n, j of glass so branded be not put on board within 12 Irnirs after thft if it be not of the upecitic gravity nf 3,000, that of water being : branding thereof, or if any cask,A;c. an braii led be found on land 1,000; and if It be not worlH at least lb/, a pound for home con- I afier 12" months from the lime when suth glaw was patked for ex- luniijllnn at the tiine when ii is entered for exportation. All (lint j porlation, the same sliall be forfei'ed. Anv person oliliteraiine, de- _1_.: __.. 1 r _._.:_.. _r 1 -c. ......._ n ruj^ r f-_;. . - -i.. ..: ■. _ 4i.,. _■-, .:. I !...*»..- .„'(..-i'..;( .)/wii ij„_. n It .lass entered for exnurtation, of less specifK gravity than 3,000, or of fess value than I If/, per pound, Is forfeited, and maybe aei7ed by anv ollicer uf excise.— Sects. 24, 2». 'The fcxpor'er of glass is to make oath tliat he believes it to be en- tirely of Urilish manufacture, and that the duties iniiiosed upon it by law have been paid. F'ersons wilfully taking a false aaili in this matter are li ible to Ihu pains and penalties of perjury.— (55 Gai. 3, c. 13. sect. 3.) Security by bond is to be given (usually fnr a lareer siiin and a greater quamity of ffvjiis than are intended to be expor'ei), ihat glass, on the expurtaiion of which a drawback is allowed, slitll I.e •hipped wiihin I nnn'li after the date of such secur ly ; bul If the Commissi. inera be satisfied that the shipment of the clait wi'hin the spec i tie I time h:is been prevented by iM>me unaviiidabie accident, tney may grant fnriher lime, not exceeding 3 mundis, (or the ship- ment thereof.— Sect. 7. No tlra»vback is to be allowed upon the exportation of used, old, or second hand elas*.— Sect. 9. Bv Stat. 54 Geo. 3. c. 97. sect. 6. it is enacted, that no drawback •hall be a!lov\ed for any regular panes, squares, or reetaiignlar ii^ures of spre.»d iilass or o'dier win low glam which such lozenges shall ha\c been tak-n. or any p.art of liie bul- lion, unle s no side of any such lozenge shall measure le-s than S inchts; nor unlevi the distance between 'he two obt'.se ani^b.'S of each such I'lzei, re sluil measure S inches at the (east; imr sliati .any drawback be allowed for any Inzengei imt cinlaining the builiin or thick centre part of the table from which such lozenges shall have Leen cut or Iak?n. or any part of ihe bullinn. unless the distance be- tween the two obtuse angles oi « very such lozenje shall measure 3 1-2 imhes at bist ; and all window elas<, tnv part whemf shall include or consist of Ihe bnlliiui or thick centre part of the table from u hicli the s.ame ihall have been cut or 'aken, an 1 which s-hill be of any other shape or of less dimensions than a^ af 'resa d. shall be define I lu I;e tvaa'c ^!a\s; ajid if any person shall knowluiily enter or ship Tu' exportation, in order to ob'.ain any drawlcuk, any panes, stjiiaies, or leclangul ir licurc* or Inzenices nf.ipreal wjn low gl.xss. coiiininily kn '« n by the iiutie of Li-i nti sl't'f. it o'li r ^^ In- dow alas*, not being spread glass as aforesaid, C(tntainiii« or includ- ing the bullion or thick part nf tie (able frcun uhich such panes, squares, rectiir^ular firures. or lozt nae.i r.f spread glas^ or ether win- dow u'l ^s re:.i.t ctivtiy', « Itith shall not l,e of thedin,ei.Mon» in titat beh.alf aft)re«ii I, such person shall, for every p:»ck:UP coidaiuing anv snrh u'ass Siient red orhhipped contrary to this .act, furfeit I0r exp prtation in casks, b'lxes, or eliests only, and in which tfie exporter shill, pre- vioustnthr 1 asking of such irl iss ihertnn, have col or sunk a sutfi- cieiit nunderof circular cavitn-s, eath thereof not bss than 1-4 of an incli, nor more than I 1-3 inch in diameter, to receive llii- seal di- rected to be put on such package, and for the purpose of proiec'ing such seal ft-ani I c'lm des'Mye I. -b laced, brrtktn, or daiuaifed ; and facin-r, aliirimr, Kc, tlie aforesaid juUer);, ti'lortV-it 200/.— Sect. 9. By ')6 Geo. 3. c. lOS. it is enacted, that n> drawback shall be paij for exportation of any grnund or polished plate j^las mule in Great Ih'i'aiii, unless such glass be exjmrted in rectangular plates of the sii't: of 6 inches in leinith by 4 inches in bre.ilth at tiie le.a»t, and unless each plate of such glass be li-ce fnin stains and bli- cis, and be psrf-'ct a'.d fit for imine Hate use, as and for grnund and polished plate itlass ; and if any person shall pack or ship for exportaii()n on drawback, any pla'e of plate gla«s u^ ginund .md pr)li-.h-d plate glass made in Gn-at Britain, which is not plate glass, or has not been groun I and polished, or/vhich abnll befnigu glass, or of less di- mere ion or thickness thritighoid linn af-irtsait, or shall be slaiiied, or blistered, or iniperfect, or not iinujediately At for use us crouiid and pftlislied pla!( elass, or any o'lter sr-rt of ^1 »ss with any ground and poliOieil plate glass, the sai'ne, .and all the Kiass therewith, shall be f.rfeited, and Ihepeuoii so ollending shall forfeit for each such packag" 100/. Ai.y I erwiii packing for evportation on drawback any ungrnund or unpoli.hel plate ;.;l:iss of lessor greater dmen-«ions lii thirkness and size than as last aforesaid, or any f ml, imperfect, or iiumer* cliantable ungmund or uenrdished plate -.'h'-s, in any package, with oramopTs' ai.v other kind of glass, the same, and all the elass there- Ih, eai h ; iliill be'ffnfeiled, and the person so 'dlending bhall' forfeit for Hi h package 100/.— ('iG flto. 3. c. \09. st-cl. 4 ) where any sucli ffh^s shall bepickel for exp'Ttaii^ box,nrches*. each such cavity shall Iweut and sunk, one part ih.'reof on the elijeof the Ijil or cover, and the other on Ihe hide of such i box or chest, hi that each such swl may be cnnvenien Iv plue 1 by the pr per o|Tic. r of excise, part on the wood of such li i or cover, ' and the resi hie on 'h ■ w-md of the si )e of e.ach suc'i box or chest ; ' and nodrawbirk "hall be pa i' I for any i{1a«s not packed in a cask, '■ lh)X. or chest as aforesaid, nor for anyttliss p eked in anv box or cliest not bavii.t: a s shipped for draw, liack be fraudulently unshipjxid or n landed, every person in any vise concerned or assisting in Ihu s.iii.e shall, over and above all olher p'-nai'ies. forfeit for evtry huch i»ii; nee 100/. ; .and every pt r- son knowingly entering any hrrken or irn-ite g/n.w for exp'irlatinn upon a drawback ^ln^l, exclusive of all oilier pains and penalties, foifrit ion/.— Sect. S7. By tiGeo. 4. c. t <". it is enacted, that ever)' persrm shipping or in lending to ship, or being about to ship, in Inland, any ptaic slass, broad class, or crown glass, for expor'aiian on drawback, or fur the rniinvil thereof to Gnat Rrilaln. alnll .ilve J4 hours* i.oiiceof such iri''-ii'ioii, and of Ihe place of shiiiping. to the nearest collector or ofhcer of excise; and smh C(d lector and otri:er .are required there- upon to attend, and to cause all such lilass '" be wei;rbed and mea- sured ; and in case such i-'lass his not been chireeil with the re- spective duliei under ih'' pti)\i3 nns of this act. an! is aho'jt lo Ik' removed to Gnat Britain, it shall be lawful for such collector or odicer, and be is remiirc I lo charge all buch glass wiih du'y ,at the n speciive rates of u*v n.a(^• p' yable by Ibis act on such' sort nr kind of glass respect i^ ly; and upon paym nt of such duty, it sSall be la-vfiil for such > < rtnr or omc. r to grnit a certificaie of the payment iif ^ueh du'y, to accompany siuh glass upon such reniovpd, and to le produced .at Ihe p^rt r-f entry in Greal Brit.iin ; ;ii.J ju ca>e a!,y --uch irlass u hich s' .ill have !. -en duly charsed with the rcspec'ive duties payable by this act tliall b.^ entered f )r expmtati.in to f>ieigii par's tijion dn\vl a- k. or !t suit an! rene.ved to Great Britain, it shi'l be lawful for such collector or officer, npon proof that such duties have been paid, or Iiavi- been cbaitud and dulv se- cured to he paid, tn grant a cert iticate of Ihe paj nient of such duty, or a certificate Ihat such tin"y bts been charged and is .'uly s'-ciired t'> be paid, 'o acconqtanv such ala-s n),oii such esportatinn to foreiju p-ir's or such removal to Great Hnlain, ai; ! tole there pro hicid as aforesiid ; and if it any time any pers 'ii shall expnri or ciit«rt)r exportation from Ireland, upon 'Irawback, or shall remove orseod from Iridand to bt- btou'.:ht toGrea' Rtit.Tiii, or shall biiug into Great Bri'ain, any pla'e slass, broad tlxss, or crown gins*, nnaccninpanied I any cask. I by such e rtilira'e. conta'niiiT si.ch jLiri' ula-'s as afiresiii I ; or if auv p' rs'>n shall refuse to produce such certificate at the port nf entr>' in CJn-at Britain, or shall for.;e or counterfeit any certificate required in this act, 00/. : provided a ways, that if any plate e!ass. bn^ad irlass, ctoau gla^s «l,icli shall have hecn prtviiusly St lit to In dm I fnun (Weat Britain, on dra'.*ta(k, sin'l .it any Imie .aficnvarls be sent or rem vi-d tn G-eit Hrilaui, ihe nlenf • !uty lo be cbaru'el ftirrfoii as af insi d shat! be equal and according to thf ra"e nf tlrawba- k now payable thereon respectively when «• |)orled to foreiKti paits.— Seel. 7. (Wo endeavoured to sliow under tliis head, in the Didinnan/, that, the duties nn glass had l»een practically most injurious; llmt tlu^ were carried to an oppressive height; thai the mode in which they were im)>osed operated tojjreveiit improvements in tiie manuiatture; that they were not fairly charged; that they o^-casioned a great deal oftVaud; and had re- duced the consumption of glass far helow the limit to which it would otherwise have attain- ed. These conclusions have hren corrolioratetl ti> the fullest extent h-y the statements and reasonings in the clahorateand ahle /\V/?/v7 of the Commissioners of Ex<'ise iiitpiiry on Glas.s. These gentlemen, after examining minutely and carefully into the whole snhject, eonchuio their report ** hy urging the expediency of the repeal of the duty at the earhes't possible pe- riod, and hy e\]>ressing our conviction that no fax atn co/nol/te marc (I'j'cfiom, or be more at variance with all stiutid princip/r.s tf taxation, than this (htti/ on ir/ays,'^ Uiit thotiirli all parts of this lax lie viiMoiia in princijtle, nnd liifftilv nbjccliniiiiiiN' in llu^r prartical reniilrs. iln-y arc not all alikf liiol. Tin- cotiiniissiniMMrt sliowt'd ihat Ihe diitv nn Hini tiliiss \v!is the ninsl (ibji'ctiditiihlt* of* any : anil they distini ilv sialiti. Ihat, '' iinlr^s soriK' iiM^Tial * liani:t' shall inki' place On U»e amount and mode urdiarghig tin; diity),thu revcmic from tliu nianulaclunir olllintglafc^ GLOVES. 715 \ .r tlnti flint 5l"»i "' pi""' S'*?"' " l, k l»i« or chrtt cniunuims „,._becl. H_ ^^U ^j^ &j. "'MJerrK (";'"■!'' "'y'^')''''t,'^- V^';V'\,,"-n "'■'"'•"'"'?;'''• ^cteil.tlal n' n ,„ Great e,|,„r .■« r,„«»liaU f'"l''i'^ '""• ' ■ I, ,,,:,l| have liee.i ■• "■"' "' r;"-a 1 . alV he equal -.nl accnrlin? •;:';;;:';I,ai^!i^"'"..-Fc,iv.:ty.vhc„e.. 10 a.. o,.i.re..i"''' '■";;■ t a„tv allho t^avliosl imss.ble pt- ''•'''''''''"'Vr >1 liu'u.'s)mUtiil.i' 11.11 pv must, in n great detrree, be sacrifi.cil, nrid the persons who rtirry nn that manttfartitrn, under the resnlatinim and stibject to the diities pri'scrilied Oy law, imist either be driven out of tlic trade, or left to rarry it on iit a rtiinoiis loss." — (13(A Kepurt, p. .50.) Such a representation, coinins from siici' a nuarter, could not he disrcpardtd ; and we are clad to have to state that the duty on fliiit glass has btien iiholished, and th'it in lieu thereof a duty of 0^. Sd. is to he charceil on every lOOIlis. wei'jlitof the (luxed material or metal from which such class is made. Instead of the late drawback, tliere is to be in future a drawhaclt of l^v, Drf. on every lOOIIis. of Hint glass e.xpor.rid. Tliere arc also some new regulations as to the drawlmck on German sheet glass, &c. — (.See j*c< 5 .S- 6 nui. 4. c. 77.) This alteration will, no donht, be a material relief to the manufacturers of flint class, ■''till, how- ever, it is not such us the trade and the public had a riirht to expect. The total cross produce of the plass dutii.s in 1837, was, in Encland. 8.37.278/. ; in .Scotland, 50,200/. ; and in Ireland, 10,379/. ; imikin? together, 903,857/. But from this Ims to he deducter' f.ir driiwhacks and other allowances, 203,737/., so that there only remains 010,120/. of nett rcvenu., ; i.'id even this has to he still t'lirther reduced by dediictinc from it the expenses of collection, whicl. ar\ very heavy. Now, surely, it cannot he said, that, for the sake of a paltry sum of less than 000 1)00/ a year, we must depress, and all hut ruin, an important manufacture, capable of an indehnite exter • m, by hurdenins il with an unequal, vi'xatious, and most oppressive duty! Had the duties on glass prodiu'ed 1,500,000/. or 2,000,0(10/. a year, their retention iniL'ht have been excused from the impossibility of sacriticincand the dilliculty of replacing, so large an amount of revenue, liut the sum which they yield might he easily dispensed with, and as they have been pronounced by thi; highest aiitborilies to lie, in all respects, most ol.jeclioiiable— to have every quality tliiit a ta.x should not have, and nut one that il should have— we do hope that they may be anmng the first to be repealed. — Sup.) [The gla.ss consumed in the United States is for the most part of domestic production. This was valued, in 1831, at ^3,000,000 ; hut its value is now, doulitle.ss, niueh greater. The most noted manufactories of it arc at Boston and Pittsburg. — Am. Ed.] GLOVES (Ger. Himdsrfiuhe ,■ Fr. Ganl.i; It. Giianti,- Sp. Guiinfes ,• Rus. Rukawizu, Perlschatki, Golizii), weW known articles of dress used for covering the hands, usually made of leather, but frequently also of cotton, wool, silk, &c. The leather used in tlie manufacture of gloves is not, properly speaking, tanned, but prepared by a peculiar process that renders it soft and pliable. Some sorts of leather gloves admit of being washed, and others not. Woodstock and Worcester, but particularly the former, arc celt'brat(.'d for the maiiulacture of leather gloves of a superior quality ; in which a great number of women and girls, as well as men, are employed. The produce of the Worcester manufacture has been estimated at about 42,000 dozen pairs of oil leather, or beaver gloves; and 470,000 dozen pairs of kid and lamb-skin gloves; the value of the whole, when finished, being about 37.'i,000/. Besides Worcester and Woodstock, London, Yeovil, Ludlow, and Leominster are the principal seats of the leather glovr manuficture. Gloves are sometimes sewed by machinery ; but this is done only to improve the work by rendering the stitches more correctly erovenieiit, ami to reiidir Itiitisli glovi's at once inferior in quality and higli in price. Tills system was, liowever, permilt.-d to continue till 1825, when the prohibili.m was reiiealeil, and gloves ali.nved to lie irii|)urted on piyinent of duti.'s. which, though high, art? not pndiibitory. This unMsiirt' was vehemenlly opposed; and many pr:..(lictions were made ol^tlie total ruin of the manufacliire ; hul iii this as i i every similar instance, exp.'rii^nce has Bbn«n that the trade had not been really beiielited j but that, im tli ■ c.intrary, il hail I eeii injured by the prohibition. The wholesome comp.tition to which the m"iinfact.,..'rs now fell themselves, fur the lirst time, exposed, made them exert all tlieir I'lieru'ies ; iiiid it is adniitleil on all hands, that there has been a more rapid imr'roveuient in tile luanufactiire liiiriiig the last halt' il.i/.in yeiirs llian in tlie pro- vioiis lialicentiiry. There is still, no doiil.t, a great deal of complaining ofa ibn-ay o!' Ira.le among the leather glove manufacturers ; but we are assured that, if there he any real I'oiiniiation fiT their com- plaints, it is ascribahle far more to the growing use of liome-made cotloii gloves tliaii to tlie imiiorta- tion of foreign leather gloves ; and had it not been for the improved fabric, and greater cheapness of British leather gloves, that has grown out of the new system, il is ahundaiilly certain that cotton gloves woiilil have gained still more rapidly on tln'in. In point of fact, however, it does not appear tliattliere has been any falling off in the leaiher glove 'rade. t>n the contrary, the ftir iuf'reiice seems Id lie that it has materially increased: at all events, there has heen a very consideralilr increase in the number of skills bro.ight from abroad to be used in llie niamifai lure, aid conseiiuenlly in the iiiiiiilier ot' pairs of gloves produced from such skins ; and tlieie is no reason for thinking that it is at all dili'.'rent with the other di'parluients. _ Leather gloves iiiiisl le: iiuportel in packages, ciinlnaiing each 100 dozen jitirs at least, and m vessels of 70 tons burden or upwards, on penalty of tori' ilnre.--(7 Gen. -1. c. :8. i 7.) AiToinit of Ih'. Nnniber of Dozen Pairs of Habit Hhives, Men's (Jloves, and Women's Cloves and Mitts, imported into tlie United KinL'dom ; tile Amount of Uiity paid lln^reon during the Years 1828, 18-29, and 18.10; and the Kates of Duty. Years. nitiil Gloves. Men's Glo ves. 10 6 3 .pair Women's Gloves and .Mitts. Total qumtily of Leather (il'.M'S anil Mil.s ilnjiDrle^t. I).':r,i. Pa is, 100.2f)(l I 7'2.0(IO 5 91,1-20 9 iW.705 5 120,380 To'al Receipt of Dutv on 1. either Gloves M,i Mil's. 18-28 18-2i) 1^30 1831 183-2 Rates of duty tliroiigli.Mii the wlinle period Dfiztii. Va n. 0<,),501 7 •15,ti70 5 0-2,9-25 10 4.'*.perdo7,.pair. 75 .:.!!. 27,008 2.1,035 25,013 5s. per do? Ihzin Pnna. 3,(>-25 8 2,7n1 3,187 8 7.S. per do/.. pair. /.. ,. d. 21.053 3 8 1.5.510 15 8 ) 9.188 1 7 21.818 27,100 im. 716 GOLD— GOTTENBURGH. Accnnnt nf the tinmber nf Lnmh nnrt Klil Pkitis rmcrcl for Hnme Cnnsnmpfinn \n tliB Twplre Ynaw fiiiliiif; with lH3I,with nn Kstitiiiile uf thi- Uuiinliiy cil' (Jlovfs which siicli Skirm would pimlucc, on ihe ejuppositioii tliat Iroiii uucli 120 tikiui thcrii wuuld bu iiiuiiiiriicturud itt Un/.uii I'uirii of Gloves. kOH I I ' ' 1 a I *■ s , Vnn. Numi'CT of Niliiiber of Tnlal Lamb Dnz. (flnvf^l Ninnbrrnf Niiml;pr of Tn'.il Ijinib lln/. GlnvM Lamb Snins. Kid Skiiii. and Kid. f.ll'Il Ye.u. 182,88!! L.-iriib Nkiiiii. Kjd !>kiiis. :uid Kid. cich \f.ir. 1S20 !m,8|7 280.413 1,219,200 1820 1,713,778 575,533 2,319,311 317,880 1821 l,2()2,n2<> 2l2,<»9fl l,415,0'i5 2IO,7.'ifl 1827 2,719,397 C 10,803 3.390,200 508,5.'«; 18-22 l,!lU-l,ti51 408.523 2,317,174 347,502 1828 2.917,470 001,039 3,822 215 .'>73.:)no 182;) 1.(171.143 497,144 2,471,.')S7 370,7-28 1829 i,»::o,3yo 69S.001 2,fi'a8,9!M 391,314 1821 2,m,wr, (i3l,0!)5 2,833,290 421,980 1830 l,S.'-,9,8.')0 1.080,209 2.910,0,',9 441,900 1823 2,0'J^')53 771,022 2,870,0;.'> 430,,500 1831 2,892,934 1,008,307 3,901.241 585,180 GOLD (Gcr. Gold,- Du. Gotid .- Da. and Sw. Guld,- Fr. Or.- It. and Sp. Orn,- Port, Giro, Guru ,- Rus. Sutofo ; Pol. Z/oto ; Lat. Aurttin ,• Arab. Tt'ir and Zelicb; Sans. Swarnit,- Malay, Mu,s), the most precious of all the metals, seems to have been known from the earliest antiquity. It is of an orafige red, or reddish yellow colour, and has no perceptiiile taste or smell. Its lustre is considerable, yielding only to that of platinum, steel, silver, and mercury. It is rather softer than silver. Its spccifu; gravity is 19.3. No other substance i.^ equal to it in dui-tility and malleability. It may bo beaten out into leaves so thin, that one grain of gold will oover .'JOJ square inches. Thcc leaves 8'" only 7Vf7};tn^ of an inch thick. But the gold leaf with which silver vvirj is covered has o-iy y „ of that thickness. An ounce of gold upon silver is capable of being extended more than 1,300 miles in length. Its tenacity is considerable, though in this respect it yields to iron, copper, platinum, and silver. From the experiments of Scckingen, it appears that a gold wire 0-078 inch in diameter, is ;!apable of supporting a weight of 1.50-07 lbs. avoirdupois without breaking. It melts at 33° of Wcflgwood's pyrometer. When melted, it assumes a bright bluish green colour. It expand.s in the act of fusion, and consequently contracts while becoming; lid more than most metals; a circumstance which renders it less proper far casting in moulds. — {Thnin.son\'i Cheinisfri/.') For the quantities of gold produced, and the j)laces where it is produced, see Pukcious Mktals. GOMUTI, on EJOO, a species of palm (Bnras-vm Gomiifm,) growing in the Indian islands. A valuable product is obtained from this palm, resembling black horsr hair ; it is found between the trunk and the branches, at the insertion of the latter, in a matted form, interspersed with long, hard, woody twigs of the same colour. When freed from the latter, it is manufactured by the natives into cordage. Its fibres are stronger and more durable, but less pliant, than those of the cocoa nut, or coir — (sec Com;) and is, therefore, filter fjr cables and standing rigging, but less fit for running rigging. The native shipping of the Eastern islands of all kinds are chiefly equipped with cordage of the gomiiti; and the largest European shijiping in the Indies use cal)les of it. It undergoes no preparation but tiiat of spinning and twisting; no material similar to our tar or pitch, indispensable to the preserva- tion of hempen cordage, being necessary with a substance that, in a remarkable degree, possesses the (juality of resisting alternations of heat and moisture. The gomuli of Amboyna, and the other Spice islands, is the best. That of Java has a coarse ligm-nus fibre. Goinuti is generally sold in twisted shreds or yarns, often as low as 1 dollar a picul, and seldom mo.-o than a. Were Eurofiean ingenuity applied to the improvement of this material, there seems little doubt that it might be rendered more extensively u.seful. — (Cmwfurd's Eunt. Arc/tip. vol. iii. p. 42.5.) GOOD HOPE, CAPE OF. Sec Capk Towx, GOTTENBl'RGH, oii, more properly, GOTHABORG, on the south-west coast of Sweden, bordering the Cattegat, near the mouth of the river Gutha, lat. 57° 42' 4" N., Ion. 11° .57' 4.5" E. Population 2 1,000,* and increasing. Vessels do not come close to therity, but lie in the river or harbour at a short distance from the shore, goods being conveyed from and to them by lighters that navigate the canisls by which the lower part of t!ie town is in- tersected. The depth of water in the port is 17 feet, and there is no tide, bar, or sh:iliow. A vessel entering the Gotlia must take a pilot on board, whose duty it is to meet lier ^ a league west of Wingo beacon. After Stockholm, Gottenburgh has the mo.st extensive com- merce of any town in Sweden. Iron an ! steel, the former excellent, but the latter inferior to that made in England, form tlu- piiucipal articles of export. They arc brought from the rich mines of Wermeland, distant about 200 miles ; being conveyed i)artly by the lake Weiicr, partly by the 'I'ri)llhn;tta canal — (see (Javals.) — and partly I'y the river Gotiia. The exports of iron, in 1831, amounted in all to 21,039 tons, of which 1.5,400 tons were taken by the United Slates, and 4, .5 1 1 tons by England. The original cost of iron is supjiosed to lie in- creasi'd about .5 per cent, by the expense of its conveyance to Gottenburgh ; an. I the shippins; charges, inclusive of the export duty, are about 10 per cent, additional. The next iircit article of export is timber, particularly deals, which are also furnished by Wermeland. Of ♦ This is thfi jiopulation as given in the l-ycimar Mmanac for 1832; according to the Consul's report it in under 18,000. GRACE, DAYS OF— GREECE. 717 i„ i\i0 Twelve Yn»W 2 310,311 3 3'.MI,W0 3>22'215 2'.Ht',0.'9 i 3,yui-2^i 3t7,t*t^« r,T3.:!n(i 391,311 4ii,wn 5H,■i,•l!^0 It.amlSp.Oro;rort. . It. ami >-K' -' . ' known from the earliest ,,; eel, HiWer, and mercury her subsumcc is equal to ' «„ thin, that one Rrain of of an inch thick. But, it thickness. An ounce of iSSSlt.^;-^- akin--. It "■'=*^^ f ^ 1 J Krecn colour. Ilex,.anJs vS more than most mcal«; U is produced, sec Piuxiou. .,„>) growing in the Indian •Clatter, in a matted iorm, ^^tnf^edfronUheblt.^ -riftsrs's r-'Vhe^:^.v-hippingofthc „f tie somuti;arultW. large. ,, r„i Dreirtration hut tlwi oi ^^^^^ to the pre^erva. ,r,t in a remarkahle desrcc, , 'ThccomuliofAmhoyna, /rse li-ti'"'o"^ fibre. C.oniuti "n of lht"v,aerial. there .ocms nn ihe soulh-west coast of :\. ? i.t 57° 42' 4" N., Ion. .i.aonotcomoclo.5e totluni}, .lit ai ditional. i "i ■'livnished by \Vm._^J-j: rt these, the exports, in 1 831, were 52,866 dozen, of which 40,600 dozen went to Great Britain, and the residue to France, Holland, .%c. The other articles of export are, linen, sail-cloth, tar, copper, alum, glass, cobalt, manganese, linseed, oak bark, bonis, juniper berries, cran- berries, rock moss for dyeing, &c. Grain is sometimes imported and soinclimes exported. The principal articles of import are sugar, colVeo, tobacco, cotton yarn and twist, salt, indigo, and dye woods, South Sea oil, rice, herrings, wine, spices, &c. In 18;) 1, 529 ships, of the burden of 63,075 tons, entered Gottenburgh. Of these, 68 ships, carrying 16,770 tons, were American ; and 41 ships, carrying 5,131 tons, British. The rest belonged, for the most part, to Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. About 80 vessels, of the burden of 14,000 tons, belong to the port; but the native shipping is decreasing. Tlerrinf! Fislierii. — nnttenl)ur(ili \ise(t, iit no dislant pnrioH, to l)o one of the prinripal seals of tho herring tisliery ; hut »t present this hrancli of indiit^try is (|iiile extinct, and it lias always heen very capricious Krom IS.'iO to 15?8, iireiit iiuanlities of lii;rrings were talten ; from liSb to UitiO, iliey lett the coast; duiiii); the next IT, years they were again ahnndant ; hut I'riini 1075 to 1747, lh(^y entirely dis- appeared. I'roni 1717 to 1770, they were alxindant, 18(1,014 harrels heing taken in 1703, iind 151,183 in 1708. I'"roni 1780 to 17U'.t, tlie lishery was very goml, from 110,(100 to liiO.UOO harrels heini; anmially ex- ported. In 1804, tlie export was 70,512 harrels. In 1808 and 1800, lisli were very scarce ; and in Isl3 they entirely disappeared, and have not hitherto returned ; so that Gottenburgh, instead of e.vporting, at jiresent imports ronsiderahle supplies of herriims. The customs duties pioduced in 1831, 740,732 dollars banco, or 53,552/. Both iron and timber pay duties on expuriaiion, hut tliey are not very heavy. Cuttam-hnfue Rctfrt'.^tjons nitrf Pirt (7inr?fj,— On arrivin? in ] port, no person is alloweil lu board or to leavt; .1 vessel till slie be in . custOily of Uie olTu'trs ; wlio, h.i\ int; insjiccte.! the manifest .irul pa- pers, srnJ Ihem to tin; Ciistoni-huiise. An ntVieer is uppointed lo superinteTid the nnlnudin? and also the loading. 'Jdie puUic charites of all ports on a Swedish ship aii>l on a rurei|;n ship not pi ivilei^ed. each of 300 loos burden, nnloadili^ and loading mixed caricnes at ' Ootlenbur^ii, would be, on the lortiier 24/. 6j, Tii., on the latter d9/. Hi, Id. O.I a privileged fuiei^n ship the charges are the s;iine .as on a Swedish ship. M'arfAotiviiijf .s'l/srrni.— Goods may be hoi.ded for any length of (ioie, on payim( \-2 per rent, ad vahnm for the first i years, and 1.2 per cent annually thereafter. Cyntmivtio/J, Crtiltt^ lf,-e. — Tli* nsnal rate of commission is 2 per cent. Goods are coninionly sol 1 on credit. Raw sn^ar at 9 months, witli 3 months' interest tu the seller. Other goods at 3, 4, and 6 monlbs. Bankingt ^c— There are no public or private banking establish- ments at (tottenburKh for ttie issue of notes, but the national l>anic h.as two ollices lieie which advance limited sums of money, al 5 per cent, on the security fif po-'ds, and in discount of bills. .Some of the Kn:;lish insurance companies have atfeiits here, who do a t; y, tl eitf/ir.T, MtaKitre.i. .