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II
THE WORKS
Of
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
11
'
THE AVOliKS
or
HUBERT HOWE BANCHOFT.
VOLT^IE V.
THK NATIVK RACES.
V01..V. I'UIMrnVK HISTORY.
SAN FUANCISCO :
A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, PUHLISHHRS.
Entered according to Act of Congreeg In the Year 1SR2, bf
HUBERT 11. liANXROFT.
Ill the Office of the Librarian of CongreHg, at Washington.
All Jiiyhls Jitservtd.
PREFACE TO VOLUME V.
Tliis volume conchules the Native Traces of the
Pai'IKIC States. Duriiij,' tlie year in Mliicli it lins
boon ,i(oiii<*' tlirou^li tlio pros.s, 1 have receivod lottors
of oiK'ourii^eniont from the most eminent scholars ot*
Europe and America, and flattorinj,' commendations
fiom learned societies. None but an author can
know the value of such cheering' words. Tiiis, my
first attem])t, was made in a new field; the scope of
the work was very oxtojisive; the system and nia-
chinerv bv which alone it could be accomplished wei*^
untried; and the subject was not one of j^-reat ]t<»pular
interest. It was not, therefore, without mis;L;ivinys
tiiat L sent it forth.
That the work had been so jilanned as to embody
practically all information extant on what I ha<l
come to re^j^ard as an im|>ortant subject, and that tlif
]>lan had been faithfully t'Xtcutcd, I thorouniily br-
lirvcd. l)Ut that others would, tt) any iji^roat extent,
share my opinion; that the subject would interest
so many classes of readers; that mine would be so
(|uickly and cordially rccoij;nized by men of seieiice
and letters throuiihout the world as a woriv woith
doiny and well done; Jind that it wouM be at once
vi
rilEFAf'E TO VOLUME V
I I
uecorded a place in literature, I had not dared to
hove. The leadinj,^ journals of f:ngland, Fran<v,
(Germany, and the United States, have deemed thu
volumes as issued worthy of extended reviews; and
criticism for the most part has heen liheral, and just-
save a tendency to what might seem, to a mind hss
]>rqjudiced tlian mine, extravagant praise. :\rin()r
defects have heen fairly ju.inted out; and in the few
mstances where fault has heen ft)und, cither with the
J 'Ian or its execution, one critic condemns what an-
other approves, so that I am led to helieve no serious
error of judgnient has heen connnitted.
I cannot here make ])roper acknowledgments to jill
to whom they are due; hut let those who have
manifested their kind good-will, and those who have
not, so long as they feel it, accei)t my grateful
thanks.
San FuANcisto, November, 1875.
COXTEXTS or THIS A^OLUME.
CHAPTEIl I.
ON THE OllUilN OF THE AMERICANS,
I'VOE.
S|iirit of Ii)i|iiiry in the Midilli- A;.'ci Inily <>f Ori;;!!! -I'lood Mytlis
-Al»ori;:iii;il 'I'raililicuis of (>ri;;iii ('uldirc llcmo f'liina -
Ja|>iiii- lliiiiliistiiii 'riirlary 'I'lio K;.'y|>liiui Tlu-ni-y 'I'lir I'lui'iii-
I'itiiiH— Votiiii'N Triivfls -Tin' Carllia^'iiiiaiis Tlic llclnfw 'I'lu'dry
- -Till' Moriiiiiii Story -The \'isils of llio ScainliiiaviaiiH Celtic
«trij,'iii I'lic WcUh Scotch Irish The (ircckn ami Koiuiiiis —
The Story of Atlantis — The Autochthuiiic Theory 1
CHAPTER II.
INTRODT'CTOUY TO AHOUIlUNAI, IIISTORV.
Orij^iii ami I'.arlicst History of the Americans riireconietl The Park
Sea of Aiitii[iiity Itoumlary hetwceii Mylii ami History I'riim-
tivo Aiiiials of America eoiii]iarcil with those of the Old World -
Aiitiiorilies ami Historical Material Traditional Annals and their
\aliie Hiero;;lyidiic Uecords of the Mayas ami Nahnas Spanish
WritcrH— The CominerorK - 'l"he Missionaries The Historians-
Converted Native Chroniclers Secondary Anthorities l'.thnolo;,'y
— Arts, Institutions, and llelicfs Lan^jnajjes Material Monu-
ments of Anlii(uity— I'so of Authorities ami Method of Ireatin;;
the Sultjeet l.'W
CHAPTER III.
THE PRE-TOI.TEr I'EKIOU 01' AIIORIOINAL HISTORY.
Suhdivision of the Sulije<'t—Tzendal Tradition of the \ otanic I'.mpire
--A'olan's Itook and its Contents as reporteil liy Nni"ie/. de la
Vej;a, Calirera, and Onloue/ Tcsliinoiiy of Manners and Cus-
toms, It(di;;ion, I.an^'ua>;es, and Miuiuments of tiic Civili/ed
Nations res|iectiii;; the Primitive May.'i I'eoples The (jhiiclu!
Iicccird, or I'tipol V\di Civilizing' I'.ll'orts of Cncumatz ami his
l''oIl<isvers K.vploitH of Humihpu and Xhalamine Coui|uesl of
Xihalha ^^>,'ration from Tulan Zui\a, the Seven < aves Meanin;^
«if tho l^uiche Truditiuii ->iahua Truditiuus- Tho Toltccs in
via
rONTKXTS.
r.\f!E.
'raiiioaiiclian ai'citrcliii;,' to Salia;^iin Tlio ('mlcx r|iiiiial|i<i|M>('a
I'rc-'riiltcc NationH in Mexico DIiiicch aiitl Xicalaiiras— 'I'lic
(jiiiiiaiiics ( °iiiiliilaan<l (^iict/.ali'oatl 'I'iio'I'otoiiat-s 'rcotiliiiacaii
— Otoiiiis, Miztccs, /a|Mit('cs, am) Ilua^tci-s The 'roltccs in
IliicliiM- 'I'lapallaii Mij;ralioii to Analinac— Tin; Cliirliiinofs in
Aniai|ii(>nic<'an Ancient Home of tin; Nahuatlacas and AztecH —
Primitive Annuls of Yucatan ('oiiclusioiis l.">(>
CHAPTER IV.
THE TOLTEC PEUIOD.
The Nalnia ♦lecnpation of ]M(>.\ico in tlie Sixth and Seventh Teiituries
--Condition of Anaiiiia)' 'I'he .Mix<'ohiias and ('liieliimt'r < uilinas
—The Tollecs at Tnhincin;.'o and Tollan — Kstahli.shinent of a
Monarchy and t'hoice of a Kin^', 710-720 A. T>. Kiii;.'iioms of
Ciiliiuacan and t^iiantitilian Tiie Teoamoxtii l'ro|iiii'cics and
Deatii of lineman Itirth of (^Mnt/alcoatl Foundation of tiic
Kmpire, .S.">(! A. I>. Alliance helwecn Cnlhnacan, (Mom|ian, and
'I'ollan l!ei;;n of To|iiilzin Ceacatl (i>iu't/alcoal I ;it Tollan Kx-
ccsses of iluemac II., or Teciiancalt/in Xocliill, the Kinj^'s
Mistrc-is I'ullillmcnt of the I'ro]ihct'-i Predictions Tovcyo's
Advent arcs lMa;;ucH sent upon the T.dlei's Famine and I'esti-
leiu'e -liei>in of Acxitl, or To|iilt/in Uehauchery of Kin^',
Noltles, and I'ricsis TokiMis of i)i\ine Wrath Forei;,'n Inva-
ders— Final Overthrow of the Toltec Fmpire
■J37
CHAPTER '
THE ciiiciiiMEt; I'Knion.
The fhicliimecs in Amai|nemecan Mij,'ration to Anahnae under
Xolotl The Invaders at t'hocoyan and Tollan Fonuilalion of
Xoloc anil Tenayocan Xolotl II., l''.m]ieror of the t 'liichimecs —
Division of Territory 'i'he Toltecs at Culhnacan Knlc of Xiuli-
lenioc Mild Nanhyoll III. I'ochotl, Son of Acxitl--('oii(|in'st of
Ciilhiiacan Death of Xaidiyotl llnct/in, Kin.^' of t'nlhuacan -
Mi^tralioii and Ueception of the Xahnallaca 'i'rilies The Acolhiiiis
at Coatlichan and the Tepaiiecs at .\/ca|in/.alco Nonolimicatl,
Kin;; of Cnlhnacan IJevoll of N'acanex Deatli of Nojotl 11. —
Xo|ialt/in, Kin;,' of Tenayocan, and Finperor of the Cliirliimecs —
Uei;;ns of .Vdiitometl and Icxochitlanex at Ciillinacan 'i'eiideii-
eies toward Toltec Culture '289
CHAPTER VI.
THE CHICHIMEO I'EUIOl). — CONTINt'ED.
Migration of tin' A/lecs -Xations of .Vniihuac at Ue^jinuin); of the
Thirtt'enth Century -The .\/lecs siilimit to the Teiianecs Heign
CONTENTS. «t
PAGE.
of the Knijioror Tlnt/iii (jMiinant/iii. Kiii^' <»f Tozniro and Chi-
rliimir ljn|>«riir TiaiiNliT uf (Ik- ('"[lilal rciiuiifinalt/iii iiMiipH
the liii|i(iial Tliiuni! at Ten.- •«•:•. n Tlf rsurpcr (Icfcalfil t>y
Tcpai H aixl Mi'xicaiis — Ai-Dliu'.'iiuaca'i l)ri>flaiiiii'il MinixTor—
• ihiiiiant/in's Virlnrics IJattlo at rdvaiili'laii l;iiiiiant/iii ajjaiii
ljii|it'iiir ■rnllcc Institutions at Tt-wuco Kxentsat Ciiliinacan -
^[I'xicans iiri\cii fnun t'luipultfju'c Alliance lictwccn McxicanH
anilCullMias Kcli^rioiis Strife I'linniintion of Mexiro Kri^n of
tlie l'.rii|M'n>r Teclidtl ~ I'dlitiea! ('iian;;es tliiin of flic t'nlhini
Power 're/ozonioe, Kin;,' of Azcapn/ali-o Separation uf Mexicans
anil Tlaleiiiieas Aeaniapielitii II.. Kin;^ of Mexico (^lua<|Uauli-
pil/.aliuac, Kin;^ of Tlatelulco .'I'.'l
CH.VrTER VII.
TFK CMiCHIMKl" I'EniOD COSCT.rDED.
Aztec History — Itei^rus of Acaniajii litii II. ami <i>iiaciu;uiliiiitzalinar -
Ivcliiiil : I „' of Culliuacan Iliiil/ililiuitI II., Kin;; of Mexic.i -
Tlacateot/.in. Kin;; of Tlatelnlco ('liiinalpo|i(>ca Succeeils in Mex-
ico I'nneral of Teclioll Ixtlilxocliitl, Mniperor of tlie (liiclii-
niecs .Syinptonis of I (iscoTitent l'lan« of Tezo/onioc, the l\'-
panee King -Secret ('onncil of Iteliels— Ueli;,'ious 'J'oleration in
Tezciu'o ("iin<|iu'st of XaltiK'an and Cnitlahnac ISirtliof Nezaliu-
alcoyotl -War lielween Tezcnco and .\/capiizalco \'ictories of
Ixtlilxocliitl -Sie;;e and Fall of Azeapnzalco - TrcaclK-ry of Tezo-
zomoc -Fall of Tezciico — Fli;,'lit and Death of Ixtlilxocliitl Te-
zozonioc pioclainied I'.niperor -Ke-oi';.'ani/atiiMi of the Fnipire .\d-
ventures of N'ezalnialcoytl — Death of Tezozomoc- Maxtla usurps
the liupeiial Throne Murder of the Mexican Kin;,'s Ne/aliual-
coyotl's Nictory Itzcoatl, Kin;; of .Mexico Acollina and .Vztec
Alliance I'all of Azcapiizalcu -The Tripartite Alliance, or the
New Kni|iire .'{.l!)
chapti=:r Yin.
THE A/TIX' I'KIUOD.
Outline of tlip Period— Itevolt of ('oyiihnacan — Nrzalmalcoyotl on
the Throne of Tezi'uco ('on(|uest of (jhiaulilitlaii, Tultillaii. Xo-
cliiniiii'o, anil Cuitlahuae '('oiuiuest of (Jiiauhtitlan Destruction
of the Uecords -Death of Itzcoatl and .Vccession of .Miuite/uina I.
New Temples at Mexico Di'feat of tht^ Chalcas 'I'rouiiles with
Tlatelulco ('on([uest of ("oliuixco and .Mazatlan I'lood and Six
^■ ears' I'aiiiine (."on(|iiest of Miztecapan -'J"he Aztecs coiii|uer
the Province of Cuethiilitlan and reach the (iiilf ('oast final
Defeat of thi' Chalcas Canipai;,'!! in Cuextlan ISirth of Neza-
liualiiilli -Improvements in Teiiochtitlan— Kmliassy to Chicumuz-
X CONTENTS.
I'ACiK.
toe — Death of Montoziiiniv T. and A<'p('ssi<>n (tf Axayaiall-liaiil
ill Tfhiiaiil('|PiM' -C'liiiiiaIiin|H>ca micccimIs 'l'(iti)i|iiiliiiat/iii mi tlic
'I'liniiic of 'riai'ii|iaii - N('/aliiial|iilli siici'ccils Ni'zaliiialcoytill at
'rozi'iu'o — Hcvolt of Tlati'hilco- CoiKiui-st of Matlalt/im-o — Di-foat
by the TarastoH— Death of Axayaeatl 4(K)
CHAPTER IX.
THE A/.TEf I'EniOU— CONCLrDED.
i;('i,L:ii of Tizoe— Nozahnalpilli defeats the Huexotzineas— AhiiitzotI,
Kiiijrof ^^exi(•o ('ain|iaij;i)s for Captives Dedication of lliiitzi-
li)l"M'litii's Teiiiiiie -Seventy Tliousand Victims Tot(ii|uiliiiatziu
II., Kinj^ of Thicopan Mexican < 'on(|uests— Coniinest of Totona-
eapan A/.tee Iteverses Successful Revolt of 'reliiiante|icc and
Zapotecapan -CoiKiuest of /acatollan -Anecdotes of Ne/almalpilli
New A(inedin't, and Inundation of Mexico— Montezuma II. on the
'I'liione Condition of tlu^ I'lmpire Montezuma's Policy I'nsuc-
eessful Invasion of 'I'lascala I'aniiue- C(iu(|iu's1 of Mizteeapan —
Tyin^-uj) of the Cycle in l."i(l7 < 'mens of comin;^ Hisasier The
Spaniards on the Coast of Central America 'I'rouhh' lH'l\v<en
^Mexico and Tczcnco Itetirement and Dcalli of Nczahualpilli -
Cacama, Kin;; of Acoliiuacan -Uevidt of Ixtlilxoehill I'inal Cam-
]iai,!,Mis of the Aztecs The Sjianiards on the (!nlf Coast -Arrival
of llernan Corle.s 4;i(J
CHArXKH X.
IIISTOnV OF THE E.VSTI'.IiN l'I,AI'i:.U', Mll'IIO.^CAN, AND OAJACA.
Early History of the I'lastern I'lati'an The Chichimee-Toltecs .\rrival
of the Teo-Chichimecs in Aniihuac 'i'hey Cominer and Setlli- the
I'laslern I'laleau Civil WarsMisccdhuu'ous Mvents- Wars Ikj-
tween 'I'lascala ami the Nations of .Vniihua'" Karly History of
^lichoacan Wars lietween Wanacaces and 'I'arascos l''oundiu;^
of 'I'/.intzunt/au Metaniorpiiosisof the i'arasco I'rinccs llncroacli-
nieiits of (he Wanacaces The Kin;; of tin' Isles Murder of I'a-
\\ai inne and Wapeani -l!ei;;iis of Cnratanie, 'J'ariacnri, Tan;.;axoan
1., /i/.i/. I'andacuare, Z\van;;ii. and Tan;;a\oan II. (>ri;;in of the
Mizlecs and Zajiotecs Wixipecoidia Kulcrs of (lajaca The
lluaves and Mijes l.iiler Kin;;s and History of Oajaca Wars
with Mexico is:)
CH.VrTKR XI.
Tilt', QlTICIIE-OAKCItlgUEL EMl'IltE IN aU.VrEM.\T,A.
No Chronido;;y in the South Outline ^'iew .\nthorilles Xhu-
laiii|ue at I'tatlaii -The Mi;;raliiui from Tuhui lhilani-(^uit/,u
L.
CDNTKXTS,
rAor:.
anil liis rninjiaiiiiiiis — Sacrilicrs to Tuliil — The Ijuiclu's <m Mount
Ilaca\itz Tlio 'rainul) ami llocalt — Kirst N'ictorius — (.^ocavib
I'miiuls the Moiiarcliy at Izmadii - 'I'lii- Tolti'c 'I'licory -- Iiiui";-
iiiarv Km|iiro of the Ka^it lUtlrivtit ^'t■rsioIls (»f Primitive Hist-
ory Till' ( 'ak('lii(juel Mij^ratioii -.hiarros anil V'ticntcs— Lists of
Kinj:s- (■ai<rliinu('ls under llaeavitz Itei^'iis of nalani-'^onai'lie,
Cotnlia, ami Iztaynl, at Izniaciii War a;.'ainst the llocalt Tiie
Stolen 'I'riiiiite— (lueiimatz, (^>ui<'lie Kmjieror at I'tathui— Chanfies
in the (Jovernmeiit -i!ei;,'iis of ("otnha II., 're]ie|iul, ami iztayul
II. - <'akehi(im'l History Cominests of (^luieali I. I{e\i(ltof the
Aehihah — Disinenilierment of the Kinpire— Cakehiiiuel Cominests
- I!ei;:ns of the last ( Inafemalan Kiii','s — Ainiearanee of the Siian-
ianls umler Alvarado in \'f2l 540
CHAPTER XII.
MISCELLAKF.OIH TIJIUES OP CENTU.XL AMKrilf.X.
Seareity of Ilistorieal T)ala The Trilies of Chiajias - The Founders
and Heroes of till' Chiapanee Nation Wars with the Aztees The
I'l'iijile of the Sontlu'rn Coast They are vaminisl'ed hy the < )1-
iiiees Their F.xodiis and Journey They .settle and se|iarate—
dnarros' Aeeount of tlie (h'i;4in and later History of the I'ijiile.s--
I'ipile 'I'raditions -The Foundin;,' of Mietlan - (^>ueen Coiniza-
limil - Aexitl's lunpire of the Fast The Chohitees — \'arious
Trihes of NicaraLrua - Settlements of the l.stlniiuij (I(i;{
CHAPTER XIII.
HISTORY OF Till': MAYA.S IN Yl'OATAN.
Aliori;^inal Names of Vueatan The Primitive Inhaliitants fnini the
Fast and West Zamn.'i the Pontill'-Kinj,' The Itzasat ('hi<'hen—
Itules of ( 'td<nlcan at Chiehen anil Mayapan His I lisa|i|iearam'(;
on tlie (Inlf Coast The Coronn" Ilnle at Mayapaii .\|)iiearani'e
of theTntnl .Xins Translation of the Maya Ifeeoiil liy Perez and
llinssenr MiLiratioii from 'I'nlaii Coni|nest of jiaealar and Chi-
ehen liza .\nnals -Tntnl .Xins at I'xmal (herlhrow of the
Coeonie I)ynasly The ( 'onfi'ili'raiy, or l".m|me, of Tntiil .Xins,
Ilzas, and Cheles Fahle of tiie l>\varf Overthrow of the Tutnl
Xins— I'inal Period of Civil Vi'ars (il^
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I If;
THE NATIVE RACES
OF TBI
PACIFIC STATES.
PRIMITIVE HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
SPiniT OF IXQL'IRY IN THE MIDDLE AgES— UNITY OF ORIGIN— FLOCD
Myths— Aboriginal Tbadi..()Xs of Origin— Cultlre-IIeroes—
China— Japan-IIindostan— Tartary— The Egyptian Theory
—The IMhenicians— Votan's Travels— The Carthaginians—
The Heiikew Theory— The Mormon Story— The Visits of tub
Scan DIN avians— Celtic Origin- The Welsh— Scotch — Irish—
The tiKEEKS and Komans— The Story of Atlantis— The Au-
TociiTHONic Theory.
When it first became known to Europe that a new
continent had been discovered, the wise men, philos-
ophers, and especially the learned ecclesiastics, were
sorely perplexed to account for such a discovery. A
problem was placed before them, the solution of which
was not to be found in the records of the ancients.
On the contrary, it looked as if old-time traditions
must give way, the infallibility of revealed knowledge
must 1)0 called in question, even the holy scriptures
must be interpreted anew. Another world, upheaved,
as it were, from the depths of the Sea of Darkness,
was suddenly placed before them. Strange races,
Vol. V. 1
2 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS
speakiiiGf stranj^^e torjruos, peopled tlie new land; curi-
ous plants covered its surface; animals unknown to
science roamed throuj^h its immense forests; vast seas
separated it from tlie known world; its boundaries
were undefined; its whole character veiled in ob-
scurity. Such was the myster}' that, without rule
or precedent, they were now required to fathom.
And what were their qualifications to grapple witli
such a subject? Learning had l)een almost exclusively
the pro[>erty of the Church, and although from its
fold many able writers and profound thinkers had
been evolved, yet the teachings of science and the
speculations of [)hilosophy were ever held subordinate
to the holy scriptures. Now and then it is true some
gleams of im[)ortant truth would flash up in the
writings of some philosopher disconnected with the
religious orders illuminating the path of intellectual
progress, but such writings seldom made any perma-
nent impress upon the literature of the age. It is to
the [)riesthood ahnost exclusively we have to look for
any advancement for many centuries in literature,
science, and art. The universally adopted view of
the structure of the universe was geocentric, of the
world, anthropocentric. To explain such ordinary
j)henomena as that of day and night, preposterouo
Bchumes were invented, like that of Cosmas Indico-
jileustes, who asserted that in the northern parts of
the flat earth there is an innnense mountain, behind
which the sun pasp js and thus j)rodi. ^es night.^ -^^ij
assertion that se( ned to clash with ]ireconceived
notions of the tea* lings of holy writ or the writings
' Hti affirms (in a work 'itled Christian Topoijraphij) that, according to
the triic ortlutilox system t geography, tlie cartii is a qnadranguLir piano,
extending four hundred d; s' journey eaat and west, and exactly half as
nuicli north and south ; ths it is inclosed ])y mountjiins, on wliich the sky
rests ; that one on the nort.. side, linger than the others, by intercepting the
rays of the sun, produces night ; and that the plane of the earth is not set
exactly horizontally, but witli a little inclination from the north : hence the
Euphrates, Tigris, anil other rivers, nnniing southward, are rapid ; but the
l««ile, having to run up-hill, has necessarily a very slow current.' Draj-.et'a
Covjlict between JleligioH and /Science, j). 05.
SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. i
of tlic fatliors was looked upon with douM atid
disfavor. Indeed the bible was regarded as the ull-
suftieient manual of science, containing all that was
necessary to be known, and to inquire further was
thought to be prying into the secret things of the
njost hiijh.'" The learninj; of the masses consisted not
in the acquisition of knowledge, but in the blind and
meaningless repetition of prescribed maxinis, in forms
of rhetoric, in anything except that which would
enlighten the mind and impart l.uc wisdom; it was,
in short, a systematic course of leading nn-n as far
as possible away from the known, and leaving them
lost and bewildered in a labyrinth of uncertainty and
doubt.^
When, therefore, the questions arose, whence were
these new lands peopled? how came these strange
animals and plants to exist on a continent cut off by
vast oceans frotn the rest of the world? the wise men
of the time unhesitatingly turned to the sacred scrip-
tures for an answer. These left them no course but to
beliine that all mankind were descended from one ))air.
This was a premise that must by no means be dis-
j)uted. The original home of the first pair was gen-
erally supposed to have been situated in Asia ^[inor;
the ancestors of the [)eople found in the New World
nmst consequently have originally come from the (Jld
World, thouiifh at what time and bv what route was
an open question, an answer to which was diligently
Ing^
Ing to
lalf as
Ic sky
|ig the
at set
ce the
lit the
* In answer to the question: ' Wlint was God doin*? before ho made th^
lieaven and tlie eartli? Tor, if at any particular moment lie he;,'aii to employ
-liimscif, that means time, not eternity. In eternity nothing' happens— tiic
wliole is i)resent.' St An).'usti e <'ansticiilly remarks: ' I will not answer
this (juestion by sayinj; that lie was preparing,' hell for pryers into his mys-
teries.'
3 The teaehin};s of the Churcli were heyond eonlroversy, the decisions
of the Church were final; and not only in rV!i;;ion hut in le','isIation and iti
science 'the i»ervadin>,' prini-iple was a hlind iiidiesitatin<^ credulity.' Sec
lUirkl('\f Civilization, vol. i., ji. .WT. The Hishop of Darien once ((uofed
Plato in the presence of Las Casas. "Plato," Las Ca.sas replied, "was a
Gentile, and is now hurnin^ in hell, and we are only to make u.-^e of his doc-
triiui as far as it is consistent with our holy Faith and Ciiristiau customa."
Helps' Life of Las Casas, i>. 120.
ORIGIX OF THE AMERICANS.
soui^'-lit for both in the sacred prophecies and in the
historical writings of antiquity.*
But if the more modern writers on this subject
have been less hampered by unanswerable and im-
passable dogmas; if they have been able to believe
that there may be some difficult questions ujion
whicli tlie Bible throws no light; if tiiey have felt
tlieniselves free to discuss, without impiety, the pos-
sibiUty of all mankind not having sprung from one
])air, their theories are scarcely less wild, their rea-
soniii<if is but little sounder, their tendencv to estab-
< As ill! cxiiin])lc of the intoleranrc displayod by tlicse early writers,
mill of the hittunit'sH with wliieli thi-y attiic-ked those few tliiiiUers w ho
(hired to tlieori/.e witlio\it letting' tlieoh)^ieal Uojiiiias utiind in tlieir way. [
traiishite tlie folh)win;i; i»asMa^e from (iareia, wiio is one of tiie nmst eoni-
]irelienisivo writers iiiM)n the ori;,'in of the Anierieans: 'We wouhl lila- imt
even to renieniher the unworthy o]>inions of certain veritahie hla.sjiiienii-is,
more harltarons tiiau tlie Indians, whieii do not even de>erve the name of
opinions, l>nt rather of follies: namely, that, peihaps, tiie lirf-t indiiin.s
iiii;;ht iiavi; lu'cn j^enerated from the eai>'i. or from its initrefai'tion, aided
hy the snn's heat, as (Avieemi aMowiiij; tins prodiietioii to he easy in men)
Anihi's Cisaljiino attempted to make eredihie, L'ivin^ them less peifeclimi
tiiaii Mmpedoeh's, who said that men iiatl heen norn like the wild aniaranlh,
if we helnsve Marrus Varroii. . . .Of the formation of man, tht>n;^h of ,'.lia\/
and mud, the j<eople of Yucatan, hud li^dit; which nonsense is mit inl'ericr
to the atteni|)ts ot those who made men hy means of chemistry, or ma^ic,
(described hy Siilor^ano) >;ivin,i,' it to lie understood that there may he others
liesid(>s the descendaids of Adam, contrary to the teachinj;s of sciiptiire:
for which reason 'I'anrcdo feels iuili;j;miiit a;,'aiiist Cisalpiiio, whose attempt
would he repreheiisi hie even as a paradox. Not less scandalous was the
error of the i^nioranl I'aracelso, accord in;; to Keusnero and Kirchero, who
left to posterity an account of the creation of two Adams, one in Asia, and
another in the West indies; an iiu'xcusalile fdlly in one who had (tliou;;h
corruptly) information of the Catholic doctrine. Not less erroneous is
the opinion of Isaac ile ia IV'yrere. who idaci'd ]K'ople on the earth he-
fore .Adam was created, fnun whom. In? said, descended the heathen; from
Adam, the llcdirews; which folly was punislied with eternal contempt hy
l''elipe I'riorio, dnan llautista Morino, Juan llilperto, and others, Dan-
liavero j,d\ intuit the linishin;,' stroke hy an epitaph, as Dieterico relates:
althou;;!) some of the parties nanu'd stale that l-a I'eyrere hecame repent-
ant and acknowled;.>i'd his error, and did penance, which the ( hientals, fnmi
whom he look that aitsnrdilv, have not thnu'. These, and others of tliu
sanu' nature, may not he ln>ld as opinions, lint as evidences of hiimlnesM
jiuhlished hy men of douhtful faith, wise, iu their iiwii esteem, and deceiv-
ers of the world, who, with lies and fiaud, oppose llie ilivim' word, as St
Clemens Alexandrinns says, closinij; their ears to truth, and hiiudt'oidin;,'
themselves witii their vicis, for whom coulcmpi is the hest icward.' ()n(i( n
(fr /(*,v lii(f., p. -IS. (Jarcia spent nine years in Peru, dcNotin;;' him-iclf to
the study of l,hi\e points: the histiuy of the nati\es hefore tiie arrival of
th
le Spaniards, the origin of the natiM's, an
Ih
i|iiestiiMi a-^ to w iicl I
ajiosihs preached the gospel in .Vmcrica. <hi his iclnrii to S|
null, he coil-
til,
till
lllc
tllr
J>.ll't
(l.r
( WCt
AlIK
tiinu.
'd to w rile only upon the second topic, leaving; the others for a fiiliiro
SPIRIT or IXQI'IRY.
t niv/
inti'rit'r
lilitiiri'-.
llttlMlllit
was tho
1(1, wlio
Isiii, ami
(lli'iii;:.!!
lu'ous i.s
II : friiiii
mpt i>y
Daii-
rclaU's:
ri'lK'iit-
iiIh, t'lllllV
In of tlio
liiitlm'sn
H (Iccciv-
l, as St
ill'iildiii^;
nisclf t>>
nival of
I'lUT '\W
lie I'oll-
a IllUll'iJ
lisli maxims l)y Avliich any given pro])lem may be
solved is no more fsatisfactory.
Theories in themselves are good things, for tliey
lead us to faets; it is often through tlie doubtful or
the false that we attain the truth; as Darwi?i savs:
"False faets are highly injurious to the ]»rogress of
science, for they often long endure; but false views,
if sin)[)orted by some evidence, do little harm, as
every one takes a salutary pleasure in j)roving their
i'alseness; and when this is done, one path towjirds
error is closed, and tlie truth is often at th(; same
time opened."'^ B".t the value of inquiry depends
much u[)on th(.' spirit in whicli it is made, and tiiere-
fore it is that the manner in \vhich most of the
writers who have sj>ecula,ted on the origin <>f the
Americans have conducted their researches, is grt'atly
to be deplored. Their work does not imjtress one as
being a steadfast striving to develop unstable postu-
lates into [)roven facts, but rather as a reckless rus.i-
ing, regardless of all obstacies, to a preconceived con-
clusion. Tluy do not ofl'er a theory as a suggestion
of what might }»ossibly be, but as a demonstration
bounded upon an unassailable basis. Kach imagines
that he has hit upon the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth.; lu; asserts that t\\o .\/,tecs
were of Ik'brew descent -that is settled; to prove
this he clutcht's at the lighti'st straws in tlic way of
analogies, and if tlie lads obstinately refusi' to lit his
tlieo:-',-, then -taut p<s jxxd' /<'.s faifs—ho. war[is them
till tliey do fit.
I hit analogies, eviMi when fairly drawn, are by no
means conchisi\'e evidenci'. So nnich depends upon
tlic ciivironmiMit of a, people, that a similarity in that
]»arti('ular is of itself sullieient to account for most of
the resemblances which haxc been diseox cred be-
tween the customs, ivligion, ai\d traditions of the
AnuM'icans, jind those of Old World nations."
' Ihsriiit Iff Mini, vol. ii,, |i. ;l(iS.
^ Till' valiu' of jiroof by aaalo^^y 1ms liccii (|iu'slioii('il liy many t'liiiiifiit
OlilGIX OF THE AMERICAN'S.
For my own part I have no tlieory upon the sub-
ject—would liavo no theory. The })rol)leni of tlio
orit^in of tlie American al)orit>ine8 is, in my opinion,
envel(j[)ed in as much obscurity now as it ever was;
and when I consider tlie close ])roxiinity of the Uwrth-
Avestern and ncn-th-eastern e.vtremities of America to
Asia and Europe; the unthounht of and fortuitous
circumstances that may at any tune have cast any
])eople upon the American co.-'sts; the mit^hty con-
vulsions that may have chai.L;ed the wliole face of
the earth during- the uncounted years that man may
luive dwelt upon its surface; and lastly, the uncer-
tainty, perhaj)s I might say improbability, of the
descent of mankind from one ])air; — when 1 thiidc of
all these things it seems to me that the pco[)ling of
America may have been accomplished in so many
Avays that no more ho[)eless task could be conceived
than the endeavor to discover the one particular
manner i>f it.
in the following resumd I wish neither to tear
down nor to Ijuild u|), but simply to give an account
of what has been thought and wi'itten upon the sub-
ject, and tt) show, with as little criticism as possible,
the foundation upon which each theory stands. ()['
aiitliors. nmnlioldt wiit("<: 'On nVst pas on droit ilo supimspr dcs coiii-
niiiiiiciitiiiii^ |iai'liiiit oil roll troiivc, clit'/ dcs |i('U|il('s h dciiii Ijiiiliaics, lu
ciiitc dii soicil, oil I'lisii^'i! do sacr'lici' di's victiiiio liuiiiaiiies.' I'ms, toiii.
i., p. '2'u. 'Tlu! iiistaiici's of ciiMtoiiin, iiiiMvly ailiitiarv, foiiiiiioii to (lit!
iiilialiilaiits of Itolli lu'iiiiHpliciVH, aic, iiidci'd, no few and so ciiiiivocal, that
no tlu'ory coiict'iiiiiiK tlie population of tlu Now World oiijilil to lie toiiiKJcd
upon tlit'iii.' Ah ri';iards ndiji'ioiis rites, il'e liiuiiaii mind, excii wlicii' its
operations appear iiiohI wild and eapiieimiH, holds a course so i'e;4iilai'. that
ill every a;;'e and eoiiiitrv the diniiinion of paitieiihii' passions will he at-
temled with similar elleets.' Itn'ii r/^mi'.s- llisl. A nitr. ,\{\\. i., p. '2(t!t. War.
den reniiiiks tlmt nations Unowii to he distinet, to have had no inlei'eoiii's(>
hii'ed similar enstoius — these, therefore, ^row fnnii physical and iiioiai
causes, /{•■i/uir/ns, p, '_•(»."). 'In atteinptintr to trace ndalions hetweeii
them and the rest of niiinkiinl, wo cannot expect to discover proofs of their
derivation from anv particular trihe or nation of the < lid < 'onlineiit.' I'ric/i-
iir./'i Xii/. His/. Man, vol, ii.,|i, P.M. 'To tell an iiic(iiiier who wishes to
deduce one po|ailation frmii anolher that certain dislani Irilies a;^ree with
the one under discussion in certain pojnisof rescmhlance, is as irrelevant
as to tell a lawyer in search of the next of kin to a client deceased, that
tlioii^jh vou know of no relations, ymi can liiid a man who is the very pic-
ture of him in piu'son a fact >i 1 enough in il'^elf. hat not to the [>ni-
p (se.' Liilliidii's Mitii ami Ins Mi'iiuilitus, p|i. 71 ■'•■
■■'54
01
wa,^
nicMiI
n','c I'l
thai
eiiihiil
III
ail
DESCKNDANT.S OF XOAU.
ub-
tho
ion,
vas ;
rth-
;a to
tons
any
con-
:',o of
may
ncer-
• tho
nk of
inj4' of
many
•civod
/icular
.'C« )
tear
unt
1)-
1.1.
S\l
ISSllMl
,\,.s cdin-
hliaii';
U
i,s, tiini.
II to llui
ml. tli;it
liiinul'''!
Iwlii'if itH
liilar, that
ill he at.
,(». Wiir.
Iliii'iniV'''',
111 i\i(iii>\
lll'tWfl'll
\i-i (it tlicil-
I'rirh-
lies to
ith
in'li'Viint
I, tl>i«t
,.|IMM
It' vc
tlic I
III!"
the comparative valiio of the opinions tlio reader
mnst 1)0 his own jndge. Of the vahio of this dis-
cussion of the subject tlicre is tliis to be said; as a
<-uriositv, s]iowin<jf the color jjiven to mind by its en-
viroinncnt, showini^ the blind and almost frcnzietr
t'fibrts of different men of different ejutchs, creeds,
and culture, to fathom a hithei'to unfathomable mys-
tei'v, this, to<>vther with the collateral linht thrown
upon the subject of aboriginal Anu'i'ica, if there bo
no other advantage in it, will amply repay the in-
vestiu'ation.
The earliest writers required three propositions
to be taken for granted:" First, that the entire
human race are descended from one original ]>air,
and i'rom Noah through Sliiem, Ham, and Japheth ;
second, that America was peo])led from one of three
sourcts -Asia, Africa, or Europe; thiril, that all
knowledge ai'ises from one of four sources — knowl-
edge pui'e and absolute, from a knowledge of causes;
opinion more or less uncertain; divine faith, sure and
infallihle, based u|)t)n the holy scriptures as intei'-
])retiMl by the Churi'h ; human faith, dependent upon
the statements of men. The fiist of these four
soui'ces of knowledge throws no light upon the sub-
ject ; tl
le
third
IS e.pnUiy useless
hen
since
tl
le
scripturt's are silent after the time of Noah, though,
as we shall pri'sently see, huge I'udeavors have heen
made to make them speak; as Ibr the fourth, JMiro-
]>eaiis, even if they conjectured the possible existences
I of an undiscovered continent, were ci'rtain that it
was not inhaliited," while the Americans wei'e eii-
^ CiMlaiiily niaiiy <>f llio writcvH must liaxc Iicimi ('iliii'i- fools or ilu-
iMciitcil, if \M> jiiil;,'!' tlii'iu liy ihrir work ami ar;^uim'iilH,
>* a
Ornirii (/,' /ov liii/., ]i|i. 7 I-
'•• Wlicii I ir ( lama ('•.(aMi^lu'il ilu' ujuliiilar form of tlic carlli liy liis voy-
,','i' rouml till' ( 'a|M' of (i I llo|p(', in 1 I'.i? S, 'ilic iiolitical roiiM'i|iu'm'rM
a
that at oiicf ciiN
iii'il |i|
III.' I
i|ial ( iiiNcrniiicnt in ii |iosilionol '^\vu\
cmliarra^Mnicnt, Its trailitions ami polii'v foi'lia>l<' it to iiilinil aiiv oilirr
llian the Hal li^'iirc of tin' carlli, an ri'vcalcil in llic .'">iii|>tnri's. ' In j.'ijo
Ala;4:i'llan ili-<('(t\ crcil llic Nirail wliicli now
anil', an<l 'licnrrforth
oiiiuiN OF t:ii: amehicaxs.
tirely iii^noi'ant of tlio part of the world from which
they K}»rang.
The first of tlie three propositions mentioned
above, nauiely, tliat all maidcind are descended from
one original ])air, seems to have been taken for
j^ranted by almost all the writers, ancient and mod-
ern, Avho have had some theory to sustain respecting
the t)ri<,»'in of the Americans.^" The question of the
unity of the human race, as considered without bias
by modern scieiititic men, remains, however, unde-
termined; thougli it may be fairly said that the best
tlio tlioolojricjil (l(i('triiit> of tlie Ihilness of tlio enrth was in-ptricvably ovcr-
llirowii.' Jhiipir's Ciiiijlirf, |)|), Ki.S-"). St Aii^iustiii atliriiifil that tlio
world licyond tlu' tropic of caiicor wan iiniiiliahitt'd. 'Ka vcro vi'tcruiu
Hi'iiteutia, iH'rs|ii('ua atiiim iiiiiicta, vt, ipsis vidfl)atiir, ratioiic iiil<d)atur.
Nam vt (|iii('c|U(' \V'/[o ad iiu'ridifiii iiropius ai'i'filit, ita noUs ardoriliii.s
iiia^is I'xpositam aiiiiMailiicrtcraiit, id(|ue adeo vt'niiii est, vt in fadoiii
ItaliiL^ liroiiiiicia A|iuliaiii l/i;^'iiria, i^' in llo^<tra IliM|iaiiia lia'ticaiii Caiita-
l»ria vs(|ii(' adoo foriiciitiori'iii iiota ro iict'at, vt |)i'r ^rrailus vi\diiiii octo
},'raiidt! fri;;oriM i*v: a'stiis discrinieii Hit.' Aroslit, J)r Xalrm Xiiri Orhi.i,
fol. '27. ' l.aclaiitiuH FiriniamiH, and St. Austin, wlio striin;.;cly jcarM
at as ridicnIoiiH, and not liiiid^in;; lit fur a Scrions .Answer tlic Koolisli
Opinion of Antipodes, or anotiier Haliital>li! World licyoiid the l-".i(nalor:
At wliii'li, liactantius Dndlin;;, says, wliat, I-'orsootli, here is a lini! Opin-
ion liroac'liM indeed; an .\ntipodes! Iiei;iii-dav ! I'eopU- wliosc l''eet tread
with ours, and walk l'"ool to Foot with ns; tlieir Meads downwards, anil
yet drop not into the SkyI There, yes, very likely, the 'I'rees loaden with
l'"ruit ^row downwaids, and it Uaius, Hails, and Snows upwards; the ttoofn
and Spires of Cities, tops of Mountains, jioint at tlio Swy lieneath them,
anil the Itivers rcversM topsi-turvy, ready to llow into the Air out of their
Channels.' ()>/i7/ii/'.i A imriro, pp. (1-7. The aneients helie\('ila !ar;je ])or-
tion of the mIoIpi' to Ik- uuiidialiitahio by reason of oxeossivo heat, which
must have ;;reatly deterred disnivery.
'" Touehiii;^ the i|Mestioii whether the Ainerieans and the peonle oi tho
old world are of eoinnion ori;;in, see: Jlrii.smiir i/r Hiiitrlniiini, ilint. Nut.
Cii'., toni. i., pp. 1-HI; Ti//iir\\ Aiin/iiKir, p. |(U; ('hinijiro, S/nrin Aiit. i/cl
^fl^.'isil^ll, lorn, iv., ])|». 14 -M; TortiiiniKn/n, MniKin/. Jii</., tom. i., pp. I-IU;
Jiniiirc:, in Siii\ Mc.r. (I'loi/., Iln/r/in, "Jda epoea, toni. iv., p. .")l; M'I'nt-
Itilix lir.ii'Krr/ir.i (III Allirr., pp. 17") X; Mnfiir's Mr.r list il llVrv, p. 'JtUI;
hiinii inch's I)i.sir/s, vol, i., jip. (!(i-S(l; J'rtscn/t's .)/(,/•.. vol. iii., |i, HSil;
Jlnii/fonrs Aiinr. Ai,fi<i., pp. 2:»7-l!t, Xd, ;i.")», 4J(»-.'I5; C/nirlini/.v,
i|noleil in < 'iirnr'.i Trni'., pp. li)7-H; h\iiitiiiiir's Jlmr t/ir W'oihl inis I'm-
jili'il. p. 17, et sei| ; Cnufi's I'nil, Aiiur., p. (il; W'illiiiiiis KiK/in'ri/ into
Tnti/itniir, < '/iini/irr, .)f ,fii/iii\ p. l.'U; ir^/.v«//'.v I'n-liisl. Mmi, pp.
(ill-ll, IS,">-(!; <'iir/i, Ciirhin, pt i., p. l(i; ('/iiniii.\fii>, in J\ii/:i!ti(i'.s I'm/nf/r,
vol. ii., pp. 4(l">-(i; I'n'rliird's Ursriirr/ir.t, vol. v,, pp. .')ll (!; Iliinilnililf,
I'lir.i, iinw. i., pp. '-'.*, ,'U IniMinieralile other speeulations have lieen niado
on this poinl. Iiul in most cases li\ men who were lint poorlv ipnililied to deal
with a sniiject reipiirin;; not only learning.', hut a determination to iuvesli-
fTiitii fairly and without hias, .\dair's reasonin^r in this eonneetion will
»nrve III illiHlrale: 'tlod emjiloyed si\ days, in creating the liea\ens, this
I'arlh, and the innuineralile species of crcaliues, wherewith it is so amply
funii.ilied. 'I'he work.s of a heiii;,', iidiidlely perfect, must entirely luiswur
file
tion;
"(he:
i't till
heeiil
Iiiali
<ii\iM|
]!iU
iiilcrJ
liath
mill jl
<liaiis|
«ll II
llloijc
(lie III
Am c
J-rr-/\
II
ho.'l,
<iMr| J
soiiiii r
in;; ciil
•III null
whicjif
'i'llUM.
"I'll (,l
aciilc
ricaii
UNITY 0:t DIVEKSITY OF OKKUX.
tlirin,
tlii'ir
1m;(> j»or-
which
1.1 tl\o
I. X'lt-
„f. ilil
,. \-M\
I.. -JltO;
i.. :is'.i;
rliriii.f,
IIS l'i»-
rij iiil*>
tiithiildt,
I'll inailt'
I toili'ul
I iiivfsti-
t'nm will
CUH, tll'lH
HO ainiily
V iiiiHWcr
•/;■
I
of tlio arijutnent is on tlie sldo of tlioso who inaiiitaiii
tlio priiuitivo diversity of iiuin. It liappuns that
those who arc most earnest in uplioldin*;- the hil)lifal
account of the creation, and conse(piently the unity
of man, must, to be consistent, also uplioUl the hib-
lical system of chronolony, which teaches that man
has not existed on the earth for more tiiau six tliou-
sand years. This i.s unfortunate, since it is evident
that the hi^lier we beheve the anticpiity of man to
be, the easier it is for us to aihnit the unity of orii^du
of tlie strongly marked varieties that now exist."
Tlie lienor of peoi)linu^ America has fre(juently been
j.;iven to Noah and his immediate descendants. iJut
ex'en were we sure that the tradition recorded in the
Jiible of Noah's stranijce doinjj^s is accurate in every
respect, the narrative does not throw any detinite li^lit
upon liis subse(pient ])roceedinL's, and we nmst invent
Avoiiders to add to wonders if we make anvthins"' more
out of it. The subject cannot be discussed intelli-
f!ii' (li'siirn "f tlicni: liciicc tlicrc could ln> no iicrrssity for a socoml cn'ii-
liiiii; oi'tHiil's rn-atin;; iii:iii\' ;iaii's of the liiiinaii racu iliU'orinj^ troiii rack
oiliiM', ami liltcil for iliU'ciciit cliniatcs: licrau.sc, thai iiiiplics iiiiiicrfci'tion,
ill till' j;raiiil mIii'iiic, or a want of iiowor, in tin' I'Ni'cntioii of it, Had lln'io
lii'i'n a |iiicii, or later fonnalicni of any new class of crcatnii's, \\w\ nnist
inalcrially ilillfr from llmsc of the six da.\s work; for it is inonisislcnt with
•lisinc w i>doni to make a vain, or unniMcssiirv ii'iu'tition of the ^ann' act.
Itat tlic American Indians neitlu'r \arv from the rest of mankind, in ih'ir
liilernal coirsirnclion, nor cMernal a|i|icarancc, cxceiil in colour; wliicli, as
lialli liien shewn, is cilher entirely aecideiiliil, or artilicial. .As the Mosnic
tii'i'oiiiit declares a coin|)lel ion oi the manilestation of ( iod's inliiiite wisihnii
and jiower Ml creation, williin that space ol lime; it tidlows, iliiit the In-
dians have liiieall\' descended lioni .Adam, the lirst, and tli(< eie.it iitnent of
all the human species.' Aimr. Jm/., pp. li-l'J. 'I'o the works of thoso
iiiodern scientists, sneh as l.\ell, Marwiii, and others, who have treated of
the niiilv of the human species at lar^zc, 1 need not refer the reader here,
.All excellent ri'siime of the siiliject will, however, ho fouinl in /'«.v/( /'.«
rn-iiisi. /{iiirs, pii. :{.'):«-(>7.
" ' We liiid on llie earliest Kirvpliaii inonuineiits,' says Sir John laih-
hiH'k, 'some of which are certainly as ancieiil as "ildO ii. ( ., two hichi ,\[^.
lincl types, the .\rah on llieea->l and west of !•'.'.:> pi, the Neuro on Iho
honlh. These distinct types, still predominate in l';:> pt and the iiei;,;hhoni-
iii;; countries. Tims, then, says ,Mr. rooji', in this immense interval we
do not iiml "the least i han,ue in the Ne;;io or the .\riili; nnd excn the t.\ pe
which seems to he intermediiile hctwcen them is \irtnallyas unaltered,
Tlio.si> w ho consider that leii;,'lli of time can chan;:e a type of man, will do
well to consider the fait that three thoiisiind yciiis '/\\{> no ratio mi whii'h
a caliii hit 10,1 could he founded," " ( 'raw fnrd, also says; the niill ions • "of ,\f.
ricaii Negroes that liavo diuinj^ three leiituries heeii Iriinsporled to the .New
10
OUUnX OF THE amkimcans.
gcMitly, but I will nivo some of tl'j opinions tliat have
been held on the subject.
Noah's ark, says UUoa, gave rise to a number of
such coustrui'tions; and the experience gained dur-
iug the patriarch's aimless voyage eiid)oldened his
desi'eiidants to seek strauge lauds in the same man-
ner. Driven to America and the neighboring islands
by winds and currents, they found it difficult to re-
turn, and so remained aiul peo})led the land. Ho
thinks the custom of eating raw tish at the present
day among some American tribes, was ac(juired during
these lonu' sea vovanes. That thev came bv sea is
evident, for the north, if, indeed, the continent be con-
nected with the old world, nnist I)e impassable by rea-
son of intense cold.'" I'lloa, although lie wt)uld not
for a moment allow that there could have been more
than oiie general creation, does not attempt to account
lor the ])re.sence of strange animals and ])lants in
America; and I may observe here that this diliiculty
is similarly avoided by all writers of his class." Les-
AVorld nitd Its islatiils, aro the sninc in colour ns tho jiroscnt iii1ial>itaiifs of
llii' |i;ii('iil coiiiitrv ol tlu'ir fori-fatliiTs. 'I'lic Cn'olc S|iaiiiaiil.<, wlio liavo
tor at least as Inn;,' a tiiiic licfii NiMtlcd in tropical America, ue as fair as
the |ieii|ile of Arra^'oii ami Amialnsia, witii the same variety of colour in
tlie hair anil e>e as their progenitors. The pure l)utcU Creole coltmisis of
the Caiie of (innil Hope, after dwelling two centuri«'s iimon^; hIacU failles,
anil vcllow Hottentots, do mtt diti'er in coliuir from the people (tf Holland." '
/'n-lli.sf. Tiiiiis, pp. ."iS7-.S. We liiid 'upon K;;Aptian iMonuiuiMits, mostly
of the thirlecnih. fourteenth, and tifteenth centuries hefore the Chrisliaii
lira, representations of individuals ot numerous tuitions, .African, .Xsiatic,
and l'',niopcau, ditl'erin;; in physical characteristics aw widely as any eiiinil
numlicr of nations of the present a;j;e that could he f^roiiped to;j;ether;
ainouu' thi'se liciu;; iH';;roes of the triu' Ni^'ritiau stamp, depicted with ti
lidclity as to cidor and features, harilly to he surpassed liy a modern
artist. That such diversities had hcen ]irodu<'(>d hy luitural iiu'aiis iii tho
interval lietween that remote a^'c and the time of Noah, prohaldy m» one
\erseil in the science of amitomy ami physiology will utuisidor credihle.''
Fii.\/ir\ I'n- Ill's/. Itinrs, p. ,'{,")7.
I- Xiifiiiii.s Aiiiiririiiiiis, ])p. ,'t!ll-,">, -It).')-?. On paries 'J,S(i-HI)4, lie hasan
ary;ument, hacked hy ;;colo;^ical evidences, to show that America is tho
(ddest contilleiit.
'• 'Were wc to admit,' say some ethnolo^'ists, ' iv unity of (U'iffin of such
stroii;,dy-inarl\ed xaricticsasihe Ne;,'roaiid I'liiropeaii, diU'erin;,' as they do in
colour and hodily cinistitutioii, each lilted lor distinct climates, and exhihit-
ini;soinc maiUcil peculiarities in their osteolo;;ieal, and even in some detailx
of cranial and ceieliral coufiuinalion. as well as in their avera^'e intellectual
endow iiieiils. if, in spile of the I'aci that all these attiihnles ha\e Ih'cii faith-
fully handed do\\ n unaltered fur huadrodtt of goncrations, we iiie to htdievu
tli.'it
liow
that
b.iill
J.a
N ( » A 1 1'.s I ) i:sc i:n da nts .
11
tiiuts (if
II llllVO
fair as
lour ill
iiists (if
1 'atVri's,
laml." '
II
Kistly
iristiaii
Asiatic,
(Miiial
i;^ctlii'r;
willi il
nm(lcrii
IS ill tlio
IK) (IllU
ivdiltle.*'
luiHau
111 is till)
(if such
ICY ilo ill
.•xliiliit-
■ dctails
(.Uccliinl
'(•II faitli-
II lielicvu
carlxtt cannot see why "Xoali sliDuld liavo experi-
enced any «litficulty in reaeliinij;- America hy sea, when
Solomon's ships made voyaj^es histin<»' three years.'"'*
ViHaj^iitierre/'' on the contrary, thinks it more
]n'ol)ahk> that Xoah's sons came to America hy
land; an opinion also held hy Thompson, who he-
lieves, however, that tiie continents weie not dis-
connected nntil some time alter the Hood, hy which
time America was peo[)led from the Old World.""'
( )rrio remarks that many have supposed that Xoah,
in order to he ahle to people the New World as well
as the ( )1(1, nuist, during' his tluve hundred and tit'ty
years ot" })ost-diluvian lite, have hail more children
than are mentioni'd in the hihle; hut in his opinion
there was no necessity for more pros^enitors, since (»ne
woman can in two hundred and ti'U years het'ome the
ancestor of one million six hundred and f'orty-st'ven
thousand and eii>hty-six ])ersons. ili> thinks that Ham
Avas the father of the .Vmerii'an race." Alontanus con-
sideis ittjuite in accordance with Xoah's character and
mission that he should have attended to the peoj)linn' of
the world during;' his loni;- life."* J^FiStraui^e is of
opinion that Shem and his children, who were not
amoui^- the hiiilders of liahel, moved gradually east-
ward, and were, furthei", forced in that direction even
to America, hy the progeny of . I a|)heth.''' We read in
one of the Ahlie Domenecli's works,-'" that ()|»hir, «)ne
of Xoah's descendants, went to IV'ru and settled there,
lliaf, in llio ('(iiiisc (if time, llicv liavc all divcri^cil fniin mic ('iiiiiiiinii slmk,
liiiw sliall \vc icnI-I ilic aruuiiii'iil oi tiic traii^iiiiilaliniiisi, win, ciiiiIi'MiU
lliat all cliiscly allied N|ici'i('«, (if aiiiiiial> and |ilaiit-* Ii.im' in like iiiaiiiur
h,iiiniLr friiin a ((iniiiniii |iari'iila;;(' .' ' Lihll'i An/n/ nf Man, \i\<. i;i;!- 1.
1' 1,1 ■iiiirhiil, II (st. Sum-, l-'rmiri', lili. i., caii, iii.
'■' llisl. ('nil'/. //;.», |i|i. 'J.i-S.
^'ruiii/i/i/'/i, i; Isl.'i. 'riiiini|isiin calculates the H|ireadiiiL; nf Nnairs
children U|i tn llie liiiie nf l'ele>;-, when llie llilile deilaie-< llie ('arlli In have
lii'CM di\iile(|. lie alMi >liipw-, that this di\ i^iini liaii|iened earlier than is
;;('neiallv «ii|i|i(iseil.
" llnid, Siihifii,,,, |i. 11, el se,,, 'r(iri|iieniada also liidieves Hunt to
liave lieen the father uf the lare. .\h)iiiini. Iiiil., turn, i., jiji. '.'! ,'{()
'^ .V/.iuf ir,,, •,/,/. |i. ;17. M •
'•' I.' i'slriiiiiii\ A iirrii'iiii'i mi ilcir/.i.
«» /A.., c'.v, \ol. i,, ji. •-»)), 'Tlio IVniviaii lanj;iiaye,' wiiles lllna, 'i.i
12
OKKilN OF THE AMEUICANS.
ruliiiiJ!" those who went with liiiu. 8i,u'iie]!za and Sis-
ter Allies de hi Cruz, conjectured that the Americans
were descended from Nai)htuhim, the son of Mizraim
and i,n-andson of Ham, whose descendants left Egyjtt
for America shortly after the confusion of tonii^ues.'^*
Pineda thinks the same.^^ Chivigero considers it
proven by the native Hood-mytiis and traditions of
ioreiLjn origin that the Americans are descendants of
Noah. He quotes the tradition of Votan,'^ who is
declared to li^ve been closely connected with the
Babel-builcgrs, the originator of that enterprise being
his uncle.^*
Let us see, now, what these flood-myths arc. This
I may say first, however; some of tliem are doubt-
less s[)uiious, and few have escaped tlie renovating
touch of the Spanish priests and chroniclers, who
throughout their writings seem to think it their
bounden duty to make the ideas and history of the
New World corres})ond to those of the Old. And
what tlie old writers have added t)r invented, the
modern writers are, in most cases, ready and glad to
acce])t as genuine, \vithout d()ul)t or question. "It is
impossible," savs Viscount Kinjjfsborouuh, "when I'ead-
ing what Mexican ^Mythulogy I'ecords of the war in
heaven, and of the fall of Zontemonipie and tlie other
rebellious spirits; of the creation of liglit 1)V the word
of Tonacatecutli, and of tlie division of the waters;
of the sin of Yztlacoliuh<|ui, and his l)liudness and
nakedness; of the temptation of Suchi([uei'al, and her
disobedience in gathering roses from a tree, and the
consequent miseiy and disgrace of herself and all her
posterity, — not to recognise Scriptural .uiMlogies. Hut
the ^[exican tradition of the Delude is that which
smiu'tliinp like tho llolm-w, and Noiih's toii;L,'iie wiix doulitless lli'hrcw.'
Xofii'id.s .1 iiirrifiiiiiis, )). ,'{,S4.
81 ('/(iriiirri), StiinK Aiit. ilrl ^fl•ssil'o, toin, iv., ]>. 17.
^'^ III Sar. M(.i\ (Iniil., llii/rf/ii, '-Mil t''|MH'll, loiil. iii., p. It III.
*' Sco Mil. iii of tlii.s worU, p. 4.')(>, ct si'i|.
" Sfiiriii Aiif. till Mrssirii, toiii. iv., p. l."». llcrciliii y .Siinniciito follows
Claviycro. Scniioiim, p. 84,
I
ABORK ;IXAL FLOOD-MYTHS.
13
to
t is
eacl-
• ill
her
word
tors ;
and
her
the
1 her
But
hic-h
follo\v»
bears tlie most unequivocal marks of having been de-
rived :Voin a Hel)rew source.""
AVe liave seen in a preceding vohimc how, accord-
ing to the connnon ver^iiion of the Mexican Hood-
niytli, Coxcox and liis wife Xocliiquetzal were the
(Mil y human beings who escaped from the great delude
which covered the face of the earth in the Age of
AVater. How, when the waters went down, the ai k
in Avhich they had saved themselves — the liollow
trunk of a bald cypress — rested upon the Peak of Cul-
huacan ; and how the dumb children that were born
t) tlie rescued pair were taught many languages by a
dove. We have also read the reputed Tarasco
legend of Tezpi, which so closely resembles the bib-
lical legend of the deluge that it cannot be discussed
as a native tradition at all, but must be regarded sini-
]tly as the invention of some Spanish writer who
thought it his mission to show that the Hebrew tra-
ditions were famihar to the Americans.**' In Guate-
mala, among the ATiztecs, and in Nicaragua thei'e were
also ti'aditioiis of great and destructive deluges."
The Piipagos tell of a mighty Hood that destroyed
all life on the earth, except the hero-god Montezuma
and liis friend tlie Coyote who had foretold the del-
uge. VjivAi (»f these made for himself an ark, and
wlieii tlie waters subsided and they met on the small
]>atch of (by land that first a})[)eared, Montezuma dis-
patched the Coyote four tinu's to find out exactly how
the sea lay.'-'* X'ery similar is the IMma legend which
relates how the prophet who would not heed the tluicu
rei)eated warniiii's of the Ea<'le was destroved bv a
«■' }fi r. .\i,/i</., vol. vi., )i. Ktl. I'lii'^t, Aiiir,: Aiillij., iip. Wl-X tliiiiks
tliiit nil ivniv iiiiii!;!' icmi'-^iMitiii;.; a iiintlici- aiul cliilil t'dUiid in ( 'iiiciiiiial i,
may liavc liccii taken In Uiilain liy the (i recks or liomans, who knew of tlie
IMoplieeies eoiieerniii;,' the \"iru'iii iiml Cliilil .lesiis, ami tlienee liiini;.'lit to
Aineriea. See, al>o. eoneeniin;.' leliu'ions lielief, l(a|itisiii, eiieiiineision, anil
oilier <'liiistiaii-like rites in the New WorM: 7'//A/y'\ A mihiiiir, pp. •J7i'-si);
I'risrntl's Ml. I., vol. iii., ]ip. ,S7,S-Sr); Si/iiii)/rril)'/\s Airll., Vol. i., pp. I7-1,S;
M'Ciilldh'.s Itrsriirr/ii:^- III! Aiinr., pp 111-411; Lulnihi's limiililn, pp. 2ll5-(i.
-"' See vol. iii., pp. (i(»-<», and eomiiieiits in iieeoinpain iii'' notes,
«/'/, pp. :•.•-.-).
«■' /./., p. 7(i.
u
ORIGIN OF THE AMEItlCAXS.
flood, and how Szeiikha, tlie son of the Creator, saved
liiniself by floating on a ball of i^uni or resin.^ Tho
Mattoles of California regard Taylor Peak as tlio
]K)int on which their forefathers took refuge from a
destructive flood.*' Other Californian tribes liavo a
tradition of a delusfe from which the Coyote, with his
usual good-fortune, was the onlv living thing that es-
cai)ed, if we except an eagle who was miraculously
formed from a single feather that floated on the face
of the waters.''* Lake Tahoe Avas formed by a flood
which destroyed all mankind but a very small rem-
nant.^* The Thlinkeets relate that manv i)ersons
^ J-
escaped the great deluge by taking refuge in a great
floating building, which, when the waters fell,
grounded upon a rock and was split in twain. From
this moment men spake in various tongues, for there
remained in one fragment of tlie divided ark those
whose descendants sjjeak tlie Thiinkect language, and
in the other those whose descendants emi)l()y a difler-
ent idiom.^'* Tlie Chipewyan deluge covered all the
earth except tho high mountain- tof)s, upon which
many of the people saved themselves.'" The Isthmi-
ans believed that the world was peopled by a man
who with his wife and children escaped the great
ilood. The Peruvians liad several flood-myths. One
(if them relates that the whole face of the earth was
clianged by a great deluge, attended by an extraor-
dinary eclipse of the sun which lasted five days. All
living things were destroyed exce}»t t)ne man, a shep-
herd, with his family and flocks. It happened in
this wise. Some time before the flood this shepherd,
while tending his flock of llamas, remarked that the
animals a[)peared to be oppressed with sadness, and
that they passed the whole night in attentively
Wh
J' M., pp. 78-9.
3" /</., p, 8().
3« /(/., )). 8<».
^i /'/.. p. 10.1.
3* Mackenzie's Voyages, p. cxviii.
».y
rEUUVIAN rLOOD-MVTIIS.
15
:hmi-
inaii
irrcat
One
I was
traor-
All
sliop-
h\ in
licrd,
it tho
,s, and
itivoly
watchini,' the course of the stars. Filled with amaze-
ment, he interroi»"ated the llamas as to the cause of
their concern. Directing his attention to a group ot*
six stars, massed closely together, they answered that
(hat was a sign that the world would shortly he de-
stroyed hy a deluge, and counseled him, it" he wished
t;) escape the universal destruction, to take refuge
with his family and Hocks on the top of a neii'lihorini''
mountain. Acting upon this advice, the 8he[)herd
hastily collected his llamas and children and ])roceed-
ed with them to the sunnnit of mount Ancasmarca,
where a crowd of other animals had already sought
safety. The warninrif had not come a moment too
soon, for scarcely had tliey reached the mountain-top,
when the sea hurst its hounds and with a terrible
roaring rushed over the land. But as the waters rose
higher and higher, filling the valleys and covering the
]»lains, behold, the mountain of refuge rose witli it,
iloating upon its surface like a ship upon the waves.
This lasted five days, during which time the sun hid
himself and tlie earth was wrapj^ed in darkness. On
the fifth day the waters began to subside, arid the
stars shone out on the desolate world, which was
eventually re-peopled by the descendants of the shep-
herd of Ancasmarca.
According to another Peruvian legend, two
brotliers escaped from a great deluge Avhich over-
whelmed the world in nuich the same manner, by
ascending a mountain which floated ui)on the Hood,
When the waters' had retired, they found themselves
alone in tlie world; and having consumed all their
])rovisions, they went down into tlio valleys to seek
for mare food. Wheth'n- th(>y were successl'ul in
their search, the trailition does not say; but if not,
tlK'ir surj)rise nuist indeed have been agreeable when
on returning to the hut which they had built on the
mountain, they found food ready prepared for them
by unknown hands. Curious to 1
Icnow wlio
tl
leir
benefactor could be, thev took counsel to<jether and
m
16
OURJIN OF THE AMERICANS.
finally a^freed that one should hide himself in tlic
hut, while the other went into the valley. The
hrother who remained concealed himself carefully,
and his patience was soon rewarded by seeint^ two
aras with the faces of women,^® who immediately set
about preparing a meal of bread and meats. But it
was not lonijf before the aras became aware of the
presence of the concealed brother, and they instantly
essayed tliL»ht; but the man seized one of them, and
she afterwards became his wife. By her he had six
children, three sons and three daui^hters, from whose
union sprany^ the tribe of the Canaris, whose descend-
ants to this day hold the ara in cfreat veneration. **
"The Peruvians were ac(|uainted with the Dehiqo,
and believed that the rainbow was the siyii that the
earth would nt^t aij^ain be destroyed by water." This
somewhat startling' announcement is made by Lord
Kingsboroun'h, and he shows that there can be no
reasonable doubt on the subject in an eminently char-
ficteristic manner. "This is plain," he says, "from
the s[)eech which ManL»o Capac, the reputed founder
of the Peruvian empire, addressed to his com-
panions on beholding the rainbow rising from a
hill; Avhicli is thus recorded by Balboa in the
ninth chapter of tlie third part of his Miscellanea
Antarctica: 'They traveled on until a mountain, at
present named (Jiuanacauri, ])i»^sented itself to their
view, when on a certain moriiing, they beheld the
rainbow rising above tlu. nountain, with one ex-
tremity resting u[)on it, when Manco Ca|)ac ex-
35 'On plutftt deux feinnips, iinitiint Ic iioni d'Aia.' says Rrasspur do
Boiirlxuir^; I i)rpfi'r, liowi'vcr, \\\v ori^iiual icadiiiir. Tlie Ara is a kind of
l)arr(>(|uet. ooimuoii in Soutli America, ami so i-illcd lii'canse it ('(intinnaily
rciieats tiie fry nrn, ma. Iicin^s half bird, lialf woman, are as likely to
iijiuro in sueii a legend as tiic al>ov(? as not. ISesides, shortly afterwards
the narrati\(! speaks of ' les deux oiseaux,' referrinj; to the aras.
36 Koi- hoth of these llood-uiyths see: Jirii.\\rnr </c JUiitrlitiimf, in Laiidn,
lirlrtcioii, ))!). .\XN-xxxii. Ilerrera. Hisf. (irii.. due. v., lil). lii., ca]!. vi. ,
givoM a ualive tradition whieh relates that lon;^ lieforo the time of the
Tneas tiiere was a j;reii* deluj;e, from which some of the natives escaped l>y
lleeiii^ to the mouutai io|(s. The UHiuutain tribes a.ssert, liowevcr, thai
only six porsoii.s escaped this Hood in a balsa.
iieH
ieni
bee]
►Sj)il
ins J
iar<|
tezil
Tall
.1-
3!4|
THE TOWER OF BADEL.
17
tllO
The
.illy,
two
f set
ut it
■ the
[Uitly
, and
id six
.vliose
iceiid-
30
at tlui
This
' Lord
be no
y chav-
<'tVoni
oundcr
coni-
oni a
m the
;lhinea
ain, at
theii-
"Id the
one ex-
)ac ex-
■$n\sHPur lit";
s a kiii'l t'f
•oiitiiHiivUv
as Wk^'b- V
ufti'i-Nvunls
;', in Ldiiilc,
ii., nil'. VI.,
time of tlK'
s osi'iir*-''! ''>'
owevor, tluil
:o
I
I
claimed to his companions, This is a propitious sign
that the earth will not he aj^ain destroyed by water.'
....Proof havinu: been attbrdod in the passage
quoted from tlie History of Balboa, that the Peru-
vians were ac(piainted with the history of the rain-
bow, as given in the ninth chapter of (Genesis, it may
be interesting to add, that according to the acc;)iint
of an anonymous writer, they believed the rainbow
was not only a passive sign that the earth would not
be destroyed by a second deluge, but an active in-
struuu'ut to prevent the recurrence of such a catas-
troplie: the latter curious notion jiroceeded upon the
assuiiiption that as tlie water of the sea (which, like
the .lews, they believed to encircle the whole earth)
would have a tendency to rise after excessive falls of
rain, so the pressure of the extremities of the rain-
bow upon its surface would prevent its exceeding its
projicr level. ""^
^biiiy of tliese flood-myths are supplemented with
an aci'ount of an attempt to ]>rovide against a second
dehin'c, bv buiklinti' a tower of refu<»'e, resemblini»"
more or less closely the bii)lical legend of the tower
of Pabcl. Thus a Cholultec legend relates that all
the giants who inhabited the country, save seven,
were di'stroyed by a great flood, and adds that when
the waters were assuaged, one of these seven began
to build an artificial mountain. Put tlie anger (»f
the gods was aroused, and they slew many oi' the
builders, so the work was stopped.'"^ In like; man-
ner, ill the Papago legend to whicli I have re-
ferred. ?dontezunia, after he and the (,*oyote liad
been saved from tlie flood, so incensed the Oreat
S{)irit hy his ingratitude and prt'sumption, that an
insect was sent flying to tlio I'ast to Itiiiig the Span-
iards, who, when they came, utterly destroyed !Mon-
teziima. After the deluge spoken of in the Lake
Talioe myth, the few who escai)ed built up a great
'" K'ii'i<h(troiiijlis .'ifi'.i: Aiitiq., vol. viii , p. 'J5.
3'* So
\!l|. III.
Vol. V. a
1>. (W.
18
ORIGIN OF THE AIMKRICANS.
tower, tlio stroiin;' niakiii., the weak do tlic work.
This, it is distinctly stated, tliey did that they iuii>lit
liave a place of refuge in case of another flood. But
the (Ireat Spii'it was filled with anger at their pre-
sumption, and amidst thunderint>s and liuhtninijfs,
and showers of molten metal, he seized the op-
pressors and cast them into a cavern. ^"^
These myths have led many writers to believe that
tlie Americans had a knowLJge of the tower of
Babel, while some think that they are the direct
descendants of certain of the builders of that tower,
who, alter the confusion of tony'ues, wandered over
the earth until they reached ^Vmerica.*"
Many of the tribes had traditions through wiiich
they claim to have originally come from various direc-
tions to their ultimate settling-}>lace in America. It
^vill be readily seen that such traditions, even when
genuine, ;ire far too vague and uncertain to be of any
value as evidence in any theory of origin. To eacli
tribe its own little territory Nvas the one important
point in the universe; they had no concej)ti()n of tlu^
real size of the world; most of them su|)posed that
after a few days' jourmsy the traveler could if he chose
jum|) o(f the (n\)X,<i of the earth into nothingness.
What tlieir traditions referred to as a 'countrv in the
far east,' would probably mean it j)rairie two hundred
iniK>s away in that direction. Nevertheless, as these
traditions have been thought to support this or that
theory, it will be well to briefly review them here."
s' S(H' viil. iii,, )>i). 77, SO.
<" Acconliii;;' to I xtlilxocliitl, tlio Tulti'c tni(litii)n rolatcs tlnit iiftcr tlio
('(Mifiisidii (if tiiiijiiit'H llic M'vi'u I'aiiiilii's \vlii» s|nik(' Uif 'I'ltltcc lan;j;iia,:.;<' set
(lilt fur the New World, wandering' (iiic liiiiidri'il and fdur vcaivs oscr lar;;(;
extents (if land and water. l'"inally lliey arrived at llucline 'I'lai'iillan ill
the year 'diie llint,' li\t' luiiidreil aiitl Iwcniy years after tiie II I. Itrlii-
ciiiiirs, III Kiiiifsliiiriiiiii/i's Mix. .liilii/., Vdl. ix., p. 'A'2'2. See also aiiollier
ari'DiiIlt, 1>. AM); Hii/i(n'iii, Croii. .Mi,i\, ]it ii., li)). ") .S; ft(., fi/iii,ii]). Ill-'JT;
]'r>f/i,i. His/. Aitf. .lA./.toni. i., iiji. •->4. H,a 'Jl-.'-l.-J; M,„(fiit,(, lli.^l. F.rhs.,
Ji. 1 IT); Hint. If Alllitf., \n Soc. t/'.r. (.'ttii/., Itii/i/iii, toill. i., li. 'J.S I ; ./(ao'(V).s',
Jlisi. diiid., ({\\n\\. I8.')7^ toiii. ii., y\\. '\'\A\\ Di/ajii/d'.i Aii/n/. Anin\, p. .'U;
lhiiiil),i/i/f, ]'iiis, toil), i., )iit. II 1-1. "i; I'ri'-rn/f'.s Mrx., \o\. iii., ii|i, .'(SO I;
Ihivls" Aiir. Aiiiir., i>. ;M ; 'li/Zur's Ami/iiKir, n. 'J77.'
*' riiey had ulso, us wu liuvo noun in the tliird voluiiio, a great niiuiy eu-
OKICIX OF THE TOLTECS.
10
H'tilllt
.f tho
1 thill,
el lose
LTllL'SS.
Ill
10
tl
ndrrd
those
• tliiit
iftcr t!io
illlMII III
U. It'hi-
iiiiiil licr
, Ill'-'T;
I/, i'.il's..
:<>;
;tso
Imiiy I'U-
Tho tradition of tlio Toltocs rcn;'ardin_ijc tlioir travols
hot'oro tlioy roachod Huehuo Thipalhui ]ia.s hoeii tho
tlioino of lU'U'h .spooulatioii, osjiooially as coniiootod
with thoir dosootit from tlio Ijahel l)iiildors. Ixtlil-
xochitl v.'rites of tliis trachtioii as follows: Thoy say
that the world was created in the year Co 'lee-patl,
liinis ideas as (o tlio \vay in wliicli man was crcatcMl, and as in attfiniitinj,'
t 1 |iiii\c ilu'ir tliciiiics many writers are apt to draw a.ial(i;ii'N in iliis par-
ti<iiiar, I ;:ive a luiof ri'sniiie iif file t rcatiini-inytiis liere for tiie reader's
cinnenieiice: Tlie j^rossest n)iiee|itii)ris ut tlie mystery ot llic lie;^iliniii;,'
<il man are tci Ite fiinnd amnii;,' tlie nnlc sava,i;es of tlie imrili, wIki, Imu-
cver, as tliey arc (jnitt iileiit, in many iiistanees, to litdieve that tlieir
earliest ]trii;;(>nitor was a ilni; or a coyote, seem entitled to some symiiatliy
fiiiiii tlu^ latest school of iiHMJern pliildsophy, tliou;;li it is true that their
](rocess of dc\clopment was rather alirnpt, and that they dicl not ivi|nir('
very many links in their ihaiii of evidiitioii. J$iit as we ailvaiice far-
ther snnlli, the attempts to solvo the prolileiii jfi'ow less simjilc and the
direct iiistrnniiMilality of the j.'ods is rei|nired for the formation of man.
Till! Aleuts aserilie tiieir orij,'in to tho iiitercoiirse of a do;,' ami a liitdi, or,
arcordin;,' to aiMtlier M'l'sioii, of a hitch ami ii certain old man who cami!
froni till' north to visit his hrntc-hride. !• r ini tlieiii upran^t two erealnres,
male and female, each half man, half fn\; ami fnnii these two the human
race is docendcd. Others of the Aleuts iielieve that their canine |iro^-eii-
ilor l"ell from heaven. The 'I'lnneh also owe their ori^jiii to a do^'; though
they helieve that ail other li\inj;- creatnres were called into existence hy an
immense liird. The 'I'hlinkcct account of the creation certainly iloes not
iidniit of much ca\ilim,' or dispute concerning' its clironolo;iy, metliod, or
general proltaliility, since it nicridy states tliat men were •'placed on the
cartli," thmij^h when, or how or l>y whom, it does not presume to relati
According' to the 'I'acnllv cosmo^onv, ii innsU-rat formed t
drv land.
which aflerwards liecanie jieopled, lliou;;h whether hy the a;;i'ney of that
indiislrioiis rodent m- not, is not stated. Oarwinism is reversed hv niaiiv
of the \\ ashiii;L;tini trihes. who Indd that animals aiel evei
are ilesceni
led f
roni man.
Th
1 some ve'^elaiM
liunian essence
froii
1 w
hich the Hist Alll^
were fori 1, was ori'^inally contained in the hodies of animals, who upon
heiii;,' suddenly stampeded from their dwellii, ■ < iefl thi'. mvsierious matter
ver, tli;'l tliev art
lichiud them Some of the .Mils contend, Iiom
desccndiinls of a shadowy persoiia.iic named (/nawleaht and
thed
irect
Tlinndcr llird. The Cliiiio' k.. weri! creat
a ^fi;^iiitii-
i\ a ( ovote, w ho, lio\\e\ci, dli
lis wori
liaiUv and 'lodiu'cd
such iiiiperlcct s|ieciineiis ol hnmanilv,
tliat lint f(U' the heiicliceiit iiit"rveiili.i:! ami assistance of ii spiiit called
liiiiiiam the ract! must have enileil as soon as it l.ej;aii. Some of ilie Wii'-li-
iii,L:lon trihes (ni^inated from the frau'ineiils of a liu;,'e l«aver. which wii-i
slain and cut in pieces liy four ;.;iants at the rcqiievi of their sister who wa t
piniii;,' away iur some lieaver-fat. The lirst Shaslii was the r.siill of a
nnioii hi'iweeii till' d:iii-liter of the (Ileal Spirit and a jji i//lv hear, The
t'ahrocs helieve that t'liareva, the Old .Man .Vhove, crealeil tl
the lishes and lowe- , iiiials, and lasll
developed from ('
rid. th
V man,
'I'lie I'otovaiites wcrt
s. Tlie Hi;; .Mail oi the Mattoles created lirsl the
e.irlli, hieak and naked, and ]ilaced hut one man upon it; »lieii, on ii sud-
den, in the midst of a mi;.;lity whiilw in.i and thick darkness, liecovered 'lie
desolate ;4lohe with all manlier of life and verdure. One of the mMle of
Sonthernralifornia attrihntes the I'lealioii of man and the world to two
divine heiii;;s. 'riie l,os .\n;;cles trihes helieve their one ''od fjhiai ar I'loii^^hl
forth the world from chaos, set it upon tiic ►.luMilders ofseveii ;:'iiiits, ji>mi
jded it with the lower foriiLs of aiiimul life, au.l liiially cixi" iied his wuik
20
OllIGIN or THE AMEUICANS.
|i
111
aiul tins time until the deluge they call Atonatiuli,
wliich means the age of the sun of water, because
the world was destroyed by the deluge. It is found
in the liistories of t)ie Toltecs that tliis age and first
world, as they term it, lasted seven hundred and
sixteen years; that man and all the earth were
destroyed by great showers and l)y lightnings from
heaven, so that nothing remained, and the most loi'ty
mountains were covered up and submerged to the
depth of eaxtohnolctltli, or fifteen cubits;" and here
they add other fables of how men came to multiply
again from the few who escaped the destruction in a
liy cri'iitiiij; u man and a ■woman (nit of oartli. Still farther soutli, tlic Co-
cliiniis liflicvc in a sole creator; tlie I'ericiiis call the maker of all tilings
Niparaja, ami say that the heavens are his<hvellin<j;-i)lace; the Sinaloas pay
reven'iice to N'iriseva the mother of \'airni»i, the lirst man. Accordiii;; to
tlie Xavajos, all mankind orii^inally dwelt nnder the earth, in almost per-
petual darlmcss, nntil they were re lea. '.'.i hy the Moth-worm, who liored his
way uji to the surface. 'I'hri)u;;h the hole thus made the ]ieople swarmid
out on to the face of the earth, the Navajos takin;,' the lead. Their lirst
act was to manufacture the sun and the moon, and with the li;;ht canu- con-
fusion of t()U;;'ues. The (ireat I'alher and Mother of the Moiinis created
men in nine races from all manner of j(rime\iil forms. The I'lmii creator
nuide man and woman from a lump of clay, which he kneaded with the
sweat of his own hody, and endowed with life hy lireathin;;; upon it. Tlu;
(treat Spirit of tin- I'apa^jos maih; lirst the earth and all li\ in;j; things, and
then men in j;reat num'oer.- from iiotter's clay. 'J'he Mi/tecs ascrihe their
ori;,dn to the act of the t\,<> nii;,'lity f^iids, the male I. ion Snake and tlu!
fennile Tiiicr Snake, or of their sons, \N'ind of the Nine Snakes and Wind
of the Nine Caves. The Te/cucau story is that the sun cast a dart into tlie
earth at a certain s|iot in the land of Aculma. l''rom this hole issueil a
man imperfci'tly formed, and after him a wonniu, from which pair mankind
are descended. 'I"he Tlascaltccs asserted that the v.orld was the ellecl of
chance, while the heavens had always existed. 'J'he most, commini Mexi-
can helief was. that the lirst huuuin liein;;s, a hoy and a ^irl, were produced
from the hlood-hespiiukled fra;;ments of the lioni- procure(l from hades hy
the si.xtcen huudi'cd falh n ;4ods sprung; from the llint-knif(( of which tho
j;oddess Cillaliciu' had heeu delixcred. .Vccordin;; to the ( 'hinuilpopoca
manuscript the creator produced his work in succcssInc epochs, nnin hein;;
made on the seventh day from dust lU' aslu's. In (iuatem.ila there was a
helief thai the parents of the human race were cieated out of the earth hy
the t wo youuj^cr sous of the divines i'litherand Mollier. The (^hiii'ln'' crea-
tion was a very huutilin^ all'air. Three times ami of thret- mateiials was
man made hcfore his makers wtM'e satislicd with their work. I'"irst of clay,
hut he lackeil iutelliHcnce; next oi wood, hut he was shriveled and use-
less; linally of yidlow and while maize, and then he proved 't he u nolihi
work. I''inir uh'U were thus made, and al'terwards four women.
■<>! 'This nice au'reenu'iit with the .Mosaic account of the hei;;lit which
the waters of the J)elu;.;e attained ahovc the summits of the lii;;hrst, monn-
(ains is certainly extraordinary; since we read in the twentieth verse of
the seventh chapter of (lenesis: " i'iftmi rnhils ii/iirnr</ did the waters
pre\ail, and tlu' mmintains woro covorud.'' ' KiiKjslnin/iKjIi'.s Mix. Ak/ii/.,
vol, viii,, i>. 'J.">.
t
^5
I
TilADITlONS OF Qririi::: OIIIGIN.
21
latiuli,
ecauso
found
d tirst
d and
L were
s iron I
st loi'ty
to the
d hero
iidtiply
on in a
1, tlic Vo-
ill! tliin^;s
luiliias imy
I'onliii;; to
linost |ii"r-
; MWiiniinl
Tlu'ir liivst
, ciimi' fi'ii-
iiis I'li'att'il
iiii (Ti'iitor
.1 witli tlui
n it. 'I"li(^
liiii,iiH, iind
nil)C tlii'ir
kc ami tlid
and Wind
111 iiitotlio
la
kind
IsrtlU'i
r man
Inon Mi'\i-
Im'i'd
IH'IM
liadfs liy
Iwliirli till!
Inialli«>l","'''
Iniun liciu;^
luMi' was IV
V' cartli liy
Jniilu" I'lva-
iM-iaU wiiH
,t of day,
Id and nsf-
I 111' a nolilii
ilit wliiili
|»r>t nioun-
ll
I \('VS('
It
11' walt'iH
I". A II III/.,
foptllpcfhicdli; wliic'l; word very nearly siniiines a
closed chest; and how, ai'tur multiplying, the men
huilt a uiondi of g'ruat height, a. id hy this is meant
a very liiL;h tower, in which to take refuge Avhen the
Avorld shoidd ho a second time destroyed. After this
thisir tongue hecame confused, and, not undersiaiul-
ing each otlier, they went to different j)arts i>l' tiie
world. The Toltccs, seven in munher, with their
wives, who understood each other's s[)oech, after
cro.ssii'n' iifreat lands and seas, and undergoing many
har(l.shi[)s, linally arrived in America, which they
'oi Hi' to he a good land, and fit for habitation; and
thev ^' that they Witndei'ed one luuidred and four
y>'ar.- in diiferent ))arts of the earth before they ar-
lived at lluelnie Tiaj)allan, which they did in tho
year Co Tecpatl, five hundred and twenty years — or
five agjs — after tho fi(H)d.''^
The (^uichc5 traditions speak of a country in tho
I'ai' east," to ivach which innneiise tracts of land and
M'ater nuist be crossed. 'I'here, they say, they lived a
(jiiiet but uncivilized liCe, paying no tribute, and
speaking a connnon languago. There they woishij)ed
no graven images, but ohservinl with respect the rising
stm and pouriul !V>rth their invocations to the morning
stai'. 'i he p! ill* io.l names of the families and tril>i's
at (haf tin^ w:a , 'I'epeu, Olomaii, Cohah, Quenech,
and .\ha! ■*■ Ailerwai'ds, continue the traditions,
lh(y left ih'.i! niMiiitive country under the leadership
ot certain ch
d f
many alter a long joiirnev
reached a place called Tida. Where this Tida was i-
uiiceitain. but lirasseiir de IJourbourg |)laces it on the
'othei- side of tile sea,' and asserts that it was the
region from which tlie wanderers came, from time to
■<! /,',■/,
1 •iiiri'iii'
Ml
liiiitisliiirniiii/i's Mi.r. Aiili'i)., Vol. i\., ii|i. ,'t'JI-
" "In ori' .1 loinlain,' sa\> lliaiscnr dc llonrlioiir;^; Imt lie inii>l citlicr
' in Kii^jli^li till' (liicnt. Ilu' I'liisl, or ninliailii t liini-idl
I (« is V TV |iroiu' to do liccaiirx' lie at'tciward^ asM-rlH
'«' 'ill' I lie oiluT side of the sea,' I'roni wliicli llic (>iiit'lio
iiii'iui what
wlliill. liV til.'
Ili.il 'i'nla is tl
w.iiidi'icis lanii' t'l llii iioilli-\\("»i coast of Ainriica.
•' i
rns.siiir i
A lliiiirliiiiirif. lli^t. Sill, t'ir., toni. i,, mi. ItCi-ti.
22
OUItilN OF TIIK AMERICANS.
time, tt) tlio iioi'tli- western odjists of AinoiMca, aiid
theiiee .southwards to Aiuiluuu' and Central America. '
The Vueatecs are said to luive liad a tradition that
they eanie orij^inally I'roin tlie far east, jiassinij^ throuiL;h
the sea, wliii'h (Jod made dry for them.*^ An ( )kana-
iian mvth rehites tliat thev were descended from a
white eouj)le who liad been sent adrift IVoin an island
in tlie eastern ocean, and wlio floated ashore on this
land, 'Nvhich has yrown larger since then. Their lonn'
exjtosure on the m o.'Ui hron/ed them to the ('t)lor of
which their descci s now are/" The Chilians as-
sert that their anc. i-s came fro.n the west. 'J'he
Chei»ewyans have a tradition that they came from a
ilistant land, where a hail i)eoj>le lived, and had to
cross a. lai'Lje narrow lake, iilled with islan<ls, where
ice and snow contiiuially existed.'*''' 'IMie Alu'oiKjuins
preserve a tradition of a, I'ori'inn oi'iyin and a sea voy-
aijfe. lA)r a loni^" time they offered an annual thank -
(►tferini;' in honor of their happy arrival in America.'"*
Accordinn" to Careri, tlie Olmec traditions ri'late that
they came l>y sea from the east."'
The native traditions concerning" the sevi>ral cul-
tui
e-lieroes o
f Ai
nerica.
have
lis.) 1
)ei'n ItroULi'iit
forward hy a few writi>rs to show that American
civili/ation was exoti-i and r.ot mdi^'enous
hut,
thcun'h tlu'se
trad it
ions arc I'ar mon^ woithv of seri-
ous considerati(»n, and ])resent a far moi'e fascinating-
lieK' foi' study than those! MJiich n'lati' men-iy to
thi' origin or travels of the j)i'o|)le themselves, yi't,
Ki,rani>'ely enough.
they
seem
to 1
lave exci
ted I
ess
comment and speculation than any of those I'ar-
fe(ched and trivial analogies with which all oriL'in-
theories ahouiul.
4
*f' Jil, iMi. U!" S,
4H /;
I 'ml, ill mill. Hist. Yiir., )). ITS; Miiiiliniiis, Xinnir U'rnr/i/, p. lTiS,
.\,h
liWIi,
I'l'
-•s: H.
I>, !!)0.
I>(iiiiiii(c/i'\ /*(\i/7\, Mil, ii., ]!. I; Srfiiii)liTilfT.l .\vc/i, , \t<\. i, ]•, I'.t.
41 H\iri/iii, liir/H'ir/iis, \t'2\',\.
AMEUir.w (M'i/rri!F. nr.itoKS.
S3
II, and
ovifii. '
n that
\ rough
)kana-
IVdiu a
ishiiul
HI this
ir l()n,L>"
oh)r of
[ins as-
. The
from a
liad to
, whi'Vo
ominins
;oa voy-
tlian'k-
nrrira/""
ito that
ral ouU
troun'iit
uriican
l>ut,
of si'i'i-
•iiiatino-
•rrlv to
•s, vet,
1(1 h'ss
ist' fai'-
ori'jiii-
i>. •.'.'>s.
i , 1-. I a
Althoujifli hearii>uf varions nanu>s and a]>poarino' in
dillerunt countries, the American culture-heroes all
present the same lyeneral characteristics. They arc
all described as white, hoarded men, generally <"lad in
loniL,*" rohes; appeariuLif suddenly and mysti'riously
upon the scene of their labors, they at once set ahout
improvinijf the peo|)le hy instructing' them in uset'ul
and ornanu'utal arts, yiviiiijf tluMU laws, exhortin'.;-
them to jtractici' hrotherly low and other Christian
virtu(>s, and introvlucini:^ a milder and hotter form of
reliLcioii; haviriij^ accompli. ''<'d their mission, they
disa|)jiear as mysteriously and unex|)ecte(lly as thi'V
came; and linally, they are apotheosized and heltl in
<;reat revt'renct! by a ii;-ratefid ]>osterity. in such
H'uiso or on such mission di<l (^uetzalcoatl aj>pear in
("holula, N'otan iu Chiapas, ^Vi\epl>cocha in ( )a jaca,
/amn;i, and Cukidi-an with his nineteen disci|»les,
in \iicataii, (lucumat/ iu ( JuatvMuala/'"' X'iracocha iu
JVru.''' Sume"^ and I'aye-'l'ome''"' iu Ura/il, the mys-
^'^ Till' ii'iiilcr will ici'dllccl llml (lie wliii'v of ciU'li of llii'sc Iiciih's lias
liccii tolil III 1i'ii;,m1i iu viil. ill. Ill' tills work.
>' Tilt' li'i;i'iiii Id' \ irariu'liii, or 'rirrviiai'iii'tiit, as lii' is siiini'tiini's rallfil,
anil Ills MUi'CNsKr, is, ari'iiiiliiiL;' In lli'iicia, as I'uljiiws: '( 'uciilaii laiiiliicn
Ins liiiliiis, s('L,'iiii 111 liciii'ii |iii|- liailii'iiiii ill' siis aiilr|iassailiis, v |iart'ri' iini-
MIS caiilaii's, i|iu' I'll Mil aiiliuiirilail isluiiU'iiiii niiirlin tii'iii|iii sin vcr Snl, y
iiiii' |nii' Ins Lrraiiili's Miliis, V |)|i'^aiias inu- liaziaii a siis ilinsrs, salii'i rl Sol
til' la lauiiiia TiliraiM, y ili' la Isla. i|iii' cstil en rlla, i|iii' I's on rl Collan, y
i|iit' |iaii'ciii Imi'^ii |Mir la jiaili- ili' iiirilin ilia \ ii in'ilni' lilaiirn ill' ;iiaii niri|iii,
y lit' Ni'iii'iaiiila |iit'st'iiiia, i|iu' fia Ian iimlt'iiisK, nut' liaxaiia las sii'iias,
iit't'ia Ins \alli's, y siiviiiia I'lii'iili's ili' las pii'ilras, al i|Ual yuv sii ;;iau |in-
iliT llaiiiauaii: l'riiifi|iiii ilt- Imlas las nisas iiiailas. y |iailii' ili'l Snl, |iiu'i|iii'
<iin SIT a Ins linllllili's, y aililliali's, y |inr SII iiiaiin li ' \ inn iinlalili' lii'lirliiin,
> i|Ui' nliiaiiiin I'stas intiiauillas, I'm' ilf laiun lia/ia rl Nmii', y ili' laiiiiiin
> iia ilaiiiln nrili'ii ili' \ i<la a las ;;i'iili'-, lialijainin inn niiirlin aiimi', aiiiniii's-
laililn i|iii' I'lli'^-si'ii lilli'iins, y sc ailias-.i'li \ iins ;| ntlns, al iilial liasia Ins
\llillins lii'ili|ins lie Ins lii;.;as llailllluA 'rifi'lliiafiirlia, \ fll t'l Cnllan riiii-
[lara, y I'li niras |iarli's Ariiau:i, y i|Mi' li' lii/ii'inii niuilins Ti'iiiiilns, \ luillns
fll t'ljns a sii si'iiinjaiiia, a Ins ijiialt's sai riliraiian. hi/i'ii laiiil>ii'u. i|iii'
jiassailns al^iiiins |ii'iii|ins nM'inii tli'/ir li siis niinnri's, i|iii> |iaii'iii( nlio
liiailiii' si'iiirjaiili' al it'lViiiln, i|iii' saiiana Ins I'lil't'iums, ilaiia \is(a a Ins
ru'^;ns, y i|Ui' fii li |u'niiiuria ili' Ins ( '.n'la-i. i|Ui'rii'niln Inraiiu'iili' a|u'iiir,iili',
I I xii'lnll llilK'.iiln ill' inillllas, aii'ailas las luailns ,il I ii'jn, inilnrauiln rl
ilillinn I'ailnr, y ijiii' parrfiil \ ll I'lli'^n ilfl Cii'ln ijiU' Ins i's|iailln lailln,
HUi' fnll ;;iaililt's ;iiilns, y I'lailinl't's li' |M'iliau, i|lli' Ins liiiia--si' ilc
II |Ui'l iii'li^in, |Mii's las M'liia aijiii'l i'asii;^n |iiii' rl iirrailn, ijiii' auiaii
rnliicliiln, y i|i|i' Iiu'mh i'cssi'i cI flli'ud, i|lli'iiauiin aluilsalas las pii'illas, V
ii.\ ilia SI' M'li i{iii'iiiailas. \ laii liiiianas, i|Ui' aiiiii|ui' maaili's sn li'uanlaii
tniiin rnivlin, y ili/i'll. i|IU' ills,!,, alii si- till' a la lliai', V I'llliaUilii III I'ila
Hiilih' sii liiailln li'liilliln lilllna liias SI' \ in, |ini' In >|i|,il Ir Ijailiainn \\.
24
OUKilN OF Tin: AMEKICAXS.
terior.s aposdo inoiitioned by Rowales, in Cliili,'"'" and
Bocliica in Cclnnil)ia." Peruvian legends speak of a
nation of <«iants who came bv sea, \vay:ed war with
the natives, and erected splendid edifices, the ruins
of many of wliich still remain. ^^ Besides these, there
are numerous va,ijfue traditions of settlements or na-
tions of wliite men, who lived a[)art from the other
peoi)le of the country, and w-ere possessed of an ad-
vanced civilization.
The most celebrated of the?e are Quetzalcoatl and
Yotan. The speculations which have been indulged
rnroclia, fjiio (|uicre ;!i'/ir espnina de la mar, iiobrc (luc dosimcs imtdA
si;;riili(iit'i(tii, y (|iu' ltu';,'ii lo hi/icritii vii 'romjilo, en el ]mclili> dc < 'aclia, y
al^iUiKis ("astclliiims solo jior sii discursK liaii diclio, ((ue t'stc di'iiia do scr
al^'iiii A|instiil: ]ion> I is mas ciu'rdos In tiiMicii por vanidad, iHiniiu' cii lodiis
ostiiH Ti'iiiplos M' sai rit'u'aua .li tlciiioniii, y liasta (|iu,' los ('asli'lliinns ciitra-
rmi I'M Ids licyiins did I'inl, no fiic o'ldii, iii prt'dicadit el saiitu lliiannLdio,
iii vista la Saiitissima scfial do la Cni/.' Hist. Ucii., dot', v., lili. lii., cap,
vi. ; Arii.i/i(, llinl. (Ir Ins Viid., ]i. S'J,
''* Siiiiii' was a wliito man witli a tliick lirard, wlio came acniss flic
ocean from tin- diiccliou of tiie visiiii,' sun. He had |io\ver omi' the ele-
ments, and eoidd eonimand the tenijiest. At a word from him tiie trees of
the densest forest, receded from their places to niaki^ a path for liini, the
most terocions aninuils eroncluMl snhmissive at his feet; tiie tieai herons
surface of lake and river presented a solid footin;,' to his tread, lie tau.uht
the people a;:ri<'nlture, ami t' ' use of mai/e. 'V\w Cahoclos, a Kra/iliun
nation, ri-fuseil to listen to his divine teachin;^s, and e\('n souulit to kill
him with their arrows, lint he turned their own weapons ai;iiin^t them.
'I'liii persecuted apostle then retired to the hanks of a river, and linally left
the country entirely. 'I"he tradition adds that the prints of his feet anj
still to he seen on the rocks and in the sand of the toast. Warden, Hi-
r/iiri'/iis, p. IS',).
■'" I'aye-tome w;is another white apostle. Tlis histiuy so clostdy ro-
senihles that of .Sunn'' that it is prohahle they ari? the same person. iJ.
■'"' 'In foruu'r tiuu's, as they (the Chilians) hail heard their fathers say,
a wonderful man hail ciune to that country, wcarinj,' a louj;' heard, with
^illle>. auil a mantle such as the Indians carry on then' shoulders, who |iei-
fiirmed many miracles, cured the sick with water, ciinsed it to lain, and
■r crops and y:iaiu to i^r.iw, kindled lire at a hreatli, and wroii;.;lit other
iMiiivels, liealinLf at once tiie sick, and ^i\ in;,^ si;;ht to the hiind,' iind so on.
'NS'heiice it may he inferred that this man was some ajioslle wlio>e naiiK;
they do not know.' li'iioted from itosales' ineditcd j/is/ori/ of Chili, in
Kiii'ii'iiiriiiiiili'y Mi.r. .lii/ii/., vol. vi., p. (It).
■i' llocliica, the ;j;reat. Ia\\-j.dver of the .Mnyseas, and son of the sun, a
white man, lieurded, and wearin;^ lon^r rohes, appeared suddenly ill the
iieople's midst while they were dismitiii}; coucerniii;,' the choice of a kiiiL,'.
lie advised llieni to appoint lluiicanna, which they immediattdy did. He
it was who iiivenled tiie calendar and rej^Milated the festivals, .\fler living;
amoii^j; the Mnyscas for two thousand years, he vanished on a sudden near
the town of lliincii. U'linlni, It ilnnliis, p. 1S7; K/iiiini, Ciillnr-disrliiililc,
torn, v., p. 17 I, ipnitiiiu' S/rmismi's Trnnls in Smtlli Aiiivrifii, vol i., p. H',17.
■>'* Tiiri/iiiiiiiii/ii, Miiiiiir/. Im/., loin, i., p. .'{."i; Aais/tl, lli.sl. ib Ids Vud.,
li|i. 07 S; Mdit/iiiiiis, Xicuur W'urild, p. 13,
CHRISTIANITY IN AMF.HICA.
26
i ,•''■' and
ik of a
ir with
i ruins
), there
or na-
l3 i)thor
an ad-
iitl and
idulgod
IK'S nintlA
I' Ciicha, y
.Miiji lie ser
If I'll lodiis
uni> eiitra-
l'!iiaii,u;i-'lit>,
). lii., cap.
a<'i(iss the
ir till" du-
ll !■ troes of
r limi, fliij
11M( llCldUS
lie tairjit
I I'lia/iliiiii
il lo kill
-t tllClll.
iiially U-ft
feci, alt!
nhii, Jii-
10-
iloscly
1. //.
iJM'is say,
■anl, willi
\\ lid ]ii'i-
mill, anil
ij:lil (illur
mil sii on.
iiix' nanii!
<'/iili, iu
till' ^iin, II
il.\ ill tiio
nt' a kiiij;.
.li.i. Il<>
tier li\ in.L!
iilili II ncai'
I'l .v/iif/l/i',
i., p. ;»',t7.
A/v YiiiL,
i
I
in rc^-ardin^- tlie identity of these mysterious pcrson-
a^jes, are wild in the extreme. Thus Quetzalcoatl has
been identified hy some with St Tlionias, l)y others
Avith the ^[ossiah. Carlos de 8igUenza y f Jono-ora"'^
and Luis Becerra Tanco,'* in supi)ort of their opinion
that lie was no otlier than tlie apostle, allei;;e that the
hero-i^od's proper name Topiltzin Quetzaleoatl closely
re.senil»l(js in sound and sitjfniHcation that of 'I'honias,
surnaiued l)idynuis; for to in the Mexican name, is
an ahhreviation of Thomas, to which pilciii, moaning-
'son' or 'disciple,' is added; while the meanin<4' of
(Quetzalcoatl is exactly the same as that t)f the (Jreek
name ])i(ly!nus, 'a twin,' beinn' compounded of t/uct-
znf/i a plume of i^reen leathers, metaphorically sit;ni-
iyiny anythinn" ])reci()us, and cinif/, a serpent, meta-
jihorically meaning- one of two twins. IJuturini tells
us that he ])ossessed certain historical memoranda con-
cerniiiL;' the preaching of the in'o.spel in America hy
the '"glorious api)stle' St Thomas. Another proof in
his ]H)ssessi()ii was a paintini^' of a cross which he dis-
covered near the hill of TianL>'uiztei)etl, which cross
was ahout a cuhit in size and painted hy the hands of
aiiL^els a heautii'ul hlue coK.r, with various devices,
amoiiL;" which weri> live white halls on an azure shield,
'without douht emhlems of the live ])recioiis wounds
of our Savior;' and, what is more mai'vellous, althouij^h
this relic had stood in an exposed position from the
days of heathenism up to the time when it was dis-
covt'red, yet the inclemencies of the weather had not
heeii ahle to allei-t its i^'or^'eoiis hiu's in the K'ast. J Jut
this is not all. iJoturini also ])ossessed a jiaiiitiii';- of
another cross, which was drawn, hy means of a ma-
chine made expressly for the purpose, out of an inai*-
ce.ssihje cave in Lower Mizteca, where it had heeii
deposited in the paL^an times. 1 ts hidinLi'-l>lace was
(lisco\ered hy angelic music whii-li issued from the
mouth of the cave on every \'vj!;i[ of the holy apostle.
M in a work t'litillcd I'l
ill I Oni'ilnifr
CI l',/i;i/i„/ i/i M,j., .Mc\. Ids:), fol. Tm.
26
ORIGIN OF THE AMEUICANS.
Besides this, the saint has left the tracks of his holy
feet in many parts of New Spain. There is also a
tradition that at the time of his departure he left a
])rophecy tliat in a certain year his sons would come
from the east to preach amonj'' the natives; which
proi)hecy, Boturini, followinof the track of the native
calendars, discovered to have heen 'verified to the let-
ter.'"^ After this who can doubt that St Thomas
preached the gospel in America?
Foremost— as being most modern — among those
who have thought it possible to identify Quetzalcoatl
with the jMessiah, stands Lord Kingsboroiigh, a
writer and enthusiast of whom 1 shall speak further
wlien I come to the suj)i)osed Hebraic origin of the
Americans. To this point he has devoted an incredi-
ble amount of labor and research, to give any ade-
quate idea of which would require at least more
space than I think, as a question of fact, it deserves.
In the first place it is founded mainly u])on t)bscuro
])assages in the Prophet and other parts of Holy
Writ, as compared with the eijually ol)scure meanings
of American names, religious rites, ancient prophecies,
conce[)tions of divinity, etc. Now, the day is past
when the earnest seeker after facts need be eitiier
afraid or ashamed to assert that he cannot accei)t
f'l lioturlni, Catiiloqo, in Idea, pp. 4.3, 50-2. Altliouy;li tlie opinion that
(Jut't/iilcoiitl WHS St 'i'lionuiH, 'appears to ho, ratlu;r lia/ardons, yi't one t-an-
ni)t help Ix'inj,' astonislieil at tlie extent of the rc^jions tiaversi'il hy St.
'I'honias; it is trne that Home writers (h> not allow of his havinfj;jro'ie l>eyon<l
Calaniita, a town in Inilia, thesiteof whifli is (lonhtfnl; hnt others isscrt tiiat
he went as far as Meliapour, on the other side of the Ooroniamlcl, ind e>(Mi
unto Central Anieriea.' J>(>mfiiir/i's Jtrsrr/.s, vol. i., p. .50. ' Apnd laiaoha' In-
dos in Oct'iilenti tradila per avos vi.i;et inenntria S. .\|)ostoli Thonia', ijuani
rclinenta transitu ejus ]ter ilhis plaj,'as, enjnH non levia extant indicia; prie-
('i|iiie cina'dain seniita in illis solitndinihtis hactenns perseverat, in i|na non
orilnr tiiM'lia nisi valde hnniilis et parvnla, enin nlriinii|in! latus herhescat
ultra niixluni; eo itinere diennt Apostolnni ineessisse, et inde profectnni in
Peruana re;jna. Apnd Hrasilienses (pu>i|ne traditio est, ihi pru'ilieasse.
Apnd alios itarharos, etiani in rej.(ionein I'araLjuay venisse, ]iost(|uain des-
eendit per llnviuin l;riia/.n, delude in Parainini per Araeainiu, nhi tihserva-
tnr loens in (pio sedit defessns Apostolus, et fertur pra'(lixisse, ut a uuijori-
luis accept nni est, ])ost se illne advent nros homines ijni posteris eornm
tinnnnliarent lldem veri Dei, (MuhI non leve solatium et aniuM>s facit iios-
tr.e reli;;itMiis pra'dicatorihns, iuj;'eules lahores inter illos hurliaros pro dihi-
tione i'lcciesiie perpetieutihns.' Xiciriii!)vr(j, llistoriw Xuturtv, lih. xiv.^
ca]i. exvii.
.f
it-
lis holy
also a
) left a
d coiiio
; which
! native
the let-
Thomas
(r those
zalcoatl
juoh, a
further
1 of the
incredi-
ny ade-
it more
[eserves.
obscure
.f Holy
leaniiiijfs
)hecics,
is past
either
accept
iiiioii that
t one rau-
.s.'.l hy St.
10 lu'voiul
sscrt that
.<n(l I'vcii
liaiihic lii-
ia\ i|iiaiii
ii'ia: jira'-
11 (|iia iiim
hcrlK'scat
ifi'ctuiii ill
iraMlicasso.
|iiaiii <lt'H-
>i ohMi'Vva-
t a iiiajori-
ris eoniiii
facit Hos-
ts j)i'o (lila-
lih. xiv..
VOTAX THE CULTUilE-HERO.
27
tlie scriptures as an infallible authority upon the
many burning questions which continually thrust
theiiiselves, as it were, upon tlie present generation
for immediate and fsiir consideration; nor need his
respect for traditions and opinions long held sacred
be lessened one iota by such an assertion. It is
needl»,'ss to state that the analogies which Lord
Kiiigsborough tinds in America in support of his
theory are based upon no sounder foundation. "'-
Votan, another mysterious personage, closely re-
sembling Quetzalcoatl in many points, was the sup-
])osed founder of tlie Maya civilization. He is said
to have been a descendant of Noah and to have as-
sisted at the building of the Tower of Babel. After
the confusion of tongues he led a portion of the dis-
s' Followiiiji arc a fow jioints of Lord Kiii^ishoronKh'.s chihorato nr<;;n-
iiieiit: 'How tnilv snr|iiisiii,L:' it is to liml that tiie Mexicans, who sctMii to
liavc hcen ((iiitc niiacMuaiiitcd witli the (h)ctriiics of tiic iiiij;rati(tii of tlio
soul and tiic inclcnipsychosis, siioiiid have liclii'ved "n the iix'aniation of
\\h) oiiii/ son of tlicir sii|ircnie <j;od Tonacatccntle. i"'or Mexican niythid-
'W spcaUiiii,' of no otiicr son of that j^od except (^iiecah'oatle, who was
lioni of ('iiiniahnan tlie \'ii';^iii of Tula, without connection with man,
and liy his liri'ath alone, (liy which may lie si^iiiilied his imri/ w his will,
aunoiinccd to ( 'liiiiialinan liy word of mouth of the celestial niesscnjicr,
>\lioin lie disjiatclicd to inforiii lier that she should conceive a son,) it must
he )ircsiiiiicd that (^iiccahoatle was his only son. <.)lher ar;,'iiments nii>;iit
he adduced to show, that the Mexicans helieved that t^uccaleoatle was hotli
pid ami mail, that he hail jircvionsly to ids incarnation existed from all
eternity, that he had created hoth the world and man, that he descended
from heaven to reform tin- world hy penance, that he was horn with the
jicri'ect use of reason, that he preached a new law, and, hein;r kiiij;' of Tula,
was ciiicilii'd for tlic
of mankind, as is ohsciirelv insinuated hv the in-
t.rpretcr of the N'atii'aii <'oilcx, plainly declan'd in th(> traditions of N'ueii-
tan, and mysteriously represented in the .Mexican iiaiiitinjis.' If tho
jiromisc of tlie an;;cl (ialiiiel to the \'ir^rin Mary, 'i'lie Holy (lliost shall
come iiiioii thee, ami tiic power of the lli,i:hcst slia
overshadow
th
therefore also that Imlv (liinu' " liicli shall lie lioni of thee shall lii' called ih
Son of (iod li
d in the lanu'iia;;!' of ancient prophecy, 'it is not
iniprohahle that the head of the dragon which forms the crest of three of
the female liu'urcs(iii one of (lie Mexican pieces of sciilpturel, as it may also
ed il ilid of the fourth when entire, (if it lie not a svmlxil which
('himalman hoi rowed from her son's ;/ro//<', ) was intended to denote that
she had hcen oveisliailnw eel liy the power of lluilzilopnchtii, whose device,
as we are informed liv Sahauiin in the first chapter of the first hook of liis
ilistorv of New Sill
as the head of a di
iiu'on.
1 iiii/slmrdiiii/i's
.Uc
Aiitii/.. vol. \i., pp. ."iilT-S. See, more especially, his (daliorate discussion
of (jhietzalcoatrs ciiicili\ion and iileiitity with tlie Messiah, vol. viii., jip.
ri-,")!. .\h we ha\i' seen in a |irecediuj.' volume, <ihietzalcoall is compared
with the heathen dciiics of the old world, as well as with the Messiah of
the Christians, Sec \ol. iii., chap. vii.
28
ORIGIX OF THE AMERICANS.
pcrscd people to America. There lie e.stabli.shed the
kingdoni of Xibulba and built the city of Paleiupie.'^
Let us turn now from these wild speculations, with
which volumes niioht be filled, but which are practi-
cally worthless, to the special theories of oris^in, M'hich
are, however, for the most part, scarcely moi'o satis-
factory.
Beii-innini^ with eastern Asia, wo find that tlio
Americans, or in some instances their civilization only,
are supposed to have come originally from China,
Ja[)an, India, Tartary, Polynesia. Three principal
routes are i)roposed by which they may have come,
namely: Bering Strait, the Aleutian Islands, and
Pt)lynesia. The route taken by no means de{)ends
upon the original habitat of the emigrants; thus the
])eople of India may have emigrated to the north of
Asia, and cr'jssed Bering Strait, or the Chinese may
have passed from one to the other of the Aleutian
Islands until they reached the western continent.
Bering Strait is, however, the most widely advo-
cated, and perha})s most probable, line of communica-
tion. The narrow strait would scarcely hinder any
migration either east or west, especially as it is fre-
(piently frozen over in winter. At all events it is cer-
tain that from time immemorial constant intercourse
has been kept uj) between the natives on either side
of the strait; indeed, there can be no doubt that they
are one and the same i)eo[)le. Several writers, how-
ever, favor the Aleutian route."*
c^ St'c vol. iii., p. 4.")0, ct scq.
•■' 'I'lioiij^li tlio ]nvHUiii|ili(iii inav l>c in favor of coniniuiiicution l)v Rc-
riiijf Siriiil, vi't tlie iilu'iionioiia m tlio iiresciit stale of our kiio\vKMl<,'c>,
favors (111' AiiMitiaii route, J.iit/unii'.s ('oiiiji. I'liil., p. .'{St. Tlie Aleutian
ari'liipi'la;,'o is 'prolialily the main route by wlileli the old continent
must have peopled the new. IJelirin;.;'H Straits, tlioujili . . . . tliey were
(louhtless one elianuel of eoinmunieation, just as certainly as if tlicir place
had lieeii o'cuiiieil \\\ solid laud, were yet, in all liUeliliood, only ol suhor-
dinate utilitv lu the premises, when compared with tl i i •
i; .' i...:.i.-.. i I. .1 1. ' !-■ ■ '..
le more accessioie ant
commoilious
Itrid
io towards the soi
III
"I
I lllllXIUI s
p. •-
There is no iuipndiahilily that the early Asiatics reached the western
sliores o
f A
nuM'ica
tl
'h tl
11^ Islands ot the
icilic
'I'lie trace of tin
progress of the red anil partially civilized man from Oriental Asia was left
I
DIFFUSION OF ANIMALS.
29
cl the
, with
)riicti-
^vhioh
satis-
it tho
II only,
Chuia,
inclpal
conic,
s, and
upends
lus the
orth of
!se may
Jeutian
itinent.
advo-
nunioa-
er any
is iVe-
iis cer-
rcourse
vv side
at they
rs, how-
[u()\vliHl<,'e,
Ali'iitiiiu
coiitimMit
Itlit-y wt'io
llu'ir iiliii'u
(if sul)t>r-
■^sililf and
Wt'sti'Vll
■ini'i' tif tlu!
But tliero is a prohlem which the possihillty of
neither of these routes will help to solve: How did
the animals reach America? It is not to be sup-
posed that ferocious heasts and venomous reptiles
were lirou^-ht over hy the innni<jfrants, nor is it more
prol»al>le tliat they swam across the ocean. Of course
such a (piestion is raised only by those who believe
that all livinsTc creatures are direct descendants of the
animals saved from the Hood in Noah's ark; but such
is the belief of the great majority of our authors.
The easiest way to account for this diffusion of ani-
mals is to believe that the continents were at one time
united, though this is also asserted, with j^reat show
of probability, by autliors who do not think it neces-
sary to lintl a solid roadway in order to account for
the presence of animals in Amei'ica, or even to be-
lieve that the fauna of the New World need ever in
any way have come from the ( )ld World. Again,
some wi-iters are inclined to wonder how the tro})ical
animals i'ound in America could have reached the con-
tinent via the polar regit)ns, and find it necessary to
connect America and Africa to account for this.'"'
on tlit'so islaiid.s. IVt'llsDii'.i Anirr. Ili'sf., pp. OS-.*]. Tlie first discovories wore
iiiaili' aloiij; tlio coast and from island to island; tlio American ininii^^n-ants
wonlil have coino liy tlie .Vloutiaii Isles. Itvusscnr ilc liiiitrhouni, lli.sl. \<it.
Cir., toni. i., 1). 1(». 'l"o I'onu' l>y AU'iilian ishuuls nrcsenfs not nearly so
jireat a ditlienlty as tin; niijjjrations anionj,' I'aciiie Islantls. I'rcsroff's Xfcr.,
vol. iii., ]). 'M4. linnii;,'ration from Asia 'appears to have taken jjlaco
mostly l)y the .Meutliian islands.' Siiiif/i's Uiniuni S/irrirx, p. 'JUS.
t*' Some of the early writers were of eoiirse ij;'norant of the exist enec of any
strait separatinjf .Vn'crica from /isia; thns .\eosta — who dares not assume,
ill opposition to the llilile, tliat the Hood did not extend to Ameriea, or that
a new creation fooU place there —accounts for the j,'reat variety of animals
1»y supposin;; that the new continent is in close proximity to if not actually
connected with the Old World at its northern and southern ends, and that
the people and animals saved in the ark spread j^radually hy these routes
over the whole land. Ili.'it. (/<■ /us Yiid., pp. ().S-7.'{, Si'; West inal Ost
Jndisr/nr Liis/i/iir/, jit i., pp. S-0, See also Miiii/mixs, Xiriiirr ll'irrr/i/,
]>n. ;{S-fJ; Ciiilfrinll, Xr,rr Will, \).\; Villaiiii/irrn; llisl. Ciiiiq. ll-n,
pp. "Jd-S. Clavi^ero jiroiluccs instances to show that u])heavals, en^rulf-
in<;s, and separations of laml have heen ipiite eoiumon, and thinks that
American traditions of dc-tructions refer to such disasters. lie also shows
that certain animals couhl have pas.sed (udy l>v a tropic, others oidy hy
an arctic road, lie accordin;;ly supposes that .\nu'rica was formerly eon-
lio<'tcd vitli .Africa at the latitude of the ('a[ie N'crde islands, with Asiiv
in the north, ami perhaps with Furope hy (ireenliunl. SInviu AnI. ilil
Mcisiiij, torn, iv, , pp. "JT-M. The yreat ohjeclion to ii migration by way
30
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
The theory that America was peopled, or, at least
partly peopled, from eastern Asia, is certainly more
widely advocated than any other, and, in my opinion,
is moreover based upon a more reasonable and loiu^ical
foundation than any other. It is true, the Old
World may have been originally peopled from the
New, and it is also true that the Americajis may
have had an autochthonic origin, but, if we must
suppose that they have originated on another conti-
nent, then it is to Asia +hat we must first look for
proofs of such an origin, at least as far as the peo-
ple of north-western America are concerned. "It
{i]>pears most evident to me," says the learned
Humboldt, "that the monuments, methods of com-
puting time, systems of cosmogony, and many myths
of America, offer strikini^ analosjies with the ideas of
eastern Asia— analogies which indicate an ancient
connnunication, and are not simply the result of that
uniform condition in W'hich all nations are found in
the dawn of civilization.""^ Prescotts conclusions
are, first: "That the coincidences are sufKciently
strong to authorize a belief, that the civilization of
Anahuac was, in some degree, influenced by that of
Eastern Asia. And, secondly, that the discrepancies
of the cold latitude of Rerinj? Strait, says a writer in tlic ITfsfnn'rnl Mnqn-
zinc, vol. i., I). '28.'), is that tropic aiiiinuis never eoiihl have [)asse(l that way.
He ai)|)areMtly rejeft.s or lias never iieard of tiie tlieory of ehan;;e in zones.
See I'arlher, eoncernin;,' joininjj of continents, and coninuinieation hy Bering
Strait: IWouli'ii, Itcrhvrrhrti, |ip. '202, '2"21; lliuiilxililt, E.raui. Crit., toni.
ii., p. (!8, et se([.; Siioirtlrii'/i Ifist. iV. atnl S. Aiiirr., ]). 108; Tiii/fni; ill
Ci(/. Faniwr, Sept. 1*2, 18(52; I'ricsVs Ainrr. Aiitiif.. ]t]\ ()2-3. 82-.S;' I'tifois,
Mi\n':/iic, p. li)7; Addir's Am-r. IikL, jt. '21!(. Bradford denies enijiliat-
ii'aliy that there ever was any connection between .America and .Asia. ' It
h.is been supposed,' he writes, 'that a vast tract of land, now suhnier^^ed
iKMieatii the waters of tlie Patnlic (Jcean, once connected Asia and Anu'rica,
The arf^unicnt.s in favor of tiiis opinion are ]iredicated upon tliat |)ortioii
of tile Scriptures, relatiuj^ to tlie "division" of the earth in tlic days of
I'elei,', whicli is thou,u;ht to intlicate a physical division, — upon the ainil-
o;^ics hetweon tlie I'eruvians, Mexicans and I'dlynesians. .. .and upon the
dilliculty of accoiintinji in any other manner for tlie presence of some kinds
of animals in America.' After del lolishiii}; tiiesc three bases of o])inion,
he adds: 'this conjectured terrestrial comninniciition never existed, a eon*
elusion substantiated, in some measure, i>y ;;coIo,i,dcal testimony.' Aiiirr
Aiitiij., pp. '2'22-8. Air llradford's arfrument, in aildition to beinj,' thou<iht-
ful and in;,'enious, is supjiorted by facts, and will aiiijdy repay a perusal.
^ Exam. Crit., toin. ii., i». 08.
ASIA AND AMKURA.
81
A
il Mn(]n'
liiit way.
' '-i''
11 zones.
■■M{
y Beriii<j
■'M
it., toin.
fm
Uliir, ill
m
I'liliiin,
.»
eiii|iliiit-
M
-iii. 'It
'M
iiiierjriMl
:M
\inorica
m
|i<)iti(iii
•^
tliivs of
''«
10 iiiial-
'^W
pon tlio
wt
(! kiiuls
"S
i]>iiiioii,
,«
11 eoii-
M
A liter
ja|
lOllJjllt-
■M
iisal.
"^E
are such as to carry back tho eoiiinumicatlon to a very
remote period; so remote, that this forei<>-u inliueiico
has hceu too feeble to interfere materially with the
oTowth of what may be re,i>'arded, in its essential
features, as a peculiar and indiu'enous civilization.""^
"If, as I believe," writes Dr Wilson, "the continent
was ])e()pled fi'oin Asia, it was necessarily by youn_o-(jr
nations. JBut its civilization was of native growth,
and so was far youn^'er than that of Egypt.""* That
"immigration was continuous for ages from tho east
of Asia," is thought by Col. Smith to be "sufficiently
indicated by the })ressure of nations, so far as it is
known in America, bein<>- always from the north-west
coasts, eastward and southward, to the beginning of
the thirteenth century."''* "That America was peo-
'lied from Asia, the cradle of the human race, can no
•iiger be doubted," says Dupaix; "but how and
when they came is a problem that cannot bo solved."^"
iMuigration from eastern Asia, of which there can
be no doubt, only "took })lace," says Tschudi, "in
the latter ])art of the fifth century of the Christian
era; and while it explains m
any
facts in America
which long perplexed our arclueologists, it by no
means aids us in determining the origin of our earli-
est
poi
.If'-,-;
ulation.
dv
iltter uuiKing every proper allow-
r alk
p. 418.
1). (il").
'••^ l'rrl,i.,t. Mn
•''■' Ihiiiiiiii Sjiirirs, ]i. '2'iS.
71 /:
i/ird., \). 'JS.
liitii/., ]). '24. America was ])roli:il>ly lirst iteojiloil from
Asia. liu( llii! meiiiorv of tliut anciuiit iiii'nalio
osl.
\sia wa.-* ut-
ti'ily uiiliiiown to tlic aiiciiMit Mexicans. 'Die orit^inal seats of tlie ("iiidii-
nieis were
as tliev tiionyiit, not far to tiie north
<t.
Tl
ceil Aztla
II
not ill a remote cinintrv, Imt near .Miciioacan. < In II n /in, in .1 /
K:h,
Ti-'nisiirl., vol. i., pp. ITiS-i), 174. 'riiert' are stron;f resemhlances in all lliiiiu.i
with .Asiatic nations; less in lan-.'naj.'e than other respeets, Imt more wiili
Asia than with any other part of the world. Aiiatoinical reseinhlaii-e.s
jioint tiie same way. ('tirlinjnl Esjiinn.ifi, lli.il. Mix., tom. i., ]ip. I!t(i-'J(IH.
I'iie .Americans most prol)al>ly came from .Asia soon after the dispersion and
coiifnsion of tongues; lint there has lieen found no clear notice ainoiif^
tiiem of .\sia. or of tiieir passage to this coiUinent. Nor in .Asia of any
sMcli migration. 'I'lie .Mexican histories do not prohahly go so far liacU.
\'tiniins, S'ntirid ilr In t'ni., toin. i., ]ip.7--.'{. If a congregation of tweho
represeiilatives from Malacca, ("liina, tla])aii, Mongidia, Sandwich islands,
Cliili, rcrii. Ilra/ii. Chickasaws, Coinanchcs, \c
were dressei
i\ aliK
e, or
nndre.'-.scd and unshaven, tho most skilliul unatomist could not from their
32
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN'S.
ance," says Gallatin, " I cannot see any possible rea-
son that sliould have prevented those, who after the
dispersion of mankind moved t( wards the east and
northeast, from having- reached the extremities of
Asia, and passed over to America, within live hun-
dred years after the Hood. However small may
have been the number of those first emiii^rants, an
equal number <^f years would have been more than
sufficient to occui)y, in their own way, every part of
America."''^ There are, however, writers who find
grave objections to an Asiatic origin, the principal of
which are the absence of the horse, the "paucity and
the poverty of the lactiferous animals, and tlie conse-
quent absence of pastoral nations in the New World."
appeavaiicn sppavatc tlioiu. Foiifriiiir's Ifmr the Wnrhl was Prnp/ril, ])]>.
147-0, 'J4-4-"). 'I'Ih' ]i Millie (if .\sia sceiii to liavt' lii'cii tlic (iiilv iiicii wlui
cimlil ti'acli the Mexicans and Peruvians lo inalvo Inoii/e, aii(\ (■mild not
leach them to smelt iuid work ii'on, oiie thousand or one thousand Tno
lMindve(l years liefor(! the Siianish ('oni|U('st. Ti/inr's J't .srarc/irs, ]i, v'O',).
It is almost iiroved tliat Ion;; hefore ('(dnniliiis, Northern India, China.
Corea, and 'larlarv, had eommunieation with Anieiiea. C/idfi iiiilin'iiin/,
Lrtfrr mir A nlnir.t, |i. 87. -See also: S/iiit/i,si)iiiiiii Ript., IStid, )i, ,'{4.");
i'ri/tiif, llisf. Ant. MJ., t(nn. i., ji. 20; ]tr<i.isiiir ifc Hoiivhtiiini, lliit. Xnf.
Cir,, torn, i ., p]). "ilCl; S/di/ihoii'h \in:, vol. i., p. I'.X); drKji/'s ('mil. I'rni-
r/r'.s', vol. ii., pii. 'J."iO-l ; Miir/ii's ]'(iiir. I.s/., jip. 4'J(l-7; SiiIiiI-AiikhiI, Vnji-
(ii/iS, p, 'JITi; .ifii/fr-ririni, I'li'ris ilr Ik (Irutf., (om. vi., ]ip. 'JllO, '_'!)•")-(!;
Wdi'iii'ii. Ii'ri'/irrc/irs, pp. ll,S-,'{(r Mtiri/rriiiir's /'nn/nss of ..I inn:, vol. i.,
p. "24; Mii/ifriiiif'iin/t, Jlrjiri), (om. i., p. '-'.'id; hm/i/r, in fni/. A/}'. />'•,''/.,
lS(»i», p. .V.tO; U'/ii/iii/irr.^ A^.i.s/,11, pp. •J7S-S.-i; I'rirfiiinrs Kilt. Hist. Mi(,\
vol. ii., p, .")l'.); Mitr/ti//, hi Aniii: Aiilii/. Sm'., Tninniirt., vol. i., pp. ;•)'_*.')-
',V1; I'it/iii'.'i Triirr/.i, vol. ii., p. ',\\\; Lul/inin's .Mini iiuil liis .Mi'jrnlioii.'i,
]i. \'22\ Sinn/is'iii, in ifi.it. Miuj.. vol. v,, p. '1\',\. U<ilnrtsoii\s Hist. Anirr.,
vol. i., pp. 'JSO-l; Siiitiri/ni's Hist. X. unit S. Aiiin:, ji. •2W; S/niffitn's
Miiiniil-lliiihlrrs, MS.; Ilnii/fon/'.t A iihi: Antiq., pp. '2()S, 'Ji.'i-Ki, V.il, /'iff.-
rrimi's llmis itf MiiH, in V. S. K.t: /•.'.<•.. vol. ix., pp ■iS7 S; Cnmr'.s Tru".,
]ip. 'JOll-l.'l; hiniicifi/'.t I'rnlitililc Orii/in; /hiris" hinriirni/ iif .\nr Kiiij.;
Ilillirilil, in Siiiith.iiiiilnn Rr/it., IH(i(i, p. ,'{!U. Ilerrera ar^'ued tint as tluur.
were no niilixcs in .\i>i''!i.a wf a color similar to tl' ise of the politer natiens
of l'",urope, lliey must he of Asiatic ori^MU; tlnit it is unreasouahle ti; slip-
]iose (hem fo have lieen driven thither liy stress of weatiier; that the ini-
tives for a Ion;; tiun- had ao kin;;, therefor(! no histori(i;;rapher, therefore
they .ire nut f;i he lielieved in (his stat'inent, or in any other. 'i'Jie clear
eoiieiiisions drawn from thesis iiointed ar;L;umeiits is, that tiie Indian raci-
descended from men who reached ,\merica hy the iiearnoss of the laiiil.
'Vasi DIMS veriHimilmeiite se concjiiye i|ni> la i^ciieracion, y pohiiiiioii de
los Indios, ha pro('t>dido de liomhres (pie passaron a las Indias Ocideiil-
ales, por la \e/indad de la tierra, y ;<e fn' iciii esleiidieiido poco a poco;'
hut from whence they came, or liv whut rout»; the royal historiographer
oU'ei. ,11 conieelure. Ifisl. (I'ni., dee. i,. li!i. i,, caii, vi,
'•' .linn: Elkno. Sue, Tritnmd't., vol. i., p. 17. •.
THEORY OF ORIGIN FROM CHINESE.
88
il)le rea-
at'tor tlie
oast aiul
iiities of
ive liun-
all may
rants, ail
ore than
V part of
\\\o tiiul
inoipal of
icity and
lie t'onse-
^ AVorld."
Proplnl, pp.
iilv men wliii
n(\ ciiulil mit
liiiusand tl\u
r//''.v, p. 'I'Y.y
\\k\\;\, Cliiii:),
t/nnilirimii/,
Stid. p. :i4.");
l/i.^t. \<if.
I'li/ii. I'fiii-
III 1 1 II I, Villi-
IW, •.'<»."»-(•);
(/•. , vol. i.,
A If. n,pt.,
Hist. }l,i,'.
i.. pp. ;v-'.">-
Miijrnliinis,
ist. Aiiirr,,
Siriittiiii's
l.tJ, I'lH-
rrr'n Tl'ii".,
Xi ir Kii'i. ;
i; I as tlicp.-.
ilii' Illllii'iH
Mr t'.i .■^llp-
lial lilt" im-
r, llicri'fiiic
'I'lio dear
iidiaii rail!
if the laiul.
iiililariiiii il(!
as ( trident •
Ii
lien a ]iii('ii;
tiiii(Pj,n'apln.r
For, adds a writer in tlie Quarterhj Revictr, "wo can
liardlv .sin)i)oso that any of the pastoral hordes of
Tartars woiiUl enii,i>-rato across the strait of Behrinn^
or tin; Alentian Islands witliout carrying' with t^>eni
a supiilv of those cattle on which their whole suh-
sisteiK'e depended. "^^
The theory that western America was orig-inally
]>e(»]th'(l hy the Chinese, or at least tluit the greater
])art of the New World civilization may he attrihuted
to this people, is founded mainly on a })assan"e in the
work <il' the Chinese historian Li yan tcheoii, who
lived at the coniniencemeiit of the seventh century of
our ei'a. In this ])assai;e it is stated that a Chinese
<'Xpe(lition discoNend a. country lyinj^' twenty thons;ind
// to thi; east of Tahan, which was called Fusany.'*
Talian is o'enerally supposed to he Kamchatka, and
Fusaii.;' the north-west coast of America, California,
or Mt:\ico. As so much depeiuls ujxm what Li van
tcheou has said ahout the mysterious country, it will
he wrll to ^'ive liis account in fu.ll; as translated hy
Ivla]iri'th, it is as follows: in the tirst t»f the years
I/""";/ :7""i', ill the j'ei'^'ii of Fi ti of the dynasty of
Thsi. a c/ni iiK'ii (huddh.ist ]>riest), nanu'd Hoei chin,
arrivt'(i at Kini^- ti-hciai from the country of Fusan^';
"'^ (Jiiiir.'n-/)/ Itrrinr, vol. x\i., jip. ,Tll-.". The (■oniiiniiiii-atioii Itetweeii
Aiuiluiae ami tlie Asiatic edatineiit was piei'ely the emitact of smiie few
isiilated .\siaties wiiii had lost their way, ami from whom the Mi'xicaiis
ilrew some iioiioiisof seiem-e, astrology, and some eosmov'onic traditions;
and these A-iaties diil not felnrn home, t'/tcru/itr, .]h .n'ljur, pp. T)',), .">()-S;
Viiillrl-I: -I hii\ \\\ C'liiriiiii/, liuiiiin Aiiiir., i>p. .S7-',t; Fus.-nii, .]li.n'i/iii\ pp.
l'J(l-l; J)i\iiiirrii/ir I'fni ir, vol. xi,, p. (UT; /.nfiiiii/, I'lii/mirs, p. l.'i.'t.
'* l)e;;iii;;nes writes: ' |,es Cliinois ont piiietri' dans les pa,\ s tres(''|oit;ni s
(III cot.' lie I'orieiit; j'ai examim'' lenr me-nres, el eiles in"ont eondnit Mms
les cotes di' la Califoniie; j'ai conelii de lii cpi'ih aveieiit connn IWni.riijuu
I'an -l.-i.S .1. ('.' lie also attrilmles rernvian eivili/a'inn to the ('liineve.
Jii'/rrrlr i snr /r.i .Wiriifii/inii.i i/is Cliiiiuis ilii roli- ilf i"Aiiiini'!,t, in Mi-
niiin'rs i/r /' Ai'iii/riiiir i/is I iiscri/ifiniis', toni. xvii. I'aiiiM'V, in ISIl, at-
tempted i.i |iro,o that the province of p'oiisan;,' was >le\ieo. hiiiiiriinli'H
prsrrfs. \,\. i., |i. ,".1, 'hi Cliiiie-e hisinrv we lind descriptions of a vast
coiiiilr> .i.il.Mt le to the eastward across the i^reat ocean, which, from tlio
di'scripli'Ci ;4i\t'n, mnst he I'alifornia and Mexiio.' Tni/Ziii; in <'ii/. {•'iniinr.
Sept, I'J, I I'-, 'l/histoire posti'rieiire des Chinois doiine t'l peiisi'r iiiTiU
ont eitii iliel'ois (les llottes ipii .n! pii passer an Mcxiipie par les i'hilliii-
piiies." /' 'V, PiKrinirs, p. I!i, in Aii/i'i. Mix., toni, i., dis. i,
VnL, V. a
31
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
of tills Liiid; he says: Fusanj^ is situated twenty
tliousaiid //'"' to the east of the country of Tahan, and
an eijual distance to tlie east of Ciiina. In tliis phice
are many trees called /nsitii;/,'"'' whose leaves reseni-
l)le those of the Thontitj (Bignonia tonient«)sa), and
the tirst sprouts those of the haniboo. These serve
the people of the country for food. The fruit is red
and slnqjcd like a jiear. The hark is prepared in the
same manner as hem]), and manufactured into cloth
and flowered stuffs. The wood serves for the con-
struction of houses, for in this country there are
neither towns nor walled hahitations. The inhabit-
ants have a system of writiniir and make paper from
the hark of tlie fusang. They possess neither arms
nor troojis and they never wage war. At. 'ording to
the laws of the kingdom, there are two prisons, oi'.e
in the north, the other in the south; those who
have committed trifling faults are sent to the latter,
those guilty of graver crimes to the former, and de-
tained there until hy mitigation of their sentence tlioy
are removed to the south." The male and frimale
i)risoiiei-s are allowed tt) marrv with each other and
their children are sokl as slaves, the hovs when they
ai'e eight years of age, the girls when they are nine.
The prisoners never go forth from their jail alive.
When a man of su])erior mark ct)nnnits a crime, the
'■' A Cliini'sc li is iiltont niit> tliiid of a mile.
'•i ' Fail siiiiti. II cliiiniis ot st'lini In |>ri)ii(iiiciiitii>n jnpotiiiiso Faiifn .sv)/-,
est I'arlti'issi'iUi <|Ui' nous iiiiiiinitiiis /li/ii.\<'iis rirsii r/n'uni.si.'i ^ K/nnnit/i, 7i'('.
r/irrr/ii .■i mir ff jiiti/s (ic /•'mi Saiiif, ill Aniirrl/is Ainid/fi t/is luff., ISItl,
loin. 11., ji, .'>."», nolo. Others siiipposo tlic fiisniij; to bo llif nia^Mii y, iiml,
iiiilci'il, it \viis nscii for niui'li llic same |uir|iosis. I( wi.s, liowcvoi', most.
IM'ohalily, tlic innllH'riy; fii-sa/i, llic .laiiancNC ciiiiivaltMit for llic ('liiiici-o
l'ii<iiiiti, Wwv^ coniiioiiiKli'il iti /ii, to aid, ami xi./i, flio niiiUiciTV, a iri'o
wliicii alioiniils ill a wilil stale in tlit' |u'ovinci' of Vi-sho, and wliicli lias
licen <'nlli\alt'il liy royal loininaiid in otlici- )iailH of ,jM|iMn, wlicrc, as tlio
icadi'V will prc^ontly sec, lMi>an,L,' was iiinlialily Miir.atcd. Mr ItrooUs,
.lapancsc ('oiismI in San iMiincisco, also tells me timt I'li San^; is a name
used ill ( liiiiese |ioeli'y to mean •lapan. In .la|iau it is also IIiiih nsed, and
also Used ill tiade 'iiaiks, as 'lirst ([iiality of I'u Si'.ay isilk ('(U'ooiis," mean-
ini,' >lanaiiese coeooiiH.
"' I ftdlow Deyni^iies in tills seiilenee; Klaprotli lias it : 't'enx(|ni |ieuv-
ent recevoir leiir jiiace sunt eii\oyi''s ii la pi'emii'ie (loeridiouale). eeiix an
eiiiitniire auM|iiels on ne vent pas I'lieeordei' soul ili'teniiM dans la prison dii
iiord.' llic/icrv/u-ii, \\i Auiorl/ta Amiithn dcs i'aj/., ISHi, tiU.i. li., p. .V).
#
1 twenty
hau, and
lii.s place
^ rcsem-
'«a), and
-'su sorvo
it i.s red
d ill tlio
ito clotli
tlio eon-
lere ai'o
inlialiit-
lor from
er ariihs
dinnj- to
U118, one
>se who
a latter,
and de-
co they
/';niiile
ler and
n they
nine,
alive.
le, the
•"Ih, li'r,
i.s;ti,
iilid,
•I'. Iliiist
hi
IIIICX)
II lll'C
in't'li lias
lit
MM llu!
lOlllxS.
Ill IIIIIIIK
In
lll;i
illoiiii.
|i pt'liv-
'ii\ iiil
["^Ml (III
I))'),
t::i: corNTiiv of fusang.
85
peojile assemhlo in t^n'eat lunnhers, scat themselves
i)jip,)site tlie criminal, who is placed in a ditch, par-
take i>t" a l)anquet, and take leave of the condemned
])erson as of one who is abont to die. Cinders are
then heapcMl about the iloonied man. For slight
iaults, tlie criminal alone is [amished, but for a i>reat
crime his children and n'nmdcliildren suffer with him;
in some extraordinary cases his sin is visited upon his
descendants to the seventh ovneration.
The name of the kini^" of this country is Yit klii;
the nobles of the first rank are called Toui lou; those
of the sect)nd, 'little' Toui lou; and those of the
third, Na tu cha. When the kinjjf goes out, he is
accomj)anied by tainb(;urs and horns. He changes
the color of his di'ess at certain times; in the years
ol' the cycle kid and //, it is blue; in the years j»h;/
and ti'iH/, it is red; in the years od and li, it is yel-
low; in tlie years kcitf/ and sin, it is white; and
lastly, in those years which have the characters jiii
ant! ki>Hi'i, it is black.
The cattle ha\e long horns, and carry burdens, some
as nnich as one hundred and twenty Cniinese })ounds.
N'chicles, 111 this country, are drawn by oxen, lu)rses,
or tleer. The di'cr are raised in the same manner
tliat cattle are raised in China, and cheese is made
from the milk of thtf females.'" A kind of red pear
is found there which is good at all sea.sons of the
vi'ar. (Jrape-vines ire also plentiful.'''' Tlirri^ is no
iron, but cop[)er is met with. (!old and silvci- are
not vahuMl. ConinicnH^ is free, and the people are
not given to haggling about prices.
This is the manner of their marria<jfes: When a
■» |)(';,'ui^'n('M (riinsl;iti's: 'il luiliitiintsi dlbvent. «1i'm IiuIicm ('..imiic I'li
Climc, el ils cii lircnl dii lnMino.'
'■' 'II y n (Ijiiis r((ri.niiiiil V-i limn tlmn. l)t';jiii;rii,.s nyniit (l('<'iiin|ms('' Ii!
?n(it lii'iii III':, Irinliiil: "mi y Inuivc mii" ;,'niiiili' i|iiiintill'' ilc ■^'lavt'UJH ct ilc
|i("'iliiw." ('i'|iciiilinil Ic mill limn mhi! iic Hi^iiiilio jaiimiH (/,',(i/,'(^/, (•'cmI lit
iiom lies Junes el unties i's|i('C(s ilc luscaiix ili- niiiiais, ilont nii sc scit |iiiiii-
faiiv lies unites, TIkio est en ellel Ic num dc |a |ieclu', iiiais le inut eiiiii-
|i(ise liiDu 1,111 siKiiitic I'll ehiniiis la vi^jne,' Kfn/mtfli, Uniinr/irs, in A''-»<-
vdlvnAHmtUndcn Vuy., IS.'tl, loin, li., pii. TiT 8,
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
r
I
man wishes to wed a girl, he erects his cabin just
lioforo tlie clonr of hers. Every mornin*^ and eveninn'
]io ■waters and weeds tlie ground, and this lie con-
tinues to do tor a whole year. If by the end of tliat
time the girl has not given her consent to their
union, his suit is lost and he moves away; but if she
is willing, he marries her. The marriage ceremony
is almost the same as tliat ol)served in (Jliina. ( )n
the death of their father or mother, children fast i'or
seven days; grandparents are mourned for by a fast
of five days, and other relations by a fast of three
days' duration. Images of the spirits of the dead"'^
are ])laced on a kind of pedestal, and pi'ayed to morn-
ing and evening."' Mourning garments are ni^t worn.
The king does not meddle with atl'airs of govei'ii-
ment imtil he has been three years uj)on the throne.
In former times the religion of Buddha was un-
known in this country, but in the fourth of the years
/" mill;/, in the reign of liiao wou ti of the Soung
dyuMsty (a. n. 4r)S), tive j)i kJiicon or missionaries,
from the countiy Ki pin, went to Fusang and there
diffused the Buddhist faith. They cnrried with them
sacred books and images, they introduced the ritual,
and inculcated monastic habits of life. By these
means they changed the manners of the ])eo])le.
Such is the account given by the historian Li yjin
tcheou of the mysterious land. Klaproth, in his cri-
ti([ue on Deguignes' tlieory that Amerii'a was known
to the Chinese, uses the distances given by the monk
IToei chin to show that Fusang, where the laws and
institutions of Buddha were introduced, was .lapan,
and that Tahaii, situated to the west of the Vinland
f Asia, as ilumboKIt a])tly calls Fusang,**'^ was not
o
m '1
CM imiiu't's I
I.'s K
iI»rM
Xc; /'/.,
V
50.
**' ' l>i't;\iij,ni('s triidiiit: ' I'ciitliiul Icur.s prii'i'tw iln (>x|i«Ht>iit riiiiMu'o ill
ili''fiinl.' lit' tcxtc |iail(' (Ic vhiii oii p'liics ct. noli iiiis 'Ii'h amcs dis <!(''
fuiilM.' II,.
'^i '("est niM> aiiiilonii' ('iiriciisc iiu'dnVt' If jhivm h vi^ncM il(> l''(iiisan;
(IWiiu'riciiic cliiimisc ilr l>cj,nii;^n('s) avi'c Ir N'iiilanil di's )nrinii'rrs ili't'ini
vcili'H Hraiiilinavt'M siir It.'n cOU'm orioiitalt'M ile r.Uiii'iiiiiU'." Kuniii. Cril.
tiiiM. ii., ]>. (I.'l, ludo.
I
nilNESK KXPEDITION TO AMERICA.
