IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 lAil2.8 no "^ ■U lii 12.2 14 1.1 l.-^n — 6" 2.0 1.8 1:25 IIIIU 11 1.6 ^ V] ^ .V > ^' v: V V /A Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIM STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 r^. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 7 t( \Z1 D D D D D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurAe et/ou pellicul6e Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured platus and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reii6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAss lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 4t6 film6es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6tA possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normal*) de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. n~| Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Pages restored and/oi Pages restauries et/ou pellicuiAes Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages d6color6es, tacheties ou piquAes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthroughy Transparence Quality of prir Quality inAgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materit Comprend du materiel suppi^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ I I Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6tA filmies A nouveau de fapon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. 7 P fl b tl SI o fl si o T si T N dl ei bi ri{ rfl m This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X C 12X lox 20X 26X 30X 7 24X 28X 32X Th« copy filmed h«r« has b««n raproduciad thanks to tha ganaroaity of: Library Oiviiion Provincial Archival of British Columbia Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality posslbia conaldaring tha condition and iaglbillty of ?ha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacifications. Original copiaa in printad papar covari ara fllmad beginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras- aion. or tha back covar whan rppropriata. All othar original copias ara fllmad beginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"}, or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginnirg in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaira film* fut reproduit grice A la ginarositA da: Library Division Provincial Archives jf British Columbia Las Images suivantas ont At* reproduites avac le plus grand soin. compta tenu de la condition at da la nattet* de I'exemplaire film*, et en conformit* avac las conditions du contrat de filmaga. Les exemplairas originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprlm*e sont film*s en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la darniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon la cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film*s en commen^ant par la pramiAre page qui comporte una empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — •► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Aire reproduit en un seui clichA, il est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 /Vi lir' . ,1^ :*«[ -m •■"J* Contribut W to the History of the Aleutian Isles, or Aleutia. By ARTHUR B. STOUT. M. D. 8as Francisco, CAi,iTOH;,rA. '^'"^^'^''l-^Ci^ll^^^Srie^an,,^^ KANSAS.Cn-Y, Mb • ™.SmNO „„„„ o, «AM,EV. M,..t.Tr * «^^. ^- - '— rt«h ^i *JC^ Ef )».«';% p.>'> vy ' ■■■^K 'T'7^^ '>.:i,';. ■^s.i.'i -v;.fe>ai^., SAN KRANCISC<\ CAI.IKORNIA. {Reprinted from the Katnas City Revuw of Science and Industry ) In the course of the year 1874, the California Academy of Sciences re- ceived the donation from the Alaska ("ommercial C.oniiiany, of San Francisco, of two skeletons or mummies These specimens were two from a collection of a dozen or more v/hich were by them presented to the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. A report upon these latter was published by the Smilhsonian In- stitution, and written by W. H. Dall, U. S. G. S., in 1878. To this very valua- ble essay on "The Remains of Later Prehistoric Man," I refer, with great pleas- ure, for many important details omitted in this papor. The two mummies in question have remained in my care, as Curator of the Departmtnt of Comparative Anatomy of the Academy, since 1874, and, except to open the cases which contained the bodies, to disinfect and carbolize them, I have not until now ventured to study them. But such is the increasing interest in anthropology ; in the prehistoric condition of man ; his evolution ; his ethnologic and archaeologic history, that I have thought it important to disturb these remains and offer the work for comparison with that of other similar researches. The source whence these mummies was procured is best described by quot- ing as follows from the report of Mr. Dall : 109843 PP""^ '' The most celebrated of these burial caves was situated on the island of Kaga'mil, one of the group known as the Islands of F"our Mountains, or Four Craters. This group is not at present inhabited, except for a short jjeriod during the hunting season of each year. '* I visited /.lese islands in 1873, but as the shores are precipitous, and as there are no harbors, the weather was too boisterous to permit us to remain in the vicinity. Even if we had landed, it is probable that we could have done little without a guide. " The traders in the islands were aware of the existence of this cave and its contents, and one of them, Capt. R. Hennig, of the Alaska Commercial Com pany's service, had several times attempted to reach it unsuccessfully. In 1874, however, the weather being quite calm, and the presence of a hunting party, which he was taking away from the island, enabling him to find the cave without delay, he visited it and removed all the contents, so far as is known, On their arrival at San Francisco, the Com|)any, who had instructed their agents to pro- cure such material for scientific purposes when compatible with the execution of their regular employment, with commendable liberality, forwarded them to the National Museum at Washington. Two of the mummies were given to the Cali- lornia Academy of .Sciences, but