^c, same as at Stochhehn, which see. In conipiliiitf this attide, we have made use of the Consults Jin- sttvrj, date-l lU h of Jnninry, t^33 ; Vixi\ Tran-ts in the \ottli of £uri.fjf, vol. iv. pp. 21J7— 2;o. ; l/ddy's Eurotitan L'onttucrcc, p. 314,; and some valuable yrwatc cummuittcatwhs. Commercial Policy. — But for the perverse policy of its povernment, the trade of nottenbnrgh, and of Sweden in general, would be far greater than it is. Its rich and exhaustless mines and forests furnish an ample supply of equivalents for whatever might be imported into (he country ; hut instead of al- lowing tlie energies of the nation to he employed in tliia safe and natural channel, irovernmeiit lias attempted, by a system of prohibitions and In^avy duties, to raise, coute nui coiite, a nianufai taring in- terest, and to imike tSweden indcpendinl of foreiirners '. In consequence, a gncd many cotton and woollen mills have been cstiiblished in ditferent parts of the country. It would, however, be absurd to iniasini' tiiat they should ever be able to fnriiisli products ai so cheap a rate as they may be im- ported for from this and other countries eitjoying superior facilities for the prosecution of manufac- taring industry. This forced system is, therefore, doubly injurious to I'iwiMlen ; first, by lessening tlie foreign deniaiul for her peculiar products, and secondly, by diverting capital and indu.stry into tlie least productive channels, forcing the inhahitartts to pay an artificially eitliaiicitd price fur some liichly ne- cessary articles, and encouraging smnggling. But, pernicious as tlie system is, so great a proportion of the scanty capital of Sweden is now embarked tinder its a-gis, that ihe return to a better order of things will lie a work of much ditiiciilty. It need imt surprise u« to learn that the imposition in this country of oppressive discriminating duties on timber from the north of Europe had a material in- flaence in stitnulating the Swedes to endeavour to dispense with foreign, that is, with Urilisii, nia- nafactured articles ! GRACE, DAYS OF. See Exchange. GRAPES {Ger. Trauhen ,• Ft. liaisi'ns ,• \i. Grappnli, Grnpp'i ; Sp. Ulm!>, Racimos ; Lat. Uvx), a well known fruit, produced from the vine. France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as well as some parts of Germany and Hungary, produce grapes which yield wines of various (jualities and flavour, many of them excellent. We import green grapes from Malaga and some other parts of Spain ; they are brought packed in jars, and secured from damage by means of saw-dust, plentifully strewed between the layers of fruit. The grapes grown in Great Britain in the open air are much smaller, and by no means so luscious, as those of foreign countries ; but tiiose raised in hot-houses are quite equal, if not superior, to the former. Grapes are imported not only in their natural state, but dried and preserved, in whicl\ latter state they are denominated Kaisins ; which see. (GREECE. Tariff of Port Charges in the Kingdom of Greece. Tmina^c. In the ports of Syra, Naiiplia, I'ireus, Marathoucnsis, I'ylos, Calamata, Navarino, and Patraa. t;i:;^.g to the consul's report On vessels under ^ tons - of 20 — - above 20 — In Ihe other [lorts;— On vessels under o tons - of 20 — - above 20 — Permit of Departure. On vessels under .5 tons - of fnnn .'i to 20 tons _ _ 21 . f,0 — - _ ,r,| . mo — - — 101 . 200 — - — 301 • and above ■ • Ihs. Lep. free. 9 12 free. Drt.Lep. - free. - 50 free. 50 1 00 2 00 3 00 6 00 Lighthouses (only where there is one). On vessels under o tons . - . , — of from 5 to 20 tons _ .. 21 • 50 — . . . • 1 00 _ _ 61 ■ 100 — • . . . 2 00 — — 101 - 200 — . . . - 5 00 — — 201 • 3lfl — . . . • 8 00 — — 301 and above - - • • 9 00 When gunt'owder reiiiains on board, for every 2 1*4 lbs. per month of 30 diys . . ■ - 2 Whei< it is place.l in the public magazine for the same qua.itity and time • • - • - 3 0.'.ffn'n/ioiiJ OH the Tannatce Dii'y. 1. Vessels arrivin,; from abroad loaded, and w Inch discharge their cargoes, and de|,art Inade ', pay Ihe whoie dutv. 2. Vessels artivioi; froni abroad loa.ltd, and which depart in t>al- last, pay two thirds of the duty, which is also exacted if thev urivtt ill ballast, dud depart loaded. I I !l 718 GRINDSTONES. If J I 3. Venels arriving fmm ahmati inbnlliut, and deparfiiir wiihnut lA'litiT, or :irriv'ii.' :iiil r^puiini^ \»iili cir^o, ;inJ iril ilia^ii.iigiitg any dl' i', |>iy r-it- Miinl of tluMluty. 4. Vifi i-liti ;inal I'oiiii witliin the Consulate of the Mureu, vi^. I'uiraa and Nuuplia, in tlie Year isa4.— (Cu/ifiw/ttr Hetum.) — '■ ■ ..-f..- CouDlriM. FORT OF PATRAS. 1 luw irds. Outvvartls. Invnicfi Invoice Ships. Tom. Crews. Value nf Ca runes. Ships. Tons. Crews. Value uf C.»r!;oeH. /,. I.. Briliih 31 4,542 272 30,077 29 4,238 253 117,5jj Austrian 14 1,1.0 159 1 14 1 429 I5'l 1 Greek 141 7,96S 1,692 135 7,621 1,619 JeMuilem 1 101 13 1 101 13 loiii.iii 219 3,151 1,104 \- ffi,I48 212 3,130 1,101 f 13,261 Nenpolitin - IS 1 135 8 402 M Papal 2 62 19 2 162 19 Sardiuian Total 3 426 S2S 37 3 404 S2S 37 . 18,(^42 3,431 C2.J'2i i:,nii 3,2«6 1 i30,sin POKT OF NAL'l'LIA. /,. /,. Brilish 6 809 49 8,020 4 542 32 1,!100 AnsrriaQ 11 1,907 6,I!'S 4 6t0 ■ 740 French 2 . 978 Greek 201 . 47,152 708 • . 22,656 Inniati 6 299 34 7J7 Saiiios 6 . . 437 Turkish Total 2 - ■ 31 233 • 63,543 716 ■ i ■ - 1 2-,,2 lowing Table:— Denominatioui. Diameter. Thickness, No. in a ()lialJron. Dennniiiiatlons. Diameter. Thickncu. No. In a Chaldron. 1 Font 2 Fools 3 Foots 4 Foots Ihc a. 10 14 20 28 Uichea, 2 '^ 4 35 27 18 9 .5 Foots 6 Foots 7 Fonts 8 Fonts India. 35 42 50 r>6 India. 5 6 6 8 5 3 li 1 A grindstone foot is 8 inclins : tlio size is fniind by adding the diameter and thickness tnpother. Thns. a stone 56 inches diameter by 8 thick, mtikiiig togctlier til inches, is an 8-1'oot stone, of H iiiclic8 each foot. Besides the above sizes, grindstones are made, when ordered, of any intermediate dimensions: many are made mtirli larger than any oflhe abovo ci/.cs ; snine as large as 70 iiirlies djanieler, and 14 or 15 inches thick, which are a great winght, a cubic foot weighing 1 cwt, 1 qr, 14 lbs.— (/ices',* Vyclo- padia; Bailey's Survey nf IJiirliuiii, p. 43.) firinding is an iinlieallliy and (laiigernns employment. For some purposes, the sloni'S are made to revolve with an e.xtri'ine di'grce of velocity ; wliitli ii.akes tliem occasionally tly m pieces. Hut the greatest nnnoyaniK to which llie grimier is evposed. It from his inhaling the miiiiiK; panicles of stone, and of iron and sled, that are always Hying abniil, partiuilarly in the process Iprmt'd dry grinding. Cniilrivanci's have been siiL'gested for obviating Ibis serious incoiivciiii'me ; but wlii'lhi'r it be owing to their inisiiiialileiiess, or the carelessness of the workmen, none of them has succeeded in practice. — (TreaUne on Iron and SUcl, Lardncr'n Cyclnpirdia, p. 293.) GUAIACUM, on LIGNUM VIT.E (Fr. Gayac, Boh saint; Ger. Porkhaln ,- It. Guujiico ; liiit. Guakicum, Lignum vilx ,- Sp. Guogaco), the wood of a tree, a native of Jamaica, Hayti, and the wanner parts of America. It is a dark-looking evergreen, growing to from 40 to ."iO feet in height, and from 14 to 18 inches in diameter. The baik is hard, smooth, and brittle ; the wood is externally yellowish, and internally o.'" a blackish brown colour. Lignum vita; is the weightiest timber with which we are acquainted, its specific gravity being 1'333. It is exceedingly hard, and difficult to work. It can hardly be .h, i)arily reddish, and partly greenish ; and it always becomes green when left exposed to the light in the open air. It has a certain degree of tranr;iarency, and breaks with a vitreous fracture. When pounded, it emits a pleasant balsamic smell, but has scarcely any taste, although when swallowed it excites a burning sensation in the throat. When heated, it melt.s, dillusing, at the same time, a pretty strong pungent otlour. Its specific gravity is 1'229. — (See Vcgtt. Sub., I.i'Ij. of E'ifirf. KnowMge ,• T/ioinfoii\i Chem'stiy, S(c.) (GUAYAQUIL, a city and port of Colombia, on the western coast of South America, lat. 2° II' 21" S., long. 79= 43' W. Population, according to Captain Hall, 20,000. The town is situated on the banks of the river of the same name, about 6 or 7 leagues from the Isln Verde, or !) leagues from the Isia Puiia, in the Gulf of Guayai|uil, ojposite to the moutii of the river. Ships bound lor Guayaquil generally call at the I.sla Puna, where ex- pert |iilots may be had, who carry them up to tlie town by night or by day, according to the state of the tides. The town is old ; but as the houses arc of wood, and it has frequently sull'ered from (ires, much of it is comparatively modern, and has a good appearance. There is a dry dock on the south bank of the river, where several ships of a superior construction have been built. Notwithstanding the revolutions to which it has been subject, fltiayaqnil has a considerable com- nicrie. Its priiiciiHil article of export is cocoa, of which lart'C (inaiitities are shippeii ; anil next It. it are liiiilier. loliado, crilio wool used in stulliiig nialtr(!sses. &c. The principal iirliiles nf jinpnrt are liritisli iiiiii'iil'ailiired coltnns ami hardware, silks, wine, tlmir, &e. We subjoin an aiconnl of the niiihlier aed iniiiiiigi; of the vessels, with tliu value of their cargoes, that entered and tluared out at tiuayaiiuil, in lb35. t;i'. iiiii' il- I f 720 GUERNSEY, GUMS. Htnlenipnt of (he Niimlier and Tniiniice of Hrilmli VchhwIh, willi tlio Naliire nnd Viiliie of their CiircuL'H, « hii h I'lili'reil luiil cli-urud ul the I'otl of Giiuymiuil, diHtiiiguiiihiiiti Ihu Turtg to und iriiiu which thu Hiiiiiu Hiiilcd, In lt)35. I ^ ^ f Si > -J r* y. I'otli. Inwardt. Oulwardi. Vcueli. Toiinaj • Milzaii.in • Fla. Arena Sle. i:lciia Calho Malaga . Cadiz S.intamler Realejo I'uiita Tolal . a II 2 Hriliih llianufacturej. 1 ditto and wine. 2 rinur, wine, aud specie. nallast, Dilln. Ditto. Salt. British manufacture*. Wiix',s lk.<,and linlish manufactures. 4 2 ! 1 1 1 II 230 223 210 331 220 212 L. bll 113 7,124 6,031 11,328 1,000 2 Cocoa. 2 ballast. 1 Timber. 1 Billail. Cocoa. Ditto. Dillo. Uillo. Uallast. 2.086 34,475 . 2,086 23,436 Stat«ment of thr- Numhrr and Tonnitce of Vesspla, with the Value of their Cargops, which entored inwurdrt and rlittired outwards at the I'urt of (iiiayaiiiiil, distlnguishlnf! the Countries to wliicli the same hi'.lonHod, in the Year 1835.— (C«n*«tor Return.) Counlrio. Inwards. Outwards. Remarks. Vessels. Tonuage. Value of Cargoes. Venels. Tonnage. Value nf Cargoes. nritish Colombian - . . - I'nited Statet - . . - French . - - . - Sar.tinian . - . - Haniliurg .... Diiiish . . . . • Mcxicaa .... Chilian .... Peruvian .... Total 11 12 19 4 5 1 2 13 11 45 2,0SG 1,727 5,421 1,0J7 1,475 101 407 1,582 1,716 6,888 /.. 34.475 14,040 46,352 4,208 8,620 1,11(10 3,000 16,834 25,680 67,470 The same u entered. L. 25,436 5,4-0 71,765 7,S25 10,714 3,000 ii,r.oo 22,376 12.225 40,088 About one third of the nuntlier of vessels enter- ed as reruvian, and son e enter* ed as Mexican, beloig 10 this port, but Here put under those colours fnr bp|. ter protection dnrini; ihc ri'vo- lutionof 1^34. 123 21,430 221,6S0 210.429 For further particulars, see Ulloa, Voyairc HUtorique deVAmerique,lom. i. pp. 141—178.; UalVa Voyage to Chili. Peru, J['c., vol. ii. pp. 101—138., tc— Sup.) GUERNSEY. For the peculiar regulations to be observed in trading with Guernsey, Jersey, &c., see Impoiitation and Exportation. GUMS, RESINS, GUM-RESINS. In commerce, the term gum is not only applietl to gums properly so called, but also to resins and gum-resins. But though these substances have many properties in common, they are yet sufficiently distinct. I. Gum is a thick transparent fluid that issues spontaneously from certain species of plants, particularly such as produce stone fruit, as plum and cherry trees. It is very adhe- sive, and gradually hardens by exposure to the atmosphere. It is usually obtained in small pieces, like tears, moderately hard, somewhat brittle while cold ; so that it can be reduced by pounding to a fine powder. When pure, it is colourless: but it has commonly a yel- lowish tinge ; it is not destitute of lustre ; it has no smell ; its taste is insipid ; its specific gravity varies from P3I61 to 1*4317; it readily dissolves in water, but is insoluble in alcohol. Gum is extensively used in the arts, particularly in calico printing, to give con- sistence to the colours, and to hinder them from spreading. It is also used in painting, in the manufacture of ink, in medicine, &c. The only important gums, in a commercial point of view, are gum Arabic and gum Senegal. 1. Gum Arabic (Fr. Gomme Arabiqtie ; It. Gomma Arabica; Gvr. Arabinche gummi ; Arab. Tolh), the jiroduce of the Acacia vera, a tree growing in .\ral)ia, and in many parts of .\frica. The gum exudes naturally from the trunk and branches, and hardens by expo- sure to the air. " 'I'he more sickly the tree appears, the more gum it yields ; and the hotter the weather, the more prolific it is. A wet winter and a cool or mild summer are unfa- vourable to gum." — {Jack on s Morocco, p. 84.) It is in irregularly shajwd pieces, hard, brittle, and semi-transparent. When pure it is almost colourless, or of a pale yellowish hue; being insipid, inodorous, and dissolving completely in the mouth. Specific gravity 1'.31 to 1"43. It is often inixeil with gum Senegal. East Inilia gum .Arabic is, though a useful, a spurious article, not being the produce of the aciicia vera, but of other species of plants. The be.st gum is either imported direct from Alexandria, Smyrna, Tripoli, Moiriulore, Tan- giers, . i;.ir(;fM. I ^^11 I 2 Coco*. 21)ilUst. 143 1 1 Timber. I Cocoa. 1 BtUut. 6,031 1 I'll'"' 11, 326 I""" 1,OUO 1 l>i"" ll.ilbst. I S5,436_ I ____ _ uoir rnrirnoi, which eiitnrcrt Jlue countries ...which the Remirki. About one iWnl (if the imnilicr of vcsiuIj enter- n\ as I'criivijn, aiiti too e enter- eil as Mrxiian, belms to tins port, liut were put uii'ler Hiouc colours for bet- ter protection iluriiia ilie r.vo- lutionof I>i34. 210,429 I lutimi^l i«, torn- i- PP' 141—178. ; Uall's 1 in trading with Guernsey, n Eum 19 not only applied to But though these substances .inct. . . „f ,uslv from certain species of ■berry trees. It « very adhe- It is usually obtained ui smal Id ; so that it can be reduced . but it has commt.nly a yel- ls taste is insipid ; it^specfic in water, but is insoluble in n calico printins, to g.v'c con- It is also used in painting, in ,v, are gum Arabic and gum hica ■ Ger. Arabhchc gnnmi ; in Arabia, and in many parts ,ranches.and hardens by expo- ";.n it yield.-, and the hotter ool or mild summer are un J- rretmlarly shaped pieces 1 arJ. SoroLpaleydlo-hiue; loulh. Specific gravity 131 to r\vabicis.thoughauseuU but of other species of plants. ;vr.ia,Tripoli,Mo..tadore, Ian- ;^Mata,and the Italian port., t; ncreasing and d.nunishmg. At nn nvoriBi^ nf tli<< 1 yours onilimr with I'^lt. I'n' iiiiii Aruliir, cnlcrpil fi)r rnnsiimplinn .Timmntfid to lH-.^TIcwI. 11 year. rri'viiiiiNly to liisl ycur (Ihll'i), llii- iliilyoii piiiii .\r;ililc from ii llrilish iinsisit.ssiiin wax fix. a cwt., and rrniii oiIht |iaitN It2.«. ; liiil (lie diity , Tripoli, Harliarv. and MoroiTo ItirnJslii'd Q,(lf).'t ; lluypi, 57'.i; (;ilirallar, l,r>H7; Italy, 1,111);; .Mall;., ,tli7 ; tint llasl Indies, l.tXI'J, \,f. Till" ri'dticiiori of lite dnly on I'lrcit'ii ¥,\\\\\ will inoril pmlialily occasion nn incriMsit of tho imports fruni lln- MiMlllcrr.'iniaii anil .Moiiadntit. Tho pririt of unin .\raliic in liond in tin' London iimrkfil was. In Di'Cfinln'r, !■''!;!,— I'.asi India, from 31.f. to liS.s. pur cwt.; Turktjy, from ll)(t.<. lo'Jlla-. jKtr do.; and llarliary, from 5(),v. to l()(l«. per do. 2. (jitvi S'-nrrrfif. principally brought from the l.sland of that name on the coast of Africa, in olitaiiicd from various trees, but chiclly from two ; one called Vcreck, which yields ii wliito gum; the other called Nchurl, whicli yiclils a red gum; varieties of the acacia fjrniiimlftra. Gum Arabi- is very often mixed with gum Senegal. 'I'lic laller is nearly as pure as the former, but it is usually in larger mas.ses, of a darker colour, and more clammy and tena- cious. It is the sort of gum principally employed by calico printers. It was vvuth, in Uc- oember, KSn.l, duly (fi.s'.) ])aid,from 7.') v. to '/S.v. a cwt. — {Thinnmn's C/iciiiistrj/, Thwt^on's DiKpeimalory, Ainsl/e\i Materia Indica, cVc.) II. Resin.i. for the most part, e.xudo sponlaneously from trees, though they are often ob- tained by artificial wounds, and are not uncommonly, at first, combined with volatile oil, from which they arc separated by distillation. They arc solid substances, naturally brittle ; have a certain degree of transparency, and a colour most commonly inclining to yellow. Their taste is more or less acrid, and not unlike that of volatile oils; but they have no smell, unless they happen to contain some foreign body. They are all heavier than water, their specific gravity varying from I-OISS to 1'1862. They dider from gums in being insoluble in water, whether cold or hot ; while they are, with a few exceptions, soluble in alcohol, especially when assisted by iieat. When heated, they melt ; and if the heat be increased, they take fire, burning with a strong yellow flame, and emitting a vast of ordnance at Aniherfl;, on wliieh i» inscribed the year IIIOJ. IJdt^er Uacon, who die;! In I'^i'jJ, Itnew tho |)ro|)ertit'H of guiipowdet; but it does not follow that he Wim ac(|uuinte(l with il>; oii|ilication to dre-arnis." — ( 'riunnswis Chemistri/,) For further [larticuIarH an to the intro- duction of camion, :- e that article. Till' iiiniiiifiirtiirc iiiid »ul(> iil'cnniinwilcr In rrciilnled hy nevernl utatiitf'H, Uy tli'" H f!no. 3. r. t\\. jt in rMiiclcd, tliiit iid iiiTHon nIiiiII iiMr iiiIIIh or ntlii'r ciiuiiirs Tnr iiiiikliit' pinipiiwilcr. iir ni',iiiiit';ii'tiirliiir till' Haiiic III iiiiy way, i-xcrpt In niillH and ntliiT pliiciw wlllcll urrr artiialhi tii ryin'rm-r ill llic iMm.. df piissiiiij li.i' ;u't, (rr wliiih. It" rrnolcd iiflcrwnrdri, have Ih'cii sinirtliincd liy ii lici'iici', iind'T p;iiii cjI' iVirri'iliiiL' till' irMiipiuvili^r. und 'ii. a pniiinl. Il U I'lirllirr iMiartcd, lliiil no mill wnilii'd l>y pi'^lli', ami liKiKilly ti'i'iMi'd a pi'sili' iiilll, hIiiiII lir ii.hi'iI in iiiakini; uaiipnwilir, imuIit iIiii aluivi'-iii'Millnni'd pi'ii.iliy ; mill lliat nil iiiiiri' llian 'Kl IIm. Ill' pinipiiwdi'r, iir nialt'riiiU Id III' iiiadi' I'llii (.Miiipiiwilrr. Hliall ln' niaili at any nni' tinir uiiiIit a sinuli' pair nt' niill-Hlnnr^, on pain nf rnrl'i'llinu nil iilinvi^ III Ihs., and 'i.i. tin- cvrry piiniid ; iinr Khali iniiri- lliaii Klcwt. Iin ilrii'd in any nni' iiliivi' nr placii ill any one liii.i'. nmli'r rorlViliirr 1)1' all hIikvc llial iinaiility, and *is. I'ur uvcry piniiiil llirmif. 'Ilw povviliT i\iilln en rt"i| m. lialili'. Criiviiiirsl, Saddli'sriinilir. iiiiil llri'di'. in Siij^si'v. prrviiin.-.|y Id 1772, are eXL-iiipteU Iniiii lln- ul)"Vr rrL'iilaiiiMis sii l:ir as relates to llie inakiiiL' of line rowliii}.' pinviler. Nil il.ali'r in In keep inure llian 2(10 llis. of (iinvder, nor any person iiol a dealer, nnre than 'Ollis., in till' eii lis of l.oiidoii or Wcsliiiinsler, or wiliiin ,1 miles tlierenf. or williin any oilier city, lii.'roiiiMi, or market luu n. or 1 mile thereof, or williin two miles ut llie kin!.'"s palaies or magazines, or 1 a mile nf any parish ehiirrli. on pain of forfeiture, and 'is. per lli. ; exiept in llc(tiisi;il mills, nr to tliu aiiioina ni' iiilll Ills, fur the iisi' of eollieries, within tilMI yards of I hem. Nol mine ilian 2.''> liarrels are to he larrieil liy any land rarriat'e, nor more than 200 barrels liy water, Hiili"js u'diiis liy sea or ('oasiwisi'. each hnrrel not to iimtain more than Kinili.-'. All vrsM'ls, e?.ee|it his Majesty's, (•oiniiii: intii the Thames, are to put on shore, nt nr lielow lllack- wall, all the ijiiiipowiler tiny have on hoard cMeeilinL' 'i'l llis. Vessels (iiilward lionnil are nut to rec.iiv" on Imiird more than "IjIIis. of L'nnpowiler previously to their arrival at lilarkwall. The Trinity House have aiilhorily to appoint seari her!! to iiisp<'i't ships, and .searrli for (.'iinpowder. All the (rnn- Iiiiw'h'r foiinit aliove 2.1 Ihs., and the harrels eoniainiiii; il and Is. for every Hi. aliove tliat ipianiity, are forfeiled Any person olislrnrtiiii.' an ollirer sean hiiiL' for coniealed cnnpowder is liahle to a pen, illy of 111/. Tlie places of deposit for Loinpowiler are ri'Siilaleil liy the ."it (leo. 3. c. LIU. 'i'lie e.vportatioii of itnnpowdrr may he prohihiied liy order in eoiimil. Its importation is proliihited on pain of forfeiture, t>.\ee|it liy llieiiie from llis Alajesty ; such liieiRU to he granted for t'ariiisliiiinlijy Wajesly's stores only.— (0 (leu. 1. r. IDT.) 'I'lii' act 1 Will. l. I'. It. pruliiliits the niaiiiifai'tiiro and keeping of Bini|inwder in Ireland hy any per- son who has not olitained a liienee from the I.ord l.leiiteiKint ; sin 11 liienoes may lie sesperHJe.i en nol he from the ehief seeretary, anil any one selliii!.' jriinpowiter dnrinir the Hiispensiun of sinli lireiid) uliall forfeil ,0(111/, (Jnnpowiler makers under this act are to return nionlhly airoiints of their slock, Ate. to the chief secretary. This act, wliicli conlains a variety of re,striclive clauses, was limiteil to uiiu year's dnratioii, but lias lieen prolonjred. (lUNNY (Hind. Tut; Brii. 6'///)/), a .strong coarse sackcloth manufactured in Bengal for making into bags, sacks, and (lacking generally, answering at once the tsvo pnr|iiisps for ■which canvass and hasl are used in Europe. The rnateriid fi'otn which this article isinauu- facf ured, is the fibre of two plants of the genus Corchorus ; viz. Corchnrus ollluriun, and Corrhiirus capsiilarls (Bengali, pat) ; both, but particularly the first, extensively cultivated throughout Lower Bengal. Besides a large domestic consumption of gunny, the whole rice, paddy, wheat, pulses, sugar, and saltpetre of the country, as vvcll as the pepper, colfec. and other foreign produce exported from Calcutta, are packed ii. '.-ags > - o-ieks made of thi.s article. 'J'here is also a considerable exportation of manufactured bags, each comntonly capable of containing two maunds, or about KiO Ib.s. weight, to Prince of Wales Isiaml, Malacca, Singapore, Java, and Bombay. In 1828-29, the number exported from Calcutta was 2,205,206, of the value of 166,109 sicca rupees, or about 16,000/. sterling, showing the price of each sack to be less than 2d. — ( Wallic/i ; Roxburgh ,• Bdl'a Review cftlie Exknial Commerce of lieu gal.) GYPvSU.il, oil SULPH.VFE OF LIME, is found in various parts of the Continent, and in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. When reduced to a powder, and formed into a paste with water, it is termed planter of Parifi, and is much u.sed for forming casts, &.c. It is also used for laying floors; and has been advantageously employed as a manure. H. I • ', •I V HAIR, HuMAjr (Ger. Haare, Mettschen-haar ; Du. Hair,- Fr. Cheveux ; It. Cnpelll umani ; Sp. Caliellos ; Lat. Capil/i), "Human hair makes a very considerable arlicle in commerce, especially since the mode of pcrrui|ues has obtained. Hair of the growth of the northern countries, as England, &c., is valued much beyond that of the more southern ones, as Italy, Spain, the southern parts of France, &c. Good hair is well fed, and neither tno coar.se nor too slender; the bigness Hindering it less susceptible of tlie artificial curl, ami disposing it rather to frizzle; and the smallness making its curl of too short duration. Its length should be about 2o inches ; the more it fulls short of this, the less value it beard."— (Enci/. Brit.) Haik of Bjbasts (Ger. Haare, Huhaare; Du. Hair ; Fr. Foil; It. and Sp. I'elo,- Lat. IIAIR-POWDER, HALIFAX. 723 lorn? I'pfiw that pcrioil. Urcssy.wUichwHHfoughr. •r, at the meR" "'' M'^'"'*'- ,„y, iw t»ii>ro is a i>M'ci- ol li'iicon, who iiic;l m f-:'.)2, [. wi>H ac(iuaiiit'^'l «"'» i'^' imrliculars M to the intro- ,„ „v 111- n <"!<"' :':•••''''•'' } „r,.>""r'i"«t i'rn nnt 10 1 iMi.kwiill. Till' Trimly MwS-wM.^. Mill..'.:"- '■"'''f'vT;r'.-'''i.w ' :/i''^uVin'pi.'rtiu'i''n'iM'.r';li'''iV''' tiobeBrautL-dlurfuri.i.bu.gbiB „„Mnw(l.'r in Irolan.l by nny yer- :'hlvm-'^-''>'"''«''^'''^'r'^^ ;;ivc clauses, was I.uiU.mI U. ono cloth manufacturril in BenKal ,, at once the two pnrposos tot ;,u which this artu-\,Msnv,u.u- . viz Cunhoriis olitonuK.mA 'the first, extensively cultivated ntion of gnnny, the whole nee well aB the i.e[.l.er, e..llee and , .,„j, , ,• oK-ks made ot tlus i;ctured hags, each co.nmoii'.y ,t to Prince of Wales Island, m'n.her exported froi" l^;'lf "11^^ I lOOOO/. 8terlinff.shown.sthe ,. /jt7/'s Review <•/ the Exiemd various parts of the Continent, „ .^ j.nwder, and formed n.to a used for forming easts, &c. u Miiploycd as a manure. ,,,-;.. Fr. C/(ei'm.r,- Tt. ( l and in the West Indies. IMr. M'd'recnr has severely, and, wc believe, justly, teiislired the project fur the removal of the dock- yard friMii Halifax to llerinnda. 7'rai/c, iVc. of Ilntifiix (ind Xura .Sfo/ifl.— Halifax H llio seat of a coiisii'eralde fi-hery ; but tlie P.ritiRll colonists seem to be, fur what reasmi il H not easy in say, b.ilh je^s eiiterprisinu aiiil less snccessfii! fishers lliaii the New Ijisilamlers. 'I'lit! principal trade oi'iln- town and the prnv ince is with llie West Indies, (ir(;at llrilaili, and Ihe Diiiled States. To Ihe firmer tlii'y expnrl dried and pii'l.bd |i^h, In in her, coals, crindsloiies, cattle. Iloiir, butter, cheese, o:its, pniiilnes, Aie, They export the s;iiue urlules !.• the sniilherii purls nf ihe I'nileil States, and (ij psiiiii In the ea>lern ports nf IXew lliiiiland. To (ireai lirilain they send timber, deals ; wliale, cod, and si'al oil ; Inis, iVc. The primipal rxpnrls of limber lire from I'ii ton on the St. Lawrences The imports consist principally of cnhiiual prndiice fmni the \Vcsl Indies ; all sorls of manufactured ;;oo(!s frniii (ireat Hrilain ; ami of (Inur, liimber, iVc. from the tiiiled Slates, principally fur exportation to the West Indies. The cnvernment packets sail rejinl irly once a month from Halifax to Falmoiitli ; 'ml packet ships to Liverpool li.ive recently been estaiilislnd, which are, in all respects, superior to I le Inrnier. '1 here ari! also re;.'iilar packets from Halifax to Uoslon, New York, and the West Indies. A steam-boat plies cniistantly between llalifax and the littli.' town of Uartiiionth, on llie opposite side of the liarbmir. Ill \t-16 a company was formed for iiiakiii(! a caiinl across Ihi- country Iium llalifax to the basin of Miiias, which unites with the boitoni of the Hay of Kiindy. The navij;ation is fnrmed, for tin; iiinsi part, by Sliubeiiacadic' lake unit river. The lejiislaliire (:ave l5.fP0/. In this nnderiakiii;; ; but it ban not liitl'.ertii been completed. Tliu excavated part of llio eana! is ('U feel wide at to|i, Uli feel at boltiiiii, and is intended to admit vessels drawing H I'l'i'l water. It seems very iinestionable wbelli.'r this cuiial will be profitable to the shareholders ; bul tlieru can be no doubt that it would, if finished, be of considerable service to Ihe trade of Halifax. There are two private baiikimj romiianies at Halifax. Acrnunt,=t are Icept in poutiils, shillings, and pence, the same as in KiiL-land, and the weights and measures are also the same. Aliniit 1(11) large snuare-rigged vessels, and about Ihu same miiiiber of lar^e schooners, with several Biiialler craft, belong to Halifax. The total revenue of Nova Scotia for the year 1831, including balances and arrears, was sr),(il8/. ; the expenditure during the same year, o.vcluaive of that incurred on account of the fe'iirrison, beint; 114,870/. We borrow from the valuable work of Mr. M'Ciregor tlie following statement as to llie trade of Nova Scotia in 18:12 :- fraduce ot the Fisheries rxpirted in the Year eniliiijs 5lh of ] Jauiiiry, IK13. /.. J. rf. IfiO.WO cwt. (Irv liJIi, nt tOj. Hi,u:o 3',li4 lairi'ls |iiikle.l tish, at t.'iJ. • 2T.V()i 111 j.iill Uixes »iiiiiki-.l herrioKS, al 3j. 1.2!ili 3 :04 lulls oil, al mi. l!,i.:.-ll 51,'JIS seal skins, at Ij.Oi. • Total • 3,SU3 17 127,4j.-, 10 rniduce ot Agriculture. /.. .T. d. Ilirlev anJ nals, 3 47S bushels, at 2.i. 317 IH I'litalo.'s anil turnips, 61,712, al U. tjJ. ifijS 12 n 0iliiiral,71iirrp|s, at 20(. . 7 (1 ; VhX'Si'Kl, 10 huslieU 2 10 1 11 iriica citile, horsfs, shepp, and swine, 926 vjI'IO 't,C!!n 1 Hullir, ch:-fse, anJ lanl, 83,7-24 U.S. value • 4..'>(i 4 1 Cniilitnii's, 4!'o <:illon8 24 (j j A;.|i|f., 2tJ0 b.xrrc s - nm 1 llttf anJ pork, 434 Ijirrcls • Tol.al i,;w2 u 15,.5S3 8 TitHlucc rf llie Mines, expoi tcil. Coats, 12,020 chniilrons, .it 2'.t. Dilto. In-Ill Cap. Krelou, :l .ti"^? rhalJrons (.ypsuiii, 4J,')0S tons, a' tO.t. Diito. Iiniii Cai.,' nrili.r. t2S 1-2 ln:is Uriiitistunei), lli,24i', al ;jU<. * /.. .. 1.-i,li2'. .-,vi7l IS 22,7i4 3 S .I 2S,,-I)0 Total I 10^329 Produce of die Korests. Square timber, 3:^,191 tons, at I5.r, - lli'alsanil iiii'h iMKinis, y,9Sl,(00 IjthwocKl.22S loads Siavi-s,2,7l4,CieO Shiiiskf, 3,U2.0('0 ■ Handspikes, 2,3H) Oars, poles, &c.,;i,.-94 Masts an I spars, t>.12 . llonps, 2i^li0 Value of ti.s.ler shipped from Cape Breton Total /.. t. rf. 2>'.f>l3 .1, 24.2>0 II 22S It.M'.) n 2,2-1 10 ll'i 4r, 2..D l;4 1 3 l,S/72 62,447 16 3 Thebaluiceof exports consists of various articles, tiansliiiiped, principally West India produce, tea from Cliiim, &.i;. 734 HAMS, HAMnilRGH. Account of vi'Msi'U rnlnrcd InwiinlH In ilic- I'nri of llalifiix niiil Nnvn ^rntli irnnrnlly, In Iho Vear cniling Stii (if Jiiniiury IMH ; iiiiil iil' iIicimu clciiri'il iMitwiiriU fnilil tlio hiiiiiu. I I i r i 1 1*. i » i Countrltt. Inwanli. Uutwtnli. Shipi. Tom. Mfh. Hhlpi. Tons, Mm. Ilnltcil Kingdnni • - • no n.iM 3,317 101 35,420 1,171 ~ llorilt'iiiix .... 3 a:.i 10 <)|iorti) .... 1 11)0 U 1 113 (•iicriiai'y niiil JorHuy • 3 a-u au Cliill/, . . 1 CO Hiiiynm .... 2 2,'.l i'f> Mi'llH'l ..... 4 wn 41 Ilrilii