37
bill just
evening"
]io con-
of that
to tlu'ir
it if hIiu
jreiiioiiy
iia. Oil
fast ior
)y a fast
of throe
e (load''''
to inoni-
ot worn.
govern -
: tliroiie.
was iiii-
lie years
e Sounn'
■ioiiai'ies,
lul tliero
th them
10 ritual,
y these
le. ^
Li yaii
his eri-
knowu
e monk
aws and
lai)an,
Viidand
was not
lies (li's (Ic-
|(> l''i>us;\n;;
li'irs (Kcoll-
[mil, Cril,,
Xanu']iatk:i hut the island of Tarakai, wron^-ly
named on our mai)s, Sai^dialion. The eireumstaneo
tliat tlu'i'e were n-nipe-vines and liorses in the discov-
eit'd country is alone sufHeient, he says, to show that
it was not situated on the Amerioan continent, since
hoth (hose ohjects were L''iveu to the New A\'orld
hy the S[)aniards. M. Chiuhil also contradicts J)e-
j^-iii^'ues' theory. " De^'uij^Mies' pa{)er," hi! writes to
one of his confreres in Paris, "ju'oves nothing'; hy a
similar course of roasonini;- it mi^'ht he shown that the
Chinese reached France, Italy, or l\)land."^'
Certain allusions to a (Chinese colony, made hy
!^^arco I'olo and Gtnizalo .^leiidoza, led I lorn, Forster,
and otht>r writers to suppose that the Chinese, driven
iVom their country hy the Tartars about the year
1-170, embarked to the number of one hundred thou-
sand ill a ih'ot of one thousand vessels, and havin*^'
arrived on the; coast of America, there Ibumled the
]\[o.\ican empire. As Warden justly remarks, how-
ever, it is not ))robable that an event of such import-
ani'o would be [)assed over in silence by the ( 'hinese
historians, who rendered a circumstantial account of
the dcstitictioii of their ileet by the Tartars about the
yoai' l'J7>S (»f our era, as well as of the redui.-tion of
their country by the same jjeojde.*^*
Tho strongest pi-oof ui»oii which the ( 'hinese theory
I'csts, is th;it of physij'al resemblance, which, on the
oxti'cme north-wc'.tern coast of America, is certainly
Very Strom.;'.*'''' 1 think there can be iu> doubt of the
M .V,,,,,.. Jniir. Asitifitjiir, IS.TJ, J). IV.\'\ (iiKilcd liy II imiliulilt, ExKin.
Cril., Iiiiii. ii,, |m, (i,*i-(!.
^' Wiinliii, hrr/in-rlir^; ]i. l'j;l.
'■•'^ It is ciioii;;!! (i) IiidU lit III) Aleut to n'('n;;iii/(' tlu' Moii;,'iil. Wrdiiijrl,
in Xiiiinlli-s AtiKiilr.s (Ir.s ]'(>;/., 1S.");{, tuni. cxxwii.. |i. L'l.'t. 'Tlic rcsi'iii-
liliiiiri' lictuccii iiintli-wcst niiist Imliaiis ninl ('liiiicM- is nitlirr rcniiirk-
iildi'.' Ilrnii.i' llii^iiiiiifi ill I!, ('ill., Ms, •! Iiiivi- l('|n'illt'illv seen ill-tilliccs,
li.illi iiicii and woiiii'ii. wliK in Snii Enini'lsco cimiIiI iciilily he inistakcii
fur CliiiK'si' llicir almoiiil-sliiiin'il cyi's, li^lit ('iniiplcxinii ami Ion;,' liraidcil
Idack liair ^'iviii^ tlicm a niiiilMd similarity. ... An • Niicricnci' of nearly
nine years amoiin; the eoast Irilies, wiili a close oli.servation ami study
of tlicir eliaraeterislics, lias led me to tlie eonelusioii tlial llie>e iiorllieiii
Irilies I it. Cid. and siirroumlin^' re;.'ion) are tlie only evidence of any
exodus from the Asiatic shore v'ver hu\in},' reuched our horder.s.' Tui}-
38
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
])re.sonce of Mongol Mood in the veins of chc in-
li;i!)it;ints of that region, though it is prohahly Tartar
or Japanese rather than Cliinese. Indeed, when wo
considei' that the distance across l^erinij Strait is all
that intervenes between the two continents, that this
is at times completely frozen over, thus practically
coimectiii'jf America an<l Asia, and that, hoth hy sea
and hy ice, the inhahitants on both sides of the strait
are known to have had communication with each
other from time immemorial, a lack of resemblance,
phvsical and otherwise, would be far more stranire
/")•. ill Cnl. Farwrr, July 25, 18fi2. Oraiit, Orrnn to Ornnii, p. 304,
s.ivs tliiit tlio Cliiin'sc ami Indians rt'seinl' inic aiidtliiM' wi iinuii lliat
wt'i'i' it nut I'lir tli(! unt'iii' and dress tlicy wnnlil lie ditii<'u!t tn iliNtiii;,nii?-li.
'The I'acilic Indian is .Miin;;iiliaii in si/.c ami ('iiiii|il('\iiin, in tlic .sliapi;
of tli(> faic, and the cyi's,' and lie wants many of tlic manly cliaracti'iistics
nf the llaslcni Indians. Mort'Jct, I i>,i/ii;/i', loni. i., [i. MS, says of tlio
N'ucatan Indians, 'Icur tciiit ciiivn'' ot (jnelciin'fois jaunaln! ]piTsi'nti' nii
rnsi'iuUio dc carai'li'ii's i|iii i'a|i|ii'o('lu> siiiLinlii'ifini'iit Iciir race dc cclle
dt's triliiis d'orinini' mon;^ok'.' 'J'liis jioinl of physical n'scinlilaiici' is,
liowcvci', denied iiy several writers; (liiis KneelamI, Wmidrrs, p. b',\, says
that tiion^^h Americans have j^'eiierally Iieen acceptetl as Mongolians, yet
if placed side hy side with Chinese, hardly any resemhlaiice will he
fonml in ])liysical character, except in the ticneral eontiair of their fai'es
and in their slrai;L;lit lilacU hair; their mental characteristics are en-
liridy opposite. Adair writes: 'Some have siipiiosed the .Vmericans to he
desci'iided from the I'liinrsr: hnt neither their reli;^ion, laws, cnslonis, \c.,
a^ree in tin' least with those <if the Chinese: which sMtliciently proves that
they are not of that line.' lie i^nes on to say that distance, lacU of inaii-
lime skill, etc., all disprove the theory. He also pMiiarks that ihe prevail-
\\\[X winds lilow with little variatiini from east to west, and therefore jnnks
c(Mild not have lieen driven ashore. Aunr. hid., jij:. l'2 l,'{. 'Could we
hope that the monnmeiils of Central and South .America miju'ht attract the
attcMlioii and excite the interest of more .\mericaii scholars than hitherti>.
the theory of iIk' Mimyol ori;,'iii of the lied-meii wonlil soon he nnnihereil
amoii!,' exploded hypotheses, Xull (iiiif (!//(/</(iii's liidlij. Hitrrs, p. iSS.
'MM. Spix et Martins out remanine la ressenihlaiice extracndinaire (ini
exisie eiiire la physionomie des colons Cliinois et celle des Indieiis. I, a
li^'iire des ( 'hinois est, il est \rai, pins ]>etite. lis out le front plus lar^e,
les levies plus tines, el en ^^I'lii'ial les (raits |iliis dtdicals et ]ilns doiix ijue
cenx des sanva,:j('s de r.\niciii|ne. CepemlanI, en coiisidi'rant la conforma-
tion de lenr tete, ijiii n'est p.is (dilon;rne, mais an.i;'nlaii'e, et pinlol pointing
leiir crane larue, les sinus fronlanx proemiuents. le front lias, les os des
join's iri's saillauls, leiirs yeiix pelils et olilicjues, le ne/ proportiiuinelle-
meiit pi'til el epali'. le |ieu de polls pirnissaiit lenr meiiton el li>s antics
liarlics<ln corps, leiir clie\(dure iiioins lonuiie el plate, la conleur ji'iiuatre
oil cniM'i'c de lenr peiin, on relroiiM; les trails physiciiies communs aiix
deiix races.' Wurilni, Hrr/irrr/ii s. |). l.'it, 'I'lie Aniericaiis certainly ap-
proai'h llie .Mon^^rols and Malays in Home respects, liiil not in the essential
parts of ci'iinium. hair, and laolile. If we re;4ard tlieiii as a Mon;j;ol hiancli,
wi'iiiiist suppose that the slow action of cllniale has clian;,'ed them thus
inalci'i.'i
lunilier of ceiilnriiH. Mal/i ■llriiii, J'irci.s dv. lit (1
loin. VI., p. 'JS.t.
".'/•
die in-
Tartar
hen wo
t is all
lat this
cticallv
by sea
le strait
h each
il)lance,
strange
,1, p. 304,
llllU'll tllilt
,istinji\iish.
tlic sliupt!
ractt'iistii's
ays (if tlio
ll'siMlfl' Ull
rt' (If ('('lie
ildanci' is,
]i. 5;t, says
I'dliaiis, yot
(•(' will Ito
llicir faces
arc cii-
icaiis to t((!
itdlllS, l*V('.,
|ini\cs tliat
|k (if mari-
llic prcvail-
•fuic iiiiil<s
'Coiilil \\(!
ittrait tlio
III liillici'to,
iiiiiiilici'cd
ISS.
V-
iiiairc (im
llllCIIS. I.il
iliis lai't;c,
> llllllX IIIU:
iiifiin
■|| |iointiu>,
Cs (IS (Ics
krliiimicllc-
l(
s aiitrcH
h- ji'iiiiatn!
lllllllis MUX
Itaiiily a])-
I'ssciilial
rol liiaiicli,
flii'iii thus
MONGOLIAN ANALOCIKS.
89
than its presence. Tn spite of what may he said to
the I'ontrary, there can be no doul)t that the ^[on^'o-
han type L>rows less and less distinct as we ^^o sonth
from Alaska, thouij^h, once grant the Mongols a foot-
ing on the continent, and the influence of their religion,
langn.iges, or customs may, for all we know, have ex-
tended even to Cape Horn.
Analogies have been found, or thought to exist,
between the languages of several of the American
tribes, and that of the Chinese. But it is to Mexico,
( 'entral .Vnierica, and, as M'e shall hereafter see, to
]\'ru, that we must look for these linguistic afhiiities,
iuid not to tlie north-western coasts, wlu're we should
natui'ally ex{)ect to find them most evident.**" The
similarity between the Otomi and Chinese has been
remarked by sevei'al writers." A few customs are
*•'' 'riii> will lie licst slidwii liyrcfcrTiii;; tii Warden's coiniiarisdii (if Anier-
icaii. t'jiiiiese, aiiil 'I'arliii' Wdiils, llirlurtlics, |i|i. |-J,"i-(i. '1 lie llaiiialis, are
said, lldwevcr, to have used words klldwii In llie Cliiiicsc. Imnis' Ji'i uiiiiiis'
ill 11. ('ill., MS, .Mr Taylor writes: 'The ('liiiu'sc aeeeiit can lie traced
tlirdii;:lidiit the Indian (Oi.L'^zcr) lan;,'iia,uc,' and illustrates liis asscrtidU
with a ioni|iaiMti\(' vocaliiilary (if liidijin and Chinese, Cnl. I'livmn;
Sept, VI. l>ti"J, I'lie Chineso in California 'are known to lie aide to coii-
veiNc with llieni (the Indians) in their res|(ective lan;,'inij;('s.'l ('rmiisr'.i
III! 1 1
\\i
;ti.
(lian
JA,r,
liirhrrrlu-f, \\\). l'J7-!', fiives ji Ida;; list of these resen
ilso .1/
7"
/•
'■;( .1/
toiii, ii.. II. ;i01; /'iY.trn/t\i
■■. vol. iii., |i. .'V.ICi; Fii/iis, h'/iu/is lll.^t. siir /r.i <'iriii.'iii/ii)n.f, toni
|i|i. ;!sil I. .Mdlina fdund (in Chili?) inscri|iti(ins resemldiu},' Chi
nesc. M'( iilliih'.t Jii.'iiiur/i
|i. 171
lid
iiiiilarily lietweeii the lan;,'na,i,'e of the Siitihe/ of I
Chiiu'si'. .\i,iiri(iii.r l'iii/iii/i\i ini.r Jni/r.t (Inii/iii/ii/is. toni. i,,
ciled liy ll'iin/rii, liir/,,rr/ir.i, p. I'Jl, The last mentioned aulhor als.i
(|aot(s a lon,u list of •malouies lietween the writleu laiiunauc of the ciii-
dssn tdUMil some
.oiiisiana, and tiie
let. xviii.
iies(< an I the ''estiir(
iM:.;iia,i;e of the northern Indian
Ironi a letter
11(1
Mrilteii hy Wni Diniliartd the l'hildsd|ihiial Socicly of i'liihidclphla, a
(iliniicals thereon. Ivrlnrrlir.s. |i. ITU. (If Ihevaliieof these phif ' '
Jirdiifs the reader may jnd.^e liy the follow in- tail' sani|i'
Illogical
unuii; and the Nam
dWC-SIC
li
he ( liilK
iilL;iiaL;e fi'im
I leir little mtercdiirse with the laiidiieiiiis is ilic least coriiii 'ed, term a
siimi'rn -h.
The f
t-w,t\ the la'ter call (heir t
rmer deiidmiiiate omc s|ieci('s nf t!
oiiacco. siidiisasNau.
Tl
sireiiuih df ceitain simiiaritirsnf winds. Inn \'ai
(in
Tl
• ea, siion
le sii|i|id-~iiidn of .\siatic derivation is assnmed lis Smith Marl
., II •-'! I.
on (111 the
)iarii,il mi-rat iiiiiH. .Mn/d -llrn.i. I'
er remarUs, iIu'm' pimc (inly
/(■ /ii (!i inf., tdiii. vi
nil.
•Olitl
whdie, nidic aiiaidLries (etynml.l ha\c liccii foii'iid with the idioms of Asia
lan ol an\dtlicr(|iiarter. I!nt their anidinil is i
ic d|i|id^ite ('III
K lllsii
oil iii('oiisi(h'raliic to lialaiico
m inferred hy a total dis^imil.iritv of strii
\y .•tltli. Ilarldii, Sm- I
el lire
/'
es a c(im|iarali\(' vocali-
nlarlv to sh.nv that .\si:ilic liaces have lieeii discdvcifd in ihe lan"na"-es .if
.Sdiiihas\\..llasNdrtli .\h:erica, i.alham, Mun miil l/i.s .\l iirn/nnl-i, u. \s:>
40
OIIKJIN or THE AMEIIICAXS.
mentionotl as beiiiii' common to both Chinese and
Anierican.s, but they show absohitely nothing, and
are scarcely worth recounting. For instance, Bos-
su, speaking of the Natcbt^z, says, "they never
l)are their finger nails, and it is well known
tbat in China long nails on the right hand are
a mark of nobility."'*'^ "It appears plainly" tt)
]\[r Carver "that a great similarity between tlie
Indian and Cbinese is conspicuous in that ])articu-
lar custom of shaving or ])lucking off the hair, and
leaving only a small tuft on the crown of the
liead."'^''' ^r. du Pratz has "good grounds to believe"
that the IMexicans came originally I'rom Cliina or
Japan, especially when he considers "their reserved
and uncomnumicative disposition, which to tbis day
})revails among the peo})le of the eastern ])arts ot
Asia."™ Architectural analogy tbeiv is none."^
Tlie mythological evidence ujion wliich tbis and
other east- Asiatic theories of origin rest, is tbe simi-
larity between tlie n»oi"e advanced religions of Anier-
iea and Jbiddhism, Itumboldt thinks he see^ bi the
snake cut in i)ieces the famous serjient Kaliya or Ka-
linaga, ct)n(piered by Vishnu, when he took tlrj form
lias jiroofs tliiit 'llio KaiiiHkadalc, tlic Koriak, tlio Aino-.Tnpancso, nml tlic
Kdi'iMii ai'i' the Asiatic laiij;iia;,'('s most liivc those of Aiucrii'a.' 'Dans
(|iiatru-vin.L,'l-trois laii^ut's aiiu'rifaiiics cxainiiu'cs ]iai' MM. I'aiton vt
\'ati'i', on t'li a ii'i'oiiiiii ouviniii rent soixaiilc-dix iloiit. Ics laiiiics scin-
lili'iii ("'tiv It's nitMiu's; (!t il est fa<'ii(' ilc sc foiixaiiicrc (|iu' cciic aiialo;;it'
n'l'st pas ai'i'iili'iitcllc, <|u\'lli' no ri'imsc i)aN sini|il('nu'iil siir i'lianiinMit' imi-
tative, on snr ci'ltc ('';^alili' dc confoi'malion dans Irs orjiani's, cjiii vciid-
](;('>i|iu' iiK'nlii|ii('s Ics premiers sons artii'nlcs par Ics cnlMns. Suv cent
soixaiil('-di\ mots <|ui ont dcs rapports cntrc cux, il v en a tiois rin(|nii'm(s
i|ui rapprilcnt Ic manti'lion, h< tnnuoiisc, Ic nion^ol ct Ic sanioji'dc ct d(Mi\
(•iiii|iiii'iiirs (|tii lappi'licnt Ic'M lau;i;iM's ('('lti(|U(' ct tsclioinlc. Ic liasinu', Ic
CDpIc cl h- conuo," lliimhiildl , I'/zcv, 'oni. i., pp. 'JT-S. i'licliard. A'*//, llisl.
Mini, \(d. ii., pp. oPJ-IU, tliiidcs tliat tin- Olonii moiiosyllaliii lanjiini;;!'
may licloni; to Cliiiicsc and linlo-t 'liincsc idioms; l)ut Latliam, \'iiriil\rs nf
.\f((ii, p. ^OS. donlits its isolation fioni other .Vnu-rican tonjiiics, and thiid<s
that il is cither anap'olic or imperfectly a"",lnlinate.
"■^ \i)iirriiii,f. ]'(ii/iiiirs fiiix /titles Uixi((€ii/iilis, loui. i., letti'u xviii. Cited
liv W'linlni, Uifliirrliis, p. I'Jl.
w Triii\, p. '1\\\.
•'" llisf. of /.Diiim'inin , London 1771.
"I Spcakin;: of the inins of Cential America, Stephens says: 'if their
(thi' Chinese) ancient architectni-e is the same with their modern, it liear>
no rcscnihlaiu'e wluitever to these unknown ruins.' (.'nit. Aiiirr., vol. ii., p.
4\\H.
icso and
iiig, and
ce, BoH-
y never
known
land are
liiily" to
•ecu the
particu-
liiir, and
of tlie
believe"
Cliiiui or
reserved
til is day
])arts ot
,e.'-'^
this and
the simi-
t' Anier-
L'rs Ml the
a or Ka-
th ': I'orni
u'so, and the
iiii.' 'I)aiis
liiirtdn »'t,
aciiu's t*iMii-
■itr aiuilo;;it'
iiriiiKiiii' iiiii •
<|lli ii'iul-
iN. Siir t'l'iit
s ciiiiiiiii'iiics
ji'dc. Ct (1»MI\
|(> haMiiif, If
.\„l. Ill's/.
hii laii!^iia;;t'
'(iriiiU.s (//'
s, anil thinks
will.
Citiil
ia\>: 'if llu'if
(li'rii. it Ix'iii^
., vol. ii., 1'.
BUDDHISM IN THE NEW WORLD.
41
of Krishna, and in the ^texiean Tonatiuh, the Hindu
Krishna, sung of in the Bhagavata-Purana.^'^ Count
Stolherg,'-'^ is of oi)inion that the two great religious
sects of'^India, the worshipers of Vishnu and those of
Siva, have spread over America, and that the Peru-
vian cult is that of Vishnu when he ai)pears in the
form of Krishna, or the sun, while the sanguinary re-
ligion o{' the Mexicans is analogous to that of Siva,
iirthe charat'ter of the Stygian Jnpiter. The wife of
Siva, the hlack goddess Kali or Bhavani, syndiol of
death and destruction, wears, according to Hindu
statues and j)ictures, a necklace of human skulls.
The Vedas ordain human sacrilices in her honor. The
ancient cult of Kali, continues Hund)oldt, presents,
without douht, a marked resemhlance to that of Mict-
l.inciliuatl, the ]\[exlcan goddess of hell; "hut in
studving the history of the peoples of Anahuac, one
is tempted to regtird these coincidences as })urely ac-
cidental. One is not justified in sup[>osing that there
must have heen communication hetween all semi har-
hai'ous nations who worship the sun, or oft'er up hu-
man l)em<»'8 in sacririce.
^- IffiJii'in/if/, ]'iir.\\ toiii. i., ]). '2;i(>. S|toakiii;.; of tlio Pojjol Vuh, Vinl-
li'l-li'-l hie says: '("crtaiiis passaLrcs (1(> co livrt^ mil avcc los liistoircs Ir'to-
1 |!U's lit! riiiilt' iiiR' siiiLriilii'it' aiialoLtit'.' In ('ImriKni, I'liims Amir., \t. •!().
St'c alsK, llrii.s.sriif (/r liiiiirhiiiini, (,hiiifrr Li't/ris, ]i|i. •J12-1.1, •JH(!— I'J.
■'i (!' ^(/lir/ilf ilrr llliijii,,! Jr.su Cliri.sli, toiii. i., p. 4-<i. l^uotcd in
Uiniihnlill, Viii'.f, toin. i.. p. -.")(i,
9' I ■///■.<, toiii. !., ]». 'J.")7. 'J'si'lmdi, avrain, wrilcs: 'As anion;,' (lie I'last
Indians, an niidi'linccl liciny;, Mraiiiali, tin- diviiiily in nfiicial, was sliai'
owod forth in tlic Trinuirti, or a-^
<;od
iliidiT thli'c tonus, w/..
II
ill.
Vl.shi
id Si
ini: so also the Siiprcini' McinLr was vfiicia
it(<d
iinioii;,' \\h'.
Indians of Mi'sico, nudor tlic thri'f forms of llo, lliiit.:i7ii/)iir//i. and Tin-
In
wlio fonu 'd the Mi'NJcau 'rriiiinr
ti.
Tl
ic altiilintcs and wirshiii o
.f tin
Mi'xican ;i(Mld('ss Mictaniliiiall nicsirvc lln' most perfect analo-v « ii
ill tl>
ol till' sanruiiiarv and iniplaealili
Kal
I ; as ill) eiinallv t he le/eml
till
iMe\ii'ail ili\ iiiily 'i'eayaniii|ni with the foriiildahle lUiavaiii; hotli these In-
dian deil ies were wives of Si\a-l!udra. Not less siirprisin;,' is the iharae-
teri-^tie likeness wlliih exi
■<ts h
th
jia;.
as ot India and the
ei-
callis of Mevieo, while the idols of liotli leninles oiler a siniilitiide in
]iliysioL:iiiiniy and posture wliiili eaniiot escape tlie (d)sei\ation of any one
who lias lieeil l
n hill
1 countries.
■|'l
llialOLTV is ohservci
1 heh
the oriental 'rriniiirli and that of I'eiii; thus Con corresponds to llraiii
I'achacaiiiac to N'isliiiii, and lliiiracoelia to Sivi
riie I
ernvians never i
hired
to erect a teniple to their ineHahle tlod, whom they
other divinities; a reiiiarUalile circumstance, which
coiidiiet amoii^ a part of the iiiluihilants of India as to Itrainah, who is tin
whom thev never confounded with
I'lninds us of similar
42
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
11
Hainboldt, who inclines .stn)ni,^ly toward tlio belief
that tliere has been connnuni('atit)n between America
and southern Asia, is at a loss to account for the
total absence on the former continent of the phallic
symbols which play such an important part in the
worship of India."^ But he remarks that M. Lan-
jjl'les''" observes that in India the V((lchiinm, or
votaries of YishnUj have a horror of the emblem of
the productive force, adored in the temples of Siva
and his wife Bhavani, i^'oddess of abundance. "^lay
not we su[)pose," he adds, "that among the Budd-
Etcruiil, tlio al>str!ict Ciod. Eiiiially will tlic study of wnrsliij) in tlio two
lii'mis|)lion's siiow iiitiinato ('(niiii'i'tioii hctwci'ii tin,' I'xi.sti'iici' aii<l aftrilditcs
of tli(! i/cni(/(i.si.'i (female !servaiit« of tiie (ioil.s) and the I'eruviau virgins of
the Sun.
All these eonsiderations, and many others, which from want of spare
wo must o.nit, evidently ])r()ve tliat the ;,'realer iiart of the Asiatie relij,'itni.s,
such as tiiat of /•'(), in ("hiini, of Jlui/i//iii, in .lapan, of StitiiiiiniKi-Ciii/diii,
i;i India, the /,'n/('//.vMM>f Thiliet, the doctrine of Jhr/nilafsr/u'inniiiii nu\i)U'^
the Mouudls and Calnmcs; as well as the worslii|) of Qintzitlfoutl, in Mex-
i.'o, and ol Mitnijd-Vitjnir, in Pern, are hut so many liranclies of the samo
trunk; wliose root the lai>ors df archa'olojj;y and moilern jdiilosophy have
not liecn able to determine with certainty, notwitlistandinj^ all the di.scns-
sion, |icrseverance, sa;,'acity, and lioldnessof iiyiiotiiesis, ammifi tlic learned
nuMi wiio have heen occupied in invi'sti;;atinjj; the snhject.' After reumrk-
'u\)i upon the marvelous analo^'y between ("hristianity and ISnddhism as
f.iund to exist liy the first missionaries to Thihet, he j^oes on: 'Not less,
however, was the surprise of the llrst S])anish ecclesiastics, who found, on
i-ea<'liin^c Mexico, a priesthood as re;,'nlarly oruaui/eil as that of the most
civili/ed countiies. ("lothi'd with a j)o\verlnl and etleetive authority \thi<h
ixleniled its arms to nnin in every condition and in all the staj^es of lii.s
life, the Mexican ]iriests were mediators between nmn and the Dixinity;
thi'y brou;,dit the newly born infants into tin; roli^^ions society, tln-y di-
rected their trainiui; and e(lncation, they determined the entrance ot the
youu^; men into tln^ service of the State, they consecrated marria^je by
their blessin'j;, they ('(uuforted the sick and assisted the dyin;^.' I""iually,
Tsciiudi linils it necessary to 'insist on this ]ioint, that t^uet/alcoatl and
Mantto Capac were both missionaries of tlie worsiiip of Itramah or Mndilha,
and ju-obably of diU'erent sects.' J'miriiui Aii/ir/., iip. 17--(). DonuMiech,
Jirscr/s, v(d. i., ji. .")'J, has this passa^'c, nearly word for word the same an
Tschudi, but does not mention the latter author's nanu^. 'J'here is 'a re-
markai 'e rescnililauce between tht^ reli;;ion of tiu^ Aztecs and tlu! Muddiiism
of the ( 'l.incse.' dciiZ/rniiiti's .}f(ii/itziiii\ *\\\n\{'i\ in Wii.shihiidtii Sldiuhinl,
Oct. HI), ISi'il). In (^>uet/aleoatl nniy be recoj,'nizcd out? of the austere her-
mits of the (<an;,fes, and the custom of laceratinj^ the body, practiced by
so many tribes, has its counterpart amonj; the Hindoos. Priest's Aiiirr. An-
ti'j., p. -11. t^uet/aleoatl, like liuddha, jtreaehed a^ij^aiuHt linnnm sacriliee.
Hiiinhitlilt, I'lirs, t(nn. i., p. -Cm.
'■>■> 'II est tres-remar(iuablc> aussi que ])armi les liieroijjlyphes mei^icains
on ne tleconvre absolnment rien <|ui aunoiu'e le symboie de la f(n-ce },'encra-
trice, on le culte du /imiinii, ipii est rcpandu <lans Tlnde et iiarnd toutcs
les nations (pii mit ' ,i des rajiports avec les Iliudon.v.' I'ucs, U>m. i., p. '21>).
Uii
li ''hrirlir.s Asiiitiqin's, tom. !., p. "215,
PHALLIC RELICS.
48
ho belief
Aineru'.a
for tlie
) j)liiiUic
t ill the
;^^. Lan-
uam, or
iihlem of
i of Siva
"May
e Budd-
I in llic two
iidattriliiiti's
111 virgins of
lint of spiico
tic religions,
ii)iii)-( 'itiUiiii,
iiiiiiii among
lilt/, in Mcx-
of till' saint!
oso])liy liavo
1 the (liscus-
r the learned
fter reniark-
inildliisni as
'Not less,
found, on
>f tl
le most
liority ^*
ft ages o
hieli
f liis
10 I)i\iiiity;
|ty, tliev lii-
aiiee ot tlio
Juarriage
•y
d
' Filially,
il.'oatl
>r lliiildlia,
Donieiieeh,
me same as
jeic is 'a re-
le Kiidiiliisni
1/ S.'ini
laiistere liei
lirai'lii'iM
iiirr.
'lilVil,
li
I l.v
Ian sacrinee.
Is nujxicaiiis
lorce gi'mra-
laniii touli's
II,
1., p.
;<;>.
liists exiled t') the north-east of Asia, tliero was also
a sect that rejected the phallic cult, and that it is
this piiritied iUiddhisni of which we find some sli^dit
traces anioni;' the American i)eo})les."'"'^ I think F
have succeeded in showing, however, in a previous
volume that very distinct traces of phallic worship
have been foiuid in America."^ An ornament hear-
ing some i'escnd)lance to an elephant's trunk, i'ound
on some of the ruined buildings and in)ages in
America, eliiefly at Uxmal, has been thought by
some writers to support the theory of a south-Asiatic
origin. Others have thought that this hook repre-
sents the elongated snout of the tapir, an animal
common in Central America, and held sacred in some
])arts. The resemblance to either trunk or snout can
be traced, however, t)idy with the aid of a very lively
imagination, and the ])oint seems to me nnwortliy of
serious discussion.'"-* The same must be said of at-
'" I'liis. toni. i., ]). '_'7i).
'•'■' .See Vol. ill., ji. ."idl, et se<i. ; .see also linmsrur dc Duurbounj, Qiuitrc
H)l-S.
•'■' See vol. iv.. |i. Kl.t, for <'iit of this oriiiiinent. 'D'ahord j'ai (''tt' frajipu
(le la ii'^seiiililaiice (iirollVent ccs et ranges ligiires des edilices niayas avee
la tete de rilcphaiit. Cct aii|ieiidiee, ]ilace eiitre deux yeiix, et depassant
la Imuelie de ]iii'si|no toute sa loiigeiir, iiTa seiiilile lie ])ouvoir etre autre
eliiise i|ue liiiiage de hi troinpe d'lin iirohoseidieii, ear le mii^eaii eliariiii et
h.iillaut ilii ta|iir nest pas de eeltt
lacs ii
.)•
'ililices piai
.Vlllli;)li(|lle
iieiit la facull,' (Telever aiiisj
111 oiiserve aiissi (|ue les
rilst des aiitres riiines oU'reiit, aiix <jiiat'e coins, trois tetes
irm.'cs de tronipcs tonriices en Tair; or, le tapir ii"a iiiille-
s:Mi iiiiiscau allonn'e
i'tte d
criiicre consKiera
Th
not tli<
tioii nie seaihle (h'li.sive." Widiliik, I'oi/. I'itl., p. 7 1
uliglitcst gniiiiid for supjtosiiig that the Mexicans or I'eriiviaiis were ac-
<|:iaiiili'd wiili any jiortioii of the liiiuloo mythology
h\it
knowledge or even one species of animal )p<'iuliar to the Old (
neiii, and not found in ,\iiierira. would, it' di-iinctly proved, fun
the!;-
iiiui-
coiiviucing argument ol a cnmmuuicalion ha\
a'^es net ween the
>le of till' t
talceil place m tnniier
wo neinisiineii"
we caiiiio
I hut tl
that
Ilk
C1IC--S til the he.iil of a rhinoceros, in the thirtv-si\th pa'.:c of
Mexican painting prcscrvt'.l in the collect iiui of Sir Tl
the li
]iaiiitiu,:.
Irunk re-cnililing that of an eh'phant.
iiodh
plhcr Mexi
lid llir fact, recnided hv Simon, that wh.it resenihlcd the rih of
I camel (la cnslill.i de nil caiiiello) was kept for many
lu'ld
III great re\ei-eucc, in one
f th
d
le provinces ol Imgola, iire deserving
'On eroit re-
groups reiire-
of attention. Kiiois'ianiiiiili's Mx. Ajih'i/., vol. viii,, [ _.
eoiiuiijlie, dans le inasipie dii sacrirK'ateiir (in (uie of tjie
HiMiled in (he I'mli-.r Jluriiiiinii>i) la troinpe d'liii iMcphant on de iiuel'iiiu;
jiacliyderine (pii syii rappidche par la eon;iguia!ioii de la tete, inaisdont
I I ni;'i 'lioire s;i;M'iieure est gariiie de dents inci.sives. I.e groin du tapir m'
liroloiigc sans doiite nn jieu jilus ijne le iiiuseuu de iios coi'hmis; ma!s 11 \ ji
u
OIIICIN OF TIIF- AMKUICANS.
tcini)ts to traoo tlic ni;niiuI-l)uil(K'rs to I rindiistan,™
not liocaiise coiuniuiiifutioii hctwci'ii America and
.s;)iitlicru Aisia is inipoHsiUlo, but hecausc sonu'tliiui^
luoiv is iieetled to base a theory of sucli couinuinica-
tion upon than the bare tact that there were moiuuls
ill or.e countiy and mounds in the otiier.
It is very jtositively assertetl l)y several autliors
tliat tlie civilization of Peru was of ]\[onL>-olian origin.""
It is not, liowever, supposed to liave been brouglit
from the north-western coasts of America, or to liave
come to this continent by any of tlie more practica-
ble routes of oonununlcatit)n, such as IJerinu;' Strait
or the Aleutian Islands. In this instance the in-
troduction of foreiiifu culture was the result of disas-
trous accident.
In the thirteenth century, the ^NFonool cmporor,
Tvublai Khan, sent a formidable armament against
.Ja])aii. The expedition faik'd, and the rieet was scat-
tered by a violent temi)est. Some of (he shij)s, it is
said, were cast ii'pou the coast of IV'ru, and their crews
are sup[)osed to have founded the niinhty innpire of
the Incas, conquered three centuries later by Pizarro.
]\[r John Uankiuii;', Avho leads the van of theorists in
tliis direction, has written a goodly volume u})on this
liiiMi loin do co '^vo\n du t;ii)ir ii l:v tvoiiiiK" fij^'uiro ilaiis Iv f'm/r.r Borr/itDii's.
Ia's lu'iiplos irA/tlan, iiiin'inairos d'Asic, avoii'iit-ils coiiscrvi' (Hii'li|ii('s iio-
tiiiiis va;iii's siir It's i''lt'|iliaiis, on, cc (|iii iiio |iai(>it hicii iikmms pioliahlf,
li'urs tiaililiiiiis iciiioiitiiii'iit-i'lli's jiisiiu'a l\''ii(ii|iu' oil rAiii('ri(|Ui' c'loit
o'.icoio ;m'U|)1i'1' dc (■<'s aiiiuiaux .ui>:aiili'Miiu's, doiit Ics sinu'lcttt's pi'trirus
SI' trouvciit iMifoiiis dans Ics tonaiiis iiianu'UX, sur k' dos mt-iiu' dcs Ctir-
dillt'ios iiicxifuiii'sV IViil-i'trt- aiissi cxiste-t-il, dans la iiartic iioid-oiicst
du nouveau roiitiiicMit, dans dcs contn'cs (nii u'ont cic visitccs iii par
Ileal lie, iii jiar Maekciisio, ni par Lewis, iin paidiyderiiie iiieoiiiiii, i|ui, par
la eoiilinuialioii de sa troiiipe. tieiit lo iiiilou eiitie reU'plianl et le tai ''• '
II itiiiliiildt, I'lifs, torn, i., I'p. '2.") I 5.
'"" S/iiirrs UbsrrniliiHis iiii Mintiiirx of I)r Z<'f/('niiti>iii, in .1///' /
Sor., Trinisarf., April, 1851; Atindcr, in Anirr. Aiitiq. Sue, Tn„ ■I'l.,
vid. i.. pp. mm; •2(u.
"" 111 this, as in all other tlieories, lnit little distinction is made lielwceii
the introiliu'lioii of foreij,'n eiiltnre, and the aitnal ori.u'in of the people. It
would lie alisnril, however, to suppose that a fcM' ships" crews, almost, if
not (inite, without women, cast accidentally ashore in Peru in the thirteenth
century, should in the fifteenth lie found tii have increased to a mighty na-
tion, possessed of a civilization ijiiite advanced, yet ri'semlilin;,' that of their
mother eouiitiy so sliyhtly as to ad'ord only the most faint and far-fetched
iiiuiloiiies.
MONGOL (CIVILIZATION IN rLIJU.
45
.liistan/""
;ru-;i iind
(nm'tliini^
lunun'u'ii-
mounds
1 authors
I orio-i,,.'"'
I l)n)U^lit
)r to have
; practioa-
nir Strait
c the in-
t of disas-
cuiporor,
lit against
5 was scat-
Kliips, it is
heir crows
empire of
)V Pizarro.
heorists m
upon
this
'i:r liiirff 1(1)1 IIS.
It' (|U('ll|IU'S llil-
lidins ]iriili:ilili',
iiu't'kiih' I'tiiil
Irltcs IM'tl-ilirs
icnie <lt's ("iir-
■ti(> niinl-iiiu'sl
isiti'i's iii liiti-
cimiii, <nii ''•■ii'
111 I't I' I..
.1///'
K- 'J'
made lictw i
tin' l)('(l|ll('. Ii
I'Ws, iilniost. it
I tin' tliirtt'fiilli
ki a iiii^ility iM
L'tliat lit' tlifir
liul far-fctcliiMl
suhiect, which ct'rtainlv, if read hv itself, on^-lit to
convini'O the reader as satisfactorily that America was
settled hy ]\[ono()ls, as KiiijjfshorouLi^h's work that it
was reached hy the Jews, t)r Jones' arL,nnaeiit that
the Tyrians had a hand in its civilization.
That a AFonnol tleet was sent a,^-ainst Ja})an,^ and
that it was dispersed hy a storm, is matter of his-^
torv, though historians ditl'er as to the maimer of
occurrence and date of the event; hut that any of
the (i'<tress(>d 'ships were driven u)>on the coast of
]\tu can he hut mere conjecture, since no news of
such an arrival ever reai lied Asia., and, what is
more important, no record of the deliverance of
their fathers, no memories of tlu> old uiother-country
from which tluy had heen cut ofi' so suddenly, seem-
ingly no knowledi^i', even, of Asia, were preserved hy
the Peruvians. (Jranted that the crews of the
wrecked s;,ij)s were hut a handful compared with the
ahori'^'nn! jiopulation tluy came amon:n", that they
only taught what they knew and did not })eople the
countiy, still, the sole foundation of the theory is
fornnil of analoi;"ous customs and ])hysical appearance,
showiiin' that their intiuence and infusion of hlood
must have heen very widt'ly extended. If, when they
arrived, they found the natives in a sava^'o condition,
as has heen stated, this influence must, indeed, have
teen a I
)erva(lin<»
aiu
1 it
is ridiculous to suppose
that the Monyol father imparted to his children a
knowledn'e of the arts a'.id customs of Asia, without
•essiiiu^ u)H)n their minds the story of his siiij)-
w reck and the history of his native country, ahout
wli' II a.
11 M
on,i>'ols are so ])recise
i'>it our theorists scorn to assij^n the ])arts of teach-
ers to the wrecked ^[ono'olians. Immediately after
their arrival they i;ave kings to the country, and es-
tahlished law Kanking narrates the iiersonal his-
tory and expK)its of all these kings, or Incas, and
even goes so far as to give a steel-engraved })ortrait
of each; hut then he also gives a "description of two
46
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
livlni^ unicorns in Africa." The name of the first
Inca was Mani^o, or Manci% which, says Kankini'', was
also tlio name of tlie brother and ])re(Lces:^or of Kuhlai
Klian, he who sent out the expedition against Japan.
The first Tnca of Peru, he behoves was tlie son of
Kublai Klian, and refers the reader to liis "portrait
of Manco Capac,'"'^ that he may conijiare it with tlie
description of Kublai," o-iven by Marco Polo. The
wife of Manco Capac was named (Joya ISIama Oelhi
Huaco; she was also called ]\[amanu-hic, "as the
motlier of her relations and subjects." ]*urchas men-
tions a (jueen in the country of Shci'omoyula whose
name was Manchika.™ Thus, ])uttint^' two and two
toii^ether, llankins^ arrives at the condiisidn that "the
names of MauL^o and his wife are s.) like tliose in
jMonu^olia, that we may fairly presume tliem to be the
same."*"*
Let us now briefly review some other analojjfies dis-
covered by this writer. The natives of South Amer-
ica liad little or no beard, the JVCons^ols had also little
hair on the face. The IJatu, or head-divss of tlie In-
cas had the ai>pearance of a t>'ai'land, tlu; front bcitiij^
dc3corated with a flesh-coloi'cd tuft oi' tassel, and that
of the hereditary prince beiui,'" yellow; it was sur-
mounted by twc feathers taken from a sacred bird.
Here aL,^ain we arc referred to the ])ortraits of the in-
cas and to those of 'I'anierlani! and 'l\'hanL(hir, two
Asiatic pi'inces, "both descen(K>d from (Jeni^his Khan."
The simlarity between the head-dresses, is, we are
told, "striking, if allowance be made Ibr thedifiiculty
the Incas would exjU'rience in jU'ocurinu;' suitable mus-
lin for tlu! turban." Tlie |thimt's art; supposed to be
in snuie way connt'cted with the saci'cd owl of the
Moni4(»ls, and y^dlow is th.3 color of the imj)erial lamily
"'■■' Miilico '(iftcrwiinN received from liis siilijerH tlu' title of "('ii|mi',"
vliicli nu'iiiiH sole r.iiiiieiKi'. spleiiiliil, rieii in virtue." li mkiiiti's llisl. h'r-
K iirr/i'S, |), .")(!. lleeiti'M fur lllis, (liirrllu.ssn <lr hi I'li/ii, liiioix i., ('llil|i.
,\.\vi., II Work (111 wliieii lie relies for most of his iiifoniiiil ion.
'"■' .1 rrldlliiii iif tirii li'ii.ssr ri/vs/zrAv Innniili.s, mil af Sili( I'ia to Caldl/,
i"ve.. in I'lin-hii'i his I'i/iiri'nir.s; vol, iil., p. 71IH,
'«< liunkiiiij's Hint licnam;' \i, \\\\. !< 1-2.
PEIM/VIAN AND ASIATIC ANALO(iIKS.
47
the first
kiiiijf, w.is
:)fKul)lai
;t Japiin.
ic son of
"])ortrait
with the
jIo. Tho
ma Oelhi
"as tho
-hasmon-
iila wlioso
and two
tliat "tho
> tlioso in
to bo tho
lojj^ios (lis-
itii Anu'v-
iilso httlo
of tho In-
lont hoini;'
and that
Avas
'!•('(
snr
I l)ird.
)ftlio In-
liLi'hir, two
IS
Khni
s. we aro
(II
rtlculty
ihio mus-
<('(
ha
1 to ht
ol' th(
I I'iunih
if "('ii|mi',
lif's His/. Hi
iMilv I., cliap
nn to Catiiii,
in Cliina. Tho snn was hold an os])ecial ohjoct of
adoration, as it "Jias l)oon tho poouhar i^od of tlio Mo-
guls, from tho oarHost timot,." Tho JVruvians re-
garded Pachaeamac as tho Soverei_i;'n Croat(-)r; Camao-
llya was the name of a Hituhi ^-oddess; Jiaijlli w;is
thi; harden of every verso of tho sonos composed in
j)raise of the Snn and the Incas. "Ooii;^, (Jlionois'
anc'ostor, at one year of a,_i;o, miracnlonsly prononnoud
tho word vMlah' Allah I whicli was tho immodiato
work of (lod, who was jtloased that his name shonld
ho i>loriHod hy tho mouth of this tender infant."^"^
1'hus ^Ir liankino" thinks "it is hii^hly [)roi)aliit! that
this {JinijUi) is tlui same as tho woU-known llallAw-
jah." Uesomhlaneos are i'ound to exist hetwoen tho
JVriivian fi;ast of the sun, and other similar Asiatii;
I'estivals. \\\ J?ei'U, huntei's foi'nied a circlo round tho
<|uariv, in tin; country of ( Joni^his they did the same.
'J'he organization of t!ie army was nnich tho same in
]Vi'u as in the country of tho Ivhans; tho wea])ons
and musit-al instruments were also very similar, in
the city of Cu/co, not far iVom the hill where the
citadel sto(Kl, \\as ;i portion ol" land called co/cam-
■jxtfd, which none were j»ermiLted to cultivate t!X-
ee|it tht)se of I'oyal hlood. At certain seasons tho
Incas turned up tho sod lu-ro, amid much rejoiein<4'
a:i(l manv cereinouh's.
fi'eat
<ti\al I
IS solem-
ni/ed every yeai',"' in all tlu' cities of ('I
d;iv that tho sun enters tin; liftei-nth deur
i.iia, o
l'(> Ol
n (lu
.\(|ua-
rius. The emperor, accordinn' to the custom of tht,
ancient founders of tho (,'hinese monarch
se
m
so
lemri
maime
r to I
,L;'<»es hini-
>|oul;'1i a lew ; id^'es ol'
land. Twelve illustrious persi>ns attend and |>iounI
In l\'i"U\ian as in ( 'hinese architi'ct-
alter
luni.
nre, It is notici'ahlo that ureat care is taken t
the
o render
Jt)ints hetweeii the stones as nearly imju'rcopti-
'"■' (,)iin(( ,1 liy I!llllkil|.r, /^'^^ A'-
Imiliir. ///
iri/ iif till' Turks, M<ii/hIs, mii/ Tnr/,
siiirrfir.i, |(. jM.'l, fmm Aim! (lliaxi I'.a-
Hisl. I
""* 1 1 'I lliililr, h'lii/
iirs. Ml
II.
lisiifir/ivK, |i. I',l7-S,
>/' C/iiiiii, Vdl. i., |i. •.'7,-|. (^>u(itc,l liy llaiiUiii;,',
"^m
■m
OKKilX OF THK AMEUICAXS.
l)lo as j)Ois.sil)lo. A siuiilurity is ulso said to exist ])C-
twueii tlic docoraticjiis on the ])alaces of the Jncas
and those of the Khans. The cycle of sixty yeai's
vas ill use anions" most of tlie nations of eastern
Asia,, and anions' the ^Tii3\scas of tlie elevated j)lains
of 13on'(jta. The (/Ktpii, or knotted reckoning" cord
was in use in ]?eru, as in Cliina. Some other anal-
oL^-ies miuht he cited, l»ut these are sulKcient to show
u[)on Avliat foundation this theory I'ests. 1 may men-
tion here that the Incas })ossessed a cross of Hue mar-
hie, or jasper, highly polished, and all of one jiiece.
It was three fourths of an ell in length and three
fing-ei's in ihickness, and was kej)t in a saci'ed cham-
hor oi' the i)alace and held in great veneration. The
S[)aniar(ls enriched this s-ross with gold and jewels
and ])laced it in the cathedral at t'uzco; had it been
of })lain wood they would })rohal»ly have huiMit it with
curses on the enihlem of 'devil-worshiji.' To acount
for this discoNery, Mr Rankin;'- savs: There were manv
Nestorians in the thirteenth century in the service of
tlu' ^longols. The con(|ueror of (he king of eastern
Ijenn'al, A. 1). J*J7i*, was a, ( 'hristian. The ^Mongols,
who were deists, treate(l all I'eJigions with res])ect, till
they hecame .MohamuKtlans. it is very i)r(»I»ai)l(! that
a jtart of the militaiy sent to con(|uei' Japan, were
commanded \)\ Nestoriaii olliceis. The mother of the
(jlrand Khan ^^angu, who was ln'other to l\uhlai, and
])ossil»ly uncK; to Manco ("apac, I Ik; fii'st Inca, was a
( 'hrlstian, and had in her service William JJouchiei'.
a goldsmith, and iJasilicus, the son of an JMiglishmaM
horn in llungary. It is thi'rel'oi'e highlv [)rohaM'
that this ci'oss accompanied Manco ('apac.'"'
I'" <'i)iiccrniii>,' llic Miiii;.,'iiliaii i)ri;,'iii of llic I'criniim.H, wo: Udnklinj^
Hist. Ui'.si'iiir/n.s. AIniipst iill iitlicr wiilcrM wliii liiivc Imiclinl on this n'.ili-
jci't, ui'c iiidclitcil to Mr I'aiikin^' for llicir iiifoitaiilioii mid ideas. Sio
ti\s{) Ihiiit/in/id, Krniii. fV//., loin, ii., p. (IT, el m'i|.; Mii//c-llniii, I'n ■'^
f/i Ik iitiitj., toni. vi., |>|i. 'J',i;t I, I'lirslrrs Vm/nifr Itmonl l/ir H'oc'''.
(lioliiis lliinlis lliat till- I'diiNians imist lie distinct from otiu'i' .Xincriran
)iro|d(', since lliev are so acnie, and lielie\e-< tliein, tlierefore, to ^c
desi'eniled from tlie ('liiiM>|., Wrecks of Cliiiiese Junius have lieen ftuiiil
on llie ciuiMt. Itolh adore the sim, and call the Kin;; tlie 'son of i'>i<'
sail.' I'.i'lh Use hiero;;Iy[i|iics wiiiih are read from ahove doNNiiwaiU.
rEIlT^VIAN GIANTS.
49
) exist l^e-
tl\e Incas
xty years
[){' eastoni
ted [)laiiis
uiing" cord
itlier anal-
ut to show
may nien-
if Hue mar-
one piece,
aiul three
n-cd ehain-
ition. The
atid jewels
luid it he^'ii
init it with
To ac'.-oimt
) were many
je service ol
of viisteru
> Mon.H'ols,
;espeet, till
.])al)U! that
aiian, were
.ther of the
\uhlai, ait'l
lira, was ;i
1 (OiU'hier,
Miu'lishinaii
V probaM'
107
sec; Uiiiil:ii>',i'^
■l,,.,! (HI lliis s'lii-
mill 'uU'Hr*. S'l'
„/lr-l'.rini, /''•';
innf III'' 11'"''''
oiluT Aiui'nciui
tlii'irl'iiir. t» "'
iiiivc liiM'll fiiiinl
llic 'hum tlf I'"'
a' iliiwiiwu!!-
-IT
1 liave stated above that the Peruvians preserved
ro n;-(»rd of liavin,L>- come originally irom China.
'I'hey had a tradition, however, concerning certain
i'oreigners who came l)y sea to their country, which
mav ho worth repeating; Carcilasso do la Vega
givVs this tradition as ho himself heard it in Peru.^
Tiny allirni, h< ays, in all Peru, that certain giants
(■.imc hv- sea to the cai)e now called 8t Helen's, in
large harks made of rushes. These giants were so
enormously tall that ordinary men reached no higher
than their knees, their long, disheveled hair covered
.M:iiiio CaiKic wjiH a rhiiiiiiiiiiii wlio f;iive tlie><c Ht'ttlrrs a fiovcrnniciit
tdiiiiiltil on llif Cliiiii'so syxli'iu. Miiiilmnis, Niiniir W'turld, \\\\. W'lW.
I>t' I.iict, rc|ilviii,vc to tlu'sc ar;,nmi('iils, coiisiilci's tliiit tlic iiciitcncss of
lli(^ l'inu\iaiiN (lot's not ii|i|)roiuli that of tin- CliiiiL'SL'. Nowlu'reiii I'orii
l.avc (lie ciniiiinj; and aiti>lic works of Cliiuoi! artiliicis ln'cii seen.
'J'lic ('liiiicM> junks wiTL' too frail to withstand a storm tliat conld drivii
Ihcni a<ross till' I'arilic. And if tin; vovap' wcvi! inli'nli(Mialtlii'y would
have son.u'lit nearer land tlian the I'oasts of Mexico or I'eiu. 'I'Ik' i-('li;;ioii
of llie two counlrirs dillers materially; so does tlieir writing'. Mant'o t'ii-
]iai' was a native Peruvian who ruled four iiundretl years l)efori! the (■omin;^
of liie Siianiards, Xnriis drlii.i, in fi/., ]>]>. 'X]-[. Sir Croiiise, in his Xa/-
■iiikI W'.itHli iif Ciilifitnnii, p. '-'S, et seii., is nmre positivi^ on tiiis suh-
ji'ct llian any writer I Iiave yet encountered. I am at a loss to kimw why
l!iis --hoiiid lie, lu'cause I have hefore me \\w works thai he ((Uisnlied, and
I cerlaiiily lind iioliiin;,' to warrant his very slron;; a-serlions. I t|Uolo a
f.'W passaui's fi-oin his wdik. 'The invest iLial ions of eihnolo-ists and plii-
Inloi^ists w ho have >ludieil the Hindoo, ( 'hinese, and da {lanesc annals durini^
the |iresenl cenlury, tnnc lirouuriit to li^hl such a chain of evidence as to
place heyond ilouhl that ihe ininiliilanl- of Mexico and ( 'alifornia, di>co\ -
ered hy ihe Spaniards, were of Mon;,'olian oriLiin.' Hindoo, Chinese, and
.lap.ine^e annals all auree th.il tin; lleel of Kulilai Khan, son of (ien;,diis
Kliin, was w recked on the coast of .\merica. 'Theic are proofs clear and
(1 I lain, that .Maii;;i) Cinac, the founder of the I'eiin iaii nation, was the s(Mi
il Knlijiii Khan. .. .and that the ancestors of .Monle/nma, of .Mexico, wle)
Wire from .\>sani, arri\i'd ahout the sann' time. . . . I'.Ncry cusioin of tins
.Mixican>, descrihetl hy theirSpanish compierors, ]iro\es their Asiatic ori;,'in.
...The siran;^!' hiero/lypiiics fmind in so many |ilaces in Mexico, ami
frmn California I'l Canada, are all of .Mon;:olian ori;:in'. . . . ' Ihnnholdt,
many years (i;;ii, i'(ni jeclured that these hieroL;l\ phics were of 'I'arlar ori;,'iu.
It is now posiii\cl\ known that they are. . . .The armor hi'lon;,dn;j; to ^lon-
t"/uma, which was ol'tained hy Corle/.and is now in tUi' museum at Mil-
diid. is know n to he of Asiatic inannfactm'c, and to have helon;^ed lo oan
of Kuhlai Klian"s ;jt'nerals.' It is unnecessiuy to multiplv unotations, or
to further criticise a work so jrrossly misleailin;:. The fidlowin- nnii|ue
:i><eilion is a fair spei'imen of Sir Cronise's \auaiies w h.'n tn'adin;,' on nn-
familiai';4'ronml: ' " .\lta," ihe prelix w liicli di^tin;;nishe> I'lMin- from Lower
California, isaword of Mon;'iilian ori;,nn, siuiiifyinj,' "eold."' 'I'he imisl
'Uperlicial knowled;;!' of Spanish or of the lii-imv of Cnlifoniia, wouM
ha\e lol 1 Mr Croni>e ihal 'alia' simply means 'hi;;li,' or ' upper,' ami that
the name was applied to what was originally tei'ined 'New' Cjilifoniiii, ill
t oiiiia I; lia 'li 111 lo 'liaja'or 'Lowi'f' California.
Vol,, V, 4
60
OKKilN OF THE AMERICANS.
tlie.r shoulders; tlicir eyes were as big as saucers,
and tlic other parts of tlieir bodies were of corre-
spondingly colossal projiortions. 'I'hey were beard-
less; some of tlieni were naked, others were clothed
in the skins of wild l)easts; there were no women
with them. Having landed at the ca])e, they estab-
lished tliemselves at a sjiot in the desert, and dug
deep wells in the rock, which at this day continue to
attbrd excellent water. They lived by ra})ine, and
soon desolated the whole country. Their a})petites
and gluttony were sucli that it is said one of them
would eat as nuicli as fifty orilinary })ers()ns. Tliey
massacred the men of the neighboring jnirts without
mercy, and killed the women by their brutal viola-
tions. At last, after having for a long time tyran-
nized over the country and connnitted all manner of
enormities, they were suddenly destroyed by fire from
heaven, and an angel armed with a Haniing sword.
As an eternal monument of divine vengeance, their
bones remained unconsumed, and may be seen at the
])iesent day. As for the rest, it is not known from
what ])lace they came, nor by what route they ar-
rived.^»«
There is also a native account of the arrival of
Ma'ico Capac, in which he figures simply a culture-
hero. The story closely resembles those told of the
appearance and acts of tlie apostles Tuknlcan, Wixe-
pecocha, and otliers, and need not be re[)eated here.'"*
""^TIiIh relation, snys I{iuikinjr, 'lum iiatiiinlly cikhi;,'!! Ih-imi (•(insidcivil
hy Itolici'tHoii tiiiil others a« a riilii'tiloiis t'alili", iiini aii\' reinler wniilil lie
iiieliiieil to treat, it aw nueli, vvere it not aceouiileil lor liy tlie invasinn of
•lajian, ami tiie very nunieroUM anil er.nvinein;; jiroot'.s of the iilentilv of the
.Mon^;ols and tlie Ineas.' ///>/. Jirsiinr/ifs, |i. ."i,"). lie thiiilvH that tlie
;^ianlH \\ei'e tlu> M(iii;^'oliaii iiivaihM's, nioiiiKeil iijioii the el(>|iliiiiilH wliiili
tiiey ltroii;;lit with them. 'The elephanls,' he says, 'would, no (loul)t, he
defended hy their usual armor on such an e.xiraordinarv oeeusioii, and the
spaee for the eyes would apiieiir iiioiislrous. The remark ahuut the lieards,
\'e., shows that the man and the ide|iliaiit were etuisideied asone person, It
is a new and enrioiis fo/io eilition of the Cen'iinrs and l.a)iilha'; and we eiiii-
not wonder that, on siieh a iio\(d oeeasion, I'aia.' St. Helen's »iid not jiri)-
tinee iin .\meriean Theseus.' /(/. , |i|i, Mi.
""•See liaiikuit/n Hint, lli.'tcdri/ii.t, ji. atl, el se(|.; ]Vitri/iii, Itrchrrcfitis,
lip. 187-U.
THE CHINESE FROM PERU.
51
; saucers,
of corre-
re beard-
e clothed
lo A-(Miieii
ley estab-
aiid dw^
Mitiuue to
,})ine, and
appetites
3 of tliein
lis. They
ts witliout
ital viola-
lue tyraii-
nianner of
Y fire from
no- sword,
nice, their
eeii at the
lowii from
they ar-
arrival of
a eulture-
ihl of tlie
II, Wixe-
,ed here.i""
^Ir C'liarles Wok'ott Brooks, Jai)aneso consul in
San Fraiu-isi'o, a most learned gentleman, and espe-
cially Avell versed in (Oriental lore, has kindly j)re-
sented me with a MS. prepared by himself, in whith
are condensed the results of twenty-five years' .study
of the history of the eastern Asiatic nations, and
their possii)le communication with American conti-
nent."" He recoi^qiizes many striking analogies he-
tween the Chinese and the Peruvians, but arrives at
a conclusion respecting the relation between the two
nations, the exact rever.se of that dis('u.s.sed in the
preceding jiaragraphs. His theory is that the Chi-
nese came originally from IVu'u, and not the Peruvi-
ans from China. He uses, to support his argument,
many of tlie re.>emi»lances in customs, etc., of which
Ranking and othei,- liave availed themselves to prove
ill exactly ojtposite theory, and adds that, as in those
early tinu's the passage of the I'acific could only
have been made under tlie most favorable circum-
stances and with tlie assistance of fair winds, it
Mould be ini])ossil»k', owing to the action of the SE.
and XE. trade-winds for such a pa.s.sagc to have been
made, either intciitioiially or accidentally^ from China
to IVru, wliile on the otlusr hand, if a hirge craft
were placed hcforc the wind and .sot adrift from the
Peruvian coast, there is a, strong jiroliahility that it
would drive straight on to the southern coast of
China.'"
n roiisi(loiT(l
Icr woiilil lif
■ iiivnsioii (if
('III it V 1)1' tlic
IvH ilial the
iliiiiils wliidi
no (Idiilil, lie
sidii, and llio
lit llic iicaids,
ll« IMTSOll. It
iiikI wc can-
liil not. inii-
II, Uirhrrc/ixs,
A Japant^st' origin or at least a strong infusion of
.lapanesc hlood, has bei'U attributed to tlie trilu's of
the nortli-wcst coasts. There is nothing inijirobahle
in this; indeed, there is every reason to lu'lieve that
on various o(,'casions small ]»arties of .lajtanest) have
reached tiie American continent, have niiirried the
""y >/•/(//,■) lif l/ic Jii/iiiiicsr Ji'iiri; niiif thvir lultifioii In the Amirii'ini
Ciiiifiiinif, Ms.
'I' Sec rc|M(it (if a Iccdiic read li.v ( 'liailcs Wdlcult UionkM licfoic tlm
<]alif(iiiiia Acadciiiv (if Si iciicc in Ihn/,/ A/(u Culijuniiu, May 4, 15175;
.^(J/i trnnnscit Ei-inimj Itiilhtiii, tuxww date.
UllRlIN OF THE AMEKICAXS.
II ii
il
AVDinon of the countiy, and necessarily left the im-
jiress of tlieir ideas and jjliysical peculiarities upon
(heir descendants. Probably these visits Avere all,
Avithout exce})tion, accidental; but that they have oc-
(lirred in gveiit numbers is certain. There have been
a s^i-reat many instances of Japanese junks di'ifting"
iip(.)n the American coast, many of them after liav-
\:\<j; floated helplessly about for many months. Mr
ih'ooks n'ives foi'ty-one particular instances of such
wrecks, beoinninn' in 1782, twenty-eight of which
(late since 1850."'^ ^^i^lj twelve of the whole num-
l)er Avere desei-tcd. In a majority of cases the sur-
vivors remained ])ermanently at the i)lace where the
waves had l)r()ught them. There is no record in
existence of a Japanese woman having- been saved
■iV.)m a wreck. A great many Ja])anese words are to
lie found in the Chinook jargon, but in all cases ab-
breviated, as if coming from a foreign source, while
the construction of the two languages is dissimilar."^
The reasons ibr the presence of Japanese and tlie ab-
sence of (Chinese junks are simj>le. There is a cur-
rent of cold water setting from the Arcti'* ocean south
.dong the east coast of Asia, which dri\es all the Chi-
nese wrecks south. The Kuro 8iwo, or 'black stream,'
commonly known as the Japan current, runs north-
wards ])ast ilie eastern coast of the Jaj)an islands,
tlu'U cur\es round to the east and south, swee[)ing the
whole west coast of North America, a l)ranch, or
''11';
i I
"'-' Sec I'l'iuirt of iiii|M'r siilmiitti'il liy ^^^ Hrooks to llio Ciilifoiiiiii Acil-
ciiiy III' Scii'iici's, ill ,s'<//( Frmici.sfii Ki'iiiimi I'titllilln, Mincli '2, IS7.">. In
iIiIm n'lMirl the dciiiilM ami iliilo of carli wicrk arc j^ixcii. 'I'lic atitliur of tliu
KiiuT assmvs nil' tlial lie lias ircords of omt iinc IhuhIiimI mkIi ilisanliTs.
livi'i'y ciiic of tlii'^t' wrecks, when exaniiiied, iiniM'd to lie .Ia|ianosc, ami
ihit, line ("liincsc. Sec iiIhii Irvim/s linn mr I lie's .It/rcii., ji. 4-7; Sinilli'i
Ihiiiiini S/irriis, |i. 'J.'J'.t; Jidi/infriiil, in .Xniirillis uiniintr.s (/cv It///., lS'2'i,
t nil. wiii., pii. 'JlS-i); Aiitlrrsnii, ill l/isf. Mmj., vul. vii., Pit. 80-1; /,(^v.^r-
ji.is, lliijit ('ill., |i|i. '!.")-(!.
'I' Ih. L'lril's X'l/., vol. ii., ii|i. 'JU)-7. ' I/oolviiiK "»iily at liic'yor//(.s' ami
endiii;L;s (if llie words, their nii;i ,.,;■! •iiniiiils when nttcred, we could not
liMl milice tlie sliikiii;;- siiiiiliirilN , in these respects, lictween the ]iiopcr
II, lilies as found on tiie hia|i of •laiuin, ami many of the iianies ;ii\eii to
pi, ices, rivers, etc, in this counlry. (America.) Uinhnrll, in Hist. Maij.,
n. .s., vol. iii., p, 1 II,
JAl'ANKSi: WIJECKS ON TIIK AMKlilCAX COAST.
the iin-
es upon
vera all,
havo oc-
ivc l)ceii
driltiii*^-
ter hav-
hs. :sii-
of such
f -whith
)le lunn-
the sur-
hcro the
ecord in
n saved
Is are to
,'ases al)-
ce, while
siniihir."'^
I the ah-
a cur-
iiii south
the Chi-
stivaui,'
north-
ishuuls,
)in,t;' the
inch, or
iniia AtM'l-
1S7.">. In
itlmiof (lie
ilisilstlTs.
imi'so, iniil
•JT; S, III Ill's
I -.//., i.v2:t,
fnniis iiinl
Cdulil lint
till' inniicr
;ii\('n ti)
lis/. Mi'j.,
■i
ed'lv, UKiviuL;' towards tlio Saiidwicli Ishuids. A
(h-ittiiiL;' wreck wuukl l»e carried towards tlie American
c(.ast at an averajj^e rate of ten miles a day hy this
cuii'ent. To explain the frequent occui'rence <^»f these
wrecks ^fr Brooks lefers to an old Jajianese law.
Ahout the year 1080, the Japanese jn'overnniei.r
adojited its deliherate policy of .exclusion of forei<>-ners
and seclusion of its own people. To keep the lattt r
from visitiuu^ foreign countries, and to coniiiie their
voyai^'cs to smooth water antl the coastiiiL;' trade, a law
was passed orderini;' all junks to he huilt with open
sterns and larL;-e s(juare rudders unfit to stand any
luavv sea. The January monsot)ns from the nortli-
east are apt io hlow any unlucky coaster which hap-
]»ens to he out sti'ain'ht into the Kuro Siwo, the hu^e
rudders are soon waslied away, anrl the vessels, falliii'.;'
iiito tile trou^'h of the sea, roll their masts overheard.
I^N'eiy January there are mnnliers (tf these disasters
of which no record is ke[>t. .Vlxait one third of these
Vessels, it seems, dril't to the Sandwich Islands, the
remainder to North Amei'ica, wliere tliey scatter alon^'
the coast from Alaska to California. How many
years this has heeii m'oinj^ on can only he left to con-
jecture. 'I'lu' information n'iveii hy AFr Ijrooks is (.f
,L;reat value, owini;- to his thorough actjuaintance with
the suhject, the intelligent study of which has luun
a lahor of lo\e with him for so many yeai's. .And his
theory with regard to the .Japanese carries all the
moi'e weight, in my opinion, in tliat he does not at-
teui|»t to ac<'ount tor the similaritii-s that exist li(,'tween
that pi'ople and the .\mericaiis hy an immi;.;i'ation » u
masse, hut hy a constant infusion of .Japanese hlood
and customs through a serii's of years, siillicieiit to
mo lify the original stock, whereNci- that came from.
I ha\e already statt'tl that traces of the .lapane>e
lan'.^uan'e liavi' heeii Ihund aiuonn' the coast trihes.
There is also some physical resemhlance.'" A'iollet-
J" 'I'licic well' in_ Ciilil'ciniiii nt tlic lime nf llic Ciiiniiicst. liiiliiMis of
viiiiMii, riuos, .siimi- of tlic .)a)iiiiu'.M' t,viie, I'dl/ijn, IL.^t. Ca/., .MS., tmii.
J
54
OrJGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
Ic-Duc points out some striking reseniLlaiiocs l^etween
the temples of Japan and Central America."' It is
asserted that the jjoople of Ja})an had a knowledge of
the Amcriean continent and that it was marked down
on their maps. Montanus tells us that three shi})-
captains named Henrik Corneliszoon, Schaep, and
Wilhehn Byleveld, were taken prisoners hy the Jap-
anese and carried to Jeddo, where they were shown a
sea chart, on which America was drawn as a mcnrnt-
ainous country adjoining Tartary on the north."" Of
course the natives have the usual tradition that stran-
gers came amonij them lon<>- before the advent of the
Europeans."''
The theory that America, or at least the nortli-
western part of it, was peopled by the 'Tartars' or
tribes of north-western Asia, is supported l)y many
jiuthors. There certainly ii no reason why they
should not have crossed Bering Strait from Asia,
the passage is easy enough ; nor is there any reason
why they should not have crossed by the same route
to Asia, and peopled the noi'th-western part of that
continent. The customs, manner of life, and phys-
ical a})pearanct! of the natives on both sides of the
stiaits are almost identical, as a multitude of wit-
nesses testify, and it seems absurd to argue the ques-
tion from any point. Of course, Bering Strait may
]\i\\c served to admit other nations besides the ])eople
inhabiting its shores into America, and in such cases
there is more room for discussion."*'
i., p. 3; Vullrji), linnin. Ciih, ATS., ]). fi. Tlif Alciitiini Islamlors resciiihle
till' .lii|)niu's(? in Viiiious irs]K'i'ts. Sini/itnin's .V(*/., vul, ii., |i. "J'J.S. I'licst,
Aiiin: Aii/ii/., p. 'ill, tliiiiks tliat (jhictziilciiall may lie loytirded us u Jap-
iiiH'st', as (•(iniiiurativi'ly wliitc ami licaidiMl.
"' liitriiiliictiiiii to ('/iiiniiiy, liitiiii.s Aniiv., jip. 'iS-.'U.
"fi Mriiirr Wvnrhl, ii. ;«». '
in /,,„v/'.v X,il., vol. li., ]i. '217.
'"* Si'c: AiiiiH^rr, Prom, ni Aiiirr., turn, ii., \>y. ItO()-4; A/imfrr, in Amir.
All/ill. Sor., i'rilllxKcf., vol. 1., ]i]>. 'Jll'l 1, Jt.'tS I'J; Maiildinis, Xiriiirr
Winrhl, jii). .'IS— I'J; I'n'f.sr.s- Amir. Anlii/., pp. "iS-!); IlillijiuiiH dr. iniil
Cii.sf., \o\. lii., pp. -I-Kt; h'iiliir/.-ii)ii\i ///.s7. .b/zc/., vol. i., ]ip. 1277 HI ; I'iiiiir'^
Triirch, vol. ii., jip. ;}7-S; diKjr.s us'iir Snrrnj, \\. Kl'J; lliimniii'h'.s I>isirl.'<
\ol. 1
•;
irfij. Jh.sriiiir.s', in An/ii/. Mr.v., fom. i., div. i.
Jliim(joli/t, J:\s.^<(i I'lJ., lom. i., pp. 7'.KS0; A</air'.s Amir, liii/., pp. I'J-i;}
I. -tri;
THE EGYI'TfAN THEOKY
65
1 between
'5 It is
ledge of
ed down
ee ship-
lep, and
tlie Jap-
shown a
I niount-
W Of
at strau-
iit of the
le north-
.rtars' or
by many
by they
)in Asia,
ly reason
me route
t of that
id phys-
s of the
of wit-
lie ques-
jrait may
lie peo[)le
ch cases
•rs ivs('ml)lo
lv.'S. I'lii-st,
];il as ii Jaii-
••r, in Aiiicr.
Ills, yirnirr
\is Cn: (iiiil
SI ; Viijili'^
[/I's lli'.scr/s,
i., 11. -I.");
I, w- iii-i:t.
:M
We may now consider that theory which supposes
the civilized i)eoples of America to be of Egy[>tiau
origin, or, at least, to have derived their arts and cult-
ure from Egypt. This supposition is based mainly
on cei'tain analogies which have been thought to
exist between the architecture, hieroglyphics, meth-
ods of conii)uting time, and, to a less extent, cus-
toms, of tlie two countries. Few of these analogies
will, however, bear close investigation, and even
wliere they will, they can hardly be said to prove
anything. I tind no writer who goes so far as to
athrm that the New World "was actually peopled
from Egyi)t; we shall, therefore, have to regard
this merely as a culture-theory, the original intro-
duction of human life into the continent in no way
depending uj)on its truth or fallacy.
The architectural feature which has attracted most
attention is the p^'ramid, which to some writers is of
it.self conclusive ])roof of an Egyptian origin. The
j)oints of resemblance, as given by those in favor of
this thoorv, arc; worth studying. Garcia v Cubas
claims the following analogies between Teotihuacan
and the Egyi)tian })yramids: the site chosen is the
;i same; the structures are oriented ^vith slight varia-
tion; the line through the centre of the })yramiils is
ill the 'astronomical meridian;' the construction in
grades and ste])s is tlu> uime; in both cases the larger
])yramids are dedicated to the sun; the Nile has a
'valley of the dea<l,' as at Teotihuacan there is a
'street of the dead;' some monuments of each class
Xiiriiifii's- EfiDilifrs Jiji Liiiiif mill Wafn; pi). 215-10; ThnithiihU, ]'iirs.
tiiiii. I., |i
]'(ilii; Crltn' Ai
n
>rro//:iriiii
I/. \i\). 1. "),')-( lit, citud in
tnni. vi., )i. \'\{\
litniisiiii s
II iiiiil)iilill, I'lirs, foni. i., ]i. 17.">; Liltihirr, Vifciim
Wiirilrii, Uiclinrliis, |i|i. "Jdl-'J; .liis/iili/ii's Tim Vu/fai/rs; /('///
.irrrii/iiins nil C/iiiiiiti-, UiH\i Aiitii/. ii/' Aiinr.; /.r/Ii/.mijiifl, Jii/,
Kiiiil.sli,riiii>i/i\s Mi.r. Aiitlii., vol. ix"., yy. '.V.Yl W, -l.")0; Foxlir'.i J'nl/i.st,
01,.
iifiiiiirs, m
|i|i. IWI-"); I'li/iii ifs i'inr; I
\,
r ]'iii/.; Sfii//i/'s / Ill/it
J,''Siiirr/,,.s\ ('iirrir\i Trnr., pp. IST-'.tO, 'JdS-llt; Fmitiiiiu'x Umr tlir ]\'t,r/if
I'Vf.v I'lii/i/iff, |)|i. '241 Ti; Lii.i ('iisii.f. Ill's/. A/iii/iii/iiini, ciiii. ciix., (luulcd
in l\iiiii\liiinnujli\s Mix. Ant
.1/
MniKlli
Pli. i;»-l(»»: Miif/i'-ll.
11/.
I
vol. viii., |)|). ;{!tS-il; Diliijirlil'.'i Ah/h/.
ill' A
I (
'1111,1., loin. VI., |i|i
!t,S-l:
-V.
n Aiifii/. Mi.i'., toni, i., div. !., (i. (iO; Jlii/li/ii'n Cusniwj., \\. D-l
uriiitiii 6' luiinbUn in i «c., p. 171
50
OKIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
liave the nature of fortifications; the smaller mounds
arc of the same nature and for the same purpose;
l)oth pyramids have a small mound joined to one of
their faces; the openinj^s discovered in the IVi'amid
of the Moon are also found in some Egy})tian ]>yra-
mids; the interior arrangement of the pyramids is
aiudogous.""
,, The two great pyramids of Teotihuacan, dedi-
cated to the sun and moon, are surroun<lcd hy
several hundreds of small pyramids. ])t'lalield
remaj'ks that the pyramids of Gizeh, in Egy])t,
are also surrounded by smaller edifices in regu-
lar order, and closely correspond in arrangement to
those of Teotihuacan.^^ The construction of tliese
two pyramids recalls to Mr Ranking's mind that of
"one of the Egyptian pyramids of Sakhara, Avhich
has si.'C stories; and which, according to l\)cock, is a
mass of pehhles and yellow mortar, covered on the
outside with rough stones."^-^ In some few instances
human I'emains have been found in American pyra-
mids, though never in such a ])osition as to convey
the idea that the structure had been l)uilt expressly
for their reception, as was the case in Egy])t. It is
but fair to add, however, that no pyramid has yet
been opened to its centre, or, indeed, in any way
})i'operly explored as to its interior, and that a great
many of them are known to have interior gallei-it's and
])assages, though these were not used as se])uh'hres.
In one instance, at (\)pan, a vault was discoveivd in
the side of a ji^'ramidal structure; on the floor, and iu
two small niches, were a mimber of red eartlien-ware
vessels, containing human Ijones packed in lime; scat-
teretl about were shells, cave stalactites, and stono
knives; three lieads wei'e also found, one (»f them
";ij)[)arently rejiresenting death, its eyes being nearly
shut, and the lower features distorted; the back et'
il!* Eiistnin (h' im Eslidlio riintpririttivo,
1-" I I'liijidirs Aiili'i. Aiiiir., \\. ."iT.
'^' liditkiinjs Ill's/. Il'si Krc/ns, p, 3,"){5.
jr inountls
; pm'i>()se;
I to one of
3 Pyramid
tian ]>yra-
y ram ids in
can, dc'di-
lunded I'V
])."lafierd
in Ko-yiit,
', in rc'gu-
i<»-cmcnt to
m of tliuse
ind tliat of
lara, Avhich
i*ocock, is a
red on the
w instances
rican ])yi'a-
to convey
t expressly
yi)t. It is
lid lias yet
II any way
hat a uTcat
alK'ries and
so])ulchres.
ill
lscovere(
1
loor, ami m
lirthen-waic
li
mc
S(
at-
id stoiio
tlu'iu
[einijf nearly
ai
lie oi
h
bac
k ut
E(;yptiax and ameiucax rvRA^riDS.
67
:he head symmetrically perforated hy holes; the
^vhole of most ex(|nisite workmanship, and cut ()r
cast from a tine stone co\'ered with green enamel."^'"
In the great pyramid of Cholnla, also, an excavation
made in huildnig the Puehla road, ^vhich cut off u
corner of the lower terrace, not only disclosed to
view the interior construction of the pyramid, Init
also laid hare a tomi) containing two skeletons and
two idols of hasalt, a collection of pottery, and other
relics. The sepulchre was square, with stone walls,
supported with cypress heams. The diiiiensii.ns are
not given, hut no traces of any outlet were found. ^-'^
There are, hesides, traditions among the natives of
the existence of interior galleries and apartments of
great extent witliin this mound. Thus we see that
in som(! instances the dead were deposited in l»yra-
mids, though there is not sufficient evidence to show-
that these structures were originally huilt for this
}»ur|)ose.
Herodotus tells us that in his time the great pyra-
122 Sec v(il. iv., j)|). 8S, O.VO, for further (li'srrii>ti(in, also ]>laii of ("opMii
niius, \). sn, f,ii- Incatiou of vimlt. .loiics, roimiii'iitin;,' on tlii' aUovt-, re-
marks: 'Tliis last si'iitcnce liriii;;s tis to a sjn'ciiiicii of (iciii ciin'iax in;;-, llii;
most aiuiciit of all tlii' autiiuu' works of Art. Not only is i lie ilcatli "Cliain-
licr'' iili'iitical uitti that of f'lj;'.viit, hut also the very way of rt'ailiiii;; it vl/.,
lirst, Ity asrciidiii;,' the |iyramiclal liase, and then descemlin;^, and so enler-
iaj;' the Se|inichrel 'I'liis could not he aeeidi'ntal, llie Imilders of tiiat
p>ramidai Se|iniehre must have had a know led^^v of l'",;;y|it.' ///v/. Am'.
Aiiirr.. |)|i. ll(!-17. Ste|ihens, who in his lirst volume of travels in Cen-
tral America, p. Ill, descrilies this vault, writes in vol. ii., |i|i. t;{'.)-K): ''I'iio
jivramids of hj,'yiit are known to liavc interior chanil . i i .
their other uses, to have l)een intended
mil usei
(Ainer
can ]ivram
rl
ids
on
til
e ciinlrarv, are ot solid I'arlli am
sepu
anil
Icliics
d >I.
.hat.
Th
N.
interior cliamoers have ever been discoverei
il,
am
Mr
lones I
riticises .Mr Steiihens verv sevi'i'
|irohalpi,\' none exist.
tion, hut it is cnsloiiiarv with Mr .li
ly tor this apjiari'ul eontradic-
to tilt hiindlvat wliah
,l,st
rucl.s
his theories. Stejiliens douhtless refers in tliis |ias-.a,i:c to such cliMmliers
ould lead one to sujij'tse that the jty
raniiil was
omit as a t
oUeii o
their |ii<'scme. J,(iwenstern is very ]iositi\e that tlie MeNU'an
was no
I intended f
or sep'ili
hral
I'
.lA
of the same opinicui; 'i|iielli de;;!i I''.;:!/) eraili
iXr/lir, |).
■J71. (h
niucro IS
MoNicani massiccj; ouesti servi\ano di hasi a' loro Saiiliiari; iMielli di
v:
o jilll \ noli; i|llelll
I'
K
S/iiriii Ant. ill I .1/,
toin. n.
the o'.jicr h;ind, writer
I'l'
',1 '-'(1.
I'oM
'i'here are those who, in the truncated |i\iami
er, oil
see evidences of Ku'V|itiaii origin. The ]iyraniiils, \\\<v \\v leni|.le-iiionnd.s,
were used for se|iulchres, hut here the analo-v ends.' I'li-llist. Itmis,
is:
i-.'.i S.
ce vol. 1\'.
171.
68
OIUGIX OF THE AMERICANS.
I
:|ll'lh
'ill;
|jii|
;-'''i'l!
iiiid of Cliodps was coatt'd witli polisliod stone, in
«ucli a manner as to present a smooth surface on all
its sides from tlie base to the top; in the up[)er part
of the pyramid of Cephren the casing-stones have
remained in their places to the present day. No
American [tyramid witli smooth sides has as yet been
discovered, and of this fact those who reject the
E_iL>y[)tian theory have not failed to avail themselves.^'"*
It is nevertheless probable that many of the Amer-
ican i)yraraids had originally smooth sides, though, at
the i)resent day, time and the growth of dense tropical
vegetation have rendered the very shape of the struc-
tures scarcely recognizable.^^' It is further objected
that while the American pyramids exhibit various
forms, all are truncated, and were erected merely to
serve as foundations for other buildings, those of
Egypt are of uniform shape, "rising and diminishing
until they come to a point,"^""' and are not known to
have ever served as a base for tei.M})le or palace. 1 1
is, however, not certain, judging from facts visible at
the present day, that all the Egyptian pyramids did
rise to a point. Again, it is almost certain that the
American pyramid was not always used as a founda-
tion for a su[)erimposed luiilding, but that it was fre-
(juently com[)lete in itself. In many of the ruined
cities of Yucatan one or more ])yramids have been
fV)un(l upon the sunnnit of which no traces of any
building could bo discovei'ed, although u})on the pyra-
mids by which these were sui'rounded portions of
superimposed edifices still remained. There is, also,
some reason to believe that perfect pyramids wen-
constructed in America. As has been seen in the
preceding volume, Waldeck found near Palen(|ue two
])yramids, which he describes as having been at the
tiuiO in a state of perfect preservation, scpiare at the
base, })ointed at the t(»p, and thirty-one feet high,
•'•iJ S/,'/>/i<'iis' Cent. A Din:, vol. ii., ji. 440.
'•''' The ivadiT ciiii rompan! the varimiM accoaiits of ])vrainiilal striu'turcs
glvoii ill vol. iv. on tliis imiiit. See licailin^; ' iiyrainicl," in Index.
'''■ Slrjthciia' t'cul. Aiiur., vol. ii., ji. -WVJ.
^
ARCHITECTURAL ANALOGIES.
69
stono, ill
•face oil all
.ip[)er part
ones have
day. No
s yet been
reject the
)iii.selves.^'"*
the Anier-
thou^h, at
ise tro})ical
' the striK'-
!r objected
At various
merely to
, those of
[iiiiiuishiuiL*'
, known to
lalace. 1 t
visible at
•am ids did
1 that the
a founda-
it was fre-
he ruined
lave been
es of any
the pyra-
>ortions of
e is, also,
lids were
oen in the
em|ue two
Den at the
ire at the
feet high,
idal structures
iilc.v.
their sides forniin,L>' ecpiilateral triangles. Delafield"''
remarks that a simple mound wouM tirst suggest the
l)yramid, and that from this the more finished and
pciinaiient structure would grow; which is true
enough. But if we are to believe, as is stated, that
the American pyramids grew from such beginnings
as tlie Mississip[)i mounds, then what reason can there
be in coniiiaring the pyramids of Teotihuacan with
thnse of (Jizeh in Egypt. For if the Egyi)tian colo-
nists, at the time of their emigration to America, had
advanced no further toward the perfect pyramid than
tlie moiuid-building stage, would it not be the merest
coincidence if tlie finished pyramidal structures in one
country, the result of centuries of imi)rovenient,
gliDuld resemble those of the other country in any but
the most general features? Finally, i)yramidal edi-
fices were conunon in Asia as well as in Northern
Afiica, and it may be said that the American pyra-
mids nre as much like the former as they are like the
latter.'-"
In its general features, American architecture does
not oiler any strong resemblances to the Egyptian.
sTlie uphoklers of the tlieoiy find traces of the latter
])t'ople in certain round ct)hnnns found at Uxmal,
]\[itla, Queniada, and other })laces; in the general mas-
siveness of the structures; and in the fact that the
vermilion (\ye on many of the ruins was a favorite
coh)r ill Egvjit.'-' Humboldt, speaking of a ruined
'•' .1 iil/'ij. Amir., y. .5(5.
'-'■' lliiiiilxilili iH'vii'us the iioiiits of ri'si'iuliliiin'o und enmns to the con-
clusion lli.it tlu'.v iiU'onl no foundation ujion wliicli to liasc a llu'ory of
l".;.'y|ilian orij^in. I'ms. toni. !.. |i|i. r_MI-t. ''I'liorc is niudi in the siia|i(', jiro-
|iiiil ions and scnl|itnrcs of liiis pyramid (Xodiicalco) to connect itsaicliitects
with the I'.^yiPtians.' Minirr's .)/- ,c. iis It W'lis, |). IS(). Iliadfoid liiids that
some 'of tile l".;,'y|itian jiyrainids, and linise wliicli witli sonu' reason it has
heeii sn|i|Miseil are tin' most ancient, are |(recis(dy similar to tiu" Mexican
'I'cdcalli.' lint he only sees I".My|itiaii /runs in this; he shows that similar
nvramidai strucinres inive lieen found in yrry nnuiy paits of the world; ami
lie lielicNcs the Americans to inive (ni;;iinited fioni many smirees ami stocks.
See Aiiirr. Aii/ii/., ]t.4'I'.).
I "' See vol. iv., chap. v.. vii.. and \. (^>uotin^f from Molina. His/, f/i/'/i,
<"in. i tes, p. IC.!), M'CuUoh writes: 'iictwcen the hills of Mendo/a and
l.a I'linta. ujion a low rani^c of hills, is a pillar of stone one hnndreil and
litly I'ect hinli, and twelve in diameter.' ' This,' he adds, 'very much re-
■t
i
\
GO
OrJGIX or THE A^.'^rJCANS.
structure at ^fltln, .says: '"'tho distribution of t]\v
ai)artiiu'iits of tiii.s siuL'ular cdiHco, boars a strikiiin'
aualo'>'V to NViiut has bvsou rcniark<;(l in tlio luoiui-
incuts of Upper Egypt, drawn l)y ^[. Deuou, and
the savans who compose the institute of Cairo.'"'
Between American and Ei^yptian sc'ul})tui'e, there
is, at fii'st sight, a very sti'iking generai i-esendilanee.
'J'his, however, almost entirely disappears upon cIom'
examination and coinj)arison. JBotli peo})les re[»i'i'-
senti'd the human ligure in })rotile, the Kgv}>tians in-
variably, the Americans generally; in the sculpture'
of both, nmcli the same attitudes of tin IkkIv predian-
inate, and these are but awkwardlv desiniK'd ; ther>'
is a general resemblance between the lofty head-
dresses woi'ii bv the vai'ious figures, thounh in dftail
there is little agreement.'''^ These are the points oT
iiiiiiils lis 111" till' |iill;n' imd ciliclisks of iiiii'ipiit Iv^yjit.' Hr.-^rarr/h ■\, ]•]•. 171 ■-'.
.luiit's, llisf. Aiir. Aiinr.. lip, r_''_'-H, is very coiiliilciit iiImiuI till' (ilifii>k. 11
asUs: 'What arc tin" < Hiclisks nf I'lu'vpt? Aic tlicy uot si|iiaif ((iliiiiiiis I'l
lilt' t'ariliiy of Sculiitiiii''.' Ami of what form arc ihc isoiati'il foliiiiiiis at ( '•
)ia:i '.' Arc they not si|iiar(', ami for the same iiiir|Misi' of facility in Si'm1|i1iii
with which I hoy arc covered, ami wilii \vorUiiiaii.slii|( "as line as that i
l'.;,'\ 111 ;'. . . .The colmnns of ("o|iaii slaml (h'lachcil ami solitaiv, ih
OUclisks of M'jyjit lio the same, ami iii:''' :;vc siniare (or foiir-sliicil) aihl
ccvercil wilii Ihc CI I of the Sciil|ilnr. 'I'hc aiialo.uy of liciii;^' ilcrivcil finni
liie Nile is perfect, for in wiiat other Itnins Init those of ]'.;;> pi, nvA
Ancient America, is the si|iiare scnlpdivcil ('ulniiin lo he fonml'.'"
'•'I J'J.\.\-iii I'll/., loni. !., p. '_'(■)."). NotwilletamiiiiLi' certain points of icsciu-
'ijance , says I'rescott, 'the l'iilen(|iie iiicliilecl lire has lillh' to icmiii'l i;
of the Duyplian, oi- of the (Irientai. It i~. iiiilceil, imu'c eonformaiile. i;i
the iierpemliciilar i'c\,iiion of the walls the nuitleiale size of tlu' stom -,
anil ilii' j:eneral ariaiejeineiit of the posts, to the l'.iiio,icaii. It niiisi 'u
ailiiiitteii. lio\>ever, to lia\i! ii I'haractcr of oriir nality jicciiliai' to itsrli.'
Mi.i\, vol. iii , pp. HIT s,
"'There is a pi. id' showiii;:' an A/t'c priestess in HclalicM's .l„r;
Auirr. i>. (11, which, if corrccilv ilraw n, certainly pri^sents a he, l-dii ■
sirikiii:;ly I'l-yptiau. The same iiii;.:ht aiimist he said of a cut in ol. i,.
of (his Work, p. ."ilij, mill, indeed, of .severiil other cuts in the san liiiii'
.Mr Stephens, I'rnf. .l/;/cr,, vol. ii.. |i. 411, jiives, foi' the sake ><( c iiip:;i!-
so.i, a plate represent iiijj; (wo M|ieciiiieiiM of I'lvyptian si'iilpiuri' ; n ^ i'|m i
(lie side of the '^reat iiionnnient at Thehes known as tlu- N'ocal .\ r'niii" i,
ami (In- other from the top of (lie fallen ohelisk alCariiac. '1 ihi k.', In
writes, ' liy ciiiiijiMri.soii w i(h (he eii;;raviiiu's hcforc presen(cil. it will '•.■
found that there is no n'scmhliuice whatever. If there he anv at all sdi'.
in;,', it is only that the liunrcs are in prolile, and this is ei|iia'l\ line of .1
;:;ooil sculpture in has relief." i'e happens, liowcver, here, to have sclei I 1
two l'",';yplian f.nlijei Is which almost llnd their connterparls in .\meii.i
i'l the iirecedin;,' voliinie of this work, p. 'A'Xi, is ^^ivcn a cut of what •
called llie 'lahlet of the cross' at l'aleni|ne. In lliis we see a cross, a:id
pci-clied upon it a hird, to which lor to the crossi two hniiian lijrnre- in pM-
iilc, apparciids priests, arc makiii;; an oU'riin;., In Mr Stephens" icpio-
ai
ti
o
i
scrLPTi'iM-: AND iiir.KocLvriircs.
(51
ion of tliL'
;i strikiiiH"
the inoiiu-
leiioii, and
lin..'^"'
turo, tliorc
semltlaiK'c.
upon cloM'
»k'.s ropro-
y'ptian.s in-
> SCulptlll't.'
ly ])rL'iloni-
iicd; there
ot'ty lu'ad-
1 ill (li'talt
lO points (it
r7(..>. j.i;. 171 •-'.
lie (iliclislv. Ill'
nc ctilmuns t'nr
niliiinnsiil < 'o-
l\ ill Si'Ml|ilMri'
line ;is lliiil nf
Miiitarv, ill''
'(ini--iil('ci) iiii'l
iji'i-ivcil t'liiiii
It l■'.^'M't.
■ 1
lints (it ri'-ciii-
til rciiiiii'l ::
Imit'di'iiiMlilc. i:i
il' till' stmii -,
It liiil>l ''.■
llliMI' til it^r',!.'
■A \u. i-.lli
■111 ill 111 1'
ami' • iliilii'
ut r ■iii|i;ui
lull' ; II I'
111! .1
•Mill" I.
I tl
It will '.1'
|i\ at all -tri\-
l\ liiir 111' ,,'l
-I,.. 1 '1
ill AiiK'ii' ,1
|lll 111' wliiii >
;i ri'ii.s, aM'l
liasi' M
analo^'v and tlu'v are sufnciontly ])ronur.('nt to account
for till' idea of rcsuiublaiicc wliicli lias been so often
and so stren^'ly expressed. But while sculpture in
Eu'V'pt is for the most ]tart in Intao'lio, in America it
is ii-ii,ill\' in i'eliet'. In the former country, the laces
are e\[iiessioiiless, always of the same tyi»e, and,
thoiiL;h executed in protile, the I'ull eye is })laced on
tile side of the liead; in the Xew Woiid, on the con-
trary, wf nieit with many types of countenance, soi n^
of \\ hieli are hy no moans lacking' in expression.
If till re Were' any liojie of evidence that the civ-
ili/.i'd iieo|il('s of Ameriea ^\^vrc deseeiidants, or de-
ri\id any of t!ioir culrure from the ancient Kyyjitians,
"sve iiii'^ht surely lo.ik tbi' Mirh pi'oof in their hiero-
glyphics. \v{ We look in \ain. To the nio.st expert
deci[ijicr.'r of K^yjKiati liierou'lyi'hics, tlie inscri|t-
tions ;tt I'.tkiiijUe are a hlank and unreadahle mys-
tery, and lluy will pi rhajis ever '•eiua.iu so.
l;rj
■Biitatiiiii fi'iiiii tlio Viicil >fi'iniiiiii vc (iinl iiliiiKst llu* smiio tliiii'j'. the dif-
fcl'i'lirt'^ lii'ill^, timt ill>ti'ilil nf Mil <frii;;i>i<'lllt'il I, ill ill crnss, we lia\r liclc il
etiir rtt,iiii)i\.\ii. Ill- jiii/i/,n/i(/it; that ili-li'ail nf nlic liiiil lliiTc ni'l' t«n, lint
on llu'rrn-> hut iiiiiiU'c'iatcly iih.ivc il; ami that llm li;;iii'cs, tliiiii;^li in pi'n-
Hh' ami linhiiiiM- tlic saiiii.' ;.ft'iM'iiil imsiliniis, arc iln
il ill a (lit
I'll'lll IIKIll-
1^1 111.
Ml'., aiiil an- aiinai'i'ii; l> hiiiliii;,' iIm^ cinss with the Iniiis iii>itail ni' ma
nil nH'clili;.;- tn it; in Mf Sti'iiht'ii-*' iTprcsciitatiKii finiii thi' nhclisk nf Car-
liai', Imum'mt, a [iriiwi i^t ex ii'i.-iitl.v iiiakiu- an nirfriim' tn a laruv hinl
Jul lic'il iijiiiii an altar, ivwil lifT.-. a;iaiii, tlii- liiimaii ii ..ii'cs nri'iipy t!n'.-aiiii'
]>ii-iiiiiii. 'I'lii' liii'iiiL'iyiihM, thiMi'.ih the rliiir.icu'r.s an- nf coni'si' ilill'i'ii'iit,
liii . it will he iHdiri'il, <li«|iiw»'i! ii|inii llio Hinnii ill ii.iich till' Miiiif iiuiiiiicr.
'J
llniili-»|>lt' (• lit Stf|.!ii'||H" I'i'iif. Ann
\i>\. II
ilCNii'ilii'd nil
:t.i
ITini'si'iiis the talilct nil ihi' h.'irU wall nf tlic.iltar, niMi Nn. ;t, at I'alt'iniiM'.
lii'i(> arc iwn jiricMs clad in all the clalmialc in«i-iiia "f tlni<-
n;!iii'. >lalii
liiiu' line nil cillicj; xirlc nf a talile
.1
e. 111- allar, iii^mii w
hii'i
I arc
eii'itcil twi. liatniiM. crnsM-il in siicli a inaiiner as tn fnini a r,-"/- ilifus.inln,
II 1 -iiii|iiiiiin';- a liiijeniis iiuislv. Tn thi ; cnililciii ilicv are each iimkiii>' an
111;.
'-' llelalicl'l, it is true, (lisccrns a di'^tiiict aiiahyN'
'is nf I''. A 111 ami .\iiiiMi 'a. .\ml the evidence li
lii'tWicii the lilclii-
ddilcc- is alisiird
' llicin',.dy|iliic wriiinns,' lie says, 'are necessarily of three 1.
•iii'iie, liunrative, ami hvinlmliial,' lie then
Kiml >,
ine?. nil tn sllnW at
Icii'ilh. thil! hnth in F.-V|it illnl ill .\liierica ail liiree nf |he>c ,'«-,st
jVi IV ii>cil; hence, the rcseinhla'ice. Aiifnj. .ly
I'll. I'.
elll:-
.1 inniiii-
il>-<'llt |ii
111 i'al.'iii|llc iiii'sciitelit di's iiiscriiitinl s liii''rir.lv|iliii|ues niii lie i
t .....^^ .Cil'. I.. . 1.: •.. ...1... 1 1.1' : •I'l'l ■>..', I
dii
IS ilillel'er 1
Ics 1
iii'inj:ly|ilics lie I am iciine
I'll
i/'n,//i;i.c, |i, .'17, Jinnai'd |ilniina'.lC(M an illscii|il.nu fnlllld at (ira\'e ( 'reeU
It 1 he l.yhiiiii, h',„inui-l,\s /liv i>s,\,,\. i., |i,i. Ijl-I'.'. Savs M'Cnllnh: ' 'I'he
\f;i,., •if/.'n I7i/i
ri'i
l'..:Vlit, I
' linticc ill thiH iila^e, as M. itcnmi in the |il;i!e-. In li
liis -iM'ii the ciijiy 111 s line li;;iiic:. taken I'rniii i!ic
ll'lls |C
Iti.iu liirri>,;l\|iliic!v.s, which havo cvury aii[ioiuuia'o wf a uimiiar dc
lilli
lUiii
IF'
J
ORICIX OF THE AMEUICANS.
KoscinMiinccs have boon found Ix'twcen the oal-
cncl;ir systems of Eijfyiit and Anieric-ji, Uasud cliictly
upon tlie lenLjtli and di\ision of tlii> year, and tlu!
ntiniI)or of intercalary and conipK'nientary day-^.
This, however, is too len^-tliy a ->id)joct to l)e fully
discussed liere. In a pi'cvious volume 1 lia\(' n'ivcu
a full account of the American systems, and nuisf
perforce leave it to the reader to compai'e them with
the K^y[»tian system. '■'^'
this ^Tcxii'aii ainiisciiiciit <ir ccroiuony. Tlio similarity of di'vicp will Iw
licst M'cn, liy coiiiiiariii^' llio j)lnt(' j^'ivcii liy ('liivi^^cni. witli tiic (ixiii. |ilair
tif Dciioirs Atlas, <)v:('.' R'sraifhrs mi Aiiirr., ))|i. I7<'-1. Priest. Akki.
Aiifii]., \t. V2'2. ;;ivcs a (■(•mparaliv^- taMo of Lvl'ian cliaraitcrs. ami otlici-.
wliii'li lie afliriiiH t(i have ln'cii fiiiiiuJ at <>t(iiinii. nr I*ali'iii|iu': the win. I,
stati'iiiciit is, howcvor, tmi ajiiii-ry]ihal to lie Murliiy nf tuithiT iiotifc. Si c
almi. ii hmj,' letter fnmi I'rof. Iialiiiesiiue tn < 'iiaiiipullinn, 'mi the (iraiiiiii
Systems (if Aiiieriea .iiid the (ily|ilis(if Otuliim, or i'aleiKiiie, in ('enliiil
Aineriea.' in li/., \)\>. i'J.'{ 0. 'J'iie liieni;,'i\ |»hi< s of l'aleiii|ne and 'I'ula in
eiinrau'e the idea that fliev were fmimled liv an MjiViitiaii iiiliin\'. Jikii-i'-
Jl/.sf.'(;ii(if., ]}. J<». '
iniaiil, ijnoted hy Pelalieid. we read: '1 have al
eiij:Mi/ed ill your meimtir on the di\isiiiii nf time anion;; ihe Mexin
111 a letter l>v .rmiiaid
lei'KUiii/.eii Ml >iiiir iiieiiioii on iiic iinisnui m nine uiiiimi;^ i lie .>ie.\ir,ii
nations, eoni|iar('d with those of Asia, some very strikin;,' analn/ies lu'
tweeii tlie 'i'oltc hanieti'is and institntii)::s oliserveil on the hanks n
the Nile. Anion;; liie^e <uialo;^ies there is one wiii< li is worthy of atii ii
tion. It is the Use of the \ ,i;;iie year of three liiindred and sixty (i\ e dii\-
eomjiiKi'il of ei|iial nioiil lis. and of live cDmiilementary ii.i> s. i'(|nally eiii
)iloye(l .It 'I'liehes and .Mexico, a distame of three thousand iea;;nes. It !■
true lli.il llie l'",;.'y|itiaiis had no iiiieicaiation, while the Mexicans iniii
c, dated ihiileen daxs every lifty-tw" years. Still faitlu'r: intercalation \\;i-
liroscrilieil in l'',;u'y|it, (u such a jioint iliat the l<in;i's swore, on ilieir aci i -
sioll. lie\er to |iermit it to he I'lnploycd /liirin;; iheir rei;iii. Notw illislaihi
in;,' this diU'eience, we liiid a very striking iiyreeinent in llie len;,'tli -f tin
duration of the nolar year. In realit\. tin intercalation of tiie Mexi'.i!
lieinX thiileeii days on each v\<U ol lift, two years, comes to the s.m
tliiii;/iis (hat of the .luliaii caleii'^'o', whidi is one day in I'onr years, m.!
cinise(|iieiitl> hiiiiiiiis<'s the duration of the s ■ ,ir to lie ih/ce hiindicd
coiiseijueni ly hii|i|ioses iiic oiiraiioii i»i iiic \i.n to in' in/ce iiiimiico ,i
bi.xtN tisedaSM, nix hoiirx. Saw Hiieli w;«s the I' ii;/tli of the year aiiin
(he Kx 'jiliaiiM, since flic nofliic |Kfiod ^<fj n* on'f one thoitsaiid four Ini
di'ed ami -ixty Hohir yea/s, mid (rtM- ^lioii.sariH (<,'.if hniidrid nm] sixty ■
\ii;/ue vears; whicli was, in som/' .sorf. Mie intefcalatioii of a whole yc.i-
llu're hundred and w\enly Hvc.^mvs e*»-/y one thoii-.ind four hiindi''!
sixfy vears. 'I"he property of l*he .sidliic jM'rii«l that of liiiii;.'iii;.f ha' -
>;(iasoiu Mini fell'. aU to tin' ►•Hme p' int of the v/^ir. after liaMii? niiidi i
'..141^ I ... i .1 > II i^ . I...
ims.s ««)< iTssively (hroiij^h fvery poinl
w'liii I' .'fused the inferi iiliiK'/'n in lie
naiii' ' the K;(yj>liiins for foreij^n iiet.
the ^aJw♦ "rfiir year )^ fliri'i) liniidrid
iiiidoKMedly one III the
I, 1)11 [{':■-■ than Ihe !■
Mow it is rem irKidili
iiiel sixi '. Dm' d.iv.-
I«>r l«ni ^n IIIIK-f; iiiMr'if«'l nifi «| a i . iiti ini>.-«. ■ t.
H loplid " < tioiis SO diHVY/'rif, Hiid ixrliaps ..<»ill more icniofi m iti. i
of c 'i.in ill till r /<o;/rapliictil dislaiice. relates to a ii il
iiiiui 1 ■!<<1 lieloii;is (.11 idiarly to Ihe Kxypfian« 'J'he l.o i ■
ii^Kl/Tcir;#i'i»in \\yy itw Mexican i 4 fliirtei'ii di(v.s «vpry cycle, tlia* i-
iiw of J y^-jtf' ' titf^f hundred mni I'tsiyiUv t\i\y» iiitcJ a i|iiaiii'
* ^W i\m lit' 'firm rMl<^ Wi-ruwi'ii frim' i\w Ktt.vi'tiumi, iiT tiuit '
Tin: riKENiriAN TiironY.
C3
n the I'lil-
V, and lli>-!
tary »l:iy^.
to Ik! iuUy
have ^ivfii
, and ninst
I tliciii with
f (U>vic(< will 1"'
the (Ixiii- I'li"''
I'rii'st, .l/c"
•tcvs, ami "lli't-^.
•iiiiuc: till' ^^1'"'"
her iidtift'. ^> '
■oil till' (iriii'lm
luiuc, ill J'l'iilial
iliu- and 'I'lilii 111-
,'(.l((iiy. Jiiui-i"
„h I liavf al'"
,!!•; ilu' Mfviiii"
in;;- aiialii/ifs 1"-
loll till' l'aiil<- "I
,itli> of aliiiv
sixt\ li\i' 'la\^
\ s. iMiiiallv fill'
Icaj^'iu's. It i-^
M.xiiaiiK iiili'i-
Icn'alatioii \\;i-
oii ilirir at'ii -
Nutw ii' -tail'':
l,.n-ili •»' ll"'
,f llic Mf\i' I'
,cs to till' f-'"'
I'.mr year-, in'
,'0 lm'inli'<l .ml
ill,' yar ain"' '
.-i-aii'il fiiiii' li"'
,1 rfiul sixty
a wiiolr yi .1
four limidi' 'I
ii-iii'.'iKff ''"' '
a\iiiL' iiia'li I
If J till' 1' ■'
tlian tlif I'
^ I'ciii irU.i'il'
.lav>, > 1"
not', ii
. I
Til.' I.K I
yell', that I
mil a (|"'""'
i.ii«, ift Uiut
111
III
Of course a similarity of cnstoins lias to 1)0 foniid
to s\ii)i)ort this theory, as in the case of others.
( 'oiisenuentlv oiir attention is drawn to eTniialinnient,
circunieision, and the division of tlu; ])eo|»le into
castes, which is not (|uite true of the Americans;
some resemhlaiKH; is tound, moreover, hetweeii the
ivlioiens of KLrvjit and America, for instance, ci'rtain
animals were hi'ld sacred in hoth countries; hut all
such analo'^ies are far too slender to he worth any-
thiiiL;' as evidence; there is scarcely one of them that
would not a))|)lv to several other nations ecjually as
Well as to the l\n\ [»tiiins.
Turniniif now to Wc>stern Asia, wo find tlu^ honor
(/ tirst settliiiL;- Anu'rica i;-iven to the adventurous
I*h<eniciar The sailors of Cartha_<j;'o are also su[)-
t
liail a I'ntiiiiion on^in.' An//'/. Anirr., pti. 'vJ-S. 't)ii tlic •_'(')11i. of Kcli-
riiarv, till' Mi'xiraii <iiitm\ Iicj^Iiih, wliich was tiiflnalfil I'loni llic
tiiiic of Nalioiiiissor, scNfii liiinilicil aiiil i' 'ty-scNcii years liclori' t'iiii-.|,
hoiinsi' llic K/yi'iian jprii'-itH cdiiforinaliiy In tlicir astnuioiiiii'al oh-
nci'v .ilioiis lia'l lisi'it till' Ix'^^iiiiiili;; of llicil' inoiitli '/'(.//( aiui tlic coiii-
liiciiccaiciit "f iJM'ir viir at noon on tlial ilay; this was \( rilii'il Ky llic
Ali'iiilian of \ Icxanii' i.i, wliirli was crcricil tlwri' cciidiiii -. afirr iliat
r|iM li. Ilcii' it lias lii'cii ronliiulcil llicrc coiilil exist no ilonlit of tin'
ciinforniilv of (lie Mexican willi llie r.;^\|itiaii calcmiar, for altlioii;;li llie
latter a-st;,'neil luehe iiioiitlis "I lllirtv ilays cacji to the year ami acjiieil
Ji\<- (lays hewiih's, in older thai the circle of three hiimlred and sixty-liM'
(lays xlioiifd rccomMience from tic same iioint; yet, iiotw itli^taiidiiij,' the
deviation from the J'!;.'\ ptian mode u the ilMision of the moiiilis and days,
lliey yet mainlaiiieil that the Mexican ini iliod was eonformalde thereto,
on 111 lint of the Mijici'.ulded h^e da,\s; with this only diU'erenee, that
upon the^c the /\nieri< mm att.(>liile<l to no hiisiness, and tlierefoie termeil
tla'iii NcMionlcnii <>t iiselcHs, *liereH" the l"'.>r\ ptiaiis cclclirated. diiriiiL;;
tliat e[MM||, the festival of the hiith ol llieii ^•ods, as attested liy IMiilaicJi
'!■■ I'Vidc, ami Osiride I'pon the other hand it i^ asserted, that tlion;,'l(
till' \<i'\icans diH< led I'roin llie l''.L'yptiaiis hy ili\ iilinu; their year into ci;ilit-
Mil r/w<nths, \ct. iis tiny lallcd the month Mextii Moon, tiny liiiist have
f rtiiffit adoptc'l the lunar miitith, a;,'iicalile to the r'.;.',\ ptiaii nietlioil of
' !i\idiii;,' the yeiir into iw»>l\e monilisof thirty days; Init to support this
ii-.--crtioii ini attci.(i»t Ims lieen made to ascerlain the cause w li\ tlii-- leethod
\a- laid asidi'. 'file analojiy lictweeii the Mexican and tin I'yyptian cal-
ciiilai~i llins asHiimcil to lie nndenialile. Mesidi's w li.il has liecii heic in.
'loilmcil, tin- same is attempted to he proved iii iniiiiy ollo-i -lorKs which I
I I--S over to avoid prollNifx' iiml therefore only mention i 'hey may ho
toiiiid ill Rotnriiii, in / .. idea del rniverso. hy the ahhi . I dieii/u do
llcrvas, piililishcd ill the Italian lan}.'iia;i(', ill I "lav i;^ero'N di---cilations, ami
I letter addressed to him liv IJcrvas, which he added to the end of lii.-i
- I volnimv' C'l/iri'i'f' Tfiiho, in /I'/n'.v Ihwrn'/iliun, pp. ItCi ,"i, See
ll>i„ilii'/i//, \'"'f. toll) I , pp. ;i4l, ;UN; I'/iiriiiini, Shin'ii Aiif iht
1/ »3iio, tmu iv , p, vt, Sfiilh flriiii, rr&tn Ui In O'lwj., torn \i., p. 'JOS.
t
liiiil
••k- .'
1 !:
-•i:/l ' i
III
III
lif I I
III'!
.J
"■ill
'iillHi
illi Tl "
I
I
(U
OUICIN OF TIIK AMKRUANS.
])()so(l l>y some wi'lters to liavo first reaclit'd tliu New
AVorlil, l)iit ;is tlio (jx])l()it.s of coldiiy Jind inotlKT-
t'oiiiitiT ;ii'i' s|)t)koii of l)y most Avi'itui's in the same'
l.roatli, it will bo tlio simplest |»lun to oombitio the
two tliroi-ics luTo. TIk-'V arc l)asc(l u})ou the lame of
llu'se ])e(»j»lo as coloiii/ino- navi^'ators more than u])oii
any ai'tual rosomhlancos that have boon foiiiul to exist
between them and the ^Vnu'i-ieans. It is argued that
their ships sailed beyond tl;e Pillars of IliTcules to
the ('anaiy Islands, and that such advtinturons ex-
|)loi'ers havinnf reached that ])oint would bo sui'o to
seek I'arthei'. The I'ecords of their voyau'es and cer-
tain ])assaL;es in the woi'ks of several of the writers
of aiiti(|nity ai'e su])])osed to show that the ancients
knew of a land lyin.n' in the far west.^^
The I 'ho'nieians were employi'd about a thousand
years before the ("hristian era, by Solomon, kin^' of
the .lews, and lliram, kinn" of Tyre, to na\in'ate tlu'ir
lleets to njihii' and 'J'arshish. They returneil, by
way of Ihi' Mi'ditcjri'anoan, to the ])ort of .loppa, after
a three-years' voya<4'e, laden with gold, silvei', ])i"e-
(ions stones, i\()iy, ci^dar, apes, and ])eacocks. Sev-
eral authoi's ha\t' believed that they had two distinct
lleets, one of which went to the lan.d since known as
America, and tlu' other to India. ]luet, bishop of
Axraiiehes,'''' and other authors, are ])ersuade(l that
()phir was the modern Sofala, situated about 1.' I
S. lab, and that Tarshish comjirisi'd all (he western
coast of Africa and Spain, but |)ar(icularly the jiart
l\'in!^' about the mouth o\' the inetis or (Juadal
ijuiNir. Accoi'dim;- to Arius ^b>ntanus, ( ienebrardu^,
\'alal>le, and other writers, ()phir is the island o|'
ilispaniola. It is said that. ( 'hristojdier ('ohimbii^
was induced to adopt, this idea by the inunen^i
caverns which he found there, iVom which he sup
posed that Solomon must have obtained his o'old.
I 'I I follow, I'liii'lly, M. Wiirilcn's ri'smiK' of tlicsi' aiioiints, as licii ;;
I 111' lullr^l aiiil cii'an'Mt. Uvrlirrrlu a, \\. 1(1(1, i-t .simj.
I'll lli.st. i/ii t'ljiiiiiurci, cap. \iii.
V(»va(;f.s or tifi; riKKNiciAxs.
G5
thu Now
motln.'!'-
tlio saiiu.'
il)iiu' the
e lame of
iian uj)t)n
cl to exist
4iu'(l that
■rculcs to
iirous ox-
u sure to
and cor-
[V writers
; atu'icllts
thousand
1, i<iiin' (»r
oato tht'ir
miic'tl, hy
>]i|»a, al'toi'
'ver, ]>1\'-
\S. Sov-
) distim't
aitiwu as
hisho|) *il
ided that
hniit "J I
NVl stlTll
the jiart
Ouadal
ohrarihi-.
ishiud I'i
( 'tihiiiihii-
imiiioiiM'
1 ho sup
his _t;(il(l.
lis, as ln'ii ;:
]'o-t(l and othoi-s liavo ])oht'\i(l (hat (lie land of
Ojihii' was I'orii.'"' Iloi'ii''' claiins that the Ph(o-
inciaiis luado throe I'oiiiarkahlo Novan'os to Ainorica;
the lirst, uiidor the difoctioii of .\tlas, son ol" Nep-
tune; the se^'ond, when thi'V wei'o ih'iven \)\ a toni-
]»fst iViiiii (he coast ^A' vVtVioa to the most I'lMuoto
jiarts 111" the Atlantii' oeoaii, and arrived at a lai-L;e
island to the west of Lihva ; and the third, in the
time (if Solomon, when the 'IVrians wont to Ojihir
to >cok foi' ,L;old. Aeoordiiii;' to those who hclicxt^
thai there were (Wo distinct Hoots, that of Solomon
and that of lliram, the lirst set out from Kzion^ehor,
sailed down tlu' Ived Sea, doul)led Cape C'omorin,
and went to Taprohan (( 'evlon), or some other jtart
of India; (his voyai^'o occupit'd one year. The other
ilet'( |iassod throU'^h (hi' Meiiitorranoan, sto])j>inn' at
the \arions por(s aionn' (Ik; coasts of iMirope and
.Africa, and linally, passing' out through (ho straits
of (Jades, continued its AoyaLje as far as America,
and returned after throe years to its .startino-i)|;u-e,
laden with ,L;old.
'"' Ai'iKl.i rciiii|i,in's tlic ;,'iil,l (if ( t]iliir Willi tli;i1 of Iiis|inMioIa. llcni-
1i'|-I:iui> llu' ii|iiiiiiiii tliiil 'i'iiisliisli iiinl < >|iliir ;iit' ili>l:iiil iiiiii^iiiMl y |i1m(i'h
.Mill imi ilistiiici (• mil'-., Iiiil iiiiii^iiii's ilinii III 111- Miiiii'ulicrc ill tlu' liiisi,
lii.lii'-. '('ill- Miilciii ill Oiiriiiiili iMiUiw hnliti iiiiiiiii ill luic ( (ccidi iii:ili
0|,liir fiii»,. i'\isiiiii,.||i, iliiid <M|iiil est, i|iii>ii inl iiiiNii'iiiii I'lTii null nisi
iiiliiiiid ciiviiiiii iiiiii Inilia Oiinitiili \ Siiiiiiiini r(';4;inn(' ciiiiui-alii SmIu-
nioiii.i rlii>is |ii'iuciiiii! |)(p(ciiii', ' I), Xiin tl,-/iis, |i. ;tti. Opliir i.s Mi|i-
|iiis,',l 1,1 l,,' in Indiii or Afiiia. Ilnh, , Ismi's Hisl. Aimr.. Mil. i., p, 7.
< ri)\M'. r,/,/. .!//((/■., |i. (m, (iiiisiilcis (III' iiKili.iliiliiy (if (>iiliir iiiiil 'I'ai--
.sliisji lii'iiiM ,111 ilic west ciiasldf Aniciii'a, 'I'lic I'lni'iiiciiKi 'lif,/,ii; iw Df,,,-
Nvhiili iiiraiis, ill (licir aiificiil lan^iia-c, tin- W'stmi i;,iiiilri/, was Mcxicii
and Cciilral Ainciica, the land tif ;iold." Ftni>ii,,n\ ll,,,rlli, \\',,ilil imx I'l'i,.
pi'il. [Ill, 'J,".;! (ill. (Ill 11, It'iL', lie says tlnil llic licsi aiitlioiiiics, N'oliicv, llu-
rliaii, Miihaj lis, and r'tn^lcr, sii|i|i(isc 0|diir (n Iiunc Ik-cii sitiialiii im the
I'l'ii'iii 'iiill' 'I'lu' I'lici'iiiciaii Opliiiwas ll.ivU. fm- ( 'nliiniluis tliiiii;;lit
llial he I'liiilil trarc (lie fiiiiiaccs in \\liirli llicoold luid |„.,'ii ivrmcl, r,fr-
'■;/•'.>• Triti\, |i. III'J. Kiimshur.Mi'ili, .l/.,r. J,l^7, \i.|. \i., |.|.. \s\ ."i, nni-
siiliTs the |Misiiiuii of (ipliir, liiit is iiiidrciilcd as to its jHi.itiiin. I'.ns.
II'. ^/ iiiul (is/ liiiliailiii- I. list, 1,1,1, |>|. ■". -s, disa;.'it'ciii;; wild \ alaMiis ami
sir|iliaiiiis, can jlnd im n'scniMaiirr t.>it|i|iir in llavli i.r I'.'iii, and ics
I p III.' .•iincliiMnii that (tpliii lay s„mi,'« ii.'iv m ih,' OM Wuijd, nmsl likely
* I'I 'Ik' '•'•"sI iMiJics. 'I'liis scciiis I.,* Ii,' a i<la-iaiisin of Amsta. Sec also
f't/////-/.r//, .V, ((•(■ \\',li, |i. ;t, MiitnilioMi. /•;,/..,;(, i'ril., tniii. ii., iip. Id :.,
disiiiNsi's the |iiisitiiiii (if 0|iliii- i« NCia.iia. I'iricda, I h l!,hiis Siilnniiiiii s'.
^ lii'lii'vcs (l|.|iir In have ln'cn Aincrii.i U ■!• n. Huh, i;hf s ii HKI Sii'
also 1,1., |i|i. hid 7.
Ik It,
IIIIII' I,' iiliiim .1 iH'iUfii
Vol. V.
»,<•>•«/«,
111
1. II,, cap. \ 1.. Ml.. \ III.
! 1
'■:Ti'l ,
iri!
- j
1;;
|:.
L
1" *
66
OIIIGIX OF THE AMERICANS.
The Pcn'iJ/fs of Hnnno, a Carthaginian navigator
of niu'ortain date, contains an account of a voyage
Avlncli lie made bevond tlie Pillars of Hercules, Avith
a Heet of sixty ships and thirty thousand men, for
tac purjHJse of founding the Lihy-Phcrnician towns.
He relates that setting out from Gadcs, he sailed
southwards. The first city lie founded was Thumia-
terion,^^** near the Pillars of Hercules, })rohal)ly in
the rieighborhood of Marmora. He then dovd)le(l
the ])rom()ntory of JSoloeis,^^' which Kennel considers
to be th(j same as Cape Cantin, l)ut other connueiita-
tors to be the same as Cape Blanco, in 3;)" N. lati-
tude. A little to tlie south of this promontory tivo
more cities were founded. After i)assing the mouth
of the river Lixus, supposed by ilennel to be the
modern St Cyprian, he sailed for two days along a
desolate coast, and on tlie third day <.>nteivd a gulf in
wliich was situated a small island, Avhich lie named
Kerne, and colonizctl. After continuing his voyage
for some days, and meeting with various atlventures,
he returned to Kerne, whence he once more directed
his Course southward, and sailed along the coast for
twelve days. Two days n.oie he spent in doubling
a cape, and five more in sailing about a large gulf
He then continued his voyage for a few days, and
was finallv obliged to return from want of provisions.
The authenticity of the J\'riphis has been doubted
by many critics, but it apjiears jirobable from the
testimony of several ancient authors that the voyage
was actually ]H>rformed. Jhit be the account true
or false, I certainlv can discover in it no ground for
believing that Hanno did more than coast along the
western shore of .\frii'a, sailing perhaps as far south
as Sierra Leone."'*
'^^ 'Siir Ic vi\]) Molliilmt, jiii pied diKincl on ii liAti cnsuiti' Ic vii-iix Tun-
gor' f)(i.\.sf/iii, cited liv Wiinlcn, L'- i/inr/irs, u. 1(17, luttf S.
1^" 'l-u Clip Spiirtd, i|iii 11)11111^ IVxtroinitu oiTidciitiilo dii di'tniit.' Ii .
noti' 0.
'♦"The (ircck icxt (»f llic /^T/////^v is iniiitcd in Ifinfsiiii'i (,'rii()rii/i/ii'i
vcti'i'tn S<'rij)liinii (Jiari Miuuns. It was hImi imliliNlicd liy I'alcinicr, \\\\\\
fi
f
.Ji
m
VOYAGES OF THE PIKENICIANS.
67
11 navi<»"ator
if a V()3'ai:;t'
rcules, witli
id men, for
c'iaii towns.
■i, J 10 sailed
as Thuiiiia-
probahly in
en doubled
el considers
ooHinieTita-
3:r^ N. luti-
loiitory five
the inoiitli
to 1)0 the
ITS alcjiiq" a
xl a g'uU' in
he named
his voyage
adventures,
>re (lirected
o coast for
1 douhlini;'
aryo milf.
days, and
n'ovisioiis.
1 diiuhtcd
from the
lie voyan'f
oimt true
ground I'oi
alono- till'
I'ar south
li' \i('UX 'l"an
1 ih'tioit.' /.
'■'alciiiu'i', w iili
Diodorus Siculus rehites that tho Phoenicians dis-
covered a large island in tho Atlantic Ocean, beyond
the Pillars oT Hercules, several days' journey from
the coast of Africa. This ishind abounded in all
manner of riches. Tho soil was exceedingly fertile;
the scenery was diversified by rivers, mountains, and
forests. It was tho custom of tlie inhabitants to
retire during tho summer to magnificent country
liousi's, which stood in the midst of l)eautiful gardens.
Fish and game were found in great abundance. Tho
climate was delicious, and tho trees bore fruit at all
seasons of tho yoar. The Ph(jenicians discovered this
fortunate island by accident, being driven on its coast
by contrary winds. On their return they gave glow-
ino- accounts of its beautv and fertility, and tho
Tvrians, who were also noted sailors, desired to colo-
nize it. l)ut tho senate of Carthage opposed their
]>lan, eitlior through jealousy, and a wish to keep any
commercial benefit that might bo derived from it for
tlitiiischos, or, as Diodorus relates, because thev
\\islied to use it as a place of refuge in case of ne-
cessity.
Several authors, says Warden, have believed that
tliis island was America, among others, If net, bishop
dl' Avranclus. "The statement of Diodorus," ho
writes, "that those who disrovored this island wore
cast upon its shores by a tempest, is worthy of atten-
tiiin; as tlu~ east wind blows almost continually iii
tlii toi-rid zone, it might moU happen that ('artlia-
■^iiiian vessels, surprised by this wind, should be
cii'ricd against their \\\\\ to tlu' western i--lands,"
Aristotle tells the ^aiue story, llonu'i', IMutarch,
;iiid other anciout writers, mention islands situated in
the Atlantic, svvoml thousand stadia from the Pilltrs
;in I'lij^lish tivoislntion ami many imtps Svo., Kniul. IT'.*"- Many ifinaiku
iij'"ii HanuiiK \iiya;;p (Ut' iiiudo liy ( 'iini]i(iinim<'.H, Aiiliiiuiiltni Mun/iiint
'i' !ii liipiilildvii iff i'iiiftioii. Maili'itI 17.")(); li(m;4iiin\ lilt', Mrmoinn il,',
/Widi/iiiiirdfH Iii.in'ifttioii^. (oni, xwi., .\x\iii. ; (iosMclin, liir.'ii n/irssiir In
(!• 'iijriipliir ilr.i .[lui'iis. Itcii'icll, i/roiini/ilii/ iif lli ri't/(i/n\. vol, ii., i)|»,
Hni i;t, Hvii.; and lifi'icu, iii.veo-c/Hv oil l/ii- Aiirt\nl Sn/iuns uf A/run,
Mil i., |iji, VJ-2 M\.
G8
ORIGIN OF THE AMEKICANS.
of Hercules, Init such occounts are too vague and
mythical to prove tliat they knew of any land wcNt
of tlie (yanary Islands. ()f course they surmised
that there was land heyond the farthest limits of
their discoveiy; they saw that the sea stretched
smoothly away to the horizon, uncut hv their clumsv
l)i'()ws, no matter how far they went; they peopled
tlie Sea of Darkness with terrois, hut thev hazarded
.ill mannt'r of oiiesses at the nature of the treasuix;
which those ten'ors jjj'uarded. Is it not foolish ti
iuv. lit a meaninjjj and a I'uhilhnent to tit the vaouo
surmises of these ancient minds? Are we to helievc
that Seiic'ca w;is inspired by a sj)ii'it of ]U"o])hecy he-
r;)use we read these lines in the second act of his
" N'ciiiciit ;iiiiiis
Sn'iMila sciis, i|iul)us ()('c:iniis
\ miciiIm rcniTii l,i\t't, ct iii^viis
I'iitt'.il tclliis, 'riiftys(|ii('"' imvds
Octi'i^Mt iirlx's; iicc isit tt'iris
L Itiiiiii 'i'liiilo."
< )r tliat Silemis knew of the continent of Ameriia
hei-ause ^Ehamis makes him tell Midas, the J'hrv-
'^ian, that there was anotlier continent besides Eu-
rope,', Asia, and Africa^ A continent whose inhahit-
aiits are larger and \'\\v loiio-er than ordinary people,
and have diiferent laws and customs. ,^V countrv
where o'old and siher are so ])lentiful that they aiv
esteemed no more than we esteem iron. Are we ti
suppose that St Clement had visited America wluii
he wrote, in his cehd)rated epistle to the Corinthiaih
that thi're were otiier worlds heyond tlie oceiiii.
Mi^ht we not as well ai\n'ue that Anie:ica was ci r-
litinly ui>f known to the ancients, or Ta^dtus woidil
never h;:\e written: "Trans Sueones al'.ud nuirr,
pii^rum M ' pi'ope immotum ejus ciui>;i cludi^uie tn
r.uiiin. oi-hem hinc fidi-s." Would the theol^x^i' al
view of th(! flat structure of the earth have ii'aiiM '
' i<'dence for a moment, had antipodes l»eeu discii\
eriid and believed in {
'*' ' *!■ Tilth ij-iijiti:.
VOTAN-S TRAVELS.
GO
laud wol
y sumiisL'il
it liiuitH ot
a stretched
heir cluiusy
ley peo{)U:(l
uy liazarckil
:he treasuR!
t foolish t'l
t the va.n'uu
re to helievi;
)roj)hecy hc-
1 act oi" hi.-j
of Anieri<;i
,, tlie Phry-
heskles Eu-
lose inhahit-
iiiary peoplv,
A country
hat they tuv
Are Nve t'
uierica. \vlu'ii
('oruithiaih
le ocean
tl
•ica. was cci
a.'itus Nvoiil
alau
I
Ui:ir»'
\ulivUie b
tl
\ooi-»';'i'
uive ii'aUH
I »oi
,«U (l\SCn\-
Tile mysterious traveler, Yotaii, is oiico more uiade
to do service for tlie theorist liere. Ju his somewhat
douhtful uianuscript, ciititled "Proof that 1 am a
Seipeiit." N'dtau asserts that he is a descendant of
Imox, (if tlie rac(^ ef Chan, and derives his origin
from Chivini. "lie states that he conducted seven
families from A'aliun Votan to this eoutinent and as-
signed lands to them; that he is the third of the A^o-
taiis: tliat, having determined to ti'avel until he
arri\('d at the root of heaven, in order to discover his
relations the (,'ulel)ras (Ser[)ents), and make himscdf
known to them, lie made four vo\'a'j'es to (,'liivim ;'^'"'
tliat he arrived in Spain, and that he went to Ronu';
that he saw the gi-eat house of (!od huilding;'*'' that
he went hy tin; road whi(di his hri'thren the (Adehras
had hored; that he marked it, and that he passed hy
the house's of the thirteen Culehras. lie rulati's
that in returning fi'om one of his \()yages, ho found
Beven other families of the Tzetjuil nation, who had
"-' ' Wliicli is (>\|ir('ss(Ml hy repeat in;,' four timon fniin Vjilmn-Votan r-i
Valuiii-Cliiviin, fnmi \'aluiii(;|iiviin to \'aliiin-\'otan.' Ciiliirrn, Tctlin,
ill Hill's III srriiiHiiii. II. \\\. ' \ aliiiii-X (ilaii, mi Terie do \'(itaii, serait
Biiixaiit Onlofie/ I'ile ile Ciilia. Mais dans iiioii dernier voya;;e, en eon-
touriiaiit les nioiita;,Mies i|iii enviroiinent le jilateaii eleve oil est sitae Cii'-
l/r(7-A'i'// de I hiaiias. j'ai visiti' de ;:randes mines (|iii |Mirtent le noiii de
V'ilinii-]'iiliiii, a deux lieiies environ dii \illa;^(' de '/'in/n'yrn, sitlli' a 7 i. d •
jfaidad-lieal. et oil Nin'ie/ de la Veija dit avoir encore troini', en Id'.K!. !( s
-,*faiiiilles dii noiii de \'olaii.' llrn.isi'iir ilc lUnirliuiirij, I'li/iu/ ]'ii/i, |). Iwwiii.
'4 '" llrassciir's aecoMiit. wliieliis, lie savs, taken frm rtain |)re-er\(',l
tra -'iiieiils of ((rdone/' Hi.sf. ilrl ('ir/n, (lilleis at this ]ioiiil; it read.-: 'il
lllla a \'alniii('iu\iiii. d'oii il passa ii la ;;raiide \ilie, ciii il \it la niaisou d (
70
orjGix OF THE a:meuicans.
joined tlic fii'st iiiliahitants, and recognized in tlieiii
the same origin as Jiis own, that i.s, of the Cnlehras.
He speaks of tlie })laoe wliere they hnilt their tirst
town, Avliifli, from its fonnders, received tlie name of
'rze(|nil; he aliirms tlie haviii;^ taught them refine-
ment of manners in tlie use of tlie tal)le, tahle-cloth,
tlishes, basins, cups, and napkins; tliat, in return for
these, they taught liim the knowledge of God and
of liis worsliip; his fii'st ideas of a king and ohedi-
ence to liim; and tliat lie was chosen captain of all
these united families.""*
Cabrera sup})oses Cliivim to be tlio same as Hivini
or (Jivim, which was the name of the country I'roni
which the Hivites, descendants of Heth, son of
Canaan, were ex])elle(l by the Philistines some yeais
befoi'o the departure of the Hebrews from Egypt.
Some of these settled about the base of ^Mount Her-
mon, and to them belonged Cadnuis and his wife
]T;ii-monia. Jt is probably owing to the fable of
their transformation into snakes, relatctl by Ovid in
his ^Ietamor[)hoses, that the word (Jivim in the
I^htLMiician laniruan'o siijfiiities a snake.'*^ Tripoli ot'
^^^ Cfihrrrii, Tcd/rn, in Riii'.t Drurriitfliiu, \t. 31. I liiivo fidlnwcd (n-
bri'iii's acciiiiiit iK'Ciuise, mifurliiiiiilcly, Onloiii'z' work is not to lio luul.
lini-isi'iir <^'ivi's ii fuller iicfiiiiiit of Viitiin's advi'iitiircs tliaii ("ahrcra, Imt
lie protc.ssi'.s to ilraw lii.s iufoririation from fra^uiciits of Ordoricz' writiii;.;-.
iiiid it, is iiiiiKissililc to tell wlictliur his extra iiil'oniialioii is tlie result nf
Ills own iuiaiiination or of tiial, of his cM|ually eiitliusiastie ori;,'iiial. 'I'lic
l.-arued .\lil)e relates that the men with wiiom N'otan conversed eoneerniiiu
the tower of Mahel, assured him '<|Ueeet ediliee elait le liiu oil Dieu a\,iil
donni' ii ehaipie famille un lani^na/c iiarticulier. II allirme (|u'^ sou retoiir
di' la villi' (In temiile de Dieu, il retourna une premii're el line seeoiide fni^
!i examiner t uis les sontei'rains par oil il a\ail dejii pas^e. et les si;;iies c|' i
s'y troiixaient. 11 dit <|u'on le lit passer par un ehemin souterrain ipii tr.i
versait la terre et se terminait ii la racine du eiel. A Te^^ard de eelle i ir
e lusiani'e, il ajoute iiue ee ehemin n'('tait autre (|triin trou de serpent o;i
il enira parce ipi "il etait iin ser|ieiit.' I'upul Vitli, [i. Ixxxix, See farllur,
enieei iiiuj^ \'olan' I'lirlin/d/ K.s/iinouc, llis/. .lA'.i'., tom. i., ]). \i>'); Jnm-
;v;.v, Hint, limit., ]>. 'JOS; C/d n'l/rni, Sfurin Ant. iht Missim, tom. i., I'll
l."i()-l; lliitiiriiii, Iilrii, ]». llo; l.ci^ji, Xii'(trifi/ii(i, p. 4; '/'■■<c/iui //".•< I'mtri-'i
Aiili'/., pj). Il-lo; I'n'ist'.i ..linri: Aiitii/., )ip. 'JIS-'.); I!ri(.s.srnr tic Jlin
liDiinj, Hint. Xitt. Cii'., tom. i., pp. 4H -."), (!S-7ti; ]>(iiii''iii'rli\s hi.'^rrt.i, \'i\.
i ., pp. It) 7. 'I'his last is inendy a literal eojiy of 'I'schudi, to wlioMi, \\ii\'.-
ever, no credit is j;iven.
'<"> 'Ordofn'z tire iin ar;,Mimeiit du mot r/u'rhii, (pril ecrit anssi fi/r,,..
jionr rappider le c'/ /(•///( du pa>s des Ili'vc'cns de la Palestine, d'oii il i,i::
.s.)rtir les aiicctres lie N'otan. Uuiis hi hinyue t/.endale, tjui etait cellc 'l^
4
t
I
^
il in tliciii
Culel)ras.
their tirst
10 name of
em refine-
,al)lo-el()th,
return fur
:' (Jod and
and ()l)edi-
)tain of all
} as Hivini
nntry from
til, «on of
some yeai's
om E_!^vi»t.
[onnt llei-
d his wifr
10 fahle of
hy Ovid in
im in
th
Tripol
ll ol
followi'il ('
it to lie li:i
Cnl
ihrcra, Iml
liincz \vntm;:~
IS
tl
ic result III
(iri;;ili;il. I In'
■-(■ll (•((lU'eriiinj
1)11
I)
leii snail
u il Hdii retiMir
|ne seeiiiiile tui-
Ics sillies i|'.i
lenaiii i|iii tra-
il! (It: celle eli-
de sei'|ieiit o;i
fiirlli
]). Km;
•'), tiMll.
,1c 11
Ih
Id whom, Illic-
it ilUSSl
pie, il'dii 1
(■tail eel
1 fait
THE TZENDAL TUADITIONS.
71
Syria, a town In the kinL,^dom of Tyre, wa.s anciently
called Chiviui. "Under this «ui»})osition, Avhen Vo-
tan says he is Culehra, because he is Chivim, ho
; clearly shows, that he is a lli\ ite ori<j;inally of Tripoli
ill Syria, wliich he calls Vahnii Chivim, where ho
landed, in his voyages to the old continent. Ifero
. tlieii, we have his assertion, I am Culebra, because
r I am Chivim, i)roved true, by a demonstration as
:0 evident, as if ho had said, I am a llivite, native of
if Trij)oli in Syria, which is Yalum Chivim, the port of
■4 my viiyML^cs to the old continent, and beloni;in^ to a
i nation famous l()r havinj^- })roduced such a hei'o as
; Cadnms, who, by his valour and exploits, was worthy
of beini^' cluinL,^ed into a Culebra (snake) and placed
amoui^ the gods; whoso worsliij), for the glory of my
nation and race, I teach to the seven families of the
Tze(piiles, that 1 found, on returning from one of my
voyages, united to the seven families, inhabitants of
\ the American continent, whom I conducted from
A'ahun \'otan, and distributed lands among them."'^"
'I'he most enthusiastic sui)j)orter of the Pluenician,
or
T
NTian, tiieory, is
^[r (
jieorii'o Jones.
T\
lis u'entle
th
man has dovoted the whole of a goodly volume to
tl;e subject, in which he not only susta'iis, but con-^
clusively j)roves, to his own satisfaction, whatever
proposition he pleases. It is of no use to tjuestion,
lu' diMiiolislifs by anticipation all })ossibh' objections;
he "will yield to none," ho says, "in the coiisi'ieii-
tious beli«.'f in the truth of the startling projiositions,
and the conse([ueiit historic coiu'hisions." Tlie sum
ol' these ])ropositions and conclusions is this: thtit
after the taking of the Tyriaii capital by Ale\;inder,
livi-e a
ttril
me a
V..t
III.
1 raeiiie dit inii
it (•/,(
i si;;iiilic /i((frii\ (III !//ii/) i|iii vinit dire aniiadille.' J
]Miiirrail el re i
■hlh
iijitil I'li/i
liiile.
'I'lidrn, ill li
I'li.ssi iir ((!' hull rhdiini
I <iii I
/,///.,
Ih
'rsm/ili'iii
11]). 47-.");?. It
d
seems tliat t!i
las ser\eii as an excuse tiir
Mll>|i(isi'd I'lueiiieiaii deseciit iif |ln' Aiiierieaiis 1
(lie t\iaiiiiy tlieir iiiii(|Ueriirs exereisi'd ii\er tliem. 'Cursed lie Caiiaai
lid Niiali. 'A si'i-saiit iif ser\aiils shall lie tie unto liis lucllireii.' Mii
laiiiis s-iys that it is a mistake tn term the I'll
L'aiiaaii, I'tir tliey are a Sei
<i'llleiaiis descfudallt
iiitu' iieiiplo
I tninr
Wccrdd, 11. '1.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
1 1^ 1^
M
1.4
2.0
1.6
P%
V]
/J
f>^
^
%
/
/A
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WIBSTIR.N Y )4S«0
(716) •79-4503
#
iV
\\
;.<• jS
o^
<- #? ^ /////
f/.
i
OllKUN OF TUE AMIMIKANS.
B.C. .Tn2, a remnant of tlio inhabitants csr.ipud In'
si'a to the Fortunate Islands, and thence to Anidicii,
The author does not preti'nd tluit tliey liad any posi-
tive l()ri!k»io\vlediL(o of the existence of a western
<'ontinent; tlioui^h he believes "that from their
knowlfdL^^ of astronomy, thev mav have hiid (he
su]n>osition that such miucht he the case, fr >m the
then known j^lohular chaiaeter of the earth." Ihit
they were mainly indehted for the success of their
voya<>e to the favoiinijf east winds which hore them,
in the s|)ace of a nionth straight to the coast of
Florida.'" "There ari'ived in joyous ijhulness, and
welcomed hy all the ijifts of nature, — like an heir
^uddtMJ fortune, uncertain wherj to rest, —the
to a
TyriaJis left the shore of Florida and ceasted tin; _t;ulf
of Nlexico, and so around th(! ptMiinsula of Yucatan
and into the Bay of Ifonduras; they thence ascended
a river of shelter and safely, and al)ov(> tlu^ rapids of
hich they selected the site of their first city, now
'cuj)ied hy the ruins, altars, idols, and walls of
'opan!"
The more effectually to presiTve the secret of their
discoveiy and phu-e of refuse, they suhscMpiently
tlestroyed their j^allcys and passed a, law that no
w
0(
(
others should he huilt. At least, this is Mr .lones'
helit'f — a helief which, to hini, makes the cause "in-
stantly ap]>arent" why the new-found continent was
for so many centuries unknown to Asiatics or Kuro-
I leans.
t IS pOSSl
hie. h
lowever, the same ingenious
author thinks, that, ujion a final lau^lin^•, they burned
'"' 'Till- vtvciii!,' (Jiilli'VK, witli '*t\\U iin<l "iiiN, mikI mIwmvm lirfurc tlic run-
stiiiil l'".:i-t-\\'iiiil Mini Minvnfil Nv.iM' ciiricnt. wnii
M
I.
Iiv .1.1
iluiiii'' till' iii;;lit, witliiiiit llii' I
'i'iiiii{ili>.ii ii'ii null's nil
iiiw CIS. si\ null's iin Imur,
iiiiil, ri|inillv iliviilin;; tlic t wrnly-finir liniirs, wdiiIiI nwikf ii run nf 1*1.'
iiiilcM piT il;i\ . Nanliciil |iiti >fs will slmw lluit in (lie ii1m>\c I'lilciilnli'in
till' piiwiT III' till- 'riiii|i'\S'iiii|s |/, c. till' l'".iist-\\'ini|s| lire mn/i rmh i/. Tin'
liistiiiii'i' fi'iini 'I'l'iii'ilH'i' III I'Miiriilii is nlinnl ;i,'l(»i( mill's, wliiili hy tin' I'mi'-
jiMiic iliitii tlii'V wniil 1 tniM'i'sc ill Hi'vciitci'ii mill n i|n,ii'lt'r liii.vs. 'I'lir N'ny-
ii^jt' iiiiiN' llii'ii'i'iiii' wiili siifrly III' Mjiiil to liiivi' lii'i'ii iiri'iiiii|ilislii'i| ilniiii;{
iin cntn'c iiinntli, iiinl tliMt, ri)iisi'.|ni>iii|y ihi- liisi iMiiiliii;^' nf a liriiinli nf
till* linniiin family in Ani'ii'iil Amrrira wnnlil In- in tin- last iinintli <<<
.Vnliiinn, tiiiri' liiimli'i'il ami I liiit v-two M'ai's lii'fmi' (lie t'lirisiian I'.ia.'
MIt JONT.S' ItKASONINC.
78
d by
.irira.
posi-
sterii
tlu'ir
I tltc
But
tlu'ir
ln'IM,
st of
and
lu'ir
— tho
} sjfulf
(•■•itaii
iidcd
ids of
now
Is of
OIK'S
ill-
was
iiiro-
nious
inu'd
(' CUM-
li's ail
liiiiir,
I' l!i.'
■I'll.'
flllC-
\My-
liiriii;!
Iicll 111
iitli III'
.lii.'
ilit'ir slii|>s as a sacritice to A[>ollo, "and liaviiii^
made that sacritico to AjjoHo, laiiatical zeal may liave
led tlit'in to ahlior tliu future use of means, wliicli, as
ii tifratoful oH'erinuf, liad beun <'ivcn in tlicir dcitv.
Til 'iico may l)u traced the ynuhial loss of nautical
juactice, on an enlarged scale; and tin; lireat conti-
in'iit now [)ossessed hy them, would also <liininish l>y
(lct;'rees tho
ossc
uses
.1.
of naviiiatioii.
d
'U8
ones inneniousiy makes use ot the siini
f th
ilarit
les
which hav(! heeii thoiiij^ht to exist iK'tweeii the Amer-
ican and l^^nyptian pyramids, anil architecture i;-eii-
crallv, to ]>rove his 'Pvriaii the(»rv. The wneral
character of tho American architecture is undonht-
cilly Knyptian, ho ari^ues; hut tho n'seiiililaiice is
not close onoii^h in detail to allow of its heino-
nctually the \vork of Kiicyptiaii hands; the ancient
cities of America wt^ro therefore huilt hy a |teo|tl('
who had a hni>irl('<J<ic of FiLfyptian architecture, and
ciiioved constant intercourse with that nation. I hit
>i)iiie of tho ruins are (Jreek in styk' ; the mysterious
people must also liavi! Iu'en familiar with (ireek
.irchitecture. NN'hero shall we find such a jieople^
The <'ap exactly tits tho Tyrians, says Mr Jones, let
tliem wear it. rnfortunatelv, h
owe\er
M
r Jones
iiiaimfactures the caj) himself and knows the exact
>i/e of the head he wishes to place it on. lie next
j4'oes o
II t
o l)rove
almost to demonstration (hat (!n
cian artists wi>re authors of the sculpture, Tyrians
I lie architects of the entiri^ edilli'es, wliih' th(»se
of I'i^ypt Were aiitliors of tlu; architectural hases."
The tortoise; is found sculptured on some of the ruins
Ml. I
"■'ll wciiiiil lie iiiiiiiwsihli' to ni\(> lii-rc llic cnlin' ex iiiftnc willi wliiili
iiin'-( >ii|i|i(irls h\* llii'iiiy
SiiU'ir)' it III SUV lliiit till' ana!
Ill' ail-
ii'CH arc fiir-frirlu'il in ilic cxtii iiic, ainl lliiil lii» |iiriiii^i's iiif let a ^ri'cal
'Xli'iil ;:iiiMnili'il ii|Mih crrtain \ayni' ntlcianrcsnf l-aiali llic |iiM|iiii'l. Hit
iiiiliiiiiiiilril ilK^iinaliHiii, xM'ii' it lr»H HliiinL.'l\ niaikri
\\<v\\ iill'i'ii-'iM' a 111 I nnri'Miialiif In llmsc « liu ilisji;:ni' w illi liis ii|iiiiiiiii^;
it i», il i-t •"iiniiiy linlitTMiiM. ! raniml lirllrr csiiicss my iipinii>ii nf lli
I k lliaii li\ n^<ill
III
if till' ili>tin"iii-lit'il Ann riniiiisli jtr MiiUi'i';
'I •an/ iiliiii
ll
Wcrlli soil ilir in l.iiiniiin |si;i cixi'liii'iu'iic Scliiiri rinr-i I'.n;.'-
Iill|lll'l'^<, dl'lll'^ri' .liina->, il
A, III nLiiiiixi'liv Cni lii/t'ii
ilir I'
I'liii'lilc ilc" alien Aiiicriiii M'in
«■
74
OKUilN OF TllK A.MKUiCANS.
iit l^xiiiiil; it was jiVso staiuiUMl u]»<»n tlic ('dins of
(iii'fian Tliohus and yK^iiia. From thin (act it is
hrotiLjht liomu at unou to tliu Tyriaiis, lKn*ausu tlio
IMHi'iiiciau cliiof Cadmus, wlio louiidcd 'riiehcs, and
introdiUH'd letters into Cireece, without doul>t se-
lected tlie symiujls of his native land to represent
the coin of his new city. The tortoise is, therefore,
a I vrian einhlem
1)K
119
The A;nerican ruins in some places hear inscrip-
tions written in vermilion j>aint; the Tvrians were
«u;lehrate<l for a purple «lye. Carved i>ems have l)«'cn
I'ound in American tomhs; the 'J'yrians were also
aci
uainted with nem-carvin;^. The door-posts and
pillars of Solomon's temple were s(piare;''" sipiaro
ohelisks and cohinms may also he found at PaleiKpie.