all the rest were received by 'he Smithsonian Institution. It is unfortunate that but few details were obtained as to the exact disposition of the bodies, or mummies, in the cave ; the sit'iation and form of the latter, and other par jculars which would have had great interest. From accounts received from Father Innokenti Shayesnikoff, previously, I am led to infer th.tys Coxe, p.tge 173: " The bodies of poor people arc wrap- pad in iheir own clothes, or in mats, then laid in a grave and covered with earth. The bodies of the rich are put, together with their clothes and arms In a small boat made nf the wood driven ashore by the sea ; the boat is hung upon pules placed cross-ways, and the body is then left to rot in the open air." how persistently continuous in its course, to have so completely obliterated the numerous and extended pu|)uiations of the Mound Builders, possessed as they were of the defences and weapons of a high civilization. The great nomadic incursions recorded in history, like that of (ienghis Khan into Kurope, become inconsc(iuential in the comparison. If such things did occur it must have been at an epoch long anterior to the present condition of the " far northwest." Karthtpiake and cataclysm, the battles of fires and waters must have created greater disturbance with far more destructive and radical invasions than any human agency could have accom- plished. The present state of the physical geography of this "far northwest" utterly precludes the possibility of any such invasions, fulfilled by barbaric hordes. Neither time nor circumstance could accomplish under such physical conditions so gigantic a work and have left not even a mound or a mile-stone to mark its route. There must have been upheavals of volcanic peaks with their boiling lava chimneys forming mountains merged in the waters with only their summits visible above the ocean, like the island of the " Four Craters," and again a subsidence of territory from the caving in of the vast subterranean cavities emptied of their seething contents With- all this must have occurred an inundation of waters, in which great cataclysm the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans blended, the grand Gulf stream of the former passing through the Arctic Sea by the Straits of Behring with the efjually grand Pacific Black Stream, or Kuro Shiwo. Before this epoch the ancestors of the Esquimaux in America and the Koriaks, the Chukches, or Tuiigusian Tartars of Asia may have traded, and dwelt in their igloos together.* Let all this be as it may, at the time that the Russians discovered these is- lands, the natives of the different groups spoke different languages, and, hence we may infer that the inhabitants of the various groups were the remains of mi- grations from both America on their east and Asia at their west, as they again coalesced, and were regenerated from the lapse of time. Some question has been made of the derivation of the name Aleut, and even suggested that it was a term of contempt of the Russian explorers and fur hunters for the islanders, (see Dall's Report page — ,) but we find in the work of Wm. Coxe, A. M., London, 1780, Russian Discoveries Between Asia and Amer- ica, published just 100 years ago, that the word Aleut is Russian, meaning "a bold rock." Such is the distinctive character of all the islands, and, hence seems peculiarly adapted as their title. » The pent.iip waters of the Arctic Ocean burst through the Behring Strait and overwhelmed the rulni left from volcanic fires— as the waters of the Nevadas by a thousand Hoods at some epoch tore through the Uoldrn Uate. As a further illustration of this subsidence and upheaval it is recognized that the waters of the Arctic Ocean once penetrated the American continent as far— if not still further— as Great Slave, and Atha- basca Lakes, and that that long chain of lakes in the interior of the continent are only the vestiges of the de- parture of the greater sea. In the same manner as it is conceded that Siberia was once covered by the Arctic waters, the remains of which are the Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea, while such great rivers as the Lena, Veneisei and Anadyr now drain the mountain lines back to the retreated ocean. A glance at the gronping of these islands is im|)nrtant to our purpose, ist. At the northwest of the semi-cirroper, viz : Attak, Semitski, and Shemiya, W. NW. to K. SE. 3d. Then, NE. some six islands, the AndreanofTski group, or Ostrava, meaning islands, and 4th. The Lyssie Ostrova, or l*cx Island, stretching SE. and N. by E. almost to the Alaska promontory, and the last discovered at the epoch now allud- ed to. This last miportant group contains Umnak, Ounal-askka, or Aghunalaskka, the principal depot of the Alaska Commercial Company, with St. Paul and St. George further to the north, and also the barren deserted isle, one of the " Four Craters" or Kagamil. In a cave of this island, a bolc^ bluff, mid-ocean, storm- lashed in its arctic clime, but yet still seething and steaming with solfataras, and volcanic heat, is the Mausoleum of our Aleut Claef and all his family. Here we meet him and his progeny on a desolate fragment of the ruptured territory which once united the two great continents — the monumental stone of the ruin not only of the land but the division of unnumbered peoples. Imagination may picture, but cannot surpass the grandeur of the truth. Another division of the Aleutians is : I. The Kaniagmuts, and il. The Aleuts. III. The " Vaygeli," or Spectral Outlaws. These are su|)posed to be the original inhabitants who dis- dained any outside authority, refused to be converted to Christianity, and con- sequently live, if such really exisi, as independent natives or banditti in the in- terior inaccessable mountains. The Vaygeli may possibly be only the predatory animals which come at night and carry off the islanders' provisions. Hut the mythical or legendary belief of the natives points distinctly to ancestral sagas which have been orally handed down to them from generation to generation. We may infer either an extinct prehistoric