  • (>- jriKiiU 1 llni'SM ol'lliis !• Vlllll. .•Iir. iDlltS tl) a-* tiil- ac'ci- ,s/rt iif some- N|u'cial ISOll III is I'li- is iiiir- lo thu I. Uut l.y tlio I'ssion iimkc III the lajiilti lailing, oklcrs. h, aiul li>tho iNwt nf hix i\iilmiiciit ; ami that ho iiiakf ilihvcry nl'lho ^ixnIm t>i tho prrxnii who l!riit drtiiiinilH thrrii •>! Iiini, u|i'>n |irrH<'iitnii'Mt nl' thi' Mil of iaiiiiiii, pntviilul llir rirniniftdiian In tint .iiirh 11.1 loj'fl'fi/ II >n^))iriiiii ot IiIh haxiiiK miliiirly «»>l ikimmmmioii of it. II hr art (hf- ft riMillv. hi' ii* aiiMWt riiMi', iicriinliiii; In ihi' iM'ctiliaritifH ot ihr twm', to liii- ihthou iniunil by hi* iu't(lii;i'ii('<' i tlif lull lit iailiiii; iH'in^ imi only tlu< iiiHiructiDiiN of the inirchunt In him, iir hit carrier or wrviuit, liiH. W luTc Ki'vcral liilU "I" huliritc of n ililVrrriil iiii|i(irt linvi' hrni cinni-il, no nunnl in to |ir pniil to ihc litiio when ihi'V wt'ir lirst )iii;iu'il liy tin' iiiasti'r; iiui tiii' {MTKiin who limlM ki>u> li'Ual |HiKxrKniiMi of iini* ot'ihi'iii I'roin tho owiut or t- r.iiarirr him iVoin nil. — {Hull, |i. 'A'i>t. anil Wi'i.) MII.I. I tp J^Alii;, 11 coiiliait niiilcr wal, I y wliirh on imlividiml convnys or |)nBm>ii away ihi' riu'ht ami intrn Ht hr haN in ihr uI'IoiIm or chaltiis naiiii'ii in tho hill. 'I'ho |iro|icrty ol «hi|is i-* lran?<(rrri'il liy liill nfsiili-. — (Siu Ht;iiiHri(t.) lIlMi tiK i^HiHT. Whin a imrcliant is ii;iiora?it ol'thi^ real iiimntiticH or i|iia!iti('s of any ^'ihhIh ansiKiicd to him, xo ihat lu^ is uiial>li> to iiiakr a |i<'rli'>'t entry of tlicni, lu' inii>t acv quaint till' rolloctor or roni|ilri>ll('r of ill)' rircinii^lanri' ; ami ihry an* nuthoriHCil, u|iiiii tiu' inijiortiT or \\w nKt-nt inakiiiK oatii lhat hi> caiinot. for want of full iiifornmlion, iiiakr a pcr- ffft entry, to receive an entry hy liill nj'sii^lil, for the jiackanen, liy liie lienl ilej(cri|ition which ran N' i^iven, ami to urani warrant thai. th>' same may he iaiuleil uinl exuiniiud liy tiie in» jiiirlrr in |)reM''nce of llie ollicer.s ; ninl within U liays alter any ;;ooil?(Hhni| iiave hoen no lamW I'll, tlie iiii|ii)rter hhall make a |ieilect entiy, iiml ^hajl either j)ay ijowij the duticn, or n!m!l duly warelioiiKe t!ie saino. — (H iN; 1 Will, 1. c. .')il, -J '-.'1.) Ill ilelimli of iierd'ct entry within U dav-', nnch iioodn iire to he taken to the kinn'H wiinv house; and if tlie iinporler Hhall not, witliiii I nioiilh, ninkc iii-rfect entry, and pay thrdiitien thiTcon, or on hui'Ii jiarts as can he entend for home use, to^jcther with charges of movini? mid wari'hoiise rent, HUch Roods hIiiiII he sold for jiaynienl of tlie duties. — § :i!.'i. The I'jiist India Coin|mny are nulhorised without the proof liefore-nirntionrd, to enter ^'oods hy hill uf Hi|{ht, and to muke perfect ontrv« and pay thu duticH within :) inonths. — mill. OF STORE, is a lioonfc prnnted hy tho ('untom-honso, to merchants, to carrv (tuch ston-s and provisionH bh are necessary for a voyaije, tree of duty. Ijy the act 3 oiid 4 Will. 4. c. 52., roturiicJ goods may ho entered hy hill of store, as follows :— I'roMi ,'iili Janiinry, ll"2(l. It »hall ho lawful tn ro-ltnpnrt Into ilio rnlli'il Kinuilnni, from any placo, hi n uliip 111' liny coiimry, any cmiils (i'vii'|it as Inn iii-alirr i.'\ci'pt«il) w hlrli sliiill have hecii li'L'ally e»- jiorli'il rriiiii III!.' riiiti'il Kinmliiiii, mill to inlcr tin' saiiir liy liill of >|Hre, rvlVrriiii,' lo tlio iiilry niit.- wni'ils, anil rxpiirtatioii tlirrimr; proviilril tlie pniprrly in xiiili L''iiHl-ii'i>ntliiiir in the jmrson liy wlioiii or I'll wliii:^ airiiiiiit till' Kaiiieliiivi.'lirriH'xpnrlril ; ami H'Hii' (.'(mils so ri'tiiriii'il Im fnri'iirn uiiiiilswliicti liail liel'iiri' liri n legally iniporleil lulu the I'liiti'il Kiiit:itiiii' iliilirs shall he payalilo thrri'iiD n* niiiilil, at I III' time ot'siirli ri'-liiipnrtalioii, he iiayalile on tin like if<>"ils,iiiiil('r tlii.'..'aiiiiM'irriiiiHtiiiici!s of linpiirtatiun ns tliiisi' iiiiiler wliicli siii'li iromls hail hein iiriuinall> iiiiportiil ; or hiirli l'iioiU may lie nari'liiiiih'i'il iipini a tlrst lm|iiirtaiiiiii llieri'iif; prnx iileil alwi'.ys. thai the s<'V. ral Forts ot' i;iiiiiIh eiiik- Tiiuratt'il or ili.'srrihi'il in tin.' list I'lillusviiii; shall imt lie re-imporinl inio the |liii|( >l Kiiiuilniii I'ur hunu. UM, iipi'ii the L'rnuiiil that the same hail lieeii I'lially e.vpurtuil from them e, hiit thai llle same shall he (Irrmi il lo lie fiircis'i foiiils, whi'llirrnriuiiially such ot nut, anil bliull aUu \>o iluuiiieil tu lie Iniporti >l fill llle lirst time into the I'liiteil Kinpiloni ; vi/,. (louti* fipurnil, irhirli iimijnol he rc-iinportcd fur Jli/me Uac. 0>rn, crain, meal, flour, ami malt ; hops, tohai'i'ii, lea, fli.iiils I'or wliiih any liiumty or any ilrawhaik nt" excipc hail hei'n reriivid on exportation, iinli'ss hj sperial pirmission of thu coiniiiissiom.'rs ol' tu:itiiiiiij, uiiU uii repayment of t>ucli hoimty or such lira vv hark. Ml cooils fur vvliicll liill of store cannot he Ispunil In manner lierelii-allir ilirecteil, e.vcnpt small riitt>- iiaiils iif llritislmoDils, hy special permission of the ^llmllll^siolu•rs ofciislonw, upon proof in lliulr satisi'ai'lioii that the same are Ilrilisli, ami hail not lieen sold— (^ ,'1,1. The person in whose iianie any L'odds so re-imporleil weru eiileied for e.^portatUiii, sh;ill deliver to Oil- searilier, at llie port of exportation, an evaci aiioiiiil sit'in'il hy him of the partiriilars of sucti L'''iiil-<, r> I'erriiii; to the entry anil cliaranre outwards, anil to llie nMiirn iiiwarils if the same, willi Uir marks ami niiinhers of the pai;kai;i'S hotli Inwards and outwjirds ; and IlieriMipoii the seareln r, tiiiiliii;' that siirli Boods had lieen leually e\|)orted, uli.all urant a liill of slcre for tin' same ; and if the l'i;r-oii in whose name llie foods wen,' entered fur e.\porlati(iii was not Hit pnijiriilor tlnreof, hut hiji UL'inl, lie shall declare upon oath on such Mil iicli iioiids have hei'ii consi;!ned to lilin; and the real pri'|.ri<'tor, usrertaiiiud to he such, ehail lii.ikc oath upon such hill of store lo the identity of the (.'omls so exported and so riilurned, anil thai hr was at tin: lime of exportation and of ru-im|iortation tlie proprietor of such uoiiils,anil that tlie same liad iMl diirini! such time heen sold or disposed of to any other person ; and such allidavits shall b^; niaite hefiire tile collector.i or comptrollers at the ports of e.xpni'tatioii and ofimpovtntion respectively, ami tlnreiipon the collector unit comptroller bliall adiiiil such {jooilslo entry hy bill of store, unil grant their warrant accordingly.—} 31. (Tho 6 & 7 Will. 4. c. fiO. enacts, that goods legally, exported, and which arc after- wards re-imported, may, if the proprietor thereof he resident abroad, he entered hy hill of store, on the proprietor Bubscrihino; a declaration as to the identity of the good:?, and that Vol. L— (i 2 21 t 180 BILL[N(JS(JATE— lUlJOS' NKSTS, r I ^ » i^ iluy tliil nnd do lu'lonsT to liiiii, and li:i\c nol lircii sold or disjiost'd of to any ntlicr person ', siicli declaration to lie. suiiscril) d lu'lorc tlie Miitisli (/'oiisul, Si.c,—{\- -.) — Sii/),") IiIl.ljlI\(ilS(iA'rii, ti market lor lisli, eoiiiiiiiioiis to tlu! Custoni-iioiise in liondon. It ia held every lawlid day. and was eslahlislud in l(i'.)l» l>y .slat. 1(» «,V. I 1 Will. U. r. 34. Every jierson Iniyinir iisli in Hiilintjsgato uiarket, may sell the same in any other jnarket-placc or |i|aees within the city oi'liondon ..r e!se\vli< re, liy retail, with this rondilion, tliat none but ti;-inuoni.',ers he permitted to sell in |j\ed siiops or hour's. JVo person or persons siiall pnr- rh:ise at UillinKSH'iito any quantity of lish, to he divided hy lots or in sh:ires amongst any tishmoni;ers or other persons, in order to lie at'terwards put to sale hy retail or otherwise; nor shall nny llshnionffer engross, or Imy in the said market, any <|nantily ot'tish, hut what sliall lie for his own sale or use, under the jienalty of '»(>/. iVo jierson is to have in his possession, or expose to sale, any spawn of lish, or lisli unsizeidije, or out of season. — (:}(! is iini>t ofieii he iierformed hy tdrcli-li);lit, hy peiie- irauii!.' into recesses of tile rock where the sliuhii'si trip woiiM lie instantly fatal to t!i.' adveiiliirerg, wild M'l" noihiiif; lieldw them liiit the tinlMileni sinf niakiiiL' ils way into the chasms of the rock. '•The only pri'paralidii which the hi ids" nests niideri-'d is that of simple dryintr, without dircrt ex- posure to the SUM, afler which they are packed in small lioxes. usually of half a pii ul. They are as- sorted for the Cliiiiesc market into three kiinls. accordiiiL' to their ipialilies, disiiniiuished inlii Jirst or A-:.-/, jiir.xii/, and lliird qnalilii's. Caverns that are reL'ularly iiianaL'ed, will all'did. in 1(10 parts, .'),'i-3 jiarts df thdse of the first cpialily. Xi parts df tliose of the second, 11* parts of those of (he third. "The common prices for hints" nests at 1 anton are, for the (irst sort, no less than .'t.'ilH) Spanish (IMIirsihe picnl. or .^/. IS,<. l.|(/. per lli.: I'ur tlu: seiond. '.J.MKl Spanish didlars per piciil ; and hir the third, l.fidl) Spanish ddllats. l-'roni these |i/ices il is siillicieiilly evident, that the hirds' nests are no ijinre than an article df expensive luxury. Thi>y ai(> cdnsuuu'd only hy the ureal ; anil, indeed, the liesl part is si'iit to the capital fur the cdM>iiiH]>liiin of the court. The seiisiial Chinese use them, under tiie iintiiliiialidn that tin'y are powerl'ullv stiiniiltiuuL' and tunic; hut it is prdhahle that their iiiiisl \ iliialile i|iiality is their iieiiifr pert'eeily liarmle-.. The pedph; of .lapan, who so inncli resemble the Cliinest' in many of their haliits. liave no ta-to fr tiieedilile nests; and lunv the latter acipiirod a taste fur this t'oruigii cunimodity is no ks^ singular than tliuir persevering in it. Aiiiuiig tliu wuslurii lUSMliTir, HITUMEN. 187 iKillniiH Ihvri' JH iintliiiii! |i;irullrl in ii, iiiil>'.~N wr i.'\i'i'|il tlic wliiiiisi( iilisliiiiMiirin in wlii(Mitlir Kdiiiui-' Iji'IiI sMiii); articli'K of lii\iir>, rt'iiiiiikalilL- I'ur llicir sianiiy liiilici tliiiii IWr any (inalitiuM UHcrihcil to llicm."' Mr. ('iiiwfiiril rslini:itc« tin; wliulc iiiiaiilily i>{ liircls" iirst.-i ix|ii)ili'(l from llio Arcliiiiilimo ill '! 1-2. 101) Ihn. w.Nlli 'i^l.-ilili/. Till! ihi li' il'lllis iniiiii;ii-.i' |irii|iiTly In ilic cciiiiilry w |iiiiilin'i"< il> risis ii|Hm llir |i'i I In llir prr- pi'liial ilrpri'ilalion nl' I'ml ii'r.s. ami il nni iinriripiriilly liappi'iis lliai an allaik iipmi ii is ilii' priii- rj|i:il nliji'i'l nl' llir waifari' rnniinilliil |jy mii' prllv slalr a(.'aiiisl aniillirr. in smli silnalimis. Ilin I'Xpriisi' III' atrnrilinu llirin pinli'iiinn is mi lii'a\.\, llial lliry arr ni'n'ssaril> nl' iillli' valiii'. In sliiia- liiiiis wlirrr llir ra\i'rns arc iIiHk nil nl' ai ri ss in slraiiL'irs, ami \\ lirrr llnTc rrlt'iis I'limii'li nl' nnlcr ami lrani|iiillily In srrnri' llii'in li<>in iiilrrnal ilrpri'ilalmn, ami In ailinil nl' llii' iii'sts lirini; nliiaicnl williniit nlhrr rxpinsi' llian llii' siiiipli' lalmiir nl' ('nllnrliim llii'in, llin valni' nl' llii' prnprrly is vrry (Tral. i'lm cavrniM nl' huniiiff-huliniir. in Java, arr nl' lliis ilrsrriplinii. 'I'lii'sr annually ali'nril (i,M(l Ills, nl'ni'sis, wliii'li ari' wnrlli, at tin' llalavia priri's nr;i,".illil. U..MIII. ami l,'J(M) Spanish ilnU'ars llir picnl, 1' r Ihi' ri'spi'i livi' kiinls, marly I.I'.I.IHII) Spani'li il.illars ; ami llii' \\ linlc rxprnsr of I'l.lli'rlini:, I'liriiiL'. ami packing', ainniinls In im iiinri' llian II pi'rcrnl.nn Iliis aiiminil. Tlii' prii r nl' liirils' iiiisIh is til' rniir.sr a nmnnpnly prirn, Ihi' i|nanlily prniliii nl liriim liy naliiri' liniitnl. ami iiirapalilr nl' aiiL'nii'nlii- tinii. Till' valni' III' llii' laliiinr rxpi'mlnl in liriimiin: liinls' msls in inarkrl is Ijiii a Irillini: pnrlinn nf llicir prill', which rniisists nf Ihc hiiihcsl sum llial llic liixnnniis ( liincsc will aH'nril In pay Inr llicin, ami whii'h i!< a la.x paiil hy llial natiun in lli'' iiilialiilanls nf the Inilian islamls. Tlicrc is, perhaps, nn priiihirlinii npnn uliii li lininaii imliislry is cxcrlcil, nl' (\ liirli Ihc cnsl of pi'iiilnrlinii hears sn small a pnipnrliiin In Ihc inarkol prico."— (Sou also the vahrililu work of Count llugcndorp, Cuiiji d'lt'.il sur (•//(■(/c/,ir«, p. ail.) DISMU'J'H ((irr. W'isiiiulh ; Dii. m.vntilh, Ihrir.iftm ; Ft. Bismutfi ,- It. H!smuffc, Sj). liismulli, Pudni in^a ,■ Ixtis. Wimntif ,- liiit. Uixiiiullinin), a mctsil of ii rcildisli wliito colour, mill nltuost destitute ot'tiisle and snicll. Il issoi'lcr tli;ui coiiiut; its Hjiecitlc gravity is 'J'8'i3. \V[u'ii liiiiuuu'ri'd cautiously, ils density is cDiisidcriilily inrrca.sc(l ; it breaks, however, when struck smnrtly liy ii Inniiiuer, and, conseiiuciitly, i.s not rnallealile, nei- ther can it bo drawn out into wire ; it melts at t'.ie tcmiieraturc of 47G°. — ( Thomwn'ti Chanidri/.) ''Ilisnuilli is used '". ••iecnnip">'itioM «(" pcwicr. In llic rahrii'alion nf printers' types, anil in various niher iiii'lallic. iiii.xlnri's. With an i'i|nal wcijUl nf h'ad, il I'nrins a hrilliant while allny, innch lianlur than lead, anil inure niallealilc than liisinntli, llmiiLii mil diii tile ; and if the prnpnrlinn of lead hu in- creased, it is rendered xlill innre niallcalil.i. Kiiilil parts nf liisiniilh, 5 of lead, and ;t of tin, constl- liileilic fiisihle metal, soiiicliines railed iNewtnn's, I'riiin ils ilisinvcrer, which melts at the heat of hnil- iiiL: water, and may he fnscil over a caiidlo in a piece nf still' paper wilhoiu liiirninmhe paper. I'ew- terers' snider is tiirined nf oiiu part of hisnmth, with 5 of lead, and 'A of tin. It fiiriiiii thi- basis of u sympatliftic ink."— (t/rt.) BITUMEN (CJcr. Judmpech; Du. Jiickiili/vi ; It. Asfallo ,- Sp. Asjhlfo ,- Port. .4s- pliullo ,- Tins, Asfalf ,• Lat. AxphiillHiii, Hlluniin Jitdiiivum), This term inc^Iudes a con- siderable range of inflannnable mineral substanecs, burniiifj with flame in the open air. They dilliir in consistency, from a thin fluid to a solid ; liut the solids arc for the most part liijuo- fiable at a moderate Ivoat. They are, — I. i\'ii/i/il/iu ; a fine, white, thin, fragrant, colourless oil, which issues out of white, yellow, or black clays in Persia and Media. This is highly inflannnable. Near the village of Ainiano, in the state of Parma, there exists a spring which yields this substance in sudlcicnt ((uantity to illuminate the city of (Jcnoa, for which purpose it is employed. With certain vegetable oils, naphtha is said to form a good varnish. — 2. Petroleum is much thicker than iiaplitiia, resembling in consistence ceminon tar. It has a strong disagreeable odour, and ti blackish or reddish brown colour. During combustion, it emits a thick black smoke, and leaves a little residue in the form of black coal. It is more abundant than the llrst mentioned variety, from which it does not seem to diller, except in being more inspissated. It occurs, oozing out of rocks, in the vicinity of beds of coal, or float- ing upon the surface of springs. In the Birinaii emjiire, near Hainanghong, is a iiill con- tinuing coal, into which .520 pits have been sunk for the collection of jietinleum, the annual produce of the hill being about 400,000 hogsheads. It is used by the inhabitants of that country as a lamp oil, and, when mingled with earth or ashes, as fuel. In the United States it is found abundantly in Kentucky, Ohio, and New York, where it is known by the name of Sniieca or Genesee oil. It is also obtained from wells in the island of Zanle. Herodotus tells us, that he has seen these wells — (lib. iv. c. 19.5.) ; and the description he has given of them, and of the mode of obtaining the jietrolcum, corresponds, in all respects, with the accouuls of the best modern travellers. The average annual produce of the Zantc springs is about 100 barrels. — {C/iaiuf/ir's Truvc/,s in Gnrce, 4to ed. p. 301.; Halland's Travels i'l fiVvar, 4to cd. p. 18.) Petroleum is particularly abundant in Persia. "When taken from the ]iit, it is a thick liijuid re.semiiliiig pitch. The bottoms of most ves.scls which navi- gate the Euphrates and Tigris are covered with it, and it is also used in lamps, instead of oil, by the natives. The most productive fountains are those of Kcrkook, Mciidali, and Badku. The wtlls in the neighliourhoiul of the latter seem to be quite inexhaustible, being no sooner emptied than they auaiii begin to lill. Some of them have been found to yield from 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. a day r—Kinncir'.s Persian. Eniinre, p. 'M. and ;15!}.)— 3. j1/«V/A«, or Sea-wax, is a solid whitish substance, not unlike tallow. It melts wlicn heated, and in I ■' 188 BLACKINC}— BOATS. I ;^ cooling assumos the consistence of white cerate. This is, most proliably, the hifumm caiu diduin of Pliny (Ifi'.st. Ki/f. Ub. xxxv. c. 15.), It is not used as pitch ; but it affords a better light than petroleum, and emits a lesn disagreeable smell. It is found on the surface of the Baikal Lake in Siberia, at the foot of the mountains of Bucktiari in Persia, and in some other places, — 4. Elastic liilumin yields easily to ])ressure ; is flexible and elastic. It emits a .strong bituminous odour, and is about the weight of water. On exposure to the air it hardens, and luses its elasticity. It takes up the traces of crayons in the same manner as caoutchouc, or Indian rubber, whence it has ol)tained the name of mineral cainitc/ionc. It has hitherto been found only in tlie lead mines of Derby.shire. — ."j. Compact liitumen, or j4.s/)//a//«Ht, is of a shining black colour, s.)li(l, and brittle, with a conchoidal fracture. Its spccitic qravity varies from 1 to I'G. Like the former varieties, it bums freely, and leaves but little residuum. It is found in India, on the shores of the Dead Sea, in France, in Switzerland, and in large deposits in sandstone in All)ania ; but nowhere so largely as in the island of Trinidad, where it forms a lake three niiles in circumference, and of a thick- ness unknown. A gentle heat rentiers it ductile, and when mixed with grease or common pitch, it is used for paying the bottoms of ships, and is said to protect them from the teredo of the West Indian seas. ']'hc ancients ein[)loyed bitumen in the construction of their buildings. The bricks of which the walls of Babylon were built were, it is said {Herodotus, lib. i. § 179.), cemented with hot bitumen, which gave them unusual solidity. BLACKING (Gcr. Schtifischiriirze, Wic/ifif' ,• Fr. Noir (dc curdnniiiera) ,• It. Nero da vgner Ic scurpe ,• Sp. Nti^ro de znpalas), A f.ictitious article, prepared in various ways, used in the blacking of shoes. It is in very extensive demand. BLACK-LEAD, oil PLUMBAGO (Uu. Potkot; Fr. Mine de plomh noir, Pkmb de mine, Potelot ,• Ger. Poltloih, licisultkij ,- It. Minicra dipiomho, Piomhn^gine, Corczolo; Lat. Plumbago; Sp. Pledra mineral de plonio), a mineral of a dark steel grey colour, and a metallic lustre ; it is soft and has a greasy feel ; it leaves a dark coloured line when drawn along paper. It is principally emi)loyed in the making of pencils; it is also employed in the making of crucibles, in rubbing bright the surface of cast-iron utensils, and in diminishing friction, when interposed between rubbing surfaces. The finest specimens of this mineral are found in the celebrated mine of Borrowdale, in Cumberland, worked since the days of Queen Elizabeth. — {Thomson's Chemistry,) Recently, plumbago, of a very gootl quality, has been imported from Cevlon. BLACK-LEAD PENCILS (Du. Pothmlpennen ,- Fr. Crayons noirs ,• Ger. Bleystifte .• It. Lapis nero ; Port. Lapis negro ; Rus. Kurunuschii ; Sp. Lapiz negro), are formed of black-lead encircled with cedar. BLOOD-STONE (Ger. Bhitstcin ,■ Fr. Pierre sanguine d crayon ; It. Sangitigna ; S[). Piedra sanguinaria ! Lat. Hrrmatitcs), or the Lapis haematiles, a species of calcedony, is a mineral of a reddish colour, hard, ponderous, with long pointed needles. It is found among iron ore in great abundance. These stones arc to be chosen of the highest colour, with fine strim or needles, and as much like cinnabar as possible. Goldsmiths and gilders use it to polish their work. It is also used for trinkets. BLUBBER (Ger. Thran, Fischfran ; Du. Tliraein ,• It. Olio di peace,- Sp.Grassa, Aceile de pescado; Rms. Saloworwannoe, Worwan; Lat. Oleum piscinum), the fat of whales and other large sea-animals, of which train oil is made. The blubber is the adfpa of the animal : it lies under the skin, and over the ' muscular flesh : it is about 6 inches in thickness, but about the under lip it is 2 or 3 feet thick. The whole quantity yielded by one of these animals ordinarily amounts to 40 or 50, but sometimes to 80 or more cwt. Formerly train oil was manufactured from the blubber in the seas round Spitzbergen, and other places where whales were caught j but the practice is now to bring the blubber home in casks, and to prepare the oil afterwards. It is enacted by tlie fiflnn. 4. c. 107 } 14.. ili^n licfore any liliibtuT, train oil, spcrmriccti oil, tiL'aci mat- ter, fir wliali; fins, shall lie cntcriiil as hcinir enlinly tln^ iiniilnci'. of sea-animals caiisrht liy tlic crews or" ships fitted out in the United KinL'iloni, or the" isliuids of Jersey, (Jnernsey, J^ark, aiid Man.lliu master of the ship importing sncli jrooils sliall make oath, and ihe importer also shall make oath, to the hest of his knowledge and lielief, that the s;ime are llie produce of lish or creatures livinjj in tlie sea, taken and caniilit wholly hy Ihe cniwof such ship, or liy tlitTcrew of sonu' other ship (naminsi it) lilted out in the rnited Kingdoili, or in om; of the islani's of (Juernsey, Jersey, Alderuey, Sark, of Man (naniini; which). liefore Mubher, train oil, &c. can lie imtered as from a liritish possession, a certificate nnist he obtained from the Custom-jiouse olficer at such liritish possession, or in delUnIt of .such oifirer beltii; there, from two principal inhabitants, not ifyinL' lli:il oath had Immmi made before him or them that such blubber. Ace. was th(^ produce offish or creritnres livinL'in Ihe sea. and had been taken by liritish sub- jects usually residing in some part of his Majesty's dominions ; and the importer is to make oatli, tn the best of his knowledtfo and belief, to ihe same elfi'cl. The (.'auiiimj of casks of oil and blabber is dispensi'd wiili since 1S25. They are to be iiasscd at thu rate of r2(i gallons the pipe, and 03 gallous the ho;.>shead. BOATS are open vessels, commonly wrought by oars, and of on endless variety ofshapca, according to the purposes !o which they arc to be applied. It Is ordered by Ptnt. flco. 4. c. 10''., that every boat lieloiming to or attached tn any other vessel, shall biive painted on the outeldo uf the stern of Huch boat, the name uf the vesiiel ami jilacu to whlcU I she hoInng<3 inches lonii jiaiiitecl wit fcoiiis bavin any hole, pi nri'iiliilii) for scullers. Over Ihe ferries), for To or fro I where (be i| shall be taki To or Iron To or froi e.vi'eeding .01 Wutermei Bij Timef, fieciuni hour To last fro Lady Day to London llrid: S.iiithwark I; lilacklriars II Waterloo Hri \Vesiniiiisti>r Lanibeih .'S|a Vauxhall llrii Tlie fare fri London Urid sichs or hntloins, or scirrt [ilans for Ihr imriiose of conccalinn (;oodg, or having aiiv hole, pipe, or olhir device for the pur|io>e of riiiiiiinu L'ooil-. are to hi; forteited, hesiihit'iins uf'H'atermtii uu the 'I'liamcg. — I'roni I'hrlsea Itriiln- lowurda Windsor, M. per half mile for KiiilliTs. Over the water directly lietween Windsor and Crawley's w liarf, Greenwich (excepting the Sunday ferries), for one person, ,'tr/, ; two per>ons. \l.it. each ; evceedin!; two persons, \d. eacli. To or from ships westward of (Jreenwicli. for one person, 4/, ; exceedlnu' one person, \d. each ; and, where the distance to tliu shii) does not exceed tlie (lintunce across the river, the faro acrosa tlie river shall he tal\eii. To or from ships eastward of Creenwich. nt tlie rate of (nl. per half niih;. To or from vessels for passenL'ers, fur one person h/. ; e.vceedinc oni! person, 3d. each, with not c.vceediiiK .')() Ills, of Inacaiie lor each. .M'ter this ;il the rale of \.i. per cwt. Watermen detained by passengers to he paid for time or distance, at the option of the watermen. .■<. (/. I s. d. Bij Time for a Pair of Oars. — First honr - 2 o Kadi succeeding hour - - - 1 Second hour - - - - -Id | for l he day - - - - - 12 To last from 7 A. M. to 5 p. M. hctweeii Michaelmas and Lady Day; and from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m. from Lady Uay to Michaelmas. f .