J hit it is useless to multiply «jUotati«)ns; the ah-
sun
lity of
sui'h reasonnii>: is
hh
izoned ui)on
o
f It.
1>
the f
ice
\\
At Dii^f^hton, on the hay of Narrayanset, is, or
as, an inscription cut in the rock, which has hi-en
conlidcntly asserted to he Ph(rnician. ('oj>ii's (»f this
inscription have heen frequeiitly made, hul they dilfer
so mateiiMlly that no two of them wouUl appear to
he intended for the same desiirn."^'
i<« ./r<//.'.s' hist. Aiir. Aiiifi:, ji|>. U5S-7
\('t'(ii'tliii;{ to .Ml' iloiiuH, SoIiiiiiou'h tL>ui|ilt> wiiM littilt liy Tyriati wmk-
IllCli.
'"' (Jclii'lin iilliniiM I'lilliiiMiiiMlifitllv
'i|iii> ccttc iMNi'ri|ilioii viciit tl'iir
river liHil i'\|iii'n(1u nuinfuii inoiiilc, |H»iir ciinliiiiu'r wr* iilci's wiir l'iiri;^iiu'
ill's |ii'ii|ili's, ct iiiir I'liii y viiil, i/'tiiif iiitiiiii rr iru/iiitr, nil luiiiimiM'iit
plii'iiirii'ii, nil talilfiiii i|iii, Hiir Ic ili'vaiil, ili'.sj;;n<< niii> alliiiiicc ciilif it-s
|icn|i|i"< iinii'i'iraiiiM ct la niilimi (>li'anp'rt>, iiiriMiiil, jiar ilc^ inilsihi nun/,
il'mi |ia\s rirlif ft iiiiliiMlrit'iix." ' llniiilinlill, linwi'vcr. ciMMinriitiii;.' ii|iiin
ll
MS, \vnli"»:
ill' I
li-tti
iinntiin
■ I'
l:i\
II cxaniiiic avn* Hoiii Ii'm i|iiati'i' iIi's^<iiin ilr la laiiiiMiM' |iu'i'ii
l.iiin il'y iri'ininnilir nn arrMii;^)'inriit h\ nii'liiiinc ilc
res Mim|ili's on tic farai'li'i'i's Nyllaliii|iii>s, jc ii y mmh i|u iiii iIchsih a
|i('inc I'itanriii', ct aiialii;;'nc t'l ccnx i|ni' I'nii a Ironvi's niir Ics loriicrs
ill- la Niirwi'y^c' l//>.v, toni. i., pp. IS!-'.*. ''I'lic liiHtnry «>f tlii'^ iiiMiiip-
tiiiii is Hcaircly snrpasm>i|, in tlic interest it lias escitcil. or ilie iinvri
phases it lias e\liiltitei| at NiieecsHivc I'ltoelis of tlieorelieal speciiialion, li\
aiiv ri'iilsiiiian, l''.il;;ill)iiie, or Nilotic riilille. When llie taste of Aliieiieall
aiiti>|Marics ini'liiieil towarils I'lnenieian relies, llic |lii;litoii inseriplimi enn
fiiiiiieil III their opinions; ami with chaii^in;.' tastes it has prnveil ei|uallN
oinpliant. In ITH.'t the lii'v. K/ra Stiles, M. !>.. I<resii|ent of N ale tuj-
le;.'!'. when preai'liiti;; licl'ore the lioxcnior ami State of I 'oiiiieriiriil, up-
pcah'il to the JMglitoii Hock, ^'tuvuii, iiH he k'lic\eil, in the old runic or
INSCKIIJKI) TAIILKTS.
75
Ills of
it is
io the
s, and
>t SL'-
roscnt
rot'oio,
iirtcriit-
s wore
e luHii
•u alsi)
ts Jiml
leiHiuo.
lie ill>-
lio t'aeo
, i>^, «»»"
IS lulMl
1' this
H'ar to
liaii wttrk-
ncnt tl'iir-
IlliiUIIIIII'Ilt
tiiln' U*
.s illl iilil'll.
Mill;; ii|i<iu
• iiM' |iii'ni'
r|rii|lli' lit'
(li'soin i'l
[•s nirliriH
is iii>>rriii-
Jlllf lUlVll
Aiiirrii'im
||iti<ill toll
I'll i(|llltllv
[Viilo t'.il-
•lirllt, III'-
i'linif or
In (lu; mountains whidi extend from tlie villau;e
(if rruana in Soutii Amuiica to the weft hank of
th(> ('aura, in 7^ hit., Father Uamon liueno found a
hiock of u^ranite on which were cut several groups of
(liaiactei's, in which lluml>oKlt sees some rcsuni-
hlance to the Phienician, though he douhts tliat the
wnitliy i>riest whose copy he saw performed his work
very carefully."'*
'{'he inscrihed stone discovered at Crave Creek
Mound has excited much comment, and has done
ixciHent service, if we jud>i^e hy the numher of
theories it has been held to elucidate. Of the
twiiity-two characters which are confessedly alpha-
hetic, inscrihi'd upon this stone, ten are saitl to cor-
respond, with ]neneral exactness, with the IMueiiician,
fifteen with the Celtiheric, fourteen with the old
riiMiiii'ian cliaracfcr ami Iaiij;iia;;i': in jiroof that llic IiiiliaiM wcro (if llio
ai'i'iii'si'il si'fil of Canaan, anil smti* tii lie (lis|i!ari'il atul ruiitt'il nut by tint
l'.iiiii|praii ilcsi'i'iiiiaiitM iif laiilict !. . . .Sii rarlv as Iti.Sit I>r. Danlortli I'Xi--
I'lilnl wliat lir rliaiarlci'i/ril as "a faitlifnl ami arciiratc ri'iursciitatiiin of
till' iiis('i'j|itii)n " nil |li),'litnn Knck. hi 171- tiic t'cicliraliMl Dr. ('nttnii
MiilliiT iirni'iircil ili'aw in;;s nf tlit- sanif, ami traiismiitcil tiinii tn tlu> Set--
litaiX nf llic linyal SncirtV nf Lnliiliill, wIlll a ilrsi'|-i|i| inll, |ilililcil ill llif
i'/ii/iiMti/i/niii/ Triiii.iiiitiinis for 17ll, rcfciiin;; tn it as "an iiis('ri|itinii in
wliiili an- scM'ii nr (■i''lit lines, aliniit seven nr i'i''ii( feet luii'', ami aliniil a
fixii wiile, each nf tlieiii en;;i'aveii willi iiiiai'eniiiitalii<> ehararter-
>t /i/,,
.11 /,
iiiiirii cliiiriiili I
In I7.'«l, l>i'. Isaae (ineiiwiMMl, llnjlisiaii I'rn-
fc's^nr at t'aiiilitiil;,'e, New l''.ii;;laml, eniiimiiiiirateil tn tlie Sncietv nf Aiiti-
i|iiai'ies nf Lniiilnn a iliiiwiii;; nf tlie same iiisi'i'i|)tinii, aecnmiiaiiieil willi a
i|>linli wliieii |ii'n\es tlie threat care with wliirli liis en|iy wan eseriiteil
1. 1 ITliS, Mr. Sleiiliell Sewall, l'rnfex-.ni' nf (liielilal l,ail;;lia
at < aiii-
iiiiil;;e, New l',ii;;laml, tnnk u earefiil in|i\, liie si/e nf llie nii;^iiial, ami
ill |iii>iii'il it in tlie .Miiseiini of llai'\aril CniMTsiiy; ami a traiiMiipt nf
till-, was I'm wai'ileil tn tlie llnval Sneiely nf l.iimlnii, >i\ _\eais liiici', iiy
Mr. •lames Wiiillirn|t. Ilnilisiaii l*rnfe»nr nf .Maliiematies. In i7Mi the
lie\. .Miiliael LnrI, l).l>., nlie nf tlie \'ii e-l're-.ii|eills nf the SniielN nf
Ami
if l.nmlmi
l.ili'il illiixtratinlis, liefnre
a;:aili hrnui^lil the siilije
it, with all its ai'i'iimii-
that
eariieil sneleiN ; ami < nlnlle
Vail
elli'V Illl-
ill riiink In |ii'o\e that the iiisn'i|>linn
W i
neither I'llieliii'iail llnl I'lllli
li:it Silteriaii. Suhsei|nentlv, Jinl;:)' Wintlirn|is exeenteil a iliawin;; in
\'S'>; ami a;;ain wo have otliers hy Jinl;,'!' Itaylies ami Mr. .Insejih Inmil-
ill:; ill I7li*>. hy Ml'. Jnli liai'iliier ill lsl'_'; ami linally, in is.'tii, li\ a t'nm-
mi^^imi ai>|iniiileil hy the Ithmle Islainl llislnrieal Sneirtv, ami inminiini-
laleil In the .\iil ii|miries nf ( 'n|ienhap'ii \\itli elalmrate ileseriplinns: whirli
• Inly a|i|iear in their Aiitiiiiiilntrs Ann rirmnr, in |irniif nf imvi'l ami \eiy
reiiiarkalile ileilmlinns
l'll/(l, nil's Trill/., |l. •_'((.
Wil.sDii'n I'nUist, Mm
|i|i. •I((;i-,'t. Sei\ al-n
II est asse/. reiiiari|nahh> i|ne, siir sept eariieteres, amnn lie s'y
liMilve ri'lu'le |ill|sieiirs fnis.' I'llis, Inlil. i., |'li, l.S.'l-l, with eilt nf (lail nf
ill->ri'ijitinii.
7G
OUIOIN OF THE AMEKICANS.
Britlsli, Aii^lo Saxon or Bardie, five witli the old
northcni, or lluiiic itrojier, four with the Etrus-
can, six with tho ancient (JalHc, four with tho
ancient Greek, and seven with tlie old Erse."'
An inscrihed monument su[>posed to ]»e Plmni-
cian was discovered by one Jt)a(|uin de Costa, on his
estate in New Granada, some time since,'"* 'I'lie
cross, the ser[)ent, and the various other symlols
found amoni'' the American ruins, have all l)een re
Li^arded l>y (htferent authors as tending;* to conHiin the
J^lKeniciaii theory; chieHy because similar emhlems
liave been found in Eiifvpt, and the Phccniciaiis are
known to have been familiar with Egyptian arts and
ideas.''"'^ Mel,|i,^ar, who thinks there can be no doult
that the PlKenicians built Palenque, su)>|)o.scs the
s!)-call('d PaleiKiue medal'"" to re[)resent llercidcs in
the Garden of the Hes|)erides, attacked by tho
drai^oii. Two thousand three hundred years before
the worship of Hei'cules was known in (Jreece, it
obtained in Pluenicia. whither it was brought iVom
Ejfvpt, where it had flourished for over seventeen
thousand years.'"
1''' Sec Sr/ioii/iriiff, in Amrv. Fffnw. ,'^nr., Trnnmrf., vol. !., pp. HSCi-'C,
for lull iH'i'iiiiiit (if this Mtmic, with cul.s. Sih- also }ntsoii'.s l'ri/ii.\f. Mmi,
\)\\. 4(IS, el Hci|,
'''< l''i)r lliis stiitt'iiKMit \ liiivc only ntnvspiiitcr iiiitliorlty, liowcvcr. 'nic
"Ain('riUa,"t'in in lto;;i»tji, Ncu (lianaila, ci'scliicni-ncM.lonnnil, kiin(li;;t cine
Entilriknnu an. ilic so scltsani ist. <las sic ilcr n('stiiti;;iin;;' licdarf, clir man
ill!' (ilMiilicn sclMMilu'n kann. l>on .loaiininMlt' Costa soil danacli ; af oiin'Oi
sciiii'i' (iiiliT )>in stcint'i'nrs MunnnH'iit futilcckt lialicn, ilas \on cincr
kiciurn Colonic IMnini/icr aus Siilonia ini .lalirc {) oiler 10 ilcr Itc^^icini:;^
liiranus, cincs Zcit^cnosscn Salomons, nn;:'cfalii' zdui .lalirliiinilcitc \or
«lcr cliristliclicn Acra crriclitct wnnlc. I>cr lHock \m'. cine Inscliiil't m>ii
iiclit l.inicn, ilic in sclioncn Itnclistalicn, alter oline 'rrcnnnn;^ ilcr Wioto
oiler l'nneta*ion ^'eselirielien siml. In iler l'elierset/un}r soil <lie lusrluitt.
licsa;,'en, ilass jent! Manner iles Lamles Canarien sieli ini llafcn .\|iion;:a-
lier (Mav-.Xknlial) ein^rliiU'tcn nml naeli /\\olfinonati;,'er l''alirt \nn ilcni
l.anilc l'",;;vpten (Afrika) ilureli Striininn^en fort;.'efiilirt, in <ina.\ai|nil in
I'crii lanilelen. I>er stein soil, wie cs heisst, ilic N'amen tier IteiM'iidi ii
lra,i.'eii.' Iliniiliiivij li'/nriii, (»rt. "Jl, 1H7M. See farther, eonecrnin;,' insiiip-
tions! Tiii'iiiinilililil, .Mniiiliil. fill/., toni. i., p. 'i'.t; S/rnftini'.s Mnllnil-
Jtili/Jirs. MS., p. l;»; /'/•/- s7',, .I,//,,', .infill., p. I'JI.
1^' See partii'iilarly Mlijiir, in N'c'. MiX. (iimf., I'nlrlin, 'Jila I'poea,
toni. iii., p. II'J, et si'i|.; anil .fnm.s' Hist. Am-. Annr., p. l.'ij, el sei|.,
/; ilil
\«, Sv
A,
.f tl
pp. is.-i-d.
IIS work. M
IIS.
Mlijiir, in Sur. Mi.r, (.''««/., JJuliliii, '.Ma t'poea, loin, iii., pji. 110-11.
m-
THE CAKTIIA(;iNIAX TIIF.OUY.
77
tlio «>l»l
Ktrus-
•ith the
Phd'ni-
i\, on bis
.»•'■* The
syml.ols
heon re
urtrin the
i-mhlc'ins
ciiuits iue
I arts iuul
no douht
posts the
LM'i'uU's in
I hy the
urs hci'on^
(Jreeee, it
lu-ht Iron I
suvcnteen
„ YY>. 380 -07.
I'n/ii-il. Mini,
wcvcr. nif
larf, flu- iiiK"
ell ; Mif I'iiicm
IllH voii ciiuT
,.!• l!<';;ifniii;jC
liuiHlfrti- vor
Inscliiil'l vitu
,o ,l,.v Wi.vlo
(lif IllMlllil't
ilVii Aiiioii;:'*-
Uiil villi ili'iii
[cuiiviniiiil i»
liiiiiiH' iiisiiip-
Miiiii
I, 'Jtla ('•iiiii'ii,
l.'iJ, ft x'H ;
1.11. 110-11.
(Jarci'a quotes a numhur of aiialos^ies, jj^ivinij;', aftir
liis t"a.shion, the ohjuctions to each l)y the Sj>aniai<ls,
Tlie l)uilclers of the Cential Anitiican cities, lie says,
are rej)orted by tradition to have been of lair coni-
]»le\ion and bearded. The Carthaginians, in coininon
with tlie Indians, practiced lunnan sacriHtcs to a
^reat extent; tliey wc^rshiped fire and water, adopted
of th
ds wli
th
tlie names
drank to exces.s, telei>raplie{l l>y means ol tires,
decked tliemselves in all their finery on jU'oini;- to war,
liuisoned their arrows, offered peace before beuinniiiL''
Icittie, used drums, shouted in battle, were similar in
.stratayems and exerci.sed ^reat cruelty to the van-
(jiiished. The objections are that the lanmiiin'e of
llu' Indi.ins is not corrupt (.'arthayinian ; that they
have many lani^uaufcs, and could not have spruiii^
from any one nation; Satan prompted the Indians
to learn various lamjcuaiifes in onU-r to pievt;nt the
extension of the true faith. But why are the Ind
iaiis beardless if they descended from the (artha-
'•inians? Their beards have been lost by the action
Ill" the climate as the Africans were chan,:;c'd in color.
Then why do they not lose their hair as well, and
why do not the Spaniards lose their beard t 'fhey
ni.iv in time. And .so he <joes on throuijh pa<>e after
jianv
1.58
The theory that the Americans are of .Jewish
ilescent has been discussed more minutely and at
greater length than any other. Its advocates, or at
''■^St'c fjirtluT. cmiccniiiij; IMniMiiriaii ami < 'arilia;;iiiiaii llirmii's: 7''>/••
■/i"iiiiii/it, Miiiiiiri/. lull., tmii. i., |i|i '1S~'.\, •.'.i.'i; llill i .iniii/. Aimr; Ml/-
[I'lr, ill Siii\ .1/ ,iv (liinj., Hull till, "Jiia ('imca, Inlll. iii., |i. Ill; l.ixriirhnt,
llixt, Siiiii; Frniirr; /hillif, Ji iiis hiiiii/., |i|i. .'), .S; Jiiliijiiins <'ir. ilinl
'"■•it., Vol. iii., |i|t. H— 1; hitiiii III ill's I)i\ir/s, vol. i., |iii. ',1 I'l; liijui's
I'nirils, \i>l. ii., |i|i. •11-50; ,S/irliliiii, iu Aiii. Aiitii/. Sor., Trini.Miit „ \<tl. i.,
|i|i. Hill) S; l.iziiiiii, lliviiviiniiirin, in f.iiiii/ii, h'lliiriiiii. |i. ,'1.">I; l.ii;l, .\ /<••
■ n-iiiimi, |i|i. 1(1, 'JOH; l\itiiiiili/'.s I'niliiililr Orii/hi; lUililii'iii's .(,/<■. Aiini:,
|'|i 171-1. 'J(H». '20'; /hi I'liitt, Hill. I.iiiiisiiiiii-. loin. iii.. pii 7"i SO; t'/iii-
I' iiihiiiiiiil, 1,1 lln iiii.r .liifiiir.s; \>. H7; S/rnlfnii's Mniiin/- /linlili rs. MS;
> iirrir's Trill'., |i|i. IHH. I'.tl 'J; Moiitiunm, Siiiiiir Wnnlil, y\\. I(i-'_''J, '1', -X;
h< f'li.slii, I'lT-CiiliiiiihnUi Iti.sr. Alliil'., |>. xiv.; It'i/ii.t Aiiliiiniis, ill l\iiiil.s-
ii'iiviij/i'i M X. Aiitiij., vol. i.\., Jt. lOj liciiu Aiim:, toiii. i., ji. ."I, Funif,
78
ORIGIN OF THE AMEUICAXS.
least those of tliom •wlio have iiiado oriLjiniil iv-
suaivlios, are comparatively tew; lait the extent of
their investigations and the multitude of parallelisms
they adduce in support »>f their hypothesis, exceed
by far anythiuji^ we have yet encountered.
Of the earlier writers on this subject, Garcia is
the most voluminous. Of modern theorists Lord
Kin!]fsl)orou«^h stands preeminently first, as far as
bulky volumes are concerned, thouj^h Adair, who
devotes half of a thick quarto to the subject, is by
no means second to him in enthusiasm — or rather
fanaticism — and wild speculation. Mrs Simon's vol-
ume, thoui^h pretentious enough to be original, is
neither m<»re nor less than a re-hash of Kinj»sl)or-
ough's lal)ors.
Garcia,"* who affirms that he devoted more atten-
tion to this subject than to all the rest of his work,***
deals with the Hebrew theory by the same sys-
tematic arrangement of '<»pinit>ns,' 'solutions,' 't»b-
jections,' 'replies,' etc., that is found all through his
book. A condensed resume of his argument will be
necessary.
Tlie opinion that the Americans are descended
from the ten lost tribes of Israel, he says, is com-
monly received by the unlettered multitude, but iK)t
by the learned; there are, however, some excepti<jns
to this rule. The main support of the opinion is
found in the fourth book of Esdras, according to
which these tribes, having been carried into ca[)tivity
by fSnlmanassar, separated from the other tribes and
went into a new region, where man had never vet
Di/irnur.1, in Avtiq. Mrr., torn, i., div. i.. pp. 43-4: IIV.v/ nnr tit I/irli.irfnr
J.iiHtiiui't, p. 4; lh-iiki''ii Aliiiri'i. liiiirn, pp. '2()-'J; (riiiTia Orrnii itr tn-i
Jill/.', ])y. 41 77. 19'_'-'-';t!»; I'n'isrn Aiiirr. Antiij., pit. -2^}-], im 4; Aihur'i
Aiiirr. liiiL, p. 1(5; Kiinislioritiiifli'n iUr.r. Antiq., vol. viii. p. 84; Fuatfiiia's
Jloir fhf Wodd van J'roj>(iit,'\\]>. 2.')4-«l.
1'' (hiiini tie lo.t Iiid., pp. 7".»-128.
"w ■ \u liico jjniniU' dilipMiciii ni averipuir osta vcrilnil, v pnpiloalinnnr,
<|U(' lie traltajado inax i-n olio, miic <<ii Id iiiic CNcrivii i>ii tixla la Oiira; i ani
<l(' III <|ii(> a<'«>rca <lo OHtn lio liallailn, ]ii)niii'(> tali>N fuiulaiiHMito.s al <>(liti<'iii,
i niai|iiiiia du vhUi tMjiituiiciii, i opiiiiuii, iiiiu piieilaii iiiui ItiiMi Hufrir nti pcmi.'
Jd., p. 71).
|1."
TEX LOST TRIIIES OF ISRAEL.
79
lived, tliron<,'h whitli tlioy journoycd for a year and
ii half, until tlu-y caino to a land wliiili tiifv callod
Arsareth, whcro they settled and have dwelt ever
since.
The most difficult que.stion is: how did thoy lyet
to America? to which the most rea.sonahle an.swer
seems to he, that they fj^radually cro-ssed northern
Asia until thev came to the straits of Anian/'' o>er
wiiich they j)assed into the land of Anian, whence
tiiey journeyed .southward hy land throuiifh New
^Toxieo into ALexico and Peru."" That they were
al)le to make such a lonuf journey is amply attested
l»y parallel undcrtakinijfs, of which we have historical
proof. It is argued that they would not travel so far
and throuufh so manv inhahited countries witliout
fiudinuf a restiui^-place; hut we read in the Scriptures
that when they left the country of the Medt's,
whither they had heen carried hy *Salnianassar, they
determined to journey heycMul all the j^-entile nations
until they came to an uninhahited land. It is true
s(>m(> learneil men assert that they are still to ho
fnuml in the citii-s of the Medes, hut a statement
thiit disamves with the hook of Esdras is unworthy
of helief; though of course stune of them may have
rtiiiained; hesidcs, nnist not Mexico he included
ill tile direct declaration of CJod that ho would
scatter the Jews over all the earth? The opinion
that the Americans are of ITehrew orijjfin is further
supported hy similarities in character, dress, reliL;i<Mi,
]»hysical ]>eculiarities, condition, and customs. The
Americans are at heart cowardly, and ao are the
"■'' Anian wns flic nanio pivon to tlu» strnit whicli wna snppoRcil to liif
lictwocn Asia iinti Anii'iicii, and whirii, afti-r its ai'tnai diMcovcry, wan
iiiiiiM'd IliM-iu)^ Strait. Tliu iiiikiiowii nurthorii rt>);ii>nH of Aniorica wero
aUii <'aliod Anian.
'"* 'I'iio worthy Fatlicr'n p'ogmphipnl kno\vlcdj?o was sonx-wiiat vanuc;
llms in tlu> nt'xt Hi'ction lii< writcM: 'Taniliion imdicron ir Iuh dici! Trilins
•lisdf la Ticrra, t\\w tlict' EHdras, i\ la t'liina. . . . He la China pudirntn ir
)iiiiMar II la Tiorra d<> Nuova-Kxpafta, para donde no (>s niiii larj^'a la navc-
;.'a(iiin, vinicndo por ol Kstrt'cho, o Canal, i\\w t'Hth cnfre la China, i cl
lUino dc .Vniiian, i de ijuiviru.' Oinjcn i/t /«« Intl., p. 81.
m
OIJKHN OF TlIK A.Mi:i:i( ANS.
Ji'Wh; tlio lii.t(»rv<>r Imth iiatioiiH jirovts tlii.s."''^^' Tlir
Jl'Ws did not lu'liovo in tin; mi rack's of Cliiist, and
lor tlit'ir uiikcliof were Houttert'd over the laie of tlu'
earth, and dispised of all men; in liki' maniiei- the
pi-opli! of the New World did not, readily reeeixc the
true I'aitli a.s preaehed Ity Christ's catholie disciples,
and are therefore j)erseeuted and heinjL^ ia|»idly ex-
terminated. Another analogy presents itself in tiic;
iiijuratitiule of the Jews for the many lilessinL;s and
s|>e<'ial favors bestowed on them hy (mkI, and the
ingratitude shown by the Americans in nturn fic-
tile L,M-eat kindness of the Spaniards. Uoth Jews
and .Xnicricans are noted for their want of ehaiity
and kindness to the poor, sick, antl unlbrtuiiJite; both
are natmaiiv uiven to idolatry; manv cnst»»ins are
common to both, such as raisin<j^ the hands to heaven
whf'n makini^ a solenm atlirmation, calling all near
relatives brothers, showing; s^ieat respect and hu-
mility before' superiors, buryin<i^ their dead on hills
and hi^h places without the city, tearing' their cloth
ini;' on the reception of bad tidings, yivini^- a kiss on
the cheek as a token of peace, celebrating' a victory
with son-^.s und tlances, eastiny' out of the place of
woisliip M'omen who are barren, drowniniif do^s in a
well, practicing' crucifixion. IJoth wi're liars, despi
cable, ci'uel, boastful, idle, soi-cer«'rs, diity,"'* swin-
dlers, turbulent, ineorri;^nble, and viciuus. The tbess
''■' Anion;; several inslanees ;.'iven liy (inreia to sliow tlie <'o\vaiiliee dt
llie .lews, is this: 'dire la Sa;,'iaila Kserilnra, hor L'ranile ineaieciniieniu.
i|ne no les <|iiisii lle\ar M lises por In Tieira do iMiilistim. eoniirienilo s i
liiisilauiiniilail, i eolianlia, |)orc|ue no teniiest'ii, vieuilo los l'jienii;^iis. i|ii>'
\enian en su se;,'uiiiiien((i, i tie enlianles se linlxiesen ii l"'.;,'i|ili>.' Witii ir
;raiil to llie enwanliee of tlie Anieiieans, In- wiiies; 'Cnenla la llistmiii
(lue entii) Cortes, en la ('oni|iiista ile Nneva-Ksiiana eon "i.'iK lis|iarMi|e>, i
(le esfiis eraii los .'tO Marineros: i en Mexico tiivo, (inando lo ;.'auo, IH' *
l'',H|parioies. ■JttO.lMH) linlios, HIM 'aliallos: ninrieron de los Nneslros ."iit, i .1 ■
los < 'aliaiios Ii. I'.nlro I'it^arro en el IVrii eon poeos mas tie 'JIN* i'lsiianoli -.
eon los i|uales, i eon tiO ('a)iallos liivo \'ietoriti eontra el Itei Atanual|ia
Not only at. tlie lime of the ('onipieKt, lie lulils, tliil the Ainerieaiis sintN r
ami run on the disehar^re of a musket, hiit even at the present dav, \\\u i
lhe\ are familiar with ilrearnis, they do the Hame. (Jiii/i n t/r Ins Jml., pi
S,") Ii.
"•* Immediately ufterwardM lie says that the Jcwn uiitl Aliii'iiciilK) >veio
aliUe, heiause tlie.v Ituth bttthoil fretiuoiitly.
THi: Ji:WS IN A.MKKICA.
81
Icowaitlif*' "f
lari'i'iiiiii'iilo.
of the IltliioNVs was ill many itoints liko tliat of the
Am« ricais. IJotli an; Ht oiilv lor the lowest kind of
lahor. 'I'he .lews preferred the flesh-j)ot.s of Ei,'y|)t
ami a life of Iumda<,'o to heavenly manna and the
promised land; the Americans liked a life of freedom
and a <liet of roots and herhs, hetter than the service
(if thi' S|)aniards with j,n>od fiiod,"" The Jews were
famous for fine work in stone, as is shown l»y the
in<rs «»
f J«
erusalein. and a si
I
imili
.11
ir excelieiH'e m
huiid
this art is seen in the American ruins. The Mexi-
cans have a tradition of a jouriu'V uiulertakeii at the
command of a i^od, and continued for a loiiii^ time
imilcr the direction of certain hij,di-|»riests, who mir-
aculously ohtained supplies for their support; this
iiears a strikiiij^ resemldaiice to the Hebrew story of
tile wanderiiiLf in the desert.
It has lu'cn ar<^ued, in o|)positi(m to the Heltivw
theory, that the Jews were physically and intel-
Kctiially the finest race in the world, while the
Anu'ricaiis are juohaMy the lowest. JJut in answer
t<t tills it may be stated that the fiiujst ainon^ the
Jews beloii'^ed to the tribes of Judah and JJenjamiii,
w
lileh welt; Hot anuniijf the so-called lost tril
)es :
tlitdinh, even if we admit that the ten tribes were
physically and intellectually ecpial to these two, may
we not fairly suppose that their teiiipi'rament and
physi(|ue would be chanjiced by dwclliiiL;- for a length
of time in the dillerent environment of .\nieiica.
True, Dr San Juan attempts to prove that the yood
ett'ect of the manna on which the Israelites lived for
forty years, was such that it would take four thoii-
siiiid years to obliterate it; but though this mi'^ht
hoM ti
rue in the case ot those Jews who went to iSpaiu
;iiid otiu'r tem|»erate climes, it would jirobably be dif-
ferent with those who camo to America; it is, be-
.'<ides, likely that the change in the race was a special
IcliclUlH NMI''
'''^TIiIk Hcnrcrly HPoiiiH t(» 1k» n imrallfliMiii, ninl ci'i-tuiiily \v«iulil imt 1ii\
liiiil llic Wdilliv {•'atlic \vritt<Mi, as lii' well iiii;,'iit; •fict'clniii anil llu- Imrd-
i/iijii .</' t/,. </.v, /•/,' "iiBioail of 'iiiauuu uikI tlic inyniistd iuiid '
Vol. V. «
oiiicax OF Tin: amkukans.
act of Ood.^*' In answer to the assertion that the
Americans are an inferior race, it may he said tliat
there are many exceptions to tliis rule; for instance,
the peoj)le of Mexico and Midioacan were very in-
genious, and excelled in painting, feather-work, and
other arts.
Again, it is objected that while the Jews were
skilled in letters, and indeed are said by some to have
discovered the art of writing, the Americans had no
such knowledge of letters as they wt)uld have pos-
sessed had they been of Hebrew origin. But the
same objection would apply to their descent from any
race of Europe, Asia, or Africa. It is urged that
the Americans, if of Jewish descent, would have
])reserved the Hebrew ceremonies and laws. It is,
lunvever, well known that the ten triV)es from whom
they are supposed to be descended were naturally
})rone to unbelief and backsliding; it is not strange,
therefore, that when freed from all restraint, they
should cease to abide by their peculiarly strict code.
Ntoreover, many traces of their old laws an(' cere-
monies are to be found among them at the ; resent
day. For instance, both Jews and Americans gave
186 To vliow fSarcJa's style and loyir, wliich nre, indeed, bnt little difl'er-
ent fntni the style and reuHnnin^' of all tiiese aneient writers, I translate
literally, and without cnilN'llishnieiit of any kind, liis attenints to prove
tliat wliatever differenees exist at the present day lietween tne Jew and
the Anieriean, are dne to the special aet of tJod. * It was divinely ordained
that men should he scattered tlirou;;hout all countries, and he so ditlerent
from one another in disposition and teni]ieranient, in order that hy their
variety men should Iwcome ixwsessed of a ilillerent and ilistinct (renins, of
H dill'erence in the color of tiie face and in liie fmin of the liody; just a^
nninnils are various, and \arious the thini;s produced hy the earth, vari-
ous the trees, various the ])lants and (grasses, various the hirds; and linaliv,
various the lish of the sea ami of rivers: in order that men should see in
this how ;;reat is the wisdom of Him that treated them. And althou;:h
the variety and spccitic tlillerence existing' in these irrational and senseless
liein);s ciuincs in them a s)>ecilie distinethtn, and that in men is only indi-
vidual, or ai'cidcntnl and common; the Afost Hi^h desired that this variety
and coiiimoii difTcrenec should exist in the human sjieeiesi, as there could
lie none specific and essential, so that there Hliould he u resemhlanee in
Ihi" lietween nuin and the other ereatt-d lieiuf^s: of which the Creator hini-
seit wished that the mitural cause should l)e the arran^rement of the earth,
tin' re^rioti of the air, inlluem'c of the sky, waterB, and etiihies, Hy which
the reailiT will not fail to he convinced that it was possihie for tlu' Indiana
to obtain and ac(|uire a ditl'erence of mental faculties, and of c(dor of face
and uf features, suvh as the Jews had not.' Orijen ilc Ivn Iml., p. 105.
JEWISH ANALOGIES.
83
their temples into the char^jo of priesli, ■ " ".ed in-
tense, anointed the body, practiced circumcision,*'^
kept per])etual fires on their altars, forbade women to
Liiter the temples immediately after giving birth, and
juisbands to sleep with their wives for seven days
(luring the period of menstruation, prohibited mar-
riage or sexual intercourse between relatives within
the secontl degree, made fornication with a slave
)»unishable, slew the adulterer, made it unlawful for
a man to dress like a woman, or a woman like a
man, put away their brides if they proved to have
lost their virginity, and kept the ten commandments.
Another objection is, that the Americans do not
speak Hebrew. But liie reason for this is that the
language has gradually changed, as has been the case
with all tongues. Witness the Hebrew spoken by
the Jews at the present time, which is much cor-
rupted, and very different from what it originally
wa.s. There do actually exist, besides, many Hebraic
traces in the American languaires.'** And even if
this were not so, may we not suppose that the Devil
]>ronij>ted the Americans to learn new and various
languages, that they might be prevented in after
years from hearing the Catholic faith? though fortu-
nately the missionaries learned all the.se strange
tongues, and thus cheated the Evil One.
Acosta questions the authority of Esdras, but,
answers Garcfa, although the book of E.sdras is eer-
t;iiiily apocryphal, it is nevertheless regarded by the
C'liurch as a higher authority than the ])octors,
Acosta urges, inor«)over, that Esdras, even if reliable,
states distinctly that the ten tribes fled from the
"■• 'V finalmonto, m nos ilixcren, qne boIor nquc1Inr< siotc f^oncros ile
fieufi'M, niii' lie iioinhrado, 4111' moii ("(iIcok, Ej;yiK'i<is, KtiopeM, I'Viiici's,
Syrii-< lie ValoHtiim, i Synm «le Itw Wutn 'reriiUHloii, 1 I'aiiteiiio, i hiis viMiiii>»»
]'>> MatTiiiii-s fueniii los que vsaniit lmi el Mundo la circiiiicisioii. . . .A Hern.
ilotii, i a Ins (lue alegareii lu referido, ho rcHpoiule, <iiie sin ditila los IlelMcnH
fiuroii Ills prinieruH que la vminm, por muiidadu ile l)io».' Oii</cn df Im
Ii«i., p. iia.
"■^ .Sec Urigtn de /«* /««/., pp. 110-23, for examples of linguistic ichciu*
blaiiccs.
84
ORKJIN OP THE AMEKICANS.
Gentiles for the express purpose of keeping tl\cir law
nnd religion, while Americans arc given to idolatry;
AvhicJi is all ver}' true, hut might not the Jews have
set out with these good resolutions, and have after-
Vvords changed their minds?
Such is tile mnnnerof Garcia's argument; and turn-
iiii; now to Lord Jvinjjfshoroujjh's ma^'nificent folios, do
we find anj'thing niore satisfactory i Scarcely. The
Spanish father's impartiality and profound research
does not appear in Kingsborough; and moreover, we
find that the woik of the former is nuich more satis-
factorily arranged than that of the latter. Garcia
does not pretend to give his own opinions, but
nu^rely aims to present fairly, with all their pros
and cons, the theories of othei's. Kingsborough has
a theory to jn'ove, and to accomplish his object ho
(h'afts every sliadow of an analogy into his .service.
Ihit though his tlieory is as wild as the wildest, and
his i)roofs ai'o as vai>'ne as tlie vaLJUest, vet J^ord
Kingsborough cannot be classed with such writers as
Jones, Hanking, C'abri'ra, Adair, and the host of
other dounuitists who have fought tootli ami nail,
eacli for his particular hobby. Kingsl)orough was
an entluisiast — a fanatic, if you choose — but his en-
tliusiasm is never ofl'ensive. I'here is a scholarly
dignity about his work wiiich has never been attained
by those who have jeered and railed at him; and
thouL'h wo may smile at his credulity, and reurct
that such strong zeal waa so strangely misplaced, yet
■we should speak and thitdv with respect of one who
ppent his lifetime and his fortiuie, it" not his reason,
in an honest c^ndeavor to cast light u])on one of the
most obsi'ure spots in the history of man.
The more ]irominent of the analogies adduced by
be brietlv enumerated as
liOi'd Kingsborough m;
ly
oiiows;
The reliu'ion of the ^lexi
cans s
that of the J
ews, m many mnior i
trongl
letaih
v rest'mblc(
as will It
])resently seen, and the two were practically alike, t>
KIN'OSBOROUOirS AROl'MENTS.
85
a certain extent, in tlicir very toundatioti; for, as
the Jews acknowledged a multitude of angels, areli-
aiiLi'els, prini'ipalities, tl)rones, doniiiuons, an<l })owers,
as the j-uhordinatc jiersona^'es of their hierarchy, so
(Hd tlio Mexicans acknowleili;e the unity of the ])eity
ill the person *>f Tczcatlijtoca, and at thi? same time
worship a g-reat numl)er of other ima^nnary heini^s.
Doth hulieved in a }>lurality of devils suhordinatc tt)
one
head, who was called hy the ^Texicans Mictl
m-
tecutli, and l)y the Jews Satan. Indeed, it seems
tliat the Jews actually worshi[)e(l and matle otferini;s
to Satan as the ^Fexicans did to their 'god of hell.'
It is prohahle that the Toltecs were ac(juainted with
the sin of the tirst man, connnitted at the suggestion
of the woman, herst'lf deceived hy the serpent, who
tempted her with the fruit of the forhidden tree,
A\lio was the ori'>'in of all our calamities, and hy
whom death came into the Morld."''^ Wo have seen
in tliis chapter that Kingshorough su])poses the
^Feirisiah and his story to have heen familiar to the
^[exicans. There is reason to helieve that the ^Fex-
icans, like the Jews, offered meat and driidv offerings
to stones
ITi)
Tl
lere are s
triking
snnuarities
het
ween
the iJahel, Hood, and creation mvths of the llehrew
niH
ws and
M
e\ieaii^4
Wel
1 the Anierit-ans."^ Both .le
e fond of aj)pealing in their adjurations to the
I weiv e\treu)ely super
1th
luave'U and tlie earth
IT'J
r.oti
stitious, and tirm hi'lii'vers in prodigies.''^ The char-
aitrr and history of Christ and lluit/ilojiorhtli |)ie
sent certain analogies.'"* It is very prohaMe that
tile Sahliath of the seventh day was known in some
]Mrts of America. ''■"' 'X\\(\ ^Fexicans ap|)lie(! the hlood
"f sacrillces to the same uses as tiie .lews; they
ji'iured it ujion the earth, they si)rinkled it, they
'" /v*/(i7.s7)r)>v)"i//(',v .V'.c. Aitli'j., vol. viii., [ip. lO-'JO, vol. vi., p, ■';!().
I'l'
ii.. p. '2[,
:tit.
I. .')S,
'■' /'/., pp. r.7, 'JlS-l'.), '210.
'*'y./.,p. i.-j.-).
86
OIUGIN OF THE AMbKICAXS.
iiijirkocl persons with it, and they smeared it upon
Avails and other inaninuito things.*'" No one hut the
Jewish high-priest might enter the Holy of Holies.
A similar custom ohtained in Peru.*" Both Mexi-
cans and Jews regarded certain animals as unclean
and unfit for food."* Stnne of the Americans he-
lieved with some of the Talmudists in a plurality of
smds."" That man was created in the image of God
was a part of the Mexican belief*'* It was cus-
tomary among the Mexicans to eat the flesh of sac-
rifices of atonement.*'^* There are many points of
resenil)lanco between Tezcatlipoca and Jehovah.'*^
Ablutions formed an essential i)art of the ceremonial
law of the Jews and Mexicans.**^ The o])inions of
the Mexicans with regard to the resurrection of the
body, accorded with tliose of the .lews.*'** The Mex-
ican temple, like the Jewish, faced the east.**'' "As
amongst the Jews the ark was a sort of portable
tenn)le in which the Deity was supposed to be con-
tinually present, and which was accordingly borne on
the shoulders of the 2)riests as a sure refuge and
defence from their enemies, so amongst the ^Mexicans
and the Indians of Michoacan and Honduras an ark
Avas held in the highest veneration, and was con-
sidered an object too sacred to be touched by any
but the priests. The same religious reverence for
the ark is stated by Adair to have existed among the
Cherokee and other Indian tribes iidiabiting the
b:mks of the Mississip})i, and his testimony is cor-
roborated by the accounts of Spanish authors of the
170 hi., j>. ir.4.
'" 'V el Vii;,'a Yn]miif;riio piitraltiv solo, y tM inisnin ])or hm iniino »<
licaliii las ovcjas y conlcioH.' Iliimizos, l/isfan'o ilv Ins Iiiiftts, lil). i,,
\i., ([iioli'il ill Kiiii/slKiiiiiiiih's ,1A(M'. Aiifi'i/., vol. vili,, p. 150.
"^ III., lip. 157, 'J.'Jti, JJSlt, vol. vi., pp. •Mli ry.
"" /(I., vol. viii., p. KiO.
'"O Ai'., p. 174.
"" /(/., p. I7r..
""A/., pp, 174-S'_>. ir.' pnwnts
jioiiit. See also vol. vi., pp. ol'J, O'JIJ,
i«i 1,1., vol. viii., p.'.';}8.
'"< /'/., p. '-MS.
"*^ /(('., p. -JoT.
lirri-
cap.
11 most clabonilo disi-ussiou of tliin
HEBREW AND AMEllICAN ANALOGIES.
87
upon
lit the
rlolies.
Mcxi-
lueleaii
ins be-
alitv of
of God
as ciis-
of sac-^
nuts of
iovah.^«^
oinonial
ru)ns ot
u of the
10 McN.-
185 «<^\s
portaljlo
bo coii-
borne on
'line aiul
^loxicaiis
IS au avk
,vas cou-
l)y any
oiu'o fov
jiion*;' the
ting the
is ooi-
irs of the
greatest voracity. The naturo and use of the ark
liavinjjf 1)0011 explained, it is needless to observe that
its form nii^ht have been various, althou<^li Scripture
declares that the Hol)re\v ark was of the simplest
construction." And as^ain: "it would appear from
many j)assages of the Old Testament, that the Jews
believed in the iral presence of (jfod in the ark, as
the lloman Catholics believo in the real j)resonce of
Christ in the sacrament, from whom it is probable
the ^lexicans borrowed the notion that He, whom
the heaven of heavens cannot contain, and whoso
glory fills all s})ace, could be contined within the pre-
cincts of a narrow ark and be borne by a sot of
weak and frail priests. If the belief of the ^Eoxi-
cans had not been analogous to that of the ancient
Jews, the early Spanish missionaries would certainly
have expressed their indignation of the absurd cre-
dulity of those who believed that their oiiutljn'cscut
god t[uitzilopochtli was carried in an ark on priests'
shoulders; but of the ark of the Mexicans they say
hut little, fearing, as it would a|)[)ear, to tread too
holdly on the Imrning ashes of ^Tount Sinai."'**"
The Yucatec conce})tion of a Trinity resembles the
Hobrow.'*^^ Jt is ])robal)le that Qiiotzalcoatl, whof^o
j)i()por name signitios 'feathorod sorpo'it,' was ho
ciillod after the brazen serpent which Moses lifti.il up
ill the wilderness, the feathers perhaps alluding to
the rabbinical tradition that the tiery sor|)onts which
god sent against the Israelites wore of a winjuod
^l»ocios.'*"'
|iuai\i> Hiii'Vi-
111), i., iiip.
Lsiou of till*
I'^'i AA, ]). 2r)S. vol. vi., p. 2.10.
'•>' /'/., i)i>. l(l4-().
'"'* li/., II. 'JdS. 'l{ol)rcsLMiltitioiiHof llu! lifting,' iijxtf Horitpiits fivijiiently
"I'i'iir ill Nlcxiijiii )>uiiitiiij;s: ami tln( iila;iucs wliicli Muscm calli'il ilowii
U|iiiii thr l'".;^viitiiiiis liv liftiii)^ uii liis roil, which licciinic u si'i|n'nt, ait' t-vi-
tli'iilly rcl'i'ii'.Ml tti ill tlie eli'voiitli and twelfth paycs of tin- lluri/iini Mann-
Hfii'iit. All aUiHion to the |iassaj,'c of the Ucd Sea. . . .hcciiis also to Im
I'liMiiiiiicd ill tlu' si'vciity-iiist |ia^;«( of lilt' /.ismr Vittiniti MS.-, aiitl tlio
tl('>lnii'titin t»f I'haiatili aiitl his host, ami tlif thaiikM;;i\ iii^ of MoHfs, may
l'i'iliii|is ht' si;,'iiitit'il hy tilt- liniirt' tin tlu' Ifft, in tin- sami' • :;;t', tif a man
I illiiiu: into a ^lit tir gulf, ami hy ihu liaml on tlitj right i .tchutl tiul tu
iirL'i\L' an ollfniiu.'
88
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
1 ilHi
„;ih
lltr«
The Mexicans, like the Jews, saluted the four
cardinal i)()ints, in their worship). '*"•* There was much
in connection with sacrifices that was common to
Mexicans and Jews.*'-*" It is possihle that the jnyth
relatiuLi;' to Quetzalcoatl's disappearance in the sea,
indicates a knowledge of the book of the prophet
Jonah.^'^i
The Mexicans say that they wrestled at times
with Quetzalcoatl, even as Jacob wrestled with
Ood.^^- In various relijj^ious rites and observances,
such as circumcision,*"^ confession,*''* and connnunion,"'
there was much similarity. Salt was an article
hi^'hly esteemed by the Mexicans, and the Jews
always ottered it in their olilaticnis.*"*' Ajuoul^ the
Jews, the firstlin*^ of an ass 'lad to be redeemed with
a land), or if unredeemed, its neck was bi'oken. This
command of Moses «hould be considered in reference
to the custom of sacrificinD^ children which existed in
Mexico and Peru.*''^ The spectacle of a kin^" per-
forming^ a dance as an act of relioion was witnessed
by the Jews as well as by Mexicans.*'"* As the
Israelites were conducted from Eyvpt bv ^VFoses and
Aaron who were accompanied by their sister Mii'iam,
so the Aztecs departed from Aztlau under the guid-
ance of Huitziton and Tecpatzin, the former of whom
is named by Acosta and llerrera, !Mexi, attended like-
wise by their sister Quilaztli, oi', as she is otherwise
named Chimahnan or Malinalli, both of which latter
names have some resend)lance to Miriam, as ^lexi
has to Moses.*'''" In the Mexican language loixt.vtli
m
nm
jmiiit.
nil
l!i2
i;ri
lui
mil
f</., p. 22'2.
ItL, p. '2',\i, ct Hoq. Kini^sltorough rcnsons at Homo lcn};(h dm fliis
A/., )i. :m.
hi., p. 4(l(i.
A/., pp. -JT-i-.l, .S.i:<-5, .W2-3; vol. viii., pp. 121-2, U'l-W, .'J<»1.
III., vol. vi,, pp. ;UH>-I; vtil. viii., p. 1U7.
/(/., viil. vi., p. ■''WH, vol. viii,, p. 18.
hi, vol. vi., ii. 125.
/'/. , ]). li").
/./.. p. 142.
hi., p. 24U. Durau Mii»tiiiiis the thiMuy that tiio Iiuliauis are tliu
HEr.UEW OUIOIN OF THE AMERirAXS.
sin'iiifu's liii'jcs or Ixilruslios, tlio derivation of wliifli
name, from nfJ, water, and nio.i'f/i, inii^lit allude to
the ilan's ill wliieh ^Eoses had been j)re.sei'Ved.'-*' The
jtaiiitiiiL*" of J3oturiiii .^eems actually to re]>i'esent
Jliiitzilopochtli a})pearlii<jf in a hurnini^ hush in the
...... . ,^^^^^
2U1
nioiiiitain of Teoeulhuacan to the A/tecs
same writer also relates that when the ^lexieans in
the course of their migration liad ariived at Apaneo,
the ]ieo[)le of that jtrovinee were iiirliiit'd to ojipose
their further proij^ress, hut that JEuitzilopochtli aided
the ^Fexioans by causini^ a brook that ran in the
iiein'hhorhood to overiiow its banks. This I'eniinds us
(»t' what is said in the third c'haj>ter of Joshua of the
.Jordan overtlowini'' its banks and dividing to let the
priests who bore the ark pass through.'^"" As ^Foses
witliout reaching
md Teopatzin died
and Aaron died in the wilderness
the land of Canaan, so Huitziton
(k'siTiiilants of tlio lost ten tribes of Ihi-iicI. After j,'iviii^ scvcriil rcasuiis
foiMitli'il oil tlio Script iircs, lie refers to tlic^ triulitioiis olitaiiieil l(> iiiiii lum
tlir "III |)eo]ile of tlie eouiitrv. 'I'liey relatetl tiiat lln'ir ancestors, wlijlst
MiU'eriii;,' many liarclslii|iM aucl ju-rserutions, were iirevaileil u|Hin liy a ;;reat
n.MM, who lieeanie tiieir eliief, to llee from tliat lamt into anuther, wlieic
tiiey nii;rlit liave rest; they arriveil at tlic sea-sliore, and the ehief slnii'k
the waters with a rod lie had in iiis iiands; tlie sea oiiened, and tiie chief
mid his fidlowers man
hed
hnr
weri' soon jinrsin'd liy tlu'ir enenues;
they crossed over in safety, and tiicir enemies were swalloued nr hv tl
sea: at any rate, their ancestors lu'vei
)ie|seciitors.
d
Another tradition transmit
lid reciinieil in pietores, is,
that
(1
id auy further accmint of tiieir
om )^eiieratioii to ;;eiicial ion,
wliil(! lior; llisf ancestors were on their
jouiiicN to tlie |iroiiiiseil hmd, they tarried in the \ iciiiit \ nf eeilaiii lii.uh
liilis; here a terrilde eailhoiiake occiirreil, and some w icked |ieo|iie w iio w cro
wi.li tiieiii were swallowed ii|i hy tile earth o|ieiiili;!: under their feet. 'I'lio
same iiictiire that l''alher Uiiran saw, showed that the ancestors of the)
Mexii'an ]ieo|do transmitted a tradition, relatiii:,' tiiat diiriii;^' their journey
u kind ot sand (or liail) rained upon tiiem. l-'athcr iiiiran faitlirr ci\(.H
nil aci'oiiiit fiiriiislied him hy an old linliaii of ('luiliila (some loil year^
chl) coiicernin^r tlie creation of tlie world; Tln^ liist men were jjiaiilH
wild, desirous of seeiii;,' the home of the siin, diyided theiiisehcs into two
parties, one of \yliicli journeyed to the west, and the other to the east,
until they were stopped h,\' the sea; they then coiicliided to return to the
lace they started from, called Wliirrnlriitjiiiiitiiiiiiii; lindiii;,' no way to
Illy aiimiieii
til
eV (
Icter-
'I'licN liiiiit a lower;
reach the sun, whose li;,dit and hciiuty they hi;
milled to huild a tower that slnuild reach the liea\
hill the Lord liecame aiiury at their presumplioii, and the dwellers uf
lieuM'ii descended like ihnnderholls and destroyed the edilice; the ;:iaiits
(111 sceiii;,' their Work destroyed, were much friy:litciied, and scattered Ihem-
i<c|ves tliroii;;lioiit thei'arth. Ihiniii, Hist. Iin/ins, .M.S., loiii. i., cap. i.
5"" KiiiiisliiiriiiKiWs Mix. Aiifi'/., yid. yi., ii. L'li!.
1"" A/.,' p. --MS."
>"'-' Ji/., p. 'J.VJ.
90
OUIGIX OF THE AMERICANS.
l)efoi'c the Mexicans arrived in tlie land of Analuiac.-"^
The Mexicans luinjj^ up the heads of tlieir sacriticed
enemies; and this also appears to have been a Jewish
practice, as the following quotation from the twenty-
fifth chapter of Nunihers will show: "And the Lord
said unto INIosas, Take all the heads of the pcoi)le,
and limuj thcni up before the Lord (Ujainst the sun,
that the fierce anj]cer of the Lord may he turned
away from I srM,el. "•'''* In a Mexican painting in the
Bodleian li'^iary at Oxford is a symhol very strongly
resembling the jaw-bone of an ass from the side of
which water seems to flow forth, which might allude
to the story of Samson slaying a thousand of the
Philistines with such a bone, which remained miracu-
lously unbroken in his hands, and I'rom which lie
afterwards (pienched his thirst. '^'^^ They were Ibiid of
wearing dresses of scarlet and of showy colors, as
were also the Jews. The exclamation of the proi)het,
**Who is this that cometh from Bozrah?" and many
other passages of the Old Testament might be cited
to show that the Jews entertained a great predi-
lection for scarlet.^'"' It is impossible, on reading
what Mexican mythology records of the war in
heaven and of the I'all of Tzontemoc and the other
rebellious spirits; of the creation of light by the
word of Tonacatecutli, and of the division of the
waters; of the sin of Ytztlacoliuh(pii, and his blind-
ness and nakedness of the temptation of Suchi-
quecal, and her disobedience in gathering roses from
a tree, and tlie consequent misery and disgrace of
herself and ail her posterity, — not to recognize Scrip-
tural analogies.""^ Other Hebrew analogies Lord
Kingsborough finds in America, in the dress, in-
signia, and duties of priests; in innumerable super-
stitions concerning dreams, apparitions, eclipses, and
»»3 /,/., p. 2.-) 4.
SM/r/., p. .-UiJ.
«o5 r<f., p. :i(U
SI"' /(/., II. ;{.s'_».
*"i III., l>. 101.
B ,1
?!
KINGSBOROUGH'S JEWSII ANALOGIKS
91
•riticutl
Jewish
wonty-
Lord
people,
he sail,
turned
r in the
itron,u;ly
side of
t alhide
L of the
luiracu-
hich ho
J Ibiid of
jlors, as
prophet,
id many
1 he cited
it predi-
rcadin;^
war in
ic otlier
hy the
of the
IS hhnd-
Suchi-
ises froni^
ijfraco ot
zo Scrip-
US Lord
ress, in-
o super-
)ses, and
other more coniinon-})lace t vents; in certain festivals
for rain; in hnrial and mourning ceremoii'es; in the
diseases most common among the peo})le; in cer-
tain regularly ohserved festivals; in the dress of
certain nations; in estahlished laws; iu physical
I'eatnres; in architecture; in various minor ohserv-
iiiues, such as ottering water to a stranger that he
might wash his feet, eating dust in token of humility,
anointing with oil, and so forth; in the sacrifice of
prisoners; in manner and style of oratory; in the
stories of giants; in the res[)ect paid to Cod's name;
iu games of chance; in marriage relations; in child-
hirth ceremonies; in religious ideas of all sorts; in
respect paid to kings; in uses of metals; in treat-
ment of criminals, and punishment of crimes; in
tharitahle i)ractices; in social customs; and in a vast
number of other particulars.^"*
'"^ To outer into ilotails on all those Bulijorts would rcnuirn volunioH
ii-i l.ii'L,'!'. and I may ailil, as unr(Nulal>le, as tliosi; of I^onl Kinjrsliorou^rli-
'I'lic rcadt'i- who wislics to invL'sti;;ute niorc tdoselv, will lind all llu! jioints
til wiiich I liavt! rt'ffnvd iu volnuies vi. auil viii. ot the nolilo wiiicr's svork,
M'.iiriiii- Aiitii/iiitiis. Mr .lames Adair, 'a trader with the Indians, and
re ident in their eouutrv for forty vears,' very warndy advocates the lie'
I.
til
eiirv.
As his intercourse with tin? Americans was cunlineil to the
wild tiilics, the genuine 'red men' inhahitin}; the south-eastern slates tif
Nipitli America, his ar;;uuu;nt and analo;;ies dill'er iu nuuiy noints from
II
if Ki
in''siiorouif|i ami tiarcia, w
I <!
ilio Ireateil chiellv of liie ci
d
niilions of Mexico and Central Americ
I!
en^ are some of his eoni|iar
stius:
The Israelites were divided into Trilies and had chiefs o\fr them.
the luilians divide themsidves: each trihe forinin
litt
( mmuiutv
wiiliiii the nation —And as the nation halli its parlicular syndml, so liaili
ciuh nil PC I he !iadj;-e from which it is denominaled.' If we ;;ii from nation to
iiMiion nmon;;'llicm we shall not find one indi\ idnal who doth no| disiin;,Mii><h
liiiii-clf liy his family name. Kvery town has a slate house or synedrion,
tlie siime as the dewjsh sanhedrim, where almost every night the head-
nii'u meet to discuss jinhlie business, 'i'he llelirew nation were ordered lo
woi'sliiii .lehovali the true and living (Jod, who liy the Indians is st\led
\iilii irnh. The ancient heathens, it is well kn
vt' ( iods: lint lhes(> An
lerican
Indi
irshiped a jdnralily
IV their religious devoir to I, oak
Islitolioollo .Mia, The (Ireat IJeneliceiit .Snnreme llolv Siiiritof Fin. They
'I'i
lo Mot |iay the least lu'reeptihle ailoration to images. Their ceremonies in
' ' '■ ions worship accord more nearly with the Mosaic instilntions,
il'
tllCII
Aviiich coidd not he if they were of luMithen descent. The American In
iliaiis allirm, that there is a certain fixed time and ]ilace, when and whcii
every one must die. without the possihility of averting it; sncli was the
helief also of the ancient Greeks and Kmnaiis, who were mu<'h addiited
to I'opying the rites and customs of the .lews. Their o|iinion licit God
cliosi' |||(>iii nut of all the rest of mankind as his peculiar and lieioved peo-
ple, tills both the white Jew uud thu red Aiuuricuu, with tliut steady hatred
92
ORIGIN OF THE AMEUK'ANS.
I'll
I',
h
Ttolics iinmistakealdy Hebrew have been very
rarely found in America, I know of only two in-
stances of such a discovery, and in neither of these
cases is it certain or even probable that the relic
a^jainst all the world, which renders them hated and despised hy all. We
have al>iiiulant evidence of the Jews l)ehevin;,' in the niinistratinn of aTi;.'('ls,
dnriu",' the t)ld Testament disj>ensation, their frequent a|i|peaiani'es and
tiieir services on earth, are recorded in the oracles, which the Jews tlicui-
selves receive as K'^'i'" hy divine inspiration, and St I'aul in his episilc
addressed to the Heltrews sjteaksof it as their ;;eneral opinion that "anucis
are ministering^ spirits to the <;ood and riirhteons on earth." Tiie Indian
sentiments and traditions are the same. I'iiev lielie«e the hi;,'Iier n';.'ioiis
to he iidiahited hy nnoiX spirits, relations to tiie (ircat Holy One, and tiiat
these spirits attend and favor tiie virtuons. The Indian hwi;4ua;;e and dia-
lects appear to have the very idiom and ^renins of the Ilehrew. Their
wtinls and sentences are expressive, concise, emphatical, sonorons, and
hold, and often hoth in letters and si>;nilication synonymous with tiie lle-
lirew lan,i;uaj;e. They count time after the nuinner of the Hehrews, reck-
oning years i>y lunar nutnths like the Israelites who counted hy moons.
The reli;4ioiis ceremonies of the Indian Americans are in conformity witli
tiiose of the .lews, they having their Prophets, Ili^h Priests, and others of
reiif^ious order. As the Jews iiail a siii.'tum sanctorum or most iioiy jiiace,
Ki> haveall the Indian nations. The dress alsoof their lli^^h Priests is simi-
lar in character to that of the Hehrews. The festivals, feasts, and reli^^ioiis
rites of tiie Indian Americans iiave also a great rcsemhlance to that of tiie
Heiirews. Tiie Indian imitates the Israelite in his religions oll'eriiigs. Tiie
Ilelirews had various ahlutioiis and anointings accortling to the .MoMiic
ritual—and all the Indian nations constantly oh.serve similar customs from
religious motives. Tiieir fre(|ueiit hathing, or di]iping themselves ami
their children in rivers, even in the severest weather, seems to he as truly
tlewish as tiie other rites and ceremonies which have heen mentioned.
Tlie Indian laws of uucieanness ami purification, and also the aiislainiiig
from tilings deemed unclean are the same as those of the Ilelirews. The
Indian marriages, divorces and punishments of adultery, still retain a
strong likeness to the Jewish laws and cnstoms on these points. Many of
the Indian iiunishments resemhie those of the Jews. Whoever attentively
views tlie features of the Indian, and his eye, and reilccts on his lickle, oh-
stinate, and cruel disposition will naturally think of the Jews. The cere-
monies performed hy the Indians hefore going to war, such as ]iurilication
and fasting, are similar to those of the llehrew nation. The Israelites
were fond of wearing heads and other ornaments, even as early as the
liatriarclial age, and in rcseiulilance to the.se customs the Indian females
coiitinnally wear the same, helieving it to he a jireventive against many
evils. Tiie Indian manner of curing the sick is very similar to that of tlie
Jews. Like the Ilelirews, they lirnily helieve that diseases and wonmls
are occasioned hy divine anger, in proiiortion to some violation of the old
lieloved speech. The Hehrews earefiillv hiiried their dead, so on any aci\.
dent they gathered their hones, and laid them in the? tomhs of their fore-
fathers: thus, all the numerous nations of Indians perform the like
friendly ollice to every deceased person of their resnective trilie. The
Jewisli records tell us that the women mourned for tlie loss of their de-
ceased husliands, ami were reckoned vile hy the civil law if they married
in the space of at least ten months after their death. In the same mamicr
all the Indian widows, hy an estahlished strict jienal law, mourn for the
loss of their deceased hiishands; and anion<; some trihes for the space of
three or four years. The surviving hrother hy the Mosaic law, was to raise
beed to a deceased hrother, who left a widow childless to per|ietiiate hi.t
iiLBUEW i:i:lics.
very
wo m-
tliese
} relic
Ill
Ives iiml
as truly
iitioiioil.
islainiiij,'
Tlu-
retain a
Many "f
cntivi'lv
kli-, oK-
"lie fvw-
iticatitiii
sraciiti's
,• as till'
fi'iiiak's
st many
It (if the
wounils
f tilt' iiM
my ai'i^'
icir fine-
the liko
1.0. Till'
tlu'ir tlc-
; nmrrii'il
(' inaiiiior
I for tilt'
sjiat'c <if
s ti) raisi'
tiiati' hU
existed in America before tiie Conquest. The first
and best known instance is related by Ethan JSniith,
aci-ordinijf to Priest,^"* as follows:
"Joseph Merrick, Esq., a highly respectable char-
acter in the church at Pittsfield, i^avo the following*
account: That in 1815, he was levellin^f st>nie ground
under and near an old wood-shed, standin*^ on a ])lace
of his, situated on Indian Hill. He ploughetl and
niiiveyed away old chips and earth, to some depth.
After the work was done, walking- over the place,
lie discovered, near where the earth had been dug'
the dee[)est, a black strap, as it aj)peared, about si.x
inelies in lenufth, and one and a half in breadth, and
ultoiit the thickness of a leather trace to a harness.
][e perceived it had, at each end, a loop, of some
hiird substance, |)robably for the pur|)0se of carrying
it. ICe conveved it to his house, and threw it into
an old tool box. He afterwards found it thrown out
at the door, and again conveyed it to the Iwx.
'* After some time, he thought he would examine
it; l)ut in attem})ting to cut it, found it as hard as
bone; he succeeded, however, in getting it o})en, and
found it was formed of two pieces of thick raw-hide,
sowed and made water tight with the sinews of some
aniniiil, and gummed over; and in the fold was con-
tained fonr folded })ieces of parchment. They were
of a dark yellow hue, and contained some kind of
writing. The nei<;hbors comiuijf in to see the strano-e
discovery, tore one of the ])ieces to atoms, in the true
Hun and V^andal style. The other three ])ieces ^Ir.
NFcrrick saved, and sent them to Cambridge, where
tluy were examined, and discovered to have been
written with a pen, in Jfchirir, plain and legible.
The writing on the three remaining ])ieces of parch-
nkiit, v/as quotations from the Old Testament."-''^
11.11111' anil family. Tlio American law onft)n'es llic same rule. Wlieii the
lM;irlites ;,ra\(' iiaiiie.s U> their ehildieii »r titliur.t they ehtise such a|i|iella-
ti\f> as sniletl licst their cireuiustaiices aiitl the times. TIum ciistum is ii
staii'hii;,' rule with the liuliaiis. Am<;r. Intl.
■■' AiiiLf. A II till; I'l'' l>S-70.
M
ORIGIN OF THE AMEIIICAXS.
I'
The other discovery was made in (^hio, and was
seen by my f'atlier, Mr A. A. Bancroft, av1)o
thus describ'^s it: "About eight miles south-east
of Newark there was formerly a large mound
composed of masses of free-stone, which had been
brought from some distance and thrown into a heap
without much placing or care. In early days, stone
being scarce in that region, the settlers carried
away the mound piece by piece to use for b illding-
])urposes, so that in a few years there was little more
than a large flattened heap of rubbish remaining.
Some fifteen years ago, the county surveyor (I have
forgotten his name), who had for some time been
searching ancient works, turned his atttintion to
this particular pile. He employed a number of
men and proceeded at once to open it. Before long
he was rewarded by finding in the centre and near
the surface a bed of the tough clay generally known
as pipe-clay, which nuist have '»een brought from a
distance of some twelve miles. Imbedded in the
clay was a coflfin, dug out of a burr-oak log, and in a
j>retty good state of preservation. In the coffin was
a skeleton, with quite a number of stone ornaments
and emblems, and some open brass rings, suitable for
l>racelets or anklets. These being removed, they
dug down deejier, and soon discovered a stone dressed
to an oblong shape, about eighteen inches long and
twelve wide, which jDroved to be a casket, neatly
fitted and completely water-tight, containing a slal)
of stone of hard and fine quality, an inch and a half
thick, eight inches long, four inches and a half wide
at one end, and tapering to three inches at the other.
Upon the face of the slab was the figure of a man,
^lo 'Sec Dent., chap, vi., from 4th to 9th verse, inohisivc; nlso, chaj).
xi., verse 13 to 21, inclusive; and Exodus, cliaj). xiii., II to 1(), inclusivi',
to wliich tiie reader cau refer, if he ln.s the curiosity to read this most in-
teresting discovery It is said hy t'alniet, that the ahove texts are tlie
very passa^^es of Scrinture wliich tiic Jews used to write on tiie leaves nf
their phylacteries, riieae pliylacteries were little rolls <tf parchiiicnt,
whereon were written certain words of the law. These they wore upon
their furuheud, uud upuu the wriat uf the left unu.' lb.
poll
IIEHKEW TABLETS.
OS
apparently a priest, with a lonjjc flowini^ board, and a
rolio reaching ti> liis feet. Over liis head was a
curved line of characters, and npon the edges and
hack of the stone were closely and neatly carved let-
ters. The slab, which I saw myself, was shown to
tiie episcopalian clergyman of Newark, and he pro-
nounced the writing to be the ten Commandments
in ancient Hebrew.""^
i
2" AiifiiiuHii"i of r.irkitiff Connttj, Ohio, MS.
HrusstMir (le Hmirhoiiis;, although lu- rejei-ts Kinf^shoron^tli's theory,
thinks tliat Koine .Jews nuiy have reuehcd Ainerien; he rei'o;;iii/.eM a .lewish
ty|(e«ii certain ruins. an<l ealls attention to tlie |>erfectly .lewisli dress of
tlie women at I'aliii and on tlie sliores of Lake Aniatitlan. Ui.sl. Sut. Cir ,
tiiMi. i., ]>. 17. (.'ustonis and relies seem to sliow tliat the .Americans are
of Huhrew descent, and that tliev eunie hy way of the t'alifoi'iiias. (lior-
ihiii, Ti Iniiiiili'jH'c, i». 57. The llieory of descent from the ten triltes is not
to l>e des|iised. On the nortli-west there are many Itcliefs and rites wliich
rt'>eiii))le the Jewish; circumcision o)>tuins in Central America, and woiiu-ii
ucar .lewisli costumes. Father Kicci has seen Israelites in Ciiina livinjj
ai't'ordiu}; to .Moses' laws, anil Father Adam Schtill knew !'■ elites who
had kept the Old Testament laws, and who knew nothin;; of tne death of
tlic Savior. This shows that the ten trihes took this ilirection, and as an
cmiiiration from .\sia to America is itcrfectly adniissihle, it is likely that
till' .lews were anion;; the nunilier wlio crossed, lu'ohahiy hy the Aleutian
islands. littsui, Simmihs, \>]i. '27<)-7. Jones, a.s niij^ht 1m; expected, "will
nut yield to any man in the lirni Indief that the Altori^tines of \orlh Anier-
iiM [lull Xnrf/i Aim-ririt oitl if) i\.w\ the ancient Israelites are identical, unless
cniitroverled hy the stern authority of Ruperior historiial deductions,' Hist.
Am-. Aiii'-r., pji. 2, ll-'2t), lS8-!)((. Parker diH's not accept the .Jewish theory,
cliictly because of the ;;reat variety of distinct lan;.tua;,'es in .America, hut ho
]iiiiiils out several resemhlances lietweeii north-west trihesand Jews. Exfilor.
T'l'ir, pi>. l!M--8. Meyer tinds many rea.sons for rc;;arilinj; the wild tribes
i«f the north as Jews; such a» ])liysieal iieculiarities; nuinerons cust<mis;
tlic number of lan;{ua;j;es ]iointiii;; to u Babylonian confusion of t<m;;ues.
.Must Indians have hi;,'h-priests' temples, altars, and a sacred ark which
tlicy carry with them on their waiideriii;xs. They count by four seasons,
celebrate new-moon and arlxu- festivals, and oiler liist fruits. In Seiitem-
ber, when the sun enters the si;;ii of the scales, thev hold their feast of
iitiMiiMMcnt. The name Iowa he thinks is derived hnun Jchova. They
wiirk with one hand and carry their weaiions in the other. The pillars of
tliiiid anil pillars of lire which ;;uidcil the Israelites, may l)e volcanoes on tho
ciist eo.ist of Asia, by whose aid the ten tribes reached .Viiicrica. Nurh i/nti
S'trriiiiiriito, |ip. 241-5. If the Toltees were Jews, they must have visited t ho
< till World in the year 7i)Hof the Uomnn era, to obtain the Christian do;;inas
ii|il'arpiit in their' cult. Wnliierk, Vot/. Pitf.,\\ 45. The Navajo tradition
tli;it they came out of the water n loii;j; way to the north; their peaceful,
jiastoral manner of life; their aversion to ho;;8' flesh; their lielief tliat they
will return to the water whence they cnine, instead of jjoing to hiintin;;-
^'rounds like other tribes; their prophets who prophesy and receive revela-
tion; their strict fast-days, ami keenness in trade; thei.* ctmijiaratively
piixl treatment of women— are Jewish similarities, stron;j;er than any tribe»
can present. 'Scalping ajipears to have been a Hebrew custom Tho
most strikinc custom ofapparently Hehriiic ori^^in, is the periodical sejiara-
tion of fenmles, and the strontf and universnl idea of uncleanness connected
therewith.' SchoukrafVs Ann., vyL iii., pp. CO, 0*2. The Turtui-s arc prohu-
96
ORIGIN OF THE A.MEUICAXS.
Tlic account given by the Book of Mormon, oC
bly (U'scciKlcd from the ten tril)es; tliev Iwiast of 1kmii<j Jews, are ilividid
into trilii's, ami iiractici- circiiiiK'isioii. i'lu' separation of women at cfitaln
times, anil tlie e.\|ire>>ion Hallelujah Yoliewah, are jiroofs of .lewisli tle-
si'ent; Heal])ini^ in mentioned in Hihle (OStli I'salni, ver. '21). Vniirfoi-d'.i
Kamiif. Accordinj^ to various nianuscri|)ts the Toltees are of .Jewish de-
scent. Havin;^ crossed the Ued Sea, they ahandonecl themselves to idola-
try, and feariiiLf Moses' reprimand, thev separated from the rest and erosseil
the oi-ean to llu; Seven Caves, and tliere fonniled Tula. Jiuirrns, Jli.sf.
didil., toni. ii., ]ip. 7-8. Juarez, Mnniciitnliihitl dc Leon, p. 1(», slates
that l.eon de Conlova is of the same o|iini(ni. Km. de Moraez, a I'ortii-
j;ue>e, in his History of ISra/il, thinks notliin<; hut eireumeision wantini;
to form a perfect resemlilanee l)et\veen the Jews and ISra/iliaiis. He thinks
that America was wholly i)eopled hy Jews and <'artha;,'inians. Ciirnr's
Trin\, ]>]). lS.S-!». ("atlin ttiinKs the North Americans are a mixed race,
who have Jewish hlood in them. The mixture is sliown hy their skulls,
while inanv customs are decidedly Jewish. I'rohahly jiart of triiies scat-
tered hy (inistians have come over and intermarried. He j;ives analo;,'ies
in monotheism, sanctuaries, triheshii», cho.seu iteo])le helief, marriage hy
gifts, war, hurial, ahlutions, feasts, .sacrilices, and other customs. Any
l)hilolngical similarity is unnecessary and sui)erHuous. The Jew element
was too fei;hle to inlluence language. Cat/in a X. Aiticr. Iiid., vol. ii., jip.
ilU-o. Meigar gives a list of the Chia]ia)iec calendar names, and iinds
fiurteen agree with suitahle Hehrew wonls. He concludes, therefore, that
ancient intercourse with the Old World is jiroven. Soc. Mex. (icon., Jioli/iu,
'2da epoca, torn, iii., ii. 108. Jarvis, Uiliifiou Ind. N. Aiiicr., j>p. 71 -S7,
coninares words in llehrew and American languages. Kthan Smith, Vifirs
of till' JJrliirir.i, |)resents eleven arguments in favor of the Jewish theory.
Heatty, Jo'inml of Tint Moiifhs' Tour in Aittirica, gives a numher <if
reasons why the llehrew theory should he correct. See further, for gen-
eral review of this theory: Crowe's Cent. Aiurr., pp. G4-S; iJuini'mrh's
Jh'srrt.i, vol. i., ])p. 4(!-!M Simo)i\'i Tni Tn'/ics, which is, however, merelv
a cheap ahridgcnient of Kingsborough; Ditlh/, Jinecs Indiij., jip. 5-0;
Thon/irijond's Jiirr.s in. Attwricii; n'o/'i/'//'*' Anicr. Ind., l)p. 1-lS,'); L'K.i-
trinii/i', Aiticririni.s- no Jrirr.s; SjiizcliH.i, Elinifio Jir/n/ioni.s, a criticism on
Mcna.ssc lien IsnieVs Ilojic of Israel; Tsehiidi's I'rrueian A}i(i<[., \ni. 8-11.
In op|iosition to the Hehrew theory we read that WolU", the Jew
traveler, found no Jewish traces among the tribes of North America.
Foiilidne^s How the H'orld wits I'enjded, ]). 157. 'The strong trait in
Helirew compound words, of in.serting the syllabh el or a single letter in
the names of children, derived from either the jirin ry or secondary names
of the deity, does not jirevail in any Indian trihei- 'lown to me. Neither
are circumstances attending their birth or jiarenti
used in the Hebrew children's names, ever mentioi
Indian children are generally named from some
noil. There are no traces of the rites of cireumcis
ling, or washing, considered as eoii.scerated .symho
reported as existing among the Sitkas, on the Mi.ssoi
ination i)roved it to be a mistake.' Sehoolernffs
The Itev. T. Thorowgood in l(i5(), published a w\)rk entitled Jewes in
Auteriea, or Prolxihilities tliiit the Amerieans <ire of that llitee. This was
answered in l(i51, by Sir Hainon L'E.strange, in a book entitled, Anirrieons
no Jewes. L' Estrange believes that America was jieopled long before tiie
dispersion of the Jews, which took i)lace 15()0 years after the Hood. .V
strong mixture of Jewish blood would have jtroduced distinct customs,
etc.. which arc not t(» be found. The native traditions as to origin are to
be reganleil as dreams rather than as true stories. The analogous customs
and riles adduced liy Thorowgood, L'Estrange goes on, are amply refuted
hy Aeo.stu and other writers. The ueeusiuiiul euuuihulism of the Jews wa.s
, which were so often
in these comixninds.
uiospherie iihem)iiie-
I, anointing, spriiik-
(-"ircumcision was
i; but a strict exam-
e/i., v(d. iii., j). (il.
!:
MUIIMOX DOCTUIN'E OF OUUJIN.
97
the .settleiiieiit of America by the Jews, is as fol-
lows r'^
After the confusion of toni,mes, when men were
scattered over the whole face of the earth, the Jar-
nlitcs. a just people, having found favor in tlie sight
of the Eternal, miraculously crossed the ocean in
eight vessels, and landed in North America, when> '
they l>uilt large cities and developed into flourishing
and hi-'hlv civilized nations. But their descendants
(lid evil before the Lord, in spite of repeated i)ro-
plietic warnings, and were finally destroyed for their
wiikedness, about fifteen hundred vears after their
arrival, and six hundred before the birth of Christ.
These first inhabitants of Anierica were replaced
1)V an emi<a'ation of Israelites, wlio were miracu-
i';ni-»'<l l>y famine, Itut that of the Anierioans was a ro<;uhir institution.
Till- arpMiiiMit that tlie Americans are Jews heeiiuse tliey have not tlio
;.'ii-.|K-i, i> worthy only of ridicule, seein;; that millions of other ])agaiis are
in tiie same condition. Of the Helirew theory liahhvin, who devote.s
nearly twn j>ajrcs to it, writes: 'this wild notion, called a theory, scarcely
di'-tr\c-< .-o much attention. It is a lunatic fancy, jiossihle only to men of
a I'lTtain class, wliii-h in our time does not multiply.' Auc. Ainer., j). UYi.
T>cliudi rej:ards the arguments in favor of the Jewish theory as unsound.
I\riiri,iu Aiitiq.. i>. 11. Acosta thinks that the Jews would have i)re-
stTvcil their lan;ruat,'e, cu.stonis, and records, in America as well as in other
j>lai c>. Hist. (/<• /<!.< Yiul., pp. 79-80. Rtacgregor argues that the Amer-
ii-Miis couM not have Ikjcii Jews, for the latter ])eo])le were ac(iuaiiited with
the Use of iron as far hack as the time of Tubal Cain; they also used milk
::!id wheateii hrcad, which the .Vmericans could and would have used if
they hail once known of them. J'rixfir.s-n of Anirr., vol. i., p. 24. Montanus
believes that America was peopled long before the time of the dispersion of
till' .lewi>li trilte^, ami raises oiijections to nearly every point that has been
aiMuceil in favor of a Hebrew origin. Nirinir VVirrchl, j). 2(5, et sen. Tor-
iiui'iiiada gives Las (_"a.s{i.s' reasons for believing that the .Vmericans are of
.le\vi<h dex-ent, and refutes them. Mihiarii. liid., toin. i., pj). 22-7. The
ilitlerenoe of idiysical organisation is alone suHieient io set .iside the ques-
ti.iii of Jewish origin. That .so conservative a people as the Jews ^bouhl
have lost all the traditions, customs, etc., of their race, is absurd. Drnnj-
iriifir Jirrieii; vol. xi., p. G17. Kafinesnne advances, as objiu-tions to
Jew theory, that the ten tribes are to be found sitattereil over .\sia; that
the Sabbath would never have fallen into disuse if they had onee intro-
duced it into Anierica; that the Hebrew knew the use of iron, had jilows,
and ciiipliiyed writing; that circumcision is practicetl only in (uie or two
liM-alitio in .America; that the sharj), striking Jewish features are not
tiiiiiid in .\mericaiis; that the Americans eat hogs and other animals for-
lii'lden t'l the Jews; that the American war custom.s, such as scalping,
ti>rtnriiig. cannibalism, painting bodies and going naked, are not Jewish in
the lea.-i: that the Amerieau languages are not like Hebrew. Priest's
Aimr. Aiili'/., ji]». ~{J-9.
'•- I translate freely from Bcrtrand, Miinoircs, p. 32, et acq., for this
account.
Vol. V. 7
m
08 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
lously brought from Jerusalem in the first year of
the rei<m of Zedokiah, king of Judah. For some
thne they traveled in a south-easterly direction, fol-
lowing the coast of the Red Sea; afterwards they
took a more easterly course, and finally arrived at
the borders of the Great Ocean. Here, at tlie com-
mand of God, they constructed a vessel, which bore
them safely across the Pacific Ocean to the western
coast of South America, where they landed. In the
eleventh year of the reign of this same Zedekiah,
when the Jews were carried captive to Babylon,
some descendants of Judah came from Jerusalem to
North America, whence they emigrated to tlie north-
ern parts of South America. Their descendants
were discovered by the first emigrants about fovU
hundred years afterwards.
The first emigrants, almost immediately after their
arrival, separated themselves into two distinct na-
tions. The peo})lc of one of these divisions called
themselves Nephites, from the propliet Ne})hi, who
had conducted them to America. These were jierse-
cuted, on account of their righteousness, by the
others, who called themselves Lamanites, from La-
man, tlieir chief, a wicked and corrupt man. The
Nephites retreated to tlie northern parts of Soutli
America, while the Lamanites occupied the central
and southern regions. The Nepliites possessed a
copy of the five books of JNIoses, and of tlie prophets
as far as Jeremiah, or until the time M'hen they left
Jerusalem. These writings were engraved on plates
of brass. After their arrival in America they man-
ufactured similar plates, on which they engraved
their history and prophetic visions. All these rec-
ords, kei)t by men ins[)ired of the Holy Ghost,
were carefully preserved, and transmitted from gen-
eration to generation.
God gave them the whole continent of America
as the promised land, declaring that it should be a
heritage for them and for their children, provided
'.«||-i|"
NEPIIITES AND LAMANITES.
99
they kept his commandments. The Nephltes, blessed
l)y God, prospered and spread east, west, and nortli.
They dwelt in immense cities, Avitli temples and fort-
resses; they cultivated the earth, bred domestic ani-
mals, and worked mines of gold, silver, lead, and
iron. The arts and sciences flourished among them,
and as long as they kept God's commandments, tht-y
enjoyed all the benefits of civilization nid national
])vusperity.
The Lamanites, on the contrary, by reason of the
hardness of their hearts, were from the first deserted
of God. Before their backsliding they were white
and comely as the Nephites; but in consequence of
the divine curse, they sank into the lowest barbarism.
Implacable enemies of the Nephites, they waged war
against that people, and strove by every meanj in
their power to destroy them. But they were gradu-
ally re[)ulsed with great loss, and the innumerable
tumuli which are still to be seen in all parts of the
two Americas, cover the remains of the warriors slain
in these bloody conflicts.
The second colony of Hebrews, mentioned above,
l)oro the name of Zarahemla. They also had many
eivil wars, and as they had Jiot brought any historical
records with them from Jerusalem, they soon ilU
into a state of atheism. At the tinij when thov
were discovered by the Nephites they wore very
luiuierous, but lived in a condition of semi-barbarism.
The Ne])hites, however, united thonisobes with
them, and taught them the sacred Scriptures, so that
hetbre long the two nations became as one. Shortly
afterwards the Nephites built several vessels, by
means of which they sent expeditions towards the
north, and founded numerous colonies. Others emi-
giiited by land, and in a short time the whole of
the northern continent was peopled. At this time
North America was entirely destitute oi" wood, tho
forests having been destroyed l)y the Jaredites, the
lirst colonists, who came from the tower of Babel ;
100
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
J
but tlie Nepliites constructed houses of cement and
brouglit wood by sea from the south; taking care,
besides, to cultivate immense plantations. Large
cities sprang up in various parts of the continent,
both among the Lamanites and the Nepliites. The
latter continued to observe the law of Moses; nu-
merous prophets arose among them; they inscribed
their propheulos and historical annals on plates of
gold or other metal, and upon various other mate-
lials. They discovered also the sacred records of the
Jaredites, engraved on plates of gold; these they
translated into their own language, by the help of
(lod and the Urim Thummim, The Jaredite ar-
cliives contained the history of man from the creation
of the world to the building of the tower of Babel,
and from that time to the total destruction of the
Jaredites, embracing a period of thirty-four or thirty-
live centuries. Tlioy also contained tlie marvelous
pi'ophecies which foretold what would happen in the
world until the end of all things, and the creation of
a !\c.v heaven and a new earth.
The Nepliites were informed of the birth and
dentil of Christ bv certain celestial and terrestial
]»henomena, which had long before been jjicdicted
l)y their prophets. But in spite of the numerous
blessings which they had received, they fell ai
length from grace, and were terribly punished for
their ingratitude and wickedness. A thick dark-
ut's.s covered the whole continent; eartlupiakes cast
mountains into valleys; many towns were swallowed
up, and others were destroyed by lire from heaven.
Thus perished the most perverse among the Nejihitis
and Ijamanites, to the end that the l)loo(l of the
saints and ])ro|)hets might no longer cry out from the
earth a<ra,inst them. Those who survived these iudi;-
nients received a visit from Christ, mIio, after his
ascension, appeared in the midst of the Ne})hites, in
tln) northern ])art of South America. His instruc-
tions, the foundation of a new hiw, were engraved on
THE BOOK OF MOIIMOX.
101
platos of gold, caiid some of them are to be found in
the Book of Mormon; but by far the greater part of
tlieni will be revealed only to the saints, at a future
time.
When Christ )iad ended his mission to the Ne-
jiliitos, he ascended to heaven, and the apostles desig-
nated by him went to preach his gospel throughout
the continent of America. In all parts the Nephites
and Lamanites were ccmverted to tlie Lord, and for
tlu'ee centuries they lived a godly life. But toward
the end of the fourth century of the Christian era,
t!iey returned to their evil ways, and once more thjy
were smitten by the arm of the Almighty. A terii-
ble war broke out between the two nations, which
elided in the destruction of the ungrateful Nephites.
Driven by their enemies towards the north antl
north-west, they were defeated in a final battle near
the hill of Cumorah,'""'' where their historical tablets
have been since found. Hundreds of thousands of
warriors fell on both sides. The Nephites were
utterly destroyed, with the exception of some few
who either passed over to the enemy, escaped by
thght, or were left for dead on the field of battle.
Aiiioug these last were Mormon and his son Moroni,
both u[)right men.
^[orniou had written on tablets an epitome of the
annals of his ancestors, which e[)itoiue he eiititleil
the Book of Mormon. At the command of (Jnd hi'
buried in the hill of Cumorah all the original reconls
ill his possession, and at his death he iel't his own
hook to his son ^foroni, who survived him by some
years, that he might continue it. Moroni tells us in
his writings that the Lamanites eventually extermin-
ated the few Nephites who had esc^aped the general
slaughter at the battle of Cumorah, sparing those
(iiilv who had ti-ono over to their side. He himsisif
escaped by concealment. The coinpierors slew witli-
(uit lu'-rcy all who wouhl not renounce Christ. Ho
*" 111 llii- state of New York.
lUli
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
tells, further, that the Lamanitus had many dreadful
wars aniDU^' themselves, aad that the whole laud was
a seeue of iueessaut murder and violence. Finally,
he adds that his work is a complete record of all
events that happened down to the year 420 of the
Christian era, at which time, by divine command, lie
huried the Book of Mormon in the hill of Cumorah,
where it remained until removed by Joseph Smith,
September 22, 1827.'"
]Much has been written to prove that the north-
western ]xut of America was discovered and peopled
by Scandinavians lon<^ before the time of Columbuh>.
Although a j^a-eat j)art of the eviilence upon which
this belief rests, is unsatisfactory and mixed up with
nuich that is vaguo and undoubtedly falndous, yet it
HCems to be not entirely destitute of historical i)rooi'.
isor is there any improbability that sucli daring-
navio'ators as the Northmen may have visited and
colonized the coasts of Greeidand, Labrador, and
Newfoundland. I find in this opinion an almost
exact parallel to the so-called 'Tartar theory.' It is
true the distance between Europe and noi'th-easterii
America is much greater than that between Asia
^''' Till' iliscovory was in tliis wiso: 'Pros dii villiijjo dc Mmiclu'stci',
(liiiis Ic iMiiiiU' (rOhtario, Ktat tie Now Vmk, ho truuvo nno oiiiiiioiR'o plus
(■(iiisidtM'ahlt' (|iio cello tlos onviroiis, ot (|ui on! (1o\oiuio colohi'o dans los faults
do la iiouvidio K;jliso stuis lu iioiu do ('iiiiuirali. Siir lo llano oooidoiital
do oollo oidliiio. iiiin Itiiii do son soiiiiiiol, ot souh iiiio piorro d'uiio ^'I'amlo
diiiionsiiin. di's lainos d'or ho truuvaioiit doposi'os (laii.s nil oodVo do pioiri'.
],o ciiuvorolo on (''tail liniiiioi vors hos liords, ot rolovo an niiliou on fonno lU'.
1mi\i1o. ApioH avoir ili'^a;j6 la toni', .losoidi (Smith) nonlova lo oduvorclc ii
I'aido d'nn lovior, ot Ininva Ioh ida(|uoH, rrrini-'I'lininniini, ot lo |ioo((ii',il.
J,o oitllVo otait fonno do piorroM rolioos oniro olios anx anj;los jiar dn oiinonl.
An I'ond so trinivaiout donx pioiros platos plaooos on oroix, ot mir oos pin-
ii's IcH lanu's d'or ot los antros olijols, .losoph vonlait los tnilovor, iiiiii;- il
•■n I'nl onipoolio ]iar I'onvoyi^ divin, <ini rinfornui <|no lo tonips n'olait p^n
oacoio Venn, ot tpril fallait attoinlru (inatro ans a partir do ot'tto ('•pdijiic.
It'api'os SOS instruoMons, dosopli so romlil Ions los ans lo nionu? ionr an liiii
\\n dopitt, ponr rocovoir do la Unnolio dr. niossapT oi'dosto, dos instrnolimn
h\w la nuiniore dont lo nivannu- do Dion dovait olro fmido ot ;;onvorni'' dans
los doniiois jonrs. . . . l,o '_''_* soptonilu-o 18'_'7, lo nu'ssa;,'or dos cionx Ini lai»n
picndi'o los plaipios, ri'iini-'l'liiiinniini ot lo pootoial, ii oondilion ipi'il soiait
lo-ponsalilo, ot on ravi'iiissanl ipTil soiail ir/ninr/ir, s'il vcnail a pciilu'
fi'^ olijots par sa noyii^'onoo, luais on'il sorait protop' s'il faisait tons m's
tllorts [tour lest coubuncr," Uciinani, ^hinuinn, i)p. UiJ-o.
SCANDINAVIAN THEORY.
103
iiiid north- western America, l)ut would not the great
disparity between the maritime enterprise and skill
of the Northmen and Asiatics, make the North At-
lantic as navigahle for the former as Bering Strait
for the hitter? It is certain that Iceland was settled
hy the Northmen from Norway at a very early date;
there is little reason to doubt that Greenland was in
turn colonized from Iceland in the tenth century;
if this be conceded, then the question whether the
Northmen did actually discover the country now
known as America, certainly ceases to wear any
a[)[)earance of improbability, for it would be unrea-
sonable to suppose that such renowned sailors could
live for a great number of years within a short voy-
age of a vast continent and never become aware of
its existence. It would be absurd, however, to be-
lieve that the entire continent of America was ])eo-
])led by Northmen, because its north-eastern borders
were visited or even colonized by certain adventurous
sea-rovers.
All that is known of tlie early voyages of the
Northmen, is contained in the old Icelandic Sagas.
The genuineness of the accounts relating to the dis-
rovery of America has been the subject of nutch
(lisi'ussion. ^Tr 13. F. l)e Costa, in a carefully studied
inoiiogi\iph on the subject, assures us that thei'o can
lie no doubt as to tiieir authenticity, and I am
strongly inclined to agree with him. Jt is true that
110 less eminent authors than (Jeorge Bancroft and
AVashington Irving have ex[)r('ssed opinions in ()|)]H)-
sitioii to DeCosta's views, but it must bt; romeniboi'ed
that neither of these distiiiguishod gontleinen made a
wvy profound study of the Icelandic! Sagas, indeed
Ir\iiig directly states that he "has not had the
nu'aus of ti'acing this story to its oi'iginal sources;"
nor nnist we forget that neither the author of the
'IJfe of (_\)luml)us,' nor he of the 'History of the
< "Ionization of the TTnitod States,' could be expected
tt» willingly strip the laurels from the brow of his
104
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
fiimiliar hero, Christopher Columbus, »and concede
the honor of the 'first discovery' to the northern sea-
kino^s, whose exploits are so vaguely recorded,^'®
De Costa's defence of the genuineness of the ac-
counts referred to is simple and to the point. "Those
who imagine," he writes, "that these manuscripts,
while of pre-Columbian origin, have been tampered
with and interpolated, show that they have not the
faintest conception of the state of the question. The
accounts of the voyages of the Northmen to America
form the framework of Sagas which would actually
be destroyed by the elimination of the narratives.
There is only one question to be decided, and that is
the date of these compositions." "That these manu-
scripts," he adds, "belong to the pre-Columbian age,
is as capable of demonstration as the fact that the
writings of Homer existed prior to the age of Christ.
Before intelligent persons deny either of these points
they must first succeed in blotting out numberless
pages of well-known history. The manuscripts in
which we have versions of all the Sagas relating to
"' Though the qiipstion of tlio Scandinnvian discovcrios would socm to
merit fonsiderablc uttoiitiou from one wlio wnito a 'col(»iiial liistory' of
America, yet Mr Oeor'^e Haiicroft (iisiioses of the entire wnbjeet in a .single
pajjje: 'Tlie story of the coh)nization of America by Nortiiinen,' he writes,
'rostH on narratives, mythological in torn\, and obscure in nu'anin^; ancitMif,
yet not contem|)orarv. The ciiicf document is an intorjiohilion in the his-
tory of Sturleson, wliosc zealous curiosity could hardly inive nej^lectcd tlu!
discovery of a continent. Tiie geo'irapliical details are to(» va^ne to sus-
tain a conjecture; the accounts of the mild winter and fertile soil are, (ni
any nu)dcrn hypothesis, tictitions or cxag;;(' rated; the description of the
natives applies only to tiie Esi|ainnui.\, inhabitants of hyperborean re;,'ions,
the remark which should deline the len}j;tli of the sliortcst winter's day,
has received interpretations adapted to every latitude from New York to
('a|)e V:'- " ' uiid V^inland has l)een soujfht in all directions, from (irccii-
laml 111'' '! Lawrence to Africa.' IhnirvafTs Ilinliini, vol. i., )ip. r)-(i.
Irvi:' u: 'U) fiu" as ho 'has had experiencti in tracinj; these stiu'ics ef
tan; "><'■, of |MU(ions of the New World, he has generally found
them ' ..ill' 'inl dcductiouH drawn fnun very vague ami i|nestionablc
facts. JA ui ■'(':! (uon d. > too [iroue to give substaiu'e to mere shadows, when
they assi.si bi)nn; in ■> Hircivcd theorv. Most of these accounts, when di-
vested of the erudite c(mimeiits of tlieir editors, have jiroved little better
than the traditionary fables, uoticiMl in another jiart of this work, resiiect-
ing the imaginary islands of St. Horoiidoii, and of the Seven Cities. Cn-
Itiiiifni.i, vol, iii.. p. 4.'U. All of which would certainly be true eiuiugli of
most ibcoiics, but that it was ernmeoiis as far as the Northmen's visits are
concerned, has, 1 think, been conclusively shown in later years.
THE ICELANDIC SAGAS.
105
America is found in the celebrated Codex Flatoiensis
a work that was finished in the year 1387, or 1395 at
the latest. This collection, made with great care,
and executed in the highest style of art, is now pre-
served in its integrity in the archives of Copenlia-
gcn. These manuscripts were for a time supposed to
he lost, but were ultimately found safely lodged in
their repository in the monastery library of the island
of Flato, from whence they were transferred to Co-
])enhagcn with a large quantity of other literary ma-
terial collected from various localities. If these Sagas
which refer to America were interpolations, it would
have early become apparent, as abundant means exist
for detecting frauds; yet those who have examined
tlic wliole question do not find any evidence that in-
validates their historical statements. In the absence,
therefn'o, of respectable testimony to the contrary,
we accept it as a fact that the Sagas relating to
America are the productions of men who gave them
iu their present form nearly, if not quite, an entire
century before the age of Columbus. "^^^
The accounts of the voyages as given in tlio origi-
nal manuscripts are too numerous and prolix to l)e
re})r()duced in their entirety here; but 1 will en-
deavor to give a resume of them, following, to a
*'6 'It mi;;lit also ho nrpicd, if it wcio nt nil iicrpssurv. tliat, if lliosip
Sii;,'iis wi-rt' iM)st-("iiluMil)iiui coiiipoMitiniis drawn up li\ Icclaiiiici-H wIk) were
ji'iiliiiis (if ido funic of tlio (ieiioese navijiafor, wp sIhmiM ci'itaiiilv l>t' aide
to point out souu'tliinK cither in their structure, heariu;,', or style, )iy which
it Would l>c indicated. Yet such is nut the case. Tlie.se writin;;s reveal
110 anxiety to show the C(Minecti<)n of the Northmen >\ itii the ;;reat land
lyin^' at the west. The authors do not sec anythin;,' at ail rcniarkalilc or
iiiciitorious in the explorations, which were conducted sinijdy fiu' tiie pur-
imsc of ;,'ain. Those nnirks which would certaiidy have liecn inipressfd
l)y II more modern writer for<;int( a historical composition desi;,'iied to show
nil occupation of the country Tietorc the time of ('(dumlius, are >\liolly
waiitiu;,'. There is no sixM-ial nleadin;,' or rivalry, and i:i> desire to show
iirior aiiil superior kno\vled<fe or the <'ountry to which the navi^;atcu's had
iiiim lime to time sailed. We only discover ii Htrai|;htfor\M»rd. honest en-
ilcavor to tell the story of certain men's live.^. This is done in a sim]ile,
artless way, and with every indication of a desire to mete out even handcil
justice to all. And candi<\ readers who conio to the suliject with minds
lice from iirejudice, will he powerfully imiiressed with the hclief that they
arc reading; authentic liistoriea written ny honest men.' J'rc-Cvliuiihutu
J'iac, Aiiivr., pp. .\li.-xlii.
106
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
vm
great extent, an 'abstract of the historical evidence
for the discovery of America by the Scandinavians
in the tenth century,' given in the Journal of the
Royal Geographical Society.^"
Eric the lied, in the spring of 98G,^^^ emigrated
from Iceland to Greenland, and founded a settlement
there. One of his companions was Heriulf Bardson,
whose sun, Biarne, was at that time absent on a
trading voyage to Norway. Biarne, on his return to
Iceland, resolved "still to sp'-nd the following winter,
like all the preceding ones, with his father," and to
that end set sail for Greenland. But, owing to the
northerly winds and fogs, and to the fact that neither
he nor any of his followers had ever navigated these
seas before, Biarne lost his way. When the weather
cleared up they found themselves in sight of a
strange land, which they left to larboard. After
two days' sail they again sighted land; and once
more standing out to sea, they, after th»'ee days, saw
land a third time, which proved to be an island.
Again they bore away, and after four days' sailing
reached Greenland.
Some time after this, Leif, a son of Eric the Bed,
having heard of Biarne's discoveries, bought his ship,
manned it with a crew of thirty men, and set out
from Greenland, aliout the year 1000. The first land
they siglited was that which Biarne had seen last;
this they named Helluland.^^" They put out to sea
*" Vdl. viii., p. 114, ct scq.
^i"* Tlio exat't dates in tlin«o vclatioiis I cannot vouch for; l)ut the several
autlmrs wlio havo written on the subject dill'er l),v only a year or two.
^''' 'llelluhiuil, from Ilclla, a Hat uttno, an abundance of wiiicli niny bo
found in Labrad(U* and the re;j;ion round ai)ont.' Jic t'o.std'/i I'lr-Coliiiiiliicn
})ls<\ A iiifi:, ]). '28. ' Fnun data in the Landuama and several otlu-r ancient
Icelandic, };eo;ira])hical worivs, we nuiy t,'ather that the diHtance of a day's sail-
in;,' was estiniat'.'d at from twenty-seven tc thirty tieoj^rajiliical miles ((icr-
luan or Danisli, of which iiftceu are eiinal to a de>;ree; each of these accord-
iu^ily e(|ual (o four Imil^HsIi sea-miles). Knun the island of Ilelluland,
afti'rwards called Little Hellulaud, Biarne sailed to Heriulfsnes (lkij;eit) in
(iri'cnland, with stronj^ smith-westerly j^aies, in four days. The distant-c
hetwci'u that cape and Xrir/uundluiKl is about lolt ndles, which will cor-
resjini'd, when we tak(! into consideration the stron;r ^ah's. In modern
descriptions it is stated tlnit this land ])artly consists of miUed, rocky tlat^,
where no tree, not even a shrub, can grow, and which arc therefore usually
,11' >■
VOYAGES OF THE NORTHMEN.
107
jvidence
inaviaiis
of the
a i grated
Dtlement
Bardson,
it on a
eturn to
^ winter,
' and to
[T to the
b neither
ed these
weather
lit of a
. After
md once
lays, saw
I island.
' sailing
lie Red,
jhis ship,
set out
rst land
en last;
t to sea
I the several
t \Vl).
lich moy lie
XCti/iiiiihlcit
jier aiK'ietit
|i tlay'n sail-
iiiios ((il'l-
lese Hccind-
lllclliilaiiii,
llUii^eit) in
lie (listaiHO
I'll will <'t'i-
|lii iiiodt'iu
tu'ky Hat'*,
jru usually
and soon came to another land, which they named
;Marklaiid.^ Again they stood out to sea, and after
two days came to an island. They then sailed west-
ward, and afterwards went on shore at a place where
a river, issuing frt)m a lake, fell into the sea. Bring-
ing their siiip up the river, they anchored in the lake.
Here they settled for a time, and finding vines in
the country, they named it Vinland.'^" In the spring
tliov returned to Greenland.
This expedition to Vinland was much talked of,
and Thorwald, Leif's brother, thought that the new
country had not been thoroughly enough explored.
Then Leif lent his ship to Thorwald, who set out
fur Vinland about the year 1002. There he and his
crew wintered, and about the year 1004 they set sail
to tlie eastward. On this voyage Thorwald was
killed by the natives. At his request his followers
returned to Vinland and buried his remains there.
In 1005 they sailed again to Greenland, bearing the
sad news of his brother's death to Leif
Thorstein, Eric's third son, soon afterwards set out
ill the same ship for Vinland, to fetch his brotlier's
l)o(ly. He was accompanied by his wife Gudrida,
and twenty-five strong men, but after tossing about
on the ocean during the whole summer, they finally
landed again on the Greenland coast, where Thor-
stein died during the winter.
(•all('(l n((rrriis; thus answering comjiletely to tlie fidlur of the ancient
Niiitliiiicn, from whii'li tliey named the country.' Abstract of Hist. Evid.,
ill /.((//(/. (li'iKj. S<)i\, Joiir., vol. viii., p. Vl'A.
'-•'" 'Markhunl was situate to tlie south-west of llelhilanil, distant aliout
tluic days' sail, or about from eigiity to ninety miles, it is therefore Xiint,
S'''iH(i, of wiiicii the descriptions jfiven hy later writers answer to that
t;ivi'n l)y the ancient Northmen of Markland.' ll>.
''■^ 'N'iniand was situate at tlie distance of two days' sail, consequently
ii'iiiut from lifty-four to sixty miles, in a south-westerly direction from
Marivlaiid. Tlu' ilistanee frmn Capo Sahle to Vn\)c Coil is stated in nau-
tical works as l)eiii;; W. hv S. about seventy leagues, that is, about lifty-
twii miles, lliarne's description of the coasts is very ai'curale, and in the
island situate to the eastward (between which and the promontory that
strctrlics to eastward and northward Ijcif sailed) we recogni/e Nantucket.
Till' .uicient Northmen found there many shallows {iindiiisir fni inihil);
iiidiiciii ii.ivigators make mention at tlu; .same p 'e "of nunuM'ons rill's ami
ellur shoals," ami say "that the whole preseut.s an aspect of drowned
108
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
The next voyage to Vinland was made by one
Thorfinn Karlsefne, a man of noble lineage, who
occupied his time in merchant voyages and Avas
thought a good trader. In the summer of lOOG he
fitted out his ship in Iceland for a voyage to Green-
land, attended by one Snorre Thorbrandson and a
crew of forty men. At the same time another ship
was fitted out for the same destination by Biarne
Grimolfson and Thorhall Gamlason, and manned with
a crew of forty men also. All being ready, the two
ships put out to sea, and both arrived safely at
Ericsfiord in Greenland, where Leif and Gudrida, the
widow of Leif's late brother, Thorstein, dwelt.
Here Thorfinn fell in love with the fair Gudrida, and
with Leif's consent, married her that winter.
The discovery of Vinland was much talked of
among the settlers, for they all believed that it was
a good country, and that a voyage there would bo
very profitable; and Thorfinn was urged and at
length persuaded to undertake the adventure. Ac-
cordingly, in the spring of 1007 he fitted out his ship,
and Biarne Grimolfson and Thorhall Ganilast>n did
the same with theirs. A third ship, commanded by
one Thorward, also joined the expedition. And on
Thorward's sliip a man named Thorhall, 'commonly
called the hunter,' who had been the huntsman of
Eric in the summer, and his steward in the winter,
also went.
As this is probably the most important of all the
Northmen's voyages to America, I will give it in
full: "They sailed first to the Westerbygd, and
afterwards to Biarncy. From thence they sailed in
a southerly direction to Helluland, where they found
land."' Id., pp. 121-2. 'The leading evidonocn Bcrvc to attest that Vin-
land was the present very marked seaboard area of New Kn;,'land. The
iiantieal facts have been earefnlly examined by Professors Uafn anil Ma^'-
nusen, and the liistorieal duta adapted to the conliKuration of the coast
wliieh has Cape Cod as its distinguishinf.; trait. All this seems to iia\o
been done with snrprising accnracy, and is illnstrated by the i)vesent hi^'ii
state of the arts iu Denmark and Germany.' Sfhuulcnift's Arvh., vol. i.,
p. 111.
W '
VOYAGES OF THE NORTHMEN.
108
many foxes. From thence they sailed again two
(lavs in a southerly direction to Alarkland, a country
overgrown with wood, and plentifully stocked with
animals. Leaving this, they continued sailing in a
S.W. direction for a long time, having the land to
starboard, until they at length came to Kialarnes,'^^''
where there were trackless deserts and lonof beaches
and sands, called by them Furdustrandir. When
tliey had past these, the land began to be indented
by inlets. They had two Scots with them. Hake
and Hokia, whom Leif had formerly received from
the Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason, and who were
very swift of foot. They put them on shore, recom-
mending them to proceed in a S.W. direction, and
exjilore the country. After the lapse of three days
they returned bringing with them some grapes and
some ears of wheat, which grew wild in that region.
They continued their course until they came to a
jilaee where a firth penetrated far into the country.
Ort" the mouth of it was an island past which there
lan strong currents, which was also the case farther
\\\) the firtii. On the island there were an inmienso
number of eyderducks, so that it was scarcely possi-
Ido to walk without treading on their eggs. They
called the island Straumey (Stream-Tsle), and the
firth Straumf]()rdr (Stream-Firth). '^^^ They landed on
the sliore of this firth, and made preparations for
their winter residence. The country was extremely
beautiful. They confined their operations to ex])lor-
iug the country. Thorhall afterwards wished to
proceed in a N. direction in quest of Vineland.
'^ 'Kiiilnrnes (from Kiiilr, a keel, and 7ies, a cape, most likely bo named
on lu'ciiuiit of itfs Htrikiny resemblance to tlie keel of a ship, imrticiilarly
of one of tlu' lon^f «hi|>8 of tlie ancient Northmen) niust consciinently lie
Cii/ii' Coil, the Nauset of the Iiulians, which modern ueofxraiilicrH Imve
soimtinics likened to a horn, and sometimes to a sickle or svtiie.' Id.,
]>. ]•->•.'.
'*' 'The Sfranmfiordr of the ancient Northmen is snpposed to he Buz-
C'(iv/'\ liny, and Straumey, Martini's Vineyard; althouKli the account of
till' many cji}j;s found there would seem more precisely to correspond to the
i'-laiid wliicli lies off the entrance of Vineyard Sound, and which at this
day is for the same reason called E<j(j Inland,' lb.
110
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
\^\
I
Karlscfnc chose rather to go to the S.W. Thorhall,
and along with him eight men, quitted them, and
sailed past Furdustrandir and Kialarnes, but they
were driven by westerly gales to the coast of Ireland,
where, according to the accounts of some traders,
they were beaten and made slaves. Karlsefne, to-
gether with Snorre and Biarne, and the rest of the
ships' companies, in all 151 (cxxxi.) men, sailed
southwards, and arrived at the place, where a river
falls into the sea from a lake. Opposite to the
mouth of the river were large islands. They steered
into the lake, and called the place Hop (/ Hope).
On the low grounds they found fields of Avheat grow-
ing wild, and on the rising grounds vines. While
looking about one morning they observed a great
number of canoes. On exhibiting friendly signals
the canoes approached nearer to them, and the
natives in them looked with astonishment at those
they met there. These people were sallow-colourod
or ill-looking, had ugly heads of hair, large eyes, and
broad cheeks. After they had gazed at them for a
while, they rowed away again to the S.W. past the
cape. Karlsefne and his company had erected their
dwelling-houses a little above the bay; and there
they spent the winter. No snow fell, and the cattle
found their food in the open field. One morning
early, in the beginning of 1008, they descried a nin.i-
ber of canoes coming from the S.W. past the crpc.
Karlsefne having held up a white shield as a iViondly
signal, they drew nigh and immediately commenced
bartering. These people chose in preference red
cloth, and gave furs and squirrel skins in exchange.
They would fain also have bought swords and spears,
but these Karlsefne and Snorre prohibited their peo-
ide from selling them. In exchange for a skin en-
tirely gray the Skrellings took a piece of cloth of a
span in breadth, and bound it round their heads.
Their barter was carried on this waj "or some time.
The Northmen then found that their cloth was be-
W..i
THE NOUTIIMKN AND SKKELLINGS.
m
rnnniii!^ to grow scarce, "wlicroupoii they cut it up in
suuiUer pieces, not broader than a tinger's breatlth ;
vet the Skrellings gave as much for these smaller
pieces as they had formerly given for the larger ones,
or even more. Karlsefne also caused the women to
hear out milk soup, and the Skrellings relishing the
taste of it, they desired to buy it in preference to
everything else, so they wound up their traffic by
carrying away their bargains in their bellies. AVhilst
this traffic was going on, it haj^pened tliat a bull,
which Karl-efne had brought along with him, came
out of the wood and bellowed loudly. At this the
Skrellings got terrified and rushed to their canoes,
and rowed away southwards. About this time Gu-
(Irida, Karlsefne's wife, gave birth to a son, who
r ceived the name of Snorre. In the beginning of
the followiuiif winter the ^^krellinofs came a^jain in
nuich greater numbers; they showed syni]»toms of
ho.stility, setting up loud yells. Karlsefne caused
the red shield to be borne against them, whereupon
they advanced against each other, and a battle com-
menced. There was a galling discharge of missiles.
The Skrellings had a sort of war slings. They ele-
vated on a pole a tremendously large ball, almost the
size of a sheep's stomach, and of a bluish colour; this
they swung from the ])ole upon land over Karlsefne's
jieople. and it descended with a fearful crash. This
struck terror into the Northmen, and they fled along
the river. Freydisa camo out and saw tiiem flying;
she thereupon exclaimed, 'How can stout men like
you ily from these miserable caitifs, whom 1 thought
vou could knock down like cattle? If I had oulv a
weapon, I ween I could fight better than any of you.'
They heeded not her words. She tried to keep pace
witli them, but the advanced state of her pregnancy
retarded her. She however followed them into the
wood. There she encountered a dead body. It was
Thorbrand Snorrason; a fiat stone was sticking fast
in his head. His naked sword lay by his side.
112
ORiUlN OF THE AMERICANS.
f
'111 ''
I
ii
11
This she took up, and prepared to defend herself.
She uncovered her breasts, and dashed them against
the naked sword. At this sight the Skrelhngs be-
came terrified, and ran off to their canoes. Karlsefno
and tlie rest now came up to her and praised her
courage. Karlsefne and his people were now become
aware that, although the country held out many ad-
vantages, still the life that they would have to lead
here Avould be one of constant alarm from the hostile
attacks of the natives. They therelbre made prepa-
rations for departure, with the resolution of returning
to their own country. They sailed eastward, and
came to Streamfirth. Karlsefne then took one of
the ships, and sailed in quest of Thorhall, while the
rest remained behind. They proceeded northwards
round Kialarnes, and after that were carried to the
north-west. The land lay to larboard of them.
There were thick forests in all directions, as far as
they could see, with scarcely any open space. They
considei'ed the hills at Hope and those which they
now saw as forming part of one continuous range.
They spent the third winter at Streamfirth. Karl-
sefne's son Snorro was now three yeai's of age.
When they sailed from Vinelar.-J tl^'V had a south-
(>rly wind, and came to Markland, where they nut
with five Skrellings. They caught two of them (two
buys), whcm they carried away along with them, and
taught them the Nt)rse language, and l)aptised them;
these children said that their mother Avas called Vc-
thilldi and their father Uvajge; they said that tlio
Skrellings were ruled by chieftains (kings), one dt'
whom was called Avalldamon, and the other Valdi-
dida; that there were no houses in the countiy, Ii"*^
that the ])eople dwelled in holes and caverns. Jjiarin;
(Irimolfst)n was driven into the Irish ( K-ean, and
came into waters that were so infested by worms,
that their slrp was in consequence reduced to a sink-
ing state. Some of the crew, however, were savrd
in the boat, as it had been smeared with seal-oil tar,
■■%■
VOYAGES OF THE NORTHMEN.
113
■wlilch is a prcvontlvo against the attack of Avorins.
Kiulscf'iio cuiitinued his voyage to Greeiihmd, and
arrived at EricsKord."
During tlie same summer that Karlsefne returned
Irom A'inland, a ship arrived at Greenhmd from Nor-
Avav, commanded by two brothers, Helge and Finn-
liogo. And Freydisa, she who had friglitened the
Skiellings, W(^nt to them and proposed tliey shouUl
make a voyage to Vinhmd, and she offered to go
with them on condition that an equal share of what
tliLy obtained there shouhl be hers; and they agreed
to tiiis. It was arranged between the brotliers and
Freydisa that each sliould have thirty fighting men,
))esides women. But Freydisa secretly brought away
live men more than the allotted number. They
reached Vinland and spent tlie winter there. During
tlitir stay Freydisa })revailed on her husV)and to slay
tlie two l)rothers and their followers; the women that
were with tliem she killed with her own liand. Jn
the spring of the next year they returned to Green-
land.-'^'
in the latter part of the tenth century j'^^" one Are
^farson, of Iceland, Mas driven by storms to Hvitra-
niannaland, or Land of the Whitemen, This country,
which was also called (jlreat Ireland, has l)een thought
to he "probably that part of tlie Coast of North
America wliich extends southwards fr'-rii C'hesa] «;dv
Day, including North and Soutli Carolina, (Jeorgia,
and Klorida."''^" Here, also, one Diorn Asbrandson
is said to have ended his days.'^''
?'' Sen Ahstrni'l of Hist. Ei'ld., in Loud. n<-oij. Sor., Jour., vol. \m., ]>,
HI, I'l scii., iiiicl l)r Citstd's l'rr-L'(diiiiil)i<ni jiisr. .hiitr., p. II, el m'i|.
''-' ill llie yciir '.is;{, iiccin'tliiijf to Ahsliutvt nf . F.riil., in /,(;//(/, (Inni.
S'n:, Jiiiir., vol. viii,, ]i, li>,") Do Cii.stii iimkci il '."'JS. I'lr-i'nliniilif'iii.
/'/.M'. .1 iinr., ]i. ,S(1.
I'liilVsMii' llafn in, wli.it spiMnw to tin- iiiillicir, his nrcdIcsH tiixii'ly
til li\ llii' lociilily of llic Wliiti'-iniurs liiiiil ill Aiiicricii, siivs tliat. iis ||ii-i
li.llt nf liic iimiiiiscri|it is ilillirnlt to tlt'ciiilicr, (lie (ili;;iiial Icltcis / i.iif Iimm'
;.'iit iiiaiin|i(i, anil vi iiiwci-tcil inslcaii of .\x, or xi, wliiili iiiiiiicials would
iilt'oril liiiii! for the voyii^fcr to rcucii tlic coast of .Viiicrica, in tlii' vicinity
"I I'loiiila. Sinitli ill iiis lini/iii/iii.s, lias rvcn hihic so far as to sii/iiiri.\s
lin' liriii .s/.c alto;,'('tliL'f, ami siili.'ititulus, "Ity ii nuiulior of day.s Hail un-
VoL. V. 8
114
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS,
1
'I i-ii
:1
T do not propose to give here all that has been
said about those voyages, as it .vould not be perti-
nent to the question which wo are reviewing, namely,
the orinfin of the Americans. Indeed, the entire
subject of the Northmen's voyages and colonization,
might almost be said to be without our province, as
it is not asserted that they were actually the fir.st
inhabitants of the New World.
The relics that have been thought to prove their
former presence in the continent, are neither numer-
ous nor important. One of these is the Dightou
Rock, of which I liave had occasion to speak before,
in connection with the Phoinician theory.'^^^ In 1824,
a stone encfraved with ilunic characters was found on
the island of Ki ngiktorsoak, on the western coast of
Ureenland.'*'^^
Priest is strongly inclined to believe that a glass
known." Tliia is simply trifling with the suhjoct. In CniiilniHf's ///.<•
(oriskr ^fill(/(■fllll<^;^•/,^(■r, cliielly thi! work of I''iiin Mii^mihsmmi, no (jui'slum
is raist'd on tiiis point. Tiie various vursions nil >/i\t.; tin; nnnilxM' six,
wiiicii limits tlio voya;,'t' to llie vicinity of tlic Azores. Sclionin^', to wIkhii
wo arc .so Iiir;,'clv indebted for the best edition of ileiinsUriiij^la, lays (lie
Hccnc of .Marsoii*s adventiire at those islands, and snu';;'csts that they may
lit that time iiavo covered a Jiiv;;;cr extent of tcrril'rv than tlie |iresunt. ami
that tliey nuiy have Hullered from eartlninakes an ' fhiods, addin;;, "It ii
likidv, and all circnnistanees show, that the saitl land has been a piece nf
Nortli .\nicrica." This is a hold, though mit very niireasonahle hy|tothcsis,
cspeciiiliy as ilie volcanic character of the islands is well known. In l.sdS,
n volcano rose to the heij^ht of H,r)(M) feet. Vet Schonin;,''s su;j;;;i'stioM is
not lU'cdcd. The fact that the islands were not inhahited when discovcrnl
Ity the l'ortn;^uese does init, however, setth' anythin;; a{,'aiiist Scliouin;:, lie-
cause in the course of live hundred years, the people nii;.;lit either have
jiii;irate(l, or hcen swept away hy pestilence. (IfiiiilniKPs llistariskr Mm-
.!<\siiiin-hrr, (vol. i, ;i. 150), says simply, that "It \h t/uuin/if that he (.\ii'
Marson) ended his u \\n in Ann'rii'a, or a* all events in one of the liu^icr
islands of the west. Honu' think that it was ont^ of the Azore islands. "'
J)(' I'lisfii's l'ir-('ii!itiii/ii(()i />/.v''. Aiiirr., p. iS7.
2^7 Ahstrin'f iif Hist. Kriil., in I.diiiI. diti;/. Sor., Joitr., vol. viil., p. 1'.'.";
J)e ('(js/ii's I'lr-Ciihiiiiltidii Ih'sc. Aiiirr., )>. Hit, et seip
^*|* See Sf/iiiti/fnijTn Arv/i., v(d. i., pp. 110, et wcp, for jdatc and dis-
cussion of !)iK'hlou Uock.
*'^'' It hore the followiut; inscriiititui: Ellhiv. Si(ii'ints: sun: >•. „/,•, Jtinintr.
(jriijii
/■; Eiirini. ussoii: Iniiititrihuj, in: f'l/rir iii(iiiiil<i<f llaf/iii
%r 1 1 I' f f ! ' ... f.» ' I * . ..V ■ I . .', ' ' f I, . II
Ti)rliirsnii: ti
ii'. Ilk ri/(hi: \f. ('. A'.VAT; or, Evlinif Siif/irnlssinn; <ih I'Junii' f'oriln
ranln
II riinlit iirssii m
if: Kndriili odilssttii liiiitiiirilnijiini fi/i'ir f/iiiiiii/iiif liliul
vKili/ii U.l'i; 'c'est-ii-tlire: hlrlin;; Sij,'vatson, Ujariu! Thordarsoii, el l-ii-
dride < Kldson erip'^renl ccs monceaux de pierres le sanicdi avant le jour
nomme (ia^ndaj,' (le 25 uvril) et ilw nettoyerent hi place en li;i5.' Wanlm,
•if
'4
■'f
Jiithvirh
152,
SCANDINAVIAN THEORY.
115
has been
, be porti-
on, namely,
the entire
th)nization,
rovince, as
Y the first
)rove their
ler niuner-
Dij^htoii
eak before,
' In 1824,
IS found on
rn coast of
hat a gL\ss
TriinlniKTs ///«•
loii, no tniostiMU
'n' iiumiicr nIx,
iiiiiii;;', ti) whom
riii^la, lays tlio
tliat tlu'V iiiuy
111' iHTsunt, iiiiil
atldiii^t, "It in
liccii a ]ii('('i' iif
iltki liypotlii'sis,
lowii." Ill IMIS,
s Ml^f;ii'stioll ij<
lli'll (lisi'dvcl'i'il
4 Scliiiliili;,', 111'-
;lit I'itlii'r liiivo
lishiriskr Mm-
'if tliat 111' (Are
ic of till" larui'V
/oro islaiiiU.' '
Vlll
1). I'J.'.;
plate ftiiil ilis-
()/.'. l\jtt\n\c
\l lldljiu: mrihi
l/'/ic Vortldvsi'u,
hiriln /irssd ''k
lilai'stiii, ol I'll-
|i nvaiit It' jiiiir
ii;jo.' Witnlii',
bottle about the size of a common junk bottle, "hav-
iiiij;' a stopple in its nuzzle," an iron hatchet edged
^\ ith steel, the remains of a blacksmith's forge, and
some ploughed-up crucibles, all found in the town of
T\)inpey, Onondaga County, New York, are of Scan-
dmavum origm.'^*'
Brasseur de Bourbourg has found many words in
the languages of Central America which bear, he
thinks, marked Scandinavian traces; little can be
proven by this, however, since he finds as many
other words that as strongly resemble Latin, Greek,
English, French, -iii I -nany other languages. The
learned Abbt5 believe Moreover, that some of the
ancient traditions »/ Uie Central American nations
point to a north-east origin. '^'^ VioUet-le-Duc is
.struck with the similarity that existed between the
nligious customs and ideas of the ancient Northmen
and of the Quiches as expressed in the Popol Yuh.'^^^
?in '^\\> luvvc notii'cil the discovery of a place called Estotiland, sup-
]iiwi'(l to lie Novii Scotia, in \'^!^■^, the iiilnihitaiit.sof wliicli were Europeans,
will) I'ultivati'd ^rain, lived in stone houses, and inannfat'tnnMl ficn; as iii
l'.uro|n' at that day. Now, from the year 1.354, till tlii^ time of the tirst
^'•^ll'lm'llts made in Onondat^'a coiintv, hy the present inhahitants, is ahoiit
inn yi'.'us. is it i 'it ]n>ssililt', therefore, that this ylass bottle, with smin'
kind of lii|iior in it, may have lieeii ih'rivcd from this Estotiland, haviii:^
lull! originally hrmiKlit from Kiiro]ic, as }j;las' liad lieen in use there, moio
or loss, friim the year l)(i4, till the Scamliiifi ians colonized Ifeland, Green-
liiinl. and I'lstotilaud, or Newfoundland.' /' 'c.v.'V Amir, Aiifii/., pp. 'J(i()-I.
^" '.MaJojri' les reclamations oiiv' mcs ,^;jt[i()-i; nw sonlevereiit de divers
roll's ct li's sonrircs incrcdulesi|U ell.'s i-)p', '• i"i;i my,- Ics levies de ]ilnsii'iivs
lie rios savants dont je respecte et IioiM.! > K • <;.n.iiiMsai'''cs, je ]iersiste ]i1iim
(jiii' jamais dans ropiiiioii que j'expiiiivds ;il >',s; pins j'avaii ;' dans mes
I'liiiK's anu'ricaiiics plus je (Icmeure con ai.'cu is v Mtioiis ipii exisl^r('!lt,
iiiilorii'iircincnt ii Christophe ('olotnh, entre le i\ci,, vran-.Munde ct Ics con-
trii's sitiii'cs a rorient di! raulre cote de Toccaii AllaMtii|uc, ct plus jc suls
|M'isnaili' (|uc li's Scandiiuncs out drt, ii line iicriodc incmc plus rciulcc ipie
I'lllc diiiit viis (I'l'of. Ilafn's) intcrcssants iiH'iiiiiires rapiiortcnl le soincnir,
t'lMiiiior vers le continent aini!'ricain.' JSnm.snir tfc Jioiirhonrij, in ^imiril/is
Ainii(/fs i/rs Villi., IS.'iS, tom. cl\., |ip. '2(il-!)'J.
*''' ' II est impossihle de n'> |ioint f'tre frappc de ranalooic (pii existc cii-
III' li's idi'cs lirainanii|iies s'.tr la divinilc et Ics passaocs dii J'u/iu/- Viih rid s
I'liis iiaiil. Mais si nuns cdiisultons Ics traditions licuicunp |'lus rccciitc:
iiscrvccs mcme njircs
IVtali
trouvcniiis encore, cnlrc Ics I'liutuipi
loiitir'cs ct cidlcs ijui nous sunt ret i
i'ii]i;ioi|.' \'iullrl-li-l)ih\ ill ('/iiirmn/, J>
dii ciiristianisme en Siicdc, nuns
ifjicUH's (Ics iioiiulations de ci s
d.iiis le I'll/Ill'-]' >i/i, jiliis d'lin
iinr.
11)1 41-
fartl
irtlicr
I' nirirnin;; cmioration lo .'Xmcrica from ti.-,: li-weK'.crn I'.unipc: Milrhill, in
Aiiti
Trinisitvt., vol. i., p. .Til, et scip ■, I'riis/'s Aiiin
A nil
'/■
M'iitlercd uolices, pp. i>8-ll, 1131 -3'JU; JiubcrUon'n Jlint. Amci:, vol. i., pi
111".
OllIGIN OF THE AMEUICAN.S.
We come now to the theory that tlie Americans,
or at least part of tliem, are of Celtic origin. In
the old Welsh annals there is an account of a vo3'ago
made in the latter lialf of the twelfth century,^'*'* l)y
one Madoc, a son of Owen Gwynedd, prince of North
Wales. The story goes, that after the death of
(jwynedd, his sons contended violently for the sov-
ereig'nty. Madoc, who was the only peaceahle one
among them, determined to leave his distur1)e(l
country and sail in search of • iine unknown land
where ho might dwell in peace. ■ 'ordiugly pio-
cured an ahundance of provisions i a few ships
and emharked with his friends and lollowers. For
many months they sailed westward witliout findill^■
a resting-place; but at length they came to a largo
and fertile country, wliere, after sailing for some dis-
tance along the coast in search of a convenient land-
ing-place, they disemharked, and permanently settled.
Alter a time Mador, with part of his company, I'e-
turned to Wales, where he fitted out ten ships witli
all manner of sup})lies, prevailed on a large numher
of his countrymen to join him, and once more set
•J7S-8(); Sc/innfrmfrs Arch., vol. i., i)ji. 110 11, l'20-4; Prnssrui- (h- llonr-
lioiinj. ill Xitiirrl/rs Ainifilcs (fen I'oy., 18.")."), toiii. cxlvii., ]i|i. 1")7-S; Vinllil-
h-lhir, ill C/iiiriKn/, lliiiiirs Amir., j)]). 11, IH-I«», '_>:}-l, r.'-.S; Wonh,,,
J'' r/ii ir/iin, pii, I lfi-.")4; lUiiiitiiiiiis, iViiinir ll'iin/if, \>\t. '2S-'M), 117; Txf/m-
t/i's /'iriiriiiii Aiifii/., pp. .'i-7, 'il-'J; Miiltv-liniii, I'rrri.s (/< In (li ■iij. , \n\n.
i., pp. li)7-)S; J>itris IHsntrrrji of New Eitiilmul liij t/ir Xnrllniii n; Jinhl-
fill's Am'. Aiiiir., y\t. '27'.t-N.'); l)iin\'<' An'r. Aimr., pp. l.'l ;n; '/'///nr'.s Aim-
l'iiti\ pp. 'J7'S-',); m'CiiIIiiIi's Itisriiri'hes oil Aiiifr.,Y\\.'l\-l\ l!iiiiloii\s A/i/n'
Jliii.s.snir, ill Li/i/iiiiro/t'.s Mil/., viil. i., |). "!•, ft mimi.; Siiii//i'.s Jliiiinni S/n-
ci'i'.i, p. '2H7; h'lihif, (ii'srhirlilv i/i'r Sr/ii//'/'ii/irf; llmiiis, Entili(kiuiii nn
Aiiirr., 1)1). l-l:U; Fii.sI>t\i I'lr-lli.st. JinWs, pii. .'{•IS) 4(10; /lill'n Aiiili). "J
A inn:; U'i/soii'.'i I'ir/ii.if. Mnii, pp. ;im-4-(t; Krmiir.i Hinrnv. Aiiin:, ]'\i.
I -I.S4; J)n„iniri'/i\s />isrr/.s, vol. i., pp. t\:i-{\\, 404, '411-1-J; Jlniii/ni/'.'i lA ,i'.
l//ii.\>r., \>.',V2'2; nrn.s.irnr i/r /Iniirlioiirif, Hist. Niil. (Vc. , foiii. i.. pp. IS-'J-;
J'l., I'lifiol \'iili, pp. li.-liv,, lxxxix.-.\tii. ; ///.sV. .1/".'/., vol. ix., pp. IKil .">;
(i'liiifrii, ill I'lisrii/f, llisl. CitiHi. Mx., toiii. iii., ]). 1"); Hiiiiilni/i't'.s K.inm.
I'rif., torn, ii., pp. H;<-iOi, |0.")-'.'0; Ifriiii/s <'nl iinilms, vol. iii., pp. 4;{"-*-lil;
llniii/iii/i//, ]'iii\i, loiM. i., p. 'JU'.t; K/iiiiiii, ('iilliir-dr.ivliiihir, toiii. v., )i|i.
]<)4 71; h'ii/iiii\ii/iii', Till' Aiiiiviriiii Xiiliiuiti; llnt.s.snir ilr Itniirliinirii, (>iiiilr''
l.ith'iH, |). 17; W'illiiiiiisini'.'i Ohniri'iitiiiiis on ('lliiinlv; Xistirniuii'n I'uln-
iiixiilioii iif A iiirrii'ii III/ Xiir/liifi's/irii Eiirii/n'iiiis; Fnii'i/, hi.trmiri, in .■\ii/,'i.
J/'.i'., toin. i., (liv. i., p|). 4.S !l; Snn/i.tim's Xnr., \). \i)\); ScliuuUriiJ'/, iii
Aiiin\ I'JiliiKi. Siir., Traiisarf., vol. !., pp, .'U(l-(5.
>!J> About Ulil)-70.
A WELSH COLONY IN AMRIJICA.
117
igiu. li>
a voyai;\!
Mvyr I'y
of North^
death of
the sov-
■uablc one
distiu'l)c'<l
lowii land
iinoly \ny-
iow ship^
vors. For
nit finding'
to a lavL^o
• some dis-
nient laud-
ily settled,
lupany, ye-
sliips wit1i
•oe nundtLi'
t
iiioro
se
•»)• '
l„ (.'(•»</., toll!
,•//-
//('(';
,1
(/('•
A III"
\\; Tiiliirn
liri II toll's
IA'.v lliiiiiiiii >■/"
itilnh-llllil '•"
l//(7/".v -I »'''■';■ '
J I ill I II full'"
|in. i.'. IM'
.U.
IX.
\'l'
IS
ihniiirs /•;.'■"-/■.
pii.. ,,,.. 4:Vi-l(»;
Lc, titiii. v., VI''
(.hiiih''
(■„lu.
Aiiiii-
ill
hiiiint
till
r.ftirillllll'x
isriiiil".
III
SvliDiili-rdJI,
sail ^'>r the new colony, Avliieh, though we hear no
more about him or his settlement, ho is supposed to
liave reached safely.^^
The exact location of Madoc's colon v has oidv
lioeii guessed at. Baldwin says it is supposed that
lie settled 'somewhere in the Carolinas.' ( aradoc,
in liis history of Wales,^'** has no douht that tlie
country Avhere ^ladoc established his colony was
]\re.\ico; this lie thinks is shown by three facts: first,
the ^[exicaus believ'ed that tlieir ancestors c;;'ne from
a hcuutiful country afar off, inhabited l>y whin, peo-
ple; secondly, they adored the cross; and thirdly,
sivcral Welsh names are found in Mexico. Puter
]\rartyr affirms that the aborigines of Virginia, as
well as those of (Juatemala, celebrate the memory of
an ancient and illustrious hero, named ]\Iadoc. Har-
(ouit, in the preface to the acc(junt of his voyage to
(iiiiana,^" says that that part of America was dis-
"■' 'Ml tIii-< is rclatod in old Welsh annals iircsorvcd in the alihi-ys
(if Cuiiwiiv and Strat l'"liir. . . .'riii.s cinijiration of I'rini'c Mado;,' is mcii-
limii'il ill the ]Pii'sfrvt'il works (if scvi'ial Welsh liards who lived liet'oie tiie
time (if ('(iliiiiilius. It is nientioned liv liaUlnyt, who had his account of
it fiiiiii wiitiiiii's of the hard (Jiiltiiii Owen. As the Nortlinieii had heeii
ill
wen
New I'.iiulaiid over one hundred and lifty years \>lK'n Prince Mado;j;
t fiirtli III select a place fin' his settlement, he knew very well there
tlii'i
a ciintinent on the other side of the .Vtlantie, for he had knowliMluc of
r voyajres to America; and knowle(l;re of them was also |irevalciit in
(1. Mis eini''ralioii took iilace when iieiirv II. waskin^nf l';ii;;lai
III
It ill that aue the I'liiHiish knew little or nothing of Welsh alt'airs in
nil a way as to coiuieet them with l'',ii;;iish history very closely.' tliilil-
Ai
Aiiirr.
y
•-'sr.
See also lliuiihulili, hxam. Crit., tom. ii.
It. ll'.!-!t; Fkiy,/, I),
isriiiirs, in
Anfi
Ml
tom. 1.
div. !., ]>
•lit -50.
'Iii'fiiic wee jiassed these ilands, nmh-r the lee of the hi;^j;er ilaiid, we
iiiiclKired, the wind heinj; a( north-east, with intent to refresh oiiiscIm's
\i nil the towles o
f tl
lese
ilands
Th
iLz'wins, wilde diicke!
lev are ot dncis sorts, and in irreat
• 11
ill
kes, <,'nl!es, and ;;aiincts; ot tli(> iinii(i| n
iiiaUe |iid\isions, an
il tl
I'li'iilic, as |ici
ui' |iiii|iiise(l t _ .
Wi'Mi, as 1 have heeiie enfoinied, sinnilieth a white licad. I'roi
(Iriiv.iiidii, :inil many other WcNh deiiominatioiis ^;i\('i
Ihrir
lore were the |icn;;Wins; w liicli m
I which
I liy tiie Indians, (ip
|iic(leccssors, some doe infcrre that .Xniericii was liist iicoplcd with
i-ii-iiicn, ,111(1
.Mont
e/aiina, \<\\v', o
ir ralli
er eiiijicidiir o
f .M
( 'iiiii iiiiio till' S|iiiniards, at their lust coniiiiin;^', tli.il Ins aiince-.tiiis r
tiiiiii ,1 I'arre conntrie, and wen?
('Mill, (IKt ic-
lliie
white |ieo|i
e. Which, conft
• I
with an
iiiiiiciciit ci'oiiicle, thai I iiaM> read many yeares since, may he conjectured
III lii'c a prince of Wah's, who many hiiiidrcth yeares siiu'e, with ceilaine
il|.|,c.
savlcd to the w(>st wards, with intent I
o iiiaivc new (Ii.kcomtu's,
never after heard of.' Iliiii-hiii.s' I'li)/., in IhiUuif/ Sm-., p, 111.
Written in Welsh, translated into Kn;,dish liv llnmphrev Llwvd,
I .111.1 |ii|lili>liei| hy Or l»a\id I'owel in l.VSI.
I'ciiiiatcd to Prince I'harles, and puhlisliud in ItllH.
118
OIIIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
covered and possessed by tlic AVelssli priiico, Mfidoo.
Herbert, according to Martyr, says that the hind
discovered by the prince Avas Fk)rida or Virginia.'-'"
Catlin is inclined to believe that Madoc enteivd the
Mississijjpi at Balizo and made his way up the river,
or that lie landed somewhere on the Florida coast.
He thinks the colonists pushed into the interior and
finally settled on the Ohio river: afterwards, bein*''
driven from that position by the aboriginal tribes,
they advanced up the INtissouri river to the place
where they have been known for many years by tlio
name of Mandans, "a corruption or abbreviation,
perhaps, of Madawgwys, the name applied by the
Welsh to the followers of Madawc." The canoes ot
the Mandans, jNFr Catlin tells lu, which are alto-
gether different from those of all other tribes, cor-
respond exactly to th') Welsh coraclcf'^ the i)eculi-
arity of their i)hysical api)earance was such that
when he first saw them he "was under the instant
conviction that they were an amalgam of a nativo,
with some civilized race," and the resemblance tliat
exists between their language and Welsh, is, in his
'piin'on, very striking.™ There have been several
ie[)oi'ts that traces of the Welsh colony and of tlu.ir
huiguage have been discovered among the natiw
tribes, but none of them seem entitled to full credit.
The best known report of this kind, and the one that
claims, »)orhaps, the most respectful consideration, is
that of I.. -J Ivev. Morgan Jones, written in KIHG, ami
])ul>nshed in the (iciith'DKin's Minjazlnv for the year
1740. In lOGO the reverend gentleman, with llvr
companions, was taken prisoner by the Tuscarora
tribe, who were about to put him to death when he
«" Sco Wiirtlni, Rrrhrrr/irs, pp. mt-T.
SIS '|'||,.y jiiv 'inadc III' nnr-Ziii/rs, tlir skins of 1)1i(T;i1oom, .itirtcliod tiiiilcr-
iiciitli a frami' iiiadf nf willowH or dflicr lmii;:lis, ami siia|it'(i iicaiiv niinul,
lilxc a tuli; wiiicli tlio wiiinan carrii'H on licr iii'iui from iicr w i;,'\vaiii to tin'
iter's fi\'^i\ ami liavin;,' Hli'iipnl into it, stands in fiont, and propels it I'V
drippin;,' lier paddle ,/
iirirnrii, a
liy (lie side,' Ciif/iii's Aiiur. Jiu/., vol. ii,, p, '»'01
nd tiniiriiiif il III /in; instead of padcjliii
m s,'
companitivo voealmiary. 10
THE A.MEKICANS OF WELSH OllIGIN.
119
soliloquized aloud in Welsh; whereupon they spared
him and his comi)anions, and treated them very
civilly. xVfter this Mr Jones stayed among them for
four months, during which time he conversed with
them lamiliarlv in the Welsh laniruaye, "and did
preach to them in the same language three times a
week, -'"
A certain Lieutenant Roberts states that in 1801
he mot an Indian chief at Washington, who spoke
"Welsh "as fluently as if ho had been born and
brought up in the vicinity of Snowdon." He said
it was the language of his nation, the Asguaws, who
TuscavoiM
th when ho
2'" As a <,'()0(1 (leal of iin])ortancc litis hecn fittarheil to it, it will lie as
well to ;.'ivc .Icpiifs' sliitoini'iit in full; it is as fiillows: ''I'Ik'si' ]ii'i'.st'iits
ccrlilv all ipcisniis wlialovi-r, that in the year l()ti(), lioini,' an iniialiitaiit of
I, iiiiil cliaiilain to Major (ieiieral MiMini't, of Maiisoinan ('(iiinty,
tho said Major (iciH'ral Henni't and Kir William Korkelev sent two siiips to
I'tirl )!oyal. now calletl Sonth Carolina, wliii'ii is sixty li'aj,'ues sontliwaril
(if Cai"' I'air, ami 1 was sent tliLMTwith to lie their minister. Tjion the
8th iif .\|iiil we set ont from Vir;;inia, iind arrived at the harlior's mouth of
I'ort i!o\al the Hit h of tlie same month, where we waited for tiie rest of
the Meet that was to sail from liarliadoes ami lierinnda w itli one Mr. AN'est,
■wild was to he deimty jfovernor <if said jilaee. As soon as the Heet canio
ill, the smallest vessi'ls that were witli us sailed n|i tiie river to a ]ilaee
riilli'il tli(^ Oyster i'oiiit; there I continued ahout eij;ht months, all which
lime liciiii; almost starved f<ir want of ]irovisions: I ami live moie traveled
tliniiiuh the wildi-rness till wo came to the 'I'liscarora conntry. 'I'licre the
Tiiscaioi-a Indians took us jtrisoiwrs hecanse we told them tiiat we were
iiouMil to lioanoeU. Tiiat iiijuht they earrie<l ns to their town and sliut us
ii[i dose, to our no small dread. Tlio ne.xl day they entered into a con-
sultation ahout us, and, after it was over, their interjireter told us that we
imist |in'iiai(! ouiselves to die next morniii;;, wluM'euiion, lieinj; very much
'jciteil, 1 siiiike to tills eU'ecl in the Hritish [Welsli| t
"I
(■scaped so iiianv (liin''ers, and must I now he ki
ton^iue
II
ive
[
iiocUeil on
the head like a
ill;;!" 'I'lien |iresently came nu Indian to me, which at'tcrward aiipcai-ed
t'l 111' a war ca|itaiu licloiij^in;;- to the sachem of the I )(ic,us (w Iiom' oriL:iiial,
1 liml. iiiiist needs h(> from tlie Old Uritons). and took mc up hy the middle,
and lidd nie in the Itritish |\\'elsli| tongue I should not die, and thci('U|i(in
Went to the emperor of 'ruscarora, and ai;reed for my
ansom a
lid tlu> men
tliat were with me. They (the l»oej;s) then wclconied ns to their town,
mid ciitcrtaiiicd ns very civilly and cordially f
linn
Irilisli
months, duiiiiu' ^^ hicli
I hail the opportunity of eonversin;,' with them faniiliarlv ill the
|\v
anuua''e, a
lid did ])reach to them in the same laii^
lliivc liiuoa week, and they wiiiild confer with me alioiit any tiling' that
was diniciili therein, and at our departure they ahiindantly suiiplicd us
with ulialcver was necessary to our support and wtdl doiiij;'. I'liey art'
M'lilcd iipiiu I'diili;.;!! Iliver.'not far from Cape At ros. This is a hrief re-
litiil el my travels anioni; the I )oejr Indians. Miii!(;\N .I(im:s,
sou of .lohn iloiies, (it Uasatc'', near Ncwjioit, in the Coiintv
111
of M
to the ciuinliv.
oiinioul I
am rem
1\ t(
I'w Wnk, .March Huh, UiS."i t)." (Iniflr
iidiicl any \\'(d
•ii\s Mil'/., 1710.
imun or others
120
ORIGIN OF THE AMEKlC.vNS.
I "I
lived ciglit hundred miles north-west of Philadelphia.
He knew nothini^ of Wales, but stated that his
people had a tradition that their ancestors came to
America from a distant country, which lay far to the
east, over the great waters. Amongst other <pies-
tions, Lieutenant Roberts asked him how it was that
his nation had preserved their original language so
perfect; he answered that they had a law which
forbade any to teach their children another tongue,
until they were twelve years old.^"
Another officer, one Captain Davies, relates that
while stationed at a trading-post, among tlic Illinois
Indians, he was surprised to find that several Welsh-
men who belonged to his company, could converse
readily with the aborigines in Welsh. ^^^ AVardeu
tells a story of a Welshman named Griffitli, wlio
was taken prisoner by the Shawnee tribe about the
year 17G4. Two years afterwards, he and five
Shawnees, with whom he was traveling about tlio
sources of the Missouri, fell into the hands of a
white tribe, who Avere about to massacre them wlieii
(Jriffith sj)oke to tlieni in Welsh, exi)laiuliig the
object of their journey; upon this they consmtod to
s])are him and his companions. He could learn
nothing of the history of these white natives, excejit
that their ancestors had come to the Missouri from
a far distant country. CVriffith returned to the Shaw-
nee nation, but subsequently esca}>ed and sueceedcd
in reachinix Vir<>'inia.^*'^ There are many otlier re-
«ii (Vmmfh'rs'' Jniir., vol. vi., p. 411.