race with which the present family has no lineal descents, or we may refer the legend to the earliest progenitors of present tribal groups. As regards our present mummies they are undoubtedly too recent, whether we allow them 1 20 years, or about 340, according to Captain C. L. Luneuski, to consider them in the light of prehistoric remains, or concede to them Mr. Dall's distinction of " Remains of Later Prehistoric Man " Capt. Lunieus' ' ''ns been a resident of the Aleut Isles for many years, connected with the "'^....iia Com- mercial Company. He ant». lates our mummies many years to tl/. Vvussian discovery and conquest of the islands. H's intelligent studies predicate.! in part 7 on the diversity of their languages, gave to the Aleuts a divided descent, in part from the Ks(|uii, lux of America, and the Mongoloids of northeastern Asia. The Russian explorers and fur-hunters of importance in the discovery of the various islands were : Bering in 1728 Bering and Tchcrihoff in 1741 Nevodsikoff in 1745 SerebranikofT 1753 to 1756 Trapesnikoflf 175810 1760 Bethshevin .... reachf^d Alexsu, furthest island east. Tolslyh . .... 1760 to 1764 These navi ;ators, with few e.vr'.ptions, treated the natives with great barbarity. Many of their expeditions were failures and their vessels wrecked ; several of them were burned by tue natives. All o> tliem suffered great hardships. Of their ves.sels, says Coxe, page — , " Mo.st of tliem which are etjuipped for these ex|)e- ditions, are two masted ; they are commonly built without iron, and in general so badly constructed that it is wonderful how they can weather so stormy a sea. They are called in Russian Skitiki, sewed vessels, because the planks are sewed together with thongb of leather. Some few are built in the river Kamschatka, but they are for the most part constructed in the haven of Ochotsk. The largest are manned with seventy men, the smaller with forty men." Hence the Aleuts, as naval constructors, with their elegantly and artistically built bidarkas and baydars far excelled in skill their abusive invaders. But these latter had guns. In their warfare they displayed much military invention. To avoid the guns they constructed large double screens made of seal skins, stuffed between with dried fibre of grass, and advanced toward the vessel, pouring upon its deck their missiles from behind, and finally setting fire to it with sulphur found in their island craters. Inside of the war faculty, and touching the home and domestic idea, wild to our appreciation as it may be, we are taught by the elaborate and exhaustive report of Mr. Dall on the mummies from our " Four Crater" cave, that their art work by their women, whether the result of nearly lost hereditary culture, or of native original industry, patience and invention, was high in its excellence. (See report of Case 17478 in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, page 11 of Dall's Report, cited). This ethnological description is rich in its suggestive text. How did the Aleuts learn to make these extra fine fabrics, with nothing but .■Meutian raw material ? Our present chief is silent but he left head enough to explain it all. In brief, from all this we can derive enough to feel sure that this ancient folk, after their own way of thinking, education, and old civilization, possessed a high sense of religion, believed in a future life, as proved by their devoted funeral ceremonies, worshipped a divine creator; appreciated the love of home, were profoundly impressed with the devotion due to the family bond. Still further may we trace the illustration, for if rranial capacity and form can be regarded as 8 the index of mental ability, we have shown that the eagle-like tenant of his north- ern fastness was worthy of his eyrie. Again, will it appear that here on the con- fines of nations, in the same tomb the two great types of the human races, the dolicocephalic and the brachycephalic heads, were together embalmed. When the Russians discovered the islands the Kamschatdale interpreters, who could speak the language of the Aleut group could not understand the dialect of the natives of the I'ox Islands. To obtain their objects they resorted to the cun- ning device of utilizing the paternal affection of the chiefs. Under pretense of keeping the peace and insuring the tribute of seal skins, exacted by the Russian Government, they caused the sons of toygons, or chiefs, to be delivered to them as hostages. These they sent to Kamschatka to acquire the Russian language. The celerity and aptitude with which these boys learned to interpret went far to prove the natural intelligence of the people so more than barbarously treated by them as barbarians. As reward for their services they converted them as usual to Christianity, but piously took their skins ; nor did they fail to appropriate their women, which, as ^' ante Trojum fuii," was always the cause of their wars with the Russians. Their hospitality, kindness, and indispensable aid to the invaders of their realm were devoted and unceasing, until deceived, as were other Indians by Cortes and Pizarro, by lust, and the " a uri sacra fames. "^ Tiie existence of three languages, or perhaps dialects, may be inferred, for Coxe states, (page 264,) that the inhabitants of Unalaska were called Khigolaghi ; those next eastward to Unimak were named Kighigusi, and those of Unimak and Alaxa, were styled Kalaghayekiki. In 1741 Bering sighted and Stellar first landed on the American continent. (Coxe, page 277). The Russians conquered Kamschatka in 1696, taking 45 years to discover the way from shore to shore. As the islands then were peopled, so in probability were their languages introduced, by the various tribes of refugees in quest of safety in flight, or as hunters of game from the shores of both continents, or as they mingled before the continents were cleft apart. ■^ Their phallic customs are more worthy of leniency than are the morbid abuses of otner people. nR ik lorth- con- Is, the L who (ect of cun- ise of issian |em as The Ifar to reated usual their with '^aders dians iiii liMifi^Ml^uaki 'M