| 190 BOIIEA, BOMBAY. t ^ i. cMciifamnmpo,mn(ieo(ho\c. — {Lewis, Mat. Mcdicoi TliomsorC a Chemistry ; Ainsli^a Mat. JniJIca.) BOHRA, II species of tea. See Tka. BOMU W, a sea-port on the westi in coast of British India, being, after Calcutta and Canton, tlie greatest commercial emporium in the East; lat. 18° 50' N., long. 72° 57' E. It is situaleil on the soutli-eastern extremity of a small island of the same name, separated from the main land by an arm of the sea, foriiiiiig, with the contiguous islands of Colabah, Salsctte, Butcher's Island, and Caraiijiih, one of the jicst harbours in India. Bombay Island was ceded iiy th(' Portunuise to tlie l]ii'4:lish in 10(51, as the dower of (juecn Catho- rinc, wife of Charles II., and was taki'u possession of in 1004; so that it has been in our ix-cuiiation about 170 years, Iieitiu; by far the oldest of our possessions in the East. In 1008, it was iransferred by the, crown to the East India Company, by letters patent, in free and common soecage, on payment of the animal rent of 10/. But, by the present charter, it has reverted to the crown, with the rest of the Ci>iiipaiiy's assets, being held by the Company in trust merely. On its cession to the crown of Emjland, in lOCl, its population did not ex- ceed ]5,()()() souls, the outcasts of the natives of India. It now contains 15,474 houses, valued at 3,000,4il/. and a popiilalioii exceeding 23!(,()00. The following statement of the po]iulation of Bombay, at dillereut perioils, will show its progress: — WA, when taken possussion of ITKi, . - - - is.eiio io.doo 1-10 - 161,550 - 22'J,0U0 The census of 1816 exhibits the proportion of the different classes of inhabitants as follows : — - 10.?,«0O - LI.SSO liritisli. not military - 1>1() Ilimlnns Dilii), iiiil.iary iiiiil inariiK; - 2,ltii) fari-cos ■,\;itiv(! I'luisiians, Ariiu'iiiang, ami (lo- BiciKiaiits of I'ortU!;ui.'su - ii.ri'Mi Jews - - • - NHl iMiiliiiiiiiiit'ilans - 2S,I1()() Total lt')l,5.Vi The fort stands on the south-east extremity of the island, on a narrow neck of land, im- mediately over the harbour. The fortilications are extensive, and on the sea side very strong. Bomhny ILtrhniir i-s one of tin: safost ami most rnmmnilioiis in Tiidia. It Is boiindi'il on tlie west and nnrtli liy tlm islaml ot" Colabali. or Olil Wniiiiiu's Isluiil, lii'inliay IslamI, ami tlic: island of Snlsolti;. Till', tirst two an,' si'iiaratcd only liy a iiariow ricrii I'.jrilalilr al low wati^r, and Bomliay Island was joined to Sal:jc'ltn liy a caust'waV (■onslnicli'il in iNi.'i. (tn llie c'ast side; of the liarhour, liutweiMi it and till' main land, is Miitclior's Islanil. ili~iant alioiit I miles from l!oml>ay ; and imincdiati'ly lii^himl liiitilii'r's Island is tin; famous i>^laml uf Kli'|ilianta. .Vliont ,'! mill's south irom Hutclicr's Islaiid is llio L-i!aiiil of I'aranjali, un the wi'stcrii side of wliii li. m \t Ilii' liarlionr, is an r.\trnsiv(^ shoal. S. W. frnnj (arinjali. di-ilani aliniit .') miles, i-* 'I'lill point : lieiween wliiili and ('idabali, or Old Woman's Island, is the inlrame to the harlimir. There is a lit'lit-lnmse mi the southern e.\tii;niity of Colabah Island, eli'vali'il alioni Kill leet aliovt: the level uf the sea, wliiih in dear weather niayhe seen at the distance of 7 leai.'nes. 'I'lie |iiiinl on which the liL'ht-lionse sfinds is siirroiiiidod on all sides liy an cvteiisivc reef of r'li'ks divided into [iroii'-'s : of these, ihe iiin>i dancerons is the pron^' stretching S. W. about ^ miles tViim the liL'ht-honse, ainl formim.' Ihe northern boundary of the entrance into the liarboiir. Thu reef slrelihiiii.' W. N. \V. ironi Tnll point alioni ;i; miles, forms the sontln'rn boundary of the entrance; till,' breadth of the clianuil lietweeu tliem beir,^' alioiit M miles, with a depth of from 7 to 8 fathoina. In coiiiL' inio the harbour, it is necessary to ili'ar a sunken rock, lyiiiij almost due east from the liKlit. house, at alioiit Ij inili: distant ; and also a bank, called the middle {Ltronnd, lyiii;; nearly opposite to and about 1| mile from tin; southern e.vtreinity of the town. — (.See JfichoUun and lyatson's Plan of Bomlniij lliiiiniur.) Bucks. — Bombay is the only port of eonseipiencc in British India in which the rise and fall of the tide are so considerable as to admit of the formation of extensive wet docks. At ordinary spring tides, the rise is about 14 feet, but occasionally as high as 17. The capa- cious docks constiucted by the East India (.'ompany arc their property, and are for the most part under the direction of Parsee.s, who. excepting the Chinese, arc the most industrious and intelligent people of the East. The exiiense of repairing ships in them iH enormous. Merchant vessels of great size, or from 1,000 to 1,200 tons burden, for the cotton trade to China, have been built in these docks. FriLjates and line-of-battle ships have also been occa- sionally constructed in them, sometimes imder the exclusive direction of Parsee artificers. Ships built at Bombay, on account of the timber being brought from a great distance, are very costly ; but being, contrary to the practice in other parts of India, entirely constructeil of teak, they are the most durable vessels in the world, reipiiring little repair, and often run- ning 50 or GO years. Being for the most part built by natives, without any very strict aji- plication of the rules of art, they are commonly, though not always, heavy sailers. Monies. — Accounts are here kept in rupees; each rupee beiiia divided into Inuarters, and eacliquartur Into 100 reus. The rupee is also divided into Hi annas, or , 51) pice. An urdee is 2 reas ; a doreea, d vitas; a itooL'aney, or sin^'le pice, t reas ; a fiiddeu. or double pice, 8 reas; a paiinchua is 5 rupee:" j and a )?iild inohiir, 15 rupees. Of these, ihe annas and reas only are iinaRinary monies. The coins of liombay are the inoliiir, or (.'old rupee, the silver rupee, and their divisions ; also the double and pinitle pice, the nrdee, and doreea, which are copper coins with a ini.xtiire of tin or lead. Tile folloiv- Ing is the assay and sterling valtic of the present gold and silver coinage of Uoiubay :— r In the , JCckoned cent, tor s Ent'land ji Madras an 34 72 Ti 40 8, Tho.5o Wei ccutinj; salt. 2Tif 4 Sec All Ihn fori and nieasiirei (Calculations ,i jucrs; and S( •^hipping; *0 lacs of ru insure separj liiero were 4; Tliirope, the i ISO tons to cars, tliosc of oJlicers only ] native craft, i ill to near 47 town with fii Trom Cape C( Arabian Gulf. wsscls perfon bringing from reside, cotton, and return to TIic capital en has buen cslim The islajid c affords no prod i(s iidiabitants. of Bombay, alt to 11,000,000 i nial staples, sue fi' the impolitic hitheito impo.s( dcncy of Madr; 1:5, notwith.stand i'rincipal trade i with Calcutta, C "f America. Fi and from the Pe and also pearls, witli dates, and* consist of grain, ?nd metals, pep 'ndigo, and grain <:oco nuta aud ea ami At pa- nost ious ous. ^\c to Icca- ];crs. ari' Ictcil run- ; ali- gner ea.rt 1 anil llow- Onld mohur Silver rupco BOMBAY. OroM Weight. K'.iO K'JU 191 ire Metal. SlerlinK Valut, lt)l (i,S 2!)' Irt aiH In the East India's Company's finanrial arrniintM riiiilcn-d tn pailianirnt. the Ilomliay rnpee Is teckniicd lit 2,9. 3i/. Tin; cliarjiii for iiiiiiairi' in lliu H'miliiiy .Mint is 21 per cc iit. I'or ^uM.'uikI 3 po.t cent. I'lir Kilvcr, inrliidinij the rliiirL'rs li'i n liiiiiiH. 'J'ln' iiiadiliiiTy fur ijii^ mint was «ed al Ifdinliay are as follow : — , Oold and Hilver IVeight. I Wall = 4475 40 Walls = 1 Tola = 17U I Turka ■ ISfTnrkas = 1 Uulieo ^ 24 Rutlees = 1 Tank ■ Pearl Weight. IT. 203 .■? 72 Commercial iVcisht. A\nir'tilpnis. /;.•. r:. ilr. 1 Tank = n I) 2- 1S3 72 Tanks t= 1 Seer =0 11 .1-2 40 Sixers = 1 Maund = 2S Vi. oz. itr. 7 Pailles = 1 Parah ^ 10 i) 0(1 S l'aralis= 1 Candy •- 150 12 J28 Suit Mia.itirc. cttl'C inrhci in; Adowlics = 1 I'arah = lfHi7ei KK) I'iiralis = 1 Anna - irj(i7ril 11) Annas == 1 Hash =2572170 Tlio anna weiglis 2i tons, and tlio rash 40 tons. I.iipiiir Jl/idsice. (Siiiiita mill Cotllitry Arnrk.) Tlio pppr wciplis 60 Iloniliay Rnprcs, and rriualg Ub. ^oi. &idr.; and 50 sucrs uiaku liiu uiaiirJ. LvTi^ McaauTC. y.ni:lirfi incltts, lOTussoos = lllatli^'is aiTussoos = Kiiiz =27 qnarlers, &f . Tlir tiriTcdinff wriclits oicnrs in nirrranlilc lian^at tion'^.thal These weights are used for all heavy goods, ex ccutiiig salt. Grain Measure. Ihi. r:. dr. 2 Tipnrces = 1 Seer =0 11 ?,'!, 4 Seers = 1 r:iily= 2 12 12 » AH the foreitoint; standards are likcwisi' dividid into Iiiilvci and nuasnrcs are generally used in lloiiil>.iy ; Iml it sciiiu'tiiiK Palcnlations are made in jiounils imd mainiils, w lijih IksI vmIlMiI is reckoned al 40, iOi, 'il, 'i;!!, and 44 ;;ccrs; and sonielhuea in Snrat candies of 20, 21, iind 2C niiiiinils. Sht'ppinir, Commerce, «Vc. — At Botnliay thorc is an insuriinco society with a cni)ital of 30 lacs of rupees, or about 200,00(1/. sterlinc; ; and tlirrc arc also private underwriters v;ho "msurn separately on ships. In 1820, and we believe the number continues about tbe same, ilicrc were 45 registered ships bcloncino; to this port engasjed in the trade to China and Eunipe, the aggregate burden of which amounted to about 20,000 ttms, Riving at an avcruse 150 tons to each ship. These arc for the most jiart navigated by Indian seamen or Las- cars, those of Bombay being accounted by far the bi'.sl in Iiulia ; the master and superior Ollicers only being Englishmen. Besides these large vessels, there is a numerous class f/f native craft, under various forms and names. In 1820, they were computed to amount in all to near 47,000 tons, of from 2 to Vi^t tons each, 'J'hesc vessels, besides furnishing the town with firewood, hay, straw, &c. from the neiglibouring continent, iiaviL'ale coastways from Cape Comoriii to the Gnlfof Cutch, and sometimes cross the sea to Muscat and the Arabian Gulf, During the eight fair months, that is. from October to May, the largest sized vessels perfonn five or six trijjs to Damaun, tSnrat, Cambay, Broach, Jumbosier, and Uutch, bringing from these ports, where they sometimes winter, and where many of their owners reside, cotton, ghee, oil, jiulsc, wheat, cotton cloths, timber, firewood, putchok, mawah, &c, ; and return to the northern ports laden with the produce of Eurojie, Bengal, and China. The capital employed in this trade, in the minor articles of commerce, exclusive of cotton, has been estimated to amount to 1,.'300,000/. sterling. The island of Bombay, a small and sterile spot, containing only about IS J scjuarc miles, aiTords no produce for exportation ; indeed, hanlly yields a week's consnmi)tion of corn for its inhabitants. Neither is the neighbouring territory fruitful ; nor docs the whole presidency of Bombay, altliough estimated to contain about 70,000 sijuare miles, and from 10,000.000 to 11,000,000 inhabitants, yield, with the exception of cotton and rice, any of the great colo- nial staples, such as cofTce, sugar, and indigo; a circumstance that seems liiainly ascribable ti) the impolitic restraints upon the employment of British settlers and capital that have been hitlicvto imposed by law, and acted upon with peculiar rigour in this and the sister pr;'si- ilcncy of Madras, in contrailistinction to the greater latitude alforded in Bengal. B^mibay \i, notwith.standing, a great emporium for the exports and im)iorts of foreign countrie.-. Its principal trade is carried on with the countries on the (Julfs of Cambay, Persia, and Arabia : whh Calcutta, China, Great Britain, and other European countries, and the United States of America, From the countries on the Gulf of (Jambay it receives cotton wool and grain ; and from the Persian and Arabian Gulfs, raw silk of Persia, copper from the same country, and also pearls, galls, coiree, gum arable, bdellium, copal, myrrh, olibanuni, and a?af(clida, witli dates, and* other dried fruite, horses, and bullion. Its exports to Arabia and Persia consist of grain, raw sugar from China and Bengal, British cotton manufactures, woollens, and metals, pepper and other spices. Froni Calcutta, Bombay receives raw silk, sugar, indigo, and grain; and exports to it oak timber, coir, or the fibre of the coco nut husk, with coco nuts aud aaoilal-wood. Tbo trade bctwecu Bombay and Calcutta has declined einco a. I , I 192 BO\in\Y. I.* k the al)o!ition of tho rcsfrictivo system in IS 15 gavo to Bombay a wider intercourse with foreign countries. Previously to the oiieiiini; of the trade, (Jaleuttu was the entrepot from which many of the proihielions of i\w iiiiiihliouihood of Homhay used to find a market in distant countries. In IHlUund IHll, acconlinu: to tiie Custom-house returns of Calcutta, the value of the imports into it from Homliay ainouiitcil to 400,000/. sterling; in 18 11) and 1820, to 300,000/.; and in 1827 and IS^'*, to 200,000/. The exports from Calcutta to liomhay in the first-named year amounteil to 280,000/.; and in 1827, to only half that amount. The greatest branch of the trade of l)oml)ay used to be that with China ; but it has considerably declined of late years, 'I'lie princi|ial article of export is cotton wool, to which opium has been added since we olitaiiied possession of the province of Malwa. The minor articles are pepper, sandal-wood, Arabian gums, salt-lish, fish maws, and sharks' lins. The imports consist of alum, camphor, cassia, nankeens, rhubarb, tea, raw sugar, vermilion, and other paints, with a considerable (juantity of bullion. In 1828 and 182!), the number of ships which cleared out from Bombay for (Jaiiton was .30, of the burden of 2.5,731 tons; but the number which entered from thence was only .')0, of the burden of 17,534 tons ; many of the ships which cleared out having made intermediate voyages after discharging their cargoes at Canton. The principal export from Bombay to (ireat Britain is cotttm wool, after which follow pepper, cardamoms, Ar.ibian gums and drugs, and Persian raw silk. The chief imports are cotton fabrics and cotton twist, for both of wiiirh Bombay is, after (Jalculta, the greatest mart in India ; woollens, iron, copper, speller, glass-ware, iScc. &c, Bombay tranrl! Hrnulatinns. — At daylielit the wickets of the catrs am opnni'd.and at 7nVlock the sentry catc. Iliill-'iin liimr aftor sunset llii' (lates are shut, tin' wickia of the ciMitre iratis beiiiK left open till llie cv(Miiiiu' Klin he tired. No hoats, saving' tlmsi' lieloiiu'in^' to the Ccinipaiiy's marine department, or liii< Majesi> "s navy, are pnrmitlcMl to come to the dock-yiird stairs ; hut must nse the piers expressly con- structed tor tlieir acconimoilalion. No meat, stores, or liau';.'ii!.'e lor the merchant shippini:, of any ilcsiiiplion, are to he passed tlirougli the dock-yards. Alter the lirinu' of the oveniii!.' (inn, nohndy belonsiinij to the ships in the harhour, helow I he" rank of a coMnnissinniMl olHcer, is to he allowed to land or enter the dock-yard, without the express permission of the niiister attendant, or other consti- tiltc-d authorities. Uoats' crows arc not to he permitted to quit their boat at the stairs, after the linur of slinttiiig the pates. Small cratl are not to deliver (irewnod or any other ladinir within the limits of the yard, without the superintendent's sanction. The. ships and vessels in dock are not to land any Imiilicr whatever on thepi(!r. No cargo of any description is to hi' landed in or passed tlirnuRh the yard, from or to any sliip in dock, without tbu superintendent's purinissiuu in writiiit;. No tira ur light is allowed -) 1824 IWU manure in the forn have uiide bushels of 3l. 1«2J lioa iw 1ut l,'.30ll.i>. ll.lll'S. 122,591 134,437 153,H4 191,101 214,.''.2? 13O,20S 182,371 Kllpci; IIO,17Ui^»l ]l3.'i 111) 192 100 153' 137 IK 130 122 I I 101 133^120 113 14o[l23 114il2u|llO llKl 110 lOlJ I3l'l 11012S oi'uo ityiii^ ia3i2s iOllO 70 SI 13s I'll 120 100 105 117 89! I- (7 to 9 0) .Jll U -12 10 V (9 0-7 7) S 10 — u ( i 10 — « 05 5 » — 9 ( < 7 — 0( \ a — 10 ) II — U lU i ( 5 in — 20; j 15 — 13 ( ) I 0- 2 0) ! 1 5—1 Oi 5 I 13-3 l.i( I I 0-1 J .Us 0-6 •|l 9 8 — - 6 10) K.I Ym I liii..i .1) .If ' 1 tl't 10 iir ( .111- Mil".. ltii| IW. 3f;, 4" 00, 70, 'i:i 3', •1.5, 40, l.i 4."., 10 44 40, 33 23, 33 2«, r., 2s 20, IS, 191 30, i>, 10 25, 33, 15 From \,^)m to 2.(100 hairs may lio tuliloil In \\w cviiniis to fliiiia lor each year, as, after Iho f-'oni- pany"s vcssrls tiro iiniiiinally hiiiilcil, llii' oaiilaiiis lakr rruii) ,'t(l() in .'idO hak'S, which un; iiovor phicnl upon llii' ('iislnm-hiinso rcconls. (Si'o .)/i7//HrH'.5 Orinilal Ciuiiiiirrce; Jhwilloii's I'.iift Imlia Onzellcer, IS'iii; Bombny CalenJnr anil Rffjiflir ; h'ilii/,1 Ctiiiihiat ; llilsini'iillirier-iftlir I'.itrniiil Cmiiiifcrri if liiin'al, uiiihr liciiil "CikihI nf .Viiliihiir ;" Par!. I'npcr.-i reUiHnt! In llir h'iiiiii>n.< <■!' Iinlin, iind 'I'niilr (f Imliaaml China, !'»;(() and is;il ; Sicniiil Jliipcnilh to Hepurt of the Hclcrt Vniiniiiltir mt I'ublic IJi'imi-liiinils, I^3'2, p. 271 ; Circular nf Bcckicith ilj'' Cu., Ice.) BOMBAZINE, a kind of silk stufl", oriu;in:il!y niamifacturcd 'at Milan, and thonce sent into Franco and oliicr countries. Now, liowovcr, it is nowhere manufactured better, or in Inrffcr quantities, than in this kingiloin. BONES of cattle and other aiiiiiials are extensively used in the arts, in forming handles for knives, and various other purposes. 80 long as bones arc presei^'cd fresh, a highly nutritious jelly may be obtained from them. Bones have latterly been employed, partieiilnily in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, as a manure for dry soils, with the very best ellect. They are commonly ground and drilled in, in the form of powder, with turnip Feed. Their eiVect is considerably increased when they have undergone the process of fermentation. The tjuantities employed are usually about 2.5 bushels of dust, or 40 bushels of large, to the acre. Besides the immense supjilies collected at home, they have begun, within these few years, to be largely imported from the Continent, principally from the Netherlands and Germany. They occupy about 40,000 tons of small vessels belonging to these countries. Mr. Iluskisson estimated the real value of those annu- ally imported for the purpose of being used as manure at 100,000/.; and he contended, tliat it was not too much to suppose, that an iulvaiice of between 100,000/. and 200,000/. expended on this article occasioned ."iOO.OOO adilitional quarters of corn to be brought to m'lrket. — {Lvudoii's Encyclopedia of Agriculture ,- l\lr. Hunkissoii's Speech, Muii 7, 1827.) Acroiint of the Declared Value of tlie Rones iniportod into fJroat llrilain (hirinjj each of the Twolvi; Voars ending with the fifth of .lanuary, IMi.'l ; tinil nf the Amount of Duly cliargeil on tiiu saiiici. — (Purl. Paper, \o. 70f*. Scss. 1S33.) Imports into 1 \ 1 :.RI. Djtv. EiigbnJ. .Scfitl.iu.i. Grral nril.iiu. nccKiretl Value. Decl.ired Value. Declared V.alue. £ K. d. £ s. (/. £ ./. £ .•?. rf. 1S21 15.8i)8 12 11 (ii) 17 15,01.8 i) 11 l.-iO 14 4 1822 (l,-138 5 52 12 0,400 12 5 04 16 4 1S23 ll,3!»5 15 S 82 14,477 15 8 14.1 16 1 ls21 43,!M0 17 11 82 14 41,023 11 11 440 U 3 1S2,3 8(1,571 5 8 131) 4 (i 80,710 10 2 8('.7 4 10 1^20 94,717 16 1 215 IS 3 04.003 14 4 005 15 6 lS-27 77,05(1 6 8 1.71)S 4 (1 70,7,'i4 11 2 8.35 1 <) 1828 5'.),782 9 11 2,.s74 5 7 (i2.C..V) 15 6 654 14 182<1 5((,7I1 11 10 12,323 1 '1 72.063 16 7 748 t 11 1830 68,233 16 5 8,,52il 13 8 f 6,763 10 I 688 1 6 1831 65.()23 10 7,073 16 72,607 6 ■ 740 3 1S32 77,847 4 4 13,008 1 1 01,755 5 5 910 5 •J Voii. I.— It 25 s; 194 BOOK, BOOKS. I I I i There are no means of ilislinguishing bctvvet'n the bones imported for monuro and for oilier purposes, BOOK, UOOKS (Ger. Riicfier ,- Du. Ihekcn ; Da. /%fr; Ww. liikkcr ; Fr. LIvrea .■ \i. Libri ; Nj). Libros; Port. Livros ; Hus. Knlii'i ; I*ol. Kmauld, K^in;;!. ,• Lat. L'lbri), tt written or printed treatise or treatineH on any hranch of seieiice, art, or literature, composed in tlic view of instructing, amusing, or i)erHuailiiigllie reader. ('iipi/rlffbt is the right whicli the authors of i)oolis or treatises claim to the exclusive pri- vilege of printing, jmhlishing, and selling them. books are sometimes blank, as account bonks ; hut these enjoy no peculiar privileges, and do not come wiliiin the scope of our in(|uiries. Books are divided into the following rlimnci, according to the mode in which the shectx of the p.iper on which they are ])rinted or written are folded : viz. folio, when the sheet is folded into two leaves; quarto, when folded 'mXoJ'nur • nctiivo, when lolded into riirhl ; duo- (ficiiuo, when the sheet is folded into twelve, 6ic, In making these classiiications, no attention is paid to the size of the sheet. I. I'roirrcx.i and present Stale nf the Law as to the Copyrii^ht of Itnoks. — It has been doubted whether in anti(iuity, an author had any exehusive riglit to a work, or whether, having once ])ubli»hed it, he could restrain others from eojiyiiig it. and selling copies. We incline to think that he could. The public sali^ of copies of works is often referred to in the classics ; uud in such a way as warrants the inference that they were |)rodnctivc to the author, which could not have been the cxse had every one been perioitted to copy them at pleasure. Terence, in one of his plays (I'nd, in Eunuch. I. "()), says, i'ahnhini, iptam nunc acturi /minus, pofiffptain wdiles emcrunt ,• hut why should the mai,'istratcs have bought it, had it licen free to every one to copy it ? MiU-tial, in one of his epigrams, says — Siinf iiiiidiim, ijiii iiif dinint vnn osc poi'liiia ; i koffier (il'ilio s niid asrcqiiirt'( ries, mill us it copies, sliall lit Anil tliiit II I upon v.-liirii I hi maps aiiil prim plllili^^lii'il, nil il nr piililishi.rs tl liaiid iif tlic «:i (iiiiliorisoil hy I follmvini.'; ••ilk. l.ilirary at fain I''oiir Univrrsiti iiiaiiy iif siiili II rcsjicclivi'lv, wi kccpir of tii(> sri till! use iif the; li inoiilli after any snili lilirary. A ucl, IiPaiMl they of 5/. for each cf by actinii in imv Provided nlwa eul'seqiient editi: case any edition be demanded or nOOK, BOOKS. 105 It hncl lirrn rustomnry, for Bonic time j)rrvii)us to fliis prriod, for the libmries of the llnivcrsilioH of Oxford and Caniliriiiiif, \'('. to Rvt it copy of inoHt Iwiokn piitorcd nt Stution- its' Hall ; and tho act of Amic made it imperative that one cojiy of all works ciilitled j to itH protection should lie d( livi red to the following lil'rarien ; viz. the Royal Lilirary, now transferred to tlu" Uritisli .Museiiin; the Liliraries of Oxford and (Jainlirid^e ; tile fiiliraries of the four Scotch I'niver.^ities ; the J-ihrary of Sion Collejje, London; and that of tho Fueidty of Advocates in IMiiilmrt^h ; — in all, iiiiir copies. The net t)f .\niie did not put to rest the (piestions ns to ropyritjhts. The authors coii- •i'nded that it iliil not all'eet their natural ownership, and that they or their assiKuees were entitled to jiroceed at runimnn liiir a^niiist those who pirated their works after the period mentioned in the statute had expired. The pulilishers of spurious editions resisted those pretensions, and contended that there was either no ridit of property at eonnnou law in the productions of the mind ; or that, supposini; stich a rit;ht to have existed, it was superseded Iiy the statute of Anne. There was some dillerence of ojiinion in the courts us to these points; imt l-ord Mansfa-ld, Mr. Justice IJIaekstone, and the most eminent .Indices, were favourahle to the claims of the authors. However, it was (inally decided, upon an appeal to tJie House of liords in 177'1, tiiat an action could not he maintained for piratinir a copy- rii;ht after the term wpecilied in the statute. — ((•'iidsini on /he Law of I'atoi/s (iiid Cupj/' riii/ils, p. iil)").) 'l"ii(^ act of Queen Anne referred only to Great Britain ; but in 1801, its provisions were extciuied to Ireland ; the penalty, exclusive" of forfeiture, on printinir or iinporlini; hooks with- out consent of the proprietor, was also increased from If/, to :!(/. a sheet. In return for this concession, two additional copicsof all works entered at ."Stationers' Hall were to he delivered; one to 'I'rinity Colle'ie, Dublin, and one to the Kin^r's Imis, Dublin. Every one must be satislied that 11 years' j'xciusivc possession i.s far too short o. period to indenmify the author of a work, the eom])ositiou of which has recpiired any considcr.d)lo amount of laliour and research; though 'iH years is, perhaps!, all things considered, as pro- per a ]>('riod as could be fixed upon. Now, the p;rand detect of the statute of Anne con- sisted in its makint? tht^ riu;lit to the excUisive possession fi>r "H years eontinn:ent on the fact of a person havini? lived a day more or less than M years alter the publication of his work. This was making the enjoyment of an iini)ortant r'luUl di'pendent on a mere accidental cir- cumstance over which man has no control. (Jould any thiiiH; be more oppressive and unjust than to hinder an author from be(|ueathim; that property to his widow and children, that would have helonp;ed to himself had he been alive ! IVothing, indeed, as it appears to us, can bo more obvious than thcjusticc of extending all copyrii;hts to the sumo period, whetlicr the authors be dead or not. But though the extreme hardship, not to say injustice, of the act of Quern Anne had been repeatedly pointed out, its provisions were continued down to 18M, when the existiuf:? eopy- rinht act, Tvl Geo. '3. c. 1,')G., was passed. This act extended the duration of all copy- rights, wheihcr the authors were dead or alive, to '28 years certain ; with the further provision, that if the author should be alivo at the end of that period, he should enjoy die co]iyright during the residue of his life. We subjoin the principal clauses of this fitatute. riavine rnrifoil the arts 8 Anne. c. 11). anil 41 Geo. 3. c. 1(17., it onarls itiat po much of the said seve- ral rpiitid arts lis rciiuirfs lliat any cdpies ol'aiiy Imoks which sliall he (irinted iir pnlilislied, or re- priiil(M) and pnldlslicd witli additions, sliall he delivered liy the prliiltTs lliereot' to iln; warehnase- keeiier ol'llio said Coiiipany of Slalioiujrs, for the nsi; ot'aiiy oftlie liliraries in thesaid art meiitioncMl, mid asrerpiires tho delivery of the said copies hy the waroliouse-keepor for tli(! use of the said libra- ries, and IIS imposes any penalty on surh printer or warehouse-keeper for not delivering the said ropies, sliall be n^pealed. And thill II prinleil ropies of tho whole of every hook, and of every vidnnio thereof, npnn the paper upon v.hira the largest minilier or impression of siu'h hook shall he printed for siile, lucelher with all maps ami prints helonfjiri}! Ihercito, whirh from and after the passin)! of this art shall he printed and paliliyliiMl, on demaml thereof heinf! made in writing.' to or left at the place of aliode of the piihlisher or pulilishers thereol", at any time within twelve months next after the piihliralioa thereot', under the liaiid of the warehouse-keeper of the t'oiiipany of ."stationers, or the lilirarian or other person thereto aiitluirised liy the persons or hody pnlilir and cnrporatr<>«iil(I: proviili'cl iiIkii, tli;it till' I'lijiy III I'Vrlv liuiik lli;it hii:ill Ih' iIiIii liiilril Ty llii' llrilluli MllHCUIIi mIiiiII Int ilcljvrri'ii 111' llii' lii'Mt |iaiiir mi wliii li mhIi work ^ll:lll In' |iniiliil - (,i ;i And w Inrr 1- liv llir siuil rrcilnl iicln it H iiimi Iril, lliiil tin' iiiillinr nf ;iiiy Imdk, anil tin- iishIkih iif nm;ll aillli.ir. xiiinilil liavr tlw mih- lilii'ily iil |iriiiliiiu' aiiil ii'iirliitiiiL' silili luiiik lor lll« term of 1 1 yen r^ Ilc; anil ll was iirovl.lril, ilial allrr ilic'rxiiiriilinri of lln' ^ajll liriu of 1 1 >iars, tlir rmlit of |iriiiliiitf or ilisiiiisliiKof (opirrt )i|iiiiilil riliini tn tin' aiilliMrs tlifrcnf, if lln) Wrrr thru liviim, for iiiiolliir Irilii of 1 1 yraiK : anil wliiTras il will alfonl fiiiilii r i iiroiiiutrr lit to liirraltiir, if Ilir iliiratinii of -iiii li rojiyfiL'lit wirr rvlriiiii'il ; lii' it ciiiirlril. llial III'' ailtlmr of any liook ur hooks i'oiii|iosi'il, anil not liriiitfil ami luililislinl, or wliii li ^liall Inii' illir h ' ioiiiihihiiI. ami Ur |iriiitril ami |iiiliii^lii'il, ami lij.