«<i! ''riit'Md ai'coiiiits ari' coiiicd from iiianuscriiits of T>r. W. O. Pii^^lic,
wlio, to,:_'rtli('r with i'liiwaril Williams (tiic lianl of (iiaiiioi'^faii), iiiaili" ilili-
p'lit iMiiiiirics ill Aiiiorica alioiit forty years a.u'o, when tliey eollecteil ii|i-
wards of one liiindreil diU'ereiit aeeonnts of the Widsji Indians.' J/i. 'ii i'
n'|iorteil l>y travellers in tiie west, tiiat on the l!ed Itiver. ... very far t^i
the sonthwest, a trihe of Indians lias lieeii found, whose manners, in m'\-
eral resiieets, resemlde the Wideli . . . .Tliey eall llieiiiselvi's the ,Me(Vciiit
trilie. wliieli having llie .Me or .Mae attached to their name. |H)iiil« e\i-
<leiillv toil IOiiro|iean orij,'in, of the ( 'idlie deseription . . . . It i^< wtdl aiillnn-
tieated that upwards of thirty years iifjo, Indians came to KiisUaskia. in
the territory, now the state of Illinois, who spoke the Weleli dialer!. :iinl
were perfeetlv understood hy two Welelimeii then there, who eoii\er-cil
with Iheni.' I'riis/'s .t nirr. .iiifi'i/., pp. 'J.'IO '_'.
I'll Ivr/icir/iis, p. 1,")7. (irillitlis related his adventures to a native ef
SCOTCH AND IRISH THEORIES.
121
])()rts of a .similar kind, but tlicsc \\'\\\ be suffK-ient
to sliow oil Avliat manner of foundation the AVel.sli
theory rests, and to justify in a measure the out-
si>oken opinion of Mr Fisko, that "Welch Indians
are creatures of the imagination."^"
Lord Monboddo, a Scotchman, who wrote in the
.seventeenth century, quotes .several instances to show
that the lanL,aiage of the native Hiii-hlanders was
spoken in America. In one of the English expedi-
tions to discover the North Pole, he relates, there
were an Eskimo and a Scotchman, who, after a few
(lavs i)ractice, were able to converse too-cther readily.
He also states "that the Celtic language was s[)oken
by many of the tribes of Florida, which is situated
at the north end of the gulf of Mexico; and that he
was well acquainted with a gentleman from the
Highlands of Scotland, wlio was several years in
Florida, in a public character, and who stated that
many of the tribes with whom he had I.ecome ac-
([iiaiiited, had the greatest affinity with the Celtic in
their language."'^"
Claims ha\e also l)een put in for an Irish dis-
covery of the New World; St Patrick is said to
]ia\e sent missionaries to the Msles of America, '^^^
and c^arly writers liave gravely discussod the proba-
luiitiicky. (111(1 tlioy wore i>iililislio(l in 1S04, 1)V ^Ir ITonry Toiilniin, oiio
(if tlic .liiduDs of tli(' ttMi'itory of .Missis,si]i|ii. Sec Slmlilnril's Shtvlns nf
l.'iin'.sidiiii, [). -IT."); I'/iil(i(li/j)/tia Ma/iad (ind J'/u/xicdl Juarnul, vol. i.,
ISd.').
2H Aiiii'i: Aiiliij. Sill'., Tniiisitrt., vol. i., ]). 305.
2'' We read fartlicr: 'Rut wliat is ntill iiioro nMiiarkaldc, in tlicir war
sdiij; lit' (li.s('()V(!r('(l, not only tlie Mcntinit'nfs, hiit several lines, ilio very
saiiu' Wolds uH used in (l.w/nii's ci'li'liratcMl niajcsic jiocni of the wars of
liis ancestors, who lion islied alioiit thirteen hnndred years a^o. The In-
dian iianies of several of the streams, hr()(d<s, nioiintains and rocks of
I'liiiida, ail' also the same wliitdi are ;iiven to similar (dijecls, in the hi.Lili-
liiiijs of Scotland." .Ml this, eonld we liidieve it. would till us w ith astoii-
i'liiiicnt; lint the solution of the mystery lies in the next sentence: '"I'liis
cclcliraled inetaidivsieian (.Moiihoddo) was a linn licdiever in (he anciently
iv|iorteil account of .Nnierica's iiaviiij; heeii visited hy a colony from Wales
Ihiil; prcv ions to the discovery of ('(iliiinliiis.' I'rirsrs A iinr. Aiifii/., ji. '_'.'((>.
Ii i- this heinif a 'lirm liidiever' in a j^iven theory that makes s(» many
lliiii;:s |iateiit io ihe enthusiast which are invisihle to ordinar.v men.
*!'' MiiHiislil:i)ii Uriliiinn'rinii, \>\>. I.'U 'J, 1S7 H, eite(l in l)c<'iist<i's I'lr^
C')tiiiiil>hiu />/«', Aiiur., i>. xviii.
122
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
m
bility of Qiietzalcoatl haviiii^ been an Irishman.
There is no g'reat im[)robabihty that the natives
of Ireland may have reached, by accident or other-
wise, the north-eastern coasts of the new continent,
in very early times, but there is certainly no evi-
dence to prove that they did.^"
The nations of southern Europe have not been
entirely foriijotten by the theorists on the question of
origin. Those who have claimed for them the honor
of first settlinjj or civilizinjjf America, are not manv,
however; nor is the evidence they adduce of a very
imposing nature.
Lafitau supposes the Americans to be descended
from the ancient inhabitants of the Grecian archi-
pelago, wlio were driven from their country by the
subjects of Og, King of Baslian. In every partic-
ular, he says, the people of the New World resemble
the Hellenes and Pelagians. Both were idolaters;
used sacred fire; indulged in Bacchanalian revels;
held formal councils; strong resemblances are to bo
found in their marriage customs, system of education,
manner of hunting, fishing, and making war, in their
games and sports, in their mourning and burial cus-
toms, and in their manner of treating the sick.''^'^
Garcia knew a man in Peru who knew of a rock on
wliicli was what looked very much like a C J reek in-
scrij)tion. The same writer says that the Athenians
waged war with the inhabitants of Atlantis, and
might therefore have heard of America. That the
Greeks were navigators in very early ^Inies is shown
by Jason's voyage in search of the Golden Fleece.
Both ( I reeks and Americans bored their oars and
sang the deeds of their ancestors; besides whicli,
many words are connnon to both ])eoples.''"''' Liki'
2" S(M> /\iiHfs/)nri>ii;)h\s Mr.r. Aiifii/., vol. vi., pp. 188-00; Dr Cns/ii\<
Pri'-Ciihidiii'
Di.s
A I
IM
11). xvm.-xx.
2H M.riir.i f/cv Sinirai/rs A iiiiriiiiKiiii.s CoDijniirca ((ii.f M(Vi(t\s (hs J'
mirrs
■n
III/)-
I'.iiis, 1724.
s^'J Gai-ri,(, Ori'/cii dc los IniL, pp. 181M)2.
THE ANCIENT ATLANTIS.
123
Garcia, ^Ir PlJj^eon also know a man — a fiirnior of
]\[(>iitcvidco, in Brazil — who in 1827 discovcrod in
one of lii.s ticlds a flat stone, upon which was en-
graven a Greek inscription, which, as far as it was
leLi'iMe, read as follows: "During the dominion of
Alexander, the son of Philip, King of Macedon, in
the sixty-third Olympiad, Ptoleniaios." Deposited
heneatli the stone were found two ancient swords, a
liehnet, and a shield. On the handle of one of the
hi words was a portrait of Alexander; on the helmet
was a beautiful design representing Achilles drag-
ging the corpse of Hector round the walls of Troy.
"From this discovery, it is evident" — to Mr Pidgeon
— "that the soil of Brazil was formerly broken by
Ptoleniaios, more than a thousand years before the
discovery by Columljus."^^ Brasseur de Bourbourg
seeks to identify certain of the American gods with
Gieek deities.-^^ Jones finds chat the sculi)ture at
Uxinal very closely resembles the Greek style. '-'''^
The vastness of some of the cities built by the
eivilized Americans, the fine roads they constructed,
their fondness for gladiatorial combats, and a few un-
rehable accounts that lloinan coins have been found
on the continent, constitute about all the evidence
that is t)flered to show that the Komans ever visited
America. '^^^
The story of Atlantis, that is, of a sulimorged, lost
land that once lay to the west of Euro})e, is very old.
It was communicated to Solon, according to IMu-
tarcli, by the Egyptian priests of Psenophis, Sonchis,
«•'" I'iJijroii's Tr<i<l, ]>. 10.
*'• l.ilHi/il, Jii/iiri,)li, pp. IXX.-IXXX.
2'- II, s/. Am: Aiiirr., \t. 107. In tlic Grocka of Ildincr I fiiul (ho ciis-
tniii>;. (lisci)urs(', and nuimii'i's of tlif li'0(|iiois, Di'lawaics, ami Miaiiiis.
'i'lii' liaL;('(li('s of Sii|)lii)('li.'.s and lMii'i|)idi'M paint to iiic alniosl lilcially the
si'iiliiiit'iits of till' rrd-iiini, ri'sju'ctinj;' nofi'ssity, fatality, llic niisfrics nf
liuiiiaii lil'c. and tlic liiioiir of liliiid destiny. I'n/iifi/'.i ]'lnf nf lln- Vliniittc
Uiiil Snil nf thi' I'liilnlStillrsofAimririi. i.iiiidoii, ISOl.
-'■' Soe Pviisfs A iiirv, Aiiliij., pp. ;?S.")-!)(); Tdii/iiiiiiih/ii, Mdiiiiri/. Iml.,
toni. i.. ]i. 'i.M; Smtfs ill Jiniki/ .lA/.v., jtp. 1 '.»;•--( )'_'; ]'i//iii/ii/ii rrr, Jlist.
Cijii'/. Jlr.d, \\. li; KiiitjsljoruKijh'ii Alr.v. Aiitiij^., \o\. vi., pp. 184, 5-7-8,
124
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
Heliopolis, and Sais; and if wc may believe Plato,
Solon did not hear of the events until nine thousand
Egyi)tian years after their occurrence. Plato's ver-
sion is as follows:
"Among the great deeds of Athens, of which
recollection is preserved in our books, there is <jne
which should be placed aljove all others. Our books
tell that the Athenians destroyed an army whitli
came across the Atlantic Sea, and insolently invaded
Europe and Asia; for this sea was then navigable,
and beyond the strait where you place the Pillars of
Hercules there was an ishuid larger than Asia
(Minor) and Libya combined. From this island imk'
could pass easily to the other islands, and from these
to the continent which lies around the interior sea.
The sea on this side of the strait (the Mediterranean)
of which we speak, resembles a harbor with a narrow
entrance; but there is a genuine sea, and the land
which surrounds it is a veritable continent. In tlu;
island of Atlantis reigned three kinufs with great and
marvelous power. They had under their dominion
the whole of Atlantis, several other islands, and sonic
parts of the continent. At one time their power
extended into Libya, and into Europe as far as Tyr-
rhenia, and, uniting their whole force, they sough c to
destroy our countries at a blow; but their defeat
stop[)ed the invasion and gave entire inde})endence to
all the countries this side of the Pillars of Hercides.
Afterward, in one day and one fatal night, tlioro
came mighty earthquakes and inundations, which
ingulfed that warlike people; Atlantis disappeared
beneath the sea, and then that sea became inaccessi-
ble, so that navigation ceased on account of tlu'
({uantity of mud which the ingulfed island left in its
place. "^^*
It is only recently that any important signification
has been attached to this passage. It Avas previously
i
K'4
*■'' Si'c lidhlwiii'ii
394-5.
Am; Aiinr., p. 177; Foster's Prc-IIisf. litters, \'\'.
THE ISLAND or ATLANTIS.
125
i liacix, VI'.
roirardi'd ratlior as one of those fabulous accounts in
\\iiicli the works of the "writers of antiquity aboiuul,
than as an actual statement of facts. True, it had
Itct'U frequently quoted to show that the ancients had
;i knowled:L,^e more or less vague of tlie continent of
America, but no particular value was set upon the
assertion that the mysterious land was ages ago sub-
merLTt-d and lost in the ocean. But of late years it
luis l»een discovered that traditions and records of
cataclysms similar to that referred to by the Egyp-
tian priests, have been preserved among the Amer-
ican nations; which discovery has led several learned
and diligent students of New World lore to believe
that after all the story of Atlantis, as recorded by
JMato, may be founded upon fact, and that in bygone
ages there d'd actually exist in the Atlantic Ocean a
-reat trac^ ' inhabited country, forming perhaps
jiart of tl -Uierican continent, which by some
mighty convulsion of nature was suddenly submerged
and lost in the sea.
Foremost among those who have held and advo-
cated this opinion stands the Abbe Brasseur de
liourbourir.. This distinnuished Americaniste <2foes
farther than his fellows, however, in that he attenqits
to jirove tliat all civilization originated in America,
or the Occident, instead of in the Orient, as has
always lieen supposed. This theory he endeavors to
-iilistantiate not so nuich by the Old AVorld tradi-
lions aiid records as by those of the New World,
using as his principal authority an anonymous manu-
siriiit written in the Nahua language, which he en-
titles the Coclt'x CJiimalpopoca. This work ])iiri)orts
t » he on the f\ice of it a 'History of the Kingdoms
ot' C'ldhuacan and Mexico,' and as such it served
Uiasseur as almost his sole authority for the Toltec
j'criod of his Ilistoire des N^ationn C in' I {.sees'. At
that time the learned Abbe reu^arded the Atlantis
theory, at least so fiir as it referred to any part of
America, as an absurd conjecture resting upon no
126
ORIGIN OF THE AMEUICANS
authentic basis. ^''''' Tu a later work, liowcvcr, lie
more than retraets this assertion; from a seej)tic lie
is suddenly transformed into a most devout and eu-
tluisiastic boHever, and attemjjts to prove by a most
ehd)orate course of reasonin<i^ that that whicli lie
before doul)ted is indubitably true. The cause of
this sudden change was a strange one. As, by con-
stant study, he became more })rofoundly learned in
the literature of ancient America, the Abbe discov-
ered that he had entirely misinterpreted the Codec
C/iinKi/popora. The annals recorded so ])lainly ujxm
tlie i'ace of the mystic })ages were intended only for
tiie understanding of the vulgar; tiie stories of the
Icings, the history of the kingdom,-, v.ere aH<.-guric;il
and not to be construed literally; deej) below the
surface lay the true historic record — hidden from jill
sMve the i)riests and the wise men of the West — ot"
the mighty cataclysm which submerged the cradK;
of all civilization.^^" Excei)ting a dozen, perhaps, ct'
the kings who preceded Montezuma, it is not u
history of men, but of American nature, that nnist
be sought for in the Mexican manuscripts and ]);uiii-
ings. The Toltecs, so long regarded as an ancient
civilizi'd race, destroyed in the eleventh century by
their enemies, are really telluric force's, agents of
subtei'ranean tire, the veritable smiths of Orcus and
of Leninos, of which ToUau was the symbol, the
.1
8" Ih.sf. X,it. dr., torn, i., j). 0.
'■'"' ' liii;i;;iiiiv. nil livre t'litior ocrit on calcnilionrs, nn livro do'ir tmiti-^
li's ])lii;i^c's, (lout III itliii>iirt ilcs inols (iii( nn (limlilc himis, I'lin jiiiifailciuiiil
iii'l el iliNliiict lie r.iuli'i', ft Vitus iinrc/, jiisiin'a nn certain imiiiiI, I'Mic ilii
travail c|iif j'ai ciilrt' Ics inainH, ("est on clu'rcliant l'tx|ilii'ati(iii irnn |i;i---
ha^jo furl ( iiiicnx, I'datit" a I'liisttiiro do (.^lul/.al-t'natl, tjiio jo siiis arrivi' .
00 ri'^nllal oxtram-dinaii'o. (►ni, iMoiisionr, hI oo livro ost on ajiiiaicin i'
I'iii.Htoiro doM 'I'cdtoiinos ot, oiisnit(! dos rois do Cidlinaoan ot do Nloxico, >\
]ir(''sonlo, I'll ri'alito, h; rocit dii oataolysiiio <iiii iMuilovorsa lo nnnido, il > .i
(|U(d(|iios six on Hi>|it ii.iiio miih, ot. oonstitiia los oinilinonts dans lour ('l;it
iictiud. ("o 1(110 !(' ('iiifrx lliiri/iti do la l*ri>]ia;;aiido, lo Mitiiuscril (/r lifsiii'
ot lo Miinii.srrit Trixiuo otaloiit on iiiia^tos ot on iiior(i;,'ly|dios, lo I'luh.f
r/(/»(/>('/(ny»)(7( on doiino la lottro; il oniitioiit, on lan;,'no iialinall, riiislnin'
dii iiiondo, ooiniKtHi'o par lo saf^c llnoinan, o'osl-ii-diro par la main pins'-:;!.!''
K\i' Oioiidans lo j^raiid l.ivro do la iiatnr(>, on nn iiiKt, o'ost lo l,i'rodi\'
iii-iiionio
I
o'ost lo Tvi.'-A
mo,.
JInt.ssiiir itti liourboura. Qimtrc Littv
.
miASSEUR DE nOUUnOURG'S THEORIES.
127
ever, lie
,ccptic lu;
; and cn-
)y a most
which he
cause »)t'
s, hy con-
earned in
be discov-
the Codec
iiiuly ui^ou
id only lor
ries of the
allegorical
helow tlie
iu from all
3 West— of
the cradle^
perhaps, of
is not a
that must
and ])ainl-
an ani'icnt
century l>v
a<;'ents of
Orcus and
nd)ol, the
in j.iufiiitt'iiK'i''
jioiiil, I'itl'''' ''"
•utii»n il'iin I'^i";
jo SlllH lll'l'ivr .
[t, I'll i»ii|':"'''i"'!
h tU' Nli'^i''"' 'I
e iniiiiili', il y .V
i iliiiiM li'iir flat
ist-rit ilr liirsil'-
hihi's, U' '■'"''■I'
llmatl. riiistoiri!
I, mill iiius-^;,..;"
1,. M'.rc iliMi>
hiitlrc J.itli'^f
true masters of civilization and art, "wlio by the
niiu'litv convulsions wliich they caused coninuinicated
to men a knowledj^-e of minerals.'-"''
I know of no man better cjualiHed than Avas Bras-
seur do l>our])our<^ to })enetrate the ol)seurity of
America!! pri?nitive liistoiy. His fa!niliarity with
tiie Nahua a!!d Cei!tral An!ericai! lanoua^cs, his in-
defatigable i!idustiy, and _sj^e!ie!al e!"udition, ivn(hn-ed
liiin einine!itly lit for such a ta.sk, a!id eve!'y Avoi'd
AV!"itti'n b^' such a i!ia!! on such a subject is e!ititled
to respectful considei-atio!i. Nevertlieless, the!e is
reason to believe that the Al)be was ofte!! !apt away
fi'o!ii the truth by excess of enthusiastii, and tho
I'eader of his wiKl a!id fanciful specuhitions (•an!!i)t
l)ut !en'!vt that he has not the oppoi-tunity oi- ability
to intelliu'eiitly critii'iso by coi!ipai'is()n the Kixnich
savant's i!iter[)retatioi! of the original docu!iients.
At all events it is certain tliat he ho!iestly believed
in the truth of his own discovery; ibr who!! he ad-
!nittt'd that, ii! the lii;ht oi' his l)etter knowK-dL'e, the
T.dtec histoiy, as ivcot'ded in the dxlcr i^hiiit((f/>(>-
ji'H-ii, was ail alleufoiy— that no such jieople as the
Tolti'cs evi'i- existed, in fact — and theriiby ri>iuK>!T,i
valueless his own histoiy of tho Tnlte.- ju'iiwvl, he
niade a sacritice of labo:, unique, 1 think, in the
annals (,f literature.
ihasseur's theoiy su]>j)osea that the continent of
Aineiica oi-cujiii'd (»iMi;inally the Uulf of Mexico antl
the < 'ari'ibean Sea, and extended in the form of a
jH'uinsuli! so far aci'oss the Atlantic that the Caiiaiy
i-^'ands may have formed part of it. All this ex-
bnded portion of tho continent was many ai,'es ai""*)
engulfed by a ti'emendous convulsion of iia(iii-e, of
which ti'aditions and wi'itteii ivcoi'ds have been \n'{)-
scrved by many American peoples.'^"" Yucatan,
>'■■'' ri., i>. IV.).
*'■* In tlic CimIi'v ('liiinal|io|)<)cii, UnissiMir rendu fliat 'a la suite tic I't'--
ni|iliiiii ill's Vole, HIS luverts siir tmile I'etiMHlue ilii e(mli,i"iil aimiieaiii,
iliiiilile alms ile ee iiii'll .-si iiii joiinl'liui, I'enipUon HOiiiliiiiie tl'iiii i.iiinei<.'<e
%er Hiiu»-iiuvriu, iil etialui lo iiiuuUu et ublinii, vnlru uu lever ct iin .tiitiu
128
ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.
i' '
■ :
IIoiKlnras, {lud Guatemala, Averc also sulnuoro'cd,
but tlio ooutinont subsequently rose sufHcieiitly to
rescue them from the ocean. The testimony of many
modern nien of science tends to show that there
existed at one time a vast extent of dry land between
Europe and America."'*'
It is not my intention to enter the mazes of Bras-
seur's argument here; once in that labyrintli there
Avould be small ho})e of escape. His (Jtiatre Liifn's
are a chaotic jundjle of facts and wild speculations
tliat would appal the most enthusiastic antiquarian ;
the materials are arraniifed with not the slii>htest
regard for order; tlie reader is continually harasseil
by long rambling digressions — literary no-thorougli-
fares, as it were, into which he is beguiled in tlio
hope of coming out somewhere, only to find himself
more hopelessly lost than ever; for mythological evi-
dence, the pantheons of Phaniicia, Egy[)t, Hindostan,
(Jreece, and Uomo, are probed to their most ol)scuro
deptlis; com|)arative philology is as accommodating
to tlie theorist as ever, which is saying a great deal;
the opinions of geologists wlio never dreamed of an
Atlantis theory, are (pioted to show that the Amer-
ican continent formerly extended into the Atlantic in
tlie manner sujjposed.
1 have presented to 'he I'eader the bare outline of
Avhat Bra,s;seur expects to prove, without giving him
the argument used by that learned wi'iter, for tlio
reason tliat a partial resume of the QmUrc Leffrc^
would be unfair to the Abbe, while an entire resume
would oci'upy more space than I can s])ai'e. i will,
however, deviate from the system 1 have hitheiti*
observed, so far as to express my own opinion of tin.'
Fri'iich siivant's tlu'ory.
\\v,\\- the original dot'uments from which Ib'MsscMir
(lr(>w his data obtainable, we might, were we abb' t i
read and understand them, know about liow far his
lie I'l'ldilc ilii iniiliii, li'H iV'gioiiH les iiluB riclica ilu glol)c.' (Jiuitrc Lelli-is,
\K I.-..
i^" hi., l^. 108.
AUTOCIITIIONIC ORIGIN.
129
cntliu.siasm and iinaginatlon have warped his cahner
jiul^inoiit; as it is, the Athintis theory is certainly
not proved, and we may tlieret'ore reasonably decline
to accei)t it. In my o[)inion there is every reason to
helieve that his first interpretation of the Codex C/ii-
i/jxtpocd was tlie true one, and that the 'double
///'
nieaniii<:»'' had no existence save in his own distorted
hUR'V
wo
Tt only remains now to speak of tlie theory which
n.-('ril)es an autoclithoir'c origin to the Americans,
The time is not long past when such a supposition
W(>uld have been regarded as impious, and even at
lliis (lay its advocates may expect discouragement if
lint rebuke from certain quarters.^*"'^ It is, neverthe-
li'ss, an opinion worthy of the gravest consideration,
ami one which, if we may judge by the recent re-
iQiiiilrc L''lli''
Sec fartliiM', ('mi'-cniinjj; Atlantis: lintssriir (fr lioiirhonrg, .IfSi. Tro-
tniii. i., Jill. 'J'.t-.'t'J, 1 !('.(; Irriiiif.s Cohiiiiltiin, \i
jip. •24, ;\H, vol.
pli. 4l!t, 4!t-J-4, 41)11 r.l'J; llari/, Mi\(i'/iii; p. I'M); htii/;/, linns Iiii/i;/., ]>. 7;
Kini/, Iti.-iriiiu's, ill Aiiliij. Mr.r., toiii. i., div. i., pp. 4l-"2; I>i' Ciistii'.s I'rr-
I'dhiiiiliinii lliii'. Aimr., p. xiii.; nii//i/ii\s I'lisiniiij., pp. <,)4.'{-4; Sniisiin iCAh-
liiril/i\ Anil ri'/n>\ pp. I ;{; ir///.v(»/(',v ^1 nrr. Ilisl., pp. '.)()-l; ll'iiri/ni, Ii>-
clifri'/irs, pp. DT-ll."!; ('ni'li, Ciii'ln.s, pt I., p. 1; llnissnir ilr lloiir/iitiiri/, iii
l.inidit, Uihifiitii, pp. .\viii.--i'.\ii. ; llniis' .liir. Anirr., p. !.'<; Mnlli-linni,
]'rirl\' ill' III (irni/., tiilll. 1., pp. 'JH HO, •.'l;J-ir»; ll'il.siiii'.i I'n'liisl. Mil
pii. ;i'.).*-.'i; Kiiiijshnriiiiiili's Ml. I'. Aiifii/., vol. vi., pp
y/(.v/. Itiii'rs, pp. HDI-lt; l.(ifi'iiiii:in\ IHrfniinii, pp. S
Jliiiiilrri, MS.; Uriii/f'iirirn Annr. Aiilii/,, pp. "Jh
ISI-I; Fiis/r
I). iS L'.'i; S/rnl/iiii's Minimi-
JilllllH
A I
p. 174-Si; Milihill, ill Aimr. Aii/iii. Sur., Ti
ill); I'li/ii'-s, Hhii/is llinf. .1111' Irs Cu'ili.in/i
toill.
M'i'iilliiii's /,'
-•/„
v oil Aiiiff., PI
rt., vol. !., p.
jip. i>i.".-'.i;i, '2IS;
t. '_'(! ;t'_'; lliiiiiliiilil:, E.iiiiii. Crit., ton
I!
pp. I'.', 1:10 •-Mil, toni, ii., jip. 4(i, KlU-'JU; Orinli,, Ilisl. (,'ni., torn. !.,
. 1 l-IS, '2'2; Mniii/lmv, in Aiifi'ii. .l/cc, ]>]). .'iT-lit); ('nlinrn, 't'ln/rn, in
Ih-
•VI fit mil,
llllllfl', vo
l"_'ti; J'illiii/iiliirrr, llisf. Ciimi //;", pp. . '")-(!; I'liirliii.i
]). 7!)!)-S()l; Tnviiiiniiiiilii, Mniiiini. Iiiil., loin, i.,
I«/C(!
/n\ I'iliJVI
p.l_'l); Wis! iiiiiI i)sl fiiilisriiir Liistiinrt, pr i., pp. 4-."); Miiii/iniiis, A"/(
I'i'i'ilil, pp. IS-H); ('liirii)iri), Sloriii Aiit, ilil Mixsiri), toiii. iv., p, HI;
i\ in Miisio Mi,r., toni. ii., pp. .S4-<!; M'ljurs /'rinn- llniri/, ]».
SS; liH/iiirsif'i; in I'riisl'n Aim I'. Anti'i/., Jip. I'J.'ll; Dm rmi'li's /hsiii.
I
pp. '(5, Ii;i-I4; Fiuiliiiiiv's lliir llir W'nrlil rns I'm/tlnl, y\
Irirni, Hist. Urn., toni. i., lili. i.. ciii). ii.; Siiiilh's Iliiiiniii ,^111
■■•'•1 l);ivi
.S,'<; Siir. (liiiij., Illlllrtiii, toni. iv.
.!(
A I
•J.T).
Ill>' II
illlllT-
p. I'.', tliiiiks tliiil {i portion of tl
ri.uiiial cri'iilion iiiiu'niii'il west. 'If liiis iilci,' lie s;ivs, 'is new to
he (III
iniiils of
I I
lopc it iiiiiv Im< considcrcil more rcnsoiialili' tli.iii (lie iiilidcl opin-
imi. tli,i( iiii'M mill jiiiiniiils wcic ijisiini'l creations from iliosc of .\f«iii.'
' Ihiiil^ von,' lie mills Mam'ly, '(iicv would liiive Irausportotl M'iionioun
MTpi'uli from till' old to ilu; now world'/'
Vol., V. U
130
ORIGIN OF THE AMEIIICANS.
sult>j of scientific investigation, may eventually prove
to 1)0 scientifically correct. In the preceding' pages it
will have been remarked that no theory of a foreiiiii
origin has been proven, or even fairly sustained.
The particulars in which the Americans are shown
to resenihle .any given people of the ( )ld World are
insignificant in number and iun)ortance when com-
pared wi h the particulars in which they do ),vt
resemble that people.
As I have remarked elsewhere, it is not impossible
that stray shi[)s of many nations ha'^'e at various
times and in various places been cast u[)on the
American coast, or even that adventurous spirits,
Avho were familiar with the old-time stories of ;i
western land, mav have designedly sailed westwaid
until they reached America, and have ne\er retunieJ
to tell the tale. The result of such desultory visits
would be exactly what has been noticed, but cr-
I'oneously attributed to inunigration en masse. The
strangers, were their lives si>ared, would settle atnoiiL;'
the people, and impart their ideas and knowledge U)
them. This knowledge would not take any vciy
definite shape or have any very decided efiect, for the
reason that the sailors anil adventurers who would
likely to land in America under such circumstaiiecs,
would not be thontughly versed in the arts or sci-
ences; still thev Avould know many things that were
nnknown to their captors, or hosts, and would doubt-
less be able to suggest many improvements. 'I'liis,
then, would account for many ( )ld World ideas and
customs that have been detected here and there in
uVuieiica, while at thi' same time the difiiculty wliicli
arises from the fact that the resemblances, though
striking, are yet very few, would be satisfactorily
avoided. The foreigiu'rs, if adopted by the jH-ejih'
le
tl
ley
among, won
Id of
course marry women
the country and beget (diildren, l>ut it cannot Ite
expected that the ])hysical peculiarities so ti'ans-
mitted would bo perceptible after a generation or two
CONCLUSIONS.
i;;i
illy prove
o- pages it
a ibroi^n
sustained.
wo sll(>^vll
^Vorld arc
^•lien com-
oy do ^(»^
impossiMe
at varioiH
upon the
•lis spirits,
ti)rics of ii
[ westward
or returned
Itory visits
«(l, but er-
lasse. 'J lu'
.'ttle anion;;'
iDNvleilge ti>
any verv
[Joy thV
1(1 W
ec
i() won
•unistanees.
ts or sci-
tliat weiT
)uUl tlonlit-
ht.
Tl
\\.
(1
uleas am
(I tlu>re in
lultv wiruh
les,
tiioll'.
Itislaetordy
(the ]n'oiil<'^
wonn'ii "t
i\ot he
traiis-
can
so
;ion or two
of rc-niarryini.;' Avitli the aborli^inal stoek. At the
^anie time 1 tliink it just as probable that the anal-
() 'ies referred to are mere coineidences, such as mini it
he found among any civilized or semi-civilized peoj)le
(if the earth. It may be argued that the various
American tribes and nations differ so materially from
eacli other as to render it extremely improbable that
tlit'vure derived from one original stock, but, however
this may be, the difference can scarcely be greater
than that which apparently exists between many of
the Aryan branches.'^'''"
Ifence it is many not imreasonably assume that
tiio Americans are autochthones until there is some
pioii ground given for believing them to be of exotic
origin. ■''■^ To exjiress belief, however, in a theory
incapable of proof appears to me idle. ]nde(>d, such
hcliof is not belief; it is merely acquiesidng in or
accejiting a hypothesis or tradition until the contrary
?'•■ roiH'oniinjj unity (ir viuioty of the Ain(>rit"i»ii races, see: I'n'rfidnr.i
I,\siiiir/iis, vol, i., J), 'JtiS, vol. v., jip. 'iS',), ;{74, .M'J; Morfdii's Crania
Aiinr., ]>. (iJ: /Irad/on/'s Anicr. Aiiti'/., \>\t. \'.)~\^S; lla/i/trhi's .1 /ir. Aimr.,
!M'. tili-7; Midiri/, in Xa/I aiiif .Hitfdoii'.i Iiullii. Rarrs, 1>. 81; lliniilin/i'f.
I'll/., toni. i.
-1,
j;
S;i: IhimholdL V
torn. 1., p]i. 'Jl-:{(i; II illsi'ii'.i
llisf,, ]i. S'.t; ./«//(.<' Hisf. Aiir. Aiiiii\, Jt. 4; Smif/i's lln
•2'A: I'ltlliti's y. Aiiirr. Ind., vol. ii., p. 'J.'U; Ih
III Sjii
1., p).
;i-4.
r/i's Jiisir/
ris, vo
I am eonuielled to 1'elievo that the Continent of .Vnu't-iea, and eat
if ilie oilier ( 'oiilments, have had tlii'ir ahorij,'inal stoeks, iieenliar in eol
il in iliaiacler and that eaeh of these nati\e stocks has n'nler''one ii-
I"
Minlalions, liv erratic colonies from ahroad.' ('ntlin's X. Ai
liiil.
ii., |i. I'.'t'J; Itriiilfiinrs Aiiirr. Aiih'i/.. jip .j:_'t-."), thiid<s it consonant
:lli tlie liildi tl
ose 'distinct animal creations, siniiiltaneoii>
tor
;iu
niil portions of tlie earth.' .\ commenlator on iiellwald « ho adMnate
liiijiilion tlieorv remarks that: 'the derivalion of these \arieties from
ilic original stock is jihilosophically explained on the principle of the
Naiicly ill the otl'spriii;,;' of the same parents, and the lietter iidatitation and
i--cipicnt chance of life.' Siiii/lisiuiiaii l!r/if., ISIlti, p. .'tl.").
iioiiaiih' 111 cverv iiom
. 1"
tliat man, like tli
It of
\iesv.
th
'hat tl
icorv
e most tciialilc and cNuct wliicli
t. a ninndane lieiiiu\ made his appearand
■.,'i'iii'ni
lly upon earth when our planet had reacheil that stiij;e uf its dcvel
Hill w'licli unit; •( in itsidf the conditions of the man's rxistei
t iriiiilv V, itii this view I rcLrard the .\nieriean as an antochtcin.' 'I'h
II
le ii'ics-
lioii III iiiiiiii;;'ration to .\nierica has lieen too much mixed with thai ot lli
I'li^iralioii ill .\ii
lerica, anil only rei'ently has the opinion made iiiooir-s
ili.ii Anierica lias attained ii form of civili/alion hy modes nf their own.
NciiJiiM" the theory of a /m/iii/iitiiiij iinniiiira/iiui or a riri/ir.ini/ iniiiiii/rii-
tit, II I'lDiii the old World meet any conntcnanci- from the resiiLlsof the latest
iint'stiL'alioiis. llilliiiihl. in hi., p, H.'tO. .Ml trihes have similarities umoii;,'
tliiiii « liicli make llieni distinct from old world. IW
,1,- Ii
rhi
'V,
132
ORIGIN OF THE AMEIUCAXS.
is proved. No one at the present day can tell the
origin of the Americans; they may have come from
any one, or from all the hypothetical sources enu-
merated ill the foregoing [Kiges, and here the question
must rest until we have more light upon the subject.
II ;■. ' i.!
:l f
JFisf. Xfff. Civ., ton), i.. p. 23. Dr. Morton says tlio study of jiliysicMl
cniifiiniiiitioii iiloiie, fxi'ltidcs every liraiicli of tlie L'aut'uu.'siau race from any
iihviiius ]iartii'i|iatioii in tlie i)e()i)linj,' of tliiis continent, and lielieves the
liidiaiiH arc all of one race, and tliat race distinct from all others. Miii/n'i
(iliHcrrddtuiK, p. 11. We can never know the orijjin of the Americans.
'I'iie theory that thev are ahorij^ines is contradicted hy no fact and is
]ilaiisil)lt! enoujih. Marlvt, Voiinr/r, tom. i., pj). 177-8. The supposition
that the Hed .Man is a prindlive type of a human fannly originally idantcd
in the western continent presents the most natural solution of (' ■ pnili-
Icin. The researches of ]ihysiolo;;ists, anticjuaries, ])liilologists, lend this
A\ay. The hypothesis of an immi>;ration, when followed out, isemharrassol
uitli <;roat ditliculties and leads to interndnahle and unsatisfyinj,' spccul:i-
tions. yoniiiDi'.s linnifilr.i in 1'mc. , p. 2.")1. (Jod has created sexeral couples
of human l»ein;;s diU'erin;; from one another internally and externally, and
these were i)laeed in ajipropriate climates. The ori;j;inal cliarai'ter is jiic-
servtMl, ami dii'ccted only hy their natural powers they acquirinl knowledge
and formed a distinct lan;;na;;e. In |)rimitive times si;ins and sounds sn;;--
i;rsted hv nature wen; used, hut with advancement, dialects formed. It re-
A'
res the idea of a miracle to supiiose that all men <lescend from onesour(
iilllis. Ml
>PI
Tl
U! uiisucccsstul scare
h afl<
traces of an ante-( 'olumhian iidercourse with the New Woild. sutlices tocnii-
lirm tlu' helief that, for unnundiered centuries throughout tiiat ancient erii,
t!n' Western lleniisiihcre was the exclusive herit«j,'e of nations native to iis
soil. Its sacred ami sepulchral riles, its nsajjes and superstitious, its art--,
letters, metallur;,'y, sculpture, and architecture, are all peculiarly its own.'
ir//vo//'.v I'lrliist. Miiii, \>. I'JI. Morton concludes 'that the Anu'ricau Itatc
ilill'ers essentially from all otht>rs, not excejitin;; the Mon;;olian; mir do tl
fcelile anaioy-ies t)f lauiiua^i
d tl
U! more olivious i
IK'S in civil and rt
;.:ious institutions and the arts, denote anythinjf heyiuid casual or coloinal
communKatnin with the .Asiatic natnuis; ami even these analo^fies niiiy
perhaps lie accounted tor as llumholdt has su;fjiested, in the nu're coiiui-
dcnce arisinir from similar wants and impidst's iu nations inhahitin;; sniii-
lar latituiles,' Cruiita Antrr , p. 2(((). ' i am lirmly of opinimi that (iod civ-
jited an ori'^in.il man ami wonnm in this iiart of the ;2'lo1)e, ol diU'ercnt siici ii'>
fioiu any iti the other jiarts." Jioinniis Cutirisr S'liliind Ifis/. nf h. m,
ir. F/nt'i(/ii. '.'Mtamirano, the hest .\zlec scholar livin;;, claims that tin
oof is conclusive that the .\/.tecs did not conu' here from A?
Ii
liceii almost universally helieved. hut were a rac(> ori;;'inated iu .Vmcrit.i,
anil as old as the ('liinese thenisehcs, and that Chimi may excn have licia
)M'o|)led from America.' J'Jruiis^ Our Sislrr Itrii,, ji. 'XX.\. Swan helicMS
that 'whatever was the ori^jin of diU'erent trilies uv families, the wiinli;
r.ice of American Itidiuiis are native uud iudiyeiiuus to the hoii.' A'. IT.
( ''iiist, p. '20(j.
CHAPTER II.
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
KlIKlIN AND EAIMJIvST TIlSTdUV f)I" TIIK AMKUrCANS UNUKCORDKn -
Tm; Dauk Ska ok AMUiiiTY- Hoindauv iiktwkkn Myth am*
1I|>I(II!Y— rUIMITIVK ANNAI.S OK A.MKIMCA COMl'AltKl) \VITII TIKISK
oi' TiiK Old WoiM.D-ArriioiMTiKs and IIistoimcai, Matkimai
'I'liADlTlDNAL AXNALS AND TIIKIU VALLK - lllKlJUlJl.YI'lllt' liK( -
(iitDs OI' TIIK Mayas and Naiiuas — Spanish Wimtkus -'I'm;
('oN(,il KliOliS TlIK MlSSIoNAI!li:s TlIK lllSTOIilANS ("oNVi:i;i'lli
NaTIVI: ClIliONlCI.KliS SKCONDAKY AlTIIOUlTIKS- KTIINOI.O(iV
AltlN, INSTITITIONS, AND IlKI.IKKS— LaNOKAOKS— MATKUIAI, ISIoN-
IMKNIS OK ANTHil ITY - Usii OK ALTIIOUITIKS AND MKTIIOD OK
TliKATlNli Tllli !SLI!JI'XT.
Tlio procodiiii;' resume sliows pretty coneluHively
tliiit the Amerieaii peoples aiid tlie Ainericau cisil-
i/.iti(iiis, if not iiulio'eiioiis to the Xew World, were
iiilrndiieed from the ( )ld at a period loiiof jiricediiiL;-
any to wliii-U Me are carried by the traelitioiial or
iiioiiuiiieiital aiuials of either eontiiieiit. Wo have
foiiiKl no t'videiu'e of any populatino" or civili/ino-
migration across the t)i;ean from east or west, Jiorth
or south, within liistoiie times. Xothino' ap[>roach-
iiiH' idiuitity luis heen discovered hi'twetsn any two
nations se[)arated hy the Athmtic or IN-icilic. N(t
]io>iti\(( reco[(l appears even of comnumicatiou \>v-
twci'ii Amerii-a and tlie Old Wtuld, intent ionallv
liv I'oinmercial, explorino', or warlilie e\|n'diti(»ns, or
iii^iii leu tally hy siiipwreck, - previous to the voyages uf
(iit;i)
lU
INTUODUCTOIIV TO ABORIGINAL IIISTOllY.
the Xortliincn in the toiitli century; vet that sudi
coinimiii'u-atioii did take phice in many instances and
at different periods is extremely probable. The numer-
ous trans-oceanic analogies, more or less clearly de-
fined, which are observed, may haye resulted par-
tially from this connnunication, altliough they do not
of themselyes necessarily imply such an asjfencv. If
scientific research shall in the future decide that all
mankind descended from one original pair, that tlie
centre of population Mas in Asia rather than in
America, and that all ciyilization originated Ayith one
Old World branch of the human family — and theso
are all yet open (piestions — then there Avill be no
ijreat difficulty in accountiuijf for the transfer of both
population and culture; in fact the means of inter-
continental intei'course arc so numerous and pi'acti-
cable that it \y'\\\ perhaps be impossible to decide on
the pai'ticular route or routes by Mhich the transfer
was effected. Tf, on the other hand, a contraiy de-
cision be reached on the above (jucstions, the })h('-
nomena of American ciyilization and sayaijfism will
be even more easily accounted for.
liegarding North ^Vmerica then, at the most vi -
mote ej)och reached by tradition, as already peojiled
for i)erhaj)s hundreds of centuries, T projujse in tlir
remaining })ages of this volume to record all that is
known of aboriginal history down to the jieriod when
tlie Uiitiye races were found by Europeans liying nn-
der the institutions and })racticing the arts that li;i\o
been described in the ])receding volumes of tin's
work. Comparatively little is known or c;ui ever hf
known of that history. The sixteenth century i-^ ;i
bluff coast line bounding the dark unnavigable sen ef
American anti(piity. At a yer> few i)oints along tlic
long line headlands project slightly into the wati is.
affoi-ding a tolerably sure footing for a time, hut
terminating for the most part in dangei-ons reefs .nid
([uicksiinds over which tlu; adveiitni'ous a,nti(|uari.iii
may pass with nuicli risk still farther from the tirm
Tin: -MV.STEllY OF ANTIQUITV.
135
liuul of wiMttoii record, and gazo at ilickeriiig iiiyth-
ical lio'lits attached to buoys hoyoiid. As a rule,
nothing' Avliatever is known respectinj^ the liistory of
savai^e trihes until they come in contact with nations
(»f a higher degree of culture possesfsing some system
of written record. rtes[)ecting the past of the Wild
Trihes by whom most of our territory was inhabited,
wo have only a few childish fables of creation, the
adventures of some bird or beast divinity, of a ilood
or some other natural convulsion, a yictory or a de-
feat Nvhit'h may have occurred one or a hundred <>'en-
orations ago. These fables lack chronology, and have
no (Kfniite historical signilication which can be made
available. The Civilized Nations, however, had re-
cdi'di'd annals not altogether mythical. The Nahua
annals reach back chronologically, although not un-
interrn[ttedly to abcjut the sixth century of our era;
the !A[aya record is somewhat less extensive in an
uiilti'oken line; but both extend more or less vaguely
and mythically to the beginning of the Christian era,
pi'ihaps nmch farther. ^lyths are mingled in great
al)un(lance with historical traditions throughout the
wliole aboriginal [teriod, and it is often utterly im-
i(issil)l(> to distinguish hetween them, or to fix the
lomidaiy line beyond which the element of history
is ahsohitcly wanting. The [)rimitive al)original life,
not only in .Vmerica but throughout the world, is
wrapped in mystery. The clear light of histoiy
fades gradually, as wo recede from the })resent age,
into an t'Vi'r-deepenlng shadow, which, beyond a
vaiying indelinable point, a lK)rder land of myth and
faille, merges into the l)lack night of anti([uity. T'he
investigations of modern scieni'e move back but
>Ki\vly this bound between the past and ])resent, and
while the results in the aggregate are immense, in
slii'ddiiig utiw light on ])()rtions of the world's annals,
pionress toward the ultimate end is almost inapjiri'd-
a'lle. If the hiunan mind shall ever jienetrate the
iiiv,>(erv, it will be one of its last and most u'lorious
m
km
Mil
136
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORICilNAL UISTOUV.
triumphs. America does not differ so much as would
at first thoui^ht appear from the so-called < )ld World
in respect to the obscurity that shrouds her early
history, if both are viewed from a correspondiuy-
stand-point — in America the Spanish Conquest in
the sixteenth century, in the eastern continent a
remote period when history first bejifan to be recorded
in lanijuaofes still in use. Or if we aUacli o-reater
importance to Biblical than to <jther traditions, still
America should be compared, not Avith the nations
whose history is traced in the Hebrew record, but
with the distant extremities of Asia, Europe, and
Africa, on whose history the Bible throws no li^lit.
save the statement that they were peopled from
a common centre, in which populatini»' movement
America has equal claims to be included. To all
Avhose investi illations are a search for truth, darkness
covers the origin of the American peo])les, and their
primitive history, save for a few centuries preceding"
the Conquest The darkness is lio-hted up here and
there by dim rays of conjectui'e, which only become
fixed lii^'hts of fact in tlie eyes of anti([uarians whose
livcdy imag-ination enal)les them to see best in tlie
dark, and whose researches are but a sifting-out of
supports to a i^reconceived opinion.
The authorities on which our knowledge of abd-
riginal history rests are native traditions orally
handed down from generation to o'eneration, tlie
Aztec picture-writings that still exist, the writings
of the Spanish authors who came in contact with the
natives in the period immediately following the Con-
quest, and also of converted native writers who wrote
in S])anish, or at least by the aid of ]^]uropean letteis.
In connection with these positive autlioi'ities the
actual condition, institutions, aiul beliefs of the
nativiis at the Coiupiest, together with the material
monuments of antiquity, all described in the jae-
ceding volumes, constitute an inq)ortant illustrative,
corrective, or confirnuitory source of information.
THAUITION AS AN AUTHOItlTV.
137
( >ial tradition, in connection with lini^-uistic affini-
tiis, is our only authority in tlie case of the wild
Tril)L.s, and also i»hiys a prominent part in the annals
(if the civilized nations. In estimatini*- its historical
value, not only the intrinsic value of the tradition
itsL'li', but the authenticity of the version ])resented
ti) us nuist be taken into consideration; the latter
consideration is, however, closely connected with tliat
of tbe early writers and their reliability as authori-
ties on abori!>-inal history. No tribe is altogether
without traditions of the past, many — probably most
— of wliich were founded on actual occurrences, while
a few are wholly imasjfinary. Yet, whatever their
origin, all are, if unsupjiorted by written records,
pivu-tically of little or no value. Every ti-acc of tlie
circuuistances that gave rise to a tradition is soon
lust, altliough the tradition itself in curiously modi-
licd I'ornis is long preserved. Natural convidsions,
hke floods and earth(iuakes. famines, wars, tiii)al
migrations, naturally leave an impression on the
s:ivage mind which is not easily effaced, but the fable
in which the record is embodied may have assumed a
I'diiu so changed and childish that we jiass over it
tu-day as having no historical value, seeking informa-
tion only ill an a[)parently more consistent tale, which
may have originated at a recent date from some very
trivial circumstance. Examples ai'e not wanting of
\ciy iinj)ortant events in the com]»aiatively modern
history of Indian tribes, the record of which has not
apparently been preserved in song or story, or the
iiu'Uiory of which at least has l)ecome entiivly (»b-
literated in little more than a hundred vears. Oral
tiatlitiou has no chronology that is not ]>urely im-
aginary; "many moons ago," "our fathers did thus
and so," may refer to antediluvian times or to the
exploits of the narrator's grandfather. Anu)ng the
American savages there was not even a pride in the
jiodigree of families or horses to iufluce care in this
lospect, as among the Asiatic hordes of patriarchal
138
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
■<;
iwr n
times. But the traditions of sava^'os, valueless Lv
themselves for a time more remote than one or two
generations, l)e<,nn to assume imi)ortance Avhen tlie
events narrated have been otherwise ascertained hy
the records of some contemporary nation, throwing'
indirectly much light on history which they were
powerless to reveal. Three traditions are es])ecially
prevalent in some form in nearly every section of
America; — that of a deluge, of an aboriginal niigra-
tion, and of giants that dwelt upon the eartli at some
time in the remote past. These may be taken as
oxami)les and interpreted as follows, the respective
inter[>i'etations being arranged in the order of their
j)robability.
The tradition of a flood would naturally arise, 1st,
from the destruction of a tribe or i)art of a tribe by
the sudden rising of a river or mountain stream —
that is from a modern event such as has occurred at
some time in the history of nearly every peo[)le, and
wliich a hundred years and a fertile imagination
would readily have converted into a universal inun-
dation. 2(1. From the finding of sea-sliells and other
marine relics inland, and even on high mountains,
suggesting to the natives' untutored mind what it
proves to later scientilic research — the fact that water
once covered all. 8d. From the actual submersion
of some })ortions of the continent by the action of
volcano or earthquake, an event that geology shows
not to be improbable, and which would be well calcu-
lated to leave a lasting impression on the minds of
savages, 4th. From the deluge of the scri])tur;il
tradition, tlie only one of the many similar events
that may have occurred wliich makes any claims to
have been historically recorded. The accompanying
])articulars would be naturally invented. Some nuist
have esca])ed, and an ark or a high mountain are the
natural means,
A ti'aditional migration from noi'th, south, east, or
west may point to the local journeying of a family
IXTEUPIIETATION OF TRADITION.
139
i.r tribe, cither in search of better hunting-grounds,
or .IS a result ot adverse fortune in \viir; in a few
(•:i>es a general migration of many tribes constituting
a great nation may be referred to; and finally, it is
11 i.t M'lite iinpossil)le that a faint memory of an Old
World origin may have survived thruUgh hundreds
of generations.
So with the giant tradition, resulting, 1st, from
the memory of a fierce, numerous, powerful, and
successful enemy, possibly of large physi(pie. No
trilte so valiant that it has not met with reverses,
and the attrilniting of gigantic strength .ind super-
natural powers to the successful foe, removes among
the descendants the sting of their ancestors' defeat.
2d. From the discovery of immense fossil bones of
laastodtjiis and other extinct species. It is not
strange that such were deemed human remains by
tlie natives when the Sp^.niards in later times have
honestly believed tin ni t" be the bones of an extinct
gigintic race. 3d. J^'iom the existence of grand
ruins in many parts of the country, far beyond the
<• instructive powers of the savage, and therefore in
!il< eyes the work of giants— as they were iiitellect-
ui!!y, iu comparison with their degenerate descend-
ants. 4th. From an actual traditional remembrance
of those who built the ruined cities, and intercouise
wit!i comi)aratively civilized tribes. 5th. From the
existence in primitive times of a race of giants.
Xunieroiis additional soui'ces for each of these
traditions ini-li '^ >ubtless be suggested; but those
given iffii for illustration, and, as 1 have remarked,
tluy ^'ranged in each case in what would seem
the iral order .)f probability. The near and
iiatui -houl^ always be i)i'eferred to the remote and
sn|iiriiatura , and the fables mentioned should be
relerred to Xoah's deluge, ' siatic origin, and the
existence of a gigantic race, only when the jirevious
suppositions are proved by extraneous evidence to be
untenable. The early writers on aboriginal America,
-1
Jj, f
m
a
11
fiifS
110
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
using their reason only wlien it did not jonfiiet witli
tlieir faith, reversed the order of probability, and
thus ii^rcatly impaired the usefulness of their contri-
butions to history. The supposition of a purely
imaginary origin, common to aboriginal legend an '
modern romance, should of course be added to each
of the preceding lists, and generally placed before
the last supposition given.
Passing from the wilJ tribes to the civilized na-
tions of Mexico and Central America, we find tra-
dition, or what is generally regarded as such, nuuli
more complete and extensive in its scope, less child-
ish in detail, and with a more clearly defined di\iding
line between history and mythology. Theoretically
we might expect a higher grade of tradition among
a partially civilized people; but on the other hand,
what need had the Nahuas or Mayas of oral tradi-
tion when they had the art of recoiding events? In
fact, our knowledu'o of Aztec and Maya historv is
not in any proper sense traditional, although com-
monly s})oken of as such by the writers. Previous
to the ])ractice of the hieroglyphic art— the date of
whose invention or introduction is unknown, but
must probably bo placed long before the Christian
era — oral tradition was doubtless the oidy guide to
the })ast; but the traditions were recorded as s(K)n as
the sN'stem of picture-writing was suthciently pii-
fected to suggest if not to clearly exja-ess their im-
port. After i>icture- writing came into general use,
it is ditlicult to imagine that any bistorical events
should have been handed down by tradition aloiic.
Still in one sense the j)o{)ular knowledge of the |ia>t
among the ^Mexicans may be called tr.ulitioiud, iuas-
mucli as the written reco?'ds of the nation were imt
in the bands of the ])eoph!, but were ke])', by a cla^s
of the |)i'iestho()d, ami may be su})posed to have brrii
read by comitarativtly few. The contents of tlir
records, however, except perhaps some religious ni\ s-
iii::uo; ilvpiiic kecouds.
in
iiet with
itv, HUil
i" coiitri-
L pit rely
end an '
to euch
d betuic
lized na-
find tia-
ch, iiiiu'h
3SS c'liild-
dividiuL,^
uretically
111 aiiioii^*
ler hand,
ral tradi-
mts? Ill
listovv is
lj\\ c'oni-
Pruvious
c date of
3\vn, hut
Christian
i>'ui(h' ti)
s soon as
itly per-
heir ini-
leral use,
Id evi'iits
\)\i alout'.
the \y.\>t
nah ina.>-
hvere nnt
Iv ii el;i>s
lave been
of \\\r
Dus niv>-
teries which the priests alone comprehended, were
tolerahlv well known to the educated classes; and
v.lien the records were destroyed by Spanish fanati-
( ism, this general knowledge l)ecame the cliief source
Avhiuce, tlirough the 'talk of the old men,' the earlier
Avi'iteis drew their information. It is in tliis light
that we must understand the statement of many able
writers, that the greater part of our knowletlge of
railv American history is traditional, since this
knowledge was not obtain, d by an actual examina-
ii(>n of the records by the Spaniards, but orally from
the people, the upper classes of whom had them-
srlves read the pictured annals, while the masses
wt re somewhat familiar through popular chants and
jilavs with their contents. The value of history
taithfully taken from such a source cannot be
diiiii)ted, but its vagueness and conflicting statements
ivsjiecting dates and details may be best ap})reciated
hy ([uestioning intelligent men in the light of nine-
tet nth century civilization respecting the details of
iiKxlern history, withholding the privilege of refer-
( ine to books or documents.
( >f the Nahua hieroglyj^hic system and its capa-
liilities enonn'h has been said elsewhei'e.^ l>y its aid,
fi'iini the beginning of the Toltec period at least, all
liistoilcal events were recorded that were deemed
AVditliy of being preserved. The popular knowledge
nf these events was jierpetuated by means of poems,
> iii'^.>, and plays, and this knowledge was naturally
aultv ni (
lat
es.
Tl
le numerous discrepancies w
IK
lent>
or
tl
le
P
hieh
present day meet at every step i
n
\\w investigation of aboriginal annals, result eliiedy
finiii till! almost total destruction of the ]>ainted
o
rds, the carelessness of thos(> who attempted t
iiiter[)ret the lew surviving documents at a, tinu!
when such a task \y^' native aid ouiiht to liavi' bin'ti
feasihlc, till! neglect of the Spanish prii'stlmod in
wing the art of interpretation to be well-nigh
lllln
1 Vol.
IT'
i\}:i-o;2.
112
INTRODUCTORY TO ARORIOINAL HISTORY.
wl
'•' !i 11 i
lost, tlieir necessary reliance for historical inforniatii)ii
on the popular knowledge above referred to, and to u
certain degree doubtless from their failure to properly
record information thus obtained.
But few native manuscripts have been preserved
to the present time, and only a small part of those
few iire historical in tlieir nature, two of the most
important having been given in my second volume.-
Most of the events indicated in such i)icture-writiHL;s
as have been interpreted are also narrated by the
early writers from traditional sources. Thus we see
that our knowledge of aboriginal history depends
chiefly on the hieroglyphic records destroyed by the
Spaniards, rather than on the few fragments that
escaj^ed such destruction. To documents that may
be Ibuud iu the future, and to a more careful study of
those now existing, we nniy look perhaps for nuieh
corrective information respecting dates and otht r
details, but it is not probable that newly discoveieil
j)ictur('-Mritings or new ri'adings of old ones will
extend the al)origina.l annals nuich farther back iiitn
the past. These remarks Jipply of course only li
the Aztec documents; the Alaya records painted on
skin and ])aper, or inscribed on stone, are yet sealed
]>ooks, i'esj)ectiug the nature of whos(! contents con-
jecture is vain, l)ut fr(>m which the future may evolve
revelations of the greatest imi)ortance.
Closely connected with the consideration of tradi-
tion and liievoglyphic recoi'ds as authorities for my
])ri'seiit subject, is that of the Spanish and nati\o
^\■riters through whom for the most })art Amerieiiii
iraditions, both hieroglyidiically recorded and orally
transmitted — in fact, what was known to the luitives
at the CoiKpiest of their own ])ast history -ar(> nia(l<'
known to the modei'n student. These were ( atholi>'
missionaries and their <M)nverts. nmnerous, /ealtuis,
and as a class honest writers. Through an excess et
« \<iu nu-o.
THE SPANISH WRITERS.
143
prcscrvoil
t of those
the most
I volume. -
o-\vritiii,us
;d by the
lis ^ve sec
J doi)en(ls
ed by the
lents that
that may
\\ study 'if
lor much
iind oth« !'
discovoivd
ones Avill
I' iiiick into
only I'l
iiintcd oil
yet sealed
:ents con-
nay evolve
I of tradl-
es for my
lid native
Amer'n'aii
and orally
lie natives
[-are mad"
|e ('atheli«'
<, zealoii^',
OXt'CSS et
rclit»'ious zeal they had caused at the first irreparal.lo
harm hy destroying the native records, but later they
seem to have Tealizcl to a certain extent their error,
and to have done all in their power to repair its con-
se(iueii('es by zealously collectini^ such fragments of
liistoiii'al knowledi.*"o as had been preserved among
the peo])le. Their works have passed the test of
severe criticism, and the le'ects of each have been
fairly jiointed out, exaggerated, or defended, accord-
ing to the spirit of the critic; but the agreement of
the different works in general outline, and even their
(litferenoes in detail and their l>etty blunders, show
tlnit in their efforts to reconl all that could be as-
certained of the history of the New World and the
institutions o
f it^
peoi
lie. tl
leir
lead
mir motive was
the discovery of the truth, although they were
swayed like other writers of their time, and all other
times, by the spirit of the age, and by various re-
liL^ious, political, and personal ]>rejudices.
The prevailing Wf.'akness of Sjianish writers (
)n
Amcr
ica IS
well known — their religious enthusiasm
and strong attachment to church dogmas, which, in
v'ew (if some of its consequences, is pronounced at
least mistaken zeal even by devoted churchmen of
tlio presi'iit day. They believed in the fre([uent
miraculous interposition of God in tho work of con-
verting the native pagans; in the instrumentality of
the devil in tho sjtii'itual darkness jireceding tho
CoiKiuest. In their aiiti([uarian resi'arches a passage
of scripture as commented by the Fathers broiiglit
i:iliiiitely stronger conviction to their minds than any
s'lilptiirod monument, hieroglyidiic record, historical
tradition, or law of nature. In short, they were
true ( "atludics of their time.'' Tiie prevalence of this
'Till' l",i('t llmt (hey ^Vl!^^ S])aiiiarilK ami Catliolii's is ciKtiif^li ti ciiii-
iliiiin iliciii with critics of a ct'itaiii class, (if wiiicli Adair inav iicnKit,'.!
..... .... . . ./ . (
.11 ('Mlllllllc
l lav little sli'CHs iiiMiii Siiaiiisli tcstiiiniiiics, tnrtiiiic
leiil
lliM
ar |>riiiit have cdiiviiiccil us uf llu' lalini-cd falst'liniiil (if aliimst all tli(
riial iiari'aticiiis Tlicv wcic so divcstcil of tliosc iniiici
pics in-
lirii'iii to lioiicst ciic|\iifcfs after truth, that they have ivconled themselves
til lie a tiihe of ]iieju(lio('d higutu. ' Aiiuv. Iiiil., \>, lit?. •
lU
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
i '
h4 ^ i
|i
religious spirit among the only men who had an
opportunity to cloiM up some of the mysteries of tliu
American past is co be regretted. They could have
done tlioir work much better without its inHuencc;
])ut, on the other hand, without such a motive as
religious entliusiasm there is little jirobability tliat
the work would have been done at all. It is not
only in Amoi'ican researches, however, that tliis im-
perfection prevails. As we recede from the present
we find men more and more religious, and religiijii
has ever been an imperious mistress, brooking no
rivalry on tlio ])art of reason, lieliance on su})ersti-
tion and prejudice, rather than tacts and reason, is
not more noticeal)le jierhaps in works on ancient
America than in other old works. The faith of tliD
Spaniards renders their conclusions on origin and tlio
earliiu' periods of primitive history valueless, but if
that were all, the defect would be of slight imi)ort-
ance, for it is not likely that the natives kuvw any-
thing of their own oi'igin, and the Spaniards had no
means not now accessilde of learning anything on
that sultject from other sources. We may well
j)ar(lon them for linding St Thomas and his Christian
teacliings in the Toltec traditions of Quetzalcoatl;
the ten lost tiibes of Israel in the Amej'ican aho-
riLfines: Noah's Hood and the confusion of tonyues in
an Aztec jiicturo of a man floating on the water and
a bird s|)eaking from a tree; provided tlnsy have left
us a correct version of the tradition, a true account
of the natives and their institutions, and an accurate
cojiy of the picture referred to. But it is not ini-
j»rol>abli' that their zeal gave a coloring to soino
traditions and supj)ressed others winch i'urnished im
support to the Biblical accounts, and were inventd
wholly in the interests of the devil. Fortunately i'
was chielly on the mythological traditions supposed
to relate to the creation, deluge, coimection of tlio
Americans with the Old World peo|>Ies, aiul ((thcr
very remote events that they exercised their fait'i,
THE SPANISH WRITERS.
115
had an
es of thu
uld liavf
iiiHueiice;
iiotive as
ility that
It is not
tliis iin-
c present
I rehgiou
•uking no
8U})ersti-
roason, is
u ancient
ith of tlu!
in and the
jss, hut if
tit inipovt-
kni!\v any-
[ds liad no
thing on
nay wvW
(.'hi'istiim
etzalt'oatl;
lean aho-
;onniles ill
water and
have left
e ai'oonnt
II aeeurnte
s not ini-
to sonu)
rnished ii'>
invenli'l
unalely i'
SUpliosi'il
»n of 'li''
Uld (!tli>i'
heir fail' I,
rather tlian on historical traditions proper; fortu-
nate! v, l>ecause the matters of orij^in and the earliest
i)riniitive liistory were entirely heyond the reach of
such authorities, even liad they been represented
-with the most perfect accuracy.
The writin^^s of the authors in question were more-
over submitted to a rigorous system of censorship l)y
S{tanish councils and tribunals under the control of
the priesthood, without the approval of whose offi-
cials no work could be published. The spirit that
;iiiiniat(,'d these censors was the same as that alluded
to above, and their zeal was chiefly directed to the dis-
covery and expurgation of any lurking anti-Catholic
sentiment. Many valuable works were doubtless
su[)[)res,sed, but such of them as w^ere preserved in
manuscript, or those whose contents have .since been
made known, have not proved iliat the censors di-
rected their eflbrts against anything but heterodoxy
and unfavorable criticism of Spanish dealings with
the natives.
Spanish credulity accepted as facts nuiny things
wliich modern reason pronounces absurd; shall we
therefoi'o reject all statements that rest on Si)anish
authority? ])o we reject all the events of Greek
and lloman history, because the historians believed
that the sun revolved about the earth, and attributed
tlie ordinary ])hon()mena of nature to the a<'tions of
imaginary gods ( Should we deny tlie liistorieal value
ol' the Old Testament I'ecords because tliev tell of
Jonah swallowed by a whale, and the sun ordered to
stand still ? Do we refuse to acce[)t the occurrences of
modern Mexican history because many of the ablest
]\K'\i(an wi'itei's apparently believe in the apparition of
Xuestra Sefiora do Guadalupe? ^\nd finally, can wo
)'ijectthe statements of able and conscientious men —
many of whom devoted their lives to the study of
iiln'ii'-'inal character and history, from an honest desire
to do the natives good— because tlu>y deemed them-
selves bound by their priestly vows and the fear of
Vol. V. 10
Wi
140
INTllODUCTOIlY TO ABORIGINAL IIISTOUY.
the Inquisition to draw scriptural conclusions from
each native tradition? The same remarks apply to
the writings of converted and educated natives, in-
fluenced to a great degree by their teachers; more
l^rone, perhaps, to exaggeration through national
])ride, but at the same time better acquainted with
the native character and with the interpretation of
the native hieroglyphics. To pronounce all these
works deliberately executed forgeries, as a few mod-
ern writers have done, is too absurd to require refu-
tation.
The writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-
turies who derived their information from original
sources, and on whoso wc^rks all that has been
written subsequently is founded, comprise, 1st, tlio
concpierors themselves, chiefly Cortes, Diaz del Cas-
tillo, and the Anonymous Conqueror, whose writings
only touch incidentally upon a few points of ancient
history. 2d. The first missionaries who were sent
from Spain to suppleinent tlie .T'hievements of Cortes
by spiritual conquests. Sucli were Jose do Acosta,
Bernardino Sahagun, Bartolome de Las Casas, Juan
do Tonpiemada, Diego ])uran, (Jeronimo de Meii-
dieta, Tori bio de Benavento (Motolinia), Diego Ciarci'a
de Palacio, Didaco Valades, and Alonzo de Zui'ifa.
Of these Torquemada is the most complete and coiii-
prehensive, so far as aboriginal history is concerned,
furnishing an immense mass of material drawn from
native sources, very l)adly arranged and Nvritteii.
])uran also devotes a large ]»ortion of his work* ti>
history, (!onfining himsidf clueHy, however, to tlie
aimals of the Aztecs. The other authorities named,
although containing full accounts of the natives and
their institutions, devote conq)aratively little s[)ace to
historical traditions; Sahagun is the best auflioiity
of all, so far as his observations go in this direction.
* Ifi/ilorin Antiqiin tfr In Xiifrn Fs/mfl". MS, of ]!\HH, folio, H voliiiins,
A ]iiirl of tliiH worlv has riToiitly Im'cii piiiitt'd in .\ii-.vl;':>. 1 liiivo ii iimmi-
Hcript copy iiiiulc l»y Mr ('. .\. Spoll'tnd from tlmt cxiHtiiig in tlu' r(iiiyri'>s-
joiial Libniry iit Wasliiiiytoii.
»ns from
apply t.)
;ives, iii-
rs; more
national
ted with
itation of
all these
X3W mod-
liro retu-
.mth ccii-
. ori<^inal
las been
1st, the
del Cas-
) writings
)f ancient
vere scMit
of Cortes
ie Aeosta,
IS, Juan
e Men-
o (Jarcia
Zurita.
uul coni-
)neeriu'(l,
\vn from
written,
rork* to
to tlie
( nanu''!,
ives and
space to
uitliority
niirection,
I, ;i volmiics.
live II iniimi-
III' 1 'oiii'ri'^s-
\V
THE SPANISH WUITEUS.
147
ui
All have been printed, cither iu the original Spanish
or in translations, except Las Casas, whose great
liistorieal works exist only in manuscript. 3d. The
native writers who after their conversion acquired
the Spanish language and wrote on the history of
their people, either in Spanish or in their own lan-
guage, employing the Spanish al])habet. Mcjst of
them were thoroughly imbued with the spirit of their
converters, and their writings as a class are subject
to the same criticism. Domingo Munoz Camargo,
a noble Tlascaltec, wrote, about 1585, a history of
]iis own people, which has been published only in a
French translation. Fernando de Alvarado Tezozo-
moc, descended from the royal fjimily of Azcapuzalco,
wrote the chronicles of Mexican history from the
standpoint of the Tepanecs, represented at the time
ot' the Con(|uest by the kingdom of Tlacopan. Fer-
nando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl w^as a grandson of the
last king of Tezcuco, from whom he inherited all
that were saved of the records in the public archives,
iris works are more extensive than those of any other
native writer, covering the whole ground of Nahua
liistory, although treating more particularly of the
Chichimecs, his ancestors."
in this class should be included the re))orted but
litth' known writings of Juan Ventura Zaj)ata y AEen-
(litza, TadiM) de Niza, and Alonzo Franco." There are
als(t many manuscri[)ts by native authors whose names
arc unknown, brought to light by comparatively re-
(■vA\i researches, and preserved for the most part in the
'' l\t!ilxt)cliitl hiis licon tlio HiiUjcct of nincli ciiticisin fnvdrahlf and
ii:liiT\vis(,', 'I'lio vt'i'ilit't of tlio ht'st lUithoi's ^ccms fo lie tliiit lie winlo
li Hiotly, I'diniiiliii^; fntiu aiitliiMitic tidfiiinciils iu liis ]m,ss('ssiiiii, but riiic-
li'ssly, t's|H'fiall\ ill tlio matter of t'liroiiolo;ry wliicii |in'm'iil,s coiilrailii'-
li'iiis on Mcai'ly I'vcry ]ia,i;i'. Facii WilMini, ('inni. Mix., i>|). 'I'A, III, wlio
■liL'iiiali/CH as liars all tin- early writers on this siil>jiM't, amiiils that Aha
lies clc^^antly, and has written an al>le thoii^^di llctitioiis i.irrative. tare-
li ■.siicss in dales and a disjiosilioii to unduly I'xalt his own race and family,
iiiv (lie iiinst ;;lariii}; faults of this author, and are ohservahle also to a
tcrtaiii (>\lent in all the native historians.
'■ ]'ii/li(i, Ifisf. Ant. M<j., toin. ii., |). 91 ; Chiritjrro, Sfnria Aiif. i/il
.1/ <tii'ii, toin. i., i>. 10; lintnncitr do lioiirbuunj, Jli.'tt. yat. Vir., toni. ii.,
|i. l'.H).
U8
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
Brnsseiir and Aubin collections in Paris. Tlioir con-
tents are unknown except through the "writings of
the Abbe Brasseur. The Popol Vuh is another ini-
j)ortant document, of which there are extant a Span-
ish and a French translation. 4th. Spanish authors
Avho passed their lives mostly in Spain, and wrote
< liiefly under royal appointment. Their information
A\iis derived from the writers already mentioned,
from the official correspondence of the colonists, and
from the narratives of returninsf adventurers. M(_)st
<if them touched upon aboriginal history among otlur
t »pics. To this class belonged Peter ^lartyr, Fran-
» isco Lo])ez do Gomara, Antonio de Herrera, and
( Jonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes. 5th. Catli-
olic priests and missionaries who founded or were in
charge of tlie missions at later periods or in remote
r(>gions, as Yucatan, Guatemala, Chiapas, Oajaca,
IVriclioacan, and the north-western provinces of New
S])ain. They wrote chiefly in the seventeenth and
rightoenth centuries, and treat princi[)ally of the con-
Aorsion of the natives, l)ut include also in many cases
tlieir historical ti'aditions and tlieir explanations uf
l!ie few aboriginal documents tliat fell into the pos-
si'ssion of tlie converts. The number of such works
i- very great, and many of them have never beiMi
]'i'inted. Among the most important writei's of this
« ' iss are ])iego de Landa, Diego Lopez CogoUudo,
J*adre Lizana, and Juan de Villagutierre Soto-Mayor,
on Yucatan; Kamon de ( )rdonez y Aguiar,'' Fuentes
y Guzman,^ F. E. Arana," Francisco Garcia Pelaez/"
and Domingo Juarros, on Guatemala; Francisco
Nunez de la Vega," Francisco Ximenez,''^ and An-
' Historic iJc hi Cvrnvioii, del Ciclo )j dc la Ticrra, voiifoniic td Sistrma
(!'■ Ill //'•iiti/i(fiiil Amrririniit.
* lliid/iiliiriiin F/iiridii dc la Ilistoria del Hi'ijho dc Gi(ntciiiala, MS. in
t'.ic (IiiMtiMuiiliiii -An'liivi's.
» MniKirnd dr '/'rr/iaii-Afiflnii, n history of the Ciikchiiiuel Kiuy(li>ni.
MS. (liscdvi'rrd liy IJrassciir.
1" M( iimrias para la Ihsturia del Antiguo Ileynn dc Giiatcitiala. i'tua-
ti'iimla, IS")'.*.
" < '(iii.s/ihieioiirs Dioee.'iana.t dr! Oln'spiafo dr ('/u'a/tpas. Rdiiic, 170'J.
''^ \'(il. iii, of II Ilistciry of ( 'liin|iiis aiiil ( iiiatiMiuila, fmiiid liy Sclicr/cv iit
till' I iiivcr.>*ity of Suu Ciiiloa. Sec Miiiicuc:, Ui^t. Ltd. Ut'.at., iip. viii., xiii-
SECONDARY AUTHORITIES.
140
heir con-
•itiiig« i>t'
other iiu-
t a Spaii-
h authors
Liid wrote
iformatioii
neiitioned,
jiiists, and
;rs. Most
Liong other
•tyr, Frau-
n-rcra, aiul
5th. Cath-
or were m
• ill remote
Lis, Oajaca,
ces of New
iteenth and
of the cou-
uuiny cases
Muations o'i
Xo the pos-
such works
never hecu
ters of this
Cogolhuh',
^,)to-Mayov,
v'' Fuentes
ti'a Pehie/J'
Fraiu'is-o
b' and An-
Vonnc »l .SVn^"'"
liirmaln, MS. iu
[i.iuel KiuKil'""'
t,t«€iiinl(i. *'■"•'•
L l.v Sflu-v/i'i :it
tonio do Remesal, on Chiapas; Ribas, Alegro, and
Arrieivita on the north-western j)rovinees; and Fran-
cisco de Burgoa on Oajaca. To tlie above should be
added the reguUir records kept in all the missions,
and the numerous letters and reports of the mission-
aries in distant provinces, many of which have been
jireserv'ed, and not a few printed. There may als;>
l)e included in this class the writings of some later
;^[e.\ican authors, such as Boturini, Sigiienza y Gon-
H'ora, Veytia, Leon y Gama, and Clavigero. Their
works were mostly founded on the information sup-
plied by their predecessors, which they did much to
arrange and classify, but they also had access to some
original authorities not previously used. Clavigei'o i-i
ulninst universally s[)okon of as the best writer on tlij
sul)joct, but it is probable that he owes his reiiutation
iiuR'h more to his systematic arrangement and clear
narration of traditions that had before been u'reatlv
confused, and to the omission of the most perplexing
and contradictory points, than to deep research or new
discoveries.
The preceding classes include all the original au-
tlinrities, that is, all founded on information not acces-
sihle to later writers. These works have been the
I'uundatioii of all that has been written since, except
what has been developed from linguistic and other
scientific researches. All that mouern authors have
doiK' may be followed step by step, their facts as well
as tJieir coiKlusions.
Of the secondary authorities already alluded to, the
condition and institutions of the natives, with the
material relics of their past, not much need be said.
It is only indirectly by means of coin[)arisons that
these authorities can lielj) us in the study of history.
Kow little they I'an teach unaided is illustrated in the
case of the wild tribes, for whose history they are
practically the only authorities. In ]\Iexico and Cen-
tral America the state of civilizatit)n as shown in na-
tive art, religion, government, or manners and customs,
ti:
ir^o
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
\¥ n
may indicate by resemblances or dissimilaritiesaconnoc-
tion or want of it between the different civilized tribes,
and may thus corroborate or modify their written an-
nals; it may even throw some light on tiie unity or
diversity of its own origin by showing the nature of
the connection between the Nahua and Maya cultures,
in which striking resemblances as well as contrasts
are observed. Outside of the regions mentioned mIh lo
there were no tangible records, we can only search
among ^he wilder tribes for points of likeness by
whicii to attach their past to that of the civilized na-
tious. It may be foreseen that the results of such a
search will be but meagre and unsatisfoctory, yet on
several important branches of the subject, such as the
relation borne by the Mound-Builders and Pueblos to
the southern nations, it furnishes our only light.
Of the historical aids now under consideration, eth-
nology proper, the study of physical and mental char-
acteristics, has yielded and promises apparently tho
least important results. In tact, as has been already
pointed out in another part of this work, it has hardly
acquired the right to be classed among the sciences, so
far as its application to the American people is con-
cerned. Theoretically it may, in a more perfect state
of development than now exists, throw some light on
the route and order of American migrations, possiMy
on the question of origin; thus far, however, ethno-
logical studies have been practically fruitless. Results
obtained from a comparison of the miscellaneous arts
and customs of various tribes have likewise furnisliod
and will continue to furnish but very slight assistance
ill historical investigations. Resemblances and dis-
similarities in these respects depend intimately on cn-
viroument, which in comparatively short periods works
the most striking changes. Strongly marked analo-
gies are noted in tribes that never came in contact
with each other, while contrasts as marked appear in
pe()[)le but a short time separated. Under tlie same
circumstances, after all, men do about the same things,
LAXC UAGE AS A HISTORICAL AUTHOIUTY.
151
iconnco-
!Cl triV)LS,
tten an-
unity t)v
lature of
cultures,
contrasts
ed where
ily search
Lcness by
alizecl ua-
of such a
•y, yet ou
uch as the
Pueblos to
ight.
•ation, eth-
ental char-
ireiitly the
ien ah-eady
has hardly
iciencos, so
Iple is cou-
ii-tect state
\e light <Mi
is, possibly
or, ethuo-
Is. Results
.neous aits
b furnished
isistaiK-e
Is and di^-
xly on eu-
liods wt)rks
Iked analo-
in contact
appear iu
the same
luie thiui;^
the mind originating like inventions; and coincidences
iu arts and customs, unless of an extraordinary nature,
may he more safely attributed to an independent ori-
gin resulting from environment, than to international
itluntity or connection. That language is by far the
l)est of these secondary authorities is conceded by all.
No better proof of relationship between native tribes
can be desired than the fact that they speak the same
language, or dialects showing clear verbal and con-
stiuetive resemblances. The most prominent abuse
of this authority has been a disposition to connect the
past of tribes in whose languages slight and forced
verbal similarities are pointed out. There is also
.some difference of opinion about the use of tlie author-
ity. That two tribes speaking the same languages or
similar dialects have had a common origin, or have at
least been intimately connected in the past, as tribes,
is evident; but how far back that origin or connection
may extend, whether it may reach back through the
ages to the first division of the human race, or even
to the first subdivision of the American peoples, is a
disj)uted point. Fortunately the doubts that have
l)eeii raised concern chietly the question of origin,
which for other reasons cannot yet be settled.
13
" fiaiijruajics, ' the most ancient liistorical monuments of nations.' 'If
in liic |iiiil(isii[(iiical study of the structure of lan;,'ua;j;es, tlie auaio;;y of a
few iiMits acquires value only when they can lie j^e<i;frai)liically connected
liip'tlit'i-, neither is the want of resemlilance in roots any very stroiij; proof
a.:aiiiNt the coinnion orifjin of nations.' HiunhoUlfs Peru. Nar., vol. v., jip.
1 l.'t, '.'".t.'i. Lan^Jtnajje, 'which usually cxhihits traces of its orii^in, evcu
when the scieiu'c niul literature, that are enihodied in it, have widely di-
veriicd.' Pir.^roft's ^fr.l•., vol. iii., ]). 394. 'In the ahsence of historical evi-
ilciice, laMj:uaj:e is the best test of eonsan<;uinity; there are reasons why
vliiiiate siiould alter the ])hvsical character, hut it does not apjiear that tho
laiii,'iia,ue would he materially urtected hy such local inilnence.' I'virhnrd'n
Slit. Ili.sf. Mini, vol. i., p. xvi. ' Efeetivameute, la historia ]ior si sola nada
uiis (loscuhre acereii del ori}j;cu do las naciones, muv ])oco nos en.'^ena sohro
la mczi la v confusion da las razas, casi nada nos dice de las emi;;racioue.s
iK' Ins )iueliios, nueutras todo esto lo es|)licaadmirablemente elaiullisis y In
invest ii,facion del lil6lo<fo.' Piiiiciitcl, JJi.srurso, in .Soc. Mt\v. (•rixj., liolvtin,
tuMi, \iii., jip. ,'?(i7-8. 'The problem of the common orif^in of lanjj;ua}jes has no
ii('('cs>arv ciinnection with the problem of the coninion ori;,qn of maidvind.
• ..The .silence of lau};'uage and tiu; scieiu'e of Kthnoloj^'y have both suf-
fi'icd iiKist sevendy from liein;,' mixed up toijether. The classilication of
laii- ami linij,Mui;j;es, should be (piite in<le]iendent of each other. liaces may
^■li.iii^c their lani^iuiye and history supplies us with several iustauces whero
?('::§
! -.'! !
I r
152
INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
Havinjj thus jjiven a sketch of the sources to which
•
we may look for all that is known and has been con-
jectured respecting the American past, I shall pro-
ceed to place before the reader in the remaining chaj)-
ters of my work what these authorities reveal on the
subject. I have not, I believe, exaggerated their
value, but fully comprehend the unsubstantial charac-
ter Avhich must be attributed to many of them. I
am well aware that aboriginal American history, lik(3
the ancient Egyptian and Hebrew annals, differs ma-
terially in its nature and degree of accuracy from the
history of England since the expedition of William
the Conqueror, or of Mexico since the Conquest by
Hernan Cortes. I do not propose to record such events
only as may be made to conform to the modern idea
of chronologic exactitude, rejecting all else as fabu-
lous and mythic. Were such my purpose, a chapter
on the sul»ject already given in the second volunicj
would suffice, Avith some contraction for the eai'lier
epochs, and a corresponding expansion, perliaps, fur
Aztec history during the century immediately pre-
ceding the Conquest. On the contrary, I shall tell
the tale as I find it recorded, mingled as it doubtless
is at many points with myth and fable, and shall re-
count, as others have done, the achievements of hei'ucs
that possibly never lived, the wanderings of tribes
who never left their original homes. It is not in a
spirit of real or feigned credulity that I adopt this
course, — on the contrary, I wish to clearly discriminato
between fact and fancy wherever such discrimination
le, and so far as an extensive
may be po;^
idy
my subject may enable me to do so — but it is in ac-
cordance with the general plan of the whole work to
record all that 's found, rejecting only what may he
proven false and valueless rather than what may pos-
sibly be so.
one race luloiitinl the Ijiii^^uai^e of another. DifTerent laii;;iia;j;es, tlieri'fuR',
may he spoKeii hy diU'erent riu'es; so that any atteiiijit at scuiariii^' tin'
chissilicatioii of races aiultoiiyues must necessarily fail." MidUr's >Scininif
Lawj,, vol. i., PI), 3-'G-7.
TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT.
153
to wliicli
ecn cou-
lall pro-
ng chap-
il on the
,ed their
lI charac-
them. I
tory, like
iffers ma-
from tlio
' William
iquest l>y
ich events
dern idea
I as fabu-
a chapter
id volume
,he earlier
n'haps, i'ur
ately pre-
shall tell
doubtless
shall re-
of heroes
of tribes
not in a
idopt this
loriminate
iminatiou
study <»l'
is in ao-
work to
t may bo
may pos-
ies, tlu'vcfiiii',
lsi|U:U'Ui;
1 1 10
»''a' ,'icinfCKj
I have compared the American past to a dark sea,
from the bluliF coast line of which projects an occa-
.sioiial cape terminating in precipitous cliffs, quick-
sands, and sunken rocks, beyond which some faint
lights are floated by buoys. The old authors, as Tor-
quemada, Clavigero, and Veytia, had but little difli-
oulty in crossing from the headlands to the tower of
Bal>el bevond the Sea of Darkness; thev told the
htory, fables and all, with little discrimination save
here and there the rejection of a tale infringing ap-
jiarently on orthodoxy, or the expression of a doubt
as to the literal acceptation of some marvelous occur-
rence. Of modern authors, those who, like Wilson,
lefuse to venture upon the projecting capes of solid
rock and earth, who utterly reject the Aztec civiliza-
tion with all its records, are few, and at this day their
writings may be considered as unworthy of serious
notice. Other writers, of wdiom Gallatin is a speci-
men, venture boldly from the main coast to the ex-
tremity of each projecting point, and acknowledge tho
existence of the rocks, sands, and buoys beyond, but
decline to attempt their passage, doubting their se-
curity. These men, in favor of whose method there
is much to be said, accept the annals of the later Az-
tec periods, but look Avitli distrust upon the traditions
of the Chichimec, Toltec, and Olmec epochs; and
hardly see in the far distance the twinkling floating
lights that shine from Votan's Enq)ire of Xibalba.
Tlien there are writers who are continually dreaming
they have found secure footing by routes previously
unknown, from rock to rock and through the midst of
shifting sands. Such are the advocates of s]X'cial
theories of American history resting on newly discov-
ered authorities or new readings of old ones. Thev
oarefull}'^ sift out such mythic traditions as fit their
tiieories, convertini>' them into incontiovertible facts,
unworthy of notice ; these, how-
the matter of origin.
Lisseur de Bi^urbouru",
_j
ini
INTRODUCTORY TO AI^ORIGINAL HlfJTORV.
rather a class by liim.solf, ])orlia]^s, tluui the ropresout-
ativc of a class. This author to speak with a degituj
of exai;!4eration, steps out without hesitation 1V(>iii
rock to rock over the deep "waters; to hiui the hanks
of sliiftinij;' quicksand, if soniewhat treacherous about
the edi^es, aie firm land in the central })arts; to him
the fi'intest huoy-supported stars are a blaze of noon-
day s ui; and only on the floating- masses of sea-weed
far oi t on the waters lighted uj) by dim phosphores-
cent r 'tlections, does he admit that his footing is be-
coming insecure and the light grows I'aint. In other
words, he accepts the facts recorded by precediii^;-
authors, arranges them often with great wisdom and
discrimination, ingeniously finds a historic record in
traditions by others regarded as pure fal)les, and thus
]>ushes his roearch far beyo?ul the limits previously
reachvd. ]Ie rejects nothing, but transforms eveiy-
thing into historic facts.
In the present sketch I wish to imitate to a cer-
tain extent the writers of each class mentioned,
except perhaps the s[)ecialists, for I have no theoiy
to dii'end, 1ku«.' found no new bright sun to iiiumine
what has ever Dceii dark. With tiie S})anish writi rs
I would tell all that the natives told as histoiy, and
that without constantly reminding the re;ider tiiat
the sun d'ui not jU'obably st.md still in the hea\ens,
that giants did not Hourish in America, tiiat tlm
'i'oltcc kings ;ind prophets did not live to the age ol'
sevi'ral hundred vears, and otherwise wai'.iing him
against what he is in no danger whateNcr of accept-
ing as ti'uth. With Wilson and his class of anti-
(juarian sceptics I would feel no hesitatiiJU in reject-
ing the shallow theories and lancies evolved hy
certain writers I'rom their own brain. With (jialla-
lin r wish to discriminate clearly, when such dis-
crimination is called for and j)ossiuIe, between the
historic and the probably mythic; to indicate lli*!
boundarv between iiini land and treacherous «iuick-
sand; but also like IJrasse
ur
dd
•
the
and
self
Serlii
solid
would pass Uey oui
m
TllEATMENT OF THE SinJECT.
155
till' firm land, spring from rock to rock, "waclo tliroiii^li
^liirtiii!4" sands, swim to the fartliost, faintest, light,
uiid catch at stnuvs hy tlic way ; yet not tlattcr my-
srlf Avhilc thus employed, as the abbe occasionally
set ins to do, that I am treading dry-shod on a Avide,
solid, and well-lighted highway.
CHAPTER III.
THE PRE-TOLTEC rEKIOD OF ABORIGINAL HISTORY.
SlTiniVISION OF THK StlUrXT— TZENDAT, TRADrTION OK Ttffi VoTAMf
IvMI'IHK VOTAX'S I'.OOK ANIi ITS ToNTKNTS AS HKl'OKTKH l!V
NiSkz i)e la Ykga, Cabkicha, and OunoiSjKz — TKsrtMosv oi-
MaNNKKS and CrSTOMS, KKMOION, LaXCUAOKS, AXI) Mum .
MKNTs oi- TiiK Ci\ ii,izi;n Nation ^ i{K.sri;(TJX(i tiik ritiMiiivi;
Mava ricoin.KS— Thk tiiiriiK. Kk( ohd, or Poi'or. Viii ('nil.-
IZIXO EkKOIM'S ok (IrC'tMATZ AXI) HIS Foi.LOWKltS — Exri.iiiT<
OK IlL'NAHPU AXI) Xl!AI-AXl>rK--('OXQrKSf OF XlIIAI.UA— Ml(il! A-
TION FROM Tt;i.AN ZlIVA, THK SKVKX CaVKS— MkAXIXO OK Till;
QricHK Tradition - Nahua Trauitioxs — Thk Toi;nx'.s ix 'l\-
MOAXCilAN ACCOUDIXO TO SAHAGIX - ThK CoUKK ClIIM Al.i'd.
FOCA- rRi:-T;)i,TKc Nations in .Mkxico — Olm^/s axi» .\'ir\-
t,an('AS— Thk QiiXAMKS ~ Chomla A\n Qn:T/Ar/'OATi,- Tin;
ToTONACs — Ti;oTiiifAr'AN — Otom/s, Miztkcs, /aI'OTKCS. ami
HiA.sTKCH — Tiik Toi,tkcs in HrKiin; Ti.ai-ai.lan -MuiRATuiN
TO AxAiiUAf — Thk rHKiUMix.s ix AMA<ir»:.MKr \x — Am ikm
HoMK OF THK XaHLATI-AI'AS AND A/TKCS— I'HIMITIVK AXNALS
OK VrCATAX— €oN(T-U«ION.S,
In (>/4^^r to rondtT nion; vivid than it. ''ould otlxT-
"wim imvc 'li'-^'it H jiirturc of \idnia aii'd Muva iiisri-
iuiUfm m l.ii*'/ \vur<i loimd in thu >'ixt(H'i»tli\, ;,tinv.
I Ii;i\(' 4('V'ot.<><4 otic c]i:iittvr '/f h pr'V'<'diii;4' volimic t^
an oHi' \lc\v of nhiing'mnl InsUny; to fill in ,>>«• t';ir
an ]»(»,„ i.M. its 4otaii#^ m my n'mmmw^ tjisk. Tlu'
skitcli alUidt'd t<} will ^'rvo cowv^'infut Imtu, -imv
it will on«lj4<'. ffm §i, tm/ixAtn pointH ttp rofcr ind Hi
yil)lv and vet hrU-liy i/)> eyciit* mmioW'hk^^ iu advaiM ■
DIVISION OF THE SllUKC'I'.
nf llifir cliroiioloo-io order. As has l)eoii stated, the
>i\th centuiy is the most remote period to which we
■AW carried in the annals of Anilhiuie by traditions
Mitiicicntly definite to l)e considered in a strict sense
IIS hist(»ric records. Prior to the sixtli century tliere
were (louhtless other periods of Nahua oreatness, for
tliric is Httle evidence to indicatt) that this was the
lir>r appearance in Mexico
of th
IS
pr
Oirressive i)eo
])eop!
lut |irtvious development cannot be definitely tol-
lowcd -in a historical st;nse — althoun'h aflTordin^' oc-
, asioiial u'lirnpses Avhich sup})ly interesting matter for
aiitiiiiiarian s])eculation.
Ill tlie southern reo-ions, where the Maya culture
lluurished, or what may be considered geographically as
' riitral America, wo have seen that the chi'onoloiiic
Vi vord is milt
■h 1
ess ext* II. t'
and
I ))erfect even than in
the north, taking' us back oi an oft-l)roken line onlv a
f wceiituriesbevond the C'oniii.'St. Yetwehavecauu'ht
triditinnal glimpses far back in the misty }»ast of a
iiiiglity aboriginal em])ir(; in these tropical lands, of the
V aud grander stages of ^Faya cultui'c, of \'()tan,
ariK
Xibnii
la. ot e\ en tlie 'ariv
th
pel
iods of Nahua ci\ili/a-
rinii and pt)wer. I*alen(pu', (Jopan, and tlieir com-
in iiiin, the wondeH'ul material monuments ot'
icnt e[)och, proving it to be no mere; creation
jiani'ins
the am
111' the imagination, have been described and pi<'tured.
With (he breaking-U]) of the Maya emjiirt! into sej)-
tr nations at an unknown dale, the aboriginal his-
;ira
e ceases, an<l down
id.
till y of ( V'litral America as a whol
til a period closely ])roceding the ('iHupiest, we have
eiily an occasional event, the meinoiy of which is pre-
H'l'Ncd in the trachtions of two or three nations.
The liistoiy of the Native IJaci's may Ik^ most con
\iiii 'iidy subdivided as ibllows; 1st. The Pre Toltec
I'ti'ioij, embracing tlu- semi-mythic traditions ol' the
earliest civili/.ation, extending down to a date al
ways preceding the sixth c(>ntury, but vai-ying in
'III!' Teiit parts of the territory when the more prop
158
THE PRE-TOLTEC PEllIOD.
crly lilstoric annals of the diff'erent nations begin, and
including also the few traditions referring to pre-Tol-
tec nations north of Tehuantepec. 2d. The Toltcc
Period, referring like the two following periods to
Auilhuac alone, and extending down to the eleventh
century. 3d. The Chichiniec Period, extending fiuni
the eleventh century to the formation of the tri-partite
alliance between the Aztecs, Acolhuas, and Tepaiiecs
in the fifteenth century. 4th. The Aztec Period,
that of Aztec supremacy during the century preced-
ing the Conquest. 5th. The annals of such Nahua
nations outside the limits of the Aztec Empire i)roj)ei'
as cannot be conveniently included in tlie preceding-
divisions. Gth. Historical traditions of the Wild
Tribes of the north. 7th. The Quiche-Cakchiiiui 1
nations of Guatemala. 8th. Miscellaneous nations
and tribes of Central America. 9th. The Maya na-
tions of Yucatan.
The first division, the Pre-Toltec Period, to wlndi
the i)resent chapter is devoted, will include the few
vague traditions that seem to point to the cradle ol'
.Vmerican civilization, to the Votanic empire, to Xi
Italba, and to the deeds of the civilizers, or culture-
heroes, in Tabasco and Cliiapas. AVho can estimate
the volumes that would be re(|uired for a full nai'ia-
tion of all that actually occurred within this }>eii«id,
had tlie record been made or [treserved; — the develop
nient, from gi'rms whctse nature is unknown, of Ani.i'
ican civilization; the struggles anil misfortunes nt'
infant colonies; the i!xploits of native hei'oes; plots ot'
and)ition, glorious success, utter failure; the rise and
fall of jtrinces and of em])ires; wars, triumphs, dc
feats; oppi-ession and revolt; political comhinatiiins
and. intrigues; ri'ligious stiile between the i'anatic
di'Votees of rival divinities; seasons of [denty and nf
famine; eartlKpudce, llood, and pestilence — a tangled
network of events sju-ead over the centuries; -to
late all that we may know of it a chajttt'r will sutli
t c,
Ynt:
and
'•ana
Mav
'citv
j'nr
founc
wliich
ants
i'egai'(
Anici-"
culture
Ills con
l'ch'i;'i(ii
jM'eserv
(he inti
over, a(
sea IVoi
started
saiT to
ti'I'loils \
ica to hi,
.i^raw'ly
''^^iiliiuion
1 1,1 1. el.
l"'Ojl|i' he
|'"i'ti(inin
illstlllcti.;
til adiiji( ;
wards tht
a new I(;ii
I' 'Wed to .V
ciifeiprise
\>n\\vf ha'.l
.illii'd iiioi
•^''K'lian, (I
"lid ('hi(p
' V..1, iii,.
VOTAN AND HIS DEEDS.
lo9
T liavc told in another volume tlie mj-tluc tale of
Yotan/ the culture-hero, how he came to America
and apportioned the land amonuf tlie people. He
<;aiie by divine command from Valum Chivim by
■way of Valum Votan, built a i^reat city of Nachan,
'citv of the serpents' — so called from his own name,
for he was of the race of Chan, a Ser})ent — and
i'ounded a great empire in the Usumacinta region,
wlilch he seems to have ruh'd over as did his descend-
ants or followers for many centuries. He was not
regarded in the native traditions as the first man in
Aiiiei'ica; he found the country peopled, as did all the
culture-heroes, but by his teachings and by the aid of
his companions he firmly estaljlished his own ideas of
religion and government. So far as his memory was
])reserved by tradition he ^vas a civilizer, a law-giver,
the introducer of the !N[aya culture, worshii)cd more-
over, after his disaj)pearaiice, as a god. He came by
sea from tlie east, but with the localitv whence he
started I have nothing to do here; neither is it neces-
sary to indulge in speculation respecting the four mys-
toi'ious visits which he ]>ai(l after his arrival in Amer-
ica to his original home in the Old World, where it is
giavoly asserted he was present at the building of
Sdloinon's tem])le and saw the ruins of tlu^ tower of
llabcl. His reported acts in the New AVorld, whose
]ic(»|)le he came to civilize, were; — the dividing <»rap-
)iiiit inning of the lands among the ]ieoplc ; their
instruction in the new institutions they wiic iXMjiiiittl
til ;i(|opt ; the building of a great city, Nachan, after-
wards the metro[)olis of an cni[)ire; the reception of
a new band of disciples of his own race, who wi-re al-
lowed to share in the success already aehie\e(l by liis
enterprise; the subdivitling of his empir«> after its
[tower had become wide-sjtread in the laiul into several
iillied monarchies subordinat(> in a certain degix-e to
Xachaii, among whose cai)italH were Tulan. Maya])an,
ami ( 'hi(juimula; the construction of a subterranean
' N 111 iii.. |>, l.'iO, ol HL'ii.
. .i " Is
M .-> . ;
:fi'';i:'-/' .-
. j.^ ,
In
i
f'lj '^5
J'ii
u m\
r if!
ir.o
THE PllE-TOLTEC rERIOD.
road or 'snake hole' from the barranca of Zuijiil to
Tzc([uil; tlic! deposit of a groat treasure \vitli tapirs as
sacred animals in a 'house of ^loom' at Hueluietaii
in Socomisco, protected by guardians called (hipiancs,
at \vhosL" head was a Lady Su]ierior; and linally the
writing of a 'book' in which was inscribed a complete
record of all l>e Jiad done, with a defense or proof uf
liis claims to hv. C(;nsidered one of the Chanes, or Ser-
pents.^
This d(H?ument is the authority, indirectly, for
nearly all that is known from Tzendal sources of Yo-
tan and his empire, Francisco Nunez de la Vv-^a,
liishoii of Chia])as, claims to have had in his posses-
sion'' and to have read this histoi'ical tract. He du(;:<
not describe it, but from his having been able to read
the contents, it vv'ould seem to have been, if genuiiic.
not the original in hieroij'lvphics l;ut an intenjretatiou
in Euro])ean letters, althougli still perha])s in the
'r/eiidal language. Of the conte'its, besides a general
statement of Votan's cominn' as the Jii'st man sent liv
( lod to portion out the land, and some of his experi-
( iK'os in the Old World, this author says notliiiii:
Infinite. He claims to have had nmch kiKtwledgt; nl
Tzendal anti(juity derived from the v.ork mentitund
and other native writings, but he feared to j)er[)etiiate
this knowledge lest it might "confii'm more sti'oiii^lv
an idolatrous su])erstition." He is the only authority
for tlie de[)osit of the treasure in the J)ark House at
Hucliuetan, without saying exjtressly that he deriviil
Jiis information from X'otan's writings. This ti'eaMUv,
consisting of aboriginal relics, the bishop ielt it to Ic
his (hity to destroy, and it was ])ublicly burned in
I GDI. It is not altogetht improbable that a gemniir
^faya doctiment similar to the Mdiniscrljif Troano^^y
Dresden C(>(l<'.f,^ preserved from the early times, may
* Oiiloficz flutes in iitic |iiii( of liis wuilv tliiil lliis rccnnl was iint writ
ten liy Niihiu liiiUNcir, liiil liv his lU'scciiilniit in tlic ('i;.;iilli iir niiitli '^ ii-
tion. ftrii.i.iiiir i/r Itiiiirliiiiini, in J'apo/ I'lili, \\. Iwxvii.
' Ciiiislitiiiiuiiis Ih'iici sdiKI/t iltl (llti.'ijiiitli) (/t C/liiiji/ii(S, JiiillU', !"ii'-
< Sor \<i|, ii., ])|). 771 1.
;
liave 1
( 'untjiii
ish let
jianioii.'
The
writing
last pa:
J X issessi
native r
descl'ihe
i 1)1 ins o|
rliai'acti
of its h;
'-ilyphics
Maipt, a
ri\al wi
tile Lnid
rereptiol
<if his V(
T/,e(jllil
and ]-ec'o
tliat is,
where tl
li'iuiders,
the havi
the Use (I
ier (hes(«
of his \v,
■' TiulVd
'■ Si'c veil.
' 'At tlic
I'lil I'lijoni's
■■iii;jl('s: 111,. ,,i
I'llP'SS; npc
"t riK'll s(|ii:i
'li''iili's A r
''I'lt.'iin wild I'
\\ ilfll s|„.;lki
lllrlii oil til,, I
'i'ii vail an I
iii«'>.|y "I'r,
'"•'> Ml his u,
[V
y
ty
at
THE BOOK OF VOTAN.
ini
ill
I'lil
lU'
\M>
01
.lir
ay
ici-
rii
III.
lir:
lliv
lh»
/-•.
li.ive found a native iiittjrpretor at the time of tlic
('(iiKjUfst, and have esca}M;d in its disguise of Si)an-
ish letters the destruction that overtook its C(jni-
jiaiiioMS.
The next notice of this manuscript is found in tlie
Avritinu's of Dr Paul Felix Cahrera,^ who in tlie
last part of the eigliteenth century found it in tlie
])()ssession of Don llanion de Ordofioz y Aguiar, a
native aiul resident of Ciudad Ileal in Chiapas." He
(K'sciilies the document as consisting of "live or six
I'ulins ol' fonnnon quarto pajier, written in onlinary
cliai-acti'is ill the Tzendal language, an evident proof
(if its having been copied from the original in hiero-
t^lv[iliics, shortly after the conquest."^ The nianu-
xript, according to Cahrera, recounted Votan's ar-
ri\al with seven families, to whom he apportioned
tlic lauds; liis voyages to the Old World; and liis
irrrptloii of the new-comers. Iteturning from one
of Ills voyages "lie found seven othei- families of the
T/i(Hiil nation, who had joined the tii'.st iuhahitants,
and lei-ognized in them the same oi'igin as his own,
that is, of the Culehras. He speaks of the ])lace
wjicro they huilt their first town, which, from its
ionndcrs, received tlie name of Tzecjuil; he affirms
the !ia\ing taught them refinement of maimers in
tlir use of the tahle, tahk'-cloth, otc; that, in return
I'nr thrso, they taught him the knowledge of (lod and
of his woi"Nhi[); his first ideas of a king and ohedi-
■' TnitTii CriUrn AvH'rfe»Ho, {>. 32, ct soq,
'' See vol. iv,, ].. 'ZSil
' ' At till' tii|i 111 till' tirst loaf, tlio two roiitinotits nro ))aint(Ml in iliircr-
I'ciluiirs, ill two small siniai.'s, jilaccd |iaialUl to ratli oiIut in tlic
:!('s: tlic one I'cpicsciitin^; V.iiriipc, Asia, ami Atiica is markcil with two
);i' SS; n|ion the iipiKT arms of t wo Itai's iliaw ii fniin llic o|i|in>.iic aiij^lcs
each M|iiai'c, f<iiiiiiiiL; the jioint of union in the I'cntie; thai wliiili in
iitcs .Vmcrica has two SS ]ilaec«l Uoii/.ontail.v on the Uars. lint I am not
Iiiiii whcihcr niioii the ii|)iicr Of |i'\\>t liai", hut I hclicv c upon tin hillcr.
'nil '-iieakin;; ul the I'laeew he had visited on the (dd continent, he iiiark^i
III nil the niai';;in •>! «'i»elt elwipler, villi an npiit:lit S, .ind those of .\ii;e-
v'liliaii hori/.inlal S. Ilelwci-ii these siiiiavcs stands the title of his
"• " I'loof that I am Cnlehiii" [<\ ^nnkel, which iilh- he pioM's in tin;
t.'IA
I ^'1 > I lOOl I ll,0 1 til II ^ 11 H Ml jl V <* ^IMI M" '. 1^ MM 11 I U 1'- in- I '! 1 " 1 1-^ III I Ml
i,\ III his woik, h\ Haying that he i;* vukUu, becuuse lie is Chiviin." Cu
Tiidro, pp. HH-4,
Vol. V. a
1C2
THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
J *1
cnce to him; and that he was chosen captain of all
these nnited families."
Ordonez, at tlie time of Cal)rera's visit, was en-
Cfay-cd in writinj*- Ids great 'History of the Heaveti
and Earth,'*' a work, as the learned Doctor predicts,
to he "so perfect in its kind, as will comjdetely aston-
ish the world." The manuscri[)t was never j)ublishcd,
])art of the hist()rical portion was lost, and the ro-
niaining fragments or copies of them fell into the
hands of B.-assenr de Jiourhonrg, whose writiiiys
«'ontain all that is known of their contents; and it
must be confessed that from these fragments little or
nothing of value has been extracted by the abhc
in addition to Avhat Xufiez de la Yega and Cabrera
had already made known. Ordonez was familiar
witli the Tzendal language and character, with the
ancient monuments of his native state, and was zeal-
ously dovt>ted to anticpiai'ian researches; he had ex-
cellent opportunities to collect and record .such scraps
of knowledge as the Tzendal tribes had preserved
I'rom the days of their ancestors' greatness;'' l)ut his
tMithusiasm seems rather to have led him to protltless
sp(>culations on the original poj)ulation of the New
World and "its progress from Chaldea immediately
after the confusion of tongues." Even after reject-
ing the absui'd theories and speculations which seem
to have constituted the bulk of his writings, one can-
not hel[) looking M'ith some distrust on the lew tradi-
tional statements respecting Votan not
b
given i>y other
8 W.ifnria drl Cirln 1/ ih' hi Tirrrri, MS. Sec vol. iv., ji. '2S'.1, fiiiinMi-
liiiiiiil iiotiM ir.H|iccliiij,' lliis autlicif.
'•* ' I'll t'stti(liii(lc iiiiicIkis iatcis(nia8(lc trc'inta arn)!*). . . .aciMiiiiafiailciclc I;.
cimslaiitc aplicai'ioii cim inic nic ilcilicnu' li t'litciidi'i' las tiasi's de (|ii(' iir.aiiiu
Ins luilidN I'll Ml |iiiiiiitiv(i {icutiliMiiti, |n-iiuiiialiiH'iiti' en la lii.-^itiiia ijiirilo
Ml cstalilcciiiiiciild CM csta ic^fioii i|iic iiosntiKs llaiiiaiiKis .Viiuiiia, i-scnliin
\'i)tan, la ciial <'i)iis('<,riii, ili' ics iiiisiiuis liidioH (({iiiciit's ww la t'i'aiii|iiiMiiiiil,
y stiliic tddo, la I'diivciiii'iicia ((lie ii'siilta de una piolixa (■(iiiiliinarioii di l.i
Hiliiai'iiiii di> aiiiiidla ciiidad ( i'ali in
|il('l, de la dls|K)siciiiii y aii|iutc(tili.i
mis cdilii'iti.s, de la aiiU'nicdad de .siis "I'liiidiliciis, y liiialiiitiitc in
diu'i'Kiiics do sii fiMi'i'iHi, I'liii las iKiticias 111
cias, lialna adi|iiii'id(>
lie. '\
la-i \'
f'osta
Mil
I'ladas c|ill;j
('KM 1
|iu' nil' ti'iiian cm cstado dc dcspcrlar tin sisiimi
naila iiiicvo, pero olvidado. Onloi'n:, MS., in Jirasavtir dc iiinirliunrj,
i'tirltis, \). 7.
auth
inav
]>C11S
Iioile:
aiiti(
Til
tanic
i.'i tlu
wry
dati'
()rd..i
other 1
file 1)11
■>vritei>
is II nee
TZENDAL TRADITIONS.
103
ly
i
■111
11-
li-
\v\-
^ililii
IMP
l;i'U-
I'llll
I":''
authors, and tluukiniif of possil)]c transformations tliat
luav liave been efi'eetecl in Tzendal fables under the
]tens of two writers like Ordonez and Brasseur, l)oth
lionest investigators, but of that enthusiastic cUiss of
aiiti([uarians who experience few or no difficulties.
The lew items of information res})ectino' the Vo-
taiiic period not already mentioned, some of them not
ill themselves improbable, but few traceable to any
vtiy definite native source, are the following: The
(late of the foundation of the empire, according to
( Inlonez, was about lOOO B, C. Whether he had anv
otlicr i-eason for this supi)osition than his theory that
tlie building of Solomon's temple, attributed by some
v>ritei\s to that period, took ])luce during Votan's li!e,
is uncertain. The name Tze(j[uiles, ap[)lied to Votan's
followers by the aborigines, — or rather, it would seem,
by the first to the second division of the Ser})ents -is
said to mean in Tzendal 'men with })etticoats,' and to
have been a[)plied to the new-comers by reason of
tli(,'ii' })eculiar dress.^° To them was given, after th<'
permanent establishment of the empire, one of the
i^Tt at kingdoms into which it was divided, with Tulan
as their capital city. This kingdom with two others,
whose capitals were jNIayapan in Yucatan and Chitiui-
iiuila, possibly Copan, in Honduras, were alliiid with,
yet to a certain degrt'e subordinate to, the original em-
jtire whose ca})ital was Nachan, built and ruled by \'o-
taii himself and his descendants. TluM)nly names which
8ecni to have been a})})lied in the Tzendal traditions
to the peo[)le and their capital city were ( 'haiu s, or
Scipeuts, and Xachan, or City of Seriu-nts; but these
names acipiire considerable historical importance when
it is noted that they arc the exact e(|uividentsof Cul
liiias and C'ulhuacan, names which will be found so
(.■.\a^[.eratingly })revalent in the Nahua traditions of
I" Orilofloz, ns ri'itii'HiMitod by Caltrorii— rcrt/ro, ]>. Ofi— cliiiiiia tliat tlir
iiaii, ' '/r((/((//(.v lias iirccisclv tlic saiiic iiicaniii;,' as XiihiKitliiriis in tlic
Niiliiia iK.'Ici't. ami lie apiillcs ttic iiaiiic to a Naliua lallici tlian a Maya
|HHi,lt , \si(li i,.'icli rt-asim as will apiicar lalcf, altlmiiLili Itiiis'-iir is nf a
iimiraiy i;|iiuiou, il'at. Nut. Cir., loin, i., [i. 70,
101
THE I'UE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
the north. Ordonez claims, liowuvor, tliat tlie name
Quiclid, at a later peri(xl that of a Giiateinalau kiiii;-
(loni, -was also in th<.'se earlier times applied to Yotan.s
e:nj)iro.*^
( )f Votan's death there is no tradition, nor is any-
tliing' definite reported of his successors, save, ^vhat is
]terhai)s only a conjecture, that their names are it -
(•ord(Ml in the Tzendal calendar as the names of days,'^
the order beinjjf that of their succession. In this casu
it is necessary to sup})ose that Votan had t"\vo prede-
cessors, Igli and Imox; and in fact Brasseur claims
to find in one document a statement that I^h hrouglit
t!ie first colony to America.^'' Cliinax, the last but
two of the line, a f^reat soldier, is said to have been
put to death l)y a rival of another nation." Xufiez
do la Vciifa notes the existence of a familv of Votans
i:i his time, claiminn' direct descent from tlie mv-.d
lounder; and Brasseur states that a ^vild tribe of the
rL'L>iou are yet known as Chanes.^'
Such are the vai^ue memories of the Chiapan past
so far as they Avere preserved by the natives of tlic
region, and collected b}' Eur»)peans. The nature of
rhe traditions themselves, tlie sources ^vhencc they
s[irang, the medium through which they are given tn
us, are not such as to iiis[)ire great cijiifideiice in tlic
.u'curacy of the details related, although some of the tra-
ditions are not impn)bable and were very likely fouiidtd
mi actual occurrences. But whatever value maybe
" Brnn^nir dr Bntirhnurq, Cnrfnn, p. 10.
!■•! For list see vol. ii., |(. 7<)7.
ii Curias, \\. 71.
'< I'iih(f(i, Drsm't). Chiapas, in Sue. Mr.r. Gincf., llohiiii, toni. iii., \<\<.
:UH-<>; lirassriir (If jioiir/iiiinif, llisf. \af. Cir., (dm. i., jip. '.•."i-7.
I' Calnrrii, Tralro, ]>. MO; Jlrnssrtir ilc ISiiiirlioin-fj, I'njin/ l'iih,\t. t'ix.;
<''irliajit! /•Jsjiiiiiisii, Uisl. Mi\i\,{u\\\. i., )). 1(1."); See 1)11 Ndt.iii and liist'iiipin'.
liosiiles the works tliiit liavo lieuii iiiciitioiu'il in lliis i liapti'r, Jiinrrns,
llisf. (hiaf., i>. '2(tS; C/t(rii/(ri>, Slmiii Aiil. tlil Missirn, loin, i., ii]). ITid-l,
toin. iv., 11]). 1.") IC); /Inliiriiii, Ii/ra, np. 114-."); JSrassi iir t/c liiiiirhinirij,
J'li/inf ]'iili, iiitrod; /(/., Kstpiissis; hi., /'aliiiijiir; Fuiitaiili's lion' tin'
World iras I'ro/ilrd, [\. lIKi; 'r.sr/nidi's J'iriiriaii Aiifii]., ])p. 11-1.'>; Dona-
ii'i'h's llr.trvts, vol. i., p. Ill, iM m'i|.; l.rvi/, Xirarmiiiii, p. 4; Prirst\'i Ann r.
.\ii/ii/., pp. '24.S-'.t; linnifoifs Mr.r. Illiis/., pp. 'JlS-'„M; J-'urri/, Jhsvuiirs, in
.1 /cy. Mcx., torn, i., iliv, i., p. 4'J.
Tin: votanh: EMrniE.
k:
nttacliL'J to their details, tlie traditions in question liavc
t;i-cat Avt'i,L;"]it in estal)lisliin<^ two general jiropositioiis
— the existence in the remote i)ast of a gi'eat and
jHiwcrful eni})ire in the Usuuiaeinta reg-ion, and a gen-
rial IieHef among the subjects of that empire tliat the
li('L;iniiing of tlieir greatness "was due to a liuro or
(Icnii-god ealh'd Votan. They point clearly to the
a|H)earance and growth of a great race, nation, or dy-
nasty; and they carry us no farther. Kespecting the
(|U('stions ■who or Avhat was Votan, man or mythic
creation, populator, colonizer, civilizer, missionary, con-
(lueror, foreign or native born? When, liow, and
whence did ho come to the central tierra caliente ■
AVhn were the people among whom ho wrought his
mighty deeds, and what was their past history? we
are left to simple conjecture, — conjecture of a class
Aviiich falls Avithout the limits of my present purj)ose,
and to which the first chapter of this volume has been
devoted. Doubtless the Votanic was not the first
]>eri()d of American civilization and power, but nono
eailier is known to us. In addition to the Tzendal
traditions there fii'e several other authorities bearing
lunre or less dire:*tly on this primitive empire, wliicii
1 proceed to investigate.
Tn the second vohuuc of this work 1 have dc-
scrihed the ])hysi(jue, character, manners and cus-
toms, arts, and institutions of the ci\ilized nations (jf
(lur teri'itorv, dividin<>' them into two yreat families
«ii' gi'oiips, the Mayas and the \ahuas, "the fornn r
the more ancient, the latter the more ivceiit and
wide-spread." The man}'' contrasts observed between
the institutions of the northern and southern nations
seemed sutliciently nnu'ked to outweigh the fre-
<|iiently reciu'ring resend)lances, and to justify me in
the opinion there expressed that their culture had
cithei- hecMi distinct from the beginning, or — what is
mere probable and for my pur|)ose ])ractieally the
btune tliing^ — that it had progressed in dilfereiit paths
*J>.
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166
Tin: PUE-TOLTi:c rEuion.
I
for a loiiuf time previous to tlie coniinpf of tlie .Span-
iards. The coiitiJifsts observed were attrihuted to a
distinct ori'^in of the two national j^roups, or, with
njore prol»al>ility, to tlieir lonj^ se[)aration; wliile thu
anahn^ies wore to l)e referred cither to unity of orii^in,
to tlie tendency of hnnianity to like development
nnder like cin-umstances, to frequent ccMnnuinicatioii
and friction hy connnerce or war, or still hetter, to tliL'
inriuence of all theso causes j'oinhined.
The ]>icture ]>rcsented in the tliird volume of the
nivths and lani^naL;cs of the same nations favored tJK!
VK'W previous
Iv tal>
en.
In tl
>e riMi!L>ious tancies, (
li-
vinitics, forms of worship, ideas of a future state,
jthysical, animal, aiul creation myths, to which tlie
iirst part oi' the volume was devoted, the nnaloL^ies,
it is true, seemed somewhat stron^-er and the con-
trasts less striking,' than in the characteristics provi-
«.usly portrayed; this was })erhaps because the myths
<tf any people point farther hack into their past tliaii
do tl
\c so-ca
lied
manners and customs
hut
in tlu
consideration of lan^ua^cs which followed, the con-
t lasts hi'tween the two ij;rouj>s came out more dis-
linctlv marki'd than at iww ])revious staw of the
investigation. A very larn'e pr.iportion of the toiiLiUis
of the civilized nations were found to heloiii^ moiv or
less cl»-sely to one or the other of two linguistic fam-
ilies. Finally, in the fourth volume a study of ma-
terial relics tended very stronj^ly to conHrm the
opinion hefore arrived at respectinijc the developni(>i:t
of Mava and Nahua culture in distinct chanmls, ;it
least (iurim^ tlu' historic period. 1 need not rej»iat
here I'Veii I'll resume the facts I'xhihited in the pre-
cediiiir Volumes, nor
the 1
essons
that
hav»* a
t dim
relit
jioiiits heeii diawii from them; hut 1 may hrietiy
mention some o-eneral conclusions I'ouiuU'd on tlie
precedine; matter which hear on my present purjMix)
«tf historical invest 11,0^1011. First, !'s alri'ady stated.
the Mava and Nahua natitms have heeii within tia-
ditionally historic times practically distinct, ulthoiiyli
THE MAYAS AND NAIIL'AS.
167
roiniii2^ constantly in contact. Scx-ond, thi.s fact is
tliivctly oi)i»«).sed to tlio once accepted theory of a
civilized people, coniiniLif from the far north, "gradually
nioviti.m' southward with frecpient lialts, constantly
ill(l•t■asin^• in })o\ver and culture, until the highest
point of civilization was reached in Chiajms, Jlon-
(luras, and Yucatan, or as many believed in South
America. Third, the theory alluded to is rendered
ultoyi'ther untenahle hy the ^vant of ruins in Cali-
foiiiia and the ^reat north-west; hy the utter want
of rcscinhlance between New ^[exican and ^Mexican
monuments; by the i'ailure to discover either Aztec
or Maya dialects in the north; and finally by the
^troUL;' contrasts between the Nahuas and ^tavas,
both in lann'uas^e and ni monuments of antiipiity.
Fourth, the monuments of the south are not only dif-
ferent from but nuuh more ancient than those of Anil-
hiiac, and cannot i)ossibly have been built by the
T«)ltecs after their migration from Anilhuae in the
I Icventh century, even if such a mii^ration took j>lace.
Tifth, these monuments, like those of the north, were
built by the ancestors of the people found in posses-
sion of the country at the Contpiest, and not by an
extinct race or in remote anticjuity.'" Sixth, the cities
of PaKiKpie, ()cocin<;'o, and Copan, at least, weie un-
occupied when the S|)aniards came; the natixcs of
the iK'!i;hl>orin,Lf reoi^)n knew nothin<j^ of their orioin
t V( II if tlu V were awaro of their existence, and no
notici' whatever of the existence of such cities appears
in the annals of the surroundim; civilized mitions dur-
inn' the ei^ht or nine centuries pri'cedini^ the Con-
t|Uest; that is, the nation that built Palencpie was not
one ((!' those I'ound by Kuropeans in the country, but
its oivatni'ss had practically (le|>arted l»efore the riso
t»f the Qiiiclu'. CakchicjUel, and Yucatan powers.
S«'venth, the many resi'Uiblances that ha\e been netted
lictueen Nahua and Maya beliei's, institutions, arts,
''On till' Aiilii|iiilv iif r(i|iiiii, llu' ruins (if Yiuatmi, iiiul I'aU'iimic, sto
viil, i\., ipj.. 1(1 1, •.',so.,-|, ;{.v.(.{i'j.
168
Tin: riti: -ToLTKc ri:iiu)i).
and rcllrs, may 1>o eonsistciitly ai'coiiiittil Inr l>y tlif
tli(M»ry that at soiiio jxjricul loiii^ ])ri'«'<«liiiiLj tlu' .sixtli
(•(Mitmy tho two J)o<)|)K'h were |>rac'tically one sd far as
their iMstitutioiis were ('(Uicorncd, altli<»U!4'li tlu'y are
«»t' tlu'iiisi'lves not Huttit'ient to prove the theory.
Kii^lith, the oldest civilization in America >vhieh has
left any traces for our con.siderati()n, whatever in.iv
have hetiu its ]>re-liistori(r oiiij^in, was that in the
Usumacinta reijfion rei)resented hy the Paleiajue
•(•roup of ruins."
it is not likely that Americanistes of the present
day will di.sai^ree materially with the jtiecedinijf c(»n-
clusions, especially as they do not positively assert
the souther!! orij^-in of the Nahua pioples <»)• (h-ny
their tr.';<litional miufration from tlu; north. 'I'he jreii-
cral theory alluded to of a ufreat mi<jfration from north
to south, and the theory of a civilizi'*! ract; of foreiL;ii
ori^-in extinct lon<^ Iti-fore the Contpiest, will find few
defenders in view of tho results of modei'ii research.
It is true that many writers attrilmte more or less
positively the ufrancl I'uins of (,'entral Anuirica to the
i'oltecs iiftrr their miyriition southward in the eleventh
centui-y ; hut their <lecision has heen ju^eiu'ialiy r^'aclwd
without even considerini^ the possihle existence of any
other civilized nation in tlu; annals of American jui
titpiity. Their studies have shown them that I*aleii
(lue was no
t tl
le woi
k of
an (^xtillct race, and tluv
hav(» conscipiently attrihuti'd the ruins to the oldest
])eople lui'iitioued in the popular version of Anu'rican
traijilioiial history — the Toltecs, and tlu! more n.-tt-
mally hecause that pettple, according,' to the ti"a<liti«iii,
had niiyi'ated southward. Mi' Stephens, whoaniviij
at this c()n«-lusion in the manner indicatrd, a<lniits that
from a study of tlu' ruins themselves he would lia\e
assigned the foundation of the cities to a much nioie
remote period
c ''riic iMiiiininciilM iif tlic AIisMisHi|i|ii iircMciit N<roii;,'('r intmiiil i-Niilnirc
«)f j,'iriil ;iiilii|nily tliiiti iiny dIIiith in Aiiict'ii'a, iiIiIiiiii;:Ii il l>y no iin'nin
fiilliiw^ lliiit llu'V nil' older tlliili l'illrli<|ilr iliul ('diinii.' \ iil. i\.. p. T'.'tt.
'" yiK'iitiiii, \t(l. ii., |i|i. I.'il .">. My II laii'fiil ^llllly nl' .Mr Slr|iliiii»'
18
mi)NI'mi:nts and iNSTrnTioNs.
IC.'J
Thus tlio inonmiu'utal ivlits of ( V'litr.il Anu'riru Itv
ft
tlu'iMsi'lvi's uiid Ity (•(»iuj>aris«»ii.s witli other Amori<'aii
ruins, point diri'ctly to the oxistciicu ot' a ifivat t'lii-
jtiru ill the I*alc'n(|uu ivnioii; and the olisiivcd phe-
iioiiicna of niytlis, hinj^nia;L;o, and iiistitntioiis a^rei.!
|irircttly with siu'h a conclusion, wliith, howrvcr, nii-
aiilfd, tlu'V <'ould not liavu ostahlishctl. We mav tlicn
accept as a reality the Votani(! Maya eiiipir • on the
authority of the native traditions conlirmed hy the
tiiinihie records of mined cities, and hy the coiidiuon
of the southern civilized nati»ms in the sixteenth cen-
tury. It is more than prohalile that PakiKjUe was
the capital, as Orditfioz helioves — the Nachan of the
\'otanie epo(;h — and not iin[)robahle tliat ()cocin,t;"o,
('(•pan, and some of the older Yucatec cities were tht
(ciitres of contemporaneous, i)erlia[)S allied ])ower;
(■ipiirliisions, it will ii|)|iotir evident to tin* rfador tliat lie iisciilics tlio
iViitr.il AiiuTiciiii niiiis to tin- 'ruiffcs, Him|>ly iis tlu' ojilr^l iiiitinns nii
llii' ciiiitini'iil i>t' Aiiici'lni. of uliii'li wi; liave any kiinu led;.')-, anil that lit*
ii'i'iiiii'lii's ilifir ('(iiiilitiiiii at tlii' liiiioof lii.s e.\|iloi'atii>ii willi liicir itMciit
i>ii;:iii, cliii'lly l>y a ('<iii>iil<'ratiiiii uf the Viicalan ruins, iu<i-t uf wliirh
(liiiilitli's- ill) lint ilatc liack In tlic N'ntaiiic ciiiiiirc, ami many nl wliit'li ucit!
Mill iii'i'n|ii('(l at llic coiiiiii^' iit° tli«> lii><t Siiaiiianis.
''• Altliniiirli ill the ';;cm'ral vit'w,' Vol. ii., rliap. ii.. 1 lia\r rlawsnl tin-
'r<iltn's ;uiion;r the Naliiia iialioiis, it will Ih* iiolircil tlial llic |ir("'('iliii<_' nni-
i'lii->ii>us of tlic |ii(>s(>iit ('lia|itci° arc iiiilc|M>iiili'iit of Mirli a rla»iliration,
ami ari' not iicrcMHarily o|i|ioh('i| to the tlicorv, lirlil Ky Hoinr, tliat tlir ritii's
ol (Vnlial Aiiicrira wi-rr Iniill liy tlio ToltiTM tii/mr tlicy a>>iiiiit'il a |iiomi-
iii'iit iMisitioii anion;; tli<> nations of Aiiiiliiiac. Tlic follow in;; imtrs Itrar
tuiiir or li'HM iliriM'tly on (Miiiits involvt'il in tin" |ir('<'i'iliii;f li'\t. MrTvlor,
Anii/iiiii,\ |i|i, lS!t !(.'{; lii.iiiin/ii's, \>. IM, IK-Iifxc:' that llu' ri\ ili/atioii of
Mi'siro ami Central AnuMica were ori;:inally inilr|iciiilriit altlii>iiL:li inoili
11)
lii'il liv ronlai't o
itii tlic other, anil attrihiitcs the Central Aniciieaii
lilies to a |ieoli|e who Ihilirisheil Ion;; hcl'orc the Toltces, ami wlin.se ilesieli-
liaiils arc the Niayas. \vt he favors the elimalii' theor\ of the ori;iiii ami
iiwth of ei\ ili/alion, in iiliii;; to which the cnltiiie of the south must
i\c liccii lii'iiii;;lit from the Mcxiiaii tiena tempi. ula. I ha\c no oliji'iiiiMi
1. 1 oiler III this theory. It is in the rsumaeinta i'e;.'iiin that the Ma\ a ri\
li/;itiiin has left its lirst recoril Imth Irailitional ami
iiimental', ami that
is siiii'nieni for my present purpose. Oro/eo \ lleira, (imtirn/iii. pp.
I'Jl ."i, etc , conelmlcs from his liii;.'uisii(' rcscarihcs that the l'alcni|ne
ili/at
ion was
iiiueli oilier than the 'roltce ami ilistinct lioin it. ilcll-
llil. ill Siiiit/isiiiiiiiii I'ifit., ISIil!, pp. ,'tl(ll, pMHioiim es the ralemiile till
lure the oiliest in Ai
I, with no resemlilanec to that of tiic Salinas.
He rejects tlic t henry that the ruins were the work of mi;;ialin;.' rollecs.
ralciii|iie will pmlialily some ilav ilcciilc the i|iiestion of .\iiiciiiaii ei\ili/a-
tiiin. It only awaits a Cliampoiiioii. <'ltiirniu;. A'k/hiv .l/mr., p. I.'t'.t. 'The
ruins in tiic south have umlouliteil claims to the hi;:liest aiitii|iiit>. Ilinil-
/iiiil'.'i AiDir. Aiifi'i.. p. Ilt'.t. The I'suniacinta sccins a kiinl of central
|"iiiit for the lii;:li culture of Central .\meiica. Mii/li
»i li'JKIIII II, Jl. I.'l(>.
.Ii
nil III, '(/((SI
/(. / •
170
THE PUE-TOLTliC I'KUIOD.
I pass next ti) tlu' trjulitions oi' the Quidio nations
as piosurvt'il in tliu J'opul \'iih, or National Book, and
known to tlio world tlnouj^h tlio Spanish translation
of Xiniunoz Jind tho Fruneh of ]jrassonr do liour-
bourij^.*' Those traditions, the authontioity and ji^on-
eral aoouraoy of which there is no reason tt) dt)nlit,
constitute a hopelessly entangled network of mythic
tales, withcut chronoloi^y, hut with apparent althouyli
vague ivfcrences here and there, to actual event;;^ in
the primitive history of the peoples whose descend-
ants were the Quiches and (.akchi(|uels, and with a
more continuous account in the closing' cha[)ters, of the
g
uiclie anna
Is of
a nuic
h hit
er |)en(»d, inimei
diateb
l)recedins4' the Conquest. In the introduction we read:
"This is the tiriinin of the ancient hist<tiy of Quiche.
Here we write the annals of the ])ast, the hiiyinnin;,'
of all that has taken place in the city of Quiche,
amoni;- the tribes of the Quiche nations. Behold we
hrinLf about the manifestati«)n of what was in obscu-
rity, its first dawning- by the will of the Creator and
of the Former, «)f Him who beijfets and of ]lim who
jH'ives bemu'
Their names aie JTunahpu Vuch
shooter of the blowpipe at tlie opossuni,' ]lunahpn
Utiu- 'shooter of the blowpipe; at the coyote,' Zaki
Nima Tzyiz — 'i^reat white pricker,' Tepeu — the 'doni-
inator,' and ( Jucumutz -the 'plumed serpent;' Heart
of tho Liiki's, Jleart of the Sea, Master of the \v\-
dant Planisphere, Master of the Azure Surface.
Thus it is that these also are named, sunn', anil celc-
brati'd -the i;randmother and the j^randfather, whose
Xi
names are Apiyacoe and Amucane, preserver an«l |)rii-
tectiice; twiii" iiian«lmother and twice grantlfather, as
it is (statctl in tlie (j)uiclu' annals; conceiniui;' wh(»ni
was reialt'd all (hat they did afterwards in the liuht
of life, in thi' liyht of the word, (civilization). \\v
hold that which we shall write after tho w«>ril of (Ind,
and in Christianity; we shall brin^- it io lii;ht because
Vi
m
nil.
Si'o Mil. iii., |>i», 4'2-\, imto 1, fur ii1iiltli(i;;iaiiliinil iiotioe t»f tlio /V'/"/
TUADITIUNS UF THE QIICIILS.
171
tlu' Pi>pi>l Vuli, the naticnial Ixiok, is ikj lon^^aT visilde,
in which it was clearly soon that \vu j-aiiio tVuiii ho-
vond the sea — 'the narrative of our life in the laiul of
>hii<lo\v, and how we saw the li_nht and life,' as it is
called. It is the first hook, written in olden times;
l.iit its view is hi<Iden from him who sees and thiidis.
W'diidcirul is its ajmearanee, and the narrative of the
tinif when he (the Creator) finished everything in
heiven and on earth."'*
Then follows an account, which has already heen
jii'eseiited in a condensed translation,'" of a time when
all was silent, and there was yet no earth, and no
liviuLT thing, only the immobility and silence of a
liitiindless si>a. on the surface of which Hoated the
(fcator and lus companion deitus nanud alK)ve, m-
cliiding (lui'umatz, the 'plumed serpent.' Then the
light appeared and the eaith with its vegetation was
created l>y (Jucumatz and the Dominator at the word
ttf Jlurakan, Heart of Heaven, the Thunderholt.
Life and fecundity were given to the animals and
hiids, who wero distributed as guardians of the for-
CNts and mountains, and called ujion to s])eak and
juaise the names of those that had made tluni; hut
the ))oor animals, after efforts twict; repeated, could
Hot ohey, antl wero assigned a j)osition far helow that
which th(>y had heeiv intended to fill. Tw*> attempts
at the creation of intelligent heings followed, both
faihiri's. First man was made of I'arth, and although
he could .sjieak, he was intellectually stupid and
]>Iiysically clumsy, unable to stand erect, and soon
mingled with the water like a man of mud. lie was
destroyed bv the disgusted ( reators. The sorcerei;
.\l
d
piyacoc and Anuicane, grandmotheis <»t the sun an(
el' the moon, were consulted in the second creation,
and the 'chief of Toltecat' is mentioind in addition to
the names already given. Lots were cast, all neidrul
pn cautions were taken, ami man was made again ot
di
" /'()/)(i/ Vuh, |»|> !-.">; .Yiiinnr:, Hint. Ind. Gtiat., pp. 4-5.
Vol
m., pp. U-7.
172
THE rUK-TOLTEC I'EKIOD.
\vo(m1 aiitl |>ith ; but he lacked intelliLifcncc, led a use-
less lii'e, and foiji^'ot the Heart of Heaven. TIkv
became numerous on the face of the earth, but tin
j^ods Mi-re urotli and sent upon them a Hood, and a
resinous shower from heaven; their houses rei'used t<i
cover them, the trees shook them from the brand i(>
where they souiiht shelter, the animals and even thr
household im}»lements turned against the poor \voo<K u
men, revilin*^ and persecutiiij^ theni, until all were de-
stroyed, save ca few who remained as a memorial in
the form of apes.*'
At this })oint the character of the narrative chan^is
somewhat, and, althouj^h an account of a third and
final c'oation of man, j^iven on a subsetjuent pa^e,'*
should, in the opinion of Brasseur, be introduced here,
I proceed with a resume of the Quiche tradition in
the order of its arrani^ement in both the Spanish ami
French version, devotini;; a paragraph to each chapter
of the French translation.
There was sky and earth, but little light; and .1
uian named Vucub Cakix, 'seven aras, or paicxpiets.
was pulled up with j)ride and said, "those that were
<lrowned were like suj)ernatural beings ;'^'^ now will 1
be great above all created beings. 1 am their sun and
their nuton; great is my splendor." He was not tl-e
sun, nor did his view reach over A\o whole earth, but
he was proud «)f his riches. This was when the fined
destroyed the wooden manikins. Now we will tell
when \'ucub Cakix was defeated and man was made,
This is the cause of his destruction by two young
men, Hunah|»u (or Hunhunahpu) and Xbalamiui ,
'little tiger,' who were really gods, and thought it iinr
goixl that Vucub Cakix sh(»uld swell with jtridi' and
ullend the Heart of Heavei»; and tliey jdotted again>r
bis life and v>ealth. He had two rons, Zipacna and
Cibrakan, the 'earth([uake,' by his wife Chimalmat.
•'■' I'li/iiif ]'ufi. j)p. r>-;U; XiDinir:, Hint. /nd. Gitat., pi). 5 14.
»< /'„/<-,/ ]„/,. \>. ni:., ft M'i|.
" Or, as l)niM«tMir traiiHlulcs, 'tlir ruiiuiuiit of tlidso that were <lri)\viitil,'
etc.
ltd a use-
11. They
I, l)iit thV
ihI, and a
cruseil t(i
bramhcs
oven the
•r Wooden
were ile-
morial in
3 cliano-cs
liird and
it l>a:L;-e,-*
I'ed liere,
litioii ill
nish an<l
c'liapter
t; and a,
icHjuets,'
lat Meiv
i Mill I
.sun and
not tl'e
rtli, l»iit
iie llood
Yill t.H
s mad) .
) yonn-
ilaiKjUe,
it it iinr
ide and
a^aiii>r
na and
iialinat.
ilrt»\Mifi
Zi
he
Ml
vicin ciia.v and zimcx.a.
pac,ms,vo,-k,v,,M„,.„,|(,,^
173
iit.uie m a iti.rJif 1 , ..^"-''i 'noil
II Ti , /"o"f. and Avii ell f. ' ..-7
uj»(>n I.y the t
Vucu]> r-al
<Viiit eal led
*jf the fatl:
^^roatniountain.s whirl,
an .shook at
}^o you no- 1,^.,,
»t>''and son
^va« re.solveJ
IvJX
was sliot hy tlicni
'iiii ea ed ti(ni-i> I'l. i. "^ -^••v...j n
'tl-noh in ,-^t^' .^ '''':H\ «'Kl h
M'hilo oatino- tl
]"', \vl)ieh Jjo J
iiH jaw l)rok
10
on.
and
iiin^r over tlio fi
'J
their
Neeni.s
;'» f\ woman, ^aki Xi,„ vi-
-^Iivniities already nai d
J'iduced hy i\ ' "'""^-tl.
•earniof Jfun-
/Aiz— d
\\ei-e
>\ I^ut an ohi
and Zaki N
lo tw
in liunian dis<r„
man
inia
ISO
oer
tliione liowh'no- 'vvitJ
teeth ..fpivei.rus St.
^•ihstitutin
'i'-.hrthoyfonndh
l»ani TJiey pulled out 1
:'>"f > in whieh Jio too],
i"ii on hi>
i« I)rok
Ken
^ '^11 the kino- died
•»r I /lIM.lIll. 1 ^r
/iini
'i'" and XhaIan(]no
'^« did his Mifo, and tl
:'--i''-cia;::i'rs^^
il<artonf
Tl
( aJ.
JJati
oaven.
'oso arc th^ deeds ..r 7
^'^> who claimed^ ,J^^.^'!^^^"
lo niissino- arm.
10 j)ur])oso
ao-ainst
o
^^»-tIed not the will cr*' th
"".i^- at tlic
.^■""",1^- men st
river-
.>o creat<.r of th
■|'-«ido Iio fonnd f
a, son of Vueul
Mine
'■'^•'"g- ill vain t
ueui)
'.^' mountains.
•"»■ hundred
l'*''^''-i™;r «oi;"i;';:^'7-'i'yat
an
i'U
J,
'"■ ^''•^'"'. and was
n
''I'l'an; hut thev
onerously ho horo thl- I
'^Jted to joni their 1
tree
nird
a tree
iiii to (W
111)011 I
(V
allerv
soon
1
ounn
plotted
>an(l. I
■(•en
'oino
•.^•amst iiini, oast
'" "'m m a deen off .,;^'" ' , '"' *^'*^^-
Ho cunnino yl if l^'P' ^'''l^' ^'"'ployed
a* 1. • , . ov t^^'ojv retuo-e m ., i i
• a
7^^f ^»''« hair^fnd
^V\ *'P to ^^'^^ f(
Iia.l I
and nails for tl
* a hraiieh
10 ants t
"'CO me ill
^ws, Avaited until the ^ '"-/•"^'^
toxicated in t ' . .'^ J^'!"' ^'''''^J
i»
1"^) and tojiplcd
'\'i' their I
Ihit in I
lis
;>"so up,,, them so that
lis
"'/"• ""<! Xhalan
turn Zipaena
tiot on
o escaped.
iiniK
ain,-
nn^N who w
was eoinpiered hy jj
';-' !"v' i-«i: z^r,57!-' ''- i'"^ .
'.*• "yi.t, «a„d.rcu i,;'ii::.":i.
I'acna, hearin.r t|
'•y '>}' the riv
iin-
oiir
'o mount-
er
and
174
THE i»ut:-T()i;ri:c pkiikh).
;; ;.
f
lived on fi.sh and (•ral)s; 1)V fin nrtiticial oral) liis two
fouH enticed liini in a tmu* of Imnv:* r to rrawl on .-ill
fours into a cavern at tlu; l>otton» of a ravin*', win ic
the mountain, previously mined, fell upon liim.
'J'hus perished and was turned to stone, at the \\ii>t
of Mt Meavan, the self-stvled 'maker of the mount-
ains,' the second who by his pride disj>leased the
deities.
One only now remained, Cahrakan. "It is 1 wliu
destroy the mountains," he said; hut it was the will
of llurakan, 'tiie thunderholt,' that his ])ride alsn
should he humhled, and the order was <,Mven to Ifiiii-
ahjju and XhalaiKjue. They found him at his fav(»r-
ite employment of overturninj^ the hills, enticed him
eastward to exhihit his skill and overthrow a partic
ularly hiij^h mountain which they claimed to have
8oen, killed a hird with their hlow[)ipe on the way,
and poisoned it with earth before it was jL^iven C'ahia-
kan to eat. Thus was his strenij^th destroyed; lie
failed to move the mountain, was tied, and huried.
Thus ends the Hrst of the four divisions lA' the /'
X*
I Vnh
.%
Next
we are
to h
ear sonu'tinn<r o
th
•f til
birth and family of Hunaphu and XbalaiKpie. Th'-
rvjcital is, however, to be covered with mystery, .iiid
oidy half is to be told of the relation of their fatliti.''
Xjiiyacoc and Xmucano had two sons, Hunhunahpii
and V^ukub Hunahpu, the first being as the FreiMh
translation unintelligibly reiulers it a sort of doiibli'
jK'rsonai^e.
The former had also by his wife Xbakiv.ili
two sons, Hunbatz and Hunchoueii, very wise, i^k at
artists, and skillful in all things; the latter never
married. vVll four spent the day in jdaying at (lice
and at ball, and Voc, the messenger of Ifurakni,
came to see them, Voc who remained not far tVoiii
liere nor far from Xibalba.*'* After the death o\' XIm-
«•■• mi. .ll-fiT; A'imnirz, Hist. fmt. Gnat, pp. 1.V20.
" Aiiiii'tii'x, It. i!!t, convi'vs tlu- iil«'ii, liowcvcr, tliiit it in only from i;.'iiiir-
niici' tlial so little \h told, aii<l not from a ilcsirt' to lie myHtcrioiis.
*'' Ximcm'Z rt'iiilt-rM tlii>t wonl Uy 'iiilicrno,' or licll. No witinfinliiry
iiieaiiiii}; I'uii bv dvrivud fruni itM utytiiulo^y.
Tin: IMMAriLATE CONCKI'TIUN.
kiv;il«», tliot\v«H)]avt'(l liall, i«»urnovin<' toward Xil)all)a,
li.ivini;^ \v\'t Mmiltatz aiul HuiH-])nui>ii IkIuiuI, and
this ln'caino kiiiiwii to lliiii Caiuu and N'likid* Cainc,
iimiian'hs of Xil)all)a, who called toj^ftlior tlio r«>imcil
of tlif rmpiro and sont to Hiiininon tlwni or to clial-
\r\yjre tlit.'Hi to a i,^ainc of ball, that tlu-y nii:L,dit ho
(liicatt'd and diH<rraci;d.
Tl
u' mossoui^ors were ow
Is. f(
our in nuniDor
aiH
I
tilt; jdayuis, al'tor a sad |>urtin^ from th'.ir mother,
Xiiuicaiu', and from tho vouuijf Hunhatz and linn-
(Imiion, followed tlu-m down the steep road to Xi-
halha friun the l»all-_Lf round of Nimxoh t anhah.'^'-'
('ii)ssin^ ravines and rivers, ineludmij one of Itlood,
tlu'V eame to the royal palace of Xihalha, aiul saluted
two wooden fii»ures as monarchs, to the oreat amuse-
iiitiit <tf the latter and the assemhlecl princes. 'J'hen
the hiothers were invited to a place on the si'at of
InMiur, which proved to bo a reil-h«»t stone, and the
(■ nitortions of the j^uosts when tluv sat upon it pro-
voked a new hurst of lauj^hter which well-niuh re
s;i
hr<i
III apoplexy
ivi' ordeals are liere nuntione(
d
iis (^jstini;' in Xihalha, to the first of which only
I'l.it of the II
ouse o
f flloom.*' were the brothers
Miltjccted; then they were sacrificed and theii" bodies
limicd to^-cther, Ihit the head of l[unhuiiahpu was
liiiiiU'" in a tree, which at once luu-ame covered with
^oiinjs from which the head could not be distiii-
;.;iiished, and it was forbidden to all in Xibalba to
iil'pruach that tree.
lUit X(|uii|, a viri^in princess, daui^diter of fuch-
niiia(|iii«|, heai'tl ol' the tree, and went alone to taste
till' fidbidden fruit. Into her outstretched band th»;
litad of Huidnmahj)u spat, and the spittle caused
tiif voim<r
y'irl t<
o conceive, and she returned houu
1 h
.'it'tt r a promise from the head that no harm should
irsult to her. All this was by the order of llura-
'"' Carcliali in l\w name of an Tmliaii town in Vora I'az.
^^ i'ii\it /iilimin, ttiiii.snii Uiiiltiriisr. It will Ito rcnicnilnTpd tliiit Votau
i> siiil til iiave t'Htalilislictl a House of (ilooiii at lliu'liiu-taii. See i>. ItiO.
170
THE PRE-TOLTKC PERKiD.