-' hhkIkhs, hliall Irivo llii' Holr lilirriv of |ii iiilins' ainl rt'|iniiliiii! mii li Imuk or liooks, for tlio lull li'rni of /«-(nn/-»H'/(n/t(i)-,i, loioinmrmi! from llii' iliv of first |iiilili>lun:.' lliiMiiiii'; anil also, if llio antlior shall III' liviiii.' at till' mil of lliat iicrlml. I ir lln' rt'siiliii' of Ins naliiral lifi' ; anil if any liooksclli'r or prinlri'. or oilier |>i'rsoii w liatr-oi'\ri', in aiiv part oi ilio Ijijii'il KiiiL'iloiii of tirrat lint a in anil irilaiiil, in till' Isli'-i iif .Man, .Ii'rs.y. or (iiii riisiy. or iiianynllirr part of lln' llnli^ll iloniinioiis, sliall, Iroin anil liflrr llii' passias; of lliis an. w lllioi tlir liinrs lomiiIiiI ai'il llinittil liy lliis art. print, rrprinl, or ii«;»irr, or i-iiall caiisr lo In' priiiti'il. Aii ■ any sinli liook, w illioiii ilii' riuisini of llir author, or other Jiroprii tor nf ihi' ropyrit'lil, llrst hail in wniiii'.' ; or know Ink tlio saiiir lo ho so priiiti'il. Ate. w ithoiit HiU'li I'liMM'iit, shall sill, piilillsli, or rvpus.' to sah', or lailsr lo he suhl, AiC, or shall lia\ i- in Ills pot). Ht'Hsioii for salt', any siirli hook, wilhoiii siii'h ronsi'iit lirsl hail ami oliiaiiicil ; siii'li olli'inh'r shall ho lililih; to a spi'iial iu'lioii at tlio siiil of llir aiilhnr or oIIiit proprntor of siiili fopyriulil ; anil ovory Hiich aiillior nr nihrr proprirlor may. in sinh sp. i lal ai'lion. movrr ilainai!rs, w itli ihnililr costs ; ami I'Vrrv siii'li Klli iiili'r hliall also f >rlril siii'h hook, anil rvrry sliiit of siiih hook, anil .-hall ilrllvrr Ihi! Hanu) to till' author or olIiiT propri''lor, to h.' inaih' waslo paprr of. ami shall also forfoil tlio siiiii of :W. for i'vrry shirt tliirrof cillnr pnatril or pi iiilin;:, or |mhli:ihi:il ur u.vposod tu salu ; tliu oilu inuii.'ty llicrrof to any prrsoii w ho shall siii' for Iho s iiiii',- (? ■). Ami in or.hr to asiiTlain w hat hooks shall hr from linii' to liiiir imhijslii'd, tin' pilhlislicrs of I'viTy hook di'inanilahlo iiinlrr Ihis arl shall, wiihiii I rahmlar month at'irr Ihr day on wliiih any such hook sliull ht.' lirsl sold, pnlilisli.''l, advi'rtisi'd, or ol'iTrd I'm sail', wilhiii the lulls of morlalily, or within H ralrnilar iiioiillis in any olln r part of the I iiind Kiiiudmn, ciilor tliu lillo lo llir copy of ovory such liiiok. and till' nanii's and plai'i' of ahmli' ofllu' piililishi'r. in Iho ri'L'isii'r hook of tin" Cmnpany of Station rs in l.oinlmi (lor rviry of wlilili si'vcral iiilrirs llir hiiiii of 'i,-\ shall hi' paid, and no more), iiiiiliT a pi'ii.illy of till' siini of A/., loai'tln r w illi rlrvi'ii tiiiii's ilio prim at w liicli sinli hooks shall ho Hold or advi'riisi'd ; to hr rrcovcnd, toijilhrr w ilh full co>t> nf suit, hy pirsons author isod to siii'.aiid who shall lirsl sui' for llir saiiu' -. providi'd. Iliat in tlio case of maira/.inrs. ri'vii'ws. or other iierjodii al puhlicalioiis, it shall lie siilhcienl to iiiake sinli entry in the reirister hook of the said C'miipany w illiiii 1 nimitli nevt after the inililicalimi of the first iiiimhir 'ir voliinie : providi'd. that no failure in iiiakini! any f-ucheatry shall in any manner alt'eit any cn|iyri;;lit, Inil shall only siihjtict the person inakiiiK lii'i'anll to till' penally aforesaid iiiider this ai l.—O 5. i'roviih'd always, thai if any piihlisher shall he desirous of deliveriiiR the copy of such lionk or volnnii', on hilialf of any of the said lihraries. at such lihrary, it shall and may he lawful fur liliii to deliver the saiiie at sinli lihrary ; uiul sucli delivery shall be liulJ us ui|uivuleiil to a delivery to tin; said warehoiisi'-keeper. And if the author of any hook, which shall not have been puhlished II years at the time of passiiii; this act. shall he. liviiu; at the said linn', and if siirli author shall afterwards die liefore the expiration of the said U years, tliiiii the personal representative of the said antlior. and the assijins of such per- sHiial representative, shall have the sole riu'ht of printiii!; and puhlisliini; the said hook for the furllier term ofll years after the e.\piratimi of the first II. And if tlie author of any hook which has Ihm'ii already puhlished shall he livins; at the end id' 'i"i years after the first puhlicalimi, he or she shall, for the reiiiainder of his or her life, have the sole rialit of priiitiu!; and pnlilisliiiiL' the same. Actions and suits shall he cmiiinouced within 12 luuiitlui iie.M after such ofleucu roiniiiittcd, or be void and of no ell'ect.— ij i 7, ^, U, 10. Musical compositions, engravings, inap-s, sculptures, models, &c. enjoy a similar pro- tection. The great practical dilKcuity in intcrprctin.g the copyright acts, is in distinguishing be- tween an origiiiiil work and u copy made, unimu furundi, from one already in existence. The following is a summary of Mr. Godson's remarks on tliis subject : — "The identity of n literary work consists entirely in the sentiments and laitiruiine. The same con- ceptions, clolhe'.l in the same words, must necessarily he the same conipositimi ; and whatever nietliiid is taken of e.\liiliilini! that conipositimi to the ear or the eye, hy recital, or hy icrilinir, or hy priiiliiii', in any nuiiiher of copies, or at any iieriod of time, the jiroperty of another person has been violated; for the new hook is still the identical work of the real author. "Thus, therefore, a transcript of nearly ,ill the sentiments and laiiguaffe of a book is a jjlarinij pi- racy. To copy part of a book, either hy takintf a few pa};es rrrliiitini, when the sentiments are not new. or hy imitation of the principal ideas, althoui^h the treatises in other respects arc ditrereni, is also considered to be illofal. ••Althoiigli it was held hy EllenborouL'h C. J. that a variance in furia and manner is a variance in suhslanee, and that any material alteration which is a mclinrdtiun cannot he considered as a piracy ; yet a piracy is comniitted, whether the author atteiupl an original work, or call his book an alirida- iiieiit, if the principal parts of a book are servilely copied or unfairly varied. " Hut if the main design be not co|)ied, the circiiiiistauce that part of the rompositinn of one luilhor is found ill another is not of itself piracy sutlicieiit to support an action. A man may fairly adopt part of the work of another; he may so luake use of another's labours for the proinotioii of science, and the benefit nf the public, but havim; done so, the question will he. Was the matter so taken used fairly with that view, and without what may be termed tlie aHimu.s furamli? '• In judging of a quotation, whether it is fair and candid, or whether the person who quotes has been swayed by the animus fiitandi, the quantity taken and the manner in which it is adopted, of course, must be considered. '■ If the work complained of bo in .iiihatanee a copy, then it is not necessary to show the intention to pirate ; for the greater part of the matter id' the book having been purloined, the intention is apparent, and other proof is superlluous. A piracy has umloiihtedly been coniinitted. " Hut if only a small portion of the work is iiuoied, lh(;n il becomes necessary to show that it was done aniinofiirandi, with the intention of depriving the author of his just reward, by giving his work to the public in a cheaper form. And then the moilc of doing it becomes a subject of inquiry j fur it is i nooK, nooKs. 107 pro : con- I'lliiitl iitiin', l.ucd ; ; pi- iiiit uiil, is iii'i.' ill liracy ; linila- mllior pt part '.and I fairly cs has uil, of tion to )arei)l, it was 1 wiirk ur il is nol diifflrli-rit tn rnn^tiliiti' n pirnry. Ilifil y^r^ r Hii iiiiii li n't uillxli'iw (Ikiiiu ii i|urKliiiii nf riii I I'nr IIh' ,|iii> Mli:il it \t la diiiii willi'ii liail liil)!lit, mill llial llic iiialirr wlilcli iii'Ciniipuiiii'H U liaii licili tftnurably iiilriiiliU'iil."- • "H.) imliirn im to iilVi el tlic puhlir vwrnh, niiil Hint Ilif ' ■■' "" ■ 'lllll|l.r.|' « nil 111 llljlllll lilUD loitii vvil lciiil(i;<'.v, IT. Exprdlrnri/oflimlltnff Copi/rli^lit.i fi> Tirnifij-ri^/il Ytar^. — It iw nrmicd by inniiy dmt ropvriulits sluxilil In- lumlc |i«r|i.tual ; llmt wrrc lliin ilniic, inrti (if lalnit. iiml li'iiniiiiu WDlilil ilcviitf llii'iiisclvi's iniicli iiiiirc rcaililv lliau iit |iirsi'iit ti) llli" (•lllll|lo^ililln nt' Wurkn liv tjiiiriiii; i;ri'iit hilioiir ; iiinsimicti il^^ tlic cnpyri^lit ursiicli wiirKn, wcri' it iii'r(i('Uiiil, wiuilil !<• uii iultiiiiiitf iiiovisimi fur ;i I'niiiily. Uiit \\f ilmilit imitli wlicihiT llicso untii'i|i:iliiiiw wtuild 1m; n-iilisi'il. Must iiouks or iiiamiscri|ils nrc iiiirclmst'd liy llii" Imoksi'lliTH, or iitililislu-il ii|ioti thi" iiri'simiptiDii ilint thcrr will iiiiiiicdialcly I'f a cuiiHiilt'rnlili' le pro|)erty, witli respect to wliieli there I'an he no risk, ij< xold, if the nmiilicr of years for which it is to eontiiiiie he coiisideraMe, the jirire wiiieii it is worth, iiiid which it fetclu'H, tloes uul ditli'r materially fioin what it would hriii;? were it perpetual. Hut the eo|iyrii;ht of a» uiipulilishcd work is, of all descriptions of properly in which to s|h«- rulate, the must hazardous ; and the chances of rcnpini; eoatinu;eiit udvautase.-f from it, at the distance of SH years, wouM he worth very little indeed. 'I'hose W'lio write hooks, and those who pnlilish them, ralculatc oti their obtuinins? a ready and extensive sale, nnd on their heini; indcinnilied in a few years. Xvry few authors, and fitill fewer hooksellers, are disposed to look forward to so disianta period as "S years for rt^ nuuu'ration. They are mostly all saniruine emuiu'h to suppose that a nuich shorter term will enable tlu'in to rea|) a full harvest of fame and profit from tlie [itililiration ; and we ilouiit much wliether then; he one case in a himdred, in which an luithor would ohlain a lari;er sum for a jierpctual copyright, tlian for one that is to continue for llie period stii)nliited in the late act. But while tlic making of copyrishts perjietual would not. as it n]ij)ears to us, bo of nny material advantaije to the authors, there are irood j;roinuls for thinking that it woi^ld be dis- advantageous to the public. [Suppose an individual calculates a table of lonarilhms to five or seven places ; if his computations be correct, no improvement can be madi« upon them, to thei'Xtent at least to which they f;o; but is he or his assiLjiu'cs to bo entitled, in all time to come, to jircvent other individuals from publishini; similar tables, on the Rround of invasion of private property ? Such a pretension could not be admitted without ieadiiii^ to the most mischievous eonse(|uenees ; and yet there is no real ground (though thi; courts have at- temiifed to make one) on which the claim in (|nestion and others of the same description could be resisted, were copyrights made jierpctual, and jilaced in all respects on the same footing as other property. We therefore, are clearly of ojiinion that good policy sug- gests the limitation of the exclusive right of printing and publishing literary works to such a reasonable period as may secure to authors the greater part of the j)rolit to bo do- rived from Uicir works ; and that this pcrioil being expired, they should become public projierty. Perhaps the period of 28 years might be advantageously extended to 35 or 40; but wc arc satisfied that niorc injury than benefit would result to literature, by extending it beyond that term. In France, copyrights continue for 20 years after iJie death of the author, fn most of the German states they are pcqietual ; this, however, until very recently, hardly in- demiiilieil the authors for the ease with which s|)urious eojiies might be obtained from other states. But by a late resolution of the Diet, a copyright secured in one state is good in all. III. Taxes ov Liternfure. — These taxes have been carried to such an extent in England as to be in the highest degree injurious. They are at once impolitic, oppressive, and unjust : iin]iolitic, because they tend to obstruct the growth and dilFusion of knowledge; oppressive, because they very frequently swallow up the entire reward of the labours of the most deserv- ing persons ; and unjust, because they are rot proportioned to the value of the article on which they are laid, and arc, indeed, much oftener paid out of capital than out of profit. These taxes consist of the duty on paper — (See PArF.ii), the duty on advertisements— (See AnvEHTisKMKNTs), and the 11 copies given to the public libraries, 'j'he follow- ing statements, drawn up by a very competent authority (Mr. Rces, of the firm of Longman, Kees, and Co.), show the mode in which they operate. They refer to an octavo volnme of SOO jiages, the paper such as this, with the ordinary quantity of matter on the page, and sold by retail for 12s. a copy. Estimate of the coat of such a volume, when 500, 7.50, and 1,000 copies arc printed, showing what part of this cost consists of taxes. u2 5 I s li(8 HOOK. HOOKS. 1 ,1(1 .. t , i ' i Fin lUndftit fi<;"" I'rlnilnR anil corruritmii l'll|irr lloiirilliii: AilvirllHiiiR 1 1 rcipii'!* In pnlillc lihrnrli'ii. II i'ii|ilrit (•iiy ) III amhor. 4TS «'i>i)ic'» fur "iili! ttl C/i. 3(/ . . . - Dcclui'l I'dnt ...••- I'mllt to nnllinr iinil imMiilU'r, (uinuila«l<K lo piililir lllirarlL'.4. it iii|ik'ii to uiitlior<<. 725 ropios for nalo at ^.<. 3(/. .... Dcdmi I'lKi ...... I'liiiit III author and piililHlirr, roniinlDiInn, anil Inie- 1 ri;-i on capital, If. 'leiKi// u.*f M'W • - • \ f Ittt) Itl7 f. (/. 17 II H n-i w II £ 3ll.t 9(15 •i s I u KM) I ft Uttc Thousand Ci'I'iCd. Printing ami corructlons I'.ip. r Itiiaiiline AdVLTlising II ropii's to piiliHc libraries. 14 I'ljiiii'.-i to autlior. 1173 ropiiM for Halo at Ss. id. UiuUict cost l'<«i. hS !•* II ^H lU II III n »l U Hi7 H m It II .')7 L'l 1.1 37 II 311ft I II £ rest on capital, jchen ull are 6iild - - - \ lUj 12 3 103 14 77 20 II n 45 iiuir. £ >. d II II II M 12 III 3 ;t N tl II u 20 ID I) 12 ID 4 4 15 7 II 5 an I'J II II 17 ft il II 7 5 13 10 344 14 II 3 3 'J'hi' following statPmi'iU sliow.>< llu; (pprratioii of the duties on a iiamphlet of 5 sheds or 80 pugiN, of wliicli 500 copies arc priiiic.l : — Cn«t. iiuir. Pamphlet, Five Hundred Xiimlnr £ If. d. £ n. d. £ g. d. Printing ....... I'.xtras .-...-. 14 14 5 5 "I Of 19 lU Piipir ....... . (i n 1 1) Siiii'liins! ' - . - I) 12 II Advertising (say) ----.- ■ ' 7 2 2 3 1- 33 13 ti 3 3 li 25 copies for niitlinr and pnldir liliraric.^ IT.'i copies for Halo. "25 for 2/. 1 1.-. 51 u I'rolit to unllior and piildislier, iiiteri'.sl, Uc. nfnr all are sold --.-.-- £17 12 fi 'J'lu'.«e statements set the oppressive operation of the taxes on literature in a very striking point of view. Where the edition is an average one of 750 copies, the duties amount to about a seventh, or 14^ per cent, of the cost «)f the edition. If the edition consist of .')00 or 750 copies, the duties amount to more than tlie entire remuneration of the author ; and if it consist of 1,000 copies, they amount to about as much ! It is essential, however, to bear in mind that the previous statements show only how the duties afl'ect books when the entire iiiijiresniiin i.s said off at the full publicatiun price ,- but this seldnia lie /lens, Excludin'^ ])ainphU'ts, il tnay be truly ailirmcd, that, at an averaj^c, llie original impression of half the books printed is hardly ever sold oil', except at a ruinous reduction of jirice. IVow, if we supjiose, in tlie previous example of an edition of 750 copies, that only 025 instead of 725 were sold, the result would Ixj th:it only 57/. lO.v. would remain as profit to the author and publi.sher, and as a comjien.sation for interest, the risk of bad debts, &e. Were only 500 copies sold, tlie cost would not be more than balanced ; and there would be nothing whatever lo remuneralc the author for his laliour, or the bookseller for the use of his capital. Were only 400 cojiics sold, government would have received 28/. HOOK, IJOOKS. lUi) V. ./. ) 1 1 II 1 (1 1 f. i I'l tiking liiit to 100 or U it' tlic I; but Irage, linous jpios, linaiii bad nnd kllcr 28/. lO.v. Wif. of duty Fritm n )i|ioriil;itiiiii by wliii It llic aiitlinr Imd IonI nil IiIm bilxnir, ainl tlio liiiiikHrllir :))>/. !'>'«. dI' hi-i ('ii|>il.il ! 'J'lu' iinri' |io'"<> a NUll'K'it lit crDiiuii liir u rtv iHiuii nf llic ilulioK ; but, in (loiiit uf fact, hui'Ii rawH, iiiHii'ail oCbciiiu mrfi'l\ ^/i. iblo nr rare, arc uf iriri/ liiii/ nirtirn iin .' 'I'lirri' in a radiral ililli'mico luiwf ' '> tbc ilriiiaiiii fur bonk-', nr of I'oihI for thf initii), aiiit food for the body. 'V\w latter tit alwaNH sUr>'< uiuUr any ( iri'uinHtanci'H, to foniiiiand a nale. 'I'lit' dciiiaiid for it iMcoiiiiiiiratiM'K •<>nstiui( t il rum tot bo diNjunM'd with. If ala\ be laid on malt, lialH, orKlims, it will. |i('rha|>«. -■ iiu'wiiat Icx^t'ii |||^■ ilcniand for thcHC arliclcx; but tilt' «|naiililii'M (if llu'ni brouubl '■> invrki't, iii lutiifr, will wll for such an advaiicrd price an will leavi- llu- nistoinary rate of ii,,, ■ lo ilicir |iri.diic') inuc-li ho, that the inoNt H'i:>a> cioiis individtialH arc i-vc ly day dcroivcj iiitiicjr antici|iaiions as to lh»' success of new vvurki*, ami even an to the xale ot new editions. |)i,t if a book do i\ot take, it is so vi ry ruinous an atliiir, that a publisher is ulad to dis|ioM' of the urcaler part of an iin|ireMKioii at a lourtii or fifth part of its regular price; and is often, indeed, oblifjed to sell it as trii.slt jiiijicr to tin truiik-iiiaker or the tobacconist. (hi a late investiijaijoM into the atVairs of an eMeiisivo pnblishiiin concern, it was found, that of i:iO works published by it in a niven time,,///'/// //(/'/ imt jidid l/iri'r cvpiiiMix. t)f tile SO that did pay. 111 only had arrivi-d at a second ediliipii; but, in most iiislaiii-es, tiieDt* Hccond i:ditioiis had not been prolitable. In j;encral it may be eslimaled, that of the book:* published, nj'niirtfi do not pay their expenses; and that only aif In fliihl or Itii can lie n- prliitid wIlJi uilviinta^c. As respects pamphlets, we know we are within the mark, when We allirin that not oiii: In fifli/ pays the expenses of its publication ! Now, when such is the fact, can any thircj; be more ^larinnly unjust than to impotie the name duty on all works before they are published ! In a vrrii fiic cases, such iluly may fall ]iriiicipally on the buyers, and be only a reasonable deduction Ironi the profits of tiie au- thor and publisher; but in a vast number more il swallows tliciii up entirely ; ami in very many cases there are no prolits for the duty lo absorli, so that it falls wholly on the capital of iho unfortunate author or publisher. 'V\'ere tb.e juili?es of the courts of law to decide cascsby a throw of the dice, there would he (iiiile as inucii of reason and justice in their decisions, as there lias been in the proceedings of our finance ministers as to taxes oii literature. If books inunt be taxed, let publishers be put uiiiler the niinrllltnirc of the excise ; let them be obliKcd to keep an account of the books they sell, and let tiiem be taxed accurdiiiKly ; but do not let the loss arising from an unsuccessful literary speculation — and more than half such speculations arc unsuccessful — be af;i;ravated to a ruinous deRiec by the pressure of a t-js- tciii of taxation, than which there is nothinp, even in Algiers, more unequal or oppressi\i\ The reduction of the advertisement duty h:is done somelhini; to lessen tiiis injustice. But the above statements, which ajiply to the reduced duty, show that the relief is most in- adciiuate. It acknowledges, witliout correctinu', liic evil. Instead of boiiiff reduced, this duty ouuht to have been entirely repealed. Ucfiirc the reduction it only amounted to about 170,000/. a year; and there cannot be u doul't that the loss of revenue occasioned by its re- peal, and by the repeal of half the paper duty, would, at no distant juriod, be made uj) by the greater productiveness of the remaining duty on paper, resulting from its greater consumj)- tion.. The advertisement duly presses very severely on all sorts of works, but particularly on jiainphlels : it may, indeed, be said to have utterly destroyed the latter class of publications, in so far at least as they are a source ol' profit. Hut we object altogether to the imposition of taxes on books previously to their being jiublished. It is not possible, for the reasons already stated, that such taxes can be other- wise than iinjuxt. This objection to them might, indeed, be removed by imposing the du- ties according to the number and value of the copies actually sold. Still sucli duties must, however imposed, by raising the price of books, and preventing the ditVusion of knowledge nnioiig the poorer and least instructed classes, be in the utmost degree injurious ; at tho same time that they can never be rendered considerably productive. They seem, in fact, to have every (juality that taxes ought not to have, and hardly one that they should have. The delivery o( ilcvcn copies to public libraries is exceedingly burdensome ujiou the more expensive class of works, of which small impressions only can be printed ; eleven copies of such works would in many instances be a very fair jirolit i'or the author ; and the obligation to make such a sacrifice has frequently, indeed, caused their publication lo be abandoned. A tax of this sort would not be tolerable, even were it imposed for a public purpose ; but such is not the object of its imposition. Though called pu/illc, the libraries which receive tho eleven copies are, with the exception of tho British Museum, private establishments, belonging to particular corporations or institutions, and acccssllilc imhf to their members. Vi/ hy, when an author produces a book, should he be compelled to liestow copies of it on the lawyers of Edinburgh and Dublin, and on the Universities 1 On what principle can these bodies pretend to demand from him a portion of his property 1 Perhaps it might bo expedient, in order to insure the preservation of every work, that copies of it should be 200 BOOK, BOOKS. » ,.. J : ' '» \' I f ■ 1 deposited, one in London, one in Edinburp;h, and one in DiiMin. Even this would be call- inp; upon authors to nialte a considcrablo sarrifice for the pnlilio advantage. But to call upon tliem to sacrifice fen copies, exclusive of that given to the British Museum, for the lirncfit of so many private ijistitutiotis, is a proceeding utterly at variance with every principle of justice. The law of other countries is, in this respect, far preferable to ours. In America, Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria, only otic copy of any won. < required from the author ; in France and Austria, /ifrt copies are rccjuired ; and in the Nethrrlaiuls ///we. The governments of the most despotical states treat authors better than they have hitherto been treated by the legisla- ture of England. IV, liiiok Trade of Great Britain. — London is the great centre of the British book trade; tlie iiumber of new publications that issue from its presses being far greater than all that appear in the rest of the empire. ^Vithill the course of the last forty years, however, many very important works, have l)een jniblishcd at Edinburgh ; but the latter, as well as those that appear at Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, &e., are prinripally disposed of iiy the London trade. The booksellers of Edinbur;;!!, and of all the provincial towns, have agents in Lon- don to whom they consign a certain number of copies of every work they publish; and to whom, also, they address their orders for copies of such new or old works as they have occa- sion for. The London booksellers, who act us agents for those in the country, are in the habit of regularly despatching parcels to their correspondents on the last day of each month, with the magazines and other monthly ^lublications ; but if any new work of interest appears in the interim, or orders be received from the country that cannot be conveniently deferred to the end of the month, a parcel is immediately forwarded by coach. The book- sellers of Edinburgh and Dublin act as agents for those of London, and supply the Scotch and Irish country trade with the metropolitan publications. The price of new works is fixed by the publishers, who grant a deduction to the retail dealers of from 20 to 25 per cent, on the jjrice of qnarto!), and from 2.5 to 30 per cent, on that ofocfnvns, and those of smaller si/c. The credit given by the publishers to the retailers varies from seven to twelve month? -, a discount being allowed for prompt payment at the rate of 5 per cent, per anruim. From inquiries we have made, we believe it may be laid down that about L-'50O tnlunief! of new publications (exclusive of reprints, pamphlets, and periodical publications not in volumes) arc annually produced in (ireat Britain : and, estimating the average im- pression of each .'olume at 750 copies, we have a grand total of 1,125,000 volumes; tho value of which, if sold at an average publication price of 9s. a volume, would be 506,250/, The number of reprinted volumes, particularly of school-books, is very gicat; and if to these we add the reviews, magazines, pamphlets, and all ot>ier publications, exclusive of newspa- pers, the total publication value of the new works of all sorts, and new copies of o'd works, tliat are annually produced, may be estimated at alunit 750,000/. At an average of tlic three years ending with '831, 1,176 new works were annually entered in Stationers' Hall; but, as no account is kept of the size or price of these works, this return furnishes no clue by which to judge of the number of volumes, their magnitude or value. This deficiency might easily be supplied either by the Stationers' Hall or the British Museum keeping an account of the size and price of all the new books coming into their hands, and making an annual abstract of the same. TliC old book trade carried on in Great Brit.iin is very extensive, and employs many dealers. The price of old books depends very much on their condition ; but, independently of this circumstance, it is very fluctuating and capricious ; equally good copies of the same works being frequently to be had in some shops for a half or a third of what they can be bought for in others. \. Rc>rulalionfi as to Importation of Worhn. — For the duties, see TAnirp. To prevent fi.ireign books and maps, the property of individuals, from being charged with duty more tlian once, the proprietor shall, on each importation subsequent to the original one, make oath, that the duties were paid when they were first imported, or that he purchased them in tliis country in a fair way of trade; that tliey are the identical books or maps he exported from this kingdom, and that they are now brought back for his ]irivate use, and not for sale. —{Treasury Order, 3d, and Citfif(,}ns Order, 8th of October, 1818.) No books, first composed, written or ])rinted in the United Kiiigdom, imported for sale, except books not reprinted in the United Kingdom within 20 years, or being parts of collec- tions, the greater part of which had been composed or written abroad, shall be imported into the United Kingdom, under forfeiture thereof.— (3 «& 4 Will. 4. e. 5:,;. § 58.) Books first composed or written, or printed and published, in the Uniti:d Kingdom, and r-printcd in any other country or place, may not be entered to be warehoused. — § 59. The permission to import English works reprinted abroad for private use, is limited to a single copy of each work, brought as a part of a passenger's baggage, for the private use of the parties themselves. — (Treasury Order, 29th of Juno 1830.) BOOK, BOOKS. 201 Account of tliD Amount of Duty paid upon llm Porcicn Ilcmks iinportcd Into tlin UnitPil Kingdom during fiacli of llie Ttin'Yoarrf I'li.lii'i; willi lfW.~(Piirl. Puptr, No. 110. Hi'ss. 1S32.) Yeir. Anintuit. Year. Alii'tunt. Yiar. Anuiunt. .£ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. I'^ai 12,i)S7 S 1S2'-. 17.n!).') 18 fl 1S2S 11.020 18 1 \>-21 13,0.1^ 7 11 |N-2() 1(),7K-) 3 f^ l,'-2!) 1I,4»() 8 2 1H2S l.'i.M!! I 5 lb27 11,133 2 5 WM) 11,(505 4 4 \fi\ 17,i!;t7 17 3 tcvcnt 1 more I niiiko Icm in liortoil salo. sale, boUec- into 3, and Id to a tso of VI. Bonk Trade of France. — The activity of the French press has been very greatly increased since the downliiU of Naijoleoii. 'I'lie Count Daru, in a very instructive work {Notions Sfafisti(/uefi mr la LUmiirtt) pnblislicd in 1827, estimated the number of jirinted sheets, exclusive of newspapers, produced by tlie French press in 1816, at 68,8o2,88;J ; and in 1825, at 128,011,483 ! and we bellevo that tlie increase from 1S25 down to the present period has been little if any thing inferior. The ([uality of many of the works that have recently issued from the French press is also very sui)erior ; and it may he doubted wliether such works as the Bioi^rapliie Unirtraclh, the new and eidarijed edition of the Art de verifier Its Dales, in ;18 vols, octavo, and the two octavo editions otJiai/lcs Diet lunar t/, could have been jiublished in any other country. The t^rcnter number of new French works of merit, or which it is supposed will command a cunsiderable sale, are immediately reprinted in the Netherlands or Switzerland, but principally in the former. To such an extent has this piratical practice been carried, that it is stated in the KeijiLite presented by the French book- sellers to government in 1828. that a single bookseller in Brussels had, in 1825 and 1820, and the first six months of 1827, reprinteil :318,(il.') volumes of French works! Having nothing to pay for copyricht, these counterfeit editions can be allbrded at a lower price than those that arc genuine. This is a very serious injury to f>ench authors and publishers, not only by preventing the sale of their works in foreign countries, but from the case with which spurious copies may be introduced into France. All the French booksellers are hrcvelcs, tiiat is, licensed, and sworn to abide by certain [ire- scribed rules. This regulation is justly complained of by the publishers, as being vexatious and oppressive ; and as tending to lessen the nundier of retail booksellers in the country, and to prevent that competition which is so advantageous. The discount allowed by the French jiublishers to the retail dealers is not regulated, as in England, by the size of the volumes, but by the subjects. The discount on the sale of books of history, criticism, and general literature, is usually about 25 per cent. ; in the ca.se of mathematical and strictly scientific works, it is seldom more than 10 or 15 per cent.; while upon romances, tales, &c, it is often as high as 50 or 60 per cent. VII. German Book Trade, — " This trade is very much facilitated by the book fairs at Leipsic; the Easter fair behig frecjuentcd by all the booksellers of Germany, and by those of some of the neighbouring countries, as of France, Switzerland, Denmark, Livonia, &c., in order to settle their mutual accounts, and to form new connections. The German publisher sends his publications to the keeper of assortments a condition, that is, on commission, for a certain time, after which the latter pays for what have been sold, and may return the re- mainder. This is not so favourable for the publisher as the custom in the French and Eng- lish book trades, where the keepers of assortments take the quantity they want at a fixed rate. In the German book trade, it is the custom ibr almost every house, cither in the coun- try or abroad, which publishes or sells German books, to have its agent at Lcii)sic, who receives and distributes its publications. A., of Riga, who publishes a book calculated for the German trade, has his agent B., in Leipsie, to whom he send-s, free of expense, a number of copies of his publication, that he may distribute the new work to all the booksellers with whom he is connected, from Vienna to Hamburgh, and from Strasburgh to Konigsberg, each of whom has his agent in Leipsic. Instructions are also given as to the number of copies to be sent to each. B. delivers those copies in Leii)sic to the agents, who send them every week, or more or less frecjuently, by the jiost or by carriers, at the expense of the receiver. C, of Strasburgh, who finds that he has not received copies enough, writes for an additional number of copies to his agent D., of Leip.sic: I), gives the order to B., who delivers the number wanted to D., to be tran-sniitted to C. This arrangement is advantageous to the German book trade, as well as to Leipsic. Tiu; dealer receives every thing from Leipsic; and as a great number of packets, with books from all fiarts of Germany, arrive there for him every week, he can have them packed together and sent at once. The carriage is thus much less than if the packets were sent to liiTii separately from the difterent places ; and the whole business is simplified. The booksellers are also enabled to agree with ease on a cer- tain discount per cent. No such intimate connection of the booksellers has yet been formed in any other country. The German booksellers rarely unite, as is the practice in England, in undertaking the publication of extensive works." — (^German ConversatlvnS'Lexlcun, American edition.) The literary deluge which commenced in Germany in 1811 still continues to increase. 26 I 2 3 202 BOOK, BOOKS. »v ■ I \ ' I For the 2,000 works which wrro thfu aliont tlio annual coniplpmcnt, wo have now about 6,000. Tlio cataI()c;uo of tho liciiisic; fiiir lor Micliaalmas, 1830, contains 3,444 articles, of wiiich 2,704 are actually jjiililisluvl ; ami if tlirso arc aililed to the 3,102 announced in the Easter catalogue, the number of books |)ublisli('(l in 1830 will amount to 5,920. The num- ber jjublished in 1829 was .'j,3M ; in ISCS, 5,054 ; in 1827, 5,1()S ; previously to which, tho number had never exceeded 5,000. Magazines and popular Encyclopaedias liiivc increased in the same projiortion ; and the public has sliown as great a desire to read, as tho learned have to write. Private libraries are diniinishitii^, while the public ones arc daily increasing. — (Fi)rcl<:;n Quurterfi/ licvicw. No. Xl\'. p. 551.) (We are plad to have to announce lliat, durinc; the course of the present year (1836), tho taxes atVectine; books have bocn very materially diminished, — 1st, by the duties on paper l.aviiiir Iuhmi reduced a hnlf. or Trom 3^/. \)cr lb. to \hl.; and 2d, by its liaving been enacted that Jirc only instead of eleven co|iii's of new works arc in future to bo fur- nished, at th(^ expense of authors and publisliers, to public libraries. (6 (fe 7 Will. 4. cap. 1 10.) 'J'iiese iiiiiiortant reductions will be of the >,rieatest service to the interests of litera- ture, and will contribute, in no slight degree, both to lessen the risk of publication, and to reduce the cost and price of books. Tt is to be hoped that, at no distant period, the remain- der of the pa|)er duty ami the advertisement (hity may l)otli be repealed. However reduced, all duties on books are liable to the fundamental objection (sec Did. p. 198.) of being imposed on articles that may not, and, indeed, very fre(|uently do not, sell; and when such is the case, the duties have to be either partially or wholly paid out of the capital of tho authors or publishers. 'J'he adverlisiMncnt duly is still very heavy, and it is, at the same time, most unt'air. What, in fact, can be more subversive of every i)rui(:iple of justice than to i]iii)ose the same duty on the announcement of the jjubiicationof a sixpenny pam[)hlet, as on that of the sale of an estate worth lOO.OOtV. ? Luckily, this duty may he relintiuished without any sensible sacrilice. 'J'he total produce of the advertisement duty, in 1835, amoimtcd only to the trilling sum of (Ki.DlO/ ; and, as its repeal would be of as much ser- vice to commerce as to literature, it canuiit. surely, be permitted to exist much longer. Compensation is to be given by tho public to the six i)ublic libraries that have abandoned their claim to copies of each new work. The Advocates' Library of Edinburgh still retains its privilege of receiving a copy ; but it is not easy to sec why it should be entitled to any such distinction. It is essentially a prirutr iii^fifufinii, from which the public are carefully ex- cluded, and there neither is nor can he any good reason why an author should be obliged to present it with a copy of his works. 'I'he following statement may bo substituted for that given in the Dicf, p. 193. It is derived from the same source, and shows the present cost of printing and publishing an octavo volume of about 500 pages, — the prper such as this, with the ordiimry quantity of matter on tho page, — when 500, 750, and 1,000 cojiies are ])rinted: It further shows what portion of the cost consists of duty, and the prolits of the author and publisher on each edi- tion, supposing the volume to be sold by retail at I'Zfi, a copy, and the entire edition to bo sold oil*. A similar statement is subjoined for a pamphlet of 80 pages. Five Hundred Copies. Printing and corrections ... TlipiT - . . . . lliiiirdins ..... Ailvertitiiiig .... .'i copies to public lihrariea. 14 copies to aiillior, &.c. 481 copies for sale at 83. Hd. Deduct cost .... Fnr prnfii to aiitlinr and paljlinhor, commission, and in- ^ turcst on capital, (fAtrt u// «rc .su/(/. Seven Tliindri'd and Fifty Cnpiea. Printin;? and corrections .... I'ripcr .--... llonrilinir ..-_._ Advcrtii^ing - . _ . _ 5 copies to putilic libraries. 14 copins to aullior, &.K. 731 copies for sate at 8s. 5d. - - • Deduct coBt ..... For profit to antlior and paldisber, cnmmisgion, and in-' terest on capital, (cAen «// ioW. Tolal C IS*. Wherenf Duly. 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1111 £ s. M 18 32 10 40 (/. (1 £ s. d. 4 13 6 10 £ s. d. . 2(12 8 5 - 170 18 170 18 ori 48 15 ."iO 15 1 6 1 3 3 12 10 1 ^- \ :ti 10 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 lilt £ s. d. - 307 12 7 - 90S 6 208 C 20 2 3 ""■} 90 6 7 BOOK, BOCKS. 203 ; Duly. One Thousaiid Copies. Printing and conections I'lipcr Udiiriliiiff Advertising 5 copies to ptihjic lihrnries. 11 cu|iius to aiitlior, &,c. ysl coiiips for sale at 8.1. 5d. . . - Uiiduct cost - . . . . For profit to aullior and pnblislier, commission, and in-") t(^re:it ou ca]>it2il, when all sulti . . . f Pamphlet ofb sheets, 500 printed. Printing ---.... Km r:i corrections and alterations ... I'iipcr ....... Stiicliinit ---.-.. Advertising (say) -..-.. 25 copies for atithor and public libraries. •175 copies for sale, at 25 for 2/. 14s. Deduct cost . - . . . Fur profit to aiitlior and publislicr, interest &c. vhin altl arc sold. --._.. d. '.) Tout Cost. vVhereof Duty. ' .£ s. (/. 102 14 01 20 •id £ s. (/. H 12 1 11 15 £ .'!. 412 10 210 14 246 14 14 14 5 5 5 12 (; 10 25 3 13 5 2 10 IfiO 2 - d. ti £ s. - 51 - 35 11 35 11 3 3 5 15 14 6 Iinporfatinn of Rooks. — Under the lato law, such books as might lie imported were ad- niiUi'd. provided they were of editions printed in or .«inrc the year 1801, on ])aynient of a duty of T)/. a cwt. ; but this duty has been reduced to 2/. lO.v. a rwf. ; vvilli tiic additional jiroviso, that the books, besides being printed in or since IHQ\, nw m foiriirn /ii:inir Ian- gU(i^v:cs, — (A (St 5 lV/7/. 4 c. 80 § 15,) This conditioi; was inserted principnlly to obviatn the risk of dictionaries, or the class books used in our schools, iieing su])plied from the Con- tinent ; the b.ooksellers contending that the */. lO.v. a cwt. of duty was insuflicient to balance the inlhieiicc of the paper duty, and the [leculiar burdens incident to the getting u]) of books in this country. It has been alleged, indred, tiiat it will not ellbct its purpo.se; because, as is contended, both Latin and Greek are living languages ; the former being spoken in cer- tain jjurts of Hungary and Poland, and the latter in Greece! I'ut the intention of the legislature is too obvious to admit of its being defeated by any (juiliblingof the sort now men- tioned. By a living language is meant a language siioken by a nation or peo|)le. and not by a few learned individuals; and the dialect of the modern (ireeks is abundantly dilferent from that of their ancestors. The duty of 1/. a cwt. on foreign books printed prior to 1801 ought to be repealed ; it throws obstructions in the way of their importation, while it is quite unproductive of revenue. Siitiiir(rli)iir i:f EvpUsh BonUs from abroad. — Very consider.ilile loss is sustained by literary n»!n and liooksillcrs, by tbe clandestine inii)ortation of Kuulisli wdrUs printed abroad, of wbicli the copyrijjlit lias not "xpiri'd. There is hardly, in fact, one of our popular aulhors, copies cf wlmse works, printed in France or America, may not be readily procured in London ; and as those by v. lioni they inn printed liave neitluT copyriitht nor paper duty to pay, lliey are able uialerially to undersell the native article. It Is suri.'ly unnecessary to say, that every practicable ellnrt should be made to hinder such an inva- sion of private property ; and in this view wo beK to suL'L'est, that the permission fiiven I o persons cDiiilnj; t'rom abroad to briuR with them sii'ijle cojiies of all prohibited works, ouiilit to be withdrawn. It opens a door for snuiciiliuK and fraud ; and there is neilluT sense nor justice^ in allowing any indi- vidual to invade the riehts of another, mercdy because' he has been acniss the Clianiu'l. A specific, penalty, recliged to pay a consideral)le fine to bo appropriated to the support of the poor. Un again ollcnding in a siniilaT maimer, the I in 5 C r. 204 BOOK, BOOKS. publisher may he declaretl incapable of pursuing his ocrupation. The disturbed condition of Spain and Portugal, for some years past, renders wliat the law is in those countries con- ccrnuig the press and literary property of et)inparatively little moment. And in respect to Italy and Switzerland, whatever iiroteetinn to autliors is professedly granted by the govern- ments of tlie dillercnt states into wliieh they are subdivided, these states are so numerous, and so independent of each other in tJK'ir h'gislnlion on the subject of literary property, that very little protection is in reality afforded. A work which appears at Florence may, for example, be immediately reprinted at Modena ; and the possibility of any pecuniary advantage behig derived by the author from his labours may thus lie at once entirely frustrated. An author, in the United States, by tlie act of Congress of May 3Ist, 1790, "for the encouragement of learning, &c.," had, if a citizen or a resident in the country, an exclusive co])yright in his works conferred upon him tor a term of 14 years, — a right renewable when this term shall have expired, provided tlir author be then living, in favour of him and his legal re))resentatives, tor the farther term of 14 years. By an act passed February ;5d, 1831, the privilege in question is to be enjoyed in the first instance during a term of 28 years; and if, at the expiration of this term, the author, or his widow, or any child of his, bo still living, it may be enjoyed for 14 years more. 'J'lie expense of procuring a copyright is very trifling ; and only one copy of a work is recpiired from the author, which is to be delivered to the Secretary of State, to be preserved in his oHlce. Latterly, there has been almost every where a tendency to extend the right of literary property ; and the justice as well as expediency of assimilating it to the right of property in material things, by making it perpetual, has been argued with much earnestness and force. The desirableness, too, of an international copyright law,j)lacing the rights of authors on the same footing in every portion of the civilised and literary world, has been of late fre(iuently expressed in quarters entitled to the highest respect. These topics were brought to the con- sideration of the Congress of the United States, in the winter of 1837, by a petition signed by 56 British authors, asking the privilege to secure copyrights for their works in the United States. The committee of the Senate, to whom this petition was referred, made a report favourable to the object of the petitioners, accompanied by the following bill, which was, however, not acted upon. M Bill to amend the act entitled '■^An Jlct to amend the several acts respecting copyright." "Btitcniiclrd hij the Senate and House of licprr.-'ditatire.'i of the United States of America in Conffress assemhlcil, Tliat llie provisioiis of tlie act to iiiiii'iMl tin; several acts respci'tiiiK cn|iyriL'lit», which was passed on the tliird day of I'ebriiary, eighteen hiiiiilrecl and tll;!•ty-(lll(^ slial! lie extended tn, and the Iienelits lliereiif may In; enjuyed by, any snliject or resjdint of the United Kinjidnni of (Jreal lirltaiti and Ireland, or of France, in the same manner as If they were citizens or residents of the United States, upon doposltliill a printed copy of iIk! title of tin.' hook or other work lor which a copyriL'lit in desired, ill the clerk's otHce of the district court of any district in tlie l/'niled States, and coiiiplyiii;- with the othi^r requireniunts of the said act: I'rori-Jiul. 'J'hat this act shall not apply to any ol' the works enumerated in the aforesaid act, which shall have lieen etched or engraved, or printed and piililished, prior to the passatu nl" this act : .'/«(/ pruridnl, al. dozen. Shoes ; 10 dozen prime calf-skin shoes, full size, fi.'i.'j. ^ dozen. 10 do. youth's do ti'is. {> dozen. 5 do. gentlemen's dress do. lis. ^ dozen. This order tho London merchant divides anionR six, seven, or more wholesale dealers, according to their respective lines of business. Eacli dealer, or tradesman, as ho is com- monly called, provides his portion of the order in the course of the fortnight, three weeks, or month, allowed him by the merchant ; and when tho goods aro packed and ready to ship, he sends in his account, or bill of parcels, thus : — London, lOlh February, 1831. Messrs. Henry Barclay & Co. Bought of Simon Frazer. J. A. &Co. No. 8. 10 pieces best tow Strelitz Osnaburgs, 140 yards each, at 4d. Inside wrapper, 10 yards, at 3d. . . . - Cord, bale, and press packing ... 'yard Then follow, stated in lilte manner, the particulars of 8 bales. No. 9. to 16. both inclusive, amounting to . . - - - £ s. d. 24 8 4 10 25 8 212 4 2 £237 4 10 Messrs. Henry Barclay Sc Co. J. A. & Co. 39. 40. 41. London, 20fA February, 1831. Bought of J. BORRADAILE &. CO. Case, 1 dozen and 2 youths' hats and bands, at 15s. each Case (small) ...--. Case, 9 dozen felt hats for negroes, at 22s. ^ dozen Case (larpe) ...... Do. the same ...... £ a. d. - 10 10 - 4 - 9 IS - 10 £ s. d. 10 14 .10 11 10 14 £32 2 The merchant, having received the whole of the bills of parcels, fixed on a vessel, and agreed for the freight, proceeds to make an entry at the Custom-house, and to ship the goods. That done, the next step is to prepare tho Invoice, or general account of tho ship- ment, as exhibited in tho next page. This invoice, bein^ sent out by tho vessel to Messrs. Allan & Co. conveys to them a number of particulars in a short space ; viz. the mark, ihc numbers, the value, and the con- tents of each package. In former times it was tho practice to make an invoice very long, inserting in it a literal copy of each bill of parcels, but it has now becciic ■i!;ual to make each tradesman deliver a duplicate of his account, to be sent abroad .v'";i th* goods; in which case the invoice may be, like the above, little more than a summaiy of the bills of parcels. This method has two advantages : it saves time at the counting-house of the export- er ; and it affords to his correspondent an assurance that no more is charged to him than has been actually paid for the articles. An invoice ought to be made out with the utmost care, for it is a document of great importance in several respects : first, between tho exporting merchant and his correspond- ent abroad ; and next, when in the hands of the latter, it may and generally does form a voucher for calculating the import duty, as well as for the sales ellected to retailers or other dealers. The sum insured by the exporting merchant generally exceeds the amount of the invoice by 2 per cent., because the recovery of a loss from insurers involves a charge of fully that amount. It is thus necessary to cover not only the price of the goods, and the charges of shipping of loss, dcductio Lnvoicei Ki I J. A. I ic Co No. 1. 2. 3. 4, 5, 6. 7. 8. to 16 17. 18. to 2J 25. to 38, 39. 40,1. I I 1 •1 1 1 1 1 Folio of Ledi^tT. ~1 1 I J 2 2 3 3 3 3 The precet comprises a account of su IxvoicE of Pla Master, for risk. J. T. 1. to 0. Ti riou Iposi Ci Fr Ct In Co BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. 207 s. d. 2 !l, and ip the ship- hem tt ic con- Ions?, make bds; in l)iUs of export- tii than If great l;spon(l- I form a kr other linvoice piy that rges of shipping, insurance, and freight, liut such further sum as may enable the shipper, in case of loss, to carry to the credit of his correspondent the amount of the invoice, clear of any deduction. Invoice of Onnds sliipped by IIknuv Haiiclav & Co., in tUc Rawlins, J. Tlioinson, from London to Kiiigxtun in Juniaica, on iiccount iind riuk of Menars. Jamkn Allan &. Co. of Kingston. J. A. &Co. £ s. d. £ a. d. No. 1. Puncheon strong calf-skin shoos, ^ J. Johnson's bill of |)urct:ls ...... 93 7 2. Do. do. ^do. j - 94 16 4 3. French culf-skin shoes, t* do. . - - 23 9 4, S, 6. 3 trunks do. - 4f>^ do. - 07 3 7 27S 15 11 42 7. Case linen tick assorted, per J. Wilson's hill of parcels - . 8. to 16. 9 bales best tow Osnahurgs, 10 pieces each, ^ 8inion Frazur's bill ot parcels ...... . 230 5 17. 1 case white I'latillas, ^ Mulling & Co's. bill of parcels . 41 8 18. to 21. 7 eases th(^ name, ^ do. . 287 4 8 25. to 38. 11 lia'es lititO»nahiir|,'s, ^ .1. Mackenzie's bill of parcels - 307 10 3'J. 1 cani! youth's hats and hands, ^ J. Uorradaile & Co's hill of parcels 10 14 40,1. 2 cases full hats, do •I?' do. ' 21 8 1,284 18 3 £ s. (/. Entry ; duty on part at i ^ cent.; bond and debenture 4 8 Cartage, wliartage, and shipping charges 7 9 6 Freight and primage 38/. 'n.; hills of lading 3»'. fi(/. 38 10 6 Insurance on 1,500/. at 40*. 4p- 100/. - ±30 Policy duly - - - - 3 18 9 33 IS 9 00 15 Commission, 5 ^j>' cent, on 1,335/. do i^ cunt, on 1,500/. insured 7 10 f Errors excepted. At C months credit ; due 0th of September. 158 11 9 £1,443 10 London, O/A uf March, 1830. Hen itv Bauclay &Co. JoiJRNAL Entries resulting from the foregoing Invoice, Folin of James Allan & Co. Drs. to Sundries. For goods shipped to them in the Rawlins, Thomson, for Jamaica. £ s. d. 1 To James Johnson ; amount of slious, ^ bis bills of parcels 278 15 11 1 To John Wilson; linen tick ^ do. 42 1 To Si.vioN Frazer ; tow Osnahurgs ^ do. 230 5 1 To John Mackenzie; lint Osnahurgs ^do. 307 10 2 To James BonuADAiLE &. Co.; liats i* do. 32 2 2 To MoLLiNo & Co.; for Platillas t* do. 328 5 4 3 To Freight Account ; freight, primage, and hills of lading 38 10 6 3 To Insurance; premium and policy .... 33 18 9 3 To Charges ; entry outward, duty, and shipping charges - 11 17 6 3 To Profit AND Lossj for commission .... 74 5 £1,143 10 The preceding invoice, being for account of a mercantile house, who sell agaui to dealers, comprisc3 a variety of articles : as a further specimen, wc subjoin two short invoices, for account of sugar planters, and confined to articles consumed on their estates. Invoice of Plantation Stores, shipped by Henry Barclay & Co. in the Adventure, J. Williamson, Master, for Kingston, Jamaica, by order of Mr. James Thomson, Planter, and for bis account and risk. J.T. 1. to 6. bales lint Osnahurgs, ^ bill of parcels from James An- derson - - - - - £240 Then follow, in like manner, the mark, number, and contents of va- rious other packages of plantation stores (hats, shoes, nails, &c.), com- posing the ehipment ; amounting in all to - - Charges. Custom-house entry, and shipping charges Freight, primage, and hills of lading Commission on 2,374/. at 2^ ^ cent. Insurance on 2,550/. at 22. ^ cent. Policy duty . - - Commission, \ ifff cent. London, id of October, 1830. £ s. d. 2 12 u 18 7 6 59 7 51 6 10 12 15 Errors excepted. Henry Barclay &. Co 208 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. i i 1 Invoice of 00 Dnrrels of irorrinKs, Hhipped hy Henrv IIahci.av & To. of I.oiMlnn, In llio Barrlay, Janica Vv.tt'w.r, hoiind to liiirliadiit's, l)v orilur iiikI for ni-couiit und risk of Juiin IIendeiihon, Eiki Planter, and eonsigiivd to biiiiut Uridgutowii, UurbuduLd. London, 18^ cent, on 175/. insured Nett proceeds, due 2d of May, 1830. London, id of Jlpril, 1831. £ s. d. ^ 15 6 23 15 4 (1 y 7 106 10 () 2 12 16 1 15 2 3 6 1 12 3 2 6 » 4 13 4 17 6 152 8 9 81 11 3 £2.34 ^" MP, l.to7. ewl. qrn. Ihs. 7 Ulids. weighing 87 3 21 Deduct dnitt - U 14 Deduct tare £ s. d. ^234 Errors excepted. IIenrv Barclay & Co. We have here on one side of the account, the quantity and value of the goods sold ; on tlie other, the various charges attending the bringing home, the warehousing, and the sale of the articles. The quantity of goods accounted for in an account sale must be the same as in the invoice ; if it be less, whether through damage at sea, through waste or any other cause, the extent of the deficiency should be explicitly stated. By the " overtaker" in the following sale is meant the additional barrel or package required for the colTee taken out of such of the tierces as have been opened on account of breakage or other damage. Allowances of Weight, — The tare is the weight of the cask, and differs, of course, in almost every package : but trett (see the following sale) is a fixed allowance of 5 lbs. per tierce in the case of cofl'ee, intended, like draft in the case of sugar, to insure good weight to the buyer, and to enable him to do the same to those who purchase again from him. Accoi'NT Sale of 20 Tierces of Coflfee, ^ ►■ Fittoria, from Demerura, for Account of James Forbes, Esq., Deinerara. CKAROES. Insurance on 20 tierces at 35/. a tierce, 700/. at SOs. ; policy 36s. 9(/. Freight on 114 cwt. at 7s. Od. *> cwt. - £42 15 Primage, |)ierage, and trade - - 17 6 Dock dues - - - - - Landwaiters, entry, and part of bond . . . . . Insurance from fire ... Carried forward .- - - 19 6 9 44 10 1 2 19 £76 4 J. F. No. I.to20. 5 tierces 5 do. 4 do. Gross Weight. Tare. Cwt. qra. lbs. Cwt, (jra. lla. 30 1 7 3 2 15 32 2 5 4 5 24 2 4 2 3 16 87 1 16 10 Trett 2 8 2 14 Deduct Nett 11 022 76 11 22 22 at 12U. 6(/. «>'cwt. Carried forward 462 17 9 £462 17 9 v^ Folio of Lc[l|^r. 4 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. Accui'NT Sale— continued. 