!
k.in. After six inonths her condition was ()l)serv((l
l)y lier father, and in spite of her protestatiojis tli.it
slie had known no man, tlio owls, the royal nus-
senijers, were ordered to sacrifice her and hring hack
her heart in a vase. She i)ersuaded and bribed tlif
royal officers, lunvever, by the promise of future
emoluments, to carry back tt> the kinjj^s the coagu-
lated sap of the blood-wort instead of her blood and
heart, and she escaped; thus were Hun Came and
Vukul) Came tricked by this younLj' girl.
Xcjuiq, far advanced in pregnancy, wont for pm-
tectit)n to the place where Xnuicano was living with
the voung Hujd)atz and Hunchouen. The old
woman was not disposed at first to cr«.!(lit tin
stranufer's tale that she was with child bv llunhiiii-
ahpu, and therefore entitled to protection as a graud-
daughter at the hands of Xmucane; but by calliiiL;-
upon the gods and gathering a basket of maize
where no maize was growing, the young girl proved
the justice of her claim, Jind was received by the
great grandmother t»f her unborn children.
The vir<>in mother brouii"ht forth twin sons, and tluv
were named Ifunahpu find Xbalanipie. From tluir
very birth they were ill-treated. 'hoy were tunied
out of the house by their grandmoiiier for crying, and
tliroughout childhood and youth wore abused by llini-
batz and Hunchouen, by reason of jealousy, Tiuy
])assed their time shooting birds in the mountains with
their blow|iipes, while their brothers, great nnisiciaiis,
jiainters, and sculptors, remained at home singing and
plaving the fiute. But at last Ifunbatz and Huu-
chouen were changed by the young heroes into nieii-
koys. Xmucane was filled with sadness, and she was
oftered the privilege of beholding again the faces ef
her ^avoiite grandsons, if she could do so witlmut
laughing; but their grimaces and antics were too ludi-
i-rous; the old lady failed in three interviews to re-
strain her laughter, and Hunbatz and ][unch«>utii
appeared no more. Hunahpu and Xbalanquo becaiiio
Ill NAIIl'U AND XIJALANt^ri:.
m
ii their turn imisioiiins an(] played the air 0^111 iinlip a
qui/, tlio 'inonkc'3' of Huiiiilipii.'^*
Tlie lirst work uiRlertakeii by tlio twins was the
(•Kiiiin<( of a luilpa or cornHoUl. It was not very
(lilliciilt on the first day, f;/i tiicl, onoliantud tools
worked 1)V tlieniselves while tlio v;>nn<r ay^rieultur-
jsts went huntin;^, takinj^ care to jiut dirt on their
{'ai-es and to pretend to bu at work when their ^^rand-
iiiother brou«,dit their lunch at noon. In the niiL-ht,
liowever, the wild beasts met and rei)laoed all the
tr« . s and shrubbery that the brothers had reniovi-d.
lliiii;ihi>u and Xbalancjue watched for them the next
niylit. but in spite of their efforts the beasts all
e??ia[)e«l — althouy^h the deer and rabbit lost their tai...
— except tlie rat, whiih was caught in a handkerehief
The lat's life was spared by the youths aiid in return
this animal ; vealed the glorious deeds of the'r fathers
and uncles, their games at ball, and the existence of
a ball of India rubber with other implements t>f the
'^aiiie which they liad left about the house. All of
the implements and the ball came into their i)osses-
sioii with the knowledge of the secret.
.biyful at their discovery Hunahi)U and Xbalanque
Went away to play in the ball-ground of their fathers,
ami the nionarchs of Xibalba, Him Came and Vukiil)
(anie, heard them and W'..'re angry, and sent messei;-
i^iis to summon them as their fathers had been sum-
moned to play at Xibalba. The messengers came to
the house of Xmucane, who, tilled with alarm, dis-
]iateln'd a louse to carry the summons to her grand-
sens. On the way the louse consented, to insure
Hieater speed, to be swallowed by a toad, the toad by
a .ser[»ent, and the serpent by the great bird \'oc. ( hi
arrival a series of vomitings ensued, until the toa<l
was free; but in sjjite of his most des[)erate ellbrts he
could not throw up the louse, who, it seen. ■;, had
I'layed him a trick, lodged in his gums, and not been
'■" A lijilli't, acconlin^ to Uiu«»eur, still |n'rfiinm'il Ity the uutixcn ul
tiiiali'iiial:!, <'l;iil ill wouilcii iiuiKkM aiul itecuiiar coiituuicM.
Vol. V. Vi
178
tiil: p::r-T<)i;n:c rr.itioD.
swallowed at all. However, the niossacrc was rlo-
livered, and the players returned home to take leave
of their i^raiulniother and mother. Befort; their de-
parture they planted eaeh a eane in the middle of tlif
house, the fate of^which should (le[U'nd ujkhi t\\v\y
own, since it would wither at their death.
The ball-players set out for Xil)all>a hy the route
their fathers had followed, passini^ the bloody vivvv
and the river Papuhya; but they sent in advance an
animal called Xan, with a hair of Hunahpu's le«;' ti>
prick the kinyfs and princes. Thus they detected the
artificial men of wood, and also learnetl the names of
jdl the princes by their exclamations and nuitual in-
(juiries when pricked. On their arrival at court they
refused to salute the manikins or to sit ui)on the red-
hot stone; they even passed throun^h the first ordtal
in the House of (Jloom, thus thrice avoiding the
tricks which had been played upon their fathers.
The kin<>s were astonished and verv anurv, and tho
jifame of hall was played, and those of Xibalba wi'io
beaten. Then Hun Came and Vukub Came reciuii'.'d
the victors to brinijf them four l)oU(|Uets of flowers, or-
derinu;- the ifuards of the royal i^ardens to watch most
(arehdly, and committed Hunahpu and his brother to
t!ie House of Lances — the second ordeal — where tlic
lancers were directed to kill them. Yet a swarm of
ants in the brothers' service entered I'asily the royal
_i*'ardens, the lancei's were bribed, and the sons of
X(pii(i were still victorious. Those of Xibalba turned
])ale, and the owls, o'uards of the royal gardens, Mere
punished by havino- their lips split.
Hunahpu and Xbalantiue were subjected to the
third oi'deal in the House of Cohl, but WMrme(l by
burnini;' jiine-cones they were not I'rozen. So in the
fourth and fifth ordeals, since they passed a nli^lit in
the House of Ti^-ers and in the House of Fire with-
out surterinuf injury; but in the House of i)ats, ;il-
thouj^li the occupants did them no harm, llunahjuis
DKATH OF Tin: TWIN HKimiKUS.
T71)
Iliad was cut ofT l>y Cainazotz, 'ruler of l)ats/ who
aiiie Iroui ou
liiu'li
The hoheadiusjf of Huualipu was l)y no means fatal,
liiit iifttr aconiUination of events utterly unintelliyiMo,
iiirludinu^ an a.sseuil)la<je of all the animals, aehieve-
iiinits particularly hrilliant hy the turtle and rahhit,
iiiid another contest at hall-jdayinijf, the heroes came
(lilt uninjured from all the ordeals to which tlu-y
were suhjected in Xihalha.
At last, instructini^ two sorcerers, Xulu and Pacam,
tliat those of Xihalha had failed hecause the hiutes
were not on their side, and direct ini^ them also what
t > do with their hones, Hunahi)U and Xhalancjue
stretched themselves voluntarilv face down on a fu-
IK lal pile, still in Xihalha, and died toij^etlKM". Their
lidiies wi're pulverized and thrown into the river,
will re they sank and were changed into fine youuLjf
men.
On the fifth day they re-appeared, like man-fishes;
and on the day following in the form of ragged (»ld
iiu'ii, dancmg, l)urnnig and restormg liouses, kilhng
and restoring each other to life, and performing other
\\«iii<lerful things. They were induced to exhihit
tin ir skill hefore the j)rinces of Xihalha, killing and
r('siiscitatm<»'
the k
th
d i>uli
kmgs dog, uurnuig and restormg
tl
le royal palace; then a man was max
le tl
le sui»|
l.iect
their art, Hunahpu was cut in pieces and brought
t:. hie hv
Xhal;
un
pu
Finallv, the monarchs of Xi-
liallia wished to experience j»ersonally the tem|)orary
(Iratli; Hun Came, the highest in rank, was first,
killed, then Vukuh Came, hut life was not restored to
tlieni; the two shootiM's of the hlow pipi' had avi'«iged
the wrongs of their i'atheis; tlie monarchs of Xihalha
liad fallen.
Having announced their true names and motives,
the two brothers pronounced sentence on the ])rinci>s
• if Xihalha. Their hall was to a]>pear no more in
the favorite gam(\ tiny werc« to jteilbrm menial
.service, with only the Leasts of the woods as vassals,
1-f)
THE PIIK-TOLTIX PirilloD.
.'■n<l this Wiis to bo tlielr })ijnislnncnt for the wrongs
thcv had (lone: vet stranwlv eiuniL'li, thev were to
lie invoked thereiifter us gods, or rather demons, a( -
fonhng to Xinienoz. The character of the Xihall>iins
is liere desci-ihed. They were fond of war, of fiiL;lit
fnl aspect, ugly as owls, inspiiing evil and discord;
faitl
iless, liypocritical, and tyran
its. tl
ley were l»otli
Mack and white, painting their faces, moreover, with
divci's colors. But their ]u»wer was ruined and thcic
(loniination ceased. ^Feanwhile, the grandinotlur
Xnincane at homo watched the growth of the canes,
;Mid Mas filled alternately with grief and Joy, as these
w ith(M'ed and again het'ame given according to tin'
A ,trvin<.r
lo
rtun
es
o
f tl
le gratidsons m
X
1 1 )a Ilia.
Finally, to return to Xihalha, llunahpu and Xlui-
Ian(|ue rendered the fitting funeral honors to their
dl
It hers wiu)
had
]ie
rislu'd there, hut who n
(i\V
ninanted to heaven and took their places as the sun
;iM(
I moon: and the four hundri'd voiinLJ' men kill( il
A
ly /jj)acna heeanu
>tars in the ski
es.
Tl
nis ends
t'lt
seeoni
•Si
1 division of the National Uook of t!
le
(.^>u idles
The first chapter of the third division relates an-
other and final creation of man from maize, in I'axil.
Ill' Cayala, 'land of dlxidi-d and stagnant wati'rs,' and
has already heen translated in full in another volunif."
According to Urasseur's opinion it should folhtw the
aicoimt of the preceding ci'eations,'''' and jirecede the
narrative of the struggle with Xil»all)a; hut was in-
trnduced lu're at the heginning of the (,^)uiche migra-
tions intentionally in order to attach the later (.j)iiitlir
■M
Xil.
Till' jilin'c wlii'iii''' tilt' lunllicrs sliirlcil titcoiili'iiil ii;,'iiiiis| (lu' |iriiir(
illiii, M'l'iiis til havi- hi'i'ii
fill' ( iiiiiwui'iiali llic (,>iii<'li
I tall;
III ill ( liiatt'iiiiihi •^(•c Mil. i\,, |i|i. IJl s
aiiii- of tliiit III
said til siirnil'v ' Inni^i'
it (lid w illu'ii'il canes.
Ml
r.
tii'iiiifiiiaila a
^'
ii.l I.
us Casas lia\('
' 'iM'il tlic tiailitinii tliat l''.\)ialaiii|M( n |Alia1aiii|iii'l set nut fi'o'u
I'll lilt' ('oni|U('st (if lii'll. Miiiiniii. /ill/., tiiiii. ii., II. M; llis/. Ajiiil'
Ms,, i-ap. I'.V). .\iltallia ilnulillcss had tlio Hi;,'iiilicatit)U ol' the iiil'ti
I'lall
ri'.;|cills 111
til
l.llll
liar tradiiiiiiiN
" l'i,l>i>l I'li/i, |i|i. CiS I'.i'.'; Aimincz, Ilisl. Iml. (liutl., iiji. '.",)-7lt.
'I S,
3^ Sot' p. 17'.
lip
<i-(.
;''^'">'s more cl<,s„lv fo the I
ttirv
T/
i^ ^vn..n.iM^ ,,.,,,,,.^ ^,^.ij
<J^I TILAX.
'omfc e,),H.I,s of their I
»wji tnuislatcd
'it-'d the .-ulvoiit
if;! I
lllciit.'ili
iia
•S <)
"1 Nil I, Stan
<v
30
10 d
IC^i
lls-
lu tl
IVlSloii ]l;r
lom are vi
'■'■'■••ifloil I)y (
f'i<' /omicler« of tlie ()'
;"'^' ^'l'"-K-iIaM., tl
"<^'""iatz and J
"f-Qwitze, Rdani-.Aoal
I IS (•(
J"-od.R.t,;f the final
"fipanion ddt
"'^'•'lu nati(.ns. ']')
tijilied rrroaHv in .
J>eo])l
'OS, an<I
u iniil-
<''\"es, where f(
Joader.s; n
oiir
,yo(l>
to Tulan-Z
""••'y. ''" 'iiil, Avil
^\oru assiirned t
mvu, the '
t>>i^;.<li. Here their I
IX, II,
o
the i
ini-
seveu
<»ur
and
Slid;
tlio d
'Vision int
i",^"a.L;e was d
'* •^'"P'-'i-.ite nati
'; ''V'tz, and \i,.ah-
"'.2-^'<J or divided
;:!!i'-r-M..,\,,,;,;.;;;;---.-;;M^;.,,.,i
^"''.^' Were ii\vaitin<.- tl
"1""> (Im-ino- th.'i^.st
;'th th.vse tr.>ul,|,>,s th
lu sun, are th
lyin Till;
^'J'o"itsni„stduvIt
"I, and i
'■•",^>"oiiti„ned,''^u|,ic.I
o coniino' ,.f an
" ^'onnection
ta.it Tid
•'''"'"l"'^''' to ahand
lolls
I ^iivinnstai
^■"Voy f,-,,m \-|_
••'"<' ••'tor a ted
'" ^^-''^ In the \il . I "V'' ""^^' "'<''''.'t
., . . ."t Aii,all,an_re-i„n. J}„t tl
' ';'G'» fnan Tul
"" or Were di
H'V
ridssiilu- (,
at
U\
'••"""I'V, ii.ehid
-r;'/lr>''--i-<iArti[
■•'^t they lu.held tl
:'"'!!'^''l'^'":'toinala,and;i
'^' '^"'1. .Aft If;
".'7 •M'l'-'"vntlv a
'<•••' vitz, wlh.,v
tli.. I
•t-avKz wa
I'cor,
as I
i.i\-|ii(.' (
'"'T;:' ^''^'''^N althou-d
'('(•lined s„i
^'vonts mentioned
s an-
V
ill
low can I
»o a.ss|M.,n,,j f
1 many are of
Ulcli,
af
:' '"o'orred to tl
-^ alvehiqiud
" '"ly do/init"
'>*o.jnently to th
iJ'iythical nati
'^' ."""o modern )iis(
o ejiocli^ „
ire
lav
!"*'' nations iu (j
',';;:' "• ^ '"f"'-- H.a,.ter,
. ."""/'^-^-''ts l.rere,Iin... tl
uutemj
II
> ''ii"o not
oa.sjiv
'(' I'lsiiiM. ,,(' fj,
'"l"''!"" imd \l,,l
"'""'^v "1 chronol
T'-^tion reflect
fill
lll<|IU
'••Mlll.vfcd will, (I
'"•y «'f tho
l'-', to h,.
uin on Air
I'lK (
10 e\
(■(111
that
^iNtont
J»'ovailed
as anv (h
o,-;io order
),y'"oIy the J
"•s|,,,,„,se (|,..,t (I
I'loK
\-..|.
".^••"ist Xihali
^•ory that
','"' ^'"'t the tra.j
"^story ,,r the hero.'
lev
Itloiis ill
S (,(•
III,
"Z"'/ /"((/,
PI'. IT-.-.l.
•'^ i'^ at l,;ast .
^■aii he formed. Tl
as
10
I'J'.
.'I--'.
182
THE rUi:-TOLTKC rEIMOl).
cliiof ()l)jt!cti<)n is tlie implied orossiiii*- of tlio soa dur
iiii
'^ tl
11! luiirrutiou from
Till
III. \v
l.ic-1
I iiiiiv lie an in-
tt'ri)(>lati(»ii. A lainoiitatioii wiiiih tlu'V cliaiitcd (ni
Mt Hacavitz lias coiisitleralde liist(»ri('al imjiortaiux'.
Alas," thov said, "wo were ruiiu'd in 'I'ulaii,
\V(
were separated, and our Urotliers still remain Itehind.
Truly we liave Uelield the sun, l)ufc they, wlieii' ar«;
tliey now that the dawn has aj»peared? Truly Toliil
is the name of tlu' ijfod of the ^'a(lui nation, who was
called Yolcuat Quit/aleuat ((.^iH'tzalcoatl) when \V(;
jiarted yomler in Tulan. lU.-hokl whenee we set out
tojjfether, hehoM the common cradle of our rate,
whence wo have come. Then they remembered thtir
brothers far behind them, the nation of the Ya(jui
mIioiii their dawn enlightened in the countries now
called ^[exico. There was also a part of the natidii
which they left in the east, and 'IVpeii and Oliniaii
weri! the placi's where tliey remamef
th
d.
A ('al\chi(pii'l reconl of what would seem to l)e tli
ame jirimiti^'e traditions contained in the I'ojk)! Vnh
e.\
ists but has never been published. 1 1 is only kii(»\\ ii
through ail occasional reft'ivnce or ipiotation in tlu'
writing's of Brasseur do Bourl)our,L,^ From one ef
these references*'" we learn that the l)arbarian rtui,
Jackal, or (V-yote, that conducted C^uieumatz to Paxil
wliere mai/e was discovered, was killed by one of tlic
heroes or di'ities; heiico the name ]funah|)U I'tiu,
•shooter of the blowpi[)o at the coyoto.* The foljew-
m\f (piotation IVom the same document refi'rs to the
iiaiiu' Tulai), which with its dillerciit spelliiiii's (kcius
so }ierple.\in,L>ly often in all the primiti\o traditions et'
American civilization. "l^'oiir persons came IVeiii
Tulan, from the direction of the I'isiiiijf sun, that is
one I'ulan. Tliere is another Tulan in Xibalbay ami
another where the sun sets, and it is thei'o that wc
eame; and in tlu' direction of the setting' sun tluii' is
another wlu're is the i^od: so that there are four
%
'■• /'()/)')/ \'iili, |i|i. 'JI.">-7; Xiniiuvz, Hist. Iiid. (iin(t., jip. OS-0.
^'•' Null's !<• Pii/iii/ ]'ii/i, ['[I. I.wxv, ftli\.
MKANINd OF TUV. l^ICHi: TUAKITIONS.
1S3
Till
III:-
ai)(
1 it
is wIkto (Ik; sim si'ts tliat \vc came to
Tiilaii, iVoiii the other side of" tlie sea where this 'I'ulaii
is, and it is there that we were conceived and hej^ot-
tiii li\' our mothers and <^ur fatlien
'40
Siith in a condensed foi'm are the tales tliat mal
Ke
ii|i the j)rimitive am»als of the (.^)uiche nations ot"
( iiiatemala.
\y
o nniy l)e very snie
that.
tl
le
iiiaiNfloiis or conimon-|»hice, each is I'onnded on an
actual occurrence, and has its meanmn'
'I'hat
mean-
iii4, so tar as details are concerned, has heen donht-
kss in most instances lost. We may only hope to
extract iVom the tenor ot" the record as a uliole, a
miirral idea res[»ectini;f the natnre of the historic
cvtiits thus va
o-uely
recon
led
and oven
tl
us won
Id
Im' |k iliaps a h(t|)eless task, were it not for the aid
diiivi'd from tlie Tzendal tratlitions, with monn-
niciital, institutional, and linguistic arnnments al-
ivadv cousidrrt'd, and tho Nahna records vet to ho
cxainiiii'd. It is nt)t altot'ethej* visionarv to hehold in
the successive creations hy Ciucumatz, the 'plumed
siipcnt,' and his companions, as we have done in tho
(•oiiiiiin' of X'otan, tlie inti'oduction vv growth of a new
»i\ ili/ation, new forms of i^overnment or religion, new
lialiits of life in America; even if we cannot admit
Htcially the arrival at a detinite time and place of a ciN-
ili/( r, ( Jucuinatz, oi" hope to reasonably explain eacli
of his actions. It is not necessary to (h'cide wlietiier
tlio new culture was indii^enous or of foix'ii^n origin; (,i*
even to supposv> it !adically ditfeient f"roin any that
prcccili'd oi'
w
contemporaneous with it.
W
need iKit Li(» hack to ancient tinu's t
o si'e partisans or
devotees attach the greatest importance to the shuht-
Os
t ditl
ereiices in i;'o\ernmeiit or religion
loots
illLT
with pity or hatred on all that are indillrrent or
o|)pose(l. Thus in the traditions helore us opponeiitji
ess.
and ii\als are |>icturi'd as the ])owers of daikn
\\liile tiihes that idiiiy' to the treedom of the t'ori'sts
-nid are slow to accept the hlessings of civilized life,
/'/.,
I'p, Ml-ll.
184
THE IMIE-TOLTEC PEUIOD.
'■- '.*-
i
'.',ti
\h.
arc almost invariaMy spoken of as lu'iitcs. Tlic final
creation of man, and the discovery of maize as aii
essential element in his composition, refer ;i}ipaieiitly
to the introduction amonj^ or adoption hy the luw
people or new sect of aijcriculture as a means of su[i-
port, hut possihly to the creation of a hiui'li rank nf
secular or reli^-ious rulei's. Utiu, the Jackal, a l)ai-
harian, le<l Gucumatz and his comjtanions to Paxil
Cavala where maize was found, hut was killed hy tlio
new-comers in the trouhlus that ensued. Early in
the narrative, however, the existence of a rival power,
the t»'reat emiiirc of Xihali)a, almost svnonvmous with
the infernal rejji'ions, is exjtlicitly indicated, and a
larg'C portion of the Popol Vuh is devoted to tlic
struiift,de hetwcen tlie two. The princes and nations
of Xihalba, symbolized in A'^ukuh Cakix, Zipaciia,
Cahrakan, Hun Came, and Vukuh Came, weiv nn-
merous and powerful, hut, since the history is writt( ii
1)V enemies, they were of course had. Tlieir cliitt
fault, their un[)ar(lonal)le sin, consisted in hcin^'
])uffed up with pride against the Ifeartof Hcaviii,
in refusiuLif to accept the views of the new snt.
Conseijuently the nations and chiefs that had arrayed
tliemselves on tlui side of (Jucunnitz, re[)resente(l ly
XhalaiKjue and Hunahpu, of several ^enei'ations,
strun'.^'le loni'' and desperately to humhle their own
enemies and those of the suiireme j^od, llurakaii.
The oft-re|)eated stru!.(nles are symliolized l»y ^anns
at hall between the rival chiefs. The ball "••reniids
t)r halls are battle-Helds. The aninnds of the fen >ts
often take a promiiu'ut ])art on tnie side or tlu' ntlur;
that is, the savaj^e ti'ilies ai'c emjiloyed as allir-.
( )i'casionally men are for some offense or stu|>i(hiy
champed to monkeys, <>r tribes allied with the mII-
styled reformers and civdizers ])rove false to tlnir
alleyianco and return to the wild freeditm of \\v
nniuntains. it is dilHcult, if not impossible, to (K-
teiiiiine tlu^ meaninLT of that )»ortion of the narrative
which ret'ouiits the immaculate conception of tlio
CONQUEST OF XIBALDA.
183
jtriticess X<iiii(|; Imt Brasscur, not Avitliout i-t;is>ii,
sii's ill tliL- l)irth of }fun!ilij)U and Xl)alaii<nk' iVoiii a
Xil)all»aii luotlicr, an indication that tlie rival nations
la'i'ame njore or less niixcd l>v intfnnarrianv. The
siiinu anthor e njectnres that the (juancls hctwcLMi
the two twins and their elder halt'-hrothers record
dissensions that arose between the chief's of pure and
mixed Mood. After a hnvj; series of wars with vaiv-
hvj; ri'snlts, syndxdized l>y tlio re})eated ^anies of Iiall,
and the ordeals to M'hich Xhalaiuiue and his hiother
were suci-essively suhjected, the princes of Xil»all>a
Wile defeated. From the terms in which tlie \ ictoiy
is described in the tradition, the jji-eneral iiii|iiessiiin
is conveyed that it Avas not a ctmcjuest iiivolvinn" tlie
destruction of cities and the extermination or eiisi.iv-
iiij^- of the people; but rather the overthrow of a
dynasty; the transfer of the su}>remo pt>wer to na-
tions that formerly occupied suboi'dinate [)ositions.
The chief featui'o in the celebration of the triumph
was tlie apotheosis of the heroes who had fallen
duiiiiL;' the stru^'^'lo.
After the triumph of Oucumatz' followers, tlie
written tradition is practically silent. Of the n'leat-
noss of the ncM'ly constituted empire we know noth-
ing'; the record only re-opens when misfortune has
!iL;ain come upon the nations and they are forced to
ahandon Tulan for new homes. N^either tlieir defeats
iKir the names of tlu'ir con(piero)'s were thought W(ir-
tliy of a i)laco in the annals of the (^)uicli(' Jiatioiis,
iifteiwards ao i>owerful in (Juateiiiala; vtt we
1
an
hardly doubt that the princes of Xil'alba cuntributfd
to tlieir overthrow. Forceil to leave 'I'ulaii, spoken of
a>;
the cradle of their I'ace, they miiicrated in tli
rei!
dixisidiis, one towards the mountains of ( uiatcmala,
one towards Mexico, and the third toward the c'asl liy
way of Tepeu and ( )limau, which the ( 'akchinuel inaii-
iixiiiit is said to hx'ate on the boumlarv of IVteii and
1 iicatan.
The Quiche traditions, then, point idearly to, 1st,
isr,
Tin: PIJK-TULTKC I'KlUOl*.
^i
the oxistonco in jviu-loiit tlincs of a qri'.it t'in|tii'.
s(>nu'\vh( It' ill Coiitnil Aiiu'iii-a, talK'd Xil»all»a l>y it>
fiii'iuii's; 'J«l, the u^rowth of a rival iK'i_inhli«>rinii^ pnun
.■{il, a Ioml;- struij;;olo extondinuf tliroiii^li several mii
t;rati(His at loast, aiul rosultini^ in the (lowMlall of tin
4th, a sul>se(|iient seatteiiiiin", tht
1<>'S
Xilialh.in kii
eaiise of wliich is not .stated, l)nt was evidently war
civil or f'oreii^Mi, -of the I'onnerly victorio'.is natioi
tVoin 'I'liliiii, their eliief city or jn'ovince; r)th, tl
identifieatioii of a j)ortion of the nii^r.dini;' ehiefs with
the founders of the Qui(']ie-( 'aki'lii<jnel nations in pos-
session of (Juat(.'inala at the C'on(|nest. The National
Book, unaided, would hardly suttiee to (U'tennine the
location of Xihalha, Avhieh was very likely the name
of a capital city as well as t)f the empire. Utatlaii,
in the (iiiatemalan hii^ldands, is clearly ))ointed out
us the place whence Xhalaiupie set out for its loii-
(juest, and sevi>ral other names of localities in (Juatc-
mala are also nientitnied, hut it should he noted that
the tradition comes through (Juatemalan sourcis, and
it is not lUH'essary even to suppose that I'tatlan was
the i'e!itri> of the I'orces that stru,n",L;'led against tin:
])owt'rs of darkness. Yet since we know throu^Ii
Tzeiidal traditions and monumental relies, of the ijreat
A'otanic ciupirt! of the Chanes, which formerly in-
cluded the renion of J^deiupie, there can hardly he
room for hesitation in itlentifyiiii;' the two jioweis.
The ilescription of Paxil C'ayala, 'divided and stannaiit
Avaters,' "a most excellent land, full of i^'ood things,
where the wliite and yellow mai/.e did ahound, al-
tl
le cacao, w liert^ were s
iipott
c's and many fruits,
lioiiey
food."
wlici'e all was overnowiiiL!' \\
anil
ith the hest of
arrets at least as well with the Usumacinta
region as w itii any other in Central America. The
M'ly steep di'sci'iit l»y which Xhalanque reached Xi-
l»all)a iVom I'tatlan, corresponds ])erfectly with tlu;
topo^raj)hy of the country towai'ds the Usumacinta.
The statement that in tlu; final min'ratioii from Tulan
to Cuiatemala, two parties were left hehind, one of
A'/n.\Ln.v Tin: v
AvIii.Ii wont to M
OTAMC E.Ml'IliK
f.i-^f, ul
OX ICO. a
, Ulsu sct'llis to
in Xihall
!'<J t'lo other was left
187
i'oiut i„ tjie
.V(
s.-lli
iC (1
>''i, evR
Icntly tl
!"" t;'"'-' I'Inco, ami
thldilL'Il OivImm-.., I
'-'pfMU u.s that tl
in thv
"•ectfoM. TJio
•ortMva.saTi.Iai
";. ""u uhonre tho final
• iii-n-a-
I
wliici
I", w.ts one of tl
i'l.rr','/'''">."f Vot„„» i
lOJl
t
li-
nt
Xihall
P'""t.s to any other I
Jy noti
ni|iii-
>t'atioii
,""^'- J'» the i.anat
ive
wIlK
ii'.'UDa Was til, Ml ^1, T^ -""i.
' <'i.s a roundel-; tl
(>
lo .saiiK!
"■""<■ «■.■!» ,,|,,,|i,,,l,,|„„(.
""' centre of nat
allies,
III' con
nval.v
and
lon.s wliich
l^o; and Tiil,
I", or 'I'lill
Xi'hall
jectii rally id
<'<>n(jiieror.s of tl
\^: ,. -•■<"', or I llii,;,
ro successively .nl^e<.ts
ontilicd xvith t]
'^' nnperial nty
nia
ul
■>::':': ^'"'-''<-'<ix,u:o,::nrt;:'7"^^'
'•■'n nionarchs av
"f('nj)ied the
IS perl
tl
(
\v/io occupied tho ^.,.. ' "' ".^J'-^ tne same as ( '|
I .1 ; J^nt wJio Wen. fiw. c II
le
iina.v
""•'""'•'f>^, the nat
^vere the foil
t
I'll aiK
1 Xhal
'ons I'en.i-e whose lead
ra-
"Uers of
"'".^ to u-hom the' trad
'"l>'^'>the,,ri<IeofXi|,aI|
ei's.
/[
nnah-
assiMiK-d ,
■■^ ^^ashiimMed
tl
l('!ll
"<> name.? /t
^^•'■^''. ^''-' Txecpiilcs ,wl
'tions thu.s f
'\,m»«t n.t,M,,rt,;'i;i,,;;u;
u' studied I
lave
.>'
:<::- --v.! .luni,: v;,: :: :;ir ''"^- "- 1^- *.v;:
'"Wi'i's ne
.'issj
T„l,
^"ed land
'II as thcii
\\' nleas of
"'II niu(
and 1
♦'••ipltal. Tl
m s ahsi'Dce
.i^overnnient and \vi
H'eame a powcrlul ^.rnu\
ive his f„l.
'.^•'•>ii, Were
|''e \\it]i
:.i .. ■^' "^ -'nd conii) ..f. 1
".""•'' '"'tter with tl..
•ne a(lopf,,d witi
>i(
'o Qnich
'nij)Ictt
1
)r,is
S(
r\\
'"•' (le I{,,nrl
lout
;"t(.f lainentat
'our:
a I
.A
•■^"<'<>'-<l, than tl
'y 'ippaivjit
(lid
ra-
a.iJ'ree;
i<; o
'on, one div
'eor<li
ij)J.O-
I'eason hy
;;i'U; tlK.i,. ^.eat,ies;- T,
'" ,^v^"nt north to .AI
ex I CO.
'•^""1 of the vvl
'•^' ^" th,. Q„i,.j
le
"'.l^ecs fi',,ni
^viiei-e they lo'nnd (1
ii'ir
y\
''^!'''^'''''^^vI.iehal2''!^*^'''''''^^-^•'''^^^
''^i»'o diirin-r ],i..f
•>nc tun
'""'"'^'•tl'NVard are called
'(-' achieved
'^ The tril.es wliV.'i
'" the A>y.,7 |v> ^
.^''•eatiK ss in
t mi-
aoiii.
188
Tin: riti:-T»)LTi:f i'kkhjo.
'it:
a nanio wliicli ncoordlnuf to Ilnissour de Bouilx)!!),;-.
has imich tlie same siLi'iiiHcatioii otviiiolo'jicallv as
Naliuatl, aiul was cominonly applied l>y tlie Maya-
Qiiiclic jteoples of Central AiiieiR'u to tlie M<\i
cans, ^toreover, their ^od, Tohil, was called I'V
these Yatiui trihes, oven while they were yet in Tulaii,
YoKniat Qnitzalcuat, while tlie most prominent nf
the XaluiJi divinities is well known to the readers of
th
10 precedms^ volnmes
h
to 1
lave heen
Quet
/.alfoatl
Chanes, the only name «;iven to the snhjects of ^^)tall
and his successors, is the ecpiivalent of Culhuas, a
word which, especially in co)ni)osition, is of fretpitiit
occurrence in all the native toiiij^ues. Culhuacan \\a>
one of the most celehrated cities of Anahuac, as the
Acolhuas were anions? the most noted peoples. Ai;aiii
Tulan Zuiva is defined as the Seven Caves, in tin
Nahua tonu^ues Cliicoinoztoc, uhich the Aztecs are Wtll
known to have claimed as ;i former liome, ( )uv of tin-
divinities en^'aged in the creation, or in the |»roj»ana-
tioii of the new doctrines in the region of Xihalha was
the chief of Toltecat, another name j)romineiit in all
Nahua traditions .is that of their most famous iiatimi,
the Toltecs; and finally CJucuniatz, the <»'reat leadci' ><\'
Xihalha's con(|uerors, was identical, with Quetzalcojitl,
since hoth names si^iiity ecjually the 'plumed m r-
pent,' the former in Quiche, the latter in .Vztrc.
These facts seem significant and naturally direct our
attcvition to an examination of the early Nahua iv-
cords.
K <l
The records of the Nahua nations, so far as tin y
relate to the pre-Toltec jieriod, if more extensive ami
inimerous, are not less confused than those of i!'
south. To hrini^ into any senihlance of order tiii-
mass of contradictory semi-mythical, semi-histoiie- »1' -
tills, to point out and defend the historic meanini^' ot
each ahorij^inal tale, is an ini[)ossil)le task which I •!"
not propose to undertake. The only j)ractical»le i-our^i'
is to present the leading" points of these early tiaiH-
it
THE NAIHAS IN TAMoANCIIAX.
1S9
ly u>
lava-
Mrxi
..1 l.y
rulaii,
nit of
lors of
liM.atl.
Votaii
ivias, a
l-(jUL'llt
111 \va>
as tbo
ill tlif
iVO AV<H
• of th''
I'ojKiu'a-
^l»a \\a>
,t in alt
iiatinii,
i\(\vV <'f
lalfoall,
'A »v-
A/.tr.-.
lua 1'-
Is tll'V
Ivi' ati'l
lof t!;-
ll- till-
jrir (!'■-
liu'j,' "I
Ih l ''"'
[(•our-''
tra.l'i-
tions as tliev aro i^nvoii l»y tlic best aiitlioiitirs, and to
(I I aw from them, as 1 liavc done frciiu the Tzfiulal and
(Jiiiclie records, noma ij^oneral L-oiiclnsions rt'sjioctiiiL;'
the most jtrohahlo eoiirse of jirimitive liistoiy; for
1 iiiirliisions t»f a very n'eiieral nature, and hearing" on
|Miil)ahilities only, are all tliat we can expect to reach
n -pcctiiii,'' ])re-Toltec America. Saha^un, justly es-
tiriiicd as one of tlie best authorities, speaks in .sul»-
>tance as toliows
Ih
.41
W
( ituntless years a<^o the first settlers arrived in Xew
Sjiain. (.'oinini>' in ships hy sea, they appr(»ached a
iinrthern port; and because they disembarked tlieiv it
as called Panutla, or ]*anoaia, 'jdace where they
aiiived who came by sea,' now corruptly called ]'an-
il an ( IVinuco) ; and from this p(>rt they beij^an to follow
the coast, belioldiiit^ the snowy sierras and the \ol-
• aiHK's, until they reached the j)rovinceof (Juateinala;
litiii'^- guided by a priest carr^'imj^ their i^'od, with
wlmiii he continually took counsel respectiiiLf what
till \' ouyiit to do. Thev came to .settle in Tanio-
aiitlian, where they remained a Ioiilj time, and never
•d to have their wise men, or j)rophets, called
ii/'ic, which means 'men learned in the ancient
iiast
'' iiiii.i'ni
jMiiitiiins,' who, altliounh they came at the same tinu
ilid not remain with the rest in Tamoanchan ; since
liavinn" them there, they ro-embarked and carried
awav wi
th tl
lem
all tl
le jiaintmn's \\
hich tliev had
li"!i;;lit relatiiiij^ to reliL;'i»>us riti-s and mechanical arts,
li .fore their dei»arture they spoke as follows: — " Know
iliat our i^od commands you to remain here iu these
1 iiids. (tf which he makes you masters and oives you
|Mi»,ssioii. lie returns to the jilace whenct.' he an<l
aiue; but he will come l)ack to visit you a\ hen it
Wi' I
hall he time
for th
le world to come to an end: mean
nine you will await him in these lands, jiossessiijo-
'lit ni and all contained in them, since for this puip(»se
vou came hither; remain therefore, for Me _o<) witli
"111' vod." Thus they departed with their g-od wra[)[>ed
'I .<iihiiijiiii, Hist. Gen., toni. iii., lili. x., pp. 13D-I.J.
100
THE PRE-TOLTFX* PEIIIOD.
in hlankcts, towards tlio east, takliii,' all the paiiitiiii^'s.
Of the wise men only four remained, ( )xomoeo, Cipac-
tonal, Tlaltetecui, and Xuehicaoaea, who, after the
others had dfi)arted, eoiisulted to^jether, sayini^:- A
time will come when there will ho li«rht for the dircc-
tioii of this repuhlic; but durini; the ahsence of our
j,n)d, how shall the peo})le he ruled ? What order will
there he in all things, since the wise men carried away
their iiaintinjjfs bv which they lifoverned? Therefore
did they invent judicial astrology and the art of iii-
ter[)reting dreams; they composed the calendar, which
was followed during the rule of the Toltecs, ^Fexicaiis,
Tei)anccs, and Chichimecs. By this calendar, how-
ever, it is not possible to ascertain how long they n>
mained in Tamoanchan, — although this was known by
the paintings burned in the time of the Mexican ruler,
Itzcoatl, in Mhose reign the lords and princes agreed
tliat all should be burned that they might not t'liU
into the hands of the vulgar and be unappreciated.
From Tamoanchan they went to sacrifice at Teotihua-
can, where they built two mountains in honor of the
sun and moon, and where they elected their rulers,
and buried the lords and princes, ordering the tunnili,
still to be seen, to be made over their graves. Some
description of the mounds follows, with the statement
that they were the work of giants. The town of
Teotl, t)r god, was called Teotihuacan, because the
])rinces who were buried Miere were made gods after
<leath, and were thought i >t to have died but tt) have
wnked from a sleep. Fn - Tamoanchan certain fam-
ilies Nvent to settle the \n\ inces called Olmeca Vix-
toti. Hero are given son details of these Olniees
and of the Huastecs, to be poken of later.
After the centre of pow* had been a long time in
Tamoanchan, it was afterwards transferred to the
town called Xumiltepec. Here the lords and priests
and the old men discovered it to be the will of the'ir
god that they should not remain always in Xumilte-
l>ec, but that they were to go farther; thus all gratl-
)i
'•'•'![,^' ^Med on th
^"'^^^vm:.ATR,nIT^o^x
oir iiiio-ratfo,, J
!"'^:;'''Sr-^i;r ''-'■• w
191
von Caves 'n ""."•>^ ^'•••'"^ to tl ',"•'"' "'^'"
-:f!'!^-,';:-::,;i;r^v-:ni:^r'^,-
■ ■-.iinu i/iej-e hiif a n """^""wi or t/if
liiiir •11, 4 "^ ^"*'«t loturFi /fl i. • ^'^'^ t'^iU Ijv
a
Tnll
Ian).
'y
'I'ICln.ro
(Tul,
■^'), wliicJi t}
^"'^'■"^'•o), and fi
'^'J <JhI an,i
In tl
Is:; rr-^-tion to ti
"•'Hy t. Ti![
;ii(l.s 'I
<''iino to
'i'l ('ioi-
•- t/iat th^ first sottl. ,. '^"'^ ^^'^"■^^'" we n,
n
Wt'?-o call.. f J T '"^'1
'"Hied at tl
of tl
'^' I'ort of* J>
/otold
''•>n'da.
in\sv
J
'''>iin(i. "]
«"<! settled
whieJi
l*^, 't^n-e.t,ial
UKI
CO.
mean
J'''";i(li«e,
^'^'"' the hi:Qt 'r ^^"'^ -'i-
EE'-"?;rir--?i-urst,;i
I'l Sal
""w tliat it
' «ince it I
i« under tJie
f^^^ the earthi;
'/'"lion of
V'i""i(»\ial iin
.\
ituvu-n, i
'^-■''^i;t.;;:r,r::,'^-^^
""<i uatioi
7;
IS 111
"f tabasco Ai-.c. , '.'^"•iteinahi T?.-. """' J a-
as t/i
Tl... J,
iteniaf
'Jovv-conie
■rs c
Js as
iiiid tJie \
l^'ation theref
at least it • ,
could o-et I,r/n ''^•^'' ^"'"'"itonjal,
ore ao"_ Z:!?^^'^}^'^^^^ the eo.
•^ C"e eoast.
"^••""•o en.nin! ?J'^/\t^'^'t of X
T^-i^^^TLrr^^^^^^
"I tile n, • I -^ ^ ''i?)n i..r ^,. XI *■
Ji:'^'''^^^ trad
>iii otJ,e2
lis c
ir'\'j'''^t«Gi
tl
\m^^i<-'d to the el 7 ";'•>' ^^'^^^
. -'t^'>n-the -or; '"' ''^••^'•'•'■''^"d
:;;&f^- (i'itho.; ,;"^ ;: i::^ <:u..in,ati
K_. ..•
^'^^^vth of
''^' ffrea
«.tiio ioiulor of tl,.? '."-■'* ""t
'■ '"'-'• ■•" ti,r:,,:.'':.'.:i'^'-i''^)
--^^^.'^i!';;&'^:»r.H^^
central i
tl,
a
T
|"ii. i
"•'li:ilii(. sli
'(■.111
.' J'- xviii.
■t*sGneo of ti^Q
■ciTion.
name Tul
\'.'i, tl
ciwi;:;:':,;:/'''-"vvc.as,
•"^t'fcl!!^'^"
le
in, as
''^V'«-!<'.a" toariH:.^^?- ^''. o
'"-'-^^'»«i^irErS'li^a
■»'•. toin.
''.■■'^'•""'•s,l,.(j„'i,'
... j>. ri'j.
• "((in Jill fllrli." r " """'oil
19J
TlIK rilE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
uppliod to a city or county in Central America, from
the nortliern traditions as tliey have l)een prescrvi'il
for our examination, may be very satisfactorily ac-
counted for by the fact that another great city
founded nuich later in Anahuac, tlie capital of tlir
Toltec monarchy, was also called Tollan ; consequently
such traditions as the Spaniards gathered from the
natives respecting a Tulan, were naturally referred Ity
them to the later city. It is to be noted, moreover,
in this connection, that the descriptions given by the
Spanish writers of Tollan, with its luxuriant vegeta-
tion, and birds of brilliant plumage, often a[t[>ly
much better to the southern than to the northern
Antihunc. In addition to the points mentioned in
the Quiclie record, we learn from Sahagun that tlio
Toltec calendar was invented or introduced during'
the stay in tliat soutliern country o" T'lUKjanchau ;"
that the Nahua power in the soutli extended noitli
to Aniiliuac and embraced Teotihuacan, a holy city
and rt'ligious centre, even in those remote times;
that the Olmecs, Miztecs, and Huastecs belonged to
the same group of nations and their rise or appear-
ance to tlie same period; and that from the Seven
Oaves tlie Toltecs migrated — that is their centre er
capital was transferred — to Tulancingo, and later tn
Tollan. All these i)oints we shall find confirmed nieio
or less directly by other authorities.
I'C
A veiy important Naluni record, written in Azt
with Spanish letters l>v an anonvmous native autlmr.
and copied by Ixtlilxochitl, which belonged to tlu-
i'amous IJoturini collection, is the Codex C/iiiii((li>n-
pocK,*^ Unfortunately it has never been publisl
ill (I
«i fl "I T
ilB
'
1
t
4
<!;
vk
m
!'!
! fi
■{
,
I' K
1,
*' l>nissiMir lii'Iiovi's Unit tlu; Oxoiiioco and ripiictonal of tlic N.iliiia
iiiytli, ail' till' saiiic art tin- Xpivacoc and Xniiicani' nf llic J'ti/ml I'li/i, >iiii'('
tilt' I'lPriiii'i' ail' two III' till' iiivi'iilois of tin' rali'inlar, wliiii' llii' iattiiari'
ralli'il uraiKliiiollii'VH of tlio sun ami li^;lit. I'a/ni/ Viih, \\\\. 4, '-Ml.
*"> ' I'lia lli.sttiriii (Ic /lis li\i/iii)s ill' Cii//iii(iriiii, // Mrx'rn, I'll li'iijiua Vw.
hnntl. y pajii'l Emoiieo tlo Alitor Aiioiiyiiio, \ tioiio auailiila una linn Iv-
/iin'ini i/r ins Pinsi ., i/ Ixitus di' In Uiiililiiliul \'\\ li'ii;,'iia ( 'avti'llai'a, rti'.
E^sta toilo loiiiado ilc lotia ilc Duii rtriiaiiilo do Alba y le falta la [ii iiiiini
TilH CODKX ClIIMALPOroCA.
193
mill Its contents are only known by occasional refer-
ences in tlu! works of Brasseur de Bourl»onro", who
had a eopy of the document. From the passai^'es
(jiidtcd hy the abhe I take the following brief ac-
count, which seems of some importance in connection
with the preceding:
"This is the be«ifinnin<jf of the history of thini/'s
whicji cami; to pass long ago, of the division of tlu;
caith, the ])ropei"ty of all, its origin and its Ibuiula-
tidii, as well as the manner in which the sun divided
it six. times four hundred })Lis one hundred })lus thir-
ttcii years a<>'o to-day, the twenty-second of May,
IJjS." " Karth and the lieavens were formed in the
vtar Ce Tochtli; but man had already Iteen created
t'mir times. fJod formed him of ashes, but Quetzal-
coat! Iiatl poi-fected him." After the Hood men were
cliaiigod into dogs.*" After a new and successful at-
tempt at ci'cation, all began to serve the gods, called
.\|iaiitc('utli, * master of the rivers,' J liiictlollincjui,
'lie wlio causes the earth to shake,' Tlallamanac, 'he
wild presidt>s on the earth,' and Tzontemoc, 'he whose
hail- (It sccuds.' (.^uetzalcoatl remained alone. Then
tin y Slid, "the vassals of the gods are born ; they have
alicady begun to serve us," but tiiey added, "what
will you cat, ( ) gods?" and Quet/.alcoati went to search
till' means of subsistence. At that time Azcatl, the
'ant.' going to 'I'onacati'petl. 'mount of our sid)sist-
• iice,' for mai/e, was met by Quet/alcoatl, who said,
f'ljn " I'litiiriiii, ('iihifiifin, |i|). 171S. 'M. Aiiliin, (|iii ]ii»-^i'ili> Irs cdiiicn
l.iitis |iiir (Jaiim cl I'icliMrdo, ajiiiilc iiii suji'l i\v ci- iliu'imu'iil ; "Cello
lii-lniii', t'iiiii|)iisi'i> en l."i(l.'l el I'li \'uV ]>t\r iiii r<ii\aiii <U' <i>iiiinlililliiii
<! Ill- |i:u' I't'i'iiaiiili) lit' Mlia (Ixllilxiic'liii I}, ('(iiiiiiit' I'a cni riiliaiilii,
ll'i'^l jLTIli'lt' ninilis lUi'iMi'lIsi? ([lU! Ics |il('fC(lcilft's (ill lililHSflir's li.sl), ft
ii'iiiiiiiii', aiiiu'i' ]iai' aiiMiM', mi iiiniii.s jii.M|ii"a I'aii 7")l ili' •!.•'. A In hiiito
ill' lis aiiiiali'H M' tiiiinc riiistnirc iiiuiiiviiic (T l!i>lciirt' di's snlciU), d'nii
'i.iiiia a I'Miail If tt'Xli' iiit>\ii'aiii dt' la tiaililimi Mir li's sulfils.'" /.'/7/,v.
>((/■(/.• Uniirhiiiinj, His/. Xiil. Cii'., toiii. i., \>. Ixxix,; /(/,, t'n/n,/ I'liii, |i,
xi.
*'■ I'/ti'-liiiiir or 'ilii;,'s,' a fi'aiisfnrmatiDii wliirli may mil iiii|inilialil.v liavti
"'Hiii'ilii!!;,' Ill (III wilii llii> iii'i;:iii iil° the iiaiiib ( 'liicluiiico, a iiaiiii' a|>|>lii'il Id
>'i iiiiiiiv liilii's ill all [larts uf llic ciiiinti v. 'I'lir ( 'm/ir ( '/iiiii'i//iii/in,ii, Imw-
I'Vir. siu'ak-. also uf a liaiisl'iiiiiiatiini iulti iiuiiiki'\s us ii rt'sull til' ii ;;rL'at
liiinii'aiu', I'll/Ill/ ]'ii/i, p, l\\x,
Vol, V. lU
■1' i '
^1
I'f
194
THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
I ?
M
"wlici'G li.ist thou been to obtain that tiling? Toll
mo." At first the Ant would not tell, but tlu;
Illumed Serpent insisted, and repeated, "wliitlur
shall I go?" Then they went there together, Qiiet-
zaleoatl metamorjihosing himself into a 'black ant. *'
Tlaltlauhqui Azcatl, the 'yellow ant,'*^ accompaniod
Quetzaleoatl respcetfully, as they went to seek maize
and brought it to Tamoanchaii. Then the gods
began to eat, and put some of the maize in our
mouths that wo mi<dit become strong.*'' The same
ro'.'ord imj)lies that Quetzaleoatl afterwards became
obnoxious to his companions and abiindoned theni.'^
In this document we have evidently an account of
substantially the same events that are recorded in
the Tzendal and Quiche records: — the division of the
earth by the Sun in the year 955 B.C., or as ()rd(iri('Z
interprets the Tzendal tradition, by \"()tan 'about
1000 B.C.'; the formation of the earth by the su-
preme being, and the successive creations of man, ni'
attempts to introduce civilization among savagis
through the agency of Quetzaleoatl, — acts ascribed hy
the (.^)uiche tradition to the same ]»erson undi'r tlic
name of (Jucumatz; the Hood and resulting tinns-
ibrmation of men into <logs, instead of m(jid<i'ys as in
the Popol Vnh, symbolizing perhaps the I'elajise into
savagisin of partially civilized tril)es; — the adoption
of agricidture r(>presented in both traditions as an
expedition b.y Quetzaleoatl, oi' CJucumatz, in seardi nt'
maize. AcconUng to the /*()y>r>/ Viih i<e sought ilu'
maize in Paxil antl Cayala, 'divided and stagnant
watei's,' by i\w aid of Ctiu, 'the c(»yote;' while in
the Xahua tradition, aided by Azcatl, 'the ant." W.
finds the dcsiretl food in Tonacatepetl, 'mount of eiir
subsistence.' Finally, the Codec Cliiiitn/jx'j'ocK iden-
<' Ov, (IS IlnisKiMir sn^';:('«|s, ji(1ci|itiii;j; tlic (MistninH of (lie |ii'(i|i1i' in (Uilir
to nlitaiii the ciilirM' (if 'ri)iiiiciil('|i('ll ainl llic hccivI nl' tlii'ir nmiciillmc.
*•* Miiliiiii, \'iiri(l)iiliiri(i , tiiinslalcH ilic iiniiic, 'rt'd nut.'
^i Ciii/i.r i7u'iii(iljii)ji(irii, ill Jlnoi-icur tic JtuKrIioitn/, Jlisl. Xat. i'ii\, tmii.
j,. iH). TilMt. 7(1-1.
■>^ Jif., p. 117.
I'UIMITiVE NATIONS OF MEXICO.
195
tifios tlio home of the Nuluia iiatii^ns, \vhcncc tlic
scaivh lor maize was made, with Tamoauchaii, whieli
.Sahagiiu has clearly located in Tabasco.
ncforc coiisideriiiijf the traditions that relate th(!
iiiii^iatiou of the Toltecs proper to Tollaii in Anahuac,
it will he most convenient to give the little that is
known of those nations that arc snj)posed to have
preceded the Toltecs in Mexico. The chief of these
ai'o the Qiiinames, Olmecs, Xicalancas, Totonac
Hnastecs, Miztecs, Zapotecs, and Otonu's,
51
Tl
le
Olniccs and Xicalancas, Avho are sometimes rep-
rrst'uted as two nations, sometimes as divisions of
the same nation, are regarded hy all the authorities
;is Xaliuas, si>eakin<»' the same lan!'r.a<'e as the Tol-
tcrs, hilt settled in Anahuac long oefore the estah-
lisluncnt of tlie Toltec Empire at Tollan. As nations
they hotli hecame extinct hefore the Spanish Con-
(piest, as did the Toltecs, hut there is little douht
tli.it tluir descendants under new names and in new
national cond)inations still lived in ]*uel)la, southern
A'cra Cniz, and Tahasco — the ren'ion traditionallv set-
tied liv them down to the cominn' of the Spaniards.
Tlicy are regarded as the first of the Nahua nations
111 this region and are first noticed hy tradition on tin*
MUith-eastjrn coasts, whither they had come in ships
iViini the east. Sahagiin, as we have seen, identities
th( lu with certain families of the Naliuas who set out
tVoiu 'i'anioanchan to settle in the northern coast re-
';iiin. 1 xtlilxochitl tells us they occupied tlic land in
the tliird age of the world, huuling (»n the east I'oast as
M
Suit
111' Ciiiciitccs, Tiiiinis, riiitinntors. Miizntros, riintiims, rniMilmcux,
I'rns, ( 'liiililalc;
ll'ilril li\- ( )rn/ici V ilt'll'
<l Cull
ll
ic Miiilli-NM'wii'i n ici'Miiis, urc re
I i -t ti'ii:,'iii('iils III |ir
•{'.lit
I'C llMllllll>
K/rii/i
]<y. I'.'l, l'J(i. I'ricliiiiti. Xi't. Ihst. Mini, Mil, ii., p. r.l'J, miIiIh tlic Cmii-,
IriiMiii'i's, iiikI 'i'iinio'o.s. Tlic CiiiliccH N'liliciiiiiiH ami 'rcllciiiiiiiis, yivo
till' iiiiiiics of tlic tiilii'H lliiit iiii'Miitcd fidiii tlic (*cvcii ciivcs. as (MiiicrH,
llMIIIlll'IIH,
x
mill (
nil
Clii.l
l\ ll
lll'\tci'||S.
ic same
IIIIICI
The
s, Niimiliualcas, Miiliiiiacas, Cmiixi'
IS,
Tc.l
iiiiacs.
ami
tiiim
liiial
I'as am
I Xicali
aiicas, however, wen |iroii-
I tiilial name at all. tlulliilin, in Am
ee later that Cliieliiniees was |inihalil.\ never
Etin
Trini.sart., vol,
1'
I'i !>*;
r.»(;
Tin-: ruK-TOLTi:c pkriod.
far a.s the laiul of Papulia,^^ 'muddy water,' or in tlio
reu'loii about tlie Lai^una de Terniiuos. Veytia nanus
IMnueo a.s tlieir landing-place, and gives the date as
a few years after the regulation of the calendai,
ih'eadv noticed in Sahairun's reeoi'd,
5:1
T\
leir national
nanu's are derived from that (jf their first rulers ()1-
inecatl and Xicalancatl. Two ancient cities talKd
Xicalanct) are re})orted on the gulf coast; one of tluni,
uhich nourished nearly or (|nite down to the time of
the (
on
qu
es
t, and whosi,' ruins are still said to he v
ihle,"'* was just l)elo\v Vera Cruz; the other, piohahlv
the more ancient, stood at the point which still hears
the name of Xicalanco at the entrance to the La-
guna de Tcrminos. This whole region is also said to
have home the name of Anahuac Xicalanco.
M
fii-
dieta and Tonjuemada'"' relate that the followiis nt"
XicalaiK'atl peo[)led the I'ogion towards the (Joaza
cu-
K'll-
ilco, where stood the two cities referred to. Thf |
pie oi' that })art of the; country were generally known
at the time of the Ct)n(piest as Nonohualcas. The
rhief develoi)inent of this people, or of its ()hii<r
hranch, was, so far as ri'corded in tradition, in tin;
state of Puehla furtluM' north and inland.
This tradition of tlu^ arrival of strangers on tlic
<ast(,i'n coast, and the iirowth of the Olmec and Xi-
ca
laiica powers on and north of the isthmus, in \ i
rW
(»f the facts that these nations are universally rcganl
ed as Nahuas and as the first of the race to setlK' in
Aniihuac, cannot he considei\>d as distinct from tli.it
gi\('U hy Sahagun respecting the Naliua race, csik'
' ially as the latti'i' author spi'aks of the dcparturr nf
certain iamilie.s I'rom 'J'amoaiu'han to settle in tli<
'" III fiiri'oiir.i, in TCiiKlsfiovnuijh's' }fi:Y. Aiifi'i/., Mil. i.\,, |i. I.'i'.t. I'lipiiliv a.
'river III' iiiikI, is i iiaiiit' mIsh a|i|ilii'ii li\ tlic (,liiirlii' tniililinii t<i iiii^>r
i]i|iari'iillv ill tliis i(';;ii)ii. Si'c p. IT'^; Pii/m/ I'n/i, U]i. l|(t-l. 11
I In- NillllC Willi
1\\
\ii-\ I
I'liii. Ill
liip. CXXUI-IV
icliiti
Il'tl'IS III
il
/:
r
i'iis»i'iii III
11, sf. Af'i.
ti''i'lziil((iiill ami twenty eliiefs at I'tiint Xicalanco,
I'l/Hit, /l/s/. .ill'' MrJ,, tiiiii. i., [). 150.
my: the airi\a! oi tiiese natimi- iin 'ci
'■" Sei
p. i:i».
''■' See Mil, ii., p. I I
!"'' His/. I-Jf/is., p, 140; Muiiiir<2. Intl., (oni. i., ji. ;i-'.
m
'''I^MKCS .VXD A-
f<^^"ALA\C.\.S.
I'n'Vinoos of ()J,j,
e(
■'» Vj'xt(
197
W;il-
>ti. It
IN most Jintural t,
;:'""^' iiK.ru <Iiivctl
view of tl
y Ml
inland
.i'f that
'«-' 'natter is ij],
('11 tact M-it Ji it
'^^:' <:'''iai.a;, mJ
;i'eat
y Ju.rth-
iei(-
i'i\al.
^ Qnetzaleoatl, the .XMn>t '''^'l'''''^-' ''y tl,,:
"7^!'^ 'i- A^roatwork
in-e-I
'1 Xiral
hiTl
' then- lead
mcas- -aeeoid
<« in tliu t
't-'i-o, j.s
aid t
n
'",ir to s(
"^- of the OI
oiiav:
■nia.'^uu also
L-r MJien th
""V f'<'^li"tioMs to J
nil
cs
IJ'pIies tl
*-'y an-i\t'd
'■'•■'.'^■•'^- ."'• 'tenvstrial
i'arad
'^'.nanie Tial
on t)
10 ('
'•^^ to t/ii>
t'K'ir th'st
""\\^<l,i;e of ()]
with 1
ocan,
soutl
<|'J'eai-an
<'0, IN
^; "rh ocvinTe<i in |>,„.l,,
'"^'^' Iii.stojy sul
t'on fined t
anioandian."
ia\'('
<»ast.
and of
i-eastei'ii
-\t
""y 'oiind i\\^ ()
If
o a \
'«('<inent to
•T; 'T' J^"^^''ln <le'los
eiv,
I'K' who J
t'ninainu;
^'".M" kept tl
Anoel
*"■ ,i^iant>
•IiieM
on- events
es
y "" tlie /{,•,,
•»"<t Cliolnla
';:;:'■':• ^:i:^ - ^'h' trad
'vji suhordiMat
'■•' J'owerfnl
]'eo-
tli
nil.
Tl
1 eso
(,)
iti
on
le
i"'\i\()rs of tl
;':'■' "i< I a,o'(. ,,f tl
t'nuianie
•-'•^ I "'esses it
"" .'" i-anlv and
»'^ ^•\tlil.x,„.hifj
ens
\
'•eat destruction wl
.stat
laved
<-'s, Were
'■yf''. "more \\U I
le World. Tl
inu(
»''ntes th,
'('y ^\■eI
"eh closed tl
le
nun
tllrv
|'iil'(ii
I'nrii'i
fi'l ind
' -nnnnately, ,V„its „,,
'" lational 1
*-'j accoi'dl,,,,. t,
»ejn<
(li
••'"f'vated notl
It (I
^"^'1 ^'"■<•'! fo make i\
lev
"'•■'■'^fN which {\
wild
:iiew
eir
l( \-
iinkrd
i-l'U
aiK
witl
Uiii,-
1 (
nuiv
>i'oiid.
yt w
iisllev,.|,,| I
(■l\.
herl.s, sii
'ow to niak
ICC
S (
Ininl,
lair,
tin \-
!"'''''"|'.s tIir,„,Mh (
ii'iii
M'V r,
"e.'ir (J
'"VMvd (h
Tl
.i^oin.
'('y Wer.
tl)
*'1U to
'A NO
Ne
tth
lew,
Jll tl
and
tl
sir,
leir
nia,L{nanin
In. Tl
'.•'"■,!^'i'<'at niinil
'll'd:
H'i'S.
UK
'•"'•"'y i'<Tniirted
le (dniec;
■I 111,1 r.
/"", iv^i. a
'J. ///v/, '/•/,
■inn
Is ,1
III .\',
Illlll,
11 IIIM
'•■•niMi
'!'.""'>■ iiiiti
'//,
III
I'."' " lln .lill
.\ II mil,
Vl''"'.''"'vui(|,,|„, /
•'li'Mn. 'I'., ..!.:. -i
M.|(
\\u\
lllllll
'■iiii'iit ill •y\
"I' ITS !l, f
nil. 'Ill l.f(l|,,(,|
:il'ilt(
Atl
■s(||,.\
III!
"">• iii.. in,. V
••Hill .\i,.,.||.
y III ii
Weri
|i. I.'Jr
:■'""' '"'III |||,,S:
'•■''■.•Il;i \\
ll
K'H' jijil
"!■ Iliiti
'":'■'• III" \iii,.|
iiii',i>
''\rn ( ';,
II
"■l''lllllt ,.("
lll'X
'■'■ "I lllill
H'li.N (niii, thy ,s
C
t-Vcll (•|,\,
It' \,i(
'iii.'ira, r,
;ii/iii.(., I',, I,, I
'• si, III',-, I
l"lNM(||||,
l\ I
Iiii;l^i1
l.ll l!l
"11- ll
"•'"' 'i"« Nl.iii.N s,
K'Ui'llict'
I'c \nl
;»;i-.'i()(i, „Im
19S
Tlir. PKI-: TOLTKC rKKIOI).
treated well ciioui^li at first, although tlioy lonktd
with terror upon the ir-iant.s. The latter, awai'e of
tlie fear they inspired, hecamo more and nion^ inso-
lent, elainiinL*' that as lords and masters of the hiinl
they Were showing tlie stran^'ers a great favor in [n i--
mitting them to live there. As a recom})ense I'm-
tliis kindness they ohliged the Olniecs to serve ;i:^
slaves, neither hunting nor fishing themselves, l.iit
de[)ending on their new servarits for a suhsistciicc.
Thus ill-treated, the Nahuas soon found their condj-
tion insu[)|»ortal)le. Another great cause of otfciKc
w;is that the Ouinames were addicted to sodoniv. a
vice Avluch they refused lo ahandon even when tlhv
were offered the wives and daughters of the ii
e\v-
comers.
At last it was resolved at a c
ounci
1 of tl
ic
Olmec chiefs to free themselves once for all iVom
tlieir o})[)ressors. The means adopted were peculiar.
The giants were invited to a magnificent haiujiiet;
the richest food and the most temj)ting native Ikv-
erages were set hefore the guests; all gathered at the
least, and as a result of their unrestrained appctiti ■<
were soon stretclied senseless like so many hlo i<s of
wood on the ground. Thus they hecame a
n easy
l.rey
to tl
le retormei"!
an(
1
XM'IS
hed t
o a man.
( )lmecs were free and the day of their national i)i
perit
V (lawiiet
I
ly
V
()S-
'I'he (.^)uinanies, ti'adltlonaliy assigned as tlit
lli>t
inhahitaiits of nearly every i»art of the country, liaw
heen tlie suhjcct of much discussion among the Spaii-
ish writt'i's. \'('vtia indeed reiects the idea that a
race of giants actually existed, and Cla\igei-o coiislil-
crs their existence as a race very douhtful, altlinii'^h
admitting that there were douhtless indivichials ni'
'^I'eat size. Most other writers of this class aci'i|if
nn»re or less literally the tradition of the giants wlm
\\ci-e the first dwellci-s in the land, deeining the ili^
c >M"T of lary-e Itones in vai'ious localities an
.Tti|»tural tales of giants in other parts of the w
to he sulUt'ient corrohorative authority. N'tytia li
link
y lonkdl
aware of
(>l'(^ ilisn-
tllO lilllil
)r ill |Hi'-
)oiise l"(ir
serve a>i
Ives, 1,1 It
)sistciicc.
ir eoiidi-
t' uiW'Uvij
xloiiiv. ,1
leu t\u'v
he iH'W-
il of tli(."
all iVuin
peculiar.
l)au(jiiL't;
ive lu\-
!(l at the
ipjx'titi-s
)1() I<S (if
au easy
U. Til'.;
lal pros-
■he lii>t
I CollsKl-
Itlidiinii
liials i>\
i accept
uts wild
the (ii--
■111(1 ill'
' Wiilll,
II tiiiiik-
'J'^"' <nix.v.Mt
''"' Qiiiua
^' <'ii (MA XT;
III tecs
Ixuelii
'"OS u-ore j.rohahly of tl
VJO
rl
"ft Wei-e tril
l\;e()j-{
tliat \hry w^Tc (]
l.s tl
't's cast
'0 .sauu> ]-a
le
out fur their sloth; J
•'I>;|»iuu eutertaine.I I
»'o as tin
xt-
3[
"■'"oi- hxes the (lite of
irter as -1).,, A. J). (>
o.sceiulo(I from tl
tJ
io (,'liiel
some
iojr cle.struet
uuiees.
Tl
'.''"^••t tliat the
•^fJ-ait of Afa-ell;
\\vl\
in, tl
I'laut-
yi^do a(lor)ts tJ
I>iohaI)Iy
..the oulvplaee wh
'•>u as lo;^ tj
'o couehlsioii of
ie
le
t'auie fi'oin tl
iiht tl
vnou-u to exist. U^k
10 existence of tl
"'■I'll .saw u
oi'e ,such I
le
'eu)*>
<> rea
sou to
■-'^"";v, tiK.y „,uid <,ut: ;,r:r;r i^'-^w '■■n;.c ,■
:""' »''- -an.o Mat,,,, it: ,.-'.'" ''V'".' "I' '"■•'„k,„,
u
|i-'Wtsof th
itlciitilies tl
e World. T
'I '("'area at
leui with
^'Jy the first settl
'"?I".o'aa(la,follou.ecri;;:A
« verv
^^';;};'i-stn,ye,ih3^ii,^'^
'1- .similar
Jy til
<--i;s of (I/.staiit
eytia.
ear
The U
c'l'iiames were of
''''"^'•^'Ml'-ohahlethattl
no m J
'•om heaveii.««
oourse not
lyo that traditi
oiia
in
les are
tlie A;
tiescrihecl in-
.loy were .savaije tril
o'-ii, where tl
'^I'lts, and it
iiy
ley
IS
"aiT;it|\^., f)
''"■'I' khul
"oricau tradit
•■I'l'nials rather ll
'o.s. ,Such
lo .i^Teat
'""•■I'T aiiual!-
Tl
"1" .i^iants in
rec
(•!
power ascribed to the (.)
ill
-"•ii.v, even theii
I'uon ot the .St
'■•infers, th
'0 spint of the
chiiiiaiues.
eir
l';'S to a power/'iil
'hen hated
V'oos, j,oi,it elearly, J
nat
on.
her
it first feared
^'rowiUL{-
as in
'^-!"'.."-w:;.H':;:-:;''''{'i'«i'ynii:."r';.
as nias-
Uri'1,1
.i^'aided
'•'fhoritatively i„ tl
l;<'^or. While 'it
ni:;; ::;::;;::: 'l':"! '"-'>• ''«t ;i
lo matter, i(
'jects
l^nupos.sihle t
(J
uiav
>t' re.
j'0\\(.|.
"^'•'■fhrowii in (I
"■^ '"o \\"s a hrancl
Well
.!,>/,,
III,. (.1
"lli'iTllill;,' till
••IS that of thu \.al
'io'itli; that the Mh;,!!
Ill;
>an
i\.
la-,;|||
/h.
'ini.iiiii.H its h
^nuis s,.,. r.r^/;/^„,/,
OXteuded f
ir
''';-^"^;<!.;w. i^.i;i
i'/.
"• Il'i^/. Iwli
mil
Hut
;''■•* "'"' Ii.'mi imi,
^^I'lTllt
mil.'
veil
.Ms,
liilii,
,;/''/", ///,v/. ,1
111 Kin I, si,
i'iiiiu-uiiiiii's ;\f,
'■'•'I Im'II.',! wl.il
''.•I p. II
'rii
.lA
/■. I. .III.
VV'
'"■"II, 1,1,
. toll
'' I'l'^lsfiiii,.,
jM.S
^l"ll "if III,,
''■■"I";;- iiii'l iliinj,
I'.llinr r,.|,|-,,^,,,|j
I. III.
I'l'- I.'KI--); Arl,
i''li('iii,i,/,i, ]/„
II' iiiiii
II
'i';s.i,„r ,1,. I
I, , ,, "' ,"
l;]>- ;'.■)!»• II; <7,
.'/'", r/i,
T'ir,l,
IA,r, ^
I' iWi).
.1,
'.'/•, /.'-//,
IVMli.
I'l'. I.\
y.i
"''/• ///'/.. t
,'■ Nly.s ll,
^1"". I'.V III
il<;itf
uTr'"' '''■''■
'■'", tiiiii.
iii.
II'.
I '^■s,/iit.s.\,.^
i'[ -Inf. ,lrl I)/,
"III. I.
!.»■ •>; <h-i,
I
loi
I'- 1'.
II. I.
'■•v.svr,,, I, ,11
,\lVl,|,.,|
;ii-(;;
Ih'.st.
I. i.
."'/"■'"'. ///.v/. .)/,
!'• •■ll(i; /
I'l'. '!(!, I.Vil; /
' ■'"' '/ '/'//,
I'
III, I,/,
iiiiiiitiL
III IJilT. (
i'„h4
ir;
", III ,sv,
lul
II. \.
200
THE PIIE-TOLTF.C PEHIOD.
i !
b^wnnls Analiuac in tlio earlv days: that tlio ^reat
stru.ijfulc' was carried on in the north as well a.s iu
the soiitli.
About tlio time the Quinamcs Avere defeated, tlic
pyramid of Choluhi Avas erected under tlie direction
of a chief named Xelliua. The occasi(»n of its hciu'j;
huilt seems to have heen connected in some way witli
a Hood, ])ro1)ahly tliat mentioned in tlie Quii-he tra-
dition, the reports of which may or may not 1 v
foundtul on an actual inundation more tlian usually
disastrous in a country suhject to ])eriodical overflow .
The authoritie-i are not a^^reed whether the mighty
mound was intended as a memorial monument i;i
honor of the builder's salvation from a former thxxl,
or as a place of refu_L>-e in case the Hoodi^ates of tlir
skies should au;'ain be opened; neither is it si'ttlrrl
whether Xelhua was an Olmec or a Quiname chiit-
tain, althoui^li most authors incline to tin; IbniK i'
opinion. ]\'dro de los Ilios tells us that the bricks
Ibr the construction of the })yranii(l were maiiu-
i'actui'cd at Tialmanalco and jtassed by a line of nun
iVoni hand to hand for a distance of several leanuts.
Of course the S[)anisli writers have not failed t<>
connect this pyramid in some way witji the Hebrtw
traditions res|)ectini>' the tower of Babel, esjiccinlly
as work on the Cholula tower Avas sto]tpcd by tii",
sent from heaven by the ii'iMtated deities."''-'
]3urin,L,^ the Olmec pei'iod, that is, the earlir>t
]>eriod of Nahua powi'r, the oreat Quetzalcoatl aji
jieared. We have sc>eii tiuit in the /^<^>r>/ Vnl, ami
(\i(l('.r C/iiinii/p(>i)n<-(i. t]\\s beinu^ is represi'ntevl as tin
half-divinity, half-hero, who i-amo at the head of the
first Nahuas to America from across tiu- sea. (Itlici'
t;
M On liiiililin^ uf Cluiliilii ])vriiiiii(l. sco I'm/ix Miiliiiiio. in Kiniislmr-
iiiiii/i'.i .]fix. Atili'i/.. Mil. v., |i. I7-; l.itlil.iitchill, in Id., m>1. ix., pii. -iH'.
4.")'.!; (liiHilrii, in I'nsfult, Hist. ('oiii/. Mr.r., tciin. iii., ]>]>. -I."), (i'.t; i'' '/'<'>.
lli.if. All/. M'J., linn, i., iip. 1."). IS, 1.')^; lUiliiriiii . Idm, pit. Il.'t-ll; //■""•
hnhll. Ml /iiiiifi.t, |i. r>.">;t; /(/., I'lir.f, toin. i., J). Ill; /'ii/iui Vii/i, ji. cwv,;
lirii.\.'<iiir </<' /liiiit'/iiiiirif, lli.i/. Xnf. Cii:. tttin. i., |i|i. I."i."i. .'!(ll-.'!; Urn.''" H
llirrn. iniK/rn/iii, [>. \'.i'2; dailittin, in .\iiin: Kllmu. Sur., Tritn.-iin-l.. vnl,
i.,li. KiT.
glKTZALCOATL, THE CL'I/nUE-Tir.KO.
201
ai;i.1iiii'iti('s iinj)ly ratlier that lie oanic later from the
i.ist or ii"ith, ill the jjeriod of the ^Tcatcst Olmee
iiiospnity, after the rival Quiiiaiiies had heeii de-
i',;it( il. To .such diflereiiees in detail !»(> <^reat im-
jKirtaiice is to be attached; since all that can he
(liliiiitely learned from these traditions is the I'acts
tliat (.)iietzalc()at1, or
(Jucumatz, \vas tlic most j-rom-
iiciit of the Xahua heroes, and that his existence is
t) lie attrihuted to this earliest period, known in
\ico as ( )lmec, hnt ^ithont a distincti\(! name
th. Qnetzaleoatl was a white, hoarded
i:i
111
le sou
tl ,_
;in, veiierahle, just, and holy, who taught hy
piiMcpt and exaieplc the paths of viitue in all
(he Xahua cities, particularly in Cholula. ]iis
teacliiiiu's, according to the traditions, had nuicli in
cominou with those of Christ in the Old W'orltl, and
most of the S[)anisli writers firndy helieved liim
to \)c identical with one of the (.'hristiaii ajiostles,
]ii(iha])ly St Thomas. During his stay in tliis reni(.n
iiis (li.ctrines do not seem to have met with a, satis-
factoiy rece})tion, and he left disheartened. He jire-
diited hefore his de[)arture great calamities, and
]iioiiiiscd to return in a i'uture year Ce Acatl, at
wliich time his doctriiu's were to he fidly accepted,
ami liis (K'scendants were to possess the land, ^ion-
tr/aniia is known to have re^■arded the comin-"' of
('ortes and the S[>aniards as a fulfdlment of this
pi'rdii'tion, an(
1 inh
lis speecli
to tl
le new-comers states
riiitlKT that after his lirst visit (,^)iU't/.aIcoatl had
ah'ca<ly mice returned,"'^ and attempted unsuccessfully
t<t induce his lollowers to go hack with him across
the M'a. 'file tirst ]iart of the ]»ro|ihet's ]iredictiou
iu'tiially came to pass, as traditions \v]\ ns, for only a
few (lays after his de[)arture oi-curred the eartluiuake
which (h'sti'oyi'd tlie pyramid at ( 'liolula, the .\iiicr-
i'aii liahcl, and ushered in tlu.- new or foiirtji a-^c of
lire, aecordiiiij' to I xtlilxodiitl. ( )n the ruins of the
•*" Cur'i's, Ciirtiis, p. .S(). (jiiii't/ali'oiitl lidwcvcr is ncit iKuiii'il.
202
THE PIIE-TOLTEC I'EllIOD.
jiyramid was l)uilt a temple to Quetzuleoatl, who was
atterwurds \vor.slu[)ed as a i;'od/'
AVe sliall find very similar tradititnis of aiiotliir
QuetzaU'oatl who a})[)(,'ared much later, diii'iii^- the
Toltec }teriod, and who also made Cholula a ce'iitre ot"
his reloi'm. As we shall see, the e\ iileiiee is toleiahly
coiiclusive that the two are not the same, yet it is
more than likely that the traditions respeetini;- them
have heen considerahly mixed hoth in native and Va\-
ropean hands. After the time of Qiietzalcoatl we
know nothing' of Olmec or Xicalanca history down tn
the estahlishment of the Toltec emi)iie, whe!i tluso
nations were still in jtossession of the country of l\iel>la
and IMascala. Boturini conjectures that, hein^- driven
from !N[exico, they mig-rated to the Antilles and to
South America. There is not, however, the slightest
necessity to suj>pose that the Olmecs ever left tlic
count rv at all. Their institiitit)ns and lanijuane weiv
the same as that of the Toltec i)eoples that nominally
■succeeded them, and although like the Toltecs tlu v
became I'xtinct as a nation, yet there is no reason to
douht that their descendants lived lony- in the land,
and took ])art in the new political cond)inations that
make up ^«ahua history down to the Contpiest.'"
'■' lii's]u>ctin.<r Qnetziilcoiitl in Iiis inytliolot;ic;il !is]ii'cts as ;i (li\iiii(y, mm-
vol. iii., pji. •J4S-,S7. 'I'lic story of liis \ isit to the ( •liiiccs is toicj in l.illd.vn-
vhill, in hiiii/s/i<irijiii//i, vol. ix., ]i]i. "JOli, -I.')',!; Viijliit, lli.st. Aiil. M'j , tuni.
"•'•i /!f)/iiriiii, i(/i(i, |i. l;5,"); Chiviifrrn, Sfnri'ti Aiif. ild .l/r.v.v/co, loni. i\ ..
]i. T)'-', toiu. i.. ]i. 117. rii'twccn ('liiii|i;is and Zacalccas is a vast spaic. nf
>vliii'ii tin- only notion j;ivon ns l>y liistoiy is tlu' tart tiiaf the Olnii'is, .\i-
calatiiM-', and /apoti'cs li\i'd in liic i(';;ion of I'uchla and Tlascala. 'I'iicv
wore tin' priMiitive ])('o|il('s, that is, the liist known. (lriir.vii if /lirm, '/■"■
;frii/'ii(, \<[>. I'-'l-."). 'I'lu,' Xicalancas fonndcil Atlixco and Itxncan, Init mi-
;:ial('il to Sontli .Anu'iica. 'i'ln- Olnu'cs who iiad hcon diiviMi to the .l;ii1i
roasts followed them, ('iirlmjiil Kspimisd, lli.\l. Mr.i-., toni. i., p. 'IVl. Tin'
Xicalancas possessed th(> conntry hi-foro the Chichiinecs, liy whom tlnv
vi'i'e re;;aided as en<'niies. IxlliLyarhitl, in Kiii<i.\liiiriiiiifh's Mix. Aiili'/.,
V(d. ix., !>. 1(11. .Mexiciins, Culhnas, Tepanecs, Olmecs, .Xicalaneas, 'I'aia--
«'os, ancl ( 'hichinu'cs wei'e all of the same I'ace and lani^na^c Ciiiniiiiin,
llisl. Tliix., in Siiiirrllix Aniiii/rs r/c.v ]'i>i/.. ISI,'}, toni. .xeviii., pp. Kil,
i;{."), ISS. See also llriismiir i/r Jioiirlioiirif, Hist. \<it, Cir., Unw. i., p|'.
(i7, nil), toni. iii., Ji. it; nnii/f„ri/'s Amrr.' A)ifi(/., ]ip. "JOO, •Jl.'j; IhllinihK
in Si,ii//i.^i)niini li'/i/., IsdCi, II. ;t;!7; Miillir, Itisiii, loni. iii., pp. X\ A.
The ( )hnecs |)assed from Sle\ico to (inatemala, whicli they ('nni|in'ri d.
AliriUi, Jjic, torn, iii., p. U7t. I'aleiniue, the oldest Anieiiian cii,\,
Tin: TOTOXACS AND TKOTIHrACAX.
203
'I'he Totonacs arc incliuleJ liv tlio autlioritiis ainoiiLr
tlic primitive, or Pre-Toltec nations in Aniilmac. At
tlir time of tlie CoiKjUest they occnpieil central Xvnx
(ill/, their ehief city l)ein^' Zenj})()ala; lait they
fl;illiie(
Itol
lave \uvj[v
ated f
roin tne v
all
f :\rc
ev (»T J I ex let
;intl to have lived lttn<j^ near the hanks of Lakt' Tez-
ciico, Avhere they hnilt the i)yraniids at Teotihnaeaii,
;i jilace already noticed as a religious centre in this
earlv ])eriod. Tonjneniada seems to he the oriL;iiial
;iuthiii"ity lor the Totonac traditions res])ectiii^- their
juimitive liistory, having* t)htained his infoiination
from an ai^ed native. His hrief account, (juottd in
siihstance hy all others who have mentioned the suh-
jict, is as i'ollows: — "Of their origin thtv sav that
thry set out from the })laco called C'hicomo/loc, or
Sivcn ( uves, to^'ether with tlie Xalpanecs; and th; !:,
tlu'V \vei"e twen
tyd
ivisions, or tanulies, as many or
oiic as of the other; and although thus divided into
faiiiihcs, thev were all of one lann'iiane and of the
same customs, 'J'hey say tlu>v started IVom that
])lac(\ l(>avin^- the (."hichimecs still shut up tliere; ami
tluy directed their journey towards this ]»ait of ^Fex-
ioo, and having" arrived at the jtlains on the lake, they
halted at the place where Teotihuacan now is; and
they allirm that they huilt these two temi)h's which
wc
le dedicated to the sun and moon. J lore they i(
inaiiied lor some time, hut either not contented with
the place, (»r with a. desire to pass to other places,
tlhv Went to Atenainitic, wheiv Zacatlan now stands."
1 Ihiii-e they gradually moved eastward until at last
thty settled on the coast in their present location.
That tht> pyi'amids of Teotihuacan'''' were huill hy the
Xaliuas the ( )lmecs or one of tlieir companion na-
tions and hecanii! their relin'ious centre ami tlie
hniial-|)laci! of tlieir kin<^s and priests Iohl;' hiTore tin
n
!
\v;i-. lull
i:iiiiii;il\iMl
It Iiv tli(> Olmccs, a mixture (if vollow iilxiriitiiii's niul tlic liist wliitf
]'iii//(/-/i-/hir, ill ('/iiiriiiii/, Ji'iiiiiis .(/
lni;i-
Miiil (Minces licjiiii"- to tlic almri^iiics of (iuatcmal
1.. 1.
•IhcMi
Mll//r
.1-
r/ll- I'm I.
for il
I'fiiiiii-ii,
]i. 4."i(i
CMCnilllOll M'C \v
1. i\
I'l'-
■U.
204
THE PRK-TOI.TEC rEIUOD.
f
cst;il»lisliinciit of tlio cin])iro of Tollau, tlien^ (';m lie
l»ut little di)ul)t; nor is it iin[)rol)al>le that the Toto-
nacs wx've, as they claini to he, a pre-Tolteo trihe in
Analuiac; hut that they were in this early time a
Xahua ti'ihe, a nation eonteniporaneons with tlie ()1-
niecs and of the same institutions, that they wereth.'
huilders of Teotihuaean, is only proved hy their own
elann as reeori
led 1
>v
(»r(iuem
<|U
id;
Tl
lis evideiict
must iti'ohahlv ho reirai'ded as insufficient in view of
the fact that the Totonae lani;uaL;e is Avholly tlistimt
from the Xahua/** It is true that, as will he seen
later, all the aiuient trihes, that adopted more or less
the Nahua institutions, and joined in the struiji-yle
aiji'ainst the rival ^[aya powers, did not sj)eak the
same lan^'na^'o; but it is also very prohahle that many
nations in later times, when the Nahua power as rcji-
resenti'd hy the Aztecs had become so j)red()minaiit.
claimed ancient Nahua affinities to which they ha<I
no riii
ht,
In addition to what has alri'ady been said
I'espectinLif Teotihuaean, only one event Is nienti(iii(d
in its pre-Toltec history, — the apotheosis of N
aiia-
huatzln, an event which probably preceili d I'ather
than followed the erection of the pyramids. Tlu'
stran_L;-e fiible respecting' this event, already related in
a ])recetliniif yolume,'"' is, brielly, to the effect that tlic
H'ods were assembled at Teotihuaean for the ])uip(tM'
of inducing- the sun to ap})ear and illumine their daik-
noss. A ufreat fire havinL"' been kindliui, and the an-
nouncenient made that the honors of ap'otaeosis would
•J' Hrassour do I)(iiirlHiiiru', Ifisf. Xaf, dr., ir.u;. i., ]>. ri(5, jiroiKniuii-^
the Tdtniiiic very liUe the Maya. Oro/i'o y JU'ira, (ritii/rtijia, \t. r.'T,
(li'i'iiis till' ii'latiiiiislii|) (liiulilfiil. Si'c viil. iii., ]i]>. 77(! -7.
•'■ On till" TiitKiiai's, SCO Tiir'/iuiiiin/n, MuiKiri/. Itid., tuiii. i.. ]>. 27S: /'/-
iiifiitc/, CiKi'/ro, tom.i., i>]i. •J_';{-7; ClKriiimi, Sluriii Ant. del Mc.ssicii. imn.
iv., ]i]). .">!-•_*; Jlni.s.si III- ill' Jtiiiirhiiiirif. Hist, Xnt, Cir., toiii. i., jiji. l.")l (il.
tuiii. iii., |i|i. ;}"•(> 1. 'I'liis aiillior says that tilt' 'I'otdiiacscaiiK'frum the iiniili
at ahinit till" same tiiiic as till' Oliiu'cs canii' iVoiii [hv siuilh. 'I'hcii' sc('ni>
t(i he iiDaiilliority for this save the |)(i]iular npiiiioii that Im-aft's ( 'hil•|)|nll/Il»•
ill the iiciilh. (Iriir.rii y lUrrii. Uiiiifrnfiii, jp|i. I'Jd, l-t(t. 'I'lic .V/tcr^ al-
ti'ihutcil 'ri'otiliuacaii, ("hnliila, I'apaiitla, ctf., to tlio 'I'ciltt'cs licran-r
tlii'y wi'iv the (ildcst |u'iii)lc tlicy kiu'w ; liiit thi'v may have he^-ii liiiilt In-
fol'c the 'I'lillec invasion. Ilii/i'ho/ift, I'miv, toni. !., J). ItS,
"^ \'ol. iii., i>. t)0, et setj.
AroTIIKO.SiS OF NANAHIAI'^IX.
20-
lio t^ivoii to liiin who should <r'wc liiuisi'lf up as a liv-
iii'f sacritice, Xaiiahuatziii threw liiuisclt" into the (liv,
\va
s instantly devouivd and transl'ornied into ihe sun,
whiih at once apjjcared in the east. Met/.tli iollownl
t',K' example i»t' Nanahuatzin, and took his place in
llie heavens as the moon, less hi'illiant than his eoni-
jianion, since the heat of the tire had somewhat
ahated het'oce his sai'ritice. The true historic sii;nili-
tinii (if this account ^\e cannot h()i)e to ascertain.
I 'a
I'
Vet it is of i;reat interest, since it seems to point to
ibc iiiti'oduction in these regions of sun-worship and
I'f human sacrifice; indeed, the Codec ChiiiK'J [>i>inH-<i,
anoidinn' to Brasseur, ex})ressly .states tli.-rt "then
it Lian divine immolation at leotihuacan." The same
authoiity gives this event also as the heginning of a
luw clironologic [)criod called Nahui ()llin Tonatiuh,
'the sun in its four movements,' thus sui^'-u'esting s(»]ne
niiiiection
het
ween
tl
us assemolaii'e ai
l.h
nd that men-
tinned hy Sahagun as having taken place in the south,
\\\\y\\ the new calendar was invented. The remark in
the same document that "on that day the kings did
titiuhie," may ]>oint to this ej)och as that oi' the great
reviihition carried on chiefly in ( 'hiai)as, hut w iiicli
may have extended to Anahuac- hy which the kinus
• )(' Xihaiha were overthrown; especially since the nar-
rative of the sacrifice at IV'otihuacan hears a stiikiiig
resemhlance to the a])otheosis of Hiudiunahpu and
liis t'ellow-heroes at Xibalha.''
Si) far as the other so-called })rimitive nations of
New Spain are concerned, little can he said, i.'xcept
tliiit tlicy claim and hav(! always heen cndited witli
.1 veiy ancient residence in this land, dating hack far
ml the heginning of the historic jK-riod. The
lie\ I)
<>l
'Hins, one tlivisiou (
)f wh
lorn are known as
:m
i/a-
Has, differ entirely from the Nahua nati(jns in lan-
i""',.
/,
t'tf.ssf tir f
/.■ 11
l']!. CXllI 111
!„i,rfn,ifrfj, Ili'sf. Xaf. fir., tmti i., lip. ISO-S; P,./,,/
xi'nriiit.
1,1,
!.(;. it SI'
I'l'
see ills"
rt'lcll'lKl's III Mil
206
TI^E PRE-TOLTEC rERIOD.
ii.i:
iifuaijco, liaviui^ possibly a sliiji'ht linguistic affinity \\ itli
tlio Totonacs, and altlu)U<»li far from being savayLs,
they have always boon to a certain extent an outcast
and oppressed race, tlio 'Jews of Anahuac,' as one
Avriter terms tbem, down-trodden in succession by
Toltec, Chichimec, and Aztec. Tbey probably occu-
])ied a very largo portion of Anabuac and tlie sur-
rounding mountains, Avlien tlie Toltecs proi)er es-
tablisbed tlieir power. Ixtlilxocbitl, followed by
Yeytia, represents tbe Otoniis, tliough dirtering in
language, as having been one of tbe Acolbua tribes
that made tbeir appearance in Anahuac many cen-
turies later, but the event referred to as their coming
to tbe country at that period, may probably bo tbeir
coming down from the mountains and adopting nioii^
or less the civilized life of the Acolhuas at Tezcucn."*
Tbe INIiztecs and Zapt)tecs are simj)ly mentiouid
by tbe authorities in connection with the Olmecs and
Xicalancas as having occupied the south-eastern
region during the primitive ]>eriod. Later they be-
came powerful nations in the country now consti-
tuting the state of Oajaca, and Avere jirobaldy .it
least tlie equals of the Aztecs in civilization. Tlicii'
own annals do not, so far as they may be interpreted,
reach back to the r>re-Toltec times, and altbongli
they may very likely have come in I'ontact with tin;
Olmecs in Puebla, or even have been tlieir alliis,
receiving from them or with them the elements nt'
Nahua culture, yet the fact that their languagt's ;iiv
distinct from the Naliini, shows that they like tin'
Totonacs were not, as some authors ini])ly, sim|ily ;i
branch of the Nahua people in Tamoanclian. it is
! '!'
«' Oil ttu' OtoiiilH, SCO C/iiriiirro, Storia An/, (fif ^fl^x.1iro, toni, i., I'l'.
It7-S, torn, iv., ji. !S\; Vcjilm, Hist. Aitt. Mr/., toiii. ii., )i, 'M; Alnio,
Hist. Comft. (tt) Jcsiis, \{\m. i., p. iU); IxtliLtiithill, in KiiKj.slitiniiiiih's }ti '.
Aiifio., vol. ix,, \i. '2\{)\ <'(irliiij,il J:'s/inn).sii, Hist. Mi.f., toiii. i., \>. -1^1;
JiriLwiir (tr llii>irlii)in(i, lli.vt. Xiit. <'ir., titm. i., ii|). l.")(i-i(, liMi, toiii. ii ,
)i, 'JH.'i, tiilii, iii., p. ')(!; Mn/ii/iiiiil, ill litizlmlri til, Cnl. i/f iHir., tnlii. i., p.
i»; Ofi'.cii ji llirni, (t'liiiini/ni, j)|i, l'J(l, i;i(»-7; I'iihnilil, Ciiiii/rn, tmii. i,, \<y.
IIT-I'^; iiniiilni, ill I'rr.-o'iilt, llist. Vainj. Mi.i:, toiii. iii., p. 20; l'rir/,iirii'-i
Sitl. JJi.it. iMmi, vol. ii., p. 512.
THE HUASTECS I\ VEKA CIIUZ.
207
more natural to suppose tliat these three nations were
tither M'ilcl tribes, or, if partially civilized, connected
witli the Maya, Xil)all)an, or Quinanie nations, and
that they accepted more or less i'ully the Nahua
ideas after the Olmec nations had risen to jiower in
Aiiiiliuac. The statement of Brasseur that the tril)es
of Oajaca received their civilization from the two
hrotliers of Xibalba's conquerors, Hunbatz and Hun-
cliouen, is probably unfounded, since ncjthin^' of the
kind appears in the chapter of Garcia's work to
Avhich the abl)e refers/"
To the JIuastecs of Xorthern Vera Cruz, tlie pre-
cediiin' remarks may also be ai)plied, save that their
laiii^niagc, while distinct from the Nahua, is also
very evidently connected Avith the great ]Maya lin-
miistic family of the south. Yet the ruins of ] luas-
U\' and Totonac Vera Cruz,™ are more like the
Naluia monuments than like those of Yucatan oi'
( hiajias, showiuL;- how [)owcrful was the iiilliieiice of
the Nahua element in the north. The only historical
ti-adition I'elatiuiL*' to the ILuastecs is the followiuL;'
I'loin SahaL'un: -In the time of the ( )lmecs, after the
art (if nialdnn' [)ul(jue hail been invented in the moun-
t liii called thereafter Pt)})oc()nalte[»etl, 'mountain of
tii;im," the inventors prei)ared a baiupiet on the same
iiHHiiitain. .Vll the princi[)al old nu-n and old women
wri'c invited, and bel'ore each ^ucst \\\re jilau'd I'our
Clips of the new wine,— the (|uantily dt. -nicd sullicient
'■'' S;ilia,Miii. JVst. Gcn.,\tm\. iii., lilt, x., p. 1.1!', Iicmls ii imiii;,'ni|ih 'Ol-
inciiis, \i\tiili iukI Mixtcciis,' spcuUiii.u'' of all lit^'i'tlicr, imkI ii|i|ii\ Iiil;' tn (Ik in
lilt' iiiiiiii' Tniiiiir.s, or tlnisi! \\\u> s|ii'iik a liailiarmis iiiiiv:iii'. ( lio/cn y lie; ra,
I'll ^■[li-'i I'm, \\\\. I'JO, l'J.'», I.Tl, speaks df tjic 'I'liiu'ras or MiMci's," ainj
thinks ilii'v were ilrivcii I'loiii tln'ic t'iMiiicr iioHitioii liy tlic liift Ni'lma in-
\a.>iip|i, diivin;,' ciiit in tiuii tin" ( 'Iiui'Iikmi's, IIo pninoiiuci's tin Miztcc
irnl /iipiitcc kindfcil d nirucs, iiiid stall's tliat tlicsc iialiniis j(iiii"(l llicir
t'liitiiMi's fnim an i-arly pc ' •• Vcytia. Iliil. An/. MiJ . turn, i., \\. i.'iO,
i.iys liii' Zapiiti'cs an! rcpi. .i to liavc conic with tlic Olnicis icid Xica-
la;n,is. ('/iiriiin'ti, Sfurin An/, i/rl .]fissiiii. toni. i., p, iTid; llriif,sriir i/r
liiiiirliininj, llitf. .\'iif. Cir., titlli. i., p. l.M; /// , J'li/ni/ ]'in'i, p. ci'lv.; d'nr-
n I. "ri'ini i/f /us liii/., pp. .'<27-H; .Mni/ir'l Mi .r. /Ic/cc, (7"., \ol. i., p. IIS;
II ll"ii/'/,ui Smi//i.suin(in Itrpt., ISOt)', p. ;);i7i Piiinuhl, Cttiu/ru, Utm. i.,
'' '}"■,
■" Sit Vol, iv,, ji. 4'25, ot ncii.
11 l(f
208
THE PUE-TOLTEC PEIIIOD.
to c.\liil)it Hio excellonco of tlio iiewly-discovt .vd l)ov-
cni'^v, and to c'.olt without iiiohriatiiin" the dii^ni-
taries present. But one chief, Cuexteeatl 1)y naiiu',
was so I'asl) as to indul<re iu a fifth cuj), and was
moved thereby to discard the niaxtli whicli consti-
tuted his court dress, and to conduct liiniself in a
very indecorous manner; so mucli so that alter ic-
coverintj;' liis sound sense, he was forced hy vciy
shame to Uee with all liis followers, and all those of
his lanj;"ua»ji"e, to the re^'ion of Piinuco, where tiny
settled, .liid were called from their leader Cuextecas,
afterwards Ouaxtecas or Huastecs."
[ now come to what may he termed the rei^nilar
annals of tliat ])ranch of the Xahua nations wliicli
liiially estahlished a kingdom in An.ihuac with Tollaii
for a ca[)ital, and which ac(juired the name of 'J'oltc'.
'I'hese annals will he found not more satisfactory ni-
less mythical than the traditions that have hern
L-ivi'n in the preceding pages, although in their ukuv
salient points they seem to agree with those tradi-
tions. 'I"i;ey wei'e I'ecoi'ded in a most careless and
confused manner hy the ..ativo writer Fernando (!>■
Alva I xtlilxochitl, who derived his information frnm
the documents which survived the destruction ly tlif
Spanisii priests. 'Vliv comments of later writers, and
tlu'ir attempts to reconcile this author's slatcnniit-
one with another and all with scriptural traditions
arid with the favorite theory of a u'eiier.d iniLiraliMn
I'rom the north, have still further confused the miIi-
jei't. I have no ho|>e of hidng ahle to n-duce I \lli'
xochitl's statements (o ])(>rfect (»rder, or (o ('Xjilaiu
till' exact hist<»ricai meaning of each statement; still.
hy the omission of a large anuyunt of prolltless cdu-
" Siilm'jiin, Ifi.t/. fifii., dim. iii., lili. x., jip. I I'J-H; S''/iii<r'.'< iVn/. .I////'.,
|i|i, .'lliJ I7> lln;i\lliiii means 'wlicrc tlic /""i/ (;i iviinl nl' I'niil i iiImiiiiiiN '
I'iiiniilil, ('mtilrii, loin, i., pp. riti; Onr.ra if /lirnt, (I'ldi/riif'iii, p. Ml; ''■'/■
liiliii. in. •(//('('. Klhiiii, Sin\, TniiiMii'l., Mil. i., p, 17.'t; ilriiilnii, in //'^'.
^f|'|.. n. K., veil, i,, p. !(!; I'l-icliitnl's Snl. /lis/. Mmi, Mil. ii., p. ."illl; / '.
Jt .Miiir/iiit, Mil. v., p. .'tl_, ;tl,"i.
T'li: T(n,TErs i\ iiUEiirE tlapallax.
203
jiituri^ scri[)tiir;il comparison, and hopelessly entan-
gled chronoloiji'y, the tradition may ho somewhat
simplified so as to yield, as other traditions have
(liiiK", some items of o'eneral information respecting-
tlir |)i'imitive Xahua pei'iod.
At the end of the first a^'c of the world or the 'sun
of waters,' as we are told hy [xtlilxochitl, the eartli
was visited hy a flood which covered even the nu»st
Idt'ty mountains. After tlie re[)eoj)lin^" of the earth
by the descendants of a few famihes who escaped de-
stnicticn, the building" of a. tower as a protection
a!.Ta"')Rt . possible future catastrophe of similar na-
lui't' .,!:ti ..le confusion of tongues and conse(|uent
scaiter^iii, of the population — for all these thinuj's were
t'dUiid in the native traditions, as we are informed—
si\en families sijeaking the same lanj^uage kept to-
Hfther in their wanderings for many years; and after
crossing' bri)ad lands and seas, endnrint^' great hard-
>hi|>s, they reached the conntiy of J Ineluie Thipallan,
nv 'Old' Tlapallan; which tlu!y found to be fertile;
and desirable to dwell in.''^ The second age>, the
'sun of air,' terminati'd with a great hurricane whii-h
swept away tre'es, i''>cks, houses, and ])eo|)le, although
many men ai.d women, (,«scaped, chielly such as took
lefiige in caves v laei; the Imrricane could not reach.
Alter severa' d i , ■< t'.u survivors <'anie out to lind a
iii',d(itud(3 of a;H -f i '■ 'I'g isi Mic land; and all this time
tliey wer(f in dii'kn -s, eeing lU'ither th(! sun nor
ineen. Till! next e\eiit recorded, although Wsytia
'-' 'I'lii' iliilc (if llic ;iiii\i(l in IIiu'liiu' 'I'lainillim is ^''ncii liy Kllilxmlilil
ill Ills liisi 'I'liiii'i' I'i'liitiiiii (|i. ,'t'JJ) ii-^ •2SM') >(',iiH iil'lrr llic ciciil inn, or ri_'i»
>i'in> ufli'i' III" IliMiil. 'I'Inil i-i, it nni'il Inn;; lict'iirc tlii> ( 'liri^lian ciji.
Ill iiiiii I' iiliii'cH ({i{i. 'idfi, ■[''.)) tin' Niinn- jinllnii- ri'incscntH tin' 'I'nllciw jis
Imiu^ImmI '111111 1 1 It'll' ('iiniili'V Mini niiu'iiil in.u tu llnillM|iiiliin in ( 'a I in iiiiii mi
ilu' Sdiiiii Sra in Us" A. I •., w licnii' liicv cnniiniiccl tlicir JiPiiiiicv In 'I'lilaii-
iiii','11. N'ltw, tillliiu.' • I iitlai'li vt'iv little iin]piiitain (' to this anllim's
1 llhi||(il(i;;y, mill slui!; > \\'X illin lni ili.scnssicin with a \i('\v cillli'f til renin-
I ill' 111' iiveltlildW it, ,■ ■■ I. iw lilaili dial tllis |a>l Ntalenieiil, mil w illiNtalid-
iii'i llie ii^e iif tlie iiaiin' '. ' .;la|ialiMi, I'd'ei'M tu a ini^iraliini Inii;;' Hiilisei|ii('iitr
111 lliiil iiieiitiniieil ill li, !('\t, 'I'lie dati ;IS7 A.D., llierel'me, ;;iveii liy
I'lilliiliii. (ill Sr/,,,<i/iriifr.i .\irh., viil. v., |i. W\) mid Miiller, (/A/x-//, Imii.
i'i., )! '.iTl, ii'H thai 111' I'lii' aniviil in lliii'line 'riaiiallaii, ai'cnrdiii.^' to l\llil-
■ II .ill, in ealriilali'd lo eoiivev a l'al>o iiiiinvHsiijii.
Vol.. V. u
no
THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
makes it precede tlie hurricane, is the stopping of tlio
sun for a whole day in his course, as at the coinmaiul
of Joshua as recorded in theOkl Testament. "Wlu-ii
the mosquito, however, saw the sun tlius suspended
and ])ensive, lie addressed him saying, 'Lonl of the
world, why art thou thus motionless, and doest not
thy duty as is connnanded thee ? ]Jost thou wi.sh
to destroy the world as is thy wont?' Then seeing
that he was yet silent and mode no response, tliu
insect went up and s .ij? him in the leg, whereupon
ho, feeling himself stu ; irted anew on his accus-
tomed course."
Next occurred an earthquake which swallowed up
and destr(\ved all the Quinanu'S, or giants at least
idl those who lived in the coast regions- togetln r
with many of the Toltecs and of then- neighbors the
C'hichimecs. After the destructit)n of tJii.se ]'liilis-
tines, " being at peace with all this ncM' world, all (he
M'ise Toltecs, both the astroh)gers and those of othrr
arts, assembled in Jlr.ehue Thi[)allan, the chief city
of their dominion, where they treated of many things,
the calamities tiiey h.id siilKered and the movenu'Uts
of the heavens since the creation of the world, and <4'
manv other thinns, which on account of their histories
having been burned, h;ive not l>een ascertained liiithir
Ihiin what has been written here, among which they
added tlie l)issextile to regulate the solar ve.-ir with the
equinox, and many other curiosities as will be seen in
their tables and Jirrangemt'iit of years, months, \\('iks,
days, signs, and jtlanets as they imdi'fstood them."
( )ne bmidred and sixteen years aftei' tliis regi'l'i-
tion or invention of the Toltec cali'iidai", "tlie siin
and moon were ecli|»se(l, the I'artli shook, and thi'
rocks were rent asunder, tiiid manv other thinus ai;(l
signs happem-d, though there was no loss of li!e.
This was in the year t'e I alii, whii-h, the chroiiolegv
being ri'duced to our systems, proves to be tlu' same
date' when Christ our Lord sutfered" (:{.'! A.D.)
Three hundred and live vears later, when the ein-
i:xiLK OF Tin: toltecs.
211
|.iio liiul 1)0011 lonj,^ at peace. Clialoat/.iu and Tlaoa-
liiilitzin, oliiof dosoeiulants of the i\)yal houwe of tlie
Toltirs, raised a revolt for the purpose of dcjjosiiii;'
tlio legitimate siiooessor to the throne. The rehol-
lidus chiefs were after long wars driven out of their
city Tlachicatzln in Huohue Tlajjallan, with all their
numerous families and allies. Thov were i)ursued l»v
their kindred of the city or country of Tlaxicoluicau
tor sixty leai^'ues, to a place discovered hy Cecatzin,
which they named Tlai)allanconco or 'little' Tlaj)al-
laii. The strim'ole bv which iln) rebels were con-
(|uered lasted eii^ht years, — or thirteen, according" to
V(ytia — and they were ac^'ompanied on their forced
luii^ration by live other chiefs. Tlie departure from
lluehue Tla[)allan seems to have taken place in the
lit'th or sixth century."
They remained at Tlapallanconco'* three years,
and towards the end of their stay the seven chief-
tains assembled to deliberate whether they shoidil
nil lain there })ernianently or ^o farther. Then rose a
uieat astrologer, named Jtuom'an, or Huenuitzin, say-
iiiL-' that according to their histories thev had sutfeicd
threat persecutions from heaven, but that these hail
always been followed by _L>reat ])rosj)ority ; that their
jieisecutions had always occurred in the year Ce Toc-
[latl, but that year once passed, jU'reat blessings en-
sued; that their trouble was a o-reat evil immeiliately
]ii'ece',linn' the dawn of a ti^roater ,i;ood, and conse-
(jueiitly it dill not behoove (hem to remain so near
i%
II
"■• I\llil\(nliitl, ]t. ;VJ-, sn>s it was ,'i(t,") years afliT tin- ilcatli of ('lui-t,
I r iilinut .S.'iS A. 1>. ; lull 1)11 till' same |im;,'c lie at:aiii makes ||u' date IH'.t A.
It, \'t>lia, tiiiii. i., p. •_'(»S, ilates the lelielliiin ."iSH, tlie exile .V.Mi. ami tlie
I'MiiiiliM.: (if 'ria|iallaii('niicii (idt A. 1>. < 'Ia\ ';:('iii, toni. iv., p. -Ki, ;;i\('s
"illa-^ the (late dt' (le|iartiii'c, imt on p. I'_'(l nf linii. i., lie ^rives MMi. a;;iee-
iiiuMviili N'cytia. Miiller, in liis taMes, llci.^in, toiu. iii., p. >)7, datv^ tlie
nMtliieak iif war I'JT, the ilepattiire l.'t'.l, the iiii;,'iatiiiii 117 .'v. i •. I!ras-.eiii',
I'"/'"/ I "/', p. elv., ^iives the last i>( the fuiirlli eeiiliiry as the date of the
Tiller iiiiniatimi. t'alnera, Tfntm, pp. (Kt-I, iiiakes'the date ISI Ji.C,
"'I I A. I)., line III" ( 'lavii^eni's dales, is that wliieli has, perlia|is, lieeii iiinst
iiiiiiiiiiiiily ad<ipti'd liy iiKidern writers.
'* lliasseur, His/, A"'//. 'Vc, iniu, i., p. I'.Ml, writes this name 'I'lapal-
|iiMl(incci; and in /'upn/ ]'ii/i, p. elis., he insists tlmt it s mild he 'I'lapal-
^nii/.iiuii. Miiller, Ji'iisni, toiii. iii., p. IKH, ealls it iil.sn i'hipimllaiuiiij,!!.
m
m
M
E<ai
ii:
lf1::
!!{■
:t
THE rUE-TOLTi:(^ PElIlon.
lliL'ir enemies. !Nroreovor, liis astrology liad tau^lit
liiin that towai'ds tlio risiii<>- sim there was a l)r('ail
and liappy land, wliere the Quinauies had lived i'lr
lee
many years, hut so Ion*;' a time had now passed sii
lli'.'ii' destruetion tliat the country was dep()})ulatr(I ;
Isesides, tlie tieri-e C'liiehimees, their neiujhhors, rarely
]H>netrated those regions. The planet ^\hil'h rulid
I lie destinies of that new country yet lacked maiiv
years (»t' carry in il»* out its threats, and in tlie nieantinu!
llu'V and tlieir descendants to the tenth eeneratieii
-ht
miij;lit enjoy a^'olden and prosperous cenniry
Ai^'
nil.
(iie thrt-'atenim;' planet did not rule their nation, Imt
that of the giants, so that possibly it mitiht do no
;_;reat injury even to their descendants, ]Ie advised
that some colonists l>e left here to peoi)le the country,
hecome their vassals, and in tiuie to turn upon their
enemies and recover tlu'ir native land and orii;iii;il
power. These and otlu'r things <lid ]luenum couiistl,
and they seemed o-ood to the seven chiei's; so that
al'ter three yeai's Avere passed, or eleven yeai's IVeiu
the time when theyleft 1 luehue Tlapallan, they staited
on their migration. The first stoppiny-plaet', ahoiit
si>vt!ntv leagues distitut and reached in twelve Aaxs
was lluevxalan 'n'l'eat saiK
ly
as
Vevt
la interprets
it -a |)lace diseo\ (jred hy L"ohuat/on where they re-
mained foui' years. 'I'hey next halted after a Jouiimv
ol' twenty days at Xalisco, a country ahout a huntlred
lea'j'uoH
farth
ler east or as Vevtia savs Avest ne
the seashore. 'I'hey lived eiLjht years in this land,
•h was discoV(>red hy Ziuhcohuatl. ()tlu'r twenty
* and hundred leairues took them to Chimalhiia-
w
eatl
At.
eiico on the coast where tiiere were t'ertam
At the start
ars.
islands, and hen^ tlu^v dwidt live ye
tliey had taken a vow, under |»enalty of severe puni>li-
)uent, to have no intercourse with their wives fer
t wciity-threo years; hut as the time was now expired
they hei>an here to increase and midtiplv. .\fter the
li\'e vi'ars they I'csumed (heir iou.rnev eastward fer
i;^'hteen days or eighty leagues to loxpaii, (Uscoverei
tc T.
di
Tin: TOI.TKC .MICU.VTIOX.
so.
Iiv Mi'zotzin, Avliorc! tliry lived foi' i\vo years ;;1
(^)iilvalinit/.tl;m AiiiiluKU', tliseovercd by Ai'ai)ichtziii
was tweiitv ilavs' ioiinirvor a luiiidi'i'd leaiJiU's east (4'
Tiixpan. also oil the coast, with inlets so that they
wi'ic ol)li;4e(l to pass in boats IVoiu one place to aiiothei'.
They icmained hei-e six yeai's suireriii^- yi'i'at luird-
i|is. 'J'lie next lialtiiiLj;'-i)laeu was Zacatlan, distaiit
s!i
tiL;litceii (lavs or eiL;hty lea^i^'ties m a c
direct
ion not
stated. Chalcatzin was the discoverer, and durinL;'
till' lirst of their seven years' stay here just lif'ty-two
vcai's, or a .vtnhtliil jtiUi, after their wars he^-an -a son
was l)orn to the chief, and named iVoni the place Za-
cMpaiit/in. At Tot/apan, ei^'hty l(>ai;iies distance lVo!ti
Zacatlan. thev lived six vears, in the last of which a
snii named 'I otzapantzin was horn to ( 'ecat/in, who
(lisro\-ei'i'd this place. This was just lift}' two years
iil'trr tluy left their native countiy. Twenty-eii^ht
(lavs or one hnndred and forty lea^'nes l»roiiiL;-ht tlieii
to 're|H'tla, ( 'ohuatzon Ixmiil;' the (liscov(,'i'er for tli
.1 ti
■h
sii'ond time, where they remained seven yeai's. At
Ma/.atcpec einl'.teen days or eighty leagues distant,
(liscoNcicd liy Ziuhcohuatl, they tarried eii^ht years;
at Ziuhcohuatl, at the same distance, discovered 1 y
Tla|iahiiet/.in, also ei^'ht years; at Yztachiiexitcha,
twenty (lavs or one hundred lea^'ues nortliward, dls-
rM\i'rc(
1 hv ^^etzotzill, twentv-six vears. Finallv
1(11
iiiH'V of ei'4ht<'en (lavs or ei^iitv le.c.;'Ues lii'oUiniit
tiniii to Tulanciii',
;•( ) W
I'itteii also Tulanl/iiico and
T'lllaiit/.inco liscoN'ered hy Acapithl/in. Ilcrethiv
[o coiitain a I
(h.
milt a house suliicieiilly lai
iii'<i|i|(', and remained eighteen y(_"ars hefore (ransft r-
iiii'4' their capital to ToHan farther east and estaMi
sli-
ni'4' what was afterwards known as the Toltec empire,
fill' third year of their stay in Tiilancin^'o comph'tcd
;iii a'^c, oi' one hundred and four years since the depart
According' to I xtlilxochitl.
iMv h'om their countrv
\l hIsiM
liill, |i. .'t'.'l, iimki's lliis thin! ycMi- ."il.'t, ;iinl llicir iiiriv
Olllllrili;; M -C 1 1 H '11 1 iv Tl II I A . 1 >. ; nP ilN In 1 II 1 1 i| il'l I I Ml |1. ."KtT, 1^7 A. I>.
'I .I'Miiii liM \(';iis to till' liisi (liilc yivcii liv tills iiiilliiii' in imtc 71. w.
i.i>' IIJ A. 1». N.M
lii, liiiii. I.
(i',17 A. 1». / /., al'li'i- iioiiiii li,
i:
1^.
2U
THE PRK-TOLTEC PEItlOD.
tlic Toltecs readied Aiuiliuac iu the s^ixtli century, i>v
{iceordini'' to Vevtia and otliers Avlio liave attenii»t!(l
to recon.striict liis clirouology, near the end of tlic
seveiitli century.'"
This tradition of tlio Toltecs aftoi'ds in itself ud
sufficient data from which to locate accurately Hue-
Inie Tlapallan, their^most ancient lionie in .Vnierici.
The name is ijiterpreted as 'ancient red land, or land of
color,' and might |>er]ia})s a])i)ly as well to the north as
to the south. Pedro de Alvarado writing from Santi-
.•lu'o, or Old Guatemala, to Cortes in 1524, announrrs
his intention to set out in a few months to explore tlio
country of Tajialan "which is in the interior fifteiu
days' march from here. It is pretended that tlio
ca[)ital is as large as ^Mexico."" This indicates tli;it
;it tlie time t)f tlie CJonquest the name was stil!
a[)plied to a region wliich may corresp<?nd very \\i II
to Honduras, l*eten, or Tabasco. Ixtlilxochitl liiiii-
sclf, in relating tlie expeditions on wliich liis ancoti.r
of the same name accompanied Cortes, mentions diiv
to "'I'lapalan, a province wliich lies toward Ihuer.is,"
or Ihueras, heiiig the lormer name of ICondura-^.'^
J)rasseur says that "]\rexican geography at the tinu'
of the disc-ovi.'iy applied this name only to tlir
jirovinces north of Cuatemala, between the trilm-
Tr-i'iiri) ni lii.i I'lliiiKin Tiriiipos, (1S7 A. T). ^MiilliT, 7i''/Wc((, tiini. iii.. i'.
<,I7, .V)S A. I). I'hivi^oni, toiii. iv., p. .'")l, (U8 A. D., ur torn, i., i>. I'JC, Tim
A. I).
"'■ 111 otlicr imits (if liin work lNtlil\(nliitl lias a very ilitrcinit a hui;
of this iiiiuratiiiiitii (lie circct tliat the TdIIim's witc liaiiislicil fiiiiii lliiir
ciiiiliIlT, Milled ami eoasleil on the Sinith Sea, aiilveil at llultlaiialaii "r
lliiilia|iallaii ihediiif (if ( 'ailfnniia, or a plaee mi the eiiasi nf (aiili'iiiM
ill SS7 A. I)., eoasteil Xaliseo, arilxcil at ( Jiiatiilcu, then at 'i'cielite]ier ni'
'i'iiilile|ieiHie oii the Niiilh Sea, ami liiiali.v at 'I'll land ii^ju. l'|i. "iOli-T, -l.V.l-liO.
On the 'I'dltee iiil;:;iati(iii see l.illll.iin'liill, hi l\iiiiisliiiriniiili''f M.f'. AnHi..
vol. ix., iiji. ;Vl\-\\ \'ri/fi<t, JL.st. AnI. MrJ., ton'i. !,, jiji. (I-.'W, l.S'.t, l."'7.
■Jn.")-'JI, 'J.'ll; C/iiriijini, Stiiri'd Aiit. ilrl Mrssnn, toni. i., J). I'JC), toiii. i\.. |l'-
•ill, .")!; Ti>riiii''iiiiii/ii, Mdiiarq. fix/., toni. i., |i)i. .'tCi-T; tSiiliiiiiu', Ii/'n. pp.
i:Ul-7; Cdrliiijii/ /■Js/ii'iiiinii, Hist. J/cc. , toni. i., pp. "JKi-IS; llmssniri/r Hmii-
liiiiir;/ Hist. \ii/. <'ii:, toni. i., |ip. IO(S, l'J(!; J'u/h,/ ]')i/i, ]i]i. elv., clK \'i\
J'l., /:'si/in'n>if.s; pp. li, \',\ It; (liiUiidii, in .limr. E'lnio. Xoc, Tnnisivt.,
vol, i., p. 'JOU; yi'/v^f'/"'"'''''' -'""''• -'"'"y-. !•■ -"'-; Miillvr, Joisni, tniii. iii..
pp. <)l-7.
'T A/niniifii, ill Tiriifni.r.Coni/iinin, rn;/., si'rie i., toni. .\., ]>. 117; / •
ill I'lninisi'i), Xiiriiin/iiiiii, toni. ill., I'ol. .'JDll.
"■^ l,vf/i7.iiic/ii//, in Kiuijsliiiriiiijli's Ml .i\ Aii/nj., vol. i\., ]>. 1 Hi.
Tlir: COUNTRY OF HUEIIUE TLAPALLAN.
215
taiics f)f tlio Rio Usumaciuta and Hoiuluras;" and
;il>u that the country was s])()kL'n of by authors at
the tinio of tile Conquest as Thi))allan de Cortes, on
account of Cortes' expedition to Honduras, but he
mentions no authors except those I liave referred
to.'^ Tiie same author believes tliat the name 'Jla-
jiiilhuiconco i^iven by Ixtlilxochitl to the first station,
f^ixty leagues from Huehue Tla})allan, should be
Tlaj»alIantzinco. Ho tells us that the CJuatenialan
histories mentions such a city con(jueretl by the
(jIuicliLS in 8oconusc(^ on the coast, at a point not fai"
tVom sixty leagues distant from the Ococingo region.^
Ag.iin, according to Sahagun and Torquemada, when
(^|u('tzal('oatl, the second of the name, mIio flourished
while the Toltecs were at Tollan, left the country, he
I'lnburked or tlisai)peared on the gulf coast near the
(loazat'oalco liiver, announcing his intention to go to
Tlapallan. This would certainly favor t'.j idea that
Tlapallan was a southern country.
On the other hand, the eastward direction attrib-
uted to the migration from Tlapallanconco to Anti-
hiiac is not consistent with any Central American
location of the starting-place; but, in. connection
with the fact that Xalisco is given as the seciind
station about a hundred and seventy leagues distant
iVoiu Thi])allanconco, would agree somewhat bt'tter
with the theory generally adopted by the Spanish
writeis tliat the original homo of the Toltecs Avas in
the north-west, ])robably on the (lulf of California;
yet the name Tlapallan has never been found in the
iiurth-we^t/^ Material J'olics of any great empire
are wanting in that regiju, at least biyond (.^)uemada
ill /.aeatecas, and the itiner.iry is full of inconsist-
t'licics which prove it to be unreliabK- as a historic
record. L''or instanc.-e, an eastern course of a bun-
l!lH
■■' I'li/ii,/ Villi, 1)1). Ixiv., cxii., cxxvi-viii.
^J'/;/., j), clix.
^' Till' (liscDViTy of II town i)f siiiiiliir nimi(> 1)\ ('ortc's, (1(iiililin;.My rc-
liHiii'ij liy N'l'viin. Hint. All/. M'j., toiii. i., ]i, ■_';(. iiiiil dIIh'Is, M'ciii.s to rt'^t
I'll no iiiiilhiriis w liiiti'Vi'i'.
!)
216
THE rRE-TOLTEC rEUIOD.
dred leagues to any point on tlic coast of Jaliscn
would 1)0 an inipossil)ility; the next two moves led
a hundred lea^^'ues down the Pacific (Joast, and then
across tlie continent to Toxpan, or Tuxpan, on the
i^ulf coast in Vera Cruz; then, although 'J'uxpan is
on the eastern coast, the niiuration contiinied still a
hundred leagues eastward, another ini})ossiljility of
course. How they returned to the states of Vera
Cruz and Mexico, where the other stations would
seem to be located, does not appear. In fact tin'
tradition of this migration as it reads, so far as di-
rections, distances, and names are concerned, is mean-
ingless, a fact due either to the carelessness of tlu;
compiler or the scantiness of his materials. In-
trinsically then the evidence, while not conclusive,
favors the idea that Huehue Tlapallan was in tlir
south.
Comparing the Toltec tradition Avith those th.it
have heeii already given, we find, except in names, a
strong resemhlance in general features. In the suc-
cessive creations and destructions of men; the njxs
that peopled the land after one of the destructions;
the ancient settlement and gi'owth to power of tin,'
Toltecs ill a fertile country named Huehue TIa])alliin;
the destruction of a rival })ower, that of the Quinanies;
the regulation or invention of the calendar hy an asscni-
blage of wise men in Huehue Tlapallan; and a lin.il
forced migration to new homes — in all tlujse I'eatuivs
the tradition seems to represent a vague memoiy of
events already familiar to us as having occurred iu
the central region; in the Votanic empire of the T/cn-
dal traditions; in the Xihalha, Paxil, and Tulan
Zuiva, or Seven Caves, of the Quiche record; and
es[)ecially in the Tamoanchan and Tonacatepetl of tlic
annals gathered hy Sahagun.
In oi)j>osition to those analogies we have the I'm't
that the Spanish writers locate Huehue Tlapallan in
the north, as they do also the original homes of all
the nations that are reported hy native tradition to
SOUTIIEitN OIIIGIX or TIIK TOLTKCS.
21:
is;
an;
ii's;
111-
unl
w -
n\'
in
y.rw-
ulaii
ami
thr
liirt
II in
r all
n I*'
liavL' ini^Tated successively into Aiu'iliuuc. It is not
|(i()l)iil)le that this idea of a nc^rtheru origin was a pure
invention of the Spaiiiarda; they douhtless lound
ainonn" the Aztecs with wlioni they eaine in contact
what seemed to them a prevalent i)o])ular notion tliat
the ancestors of the race came from the north. Yet
the ti-adition uiven V)y Sahaij^un- — and referrinn- to a,
time loni^ prior to the Toltec migration of thy iifth or
hi\th century — relatiiiL*" to the first appearance of the
Xahua, civilizers on the i^ulf coast, whither they had
come hy sea from the north-east, prohaltly from Flori-
da, would have been perhaps a sufficient foundation
for such a popular idea; and the not impi-ohahle fact
that the Aztecs proper and some other nations, prom-
inent in rank and ]»o\ver at the time of the ('oinpiest,
ilid actually come into Andhiiac fnjm the i"e,!L;ion im-
mediately adjoining it on the north or north west,
would certainly have contributed to confirm that idea.
In other words the Aztecs when (piestioned by the
S[)aniards may have rejdied that they came from the
nortli, referring in most cases to the latest move of
their nation into Amihuac, but possibly in some in-
stances to the vague traditions of their fathei's respect-
ing tlie very earliest j)eriods of their existence as a
race. The Spaniards at once connected the vc[)oitcd
northern origin with the world-peopling migiation
iVuni ( 'entral Asia after the confusion of tongues; and
>lnce the old and new world were sup)»osed to be con-
nected or nearlv so in the north, thev I'ound the native
ti'adition str(.)ngly couHrmed by the scriptuivs. A\'lien
the theory of successive migrations iVoni tiie north,
thus confirmed, had once been established in their
niiiujs, nothing could overthrow it; it became in a cer-
tain sense a part of their religion. l^ach migration
siihseipujutly found recorded in the nativt; annals, as
means of connmmication between the conijueroi's and
(•on(|nered became jierfectcd, was at once given ;i
north-to-south direction. The natives tlieuiselves
wi I'e in many instances not unwilling to please their
218
THE PKE-TOLTKC PEPJOD.
!
ir
'%
I*.
II
masters Ly ortliodox interpretations of tlieir ])i(tui'e-
writiiigs. Finally the rnins of C^ueniada, tlie ( usas
Grandes of Chihuahua, and the adohe buildings on
the (fila were discovered — doubtless traces left by nii-
m'ratini>' nations, and thus the last doubt on the sub-
ject, if any could exist, was removed even frijin tlie
jninds of later and more intellii^ent class of S})anish
Avriters, like Clavinero and Vevtia.^^
In the Toltec tradition we have found the Cliiclii-
mccs mentioned as a powerful and fierce peo])le and
their nei^libors in Huehue Tlapallan. Since this is
the first mention of that famous people, since all tlie
best authorities insist that the Toltecs and ChichiuKcs
were of the same blood and lan»i;'uai4e, and since the
Chicliiniecs afterwards succeeded the Toltecs in Aiia-
liuac, we naturally turn to the Chichimcc traditions
of their earlyhome for additional information res[)ectiiii;'
Iluehue Tlapallan, although the Chichimcc miuratioii
occurring' several centuries later would come chroUd-
logically beyond the limits of this cha])ter. Our
seai'ch in this direction for data i'nnn which to dcti r-
mine the location of the ancient Nahua em})ire is,
however, fruitless. Althougli Ixtlilxochitl is still the
chief authority, we have no mention of Huehue Tlap-
allan, The country — or a country, for it is not cci-
S2 Tin- Niiliiijis state that tliey came fnini the north-west. Jfi in/iif'i.
Hist. J:.'f/rs., ]i. 117; TdrqiHiniKlii, Mmiinij. Jm/., toiii. i., |). ,'?.'{. The tia-
ilitioii of tlie 'J'dltecs will not allow us to lix eitliei- date, locality, or soiina'
of their niinratioii, l)iit tlie north is va;,aiely ^.'iven as the soiiree. dnlhi'iii.
in Aiiirr. Plthno. Sof., Tnnisdi-t., voi. i., ]>. 'Hy^. lliu'luie Tla|iallan siliiaicil
north-west of the (iila. Hiitii/joldf, ]'iirs, toiii. i., \>. 'JOl. Not in tlie<iil.i
\ alley. Siiii//i\s IIiiukiii S/icn'r.s, ]>. "J.")!). Tradition shows Huehue J'la|iall;iii,
luiserahle liUe all nations aliaiidoned to luxury and [lower, iinahle to feed iN
children, rjistiu;,' tiiein forth, llniiiircz, in lit rLstx i'n ntifivu, toin. i, , n. -I
Prasseur de IJourliour;,', Vnpitl Viih, p. elix., speaks of Tlaxi I'oliiilnaii,
mentioned hy Ixtlilxoehill, as the (dil eapital of the (^hiiuanies, or I'alciniur.
He perhaps has no other reason for this than the reseinhlaiiee of the iianir-
Cidiuhean an<l Colhnaean. He says, .7/.s•^ A'a/. ''/c, tout, i., p 1(H), that
Huehue Tla|iallan may lie traiislateil Maud of eolors' or 'land of iiolilc- '
'I'hrou;L;hout his works he ]ilaees this country in tlie south, ideiilif\ iiii: it
willi Xihalha. It is jiroved iucontestalily that thi' Toltecs eanie ii'na
'I'ulhii, whose ruins are seiMi near ( >cociu;i:o. /</., Curtd.s, ]\. "JS. (abrcra,
Tcutru, p. 1)4, tiiinks Tlapalla inii.st have been in the south-east.
THE PRIMITIVE CIIICIIIMECS.
219
talii tliat It was tlio orii»-Inal Cliii-liiincc liomo and not
0111' located in central !^[c.\.ico, altlioii^li sonic of thu
trailitions seem to point to i)riinitive times — of im-
iiKMise extent, is called AnuKjuemecan; one of its chief
cities seems to have borne the same name, and an-
ollu r city was Ovome. The names Necuametl and
Xariiix: are also a})[ilied to the conntry l)y Ixtlilxoehitl,
ami lie further states that the Chichimecs came like
the other nations from Chicomoztoc. Some fourteen
kiiii^s are named as having*" ruled over the kingdom,
hrLiiiiiiiiiL,'" with Chichimecatl who hrom^ht the people
to the country and from whom they took their
li.inie. Nothing is known of the reigns of any ex-
cept the last three, the first of whom is reported to
have sent his son at the reciuest of the Toltecs to he-
f the first kiiiL;" in Tollan. Ixtlilxochitl in hisac
*-, of the sending for this king says that the Chi-
cwiinecs were at that time in the regit)n of Pamico,
and that fear of hostility from them was the chief
motive of the Toltecs in invitinij a Chichimec to rule
over them. It is not, however, stated that the Chi-
cliiiiK'C capital was in that part of the coiuitry. AVhen
at last tlie empire came into the hamls of two hrothei's,
oiie of whom Xolotl, with all his people, decided to
migrate, not one of their halting-places is named,
until they had journeyed for a whole year and reached
the vicinity of Anahuac; conse([uently there is no
clue to the course of their migration. Besides the
statement that the Chichimecs came from the Seven
('iives, and another by A'evtia. that the kiiii-s wore
quetzal-feathers, there seems to be absolutely nothing
in tlie tradition to indicate wliet]n'r Ama(|Ueniecau
was ill the north or south. Yet the Spanish a\ riters
have no hesitation in fixinijc the direction, althoui'li
(lis.igreeing somewhat about the locality. From tw<j
to three hundred leagues north of Jalisco, beyond New
^li'xico, and in Alaska are some of the decisions in
tliis matter, — decisions resting on authority that the
reader already understands. It seems probable that
!»-i
THE PRE-TOLTEC PEIIIOD.
the qrc.at original Naliua empire ^vhcthor it 1)e
called Hueliue Tlapallan, TaiiK)auclian, Tulaii, or
AiiuKjiienieean, was the CliiflHiuec einjiire — that is,
that the Tultecs or revoltinyf branch constituted hut a
small portion of the Chichimec or Nahua people/
K)
The Chichimec migration was followed hy many
others at irregular intervals, ending with that of thr
Aztecs, all of which will he spoken of in their i)rop('r
place. The chronologic order attributed by tradition
to these migrations is not to be relied on, giving, as
may be sujiposed, only a vague idea of the order in
wliich the different nations acquired some prominenc'.
in and about the vallev of Mexico. In its ancient
centre — not in Andhuac, whether it was in the north
or soutii — the pi'imitivo Nahua power was over-
thrown, or from that centre it was transferred to bo
re-established by exiled })rinces and their descendants
on the ^texican plateai;x. This transfer, whose na-
ture we may vaguely comprehend, but of A\hos('
details we know nothing, is the event or series of
t'vents referred to by the various miiifration-tradi-
lions. The recollections of these events assumed
different forms in the traditioiis of different trihes
until each nation claimed or were deemed by (ho
Spaniards to claim a distinct migration from its
Ibrmer home. The accounts of the migratit)ns fob
lowing the Toltec will be given in their ])ro[)er [)laee,
and here Ave have only to notice that the Se\e!i
**' T.r'lil.rm'hitl, in l\iiiff.tlinrnuii/i's Mr.r. .Uifiq., vol. ix., ji]). 20S-0, -IT,
:;;!;<. :u.') 7, ;<'.t2 t, 4.')0; ri/zZ/W, ih.s/. Anf. Mr/., tiiiu. i., |)|). '\:t, i;;.), •.';;!,
I! 11 -2, tinn. ii., lip. ',\ 7; TuM'tri^nKid, Mmiafij. Iml., toin i,, \\\\. .'IS Id,
nnissiMir, /A^s■^ ^nl. <'ir., tiim' i., \i]\. l'J.')-(l, tiiiiilvs flinl ("liiilcMl/in iiml
'riiicaiiiitzin were llii' HiicrcMKor.-t of .\liiiiiali|iji h'I't by .\liiilnn<|iit' in cniii-
iiiMiul of tli(' Nji1hi;is, iiiiil tliiU llicy wtTi' ticfciiti'il ami <'\iliMl liy llic iimii-
arch of Xiliallia. For ilciailH ami fiirllicr rcfcicnci -i rcsiiccliii'j: tin- < 'lii. hi-
iiicc mi;,'iatioii M'O a futmc cliaptcr. The Cliichimoc Uiii;4;s wcri': Cliirlii-
iiu'call, Mixcohnall, lliiil/i!ii|io('litli, lliKMiiac, NaiilivotI, (JiiMiihlr|M'il;i,
Niiiioiiuaira, llii<>l/in, (^iiiaiihtonal, NiaHat/in. (^iiict/al, Icoat/.iii. Mo/iln-
i|uit/iii, Tlainaral/in in one jilacc Nt><|miiii('ti ami Naimwiiix arc niiiiicl
insicail of I'liichiiiit'catl. Ixtlilxmliill, ji. ;i<M; Vcjitin, ioiii. i., |i. 'J.'il; ''"(■
/'('/"/ h'tjiiiiunc, Jliiit. Mcx., torn, i., i<i l225-(i; Miillcr, liriscii, lorn, iii., I'l'.
i;t-i.
IKISC
s of
I'ildi-
nu'd
riltt's
tlio
I its
lol-
lliU'C,
M'VOll
-'X -MT,
'.1, •j;ii,
;is 111.
in :iM<l
1 CUMl-
(■ lliou-
•lii.'hi-
'liirlii-
•|ii'|1m,
InaiiK 'i
(',<(■■
MIGRATION FROM THE SOUTH.
221
raves are inoiiiioned as a startin_2^-})laco (ir station in
mi>>t it' not all of these niii^rations, and that the
oiilv names that ai)pear in the traditions a|)})lied to
the ancient Nahna d\velling--i)lace are Azthm, Cul-
liuacaii or Teo Culhnaean, and A(|nilaseo. These
iiaiiKs are perhaps applied to cities in the ancient
hdino, hilt it is by no means certain, as Avill appear
later, that they did not all helony; to localities in cen-
tral ^[exico. At least neither the names nor the
I'veiits of the niij^rations as reporteil .dlord any proof
of . vector a i)hical location. The analoyv between Cul-
huacan and Cidiacan is not a stroni;- argument in favor
,f a
north-western location, or at most does not ont-
\veii;h the identity of the names Cnlhnacan and Na-
ilian. A palm-tree painted on the pii'ture-writin^-
su|t|t(^se(
1 t
o record one
1
of tl
le mi<»'rations, m conned
tidu with the startin,<j;'-})lace, as has been remaiked by
M'veral anthorities, seems to favor the idea that the
|i(iiiit of depai'ture was in the south rather than in
the noi'th, and wonld certainly be a circnnistance of
(•(iiisick'i'able weio-lit against an extreme northern lo-
cation i'or Aztlan.
The Abbe JJrasseur de Ijourbonri,^ atter.ipts to
nroneile the o'lMieral fact shown bv all tlie eailier ti'a-
(lit ions that the ])rimitive Nahna })ower was in the
south, witli the idea of a migration from tlie north
ii]i|iarently entertained bv each of the nations of Ana-
liuae and by the Spanish writers. Accordini;' to his
itlra tlie Xahnas, overcome by the monarchs of Xi-
lialha, wei'e tlriven from Chiapas, dwelt a few yi^ars on
tile I'acilic coast at Tlapallant/inco, and thenci> mi-
U'l'ated
noi'th -westward m (hnerent bands
foil
owiii:^'
the yciu'ial dirtH'tion of the coast, to Soiiora, and Tji-
I'll' ('aliibrnia. Alono' this ronte, as this anthoi-
ilaims, distinct traces of their migration are ajipareiit,
I'loniiiH' perhaps, althonn'h he does not say so, to lin-
.Uiii-^tie traces. In this northern re'>i'»n, about the
^'u!f of California, thev establi
died
[leat kingdoms
and iii'.ilt o'reat cities, each Nahua colony bucomtii«j' a
222
THE rPiE-TOLTEC rER!Oi>.
centre of civilization to the wild tribes with whom it
came in contact. From this region, to places in wliich
the names Teo Culhuacan, Aztlan, etc., of the triuli-
tions may be applied, the different Nahua nations de-
scended into Anahuac in successive migrations IVdiu
the seventh to the twelfth century, impelled by cix il
convulsions or the pressure of outside and warlike
tribe;
8i
I am inclined to find in the abbd's theory a state-
ment — ^too definite perhaps — of a general fact. That
is, the Nahua power — established in eastern and soutli-
eastern Mexico by the Olmec tribes almost simul-
taneously Avith its growth in the south — was after its
overthrow in Central America established bv exiled
nobles over western and north-western Me..ico. f
find no evidence, however, that the Nahua power evir
became settled and flourishing farther north than ])n-
rango and Sinaloa, although the influence of thcii- in-
stitutions may, not improbably, have extended to tin'
Sonora tribes; into California and the far north -wr>.t
the Naliuas never penetrated. If a Nahua emjiirt' dr
political power ever really existed in the north-west,
its centre was jn'obably in the region of Quemadii, in
Zacatecas and Jalisco. Soon, however, the valley of
Mexico became the political centre, and the sulise-
(juent history of the country was essentially a liistdiv
t)f Auiihuac. The modern aboriginal annals of each
nation dated from its rise to notice in Anahuac, and
in the traditions of previt)us history im})erfect]y tdni-
municated to the Sjjaniards, their former greatness in
the s(»uth, their defeat and exile, their life in outsid;
jtroviuces, and their settlement in the valley weiv'
sadly confused.
«♦ BrnMrurde Ttnurhnurff, Tfht. Nnt, Civ., torn. i.. pp. IW. 170-Rl>; /'/ ,
Ciirfiis, |»|). ;U-4; l(f., I'liiiiil I'li/i, i^i. «'lix-t'l.\i. niasM.'iir <;ivfH a ii'innt
of till' niiiis of II luirtlicrii Tula in ( 'aliforiiia, which of com'H' is uiifonMilril.
lit' tliinlvM tln^ Opalas, VatniiH, MavoH, and 'rarahuinari's arc rcnimiiil* "f
tiic old Tollcc jioinilatioiiM in iIiIh ie;|ioii. lie docs not altiihntc the iiiiiK
of the New Mexican and Ari/ona j,'roiip to the ToltccH, at icant ni.l iil iIim
t'arly |iciiod. Uradford also, A inn: Anfii/., p. '20'2, «pcakH of the lii>l ii:-''
a>> ilillitHin^ population from the centre throngli the north, to return in ;t
relliix of nunieroiw tribea lit the wucond ago.
ANNALS OF YUCATAN.
223
Mondieta, Torqiicmada, Gomara, and others, record
tlio p(){)ular tradition of the settlement of Mexico as
follows: An old man Iztac Mixcohuatl, by liis wife
Ilancueitl, in Chicomoztoc, or the Seven Caves, had
six sons, Xelhua, Teuuch, Ulmecatl, Xicalancatl,
Mixtecatl, and Otomitl. Tenuch's descendants were
the Aztecs; Xelhua gave his name to no nation, hut
his followers settled at various points in the south-
east; the others founded the natitms which took their
names. Mendieta adds that hy another wife the
same old man had a son named Quetzalcoatl. ''•''' Pi-
neda tells us that a ne})heAv of Votan divided the land
of Aiiiihuae.*' Accordinsi- to Arlegui the Toltecs
came from the west and divided New Spain between
their seven families.^'' I believe I have now j^iven
all the important traditions that seem to belonu!" to
the pre-Toltec period in Mexico, and I deem it im-
necessary to refer to the authors who merely ucive an
iihritlyecl version of the same accounts, many of them
cDiitining themselves to the simple statement that the
Toltics, a very skillful i)e()j)le, came first from the
north and settled in the region afterwards known as
Now S[)ain.
Tvetiirninnf to the south, it only remains to examine
lii'iiHy the ])rimitive ^laya annals of Yucatan, which
<<inliiui in a few pt^ints those of other })eoples, so far
as they relate to the great Ameilrun centre of civil -
izaticn in the south. These annals will be given in
full elsewhere; a very general view, with especial
rcfircnro to the ]»oints i-eferred to, will sulhce here.
A pirvalent belief among the ^Mayas at the time of
the C'oiKpiest was, that the j)eninsiihi was settled in
ancient times by two races, )ne iVom the east, the
ether fi'om the west. It is not implied tliat they
*"■' Mniih'rfii, Hint. Erlr.<>., pp. llR--fi; Torqurninrla, Mitiinrq. Tiid., l(iii).
i, ]<\>. ;tl!-,'t; (luiiKirn, Com/. Mi.i:, fol. L'iHI-.'UHl; /V/./kov/'.v jV((/. 7//,v/.
'/'"', Mil, ii,, p. 511; Jini.ssnir ih' HdiirlmKni, J'n/iii/ ]'ii/i, jip. xvix.-xxx.
"'J l>(Krri/i. C/iiti/iiis, in Sur. Mix. Uioij., Jinlrfiii, toin. iii., i». !iH.
"' (7i ivii. Zaeutcats, pp. U-7.
^'M
M
224
THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
camo Jit tlio same period, but rather that the iiiioTa-
tion from tlio east preceded that from the west hy
many centuries. Lizana tells us that in ancient
times the east was called cenial, or 'little descent,'
and the west iwhenial, or 'great descent,' believing-
that these names indicate the comparative numbcr.s
of the respective colonies. Landa and Herrera re-
cord a tradition that the oldest inhabitants came from
the east, the sea being divided to afford them a pas-
sage. Cogolludo concludes, contraiy to the opinion
of Lizana, tliat the colony from the east must have
been much more numerous as well as more ancient
ihan tlie other, because of the universal use of the
Maya language and of ]\Iaya names of i)laces through-
out the ])eninsula — a coiidusion that carries littlo
Aveiu'lit, since it rests mainly on the assumption that
those wlio came i'rom the west spoke the Aztec lan-
guage, an assumption for which there is no authority
Nvliatever.
The })ersonage whose name appears first in tlio
^fava tradition is Zanma, son of the cliief deitv, wiio
taught tlie people, invented the hieroglyphic aljilia-
bet, and gave a name to each locality in Yucatan,
J [is role, so far as anything is known of it, was )iro-
cisely the same as that of Votan in Chiapas. Zaniiid
is re[H)rted to have lived long in the land and to havo
been buried at the chtse of his career at Izaiiial.
During his life he founded Mayapan, 'standaitl (or
capital) of jSIaya,' — Maya being the native name of
thi' country and signifyiuLj according to some authoii-
ties 'land without water' — a city which Avas several
times ruined and rei)uilt after its founder's tiiiu'.
Zamn.i may be most naturally comiected with the
traditional migration from the east. Cogolludo, it is
true, states that he was at the head of tl.e otlur
(■(tlony, and liiis statement is repeated in one ]»hicehy
I»rass(^ur, but as the Sjianish writer direi'tly contra-
dicts his statement on the same ])age, not nnuli im-
portance is to be attached to it. N'ague as it is, the
ZAMXA'S EMPIRE.
225
tradition of Zamnii and his followers from the east
seems identical with that of Votan. If we suppose
that sucli persons as Zanina and Votan aotually had
an existence — a supposition wdiich like its opposite
forms no part of this chapter — it would be impossible
to determine whether the two were the same, or Zam-
uil the companion, disciple, or descendant of Votan;
l)ut we may well believe that the period, the empire,
tlie institutions alluded to in the Maya record are the
same as those connected with the Votanic or Xibalban
traditions. The ancient jiower whose centre was in
Chiapas, Tabasco, and Honduras, extended north-
eastward into Yucatan as it did north-westward into
Aiiciluiac. Ordonez states, as usual without givin*jf
jiis authority, that Mayapan was one of the allied
capitals, which with Naclian and Tulan constituted
tliu Votanic empire. The fact that the name of the
('ocomes, the most ancient people, or at least the
oldest line of kincfs and nobles, in Yucatan sijifnifies in
the Nahua tonj^ue 'serpents,' like the name Chanes
apjjlied to Votan's followers, may have some signifi-
cance, although in the Maya tongue Cocomc is also
said to m''an 'listener.'
At an unknown date, but subsecpient to that of
Zamna's I'ulo, we find three brothers, the Itzaob,
reigning at Chichen over a people called from them
the It/as, as the city also w.as called thereafter Chi-
chon Itza. They came from the west, were just and
I'liaste men, and their reign a long a!id glorious one.