209 CIIAIKIKH. Drought forward I'lililic Hi»l(! chiirKi'g - - . Ilroktinuf, 1 ^ c.i'iit. - . - ( :i)iiiiiiit(8iiiii, 'H ^ coiit. on O'ii/. • CoiiiiiiiHHioii, i ^ cunt, on 70U/. inaurud - - - - . Nctt proceeds, due 3d of May, 1831 London, 3d of^pril, 1831. JETfl 4 1 7 ft (i It) 7 10 IS 3 10 IDI Vi 5 571 13 1 X'liTO 5 J.F. No. i.ioao. Droiiclit I'orward OroHH Wciplii. Tiiri'. Vwl.tin.lil. i'wt.tjrt. It I. 3tii'rcc8 17 1 1 2 (I 3 du. It) 3 15 2 1 15 37 10 4 1 21 Trott 1 1 Deduct 4 2 25 4 3 25 Nett 32 1 ID nl 100» I 100«. 1 i> c wt. i OrosH Wiii-lit. Tnre. Cwt. V'- /ti. C'lrt. tjri. Ihi, Overtaker 5 1 !» 3 'J Trott 1! Deduct Nett 3 20 4 1 17 3 20 at 117..,-. 1 £102 17 IM 9 4 Errors excepted. Discount, I ^ cent. Gross proceeds IfENnv lUncLAV ic. Co. 25 15 083 2 10 1 7 £070 5 i Freight is chargcil on the weight of the produce only ; not of the produce and packages together. This allowance is of old standing, and is to be traced less to the reason of the case, than to the competition prevailing among shipmasters. Journal Entries resulting from the preceding Accounts of Sale. Folin of LejRtr. June, 1831. 4 a 4 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 I 3 4 3 4 Thomas Kemble &, Co. Drs. to Sundries. To Sugar ^ Ctrts. Proceeds of 7 hhds., M. P. 1. to 7., sold by them at one mor 2d of April To Coffee *>■ yittoria. Proceeds of 20 tierces, J. F. 1. to 20., sold at one month's c April - Sugar ^P" Ceres Dr. to Sundries. To Insurance Account; for premium and policy To Freiqht Account; for freight, primage, and pierage To Customs Inward; duty and entry - - - Charges ; dock dues, 52,«. 10 ciiil. discount, on payinR witli ready money, the acconnls per contra, not due till si.x niontha hence, from — and pi'lty disbursements tliiH month, per petty caah book . . - - Ily balance, carried to next month - - . . 15 2 6 2,666 13 jf- .lames Johnson jE13 10 y^ John WiL«on - 2 2 yl^ .Simon Trazer - 11. 10 y^ John Mackenzie 18 7 t) y^ Jame.s llurradailu ^r & Co. - - n 10 j^ Moiling & Co. - 10 8 3 03 8 9 X £4,857 7 £4,857 7 These transactions, when put into the Journal form, stand thus: — Fnliddf March, 1830. CASH Dn. to SUNDRIES. Received this month. £ s. i. 6 To Ship Amelia. 3d. Freight from James Jacobs - - ... 175 3 6 To Hills Receivaole. lith. Received payment of J. Anderson, duo tliifi day £200 18th. Discounted Harrison and Co., due 9lh May - 730 10 930 iO 7 To James Railey & Co. 9th. Received their draft on Bainbridge, due 152 10 7 To William Spence & Co. 15th. Received balance of their account - - . . 970 10 8 To Debenture Account. I 15th. Drawback on tobacco by the Plovtr - - - . 15 8 3 To Profit and Loss. 18th. Received discount on sundry accounts, per cash book 63 8 9 £2,307 7 1 Folin of Ledger. SUNDRIES Dns. to CASH. Paid this month as follows : Bills Payable. 2d. Paid No. 261. 7th. Do. 269. • £145 10 D 192 15 Customs Inward. 23d. Paid duty on sugar, ^ Ceres, 79 cwt. 25 lbs. at 27*. •P'cwt. - . . . . Entry ' Simon Frazer. 18th. Paid his bill of parcels ... 26tb. Paid J. Jackson for his account Interest Account. 18th. Paid discount on Harrison & Co. James Johnson. 18th. Paid his bill of parcels ... Carried forward. 106 19 6 236 5 98 £ s. d. 338 5 107 5 334 5 6 I 10 278 15 11 1,064 12 9 The Joi Folio of LfJser. t 7 7 1 7 1 The Jourr Folio of Ledger. 2 J A 8 G. 1 Si BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. 911 rolin of HUNUUll::^) Uri. to CA»U~c, due 25th of March Si.MON Fhazer. J. Clarli'a draft on his account, due 8ih of March -May, 1830.- CASH DR. to THOMAS KEMBLG & Co. 27th. Received from them proceeds of sugar ^ Ceres Less their hrokerage 30lh. Received coffee ^ Vittnria, - Less brokerage ... 534 2 6 9 6T6 5 6 16 6 7 £ s. d. 175 10 73 15 132 10 £381 15 231 13 3 009 8 11 £901 2 2 I S\ s § C f 1; 313 nOOK-KEElMN(i AND ACCOUNTS. ♦ TliP prppodinn cntricn, few a.* thry arc roiiipari'd to tho monthly trnniinrlionH of a houMS of huHincH^, iiri' Hiilliciciit to hIiuw thi? nutiiri* of n Jciuriml an well uh of the Hulwiiliiiry liookii, (for ciwli, liillH, iiivoiccH, and acooimt Knlrs,) from which it in ooiiipoHcd. Tlif .louriuil, liciiij; u complete record of tlu; hiiMiie-'ri of the hoii.-M-, in very varied and compreherinive iti itH nature, and may Iw termed an index to every hook of roiiHeiiuenro in the eountinK-liouitc. Hut wliile in tho easli hook every pnyment or reeeipt iit entered on tho day it taken plaeo, and in ll>e hill hooks every hill U reniniered on the day it comen to hand, or in acropted, the Journal entries, \mu)i completed oidy at the end of tho month, admit of iM'ini^ronihined to n ronxiderahlc extent, mo uh to exhihit a niimher of tranHaetiomi in collective Humx. Tlum all the acceptances of the house paid in the courmi of the month Bi>|)oar in tl»o Jourtuil entry of Bills I'ayahle Dr. to Cash ; they are arraiiiieii. April 9 Dr. Dr. Dr. Mar. 3 Dn. Dr. r 1 April 2 I Dr. Aprils 3 Dr. Dn. Dr8. April 3 Dn. I .Ian. 1 Mar. 3 11 9 4 Dm. BOOK-KEFPINC. AND ACCOUNTS. .1. Ai.i.AN U. Co., KIngilnti, Joinaka. 213 Cm. Mar. « 31 11 To •nndrln* To bill* iiityabla . 1,443 10 175 in Jan. 1 3 1 nyilnck - 1,190 10 in.. HlOAIl DV TUB ClinM. C>. April a It T» «im(lri«i 934 April 2 11 llyT KiiiiiliU* 4i Co. 334 IIR. Dr. Ob. Mar. 3 To cush Dr. Da. April 3 3 To Biinilrics Or. Fnt'KIHT Al'IOlNT. Cr. Miir. April y May 3 (1 11 i:i i»y.I. Allan tin. Ilv Hiiuiir ♦► Vtrti lly i-iillVi' \j> filloria at 10 21 11 11 44 2 Inhi'Ramcc AccoiiNT. Cb. .Inn. 1 o Miir (i (1 April 2 11 May 3 13 n\ stock - lly .1. Allan A. Co. Ilv HI mar {> Crrf.i I.HHO 15 33 IN ft 10 U» 6 « Chauoem. Cn. IS 3 Miir. fi i| A|iril •> 11 1 May 3 13 lly .1. Allnn k Co. lly Hiiiiar |> Citm llyi-ollVi! |i>f'i»»rio II 17 5 13 ti 13 li 7 Profit and I.odb. Cr. Mar. ft !t By .I.Allan Sc Co. 74 5 Mar. H t Ilv ratili fi3 N April 2 11 lly HHirar t> Cere.t 7 3 1 May 3 13 ttycutYi-K ^yntnria 20 8 1 DR. Customs Inwards. Cn. April 2 4 To cash - 107 5 April 2 U By sugar ^ Ceres 107 5 Coffee per Vittoria. Cn. (170 5 April 3 11 By T. Kenililo & Co. f)70 5 Dr. Morris Pittman, Trin (lad. Cr. Jan. I April 2 2 11 lly stock - By snjiar {> Ceres l,.37n ft ; 81 II 3 James Forbes, Di'inararn. Cr. .Ian. 1 May 3 2 I Hy slock - 13 By coffee ^(^rifre, as too often happens in the lesser mercantile establishments, the book-keeper is charged with a share of the active management. Exemp- tion from interruption, and removal from the bustle of current business, are main requisites to accuracy and despatch in accounts. In examining, or, as it is called, collating the books, the book-keeper requires not only a retired apartment, but the assistance of a clerk for the purpose of calling them over. A similar arrangement for another puriwsc — we mean for composing the Journal, the book-keeper dictating from the subsidiary books to a clerk whose writing forms the draught or rough copy of the Journal, has as yet been seldom adopted; although, when properly applied, it is highly conducive both to accuracy and expedition. A Ledger must, of course, have an index ; but it is very brief, containing merely the titles of the accounts and a reference to the page, as follows : — Allan & Co., James - Amelia, ship - Fclio Bailey & Co., James Hills payalile Folio 7 6 The Subsidiary Books. — In former times, when business in this country was conducted by most jiersons on a very limited scale, the accounts of a number of merchants, or rather of those dealers whom we should now think it a comj)liment to call merchants, were often kept on a plan somewhat like that at present followed by our shopkeepers. The merchant or his chief clerk kept a daily record of transactions, whether sales, purchases, receipts, or pay- ments, in a diary, which was called a Waste-book, from the rude manner in which the entries or rather notices in it were written, being inserted, one by one, soon after the trans- actions in question took place. From this diary the Journal and Ledger were posted ; and book-keeping by double entry being in those days understood by few, one person frequently kept the books of several merchants, passing one or two days in the wcRk at the house of each, and reducing these rough materials into the form of regular entries. In process of time, as transactions multiplied and mercantile business took a wider range, separate books were more generally required for particular departments, such as a bill book for all bills of exchange, and a cash book for all ready money transactions. This had long been the case in the large mercantile towns of Italy and Holland ; and above a century ago it became a general practice in London and Bristol, which were then the only places of extensive busi- ness in England. But in English, as in foreign counting-houses, the bill book and even the cash book were long considered as little more than memoranda of details ; not as books of authority, or as fit documents for Jpurnal entries: for that purpose the diary only was used. In time, however, the mode of keeping these subsidiary books improved, and merchants became aware that, when cash or bill transactions were properly entered in them, the Jour- nal might be posted from them as well as from the diary. Similar observations are applicable to the other subsidiary books, viz. an invoice book for goods shipped, and an account of sales book for goods received and sold. When from the gradual improvement in the management of counting-houses these books were kept in a manner to supply all that was wanted for Journal entries, the use of the diary was dispensed with for such entries also. And at last it was found, that in all well-regulated counting- houses the books kept for separate departments of the business were suflicient for the com- position of the Journal, with the exception of a few transactions out of the regular course, which might be easily noticed in a supplementary book called a Petty Journal, or a book for occasional entries. The consequence was, that the diary or waste book, formerly the ground- work of the Journal and Ledger, became excluded from every well-regulated counting-house. This has long been the case, and the name of waste hook would have been forgotten, were it not found in the printed treatises on book-keeping which have appeared from time to time, and have been generally composed by teachers in schools or academics, who, unacquainted with the actual practice of merchants, were content to copy and reprint what they found laid down in old systems of book-keeping. The subsidiary books required in a counting-house are, the Cash book ; Book of Acceptances of the house, or Bills Payable ; Book of Bills Receivable, or bills on other mrtrchanls which are or have been in possession of the house. Bought book, or book for bills of parcels ; Invoice book, or register of goods sold or exported ; Account of Sales book ; Insurance Policy book, containing copies of all policies of insurance ; Petty Journal, or book for such occasional entries as do not belong to any of the preceding. BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. 217 ook for om the pt in a pensed unting- e coin- course, ook for round- -house. were o time, aimed found Isession Such arc the authorities from which it is now customary, in every well-regulated house, to compose the Journal, Their numlicr indicates a repartition or subdivision, to a consider- able extent, of counting-house work, and nowhere is such repartition productive of greater advantiigo. How much belter is it to enter all bills receivable in one book, all bills i)ayabl(i in another, and all cash transactions in a third, than in any way to blend these very distinct entries ! The ellect of this subdivision is to simplify the Journal entries in a maimer highly conducive to accuracy and despatch ; and to pres;'nt such means of checking or examining th';m, that many transactions may be stated, ai.l an account extended over a number of folios, without a single error. The use of most of the subsidiary books is sufficiently pointed out by their names ; but if. may be well to add a few remarks on the " Bought book," or receptacle for the accounts of goods purchased. A bill of parcels is the name given to the account of goods supplied by a manufacturer, tradesman, or dealer, to a merchant. Such accounts soon become numerous, and it is evidently of consequence to adopt the best method of keeping them. In former times it was the practice to fold them up in a uniform size, and after writing on the back the names of the respective furnishers, to put them away in bundles. But wherever the pur- chases of a merchant are extensive, and the bills of parcels numerous, the better mode, after arranging them alphabetically, is to paste them in a large book, generally a folio, made of blue or sugar-loaf paper: this book to have its pages numbered, and to have an alphabetical index. Any single bill of parcels may thus be referred to with the same ease as we turn to an account in a ledger ; ami one of tiiesc Iblios may be made to hold a very great quantity of bills of parcels ; as many as would form a number of large bundles when tied up on the plan of former times. Book of Hills Pai/able. — The notice, or, as it is termed, advice of bills payable after sight, generally comes to hand before the bills themselves. As the time of the arrival of the latter is uncertain, the better plan is not to enter them from the advice among the othi^' bills pay- able, but to appropriate a space of ten or twelve pages at the beginning or end of the hook of bills payable, and to insert there the substance of the advice receiveil. There are a few books in every counting-house which do not form part of the vouchers or materials for the Journal; viz., the .\ccount Current book, containing dujdicates of the accounts furnished by the house to their difforent correspoiulcnts and connections ; The Letter-book, containing copies of all letters written to the correspondents or connec- tions of the house ; The Petty Cash book, or account of petty disbursements, the sum of which is entered once a month in the cash book. The Order book, containing copies of all orders received ; The Debenture book, or register of drawbacks payable by the custom-house. It was formerly a practice in some h ises for the book-keeper to go over the letter book at the end of each month, that he might take note of any entries not sup[)lied by the subsi- diary books. This, however, is now unnecessary ; these books, when carefully kept, con- taining, in one shape or other, every transaction of the house. The Principle of Double Entry. — From these explanations of the practice of book-keep- ing, we must call the attention of our readers to a topic of more intricacy — the origin of the present system, and the manner in which it was adopted. To record the transactions of a merchant in a Journal or day book was an obvious arrangement, and to keep a Ledger or systematic register of the contents of the Journal was a natural result of his busi- ness, particularly when conducted on credit. Such, in a rude form, are the books of our shopkeepers, who enter their sales and purchases in a day book, and in their Ledger carry the former to the Dr. of their customers, the latter to the Or. of the wholesale dealers who supply them with goods. By making at the end of the year a list of the sums due to him by his customers, and of those due by him to wholesale dealers, a shopkeeper may, after adding to the former the value of his stock on hand, make out an approximative statement of his debts and assets. Now, that which in this manner is done indirectly and imperfectly, it is the object of double entry to do with method and certainty. The shopkeeper makes out a list of debtors on one side and to creditors on the other, but he cannot make them balance, because his entries have been single; t! > it is, they have had no counterpart. On making a purchase of cottons from Messrs. Peel of Manchester, or of woollens from Messrs. Gott of Leeds, he merely enters the amount of their credit, but he makes no one Dr. to them, because the goods are not sold ; and to introduce an imaginary account would be too great a relinement for a plain, practical man. But a person accustomed to double entry would, without any effort of thought, make " Printed Calicoes" Dr. to Messrs. Peel, and " Ker- seymeres" Dr. to Messrs. Gott, for the respective amounts ; after which, as the sales proceeded, he would make the buyers Drs. to these accounts for the amount of their purchases. We thus perceive that the intricacy in the application of double entry was not with the personal so much as with the nominal accounts. Let us refer to the coimtry where book- Vol. L— T 28 I, 218 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. •f, i r keeping was first Ktuilicd, and take an an cxamiile the case of Doria, a merchant in Genoa, shipiiinpf, iu a former aa;e, silk, of the value of 200/., boufiht from Flori, in Piedmont, to Henderson «& Co., silk manufacturers, in Enp;land, on the terms of charging, not an addi- tional price, but a commission of 5 per cent, with interest until reimbursed his advance. In entering the transaction, Doria's book-keci)er would, as a matter of course, make Hcncicrsons debtors to Flori 200/. for the cost of the silk ; but he might not so readily find a creditor for the 10/. commission, or tlie 7/. interest eventually due on tiie advance. The custom in this primitive era of imok-keeping proiiably was, to introduce the firm of the house into their books, making Hendersons debtors to Uoria, for tlie 10/, and 77.; but as the practice of book- kee)iing improved, it was found prelcrablc to avoid inserting, on any occasion, the firm of the house, and to substitute nomiiiul accounts, such as, commission, interest, bills payable, bills receivable. These, attention and practice rendered in time familiar to the book-keeper, who learned to open his Journal at the beginning of a year by making the parties who owed balances to the house debtors, not to the firm by name, Init to Stock ; and those to whom the house was indebted, creditors !)y Wtock. As the transactions of the year proceeded, he made those to whom money was paid delitors, not to the firm of the hou;-;e, but to Cash ; and those for whose account bills were accei)ted debtors to Bills payable; so that book- kee|)ing by double entry assumed its jiresent form gradually and almost im[)erceptibly. What are the advantages of this method compared to that of single entry ? First, it sup- plies a test of accuracy, inasmuch as, the entries on the debtor sii'.e of the Ledger being equal to those on the creditor side, their resjiective totals ought, as a matter of course, to balance. After going through this proof, personal accounts of whatevi'r length may be settled with confidence; while ui a general account, such as kerseymeri's or jjrinted calicoes, the value sold and the value remaining on hand may be ascertained by merely balancing the account in the Ledger, without the repeated refrrenccs to the sales book that would otherwise he required. Without double entry, a dealer could hardly estimate his property unless he took stock ; but with it an extraction of tlie Ledger balances fulfils that object, and stock-taking, however proper as a test of the honesty of servants, beeomos (juite unnecessary as a means of calculation. In short, in regard to any person in trade, whether merchant, dealer, or manufacturer, double entry forms the connecting link of his accounts, and all'ords a ready solution of any iii(}uiry as to the appropriation, increase, or diminution of his capital. 'J'his advantage may forUinatcly l>e obtained without any great sacrifice of time or labvuir. Of tlie books of dealers, manufaclunrs, and retailers, nine parts in ten may continue to be kejjt by single entry ; for the addition of a few pages of doulile entry in the form of a sum- mary, at tlie end of the montli or (juarter, will be sulficient to exhibit the result of a great extent of transactions. Nominal Accouiiis. — Of these our limits permit us to notice only two ; Profit and Loss, and Merchandise. The former contains on the creditor side all the entries of commissions earned, and gains obtained on particular adventures; while the debtor side exhibits the losses incurred, whether by bad debts or by unsuccessful purchases. Every house keeping regular books must have a [jrolit and loss account, but a merchandise account is altogether optional. Those who have such a head in their Ledger are accustomed to maU(^ it Dr. to the dealers or furnishers from whom they make purchases, and to credit it in return i)y the correspondents or connections to whom they make sales. In many houses, however, there is no such intermediate account ; the parties to whom the goods are sent being made Drs. at once to the furnishers of the goods, as in the case of the shipment to Jamaica stated in our preceding pages. A merchant, before estimating his profits, ought to charge interest on each head of investment. His clear profit cannot be ascertained without it ; and the practice of charg- ing it, is a lesson to him to hold no property that does not allbrd, at least, interest on his advances. Mercantile books and accounts must be kept in the money of the country in which the jiartncrs reside. A house in Rotterdam composed of English partners necessarily kcei) their accounts in Dutch money, although their transactions may l)o chielly with England. Fur- ther, hooks, it is obvious, can be kept in only one kind of money ; and when a merchant in England, receives from a distant country, accounts which cannot at the time be entered in sterling for want of a fixed exchange, these accounts should be notcil in a separate book, until, the exchange being ascertained, they can bo entered in the Journal in sterling. A book-keeper will do well to avoid all such puzzling distinctions, as "J. Johnson, my account with him ;" and " J. Johnson, his account proper ;" on the plain ground that every account in the Ledger ought to be the general account of the person whose name it bears. Errors excepted. — This expression is merely a proviso, that if any mistakes be discovered in the account in question, they shall be open to correction. Accounts Current. — An account current generally contains all the transactions of the house with one of its correspondents during a given time, generally six or twelve months. The following is an example : — 4 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. 219 dead of If charg- OH his Ihich the Tcp their Fur. chant in ttcred in book, Ison, my lat every Ihears. ^covered b of the Imonths. Messrs. James Allan &. Co., Jamaica, in Account Current witli IIeniiy HAnoLAV &. Co., London. 1831. June 30 July 2 July 9 Oct. 10 Dec. 31 Drs. To balance of last iicconnt To ydur draft to J. Stnitli.duo A\ig.l3. To invoire of gncids 1* Amelia, dui' Oct. 0. Toiasli paid J. Har- vey on your ac- coiint To insurance on pio- duie shipped Ipy vou in the Jinn. Nokes, £1.100, at 2guineas per cent. £20 H Policy 3 10 Poslnpe and petty rharues during this half year - To conimission, J {> rent, on £203 paid, Do. on £2()0 re ccived on your ac count To balance of inte- rest this half year, 1,270 divided by 73, is - - ■ £ s. d. 867 10 128 752 75 10 32 18 I 15 4 6 17 9 7 1,879 8 Ibvj to 31 Interest. 181 110 83 82 1,505 179 624 62 1831. Aug. 10 Sept. 15 Sept. 20 Dec. 31 2,160 Crs. Ily proceeds of 21) tierces coU'ee i? f.iiuisa, due Sept. 10. Hy y(mr re- mittanciHin J. Austin, due Oct. 10. Hy proceeils of 17 lihds sugar. ■IP J/crciitcs, due Oct. 15. Ily rasli re- ceived from J. Johnson on your ac- count Balance of in- terest car- ried to Dr. Balanceof ac- count car- ri(Hl toyour Dr. in new account Ihv5 I lii;)l IiiterCTt, 1)1 410 350 238 260 112 82 77 lOU 459 287 173 265 1,276 621 1,879 8 2,460 Lontliui, 31st of December, 1 '31. Errors i .wepted. IlENnv Bauclay & Co. Wo ha\e here on the Dr. side all the payments made or responsibilities incurred for the correspondents in question, and on the Cr. siile the dilVercnt receipts on their account. The interest for the half year, the commission on rcceii)ts and paynients, the postage and petty charges, being then added, the account may be closed and the balance carried to next year. Coi)ies of accounts current ought to be sent off as soon as jiossibic after the day to which they are brought down ; and with that view they ought to be written out from the Ledger before the close of the year or half year, particularly as the entries for interest ami commis- sion can be made only after they are written out. The whole ought then to be copied into the account current book. But in some counting-houses the account curitnt book, instead of being copied from the Ledger and .Tournal, is posted, like the latter, from the bill book, the cash book, the invoice book, and the account of sales book. It is then considered a check on the Journal and Ledger; and from the comparative case with which it is posted, may be completed and made use of before the latter are fully brought up, This is certainly an advantage m houses where, from pressure on the book-keeper, the .lournal and Ledger are in arrear, but such ought never to be the case for any length of time ; while as to the former point — that of forming a check on the Journal and Ledger — the fact is, that these books, from the mode in which they are kept, are much more likely to be correct than the account current book. Vrintcd Works on Book-keeping. — To the publications of old date by teachers have suc- ceeded, in the present age, several treatises on book-keeping by accountants. Some of these are of very limited use, being directed more to recommend a favourite practice of the author in some particular branch of book-keeping, than to convey a comjirehensivc view of the system. The only works on the subject entitled to that character are two : one by the lato 1-i'njamin Booth, published above thirty years ago ; the other by !\Ir. Jones, an accountant in London, printed so lately as the year 1831. Booth was a man of ability, who had expe- rience both as a merchant and a book-keeper, having passed one part of his life in London, the other in New York. The reader of his work finds a great deal of information in short compass, without being perplexed either by superfluous detail or by fanciful theory." The form of Mr. Booth's Journal and Ledger is similar to what we have given in the preceding pages, and to the practice of our merchants for more than a century : it was by ♦ The title of the book is " A Complete System of Itook-keeping, by Ilenjaniin Ilootli." London, 1799, thin4to. Printed for Grosvenor and Chatcr, and for the late J. Johnson. St. Paul's Cliurch- yard. Mr. Jones's book is entitled "The Science of Book-keeping exemplified." 4to. London, 1831. 4{.4s. % 220 BOOTS— BORDEAUX. !'■' 4- f 3 much the best work on book-kcppinir, until Mr, Jones dcvisod several improvements cnleu- lated to lessen the risk of error in both Journal anil Ledger. One of these improvements is the use of two columns for figures in each jiage of the Journal, one for the Urs,, tli( other fortheCrs. : by inserting each sum twice, the book-keeper obtains the means of proving tlic Journal additions page by page, Tiie posting from the Journal to the Ledger is also simplified and rendered Icha subject to error by the use of these columns. In regard to the great task of balancing the Ledger, Mr, Jones's jdan is to do it quarter by ([uarter, making use of a separate book, called a balance hook, in which are inserted the totals on each side of the Ledger accounts at the end of three months. By these mean.-i, the agreement of the general balance is made a matter of certainty after completing the additions. Other parts of Mr. Jones's hook, viz. \\\» farmulx for books on the single entry plan, and for the accounts of bankers, contain suggestions of evident utility. His volume consists of two parts : the printed part (120 pp.) containing the treatise, with directions; and the lithographed part (140 pp.) giving copious examples in two sets of books, one kept by single, the other by double entry. If, on a reimpression, the author were to divide the work, anil to sell the sin- gle entry part sej)arately from the double entry, the price of each might be moderate, and a great service would be rendered to the mercantile public, BOOTS AND SHOES, the external covering for the legs and feet, too well known to require any description, — (For an account of the value of the '.)oots and shoes annually pro- duced in Great Britain see Leathkii,) BOKAX, oil TINCAL (Arab, Buruk ; Pers. Tiinhir), one of the salts of soda. This salt is obtained in a crys'tallised state from the bottom of certain lakes in Thibet, It is found dissolved hi many springs in Persia, and may be procured of a superior quality in China, It is also said to be found in Saxony and South America ; but it is more abundant in Thibet than any where else. When dug up it is in an impure state, being enveloped in a kind of fatty matter, Itistiien denominated tincal ; and it is not till it has been purified in Europe tlmt it takes the name of borax. The process followed in its purification was for a long time known only to the Venetians and Hollanders, Borax is white, transparent, rather greasy in its fracture, its taste is styptic, and it converts syrup of violets to a green. It rea- dily dissolves in hot water, and swells and bubbles in the fire. It is of great use as a flux for metals. — {T/io)ii son's Chemistry, Ure's Dictionary, ^c.) The Imrnx entered for homo cnnsuinplion [iincmiited, nt an averacn of the 3 yrnrs endine witti IMl, to 151,,'ji;'.) Ills. ;i year ; lh(! total iiiipoils diirinir the ;t years eiidhiE with X^yi havin); lieeii 1T(),3!)2 Ihs, a year. I'revi.m.sly to IbSi, it was subject, refined, toa duty "I" Sfo., and iniretined, to a duly of 28.v. a cwt. In 1>S2. however, thesis (hities were re(hired, the fiiriner to lO.v., and the hitter to As. a cwt. Their prodnee in tlmt year amounted to b>il. lbs. hi. Borax is wortli, in bond, unrefined, 3^. 15s. to il.; reliiied, 1/. Id.v. to 51. a c« t. BORDEAUX, a large and opulent commercial city of France, situated on the Oaronne, about 75 miles from its mouth, in lat, 44° 50i' N„ long, 0° .34'' W. Population 110,000. The commerce of Bordeaux is very extensive. The Garonne is a noble river, with depth of water sufiicient to enable large ships to come up to the city, laying open, in conjunction with the Dordogne and their tributary .streams, a large extent of country. The commerce of Bordeaux is greatly promoted by the famous canal of Languedoc, which communicates with the Mediterranean. By its means Bordeaux is enabled to furnish the south of France with colonial products at nearly as cheap a rate as Marseilles. Wines, brandies, and fruits are the staple articles of export ; but the merchants apply themselves more particularly to the wine trade. Most part of their other business is confined to dealing upon commission ; Imt tliis they conduct almost invariably on their own account. The reason they assign for this is, that the difficulties attending the purchase, racking, fining, and jiroper care of wines, so as to render them fit for exportation, are so very great, as to make it almost impossible to conduct the business on any thing like the ordinary terms so as to satisfy thejr employers. Colonial products, cotton, &c. form the principal articles of importation. Money is the same at Bordeaux as in other parts of France. All accounts are kept in francs, the par of exchange beiiis; 25 fr. 20 cent, the pound sterling.— (iSee Exchange.) IVeirrhts and Mea.^vres. — With the e.\ceplion of wines and hrandicis, the new or decimal system is of general application in Bordeaux, both in wholesale and retail operations.— (See Weights and Mea- sures.) Wine is still sold by the tun of 4 hogsheads. The hogshead contains 30 veltes. Brandy by the 50 veltes. Spirits of wine by the velte. The rielte is an old measure of wliicli 50 are equal to 3-8 hectolitres. Oil is sold by weight (per 50 kilog.) 50 — 81 J imperial gallons. Entrance to the fliMr.— This lies between Point de laCoiibrcon the north, and Point deOrave on the south, hearing from each other nearly S. E. and N. W., distant about 4 leagues. There are lights on both these points, but neither of them is elevated to any great height above the level of the sea. The middle part of the entrance to the river is enciiiiibered with extensive sand banks and rocks. On one of the latter, in lat. 45° 35^' N., long. 1° 10' W., stands the Tour de Cordouan, one of the most celebrated light-houses in Europe. It was erected in 1010; but bus been materially improved since. It is 206 feet high. The light, which is revolving, exhibits in succession a brilliant light, a feeble lislit, and an eclipse, the changes following each other every half minute. It may be distinguished at the distance of 8 or 9 leagues. The point de la C'oubre is 2^ leagues N. k W., and the Point de (irave U league ti, E. by E. i E., from the Tour de Cordouan. Tliere are two main channels for entering the river,— t river ant shallows sagi' lies direction llll^ OlIlIT and flood making tl 15 fein, ai sels, exce Ibe fiaror not iinfrei venture fi the Bay oj Shippiu: — (.^(hnini.t of the 114 1 arrivals fn Tlie entire Port Charg Bordeaii.x Bordeaux Europe. Report .intl jiil teet w.iter (I; L.azarelto clues .Moving vesae] filtering ves!«!l Advertisements Tnnn.iffemr,nc\ Visitin? officers, Maiiife.st atul fr RilList t.iken \i CiiDsiil'a bill. filotige from F IJrolter'sconinjI III ballast, ;' Ln-ided per l.oade(l iti f . JV. J?.— No tioa or expor Ilritish ves Europe, othe foreign colun fi'tports. — 1 1827 and 182S reports, no of Sugar - Coffee - Cocoa - Punento Pepper Cinnamon Cloves - P"- bruised Vanilla Itidigo BORDEAUX. 221 ( ' tlie par 3 on the ji'lits nn . Tim s. On le iiinst since. C! lililit. 1 at the riive U iring the r|vei-,_thR Pnssn du Nnnl, and tliii Pnssn dn firnvc. Tin' fdrinor Won Iiotwnnn tlio north sidn of ilip rivtr and tlm lianks in tlii^ middle, alioiil U niili' .•o a consideralih- iiicri^aso in the arrivals from the north. The entire produce of the customs duties at Hordeau.x in 1831, was 10,'115,CH2 francs. Port Charges.— \ccawDi of Port Charges, Urokerage, and other public Uislmrsements, payable in nordeau.t on account of a French or English Vessel of 300 Tons Itiirden, from a Port of England to Uordeau.v, or from Bordeaux to a Port of England, or from or to any other British Possession in Europe. Ships. Tons. 103 24,T22 110 27,22(i 2.34 9,11)5 2,341 108,370 114 10,453 a,'j3S 185,036 Nature of Cbargn. On a Fr. or Brit. Vessel. Oni Foreign Vessel. In French Money. In Sterling Money. In French Mdoey. III Sterling Money. Report anJ pilotn^ from .wa to Bordeaux, for a vcmoI drawinj 14 French leet water (13 ft. 3-9 in. Brilisli) Lazaretto ilues ......... Movin? vessel up and mooring her . - . - - - Eiilering vessel .it Custom4lou3e, and brokerage inwards Advertisements for freiKht and passengers 6 fr. (4f. lOd.) to each newspaper Tonnaj(e money and navipilion dues on 300 tons . . . - Visiting officeni, clearances, tiarbouMUaster, i:c .... Manifest and freight list ... .... BalList taken in and nut, Ifr. 25 c. per ton (IJ.) . .... Consul's bill. I'snal fees (English vessels), 17 fr. 25 c. (13j.) - Pilolige from Bonleaux to sea . Broker's commission outwards, care and attendance for expediting the vessel In ballast, 50 c. per ton (5d.), say 120 fr. at most (4/. 16j.) J Ix»aiied per charterer on owner's account, I fr. (lOd.) per ton > average Loaded in freight, 1 fr. 50 c. (1», 3d.) per ton - ■ ) Fr. c. 21!! 93 01 10 too 493 14 7> 15 220 300 L. I. d. 8 15 2 2 18 in 8 4 19 16 II 10 12 8 16 12 Fr. c. 247 50 til 10 100 1,239 14 75 13 245 34 300 L. : d. 9 19 2 18 10 8 4 49 11 2 11 10 12 9 16 3 12 1,-lW 66 1 57 7 10 i 2,232 ,59 ' !*9 6 1 | JV. J?.— No regard paid to the nature of the cargo, as all goods arc importable either for consump- tion or exportation, which does not expose vessels to pay more or less charges. British vessels are on a perfect equality with French vessels when they come from British ports in Europe, otherwise they pay pilotage and tonnage dues like all other foreign vessels, us stated in the foreign column. //.•i7ior(«.— The following is a note of the leading articles imported, by the ships not of Europe, in 1827 and 1S2S, since which they have not materially varied. They arc taken from the ship brokers' reports, no offlcial account being published by the Customs. Sugar - Coffee Cocoa - Pimento Pepper Cinnamon Cloves - Do. hruiseil Vanilla Indigo 1827. 1828. 16,094 22,748 5,073 4,783 312 346 1,540 1,603 5,717 39,317 2,273 1,949 4,800 3,490 736 663 38,661 27,540{ 130 51 1,202 525 34,4?.- 12i>29 1,096 ?42 25,4b'8 21,698 149 0; 2,635 2,374; 543 323 2,997 227 614 434 52 45 4,144 5,693 hogsheads boxes tierces casks sacks hogsheads casks tierces sacks or bales hogsheads casks sacks bales do., sacks, andpackages cases and serons bundles 3 to 5 lbs. casks bales do. chests do. 1827. 1828. Indigo 1,143 1,568 serons Lac dye 210 chests Canipeachy and") r parcels, other dye > 118 152< quantities woods - > (.unknown Cochineal 1,243 2,926 serons Annotto 680 6G6 casks Gums (different" kinds) ' : 9,423 IK iKi/do., bales 15.151 land sacks Quercitron - 340 116 casks Quino 4,793 250 serons Bablap 512 208 bales .Talap - 252 717 serons Sarsaparilla - 290 230 do. and bales Saltpetre 9,467 8,713 sacks Saffron 110 bales Tea - 670 99 chests Rice - 2,520 4,306 casks White and ycl-> low wax 5 460 fiSoj '^^' ^^"^^^ Curcuma 1,130 2,034 sacks Ivory 28 70 teeth, &c. Mother of pearl 602 canisters Cotton 9,429 7 Qgg Clmles and (.serons ti I A 1 222 BORDEAUX. I- 'I <. ,1 1M7. 1S28, 1827. 1S2.''. Raw silk 40 ,, V nascg anil "» biil.-H < 'It'll rs lOli fiH5 boxes J* u «T m 1 IV " KatlniiH . 1.(104 10,370 nackets bottles Wool, ('aahmRrb lialvH (jiilckHilvrr . 'i:,:i'j 1,0'.M) Do. Prrii - Tiifiii (iiiiw rum) 3 1,031 010 do. ■KiO [iinirhoons Tin. I'nru nnd ) llanca i 9,759 804 bars (iiiiiit'a blue \ cintli . ( 122 -lOO Imlcs Lead ('opppr - 4,400 11,583 3,210 palonors do. or bars Aiiiurlcan hides 47,llfi 15,738 Bingle Plaliiui - 5 10 larkages 109 bales (iold - . 735 20 IIKots Ox horns 10,000 21,700 8,2,'iO 2,517 doubloons rhini-hilla 210 dozens Silver . 105 51 t'lll'StS Ruw Hieing 55 80 bales > 36 40 ink'ols Tobacco 4,504 "•"••' i and bal.H 98 ll| boxcH or Harks Ci);nr8 170,000 80.000 1,550,500 .1,781,231 dollars In addition to the artlfles aliovo Hprrificd, there were also received for re-exportation considerable qiiaiitifirs of bar iron, utensilM, and tools from Enclanil, Hpnin, and Swrden ; zinc from (I'lTmany ; and linens from Enplaiid, Holland, and (Jcrniany : for coiisiimptinn. lead, tin plates, coal (as ballast), arsenic, litbarpe, iiiiniiini,&c. from Knislaiid ; lead, steel, olive oil, liiinorice, paste, sad'rmi, and sai- frariim ficiii Spain ; steel from Germany ; olive oil from Italy; lish, (.due, and tallow from Uussia ; timber from llaltic ports; cheese, stock-lish, &c. from Midland. Kj-/(/o7.<.— It is impossible to procure even approximate information recardiriE the qunnlilies of the several articles of expurtation. No reports are piiblisliud by the (.'iistoms, nor do they allow extracts of till! entries outwards to bo taken. The fidiDwiiij; i.s a list of the species of articles exported from Hordcaiix to the different parts of the world :— To Mirliiiique and Onailalonpe.—Vrovis'wna, flour, wine, brandy, and a sniall quantity of manufac- tured cood.'j. , Til Biiiirbiin.—W'iiwn, provisions, cattle, fiirnitiire, coarse and fine hardwares, perfumery, silk, cot- ton aiid linen stntVs, stationery, fiisliionalile arlicles. &;c. Til Hie United Slates, — Wines, brandy, almonds, prunes, verdigris, and a trifling quantity of manu- factured sinods. To SjKiiiiDh America, Cuba, ^-c. — Wines, brandy, silks, cloths, stationery, fashions, jewellery, per- fumery, saddlery, &c. Til the ifinith Scan. — Wines, brandy, liqueurs, and all sorts of manufactured articles. Til the Fast Itidies and China. — Wines, brandy, furniture, silver, &c. Til F.nirUiiid. — Wines, brandy, liqueurs, fruits, tartar, cream of tartar, plums, rhesnuts, walnuts, loaf-susjar to Guernsey aiul .lersey, clover seed, aniiotto, torn, flour, skins raw and dressed, cork wood and corks, vinegar, turpentine, resins. &c. To the .Yiirih of Europe. — Wines, brandy, spirits of wine, tartar, cream of tartar, colonial produce, loaf-sugar, molasses, &c. Wine— This forms the great article of export from Bordeaux. The estimated produce of the de- partment of the (Jironde in wines of all kinds, and one year with another, is from 220,000 to 250,000 tuns ; the disposal of which is, approximately, as follows : — Consumed in the department Expedited to tlie dill'erent parts of France ('oiiverted into lirandy Exported to foreign countries The exports to foreign countries a'e as follow : — To Encland Holland The north of Europe America and India about .'lO.OOO tuns. 125,01)0 — 25,000 — 50,000 — 200,000 tuns. 1,500 to 2,000 tuns. 12,000 - 15,000 — 27,000 - 34,000 — 1,000 - 1,200 — 41,500 to 52,000 tuns. The red wines are divided into three great classes, each of which is subdivided into several sorts. Class 1. embraces the Medoc wines, 2. — Grave, and St. Emilion, 3. — common, or cargo wines. The./ir.st c/fl.9s is composed of the "grands cms." the "cms bourgeois," and the "crusordinaircs." The "grands cms" are further distinttuislied as Jimts, seconds and thirds. TUe firsts are the wines of Chateau Margaiix, l.atitte, I.atour. and Ilaut-Ilrion. The latter is pro- perly a Grave wine, but it is always classed amongst the first Medocs. The seconds are tlie wines of Rau/.an, Leoville, I.arose, iMouton,(Jerse, &c. The thirds, wines which are produced by the vineyards touching those above named, ond which differ little In quality from them. The quantity of "grands crus" wine of the above description does not exceed 3,000 tuns, and sells at from l,t)00 fr. to 3,500 fr. per tun on the lees. The "crus boureeois" consists of tlie superior Margaux, St. .Tulien, Panillac, St. Estaplic, tc. : quantity estimated about 2,000 tuns, and prices on tlie lees 800 fr. to 1,800 fr. per tun. The '"'cms ordinaires," sell at 300 fr. to700fr. according to tlie year and the quality. Quantity. 25,000 to 35.000 tuns. The whole produce of Medoc is therefore about 40,000 tuns. The "jtrands cms" and "crus bourgeois" require 4 years' care and preparation, before delivery for use or for exportation ; and this augments their price from 30 to 35 per cent. The second cla.*s is composed of the red wines of ^rane and St. Emilion, which are in greater quan- tity, and amongst them some of a very superior quality, that are generally bought for mixing with Medoc. The first qiialitv of these wines sells from 800 fr. to 1,800 fr per tun. The second qualities— Uneyries, Montferrand, Hassans, Ate— .300 fr. to (iOO fr. The third class consists of the common or cargo wines, the greater part of which is consumed in the country, or converted into brandy. The portion exported is sent off the year of its growth. Prices from 100 fr. to 250 fr. per tun. The white wines of the first "crus," such as Ilaut-Rarsac, Preignac, Heatimes, Sauterne, &c., are only fit for use at the end of 4 or years, and for exportation at the end of I or 2 years more. Prices on the lees vary from 800 fr. to 1,500 fr. per tun. The " grand crus," of white Grave St. Dries, Carbonieux, Dulamon, tec, sell, in good years, from 500 ft. to bOO fr. BORDEAUX. 223 naires." is pro- Id which Ind sells lie, &.C. : limntity. Ivery for tr quaii- |iiR with ttlities— linifirt in IgrowUi. I&c, are Prices InfcrlnrwhitnwInrH 130 fr. to inner, por tun. ^ , ,. , ,. , . ,., Thf <'.xpcnHrrt of nil kiniU to the winc-Krowcr of Mi'dnr, for ilin ciiltivntinn, (rnthBring, nnd mnking hi» wine, and lliis rusk, nri; fstiiimtiid to iiiiioiiiit, in tho inogt favouraldo yeiirg, to iO Ir. per hogHliend, or 2(10 IV. per tun. „ . . , , . , » Tlionicri hnnts in eoncrnl piirclmso up tin? tiucst min an nnnn an HUincicnlly ndvanrod to judRO nf their rliarartcr; or uiori' lri'i|ucnllv tlii'\' arc iMHjelit up lor a itrrivn of years, whctlirr food or had. Thi-y are transported to llielr rcllar'f or " cliavM," in Ilorileauv, ho Hll\uiti'il anil protected liy surrcuind- ing houseM, UB to preserve a tolerable eipialile leniperature llirouRliont the year; and in theni^ Ihey ripen, and undergo all the dillerenl priiiesises cjf llnine, rarking, inixiiiR, &c. eouKidered necessary to adapt them lo the ditlerent lanes of the l'orei<;n rorisiinierx. „..,.,. „ . - It Ih prellv ceaerally the prarlice to adapt the wines lor the I'.ngliHh market by a plentiful dose of the Htrong, liili-hodiecl. and high Mavoured wines o( the Uinuie; such as llerinilaue, f.V.te Rotie, and Croze— especially the lir.'fl. hv whirh means iliev are harilly cognisahle liy llie Medoc tlavoiir. I'cr- hnps the principal reason for'ki'epiuK these wines so long l.efore Ihey are used, is to givi! them time to acciuire a honiogeiipous tlavour, destroyed hy llie iiii.Mure of several dlllerent qualities. I'he wines shippoil under the titles of CliUleaii Miirgaiix, l.alhle. and I.aloiir, are also mi.xed with the .vines o| the surrounding vineyards, which, fnmi the naliire of the soil, and provinuly, rannol he greatly dil- ferent. Other good wines are also saiil to enter largely into the ciMnposilKui id these celebrated mis ; and those of a superior year are emploved to tiring up the nuality of one or two bad years, so that it is easy to conceive, that the famous wines of Irtll and of the years IHIS, ISIO, and ISa.'j, are not speedily exhausted. Home houses pretend to keep lUeir wines pure; hut the practice of mixing is, at any rate, very general. The purchase of llin wines, whether from the grower or merchant, is always efTected through a broker. There are a few of lliein who liave aciiuired ,i repiilatioii for accuracy in dissecting the dif- ferent flavours, and in tracing the rcsiills of the wines hy certain measures of training, or treal- ment. England takes off nearly half the highest priced wines, and very little of any other qiiality. Except in Hordeaux itself, there is but a very moderale portion of the superior Medoc consumed in France. The capital even demands only second, third, and fourth rate wines. The Dutch, who are large consumers of Hordeaux wine, go more economically to work. They send vessels to the river in the wine season, with skilliil supercargoes, who go amongst the growers, and purchase the wines themselves, cheaper even than a broker would do. They live on board tho ship, take their own time to select, and wait often for months before their cargo is conipleled ; but they attain their object, getting a supply of good smiiid wine, and at as low a rate, with all charges of shipping included, as the wine merchants can deliver it into their stores in Hordeaux. They never purihasc old wine ; they take only that newly made, which, being without the support of stronger bodied wines, iiii.st be consiiiiied in the course of 2 or 3 years. They follow the same system at Uay- oniie, where 2 or '.i ships go annually for the white wines of .Iiirancon, &e. Tlie cargo wines are so maniifacrured that it is hardly possible to know of what they are composed. They are put free on hoard for 2/. per hogshead and upwards, according as they are demanded. Tliev are such as will not bear exposure in a glass when shipping : the tasters have a small flat silver cup expressly for tiiein. These wines are principally shipped to America and India, and some at a higlier price to the north of Europe. The principal wine merchants have agents in London, whose hiisines? is more particularly to intro- duce their wines to family use ; and it is to tlnit end they pay them from .300/. to 800/. for travelling expenses and enlertainnients, besides allowing 3 per cent, or more, on the amount of sales. They generally look out for individmils for their agents of good address, and some connection amongst the upper classes. Bnnulics and Spirits nf M'ine. — The quantity distilled in the neighbourhood of Uordcaux ia esti- mated at about IH.tino pieces, of .lO veltes each. Ditto, in the Armagnan - Sn.nno ditto Ditto, in tliu Marinauduis - 8,000 ditto 46,000 pieces, ordinary proof. Of this quantity, France takes ofl" about 23,000 pieces for consumption; England, 2,500; United States, 10,000; India, 2,500; north of Ruropo, 5,nn0; in all, 43,000 pieces. I.anguednc produces annually about 40,0(10 pieces, of 80 veltes each, the greater part of which comes to Bordeaux to be forwarded to the different ports of the north of France, or to foreign countries. France consumes about two thirds of the above quantity ; the remaining one third goes to the north of Kiirope. The prices of brandy are from 130 fr. to 150 fr. per .'50 veltes, ordinary proof; spirits of wine, from 4 fr. to 5 fr. per velte. It is at the port of P'orniay, on the Charente, that the greatest shipments of brandy take place to England. Cognac, from wliich the brandy takes its name, and where there are large distilleries, is a few leagues up the river. The quantity exported is far greater than what is made at Cognac — the two leading distillers there (Marlcl, and Henessey) buying great quantities from the small cultiva- tors. Tlie greater part of the wines made about AngoiilOme, and thence down toward the sea, arc of inferior quality, and fit only for making liraiidy ; and so little do the prices vary, that the proprietors look upon it nearly in the same light as gold. When they augment their capital by savings or profits, it is employed in keeping a larger stock of brandy, which has the further advantage of paying the in- terest of their capital by its improved value from age. England is said to receive upwards of 0,000 pieces annually from Charente. At Hordeaux, as at Paris and Marseilles, there is a constant gambling business in time bargains of spirits of wine. It is in the foriii of spirits of wine that nearly all tlie brandy consumed in France is pxpcilited ; as in this form there is a great saving in carriage.— (For an oflici'al account of the exports of wine and brandy from France, see Wine.) The fruits exported consist almost entirely of prunes and almonds. Tho latter come principally from I.angiiedoc. The policy of the Spanish government toward her American colonies during the last 10 years has been the cause of a great many very wealthy Spaniards settling in Hordeaux ; and their number has been still further increased by the Spaniards expelled from Mexico, who do not choose to employ their fortunes in their native country, or find greater facilities for employing them in Hordeaux. These are in possession of the greater part of the Spanish American trade of this port, and are viewed with a very jealous eye by the old merchants. They have also contributed greatly to beautify the city, hy employing their wealth in building, which Ihey have done to a considerable extent. They have also reduced the rate nf interest, and contributed to the facilities of discounting bills : the Spanish houses generally discount long hills at U or 2 per cent, lower than the Bank. s s 1 i I •! " ; t 224 UOUDKVIIX. i llDrilcaiix pniiiiRiifipn iinnio iron rdiiiiili'iii^^. c .iiimi laciorici), Hiisnr rnflnrri)'*, slnmi wnrkM, ice, liiit liibiiiir iiikI IIvIiiu iiri' Idii IiI^'Ii In ailiiiil m' iH lui niiiiiiu i> rdiiHidiralilc iiiiiiiiiriu'liirliiit cily. liiiiihiiiir I'.sliilitisliiiinils.- 'I'liiTi' U iiiily "111' li'iiiKinu rniiipiiiiv in lldnlriiiix llic " llorili'iiiix Hank." 11 liiM !i i,i|iiiiil 111' H.dliO.ddO iV,, III slii.ri's 111' I. INI" I'r. I'iiili. ri is-iiiis iMili'H I'.ir l.ddii aiicl .MM) fr. (IIU. ami 'iDI.) payMlilc in K|ii'i'ii: nii ili'iiiaiiil. IN nielli-' an: iii:iiiai.'i'il liy a lluaril nl' iliriTlnrs. iianxd liy iliii .'id|iriiii'i|iiil shari'lnilili'i's. 'I'IiIh lluaril I'im':! iIm' rah' ul' iIisi'miiiiI, ami llii' iiiliiilirr nl' naiiii's lliat niiL'lit. to L'liaraiili'r r arli liill ; it lii'iiii,' li'l'l to llH' liiHinaiil rniiiiiiiili'i' Id jiiiIl'i' nl' iIm' rr:«|iiiiisllillily ol' lln: Hlifiialiiri'M nil llir I1III4 |irrsi'iili'il. Al |iri'si-iil llii' liaiiU iliM'ninils lijll.-i nil llnrilraiiv, liaviii;; H iiioiitllK to run. ami unaranli'iil liy :i sJL'iialiirrs. il .'> pir 1 riil., ami llin^i' nn I '.iris at T per ri'iil. W'lii'M hills arc pri'srnti'il, not havliiL' tin' ri'ijiiiriil nniiilirr nl' iiaini's, nr ilirsi: ili'i'iiicil siis|ili'ioui<, tlir\ lakr, in uiiaranli'i', pillilic Hliii'k lionils or ollii>r rll'vclri— ailv!iliciii|{ to the I'.Mi'lit ul' U-IIHIls of tlii'ir iMirriMit valid'. Till' hank advanriis ?llis nl' tlii; valiii' of (.'I'lil and hiIvit in Intfoto, or In fori'lifn money, ili>|iosit(Ml with tliriii, lit till' rati' of 9 per mil. pi'r aMiinin. It also a< ri'|ils In deposit, ilianmnds, platr, and I'vrry kind ot' vaiiialil.' properly, I'nL'.'iiiiii)! In ri'didivi'r llir saiiii: in llir stall' riidivud, I'nr i prr cent. pi:r i|narliT, or I pnrii'iit. per aniiinn. 'I'liosi' who have acconiiis nirri'iil willi llie hank ni.iy lia\i' all lliiir payiiii'iils iiiadi'.and iiioni'y rn- ri'ivrd, hy the liaiik, wilhoiit lee. It allows no interest on lialances, and iievur iiiakoA advunct'S eitliur on pcr.sdiial srciirHii or on inorlL'aL'e. (til the .'HhI of Deeehilier, \K\% llio hank doles in iiri'iilalion amounted to 12,ri.''tl.0nO fr. (.'.On.OOO/.) 'I'lie alfairs of ilii! Ii.ink are siilijei I to Hie inspeiiinii nf the I'rereel, to whom half yearly reports of ilH situation aru iiiaile. These are printed eniire. and dL-lrilinled to the M principal shareliolders ; an iihxiract lieiii;,', at the same lime, piililislied in llie llnnleaii.v jniirnals. ti.(\vK the revolution of .Inly, \>'.'<(t. there w.is a .-severe run on llie hank ; niiil owiiic lo Ilii; dilliiiilty of prociiriiiir ;.'old from I'aris. ilio direciors were oldiL'ed to liiiiil llieir deliveries in specie lo .'>dd fr. ('20/,) in a .siiiiile paynienl ; liiil notwillistiiiidiiu' this ciri iiiiislaiice, no notes were prnlesled ; and llii! lilonienl supplies of !;old could he olitained from I'aris. the npiT itioiis of the hanl< resumed their usual I'liurse ; and her alfairs liavt; lieeii, (liiriii!; the last :i years, niicnnininnly prniia, ;V) III 6(1 kil.lllito I3.|llif.<, .> kil. hi rbfftU, rp.il iirt?. In wnin^ UTujliiiii: fmm4ri tn ,Vi kil. (l"t l« Ul lb<.i. 7 kil. 11.1. Vi |.JI(il)->kil.llO.'ln 146lbi.>.tkil. II.,, !.■> |.ili,7'>kll. I nil In lOKll.H.), Ilkil. Il..,7', 1 2lM(|-,kil.lll.!llnJl:lll-.).IOkil 111. Il'i |.J (II 107 kil. |JI4loiWIU.), II kil. liiri.kHiif JIIO kil. ml alKivc! (IISIli>.), 12 \i r (■■■111. Ilii. Irniii IVII.J tn iOO kil. (3371(1 ■ll'< lli^.). I.'i |ifr rem. Iki. rrinn I2lll(i UlOkil. (JG9 In 3.10 IliM, M |)(T cent. Jtt Cwtttni-hi^tH. rtruvi.iii ti.irk, n.il lirr. A^h(■1, (idt And prnri, 12 jK-r rciil. Ciiiii.iiiiiiii in clu-sN, 12 |Hr trill. Il<>. Ml li.iU-t, 2 ptfr ctinl. Clinri, re.il lari*. r'ocliinr.il, rcil l.'\re. (imii ill (■i%kA. il'i. M 11 1^ :ui. I. Hkil. I>ii. (ill III 7'i kil. |I3.| Id \m Ibi.), 10 kIL I'ol and pearl, 12 per cent. (V>Ini), in Renins, iir "iii«!e bales, 3 kil. Dm. llldllllMe b.lll■^(>kll. (him, in clienls, re.il l.tre. In ranks, real tare. In li.ales wriiihiiK rnmi 30 |.J tn .^lO kil. (liK to 112 His.), real Uarc, or 2 kil. In liafTs, single, I kil. Hial tare. Keal tare. Ileal lire. In rasks, 4 per cent, fur luvn, and 6 per cent. tare. In bales, 5 kil. ♦*♦ The instriirlivc