One of them, however, having finally left the coun-
try, the others gave themselves up to innnoral j)rac-
ticos, and were put to death. Notwithstanding the
fact that tlie brotho.'M came, according to the Spanish
writers, from the west, there is much reason to suji-
pose that the nation whose ca])ital was at Chichi'n,
was an ancient people dating back to the time of Zani-
iiii, since the most satisfactory interpretation of the
iianio 'It/a' is that it came from 'Ytzamna,' the
lunio ancient form of the great founder's name. Con-
voy. V. 15
220
THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
ncc'tod witli the throe hrothers in a manner notelearly
defined by the tradition — either riding conjointly with
them or more prohahly coming into power immoch-
ately after their downfall — was Cukulcan, who also
came from the west, who was also famons for tlio
])urity of his life, and whose teachings in fact were
identical with those of Quetzalcoatl among the Nahua
peoples. He also is credited with the founding, or
re-founding of Mayapan, M'hich under his rule becnnio
the political centre of the whole country, nlthougli
Cliicheu still retained great prominence, CukuUan
havinsjf raised the country to a condition of the hiufhest
])rosperity, finally abandoned Yucatan for some un-
known motive and returned westward, disajipearing at
('hamj)oton, or Potonchan, on the coast, where he dwelt
for some time and where a temple in his honor was
afterwards erected. After his departure the C'oconio
princes came into power, their capital being still Maya-
pan.
The identity in character, teachings, and actions
between Cukulcan and Quetzalcoatl, suggests tlio
first a})pearance in Yucatan, at this time, of Nahua
tribes or Nahua institutions, corres[)onding to a cer-
tain extent with the ai>pearance of the Olmecs and
Xicalancas in Andhuac, and indicating that the Na-
hua influence was exerted during its earliest ])eii(id
of tlevelopnient in the north-east as well as in tlut
iiorth-w^est. Indeed, Vevtia records a tradition to
the effect that Yucatan was settled by the Olmecs
and Xicalancas driven from JNTexico at the coming of
the Toltecs; this author justly rejects the latter jiait
of this report, but expresses his belief that bands
from these nations did actually settle in the ]ienin-
sula. When to the analogies already noticed be-
tween Quetzalcoatl and Cukulcan we add tlie fact
that their names are etymological ly identical, both
signifying 'plumed serpent,' little reason n-mains to
tloubt that the Maya tradition refers, like the oth<'rs
that have been noticed, to the first coming into
prominence of tlio Nahuas in America.
THE TUTUL XIUS IN YUCATAN.
2£7
lllUil
ccr-
iiiul
Na-
liotl
tlU!
II to
noes
|io- ot'
jiart
liuds
hiiii-
1.0-
Ihrt
l»otli
IS to
linto
The next prominent event in Yucatan liistory, as
it is also the last that has any sj^ecial bearino- ii})()n
the ])oriotl now under consideration, and the most
iinj)ortant in that connection, is the arrival of the
Tiitul Xius. According to the traditions of the
natives Jis recorded by the Spaniards, this peaccfid
hut highly cultivated people came from the st)nt]i,
|»crha[>s from Chiapas, after wandering for forty years
in tlie unsettled and mountainous i)ortions of the
coiiutry, and settled near Mayapan. The Coconies,
siK't'cssors to the Itza brothers and Cukulcan, having
at the time governed the country long and prosper-
ously, received the new-comers kindly and formed an
alliance with them, an alliance ^vhich continued ior
a long time until the Cocome kings, becoming tyranni-
cal, were overthrown by a revolution in which the
Tutul Xius were the most prominent actors. It is,
huwuver, with their arrival and not with their sub-
sequent actions that we have to do hero. The mere
tradition of their arrival after a long migration from
till' southern highlands would at best furnish only
slight grounds for the conjecture of the Spaniards
that they came from Chiapas; but another document
unknown to the Spanish missionary-authors thi'ows
groat light upon this peo}»le, and invests their appear-
aiuo in Yucatan with increased im})ortance. The
(loouniont refen-ed to is the Maya manuscript trans-
lated by l*io Perez, first i)ul)lished in Mr Stoplu-ns'
Avoik on Yucatan, and later with the work of Bishop
banda, which begins as follows: — "This is the series
ot'katunes elapseil since the four Tutul Xius departed
IVdUi the house of Nonoual, which was west of Zuina,
and oanie from the land t>f Tulapan, Four katu'os
jiassed after they set out before they arrived hero \> ith
Ibilonohan Tepeuh and his comjianions, before they
reached this peninsula; the 8 Ahau had i)assed, the
<• Ahau, the 4 Ahau, and the 2 Ahau — eighty-one
viars before they arrived in this })eninsula, eighty-one
yoais that they spent in their journey Irom their
m
228
THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
country to this peninsula of Cliacnouitan." Hero wo
find it distinctly stated that this people came from
Tulapan, 'capital of Tula,' the very place from \vlii( h,
according to the QuichiS record, the Nahua nations
migrated, and it is more than likely that Zuina sliould
be Zuiva, defined in the Popol Vuh as the Seven
Caves. This, in connection with the Quiche lamen-
tation over that division of their brothers which tliey
had left in the east, is amply sufficient to identify the
Tutul Xius as one of the Nahua tribes that migi'ated
from the original centre. The family of Nonoual
seems to have given a name to the tribes that occu-
jiied Tabasco down to the Conquest. This document
assumes to give the date of the Tutul Xiu migration,
a most important date, since it is also that of the
(overthrow of Nahua power in Chiapas and its tran.s-
fer to Anahuac; but until the Maya system of Aliau
Jiatunes** shall have been the object of much addi-
tional research, there is little hope of arrivin;* at
an accurate interpretation of the date. Sr ]\'rez
Li'ives it as 144 A. D. The Abbe Brasseur, rolvintj'
on the same document, gives the date repeatedly as
171 A.D.; but in his translation of the document in
Lancla's w^ork he concluded that it should be 401
A.D., reckoning each Ahau katun as twenty years,
and remarking that this date agrees nuicli better than
the earlier one with Ixtlilxochitrs chron(do<>v. Of
tlie Perez manuscript Mr Gallatin remarks that it
contains all we know of the history and chronology cf
Yucatan. To ascertain dates is out of the questi(i!i;
but it is probable that the events are stated in tliLir
respective order."'"*
*'■' Soe vol. ii., pp. TO'i-.'.
*") For details iiiid for suhscquont Viu'iiiiin liistorr, soo ii futiiro cliapiir.
^ily iiullioritii'H for the ])rei'0(liii;,' n-miirks arn /.hik/k, liilmitui, jip. 'Js M\
l.izanii, ill I(L, pp. .'US-oC'; VitiioUiiilo, Jlisf. Yin:, ])]). I7.S-".I. l!l'-', 1!!!' 7;
1.(1.1 t'lisiis, Hint. Ajmhiijvlli'a, M \, I'U]). 12.'}; TofqitriiKuln, M(iiii(vi[. Im^.,
I im. ii., p. .52; Vci/d'u, Hint. Ant. Mrj. , torn, i., ]i. 2.S7; Nrrrrni, Jl.-'f-
fi'i'ii., tloc iv., nil. .\., cap. ii. ; TrriKiK.f-Ciuiijuni.t. in Xiiiiri//(.s Aiiiin/ <
i.'i:i Vol/., ISi;}, toin. xcvii., pp. ;U-((. I'nrz, in t.itiiiln, liiliicii)ii,\\\\. 42(1 .'!;
Jil., \\\ SIr/i/ivii.s' Viicd/iin, vol. ii., pp. 4(ir>-i); llrc.s.snir (tr Ilniirtioitrii, V/.v'.
\at. Civ., loni. i,, pp. 08, 70-80, 120-7; M, I'd/Hil I'nh, pii. l.\.\i.\, ilv.-vi.;
OVERTHROW OF THE NAIIUAS.
229
I
Ji>. li.s •''";
\1, VX T;
hii. li"'<
\„. Ji:^t-
All 11"^ '
clv.-\i.i
A ]Mc'xIcan document, known only through Bras-
seur do Bourbourg, and by him called the Codex
dondni, furnishes some additional information re-
specting the overthrow of the Nahua power in Cen-
tial America, and especially resj)ecting the house of
Xonoual alluded to in the Perez document. I quote
from the author named as follows:— "The mamiscrijit
begins with a description of the twenty wards of the
great city of Tollan, or Tullul, IIuci/ ToUaii; but it
gives the names of only the first twelve, the trans-
lator, who apparently attached but little importance
to names, having deemed it proper to omit the other
eight. The author relates the events that precipi-
tated the ruin of the throne, occasioned by the mi-
nority of the last Chane prince, whose guardianship
Avas claimed by two powerful families, one called the
( hicliimcc-Toltecs, and the other the Chichimecs of
Nonohualco. The quarrel terminated in the insur-
rection of the latter and the assassination of tln,^
young monarch. But the prince was beloved by the
jieople, and on account of the popular indignation
the nuu'derers were forced to flee by night with all
their followers. On their de})arturo from Tullia,
Xelhua, the chief the Nt)nohualcos, went to consult
the oracle of Culhuacan, [Palen(|Ue?J which eiijoitied
him to depart. On the way he did ])enance for his
crime, and after several defeats at the hands of the
trihes tlirough whose lands ho was forced to pass, lio
;;t last founded the kingdom of the Nonohualcos,
living tlio capital at Quetzalte})ec in the mountains
I'Jiout the country of the Zocjues, who were compUMed
ly his successors. The author gives the names of
t'ae tliirteen })rinces who occupied the throne alter
Xeliuia with the leading events of their reigns. But
Vvhlle Xelhua was establishing a new empire, leyx-
coliuatl, ciiief of the Toltec ]»arty, who had seized
iij)on the power after the death of the young king of
/'. , ('^iir/its, |i. 1,T; (Inlhtt'n. in Anirr. E!huo. Soc, TmiisacL, vol. i,, |)|i,
171 :i; Dmzco 1/ iicrrii, l!(ti<jr,'/i)t, [>. 126,
280
THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
Tulhh,, of which he had hcen the principal cause, Avas
forced after a few years of j)ower to abandon in lii.s
turn the capital, with all his followers, to avoid the
venijfeance of the people. He went into exile with
the Toltecs, and the manuscript oives their itinerary
as far as Tlachihualtepec, or Cliolula, at the tinie
occupied by the Ohnecs and Xicalanca.s, who ruled
the whole Aztec plateau."""
I have placed before the reader such historical
traditions of the civilized nations as seem to bear
upon the earliest period of their develoj)ment. Their
exact meaning, so flir as details are concerned, is with
the aid of existing authorities beyond the reacli of
the most careful study, and no attempt has been
made to attach a definite significance to each abo-
ri'j'inal tale, or to form from all a svmmetrical chroii-
ologic whole; indeed, their interpretation has net
been carried so far in many cases as the authorities
seemed with considerable plausil)ility to justify.
TakiuLT 1111 one after another the annals of the leadin-j;
nations as recorded by the best authorities, I have
endeavored to point out only the apjiarent general
siixnificance of each. The evidence thus elicited bv a
f^c'parate examination of each witness has pointed —
Avith varying force, but with great uniformity ol' di-
rection — towards the Central or Usumacinta ivgieii,
not necessarily as the original cradle of American eiv-
ilization, but as the most ancient home to which it can
be traced by traditional, inomimental, and linguist!'
records. In obtaining this evideni-e there has lieeii
no occasion to resort to the sifting process of reject iii'i
all testimony seemingly opposed to a precoiicei\i il
theory. Almost the only argument against the gen-
eral tenor of the traditions, monuments, and languages,
»" Brn.ssrnr etc Bonrhnvrrf, Cortrnt, pp. 27-S. Tlio al)lii' sfiMiis tn Iimi'
niiulo liiit link' if any use of (lie (.'oilex (loiitlra in his sulistninont wml. s
allliiinj;li it may lie sii]i]i(is('il that fniin it, and inilicd fnini tlic very limiii !i
ubovi! (iiiiitt'd, In; talvcs his at'ctmnt of tlu- ciosinjj; evonts of the Tolti'f I'lii-
I)in! in Analiuau to be yiveii in a future ehiipter.
GENERAL CONCLUSIUNS.
231
Avas
1 liis
I thu
with
J vary
t'mu.'
ruled
:orical
1 )ear
Their
s with
ach ttf
; been
h fiho-
chvDii-
as not
loritios
iuBtiiV.
til li:nt'
|nt «'■';> •
,-v jiiiriH 1'
has 1)cen tlio provalunt idea amon<^ Spanish writers
iavoriiig a inii^ratioii from the north; and the force of
this argument has proved to be more apparent than
real. Coni[)arison of the records one with anotlier
lias i^reatly strengthened the evidence derived from
thorn sei)arately; and tlie cumuhitive proof afforded
by their successive examination has l)een deemed suffi-
cient to confirm the general conclusions of the preced-
ing- i>ages, 'which may be exjjressed as follows:
Throughout several centuries preceding the Chris-
tian era, and perhaps one or two centuries following,
there flourished in Central America the great Maya
empire of the Chanes, Culhuas, or Serpents, known
to its foes as Xibalba, with its centre in Chiapas at or
near Palenque, and with several allied ca})itals in the
surrounding region. Its first establishment at a re-
mote ])eriod^^ w^as attributed by the })eople to a being
called Votan, who was afterwards worshiped as a god.
AVhother such a person as Votan ever had an actual
existence; who, or what he was; whence, or how, or
among what peo[)le the civilization attril)uted to him
was introduced we can only form vai>ue conjectures.
America was certainly ])eoj)led before tlie Votanic
era. and that most likely bv civilized as well as savage
tribes, but pre- Votanic nations have left absolutely no
recoid."' IVrhaps the most reasonable conjecture is
tliat the A^otanic power was of gradual growth, at
liist humble and subordinate, but constantly increas-
ing, oNercoming, absorbing, succeeding other i)owers
us otliers in later times succeeded, absorbed, and over-
came it. The Votanic institutions can only be known
l»y the traces they may be supposed to have left in
those of the later Maya nations. The ])re\ailing lan-
guage was doubtless either the Afaya, the Tzendai, or
»' AlHMit lOfX) B. C. by Ordonez, and 95.") H. ('. by the Codox Cliimal-
]iii|H.i a. nil' the only detiiiite dates ;,'iven for this establislinient.
'■' ISiiisscur, Hi.sf. Xiit. Cii'., toni. i., ]>. 44, speaks of cyehipean ruins in
'I'li.ral AiiM-rica left by civili/ed nations ])r('iHMiin<f or conteniiiorary with
tliu-'' iiiiiciii;f w iioni \'otaii introdiK'ed his cnllnre; but liiis is piirely iina;,'-
iiiii \ ; there are ruins wiiieh may ante-dale tiiee|in(h in iiuestinn, but none
tn wiiic h there is any good reason for assigniny .-o great an antiquity.
m
232
THE niE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
a mother-tongue from which these as well as the
Quiche, Cakchiquel, and others of the same linguistic
family, have sprung; although it is not unlikely that
the empire enihraced some nations speaking other
laniruaufes. From its centre in the Usumacinta rey^icjii
the Votanic power was gradually extended north-
westward towards Anahuac, where its subjects vaguely
appear in tradition as Quinames, or giants. It als>
penetrated north-eastward into Yucatan, where Zani-
na was its reputed founder, and the Cocomes and Itzas
probably its subjects. In other regions where its in-
fluence was doubtless felt it seems to have left no
definite traces.
Much of our knowledge respecting the original
Maya empire is drawn from the traditions of a rival
power. It is not quite certain even that any of the
ruined temples or palaces in the central region were
entirely the work of the ancient people before tliey
came under Naliua influences; the differences loted
in the monuments referred to suggest the effects uf
such influences exerted in different degrees.™ The
Maya empire seems to have been in the heiglit of its
prosperity when the rival Nahua power came into
prominence, perhaps two or three centuries l)efore
Christ."* The origin of the new people and of the
93 It may he well to <i;ivc hero the conclnsions of M. Violli't-lc-Duc, tlie
distiii^^uislied Freiicli (ircliitci't, respect in;; tliese ruins and their Imil k'rs,
ivlth<)u;<li they carry tlie matter hacK to tiie question of orij,'in, and conso-
(luently beyond tiie sphere of this chapter, i'liis author's conchisioiis iire
]irofessediy based on an examination nf material monuments, but were
doubtless much atl'eeted, l>ke those of other late writers, iucludinj,' myself,
by the study of Urasseur's works.
The whole continent was peopled with wild tribes of yellow bbiod fmm
Asia via the nortli-west at a very remote jieriod. About 1(MM> H. ('., tiic
Cnlhuas, a ndxecl race of black ami white Idood ajipeared from thcea^t ami
introduced ai,'riculturc and a sli}j;ht de;;ree of civilization. Soon after tlie
C'ulhuas, the Nahuas a])))eared, a white race coming; fnmi the north of I'.n-
roj>e via the Mi.ssissippi Valley, Florida, and West Indies, in su((cs>ivo
mi;,'rations. I'aleii(|ue was built by the yellow races under a stron;: iiillii-
<'nce of the Culhuas and a very sli;,dit Nahua inlluence; the cities of \wii-
tati were built when the Nahuas had con(iuere<l their rivals and the iiitlii-
ence of the white race had l>ccome predominant; Mitla owes its ori;,'iii tnii
still more recent period, and was built by a mi^^ratinj; tribe in wliicli tlic
yidlow blood seems to have predominated. Viollcf-lc-Ihc; in C/innnni,
Jtiiiiic.'i A iiirr.
«* A ilocumeut, for the authenticity of which even Urasseur dc liiiur-
GEXEllAL CONCLUSIONS.
233
rival
.f tlie
were
they
,K)ted
cts of
The
f its
into
)oibre
)t" the
)iic, the
mil Uts,
coiiso-
oiis iiro
lit wfie
iiiysolf,
0(1 from
('., the
I'li^t aii'l
~~|fur tlio
|i of Kii-
lccfs>ivc
inllii-
|f YiK'a-
lie iiillii-
^ill \n 11
liicli tlu"
\lKiri"iiJ,
lu r>our-
now institutions is as deeply shrouded in mystery as
is that of their predecessors, althoujj^h the nature of
the institutions themselves is well known to us in a
later and douhtless somewhat modified state of de-
vilnpinent. The language of the nations among
-wliich these institutions were first estahlislud was
(Ii)uhtless the Nahua, or old Aztec. The Plumed
Serpent, known in different tongues as Quctzaleoatl,
(lueumatz, and Cukulcan, was the being who tradi-
tionally founded the new order of things. The
Nahua po\.«'r grew up side by side with its Xibalban
])iv(lecessor, having its capital Tulan a])parently in
Chiapas. Like the Maya power, it was not confined
to its original home, but was borne by the Olmec
colonies towards Aniihuac, where it came in contact
with that of the Quinames; and in the persc^n of
Cukulcan it penetrated the peninsula of Yucatan to
eXvirt its influence upon the Itzas and Cocomes. The
two powers sec ai not to have been on unfriendly
terms at firsf. In fact there is much reason to sus-
j)ect that their respective institutions did not (lifter
radically, and that their rivalry developed into o])en
liostility only after the Nahuas had succeeded in in-
tnjdueing their ideas among so many Maya nations,
and in reducinii: to a life of civilization so manv wild
trihes, that they had acquired a balance of political
power. For it is certain that, whatever may have
heen true of the Maya culture, the Nahua institu-
tions and power were by no means confined to nations
of tiii Xahua language, and that some of the leading
itioii.^ wiiich accepted the Nahua ideas of religion
iiid govei'nnient s})oke other and even Maya tongues.
The stru ^le on the part of the Xibalbans seems to
li.' e been that of an old cftete monarchy against a
; ling and progressive people. Whatever its cause,
liiiiir;: ilcclincs to vouch, d. s tlio first appcarancp of the Naliuas at '270 I?.
I', 'riic alilie tliiiiks that o\t'iit was ]irohah!y diiriii;,' tlic cfiiturv licforo
eiirist; Imt h(>, it must ho rcincnihered, iici'cpts tlic ooiuinj; of (,tui'tzal-
ci'iitl and his folhiwt'is and tlie introduction of a new civilization literally.
Hat. X,it. Civ., toni. i., p. 101.
2U
THE PKE-TOLTEO ViiuiOD.
HI
tlio result of the coiKjiiust Avas tlio ovurtlirow of tlic
Votuiiic monaivlis at ji date whicli may l>o a[)j)i(»\i-
luatoly fixed within a century oefore or after the
1)01^1 1 uiinL*" of our era.'''' From tliat time the ancient
em[)ire disappears from traditi(.iial history, and tlicic
is no conchisive evidence tiiat tlie Xihalhan kin^s or
tlieir descendants ever renewed the struggle. Vit
wo read of no great destruction or enshivemeiit or
migration of the Chanes resulting from the Xaliua
victorv. The result was only a change of dviiastv
accompanied hy the introduction of some new featuivs
in govermnent and religious rites. The old ci\ iliza-
tion Avas merged in the new, and practically lost its
identity; so much so that all the many nationalities
that in later times traced their origin to this central
region were ]»roud, whatever tlieir language, to claim
relati(»nshi[) with the suci jssful Nahuas, whose insti-
tutions they had adopted and whose power they had
shared.
Ive;-i})ccting the ensuing period of Nahua greatness
in ( \'iitrid America nothing is recorded save that it
ended in revolt, disaster, and a general scattering nf
the tribes at sonie pei'iod jirohahly pret'cding the lit'th
centuiy. 'J'lie national names that appear in connec-
tion with the closing struggles arc the Toltecs, Cliiehi-
mecs. Quiches, Xonohualcas, and Tiitul Xius, none of
them a])pai'ently identical with the Xihalhans. In-
deid there seems to he very little reason to suppose
that this final struggle was a renewal of the old e<Mi-
ti.;st hetween the followi'rs of Votan and Quet.'.aloiatl,
although i)rasseur ue .Iji>url.ourg seems inclined to
take that view of it; hut a serii'S of civil wars iie-
tween rival Xahua tribes, or tribes that had aceei'tiil
X^ahua government, seems rather to have been tl,e
agency that brought about their final forced migra-
tions. Of the subsecpient history of the nations that
"' 1 liiul nil Miitliitrity fur nrnsstMir dc niiiiil;inir;,''s u|iiiii>)M iIimI lln' iiH
(if Xiliiilliii iiicrfdcil till' HiimI Ncjilti'i'iii;; of llii" Niiliiiu iiutiiins \i\ niily i'\x
I'l'iMiiiy.
CiENERAL CONCLUSIONS.
235
fi I Lilly remained masters of their central liomo noth-
ing- is known; it niay be conjectured tliat the Tzen-
(lalcs and Chiai)anecs found l)y the Spaniards in that
]iiiit of the country were their somewhat deg'encrate
(Irsrrndants. Of the tribes that were successively
(IrCcnted and forced to seek new homes, those that
;-|i()ke the Maya dialects, alth-jugh considering;' them-
M Ives Nahuas, seem to ha^ e settled chielly in the
^(lutli and east.'*" Some of them afterwards rose to
L;i(;it prominence in Guatemala and Yucatan, and
thrir annals will form the subject of future chap-
ters. The Xahua-speakiny tribes as a rule established
tlicniselves in Anahuac and in the western and north-
v.istern })arts of ^Me.^ico, as their companion tribes, the
Oliiiecs and Xicalancas, had already established them-
selves in the south-eastern re,n'ion. The valley of
^bxico and the country innnediately adjoining- soon
became the centre of the Nahuas in ^lexico; its his-
tniy or that of the nations that successively rose to
jiower there, will be continued in the following" chap-
ter.
Vvoxn this epoch of se]>aration in Chiapas the
Miiyas of the south and the Nahuas of the north,
wei'o practically distinct peo[)les, as they ha\e been
ciiiisidered in the preceding' volumes of this work.
At the (late of separation all were in a certain sense
Nalma nations, ;>nd the Xahuas pro])L'r had doubtless
Iieeii considerably affected l»y tlu.' ancient ]»e(iple>
wlioiii they had overcome or converted, and with
wlmiii they hail so lonu' associated: —hence the analo-
.uies that appear between the institutions and moiiu-
iiieiits of the north and south. < )f the contrasts that
iil>o appear, some date back to original dill'erences be-
tween the two rival powers; others ri-sult from devel-
"I'lneiit and progress in diU'ereut paths, during the
'"' till/I'd y Ticri'n, Giuiirn/iii, pp. I'JS-!), iinl;.'('H frimi llic (icniiii'iiri' nf
NiliiKi iKiiiii'H ii, (iiialciiialii liitit iiiiticiiis sju'akiii;.'' Naliiiii smti' I'm iiicily
I'". It'll iliiTt', ainl were oNcrrunn' <'iilii'r liy Slav a-spcakiii;;- (rilirs ilial llicy
li 1 in till' ciaiiitiy, in' liy otlu'ii llial iii\aili'i( llic cmiiitiy at'tcr llniii,
236
THE PKE-TOLTEC PERIOD.
[
I
ten centuries that elapsed before the coining of the
Spaniards.
Bradford, Squier, Tylor, Viollet-le-Duc, Bartlett,
and Miiller,"''' may be mentioned with Brasseur dr
Bourbourg among the authorities wlio i)racti('all\
agree with tlie conchisions expressed above, at kast
so far as the southern origin of the Nahua culture is
concerned. It is true that the Abbe Brasseur's gen-
eral conclusions difl'er in many points from those tliat
I have given; that his opinions expressed in dift'eri iit
works and even in different parts of tlic same work
differ most perplexingly from each other; that his
theories in many of their details rest on foundatiitns
that seem purely imaginary; that his style, while
fascinating to the general reader, is most confusing to
the student; and that his citations of authorities uiv
often inaccurate; — yet he must be regarded as the
true originator of the views advanced in this cliaptrr,
inasmuch as tlie material from whicli tliey are buih
\\\) was largely tlie fruit of his investigati(^)ns, and lii>^
researches have done more than those of all otlicr
writers combined to throw light on primitive Aiiiti-
icaii history.
'■'"' Aiiirrik>nii>irfii' l'rri'li(j!niirn. y\. r)2-(. Some of those writers, li"v
over, lielieve stroii;;iy in a niijirjilioii of trihes from the iiortii, altliiHi;jli
attributing' tiio Ntiluui culture to the south.
CHAPTER TV.
THE TOLTKC I'EllIOD.
Tm. Naih A OrcrPATioN of Mexico i\ tiik Sixth and Seventh Cen-
il Kli:S — ('(.NDITIDN OK ANAUrAt'— THE MlXCOHlAS AM) CHKIII-
MKc CiLHiAs- The Tcd/rEcs at Tii^axcinoo and Toi.i.an— Estaii-
I.ISIIMEN r (IK A MoNAUfllY ANO CHOICE OK A KiNO, 710-720 A. I).—
KlMIIHiMS (IK ClI.lirACAN AND (^UAfllTITLAN- THE TEOAMOXTI.I -
I'lti^l'llKIIKS AND ])EATH OK HlEMAN — IJlKTH OK Ql ETZALCOATh -
I'lUNDAl'ION OK THE K.MI'IIIE, SoC), A. D. -ALLIANCE BETWEEN I't I.-
niACA.N, OTOMI'AN, and ToEEAN IvKKiN oK Tol'lI.TZIN ("KACAII,
(^M KTZAIAOATL AT TOEI.AN — KXCESSES OK IflE.MAC II., OK TecI'AN-
« Ai.TZiN—XocHrri-, the Kino's Mistuess— Fi-ekieement ok tiii;
l'i:til'MK.r's I'liEDKTIONS -TOVEVO'S ADVENTIUES I'EAtiCEH SEN l'
I I'liN iiiK Toi.TEcs— Famine and 1'estii.en( e- IJEKiN ok Acxrn.,
(IK i'dl'll.TZIN DeHACCHEHY OK KlN(i, NoilI.ES, AND PltlKSTS—
TdKI.NS OK ItlVINE AVUATII — FoKEUiN IN VADEltS— FiN AE ItVEIi-
TllltoW OK THE TOETEC FMI'IKE.
Tlu' sixlli and sovoiitli conturios of our era saw tlu;
Naluia |)()\ver, rcpivsciitt'd hy tlu' vai'ious Tollcc ('lii-
'liliiiic trilics, traustbnvd IVom C'ciitral .Viiierica to
i!i<' Mt'x'u'an plateaux, witli its ci'iitro about the lakes
if the \alley. The ^'eneral natiii'e of this tr.'Uist'e'r \V(!
iiiiy c(iin|treheMd tVoin whiit has been said in tlie |»i'e-
''I'lliii'^' chaiiter; of its tie'tails we know Utile oi' iioth-
iM.;'. Ivich ti'ihe that rose to national proniinenee
ill Aiiiiliiiae durino'tiiu succeedinof centuries, preserNrd
a sum, what vaouc traditi(»nal memory of its ))ast his-
'"IV, which took the form in every ease of a loni*' mi-
-I'laiiiiii from a distant land. In each uf these records
' IS
) lift
238
THE TOLTEC PEIllOD.
there is pr )1 ably Jin allusion to the original southeiu
ein[)ire, its disruption, and the consequent tribal scat-
tering: but at the same time most of the events tliiis
reccjrded relate apparently to the movements of pai'-
tieular tribes in and about Anjihuac at periods long
subset pient to the original migration and innnediatcly
})receding the final establishment of eaeh tribe. TIhj
Toltec version of this connnon record has already Itecii
given, down to the establishment of one of the many
exiled tribes — the Toltecs proper — at Tulanciiii^d
just north-east of the valley of Mexico. The aiuials
of other Nahua tribes, the Chichimecs, Nahuatlara>,
Tepjinecs, Acolhuas, and Aztecs — all of ^vhich may
be regarded to a great extent as ditl'erent versions of
tlie same common record — will l)e i)resented in a
future chapter with all their i)articulars, fabulous nr
historical, so far as they have been preserved. TIm'
migi'ations narrated may all be supposed to date bark
to a common beginning, but are ai'ranged by tlii'
authorities chronologically according to the dates nt'
their termination.
We' have seen the Olmec tribes established 1'ni-
sevt'ral centuries on the enstern plateaux, or in tli''
tcrritorv now constitutinuf the states of J^uebla ami
Tlascala. Cholula was the Olmec ca]>ital, a. Houri.'-l-
ing city celebrated particidarly for its lofty })yraiiii(l
crowned witli a magnificent temple Iniilt in holier d'
Quetzalcoatl. Teotiiuiacan within tlie valley of Aiiil-
liuac had lon.g been as it long contimied to be tlie n -
ligious centre of all the Nahua nations, }{v\v. kiii;_;>
iind i)riests were elected, ordained, and buried. H itln i'
Hocked pilgrims from every direction to consuU lli'
(d'aclcs, to worship in the tempkfs of tlu' sun and niodii,
and to place sacrifu'iid ofiV-rings on the altars of tluir
deities. T\\o sai-red city was ruled by tlie longliairiil
priests of the Sun, faujous for their austerity and t'"r
their wisdom. Througli the hands of ihese ])rie'^ts. a>
the Spanish writers tell us, yearly offerings w< iv
m.'ide of the first fruits of all their lielils; and v;\rh
AXAIirAC IX THE siXTU
yen
1- at Iiarvest-timo a so],
CEXTFRV.
2S'.)
'lot iiiuittondod bv I
fl... W. • 1 , -^ _
^inn festival
}umnn sacrih"
tl'-SpanishautlKu-itiesi; tW I • ^ '^ *^'"^
^'."'"•••"1 '",a t],e cen-.n.n 1. Ik" ^^'^^-il'tions of T
^vas celebrated,
^t is true tJiat
tl
rr;r"-i-S=
"■."i;»'^t])arfctotJieToltecratb
ir'"<'.''"titha.s been ' ^'
flat this city rose to it.-
Leoti-
«-'»• than the
refer f
Or
f'^^^alluas in Mexico ]
«Gon in tlie preced
position as tlie rel
pi-e-ToItec
of'jlieToltecs, and tl
>'\i,'- before tl
'I'.i,'" <^^li;ij)ter
igions centie
tial rl
ioi;e Ls no evidence of
!<-' appearan
<X'
-gem its priesthood, or tl
civitic rule.^ No national
any essen-
to
altlio
mid
tl
1^' nature of itstl
r'^" 1-pio that; d^riir^":;^,;!^'!'^^
•/.^•'j the Totonacs cl
leo-
ion
i»e
fore tl
^'•acan at this period
'ilics.
■H-y were dri\
C
ancas, Tot
""1 to have l)uilt tl
'o i)yra-
o<vu|.ied by Xical
3-<tin^ whom Jittie mor;;;;::;;^;^
•^"tirliward in ' ""^^"anth
<'>'!(1 Za|iot
ecs.
The ()t
";^'-' pnniitive Jiisto
ijaca Avero aln
^''1' names is I
CCS, re-
"ntis, a vei
^«Iy settled the M
iviiown.
i"V Js
y nunierouf
izt
ecs
altoo'et'her nnk
"""idilio- nu.n..f..,-..„ . . -l '^^ ^^^
J>co])le,
Known, ocen-
nioiintain
"I'l "oith-west, Tl
^'XK'o, and tl
niii's 111
'aiti(*ii]
M
J'artienlarly toward tl
it-Tc were doubtl
':Hr-;7;:i:-'"«'-^^>^;i
nortl
;;rv'i'^-^^^^""^tfn.inti
' and west, which tril
suit
Uv\\
rrtvd
u; most desirabl,. J
'-v-<..ne.vb;;r"'r'f'^;'i*'^'-^'''j'vc
lii.storv." '' l.nt such tnbes have^left
ic snr-
10 north
•^'■^•s many ,,ther
niu Jiatioiis came
'cs Were
ocations.
i^ilized by tl
10
no traces i
n
D
"•'"o the sixth, and seventi
';■'/''/'^ //;,./. ^.,
I c'entiiries w^
^■I'vnluics ila
! '""'irl,,,!,,.!
''■'». V\,.,|,
'.\ir
l;ir
>if. .1/,/, (
nuisfc
""''-/V'^-;/7;:;j;'':'i"^.'
' CM iili'l
il t.'llill
as V,. I,
'.i"H(.i /■•„,.,„, Y
'•"IIH sill. It,,,
'iliiriizijii
•■'(».
'/'"'. '|:i(
' V.r
'"•'•" ii l..s|'ii,.|,l
ll IIClli.iisc ,.| (
' 'ii^tiiicioii
''• ««'r\i(l(, ,1
'.'/"". Hist. (.
iiiliil.aii I
'llllllll |,,s
|wiii,'i|,),li.s V
"'<\i'tiii()M.' ]i,',f
\C|
IimI
l<' IIIIOS
lilM llcllui.s.
;ii iliis
III
'11., 1(1
>sriir ,.i(,,,s 'J
""•'T..<li'lilllnN ,!,, j
"• iii., I
^•. I'. HI
''■'■'•'I, <iiiu Ii„s
"'■'"lll'N. M.lllV
'iifiiu, 1,1,
l.'lllll.
.SllCII-
". I". 4:
II'S \\
'''i'i<l (if siiK
"'■'{'"■iii.ida ,111,1 /)
lit' i'l'liiiiaiils iif
•"'■ Veil (iiija
'•iivaN .s(.|ii||.
Ma.' ,V„.
"run ,is aiill
i"i"i(i('N f,ir 1 1
!•■!: imtliii
;;::/''''7-i..tv(.i;;;:, .;;•;; vuin,uu..s, ,.,,,,■;,;:
K' l'\iM((.|,
'"'I' HaVll.ri)
ICO
"«-"^-.i/i,;;';;u;ii,'i-:""i..o,.ntea
" (
240
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
I
iiuao-inc Aiuiliiuic and tlie adjoining territory on tlio
north and west, for a l)road but unknown extent, as
being gradually occupied by numerous Naliua nations
of varying power and numbers and of varying de-
grees of civilization. Some were originally or soon
became in their new homes wild hunting tribes, pow-
erful but rude, the terror of their neighbors; others
settled in the fertile valleys, lived by agriculture, aiul
retained much of their original culture. The nioiu
powerful nations, probably the most advanced in cult-
ure as well, established themselves in and about thu
valley of Mexico, where their ca])itals were soon flour-
ishing cities, and where all branches of abt)riginal ait
received more attention than elsewhere and were cin-
respondingly developed. These central peoj)les ln--
came known, perhaps at once, but more probably at u
later date, as Toltecs, a name which, whatever its
original derivation and signification, became synony-
mous with all that is .vklllful and excellent in art. Cii
the other hand the outside Nahua nations, manv < f
which had lost in their new life sonietliing of the tniu
Nahua polisli, and all of whom were regarded luoic
or less as l)arbarians by their more favored brotlkis
of the lake shores, were from this time known iis
Chichimecs, whatever may have been the original
ap])lication of that name.
It has been remai'ked that little or nothing is
known of the events that occuri'ed during these twn
centui'ies, during which the whole western sectieii ef
the ct)untiy came into possession of numennis Naliu.i
tribes, as the eastern section had done long lid'oiv,
and as the whole country remained down to tin'
Spanish C\)n(piest; for there is little evidence ot' any
sul)se(juent nugrations from or into ^[exico. Ixtlil-
xochitl and the Spanish writers, Tonpieniada, A\'taii-
curt, Clavigero, IJuran, Veytia, and the rest, cunliiu
their attention to the Toltecs ])roper, their migration
from lluehue Tlapallan to Tulancingo, wliicli I Iiavr
already narratetl, their subsecpient removal to Tollaii,
T^ilE MIXCOHUAS.
tlk' estal)]lshnieiit of fl '
--ion of their tings. aTLTT^J' ''^"^ ^^'^ «He-
alii;'.! capitals, ii^^'' ^^^^^ ^ "^ ^-'^'^^^ "-
fim s iM tJie Cod.., C/nZnoL^''7^'r^' ^^^^^-^'ver,
an<l the J/..,o>-/«/ dei^^C^ '' ''"^^' ^^""^'-^ *<,•'
^^"•""••I'>^-ic record in the N- n , I '"^'^^'^^^ •'^^■"^■'Ja;
'''•'•<:;"'t of some of the other t.-^'^V^^'^'^' '' •^''"^''t
Analu.ac at this period p1 "'" ^^^'^^ ^^tth. in
^''-V'^'^^-ToIteciTT;! r ^tT" 'V^"^ ^'•^^••''''-''-
-V''.^' ^•'''^'^' '•^"thoritiestr"tl.e wlTl ^r/^""'"-"^'^
•'"xi sn.ce neitlier of tJiem I. '^f ^^^^^'^' ]»^''io.l
-^''-^•,-n.ains bul ^ e^^ T^^" '^^^ 1-Mi«lied;
theal.be.^ The Mivr./] ^ ^ *^^^' version o-iven hv
T n P^^'scnt tlienise ves hofM,... +i ^.'•'^•'^cala,
/^"tiliuacan to receive tJidt .-^ . ^^'^ J'^"^^'«ts of
';''-'''.^ot'tlieSun.' k h ' T''^/*^^ •'^"^^ ''-'""'o
■It tlio sacred cJtv f], '^'^"'^'^« to the vows take.. .,f
\-' .t tornict to tL ol 7i, ,f'.'; ';""'. )'-v«i ,,t
'"■',';'•"'",'".?; but the firs Inn,! -A r''' '■""""•'«"!
'"'^'"r -"il-'lucd and forced o r, "'./\f'-'^"'l'"H» weru
™>'-™l."S Imt kindred bands f?:,"'," ""' "'' ' 'l'^''-
IH. hist .poeh of Nal,ua oe" n- I '-^'"■''""«'»- Tl.us
;.v„ ,,,,„, """'^■'' '» '"o,st i,ro,Hincnt,
F.^^H;i!rSii '!"■'"• ^'^'i;^:;:;;:'^^^
V,,,. v; l"i". a tulure n„(u uf ihi. .;, ,,,""'"" '""^ "'"">k .Sec.
V ■*«
212
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
toj^etlior with those of Xiiilinel and Miniioli, wlio
dutbat tlie (^liriecs at Huitzilapan. The iiinted hnnds
under Mixcohuatl are known in the tradition as ( lii-
chiniec Culhuas, the founders of the city of Culhua-
cau on the lake sliore, wlio in a period of sixteen
years— from G70 to G80, acfordinijf to the authoi-itits
— became masters of nearly the whole reunion south and
east of the lakes." At about the same time the ]>i(»v-
iiice of Quauhtitlan, 'land of forests,' north-west of the
lakes, seems to have been occupied by another ( lii-
cliimec nation —for all are known in the traditions as
Chichimecs whenever they are alluded to as coming'
from without the valley, but become q'ood Toltecs as
soon as they acquii'o a degree of power within its
limits. Chicon Tonatluh, 'seven snns,' is named as
the leader of this nation, and tlie chief cities of the
province were Huehuetocan, 'cky of old men,' and
Macuexhuacan, 'city of necklaces.'
^leanwhile the exiles from Hiiehue Tlapallan weic
tarryiniL*" at Tulanciiig'o, where tlu^y lad arrived tn-
Avard the end of the seveiitli century,'' and where cnii-
trary to the advice t»f their prophet Hueman, il' we
may credit the tradition — weaiy with their lon^' wan-
derini^'s, they lived from sixteen to twenty years in a
house which they bnilt sufficiently laruce to ac<'oinn-
date them all. Dui'inu' their stav they sent out nar-
ties to make settlements in the adjoininiif territoiv. ;is
had been their custom wherever they had stoppid
in their lonix minration. Fimdly thev listened to tlu'
counsels of the venerable Hueman, and, still uniler the
* Tn ndditmn in Uio two (lomnicnts rpforro I to. ram.artrn, Ifi.t/. '/'/>'./.,
in \(iiin //r.s Aiiii((/r.'i (/is !'(<//., IS-i;}, toiii. xcviii., )). 14"), Iiuh tlif I'lillciwiii;.',
wliit'li iiiiiy refer tii tlie iiii,uriitiiiii of tins eaiiiest liraiii'h of llie Nalui.i
)ieo]iles; 'acconliii},' to tlieir a<'i'(niiit, it was in live 'I'oelitii that ilievm-
rivfil at tlie Seven Caves. 'I'lieuee tliev went to .\niai|Ueteiiei', llit'ii tn
Ti'lieiiec, or Eelm Mountain, wliere Miliiiitziclii (Miiiiieli) killeil l/|ia|.alM;l
Avitli his liow ami arrows. Ni'xt tliey ]iasseil to tlie ]iroviiiee of 'i'lHiialliiii,
wliieli lliey eomiiiered after a ion;; war, to Cnlliiiaea'.i, to 'I'eotia ('orliiialrn,
and to 'I'eolmiznahnac wlieie tliey wislied to shoot Cohiiatlieue, (|IH('Ii nt
that provinee; hut they made jieaee with her. She married .Mim niniail
Aniaeohtie and hy him liad a son (.'olehaeovatl [iirohably liuet/.aicoail].
' See note on ji. 213 for <liites.
FOUNDATION OF ToLLAN.
213
ed to-
if wo
>• wan-
in ii
•conio-
it I'ur-
|Ory, ;is
to the
\vv the
J'lllNl"illr.
|u' N;iliii'i
ihi'V 111-
llii'ii t'l
|/,>;il.al"ll
r,iiiiiiiiiiii,
i|\u m I't
lix.dlnuul
Icoiill]-'
comniuiul of their seven eliiefs, transferred tlieir homo
to Xocotitlau on the river Quetzalath since called Tula,
Tullanatl, or ]\[ontezuiua, where they founded the city
ot' Tollan,'* where now stands the little village of Tula,
alidiit thirty miles north-west of the city of Mexico,
Accordini'' to Brasseur the Otomi city that stood here
before the coming of the Toltecs was called Mamheni.
It cnnno*^ l»e suj)posed that the ( )tomis yielded u])
tlu'ir lertile valley to the strani»-ers without a. struiJi-^K';
liut the relation of this strn_n;^le like that of many a
sulisoquent one in which the Toltecs must have en-
gii,n'cd in order to establish and maintain their })ower,
seems to have heeii intentionally omitted in the
native annals as I'ecorded hy the Si)anisli writers.
Dm'inuf the first six years of their stay in the
valley of the Quetzalatl, the Toltecs gave their
attention to the building of the new city, and the
careful cultivation of the surrounding lands; at least
stirli is the account given l)y Ixtlilxochitl and those
wliii have followed him; but, according' to l)rasseur's
inttipretation, they s})ent the six years in the con-
(jnest of the province and siege of the ancient city
wliieli they re-named Tollan. TTp to this time the
exiles from Hueliue Tlapallan had lived under the
roinniand of the rebel princes C'halcaltzin and '^J'la-
caniilitzin with their five comi)anio".s acting as chiefs
of tile different families,^ but all !'..cting under the
(lireetions of JIueman the prophet. The great age
atti'il)uted to both ])rophet and chiefs, who for over
a et'ntury at the least had directed the wanderiny's of
tlieir people, does not, of course merit serious dis-
'^ \U< written Tula, Tiiliui, Tulla, Tiillan, ami Tiillia.
'^ I'lialcat/iii. 'I'larainilitziii, t'lii'catl, ( uliiiat/iiii, .MaziiciihuatI, Tla
liuilA jiiiil Unit/. I'ljitiii, toiM. i., |). '207- Cliaicat/in, Afatl, Ki'c
CoiiuMtziii, Ma/ac(iliu:itl Otziiilu'iiliiiatl, 'J'laiiallmiz, and Unit/. /./■///
<'hi'l. p. :i',i,'{. Zara, Clialcatzin, Keatzin, ColinaziMi, Tzilinacidiuatl
liiiluM't/iitzin, and Mctzohziu. 1<I., \\. 450. Tlardniihini or .Vcafl, Clial
ulniiiitz, .VviM'all, Coatznn, Tziuhcoatl, Tlaiialliuitz, and lliiilz. lil.,
'.'(1(1-7. T/acall, Clialcatzin, Ehei'atziii', Culiuatzdii, Tziliuuc-Ctdmatl,
lialiiii'izotzin, and Mt'tzotzin. Tiir'/iiiiiKii/ii, tmn. !., ii. H7. 'J'zacatl, '1
'ill/ill, I'.iln'calziii, ("idiiialzon, Tcziliiiaccdalintl, I'laiialnn'Zidtzin,
Mcl/iilziu. iloliiriiti, ill J)oc. Hi.s(. Mcc, miiie iii., toni. iv., p. '-'30.
|ial-
atl,
/.ro.
I'la-
clii-
i.p.
I'l.i-
rla-
tllul
244
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
cussion, since it cannot be literally accepted. The
most natural, yet a purely conjectural, interpretation
of the tradition is that a line or family of chiel'taiiis
is represented by its founder or by its most famous
member; and that by Hueman is to be understood
tlie powerful priesthood that ruled the destinies of
the Toltees, from the earliest days to the fall of tlitjr
emjHre. The government was a theocratic re])u1)lir,
each chief directing the movements of liis baud in
war and, so far as such direction was needed, in
peace, but all yielding, through fear of the gods or
veneration for their representatives, implicit oheili-
ence to the counsels of their spiritual leader in all
matters of national import. But in the seventli year
after their arrival in Tollan, when the repuhlic was
yet in a state of peace and prosperity, undistmlicil
bv foreign or internal foes, the chiefs convened an
assembly of the heads of families and the leadiiiL;
men. The object of the meeting was to efloct a
change in the form of their govermnent, and tn
establish a monarchy. The motive of the leaders, as
represented by the tradition, was a fear of futuro (lis
turl)ances in a commonwealth governed by so many
independent chieftains. They recommended tlie elec-
tion of an absolute monarch, offering to surreii(Kr
their own power and submit to the rule of whatovrr
king the people might choose. The members of the
convention a('(|uiesced in the views of the chiel'taiiis.
and a])])r()ved the proposed change in their Ibiiii of
government. An election being next in order, a
majority expressed their preference for one of tin;
seven chiefs to occupy the new throne.
At this stage of the proceedings Hueman ad-
dresses the meeting; though entertaining the liiL;lK'>t
opinion of the character, ability, and patriotism of tin.'
candidates proposed, he deems it his duty to ojiposo
their election. He reminds the people that the main
object of the projiosed change was to secure a inaci -
able and independent possession of their new couiitiy;
A MONARCHY ESTABLISHED.
that flio Cliicliiinccs liad pursued and already caused
tlit'in much trouble; that nuich was to he i'eaivd tVoni
tlkir confirmed hostility; that their toes were not far
distant, and would very likely invade the coiuitry at
ii() very distant day. He reeommended as the most
ctlicicnt means of avoiding future strife, that an em-
lia>sy with rich presents be sent to the Chichimeo
iiKJiiarch, asking for a son or other near relative who
should he crowned king' of the Toltecs. An express
stijiulation must, however, be rc([uired on the })art of
the ( hichimec king that the Toltecs shoidd ever he a
perfectly free and independent peojilc, owing no allegi-
ance whatever to the Chichimecs, although the two
jiuwers would enter into an alliance for nuitual defense
and assistance. The advice of the aged and venerated
counsellor was of course accepted without objection; in
i'iict, as pictured by the Spanish writers, Toltec history
is for the most })art but a record of sage counsels of
uise rulers cheerfully acquiesced in by an appreciative
and obliging people. Ambassadors of the highest
rank, laden witli gifts of value, were dispatched by the
shoitest routes to the court of Huehue Tla|)allan — -
notwithstanding the im})lied vicinity of some Chichi-
niec nations — where Icauhtzin^'' occupied the throne.
Thi' mission was entirely successful. The second son
of the king, still a young man, whose name in his own
couiitiy is unknown, was with the required stipula-
tions, hroiight back by the end)assy and ci'owned at
Tollan under the name of Chalchiuh Tlatonac," 'shin-
ing' precious stone.*
The yoiMig king, by reason of his fine ])ers(inal ap-
licaraiice, his character, intelligence and amiabilitv,
'" liili/rnrhiff. Cnlloil also Acliciviilitziii, C'alirrni, 7^<(itrri,p. 0."). Icoat-
ziii, Vriifi,,^ tdiii. i., |), ;{()1.
" I'l'iitKiiiKidii, toiii. i., ]). XI; Clitviiirro, toni. i., it. 127; Itrc/i.snir dr.
I'i'iii-li'iii.y, Hist. Xnt. i'lr., toiii. i., |i. 215. ('liiilrliiiililliiiit'tzin, tir Clial-
ilii:ilill,iliiiiiic. Vriitiii, toiM. i., jm. 233, ;i(ll. ClialcliiiilitlaiiiU'xt/iii, l.illil-
■■■"■Ifi'/. |i. ;iit;{. 'rialcliiiilitlaiii'Izin. Jlnliiriiii, i'l J>or. Hist. Mix., soiic
iii.. tiHii, iv., ji. 2.30. Ixtlilxdcliill sei'ins to imi)l,v, in aiiotluT iiait of iiis
^wiiiiiL-^, IIIhI. C/iii'/i., p. 2(t7, lliat tlu' kiiij; was clioscii anion;,' tlii' ToltciH
iliriii-ilvcs. This Sr I'iincntel, in Jh'rr. I'ln'i:, toni. x., ]). ('(Il, (lecnis
mill h inmv probalile than tUo course iudicalcil in the other accountH.
J.M
24G
THE TOLTEC TEUIOT).
secMns to have f^reath' })lt.'ase(l from tlio first the jieople
over wlioin he was railed to rule. The events related
above, the settlement at Tollan and the eonnection of
the first kiiiq-, must he attributed to the first ([Uaitcr
of the eiii'lith eenturv, between 710 and 720.'- Jm-
mediately after the accession of the youn_£^ moniucli,;!
law was established by him and his counsellors to the
effect that no kinu;- should reign more than fifty-two
years, but at the ex{)iration of this term should ab-
dicate in favor of his eldest son,*^ whom he niinlit,
liowever, still serve as adviser. Should the ]<.\u<s <lio
l)efore the allotted time had elapsed, it was pi'oNidcd
that the state should be ruled during* the unuxpiivd
term by magistrates (diosen by the ])eoj)le. Jn addi-
tion to tlie iidierent imj)robability of such extraoidi-
nary legislation, it should bo noted that subsequent
events, even as related by Ixtlilxochitl, do not in all
cases asfree with it. Its meanin<>- can oidv be cou-
jectured; it is noticeable, hovever, iliat the time
allotted to each reign was exactly a cycle of lifty-two
years, and it is not altogether ludikidy that a custmii
prevailed of alluding in the pictured annals to luh
cycle by the name of the most famous king wIium;
reign fell witliin the i>eriod. 'J'he next event, juid tin,'
onlv one narticularlv recorded in the i-eiiiu of rii.il-
chiuh Tlatonac, was his marriage, liealiziiig tlu.'
importance of providing for heirs that the (lyiiasty
might be perpetuated, he left the choice of a wile en-
tirely to his subjects, much to their satisfaction, as in-
dicating a desii'e on the })art of royalty to ])leasc tin'
})eople. The choice I'ell upon a beautiful daug'i!' r ' t'
Acapichtzin. The latter had himself been a favdi';
candidate Ibr royal honors when a kingdom was lii t
pi'o[)osed, and was thus rewarded by seeing h\>
daughter raised to the dignitv of first Toltec (luccn.
12 r)03 111- .")!() Ill- .")()!) or .">.'»(•.. TxHilxiichiH. 7()l>, ot son. 7'n/</
71.1-1'.). Viijlin. r.iassotirhiis 71S. ()7<>, I't hco. J//(//i
Li
Mil
itiiiiiiii"
11' aiiiliiii*
tios au'fci' oil 7 Acall as tlic <lalt' of the cstublisliiiiciit of the kiiigiloin
C'la\ i.m'id intiTpivts tlic date a^ lii;7.
'■'See vol. ii., \\. 1 !().
;vi>
Ill 1^1 ;
! the
li;il-
llu:
lastv
(• ni-
ls 111-
(• ill-'
■d!'. ;
, lir-t
o' ll'b
ilicrll,
K III'"'''
iiutli':i
ii,._'.!<'iu
Tin-: k:n(;i)().m of tollan.
247
Till' < 'liiiL'C, Xioaliinca, and otlicr Toltcc nations liad
voluntarily j^iven their alluoiance to the nionarcli of
Tollan, who rcii^nud long and j)rosjK,i'oMsly lor tif'ty-
Avlieu lie died and A\a.s buried in the ehief
u
two years,
temple in 7 Aeatl, or about 771 A.J)
Thus in the record j)reserved hy the Spanisli
Avritei-s, all partici])ation in the new inojiarehy by
(itlicr (Miichiniec Toltee tribes than those in and
altoiit 'J'ollan, is alto^'ether ignored. The Oluiees and
other pre-Tolteo nations are rejiresented as havini»' vol-
untarily offered their alleo'ianee, new towns founded
I IV <■!>
lonists sent out from Tollan and Tulanein
0()
heeame of course tributary to the new kino(l«»ni, and
it is even admitted that powerful Chichiniec nations
wtit) established not far distant, and were reoaided
with some anxiety in view of probable future events
until the danger was averted by the selection of a
(,'hirhimec ])rince as king, and the consequent trans-
Ibnnation of their rivals into allies. The altseiiee of
any further mention of these allied aiul iriendly na-
tions throughout the whole period of Toltee history
is cLitaiidy most extraordinary, and might be sidH-
tieiit in itself to arouse a suspicion that in the records
tVoni which this account was drawn the kingdom of
Tollan was given unmerited i)i-ominence, while its
allies and rivals were intentionally denied theii- share'
in the glories of the Toltee em])ire. This sus[)iri()u
seems to be to a < jiisiderable extent contirmed by
I' (li)S A. T)., ii("<MinliiiLr ti> LvUilxoi-hHI. y. 4.'0, On the pst!il>li>liiiii'iit of
till'
j\illils
llci's III
1'.
Ian and tiic i'('Il;ii nt ll
lir-t I<
ni;j'.
/-•./, /,,•„■/,///,
lJ V
J/.
iiiijirs Mr.r. Aiifi'/., vol. i\., ]i|i. •ini'i
•irO; \'ii/tiii, lli.if. All/. Mij.. tinii. i., [I
.•{:!( i
'.•-'.•), irwi
.;); I 'I.
ilil Mrs.siru, tiiiii. i., liji. l"_'()-7, tiiiii. iv., ]i|i. 4tl, .")!; SiiIhiiji,
iiriii<rii, Slnriit
Hist.
Inlll. III.
lib,
1'
■'/■/.
liiil., toiii. i., jij). 'XI, '_'.")4; /jo//i
KtC.-l."), 14."), lil.. xi.
I.lni\ |,
P
;fi-.
■/
nrinn iiiiiiiii.
l;!'.l; /./.
h"-. lli.sf. ,]fi:v., si'iio iii., t<iiii. iv., |i. iVii); (iuiiinrii. Cninf. }f .r., fc
:i ,'„/,iiii,, Hi si. I ml in. ■ ' ■ •
'_'".i'.»-
ct
Ill-oil'
M,'.
Iriizlitllri'til. I'll/. )/r Dii
'irrrii, Trufn
toill
]). (!
l>t ii., ]>. 11; Cull
V
rl.
(If Iiiiiirliiiiirif, llisl. \i(f. ('
/'",
I ; /n
r/wr
1/ lii'l-ril, llriiijriifin, ]). l.'?S; /',
'ilt\-i M.
fiiiii. I., |i. ■_'(»<),
-1.!; Miillcr, Ami'rih'iniischr Vrrilliiii
A.
i:.!ii,
). a'»: C/irrii/i.
Ml
1'
!>. r)'_'4; ^f'll/l r'.i .1/. .!•.
ilr,
111
ir-
^^ X., torn, iii., )). 2(1; .'^r/iunlrnif/'s Arr/i.. vol. v., ]>. !t.'); Wiililok,
I'Ht
V
40. ; /',
dcL
I)i
r
toiu. X., [<[>. 010-11.
'- I'.
;- 1
m
218
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
tlio two Xaluia dofuincntM already rufcrrod tn.''
Those authorities relate siil)!stantially the same coiirso
of events as the otli<'r,i, and n-'f'er them to a}))ii(i\i-
mately the same date; they tell us of the orJLiJiial
theoi'ratie re[)ulilie ruled hy independent ehii'ftaiiis
uho were suhordinate to a central sacerdotal powi r;
the determination tinallv reached to adoi)t a inoii-
archlcal form of j^-overnment ; and the choice of a
Iciny", who does not seem to have been one of tlio
tribal chieltains. But they atti'ibute these acts to
se\eral more or less closely allied nations, of which
that established at Tollan was only one, and not the
chief The sacerdotal supremacy attributed to the
l)riesthood of 'I'oUan under the name of Hueinaii,
Avas really exei'cised by the ]iriests of the sun at
Teotili'Micaii ; thei~e were the deliberations held; and
there jdobably did the tii'st king receive the I'itus of
corcjuatioti. The leading" nation in ^Aiiiihuac at tlie
time was that of the Chichimec (Ailhuas under Mi.\-
cohuatl Mazatzin ; those at Tollan and Quauhtitlan.
iiid |)i.'rhai)s others wh
lose name Jias not, i)een jnx
t b
srr\t'(b ""avinn' been less powerful allies. I'he choico
of the chiefs fell upon Nauhyotl, or Nauhyot/in, as
the first 'l\)lti'c kinu', and havino- been crowned prob-
ably at Teolihuacan, he established his capital at
( 'ulhuacan, then, as for a loiin' tinio afti'r tlu me-
tropolis of Anahuac, in II C'alli, or 7'2\ A.j). Of
Naiihyotl's faiiiilv and j>re\ ious rank nothinn' is
known. Whethir he was a, prince liiL'h in r.iiik in
a Ibrci'^n land, identical with the Chalchiuh Tlatonac
of I \t lilxochitl, or, as Urassi-ur conjectures, spruiii;'
iVom the union of a nati\e ]iriiicess of the prt'-Toltcc
tribes and a ( 'hichiniec ('ulliiui chief,
we
means ol <
let
erniiniii'/.
}[
e was tlu
th
lirst,
ia\'e no
as
can
known, to assume the titles TIatoaiii ami
Topiltzin,'" both of wlii^-h endured to the time
'i ('oi/t.r (7iiitlilf/i(i/iiir(i, Miiil Ml iiKifiiif i/>- I'ulhiiiiriin, as I'itccl liv lirii'*'
Bcur di' il(MirlHiiii>'.
"' lit'.s|ii'('tiii;j( tlicsi" titli'SMci' vol. ii., ii|(. lS(i-7, 201, Mil, iii., p. 1111.
KINGDOM OF Ql'Al IITITLAX.
249
Cmiquest, the foriner .signifying 'lord' or 'nionfircli,'
mil! inijdyinLif tlie highest rank in nuitters t('in[)oral,
as the latter in matters s})iritual, eorresj)on(linL;' \v,vy
nearly with that of 'p()})e' in Catholic countiies.
Tlie (lose coni.'oction between clui)-ch and state in all
t]h" Xaiiua nations has heen frecjuently pointi'd out in
tills work; as the Abbe Brasseur s;,ys, "the enij)iro
ami the jiriesthood were one, and the ritual was the
liasfofthe throne. In order to firndy establish the
luiiiiarehy, and ensure the fruits of their coiHiuest.-,
tlir Toltecs must ride not only the Ixtdies but the con
s ill ICC of their subjects. Where persuasion and the
iiii|insinL;' spectacle of religious ceremonies wcn^ of no
avail, \i(ilence and terror wei'e resorti'd to, and insensi-
lly the peoples of Mexico adopted the ci\ ilizat',»n of
tilth' masters togiither with their superstitious ntes.''*''
Ill 72.1 L'hicon Tonatiuh, assumed the title of Tla-
toaiii and became king of Quaulititl;in. probably in
soiiie degree subordinate to the king at C'ulhuacan.
The first nifMition bv these authorities of a king in
Tollaii is to the eti'ect that MixcohuatI Mazatzin was
• alltd to that throne in 7a'_*. ^reantime one nf Mix-
coluiatrs sons, Uiimed Texcatlipocatl, nlterwards dcjtietl
•M Tczc;,tli|ti»cii. liad founded the dominion of Tezcuco,
and aiiotlu-r son, ri,am«-*l like his fatlfr MixcohuatI,
hut
hitter known and ai'f<'r\\ar.ls Woi,-,hii i;d as ( 'amax-
lli, had 'oiitinued the coiKpiests of the Mixcohuas on
the castt.'rn |'Iateaii of Ifuitzilapiii, or Tlascala."* In
"a.'i Chicon Tonatiidi, who had dii'd twi> years before,
was succeeded in (.^uaulit itian by Xiulnicl; the M( w
kill'.'; was nuirde»"ed sooii abcr by his suliifct>. oi- r.M
the haditioii has it, was stabbed tiirouiih the Mm r bv
I" II- si, X,if, Cir., tiHii. i.. p. 'J'.'.">.
'■■ ■< hi i'(':ar<l.i aiiHsi ctimiiir ilf> ijiciix ( 'immxlli' I't 'I'c/iMtliinii'ii (pii \ in-
rrat ill' I'miiili'lil ; iiiiuh rex lnvtcllilUM (licUX ctllil'ilt Mills (jiHIli' ties ciifliiiii.
ti'iir-i iliiilHiliiiiu'H ft iiossfdi'M (111 (li'iiiitii, <|iii |ici'.i'rtiri'iil Imili's its n 'imis,'
<.'iiiii'Ui/ii, llisl. Tfii.i\, in .\'(iHri//i\ Aiiiiiilisili-i I'll/., lsi;t, imii. \r\iii.,
p. I Hi. ' iMicnui jfniiitli's <'a|iiiiiin's csfcii/.iiilns v ciitrc cllcis \(ilriiiwp> Imiii-
lii('>; Jin (jiiiilcs scruii'i'iiroii iMii- ;;iiiilii ii |inr I'm ivii ,ii|iU'llaH l'i(i\ iiicias di'
Mixii' I, 'rci/.i'uci) y 'I'laM'ala, iiivus iiiu|piiiH iiiiliinilcM a lialiilailnrc-. v alio-
ri;ioi('s i-raii la-* ^.'I'litfs ([IK' M' llaiiMii OilioniicN." /,(/,>• Vit.sii.s, llt.\l. Aimlw
yix-i, MS., cai.. r.'L'.
iMi
I*
h
isi
2".0
THE T()i;r''.(j peukjd.
a Uiitlvo WMiimn iu ^vIlo.su ai'iii.s lu.; was sloopiii;''. A
I'ovolt I'ollovvcd, \>y Avliii'h the ToUet' ])()\vor in that
])i(»vii)(c was temporarily overthrown hy tlie al)orijj;inal
inliahitants, whoever they may liave heen. In 7<i7
'saiihyutl, kiny" at (.'nUiuacan, (hcd and was succeeded
l)y 'J'otepeuli, identical with .Mixcohua ( "anKixtli, also
laiown as Xoiiohuaicatl, and whose father was at
Hie time reij^'nin^' at Tollan. Early in the rei,n'n df
Toti'peiili a wide-spread war is vaguely rej)orted as
liavini^' heen wa^'ed chieHy in the re^'ions outside the
valley. In this war the oi'iginal inhabitants of tlir
countiy, the Toltet' trihes already settletl thei'e, and
newly arrived (Jhichimee hands are vaL>uely nuii-
tioned as the combattants; Xochit/in. a heautifiil
princess possessed of su|>ernatural powej's, or at least
Jioldinn' coniniuiucation with the o'ods atid j-e^'ardeil as
an oracle, was the |)rime mo\er in this war; Huai tli
Avas the most prominent leadei', iu full sympathy ap-
])arently with the Toltec stjverei;^!! ; and at the end u\'
]\\c strife Huactli married Xochitzin and hecanie
kini^' of the re-estal)lished dominion ot" *.^)uauhtitlan in
.S04. Tliirti'cn vears later aTter a Ion-'' reiii'ii .Mixco-
huatl Mazatziu, kin^' of 'I'ollan, died. ] le had hnii
a Very famous warrior, one of the most pi'omineiit ni'
all the Toltec chieftains in .Vniihuac, and was in athr
years worshiped as one of the y'ods of war.'' Mis
suci;essoi' was llnet/.in, whom Brasseur ••onjectuic- to
liavfi heen a sou uf th^ latu king and id('Ulical wirli
TezcjiHij)ocH.
Jleturniuy now to the (fi\ur versioti of T^hic
'' 'iry we leaiii that afti r flic death of the lir>t
.. .,y r'/j' 'I'oli.ui, his son IxllilcM' chalmac mountid tie
t^tffA'w.''^ Jfis rt;i'/n, like that of his predecessor, was
"Sff \<A. ii WK *J5 V), .V.I •/, vol. Hi ,]>]> MS, »(»:{-<!.
«" fxllilriicfliiiftijiWii* (rflici'wiw inilfil T/.i.iUccall, 'riiilliM'Mll, Mini Tl.i-
rliliiot/in. in 7*1 i W i'<;/Hii, turn i , \t, 'i'M. (KhS. I.rflihoiliill. \\. I.'h».
I \llnit'li,i4#<M'.v«' ijr 'f*iiti'f«-<-rttl. Mi. /it , (». ,'W,», Ixtlilciu'clmimc nr I'Lilir-
( .III Hin"-t/.iii. Ill, u '^i^ 'i'lil(iiii><'liiai«i+' 'l'liililiih(»h/iii. .'i7-. /'/.. |i. -I''.
'I'litLii.' I*" V-wi'Mtliii* iiult/iM /'/ , p. W* Aivlilfiirclii ■
IlltUV
.._ Vi'liiw'i'f.
yV'f'V'/ M >■ . ft u . f. II. ItV M' I). (/■///<;' i-'i. tiiin. i.. \> I'-'T W,.-
rt'l^iiiiiji ill wW. li</iiiiiil, film, f. J3J). 'i\u ^rccuding liurdly citiiHinn
.\f(.'l
l.lt I
Iviiii^' u
<li--pii
Wnnili
uliicji
assuiih
Viars
liis nil,
lllr ki,
\ll'l III
I' 'ad in;
.sllhjcct'
THE TEOAMOXTLT, OR DIVIXE ROOK.
2',l
])i';u'L't"ul iiiul prosperous;; but tlie only evjut rccorikd
\v;is ;i meeting of all the sages under the direction el"
the aged Huenian, which t(iok place only a lew yeai's
ce. A t
hrlo
r(,' the end of* the second kind's term of offi
this assunihlv there wen; hrouy'lit forward all tlu' 'Pol-
tci' records reachinu' hack to the ear
liest
)erio<
loftl
MJir
( xistence, and from these documents, after a long con-
i'l rnit'e and tlie most careful study, the TcodhKi.iiii, or
•hook of (Jo(l,' was prepared. In its pages were in-
hcd the Nahua annals from the time ot" the drhii'e,
SCl'l
ii- t;\i'n fVom the creation; tt)L!etlier with all their i
I'^'ioiis I'ltes, g(
tvei'imuMital system, lav.s and s(jcial
customs; their knowledge respecting agricultui'e and
Jill the arts and sciences, pai'ticular attention l»eing
uiveii to astrology; and a com]»lt'te explanation of
then- modes li! reckoning time and intei'prctmg the
llrro''"IV|»lllc
tl
Lo tile (livine
hook was added a clia[i-
ti r of |u'ophecies res[)ecting future events and the
;>i.;iis hy which it slionld he known when the time of
their rultillmeiit was drawing near.
A Iter the completion of the Teoamoxtli, .Hui;inan,
now three hundred years old, announced his a|)proach-
iii'4 eiiil and m;ul
Alter leli cvcl
e l<l|oWli
to the Toltecs their futur(
es had elai)sed from the time when they
\r\'\ liuehue 'fla[»allaii, tluy wiM'e to he ruK'd hy a
king whose right to tile royal })()wer would not he iin-
(li->|inted anion'4' his suhjeeis. Prom his mother's
\n\\\\) he would li:i
1 ii
i\ (■ certilin |)el'S()li;|| peculiai'lt le
l>\'
wlijcji he might lie known; his cmly h.'iir would
iissiiine the lorm of a mitre or iI.iim.
he e;irllel'
ViiM'sol his rei'^ii were to he years o| great prosperity
Ills Idle would oe wise
just,
111(1 aiiji'
ill middh
tile king would anaiiiltiii the ways o| wimIoiii am
\ Hi lie. giving liimsell' up t
I
o a I
iiiaiiiier M
vice
adiiig infallihly (<> disaster; and wor.st of all \\'\>
•iihjecls Would imilati'
Ills vicious (iiiiduct and share
ilr.i-'.viir'- siiitfiiiciit tliiit ' Iniiliw Iiw I'l'liitiiiii" (l'lxliil\M( liitl coiirunliMit
i i iiM'r ic ( \iili\ ( 'liiiiiiil|»., |Miiir ilmiiHT li' luim ilf lliii't/iii mi itmiii't rul
•Ii- I'i'IImii.' 'I'lii:^ is II lui'ltv I'iiii' .>;iiii|iK' ill' (111' iililii'V ii'I'i'n'iici'i.
i
^-i
-f:r
p
t
m
2d2 THE TOLTEC rERIOD.
in his iMisroi'tnnos. Groat cnlainitiL'S Avcro to coiiio
upon the Toltucs, sent by Tlo([Ue Xahua(|uc, the L;i'c;it
(ilod, and liko unto tlicse "with which their iince.stois
Avore atHietod in the renioto pjist. Finally the king-
dom Avas to 1)0 destroyed by civil wars, and the kinL;',
di'iven from his ])ossession, after nearly all his sub-
jects had j)erished, was to return to the ancient honic
of their race, there in his later years to become oiko
more wise and discreet. Yet a sii;-n was not deiiii d
this fated people; for certain unnatural ])henomeiia
Avero to amiounce their destruction as drawing;- ni^;]!.
AVhen the rabbit should have horns like a deer, aiul
the humminj4'-l)ird be found with spurs^ and stoius
yield fruit; when the priests of the temples should
for!4'et tlieir vows of chastity Avith noble ladies, ])il-
^'I'ims to the shrines of the j^'od — then min'lit tluy
look for tlie fulHllment of J[uemau's predictions; for
lii^htniiiLis and hail and snow, for famine and ])esti-
lence and devouring insects, to be followed by desolat-
ing Avars. For such as escaped these disasttjrs, or fur
their descenihints, another A'lsitation of divine Aviatli
Avas reserved in the form of a foreii'ii peo[)le from the
east, Avho ten cycles later Avere to take ])ossessi.jii of
the country in fuKillment of the words of the aiu'iont
prophet Quetzalcoatl. No fui'ther infoi-mation is
given of lineman's death oi- of I xtlilctiechahuacs
rule.
iluetzin, the third king, Avas ci'owned, according
to V^eytia's chronology, in Si*;!,-' a date that very
nearly agrees with that given in the otlii'r \ersion. or
HIT. Totepeuh," the foui'th, I'lsewhere mentioned as
second kini;' at (.'ulhuacan, took the throut* fi'om his
lather after lifty-two years; and handed it down after
a like ])eri(»(l to his own son Xacaxoc,-" tlu! fifth iiion-^
fi (i('>(i, nr (il.'t. Lfllil.fdrliitI, wlici iiNo writes till' nil I lie II net zi II 'rnti'iiciili
lllld llilitziii. 771. ' 'liiri(frr<i.
'■*'^ 'riili'pjiilli Mini 'riiti'ln'iilii[iic. I.rtlil.iiii'liitl, ]i]i. .'t'ili, Kid; nil \). ITid ||M
l'('i;;ii is i;;ii(ii((l.
" Niti'a/\ci('. '/'(in/idiiKiifii, iiiiil ViiiiiifrrI . Niiciix/ni'li, Nariil\iir,
N'iii'iiMii' Mill, iiiiil Niirii/\(il. I.i//i/,viii'/ii//, \\\ II pp. I">it iiiiil :M\ iiiIIh
liiiii iIk' I'iiih'IIi kill';.
'.' ^il
TOTEPKi'ii kim; of TOIJ.AN. 2r..T
arrh at Tollan, wlio was in turn succooded 1)V ]\ritl in
ii7'.(.""* Thoso reigns, tlie lust of which lasted tit'ty-
iiiiK' years, were marked by the occnrrence of no
event sj)ecially important, tliougli in all great l)rog-
ress was made, new towns fonnded, old cities heauti-
lifd. and now temj)les hnilt, including one of great
iiia'iiiiiieenee at (^)uauhnahuac (Ciiernavaca, possil-ly
Xdcliicaleo) and another at Tollan intended to rival
lliat (»r the Sun at Teotihuaean, which citv is inci-
(leiitally admitted to haxe snr[)asyed Tollan in extent
aii<l magnificence. ]^nring this period the Toltec ))owei'
was tirnily estahlislied over a hroad tei'iitoiy, and
there were yet no tokens of approaching destruction.'"'
In the annals of Culhuacan we left Totepeuh on
the tliione. His first military expedition was di-
rected towards the eastern [)lateau, where (.'lialchi-
iihapaii, later Tlascala, seems to have Iteen founded at
alioiit- tliis time, and where this king was afterwards
\vt)i>hi|)ed under his name of Cauuixtli. In his next
expedition, to the province of Huit/nahuac, he en-
cm
mtered, defeated afte many fruitless attempts
iiid liiially mari'ied a 1)(» d [)rincess Chimalman, wl
lot
ight entirely naked at the head of a body of am-
a/.iiiis. The coiKjuest of Cuitlaluuu' next claimed his
attention, for this was the only city on the lakes that
1 lieeii able to withstand the ])ower of his fatlu'r
iiat
and
)re(lect\ssor.
Ti. th
lis City and tins i>eri(Hl hra
I 11
seur traces back the foundation of the Naluial
Teteiictin, an order of chivalr\', when
ct^
1"
oceei
led
tile hiLi'hest titles of leai-iiii'"' and ni>bilitv, down to
tlu
.f tl
coming ot tlie hpaniards,
Queen ( himal
iM r
■iiH
!tJ7 acciiriliii.i,' tii I'lan'iir
^'2'J III' 7(>S iii'ciinliii;; In fif/il-
'•liifl. will) culls liiiii 'riai'iiiiiiiiiiii mi \i\>. 'JiC K>i>, ll!lllH•^ liini as lil'tli Uiii;.
||. Il'.i.'l, ami i;,Miiiii's his iciMM ,i|i p. 4Mt.
I'nr ilic annals iif 'rnllaii "luring t8:i~< l"'"''"' "**'•' I 'ffiiforfiit/, jt)i._207
117. C/iirii/tni, tdiii. i,, iiii. rJ7 H; Sr, idiiiiii. ti'iii. ill , lil
Ulllllll
hi, t.
!'
mil,
1,1,
inlir I 'm liiji
I, nil. \:W W:
V
114; I loll
'■rl, I'tdrii Miw.. ft, 11; MiiiliT, Aiinrihii
I'll, p. ."rJl.
'"I'liicf aniiiii^' \vlii( li tillo Wl.- ilia« of TfN'uhtli, rcsiioi'tiut,' wliiili si'i
\"l. ii,, I'll. I'.n L'llO,
%A,\
I'i
t:lJ
m
2'A
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
man, bccominGf cnccinto immodiately after iiiarriaLic,
dreamed that slie bore in her l)()S()m a chalcliiuite, or
]ir(.;ci()us stone, and decided to name her son, ]»r(-
destined to a glorious career, Quetzalcoatl Chalcliiuitl.
At his birth, wliich occurred nine montlis hiter, tli(
heir Avas named also Ceacatl, ])rol)al)lv from the
day on M'hicli he was borri. In addition to liis
mothei's dream and the aniifuries drawn I'roiii it, the
fact tiiat Ceacatl Quetzalct)atl united in his veins
the noblest blood of the Toltecs and the pre-Toltce
peoples, rrave special imporl to his birth, and the
event Avas celebrated with great pom]) at ( 'idhuacan.
and gii'ts of great value were sent from all diirc-
tions.'"^ S;10 is the approximate date to whicli ( V-
acatl Quetzalcoail's birth is referred; his mother
died in childhed, and the child was entrusted to tiir
king's sister Cohuatl, a priestess o^' the tem])le. jht-
ha|)s the same as Ciliuacoatl, or (.'ieacoatl, at'tri'-
A\ards deitied as the goddess of childbirth.'-** In Sl.l
King Tote[)('uh Xonohualcatl himsi'lf, now far ad-
vanced in years, was nuirdo»ed by conspiring nohli s
mider the leadership of Apanecatl, Zolton, an<l ('nil-
ton; he was succeeded by Yohuaii:itonac, and at tlu'
same time Ihuitimal, a name that bears no resem-
blance to that of Jiuetzin's successor accoi'ding to
the Spanish writers, — took Iluetzin's ])laci' on tlie
throne of Tollan. Brasseur believes that lluetzin Kit
Tollan to become king at Cnlhuacan, and that he was
the same as Yohuallatona,c. It must he noted that
tlie confused state of the aboriginal aniiids is dne I'^t
oidy to the incom]»letenessof the native records- maiv
having been destroyec. — and the errors of intiTpnt-
ers, but also largely to the unfortunate cnstom <'t'
(lie Xahua jx'oplcs of giving many Jianics to the s;ini"
person, ami multiplying names apparently in ])r('por-
5" '(>ii i't''I(il»rii do firmiilcs fOtiM i\ In iiniHsancc ilf ('(iIcIuk'hnhI.' ('ininiriin,
Hist. T/ii.r., in .\(iitrr//is A ii iiiilis i/c.l I'oi/., ISl.'l, tiiiii. xcviii., |i. I Hi. •^'t'
also IKltC () of tllis clllllltl'f.
i"< See v.il. li., p]!. •2W, 4:U, (iOS, vol. iii., iip. X>0, .'{(i:!.
ven(;eaxce or QriyrzALCDArr,. 2,"5
iidii to fame and rank. Tt is rcrorded tliat Ccncatl,
while yet a bov, wreaked a terriMe veiin-eaiiee on the
the murderers of his f'atlier. The hitter took refui-e
the fortres.s of Cuithduiae on one of the lal
<e
islands deemed inipre^-nabie, hut hy a suhteri'anean
passau'e
lead
wvi um
ler the waters, the Drill
})riiK'C ana Ins
jnljdwt'rs i^aiued access to fort and temple. Tlie
j.Mil. rs of the consjiiracy were sprinkled with red
jirjijtrr after a preparatory fiayinii' and man^linij;', ami
(lyiii'4' l!i iiuh'scrihahle torture were sacrifici'd to the
iiKinniy of Tottipeuh, the first of the many thousand
victims subsequently ottered to the same divinity uir-
(liT Ills
name o
f C
miax
tli. F
rom this time nothiiur
\\\\\\
tevir is recorded of Ceacatl h
)r
hout twelltv
\i ars, until lie re-apjiears under his name of Quetzal-
niatl as the most celebrated of the Toltec kinus and
lii'^h-jtriests, afterwards deiiied like most heroes of
this early time.
iilv event recorded before the re-ai)iiearance of
lie o
(j)iii't/,al('oatl is one (.)f L;reat importance, a eoiixeiitiou
(if the ]n'iiicfs and wise men of Anahuac and \ icinity.
At thi-^ asst niblai^'e the system of government and the
laws ol' suci-ession were perfected and as may be sup-
piisi'tl niven sulistantially the form which they pre-
\ed down to the Coiupiest; but the most important
1 was the establishment y^K an alliaiu-o lu'twcon the
wiis (if (."ulhuacan, ()tom|)an, aial Tollaii. Kacli
srl
*'l'ii
KiiiH' was to be perfectly iiKK'pmdent in the alfairs of
his ((wn domain; but in matters atiictin^" tli«' ^vncral
I;itriTsts the three nionarchs wcri' to t'onslilutc a
foiiiicil. ill wliii-h the kin^- of ("ulliuacan was to rank
lii-t. assuininu" a title nearly eiiuixalont to that of
riiiiperor. (Itomjwm liwik the soeond jtlact* and follan
fhr tiiii^l. Tliis is tln" tirst mention (»f ( Hompaii as a
»a|iifal, but .>im'«' its tloniain serins to liavi; iiichidod
th( lorritory of 'lV«,>ti)niacaii and Tezcnco. its proini-
iKiit jiositioii in the U-aouc is iiol improhablc. 'I'he
cstalilishnn'iit of this alliaiu'i\ or, as it mav he more
J '
m
i '''A
%.
is!' • '1^ M
. 1
256
TiiK T()i;n:c i'kkiod.
i ; ;,. :i'
tj-v
conveniently termed, empire, Is referred to tlie d,;to
1 Tei'iKitl, 85G.''^
Ceacjitl Quetzidcoatl re-ap])oars in lilstory, still i'ol-
lowini;' the same authorities, about the year 870, aid
succeetled Ihultlmal as kini>" of Tollan, ussumini;' the
tiilu To[)iltzin, on the death of that kin<^ iii 873.^' All
■^ Tliis nlliaiH'c rosts aUo;rotlior on tlio f'ni/'X Chimalpnporn and M ,ii.
di' Ciilliiiiii-iut . It is Id I)(' niiti'd tlial lira.ssciir rcft'is clcaily to Toniin.
ttiiiilit. Miiiiiiri/. /ill/., lil). \i,. cap. IS, ;i.s an aiUlioiity, wliicli cliaptcr coii-
tains not a wnnl licarin;^' on the sulij(M't.
•'" Tonpii'maila, Moiiinq. liiiL, toni. i,, )i. 'XI, ridatt's the sncci'stilnn nt
tlic 'I'olli 1- kinj,'^ .It 'I'ollan, a;,'rrt'in;j; siihslantialiv with the acconnts oi' l\.
tlilxorliil 1, \'i'\tia, and the rest. It is to lie noti'il, however, that on ]i,i-i;
"254 tlie same autiior ;rives anotlier aceonut, iiu'Xtricaldy eonfiise<l, totally
disa;,'reeiii;,' willi tlie pret'ediiiix, Itnt a;,'reein;; in most of its names, wiiii
that derived liy l>rassi'nr from tlie two iceords in his possession. 'Ihi.s
])rovcs that tlie version of the 'I'cdlee traditions folhiweil hy the Spanish
vriterH, referring' evi'rythin;,' to 'I'ollan an<l i^'norin;,' all other nations ami
kinj^s, was not the oidy om; extant when the Spaniards came. It lonliiiii.s
to a eertain extent IJras.senr's aeeonnt of otln-r Toltee nations and iiionarrln
hesides lIuiM' at Tidlan, anil is tlu'refore important, i translate this \er-
sioii of the tradition from 'rori|M<'niaila, wiliioiit any attemjit to rei'diicijo
its many imonsist''ncies with itself and the versions already presented. 15
has the .ippearanci' of a sueeessive interpretation of the reeords of distinct
kili;,'iloms, or distinct periods, la(d<ed loucllier and referred va;j;uely to rojlcii
liistorv li,\ a writer w ho did not suspt'ct the existence of any other power lli;iii
that at Tollan. 'When the Mexicans iiriixcd in this re;.'ion of 'I'ulla, it \\:\n
lllreatly sell led liy many people; hecanse, according.' to the trnth as found
in the most autlieiilic histories of these nations, in 7(l(> A. I>.. they iic-aii
to sellie here. Tin ir first <'a|itain, or leader, was named Totepeah, w lio
lived a Iiiml; and tran<|nil life, hein^' a hidd ami fanions (dneft.iin. .\l his
death tlin.-e of the province of Tnlla liiised to the throin- another calicil
'i'opil I Topilt/inl, who reifineil lifty years and was succeeded hy lliicniac,
mentioned (dsevvhere in coMiiection with the tri(d<s of (^hiet/alrnlni.i'.l.
[These are anmnv; the very last rnlers in T(dlan hy other accounts | Tliis
Hnemacvvasa very powerful kinj;, who was nnnh feared ami caused hiai-
Relf to he woishiped as a ),'od. lie went out from Tnlla to ineiease the cn-
tent of his kingdom, occu|Pvii!j,' himscdf tlirou;;hont his rei;.;ii in ^laiiiii,'.;
new ]iroviiiees, prel'errim; tlio hustle of var to the <|uiet of peace. Hut
while he vvasenj;aued in wars aliroad the Tollecs made Nauh,vcit/ii kin.;,
\vho was the second loid, and of ( 'hichinu>c hirth. He also left Tnlla u ami
inarcheil towards this kike with a larue numher of jieople to conc|Uci' M
much as possilde of the territory thereahonts. lie rei,;;ned nnne th.uisi ly
years. an<i at hisdea'h the kinirdoin was ;^iveu to (^hmnhtexpetlall, [a nah
in)t appeariuL;' elseu here] who in his turn was followed hy lluet/iii Nnia«'
linalcall jaccordinji to Ihils-enr, lluet/in proliahly succeeded Xonohualcall
at ('ulhmnan. .\ll tinit fohows jirohahly h(don,L;s to the ( hichimcc p( ried
innch later, ami ridates to the ki tins of ( 'nlhuacanl. After him iciiined
Atdiitoimll, and. afterwards, (jhniuhtonal, iiml in the tenth .\ear of his
n'\)i\\ the .Mexicans arrived iit Chaiinltepec; so that when the said M( xit.uH
were in the city or province of Tulla, this ]irince wiis n.ither its ki.'c.: er
lo'.l (astionuira nays), hut eontiunin;i the iicinunl ami su> ci'ssion of ilic-e
Toltee kind's, we say that the saiil .Vciiitoiuetl wa> succeeiled hy Ma/.'il in,
[and mil h\ l^Muinhtoual as ahove. This is nnintelligihle. Mii/al/in v\ i>,
<'i:ACATr nCKTZ.VI.CUTL
257
'-!" ^- 'Had. .„ distinctioX^" ,, T)''rT "^' ^^'-^•
tni.litions. ^ "•'' ►^puii.sJi version of tJicse
-^Jciidicta i'coo)vl« fi. i T .
- "'■ ^'-na;^^tl n, :;"^""^ ^'^^^^ ^^^ -as the
^" ^1"' V^J-t tiutt ' UH. : ^i•''' ^'"^» ^^'- -'Other
^"'"^ '"''til, rei.rcsent ],i,n • ' .m. '^ -'""^' ''•'"•^^
;■;" -"-t, most of theni ,.:-^:^ :'t:";;'" ^'"^ <-t-
^--::-r'Ei1;rd;;'''''-'-'- -
T„,,|,„.,H,-,!i,, „ji,j ; \"'''"- 7.1,. \.,uoM I, ,r\r'V'' -^ '•■■''- '''!,.
Kill,.,,,.,, „,,,""'.>'•"■'" "iioM. ,vp.„ ,:,:' ;7'' ■)''int"i„r,i. .m,
irs:;'i:"j!:i"'.":"<'''-i
f'"///
IH Very cvi.l
■.■111- (,, ('),.,
•I.
L'1,111 II
'Mlsscili- II
•''It tli;if II,
III
■*'•■! <'llll|;„l CI, ,11,1
Hit lliil „o(
I'M' Will,. is ||,.„1
kI .\zl(.,. k
I'llKir,
ii;;^ ii( I
"'!'■ II., ill
V,
'■|iiii;iiili
'• VII i.
''■• V 17
<•"', (. Iliv
'I) Vi'lUn iiiiK'l
'•""l|'icll(.|l.|
IC'I'CSS (,, (
llll.ll |,.,(,.,.
-'(10.
I'll
Ihcir
II' .sun
lii(';uiiii;L;'.
I' cIlMII-
"-.■.i.'i;: ".;:;::' ';';^:('- :•/'-/../
'H iiiMn,„|„||
'I'l, (.'I.'. //,
/v'. (,■
« I
ti
II
Tin: tolt::c rr.iaoi).
T)lexio!i, M'itli l(jn;r Mack liair^'" aiul a full l)cai<!.
B:
iro
as to liis head ami Icct, 1
ic uorc a loiiL!' \\ liitc
robe oniaiueutcd Avitli l>lack llowers, accunliu^' to
Las Casas, or with hlack or red crosses, as otlur
Avriters .say, Kiip})ortiiin' his steps ^vith a staiK lie
Avas austere in manner, l)ut in cliaracter all tiiat i>
i^ood, and t^'entle, disap[)ro\inL;' all acts of violmce
anil ltlot)d, and withal most chaste, neither marrviii';-
nor Knowmir wome
n. With him Avas a I;
iru'e coni-
])any of artists and men learned in every branch u\'
science, Avhom some of the authors seem to coiisiih r
a. colony IVom a foreii^'n land. From ]Mmico Quet/,;
II-
coa
tl.
AN'
ith 1
lis comi)
anions, came to Tollan att
vv
havino" tarried foi* some time, as Camar^o tells ns,
Tulanciiin'i). Jle was at lirst received hy the Toll
Avith nuich enthusiasm, and durin**' his sta\" in Tul
fdled the position of hi;^h-])riest or suj)renie spiiitiial
( '( 'S
1;m
ruler
]1
IS rule Avas miUl
hut 1
10 IIISIS
ted
on a stnc
])erformance of all religious duties, and suhjectcd
himself to severe penances, such as the drawiiiL;' nf
blood from toni^ue and limbs by means of mamn y-
thorns. He Avas not Avithout supernatural jiowns,
since liis announcements made by a crier from the
top of a lu'ii'hborini'" mountain could be heard for a
distance of tliree hundred miles. He introduced
many new religious rites, including the ])racti(u dl'
fastiiiL;- and the draAvin<»" of blood ironi their own
body by ])eiiitents, also accordini:' to some authoiitii^s,
the establishment of convents and nunneries, and the
sacrilice of birds and animals; to human saci
liiri'
e was a P
atroi
1 of a
.11 th
;irts
1 1 est
Avas ever opposed. 1 1
and sciences, Avhich in his time reached their
state' of development. •'•' Finally, Quetzalcoatl Id't
Tollan and Aveiit to Cliolula, Avhicli citv with other-
'S r>i-;issoiir, tmii. i., 1). 2.').", niisiiilt'r]in'tin;,' TdnniPinaila, tuin. i . l'
2.")5, calls liiiii liliPinU'; iii iiiiKilicr plact', torn, ii., ]>. 4S, 'r(iii|n('iiiiiilii tli>-
tiiictlv slates tliat lie iias liljick liair.
^3 riif iincntion (if tlic calciiiiar attriltuti'il to liiiii 1 y Ali'iidida. //'>'
J'jrlri., |i|). '.t7-.s, Salia;.'iiii, Jli.sf. Ilin., tuin. ii., lili. vii., p. '-'ill, ami nilni-,
bhould fviduiitly be icfci red to the (.^iiet/.alcoatl of other times.
i-Li'viHT or vv
AI.COATL
259
(in tlic eastern plateau, some autliors— still iTf('rri:i<.!f
to aiKitliLT (.jluetzalcoatl, and anoliuT e])()rli- -errdit
liiiii with liaNJiiiif lt»uii(K'(l. 'I'luTi' are many version.s
(if liis motives lor a^aiidoniiiL;' 'I'ollaii, most rrl'crriiiL;"
tn certain ti'ouMes l>et\veon liim and a ii\al llucinac
111- Tezcatlipoca. Pla_vin^■ liall ^vitll 'I'ezcatliiiora. the
latter assunK'd the iorm of a tii^'er, seared the spoct;;-
t(irs so that many I'rll o\er ;i preeipiee. and pui'stu'd
]]']<. (i]i]ioiient iVom town to town until ho I'oachcd
( hiilida; or he was driven awav hv the tricks of a
Mlll'l
rer n.amed 'I'itlaeaaon, or Titla<'aliua, w 1
lo ap-
juaivd in the I'oi'm of an old man. Uy dint ol' nuicli
jiciMiasiou the magician induced Qiiet/alcoatl, avIkj was
liiiwcll, to drink a niedieino whieli he had hrou^lit, re
nilil
mended to act as a nar<'oti
Tl
le medicme pioNci
I
t.i lie ]inl(pie, the hi^h-priest was soon intoxicated, and
i 1 this condition was easily persuaded that hy ^'oinsj;' to
the ani'ient country of Tlapallan he nui^ht re^'ain his
Vtilltll.
.11
The other ti'icks of this sorcerer art
manv
t they seem to helong to the final overthrow of the
Tultec empire rather than to Qtietzalcoatl's time.
^^Taiiv details arc i-iven t)f the hiL;h-l)riest's journev
towai'ds Tl;'.])allan, of the places through which lie
assc(
1, and the wonderful tra(
es w
hich he left. Ht
is generally credited with havin<»' stopped a short
t;iiie at (^)uauhtitlan, and with IkuIul;' lived some
vtars at C'hohila, where V
e was es|)eeiaily ])opiilaiv
Jiiid where in after years his doctrines found their
iiinst devoted followers. lUit his chief enemv, Jhn-
liiac
aiu
I tl
le ut'croman ers followei
d 1
iim
■veil t
o
('hnjida with their j»erseentions, and he
was torce(
I
>1 SI
Ih
t out a^ain on his journey towards Tlapallan.
fnially (]isap]»eared in the ( Joa/.acoalco reu'ioii,
aftei- predicting the future coming of hearded white
iiM'ii from the oast. I ha\'e given here only ;i hrief
"inline of the traditions res[)ectiiig Quetzalcoatl, lie-
•aiise a full account lias been presented in another
veliiine, to which the reader is referred.''*
Sfi
111., lip,
-SI; iilso Viijdd, Hint. Ant. MJ., tola, i., iiji.
.0 ^ '** ^'
l\\AGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
y.
1.0
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1.25
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1.6
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23 Wt!.! MAIN STRUT
WIBSTIR, N.Y. )4SbO
(716) a/s^soa
:\
.^\^
\
^^
9\'
<^
S60
THE TOLTEC PEUIOD.
Tlic supposition tlmt Quotziilcoatl was amernl>er (jf
tlic 'I'oltoc royal lamily and reiji^iiod as a kiiijjf at Tul-
laii, ton^t'tlH'i' witli tlio evident contoiindiiiLf in tho
tiiuiitiitns as rocordod by the Spanish writcra of t\\(.
distinct juTsons nained (.^uetzal('(Kitl,*^ reinove n)o-.t < f
till' difKeidtit's connocted with this famous personiivv,
the second of tiie name It seems tn me most pioli-
ul)!e that tlie traditions relatinif to Quet/aicoatl'.s
foreiijcn orij^'in or lii.s lonuc ahsenco in (hstant parts i4"
the country, his arrival at lVinuc«», and liis final dis-
appearance in the south- althoujj^h these are ail .k -
cepteil hy Urasseur — should he referred to the (^)ii( t-
zaicoatl of jtriniitive times. The younjjf prince, uiialilo
i'or some umvvealed reason, to ohtiin after his arri\,il
ut years of' <lisci'etion tJK! crown of his murdered
fathcj-, retii'cd to some city in or near Auilhuac, pioh-
nhiy Tulancin^j^o, ^\■here he first comes into notice, t »
hide his time. Here he settled on his future pulicv
includiuL;' some reli;;ious reforms, comnnmicated widi
]»owerful fViends throughout .Xnaiiuac, and perfei fid
Ids id,
ins l(»r i-ecoverinn'
his lost throm
Som
e crii.ssrs
uihI other relics seen hy the Spaniards in the mouiit.di::
of Meztitlan, Nvere attrihuted hy native tradition t.
Ceacatl's residence in Tulancinyo.''" Such w.is tli
force of his cdaim as s(>n of Toti'peuh, and such the ii;
ih
di<r
uence ol the relie^ious doy-mas zea
lousl
yi
)romnl'';i
tnl
hy him and his disciples, that at last on ti>e de.nli of
Ihintimal, ]>erhaps his hrother, he was I'aised ti» tin'
throne of ^(dlan, as has heen said, in 873, under tln'
title of Topiit/.in Ceaca^l Quetzalcoatl.
nil -JOri; }Tiiiil!ilii, Ifisf. /•;«r.v., |ip. 8'.'-.1, "W-.l. 07-S; Tor</iirmii,/,i, M ,-
1IIII'/. hill., Iiim. i.. |H». I'.V), •.'.yj. ;<H(», tnlii. ii.. |i|i. •_•(», ■IS-.VJ, 7!l; ll>rr'r",
lli.it. dill., lice, ii., Iili. vii., I'll]!, ii.; I.itu Cii,\ii\; Hist. A/iiifiiiiiliiu, MS,
riip. \'2'2, IT.'J; Sh/iihiiih, Hist, dm., tnin. i., lilt, iii., |i|i. L'l.'J-S, 'i:\\S\ i'l,i.
villi nt, I'ltiiriii .till, ilil Mi.s.iirii, tiilii. ii., |i|>. Il-I.'l; diiiiiiirii, ('(uni. Mr.,
fi>l. ;<IM»; t'liiiiiiiiin, lfi.it, Tfii.r., ill .\iiiiri//r.i Aiiiiiili .1 ili.s I'nil., lsi;l, liiMi.
xrviii, p. U.">; Tii'iiini.rCiiiiijiiiii.i, in /'/., IHtO, tniii. Ix\x\l., |pp. |(i-i'<i;
diiiii/rii, ill I'visiiitt, lli.1t. t'liiii/. .)[i.r., toni. iii., pp. (i(i-'); 'h/lur'.i II-
gvdfi/ii.s, pi>. I.TI !S.
^5 lly (•alliii;,' llii'in ilJHJiiu't. iktmoiis it in imt iicccuHuiily liiiplii'il tii.it llio
liiHl IJni't/aicii.'itl I'M'f liMii II rriil lAistcnri',
M V<y<4a, Uml. Ant. Jlij. , torn, i., pp. ITl-'i.
TIFAV.-S OF CEACATL,
20 1
Tlnrc is tiotliir.Lj in tin* Spanisli viTsioii of tlie
(Jih t/iiKiiatl triulitidus by \vlii( ii t<» Hx tlic t'jMi<li in
which he Honiishcd. It is int'iol;-' ini|ilii'(l th.-it Jhio-
iii.ic, liis fliii't' t'licniy, was tfin|Miriil ruK'r at tlir sanic
tiuii' that ht! cNcrcisi'd tht; t'nn«'ti(»ns of hi,uli-|»rit>t,
ami siircccdcd him in jiowt't-. i lui-niac is idcntilii'd
|iv Uiassciir, n(»t without soinu iiasoii. with Xacaxoc,
tht littli kini^ (»!' tho Spanish Mi-iti-rs, \v!n)so iviyi; is
n|)r<s(!ntt'd hy thcin as haviniLT ht'cn n)ost jKaccrid
and iiMi'Vcntlul. Hi! is als(» known as 'l\'/catii|to»;i,
iiiid was closoly I'clati'd N'ohnallatonac,''" the kini;' of
( 'iilhiiacan. In thi) Codr.r CliinniliHtponi ho is called
liiith Ilncniac and ^fatlacxocliitl.
Al'tci" (JnctzalcoatI ha<l hi'cn ahout ten years on tho
lirmir
oitposition
to il
IS I
low
IT, fomented hv his elU
mil > from tho first, assumed serious |H'oportions. Sev-
(lal causi's aro plausihlv attiihuted l»v tho ivcoids and
tlii'ir int(!r|>rotors to this opjiosition. Tlu! new jtontilf-
kiii'4 hail ellecti'd many innovations in reliL:ious reri'-
iiiiiiiies. It does not appear that his doctrines dilfered
\v\\ materially from those entertained hy his picde-
ci'ssiirs, hut the eliaii!>os intrcMhu'id hy him had heen
s I rcidily admitte<l liy reason (tf tin- )>opularity and
zcil of their author and his suhordinates, as to excito
ji iil'tiisy anioiin" the ecclesin
■itical
poweis.
Most
iirom-
iiiciit anions' his peculiar reforms, ami the one that is
ri|Mtited to have i-ontrihiited most to his «low nfall, was
lii'^ inivaiTiiiL,'" opposition to 1
luman Kai'riliee
Tl
IIH
surilice had prevaili'd from pro-Toltec times at Teoti
liuacaii. and had heen adopted more or less e\tensi\ely
ill ('iillniacan and Tollan. \\\ (^)uet/,alcoatl it was
ahsiiliitely prohiliited in the temj»les of the latt'.r
o.'ijiital, and thus the powerfid priesthood of ()tompan,
mill < nllniacan was ai'raye(l nuainst him. Ai^ain it
is t hi Illy lit that under (^Jiiet/aleoatl the spiritual powci-
iilw.ivs I lusely connected with the temporal in Naliiia
jrnvi riiiiieiits, hecanu! so |ii'edomiiiant as to excite the
j !il(» isy and tears of the nohility in Tollan, w li<» were
^' I'liiliiililv, 1114 hiiH Ih'i'Ii said, the Hiinie uh lluct/iii and TcxcaltfiMiiall.
962
THE TOLTEC rEIlIOD.
restive iiiuler a priestly restraint not imposed on tin ir
brothers of eorrespondin;^ rank in tlie t)tlier niitioiis
oi" the enniire. Finally, under the rule of Cearatl,
Tollan had het'onie the metropolis of the empire, it
does not appear that tin- terms ()f the alliance, acroid-
iiiy' to whieh the monarch of Culhnacan outianktd
the otiieis, had heen chan;^ed; hut in the niai^nili-
cenie of her j>alaces and temples, and the skill aid
fame of her artists, if not in population, Tollan now
Hnrpas«<cd the cities of the valley, and thus naturally
\vas looked ujton as a too successful rival. The di-
hatisfii<l element at home was lu-aded hy llueniac, < r
'l\'Zcatlip(H'a, who had jierhaps some Avell fouiidctl
claim to the throne, and icceived the su]>port of tl c
a
llic.l
monarclis.
M- •'MSUUIL'' s
trUL;iil
lU the rccop
loftl
'i'l
H" Spanish writers
e IS svm
h.>|
!/.( I
hvtl
le siicce>>i\i(
tricks (tf tilt! necromancers; and the i-eli^'ious strilo
between rival sects was continued with more or K ~s
l)itterness down to the latest Aztec ejioch. Sudi \\,;s
(^)uet/.alcoatrs re|»ni.;-nance to the sheddiiiL,^ <»f Iiiii:i;!ii
hlood, that he seems to have vohintaiily ahandmuil
his throne against the wisln.'soi' his more warlike jiar-
tisans, and after a brief stay in Quauhtitlan, to li.n^i
t'ros.sed to the eastern plateau of II uil/ila|»an in Mi.>.
II
iiemac. I ezcatlipoea, or /Sacaxoc succeetled ihiiik
<ii itely to the royal power in Tollan.^*
The teachiiii^s and inlluence of (,)ui'tzalcoatl li.ul
])receded him amont,'- the Olmec nations (»f thc^ ei>t-
ern region. His tathi-i', imder the name of ( 'aiiiaxtli,
had done moj-e than any other to brin-jf these nations
under the Toltec powe»', had Ibunded the city alter.
wards known as Tlascala, and was jx-i'liaps already
worshii»ed as a <leity. ^lore«»ver the (Jtietzah'oall el'
old had traditionally introduced Nahua institutions in
this region, where he was still the object of sii|ireiMr
Veneration. Whether the city <>f ( 'hohda was actually
Ibunded at this time or by the lirst (j)uetzalcoatl, it i-s
31
87."). l7iin<jro. UJ7. i'<>jti(i. T7<) iir TKi. I.iililxuc/iill.
CONQUEST OF r:i!)I,ri,A.
96a
i/n|iiissiltlc to detorniiju',™ luit tlio coniinL,' of CV-acatl
si'iiiis to liave iiKirkc'tl the ijcyiiiiiiiii; of a new era of
|ii()s|»erity on the eastern plateau. 'I'eniples in lionor
ut" ( '.iinaxtli wt.Te erected in Thiscala and Jlnexot-
ziiint. wliile Chohila became the cajtital of what may
iihiiost he termed a new 'I'olti'c nionardiv. All tlu'
sdiitliern and eastern provinces snhject to the em]»iii'
(hniiiLj CeacatlH reii^n at Tollan, ^avu in their adlu -
.■simi to him at Cholula. Laiijfe mimhi-rs of his parti-
sans also I'ollowed him from Tolhin, and all the j»rimi-
ti\r |»t'oples, ainoni^ whom human sacrilicc in ])re-
'{""Itcc times had hi-en unknown, wei'e !j;lad to suhmit
(u the royal hi^h-priest. J lis \\'\ff\\ in (.'hohila lasted
aliout ten years,'" and during" this time liis (htctrims
arc thoii'uht to have heeii introduced l»y «lisciplts <li,s-
patrhcd from Cholida into the southern l•e^ioMs of
( >,i jaca.
Ill '.lO-t Yohuallatonac was Bucceeded in Culhuacan
hv (,>uetzallacxovatl, and JIuemac, havini^ suhdiud
l.v h
lis strict and severe measures all open opposition
tn his rule at home, hut lonUinLT with nnich uiu asi-
iHss on the prosperity of ("cacat I in his ni'W capital,
iiiiil the constant emigration of his own sidijocts east-
ward, resolvi'd ayain to attack his I'oriiicr rival. v\t
llic head of a lari^i' army he dii"ect((l his niairh
towards ( 'holula. (,>uet/alcoatl as hi'lore. no! with
staiiiliiiL;" the remonstrance of his people, reliiscil to
rcsi.st his jtroi^ress, hut departi'd iM'fori! Jliieiiiac's
arrival for (»thei- l.-inds as hefore iv-latetl. ( holula.
with the neiohhoriiin" cities and provinct's fell an easy
|ir< V to till' Niiliant Ihniiiar; luit so loin,;" did he
ivinain ahsciit in his iiis.itialilc doiri' (<• coiii|U»r inw
t iritory, that his suhjects rcNoltcd and with the
•[n'lMtioii of tli( kiii'4' of ( 'iilliiiacan protlaiiiird
Naiiiivotl kiiiLT ahout the vear ".»;;o.
II
ui'Uiac (
lid
■*" ' l.n* i|m' ill' t'Kta liiicliul ('rnlliiii) linvi'iiiM, I'lliliiiiriiii otrii imiv iiii'c<
|N'ni i|Ui- M' lliiiiia t ho.'itllii.' Sii/iiiifitii, llisl. (i'( //., iiiiii. ij,, ijli. \iii . |i. •_'( "
/;.
Si'l' Mil rrllll"< lllllMlJV 'MVCII nil t.'llCl/'.nll'IMIll, lllltl IiImi /j'/'K.v
(/(■
/^^ //I'.s/. .V«' ''
liiin. I., 11 'Jli.i, I't ■sri|.
*' Miia kiii^ '\H raiiuil Mill ami Tlaiiiiiiiliua liy N'fvlia ami lln- n-^t.
Tin: TOLTKC nntioD.
not ylrUl without a strun'ulo. llcturnlMi,^ \vi'st\v,;i(l
to (k'tciid his throno ho iiR't Xuuljyotl uii tlic lake
his arinv was routed and hu was kilK-d, oi- ;it
shores;
least disaj)])ei'rod. As Tezcatliitoca and under \;i
n-
ous o
tlier titles ho CN'er after ranked aujoniif the Iii-'h-
ii
res
est ill the jiantheon of Nahua ilivinities,
])urini^ the eiisuinj^ era of peace anionu^ the Tolt
under Xauhyotl, or Mitl, and his allies, it seems that
("holula regained its prosperity, re-estahlished the
institutions and Avorship of Quetzalcoatl, and stion
rivaled in niaiiiiitieenco Tollan, Culhuacan, and Tfoti-
huaoan. Still reniaininjj^ to a certain extt'iit a juiit of
the Toltec empire, under tlio rule of the kiiiL;" Jit
Tollan, Cholula seems to have jtreferred from tiiis
])eriod a re[>uhlican form of home rule, similar, if not
identical, to that in voi^iie on the eastern jdatt'.ui at
the comiiiLT o{' the Spaniards.^'' Four of (Jutl/al-
coatl's chief discijiles were charged with the ('>tali-
iishment of a })ermanent government, whit h tiny
entrustt'd to two supreme magistrates, one clidsrii
from tlie priestluAul and exercising' the luncliniis df
hii>h-priest under the title of 'i'lachiach or 'loid tinm
on hiijli,' and tho other from the nohility hciiiL; at
the lie.id of the civil m'overmnent with thi' tith
A(juiach.
The reign of Nauhyotl, or Alitl,^' at 'i'oUaii was
one of »»'reut prosperity and ]>eace. The new kiiiu'
devoted all his eneri^ies to pi'omotiniLjf the iniory nl'
his capital city, wliere he re-estahlished nearly all
the reforms instituteil l>*' C'eacatl and i)artiallv aliul-
%' It
Dates; i('J7. ('Iin-iijiri), \'c_vlia, iniii. i., |>. ■_'.">.', Iian 77!>, wliiili iiiii\ In' a
iiiis|iiiiil fill' '.tT'.l. S-'l' itrT'i'^. I.illil.iiiiliid . lliii'inacH ('\|M'ilii iiiu ca^lwaiil,
and tlic ciciwiiin;,' iif Naiilivoil, ur Naiiliynl/in, iliiriii,' his ali--i'Mir is it-
ciinli'il |py TiPiiiui'iiiada, .U'liiini/. I ml., t>iiii. i., \\. -'.")1, ami (iiiiii:ii;i, 'ri/cy
J/ .1'., |\i|. :i.)l, a* iiiioti'il ill iiiilc :i:) III' lliis rliaiitiT,
si
liii<; 'I i'/ralli|>iira, I'alilt's ri's|ii'rtiii;,' IiIh lil'f on rarlli, ainl iiis
Woi'sliiji as a
set' vii
Sec Mil. ii., |i|i. 1 Jl-'i
pji. I'.ISI •-•IS,
<< lliassi'iir, ///./. Stil. I'ir.. Imii. i., p. M'J'J, Nays lliat iMliKncliiil in
one plarr calls litis kin;;' NaiiliMill. .\llliiiii;:li I have lieeii iinalije In liiiil
this sialciiieiit ill llie wniks <il' ilu> writer iiieiitiniieil, yet there eaii lie liltic
lUmlit of the two Uini's' iileiitity.
REKJXOF XALHVOTL.
2C3
islu'd 1>V Tlucinac. Ifo is reprosontod as liaviiijjf
l(.nki'il witli soiiio inu-asiiicss on the j^n-owiiiy' juos-
iiriitv of Cliolula, and on thu ])ili«riniai;cs continually
UIK
Kitakcn 1)V rcsiilunts of Tollan to the castir
u
siuiiirs; hut instead of ivsortiniL'' like his |)ro(lccc'ssor
(o hostile measures, lie deteiinined to eelipse the
nloiv <»f Chohila hy the eivetion of new and niavf-
iiiliciiit temples at liome. The iinest ol" these teni-
\Vat(
a CO
was that huilt in honor of tin; (Joddiss of
t)r the Fro<jf (Joddess, to which was attached
leL;o of jn'iests vowed to celihacy. Meantime
the wi)is]ii|> (»f C'amaxtli and Tlaloe were more lirndy
rstahlislu'd than heforo at 'I'lascala and JliU'Xot/inco,
and ^land temples were huilt in several Toltec prov-
iiicis w ithout An;ihuae, particularly in the »outh, ono
(.1" tlic most famous hein*;' near Quauhnahuac, lati'r
Ciiciiiavaca, the ruins of which may he supi»t»M'(l with
sniiio |)lausil)ility to he identical with those of Xochi-
calcd.^'' Alter liavinij;' rt'stoi'ed 'I'ollan to tlu' position
it liad occupied under Ceacatl Qui'tzalooatl, Nauhyotl
(lied after a reinn of iifteen years in 1)45.*'
All the authoritit's an'ii'e that Xauhyotl was sue-
ci'i'dcd at his di-ath hy his (pu'en Xiuhtlaltzin."^ who
ni^iicd four vears, sIiowIul;' lifcat /ea
I and
wisdom ni
tlu' Hiana;;ement of puhlic all'airs, and dyiuL*" vleeply
vc.rretted hy all her suhjects.'''' The Spanish writers
iiaiiu' Tec[>ancaltzin as the suci'essor t>f tla; lamented
I'liiliiiitliciic, Toci, Tclfimiim, etc. Sec vol.
el Ml
|i. .'l.'iK, el hcij.
*' I'cir ili'scriplion nf Xipcliic'ilco sec vnl. iv., y\>. is;i-'.ll,
*' Oil N.iiihviitl's rci;jii, M'l' J.i'/i7,(iir/,i!/^ ill hiiii^s/inniini/i'.i
.1/.
.itit;
vul, i\.. |i|.. -jo;. ;{J(>, H'.l.'t, l.'ilt, IlKi; I'lii/ifi, '!isf. Aiil. M /., til
"I'l-S; Tiir'/iiriinii/ii, Mini'ir/. //(«/., loiii. i., p. .'{7; I '/m r/i ra, S/
|.p.
.liif.
,1, /;,
tiiiii. 1., |).
!-'7; I'-/'
111,' I .,7-x r V,
iri/, llist. \iit. ( Vc, till
II iiiiliiiiiiinitl
I "'I
'V\
IT
1/
.•U!i-;ti.
it II
If
II: /;
ic Siiiiiii-.li u rill is luiikc liis ici;^ii niiiili !i)ii;;(
lie <.)i:i is li.iiii
!l i\ri'|i| ( 'lilN iui'lii li'lili'M'lllill;.; Iliiil il^i Im\ ill';' I'l'iullt'il, liy I lie nill-.i'lll (»f
IIS Hl|ll|l'|'|S, HCM'
ll
M'lirs n\cl
li
IC llllll' llll'siTI
ImmI
",i7:> Ki.Ti.
r
-'. iU
',». (7i
iirnirrii.
S'J'J SO, ll|■7li^ SJil. I.illil.iniliiil. 'riii.|iii'iim(|ii
mill I iiiiiiMi'ii, lis i|iiiitt'il ill imlr :ill, stiili' iIimI lliis kin;.' iilsn iiiiin liril nisi-
Waiij ,il (lie lii'iiil III' II liir;;i' iilliiv In inlil In liis iliiiii,'iill l»\ nilii|ii('s|.
♦' \lsii .\iiilii|iu'iil/iii, \iiilii|ii<Mil/lii, aiiil Xiiili/iilt/iii, /.(////.I'lc/i///, iiiiil
.\illlll/:ill/ill. \'i iiiiirrr/.
*' Si'f ii'li'ii'iu'i'.s ill initc 17 ami follow in;; paj^i's of caili iviitliiuily.
i
160
THE TOLTF.r PKItlOD.
([lU'eii, roforrin^ to liis luinn JiikI to that of liis sue-
(vssor tilt! events wliiih l>rou;L,^lit al)out tho ovt'itliniw
of tlio Toltec umpire. The Nahua lei'ords, however,
iviiresont <|ii('en Xiulitlaltzin as haviiii^ been followtd
liy her son Matlai'e(»atl, who reiL,nie(l f'nun JM1> to 1)7;;,
and who in his turn was su reeded hy 'I'Ulcoat/.in,
ruHnu' iVoni 1)7^^ to <.)1)4, and |>reeedii»u^ Teepaneah/in.
respect inijf wliose reii^ii these records ay'reo to a mitat
exti'iit with tlie other authoriti
es.
w
liavt: III)
record of any specifii! events tliat uvCirred <lniiii^'
the reii^ii of the three soverei:^iis hist mentioned, .sa\c
tliat in C'ulhnacan Quet/alhu-xoyatl was suececdt d
in llj.'J hy ChMlcIiiuli Tlatonae, and tlie li>Uer in 'JiSj
\)y Totepeiili, the second of the name.
no
T come now to the last century of the ]>eriod to
Avhich this chajtter is devoted, a century wli(»se annals
irom a continuous record of civil and relii^ious stril'e
in Auiihuac, invasions hy powerful hands from tlio
adjeiniui; rei^ions on the iiorth and north-west, pesti-
lence and famine, resultini;- in the utter overthrow of
the Toltec empire. 'I'liei-e is somewhat less contradic-
tion amoii!^ the two classes of authorities ijiioted iv.
spectiuLf the events of this century than in the ease
of those pi'ecedini^'. 'J'he Spanish writers still speak
of Tollan, it is true, a^ if that city alone constituttd
the empire; but the Nahua documents also asciilic
nhnost exclusively to T(tllan tho occurrences w Imli
caused tho destiuctioii oi' the Toltec ])ower. Tlic
latter documents, however, still kee|) up the thre.id n|'
historical events at ( 'ulhuacan and in other jn'ovince.s,
and they are doubtless much )noro reliable in tlic
matter of dates than the Spanish version, bi'sides
iiarratinn' the invasions of foreiij^n tribes, a disturliini,^
element in T(»ltec ]t(»litics almost entirely iniHitd ly
Ixtlilxochitl and his fc' lowers. Xotwithstandinn' tlic
/;/■
i/i' lliiiirlioiiri/, Ifi's/. Xiif. Cii'., ttiin. i., \t\y. XW, XV'
KIciiiiii, i'lilhir-disrhiflilr, iDin. v., |i. LSI, h|iciiI<s of an iiil<'irc|,Miiiiii it
f irly-oiglit yoiii's utti'i' tlic t'.calli of (/iiocii \iiilitlalt/.iii.
ijki(;n of iiri:MA(' ii.
'2f>
nciieral afjrooiiiout of tlio autlioritios refenvd to,
it must l>o notL'd that tlie rocord is Imt a surci'ssion «»t'
t;il< s ill which the marvelous and supernatural l.nm'lv
|.ntl()iuiiiate, cDiivoyinLf a lolorahly atrunite idea of
the L,feiieral course of history durini,'' this jteriod, hut
i!iio\viii<4- very little lij^ht on its details. Ju acct)rd-
aiiii' with my plan already announced, I have hut to
till tlic tales as they ai'e recorded; their ^cneial mean-
ing- is sullicieiitly apparent, and 1 shall otfer hut rarely
cwiijectures resj)ectinL;; the specilic siLCniticance of each.
Hucuiac 1 I., also known as Tecpancaltzin," the ild-
i-it soil of 'I'otepeuh 1 I. of Culhuacan, inoiiiitKl the
llii'.iiie of ToIImm in 1>1) 4,"'^ at a time when that citv in
n split of art and hinh culture was at the head of tlut
(iiipire, although CuUaiacan still retained lu'roi-i«_;iiial
political sujuemacy, Avhile hoth 'i'eotihucan and ( 'ho-
Iiila were rivals in the power and lame of their re-
spective prit.'sthood. There are no data for assionino'
iveii approximately i^xact limits to the Toltec eni|>irt!
at this j»('ri»Ml. it is prohahly, however, that while
tile Toltec was h'ss ahsolute and despoti*^ than the
A/.ti'c power ill the sixteenth ct'iiturv, yet it was
i\i rtrd throuohoiit fully ns wide an extent ot' territory,
iiicjiidiiio' Miclioacan and a hroad region in the north-
west !ievt'r altooether siihjected to the .\ztec kiiiys.
Till' Toltec domain had heeii I'lilai'oed u|-;idiially hy
tlir iiillueiice of tht! juiesthood, particularly under
(laiad (,)uetzalc(t;itl, until there were few |»id\iiices
tVoiii Tehiiaiitepec to Zacatecas, from the North to tlu;
South Sea, which did not reiah-r a voluntaiy alleo'i-
aiicr to the allied moiiiircjis df the central reoion.
Aiul at the same time it cannot he lielieved that
olti'.;ll coiKpies
t hv 1
orce (»l anus had so small a |tlace
'liioiio' tho eNi'lits of Toltec history as the I
ecoids
•illi'd ii'.Mii V/tiiiM-all/iii. l.iflilxorlilU. .\tfc!>aiifr!ill anil i/li
<|M.II||lUII|.
I'/..,' r/,,
'//
'liiiiiiliiiiiiiiri
I ami l.i iliLfiiihill, ai'ciirdiii;; Ik //
l.i:il», «:M. SS}, a-'cor.lih;,' to llic S|iaiii-li wrilri
rit.\.\iin\
St'c liiilc 17.
Cla\i;.'i'iii i'.'iiiu'fN tills kin;.', uliilc 'rtiii|iinnaila, liijlowcd liv linliiriiii in
/'"■'. liiiil. M .!■ . Mciic iii., I. nil. iv., |i. 'J.'til, ami N'olaiicMt, Tuifin .l/.,i'., p.
MT.llS to lu. Iltl
Ilia W illl 111 * ^lU•(•l'^^'0|•,
lij
THE TOLTEC PEIIIOD.
Avoultl iiii[»ly. I[(ic'iii.'ic TI., unlike tliu fii'st of tlio
saiiK! iiaine, l)i.'l()iij^c'tl to the wect of Qiutzalco.ill,
iisiiii^' his power to restrain the practice of huiii.-iM
saciiiice if not ultoL(etlier alcdishin*';' it in the tvinplis
of Tollan. He even seems to liave a«l(K<l tlie name
of C^)iietzalcoatl to his other royal and pontifical tiths,
or |)ossil>ly liad this title hefore his coronation, as
liiL,''h-l)riest of the sect at Cnlhuacan. The applicatinn
i){' this title to llueniac, and that of Tezcatlip(»ca to
the hinh-priest of the rival sect, has heen j)roductivo
of no little confusion in the record, since it is soiiir-
tinies iin[)ossihle to decide whether certain events
shouhl he attributed to this reii;n or to the time of
Ceacatl and lluemac I. The new kinjj[ was iiidowcd
Avith line natural (jualifications for his position, and
inioved to a remarkahle deufreo the contitlence and
esteem of the ]»eople. Durinj,' the first year he ruled
Avith oreat wisdom, speakinjjf hut little, atteiichiiL,'
most strictly to the perfoiniance of his religious dutii s,
jind always j)romj)t in the administration of justice to
his suhjects of whatever station; hut the old lire et'
religious strife, though smoulderiuL!:, was yet alive and
ready to he fanned into a confiai^ration which should
consume the whole Toltec structure. The leath rs el"
the rival sect, followers of the hloody Ti'Zcntli|Hi(ii
and hitter enemies to all foUowei's of Quet/aleo.itl,
although now in the minority were constantly iiitii'_;u-
ing for the fall of lluemac. Uut they well knew tlie
po|>ularity of their hated foe, and hent all their ( m r-
m'ies to the task of draLi;-ninin' him down I'rom his lofty
j)edestal of popular esteem, hy temptiny- him into the
commission of acts unw«-)rthy of himself as hioh-jniest,
kinn", aiul successor of the jj^reat Quetzalc«»atl. A
scandal was to he created; wine and women were n.it-
urally the agents to he employed; the tale is a v. ry
strange one.
l'ai)antzin, a Tidtec nohle of high rank, ]ireseiii(d
liimself one day at court, together with his daughter,
t:ik kin'c's :\!istim:ss.
t!if liciuitilul Xuchitl,""^' l>oariiii,'' with otlu-r j^ifts to the
I;iii'4 a kiiul of syrup and siiL,Nir iiia«lc iVuin iiia-
mi(V-jiii«'C' l»y a |>r<Kc's.s of wliicli l*a|>antziii was tho
iiivi ntor. 'J'liis synij) is ltcih rally sjtokfii of as
|iiili|iu'. l>ut tlit'io st'cms to l)o littk' irason tor makiiit,^
;i !'( riiitiitt'd li(jiior of 'iMicl jwii-ta <lo ina^iu'y.''^*
WIi;i«<'Mr tlio uatiiio of the syrup, it pleased tho
rnv.il jialate, and tho lovely faeo and form of the
vniiiiM Xocliitl Avere no less ])leasini>' to tho royal eye.
Tlif kiuL^' exjiresse«l his ajtpreeiation of the now in-
vention, and his desire to receive additional samples
of the swt'et )>i"e]>aration, at the same time ti'lIiiiLf
the lather that ho would he ])leased to roeeivo such
i^ilts at th(> hands of the dau^liter, who mij^ht visit
him lor sueh a purj)os(j unattended save hy a s» rvaiit,
J'liMid (»f tile honor shown to iiis family, an<l \vitlu)ut
suspicion of evil intentions, l*apantzin oidy a few
ilay^ hitcr sent Xoehitl, accompanied hy nn elderly
t'ciiiak- atten<lant, with a new ijift of ma<jfuev-svnn>.
Tile attendant was dijvcted to await her mistres; in
!i (iJNtant apartment of the jtalace, while Xoehitl
was iiitr<tduee<l alone to tho pi'esence of Huemac.
l)i!ivcly the maiden resisted the monarch's hlandish-
nients and protestations of ar<lent love, hut hy threats
iind force was compelled to yield her ]vrson to his
ciiihiiice. She was tluin sent to tlio stron^ly-yuarded
pahice of I'alpan nt'ar tin.* capital, and there, cut off
IVein all conununication with iiarents or fiiends, lived
as tht
kini;
s mistress.
H.
1'
el' itarents were no
titled
that tlieii- tlau'>hter had hi'en entrusted hy llucnwu!
to the care of i'ei'tain ladii-s who would pcrt'ect her
tihication and tit her for a prominent position anioiiL;'
I' inKvnr/ii//. ]i. 20S, culls tlio iiiimc Qiii'l/alxmliilzin, ami niiikos luT
II' vviii' iMlliiT tliiin tlio iliiii^litcr lit' l'ii|iaiit/iii.
'' ilil-^lauirlllc. in ,S'(»/((»;;i///, His/. Hin.. tnin, i.,lil
tl
1. II
1'
IKi, ciroiic
liaii;cs N't'Vtia wiili Kayiii;^ tliat ra|iaiil/.iii inc-ciilcil to llic kiiiL.' a
\r>^cl cif |iiili|ii(> invi'iitcil Ity Xoehitl. nia^sriir, for irasoiis not vcrv iiilclli-
;;ilili'. ii'fi'iN to tliiw iicrioil Salui'Min's anoiint nf tlic invention of |iiili|U(> in
OiiiiiM' limes (see lip. "JOT S of tills Miliiiiie). ami also tlie ellorts of tlie soi-
eiTi r> 111 make (^>iiet/.aleoatl tlriiik itiili|Ue lliat he nii;:ht lie imliieeil to leaMi
Tolhiii. I have atliihutcd tliesi- tales to the times of C'eaeatl. See [i. 'J.")!)
Ml llii> viijanie. also vol. iii., p. 'IVl, 'J.'i.'J, •JGl.
370
Till-: T«u;rF,(' riniKux
tlse ladies <if tl»o court miuI for a Itrilli.nit niarriayo.
'I'o Papantziu the royal iiiaiiiu'r of sliowiii'jf lioimr to
his rainily si'i-ined at lit'st novel aiitl straiiire, Imt lie
could suspect no evil intent on the |>art of the i)iuii.s
representative of Quetzalcoatl. New favors were
suitsequently shown the dishonored father, in the
shape of lands and titles and promises. For ihwv
years Ifueinac continued liis nuilty amour in secret,
and in the nieantinie, in 1002,
fiS
a c
hil.l
was 1m in I
named i^Ieconetzin, *chikl of the majji-uev,' or at a
later period Acxitl. Accordinu^ to the Co<ft:r Chi-
ninlpo/xHK the kiuLf duriuLT these thice years ^avu
himself up to the jdeasures of the Mine cuj) also,
yielilinuf to the temptations placed hefere Jiim hy tin
crafty f(»llowers of TezcatliiKM-a, and (hiriiiiif one *>['
his drunken orufies revealed the sec-ret of his \i)\v;
hut however this njay have heen, that secret was
llnally suspected; J*apantzin in the disi,niise of a
lahorer visited the palace of I'alpan, met his daULiliti r
with the youui; Meconetzin in her arms, an«l listeiud
to the tale of her shai
ne
The ano-rv father seetie
to have heen (piieted with the promise that Iii>
(laui^diter's son should he j)roclaimed heir to the
thrijue, since the (|ueen had home her hushand only
daULjhters; hut the scandal < .ice susjjected was spread
far and wide h}' the priestho«)d of Te/A-atlipoea, ami
the faith of the Tolte<'s in their saintly njonarch was
shaken. The «pjeen haviiiif died, X<»chitl Mitli lier
youuL^ son was hi'ou<,dit to the royal jtalace, and tlieir
is some reason to suppose that she was made llin-
macs lejj^itimate ([ueen hy a rei»ulai' mariia^e. \'t ly
serious dissatisfaction, and even »>i>en hostility anionic'
the j)rinces of highest raidv, wert; I'xcited hy tin
]<
iiu
actions, hoth on account of the' shanutiil
nature of such acts, and also hecause their own
chance of future succession to the throne was de-
stroyed hy J[uema«''s avowed intention to niako
Acxitl his heir. Evervthinijr i)resa<^,'d a revolutitm,
" UK")!. I'ri/tia WO. Wtilxurhill.
T( > V i: YO's A I ) V i:nt r K r.s.
271
ami till- f'tos uf Qui.tzaK'oatl wtTc ( Ikhmt*! witli liopcs
III' ;i|)]>roa('liin;r triiiiii])li. 1 luc'inac'.s initid w.is lillrd
with tn»ul»le, whicli all the Hattoiy of tin; «(»tirt cuiild
imt wliollv remove, anu the |)rosj)ects of his fainily
■ • ■ the fact that the v*)!!!!''
UiIV
not hiiij^hteii!
t'S
Acxitl from his hiith had the jthysicil pecidiariti
iiivdjited l»y the projihet lliu'iiiaii of oldeii time, in
. .iiiiitttion with siu-h widespread and fatal disasters.
\'. t it was hoped tliat hy can-ful iiistnutioii and
traiiiini;, even the decrees of fat«! mi'^ht l»e r"^■"rsed
.iiiil ini|K'ndin,H' disaster averted, espi-cially as in 'ind-
liuiid and yonth i>rince Acxitl yfave most ch-crinii:
priiinise of future jLfooiJness and ahility/"*'
Another event served to increase the troubles that
111 Mini to nii^her ahout the throne. It appears tiiat
lliicniac 'i^v ids first <[Ueen ^faxio liad three ilaii,jiit-
1 I- who were much son^'lit in ma*'riaL;e, rather for
iiiMiives of political amhition, p('rha|>s, than love, hy
the Toltec nohles. ( )ne csj)ecially was i^ieatly heloved
liv Iicr fatlu'r and none of the many aspirants to lu-r
li.iiul found favor in her eyes. One day while walk-
iii'^- anion^' the llowers in the royal ;i»"ar(lens, she came
u|i<iii a man sellinj.;' chile. Some of the ti'aditions say
th.it the ]>epper-vi!nder, 'I'oveyo,''^ was Tezcatiipoci
wild
had
issumed the appearance
«)
I jdelu'iaj;
at
any rate he was entirely naked and awakened in the
liiisuiu of the princess a love for wiiich her Toltecr
siiititi's had siij^hed in vain. So vioK'nt was her j»as-
siuii as t«) l)rini»" on serious illness, the cause of which
wa^ told by her maids to Ilnemac, and the indulL-eiit
lathci', thouiji'h very an^rry with Tovi'vo at first, finally,
a> the only nu'ans of restorinn' his daughter to health,
Miii'^ht out the jdeheian vender of pepper and forced
him perhajts not very imii-h a<4ain,st his will, to he
h.fu
" Si'c ri'«.|i('('tiiij; tilt' lifHt part uf Hii(Mimi''s n'i;rii, ^ vHi!.t irliill. in Kinqs-
hi,r -i,i/,\t M,.f. Anil'/., Mil. ix., pp. •_'n7, :i.S-«(, 4llil; \'ri)/,fi. Ihst. .\iil.
M I . tmil. i., p. 'M'l, I'f ^«t'll. ; Tnn/iiriinii/ii, M'Uiiir'/. /.'/'/., tiiPi. i.. p. H7;
lii'i SI III- i/r Itiiiirliiiiin/, llisl. Suf. *'ir., tiiiii. i., pp. I»U7— JS.
I'P
Tiilii'Mi. Siiliiniiiii. 'rnliui'vn, '<nir iu'i;,'lil»iii'.' lirunnciir.
Hi'i-iu to Itiivc boon ui'i;j;iiia!ly ii prtipcr iiuiiiu.
It iliii's nut
Tin: T(n;n:(' pintion.
whsIumI and (Ires.^ecl aiul to become tlie luisband ot'tlie
love-sick }>rineess. 'I'his inaniai^e eauised <j;Teat (li>-
satisl'artioM and indignation anionLj" the Toltecs; an iii-
(li_,niation that ineasilv understood, however the lenviid
lie-
he intei'pretutl. In case a hteral interpretation h
cepted, tiie upper classes in Tollan may natui'nlly
have heeii shocked hy the admission of a low-lioiu
peasant to the royal I'amily; on the other hand tlu)
version ^iven may have originated with the dis.i])-
j)'.)int('d suitors, who gratified their sj>ite by reviiiiiL;'
the siicci'ssful T(>veyo. It is also possible that tlir
legend synd)oli/A's by this marriajj^e the granting nf
new privileges to the lower classes against the a\ ill of
the nobility ; however this may lu', the result w.ss
wide-spread discontent ready to burst I'orth in nj
ten
revo
It.
Among the disaffected loi'ds who opoidy nnoltiil
against 'i'ollan, ( 'ohuanacotzin, J luehuetzin, Aiiiht -
nancalt/in, and Mexoyot/in"'' arc mentioned, by Ixtlil-
xochitl as ruK-rs of ])rovinces on tlu; Atlantic, i»y \'' \-
tia as lords of regions extending from (.^)niahui/,tl;i:i
(according to Hrassenr, \'era (.'ruz) northward alon::'
the c<»ast of the North St'a to a point beyond .I.ili^-
Respecting the events of this revolution of 'I'oltcr |
I'd-
ymces thus yagneiy loc
ited,
we nave on
lytl
le coiiti
nation of Toveyo's adventures, which Heem.s to Iu'Iohl;"
to this war. The tale runs that Huemac, somewhat
irightened at the stoi'in of indignation which foljowrl
his choice of a son-in-law, sent him out to tight in tli •
wars of Cacati'pec and ( 'oat(>pec, gixing secret oidi is
that he slioidd be so stationed in battle as to be iiH'\i-
tably killed. The main body of the Toltcc anny
yielded to the superior numbers of the foe and llnl t i
Follan, leaving Toveyo and his followei's t() thcii' fii' ;
but the latter, either by his siipeiioi' skill or hy
1
)owers as a magician, notwitlistandiuLi' the small I'mi
■''■* I'lir ii fuller iii'cnimt "f tlic tiilc uf 'rovcvn, hcc vol. iii,, pji. 'Ji:i-I.
Alsii, Sii/i'ii/ini, /lis/. Hill., (mil. i., lili, iii., |i|), 'JlT-H.
*" Colitiiiiuu'tix, lluel/iii, XiuliU'imii, ami .\li'\oyot/iii.
OMENS OF DESTRUCTION.
STS
at Ills command, utterly routed the enemy and re-
tuiiud in triumj))! to the capital, where tlie kinii;' and
]M()[ilf nreived him with Ljreat honors and puhlic de-
iiiHiistrations of joy. For a time the kingdom seems
tn liave remained witliout disturbance, and fortune
(line more smiled on Huemao.'*
As to the exact order in which occurred the snh-
sc((neiit disasters by which the Toltec empire was
overthrown, the authorities ditt'er somewhat, al-
tli()U""li aiifreeiiiij: tolerably well resiiectinij: their
natiin
M
my
jvents ascribed bv Brasseur to Jfue-
iiiac's reiiifn are by Veytia and others describi'd as
having' hai>pened in that of his successor. Thero
can, however, be but little hesitation in followiiin" the
chn»iioh>o-y of the Xahua documents often refei'red
to, in jtreference to that of the Spanish writers. The
latter is certainly erroneous; the former at the woist
is only pi'obably so. With his returniuL;' j)rosperity
the kiiiL>' seems to have returned to his evil ways
while the partizans of Tezcatliitoca resumed their
in
triyiies an'ainst hii
n.
Tl
ie sorcerer assem
bled
nn<
n'hty crowd near 'J'ollan, and ke|)t them danein;^^
ti> the nuisic of his drum until midnight, when by
reason of the darkness and their intoxication they
crewdrd each other off a ])recipi('e into a deep ravine,
wheii' they were turned to ston(>. A stone bridge
was also bi'oken by the necromancer and crowds ))re-
fipitated into the river."' ( )ther wonderfid aets of
the soreerer aufainst the well-beiiiir of tiie Toltees as
m
'<" I ii/i/.riir/n'/f, in Kiiiiisltiiriiiii//i'.s .Vra*. Anfii/., \'>A. i\., it|i. 'J(>7. .'V.llt;
V'ljtiii, lli.st. Aiif. Ml/., tiiiii. i., II. 'JTI, I'l M'i|.; Sii/iiiijiiii, Ills/. Hi II., iniii, i.,
lil'. iii,. |i|i. 'J lit-,") I. nnissfur, Hisl. Sill. <'ir., Inin, i., |)|i. ;t."iti •!((, i('|in'?*i'iiti
t'liliiiiiiinniN mill Mi'voxnl/iii an lonU of (j>Mi:iliiii/ll:iii-.\iiMliiiMc, nr N'ciii
t'liiz, Kill ;;i\('H III) failliri ilctiiils iif llirir ri'Mill. Iliirl/iii, lie mils llio
I'liiiii' 111' .liilisci), stilting' that lii' inanliril at tin' lii'ail uf a lar;.;i' army
iiu'iiin-l liiu'iiiai', iiiit wa.H ilctV.itril at t 'uati'iHT iirar 'I'nllaii liv tlif lnasi'iy
iij Tii\r\ii, will) ili'iivi' liiiii witii ^'ii-at Idss l)ai'k to llio froiitii'i's uf .lalisni.
l'"iir ilii>c I'arts III' refers til iin ntlier aiiiliDiilii-M tliim tliDxi' iiii'iitii)iii'il in
tliJN iiiiti>, ami tlii'MC ciiiitaiM mi mihIi iiiliiiiiatiDn.
'•^ s,,liiiifi,ii, llinl. (I'lii., timi. i., lil). lii., p. 'J.'il. Itiiissciir lias no ilillW
ciilty ill iiiiii|iictin',' tlii.s tulo tu iudii-iitij an uaiUniiniUe.
Vol,, V, iH
1^
274
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
related ])V Saliai^un liavo been i,''ivon in another \.il-
uiiie
fa
From OHO of the iieiuhhoniiir volcaii
nc
flood of jL^'lowiuuc la\a ))oured, and in its lurid jinlit
.appeared frii^htful speetJes threatenin<( the eapital.
A sacrifice of captives in luMior of Tezcatlipoca, was
d»!cided npctn to appease the aiii^ry jLjods, a sacriticc
wUu
h Jl
ueniac Vii
18 forced tt) sanction. JJnt wht i
1 a
yonnj^ hoy, chosen hy lot as the first victim, was
place<l upon the altar and the ohsidian knife j)hiiim(l
into his breast, no heai't was found in his body, and
his \eins were without blood. The fetid odoi- ex-
haled from the cor
»se caused a pe
I'
'stil
ence nivniNiii-f
ecs
thousands of deaths, 'fhe stru^^'^les of the 'J\)h
to uet rid of the bodv have been elsewhere related.'^
Next the Tlaldc divinities appeared to Hui'inac as 1id
walked in the fort'st, and were implored by him imt
to take from him his wealth and liis royal spleiidnr.
The ufods were wroth at this petition, his apparent
sellishness, and want of penitence for past sins, and
they departed ann()uncini"" their purpose to biini;'
j)Ian'ues and suHerin^- upon the proud Ttdtecs for ,si\
year;
'i'he winter of 101 8 was so cold that all
plants and seeds were kille'd by frost, and was t'n|
lowed by a hot summer, which paridied tlu* wlmlc
surface of the coimtry, dried up the streams, and
even calcined tlu; solid I'ocks.
I fere seem to belonn" tlu! series of ])lafjuesdes(iiiird
by the Spanish writers, although attributed by tlniii
to the followini,^ reiyn."* The ]da^ues ben'an willi
heavy storms of rain, destr(>yini!f tlu; ripeniu'^' rvo\)>,
ilo()(hiii^" the streets of towns, continuing Ibr a huiidivd
♦ lays, and causing' inreat fear of a universal (1i1iil:i'.
Heavy gules followed, which leveled the linest hiiild-
«2 Sc(> vol. iii.. p(). 2J.^-.S.
<" \iil. iii., p. 217. Tiu" ntluT (IclailH, liko the interview with iln' Tlii-
lot's, iiic I'niiii till' Coi/ix ('hiniiilixiiKifii,
^'* l.i-lliixiK-lull, ill Kiiiiisliiiviiiiiih's Mix. Aiifii/., vul. ix., pp. 'JaT s, .'t'.'H-
:il»; I'li/fui. Hist. Ant. Mj., ti)ii
I''////
•-'H(»,
!tH
|. Dnli's, lll'.tT. il -I'l'
I, ft Ht'n, Ixllil.iiirliitI . Tlu'rc is III) a;,'r('iMiiciit iilioiil \\\v 'lui'i
tiiiii tif (111- plii);iii'H, 'I'iicy scciii, liowi'MT, toliavo lii'fii i'iiiilimiipii> im .ii
Icartl livi
JfUI>
iriliotl
IthrHi
with
|nlrt<l
luiia-
I' iliini-
lor .It
PLAOUKS SENT UPON TlIK TOLTKCS.
975
111'-'
rs to tlio ufroinul; and to.uls in ininionso ninnlxM-s
(iimtimI tlio i^nound, coiisumiiiL;' cverytliin^" tidililo aiul
( \tii piMiL'tratiniif tli<> tlut-llinL^s ot" the pooplo. 'I'lio
IK \t year nnprt'ccck'nted liuat and drouL»"lit pivvailcd,
It iidt'iinL,'' usc'K-'ss all ai^ricidtui'al lal)or, and causinii;
iiiiicli starvation. Next lu'aw frosts d(.'sti"o\H'd what
littli! tlic heat had spared, not even the hardy ina^iiey
surviviiiiif; and then eanie U[u)n the land i^i vat swarms
of l)ir<ls and locusts and various insects. LioJitninn"
:iii(l hail completed the work ot" dexastation, and as a
result of all their atHictions I xtlilxochitl informs us
tli.it nine hundre<l of every thousand Toltecs ])erished.
lluemac and his followers wen; held responsihle for
(li.s.istei's that had come upon the jieople; a hunL^ry
iiMih of citizens antl strangers crowded the street of
Toll.ui and even in\aded the palace of the nohles,
iiistiLjated and headed hy the [)artizansof Tezcatiip«»ca;
.mikI the \<\\\'^ was even forced at one time to abandon
the city for a time. The Codex ChnnnJpopoca ri'pre-
iited the loniif rain already referred to as liavin
tiiciirred at tlu) end of six yi'ars' di'ouij^ht and fam-
ine, lUid to have inaun'urated a new season of plenty.
1 \tlil\ochitl refers to bloody xvars as amonij;' the t)vils
el' the time. All we may learn from the confused
iniiiimts, is that the Toltec emjdre at that i>eriod
as alHicted with war, famine, and pestilence; and
that th
ese a
ftiict
tons wi
re attributed to the sins of
lliieuiac 1 1., by his enemies and such of the peo]tle as
tl
lev CO
uld influence.
11
Alter the plagues were ])!ist, and ])rosperity had
i^aiii beo'tm to smilo upon the land, llin'inac aban-
1
(iniH'd Ills evil ways and n'ave his whole attention to
pidiiiotinijf the welfare of his people; but he still
tliiiiL!;' with fatal obstinacy to his purpose of placimjf
his son on the throne, and determined to abdicate
iiunicdiately in favor of Acxitl. Jlis father, kiii^' of
Ciilhiiacau, died in lO'JtJ, and the crown, to which
Jliieinac himself, as the eldest son Avoidd seem to
have been entitled, passed to Totepeuh's second son,
i
tit;d
276
THE TOLTEC PEIUOD.
Niiuhyotl IT. Tt i.s possible tliat Huemac consented
to this concession in consideration of the support it'
tile new kini; in his own projects at ToHan. Altrr
tht>roM<>lilv canvassinjif the sentiments of liis vassal
loids, and ci)n(inatin«; the jjood will of the waveriii'
Ity a pfrant of new honors and possessions, he jiiih-
licly announced his intention to place Acxitl on the
tiirone. The immediate conse(iuence was a new re-
volt, and from an unexpected source, since it was
ahi'tted if not ori«^inated hy the followers of Quet/al-
coatl, who deemed Acxitl, the <'hild of adulteious
love, an unworthy successor of their great i)ropht t.
]Maxtlatzin was the most ]^rominent of the many
iioMes who espoused the rebel cause, and Quauhtii
was the choice t>f the nialcontents for the rank ( l'
hii^li-priest of Quitzalcoatl, To such an extremity
was the cause of lluemac and his son reduced tli;,r
they were forced to a compromise with the two
leaders of the revolt, who consented to support th(!
causi' of Acxitl on condition of beinuc theniselvts
raist ', to the highest rank after the son of Huemar,
and of forming with him a kind of triumvirate by wiii( h
the kingdom should be ruled. All the authoritits
agree respecting this compromise, although only tlio
dociiments consulted by Brasseur speak of oj)en iv-
volt as the cause which led to it. It is evident, liow-
ever, that nothing but the most innnineut dangn'
could have induced the kingof Tollan to have enter« d
into so humiliating an arrangement. Immediatt ly
after the consununation of the new alliance, the'cliild
of the maguey' was crowned king and high-]iri- >t
witii «jTeat cereiuiuiv in lO'Jl), under the title of To-
pilt/,in Acxitl (^)uetzalcoatl. Tojdltzin is the nanio
by wiiich he is usually called by the Spanish writns,
although it was in reality, like that of Quetzalc<»atl,
a title held by several kings. Acxitl is tiie nnHv
convenient nanu>, as <listinguis]iing him clearly iVoin
his father and fr»)m Ceaeatl (^uetzalcoatl. Ihkiii.n
EX(^K.S.Si:s OF .A
niK
I
''.VITL,
11 Oi
'1 XiH-hh] IVtU'Vi]
277
JK'ti.Hi With j.ul.lic art
I ins
CJ
ostcn.siMv fi
oni all
Xiiilit
111 lure ix'ln
w lords of ,list;
con-
lufc
■JIfd
•^P'MNttl.eJ^iMM-ofTnll
tlufralleu-faricL' to Acxitl- I
".'-•", pfi-hajKs tliuir
provi.Kr.s, Tri„.|n,rt
1, mIio Ji.hI
iiiaiiacotzii
zin.
once
fnl
T
It's
al)ont tlioin
"• 'H'^v inonarcl,, then al
«'\v'i (liHiciilt
<3ni>-ai.i',I
''^■.•••t lirst thev f
I", Hon- n-nisfd
or soiiio
"I Mo o
'^'•^ ^vith tiu. uiM
J''i"l tlio Jiio-J
tiK
' I"'oiniHo of 1
>oiit I'ort
!•<''» Iiostilit
y VL'ar.s of
It's.
ti^ counsels (,r j.is ref
IIS
•.^v, jiist-
wHi'lr lo,.
• JiMce of J
\^'iv infiHil)!
y'titli, aiKl o'„uK.',| I
«evera_l years, o-,-.,,!
oniit'd i;.,t|
y
iiall
*'»•, rule, I ,,„,;|.
\\'^ ^^''ii^K jiut the ;i
y .iriiiniiio- tj,
""! Aexitl, like]
"ivrees of th,
•' eonfi-
■'" I" Jiialt
I
ve u
IVlMt'-.
iii-> t'\i
«^' "'Hiis position oFhi./jM
passions. If
/^"•■•iNipoca and 1
'« inciters and
'"'.''■^ "f every rank
'7''^ they Mould
»'H crafty parti
•sans.
ciiiiir
•x.iMinl
u
'e ^v.•ls fol
that I
"»crit divine f
liin,
1 , '"of
''.•\\' <lid hf fall
'-pnest t.»oT..,ti(V
Were stijl
"> lH'r.sna<li.d
!i,L;ents
\vl
y yit'ldin- to the 1.
IV or,
'^•li church di^-nit
?^'v' ''V Ix'th nohles
• ■nliscc
I'l'lV
irie;
find
Tl
and
villi
•■••''tedtoinb-;.:cj;;;7^-7';['tiK.t;'nipi
was oMoJ I -/."•''^^'t.\ <or-ot all tli.i.- v ,..
•'jN'fily Were tl
'''I'lt tile hi,, -I
••s employed \vl
ic royal
priests.
I pies
I ere
'^ ';c'jiiireni,;nts o(
persuasion failed
Kir \o\V;
.'-i'nestess ..f the (Jo,M
"loralitv (1
>o
^'T''T "^" '•<'A'^' I'loo.!
'•^re-arded,
!,'"'''': 'l^"Q"ctzalcoatl
» on a
pil
,^'^ ol the Wat
cr
Tinia
(Ii
•' cliir' noi
afr.
«', I-
i\v,
1 i.-
took
'• "^'"f that city an.I I
''cdedtothe hio-l
..i- / tl , , r'v^'MiiaLi'e
'\V'"'"^'''''^e''<'PcnI
to tl
le
pciily with
""■" '""1 .•! son, \v\
spread
"."I'lcte p,,s,s,
lest eccl
to
'"'"'•diate auti
iiU,'" toeiti
H>ri ty of Toll
■^^lon t)f sot
e-s;. •111(1 proviiKvs
'•^'■•'■^tical ,.,i„k
'•'ty in ;
If:
I"- .i-'iil>lic all
"ot uiidt-r th
If'Lr.lutf,
Ill's Wert
•"I'-'l. ItiO. I'l
ill A'
•'" aiKlii
I'l'. -'71-1. I),
',"/""■". ill //,•
lilMlllI
i>iilxl>
il.'it
•'""//('•'• ^^.x. .(
"),
I'x lilt' ii.'i;
(
"'• K'i'l. |t,,(,
tiiiil ,s,S'> ;
■tl
"''■'/ . Vllj.
i\.
I'l'
//''"'. I lis/. .{„f
;{•-'!».
'1-:;.''': 's '>'-^rC:::n^^^^
''"I IX t')llli.,l (I
'""■"", in J,l II
I'lillll
» 'iiu'iimc ,|i(.,| j,t ii,
I AiMliiniii,.,, ^Y
in 1 1 inc.
Ion
'•■tinliiii
I. I.
I'l'.
I" tlj«!
278
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
loft to bo managed by unscrupulous royal favoriti s;
the prayers of tlio aj^ed Huenuic and Xocliitl to tin'
gods, like their remonstrances with Acxitl, were iin-
availintr; crimes of all kinds remained unpunislicd ;
rol)hery and murder were «^f freipient occurrence; aiitl
the king was justly held resj>onsil)le for all.
But Acxitl was at last brought to his senses, ami
his lears if not his conscience were thoroughly aroused.
Walking in his garden one morning, he saw a small
animal of peculiar appeai'ance, with horns like a (icci-,
which, having been killed, i)roved to be a ralil.it.
Shortly after he saw a /nilfziliii, or hunnning-ltird,
with s[)iirs, a most extraordinary thing. To])ilt/iii
Acxitl was familiar with the Teoann)xtli, or *(li\ iiu;
book,' and with Hiiemac's predictions; well he knew,
and was contirnied in his opinion by the sages and
priests who were consulted, that the jdienomena oli-
Kerved were the tokens of iinal disaster. The kiiiL;"s
reformation was sudden and complete; the juirsts
lield out hoj)es that tlu^ ])rodigies wi-ie warnings, and
that their consecpiences might possibly be aveittd l<y
prayer, sacrifice, and reform. 'I'lie Spanish wiitcis
introduce at this j)eriod the series of ])lagues, w liidi 1
have given under Huemac's reign; and Urasseur adds
to the a[)pearance oi' the rabbit antl the huniininu-
bird two or three of the wonderi'ul evi'uts attrilmlcd
by Sahagun to the necromaiu'er Titlacnaon, witlioiit
any reason that i know of for asci-ibing th'.;se ocrin-
reiu'cs to this particular time. Such were the ap-
})earance of a l)ird bearing an arrow in its claws and
menacingly soaring over the doomed capital; the fall-
ing of a great stone t>f sacrifice near the pit >i nt
locality of ( hapultepec; ar.d the coming of an dd
W(Mnan sidling paper flags which proved fatal to e\t ry
])urchMS(;r.''*' Tiiese events occurred in IU.'Uj and tlu'
following years. Tin; king was wholly unable to
check the torrent of vice which was Howing over tin)
land; indeed, in his desire to atone for his past faidts.
^'>> Sit hi 11/ It II, Hint. Ucii., toi'i, i., lib. iii., p. '-'54.
CIIICIiniEC INVASION.
27g
lie seems to liRve resorted to such severe measures us
til have (let'eated liis own aims, converting his former
iViciids and flatterers into liitti-r foes.
In the midst of other trouhles came tlie news tliat
lliiehuetzin was marching ut the head of tlie rchel
fdices t(»»vards ToUan, and was ali'eadv most succcss-
fid
on
tl
le inn
thern iVontier. The other tw(t lords
from the guH' coasts, who iiad refused to acknowhdge
tlic |»()wer of Acxitl, were in h-ague with Hiieliuet-
^iii. l'nal)le to resist tliis formidahle armv, tlie Tol-
tec KHig was compe
lied t(
o send ami)assa(
dors 1
lean 11 ir
rich presents to sue for peace, — according to the Span-
ish writers at the capitals of the distant rel)elli(,'US
provinces; hut as Brasseur says to the heaihjuarters
of the hostile army not very I'ar from 'I'ollan. The
ireseiits were receive*.
I, hut
no satislactorv agreement
si'iins to liave been made at first. Veytia and Ixtlil-
xochitl spi!ak vaguely of a truce that was concluded
as a I'esult of this or a suhserpient emhassy, to tlio
etlt'ct that the Toltecs should not he molested for ten
vtais, an old military usage re<piiring that ten yeai's
should always intervene between tlie declaration (jf
war and the commencement of hostilities; and the
latter states that the armv was withdrawn in the
mid not be ob-
)rasseur,
lueantime, l)ecause suthcieiit su|>|>ln's co
taiut'd in the territory of the Toltecs, J
\\irh(int rel'eri'inof to anv other authorities than those
named, tells us that alter remaining a whole year near
TolJan, lluehuetzin was forced t) return to his own
|iro\inco to repel the invasions of hostile tribes, wliich
triiics. it is mill
lied.
were induced to coUiL- soutliwait
I
niid to harass the 'I'oltec iini lons.''^
Taking advantage of the pii'carious condition of
thi' foltecs, many of the triin's e\en in and about
Amihuac shook olf all allegiance to tlu; empire, iiiid
lieianie altogether inde}>ei!dent; anil at tlie same
'" Vv}il!ii, lli.sl. Ant. Mij., toiii. i,. |i|i. l2S'.»-7; Ixllll.iiirliill, in Kiu'/.i-
h'lviiiuili's Ml x. Aiiliij., Mil. i\., ii|i, ;(_",l-;n ; ilnt.i.\iiir <lr lliiiirhijiirij, ILst.
.\'it. (■,,-., idiii. i., |i|i. ;{7(»-S.">.
ii\
280
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
time Humorous Chicliiuiee trii)os from al)roacl took
tulvantajjj'c of the favurablo o|)[)ortunity to sct-uiu
lionies in tlie lake reij;iou. These foreign tril>e.s aiu
all reported to have come hoin the north, hut it is
extremely (loul)tful if any aeeurate information iv-
spectini^ tlie invaders has been preserved. For tl.c
ronjecture tliat all or any of them came from the
(listant north, from California, Utah, or the Missis-
sil>pi Valley, there are ahsolutely no ^rouiuls; nl-
thouij^h it is of course im])ossiltle to prove that all
came from the region adjoininuf Anahuac. l\\ far
the most reasonable conjecture is that the invaders
were the mmierous Nahiui bands who had sett ltd in
the west and north-west, in ^[ichoacan, .Jalisco, and
Zacatecas, about the same time that the nations called
Toltecs had established themselves in and abdiit
Anahuac. Jh-asseur finds in his authorities, the only
ones that o'ive any ])articulars of the invaders, that
amonL( the lirst Chicliimec bands to arrive wt le the
Acxotecas and Ezth|»iclin, both constituting- toovther
the Teotenancas. The Eztle})ictin settled in the
valley of Ti'iianco, south of the lakes, while the
Acxotecas took possession of the fertile valleys ahont
Tollan. A war between Xauhyotl II. of C'ulliuaean
and the kinn* of Tollan is then va^'uely recorded, in
which Acxitl was vii-torious, but is su}>j)ose(l to have
suffered iVom the constant hostility of C'ulluiaraii
from that time forward, although that kinndom soon
had enough to do to defend her own ])ossessions.
The l^zth'pictin introduced a new divinity, and a
new worship, which Acxitl, as successor of (.^)uet/.al-
coatl made a desperate etlbrt to overthrow, lb'
marched with all the forces ho could comnii'.nd \<<
Tenanco, but was defeated in everv battle. \\ hat
was woi-se yi't, duriniif his absence on this campaign,
the .Vcxoteca, braiudi of the invaders were admiitid.
undei- tluur leader XalliteiU'tli, by the partisan^ e!"
Tezcatli[u)ca into Tollan itself Civil strii'e ensued
in the streets of the capital between the three ii\al
TOKENS OF DIVINE WRATH.
981
sorts, until Tollan with all her noble striu'turcs was
AVi 11 iiioh in luins. At the same time wars were
■w.i-i'd between the three allied kinijfdoms, and pest
and famine came once more ujion the land. These
(.■\( iits occurred between 1040 and 1047.""
It was evident that the gods were very angry with
tliis unhapjty peo}>le. To avert their wrath, as Tor-
([iitiiiada relates, a meeting of all the wise men, priests,
and nobles, was convened at Teotihuacan, where the
gilds tVom the most ancient times had been wont to
hear the i)rayers of men. in the midst of the proi)i-
tiatoiy feasts and sacrifices a demon of gigantic ]n*o-
jiiiitions with long bony arms and fingers a[»])eared
(lancing in the court where the peo})le were .issembled.
\\ liiiliiig througli the crowd in every direction the
(1. iiKiii seized upon the T(jltecs that came in his way
and (laslied them lifeless at his feet. Multitudes
jii rislu'd but none had the strength to tly. A second
time the giant appeared in a slightly ditferent form
and again the Toltecs fell by hundreils in his gras[).
At Ills next a[)pearance the demon assumed the tbrm
of a white and beautiful child sitting on a rock and
L:'a/.in'j- at the holv citv from a nei!>hl)orin<'- hillto]).
As till! people rushed in crowds U) investigate the
iicw plienomfsna, it was discovered that the child's
head was a mass of corru])tion, exhaling a stench so
i'atal that all who a]»|>roaclu'd were strii'ken with sud-
den death. Finally the devil or god apj>eared in a
t'eiii! not recorded and warned the assendily that the
fate of the Toltecs in that coimtrv was sealed; the
l;i>(1s Would not listen to furtliei" petitions; the people
ciiiild escape total annihilation only by fiight. The
inldy broke U}), and the mend)ers returned to their
<'ISSe
linnies utterly disheartened.'''"'
baige ninnbers of the Toltec nobles had alreadv
i v-\
: I
c',1
ii
'■■^ llniMnir ifi' lliiitrlmiini. Hi-'if. X'if. I'ii:, toiii. i., |i)i. ;{S.V.);?, \"cytiii
aiiil Ixliilxiicliitl arc "criisiiiimlly ri'lCrii'il to mi llicsc cxciits, Imt tin- fliap-
tcis i-ifciicil to (•(iiiiain alisiiliiti'lv iicilliiii;; on tlu' Milijcft.
" I'lir/uvmuda, Monarq. linL, torn, i., pji. 37-S.
!
i
1
i'i
282
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
.abandoned their country and departed for foreimi
jirovinees, and this eniii^ration was constantly on tlid
increase even bot'ore it was definitely determined liv
the ruler to niii^^-ate. In the meantime, it' Brasstin's
thoiities may be credited, a new sect, the ixtiii-
aut
nanus or 'masked matrons,' introduced their rit( s,
includinu^ l)hallic worship and all maimer of sorciiy
and del)auchery, into Tollan, thus adding- a new cle-
ment of discord in that fated city. The Ixcuinaiiies
orii^innti'd in the re<»'ion of lYmuco amoni>- the liiias-
tecs, and bcLjau to Hourish in Tollan about lOoS.™
To civil and reli^iou!-" strife, with other intrin.il
troubles, was now adiled the peril of forei^'ii invasion.
Accordiui^ to the S[)anish writers the ten ycais'
truce concluded between Acxitl and his foes mult r
the cominjind of Huelau'tzin, was now about to e.\-
I»ire, and the rebel ])rince of the north api)eare(l at
the head of an immense army, ready to submit liis
dili'erences with the Toltec kiiii^ to the arbitration of
the battle-Hi'ld. Aceordim;' to Ih'asseur, the Ti o-
Chichimecs invaded the rest of Amihuac, while the
former fo' s of J [uemac and his son, untler lliieliiitt-
zin, from the pi'ovinces of Quiahuiztlan and .lalixo,
threatene<l Tollan. 1 may remai'k here that 1 have
little faith in this author's division into tribes of tin'
hordes that invaded Anahuac at this period and in
the followinL*" years. We know that many bands tVom
the surrountlino- region, particularly on the north, most
of them ]>robably Nahua tribes, did take advaiifa'^c
of internal dissensions amonij^ the Toltec nations to
mvai
le tl
le cen
tral
reo-iou.
or a })erio(
1 (.f
nianv
vears they warred unceasinoly with the older nations
and amonu^ themselves; but to trace the fortunos ot
j)articidar tribes through this jnaze of inter-tiihal
conflict is a hopeless task which J shall not attempt.
!Manv of these so-calleil C'hichimec invadinii: trills
oinl
afterwards became threat nations, and ])layed a }»i
nent part in the annals to be n'iven in future cli.i['-
TO Brn,fsciir i/c JJoiir/ittiiri/, IL'.sf. X<((. Cir., toiii. i., jiji. -l()()-'2.
(•((NQIEST OF ANAHIAC
ti'is; iiiid wliilo it is not iuijn-oltaUle that .some (f
tlu'in. as the Teo-Cliicliimecs, Acollmas, or 'ro|)aiK'cs,
If i(k'iiti«'al \vith tho iiivadiiii^ tril)es wliifli ovoi-
\Vi
aii-
tliirw the Toltee empire, there is no sufficient
tlioiitv t'oi- atteiMptiiiLr so to icleiititV anv one ot" them.
Neither do 1 tind any authoi'ity whatevi-r ior the
(onji'tture tliat tlie inva<leis were harharian liordes
tioiii the distant north, who hn)ke throU5;:h the belt
(if Nahiia nations which sni'ronnded Anahuac, oi'
wi re iiisti^ated hy those nations from jealousy of
Tnhcc i)ow».'r to undertake its overthrow. \vt it
wmild l>e lash to assume that none of the wihl trihcs
tiMik part in the ensuiniif stru^'i^le; as allies, or undi-r
\
iliua
lead
el-s.
th
'V 1
)ro
hahl
V rentlerei
I etK
cielit al(
I
to tlif ('hirhiniei' invaders, and afterwards in manv
ce
ni(M
L;ed til
eir
tribal
e.Mstenee m
that
oi
tl
le
( liichimec nations.
Tlie other 'I'oltec cities, Otompan, 'IV'Zcuco, Culhua-
(•;u), seem to have falh'ii hefoi'e the itivaders even ho-
forc Tollan, aithounh it 's vaguely n-ported that after
tile (Icstruction of (Jtonipan the kiny- of Culhuacan
fun II (1 a new alliance for defeiisi; with A/capuzalco
,111(1 ( 'oatlichan, exdudiuL^" 'I'ollan. All the cities
w.if s.i'-ked and hurned as fast as conquered except
Ciilliiincan, which seems to liave escnjied <lestruction
hy admittiiii;' the invaders within her i;ates and pi'oh-
alilv oecominn" tlieir alhes or vassals.
Tl
IIS was m
lOdlt.
lift '11
Meantime I luehuetzin's ibrces were thieati'ii-
Tollan. I>y strenuous efforts a larL;e army had
raised and e(pii|)ped tbi- the defeiisf ot' the royal
ciUiM'. The j)rinces (.^>uaulitli and Maxtlatziii, lately
allied to the throui', br«»UL;lit all their forces to.iid the
kiiiL: against whom they had Ibrnicrly rebelled. The
iliiVtl lluemac came out from his retirement and strove
with th(! ardor of vouth to ward olf tlu' destruction
will
ii li he could but attribute to his indiscretionsof many
vraiN an'o. Even Xochitl, the kind's niothei", is re-
]iiirtr(l to liave enlisted an army of amazons i'rom tho
lifdssriir I
If Hniirliiiiirif, Hist. Xiif. C'l'r., tmii. i., [>\k -IO'J
281
THE TOLTEC PEUIOD.
women of Tollan and t(^ liave placed horsc'lf at tin ir
liL'ud. Acxitl fonncd liis anny into two divissions. nuv
(jt" wliicli, under a lord named Muehiietenuxr.itl
marilied out to meet the enemy, wiiiie the otiiei", com-
manded liy the kini^ himiself, was >stati«»ned witliiu
intrenchnients at Tultithin. The advance army, :it'hr
one day's hattle without decisive result, tell l)a(k .ind
determined to act on the detensive. lieintbrced \>y
the division under Huemac, and by Xochitl's ama/oiis,
who f'ouL,dit most hravely, (Jencral HuehueteniiM ,itl
carried on the Mar tor three years, hut was at l,i>t
driven back to join the king. At Tultithm a final
stand was made by Acxitl's orders. For many davs
the battle raged here until the Toltecs were ik ally
exterminated, and driven back step by step to 'i\i|laii,
Xaltocan, Teotihuacan, and Xochitlalpan successi\» ly.
Here Huemac and Xocbitl were slain, also Quaiilitli
and AEaxtlatzin. Acxitl escaped by hiding in a ta\(
at Xico in Lake Chalco. In a final encounter ( m n-
eral Ifueluietenuxcatl fell, and the small renmant i^'
the Toltec army was scattered in the mountains and
in the marshes of the lake sliore."
From his ])lace of conceahuent at Xico, Topilt/.iii
Acxitl secretly, visited Culhuacan, gathered a t'rw
I'aithful followers about him, announced his intention
of returning to Huehue Tlajiallan, j)romised to inti i-
cede in their behalf with the Chii-himec emi)ernr ot"
their old home, and liavinu' committed his two inlaiit
" Snch is the
ount jiivcn liv Ixtlilxocliitl niul Vovtia. I'm-
vt'i'sinii, uIiIiiiultIi fill idcil on tlic saiiii' iuitlmrilifs, dill'i'is wiilclv. A'
iiij; to tliis vcrsiim, uiiilt/iii Acsill ninaiiu'il
.Maxtliii/.iii witli tin
r
ill.'ili; C>Uiinlilli .'ili'l
I'll HiHMiiac iriarrlicil tn iiici't tlic I'l
Aft
cf :i liiTi'i'
iiiillii't iK'ar 'I'lillitla lastiiij: scvfial il;i
til
f ariiiv was dnvcii
lurk t.l
'I'lillaii. 'I'lii' kiii;^ rt': 'veil tti burn tlit> rity and leave the ctiiinli.v . 1 "i'
tin! liurniii;,' of Tttllan >alia;,niii, JIt.s/. Urn., tmn. i., lil). iii.. ]•. ■_'•">■"). i- n'-
ferred ti>, where he sa , 'hizo (jneniar todas las easas (|iu' tenia licili;i- ilc
jilata y tie runeha,' etc ret'errin^' tn the departure of t^lnet/ah'oatl tm Tl.i-
iiallaii. The l^tnetza nail alluded to may he either Aexitl or CimiiiI
hetreatiii;; to Xaltocan and then towards Teotihnaean, a tinal stand \v:is
made hy iliu-nnie, Xocliitl, Maxtlat/in, ami Muehuemaxal illiiilnu-
tenux<'atl?| a^^ainst the ('hichimees. The 'I'idtecs were utterly dit'citiil,
and of the leaders Xoehitl and )^>uauhtli fell, Aexitl eoneealin;; liim-ili l"t'
several weeUs in the eaves of the island of Xieo. 7//.v/. .S'nt. Cir., t"'ii. i ,
jip. 4(ir)-<j.
FLIGHT OF ACXITL
9BS
.liiMivn PiH'liotl and Xilotzin to faithful ouardiai's to
Itr lirouyht u|> in ii^Mioranro of tlieir royal Itirtli, ho
It ft the cimntry in IOG'2."^ Ho is isiij>|)ose(l to have <,'-ono
Miiitliu.iid Mcfoiupaniod l>y a ft-w folU)\vois. ( )tlK'r
lioilits of 'I'll! tecs liatl })reviously aitaiulonod the eoiintry
aiitl "/one in the same direction, and Jai .; 3 nnnihers aro
rciM>rte(l to have remained in Culhiiacan, C'holnla,
( 'li;i|iiiheitec and many other towns that aro named.
A\vtia, Ixtlilxochitl, Tonjuemada, and Clavii^ero tell
\\s tliJit of these who Hed some founded settlements
1)11 the coasts of both oceans, from which came parties
at sultsecjuent ])eriods to re-estahlish themselves in
AiKihiiac. Others crossed the isthmus of Tehuanto-
jH'c and ))assed into the southern lands. The other
authors also ayree that of those who escaped destruc-
tion jtart remained, and the rest were scattered in
various directions. None imply a general migration
Lii luasse towards the south.'* Lists are iriven of the
■1 LfiliLnirhill. in Khi(ishorniirffi'.t ^fl•x. A lit in., vol. ix., pn. 20S, .331-:*,
a'.i."!. l.iii, tilil. Tlii> iiutliiir rMiiiiiitcH the total losf* of the Tohees in the
liii^il «;ir at .•{.•JO0.(MH». antl that of tiie enemy at •_',-J(M>,(MH». He wtates that
'i'ii|iili/.iii. iiefiiic his (lepartnie. visiteil Alla|ian,ii province on the South
Sim m\i\ iiiitilicil his few remaining; Milijects that after many eenturies jio
wiiiilil ivtiiru til punish his foes. He reached 'l'la|>al|an in wifety anil lived
III llir ii;^!' of 1(14 years ;,'really respected. He reconU a tradition amoiijj
the rill on people that Topiltziii remained in Xico, and many years after
wiis jiiineil hv Nezahualcovotl, the rhichiniec emperor, and others. This
aiitlior ihilcs" tiie tinal defeat of tiie Toltecs in l(»ll, aV.>, !t.')8, and l(M»f.
Vmiiii. tlisi. A III. .l/'7'. , torn, i., ]>p. '2S7-3(»4. This writer jjives the date
a^lllii; siiites that Topiltzin's yonn;;est son, Xilotzin, was captured and
killril; ;;ives ICiPJ as the nnuilier of Toltecs assenililed in Culhnacan heforo
llic kiiiir's departure. Topiltziu reached < )yome, the < 'hichimec ca|iital, in
silVl\ , mill was kindly received l»y the emperor, Acauht/iii, who succeeded
til the li.riiiie in tliat year, to whom Topiltzin jrave all his rij^fhts to the
kiii;.'i|iiiii (if ToUan, on condition that he would punish the enei lies of tho
Tnltcrs. lie died in 1 1. ")."). Aecorilin;r to ( 'lavi;.'ero, N/o/Vff Aiif. ilil ,1/. .v-
.'■/'•'), tiiiii. i.. p. i;U, the T(dtee empire ended with To[>iltziirs death in
M.VJ. Most modern writers ta!.e the date from ('lavi','ero. JSrasseur, ///\7.
.V'''. i'n\, torn, i., p. 410, says, 'Apres avoir donne a tons des conseil.s
■ 'iiiliji- lie ,saj:esse sur la future restaiiration de la monarchie, il jirit eonji6
ilcii\ II tiaversa, sans etre connu, les jiroviuces olmei|Ues et alia jirendro
liMiiiT ,t llueya]ian, non loin ties lieii.x oil le ii;rantl ♦^"^''''■'il*'"'""''' 'i^'!'ifc
ili'-lKini 111! sii'cle et tlemi auparavant. L'histoire ajniite nu'll fzai.Mia, aveo
nil ;:iiiMil nomlirc tie Tolt^llues emigrant commo lui, les ctiutrees myste-
rii'tisi'^ lie i lapallan, oil uprbs uvoir fond6 uu uouvel empire, il niourut duim
uue lii'ureusc vieillesse.'
"' Oil the Toltec empire, see Pir-trott's .l/ij., vol. i., pp. 11-14; Vlin-ttUvr,
.1/'.''. .\iiriiii ft .]fnil., p](. 4S-r)'2; Mtillci; Aiiirrihnii.'ichr l'rriliirii>iiiii, pp.
4J(j, ,').'.'-."); M,n/.r\- J/..f. Aztec, etc., vol. i., p. «.">; ,SrfwijlcnijT,i Arch.,
286
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
Toltec nobles that remained In Analiuao and of tlie
cities where they resided. The kiru^er number wero at
Culhuaean, under Xiuhtemoc, to wliom the kinijj-'.s cliil
dren were confided. These remaining Toltecs uiio
afterwards called from the name of their city C'ul-
liuas."
JJrasseur finds in his two Nahua records data Ww
certain events that took place after the flight of '[\<-
|)iltzin Acxitl. Maxtlatzin, as he claims, esciqitd
from the final battle and intrenched himself in oiic of
the strong fortresses amonijf the ruins of Tollan. The
Cyliicliimecs soon took possession of the city in two
divisions known as Toltec Chichimecs and Nonolniul-
cas. They even went throuiifh the forms of choosiiiir
a successor to Acxitl, selecting a l)oy named IMatlac-
xochitl, M'hom they crowned as Hueniac 1 1 1. To
him the diiefs rendered a kind of mock allegiance, hut
still held the power in tlu''- own hands. Desperate
struggles ensued between the two Chichimec hands
led by Huehuetzin and Icxicohuatl, tlie followers of
Tezcatli[)0('a under Yaotl, and the forces (if ^NFaxtlat-
zin in tlie fortress. The result was the nuirder of the
mock king about 10G4, and the final abandonment of
Tollan soon after. It is claimed by the authorities
which recoi'd these event'^ that Huemac IF. sur\i\e(l
all these troubles and died at Chapultepec in l(i7t'.'"
Vdl. v., |i|). 9r)-r): Ornzro y Bi-rrn, Gmifrnffn, pp. Ofl 7. 1.1S-4(); Hinx,
Ciiiii/iiiii/. IJist. Mi\i\, pp. r>-(i; Villtl-Sn'iiir 1/ Sniir/n z, T/ii'iiIni, linn, i,
l)p. \ ',\\ Ilil/i.s' S/iini. ('iiiiij., vol. i., p. L'ST; Miilhr, llrisrii, toni. iii . ]i|i,
HJ-U; J.iirini::ii, in Mii.sio .}fij:, tmii. iv., p. 44."i; (rniiiiiifds // (iulci:,
Tiinli's Aiiicr., pp. 14-17; linxhin, \\\ Nmirrllis Aiuki/is i/c.s !",'/•• ''^"'">
torn, cxxvi., pp. lis 40; Ddinnifcfi's /h\i<r/s, vol. i., pp. .H'.(-t(); l-'u\tiv'ii
J'n-llfi/. linriM, pp. ;i41-4; Mi(i/rr\s Ulisrrvd/iiiiin, p. (i; l'<(rliii/i(/ /■!s/iiii(i.sii,
llisl. Mr.r.. toiii. 1., pp. '1\{\ '1\'
" I'ri/fifi, Hist. Ant. .V«7..t(im. ii., pp. 18 ill; /.rl/if.n,r/iil/, ill h'ii'-h-
hi>riiiiif/('.\' Mi\i\ Aiilii/., Vdl. ix., pp. HS.'l 4. .'i'.l.'t I; Tnr'/iiriiiKi/n, .U"»i'i'/.
Jiiif., ttnii. i., p. 'M ; Cliiriijcrn, Starln Aiit .<li I Mrsnim, luiii.i., p. \'.\\\ Tin'
iiiiiiilicr of rciniiiiiiii;! 'ruilccH is (■Htiiniitcil ill Ki.dlll), wlm wnv ili\ iilciliiiii
ii\i' piutifs, fdiir dl' iIkmii .Ht'llliii},' nii tin- foast.s ami iHlninlH, iiinl tlif lil'ili
uiily I'l'iiiiiiiiin;; in .Amiliiia:'.
"i Uni.i.sr'ir i/r ISiiiirli,)iir<i. U si. Xitl. ('if., fom. i., pp. 41'l-'j;t. I -ii|i-
]idHi> tliat (iiis iiifurinatidii was (akcii from tiic Cmlr.f iliniilni .iIumiIv
i|Udti'il SCO p. 'J.'KI df this Vdlmiio- ami applii'il liy tlic samr aiillinr in an-
dliicr work, ami with appaiciitly licttcr rcasdiis, In tin- ovi'itlirdw nl liii'
great oriyiiiul Naliua i-iiipia' in tlio muiUIi.
of the
wero lit
Vs c'hil-
;s were
ty Cul-
latii I'tir
, of To-
u one (it
iiu. Tlic
y in two
onolmul-
choosin;^^
:Mutlac-
Lll. To
iiince, hut
JcsiH'vato
HOC hands
\o\\(
.t
Muxtlat-
dcr of tlii;
^luncH
t ot
luthol'itios
svirvivftl
lu
h'^-»(>; It'
III I'd,
1(1111. !■!
Itlllll. Ill,, It'
,. II liiih'i:.
r',.)/., is:>ii,
1 1 /■:
7"
^/, ill /\H(i;
(ii\i
i;ii-, 'I'l"'
Ulil lll>' li""'
[).OH. \ Ml]'-
,/)V( aliv.iily
Mill"!' ill ill'-
|tlin>N* ol till'
DOVv'NFALL OF THE EMPIRE
287
Tt is not difficult to form a tolorahly c-lonr idi^a of
tilt' state of utiiiirs in Analiuac at the downfall of the
Ti'Ut'c eni})ire, notwithstanding' the confusion of the
]•( idi'ds. Tiiere is, as we have seen, no evidence of a
iioral niiuration southward or in anv other (Hi'ection.
i;(.;
it is true the records sjteak of a hirn'e majority of the
Tukics as liavinn" migrated in different (Urections as a
result of their disasters, but it nuist he remend)ered
that in America, as elsewhere, historical annals of
lailv periods had to do with the deeds and i'ortunes of
jiiicsts and kin^s and nohle families; the common
jiiDMle were uselul to fiL;ht and ])ay taxes, hut were
altont'ther unworthy of a place in history. It is proh-
a'»K' tliat the name Toltecs, a title of distinction
latlicr than a national name, was never ajiplie*! at all
to the conmion people. When hy ci^il strife and
foreign invasion their power was overthi'own, many of
the leaders, spiritual and tem|)oral, d()uhtless al.an-
(Mlicd
tl
le country, ]»
referrinof t() try their fortunes in
the siiiithern provinces which seem to have suffrred
liss than those of the nt)rth from the 'Poltec disasters.
Tlitir exiles took refuse in the Miztec and Za|)otec
jji'ovinces of < )ajaca, and some of them prohahly
oi'ossc'd to (luati'mala and Yucatan, Avhcre thev were
ii'it without induenco in nioldiiiijf fntnri! ]»o
t'Vflll:
Ai
liiical
The mass of tlu; Toltec people remained in
d
ii.iliiiac; some or them ki'pt up a distinct nationa
r\!>ti'iice for a w! ile in ( 'iilhuacan, and perhaps in
('li(ih;la; hut most simjily heeaine suhjects of the in-
vadiii'^' chiefs, whose laii^ua^'e and institutions wcio
fnr l!ie most j»art identical with those to which they
liaij lii'eji accustoine(|
h • population had heeii coii-
si(lci;iM\- diminished naturallv hv the maiiv vears of
stn
inline, aiu
|)est I
lellce
hut this diminution was
,i;i'cally e\an',n"erah'd in the records. The theory that
t'lc population was reduced to a, few thousands, iiio.st
cf ulioin lei't the country, leaving- a few chiefs with
tlicir followcM's in a desoiate and harreii land, from
which even the invadinu' hordes had retired immedi-
.. I
:M
288
THE TOLTEC PERIOD.
ately after their victory, is a very transparent al)sui(l-
ity. The Toltec downfall \vas the overthrow of u
dynasty, not the destruction of a people. The cii-
siiiniif period was one of hitter strife hetween ri\;,l
hands for the power Avhich had heen wrested i'rnm
tlie Toltec kings. The annals of that period cannnt
he followed; hut hiatory recommences with the suc-
cess of some of the struggling factions, and their dj-
velopmeut into national powers.
CHAPTER V.
THE CIIICIIIMEC I'tlllOD.
Tin: CiirnrrMrrs rv a>, .
-MTi,-(nN,^,,..s,. ,„,. riMiri.vv '''•- ' »<^^ll<m,, Son (.|.- A,.
'"■"'"■'■'•*■ '""i"»t.'.nci ti,„ „;^"'';*'- '"" "> <"'i.'i' t„
,, ""' liltio tliiit i, Jii„,,,.„ e ,1
" "'"'■'■liTo t.-iko ,„, ,1, ' '" •■ '"niivr ,1,,,,,,,;. I
f;'{^.::s^t!^^^^^^^^
1
ill
^1
131
'1
290
THE CHICrilMEC TERIOD.
I i!
event occurred in the same year as the final destruc-
tion of Tollan. As I have ah'eady explained suffi-
ciently my idea of the nature of the migrations liv
which Andhuac is represented as having Ijeen lu-
peopled, I may relate these migrations literally, as
they are given by the authorities, without constaiitlv
reminding the reader of their general signification.
Tlamacatzin left two sons, Acauhtzin'^ and Xolotl,^
who, after wrangling about the succession for souk.'
time, finally agreed to divide the kingdom betwceu
them,*
Now, for a great number of years a harassiriL,'
system of border warfare had been can-ied on hc-
tween the Chichimecs and the Toltecs; the fonmr
doulitless raided u}>on their rich and powerful nei<,''li-
bors for purposes of plunder, and the latter wvw
probably not slow to make reprisals which served as
an excuse for extending their already inunense terri-
tory. When the Toltec troubles arose, however, and
the direful prophecies of Hueman began to be ful-
filled, the people of Antlhuac found that they had
enough to do to take care of themselves, and tliat
their legions could be better emjiloyed in defendiiin'
the capital than in waging aggressive wars u})on tlic
location niul extent of Amiiqucnipoiin the nnthoriticH dUTer fiiciitly. 'I'Iiiik
Ixllilxoi'liill }j;i\i'.s its iU'fii ill 'J(MM) by 1000 Icajfiii's in Kiii;j.s/i(in/ii(fli, vul.
ix., I). .'Wr>. 'roriineniailii, MoHtin/. Jiii/., torn, i., ii. 40, iilat'os '"^ iVcuiiiir
'JOO li'ii^fui's north of .lalisco, wiiicli Chivi^jero, Stnria AnI. ild Missirn,
toni. i., |>. \',V2, thinks too nt-ar, since no traces of it exist, he says, witiiiii
1200 niiicM. liotnrini, L/nt, ]>. 141, ]i]aces Anni(|neniecan in Micliiiiuan.
Arh';;ni, C/inhi. /niiitniis, ji. 7, anionj,' tlie ■wiiil trihes iiortli ttl New
Mexico. Cahrera, Tuitrn, ji. oS, in ('iiia|ias,
* Spelh'il also Achcauht/in, and Axcanht/.in.
■' 'l,'ctyino!o;rie dn mmi de Xnlotl otl're de j;randcs diHirnltcs, Pans mhii
ai'ce|ilation ordinaire, il siynilie esclave, valet, servant, et ceiicnd;inl nii li'
voil, a|i|>li(|ne a plnsienrs princes conmu' nn titrc tres-i'devt'. J.circii/iiiiM,
dans sev annotations anx I.etlrcs ile {''ernand ("ortes, lo tradnit imr "/",
(I'il, et <ui je Ini donna, ilit-il. a ranse de sa vi;,'ilance. Mais dans i|ii(lli'
lan^tne a-l il cettu si;,'niiicatiiMi ';' Jirussrur, lli.sf. Xtif. ('ii\, toiii. ii ,
p. I ',)'••.
* So savs Toriiin-inada, M'tiKir)/. fiiil., toin. i., p. ,1!t; hnt acconliii;.' ]•'
liotnrini, in Ihn-. llixl. Mr.r. Hi'-rie iii., toiii. iv., ]), 'I'M, l\tlilM"liiil, in
Kiinislitiniuiili , v(d. ix.. p. HU7, and llrassenr, lli.\t. Nat. I'n'., tnin. ii. )'.
'JOO, .\can]it/.ili rei;^ned illnnc. ('!avi;;cid, Stnn'ii Aiif. i/rl Mr.^.siro, toiii l ,
]>. I,"!;., aliirni:* tiiat the old king divi(k'd the kiii;,'d(jni eijiniily lietwceii iii»
two .VIIIS.
XOLOTL'S INVASION.
O^^l
lestiiu'-
d suffi-
iollS 1)V
eon re-
ally, as
istiuitly
[icatioii.
Xulotl,'
)r sol IK:
[irassint,'
oil 1)(-
foriiuT
[1 ncii^li-
or wei'i'
srved as
so terri-
ver, HI 1(1
be I'ul-
y liail
nd that
feiuliiv^'
)()n till.'
ly. TUii"
(llll/It, Mil.
•^ fviillliiT
/ Mi.vsd-u,
lys, willliu
Mi<'lio;i(an.
til nf NiW
IllllUlt nil li'
|,iircii/;uiii.
it \K\r I'r',
nil ijlll'lll'
tiiiii. ii',
rnrtliii^' '"
)\ncliiil, in
[tiiiii. ii., )'•
CO, tolll 1 .
•Iwi't'U hi»
wy
distant frontiers of the empire. They therefore re-
called their troops, and the Chichiuieo border \vas
left undisturbed. It was not lons^ before the brotlier
tiidiiarchs of Aniaquemeoan began to wonder at this
sudden cessation of hostilities, and determined to find
out the cause, for they were ignorant of the struggles
and final overthrow of the Toltec empire. They at
oiicc dispatched spies into the Toltec territory. In a
slmrt time these men returned with the startling
aiinoiuicement that they had penetrated the enemy's
lountrv for a distance of two hundred leagues frt)m
Aina(|ueniecan, and had found all that region de-
serted, and the towns, formerly so strong and popu-
lous, abandoned and in ruins.
Xolotl, who seems to have been of a more and)i-
tiiius and enterprising disposition than his brother,
listened eagerly to this report, which seemed to
|iroiiiise the fulfillment of his dreams of independent
and undivided sway. Summoning his vassals to the
capital, he told them what his spies had seen, and in
an eliHjuent s[)eech reminded them that an extension
of territory was needed for their increasing po]>ula-
tioii, expatiated on the richness and fertility of the
ahaiidoned region, pointed out to his hearers how-
easy it would be to avenge on their cripjtled enemies
the injuries of many years, and concluded by reipiii-
\\vx them to be ready to accompany him to cinupiest
within the space of six months."
* Tni-iiui'inatla, Moiinr'/. Iiuf., ti)m. i., )i|i. 4(t-l, mIvcs in full Xnlotl's
spci'i'li Id his lords. !xtlil\()('liitl, in /\'///'/.s/(i/;'o».//,'.v .lA .r. Jii/i'i/., Mil. i\.,
|i. itllT, ri'Iiitcs that lie ii|i|iiiinl(Ml Ovdnic as the rciiilc/vons. Itrasscnr ilc
liiiiMlMiMr;;, as hcfurc slalt'il, ihics nut su|i|ii)si' Xnlnll tn ha\ i' sliaicilllif
Cliii liiiii,,' ilininc with iiis liriillicr Acanhl/in; he tlicrcfiii<' tells the stniy
a^ it .\iiliiil induri'il the ;_'i('at iniliicH tn Ijnor his iPiojfct of invasjun hy his
cliKiiii'iiri' anil aigunii'iit, lint uscil im kiii;:ly anthmity in the inatttT.
Vrylia, lli.t/. All/. M'J., tuni. i., jiji. .'til'J It, tnni. ii., pp. 'A {, i:i, assi;,'iis
nil altiim'thiT ilill'i'foiit cansc fur the ( 'hifhiini'i' invasicm nf .\nriiiuat'. Hi-
iilliniis that wiit'ii 'r(i|iill/iii (.\cxitl), the 'I'oltcc nnniari'li, tlfil fnnii 'I'lillaii,
111' went to .\caiihl/iii. thi' ( 'hii'hiiiit'i' s(i\ cii'i;,'!!, to wlmtn lit- was distant i;,-
rt'liitrd, tiild him liis .snrrnws, and ci'di'd in hi.n favor all ri;,'hls to a land
wliiili lie iffnsi'd to ri'sisit; w lii'ri'ii|ion A<'anlil/.in iiivcslcd his lirulhrr Xo-
li'tl \\iili ih,' sovcrci^inty of Tollait.
Tiir dale of ihi' cmmiIh rn'iirdrd aliove is very niieerlaiii. N'eyiia sialeH
tliiit llie ('liiehiniei'.t left tlieir eniinlry for Amilinae in 1117, one year after
292
THE CIIICIIIMEC PEUIOn.
If' 'v-C
-5 H\.
It is difficult to credit tlie stateiiieiitf, of the old
authors respecting the nuud)er of Chichiniecs tl)at
ex})oused Xolotl's cause. Ixtlixocliitl and Veyti.i
state that no less than throe million two hundred and
two thousand men and women, besiiles children, rallird
to his standard, leaving one million six hundred tlioii-
sand subjects of Acauhtzin, and thus making it net a
mere expedition, but a decided emigration. Torcjiic-
mada, who fears ho will not be believed if he states
the actual nund)er who took part in the exodus, takis
pains to assure us that the liistoric ])aintings mciitii)u
over a million warriors, commanded by six great lords,
and over twenty (two?) thousand interior chiefs and
captains, and as each of those had under him inoio
than a thousand men, the total nund)er would ap-
l)roach nearer to the larger numbers than to Tonjuc-
Miada's imwontedly modest statement. 'J'ho \\\nn\ w
was ascertained by census, taken at five different })Ia('c.s
to check the increase or decrease caused bv lca\ in-''
colonists along the route, by new arrivals, and especi-
ally by deserters. The counting was effected by each
]>lebeian casting a small stone into a hea[) set apart
ibr his class, and each ]o\\\ or oftii'i / a larger stoiir
into another heaji. Ixtlilxochitl mentions two cf
these iii'2>()liiifih'(>s, or * counting-i)laces,' one near
Oztotipao in Otompan district, and another thire
leagues from Ecatepec, near Mexico; while 'i\ir>|ik-
mada refers to twelve similar hillocks near Tma-
yocan.*
flic fall iif the Tiiltoc dviiasty. JTi\-f. Anf. Mij., toiu. ii., ]i. 7. Ivtli!-
XDi'liitl iilliiws II iii'iiiiil of fciiir ti) six yrais to ciaiiM' licfoic tiicir iiiii\:il
at Tollaii; as usual, lliis writer is not consistent with himself in ilill'rni.i
jiarts of Ill's work, and places the arrival in various years hctuccii '.'•:.'
anil 1015. Kiiiiis/iiiniiiii/i's Mi.v. Aiitiij., vol. ix., ]i]i.''JtlS, .S.'IT, H'.i'i. I''!
'roniucnuicla, always avoidin;; exact dates, ^jives on one |(a;.'c an iiitcrv.il it
live years hetween the destruction of the Toltec eni]iire ami the ,ini\:il
of the Chicliiiuecs, and (ui another jiajje an inicrval of niiii^ years hciwctii
t!ie former event and the dcpartnie from .\ma(|ncmccan. Minim-']. In'i.
torn, i., pp. -I.'j-Ci. ('la\ij;en> places the ( 'hichinicc arrival at AnahniC i^i
1171). Sfiiriii All/, ilil Mi>isii-ii, loni. i., p. l.'t'J, toni. iv., pp. Jd ."il. l>"iii-
rini, in /''"'. lliit. Mi.w. si'mIc iii., torn. '\\., i). 'IWW. allows a lap>c of iiiiH'
years hetween the Toltec fall and the Chicliimec arrival.
" ToiqiiriiKdIii, MiJinii'j. liiil., tolll, !., p. 14; Jiuliiniii, ill l>"r, lli.4.
XOLOTL'S INVASION.
293
Having' taken leave of his brother Acaulitzin,
?v()lotl started on his journey. Halts were made at
u nunil)er of stations to gather sup[)lies, and when
rani}) was broken, settlers were lel't — generally se-
kited from among the old and feeble — -and their
places filled by fresh recruits. Owing to these de-
tentions it took the army some lime to reacli
Chuc'oyan, or 'i)lace of tears,' in Anilhuac, where
many Toltec ruins were found. After proceeding
siiHie distance farther, and making several halts,
Xolotl dispatched the six principal chiefs of his army,
each with an appro})riate force, in various directions,
Avitli instructions to explore the country, and reduce
the inliabitants, if tliey found any, to subjection; at
tiiu same time ho reconnnended tliese officers to use
the ])et)})le kindly, except where tliey offered resist-
ance, in which case they were to be treated as
cneniie.'^.''
Xolotl himself proceeded with the body of the
army, and after halting in several places, he finally
ivarliL'd ToUan. But the ancient splendor of the
Toltec capital was dej)arted, its streets were deserted
and overgrown v/ith vegetation, its magnificent
tfni}iies and palaces were in ruins, and desolation
reigned where so lately had been the hum and bustle
of a mighty metro[)olis.*' The site of Tollan being
too important to be abandoned, Xolotl established
-U./'., st'ric iii. , toiii, iv., pj). 231-2; I.vtliJxnrhllJ, in Kiiiriahnrnucjh'n Mi'.r.
Aiili'i., Vol. ix., i>ii. 'X\~, 1(7"); ]'ii//iii, Hist. Aiif. .U'j., tiun. ii., pp. 4, S-Jt.
<'l:i\ ip'ro, S/iiriii Aiif. (/'/ .lAc.v.v/rv*, tinn. i., p. i;U, cxiucsm'h lii.s (iinht'Iief
iiitlir iiiiiiilpi'is ^'ivt'ii.' Kii'ii lie jiistil'u' les iiiilli.nis ipn' liii ii^si;;ii('iif Ich
anti'in-^; iU out coiiipris I'vidi'iiiciit ^ouh i-o ciiillri' cxii^rcii' Ics (livt'iscs
<'iiii;;i:itioiis ipii .><(' siicci'ili'it'iit ilcjiiiis lois .saiiM iiilt'nii|iiioii ilaiiH la vaiii't;
.jiisiiirii la foiiilutidii tin royauine il'Acolhuacau.' Jirns.srur. Hist. A'nt. <'ii\,
tma. i., p. 2(L'.
' ItiasmMir ijivps tlic iianios of tlii'so six cliicfs, as: Acatoiiiatl, (Juaiitla-
I'iil. < luraiinaiili, Mitii/laf, Ti'ijiaii, aiul it/aiinanli, >:i\ iii^ ixllilxocliiil
mill Tiii((U('ma(la an iiis aiillioriticx; tlic lalliT wiiitT, Iiowcmt, Miuikii/.
Iiiil., tmii. !., p. 44, (listiiu'tiy atliriiis tiiat only oin; cliii'f, Acatoniatl, was
M'lil ill acjvaiu'i'.
^ <'la\ i^rcro, Sfuria Aiif. dff Mrssiro, <oiii. i., ^i. 1114, HtatPH lliat tliey
ivin li((| roljaii ill ('i;,'lit,'('ii inontlis from tlic time of llu'ir (li'iiaitiirc from
Aiii,ii|ii('iiii'i'an. Ixtlilxoc'liill given Iho iluto JW 5 Tecpall, Kingshurouijli's
Mi.i. Aiiliii, vol. ix,, J). 3'Jo,
m
•:ot
THE CHICIIIMEC PERIOD
some families there, which formed the nucleus of a
I'uture population. He then continu';(l his march to
Mizquiyahualan and Tecpan, and finally came to
Xaltocan, on the shore of the lake of the same nanic,
where he and his followers abode for a long tinu in
the caves that abounded in that region, and whvm
tliey subsequently founded the town of Xoloc or
Xolotl, which afterwards became a city of con.sid
erable importance in Andhuac.**
The narrative becomes somewhat confused at this
point, owing to the conflicting accounts of the various
autli' rities. It seems, liowever, that the Chichijnocs
remaned for a long time, several years perha})s, at
the settlement of Xoloc, doing little but sending out
scouting parties to reconnoitre the immediatel}' siu-
rounding country. Finally, according to the majority
of the S])anish writers, Xototl dispatched ceitaiii
chiefs on regular exploring expeditions, and set out
liimself with his son Nopaltzin and a large force; jour-
neying by way of Cempoala, Tepepulco, Oztolotl,
( "ohuacayan, and Tecpatepec, until he reached tlio liill
of Atonan. Here he descried a goodly region lying
to the south and east, which he at once sent his sou
Xopaltzin to take possession of, while he returned to
Xoloc.'"
Nopaltziu wandered for some time from place to
place, seemingly making it his object rather to seaicli
for an inhabited country than to take possession of an
uniidiabited one. At first his efforts met with no
success, notwithstanding he ascended several high
mountains for the purpose of seeing afar off. .\t la>t
he came to Tlalamoztoc, whence his view extended o\ rr
• ' Lc8 ttutaius Hoiit tii'iu'riileinont <riicoor(l pour i)la<'cr In tiatc ili- i it
otiihlissemeiit lie ran 1070 a 1080. QM'i([iu>s-mi.s le jHtitciit fxaili'imiit a
Tail 10()8.' 'A'oloi; aujounriiui Xoloiiiir, villa};i> lU' tort pt'ii (riiiiiinrtiiin !■,
i'l 12 1. c viron nu iionl <le Mexico, et a .T I. dii lac ilc Saii-( risloval. I He
autre explication met cette localite uu pied <rmie colliiie, h niie liciu' ciivi-
rmvers le nonl de Xaltocan.' /{ms.iriir (/r Ihnirhiiiini, Hist. \ii/. Cir.,
tain, ii., p. 214. See also, Vijitin, Ifist. Aiif. MrJ., toi:.. ii.,|)p. S 10.
'"("enipoala was twelve leaj^nes north of .Mexico; 'lepepiilio >va-*
fiiui leaj,'ues farther oust. 'J'onpniiiaihi, Muiianj. Imi., torn, i., p. 42.
CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY.
295
, of a
rcli to
no to
imu ill
^vht'l'e
loc or
^t this
^•avious
liiinecs
laps, at
ing out
;ly sur-
lajority
certain
set out
e; jour-
)zt()lotl,
1)0 hill
lyiu!^'
us sou
rneil to
ilat'O to
search
)!! of all
utli IH'
il hiuh
Atla>t
led over
lito «U' i'<','
L'toiiiiMit ;i
ln|ioilaint'.
Iviil. <'».''
tlicuc I'livi-
LV((/. '■"■■.
10.
1. -i'l.
)U
tlie country toward Thizalan, and CuUiuacan valley,"
iitid < 'hapultepec, on the other side of the lake;
throughout this region smoke arose in various places,
denoting the presence of human inliahitants. With-
out loss of time, the prince returned to his father with
the news of his discovery, passing the ruined city of
Teotihuacan on his way. Xolotl had in the mean-
tiiiio visited the large Toltec city of Cuhuac (Culhua-
ean?), and had also received information of Toltec
i^ettleiuents on the coast and in the interior. A con-
sultation was held, and it was decided that Tultitlan
Avas the most eligible site for a capital. Accordingly
Xolotl left Xoloc in the care of a governor and })ro-
ccedi'd to that reufion and there founded Tenavocan
opposite Tezcuco, on the other side of the lake."
lUasseur's version of these events is somewhat dif-
ferent. He does not mention Xolotl's expedition to
the hill of Atonan, thou<ifh he docs not omit to relate
that Toltec settlements were described from that ele-
vation by the reconnoitering ])arties sent out from the
I'hiehiinec camp at Lake Xaltocan; neither does he in
uiiy way refer to Nopaltzin's journey, at his father's
roinniand, to Tlalamoztoc. The reason of this dift'er-
eiico is that according to Brasseur's version Nopaltzin
Mas not the son of Xolotl, the first Chichimec em-
jierorbiit of Amacui, one of six great chiefs, who were
the first to follow in the successful invaders' wake, this
they (lid not do, however, until after Xolotl had estab-
lished himself at Tenayoean,^'' It seems that this
Aiuaeui has been confounded throughout with Xolotl
l>y tlie majority of the Si)anish ehronielers; in their
Version of the events which followed the founding of
reiiayoian, during a period of nearly two hundred
" 'riir(|iioniU(la, Monarq. Iiid., toiii. i., p. 4.1, \viil('«Tli»tzalanftiul Coyo-
liuai'iiii.
_ '- KtiiiiKlcd ll'JO, Vri/fid, Hist. Aiit. Mrj.,i\)m. ii., y. 12. LrtlllxinhiH, in
l\iii;isliui-(iiiii/i\s Milt. Aiitiq., vol. i.\., pji. .S38-1); lurqiictiHiiUi, Moikui/.
iiiil., liiiii. i., ii|). 4'_> 4.
" l.f Cm/,.,- XiilDtl, (|ui flit partio ilo In coll. di- M. .Vul)iii, doiiiio posi-
tiviiMcMi .Viiiai'iii pour pi-rt' et pour jinMorcsMcur de NopuUziii.' Ihitssiur
\\ I
... ■ ..!.... . 1 i/tf/r f . i| 111 ii.it I Mil 1 II' m: III I .HI. III. *.i . .
iviiMcMi .Viiiai'iii pour pi'i't- et pour iinMorcsMcur de Ni
i. U'jiirljudrij, Utst. Xal, Vie, toui. li., p. 224.
1 I
20G
THE CHICHDIEC PERIOD.
years, the deeds of the former are all ascribed to tlie
latter, or at least the narrative is continued without
any break, and no mention is made of any change of
kincfs."
The Spanish writers relate that the chiefs of wlioin
Amacui was one were attracted to Anahuac by the re-
ports which reached them of Xolotl's uno})posed inva-
sion, and of the richness of the land that he had apjiro-
priated.^^ Upon their arrival in Andhuac tliey res])ect-
I'ully asked the Chichimec king's permission to settle
near him, and to hunt in his newly acquired territorv.
Xolotl evinced no jealousy, but welcomed the new-
comers with generous hospitality; doubtless the jmH-
tic monarch saw that such arrivals could not fail to
strengthen his position, as all who came were pretty
sure to acknowledge his supremacy and ally them-
selves to him, as chief of all the Chichimecs. From
what source Amacui derived the influence which he
afterwards used for his own aggrandizement is not
known; it could scarcely have been from his personal
power as a prince, because we are told that the num-
ber of his followers was small; but at all events,
Avhatever were the means he used, he succeeded, at
Xolotl's death, in getting elected to the throne.'^
This being in all probability tl>e true version, the
events that are now to be recorded may be regarded
as happening in the reign of Amacui, or Auiaeui
Xolotl, as he was styled on his accession.
One of the first acts of the new king, whom wc may
call Xolotl II., was to remove from his capital at Te-
nayocan and take up his residence at Quauliyaeac.
at the foot of the mountains of Tezcuco. Calling'
'* 'Xolotl etnnt le titrc dii chef principal dcs Cliicliiiiu'>qiu'H, il c
h I'liii luissi hieii iiu'ii raiitie. Tout concouit, d'aillt'iirs, a pvoii
dans lo Xolotl <1l's auleurs, il y a t'li diver.s perwoiiajfi's; c'cnI lo sci
d'expliiiuor cottc lonfi;\ic vie de pres de deux cents an« (|n'ils lui ac'
Jiriissciir lie liiiurboiinf, Hist. Xnt. Cir., toni. ii., )). '224.
'^ Torqniimuda, Monun/. IiuL, toni. i., jip. 4G-7; Ijctlilochitl, i
hnroiKih, vol. ix., i>p. IWiMO; \'r;f/i<i, Ihxt. Ant. Mij., loni. ii
Jiotnriiii, in Dor. Hist. J/c.r., .serie iii., toin. iv., p. '2',i'2; ]\tiiiirn
Me.i:, lit ii., j). 14.
'fi Brasscttr dc Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Cic, toni. ii., pp. 224-0.
mvciiiiit
vcr (|iu',
ll lllllVlll
rdnlciil.'
II Kiii'if-
■t, I ml IV
KEMNANTS OF THE TOLTECS.
297
his chiefs tosfcther, he next proceeded to take
formal possession of the country. Tlie ceremony,
^vhiih consisted in discharging arrows towards tlie
cardinal points, and in burning wreatlis of dry grass,
and scattering the ashes towards the four quarters,
Avas jK'rfonned in the royal presence at a great num-
l)er of places; the spots selected being generally the
suniniits of mountains. He also dispatched four lords,
AN ith tlie necessary forces, in the direction of the four
quarters, instructing them to take possession of the
country along their route, but not to disturb the Tol-
tecs, except those who offered resistance, who were to
be su1)jected by force. Either the })rogress made by
these tour expeditions must have been very slow, or
the extent of country traversed by them nnist have
heen very great, for we are told that they did not re-
turn until four years after their setting-ont. The most
j)o[tulous Toltec settlements were found at Culhuacan,
Quauhtltcnco, Chapultepec, Totoltepec, Tlazalan, and
Topexomaco, all ruled by lords, and at Cholula, where
two priests held the reigns of government." The
name of the ruler at Chapultepec was Xitzin, with
In's v.ife Uztaxochitl and a son;*^ at Tlazalan was
Mitl with his wife CohuaxochitV and two sons,
Pixaliua and Axopatl,^" Avho, instructed by their
father, afterwards revived the art of working in
metals; at Totoltepec were Nacaxoc, his wife, and
his son Xiuhpopoca; at Tepexomaco were Cohuatl,
liis wife, and his son Quetzal[H)poca; at Cholula
ruled Ixcax, the issue of the adulterous connection of
tile pontitf with the highqiriestess of the (Joddess of
Water. All these princes hastened to acknowledge
" 'I'iir(|iio flit? ntiia ilo lao que nic^iioa padccicrou cii cl estrngo piiHado.'
Veijliii. Hist. Ant. Mrj.. torn. ii.. ]>. 18.
'^ 'I'oriiui'miiila, Monarq. Iiid., titm. i., p. 44, spells this ruli'r's imiiio
I'.i'itiii, which, says Hrasscur, 'sijjiiilie Ics trois lievrt's, de Citli, i|ui est
li'siii;.'iili('r, au pluriol Citin. S'a;^it-il ici (run kouI iiulividii on do trois du
imiii lie Citin, cit6 ailleiirs eonimc celui d'uiio faiiiille eelJjhrc do lai|iiellti
Iiroti>iHi;ii(>ut dosi'ciidre Ics Ah'olnias?' Hint. Nat. Civ., torn, ii., p. 'iOD.
"* ' llosi'oudaiits du t^raud Nauhyotl,' lb,
•" Spelled Acxopal by Brusseur.
808
niE CIIICirMEC PERIOD.
the supremacy of Xolotl II., though without actually
paying iiini homage. Besides this, the four lonLs
^vho had been dispatched to the four quarters, an-
nounced on their return that tlu;y had visited u
great number of places, among which were Tchuan-
tepec, Guatemala, and Goazacoalco.'*^
The invaders had hitherto met with no opposition
from the few Toltecs who were left in Aniihuao;
their plans had all been effected deliberately and
slowly, but surely and without any trouble. Matters
having now begun to assume a settled aspect, tlic
Chichimec king at once turned his attention to a ])ar-
tition of lands among the nobles who had accompa-
nied him and assisted his enterprise, and, as is usual
in such cases, he dispensed with a free hand that
which of right was not his to give. To each lord he
assigned a defined section of the territory and a
certain number of dependents, with instructions to
form a town, to be named after its founder.^'* Toltec
cities retained their original names, and orders were
issued that their inhabitants should not be interfered
with, uov intruded upon by Chichimec settlers. One
of the most thickly settled districts M'as that lying
north and north-east of Tenayocan, named Chiehi-
mecatlalli, or 'land of Chichimecs.' Within its boun-
daries were the towns of Zacatlan, Quauhchinanoo,
Totolte})ec, Atotonilco. Settlements were also formed
on the coast, the whole eytent of country apjirojtri-
ated by the Chichimecs being, according to Ixtlil-
xoehitl, over two hundred leagues in circumference.^
It was about this time tii.it Xolotl II., as supreme
*' Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., torn, ii., pp. 17-10; Lrtlilxochitl, in Kiiii/K-
borniiqh, vol. ix., ])[>. 333-4, 339; Curbajul E.spinosa, Hist. Mm., toiii.
i., ji])'. 'i'-'tJ-S.
2'^ 'Ue])aitii')la ])or las sinosidadcs, cnevas, y rinconcs do las scnaiiiiis,
])r()|)i)i-tioniiiuliila a la taza.' Granados ij Unlirz, Tarihs Ain<r., \\ 18;
Jini.ssi'ur lie liituvlmiirij, Hi.st. A^at, Cir., toiii. ii., pj). 232-3.
2^ For nanios of i>iacea pcoi)led l)y the Ciiiolxinu'i's koo Txl/ilxor/iill, in
Kiiiil.sboroiiijh, vol. ix., ])p. 4(!(), 201). See also Id., pp. 33!), 3'.l."i, 4."il;
Tiiri/ii('tiiftii((, ^fiiiKtf'/. hid., toni. i., p. 45; t'luriijcro, Storiit Ant. (hi
Jfr.s.'iiro, toin. i., p. i;U; Vi'i/lin, Hist. Aiit. MtJ., toiri. ii., pp. 14-5; IV^i/i-
crrt, Tcatro Mcx., pt ii., pp. 12-13.
AI FAIUS IX CULHUACAX.
299
rukr, assumed the title of Tluey Tlatoani Chiclii-
iiiecatl Tcciilitli, 'groat lord and king of the Cliichi-
'24
lllt'l-'S.
At tliis juncture it will be necessary to glance
at the state of fiffairs in Culhuacan.^ It has l)eeu
ivlatt'd liow Topiltzin, when he tied from An:iliuac,
Kt't Culhuacan, the most populous of the Toltcc
sittlements at tlie time of the fall of the empire, to
the rare of Xiuhtemoc, an old relative, Avho was to
act as a kind of honorary king, or regent, and as such
rctiive obedience and tribute. The Toltec mon;irch
al><> entrusted to Xiuhtemoc the change of his son
Pochotl, then an infiint, with instructions that the
yoiuig })rince should be sent to the village of Quauli-
titriK'o, situated in a forest near the ancient cai)ital,
and there brought up in secrecy and in ignorance of
liis royal birtli. Another of Topiltzin's relatives
named Cocauhtli, who was married to ixmixuch and
liad a son called Acxoquauh, seems also to have assist-
ed Xiulitemoc in governing Culhuacan, or at least to
have had great influence there.'^
For a number of years Xiuhtemoc continued to
govern Culhuacan with much wisdom, and the pro-
vince nourished wonderfully under his prudent ad-
ministration. He never attempted to claim any other
title than 'father,' and was well beloved by his sub-
jects. In the meantime PochotI, Topiltzin's son,
L:ie\v to be a young man, of a suitable age to be asso-
ciated with Xiuhtemoc, according to his father's di-
-' I'o wliich his (Icscenil.iuts .added Iluartlatohuani, ' lord ot t!ie v.urld.'
I.('lil.o:i/iif/, ill Kiii(/s/j<trt>ii'j/i, V(d. i.\., ji. 4")1.
-' I'lu" iniiahitaiits i)f tlii.s pi-oviuco woif known as Cullnias, and are
U'lt hi 111' ciinftmnded witli the Acolhnas, notwitiistaiuiiny many of the ol I
wiitii> make no distinetioii between the two peoples.
'■'' \ eyiia wiitos the names of tiiose who ^'overned at rnlhiiacaii; Xiiiii-
ti'iiiiii, witli his wife < >zolaxoehitl, and sou Nauhyotl; and ("atauhtlix witii
lii- wile Ixmixuch and son Aexoeuauh. Ilixf. Ant. MiJ., tom. ii., [i. IS. Tor-
i|iit'iiia'la writes them respectively: Xiuhthenial, (•celoxn.ch, Coyol; t'o-
Viiiilitli, Vhiiixoch, Acxo<iuai\h. Mohitv'i. Lid., tom. i., |i. 4."). IJoturini
write-: Xiuclitimatl, Oceloxochitl, Coyotl; rocoahtii, Yiiyozochtl, .\cxo-
i|iuiiiliili. Dor. IL.-i/. Mr.v., .seric lii., "tom. iv., p. •232; IxlliUui-hill, hi
hii'j^'njruiitjh, vol. i.\., p. 333.
If
i
J a j
Hi
i:.i:
t%^
'^" j
300
THE CIIICHIMEC PERIOD.
I
rectlons. Xiuhteiuoc seems, hov.-ever, to have Immii
in no huny to draw the prince from liis o1>scinitv.
Wliat his olycct was in this tlehiy, is nnknowii; it
woiihl appear at first sight as if he ^vas sdiemiiin- lor
the succession of his own son Nauhyotl, hut Jiis ii.itii-
otic conduct and loyal cliaracter seems to render siuh
a cause improhable. At all events Pochijtl Mas still
at Quauhtenanco where Xiuhtemoc died.
Ilis son Nauliyotl, a prince well liked by the poojih^,
immediately seized the throne, and being of a nioro
ambitious disposition than his father, lost no time in
assuming the royal titles and in causing himself to
be publicly proclaimed king and crowned witli all tlm
rites and ceremonies sacred to the use of the Toltio
monarchs, being the third of the name on the throne
of Culhuacan. According to Brasseur, two primis,
Acxo(|ua.uh and Nonohualcatl, wx're admitted in some
way to a share in the government.'^^
'IMiis bold act of usurpation^** met with little or no
outward op])osition, notwithstanding it was wiH
known that Pochotl still lived. This was doulitlos
due to the critical state of affairs in Culhuacan at
the time of Xiuhtemoc's death. The Chichlinocs
were steadily increasing in power; Xolotl seemed dis-
posed to adopt a more decided pt)licy towai'd the Tol-
tecs than his predecessor, and it might at any moiiimt
be nece....;uy to check his encroachments. In tliis
condition of thin<jfs it was natural that the eneryotic
*' HrasHour states that, acconliii;^ to tlio Cuifrx C/iiiiiKlfiniinrc, \v\«-
iliiatili was (i yoiiiifjtcr brollicr of Naiiliynll; we have already seen lliis
jiriiiee N|iiilveii of, liowever, an tlie siiii of Coeaiihtli, Xiiiliteiiioc'M as-iicinic;
Kee Hole '_'('). Noiiohiialcatl, navs Urasseur, was, without (hiiiht, NaiiliMill ■<
eldest son. '("est ee (pii jianiit (ra|irt^s hi inaiiiere ihiiit ee iirince Min'i'ila
ail tioiie apies lluetxiii, avaiit Acliitoiiietl on Anieyal.' lli.st. ynt. Cic,
toiu. ii., p. •1-2-2.
«^ Ihasseiir, Ifi.if. Xiit, Civ., toin. ii., p. 22?, ohjeetiiij,' to the term usiir-
])atioii ill this eoiiiieetion, writes: 'l.a hii tohiMjiie exeiuait <lii saiiu •*u|iii'iiii'
lout piiiiee (|ui se iiioiitrait iraviuiee iiieapahle ch' I'oeeiijier. ("I'lait |iimIi;i-
hieiiieiit le eas oil se trouvait I'oehotl, IxtlilxoeliitI et Vevtia, (|iii aiiiixiit
Nauliyotl (rusiirpation, avaieiit ouhlit'' on i;;iioraieiit la loi ile siidTssimi
tohi'ipu!.' It is not prolialile, liowever, that Toiiill/iii either fcir;;ol iir was
iLnioraiit of the Toltee law of siieeessiiui, when he directeil tliat liis wti
enuiild bu assticiated with Xiiilitoiuuc when hu canie of uuitublu ii^'o.
Ja LM OF XOLOTJ. II.
301
Xaiiliyotl, who had been hrouj^lit up at court under
the iinuu'diato care and instructiouof his politic fatlier,
should he a more acce})tahle and fitthi*^ kiui^ than
]'i)(hutl, who liad been brought up in total i<.jnorance
of tho duties of a prince, and even of his own rio-hts.
NoviTthelcss, tliere were sonic who luurnuu'ed secretly
on sccinof Toi)iltziti's son defrauded of his ri_i,dits, and
Xiiuhvotl bcino- aware of this discontent, determined
t.' *> '
to set the i)ublic mind at rest. He accordinoly sent
for Pochotl, publicly acknowledo-ed him as the de-
•sceiulunt of the Toltec kings, declared his intention
of lea\ uig the crown to him at his death, and gave
liiiii tho hand of his young and beautiful daughter Xo-
iliipaiitzin'-"'' in marriage, all of which proceedings met
A\ ith general approval both from the people and from
I'ochotl himself, whose nne.\})ected elevation does not
Sv'ciii to have rendered him very exacting.
30
Favored by the peaceful, non-interfering policy of
XolotI I., the Toltecs at Culluuican had increased rap-
idly in wealth and population. XolotI IF. seems to
have grown impatient of this rivalry, and to have de-
tLiiiiined to detine the position of (/ulhuacan and
asscit his own su[»remacy in Analunu! without farther
delay. Of the way in which he accom})liHhed this
end there is more than one version.
According to Wytia and others, he informed Xauh-
votl that bv rio'ht of tho > ,>s.sion '<f the land of Ana-
liiiac made to the monarch of Amaipiemeean by To-
|iilt/iii.'" he i-hould retpiii'e him to do homage and ])ay
a small tribute to tlu; ( 'hichimec em})ire in recogni-
tion of its supi'emacy; thi« done, lie woiild recognize
"'' Al^ii i'mIIimI 'I'('X(>clii]iantziii, Toniui'inaila ^ji'cs (lu- immo of I'oclintr.s
wile lliiii/it/iliu, lli(iu;;li wlii'lluir lio iTlors tt( tlic Miiiiii: laily in not I'oilaiii.
Mdiiiini. /" ' toiii, i., p. oti,
^" i'li/ • fist, Aiif. M'j'., toiii. ii,, |iii. IS-'J.'J; l.rHll.ritrhill, in Kiui/s-
hniuiiiiili\t ,]f(;,', Aii/i'i., \ol. In., {1. ;(»(»; Jli-K.^siiir i.'r JStiurhniini, llinl. Sul.
Cii'-. turn ii,, |i|i, 'Ji'il-H.
" Till' iTMitcr will ii'colIiM't that N'cvlia aiririiiH (ha* To|iill, in A.xitl (Ivil
t'llii- r.'laiivi' Ai'uulit/.iii, luiitlicr of .XolotI I., anil cci'i'il to him liia li^lit
III Aiialiuiir,
i
302
THE CHICIIIMEC PERIOD.
liini as king of the Toltecs. To this demand Xauli-
yotl answe?'ed haughtily that T Hec kings ackii(»\\i-
edged no superiors but the gods, and paid tribute to
no eart^dy sovereign. Xolotl I., he added, hud hetii
permitted to enter Anahuac and people it, because he
had done so peaceably. Topiltzin's cession Mas in-
valid, and he, Nauhyotl, merely governed during tlie
minority of the rightful heir of Pochotl, now de-
ceased, and had no power to dispose of any rights to
the land.^*
Such a reply could have but one effect on the fieive
Chichimec. He resolved to crush his rival at ouoe
before he became too strong, and for this purpose gave
orders to Nopaltzin to advance without delay against
Culhuacan. In the meantime Nauhyotl was not idle.
A number of canoes were brought out to defend tlie
water-line, and he himself issued forth at the head of
a force which, though greatly inferior to the Cliirlii-
mec army in point of numbers, attacked the enemy
without hesitation, and succeeded in maintaining the
field valorously until evening. Gradually, however,
Nopaltzin's numbers began to tell, until at length the
Toltecs were routed. The Chichimecs then entered
Culhuacan without difficulty, despite its advantageous
position. The carnage was innnediately suspiinKd
and no disorder allowed. The Toltecs had sulleied
great loss, and among the slain was Nauhyotl, whose
death was dee])ly dejjlored by his subjects and I'egret-
ted by the con([uerors.
Nopaltzin gave orders that the dead king should he
buried with all the usuid honors, and after leaving' a
garrison in the town, (lei)arte(l to carry the news of
his success to his father. This battle was the tirst
'1 Acconliiifi to nriisHonr, tlicsp or similar ovprtiircs occiincd in ilio
rci^'ii (if Xiiiotl I. .XoIoII'h •uiiliiiNMaddiH, lie huvk, 'avaicnt plus iI'miu'
fills |iics.H('iiti .Xiulitciiiiil ii cf Miijct, iiiaisci'lui-ci, troiijin •icnl I'l lrii|iiniii iK'
Ha |i,'itri(', a|i|ir(''iicii(laiit, si\uh lidiito, tic rt'iiilrc It-s Cliiriiimt'inicH tiii|i |iin»-
hUiilH, iiviiit niiistiinmicnl (''iiidt' scs |ii-ii]iiiHitiiiiis I'li faiMaiit valnir lo ili"il>
dc I'lH'liiitl, ii <|ui Hciil il ii|i|iai'li(>ndi'Mit do |inMidri' uiic d(''i isiuii dan-- 1 illi'
lualiiTc lit lii'alc. niic fnis mi'll aiiruit cte inio en iitmsi-wsitiu du tmiic' //^^^
Mut. Civ., torn, ii., p, '_"J1.
CULIIUAS AND CIIICIIIMECS.
303
in wlilch tho Chichimccs had engaged since their ar-
rival in Anahuac, and Nopaltzin was nmeh ])raised for
its successful issue l)y Xolotl. The Chichiniec enijjeror
now proceeded in person to Culhuacan, to assure the
inhabitants of his good will and to receive their lioni-
ao'c. Pochotl's first-born, Achitometl, then only five
vl;us of age, was solenndy proclaimed king, with the
condition that he should pay yearly a small tribute in
lish to the Chichimec government. After this arni-
ca' tie arrangement, the intercourse between the two
nations became daily stronger, to the no small benefit
of tho Chichimecs.**
T()r(|uemada gives another account of the events
vliich led to tho war. Itzmitl, who succeeded to the
lordsliip of Coatlichan on the death of his father
Tzontecoma, had a son named Huetzin by Malinal-
\ochitl, daughter of Cozcaquauhtli of Mamalihuasct),''*
for whom he was anxious to secure a tempoi-aiy re-
i^eni'v until he should in natural course succeed to the
y'ovcrnnient of Coatlichan. Relying on a promise
made by Xolotl T. to Tzontocoma, Itzmitl asked Xolotl
II. to award his son a lordship, and })ointed to Cul-
liuacau as avail;. bio since it was an unap[)ro])i'iated
TohiM' settlement, to which he had a certain right
iVoni tho marriage of Tzontecoma with a member of
its luv! ] fMUjily. Xolotl informed Achitometl, a grand-
son iX Niuhyotl, of his wish that Ifuetzin should
s'ii; w )'.]). 'liii king of C\dhuacjui until he succeeded
to hi-i iwu inlieritance.''" Achitometl, ])retending to
favoi' vht TV .^joct, immedii'tely sent information to
N'iuihyotl, who at once took stejis to secure himself.
Xolotl paid a visit to Culhuacan to make! foi-mal
" Y.'iir lUl. ]'ri/f,;i, Ilisf. Aiif. Mr/., toni. ii.. jip. W)-r>. (iHt to ll!t().
!.i'>lll.-ur/,ill, ill l\iii<'i.ilioroiii//i\s M(.t\ A'litii/., vol. i\., iip, 'JO'.t, ;tf.'-:t. ItiMI,
■l.vj,
"' Viiiliii, Ilisf. Anf. AfrJ., 1(1111. ii., ]ii>. 1.' (>, Ai'i'dniiiij,' to l!in'<>«ciir,
11, st \,i/. 'Vc, tum. ii., ]>. LV»H, tliis iiuly wiis tlic cldcsl iliiii;;iitir nl' I'o-
<lii ' Tztiiitccoina \\a>< (iii«« of (lie .Actilliuii t'liicf.'*, iim will lie seen ln'icnl'tfr.
. ■ lacii.iiii;,' of this rciiiicMt is not I'lciir. Il wiix iniiliiiliiy .\ii|o||'h
ill' y . '■, "v\ lliii'iziii into Ciilliniii'un iiiiiii'r |ii'fli'iiM' of Icnniiii^' llir mt of
jjiivi'iiii . 1, llioii,'|i it would Mccm III' mi;;lil liiivi' iloiic iIum iit Ium lulliui's
I'owil '.ui . tlu'ii \ty HOUR' i>tmti'gt'iu pluco him upon the throne.
■WBH
301
THE CIIICHIMEC PERIOD.
;•■!!'
ill!
urran^-enicnts for tlie reception of liis pi'otene, and
Ava.s received with the most friendly assurances, JJut
when Huetzin arrived, after the departure of Xolotl,
an armed force o})posed his entrance, and ho precipi-
tately retreated. This breach of faith caused a w;ir,
which resulted in the death of Nauhyotl, and tliu
elevation of Huetzin to the throne.^"
Brasseur's relation of these events, partly derived
from the manuscripts to which he had access, ditilrs
from the others in some particulars, though it hiir-
rally agri. s with Torquemada's account. Accoiiiiiio-
to this w. < Luetzin, who, it is here stated, uas
Pocliotls -^ri! jn on themcther's side,^ coveted ami
endeavored to obtain the crown of Culhuacan prior to
the arraiigenient nuide between his lather and Xolutl.
To gain this end he had, on account of his dcsctiit,
tlie assistance of the Acolhuas, who were at all tiiiKs
dis|)ose(l to reestablish the original Toltec dynasty,
and the sym[)athy of Xolotl 1 1. and his son Nopaltziii,
who were (jf course inclined to favor any scheme tliat
would cri|)j)le Xauhyotl. The king of Culhuacan dc-
i'oated I luetzin's plans for the time, however, by pm-
daiining Achitometl — Pochotl's eldest son, by tlio
})rincess Xoi-hipantzin, and consecjuently Xauliyotrs
grandson — as his successor, thus restoring the anciiiit
dynasty, and doing away with the pretext under wiruli
tlie jtretender had won so nuich sympathy. It si'ciiis
tJiat the claims of lluet/in met with no iartlier nutici'
until the death of Quauhte\i)etlatl, a son of NauliVdi!
1 I., who had aci'ompanied his father into exilr, and
after his death had returned to Culhuacan and tni ii
■'" Tiirqidiiiiiifii, }T'>iiiivq, Jiiil., toni. 1., \\\>. Ti1-^. Txtlilxiicliill :iiul \i'.v-
tia ;.'ivi' a <lil)ci'('iit \cisiiiii of lliis all'aii' iit lliu't/.in'H. h/iiiitl. nr Kiiiill,
(kiiiiwii alno as 'l'lacii\iii, or 'ria('o\iiii|iii) iinxccilcil to 'rczciini, uluie
Xdliiil was sii|Hiinlt'iiiliii;;- llic enlist I'lii'l ion of a palace and ;^,irili'ii, anil
ii'iiiimU'il liiiii of a iiioiiiihc of extra favors made to 'I'/oiiteeoiim, liv wav nt
(•iiiM|M'ii^alioii for llie inferior Itride wliieli lie had lieen eoiii|)elled |o aci i|'i;
\\ lii'n'ii|ion Xolutl LMM' tlie lorilsliip of Teiietlaoxtoe to liis mui lluel/iii.
'I'liis oeetirnd, sa>s X'evtia, in I-(I7, more lliaii tiO yeiiis after the < 'iillniii-
eaii war. Hist. .\„/, Mij., toin, ii., ii[i. Ki 7; Kiiiij.shuiviiij/in Mij.: .lii/i'p,
M>\, i\., |l|l. Ull-'J.
5' See nolo 34.
THE NAHUATLACA TRIRES.
305
e, and
But
K()l.)tl,
ircei|ii-
a ^ViU•,
lid llic
:le rived
, a i tiers
t H'l'lK'-
eurdiii;;'
ed, was
ted and
prior to
Xolotl.
descent,
ill times
ly nasty,
[)palt/.in,
'ine that
iu-an de-
liv pro-
liy tlu!
uliytitl'^
aneieiit
r wliieli
11 1 si't'nis
r uutiei'
taiiliytl
lie, and
nd Iteeu
(d ;uiil Vi'Y-
(ic iMnill,
liicii, wlnTi'
.ildcll, mill
hy wiiv cf
I III iii'ii'i'i;
in llui'l/Hi.
jl„' Culliua-
associated with Nauhyotl ITT., the present kin<>-.
rpoii the death of this prince, which occurred in
irj'.), Xok)tl entered into an at^reenient with the lord
ot'C'oatlichan to procure for Huetzin, the son of the
latter, Quauhtexpetlatl's share in the government of
Cidluiacan. Hence followed the strug<»-le, detailed
Itv Tor()ueniada, which resulted in Huetzin's elevation
to the throne he had so long coveted.^
A digression is necessary at this point, in order
to refer to the traditional arrival in Analunic of the
Nahiiatlaca tribes, ^^hich occurred at irreguhir in-
tervals during a period extending from the early
years of the Chichimec occupatitni down to, and a
little heyond, the events recorded above.
'fhe original home of the Nahuatlacas was A>.tlan,
the location of which has been the subject of much
discussion.^'-' The causes that led to their exodus
s" llrimseiii; TTht. Nnt. Ci'v., torn, ii., pp. 237-')!.
3' .\/il;iii 'cliiit sitiit'C an iimd-diiest de In (.'iilifornip.
• C'eHt I'o-
]iiiiinii il'iMi ;;rfiiiil iioiiilirt! irocrivainM. M. Auliiii emit (jii'll lialiitaiciit hi
luiiiiiMili' aiiiicli'i' aujmird'liiii la basso Califnriiie, ct iiuc la I'-tait A/tlaii.'
/,V(XM ((/■ (/< liDiir/iiiiuy, Hist. y(it.(.'ii'., ttiiii. ii., p. 'Jlt'J. liiniiliulilt, I'/zcv,
t'liii. ii., |i. IT'.t, and l:'/is<t,' J'al., toiii. i., ]). ii'A, fullowi'd li\ (Jiiiidia, in I'ns-
<"il, llisl. (.'niKj. Mf.r., toni. iii., iip. (1-7, l!>, idacc .\/tlaii iioitii >if 42' N. lat.;
I'ii>li'r, I'n-Ilis/. liiirrs, pp. 840-1, Vi'taiicvrt, 'I'lK/ro .U-.i , |i| ii., |). 'JO, re-
I'l r i.i till' afcinmt iif (>nati''s cxplnratidiis ii; New Mi'.xini, /)(,r. Hist. .Viw.,
>'tii' iii., tiiin. iv., ]iii. '.V2, 47->S, 1 11-1-, (»-."), and point to the j;iililcn ('iiiialla,
Willi its ruuiiui'd .\/loi'-speiikinjif penpU'. Sot' also, Arostn, Hist, t/r /i/.v
)'»'/., |i. 4.")}; Sr/iiii)/rri(ft\s Arrfi., vol. i., ]i. (iS; liii.rton , in Xmini/i.t
Aiiiiii/i:i (Irs I'm/., 1H.">0, toni. I'xxvl., ]ip. 4()-it. l'"onlaiiif, Hair llir ll'm/d
I'lv l',i,ii/ii/, ]i|i. 1 tO-oO, irniinds us that the Aztci' // suuiid is I'luuid in tin;
N. W., and considt'r.s thi' nionnds in tho N. E. to In- cvidcnrcs of Aztec,
viiiiileiiiiu's. I'irhriiii/s Jidcrs, in U. S. K.v Ex., vol. ix., ]i, II; C/ni'ii/ii r,
-U.r ■/'(■', pp. 54-"). I'riehard, Xat. Hist. .Mmi, vol. ii., pp. ."il4-l(), re^^anls
till' Miiiinis ill Arizona as tilt! most noil hern .\zlee reiiinaiits. ('Ia\i;,'erii,
Sinnii .ill/, i/il .Mrssiro, toni. i., p|i. l.")(!-!t, phli'es .\zlhiil north ot the
eiijuiailii Itiver, ill aeeordanee with some maps of the Idtli eeiiliiry, and
ir,'ai'ils this stream as the water s.iid to haveheeii emssed on the mij,'ra-
li'Mi, \\liil>t liotiirini, Ii/ni, jip. I'Jti-S, holds this to he the (Jiilf of Cidi-
tMriiia. ('iii'IkiJii/. Esjiimino, Jlist. ^fl.{•., torn., i., pp. '-".IS, ;{(tl; Jtins, Ciini-
j"(i'l. Ilsl. ,Vc.i'., ]). 11. Orozeo y Merra, ('Hii/r/i/iii, pp. 7'.IS'_>, i;t4o,
trail's Naliiiadaea routes north of Mexieo. Diiraii, llisl. /m/ius, MS.,
tmii. i., cap 1, looks to Florida for the aneieiit home. .Meiidiela, Hi.s/.
A''''', p. Itl, ideiitilies Aztaii with the later Chieonioztoe, like .\eosla
mill hinaii. hut hieates it in the ,la!iseo re;,non. Htirt/( //'s J'irs. Xnr., vol.
ii . p. '.Ml. N'eytia, ///.s7. Ant. Mr/., toni. ii., p. JH, venlnres a little
lariiiir imrlh, to Soiiora; see also, Mtill/nninni, lirisni, tom. ii., |i|i. Ih't-'io.
dallaliii. ill Aimr. Kllinu. ,iuc., 'rruimact., vol. i., p. I'JS, considers A zlluii
Vol. V. ilU
n n
m
! n:
30G
THE CIIICIIIMEC PERIOD.
from that country can only lie conjectured;*" Init tliiv
may be supposed, lio\ve\*er, to have been driven tmt
by their enemies, for Aztlan is described as a IukI
too fair and bounteous to be left willinoly in tlnj
mere hope of findinj^ a better.*^ The native tiadi-
tion relates that a bird was heard for several davs
constantly re[)eatin!^ the word tihui, tihui, moaning'
'let us go,' 'let us go.' Tliis, Huitziton, foremost and
wisest among the Nahuatlaca chiefs, took to l)e a
message from tlie gods directing the people to sclIc
a new home. In making a declaration of su(di imi-
ment he needed tlie support of another inlluciitial
man. He accordingly persuaded another chief calkd
Tecpatzin, who at first seemed sceptical, that the
to have been near Culiacan, Imt on j). 205, and in Noiivpf/f.'i AniiaJm d^
Voji., 1 "il, toiii. t'xxxi., p. '2S1, he socnis to favor tlic nioiv direct imiiii.
Cai)n!ra, Tnilrn, )))). !)l-(), advances sonio arj^'nnicnt for its iiicatiini in ( lii-
anas. Sec also, Mullcr, Ainrrihiui.svlir Cm /iijidiicn, ji]). oHi'-.S. Wjilili'ik,
Vol/. Pitt., ]). 4.'i, remarks tiiat tlie i)alni-trei> on the niif^ration-iiiiip imli-
catos a southern ori.Lcin, hut (iondra, in I'risrn/t, Hist. Coiiij. .l/ci, tuin.
iii., J). 7, considers that this may he a thoughtless insertion ot thi' jiMiiitcr.
See riMuarks on i>i). l!l(i-l8of tiiis volume, and |>n, tJ8l-4, T.sS-ll of vni. iv.
For further remarks on position of Aztlan, and orijjin of Naliiiiiiliuiis
see: Nonmtn\f Rumhhs in Viw., pii. "Jdli-T; Jiii.si-hitKnni, Or/.\iiiiiiini, p.
Rl, ct HC([., JJras.sciir th J'oiirhoiirij, Ksiiiii.isr.s, \)\). '27-S; /(/. , J fist. Xnl.
Cii'., tmn. ii., \)\). 101-7; Ji/., /'opul \'ii/i, \)\). clxxxiii.-cxcvi. ; J!r<i'(f'irin
Aiiiri: Antiq., wi. '2()l{-ri; lliixton'.'i Atlrni. Mvx., jip. iStiJ-l; Ciriniiiiifi
A/iur/ii:i, ])p. 8',)-!tl); (hrijifn Cum. J'rfdrir-i, vol. i., p. 'J8t; Siiiit/i\i Huhinn
!^prrii:i, op. 'J.l'J-H; Moi/cr'.i Mix. A:tcr, rtr., vol. ii., p. 1123.
*" tialiatin, Aiiirr. kt/iiio. Snr., Triiit.-<iirl., vol. i., p. 20."), thinks tiny
nnvy have hail a share iu the dismemhcrineiit of the 'I'oltec empire, m' iiiiiv
Inive seizeil the opiiortunity oH'erecl hy the 'Toitec euiijiralion to enter iiiln
the deserted lands. Cabrera states that they were driven from A/.tlaii.
Teatro, j). 94.
*' Dnran jjives the description of Aztlan ;,'iven hy rueuhcoall In Mnnti'-
zunni the elder: 'Nuestros I'adres moraron en dinid feliee y diclmx) hiiuar
que llanuiron Azthin, {\\\v qniere de<'ir " I'dancinvi." Kn este l.ii;::ir Iimv iiii
gran Cerro en medio del a;,'ua, ipn' llamahan Cnlhnacan, por (|uc licnc l;i
punta al;,'o retuerta liiicia ahajo, y a «'sta causa se llama ('ulliii:ic;iii. ipii'
quiere decir ''(lerro tiu'rto." Kn este Cerro lialiia \inas liociis (i ciicliii^ i
coiu'avidados doude hahitiiroii nuestros I'adres v Ahnelos jior miiclios hmc.-:
alii tuliicron niucho descanso dehajo de este Xomhre Mexitiii y .Vzlcia:
iilli gozahan de nnu'ho cantidad tie I'alos, de fodo geiu-ro dc ;:azziis; ili'
cuerhos marinos, ytiallinas de a^ua, y de (Jallaretas; nozahiiu ilcl cai
Itn
fii/:iniii 111'
y nudodia de los IMjaros (h> las caliezas colerailas y amar
nuichas diferencias de grandes y hermosus I'cscados; goziiron ile jri'fiii li'i'"-
cura de arhidedas, {\\w liahia por anutdlas rilieras, y de Kuenlcs ccrculin
de sauces y de Saliinas yde .\lisos jj;randesy hermosos; andahMii cii ciiina';,
y Iniciaii cainelloues eu <[ue semhratian niiiiz, chile, tomates, liii.iiililli. in-
soles, y de todo jfcucro de sendila.s de las nue conienios,' I've, llist JiiiIhk,
MS,, toni. i., cap. 27.
XAIIUATLACA MIGRATION.
307
jjird's note was nothing less than a divine messai^-e,
and the two announced it as such to the people."
Whether all tlie numerous tribes into wliicli tlio
Xaliuatlacas were divided, left Aztl.an at tlie same
time, or, if not, in what order they left, it is inipos-
hiMc to tell. It seems, however, tliat after several
yours' Avandering, a number of them were tog-etlier
at a ]ilace called Chicomoztoc, the famous *sevi-ii
cavos.'*^ The little tliat is known oi' their wander-
iiiL,'s before reaching this point will be found in tlio
next cliapter, in connection with the Aztec migra-
tion.
Tlie list of tribes settled at Chicomoztoc at this
time comprises only seven according to most autliors.
TIkt are named for the most part after the locality
in w hich they subse(]uently settled in ;md alK)ut Ana-
liuac, and are as follows: the Xoclamilcas, Chalcas,
Tepanecs, Acolhuas, Tlahuicas, Tlascaltecs, and Aztecs
or Mexicans; to which some writers add tlie Tara«c»)s,
^[atlaltzincas, Malinalcas, Cholultecs, Huexotzincas,
L'tiitlaliuacs, Miz(j[uicas, and Cohuixcas." Some au-
i'^ Riimnrz, in Garrfn yCuhaa, Aflns; Tnr<iitrmn<ln, Mntiiirq. Inil. toiii.,
i,, p. 7S; I'lm'iiimi, Stun'ii Ant, del Mmsico, tmii. i., ii|i. 1.">7-S; Vrt;nirvvt ,
T'iil(-<i Mi;r., |)t ii., i). 17; Viifd-Snlar if Sniir/ir-, '//iitilin, tinil. i., p. 'A;
Ciirhiijid h'.yiiiio.td, Ill's/. Mr.r., ti)in. i./pii. .'{!tl»-.'{l)(». 'Vhv iliitc cif tlie ili'-
imrturc is sliowii li\ tlic inaps ti) lio Ce IVciiatl, wliii'h is ciilculiitnl liy
<'liiiiiiil|):iin, (iiiilatiii, (iiiiiiii, ami Voytia to l)e KHil, hascd on tiu- li.\|Mitli-
(M^ihiit till! iiiljustiiii'iit (if till' ('aieudar in tiu^ yoaiM't' Toclitli, wiiicii tmik
]il;ii(' liming till! jminiey, corrt'siiiiiKls ti) \i)\M. nrassoiir would |iriilialily
iissi;;!! a iatcr (lain, since he writes: 'i^es aiiiiales niexicaiiics nous niontrcnt
^'I'lii'iidciiii'iil Ics jtrenuercs tribns de cettu nation ii A/llancn Tan rreciiall,
lOiU.' His/. \(it. dr., toni. ii., n. 'JO-'.
*'^ Ciiicoino/loe is placed Ity ( liivi;;ero about tweiily niilcs south of Zai'a-
ti'r;i-<, liut is ivi,'arded liy Dnran, Acostii, and others, as identical witii, or
"iiliiii llic re.Ljion of A/tlan. Acconlin;;to llrasseur. Ilis/. .\'ii/. O'c, loni. ii.,
|i. '.';i:i. liicy aiii\ed here llKi. Ilellwald, in Snii/Zisiiiiinii lu/i/., ISIKI, ]p.
.'i'lii, ii^rccs with liiis date, hy making; them arrive at Chiconio/toc 'Jti ye.u-«
iittiT ilicir de|partnre from A/llan, which, he says, took place in Kl'.lO.
Vcviia, lli.i/. An/. .Mij., tom. ii., p. '.)•_', .slates that they arrived KM yearn
iiUci ilicir departure. On the (Jeinelli map O/.loiJan, 'place iif i^rottocs,'
i^ ^'iM'ii as a place where tiiey halted for a Ion;;- time, from 1(10 to 'liH) yeart
(liter leaving Aztlaii, and may he the same as ('hicinnoztoc. ('amar;^ii, in
\'iiii'il/r.'i Ainiii/rn iff.s Vu//., ISI.'l, tom .\cviii., ]). II.'), says that the 'I'las.
iiilicis, who accordin;,' to most authors wi're mio of the Nahnathica trihes,
arrivcil at C'hicomo/t,oe in the year ."> 'I'ochtli.
*^Sn' Ai'o.s/ii, Hist ilr l(ts Yin/., op. i't'ii]; Jliriri'tt, Ifisf, Gi'ii., dec.
ii;. lili. ii., cap. X.; //iirmi, Jli.tt. Jih/ius, .MS., tom. i., cap. '2; ('iiitiiij<il
Liliiiiuid, ii<i/. Mix., lorn, i., pp. 'J:iS, 217; Clun'i/i ro, S/uiun Ant. liii Sks'
•iJI
308
THE eillCIIIMEC PERIOD.
tlior.s do not iucludo the Acolhuas and Tepanccs; no
iiu})ortanc'e is, however, to be attached to the tiudi-
tiona] tril)al divisions of the invading hordes before
they settled in Antlhuac.
It was at Chiconioztoc that the separation of the
Aztecs from the rest of the Naluiathicas took })la('o.
Tlie tradition rehites tliat while the peojjle were
seated beneath a great tree partaking of a meal, a
terrible noise was suddenly heard to issue from the
summit of the tree; the idol which stood u})oii the
altar at its foot then called the chiefs of the Aztec
tribe aside and commanded them to order the other
tribes to depart in advance, leaving the Aztecs at
(.'hicomoztoc. The number of tribes that were tlius
sent in advance is not known; Tonpiemada says
I'ight, Acosta and Duran say six," and others greater
or smaller numbers.
From the time of tlie separation we hear little
more of tlie Nahuatlaca tribes until we find them
coming into Aniihuac and settling in various ])aits o['
the country. In this manner we hear of the Xoehi-
milcas, 'cultivators of ilowers,' coming into the vallcv
and occu^iying a district south of Tezcuco Lake, wheie
xiro. toiii. i., j». 151; Tfdhmltf, in S^mithsnuinn Jlrpf., ISOO, \^. ;i.'?!t; T'lvqn---
iii"(lfi, .Uojiiin/. Iiiil., toiii. i,, p. 7H; I'rfiDirrrt, 'liKtni Mix., j)!. ii., p 17;
M'lliiliiiid , Hist. IjiiUds, ill Iriizlmfrrld, Ciil. i/r Ihir., toili. i., [iji. 7-'.i;
J'iiiirultl, Ciiiii/iv, tdlii, i., J). 154; I'lirrhtis /li.i I'i7ifriiiia(ir, vol. v., y. Mil;
ll'iidUi t'inrri, in Churchiirs Col. I'lii/mjis, vol. iv., ^». 4S'2\ Unnihulill,
Vio'i, ti.ni. ii., i)|). lt)S-7l; Snfini/ini, Hist. (Ini., toni. iii., lili. \., ]>. 1-I7).
liiiissciir do Ilouilioiirjf ;;ives us tin; triUcs tlmt left .Vztlan: flic liiiixni/iii-
(MS, t'liiilciiH, Xdcliiiiiilcii.s, Cinitiiiluiacas, .Maiinalciis, Cliicliiini'ijis, Tij'a-
ni'i'as, and .Nlaflaltzincas. lli.sf. Xnf. I'ir., toni. ii., |». '2'.)'2.
*> Miinnr'i. [ml., tom.i., jip. 7^-!); llisf.ilr his YniL, ii. 451; llisl. IiiiU'K,
MS., toni. i., cap. 2. On llntiiriiii'w map tlio iiiero;j;lypnsof tiu' t'i;!'lil liilif-
lU'o si'iMi at Cliiconioztoc for tlio lasttinu'; tlio priests or leaders of llic .\/-
tiH's alone jmi'siie the renuiinder of tlie eoiirse. As the .A/tee liioiii^'l.v|ili
does not appear to lie included anioiijj; these ei^dit, it iiiij,dil he assuiiicil lliiit
tlie .\/tecs were composed of certain families heloiiiiin;,' to one oi' iiinic oi
the eijiht trihes, hut this does not appear to he the view taken hv llic ;iu
lliorities. (iondra, in I'nsfotf. Ulst.Coiiq. .V'.r., toni. iii., pp. -5-1!. rciiiarlv^
that the map indicates a consultation of six of {\w families with llicii' ^'"l.
and the depardire of t wo. The non-recurrence of the trihal liiero;^ly|ili~ Ih'
explains hy sayiu;; that the families are henceforth (k'si;4;nated only hv lln'
I liiefs who lead theni, 'I'his map cannot, however, he expected In lie mihh'
a<curate than the sources fnmi which 'roniueiiiuda, Acosta, and clliK^^
deri\ed thoir iuforinatioii.
ACOLIIUAS AND TEPAXECS.
309
tin V fouiidod Xocliiinilco; l)nt all \vo know of thr'w
{nvmvv liistoiy is that they left A(|iiilazco, their
original home, whieh we may su[){)o,sc to have heeii
a district of Aztlan, under a chief named Huetzalin/'"'
who, dying on the journey, was succeeded hy Aca-
tniial, who conducted the trihe as far as the ruined
city of Tollan and there died, after having ruled
tw'.iity-thn.'o years. The trihe then proceedeil untlei"
the conduct of Tlahuil Tecuhtli*'' to the Culhuacau
territory and 'attempted to settle there, one year after
the accession of }f uetzin.^'* But the people of Cul-
liuaian Avere suspicious of the new comers and drove
thciii to the other side of the lake to a place called
Tcvahualco, at the sauie time forhidding them to settle
(.11 any jiart of the lands helonging to the ca})ital.
Fur some years the Xochimilcas remained quietly at
'IVvahualco, hut in 1141 Tlahuil Tecuhtli pouni-ed
:-ii(ldcnly upon Culhuacan, and hefore its defenders
ciiiild gain their arms he penetrated into the heart of
the city and sacked it remorselessly. The inhahitants
souii rallied, however, and not oi.iy drove the maraud-
ers (tut of the city, out pursued them as far as the
site (if the ancient city of Oco})etlayuca. Here Thi-
liuil Tecuhtli resolved to estahlish himself and, witli
thi' jiermission of the king of Culhuacan, he I'orth-
vith founded the city of Xochimili'o, whii-h suhse-
(lUciitly hecame one of the ]»rinci]>al ])laces in An;i-
The Chalcas settled on the east side of the
liuac
4',1
■ "f-E
lake of C'halco and founded a numher of towns of
*'' <,>m't/iiliii ni'coiiliii;,' to Dnissoiir, wlio adds: 'Dntis Ic fcxtc, il y a Uu-
thiiUii. ct' i|iii I'si inciltalilt'iiH'iit iiiu' faiitc dii ciiiii.^io.' lli.sl. A"/. '/<■,,
liilii. ii., |i, -Ji'iit. 'I'liis cliicf may |Missi!ily lie llic same as Iliiil/itoli.
'" NCylia iiaiiu's tliis cliicf Xiicliiiiiilio, wliidi IJrassoiir says 'no jiriit
I'tru ipi'Miit' crreiir.' '(/., )i. 'HA.
'^ III. I\llil.\(i(ir.ll and W'Vtia |daci' llii' anival of tlic Xncliiinilcas ii)
Tlntzin's ri'iifii. Kiiuisliiiniiiii/(\s Mr.r. An/if/., vul, ix., p. -iriS; ///v/. .li,f.
.'/■/., tiiiii. ii., ]). ,SS. l)iiraii says tlicy wi'ic tin- lirst tnicavf Ciiiccniici/tcM',
iiii'i llic tliird tit arrive in Aiiiiliiiac. 'I'liis w lilcr ;,-ivi'.i a niiiiilicr nf |||a(■^.^
t'liiinlcij liy llicni lii'sidcs Xdcliiniilro. ///.v/. Jmlin.i, MS., (mti. i., iii|i. •_'.,
1'!. Ariisiii Miys tiicy wcic llic liist to anivc. ///.v/. i/r /".v )'/('/., p. l^S.
'" l''iih'(i, llisl. Aiil. .U'/., loin, ii., |iii. SS !t; l.illil.i'dcldll, in KiDi/slmV'
oii'j/i's M, r. Aii/i'/., \ol. i\., p. |,")S; llr<(.\.sitir </r lliiiif/iiinrif, llisl. .\ii/.
('(>•■, toui. ii., pp, 'Mli'L
^31
if
310 THE CIIICIIIMEC PERIOD.
Avliicli the priiK'ipal was Clialco. For the Tlaliuicas
no room could bo found about tho lako; thuy tlioc-
fore procoodt'd to a district .south of Mexico, uIh ro
b>cfore lonii' a ininil)er of settlements rose around tlair
capital Quauhnahuac.'^ Of the other tribes inchukd
1)}' some autliors amonq- the Nahuatlacas, we find tlic
Tarascos settled in !Michoacan, the Matlaltzincas in tlic
province of that name, and extending towards ^Firlio-
acan ; the Malinalcas in the province of Malinalco;
the Cuitlahuacs in the province of Cuitlahuac; the
]\riz([uicas in Mizquic; the O^huixcas in Guerrero."'
The Tepanecs and Acolhuas become })roniinent in
the affairs of Aniihuac at this period, that is, durinn'
the reign of the Chichimec emi)eror Xolotl 11.
They were among the numerous bands that con-
tributed to the overthrow of the Toltec em})ire, and
are classed by several writers among the Nahuathu a
tribes.^'^ One of their chiefs, Tzontecoma of Coatli-
chan, was, as we have seen, the grandfather of Jinct-
zin, the present king of Culhuacan. The evoiit
tlnit l)rings them into j)rominent notice at this tiiuo
is their tendei'ing allegiance to Xolotl II. In do-
ing this they claimed descent from the Citin,''' il-
lustrious for nobility of race and for heroic dcrds.
According to nniny of the Spanish writers the Otonn'is
•''" Now rncriiaviica.
i' Oiiizro >/ Urrrit, (Irnffrafin, pp. 02-3, 141-3.
■'■^ Many writi'iH who ilo mil dircrtly (•(iiiin'ct the Acolhuas with tlu' \;i-
ImathicaN, assert tliat tlicv caiiic from the same io;;ioii, and were nl tin)
s.imc lai'e. ( 'hivij,'i'r(i places tlie ancient liome in 'I'eoacolhnacan, near Aiua-
«iucmeean. Veytia consiilers tliem to he the tk'scenthintsof Toltec coliiiii'-is
■who were sctth'il alonjf tiic I'acilic coast. Ixtlilxociiit! allirms tiiiil iluy
■were neij,'iiiiors of tlu- llnchue 'I'laiiallan Toltecs and of ("iiicliimec slnik,
^^ 'Ci/iii, i)luriel (h- Ci/^i, lievre, nom apparemnient d'une trihii (hi Nurd,
oomme les I'ieil-Xoir, h-s Ser|ients, etc,' HrnnsiKr di: Bour/miiri/, Ui<l.
Xiif. Oil'., toni. ii., ]i. '2',V2. l!ios, ('itni/iriit/. lli.sf. Mc.v., i). 7, says liicy
derived their orij;iii from the family of Citin or rieiia. >iot(dinia s:i,\> nf
the Acolhuas: ' Kste iiomhre los (inedo de \iii valiente eapilan (|ue liniv'rnii
. . . . Acoli, (jue asi se llama aiiuel hneso que vil <lesde el codo hasia el limii-
liro. y del mismo hueso Ilanian a! homhro .\coli.' He was very hra\i'. nml
taller than other nu'n. /list. Iiuf/'os, in Iiriz/mfrrfo, Cn/. dr l>iii\, tniii. i,
)'. 11. (iomara, Ci)nn. Mr.i\, fid. 301, says that thev I'laimed descent tinm
ii \iiliaiit chief iianunl ( 'hichimecatlh. who once tied a straji roniul the .irni
of (j>iielz;deoatl, near the shoulder. This was re;,'ardeil as a ;^reat leat, l^r it
■was .said that he that could hind a ;'ud could bind all men.
ACOLIIUAS AND TEPAXECS.
311
came into Aiiiiliuac and teiKlcred their allegiance to
Xolotl 11. ill company with the Acolhuas and Te-
jiaiiLCH. We have already seen, however, that the
(Uonii's Mere one of the mo.st ancient nations of
Anahuac, and were there long- hetore the Toltecs;
this rc[»uted entry of theirs was perhai)s nothing
iiioic tlian their coming in from the monntains and
{uli)j)ting, to a certain extent, a civilized life."* The
stoiy goes that Xolotl II, and his son Nopaltzin were
fiattired hy the propositions of these }H)\verfnl chiefs
and entertained their guests right royally. Nor did
the Chichimec monarch delay to confer ii})on the three
])iin('i[);d chiefs substantial marks of his favor and
consideration. To the lord Acolhua with the Tepa-
iiecs he assigned several districts south of Tenavocan,
Avith Azcai)Uzalco for a caj)ital, and gave him the hand
of his eldest daughter, Cuetlaxochitl, in marriage;
the lord of the Otomis received the em})eror's second
daughter, and a district four or five leagues north of
Azcajiuzalco, with Xaltocan for its capital; Tzonte-
oonia, tlie third chief, a young man, was awarded lor
the Acolhua home a district one league south of
Tezcuco, with Coatlichan for a ca[)ital, and, as Xo-
lotl had no more daughters, he was given for a wife
the in'incess next in rank.^'^ It was in C()m[>ensa-
tii)n for this inferior marriage that Xolotl afterwards
ohtained the throne of Culhuacan for Tzonteconui's
•grandson, lluctzin, according to Tt)r(piemada's account
given on a preceding page. The three marriages
^' I'liMssMir (Ic Tlniirl;<»irs Rfiys iiotliiiiLt aliDtit tlic Otomin onmiii;,' in witli
till' Aiollnias iiiiil 'ri'iiaiiiM.s iit this time.
" i'lii-, MciMiidiiij;- to 'rdiiiiu'iniitia, .Vmiiiri/. /inf., turn. i.. jiji. r)l-4, wiio
i'- I'nllnwid liy Itnissciir, was ('oatcti, (laii;;litt'r cif ( 'iialcliiiilitlatoiiac, ur
< li^iirhiiiiitlaiu'tziii, Innl of Ciialco, wlio, sa\s Miassciir, Hi.ff. Aaf. <'ir.,
Imii. ii., \i. '2'M, ']iarait avoir I'tii rtiii tics I'lvics ou tics Ills dc NaiiliyotI
II.' .\( iiiiiliiijr to other authors, 'rzontccuiiia's Iniiii' was iianiril ('iliuaict-
/iii, Mini inr I'atlicr was a Tttltcc, hml of 'rialiiianairo. Kacli of these iiaiin's
i» ^1K•I1(■(1 ill a j;rcat variety of ways. See LrtliLciirliitl, in KiiKixhiiriniijIi's
-lA.r. Ai,ll<j., vol. i.v., iip.iVll, .'V.t.")', \:rl\ \'rif/in, ///.v/. Jti/. M<J., toni.'ii.,
lip. ;!'.l-l,'!; ('/(iri'i/cro, Slorid Aiil. </i/ Mrsxini, toin. i., jip. lH(i-7; (iriniin/us
i/i!i(hr~, Tiirilis Amvr., pii. 19, 142 H; Miillii\ Urism, toin. iii., p. 1.");
MitH: i\ A iiK rikiHi'srhi' I'n'iliijii'iK'ii, i>. ."I'Jli; I'll/ii-SrAijr i/ ,S((iir/i(:, J'/ira-
ti'", Imiii. i., [i. ;t; Uruzcu 1/ JJtrni, Gai<jni/ta, [>. "J'J,
J! ' ' l-i
312
THE CIIICIIIMEC PERIOD.
were celebrated at Tenayocan with cxtraoi-dinarv
pomp, and were followed hy a successiuu of puMic
tfaines, gladiatorial exhibitions, and amusements of
all sorts, which lasted sixty days.
It is difficult to say in what relation the Acolhua
and Tepanec princes stood towards the Chichimec (ni-
peror. Accordinijf to most of the Spanish authoiitios,
tliey swore allegiance to Xolotl, and took rank as
the first vassals of the emj)ire, though they wew
exempted from payment of tribute. It is Brassour's
opinion, however, that this statement must not lio
accepted too literally. Nothing, was more jealously
guarded by all these peoples than their indejiendeiice
and sovereign rights in the land they occupied. At
the same time, the right of first occupation boinrr
held sacred by them, it was natural that the tribes
that came in after the Chichimecs, s]u)uld address
themselves to Xolotl, before attemj)ting any formal
settlement. Tlie act of the new tribes was, theretoro,
an observance of international etiquette rather than
an acknowledgment <;)f vassalage.^
The settlement of the Acolhuas and Tepanecs in
Auilhuac resulted in an improved order of things, and
in the rapid advance of culture throughout the countiy.
Their comparatively high state of civilization was
not slow to impart itself to the ruder ('hidiinieos,
who were proud to ally themselves by niairiago to
the polished strangers, and eager to enndatc tluir
refinement. For the same reasons the nanu; Acol-
hua soon came to designate the Chicliimecs of the
capital and surrounding districts. Nor was it the
])eoi)le alone who received this impulse IVoni tlio
new-comers. Xolotl began to perceive that if he
wished to establish a permanent and hereditary inon-
archy it would be necessary to cure his fierce noI»lcs
of tlieir nomadic tastes and habits by giving tlicni
]iossessions, and thus making it to their interest (o
lead an orderly and settled life. To this end he
!>'' Brassciir lie Jioiirlioiinj, Ilisf. Nat. Civ., toiu. ii., pp. i'lU-t.
TIIK TOLTKCS IN ANAIIIAC.
313
cn^atod a iiuinl)cr of fiefs, and distriltuted tlicm aiiion<jf
liis l(ti(ls, accordiiiLC to tlicir rank and (juality. Those
Iviii.u' nearest to tlie centre of the empire were
nranted to the princes of the royal family, or to cliiefs
of nndonhted loyalty; while to the more turbulent
'lohles distant provinces were assigned"
For some time after the accession of Huctzin to the
throne of Culhuacan, where, the reader will recollect,
ho had heen placed by Xolotl II. after the defeat and
death of Nauhyotl, it seems that Nonohualcatl, Xanh-
yotl's eldest son,^ and Ameyal, Pochotl's eldest son
liy Naidiyotl's dauj^hter, were permitted to retain
tlieir jiosition as heirs to the throne which they had
enjoyed during the reign of the late king. Ihit this
(lid not last very long; the ruse by whicli Anieyal
had ( ndcavored to frustrate Xolotl's designs upon the
throne of Culhuacan was not forgotten, and before
many months had elapsed the young prince was de-
sj)()iled of his dignities and cast into i)i'ison, where he
was ke[)t closely confined for several years.
Althoui»'h the Toltec clement in Amihuac was
flowing weaker every year, and threatened to totally
disappear in a short time, yet what little there was
left of it i^ossessed great importance in the eyes of
Xolotl 11. The Chichimec emperor, partly perlia])s
from motives of })ride, partly becanse he saw th.it
it would tend to ensure his son's succession, desired
iiotliing so much as to ally his family b}^ blood witli
the ancient Toltec dynasty. With tliis end in view,
the old monarch had for some time been looking
ahoiit for a suitable bride for his son Xoi>alt/.in. .\t
length the lady was found in the })ersou of Azeatl-
xochitl, sister of Ameyal, and therefore daughtei' of
Poehotl, the son of Topiltzin, the last Toltec king.
fills |»rincess, who was then about twenty-five years
'if ivj^v, was ])ossessed of singular beautv and rare
'■'' IU-iissr)ir (Ic BourboHVfj, Ilisf. Xat. Cir., toiii. ii., pp. 230-7.
•"* Sfc note "27.
I
I,
n
8U
THE CIIICHIMEC TERIOD.
accomplisliincnts, and was ■withal a model of inoiksty.
Her father being" dead, and her brother in oaptivity,
she lived in seclusion with her mother at Tiaxiina-
loyan, a town on the frontier of Michoacan. V,'!iat-
ever dislike the Chiehiniec nobles may at first liavo
had for this alHanee, was si)eedily overcome; tlie hand
of the Toltet! princess was formally demanded and
given, and soon afterwards the marria^'e was celebrated
with j^reat mag-nificence. By tliis union NopaUziii
liad three sons, Tlotzin Pochotl,™ who subse(jueiitly
succeeded his father as Chiehiniec emj)eror, lluiza-
quen Tochin Tecuhtli, and Coxanatzin AtcJicatl.'"
When tliese came of ag"e, their father obtained Thi-
zatlau from Xolotl for the eldest son. to rule, until
he should jyacceed to tiie imperial throne; for tlio
second son he obtained a ,<>Tant of Zacatlan, and \'or
the third Tenamitec, Ik'fore departing' to his fief,
Tlotziu was nuuried to Tocpacxochitzin, daii^htcr of
the lord of Quahuatlapal, one of the great cliicfs
that came witli Xolotl from Amaqueniecan.*'^
Brasseur states that the tributes of the seigniory
of Oztoticpac, in the jn'ovinco of C'haU'o, were
granted to Tlotzin at his birth,*''' and there the prince
■''•' Nmni'il also Ifiietziii, Hays Hrasseiir.
'i" N'cylia, I/is/. All/. Mrj., toiii. ii., p. 47, writow tlio iiaiiu's 'rinlziii l'(i-
cothl, 'J'i)xltiiiiiliiiatziii, and Ali'iicat/iii. Ixtlixorliiti, in h'iiiii-^liiinin'i/i'ii
Mi\v. Aiifii/., vi)l. '\., J). LMO, 'ri((t/iii|)(icli(itl, lluixac|U('n(ciiliiiit('nililli,
Coxanatzin Alfn'Mil; on |i. ',U'2 lie (liU'ci-.s in tlic following,': 'I'ol'/iM, 'I'liMr-
<|iiiluiMl/in, Ali'ncat/in A|)ot/o('(/.in; on p. IV,)'>, 'rioxl('(|nilinai/.in; nii |i.
4()l, 'ric)|/.'n|ioi'li(itl, Atzol;;ocolt/in, 'Tot/in. TuriiiniiKii/ii, ,]liiiiiiri/. /ml.,
<oni. i., 1). (I'i, Tlot/in, (()iiauliUM|nilina, or 'rocliinlcculilli, I*o|mi/(m'. ('/«-
r/i/irii, Sliirin .In/, i/r/ .]/( .'..sii'n, toni, !., p. Ill, Apopo/.oc. Nopallziu iiml
jilso anolluT son, uanaMJ 'rt'nan<';M'all/,in, who in liitci' years t;a\c uimli
tronlilc lo llic cnipiTor (jMiin'snt/in, ami v.iio, acconiin);- to tlif S|i;iiii>li
aiillioiilics, was a liastidvl. Miasscur, Iiowcmt, tiiiils reason "o lielicM'
that tills jirint'i' was Nopalt/.in's lc;4itinniti' siui liy a foiincr nninii;;i'. //'■v^
J\'(//. ' '/(",, toni. ii., p. 'J."il.
"' /,!'/,' /7,iv ••/////, in Kiiiifi/iiiroiii/li'.f .lAc.r. An/ii/., vol, ix.. pp. ;il'J, .'l'.'>'>,
4.V2i ]'ri//iii, Ill's/. .III/. Ml'/., toni. ii., pp. I" -it; 'rmi/iniiiiii/K, Miniiinj.
Iik/., toni. i., p. ii;t; t'/uriijini, S/nriii An/, i/r/ .Missini, toni. i., p. ill.
'''■*( 'oiiinicnl in;; npoii tlir stalcnicnt of I \tlil\ocliili, His/. ('/iirli..'\n
Kini/sliiiriiii(/li's .Mi.i', .lii/ii/., vol. ix., )>. 'Jll, tiiat Xolotl aliamloiicil in
'I'll I /in not oniv tin' ii'vcnncs of tlic pi'o\inc(' of Clialco, Init ai>oiit' m\-
t'lal oilier proMiices as far as Mi/.leca, Itiiisseiir writes: ' II y a e\ iiieiii-
iiieni e\M;,'eralioii; jaiiiais les amies ile .Xolotl ii'alli'reiil aiissi loin, el il t^l'
ilonl(Mi\ iiieiiie i|iie li's proviuees f; m', rnii'esilans la salli't' Ini fiisseiil |iiiiii'>
trilnitairos.' Jlisl. An/. Cir,, Unu, ii., p. 'J,"»b.
REIGN OF XOLOTL II.
315
usually resided during' liis youth, under the .al)le in-
stiiictioii of a nohle Toltec named Tecpoyo Acaulit-
li, who, it is said, aeconipanied liis pupil to Tla-
zatlaii, wliitlior he Avont after his nuirria^'e, and eon-
liiiucd to echieate him there/'^ It was at tliis latter
](laco that Tlotzin's sou Quinantzin, who afterwards
liLcauie emperor, was horn.
Anout this time Xolotl's peace was much dis-
till lud by a eous})iracy which nearly put iva end to
his life. It seems that for a loni»' time a numhcr of
pciwirful Chichimec nohles had rei^ar<led with i^row-
iii;^' ihsfavor the civilization which the i!nn)L'ror, his
Mill, and his grandson, were so atixious to advance,
tlu)>ii;h whether this was their only reason for coii-
f^piriiiLii' a!j;ainst the old monarch's life is not clear.
Of course any i)lot wliich tended to weaken the
Cliichimec emi)ire called for the sympathy of the
ptu|ilc of ('ulhuacan and the Toltecs i^enerally
thiniinhout the counti'v,'^ and thus the discontented
faction _<4Tew to he quite formichdde. At first tlie
conspirators confined chems(.;lves to _orund)lin!.;-, and
made no active demonstration; hut as time went on
and the a,n'ed emperoi showed no si^'iis of laiiiiio',
thiii' impatience for his death onnv unhearahie, and
tinally they deliherately ))lotted his assassination.
Diirino- the latoi- years of his life Xolotl left the
L;oMrim;cnt almost entirely in the hands of his sou
No|taH/,iii, and |>assed the ori;ate)' jiart of his time in
the I'oyal gardens at Tezcuco. ite had several tinios
(Xiiitsscd a wish to have an additional sujiply of
Water hrounht into these o-rounds, and it was in ^rat-
il'viiiL;' his drsire that the traitors !;ttom|>tcd to take
his \\\\\ '{'he ni'W supply having- liccn intro(hic('d
fi'oin a, nein'hhoi'ino- mouiil.iin stri'am, the cons|)irato;s
waili'd until a time when thr cmpei'or was .supposed
to he rcposiiio- iu a low-iyino- part of the oar(K'iis, and
tin n sud(h'iily hreakinL!" <lown a dam which had In eii
'' llfiissriir i/r llitiirlniiii'ii, llisl. Aiif, ('ir., tuiu. ii., |i. -(i'J.
"' Si'u /f/., imu. ii,, lip. 'M\ 71.
:. M
!l
310
THE CHICIIIMEC PEUIOD.
constructed for the purpose, tliey let the water over-
flow the grounds. But their design was hap})ily frus-
trated. It happened that Xok)tl had not hiin down
iu the usual spot, but had sought an elevation, where
the flood could not reach him. From his conduct it
Avould seem tliat he had been apprised of the plot, {\)v
instead of l)eing disconcerted, he made merry ovtr
the disaster, saying: "I have long been convinced of
the love of my subjects; but I now perceive that tliiy
love me even more than I imagined; I wished to in-
crease the su})ply of water for my gardens, and, lus
liold, they even exceed my wishes; therefore I mIU
commemorate their devotion with feasts." And \\v
accordingly gave orders that the next few days sIkhiM
be devoted to public rejoicing, to the great confusiuu
of his enemies. But the old nunarch's heart was
sore witliin him, nevertheless, and the treacliciy ut'
his subjects weighed heavily upon him."^
But the disattection that had given rise to this in-
iquitous plot was not (juelled by its failure, and
received a new impulse from a love-quarrel which led
to serious conse([uences. Before narrating tiiis ewnt,
it should be stated that Ameyal, henceforth kimwn
as Acliitometl,"" had been released from captivity,
probably through the influence of his sister, Noiialt-
zin's Mife, and that Nonohualcatl" had succeedctl to
tlie throne of C^dhuacan by reason of Huetzin's falling'
] 'ir to his fatliei's seigniory of CV)atlic]ian.*''"
Now, Achitometl had a daughter named Atn-
toztli, whose exceeding beauty and high rank
brought countless admirers to her feet. Most
favored among these, or most daring, it is not rh ai
'•'■> T(in/iii'iiiii(/ii, MiiiKirij. tiii1.,\i\\\\. i., j))i. 5!)-(IO; Txtlll.ntrhill, In Kni'is-
huvdiiiili'^ Mir. Anfi</., vdl. ix., p. H4.'l; ('/iii'ii/vri>, S/and Aiil. ihl M's.sirn,
him. I., pp. i;tH-i'.
''' Sci' llrKssi iir. Hint. Xiit. dr., tdiii. ii.. p. 'J(i."». 'I'liin writ. ■ mihI I'l'i-
c|ii('niiii|ji lire tin' only mitliiiriticH wlni use tlii> iiiiiiic .Xmcyal iit iiiiv linu'.
"" Si'c iiiili> 'JT.
'■■* Mi'iiHsciir, llisf. Xiif. r/c, totii. ii., p. 'J7-, writes: 'CVluit pii.luilili'-
iiitMit .siir 111 pioiiu'ssc lie rci'i'Vdir la iiiiilii dc HU (At'hitoiiu'tr.>*) lillf 'i'"^'
lliu't/iii n\ait iviionco an lioiu; ik' ('uihuacaii.'
REVOLT OF YACANEX
oil
^\■lu^•ll, w.'is Yacanex,^^ lord of Tepctlaoztoc, and vas-
sal ut" Hut'tzin. This noble presented himself be-
lt iie At'liitometl, and imperiously demanded his
daughter's hand. Angered at his insolenoe, the Cul-
liua }>iinee responded that Atotoztli was promised to
Huetziii, but that if she Avere not lie could never en-
tt-itain a request made in such a manner. Yacanex,
i'iiri<»us at this rebuff, but not in a position to j)roceed
to extremes at the moment, returned to his fief and
srt about stirring uj) a rebellion against his ri\al and
siizei-ain, Huetzin. His own people rose to a man at
liis call, and he was soon joined by several powerful
lu'igliboring chiefs.™ According to Brasseur, Yacauex,
having gathered his forces, marched to Culhuacan,
and there rei)eated his demand to Achitonietl ; but
that jtrince reminded the rebellious noble of his prom-
ise to Huetzin, and declared his determination to
yield his daughter's hand to no one else. Upon this
Vaeanex returned, with threats, to Tepetlaoztoc.'^
Tlieie his army was swelled by a number of mal-
I'linteiits, among whom Avere two of Huetzin's sons,
who thought themselves robbed of their inheritance,
heeauso their father had left the crown of Culhuacan
to Xoiioluialcatl when he succeeded his father at C"o-
.itlieliaii. The provinces of Otompan and Tezcueo
also broke out into open revolt, and before long there
'■' S]i(lt alsd Vaiiox, Vacazozdlotl, Yapatzi>tzol(»c, and Ixcazozdlut.
"' Anion;,' tlu'sc wen ( (cutdx, or Acotocli, ami Coaciiot'li, w lio, accord inj;
III lillilxiirliitl, in KiiKishiiviiiiiih's Mir. Anti'/., vol. i.\., ji. •2\'2, were di^al-
li'i'iid liiwanls till' v:'im(' liocausc a^ricnltiiic liad liccn forced n|ion llicni
and nilinlc exacted in iudil jH'odncc; (,>nanlitla, lord nl' O/totii pac, and To-
chill I'lMidilli, loni of Coynlinacan, who had fallen into <lis;;race in tiie foi-
liiuiii;: iiiaiiiier: ('hicon(|nanhtli, Xidotl's >on-inda\\, died Middenly, and
Uii- liiiiicd withont notice liein;i sent to the einiieror. XoiotI llieieiipou
ili^Kilciieii 'I'oi Ilin i'ecnhtli, to oll'er condolence lo ilie w itiow, hi> ilaii;4lilcr.
ainl to a|>|ioint (lniicxi|ian, a noted nohle of that |ii'o\ince, ^^useinor.
Toiliiii 'reciihlli ilid as in- was ordered, Inil instead of retiiiniii;; lo Xoloil
«iih a rc|iiiri of his mission, lie went to llnel/iii of Coallichan. 'lo |inii-
i'-li this diNrcspec* or treason, as 'rori|iieniaiia calls it, Xojull de|iii\cd
Tniliiii 'reciihtii < his lorilship of CoynhniH'an and exiled liini to 'i'epeila-
u/iiic. Tnn/iiiiiiiiifii, ,)tiiiiiir</. IiiiL, toni. !., pp. .')S, (!,'>; I '/uriiiirn, S/nrin
Jul. ilil Mrssifii. loin, !., p. 1 r.'; ]'rfiiiirrr/, Ttiitiii Mix., pi ii., p. l.'i;
r>i;rs.<iin\ ll/.-l. Xn/. Cir., loin, ii.. Pp. -t>7 !>.
" Tiiis is the acconni i^'ivcn hv Hrassenr. l/i.sf. Xnf. fir., font, ii., p.
>7l. Must writers do not mention this oxiieditioii tu Culh\nu'au.
IN
igj
1' ■ Ii
m
If '1
1
it':
'ill
-318
THE CIIICIIIMEC period;
was danj^cr that the whole of Anahiuic ^voiikl be in-
volved ill war.
Xolotl and Nopaltzin now began to feel seriously
alarmed. Tochin Tecuhtli, who, as we have seen, liad
been previously disgraced," and who had therciurc
joined tlie rebels, was secretly sent for, and induced by
fair promises to desert Yacanex and take conmiaiul df
the imperial troops. He immediately proceeded to
join Huetzin, and the two with their united foicus
then marched against the rebels. But Yacanex liaJ
taken up an unassailable position in the mountains,
and for some months could not be drawn into an • n-
gagement. At length, his strength being greatly
increased by the numbers that flocked to his standanl,
he decided to risk a battle and descended into tin;
plain, Tlie engagement, which lasted an entire day
and was attended with great loss on both sides, ended
in the rout and almost total annihilation of tht^ ii b-
els. Yacanex, with his ally Ocotox and a small rem-
nant of liis followers, escaped to the mountains in tlio
east; and 3 Euetzin's two sons" fled to Huexotziiud.'*
.\t this time Nojjaltzin, Avith his son Tlotzin and
his grandson Quinantzin, then al)out nine or ten years
old, were sojourning in the forest of Xolotl, near Tez-
cuco. Ocotox, who had escaped with Yacanex, con-
ceived the bold idea of capturing this royal j)aity.
iUit the princes were secretly informed of the ])l<tr,
and, gathering what men they could, they rushed sud-
denly upon the concealed enemy Avith such fury tliat
but few escaped. Quinantzin, though so young, is
said to have been foremost in tlie melt'e and to liavo
fought so valorously that Xolotl rewarded him with
'8 Si'o iioto 70.
" Ixtlilxucliitl, ]). 212, 8nys lio fled townril IVmiico, aiul uftcrwiinN, |i.
ni.1, stiiti'M that 111! WiiK ]iiiiilciiu'(l am! n'-iimlatotl. I'dniui'iiiaila, Miiinnij.
hill., Iiiiii. i., i>. (i.-), allinas tlial llu r 'lit'l rlicf was slain iit liatlli', Mini
tiiat iiJH aiiios li"ii (ii lliicNiit/iiu'i), whciv tiicv <iio(l in iiiisi-ry. ('I:i'. ij; 'in,
S/nriii Aiif. (Ill Miwsii'o, toiii. i., ]t\) l42-i'l, fnlidWH 'i'lirijiuiiiail.i. We nni-t
aiicpt till' fiiriiicr vt'rHioii, liKWovor, an Vucaiu'X wulisL'niR'Utly rL'-aii|nais
uiMiii till' Hroiio.
'* I.tni.ssciir, Hist., toiii. ii., ji. 277.
NOPALTZIN EMPEROR.
319
tlio lordship of Tezcuco, and ceded liim its revenues."
Tocliiu Tecuhtli was well rewarded for his services; he
received in marriage the hand of Toniiyauh, daughter
or grand-daughter of Upantzin, king of Xaltocan, and
was made lord of the seigniory of Huexotla, which
(•()nn)rised the towns of Teotihuacan and Otompan;
Huctzin returned to Coatlichan and there married the
] ft'lcn of the war, Atotoztli, daughter of Achitometl."^"
'J luis was this rebellion brought to an end in the year
1151."
A few years after these events Xolotl IT. expired
at Tenayocan in the arms of his son Xopaltzin, to
whom he left the crown, exhorting him to maintain
peace in the empire if ])ossil)le.'"*
After the body of the late emperor liad been in-
terred with the customary ceremonies, Nopaltzin was
crowned Chichimecatl Tecuhtli, and formallv re-
ceived the homage of his vassals. The coronation
fetes were on a scale of unusual magniticence, and
lasted forty days.^«
In s{)ite of the wishes of the late emperor, Nopal-
t/.ins reign was anything but a peaceful one. Ami-
liuac was at this time divided into a great nund)er of
states, many of which had their peculiar l-inguages,
1'' 'I'lini (juo cu clla y su contoriio niaiidaso en ra1i(1ii<l dc sulu'i'iiim.'
]'i i/hd. toiii. ii., |). r»(>. lie ciiiiltl scarci'lv liavc lu'cu huIo lnrtl itf 'I'c/.i'iii'o,
fur W'vlia liimsolf says that 'I'lnt/iii iciMiicd tlicn;.
■'i LflliLfiirhHI, |)]i. 21'J, .'<lMi-7; Irf/fiii, toiii. ii., ]i\>. 50-8; 7'iir'/iiiiiiii(/(i,
tniii. i.. ]p. tl."); Si(/i(iiji(ii, torn, ii., lil). viii., p. "JTS; Urimstur, lli.st., torn.
ii.. pp. Tt\ 1.
"■ Ilni.s.sna', Ilinf., toin. ii., ]>. 277.
"^ Till' 'xai't year in wliicli .Xnlntl TI. dii'il is iiin't>rtaiii. niiisscur,
Avhiisc ■ Iiiiiiiiiliij,'y I have follnwcil, ilucs nut ^ivc llic ilatc, tiiiiii;:li lit' siiys
it iirriin-ni siinic years after tlic ili'iilli of lliu'l/in, wiiicli nrnincd in ll."il.
Xolotl, siiys tin's aiitliiir, at liis dealli, 'iic ]uiM\ait oii;.|(. n\iiif plus di' cent
oil eeiit dix ans, et, (^ii ealenlaiit les aiiiu'es de stm leone, a ennimeiieer de
soil iinivee dans rAnalinae, il aniait pit diifer tmit an ]dns de sni\aiite i\
>-oi\aiite-riiiii ans,' ///.s7. , toin. ii,, pp, '2~7-S. \'eytia, toni. ii., p. (!(>,
\viites that Xuldtl died in I'.'.'VJ. 'riinjiiemada, totn. i., p. (1(1, siivs that In;
was iieaily '.>()(» yeafs iif i\^v wiieii lie dieil. Ixtlilxnehill, pp. 'J|-J. 'M'.i, .T.I7.
•l"*'.', Mivs, 117 yeai's after his deiiartnre frmii .\iiia<|iienieeiiii, in the ll'JtIi
.M'iir of his rei;,'!! in .\nahtiae, ami fjixcs, as nsnal, sevi'ral dates fur .Xnioirs
dealli, iiaiiiely: 1()7,'), irJ7, 1074, and ll'21. llio.i, ('tiiii/ii»i/. Hist. Miu\, \i.
7, si,v^ that lie died at tlio of Kit), after a rei^n "f '•"' vears.
^'■* Tiiri|iit'in(ulti, tuiu. i., pp. til -2, givc.i the spceclieH dolivored on tlio
ocriisiuu.
820
THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD.
manncr.s, and customs. The j^rincipal of these divi-
sions Avere Tenayocan, Coatlichan, Azcapuzalco, Xal-
tocan, Qiiauhtithm, Huexotla, and Culhuacan. Each
of these connnunities was exceedingly watchful of its
own interests and regarded all the others witli nioru
or less jealousy. In the early part of his reign tliu
people of Tulancingo rebelled, and Nopaltzin marched
in })erson to subdue them; it is doubtful, however, if
ho would have succeeded had not Tlotzin opportunely
come to his aid, M'hen, after a campaign of nineteen
days, victory was obtained.*' On another occasion,
Aculhua, King of Azcapuzalco, usurped the lands of
Chalchiuhcua, lord of Tepotzotlan, at a time wluii
Noi)altzin was too busy to prevent it.
In 1171 Nonohualcatl, king of Culhuacan, died aiul
was succeeded by Achitometl, or Ameyal.*" This
prince, whose life had been such an eventful one,
labored hard to advance civilization, and during liis
life the city of Culhuacan made great progress.
But his reign was a short one, and he had been on
the throne but a few years, when he died, and was
succeeded by his son Icxochitlanex.
No[)altzin, following the example set by his fathiT,
did all in his power to further Toltec culture, (iirat
attention was })aid to agriculture; masters were ap-
pointed in the several towns to teach the various arts,
new laws were nnide and old ones revised, and civiH-
zation began to assume a higher phase than it had
hitherto done since the fall of the Toltec empire.
™ Titr'/iii'DKiifn, timi. i., ]). CA\; I.flUl.rorhiU, ])p. 212-1,1; C/urnii ni, tmn,
i., ]>]>. I 1(1-2; I'll/fill, timi. ii., ])]), 7\-'A, 78; liios, CuiiijicikI. lli.st. M(.t.,
\\. 8; llrd.ssrin; llisl., loin, ii., ])i). 281-8.
*>' Wi' liavi' si'i'ii tliat iiccorilin;; to ilio arroimt \x\\vn liy Vcyti.., ami
others, of till' I'M'iils wliicli let! to tin- first troiililc lii'twccii tlii' ('liirliiniics
ami tile in'iiplc of Ciilliuafaii, Acliitomctl siicct'cili'd to tin- lliroiic iimiiiili-
atoiy after the ileatli of N'aiihyotj, no nientiuii being made uf the reiyiis uf
lluetziu or Noiiohiialeatl. Wee ])!•. 303-4.
ro, toin.
/. J/..r..
ti.., :ni'l
ii'hiiiu i>
iimucili-
fi.'i"ii> lil
CHAPTER VI.
THE CIIICIIIMEC PEllIOD. — CONTINUED.
MKilJATION OK THE AZTF.CS— NATIONS OF AnAhTAC AT BKOINNlXfl OF
Tin: TllIhTKKXTII C'KNTl'RY— THK AZTECS SIIIMITTO THE TETAXECS
— Ui;i(iN OK Tin; KMPEHOK TI.OTZIN - l^riNANTIMN, KiNd OK Tez-
( I (() AM) ClllClllMEC E.Ml'EROU— TkANSKEU OF THE tAI'lTAI.— TE-
NAN( ACAI.TZIN ISl Itl'S THE IMPEKIAE THKOSE AT TeNAYOI'AN—
The r.siin'EK dekeated iiy Tetaxecs axi» Mexu'axs— Acoi.xa-
111- A( ATI, ritOCE AIMED EiU'EUOU (.illXAXTZIX's Vl( TOHIES -IJaT-
TI.K AT I'OVAl HTEAN— QUINAXTZIX A(iAIX EMI'EUOK— ToLTEC IN-
STITITIOXS AT TEZCICO— EVEXTS AT t'lI.IIUAt'AX — MEXICANS
Iii;i\ EN KHOM ClIAl'lETErEC— AEI.IAXIE llETWEEX MeXICAXS ANU
Cl I.IIIAS -ItEEKilOUS STUIFE — FOl'NDATIOX OF MEXICO — KeION
UK THE E.MI'EliOll TECHOTE — POEITICAE CHAXOES- ItllN OK THE
(I I.IHA I'OWEI: -TeZOZOMOC, KIXO ok AZCAITZAI.CO- SeI'AIIATION
(IK Mexicans axd Teatelulcas — Acamai'Ichtei 11., Kinu of
Ml XKO— Ql AlilAl IIPITZAlllAC, KlXli OK TLATEECECO.
Tho last of tlio so-called forci^-u tribes that came
iiiti) iKitico ill Analuiac, tVoiu out the conrusion that
I'olluwcd the (lowid'all of the 'l\)ltiH-s, was the Aztec,
or Moxii-aii, which settU'd at (']iaj)iilte})(U' in the last
years of the twelfth century.' Aci'ordiiio' to their
traditions they set out on their nuoration from Az-
tlaii toi^vther with the Nahuatlaca tribes, whoso
ai'iival has already been iioticeil; 1) -t Avere left be-
liiiiil Ity tliosc tribes at C'hicomoztoc, one of their
lirst ste|)|)inL;'-|tlaces. The migration of the Aztecs
'II'M, ('ii/i.r (■/,,iiiii//i()j>nr>i; ]\M) i)r \\S\), lx/!,7x„r/,i//\ TJI.'), ('/((«-
'J'i'u; \:\;\\. tnim/nt; IL'IW, l\i/lhi, Itidiui, tt\u\ Ui(/litlni.
W
VuL,v.-ai
mi)
322
THE CIIICIIIMEC PERIOD.
from Chicomoztoc is described mucli more fully tliaii
that of the tribes that preceded them; but in the
details of this journey, so fsir as dates, names, .tiul
events are concerned, the traditions are inextriralijy
confused, T have already expressed my opinion tliat
some of these traditions may refer very va^iuly to
the pre-Toltec events in Nahua history, but that
they chiefly refer to the movements of the Nahua, or
Chichimec, tribes which occupied the Toltec provinces
during the continuance of vho em})ire, and ^vlli(■ll
after a long struggle became powerful in and about
the Valley of Mexico. We have no means of dv-
termininof in a manner at all satisfaetoi-y whetliLT
Aztlan and Chicomoztoc were in Central America or
in the region of Zacatecas and Jalisco; nor indeed of
proving that they were not in Alaska, New ^Nhxico,
or on the Mississippi, although there is absolutely no
evidence in favor of the latter locations; but we know
at least that all the halting-places of the miol'atill^f
tribes after Cliicomoztoc were in the immediate vi-
cinity of Andhuac. The record as a whole is exactly
what might be expected, were the traditions of half
a dozen kindred bands respecting their waiuUiiii^s
about the central plateau, and efforts to establiish
themselves in permanent homes, united in one con-
secutive narrative; and I have little doubt tliat such
was substantially the process by which tlie S])aiii>h
version of the Aztec mii^ration was formed. Wliat-
ever the cause of the confusion that reigns in that
version, it is utterly useless to attenn)t its cleariiii,'-
up; and 1 dispose of the whole matter ])y simply
presenting in a note the dates and successive lialtinn'-
places attributed to this migration by the principal
authorities; the opinions of these authorities ri's]u'ct-
ing the location of Aztlan and Chicomoztoc have
been previously given.^
• I ;;ivo lioro as cninitartly ax jiossililo llio roiirso of tlio A/tfc iiii,v;riiliiiii
n«jj:iv('M l)y tlic Icailiiij; aiillioiitio: -Leave Azllaii I 'recpall, llHil A. I',
jiiul travel PU year.s lit ('liieimin/.tiic, where tliev leinaiii y yt'ars; tlnim' I"
THE AZTEC MIGRATION.
5:3
than
11 the
I, illul
ifuhly
11 th;it
L'ly to
b that
ma, or
•vinccs
which
ahout
cf Jc-
'hcthor
men iir
deed of
Mexico,
itely no
e know
invatin.i;
ialo vi-
exat'tly
of half
|KU'rinL;>
stahli^h
nie eou-
lat such
ISi»ani>h
What-
in that
[U'arini;--
simiily
IhaUin--
irincii'al
I'l'spect-
jc have
iiii-riiti"U
ioc.i A, 1»-
Some of the events and circumstances connected
^vith tlie migration, however, must be noticed, al-
tlioiigh tliere is little agreement as to the place or
date of tlieir occurrence. At Aztlan the Aztecs are
said to liave crossed each vear a threat river or chaii-
iiel to Teo-Culhuacan, to make sacrifices in honor of
Ciilniatlicamae, 3 years, Matlaliuacnlliin, fi, Avanco, T), Cliimalco, (i, Pijii-
(ilniiiiii-. .'{. 'I'ollaii, (!, ('tiliiiactfin'i' (('(iatc]ic'("), ',i, Atlitlalaiayan, "2, Atotn-
iiilc". I, 'I'l-jicxic, 5, Ajiasni, ■'{, Tz(in[iaiu'(», 7, Tizayiicaii, 1, I'".rate|it'(', I,
'I iil|i('tlai', 'A, Cliiinaliian, 4, Coliuatitlan, 2, Hiioxathtitlaii, 8, 'J'tTiiayoraii,
:!, Tc|iryarai' (( Jiiadaliqif), 3, I'aiititlan, 2 years, and llieriee ti) ('lia|iiille-
]HM'. arrivin;,' in 1298, after a niii,'ratitiii (if IS") years, which necessitates aii
iiddiliiin lit 40 yesirs for tiieir stay in Mielioaeau. Vi)/lia, toni. ii., jip. itI-.S.
Aiinniiii;; to Tiir<nieina(hi, tnni. i., y\t. 77-S2, they reached Uuey I'ulliua-
ciii one year after their start; the tune eoiisiiiiied in reaeliin;,' < 'hiconioztoe
is not L'iven, and no (Uites are mentioned. Otherwise the aeeount a'Tees
I \ititly witli Veytia's, except that ai
anied station is represented as
liaviiij: oc(
leu-
iipied 3 of the vears' stay at Alatlahnacalhin; there
are also a
.\ztl
It diU'erenees in orthoj,'rapliy. Te/.ozonioe"s aeeonnt is as foHow^
Culhuaean, Jalisco, Meelioacan, Malinah'o (Lake I'atzci
laro).
0(ii]ii|iilla, Acahnahintro, Coatejiee (in Toiiahm), Atlithiiii|uian or .\tita-
>an, Cnaehilyo, Xaltocai
(I l.aU
|iii:i, 'i'einiis((iiiae, Atenjfo, 'lzoin|
Cliiiiaiiiitl. r'ycoae, Kcatepc, AeuJhiiacan, Tultepetlae, lliiixiichtitlan, Tec
]iiiy\i('a (in 2 Calli), Ati'iiethie, Coatiayaiihean, Tetepanco, Acohiahnac
'uiMiila ('I'acnlial, ('hainiili'iiee (Techcateiiee and Techcatitlan) in 2 Toclifli
hiinisliiifii
I III ill
1\., PI
iiij,' ( 'hivi;:ero, ton
Y\K l.")(;-(;3.
liic A/tecs left Azllan in lUlO, crossed the t'olorado Iviver, staved 3 years
lit
tlu
iiiiriiiiiuacan, wi
lit east to t'l
uconio
N;diiiathi<'a tribes, then to Coatlicani
ztoe, where they seiiarated from
and reaehcil '1 iila in 1 1'.Ui,
ii'iiiiiiiiiii;,' it years; then spent 1 1 years in dillerent places, reached /iiin|iaiieo
i'ldpet lac, 'I'ejiejacae, and Cha-
in 1-lli. irliiallllll
years,
th
leli I l/aiocan.
indtcjicc ill 1245 diirinj,' Nopaltzin's reij,Mi. (lallatin, in .1
Klh,
irmisitft., ytd. i., \)\i. 124-',>, merely
^t"'
LTi'm s accoi
lilt, ri.viii;: the (lei)artiire, ii<
akes some remarks on Clavi-
er, in Ul()4, and iiotiii'' the coni-
Icliiiii of the lirst cycle in Kt'.tO at 'I'lalivco. (Jama, Itns I'inl
'.l-'D, ma
/•".v, ]it I,.
A
kcs them leave A/ihiii in 1 'I'eepatl, IDtU, and arrive at 'I'li
laliiKilt/uico,
ill 10S7, \ here they comidetcd t
ni>(
■h
lil'.M. and remaini'd !( years. Acosta, ]>)>. 4ri4-()2, says that <i Nahiialla' a
tn Ill-
It A/tlaii ill .S2((, and were Ml years in reachiiii'
.M.
h
tecs started in 1 122, passed throni'li Michoacaii, and halleil at .Ma'.iiiaiiii and
('(latepi
ii'^rccs Willi
tore reachiiij^ ('hapnlte|)e(
ita. l)iiraii, .MS., ton
II
errera. <lec. in.
cap. I, II, HI
ill. ii., cap. \\i,
savslhev left .\ztlaii
iiit'liicdiiiiiztiic. ;,'iviiiK<latesas liy Ai'iista; liiit he ai'^o ^i\i's as stations, I'at/-
ciiani, .Maliiialco, Ocipila, .\caliiialciiip>, Coatetiec, Tiilla, .\tlitlalacpaii, 'I'e-
iliii\i|iiiiic, 'I'ziimpanco, Xallocan, llcalepec, 'I'lilpetlac, 'i'epaiicca, and ( ha-
liiihc|'cc. Salia;;iin, torn, iii., lili. x., pp. l4.")-(i, Mi;;iiely states that the N'exi-
iiiii-^ went westward from the SeNcii Caves to a province calleil Ciil'
iiiaciin
M
c\i( ci, « hence tliev were ordered li\ then
dt
II rciiirii, ami Massed llinmj.h
hiila, Irlii
')C'),v.vi ((/•
iiiclico, I lii<|tiinliio near
r.catei
lec, to ( hapilltepi
ccol'dilnf to
Uisl.. toni. ii., pp. 2i>l»-3(IS, the oiher Nalaiallaca trilies left .\ztla;i
fniiii KKLMo KM'iS. hilt the .X/.tecsin 1 Tochlli, lOlM). They pass tl
I'lilliiiii
111.
l.Miahnitl-lcacaii, KMU, t.tiiineliiiavan-()/.totl or C.tiiinc
I' :.ii"ll 1 eo
lllii all-
iic'iiiiiizlnc, 11 Hi, stay II years, Acahiialtzinco or TIalixco ,iiow S, .Inaii
ili'l lliiii, 1st cycle in 1 113. stay i) years, Toiialaii, Lake Palzciiaro, .Maiiiial-
TzoiMpaiico,
Cnliiiativ camac or Ciiai"'ii'c 1174, stay !• \ears, \\\;\t
I \/.A\ iiiaii,
'I'epeyacac, I'aiititlan, I'opotlaii, and arrive at Cliaiiiilte|iec ii
324
THE CHICIIIMEC PERIOD.
the Gfod Tutzauh. Pnniipted by tlie cry of a Mid, as
lias already been related, tliey left their lionie iiiidi r
coiniuand of Huitziton, or Huitzilopochtli, })rolialily
ileutical with Mecitl, or IMexi, whence was derived
their name of Mexicas, or Mexicans. They seem tu
have left Aztlan about 1090, and to have settled in
not, having; been several times broken n\) iiiln (litlereiit bauds on tlu' way.
iliiiiil)o!(U's — r«c,«, toiii. ii., \). 17(), et seij. interinclalion of (ienielli (
rcri's niii|> - see vol. ii., pj). "i-l.'J-?, of tl
iives tlie stations in tl
lol
owin-r onler
I Collinacan, the Me.xiean Ararat, 15 chiefs or trilu
reacii A/llan, 'laiiil of ilaniiiiL:oe>
)rth of 4'J , wliirh thev leave in liOS,
jiassin;; throu;j;h Toroleo. 'humiliation,' ( »ztotIan, ']ilaee of ^Tottoes,' Mi
(|uialiuala, Te.)t/aiiotl:in, 'iilaie of divine frnit,' liiiuitatepee, I'aiiaiitl
irLie-leavet:
1 gr
Tzoniitanco, 'place of human boues,' ApaziM
vessel,' Atlii'ala;;ni;ui, 'crevice in which rivulet escapes,' l^uaulitillaii,
'eagle K'""^'*-'. Atzc.-.potzalco, 'ant-hill,' (.'haleo, 'place of ]irecions stoiit
rantitlan.
si)inuiM<r
-plai
Tol]>etl
rush nuit,' <i'uauhteiiec, •ca/lc
mountain,' Tetep-meo, 'wall of many small stones,' ('hicomozt(
caves,' lluitZ(iui'locan, 'i)lace of thistles,' Xaltepozauhcan, 'place \\\ni\-
the sand issues,' t'ozcatinauhco, a vulture, 'I'echcatitlan, 'place of obNiiliaii
mirrors,' Azcaxoiliitl, 'ant (lower,' 'J'ejietlaiian, 'place ttf teiietate,' .Vpaii,
'place of water,' Teozomaco, 'place of divine apes,' C'liapoltej^pec, 'j;i'a»-
hopper hill.' tJondra, in I'rrscittt, Hist. Vonq. J\Ir.r., tom. iii., p|). '> ',
repeats this interi)refation. Kamirez, in (unria y L'uhos, At/an, justly
lidiiules the 'Ararat' or deluye theory, and conlinew the -Nvandeiiii^s i>i
the .\ztecs to the re-^nons about the lakes; 15 chiefs leave their Ikhiic in
(haleo Lake after tyinj^ 1st cycle. The station.s are mostly addptcil
from Humboldt, without any opinion expressed of their accuracy, Imt
ther
e are a
Iditions and corrections in <lelinitions, as follows: .\/-
llaii, where "Jd and ;{d cycle are tied, Ciiiruf/dii, 10 years, Tocoho, 1th
cycle, (»ztotlan, o years, Mizipiiahuala, ath I'ycle, Xaljian, lo years, Tc-
tcpauco, 'wall of many stones,' r> years, (hi/Zijidii, 10 years, Teotzapatlaii,
4 years, llhuicatepec, 4 years, I'apanthi, meaiiin;,' doubtful, '2 years, 'I'/iui-
))auco, 'place of skulls or bones,' 5 years, Ajpazco, 4 years, Atli<alai|niaii,
ihere water collects,' '2 yi^irs, Cauhtitlan, 'near the ea^rle,' 3 yeais, .\z-
illan.
itzah
1 the ant-hill,' (ith eycle, 7 years, I year to ( 'haleo, Pant
'|ilace of tiers,' 'place of departure,' neither (jnite correct; Tol]ictlai'.
years, J-.'/im/iiKtr, 'serjient,' C'uauhtepec, '2 years, Chicomoztoc, 8 year-
Jluitzi|nilocal, ;> years, Xaltepozauhcan, doubtful, 4 years, Cozcacnanlun
4 years, Techcatitlan, r> yeais, Azcaxochie, 4 years, Tepetlajia, 5 \cai>
'on the wati'r,' 'J'eozomaco, 'in the moidvcy of st<uie,' G \car-
Api
< hapoltejiec, 4 years. Th
ii., p|>. .')47-oO derives the bdlo
iame author from the lioturiiii mai)- .^ec vi
tliroiigli ('(doaci
t;'callichocavan.
stave
d 5 dii
Left their island home, pa>><
lys m a ]ilac(; not mim(
d, thence to ('nc\-
("oatlicamac, I'fS years, Tidlan, lit, Atlicalai|iiiain, In,
TliMuaco, T), Atotoiiiico, ;'), A|)azco, 1'2, Tz(m])aiico, 4, Xaltocan, 4. .\ial-
hnacaii, 4, Kheeatepec, 4, Tolpeilac, 8, Coatitlan, -0, lliiixachtillaii, 4,
TccpaNocau,
I'opotla, 4.
, Amalimil|)an, 8, I'antitlau, 4, Accdnalniac, t
At hi
acuihuayan or 'I'aeubaya, 4, ('hapoltc|ii
years. (londra, in Prrsroll, Hint. Ctihi/. Mj-., tom. iii., \)\t. 'l',\-',W, iiilci
irets the lloturini niaji as f(
Leave A;;tlan 11(18, jiass thnpii-li('
hnacan, Cuatlicamaca, l'21()-'2."), Ajianco, li'-Jd-ll, TIamaco, l'J;{(l-4. T/n:
li.in-o, l-.>|(i, Azi'apotzalco, I'J.'iO, .laltocan, rj.")!-!, Colhuacan, I'J.'iS, T.
ctlac, I2t)'2, Hcatcpcitl, l'270, Cuautitlau. Chaho, Tecpa.Nocaii,
■iiiliilan, Atotoiiiico, l.'iO.S, Azcapotzalco, IMll, Apan, l.'U."), .\caxoi
\
Jol'.l, Tlacuihnallau, i;i27, Chapidtepetl, i;{;U-r)l
TIIK AZTEC MICniATION.
825
Chicoiiioztoc, after several lialts, in 1110,^ Cliieo-
iiiiiztoc, to which JJra.sseur adds the luiiiie Quinehua-
vaii, wna also on the hank of a river, and the Aztecs
continued tlie jirofession of hoatnien ^vhich they liad
practiced at Aztlan, heing suhject to a tyrannical
monarch to whoni tlie name of Montezuma is applied
liv some of the traditions. After the other Nahuat-
laca trihes had separated themselves from the Aztecs
liv (hvine command, the leader, or hi^h-priest, or ^i;'cd,
- lluitzilopochtli — fur the exact epoch of his death
and deification it is impossihle to determine — informed
the latter that he had selected them as his peculiar
Itcdjile, for whom he destined a glorious future. He
ordcivd them to ahandou the name of Aztecs and
adopt that of IMexicas, and to wear upon their fore-
head and ears a jtatch of gum and feathers, as a dis-
tinguishing mark, presenting them at the same time
with arrows and a net as insignia.* This separation
at ("hicomoztoc, or the Seven Caves, presents strong
analogies to that which took jilacc in Tulan Zni\a; it
is not impossible that the events related are identical,
tile cai'lier portions of this tradition referring vaguely
liaek to the primitive epochs of Nahua history, while
tlic later portions relate the events which Ibllowed the
Toltec destruccion. After the separation, and while
the Aztecs were yet at Chicomoztoc,'"' an event oc-
curred to which is traditionally referred the origin of
tlic diiierences that in later yerrs divided this pe«)[)le
into two rival parties, the Mexicans and Tlatelulcas.
Two small bundles mysteric^usly a])]>eared among
tlicni one day when all wei'e assendded; the fiist
iiHiied contained an emerald of extraordinary size
and heauty, for the possesion of which a quarrel en-
dued. The second bundle proved to contain nothing
2 Ih-fi.s'snn; Ifi.tf., tdin. ii., ]i|). 'Jlti-.'), on the authority of tlu; ^fl^)n. ilc
I'lilliiiiiciiii and otlu'i- ori^'iiiiil iliHnunentH.
• Vnititi, torn, ii., l)|i. i;ir)-(i.
'' /'/., lip. i:t(l-8. TiiniiuMnada, (oni. i., Y\\. 70 80, followptl l)y Clavi-
p'l'n ,iiiil XCtiinciirt, ri'jpri'sont.s thiw event as having oceurred at a suh^e-
il'iiiit liiilting-plaee.
Iwt
</
ii
ill
i
32G
THE CmCIIIMEC PERIOD.
more attractive tlian a few common sticks, and tlie
jiarty into whose possession it fell deemed themselves
most unfortunate, until Huitziton made kii<jwn to
tliem a novel process of producin<if fire hy ruhhiiin
two sticks together." According to Brasseur's author-
ities one of tiie ])rinces of Chicomoztoc, named C'liiil-
cliiuh Tlatonac, was induced to depart with the Az-
tecs, assuming a rank second only to that of the liinli-
])riest Huitziton. It is also claimed that certain Tol-
tec nobles with their followers, who had been driven
from Chapultepec by the Chichimecs, joined tlicir
fortunes with those of the Aztecs at an early peiicd
of their migration, perhaps, however, before they ktt
Aztlan.''
After leaving Chicomoztoc, and while in IMicho-
ncan accordins»; to most authorities, althou<>h by some
of them lluitzilopochtli is sjioken of as a god long he-
fore, the aged high-priest Huitziton died or disaji-
jteared suddenly during the night. It is hinted that
lie was foully disposed of by the ;.riesthood, throu^li
jealousy of his popularity and power; but whether
rosj)onsible or not for his death, the priests resolvul
to take advantage of it to advance their own inter-
ests. Conseipienily the next morning a repoit was
circulated that Huitziton had been called to take liis
])lace among the gods with the great Tetzauli, or
TezcatliiHK'a, who on his arrival had addressed to
him the following craftily ]>rej)ared s})eech: "AVel-
come bi'ave warrior, and thanks for liaving so well
served me and governed my people. It is time that
thou take thy rest among the gods; return, tlien. "
thy sons the priests and tell them not to be tHi' A
at thy absence; for although they may ._ir
behold thee, thou wilt not cease to be in midst
to guide and rule them from on high. 1 I w"
* Vcytia coiijccturoa the oniorald to typify the iiohility of tlic Tliil'liil-
<';i.s, a useless attrihiite when eonipiired witli Aztec seieiiee aini iiidii^ln.
' Ill's/., toiii. ii., jip. 'iiKMi; I.iNi/.nirhi/l, vol. i.\., ji. '214. Vcytiii, tmii.
ii., i>. ltr>, iiuiivCH Chak'liiuh Tlatonac another name ot Huitziton.
DEATH OF HUIT21T0X.
327
cause thy flesh to he consumed, that thy skull and
lioiiL'S may remain to thy sons as a consolation, that
they may consult thee respecting the routes they
lijive to follow and in all the affairs of government,
iuul that thou niayest direct them and show unto
tlieiii the land which I have chosen for them, where
thoy will have a long and pros[)erous empire." Bras-
seur adds to the speech, "where they shall find a
nopal growing alone on a rock in the midst of the
waters, and on this nopal an eagle holding a serpent
ill his claws, there they are to halt, there will he the
seat of their empire, there will my temple be built,"
although this is not given by Veytia or Tortpiemada,
the authorities referred to by the abbe. The god
also gave directions that the bones of Huitzilo-
jioL-litli should be carried in an urn by the priests on
tlk'ir migration, or according to some authorities that
iui idol should be made and carried in an ark on the
.shoulders of four priests. The four priests were of
ourse designated for the important position of tco-
iKdiia, or 'god- bearers,' who were to constitute the
iiu'dium through which the idol should make known
his commands to the people. The people dared make
111) opposition to the will of their god, and the plans
of the crafty priests were most successfully carried
out.
But an episode that is related of this period, in-
dicates that the plots of the priests were ])erfectly
comprehended by at least one person. This was
MaHiialxochitl, the sister, friend, or mistress of Huit-
ziton, a brave })rincess who rendered great aid to
the high-priest against the machinations of his foes.
She was charged, however, j)rol)ably by the hostile
piicsts, with the possession of the black art. She
could kill with a glance, turn the course of rivers,
and transf )rm herself mto any form at will. After
the death of Huitj.iton the priests, whose tricks she
vci\ likely tiled to expose, resorted to their new
divinity to rid themselves of Malinalxochitl. The
^14
I;
^1 f ^1
ft ' ■'
328
THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD.
idol from its ark v as made to issue an order that tlie
sorceress should be abandoned while asleep. AVitli
her followers she went to Mt Texcaltepec, wliero sho
afterwards founded the town of Malinalco, and bore
a son named Copil, or CohuitV to whom she entiusted
her reven«'e on the Mpxicans."
While they were yet in Michoacan, on the banks
of Lake Patzeuaro, a trouble is said to have occurred
which resulted in the separation of the Tarascos from
th. Aztecs, and their settlement in this reg-ion. Tlie
tale, to which very little importance is to be attaclied,
from the fact that the Tarascan lang'uage was dif-
ferent from tlie Aztec, is as follows: A number of
men and women were bathing together, when the
rest, at the instigation of the priests, took their cloth-
ing and departed. The bathers were obliged to im-
provise a dress, which pleased them so much that
they retained it ever after in preference to the
maxtli; but Ihey never forgave the Aztecs, rcsolval
to remain where they were, and even changed their
language that they miufht have nothing in conniioii
with that people. Camargo's version is that in cross-
ing a river a part of the travelers used their maxtlis
to fasten together their rafts, and were forced t<» lior-
row the Avomen's huipiles to cover their nakedness;
and A^eytia adds that so imperfectly did these gar-
ments perform their office that the rest of the trihe,
shocked at the appearance of their companions, aban-
doned them in disgust, calling them Tarascos fi'(Mii a
circumstance that has been already given."
f On IIiiitzil()])oelitli soo vol. iii., jijt. '2.S,S-,'<24. Simic nf tlio iintlmritics
imply lliiit Ilnit/ilii|i(H'hili dioil or at loiist api cared as an iilnl Ion;,' lii'furi'
tliis jK'rioil, soon after till ir (Icpart arc from A/.tlan. Itotiiriiii, hlia, np. (iiM,
Ktati'H tliat liiiit/iton was takoii np to licavi'ii in M<i\\\ of ttif propli-. Si'u
ulsi) on Ills ili'atli anil t)ii> aliamlonmont of Malinalxooliitl; I'ii/Iik, tniti. ii.,
]ip. !KJ-1()1; Tori/Hniii((/if, toni. i., |)p. 7H, SO-I; Ti'::<):.(tiiiiir, in Khujshor-
oiDjh, vol. ix., ])|>. (i-S; l)iiviiii, MS., toin. i., ca]). ii.-iv. ; Anisln, pp.
4.'ii( ()l, 4(18; C/iiriifcrti, torn, i., jip. I(i(l-I; lird.siifur, Uiif., torn, ii., If.
'-",)(»;»(>•-'; Siiiiiriizii', in hor. Jlist. .l/i'ic, serif iii., toni. i.. pp. 'M)-\:h ll'i-
■iiiirc-, in (larriii yCnluts, Allii.s\ (loiuhut, in I'lrmvtf, Hist. Cuiitj. .V'X.,
torn, iii., p. '-'">.
" Si'o vol. ii., p. 1.10; Trzii-oitiitr. in Kiinishnrnu(jh, vol. ix., jt. (i; Ihii-iin,
M.S., toni. i., cap. iii.; \'i//iii, torn, ii., jiji. lO.'l-.'i; I'iinrntil, ('iinilru, Unw.
i., p. -7-; Caiiutiyv, iw Aoucllai .liiimhs, toai. xcviii., pii, lit!--.
AZTECS AT TOLLAN AND ZUMPANGO.
329
Qiiauhtloquetzqui seems to have been the priest
who of the four assumed the highest rank after the
dcatli of Huitziton; and coming under his command
or tliat of their idol through him expressed, to
Coatcpec in the vicinity of Tollan, the Mexicans, at
the order of their god, stopped the current of t]\e
river so as to form a kind of lake surrounding
tliu niountam. Their stay in this place ^vas one
of gloat prosperity and increase in population and
•\vc;')th; here they placed the sacred ark in a grand
tciuple; and here tliey were taught to make balls
of india-rubber and initiated by the gods into the
mysteries of the tlachtVi, or game of ball, whicli after-
wai'd became their national diversion.'" ]3ut the
will of Huitzilopochtli was made known that this fair
land must be abandoned, and their wanderings re-
conuuenced. The people murmured and showed
signs of revolt, but the god ap[)eared before them in
so friii'litful an aspect as to till them with terror;
some of tho malcontents were found dead near the
tcm[)le with their hearts cut out; the dam was bro-
ken, thus destroying the great charm of their new
homo; and tinallv the will of the leader was obeyed,
tliniigh not apparently until several revolting chiefs
with their followers liad separated themselves from
the main body.''
At Tzompanco, now Zinnpango on the northern
lal-e, the j\texicans — not perhaps the main body,
ju(li;ing from the names given to the li ulers — were
inest kindly received, i^ossibly ns allies in the wars
waged by Tochpanecatl, the lord of that city. This
lull's son llhuicatl married Tlacai)antzin, a AltxiciUi
.U'ii'l, and, as Brasseur sta,tes, the same lord gave liis
(laughter Thupiilxochitl as a wife to Tozcuecuex, the
I" Si'c vol. ii., |m. 2!)7-'.t; Vrtjtiit, torn, ii., yy. l(t(»-S; Tr:o:iiiiioi\ in
h'lii'is/i'iriiiiii/i, vol. IX., pii. 7-S.
" Si'c lii'siclcs I'l'ftrcncrH ill prpctMlinu; imtoH, ]'< /mirrrl, Tm/rd. |it ii ,
I']!. IS HI; Utvri'i'K, Ui'.it. (it'll., lice, iii., lili. ii., ('a|i. xi.; (iiiNn/in, in
Aimr. F.diiio. ,%c , Truimact., vol, i,, jui. l^o-lij BrannvKr, Uml,, toiu. ii.,
PI'. ;t(i;.'-5.
■ 1;
r
I
I
'Ii
.!.%
880
THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD.
Aztec loader, at the same time glvin<; to the Mexi-
cans through her the [»ossession of Tizayocan tlieir
next haltiug-plaee. From one of tliese marriages
sprung Huitzilihuitl, who afterwards became, accord-
ing to many authors, the first king, or ruler, of the
^Mexicans.^^
Several other intermarriages with tribes in Aiuiluiac
are reported, and also some hostilities during the
subsequent frequent changes of residence, but no
im])ortant events are definitely reported before the
arrival and settlement at Chapultepec in ] l'J4 as
already stated, although there is but little agreunieiit
in the dates, many traditions assigning the arrival tu
a much later period. As has been before stated,
these traditions refer to difterent bands, and the dis-
agreement in dates would l)e natural even if the
chronology of the records had l)een correctly inter-
l)reteu by the Spanish writers, which is not j)robahl('.
There can be little doubt of the comparative accuniey
of Bra.sseur's dates.
At this period Nopaltzin was still on tlie tliroiiu of
Tenayocan, 1)ut was succeeded in 1211 by Tlotzin
l*ochotl.^'' Acolnahuacatl, called by the Sj)aiii.sh
writers Acolhua II, reigned over the Te])anecs at
Azca}>uzalco; Culhuacan was governed succe^si\ely
after Achitometl by Fcxochitlanex, Quahuitonal, Ma-
zatzin, Cuetzal, Ciialchiuh Tlatonac II., Tziuhterutl,
Xihuiltemoc, and Coxcoxtli, down to about the iind of
the thirteentli century; tlie Teo-(Jiiichimecs, diio (•!'
tlie invading l)an(ls that have so vaguely aj)j)e,'ii'i'(l in
]>receding annals together with the Naluiatlaca
tribes, were settled at Poyauhtlan in tlie vicinity "f
Tezcuco, a source of great uneasiness to all tlie na-
tions, although nominally friends of the einitcior
''* Vc.vliii, liini, ii., ini, (K)-?, ''«I1m tilt' liridiMif Illiuicatl, 'riii('a|iii|iiuil/iii;
iiiiil 'ruriiiicmiiihi, tiiiii. 1,, p. S2, 'I'iat'tipiintxi'i. Sen uIho C/iiriiimi, loin, i.,
)i. Iti.'J; fhiniii, MS., (dill, i., cap. iii. ; llniMciir, Hist., tmii. ii,, pp. 'MUH.
'M.\llil\o(liitl, ill Hiin/s/ioraKij/i, V(il. i.\., jip. '_'iH, '\Ui, 'Ml, <^i\r^ tilc
(lati'.M 1 Hl7, 1 l.")S, ami 1 !((.'); tilt' liini (lati> is 5 Ai'iiti wiiirji a;;iTrH willi liniH-
Ki'iir'« iliH'iiiiK'iits, lint, is inli'ritrt'ti'cl an I'Ji I or (Hic cyi'lc later tliaii ImHI-
xuilutrjs iiitoiiuolatiuii. N'eytia, toiii, ii., pji. 7'.t-S0, yivos lliu date l-'(i;i.
TIIK AZTECS AT CIIAPULTEPEC.
331
Tldtzin; and Quiiiantzin, the son of Tlotziii, was chief
l(.i(l at Tezcuco and heir to tlie imperial thn^ne.^*
The Aztecs lueantiine fortified their naturally strong
position at Clia})ultepec, and in 2 Acatl, 1195, cele-
luatcd tlie completion of their cyelo.^'' Huitzilihuitl,
ill spite of the sacerdotal opposition was made chief,
oi as some say, king; the scattered Mexican hands,
!ui(l cv'<;n the main hody of the ^Mexicans under the
liigh I'licst Quauhtlequetzqui, or his successor (jf tin;
saiiie name, came to join those of Chapulte})ec ; and
tlic colony hegan to assume some importance in the
cvt s (if tlio surrounding monarchs. The king of
Azcajiiizalco sought to make the IVIexicans his vas-
sals, dtsiring their aid as warriors, hut Huitzilihuitl
pioiidly refused to pay trihute. Their first war,
siiiiit'thiiig over thirty years after their arrival, was
with Xaltocan, against which ])rovince they liad
aided the lord of Zum{)ango when first they entered
the valley. The armies of Xaltoc'an, under lluixton,
attacked and defeated the Aztecs near C'haj)ultepec,
foiling them to retreat within their fortifications,
acting jirohahly by the en(!ouragemont of the Te-
]>ane(s."' 7\cc()i"ding to Brasseur's authorities, the
'IVpanecs again jn'ojtosed an alliance, and on refusal,
iiiaivliod wiHi their own army, and soldiers from
other nations, against Cha})ultepec, and at last forced
lluit/ihhuitl to submit to the ])ayment of trihute."
liefoie yielding, however, the Mexican chief sent am-
ha^sadors to Quiiiantzin at Tezcuco, oflering him the
" Uriissnir, Hist., to?n. ii., |H). ^2,*?, 37''; Turi/Hnnfii/it, lom. i., ]>. '2."l.
Thi> iiiiiliiir ^i\i'M tlic HiicccMsioii of kin;is nl Ciillnifiiii iis Ailiitnnii'll,
Ma/Ml/.iii, (,)ui't/,:il, <'lial('liiulitoiiii, <^)iiinililli\, N'oliiialliitoiiar, 'I'/iiililcciill,
Xinlitciiiiiil/iii, mill ('(i.\riil/iii. V'i'Vtifi ^ivi's llic siiri't'hMioii as fullows:
Ai'liit'iijii'tl, Xdliiialiitiiiiar, ( 'aliiiiiyaiilil/iii, aini ( 'nxcux. \i in iiiiiins^iiilo
111 ivKiiicilc ilii-i iiialtiT; i>iil no t'M'iilsof ;,'H'al iinpiiitaiiri' in wliirli tin'
I mil mis ut'ii' t'n;;a;;('il siTin to liavc tillii'li iilat'c lllilii I lie i('i;;ii of Coxcoxtli,
''/."!/( // diiiii'i. hill I'iii/ni.s, |il !., |i. 'J((, und I'lii/i.r ('/iiiiiii//"'/>iicit.
tiiill.iliii iniilxCM (lie ijatc nnc cycle later or I'J'.W.
' Tiiri/ic niiii/ii, torn, i., ii]), H.'l I. 'I'I'im aiitiior rc|ircsciils tlic A/tccs »m
liaviii:.' liccii lirivcn fioni ( iia|iiilt(']ii'c .-.i tills time 'i'licrc is Inil iiillc
ii:ni'iiicMl n'siiiM'tin;,' tin' onlcr of events in Azte«; liiHiory |irevioiis t" tin;
fiiiiinlalion of Siexico.
'"t'li./i.! Ciiiiiiti/jiiijiufii, ill Z//'(rwci(r, llixt., toni. ii., pp. Itllt-J.
- i
I
332
THE CIIICIIIMEC PERIOD.
alle^'-lancG of his people and asking aid; but the Trz-
cucan lord was not in condition to help thenj, aiul
advised them to submit temporarily to Acolnaluia-
oatl,^^ which they did about 1240.
The roign of Tlotzin, the Chichimec emperor, wns,
for the most part, one of great prosperity, althoiiuli
his enemies were constantly on the watch foi" jiii
opportunity to overthrow his power. He seems to
have used his influence against a tendency exhil)itL(l
by the Chichimecs to a rudeness of manners, nnd
indej)endence of all control, which threatened, in liis
opinion, a relajjse into comparative barbarism. He
favored rather the elegance of Toltec manners, ;iii(l
tlie strictness of Toltec discipline. In his efforts for
reform he was seconded, or even excelled, by his son,
Quinantzin, lord of Tezcuco. Ixtlilxochitl tells ii.s
that Tlotzin, soon after his ascension, made a Imiir
tour of inspection through his territory, correct iiiL;-
abuses and enforcing the laws, but exciting thcrehy
the enmity of some vassal lords. Tenayoc.-ui was
properly the Chichimec cai)ital, but the em[)er()r spent
much of his time at Tezcuco, which had become ono
of the finest cities in Anahuac. For the embellish-
ment of this city, many Toltecs are said to have luni
called in from various towns, by the orders of (^hii-
nantzin. Some of the officers placed in charge of tlu!
})arks and public works of Tezcuco, j)articuhiily Ictnx.
and ( )cotox, abused their trust, Avere banislicil,
Jiejuled revolts, and were defeated by Quinaiit/.iii.
.\b()ut this time Tlotzin formed a new monarthy
at T'ezciu'o, abdicating his own rights tlusre ami
giving the crown to his son, Quinaiitzin. .Another
son, Thivateotzin, was given the province of Tiazalan,
subject to the crown of Tezcuco, and still otlier sons,
Tocliintecuhtli and XiulKpietzaltzin, were made hy
Tlotzin, rulers of Hue.xotzinco and Tlascala, indicatiii'.,'
1" Ixtlilxorhitl, in Kinfj.ihnrninjh, vol. ix., ]» 348, iiiiil Vcyliii, (nni. ii.,
pp. lia I, mciitioii tliiH ai>i>liciition to (Jiiiimiitzin, luit relVr it Id m u\w\t
latt'i' iK'iiod lifter tiie city vi Mc.vico was fuuiuluil.
KEIGX OF THE EMPEROR QUINANTZIN.
888
that tlic eastern plateau ^vas at this time a part of
till' empire, thoiig'h it is not probable that a very
.strict alleui'iance was enforced. As monarch, Quinan-
tziii, iVoni his royal palace of Oztoticpac, labored more
earnestly and successfully than before for a return to
the old Toltec civilization, thus exciting the opposition
of many Chichiniec nobles, and preparing tl»e way
lor future disasters. Tlotzin became, at last, so fond
dt" his son's beautiful home, that he practically al)an-
(loiu'd 'renayocan, aj)pointing Tenancacaltzin, i)robably
his brother, to rule in his stead. 'J'he newly a])})ointcd
lieutenant had no fondness for Toltec reform, became
setTctly the chief of the opposition to the emperor,
and only awaited an opportunity to declare his indc-
]icii(leiu'e. Tlotzin Pochotl, at last, after an illness
whose chief feature is said to have l)een a })rofound
iiklaiicboly, was carried, at his request, to 'i'enayocan,
whefe lie vl'<'d in 124G, after appointing (.^uinantzin
us his heir. His funeral "was accomj)anied with great
pomp and display; all the kings of Aiialiuac, both
iVinids and foes, assisting in the ceremonies, and
eulti'4i/ing his character. ^°
Taking the title of Chichimecatl Tecuhtli, or
Eiupeior of the Chichimecs, Quinantzin transferred
tlif caiutal to Tezcuco, re-appointing, it woidd seem,
Ti naiu acaltzin as ruler of 'IV'Uayocan. He inimedi-
iitt'ly annexed the powers of Huexotla ami Coatlichan
to his dominion, I'orcing the princes of those cities,
Toiliintecuhtli, or Ihuimatzal, and l[u(>t/in 11., to
I'rsiile in his ca[»ital, and forming from the three king-
doms that of Acolhuacan. As enij»eror, lu> ga\e freer
>t'iit than ever tt) his old inclinations to ))om|> and cer-
ciiiniiy. Wheni;ver he appeared in public he caused
liiiiiM'ir to be borne in a magnilicent royal palan(|uin
(Ml tlu; shoulders of fonr Chichimec nobles. 'J'iie
Wi
'1-i :
'''\.'vtia. (om. ii.. m). 81-S, 110 !.'}, ^'ivcs (!»> diitc of Tlul/iii'^ dcaili
lis ij'.is,' iMlili.M'liiil, 111 Kiiiijfiiinriiiiijh, M.I, i\.„ ii|i, ;.»i;t, ;ii(i, ;i;i.s, ml,
|;i\( s iw iliili's, lllj, i|*)4, mill lltd. Sec iilso mi liis ri'i;j;iij '/'iii(jiif/ii((i/ii,
Imii. i , ii|i. (is 7-i ('/Kriijni), ti>in. i., pii. ItH 4; ]'cliuirrr(, Tidlni, pt ii.,
I 111; Hrns.il II r, Ili.ii., loni. ii., jiji. ;i-4-HU.
Ill
■V'i
334
THE CIIICIIIMEC PERIOD.
ill-will which Quinantzin's strict discipline and Tol-
tec inclinations had previously excited ; the ft.'ars
aroused by his annexation of Huexotla and Coatli-
chan, and other decided political measures; displeasinv
of those of Tenayocan at the change of <'aj>ital; and
the humiliation of the Chichimec nobles, in b(iii<(
obliged to bear the royal palanquin, soon resulted in
a revolution. By the support of the Tepanec kino
at Azcapulzalco, Tenancacaltzin was proclaimed liu-
peror at Tenayocan, and all Andhuac, save Culliuaciiii,
Coatlichan, Xaltocan, and Huexotla, were arrayrd
against the Tezcucan monarch, many of his own
relatives joining in the movement against him, and
his brother, Tlacateotzin, being driven from the
dominion of Tlazalan. In so unequal a stniuuli^
Quinantzin seems to liave made no effort to overthmw
the usurper, but rather to have employed all the
force tliat could be furnished by his remaining vassals
in foi'tifying his position at Tezcuco, when' lie
patiently awaited future opportunities for revenge
and recovery of his imperial throne.^
x\colnahuacatl, the Tepanec king, seems to liavti
sn}>ported the usurjmtion of Tenancacaltzin not iVnni
any feelings of friendship, but from ambitious motives
for his own interests. He took no steps to aecnin-
})lish the con(piest of Tezcuco, but on the conti'arv
soon began to ]dot against the usurping enipeioi'.
He made use of the ^fexicans, who had suffeivd nuieji
from the })eo})le of Tt'nayocan and were cagi'i' Inr
vengeance, to aecom})lish his purpose. Heinforeed liy
some Tej)anec troops in Aztec dress, they madf s<v-
eral raids for jilunder against Tenayocan and tlie
adjoining towns. Thus provoked, Tenancacaltzin
marched with a)i army to })unish the robbers, luit was
met at Tei)e'yacac, where now the chureh of (luada
hii)e stands, by tiie ^[exicans and Te[)anecs coniliined,
'" Tov'iiirinmht, torn, i., ]i]). 73-4, S.'i; ]'i\i/tiii, foin. ii., i>ii, II 1-1"'; h'/'!-
xor/iil/, ill Kiiiii^liiiriiini/i. vol. ix., jip. li-lT-*^, Hit'.), 4.V2-;{; ('/iin'ifcrii, tnin, i.,
)ili. I 14-."); I'ltinirrrf, Triitro, Jit li., ]i. Hi; Jimssitir, Ui.sl., tuiii. ii.. I'l'.
;w;i H; Miillit; 7u (',>,„, <'iiii. iii., p. 4S.
TENANCACALTZIN USURPS THE THRONE.
335
and utterly defeated. The conquered emperor fled to
Xaltocan, expecting aid from the enemies of tlu; Mex-
irans, hut tlie princes of Xaltocan -were also friends of
(^)uinantzin, to Avliom they delivered Tenancacaltzin,
hut who refused to revenge his wrongs upon his uncle,
and })ennitted him to leave tlie country. The Te-
pancc king took possession of Tenayocan and had
liiuisclf declared emperor of the Chichimecs, Qui-
iiantziu apparently making at first no opposition, hut
awaiting a more favorable opportunity to regain his
. 21
power
1 now come to the chain of events by which Qui-
nantzin regained the imperial throne and a power
siu'passing that of any preceding monarch. The
northern provinces of Meztitlan, Tulancingo, and
Totoltepec, excited hy the rebels Icuex and Ocotox,
formerly banished by Quinantzin, raised the standard
i»f l•o^■olt and marched to attack the ca])ital. They
were even joined by the four eldest sons of the king,
according to Brasseur and Ixtlilxochitl, although
otlier autliorities make this rebellion a distinct and
later affair, and disagree somewhat as to the time of
tlio northern rebellion. ])ividing his available force
into four divisions, Quinantzin took command of one
division, entrusting the others to his brothcis To-
chintzin, or Tochinteciditli, and Ni)]ialtzin, and to
Huetzin 11. of Coatlichan, while his son Techotl
remained in command at Tezcuco. All the divisions
were ocpially successful and the rebels Avere driven
hack with great loss. Nopaltzin killed Ocotox in
jiersonal combat but was himself killed later in the
hattle. The king's rebel sons had not actually taken
l>ait in the fight, and on olfering their submission
Were, lit the intercession of their mother, pardoned,
on condition of leaving Analunu^ and joining the Teo-
_ " Ixllilxocliitl, in KiiKjshoi-oiKjh, vul. i\., yy. '-'1'), .'MT-S, WX I.VJ-3;
Vcyliii, tmii. i., jip. ll(i-17. I'J---."), n-ffrs tlicsc cnciiIh tn a ('(Misidciiihly
liitci- |ii'i'iiM|, (uicl states that lluil/ilihuill ])ii'vi(iii>ly manicil ii iiii'ce uf
•uiilnaliuacall. Jlrunmiir, Hist., toiii. ii., pp. ^38-44.
336
THE CmCIIIMEC PERIOD.
Chicliiinocs on tlio eastern plateau. This success in
the north was not without its effect in the valkv.
Many cities that had declared their independence, or
had become subjects of Aeolnahuacatl, now offered
anew their alle*<^-iance to the monarch of Acolhuacau
at Tezcuco, Congratulations flowed in from Ciil-
huacan and other friendly powers, with various ])laus-
iblo excuses for not liavin*,^ aided Quinantzin in liis
time of tr<Mible. Prisoners taken during the war
were released, and some of the lords of the nortlicrn
provinces were even restored to their former positions
on promise of future loyalty. Thus the wise kinu^
laid the foundations of future success. Tiie i)anloiit'd
sons of Quinantzin, before proceeding to Thiseala and
Huexotzinco, joined the Teo-Chichimecs at Vv-
yauhtlan. This, people, by their encroachments, liad
made enemies of all the nations of Analiuac; it is
even said that they had instigated the northei'u revolt
in the hope that tlie formation of a league against
themselves miglit be prevented. But this hope was
vain, and soon after Quinantzin's victory, they were
attacked before tlieir city by tlic united forces of the
Tepaiiecs, Culhuas, Xochimilcas, and Mexicans. A
l)attle ensued described as tlie most terrible cvir
fouglit in tlio valley, in Avhicli the Teo-Cliichiniecs
held tlu'ir ground, but which wo exhausted the foices
on both sides tliat it was long before any nati(^u ct>n-
cerned was in condition to renew hostilities. TIr;
hing of Acolhuacau seems not to have taken part in
this struggle, })erliaps because of the presence of liis
sons at J'oyauhtlan and the fact that liis relatives
were ruling tbe Teo-Chichimecs in Tlascala. Tlio
stati! of ad'airs was now altogether favorable to Qui-
nantziii, and after, as some authoi's state, another cam-
paign against tbe northern provinces, he began to
turn his attention toward his lost dominions about
the lakes. The empei'or Aeolnahuacatl, at Tcna-
yocan, seems to have clearly perceived that foituno
favored his rival, and that in his exhausted coiulitiou
QUIXANTZIX CIIICHIMEC EMrEIlOIl.
837
CSS m
•alley,
ce, or
jfffred
lUiieau
. Cul-
]^laus-
iii liis
Lc war
ntliern
)siti()ns
rdniicd
Ilia and
it Po-
ds, had
c; it is
\ revolt
a;4'ainst
)c was
Averc
of the
s. A
c ever
illlLTS
I'on-es
oil i'»in-
Thc
)avt in
o\' his
•lativt'S
Tho
to Qui-
•r cain-
\'j;i\n to
ahout
Teiia-
Ifortune
luditiou
since the hattlo at Poyaahtlan, he could not possibly
deteiid cither the imperial crown or even that of
Azra|»u/alco, and craftily resolved to voluntarily
aliandon his claims to the former in the hope of re-
taining' tlie latter. His plans, as usual, were suc-
cesslul; Quinantzin accepted his proposition without
any manifestation of ill-will, and was crowned em-
peror with the most imposin*^ ceremonies in 1272,
forming a friendly alliance with the kings of Cul-
Iniaean and Azca])Uzalco, .and hecoming ])raetically
the master of Anahuac. The TeoChicliimecs soon
after, hy the advice of tlieir god, and with tlie con-
sent of the emperor, migrated eastward to Tlaseala.^^
In Ids eftbrts to embellish his capital, and to re-
store his empire to the glory and his subjects to tlie
culture of the ancient times, it has been stated that
Quinantzin called in the aid of many Tidtecs, show-
ing them great favor. A few years after his acces-
sion, two of the Toltec tribes that had left the valley
'-' ^'l'ytia, torn, ii., pp. 14,V54, n-latcs this rchcllioii ami dofoat of tlio
iiiirtliiiii |iriiviiici's, and tlio <'(iiis(>(|iit'iit alulii'ation ;'f AcoliialiuacatI, at-
triliiiliii;,' llifsf fvoiits, liowovor, to a niiicli later jx-riiiil, after tlic scjiara-
tiiiii (if ilic 'I'latcltilcas fniiii \\iv MvxU-.iiMi, }ii\inn lliu dak- as \',V2'>. .Must
(if llic autlmritii's do not dclinitcly lix tlie date, lint Itrasseiir, llisf., toni.
ii. , |i|i ."lit-."),"), j;ives .satisfactory reasons, sui)|)orte(l hy ( 'aniar;,'o and l\llil-
xiiclnil. for referring liotli tliis \\ar and tlie liattle at I'oyaiilitlaii |o llie
time uiiiii tlie Me.xieaiis were yet liviiif,' under iluitzililiiiitl at ('jiai.nlle-
jn'c. \eytia, toiii. ii., |)|i. l(>2-7.'?, unites the relieliion of (he Uiii;;"s sons
ami tlie lii;lit ai,Minst the Teo-Chiehiinees, referring; this latter war to 1H.")(»,
iiiid iii(lii(liii^' the provinces of lluastepec, ilnidinetlan, and CiiitlalHiac iu
tlic revolt. He represents the allie(l forces of Aiiiiliuac, i(M).(MI(l strong', a.s
.'■er\iiiL,' in six divi'^' wis under the jj;eneral coinniand of tjininant/in, already
i'm|ici(ii-, lie also slates that t^iiinant/.in's (pieeii accoin|iiMiied her sons in
llii'ir exile. Of course there is ^rfiit diversity aiiioni; the anthorilies iu
respect to names of leaders, and details of the haltlo; hut the ecneral
iiiTdinit j.'iveii iu iiiy text is tin; oidy consistent one that can he forineil,
since there is niucli even in \'eytia"s account to sii|i|i(irl it. It is pro'.ahle,
ill llie liylit of later events, that (^>ninallt/ill took no part in the war a._'ain?t
the Ten 1 liicliiiiiecs, and ijiiile possihle that ( 'ainaivd's stateinent that tlio
Teo-Cliiiiiiniecs were vietoriiMis, thon^di much exhausted, in the halth-at.
I'oyaiilillMii, results to a (;real extent from national pride in the record of
tlie Tla^ialtecs. Toriinemada, t(Mii. i., ]ip. St (>. L'.'i'.MiO, seems to he (ho
aiiilidiity for the seeoiid eanipaidn of t^Miinanl/in in the north, which was
ilicidi'd hy a ;jreat hattU- at 'i'laximaleo iu the ri'u'ion of .Monte l!eal.
IxtliKdcli'iil, ill Kiii(ishi,ri)ui)/i, vol. ix., pji. 'iliVKi, .StO .VJ, HDS-KKI, Kll-'-',
as Usual fav(U's iu ditl'erent |ilaces nearly all the views of other authorities.
See also I'diiiiiri/o, iu Xnurr/hs Aiunilcs, toni, xeviii., ji|i. 14l' .'1; Chici-
ijaxi, tdiii. i., ]iii. 141-."), 1J4.
Vol.. V. -n
fl
338
THE CIIICHIMEC PEl'JOD.
at tlie full of the empire mid settled on tiio coast
of the Pacific in Oajaca, the Tailotlacs and Chiinal-
panecs, are said to have returned and to have Ikch
received hy the emperor and granted lands in Ti z-
cucu, after having- stayed some time in Chalco. The
new chiefs were even allowed to become allied liv
marriage to the royal family. The new-comers set lu
to lia\e belonged to the partisans of Tczcatlipcua.
Additional bands of Huitznahuacs, Tepanecs, ( 'ul-
huas, and Mexicans, from distant lands, are also
vaguely alluded to as having settled in Tezcucf), Az-
capuzalco, and ^Fexico.''"' About the same time the
northern province of Tepepulco revolted, accoidinn-
to T()i"(piemada,-* and was con<[uered by Quiiiuiit/.in.
spoken of as Tlalteratzin by this and several otlu r
writei's. The province was joined to the doniiiiidiis
of Tezcuco under a royal governor, its lord liaviiiL;"
been ])ut to death. Another source of prosperity Ini'
Tezcuco seems to have been a fresh out-burst in (iil-
huacan of the old religious dissensions between tlir
partisans of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, causini^-
many of the inliabitants to make their homes in the
Acolhua capital where they were gladly received;
although l\tlil\ochitl tells us that Quinantzin erected
no temples in his capital, and j)ermitted the erect imi
of none, being content, and oldiging all the citizens in
be so, with the simple religious rites of his Chichi-
mec ancestors.-^ Xihuiltemoc, a descendant of Acxitl,
the last king of Tollan, was on the throne of ('idhiiii-
can at this time, and seems to have formed some kind
2'' ]'ri//iii, torn, ii., J)}!. 100, 2'2S; T.rtlil.rnfhill, ill Ki)lffshnvn>l(lli, vol. i\ ,
pp. ■_'1(> -17, :{:)1, ;!l)!t, lOI, 4.").'<. Tlic rliicf <if tla' Tailutliu-s was 'rciii|iaiil/.in.
or A/tal liti'xcari; and the ('liinialpaiiccs wi-n; uiidor \il(ii|iu't/.iii iiiiil Ma-
catciit/iii. Ill tliis, as ill other cast'n 1 lia\e not entered niiniilely iiilii ilie
names, nuirria^res, and j,'eiiealoijies of tiie noliles of Analiuac. siini' my
space ihies not permit a full treatment of the milijeet, and a sii] eiliiial
treatment would he withiuit value.
2' Miiiiiiri/. Jill/., ttun. i., p. Sd. It is not quite certain that liiis icmiIi,
and that of s(Uiie southern provinces, which occurred two years later, "iic
not connected with those that have hceii already narrated. Ton|uiiiiai!a
rarely iiays any attention to chronolof^v.
^J J\iiii/s/>i)riiiiii/i, vol. ix.. p. •_M7. it seems tliat Quinantziirs siinrssor
yninted perniis.sioii to huild temples.
TIIK AZTECS L1:A\ i: CirAPL'LTITIir.
Oocv
1 1. )V)
(if an alliance with the !N[exic*ans at ("lia])ultip(^(', and
til have admitted to his city tlie \vorshi|> of Jliiitzi-
li,|i(.(litli — ;i fact that leads Brasseur to think that
tilt! Culhuji kiniic was a })artisan of Tezcatlipoca,
almost identical with Tfuitzilopochth so far as tlie
Moody rites in his honor are concenied.'-'" In the
last years of the thirteenth century, al)out TJSI,
Xilmiltenioc was succeeded hy Coxcoxtii wliose
mother is said to liave heeii a Mexican, 1)ut wh was
a (lovoted partisan of Quetzalcoatl."
'fhe Aztecs had, in tlie meantime, gained ninch in
]io\\\r, and although W'W in uunihers, compai'ed with
the other nations, had, hy tlieir skill as Avarriors and
tlir ferocity of their chara<'ter, made tliemselvi's hated
h
)ecomino-, luc
deed, the pests of Auiiliuac
ahlioiigh nominally the allies of the C'ulluias and
Tc[)anecs. The story of their overthrow at C'hapul-
tr|n.'c is a hrief one, as told hy the 8})anish writer:
Col •11,
son
of Huitziton's sister, the sorceifss ^fali
iialxocliitl, had, as lias heen already relatod,-^ hceii
swdiii hy his mother to vengeance on the Mexicans.
He now came to the lake I'egion and usod all liis
iiithieiice to excite the surrounding nations against his
ciiciiiies, denouncing them as everything that is had,
and urging their extermination. ][earing of liis
])lots, the [)riest Quauhtleijuetzipii went with a })ai'ty
to Topetzingo, wliere^ Cojiil was, killed him, tore out
Ills heart and threw it into the lake. The jilace
was known as Tlalcocomocco, and here afterwards
>;in'aiig up the tunal whicli guided the Aztecs in
fouiidiiig tlieir city; here was also a hot spring, called
Acopilco. Immediately after this the Aztecs were
attacked hy many nations, chiefly the Culhuas and
t iialcas, diiveii to Acoculco, amid the reeds of the
Hist., toni. ii., 1))). .177-80.
f'/., 1). ;?8'i: (latoM I'JSI, or IHDO. Acconliii'' to Vcvliii. t>iiii. ii.
li'iii I, mill Ixtlilxiirliitl, p. 4(;'_', .XiulitiMiioc, k
IDlfi. Mill! was siu'i'L'L'iluil liv Aoaiiiapii'htli.
" See jip. 327-8.
of Ciilluiaraii, ilit'il 111
C4)
THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD.
lake, and many of their number carried captives to
CuUiuacan, among whom was their chief, Huitzilihuitl,
who was sacrificed. Afterwards they were given, l»v
the Culhuas, the district of Tizaapan, which abouiult d
in snakes, Hzards, etc., on which chiefly they lived,
paying heavy tribute to the king of Culhuacan, and
leading- a very hard life for many vears.^
Brasseur, throws much light upon the events (if
this })eriod. It seems that the Aztecs provokid
Copil's efforts for their destruction by two raids
against Malinalco, which belonged to Culhuacan, and
that the IVIexicans treacherously drew the son of Viw-
linalxochitl into their power by offering him the jxjsi-
tiou of high-priest, according to a pretended revelation
of Huitzilopochtli's will. His daughter, Azcaxoeliitl,
was forced to become the mistress of Quauhtlequetz-
qui ; all his nobles were taken prisoners, and a band of
Culhuas who came to Tlalcocomocco soon after, weio
massacred. All the rulers of the valley, save, |i(i-
ha})s, Quinantzin, were soon leagued together for the
destruction of these maraiiders and l)utchers. Huit-
zilihuitl made a valiant and long-continued defence,
defeating the Tepanecs in a fierce battle, but exciting-
renewed horror by murdering and cutting in piecos
Aeolnahuacatl, king of Azcapuzalco, and formerly
em})eror. They were at last conipiered throULih
their rash bravery, since, while their army was fight-
ing the Culhuas whom they had been challenged to
meet, another body of the enemy took and burned
Chapultei)ec, carrying off" the surviving inhal)itants
as prisoners. The ^lexiean army was then defeated,
nearly exterminated, and the remnants scattered in
the lake marshes, while Huitzilihuitl was taken, and,
with his daughter and sister, put to death in revenge
*9 Diiran, MS. turn, i., cap. iv. ; Arn.ifn, pp. 402-4; Tfirrcra, di'c. iii.,
]ih. ii., cap. xi. Tuniiu'iiiadii, tnin. i., pp. S.'5-4, S!>, say.s tlio .Vztct's wciv
eitlicr broiij^lit as sliiN cs fmiii Ocolco to Fi/aapan, or were invited to'iil-
huacaii and tlion enslaved. See also, Cl<ivi<irro, toni. i., ])p. I(i4-''); \'i I'm-
evrf, Tcn/ro. pt ii., pp. '20-1; ]'ri//iii. toni. ii., ])]). 127-0. I make iin ctinit
to follow Veytia's elironoln^'ic order wliicli, in this ]iait of tiie hi.stiiiv, is
hopelessly confused and iliH'erent from the other authoriticii.
WAll WITH THK XOCHIMILCAS.
3^1
f(pr the murder of Copil uiid tlio Tcpniiec kins;'. Tlieso
events i)c curred ubout I '2\)7. For two yuar.s tlie scatti'r-
ed Mexican remnants wcro sul>jected to every indiL,''iiity,
Imt ii» 1209, perhai)s through the influence ot" Aca-
iiiapichtli, his son iuid heir, Cocoxtli Mas induceil to
niMiit this unfortunate people the small, barren, and
sei"|ieiit-intested isle of TizaapaM.*'
'hie Spanish writers do not imply that Acolna-
liu.u'atl, kint^ of the Tepanecs, was killed by the
Aztecs, or that ho even fell in battle. His son,
Tezuzomoc, was heir to the throne, but as he was
veiy young-, his mother seems to have ruled as regent
during his minority, and as she was the wife of Cox-
coxtli, the power was practically in the hands of the
Ciilluia monarch.^* Coxcoxtli thus saw his power in
Aniihuac largely increased, but he was continually
aniKiyed with petitions from the jVCexicans for larger
teii'itory and permission to settle at various points in
liis dominions, and at tlie same time harassed by the
eiKToachments of the Xochimilcas, particularly in the
laki; Hslieries. He at last proposed to grant the re-
(jiiests of the Aztecs on condition that they would
aid liim in chastising the insolent and powerful Xo-
chimilcas. The services of the followers of Huitzilo-
])(H'htU were always in demand when there was figlit-
iiii^' to 1)0 done. Tlie secret plan of the king w.-is to
place the new allies in the front to receive the force
of the attack; the heavier tlieir loss the better, for
his ti()uj)s would have an easy victory, and a dead
Aztec was a much less troublesome neighbor or sub-
'" /A/.v/.. torn, ii., pp. 380-08.
" TliiMt' is soiiio rimfiision alxmt tlio jmrciitajxc of Tezdzoiiinc ami
.\ aiiiii|ii(litli: Toxcoxtli t'lmusa tiiic lillc (rAcdlniiliiiaiatl duiit il out
Tizii/iiiiiiii', (Ml .Acolnaliuacatl epmisa iiiif lillc ile Coxcoxtli doiit cc pi'iiicc
fiiiiit issii. (^ii(ii(jiic It- MS. (Ic l.")'_vs (liiiinc Acdlnaliuacafl jioiir jii'rc ii Tc-
Z'lZ'iiiiiic, k' Memorial (ic Cullniaiaii Ic doiiiic ]ioiir Ic Ills dc ('o\coxtli ct
fivic iLVcaniaipiclitli. Ixtlilxocliitl dit ('jialcmciit (|u'.\caiiiapiclitii (''tait
HUM Iri'ic." It/., pj). .'W4-r>. See Ixtiilxpicliitl, in /\'iii;/s/ii)r'iiiii/i, vol. ix,,
l'I>. Itl'.t, :{'.I7, 4(11. He, liowcver, seems to make .Acamapichtli also the son
"f .\((ilii:iliiiaeatl. Veytia, torn, ii., ]ip. 73, Uil--, fixes tlic date of tlic
Willi's death at \'^4'^. Torque iiiada, toin. i., p. 08; Unimulos y Oalnz,
Titnlr.s Aiiiir., pp. 1 p_'-3.
ill.
w
i I'' ^A
342
TUL; CIIICHIMEC PI-:iM01>.
jvvt tl'.ui a livo Olio. X>> arms were su])|)lied to tlio
allies, l)i;t their priests taught tlieiu to make shields
of rt'eds, ;nd arm themselves Avith eluhs aiul ohsidlaii
knives. By a strange freak of fancy they resolvid to
retain no captive.-', thoiin'h a reward Avas ottered (ur
tliem, hut to disarm and release all they ca[)tured af-
ter having' marked them hy cuttint*" off the ri^'lit ear
of each. 'J'he fury of their attack and their r.DVel
method of warfare struck terror into the hearts of iIk!
enemy, Avho were defeated and driven hack to their
capital in confusion, the ^lexicans ohtaininn" niiicji
plunder, and the Culhuas an extraordinary nuiiilier
of jtrisoners. Iieturnin^' to Cnlhuacan, the ( 'ullitia
braves ])i'oudly displayed their i-aptives, ridieuhn'j'
their allies, until the latter pointed out the lack ef
ears anioii^' the \ictims of ('ulhua valor, and cahiily
produced the missinn- leatures IVom their sacks; the
etfect w:.s coin[»lete, and they carried off the hoiioise*'
the day. ('oxcoxtli was proud of such allies, tlieir
])etitions Avere granted, and the two nations were alM)
connectt>d hv intermavriau'e."'^
The history of the Mexicans and Cidhuas, duiiiii;'
the early })art of the fourtecinth century, down tn (lie
foundin<>' of tin; city of Teiiochtitlan in i;!"-';"), pr(>eiits
a confusion une(|ualed, jierhaps, in any other pni d
of the ahoriLjinal annals. A ci\il Avar on tlu' ea>lerii
plateau at ( liolula, in which kiny' Coxcoxtli was in-
\(il\td to a certain exteni, A\ill he mentioned ilse-
Aviiere, as it only slightly cdnceriis the y'cneral hi.>tiiiy
of Anahuac. 'ror(|Ueiiiada, ( 'laviL;rro, and i>tli' is,
relate that aftei' the hattle with the Xocluinilcas. llie
A/tecs had secreted four captives destiii d for sai ri-
fice, and had, besides, asked the ( 'u! lua, kiiiu tn
pi't)\ide them with a suitaJde oll'erine aid In I"'
u'esent at the i-ereinonits. 'I'liey A\cre Hem a (le;;d
•ody and a mass of tilth which the Mexicans, le-
^■- I'ri/fiii. IciiK. ii ]i|i. llOli'J. 'i'liis aiillidC |iliiit's tliis cvciil in llm
lifctinii' ol' lliiii/ililiiiill mill III" Ai'dlniiliiiiuall. T'<niiiiiiniilii, Imii. i., if.
l't(-l; i'liiritjii-i), liiiii, i., |i|i. Kia-T.
THE .M(.)TlIElt OK J'liK (KiDS.
•M]
HtraiiiiiiL!,' tlicir aii^cr at tlu; insult, jtlaciHl upon tlio
;,'i,i' and said iiotliitii;-. VVliun Coxcoxtli and his
suite a])'[)<-'ai"L'd, tliu priests, alter a lelin'itnis daiut',
lu'ii'julit out tljo four captives and ])ui'rornied tlie
liliKidv lites of sacrifieo boPoi'o tlie <>'uests. 'I'lie ( 'ul-
liu.is li'l't the ])hiee ill disgust, and orders were iinuiedi-
iitrlv !^i\eu tliat tlie ^Mexicans should he drixcti lVo!;i
till' teri'itories of (Julhuaean.'''' As .\costa and l)nrau
tt'll {he story, the Aziecs sent from Ti/.aaj>an, wliort!
ii Mciiis many of them were still living', (o tlie ( 'ul-
liii;i !• in.u', ri'(]uesting him to ^'ive them 'is daii^liter
to lule over them and Ik; the motlu r of tlidr L;<id.
Tlif re(iuest was elu'erfully granted mul the y<»iin^-
jiiiiicess conihicted with great j)omp to the town of
iicr t'liturc sidijects. A s^'reat festival was prepared,
tlir ]
inncess was
at III
111 r s
\\hi(
(illi'ii
])ri\ately sacrificed to lluit/.ilo-
jiiMlitli, wlio, it seems, had sio'iillied his intention of
jitiiio- licr as his mother; hei hody A\as Hayed, and
kin phiced as a garment (tii a youth, or an idol,
h was set up in the temple to rrcc'\'e the
lii^s of \isitors. AllK ul;' those who cai.ic to
iiiaki such oir»rini;s, as a compliment to their allies,
wnv (\»\"o\tli and his nohles. 'J'heir ra^e at the
si- it that met- their I'yes may he imagined, 'i'he
MiMxlv I'ollowei's of 1 luit/ilopochtli Were (lri\(ii from
tin ii' hdnics. and the allies their hravcry lia(! gained
\\<w. li>-t to thiTn.'* I xtlilxochitl, without mentioning'
then- rettuM) to ( 'ullnui l> vor hv tlm Xochimilco war,
ivs that the A/,t
ecs escaped tioin their lioii(la'''i
th
at
* .,iliii;ic;iii on 111 ariiig that king ( 'ali|iiiyaiili(/.iii in-
ti'i.il.il to massacre t hem, an«l resiiled. I'ni ,, imn', at
l/lacaleo, wheiict! they mad- ininads leiun ( 'iilliua
iiiiitni'v. hut tinally retreated to ilic i^Lind wlnre
1 1 iiiieliiitlan was founded.'' 1 append in a iioh' an
ah.-tiaet of N'evtia's version of Nahmi liistor\' dnriii'''
"^
v^t
•" Sit tvf,
rcliri's 111 111- I null'; iil^ii
lhiuil,nl,ll, ]',l,s., lol!
il<;„iv<i, in l',;sr,,it, Hi\i. ('iiii'j. .lA.r., tuiii, ' v, iip. so |. •Jtia-l.
|||. ■_'(10-l;
A'li-c/ii, |i. 1(11; Ihirmi. ^lS,. tiiiii. i.. I
Killer \i liiiiiMii'ti. Ill ri'iiii. lii'r, iii . lili, ii,, caii. \i.
' III l\i)ii/sl<i,riiiii//i, Mil. i\., ]i. .'i'.KS.
Ill' ('iill>< till' Ciiliiiia
) : ; U
ii
P.44
till:
Tin: CIIICIIIMEC PEUIOD.
ll tl
If imniec
liatol
y precoUin^' perioti, siiico
1,
tl
ILS
itli otlicis at but fuw jxiiiit
30
version ai^rcfs w
Hardly inoi'o can l)e ui^atliercd tVoni the ])rece(lii)i;'
records tlian that tlie Mexican^^, after living' lor a tiiiie
in ('ulhuacan, were forced, on account ol' their liloody
religious rites and of their turbulent disj)ositioi,, to
leave that city, and to wander for several years abmit
the lake bel'ore settlin*^ Aviiere tlie city of ^Mcxicn
after\v,irds stood. Coxcoxtli is said to have Imi n a
devoted i'ollower of Quctzalcoatl, and a zealous |iti'-
secutor of all other sects, so much so, that many
families were forced to abandon Culhuacan, and wtiv
U'ladlv received at Tezcuco, as has been stated. It
sec
ms to have been an ineradicable Toltec tendeiuv
In
mdiiln'e in re
y^'^
th
u
loUS CCntl'oVel'sV
to th
ii'H' national })ros|K.-nty. Jjrasseur
Hnd
].re_)
s in
IKl
111.-- (lee
meiits many additional details of some importaiK
respectni;;/ the j)eriod in (juestion.
Tl
le rell<_;li)Us
strife in ( 'iillmacan broke out int(,) open Avar beiw
the sects of (^)iietzalcoatl and 'rez<'atlij)oca, the foil
headi'd by the kin>j' and his son Achitoiiieii, ll
ei.'li
latt(
er undei- another son.
Lcamapu
■htl
I, aiul secoiK
led
by tlu' Mexicans, who had been driNcn by peiseeiitieii
from the city. 'J'his is the alliance alhahd te liy
'"' <,iiiiiiiiMt/iii sin'cccdi'cl i<. the oiii|)in', and a|ip()iiitt'il liis uncli', 'rriinii-
nii'alt/iii. ;i:cpM'nini' ill Tciiavonin, wlio iisur|i('(l tin' lliiniic in l'.".i".l; Ijiiil-
/ililniitl, lit" Mfxicaiis, (ililaiiU'l in tiiania^c a iiiric of Uinu- .Vfulliuii 11. nt
.\/ra;iii/ali'ii; ( 'oxi'k.V .siici'itiIciI ( 'ali|niyaiilit/iii as l^in;,' til ( ullniaiiiii; llu-
XiifliiiiiilraH wfii' ilffi-atcil liy tliu iiiii ut' tln' .Mi'\iiaiis, ami Aciillnia II.
liccaiiK' ('iii|iofiir ill l'_'fK>; iicNt, Acaiiii(|iirlitli iim'iI tin' .Mcxiraii-- til riiiii|nrr
('ii\rii.\, ami iiiailc liiiiiKi'lt' kiii;^' of < 'nlliaaraii in l.'tdl, hat ilinl in KSiKI imil
was siii'ccciliij hy Xiiihlcinui'; llnit/ililniill ilicil in l.'tlS, ami tln' ,Mr\iriiii^
t'hiiM as ihi'ir kiii^' />l»o, Xiniitt'imii' of ('iillinai'iin, whi'ir iiiaii\ nt ilniu
had Hi'lih'd, nmhr llic rnh' of Araniaiiirliili. ami wlii'ic all now iriiin^ril
from < lia|inltc|i(< . jtllioii/h a^'aiiist ilii' wL-hcsof tin" ('nlliiia |n'o|'lr: at
last, in 1H2.I, for no miv dt linitc vcasnii, they wryv (liivrii fiom t'nlliainaM
and Wrlit lo ,\ra»/liilil I. "Y .Mi'\irall/imo; IIk-ii tlli'N a|i|i|iii| to till' (111-
prior .\i' illina II. and \v !.• allowi'd to lisc for a t iiiic near .\/i a|ai/ali ",
wliiii' thi'ir priests svi'ic siarcliin;^ for the prcilistiiird loralion of llnir
flit life I'll \ ; llii'ii took pltH'i' the separation liei w een the .Mexiiaiis .ind I In-
l/'iillcas; fhe 'f latrllif/i** (rhiaill a Kill;.' from the cniperor afler ha\ in: ii|i-
I'jrd to i/iiiiitinl/iii ill Vtfiii, (/niiiant/iii rej^caiiis the iiniierial thi'om iinia
Mt\m II,; and tJiiiilly, 'fnioeiititlaii wuh foumleil iu liW7. Vi'ijim, toai.
it'lfr.'N-:^'
'A/,, toiii. ii , j,^ ¥U'A, 4'A'l-^,
FOUNDATION OF MKXICO.
845
Vcvtia, Avlicn he states that Acainaplclitil, of Ciillnia-
;i.s oliosuii kinu;' of the Mexicans. 'J'Jic I'uliel-
(-111. \v
liiiUii s(
)n, at tlie head of the Mexicans, was vit"tori(
)US,
UK
il cMiiipelled his father to lice fVoiu his capital, i)ut
1 in it at once assume the tith; of kinn", and was, not
1(111^' alter, ill his turn defeated and driven fi'oiu the
cirv. This was the iinal departure of the Mexicans,
UMst of whom y'atliered at Iztacah-o. wliere a hand of
t'.ieir nation had i>een for some years residinn', under
the '''ief 'I'enuch. ^Fanv, liowever, setth'd at other
|i(iiiit-; near at liand on the hdvo sliores and i-'ands,
1 t I this ]»eriod is atti-ihuted alsc theii* inxentioii
lilt
("1
nnamnas. or
Hoat
mt
irdens.
Tlie localities thus occujiied at this jveriud, siniul-
taiieoi.sly or sut-cessively, l)esides l/tacalco, were
^[exiialtzinco. Ai-atzintitlan, Mixiuhtlan, and Te-
iiia/ra
Ititl;
m.
At last the priests selected what
t'u'V deemed a suitahle place for jMsrnianent settle
'II lit, the same sj)ot where C'opil had been sar'i'iliced,
an island, or raised tract in the lake marshes, and
|iieti lied to tintl there liie nopal, ea^-le, and serpent
which had heen pronnsed hy theii* i^od as a token that
the |n()|>er location had heen found. The noj)al Lirew
na :; I'uck in the midst of a beautiful pool, into which
tCK' iif the two disi'oN'ei'ers was instantly drawn, and
n'lniirted to an interview with the Tlal
th
h
ocs, who coll
lirni'ii
IM
e belK'l that here was to be their |ieriiiaiieiit
II '. AcciMdiiin" to some authorities, a title lo this
Mtc was ohtaiiieil trom
the 1.
an;'' o
f A
zcauu/aleiL
iii'st task was to erect a rude temi»le of rushes for the
iii'k of the idol I liiit/ilopochtli, which was located
cxacilyover the stone which boi'e the famous nopal;
till' lints o
f th
neople we
)Uilt around this as a
ci'iitiv. di\idud by di\ini> command into tbur warch
cr ili>tiicts.
Tl
len all set imhisti'iouslv to woi'k. the
nidi leNeliui^" and lillinu' in the sifi- of their town, or
lisl"iiM' and killing' w ild ducks on the lak»'s, the jnod-
iiit-^ heiiiir mostly bai'tered by the women in the
for build''
I'itii > ot' fhe main land, for ston« and
WOO(
846
THE ClilCIiniEC TERIOD.
inii^ matorial. The first vietiin sacrificed to the i^ml
ill hi.s new tein})le was a ( 'ulhua iK)l>le, of liostile sect,
o[>p()rtunely ca[)tured.*' Tluis was founded, in l;!-J,");*'
the city named — prohahly tVoin ^le.\i,the original name
of Hiiitziton, and Temicli, tlieir cliief leader at the
time the city was formed — Mexico Teuochtithm.*"
Quinantzin continued in liis q-lorious career at 'Wz-
cuco, allowing' the surrounding' kinys to weaken tlnir
power hy their intrii>-ues and contentions one AJth
anotlier, wliile he devoted all his tMier^ies as a dij;l(»-
matist, and all the strenij;th of his armies to tlic
HtrenLithenin^" of his imperial ])ower, the enlai'^c-
ment and emhcllishment of his cajjital, where \\\'-
u<i^ees from all directions were kindly welcomed, tin;
quellini^' of rehtdlion in vai'ious ])rovinces, and tlio
con(piest of new lands. Not oidy did he })roni|itly
})ut down every attemjit at revolt in his own dd-
minions, hut insisted that the kind's of Culliuaciii
and Azca])Uzalco should check the attem))ts of tluir
I'fVoUinn" vassals. Huehuetlan, Mizipiic, Cuitlaliiiac,
Zayollaii, 'femimiltt'pec, and Totolapaii, are naiiird as
the rehcllious provinces thus suhdued durinjj;' the last
years of this emperor's reign. No monarch in Aiiii-
'" ( >ii tlio fomidiitioii of Mexico, its diito, iiiiil iiaiiH', spo Viirnii, MS.,
toiii. i., Clip, iv.-vi.; T<iri/i(i iiiii(/(i. loiii. i.. pii. !(•_' .'), '-'SS-ltl; I'li/li". Imii.
ii., ]m. I.")(i (10; l.rlliLiiiihitI, in l\ i lajslxinnnih, vol. iv., p. 4(il; Tirji-.hm'i';
ill /(/., |i|i. ."), 8 !(; (>riri/i>. Hint. </(■)/. ,toln. iii., li "liU; Anutii, pp. Ili.-i-li;
C/tiriiirrii, toiii. i., jip. ItiT-!); Vvtuiirrrl, Tnih-o, ;>! ii., ]i. '2\\ Cui/i.r Mm-
ilir.ii, ill Kiiiiisliiiriiiiifh, Vol. v., p. 40; Ar/i'tiiii. ( 'Jiniii. Xnrn/iran, \i]i. s.>\;
('lira, Trr.s Siii/ii.i, toiii. i., p. 2; Piirr/ms /us I'ilijri inrs, vol. iv,, pji. liHilI-7;
(Jiilliilili. ill Aiii'f. Hlliiat. Sue, Trinisiirl., vol. i., iip. 141, '_'(M-.'i; S',i\
Mix. (1<ii(/., Hit/itiii, toiii. viii.. pp. 40."), 41"); Mitlhr, Anirr. I'm/., \<. .'illl;
(tiiHi/ni. ill Prr.srii//, lli.it. I'mn/. JAci'., toiii. iii., )). .'l.")(».
•"• Kate 1,'l'J.'). jiccoriliii;: to < 'Invi^^'cro, (ijiipii, ('iiiiiuilpiiiii, I!i;i»cHr, .iinl
Trcscoit; l.'t'.'T, N'cvliii, I'lillowiii;; Si;,'licii/M y < loii.uoiii; i;US, Ihiiiiii: Kl.'l,
Ciii/r.r M< ii(lu,:ti\ 11 10. 11(1, or iihoiil \'lm, iMlil.Micliitl; ll.'ll, C:iiii:ir;:ii;
i;iJ(), 'I'l'/o/oiiioc, ill \'ii/h'it\ l.'tH). III., ill (litiidni; l'J'_'."), Cliiiiiiilpaiii. in
Ji/.\ 1317, SJLiiicii/ii, iii/i/.; l;tH, 'ron|iiciiiiiilil, ill lil.; l.'fJl, /iip;il;l, in
I'l'i/fiii; l.'i.")7, .Miiiliiicz. ill l'(////(Minil (Idik/i'ii.
■"' Oil ilcri\,ilioii of the iiaiiic, sec vol. ii., p. ").")'.»; also Tnri/iniiKi'/d. tnin.
i., pp. '.i-'-.'l; T' .yi.viiiinir, in Kini/.i/iiirniiil/i, vol. i\.. p. J"); /.rt/i/.i-ni/nll. ill
Ji/., 1). 4(11. Tlicsc aiitliois (lcii\(' 'rciioclilillMii ficiiii tlic .\zti'c iiaiicof ilic
iiopal ('iivo, '/Vis- Siii/ii.i, toiii. i., p. •_', MlilliT. .\iiiir. I'm/., p, .");tl. iimi
('iii'li.i jal l','«piMo--a. ///.v/. ,1/..,., toiii. i,, p. ."U."), ilcii\c Mexico I'lom .\l'lt-ico
'liiiice amid llie iiiagiuy.H.'
DEATH OF QUINANTZIN.
347
IKll
liuiu' could have resisted Qiiiuaiitzin's power, ])ut he
meeins to have had no disposition to encroach on what
ho deemed tlie legitimate domains of his hrother sov-
■iu;iis. In spite of the opposition of the Chichimec
lies to his reforms, his tendency to Toltec usa'j'es,
1 his loudness for display, the enijieror al'tei' his
jKiwer had become firmly estahlished enjoNt'd tlie
love and resjtect of all his subjects. His sui'iiame,
Tlaltecatzin, 'he who lords the eaith,' is said to ]ia\e
Iteeii yiven him in consideration of his success in sub
(hiiu'j;- so many ])rovinces. Jle died iu 8 Calli, I'lOf)
iit 111 advanced aije, and his funeral ctM'eiuouies
Wire conducted with all the ])oni}) that had bt-^'u
cliaiacteristie of him in Hie. Seventy rulers of prov-
iiKHS ai'e said to have assisted. His bodv, embalmed,
was seated in full royal aj)j)arel on the liirone, an
ea"le at the feet, a tiu'er at the back, r.nd the bow
41
ami arrows in his hands. All the j>eo])le ci'owded to
tlie palace to take a last look upon their em[)eror. and
after eighty days, according- to Tonpiemada, his body
was burned, and the ashes, in an emei'ald urn witli a
L;'ol(len cover, jilaced in a cave near 'i'e/cuco; or, as
\'e\tia and Ixtlilxochitl say, buried in a tenii>le of
the Sun in the Tezcocin^'o Ibri'st.*'^
(.^■ainantziu's eldei' sons liaviuu;' proved rebi'llioiis
(liu'iiiv tlieii' father's reisj-n, and bavin,;', therefore,
heen oanished. h
s youiiLi'est son, lei
hotl.
e»
•hot-
'ala
l/iii, or 'i'eehotlala,
was elKtsen
as
Ins suc-
cessiii'. Techotl reiyutid from !;!().") to l.l.'iT
)irriu(l durim;' which the doiiiinions attaehrd to tlu
.1
iTiiun ol I I'zcueo Were almost »'ntireiy iiiuli>tiirlH'(
liy cis il or foi'i'i;;'!! wars. ( Mily one war is reeoided,
!iy wliieh th(^ province of Xaltocan, peopled ebielly
.V ( II
oinis,
w
ith th
at*
1 of tl
lllels ol
ot
onuian,
C^>iialiuacan, and 'l\'coinic. atttiii]tted to regain her
*' ir.7, V.-ytiu; liJ.H. \'2VX or I'J.VV f\lliK.i.liill: Hd."., Ilni>M'iir
^■' run/ii' iiiiii/ii. t»»m i., |>|i, Hii-T; I'fiii'nii rii, (nin. i., pp. Ml-(i; I'oi/lift,
Imii. i . pp. 171, 17»|». IHI; l.;'lif.i'ti(fiiff, ill f\iii;t-'<liiiriiiii//<, vul. ix., pp. I'll").
lii. .'1"'J, Kill, -l.-.S
•/mil
HII, J«»MI.
Ill
I. VIII., p. •_'/;
Hint., U
111).
IJ'J-'); i-i'i'tiiudits ij tjiiiixt, 't\n\h:\ Aimi\, p. 311
m
- h
V- i
s 'i 1
Iu. ~ ■ 5-
11 -^ ' •
318
tup: ciiichimec pkuiod.
iiidi^jtendoiico of Clilelilmec imperial aiitliovliy. Tlio
revolt was, liowevur, |)romptly re})rt'ssed l-y the ciii-
])er()r and Iiis allies niter a eainpuii;'!! of two iiioiulis.
'J'ezozouioc liad now succeeded to the throne of .\/,( a-
])Uz;deo, and with liis Tepanec forces, took a xrvy
])i-oiniiient ])art in this war a^'ainst Xaltocan and the
nortluMMi })rovinces. 'J'lie Mexicans also sent an aiinv
to this Wiir, and received some territt)rv as a rcMilr,
the rest of the })rovinces hein_iL>' joined to tlic dn-
mains of Tezcuco and Azcapuzalco.*^ Tecliotl's ta>t(s
and a.nd)itions were similar to those of liis father, and
liis lifty-two yeai's of jteaceful and ]tros])erous ici'^n
enahli'd him to .successfully carry out his proiccts.
"J'o liim, as emperor, helon^'ed the allcLjiance of tlio
kind's of Culhuacan, Azcapuzalco, and ^Fexico in llio
lattei' part of his rule, when the latter jiowcr had
risen to some pron)inence; l)ut no trihute was paid fy
these kind's, and their alle^'iani-e was probahly only
nominal/* Over the ])rovinces that helon^ed to 'I'lZ-
cuco, or rather the kingdom of Acolhuacan, Tic Ih'II
ruled in pi'ec isely the same manner as the oilur
kind's ovt'r tl.eir respective tei-ritories. 'J'he lord (if
each province ackp()wled_i;'(.'d his alle^'iance to his kiiiLi',
paid triliute according to the wealth of his proplr. aiid
was hound to aid his soverei*;'n, if so rcfpU'stMl, in
time of war; in otiu r respects ho was perfectly inde-
jieiident, and n'overtied his donnnion with aim' >t
ahsohite sway. The ioni;' list of yassal proN'inee^ and
lords o'iveii hy the records*'"' sliow that tlu' aiitlior-
Hlis time Slllijcctcii f(ir tllC lirst tilllf In tlic cnilMlcir. Its iiili:iliil;ilil ■ \^r]V
Oldiiiis, jiilil till' l('t'ii;,'('i'w arc said in lia\i' liiiilt, nr icliuilt, tlic t ll,\ iif
<Miiin|iaii. 'I'l'/ozcMiiipf is r(']il'('sciitt'(l as liaxilij; Ikhiic the |i|iiic'i|ial |.iil in
(lie war. wliilc tlic ciniicnn' 'rcclicill jniiii'd in it umlc In watcli ami re-
sliaiii llic allies tliaii tor aii\ tliiii,;,' else. .Aiintliei' war in 'I'laseala, in n* hidi
fipi-ces sen' hy 'I'eelintl, aie said hv 'l'(H(|Ueiiiada, leiii i., |i|i. 'Ji .'i >, In
iiave jiaith i|iateil, was. |ieilia|is, llie same alieadv ineiiliniied in iniinei i ma
w illi the kin;; of ( 'nlluiiiean.
■" .\/ea|iii/aic'(i, .Mexicn, ("oatliehan, llMeMitla, ( 'ciale|iee. and iciiir i>r
live iilliers lire nK'iitinned liy I \ilil\cieliitl, in A'///i/.s//'/vw(f///. \id. i\,, |i. .■!•"■•%
as |ia\ill;j' nil llil>ll(e; lint snnu' nf these, aeeiirdillf,' In nther anllmrilieH,
were aelnally jnined In tlu- kiiiplnni nf .\enlhnaiaii, and had net even llie
hnnnr nf a trilmtary hnil
''■' The list nf those lords |preseiil at llie funeral of <,iiiinaii! .in iiml the
LIMITS OF THE ClIICIIIMKC KMIMKi:.
31<J
itv (if tlio Clik'liiinec emptn-or exteiulud far Ixvoiul
\n;iliuac, out do not enable us to tix cleliiiitelv its
limits; it prol)al)ly was but little less extensive than
tlijit of tlie emperor at Culliuacan, in Toltec times,
and was -vei'v similar to the Toltec rule in its nature'.'*^
Tecliotls efforts seem to have been directed to
the coinplete re-establishment of Toltec culture; to
tlie biiil(lin_iL;"-up and embellishment of his capital; to
tlir cnactin'j^ of just laws and their strict eiilbi-cemeut
hv the ajjpointment of the necessary courts and
(iHiiials: to the \vork of atti-actiny- new settlers into
his kingdom and cai)ital, by kind treatment of all
iK'W-i-omers, and a toleration of all theii' relij^'ious
ht'Hi t's and rites; and above all, to the centralization
(f liis imperial jtowei-, and the gradual lessening- of
the preroi^'atives of his vassal lords. Tl "' '"
retuu'ees
(■iirnii.iiinn of Tccliiitl. is as follows: Tczo/oiiiitc, kiiij; of Azcapnzalcd;
riiiiii/iii, k'niiS <pf .\alliiiMii, lonl iif the (Uoiuis; Mdcniiiatzin, .NIiilouli-
/oiii^il/ln. Ill' .Mi>nt('zuiria, kini; uf Cuallii'lian; Ai'aniji|iii'litli, kiii^uf Ciil-
liiiiiiaii anil Mexico (tliis cinilil iiii( lie, as Moxini was nut vet foiiiiilcii ; ('o\-
ciixtli uas kill;; of ( ulliiiaraii, lint Acaiiiajiii'litli was, in oiif siiisf, I'liicf
111' till' Mi'Nirii'is. ami lu'ir to the liiioiii' of ( 'uliiiiaraii); Mixroliiiatl, or
Mi\> iiliuat/iii, kill;,' of Tlatt'lulni (llic Azti'c Tlalcluli'o was not yet
Iciiiihlril; r>ra-^i'iir lii'lii'Vcs lliis to refer to an aiieicnl city of tiiis name);
i,iii>'t ','ilieiiiiili. or (,>iiel/alateciiii\ii. junl of Xocliiiiiijco; l/iiiatlello|iac,
iiinl iif ( 'iiitlaluiac: ('liii|iiaiilil li, lonl of ,Mi/i|iiie (( 'kalco .\Ieiieo, aceoiil-
iiiL'tii IJias^eiiri; I'miIioiI, luril of Clialco Ateiico {Ixtlilxnflulh; ( hiiaca. or
eiMt'irall, loril of rialiiiaiiaieo; (acamaea, lovii uf (liaico; Teniaiat/iii,
JMliI lit lliicxiitziiici. (or ,is Mrassciir has it, of (i>tiaiilii|iiecliollaiil; 'leiiiat-
zill, |it'iin'e of litieMilzimo | ///'(r.vvc///'); ('ucaztziii, lonl of (j>iiaiitii|nilcliiila
(/,i//,/. "/////i; Teociiiila|io|iocatzin, lonl of ( 'iii'tlaxi'olnia|iaii, ur Cint laelico-
*\\w. ( ■|iicliiiiiciatlal|ia,\ntzili. Iii^^li-priest of Clioliila; ('hicliil/in, loril of
Iciieaia; Mill. |iiime of Tlascala; .\iliiiil|io|iiiia, lonl of Zacatlaii; (jMia-
ulii|Met/al, lonl of Tcniiiiiiloc; ( liicliilinatziii, lonl of Tiilaiiciii;^o; 'I'lalle-
c:il/iii, lonl of I.Miiiiilicliiiiamii: lecpall, lonl of Atotoniko; l^lai|iiaiilil/iii,
k>r<« of tlie Ma/aliiias; ('lialcliiiilitlaiietzin, lord of t 'o> iiliiiaran; ^ uliiiatl
' fiii'liiiiiecatzin, lorij of < 'oiit(<|HM'; <jtiiiyaalil/iii, lonl of lluexolla; Teciilit-
liti'iiiliilt/iii, lord of Acolnuiii. I.i tlil.iuihiti, in h'iiiiisltiirniiii/i, vol. ix., |i.
Ik'):t; Unissiiii; Hiff.. toll), ii , |i. f-S. IxtliKoi'liiil says iliat tliese were
iii>t .■ill. lint nieivK llic Icailin;;' vassals, nil relaicil to the emiieror. A li-t
'i'' ■4ii is yiveii in ixtlilx ii-hill, !>. \\X\. .'iiiil ]'i I'/i'i. loni. ii., iH". -Jl l-l.-i. T.'l
arc siiiil to l»{i\e .'itteiiileil one assemlily, W anotlier, ami W anollier,
<''\c\iii» toiii. ji., |i|i. IS'.':i, .iml l>ra-scnr, /li.sf., torn. ii.. p. C.'T. state
tliiit tin- ijistant )iroviiiccs of (,>iiaulileii iilaii (« Hiateinala), Tecoinllaii i\(-rii
I'li/i 1 ( nti.iiita, , Teiii|iiaiitcii( c (TeliiKiiile|iril, iiinl .laliscn, were reiire-
Hciit'i it III iImmtowiI llial yjitliercil at Teelioirs coronal imi, oil'eriii.u their
lii'iii,iV> ami alleuiaiiie; hut l\( lilvoilijil, |i. .M.")H, savsthal these |iiii\inien
WiiiiM Mill i'ecooiii;',e the eiii)icror. There is very little in.iliiio'Wtv that tin;
eiii.lm,,,- |i(iwercver reai'heil so far, hiit not unlikely that cniiiiniiiiical ion
I 5
i. I'
tduk
i'-- •
li4l>swii .Me.Mco ami Ceniral America at this [leriiMl.
ni
It
•
860
THE CHICIIIMEC I'EUIOD.
from dlfforent nations "svero ;2fivcn separate Avnrds uf
TezciK'o for a residence, and Avere permitted to cvrrt
teMijtles, and to perform all their various rites. Jluinau
sacritiee and reliii;ious strife were alone proliiliittcl.
The different ereeds and ceremonials of Toltee tiiiKs
hecanie almost universal in his kin^'dom/'' altli(iiiL:li
the ejnperor liimst-lt' is said to have ridiculed all tlust'
creeds and sacrifices, contentini^- himself with the
Avoishi[) of one n'od, of whom he deemed the sun ;i
symhol. He is ci'edited with havinuf entertained
sentiments on religious topics several centuries in
advance of his time.
In his efforts for the centralization of the (lii-
chimec power, he first summoned the chief lords df'
his provinces, some twenty-six in nund)er, to Tczcudi,
and ju'actically compelled tlu-m to live there, althoueji
h
'P
tl
leanniL!" uiion tliem honoi's aii(
d titl
es \\
hid
\ ma(h' it
impossihle lor them to refuse ohedicnct,' to his wishe>.
All together constituted a royal council, coiisuhed
(»n matters of national import; and from them weiv
selected suhcouncils, to whose matiagenu^nt wei'e eii-
ti'usted the suj)erititendence of various hranches, such
as the admiuistratiori of justice, military regulations,
art and scieuce, agricultiu'e, etc. Five of the leadinu'
lords wei-e entrusted with the most important and
lionoiahle positions, and placed at the head of tl
diief
councils
As an offset to the fa\ors oriintid
i' ^^'\■tia. tipiii. ii.. 11)1, 1(1.'i-(!, iin|ilics (liat tlio new ritos ami itlcii^ iiiim'
ratlicr finm .Mi'sicaii tliaii I'lpltcc inlliii'iicc.
'" 'I'lic ^('iicial ('(luncil nf Slate, riiiii|MiM'(l nf all tlic lii;:lu'st Iniils. iniii
iif Icarniii;;. aliility, and cliaiai tcf, was iircNidcii iivcr hy the ciiiiicror liiiii-
self, of till' live s|i('cial ciiuncils the liist was tli.it ol' war, iiiuifi- a Iniil
\viiii ic'ccivi'd till' title (pf 'retlalitn. ainl e(iiii|i()sed, ai'iordiiij,' to lira^seiir,
of liPi'ds (if the Ardlliiia liaticpli. The sectnid was the Cumieil of the I'A-
clieiiner. miller a sii|periii!i'iiileiil nf liiiaiiee, w'th the title 'I'laiiii, nr till-
]pi\i'iiiilli, haviiij:; eharue ipf the eiilleetiim of tril ule, and eiiiii|in>eil of iiicii
well ,ie(|iiailiteil with the resoiirees of every jiart of the niiinlry. ihielly il!<
is sjiid ( 'hiehiiiiees, (Hoiiiis, and lords of >le/titli ii. 'I'lie tliinl was !!:■
! >i|iloniatie Coiineil, whose |iresiilent had the title of N'olinii. iiii'.l was a
kind of (ir.iiid Master of ( en'iiionies, whose duty it w. s lo reeeiw, presi'iit,
entertain and ilisipatdi anihassadors. Many of this eouueil were I iiIIiikis
The fourth was tiie eouinil of the royal household, uudi " the Anieiliiilii,
or lli;.'li ( 'hanihi'ilain. This eonneil was eoni|poseil hii'jeU of Ti'|.aiu'rs.
A liftli ollieial, with the title of Cohuiitl, suiieniuviideil llie w rlv ul the
fMi
REIGN OF TECHOTL.
851
tli'^se lords at the capital and in the o-encral o-oveni-
iiKiit, their })rer()i;-ativL'.s at home were i>'reatly diiiiin-
islu'd. The twenty-six provinces were sultdi\ided
into sixty-tive de[)artnients; the lords retained their
orJLlinal titles and the absolute connnand of twenty-
si>v of the departments, hut over tiie other thirty-nine
no\(iiioi's were jilaced who were su}»j)osrd to he
WlinllV (
levoted to the interests of the euiperor. '1
e-
cliMtl is even said to have ijfone so far as to transfer
the iiiliahitants l)eloni>'iniL>" to ditierent tribes from one
|ir(i\ince to another, so that the subjects of each chief,
altluni'.
Irrcll
null'
-jh tl
r tril
le same m mnnoer as he
for
e. were o
f dif-
)es.
an(
tl
IS the emperor crattily nnayinei
ftih
h less easily incited to revolt in the interests of
hiettains, who were ever ready to take ad-
illllliltlOUS c
vaiitaLi'e
of fav(.)rable circumstances to declare their
iii(li'|>endence. If the L'hichimec nobles objected to
tlu'se extraordmary measures,
vji'onled.
their
op})ositiun IS not
At one of the ^rand assemblies of kiiii^s and lords,
lul'l at Tezcuco, to deliberate on the <>"eneral interests
of tlie em[)ire, in i;U2, Tei'Iiotl announced his in-
ti'iition to leave his crown to his eklest son, Ixtlil-
X'liliitl, and caused that ])rince to be Ibrmaliy
ackiii)wh'dL;\'d as heir a[)iiarent to the imperial throne.
It (liH's not appear that any opjxisition to his succes-
sion was made at the time/''' aUhouuh as Me shall see,
liis ri'_;ht was not undis[)uted at the death of his
IiivmI ;;ii1(1 mikI silver siiiillis iiiiil fratlii'i - woikcrs at Oculcd, a suluiili of
Tr/u ,1. 'I'lu- Spaiiisli writers stale lliat llie lut'siileiil 'if eaeli of tlu'
rHiiii, i!s iiuist Ilea relation of flie eiii|ieiiii\ iir at least a 'I'ezeiicaii imlile-
liKlll, I'lu' /iirinili/il, tdlll. !.. ]l. SS; Cliirliiirn, tulll. !., p. ISl; I'l 1//111, \{t\[[.
ii., I'll. ISJ-."); Urn.ssriir, Hist., tdlll. ii., li|i. ^.'fll-l.
^' I'liere seems to liavc lieeil some tl'oillile lietweeil Ktlilvoeliiij ami
t!u' Te|iaiiee Uiii;; Tezozomoc, even tiet'ore 'I'dliotl's deaili. I \tl'l\oi liii 1
\\;i^ iiiiiiiaiTieil, altliou'^li liy his ediiciiliiues lie lia>l many eliildreii; ami. a^
\ I'Mui. tiiiii. ii., |i|i. •_M7 !>*, lias it, lie tooU 'I'e/o/.omoi's ilaieuliler as u
«it'e Ml liis father's re(|iiest, Imt sent lier liaek lie fore eoiisii 111 mating tlie inar-
l':l:e; oi', aeeorilim,' to I \t lilxoehit 1, |i. 'Jl.S, lu' lefiiseil to take 'l'i/ii/omo( 's
ilaii^'liier. who hail alreaily heeii n'|niilialeil li\ some one, exeept as a eon-
cilliiiii'. The same author. |i. ,'$."ili. sa\s this deeiirreil after his father'*
ili'iitli. lie limilly iiiairieJ a Mexieaii iiriiieesH. Te/ozomoe was \eiy
muL'li utremleU,
PI I
-4
'if
!
l!
332
THE CHICIIIMEC PEUIOD.
Ih
father. At one of these assemblies, as all the author-
ities ai^ree, it was t)rclered that the Naliua laii^u;i'4(j
should 1)0 employed exehisively at court, in the trilm-
nals, aud iu the trausac-tion of all public atlairs. it
has been inferred from this, by many writers, that tliu
hui5^uaL,^e of the Chichimec nations was different In m
that of the Toltecs;^ but such a supposition would 1 o
inconsistent with the whole tenor of the abdiii^in.d
annals, and cannot he admitted, Amon,L»' tluj new
tribes that occupied Anahuac after the Toltecs, tln'io
were doubtless some that s})oke anc^ther tonj^uc; tlio
enforced use of the Nahua at court was aimed at tin.'
chiefs of such tribes, and was a part of the empcrdi's
L'-eneral policy. Of course it is just possible t]iat one
of the tribes of forei^ai tongue had become powciful
and constituted a large part of the population of T( z-
cuco, but such a state of affairs is not probable, and
the statement of some writers that the many Icai md
Culhuas and ]\[exicans gathered at the Chicliiuici.'
capital during this period, came as teatlui's of
the Nahua language at the court of Techotl, cannot
be accepted. Brasseur's idea, as implied thvoiivii-
out this periotl of aboj-iginal history, that the
Chiclnmccs wei'c barl)arians, gradually civili/od I y
the few Toltecs that remained in the countiy, and
forced by their kinos to adoiit Nahua lano-uaue and
institutions, I regard as wholly imaginar}^ 'flu
struggles of Quinantzin and his successors were di-
rected, not to tlie introduction of Toltec usages, hut
to the }ireservation of their culture, threatened by tliu
spirit of anandiy and inde})endence that followed the
downfall of the Toltec empire.
Feeling, at last, that his end was drawing mar,
and that the work to which he had devoted his ein i-
gies must be conunitted to other hands, the a, .id
monarch is re])orted to have held a long inteivi< w
•'" Till' eiiipi'viir is siiid tn liavc Icanicd tlic Naliiia laii^'uajic fniin lii^*
Ciilliiia niirsi' I'apaloMiiliiil, ami toliaxc liccimu' m( ciiiiviiiccil ol it-^ siiin'-
riiiriiv lliat lio oiilcii'd its ailniitidii. Jxllilxvchill, \i. L'17; Wytiu, toiii. ii.,
W. Ill 1-5.
DEATH OF TECIIOTL.
353
witli Ills son and heir, Ixtlilxocliitl. !^^()st carnestlv
he iiistmctc'd his son concci'ning liis futui'o duties, and
w.u'nid hiiu against dannons Avhoso occurrt iife lio
aliiady foresaw, lie fearid, ahove all, the projects
ol" 'l\'/o/()inoc, the Tej)anee king, who had ali'eady,
ahliough nominally loyal to Teehotl, sliown tokens
of fai'-rcacliing and»ition and the ])ossession (»!:' great
executive ahilitv, and who evidently reniend)ered that
Aculiiahnaeatl, his ])redecessor, had onee heen eni-
]i('i(ir. Sj)eeial adviee was given to Ixtlilxocliitl, who
was iii'ohai)ly a very young man, although there is
some disagreement ahoiit the date of his hirth,'^' as to
the licst |)olit'y to he followed with the king of Azea-
iiuzalco, and after jealouslv strivin<jf to inihue his su(t-
ctssor with the si)irit that had made his own leign so
L;lori()Us, the emperor died, as has been stated, in H
Calli, i;;57.'^-'
ila\ing traced the glorious, though peaceful career
of tlir fuiperor Teehotl, 1 have to close this chap-
ter liv narrating the events of Culhua and jSFexican
liistoiy (luring a corresponding ])eriod; a period most
fatal to ( 'ulhuacan, the m(_'tro[)olis of Anahuac in Tol-
t(_c tiiiics, and the only 'J'oltee citv that had I'etained
its |iioniinence through the dark days of C'hichiniec
invasion. We have seen the AEexicans ex]>elled '\vo\\\
('ulliuacan at the triumph of Achitometl o\er his
lirotlici' Aeama})ichtli ; and, altera series of waiider-
•m
i ill
id
Irar,
liier-
i. w
til lii^
suiic-
III. ii.>
■''' Vcxii.i, Imn. ii., ]>]). -17-S, snys lio was over sixty vcmi's ulil; l\lli^
xiicliill ui\rs 1;!;{S as the date i if liis liii'lli, wliicli wciiilil iiiaki' liiiii lc» tliaii
IwcMlv . Tlic iiii'tliiiil (if arri\ iiii; at liis ai^c scciiis to lie liv lixiiiu llu' ilalr
III liis Mill"-- liii-|li, iiiitiiij,' that liis t'ailirr's wilt! was ciLzht ycais old at Iut
liiuniauc, aiiil .aUiii;^' iiitu ciiiisiilciatinii \\w rcpiirlcii ('liiiliiiiicr ciistiiiii
wliicli ri'i|iiii('(i till' liiisliaiiil til wait until liis \\\U' was fciily hcfniH- I'liiisiiiii-
iiKiiiii;^ I 111' iiiai'ria;it\ ixtiilxncliitl wa-^ ciiilnwcil, at liir'li. witli tliirtrrii
tiiwiis 111- |iiii\ iiin's; liis liiiitlii'r is said to lia\t' liccii the >\Ar\- ot' ('o\ro\l li,
kill,' lit < iilliiiai'aii.
'- l;ri;{. m- l;i.")7. IxlUlxurhltl; l»tli), Vn/tin. On Ti'rlioirs ii'iun sec:
lyll,l.f.,ri,lll, ill Kiiiiishnriiiiiili, vol. ix., [ip. ''-'17-18, ;{."■).•{■(•, -IDD-I, (."lit, 4Cr-';
I ','/'/". loiii. ii., iiji. 17.S-'j;!l; 'rnri/iiiiiiiii/ii, toiil. i., jip. iS7-'J, lOS; (7iir-
i'l'i'", tiiiii. i,, j»]). KSO-1, LSI; S'iIiikjiiii, Hist. (!ni., toiii ii., lili. viii., ]!.
■-'Til; ]'i'iiiiirrl, 'IViilru, ptii., jip. I(i-I7, -I; Jlrus^mtr, JUsL, loin, ii., pp.
4J.-I-;!'.', l-iT-Cl, 17'_>.:J.
Vol.. V. -Itl
mm
M
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33 WISV MftIN STRBIT
WIBSTIR.N.Y ) <:S0
(716) ari^soa
.V
^^^^^
%s
8M
THE CIIICIIIMEC PEItlOD.
iiiinfs al)()iit the lake, foiiiulinir their city of ^Slexieo
Teuochtithin in 1^25. One year before the city was
founded, h()\vever, Acainapiclitli seenjs to liave ic-
^^•lin('d his |>(>\ver, and this time, his fatlier Coxcoxtli
liavinLj died, he assumed tiie title of kinuf. His nilr
Mas |tn»l»ai»ly very advanta^^eous to the Mexicans, his
friends, durinj^ their first years in their new city,
while they were strenythenint;- their j)ositioii ; hut in
l',VM\ he died, smirdered, as some of the records imply,
and was succeeded hy his hrother Achitonutl I 1., the
avowed enemy of the Afexicans and their religions
rites.
Hi
IS accession drove many oi the rival s( ct to
d
!Mexico, and he thus aided, involuntarily, in huildiiit,^
lip the new power. The infant son of the dead kiiiy.
also name(
I A
camaiiK
htl
1. was sav
vi either hv \\]>
mother, or, as others say, hy the princess llancueill." '
J )iiiinL4' the troubles between the rival sects lie.'ulid
by Acainapichtii and Achitometl, larec numliers of
Culhuas had left their city and either taken refuse in
Te/cuco. oi- had joiiu'd kindred tribes in dillereiit lo-
calities. ( )n the final accession t)f Aeliitonietl lliis
depopulatiui^ movenu'iit was continueil to a yiiatt r
exten! than ever before. Accoi'dinjjf to JJrasstiir's
documents, a war wit'i ("halco in \'M\\), jbineiittd hy
Te/ozoinoc, who had succeeded to the Tcpaiiec thidiie
eiL'ht years bolbrt', Ljavc; the linishinLT blow to the
]iowei- of ( 'ulhuacan, whii-h was j>i-actieally abaiidnut d
by kiiiL"' and jteoplo about IIU7, her weaker trihiitaiv
])roviiices bi.'iiin" in part approjiriated by the stidii.:(r,
which now became in(h'|iendent of all save impi li,,!
^■' (I'liiiiiini, Com/. Mix., fol. m\'2; llnis.inir. Hist., tttiii. ii.. p. I.M.
Vcyliii. Iiiiii. ii., p|>. l'J7-:iO, ii}.'i< cs, I'xrciit in ilnti-H, ho fur iis llif Mirccs-
ficiii of .\i'aiim|iirliili \h (■iiiicfriii'il. i.iiil liis fricinisliiji for llic Mcviriiii".
lie. liowi'M'T. sii\ ^ iiotliiii;r of At'liitoiiit'll II., (lalcH A<'iiiiiii|mlilli'N ilciilli
ill l.'to.'l. mill shiti's iliat lit> \MiM Niici't'i'ili'il liv IiIh cldcHi smi Xiiilili'iiiui'.
'riic i''ii/i.r Mniilntii, in l\iiiii>il.:iiiiiiitli, \ol. v., |i. 4'_', iin|ilii'> lliiil .Niiiiiiii-
)iirlitli Iraiisfcrrcil Ills roiirl in l.'ITO to Mr\i ^iviii;:, ii» Muinliiiiii, in
Jiiiz'iiih; In, Cif. ill Ihir., tiilll. i., p. (!. Hil.VM. till' lonlKllip of I iilliilliritll
to one of iiiN Holl^*. Sec also l,rllil.yiirhill, yy. i.M8, ',\V,\, '.WW. Mmli of lliu
r.oiifii>ioii ill the Ciiiliiiii HiK'ccMNioii in caiMcil Ity tlii> fini lliat ilicrr writ!
two .\rMiiiM|iiilitliM, one. kiiii: of ('iilliiiacaii anil in a ccrlaoi m'm-i' llio
Icailur of the Mixiiuim, and tlic otlii'r, king of Muxivu ul a lulcr diiti'-
AZTIX'S AT .MKXKO Tr.NiMlITITl.AN'.
jiowrr, although a lar<j^o portion t'rll into tlio liiiiuls of
ilu.' kiiius ot" Az('!ij)iizalco and Acollmacan. 'Ilio
l,ii-.4ir part of tliu Cullinas jji-opcr were divided lic-
twirn (.^^uanlititlaii,- winch soon lieeaine practically
a ( 'idliua, or Toltec, city, under Iztactototl. grandson
(
:tl
oxcoxtii, ^vlK) sue
•ceeded in l.'MS, an<l Me\i«o
The territory on which Afexico Tenochtitlan was
Ipiiill sei'ins to havi! heh»nn'ed to the domain <•!" Azca-
pii/.dco, and the Mexicans were ol»lii;(.'d to ])ay to th(>
T( paiiec kin*'' a curtain amount of t.'ihuto in iish and
dtlier |ii"odnctions of tho lake, 'i'liiir piosj)erity, the
V inakinijf in their
iiiiprovemen
ts tl
ley were cons
tanth
city, and tlieii- stronijf jiosition in the lake, taken in
co!ine»-tion with theii' welhknown valor and amhition,
t Acited nuich jealousy amoiiiif the surroundiiiL;- nations,
j'ossihiy this jealousy is alluded to in the t'ahle <»t" a
I'ltal epidemic; which j)revailed at this time, ascrihed
i'l tile popular tradition to tho fumes of l'rie<l Iish ami
itlin- delicacies, wafted from tho island town, which
•:o
.>l(
M
a loni>i;i,uf as to oc<'asion illness
Till' Tej>anecs were the oidy peo})le that had the
pi.wcr to oppress tho Aztecs, which they are said to
li;i\o done, not onlv l>v tlu> exaction of tho regular
(lihutc duo them, hut hy imp(tsin<jf special taxes, to
lir |>aid in articles of no value to the I'oceivers, hut
wliich could he ohtained hy tho Mexicans only with
L:iv;it dilhcnltv or danuer."" .Brasseur savs that 'I'ezo-
/nnioc even went so far as to send his son Tlacotin
to rule in Ntexico after Tomich's death, and he dyin;^"
alter a short time, iinotlu'r son, 'reuhtlehuac, heciinie
i^'ivi'rnor." I tin<l nothinsjf in tho S|tanish writers
respect innc Topauoc ccovornors in Mexico, although
nolle of them i;ive any very delinite idea how the city
:is ^'ovornod in tho early period td' its oxistonco.
w
■I (
■iiMiarii a
ihI n
I'llHstMir ilM alidvc; alsii rtrnsurin
]t. U'A
Ml /l
'iiiii/it, Iniii. i., ji. ',•■'{; Ihiraii, MS. tniii, i., cap. \.
MS., tiiiii. i.
ia|i. M
'/
t :ii-iiiiiiii\ II
I ii'/sliiil'ninl/i, VI
IX.
J>1'. '.t-jll; llcrrirti, ili-i'. iii., lili. ii., cap. xii; .(<(iv/»». Ilisl. i/i Ins \ nil., pp.
•l,l-:<; Tiiri/iniiiiiilii, tolil. i., pp. '.Ht-KU; Vluriijivti, tolii. i., p, I7<'>; \'i lnn-
i-i-r'. T'lilm, pt ii., pp. '2'2-'.\.
'' lli^/., toiii. ii., p. 134.
3.-(',
TIIK CHICMIMKC PKIMOD.
Sdiiic .'lutliors mention TonuoJi as one of tlio cliirls
tliiit ilii'L'ctod tliu ori<j;-iniil Aztec jniyiation; others, as
Wf liitvc seen, make him the ehief of an Aztec hiiinl
at I/>acalco, just before the foundini,' <tf tlie city, aiid
imply that lie was the leader imder the )»riesthootl at
the time of its fonndation, and I'or s<>me time al'ti r;
while still other writej-s state that he was eled-d
chief three years after the fonndation.'"
At this period took place the division of (lie
AztecH into Mexicans and Tlatelnlcas, althoiiuli
A'evtia dates it hack heforo the f<tundati()n of tlujcitv,
and hefore many of the events already related. It
Mas caused hy a (|iiarrel between the i)iiests ai il
iiohles, and was a seci'ssion t>f the latter when niialile
to cla-ck the i^rowini"' power of the foinier. TonjUr-
niada attributes the separation merely to the o\ir
crowded state of tlie <ity; and the I'able of the i\\<i
bundles whi*'h originated the dissension in early tiim s
has already bicn related/'"' i]i'asseur sees in this
di\isi(»n the im-vitable Nahua tendency to strtiL;i:lf
bravtly and unitedly ayainst mislbitune, but at the
first dawn of prospeiity to indulge in internal strilc
'I'lie priesthood usi'd thiir inllueiice to excite the luwir
classes aeainst the nobility, and particularly a<;aiii>t
th
(K
d
their TepaiK'c j;*overnor, whom they denouncei
tyrant. 'I'lu-y linally smreeded in raisinj.; su< li a
storm that Teuhtlehuac was diiven out, and his |>art v,
inchuli!i«»- nntst of the nobility, (K'termined to set k a
new houK!. The coimection of a Tepanec ^ovenuT
with the matter, removi-s some of the «lilHculti( s in
voKcd in other versions, but it is not easy to uiidi r
stand why 'i'ezozomoi' permitted his son to be (hi\i ii
rom
'I
elKM
htitli
III.
W'hate
vcr
tl
11! cnH'umstaiifi s
which led to the secisssion, the location of the ii
cW
•'"' Vif/tin, \t)U\. ii-.p. 151). wrilt'i* lln" imiiif Tciuilict/iii, iiiid liiilc" lii'*
I'lt'clinii IMHO, hi the Ciii/ije Mni(lii:ii, in J\'iiii/\liiiii>iiii/i, vnl. v., \>. Ml, il i-<
stati'ii lliiil tli(> iitlicr I'liicfH Hiill DMiliiiunI ti< i;ii\t I'll tlicir fliiim. Sfc iiUh,
Cliirm-iii, tiiiii. i.,|i|i. l7.'i-4; Ton/Ill iiiiiiiii, toiii. i., |i|i, WW 01; Mtudi'tn,
Jlisl.'h'rfrs., |i. lis.
■>'' SiT |i[i. HiTiO, uf (IiiM voluiiif.
(;K(t\\TII OF MF.XICO AND TI,ATKI.ri.( O.
3.-7
c-taMislniiL'nt was luiraoulously ])(»intt'(l out. 'I'Ii»^
iiiililt's were attracti'd l»y a wliiilwiiid to a sandy sjiut
.•iiiioii;^' tin; reeds of tlio lake, al)out two miles iVoiii
Tniuclititlan, and i'oiind there the shieUl, an(»\v, and
led serpent, wliieh they cK-eined a most happy
'I'hev ohtaiiied a title (»!' the land from the
(•ill
M 'Wl'V,
ane
kinij:, on condition of a yearly tiihutt
M
a IK
lr(
1 their new home Xalteluleo, afterwards, 'I'late-
hil
CO,
rl
J)oth cities <,M'ew rapidly, and aeqiiiA'd mn<h pros-
[!■ liiy and powi-r, notwithstandin.;' the separation, hy
ri -isiin of the l.ar^e immiL,'"ration that they received,
ami of the rivalry that .sprang,' np hetweeii (he two
divisions. Tlie additions to the i>opuIation in 'j'e-
iinilititlan were chielly ("ullmas, who canir in so larufo
iiuiu!h rs as to ontnwnd^er, perh.aps, th<' oi'i-^'inal
.\f(\icans; while Tlatelulco ri'ceived a corresponding^''
iiilhix of Teiianucs, antl many iVom other nei^iihorinL,''
nations. We have no further details of their histoiy
iltwn to the death of the em[>eror Techotl, at Te/-
iiico, except that the cstaMishmeiit of a monarchy in
each of the two cities. 'J'he Mexicans were at lii-st
nilcil hy the iiriests, with certain chiefs not deijnitely
iianicl; althoUL;'li l»y some Tenuch is still s|»oken of
as alive and rulinL^ down to l.'{.">7. it was finally
il I'idcil, in an assemhly of prit'sts and wise nun of
t !'■ nation, to choose a kiii'jf, aiMJ the ch(»ice fill upon
Acanianichtli 11.. son of Acamapichtii ol' ('nljinacan.
Till' lar'-e ( 'ulhna element in 'l\'nt»chlitlan donhtless
liail a "j'l'eat inlluencu in this choit
an(
I otl
ler
N'l'Ntia Huys llicv lirsf applii'il In l.jiiiiiiiiit/iii, iilariii;; lliis fM-iit in
till' ii'i:n III" .Mi'KiialiiiiK'iiil, as cmiii'iiu'
I '•'/'/'», Icllll.
I'l
i;i."i, i;is, na-i; yv
'nil/Ill lllllll'l. tlllll. i , |i|l ",l.'t, !!',),
• 1. hiii;iii, Ms , tlllll. i.. rari. v., iiaiiii"* I'lnir iliidr. wlin wrrr al tin'
lii:i'l ■if till' HIM i'».i(iiiist-i, KiliKiM'liiil, ill A'
/////vAi(/()i<(//(, Niil. i\.. |i, ;t;is.
iiiiiili.iiH iwii rhici's with llii'ir a.liiiTfiit-*. ( HIhts .-iicak nf i'i;:lit. .Vnisla
I'. I is, w liii's 'rialcliilco. ' |ila«'f III" Iriratos.' llniiiaiii, 'idk/. .IA.c, fiil
ll'l, iji'liiii's (III' name ' islet.' Vrtain'x it, Tmlrn, pi ii., |i. 'J'J. ilriivcs it
f nil lliiiil/i, 'Idiiitli,' licraiiHC lilt' iiiarki'l was Ini'iitfii lirrc. Miassciir
//.
I iiti, ii., |ip. 1(>7 -S, savs liic (iii;.'iiial iiaim
waw
uiMi\a<'ai\
iiiiii
I .if
II' Ii
la:il.' uliiih was in llu' li'iriliuv iM'JKii'.'iii.' In Tiali'liilrn, at llic tin.
KMiiiii Nilla-if, I'lil in lliu 'I'nltfc pcrinil a tlniiiisliin;,' city. Sci- alsn, I'titri-
y 'V, idiii. i., p, 170,
3r.vS
THE cmciiiMKc iMimoD.
motives wore tlic friciid.sliip of tho caixlitlatu's fatln i-
lor tlu; Mt!xic!iii8 in ]>ast times, the j>(»ssil)ility ( t'
recou(|iU!riM,i,'' the old (.'ulhiui posst^ssioiis and joining-
them to the Aztec domain, and possihly thi^ extit inr
yonth of Acamapiehtli, \vhi<li olllred tt) thi; j)rii l
hoinl Ji j>ros|H;et of easily eontiolin;^ his actions. i l.i
vouiiLT candidate was summoned from lV'/«nco, uhi iv
lio luid taken rel'ui^e, toufetlier with the |»riii(«>s
Ihmciieitl, who had rescued him, who seems to h,i\c
lieen ic^ijcent (hu'in^ Ins minority, and who is even .•-■lid
to 1
lave become nis wn(
I. '{;■)() was the date of tl
'I
cession of Acama|>ichtli 1 I., tho tirst k'lw^j; of Me\i(
eiioch
titl;
III
O'J
Mtoii after, ])rohahly the i'ollowin;.
year, l.'};')!, tho 'IMatehilcas also deterinined to esliih
lish a monarchical form of i;-oveiiiiiient. 'I'hey al><
sent ahroad for a kiiiLT, and received a son of ilu
'I
hii;
ej)aneL' kin
ic
03
o>
T
d Ui
ezozoinoc, named yua»|Uaiiii|>il/.a-
•■2 Tlicrc is M;n>al divorxity iiinoiinr |li,> iintliorilicH rrs|ircliii;.' tlic I'.iivnl-
n''c of AcaiiiiMiirlidi 1 1.
IMC lit' wliii'li iiiiiv iH'iilialilv III- attril>iil< •!
Ill
tlic ('(tiifiiiiiiiliii^ III twii <)|° the HaiMf iiaiiic N'cytia. tniii. ii., |i|i. JMi
Itil, ilalt'H Ills al•l•^'.■«^-ill|| l.'KiJ. sa.\ m a |iiililir!tl ninli".! uf I'mir unun |
.I(mI Ii
•I.M'I
lull, aii:l t'l
iiii tilt' Sim lit' lliiii/ililiiiill liv Atiilu.'ilj,
ilail;,'lili>r iif .\i'aiii.i|iiililli, Chnijirlii, tulii. i., |i|i. \1'A I, .\ni--ta. |i|i
•l(»'.l-7l ainl i»iiiaii, Sis., liiiii. i., rM|i. v \i., rriircsriil llir new kin;; ii> -uii
of 0|ioi'li)li, an A/.li Iiii'f, liy Alulu/lli, a (nlliiia inimi'i-H. « la\i,ini
iiiaUrs (111- ilati' \Xi'Jt; 'i'iiri|ilrinailii, luiii. i. , |i|'. '.M-'.l7, irfrrn to hi
nolili' A/lt
>n of I 'oliuat/Kiitli li\ till- ilaii;^lili'i' nt' a ('iiIIiiim iliii'itaiii.
I\tlil\iii'liill, |i|i. ;iH, .'UH-',t, l.'ili, ;xi\cH as usual two or lliri'r MTsiiui- i f
till* iiiallri', savin;,' in out' |ilari> llial tlir iirw km;; was ilii'
lliiiil
III lit l!ii'
kiii!^ of A/ra|iii/ali'ii. (ioiiiaia, t'lim/. Mi.r.. ful. ,'lil'J. Iiiin;:s liini liniii < "■
atlirlian, wliitlirr hv hail csraiifil with his iiinllii'r al'iri' tin- ilr.itli uf In r
hii^'liiiiiil till' riilhiiii kin;;. ' Araiiia|iirlitli, kin;; of < 'iilhii.iran, f.itiiri i>l
till' sci'iiiiil Ai'ania|iii
htli
poki'ii of hi'i't', was a ;;ranilsiin of .\r\iii|iiaiiiit i.
hi III of Ai'hitoiiii'll I., hy .\/ra\iirliitl, ilail;:lllrl' III tlir Mr\ii|lll lliiil/il;i
Ai-aniii|iii'htli I. hail also nianii'il Iworhitl. ilan;;hli'i of 'ri'iillrlniar, vvlio
I lii'otiii'i' of A/i'a\oi'hitl anil son ni' .hi'sainr Iliiil/.ilatI, ami hail liiiil
liv h
Vrainaii
r/, T.
lirhtli II.' nniM.iiiir. Ilis/.. toni.
II.
ulri
I It 11 , 1
-■J; Miiliiliiiiii, in /c
•J,
i|i l(i',t-7(l. St'i' 111-
illntii, I 'ill. (/<■ /'"
toni. i., |i. (I; llirirni, Hist. (,'in., dor. ill., lih. ii.,ca|i. \ii.; I'linlnis A«v
J'i/iin'iiii:i, vol, iv., |i|i. HMt.")-(». 'I'lic ijiirsiion of tlir iirw kind's niairiii;:r ih
«'\i'ii iiiori' ilri'|ily iiiMilvnl. Si'i- sanir anlhoriiii's.
'I'J 'I'lir'/nriiini/ii, toni. i., Iip. '.H ."i; ( '/nr'iiii in, ti
si-iiv. Hist., toni.
I'hitI,
11
I'l'
•171. I>iiti' ai nliiii' to I lav iyi'io,
171
/;-
i:ut. ImI
lui.
niilshuruiiiih, vol. i.\., |i|i. 'Ji:!, ;ilS-<,», :i!IS, |."i;i, ami N'r.v
lli^l. Ant. M< j.. toin. ii.. |i. I 11, say that tin- kiii;;'H iiaiiii' wa» MiMulni.ii
or l'',|iriiut/in, or ( 'oliiiath'i'atl. Si-c also I'lfniirrrf, Tmlrn, |il ii., )' '-'
Sii'iiii/iiii. Ili\/. (liii , toni. ii , till. \iii.,|i. 'J7.'l; (Irniiiiilu ii ilnli'i:. T'ii<"
Aiiii'i:, |i|i. 171-"'; Mull'i'. Ii'ii.tni. loin, iii., p. l'.'; ami (ur'ni/'il I-.'s/hidi^i
Ili.s'. .l/i.i'., loin, i., |i|i. 1117 W with |ioitiait.
ciLvrTKU VI r.
THE CIIRIIIMKC I'KUlol). — CONCUDKD.
A/rrr IIistoiiv I!i;|(;ns of Acam mmciitii II. wit (.Mviir \i iii-ii-
ZMIIAI ItKIII II.I>IN(i OK Cl I.III ACAN 1 1 1 I I/I 1,1 II I I 11, II., I\l\(i
(II Ml.XUo Tl.AfATKOTZIN, KiMl OK Tl, \ IKI.K l.i o ( 11 1 M M.I'O-
KOIA Sl<lKi:i»S IN MKXIto I'l \KK\I. oK TKnitiri, Ix I I II. Ml-
(II IT!,, KMI'KHOU ok TlIK ClIK II IMI.l S SVMI'KiMSoK KlMOSjlsr
I'l.ANs OK Tkzozomoc, Tin; Tki'anki' Kino Sm ukt ( oi m ii. ok
i;i:iii:i.s Ui'.i.ioKU s 'roi.iiiATioN in Ti Zrl c o (oNi^I i>i ok ,\ai.-
TiM\N .\Nii Crni.MH Ai' llii.iii ok Ni:/ uik \i.( dVon, Wvi; iii;-
TWKKN TKZn CO VNIi AZIAIMZ Al,' o— \'n roKM s OK I XII. II. Xoi III I I,
Sii;(iK .\Ni» 1'"ai.i. ok Azcaim /.Ai.ro Tiji: At iii.i.'V ok 'Ii /o/omoi-
I'u.i. OK TKzri CO- Ki.Kiii r AMI IM;atii ok Ixti.ii.xoi iiin
Tl/oZiiMoC !'l!Oll,.\IMKI) KMI'KKoU - Kkoijii amzation ok iiii: Km-
I'liM. .ViiVKNi'i itKs OK Ni:z\iirAi.ro\itTi, Dkatii ok 'I'KZoZoMoc
Mwii.v I .siiMs iiiK Imi'i;i[iai, TiiitoNK MiniiKH ok iiii: Mkxi-
1 vs Ki\ii-< Nkzaihai.covoi 1,'s \'i( roiiv Iiziomi., Kino ok
Ml. Mid .\(Ol.llIA AMI AZTKI' Al.l.lANiK I" VI. I, oK AZIAI'I ZM.io
I'lii; Tiiii'Aurn'K Ai.i.iaN(|;, ok tiii; Ni:\v llMniii:.
Till' lu'xt .'Uid fiiiiil cliji]!!! r nf (lie ( 'liicliiincc an-
nals mvcrs U IH'IMhI dt' tllKtr ([Hit Ih I s (if a (•clitlllV,
< \li'ii(lii|o iVtHii tin' (Icatli III" till' ciiijicroi" Tcflnitl
ill l-'i.'i7, to the t'oniiatiwii dl' llic Irl |iai'tit(! alliance
I'liurcii till! Acdlhiia.s, A/tcf.-;, ,\\\i\ Ti|p,iiic. s, ill
I 1.1 1. It cnilirarrs tln^ ni^iis dl" tliicc ciiiik idis,
I MliKdcIiitl, Tc/d/diiidc, and Maxtla; and is a iccdrd
I'l tuiitiniicd stiMi'^'^Irs I'di- the iin|i( rial |id\\ ci' lid uccn
lln' Acdlliiias and 'l'(.'|^ullOl'^<, iv.sulliiig in ihr liuniilia-
I.I.MI)
nco
TMK CIIIcniMKC rKKIOI).
tion (»f tlio latter and the triuin])li of tlio foniiir.
tlir«nii;li tliu Jiid of u third power, wliieli is adiiiitt( d
us uii e(jiial to the victor in tlie final reconstruction ot'
tl
le i'niinre
The role of the other nati
ons o
f A
iiii-
hiiac <liirinn' this period, is that of allies t() one cr
tlie otlier of the p(>\vers mentioned, or, occasional Iv,
of rehels ^vho take advantage of the dissensions nf
the ndinijf powers to declare their inde{)endence, en-
joyed as a rule only until such time as the masters
may have an oj»portunity to reduce them to their old
allei;'iance. We tind the aljoris^inal record more and
more complete as wo a[)proach the e|)och of the coii-
([Uest, with much less confusion in chronoloy-y, so l;if
as leadiui;- events are con<-ei'ned, althouij^h pi licit
agreement amonu^ the authorities is yet far iVom licini,''
attained in the minor details with which the narrative is
crowded. .V new source of disaL;reement is, mon'DVi i-,
reached as we a])pr()ach the tinal century of the
native annals — national prejudices t)n the j)art of tin-
native
hist
oriaiis
thi
ouu'li whom
tl
lose annals
;i\c
heeii handed down, and a constant tendency aiiitim^^
such writers as Ixtlilxochitl, 'l\'Zozt)moc, Chimal|t;iiii,
and ( "amarn'o, to exliihit in their highest colors tlie
actions of the nations from which they have dcsc* iid( i|,
while ever ilisposed to cloud the fame of rival powcis.
Fortunatcdy, one authoi-ity serves, j^-enerally, as an
elHriiiit I'heck u}»on anothe'" in such cases.
in'foro relatiujL^ the j^'eiieral history of AiKiliuac
dull ml;- the successive rei^'us of the emjierors ixtlil-
xochitl and Tezozomoc, in whit-h histoi'V the Mexicans
took a prominent j)art as allies of tin; latter, it will
he well to n'liince, hrielly for there is little to say
on the suKject — at the course of events in the new
cities on the lake marshes. AVe left Tenoihtitlaii
under the I'ule of its Culhua kin^', Acannipichtli II..
or rather under the reiu^ency )f his (pieen, llaiicueiti;
while Qinupiauhpitzahuac, op < f the 'l\'panec kini;'
Tezozomoc, was on the throne of Tlatelulco. h^th
kin-'doms hein*'' trihiitarv to that of Azcapuzalcn.
HKIGN OF ACA.MAl'KUTLI 11.
861
( )iii^ of tlio last acts of the qnocii was tlio re-sottle-
III' lit of C'ulhuacaii in 1;{78, I*}' means of a colony
Milt from Mexico under NauliyotI, the fourth of that
n.iine who had ruled in the Culhua city. This was done
jiiirtly from motives of pride in restorinij;' the cajtital
i.r licr own and her hushand's ancestors, ami partly to
SI iv(j as a check on the ejicroacliments of tlie ('iialcas
in the south.* In l."{.s:{ the «|ueen died, ixtlilxocliitl
states that she Itore her hushand thre>e sons, one of
m was lluitzililiuitl; Chivi^-ero tells us she was
W 11(1
laiTtii,
hut took charuc of tiie educrdion of tw
o ot
Ih r Iiijsltand's sons, Huitzilihuitl and (_'himalpo]»oca,
liv another wife; Tor(|Uemada confounds the two
A<iniaj)ichtlis, and is, consecpiently, _iL>reatly ])uzzled
a!)on
t llancueitrs childi
en
aiH
1 tiriallv, Ihassi'ur
shuus that she was esjioicsed at an advanced a^e hy
the kinu: solely for political motives, and that she
livttl hannoniously with his other two wives, one of
wlmm liore him lluitzilihuitl, and tlu; other Chimal-
)i(.|Mna.'- The rei^'u of Acaniapichtli 11. dates, in a
(•( rtain sense, from the death of his (pieen, who for
111 any yiars hail, at least, ruled joititly w ith l.im.
The lie.;inniny' of the wars hetween the ^[exicans and
( lialcas, whicli wei-e waited ho hittcrl} for many
Via IS, is attril)uted to A(
ama|
)i(
■htl
1 s reiLi'ii, as are
the coMciuests of Quauhnahuac, Mizcpiic, and XocJii-
iiiilco: hut it must he understood that it was only as
till' allies of tiie Te])anec kiuLjf that the AFexitans
c:ina.;ed in these wars. Tor(|Uemada and .\cost;i
a>;s(rt that Acamapichtli's vv'\ij;\\ was a veiy pea»-el'ul
one.' It was after the coii'iuest of Quauhiiahu;
IV
' I'liifr.r (7iililill/>., ill //)•'(
Msriir.
His/., t
iini. II
11. <.)<). Ill tli(
ex-
|>l.lll,'ltlilll lit tlio ' '
i-/- .,• r, II. u,
ill A'
/ Itifshi iritHl^
ill, vol. v., |i. I IS. Mil. \ i.
h. I:!!, ii is sl.'iti'il tliat Uiii;; Ar!iiiiii|>i('liili hiiniril ilu' ti'iii|iii' uf ( 'iiiliuaiaii
III Ki'.i'.l, |ii'ii)ialil\ I'ftVniii;: In tlii' i|iiaiirl.-< nl A('aiiia|iirlilli I. wilii Cox-
("Mii, III' Ai'liiliiiiictI, at an cai'licr iMiiml.
■ I iilil.i-iirlull, ill h'iiii/sl>iiri)iii/li. \ii|. ix.. \>. '2\'.\; I'/ni-n/irii. tmii. i., |i|i.
I'ti 7; Till-'/ III iiiitil'i, tiiiii. i., pp. '.t.">-H; ltni.\siiii\ Hi.sl. till
h'inliird, I '
"{
III.
MK):
Mi-.r., fill. .SO'J; III III III, tli'c. iii., lili. ii., cap. xii.; .\iiisiii,
II si. (/.' Iii.i Yiiil., pp. ITO-M; hniiiii, MS., toiii. i., cap. xiii; Mimhiln,
ll(sl Hilis., ]ip. I4.S it; I'mli.i- Ml iiiliizii, ill Kiiiiisliiiriiinili, Mil. v., ii. i'A.
'>'iiili,r Miiiilicii, ill Niiiii^liiii iiinili, vol. v., p. '.I'J; M'liiliitii, liiniiir-
<l'i, Aiii.slii, 1.
> ri I. s.si II r, and tlnnijiro, ixh hi pri'Ci'iliiij; imti
3G2
THE CIllCHLMEC I'EIMOI).
later Cuernavaca, that the first goltl-workers caiiic tn
ply their art in Tiiioclititlan.* After haviuu^ riilid
^viselv and iustlv, <!:reatlv eiilar<nn<j: and iinproviii.r
liis ea}>ital, ho died in 14U."{, leaviiij^ the choice (»l' a
successor wholly to his iiohles and priests.* TIkit is
^reat disagreement anionic the autliorities resjtL( tiiiL,^
the length of his rei^n, some dating it from liis tir.st
call to the throne, and others from the death of
the (lueen. Immediately after the funeral of
Acamapichtli, an assemhly of the wise men of the
natitMi was lieM to deliherate on the choice of a suc-
cessor. The priests made an ett'ort to acijuiie the
coiiti'ol hy di.scoiitinuinii" the monarchy. They wislii'd
the tem})ural all'airs of the state to be manaoed \>\ a
senate or council, with a. military chieftain to had
tl'.eir armies in war; hut the majority helieved that
their only hoi)e of national safety and I'uture jiowcr
was in a monarchy, and iluitzilihuitl 1 1., the ildist
son of the late kiui,^ was called to the throne duiiiiiif
the same or the foUowino- year. The s|>eechcs hy
which the old men convinced the assemhly that tliuir
yet precarious condition, considerinj^ their isolated
position and the powerful nations surrounding- tlimi,
made it necessary to call to their throne a \vi>c,
prudent, and powerful kino, are rec(»rded hy Diiiaii.
Tezozomoc, and Tonpiemada; as are the addiessrs of
advii'c to the new kiny; at his coronation, in A\hiih
he was reminded that his position was no siiuciin ,
l)ut that on him dei)ended the future oreatness of the
^lexicans foretold hy the oods. The choice of the |iro-
ple was ratitied hy kinn'Tezozomocof Azcapuzalco; ami
at the same time it is rei)orted that Itzcoatl, a iiatiir,il
son of the late kiny^ hy a woman of rank, was ap
pointed commander of the Mexican armies. ( hw ot'
* '''iii/i'.r C/iiiitiih)., ill llrnnnriir. Hist., t'Mii. iii., ]i. 111.
H>alc, 1 KU, hiii-'iii: IK>'.>, aflcr ifiifiiiu-,' 41 voars, Vri/lin; 1 1().'>.
Ihitiliiiii : l;t.S',l, :<7 yoarn, Vlnriiimi; 14(M!, 7 Vl'iirs, CdiliX Till. J!' III.;
I'.i'M't, Miiiiliiln; ii'i;,'ii('il '.'I Vfiirs, Turi/Kiiiiiii/ii, Sii/iiiiiHii, l'iiili.r Mnii/".'i:
1271. i'>l yi'iiis. I,fllil.fiiiliitl: \\\ years, li'miiiirii ami Motiilinin ; 4i' umi'*,
AvuhIii i\\\A lirnni; 14a;i, .'i.'t or 'Jl years, Jlrn.suxiui;
AZTIH' AI.MANt KS.
868
till' moans hy whic-li the Aztecs struu'LfU'il to aUalii
to tlitir j»iV(k-stiiH'd tjfnatm'ss, \vas l»y coiitrattiiiLr
i'.iiii^Mi luatrinioiiial alliances Avith itowerfiil nations;
ami as I luitzililinitl liad vit no wile, an enil)as>v was
sent to Tezozonioc with a most lunnMe and tlalteiini^
|irtition. i>eL,^iTin^" tliat all-i>()Werrnl sovereiLjii to lavor
jiis most t)be(lient vassal 1)V sendini';' one ot" liisdaniLfli-
t.r:
one ot Ins jieaiis, enuia
h
d«l>
or
lienors
iVatliei's," as Tonjiieuiada exjiressiis it, to sliare \\ Itli
tlir iifW kiiii^ Ins ]»oor lionie in the niaishes. 'il\o
|H tit ion was '^Tanted, the piineess Avaiihcihnatl was
"ivtii to Unitzililniitl, and the iollo\vin<r vear his
Krotlitr ( "liinialjtoiMMii won the hand oi' thi' hcaiitilid
il'llirc^s
Miahuaxoeliitl. dau<'htei* of the lord of
( .Miauhiiahiiae. who hec
inie
the mother (»t' Monte-
zinna/ i>v the allianee witli Quanhnahnac, the eity
«>t' Tt noehtitlan received a lai'i,^e accession ol" artists
ami skillrd W(»rknien ; while IVom Tezozonioc, who is
,s,ll(
1 1)V Wvtia to have personally visiteil thi' citv at
the hirth (tf his i,nands(»n, the Mexii-ans oittanied the
iv!ii(»val ot" the trihute which they ha«l so lony Inn
• ilili^cd to j)ay, or, at least, its rednctioii to a nien-ly
inMaiiial amount, inchidinij;' a few wild fowl atid fishes
thi- rova
I tai.K
F
rom this time tJM;
M
exicaiis
;nv
aid to have felt more at their ease, to have |>aid
iiiipic attention to the arts and sciences, ami to ]iav(!
aliaiidtiiicd thtir ro;irse garments of uniiifn I'or uunc
Miiii[ituoiis ajtpar
■1.
•^ AriistM imhI n«Trcr;i writt' flu- iinnio <if ITiiit/ilibuitr-; wifo Aviim-lii.
V'uiil. \i\tiii »a\> lnT iiaiiu' xMi* M ialm.iMnliii I. iiiid iliiit >lii' ua^ ilic
ilMiiyliti'i- III 'l'i'/ii/.iiiiiiM-. I ni'<|iiriiiaila. I la\i;:('ni. ainl (iiiiiiara iiiaUi' liiiii
iMiiiiv. liixt, Avaiiiii'iiiiiatl, ilau;.'lilrr cif 'IV/ii/iniiiic. and after'
Mia-
li;ia\ur|ijil. |iriiiri->-i nt <^iiaiiliiialiiiai'. the laltrr nt w limii Imit' Miiiiti/iiiiia I.
luliKiirliiil -avH tilt" kill;.' tiiaii'icil his nicrc. 'i'lt/iliiiat/iii. ^'•'•"i''-'l''ii;^l''''r
li ri'/ii/>iiiiiM'. iHu- lit w liii>i' rliililii'ii \\a> < 'liiiMal|Mi|iiiia. I!i'a»«'iir. icl\ in;j
I'll till' I'iih x I
I,,.
iiiiiiiiin. an
I.I .1/.
,/.
'( ( 'ii/Zi niniiii, ;;iM'M llic airiillll
t I ll
|in-iiitf<l in the text. Tin- ''.,«/. .r 7'.//. li'm. ^a> s llnit/iliiiiiiti tiiarriiil a
liaiiulilcrnt the (iriiii'fss of ( 'iratlirlian. anil a ).'ianil-ilan;;litt'r nf Aiania|pirli-
tli. iiavin;: liv Iht no suns. 'I'l
ii» llint/iiilinill s lir^t ~iin: Vcvtia >avs it \\a> M
)'/ii/<iinoi' ainl iMiian name i liinial|>i>|Hii a
iiiitc/nnia
I
ani
■{'
ill I 'la\ iu'i'i'o. an<l llrassmi iiaiiic tlic lii'sl sun Aiiilnaiinaiatl.
M'
o
I till- liratli of Ai'ania|ii<'litli II., and lln- yuri'i-s^ion and niari;a;:f n{
Ilail/ililiiiitI II
/'/
I'l
.Ms. toin. i., ('a|i. \i, \ii; < 'Inriiif n,. toni i.
'■>(•; I'iiii{iituitll/tl, liilll. i., |i|i. ilS-ldd; S(i/iiii/iiii. Iiini. ii., lili. \ iii
nci
Till: cHicHiMr.c im:i:i()I».
I
Vl'IT soon after Triiitzililiuitr.s acccssioi) to tli.*
tliitdic, t\w 'riatc'tuli-iin kiiiL,^ CJiiacjuaiilijHtzalmac dii d,
and was siircecdi-il l>y liis son Tlacatfotzin, accord in.^r
to iJi'assi'ur's autlioiitics; altlioiii^h \'( vtia jilac» s ;it
altout this daiu the suci-ession and niafiiai^e of <Jm;i-
«|Uauh)>it/ahnac, soon followed hy Tlaeateotzin's hiitli,
the latter heconiinL,' kini; only in 1414. 'i'liis siiljdt
of the 'I'latetulean succession is inextricahly conliixd,
since some authors make ^[ixcoluiatl jueccde (^)ii,i-
(jnauhpitzahuac as first kini^*; and Ixtlil.\(whitl, in nUf
of his relations, even ])uts another kini;', Aniatziii. hc-
tween the' two. The matter is not one of i^m-at im-
portance, since it is certain that Tlaeatcotzin ri i.jii,(l
after 1 4 14 dui-iuLj a most excitint^ j)erii>d, hijn^ me
of the i'hit f military leaders in Tezo/.onioc's arni\ ."
The two cities had hy this time been extended oitiitlv
1)
)eyond their orii^inal Imiits, and ^vel■e siparated onlv
by a narrow tract of marsh, which was <lfy at Inw
water. Notwithstanding' the fair jtroniiscs made hv
the 'I'epanec kiniL,^ to his vassals and allies on tin;
lake, some of his tvrannieal acts seem to have 1m tu
diri'ct(;d at them even at this early time, if wr ni.iv
credit the statement that Naulivotl 1 \'., in comniniiil
p. '2(iS; lxlliljti,rhUI. i»|>. '218. S.')!!, 4.">r>-7: Viii ', toin. ii., pi.. '.'lit-'Ji;; /'-•
zir.iiiiiiH', ill l\iiiii.\l)'iriiiiii/i. Mil. ix., ii|i. lO-ll; i in/i.r. I'll. Itrm., in /./., \ii|.
v., li|i. 1 |S-',I; liiiiiiiiril, ('mil/. Mt.r., fiil. HOJ; Mnluh iitu . in J<ii:liii/i , /,i. I'.il.
ill l)iir., toni. i., |i. (>; Hi rreni, <U'r. iii., lili. ii., caii. xii.; Ai'islu, Hisi. ili'
lii'^ Villi., |i|i. 17;{">; Si'iiiiiiizii. ill Ihif. llisl. Mi.i., M'l'ic iii., loin, i,, y. ."iii;
I'.u/iirini'. Ill /./.. 1). 'JSlt; Miiiilkfii, Hist. Kili.s., [1. 1 J'.t; liriix.siiir. //.^^,
ttiiii. iii., |>i>. 1 1(t-I7.
•* Acinnliny to \'i'yti;i, tniii. ii.. ]>|i. '21(i-7. '21(i. -I'.t-.'il, Mi\r.iliM:itl
ri'ij.'nt'ii 7-"> M-ars. was siiccct'ilctl hy lihiai|iiaiiii|iit/aliiiai' in I KHI. ami lie I'V
'rhiialcdiziii in I H ». Ixllil.Micliit'l, iip. lM.'J, •2IS, ;{.".;{, .'CiCi, l,'.;{, 4(i'_'. ni\s
.Mixfiiliiiall iii«'il ill 1'271. rci^riicil ."il yi'.iis. iiikI wa^ surt<'C(lccl li\ Iii~ -...ii
<i)iia>|iiaiili|>it/ahiia<'; or tlial iu' ilii-il in 'rct'liiitj'.s n i^Mi ami was hilliivMl
l>v 'riacati'iil/iii; or that <iliiaijiiaiili|iit/aliiiai' tlit'il in l.'{.">;{; or wassinc > iilid
liy .\niai/iii: ora;.'aiii, that 'I iaratfoi/in siicccciIimI iii.s I'atiirr: ami iliai lie
inarricil ,1 ilaii;.'lilor of 'rf/o/oiiKw. Salia;;iiii. toiii. ii., lili. viii.. [i. •JT.'t. i-'-
noii's Mixi'uiiiiatI, as do '!'ori|iioinaila, to:n. i., jip. ",U-.">. '.'ll, l'J7'>. iiii'l
(lavi^'iTo. toiii. i., pp. 175, ISl. Hutli flic latter iiiitliors make tlif tir-l
kill;; a sciii of Tf/ozoinor. ("lavi;;pro places lii-* iicrcHsion in I.TiH, aiiil lli;il
of 'I'larateol/iii, liis successor, in \'VM.t. 'ror<|iieiiiaila savs tiie lir-l kin;.'
rei;.,'iieil ."{.'i years, ainl was followcil l»y 'riacatent/in in the Iciitii vrar nt
lliiit/iliiiiiitrs rule. Ilolli Mexicins and rialeliilca> --eeni to have rl.ii d
the honor of liaviiij: had the lirst kiiij,'. See also /1,-ii.ssi ur, lli.il., toiii. iii ,
p. 1'2:<.
RKICN OF miTZlI.Iin ITL H.
v,i\:,
of tlic Aztoo-Ciilliiia (•(•lotiy at ( 'iilhuacaii lor tlic^ past
tiiirtv-tive years, Mas iinirdcrcd l»y 'l\'Z()Zoiii»»c's or-
(lti> ill HI."}." Tlatt'luU'o Mas yet in its liuildiii^s
.iiiil xiino other respects siipeiior to its rival, j)eiliaps
liv r<ason of lu-iiiLT less :'-"l<'r priestly coiitiol, or
tliidii^Ii the jj^reater I'avor shown its pcopk- hy the
T' paii't's. I3ut Huitzilihiiitl had done niiieh to hiiijd
nil ,ind enihellish Teiioehtitlan, and ]»articnlarly to
|ii(tiiiote her ooinniereial indnstries, hy diyL;ini,»" eanals,
laiihipiyinLT the nuniher of ehinainpas, and hy a wise
^v>
tela ot" trade reijulations. lie is also accredit
I'U
with a new code <tt"laws, anil with the introdu<tion ol'
w.n ranoes and the traininiif of his sohliors in tlieir
>k lll'td nianay-enient.'" Mendieta states that ' lis
kiiiu" tiMKinered Tnltitlan, (^nauhtitlan, Chalco, Tn-
l,iiiriii_;(), Xalt . . • , ( )tonipan, Tezcnco, and Aeolnia' ,
(liiiiii.; his reiij^n, hut the reference is oi' coni'so to the
w.ii- ot'iiic Tepanet' kiiii^ hy the aid of his ^fexican
airh>: and Sahao'un says he i'out^ht ai,Minst ('idhna-
ciii. nitrrinLT donhtless to a former ruler of tlu' same
ii.nii.." Iluitzilihnitl II. died in 1417/-and his half
lpn»tliri\ ( 'himalpopoca, was innnediately chosen to
succci'd him, in the ahsence of any lenitimati' son.
\V( li.ivt; seen that there is mu«-h disaoreement re-
sin vtin'^ lluitzilihuitl's inari-ia'_;-e and his childi-en;
Si I
Soil,
IK' aiithoi-.s even state that (himalpopoca was his
hut the majority of the hest authorities a^n-e
that the new kiny* was the sson of Acama])ichtli I I.
and a hrother of Iluitzilihnitl. The latter'.s oidy le-
"^itiiuate son, Acolnahuacatl, was killed, in childhood,
liy Maxtla, son of Tezozomoc, in I .")'.»!>, through I'ear
that he might iidierit the crown of Azcapuzalco, as
I" /
I'/' 7- Cfii'nifi!/)., in /?rfr.?.«'wr, /7AV.. torn, iii., |i. I'JO.
I'iriiii.
MS., t
1)111. I.. I'iljl. VII.
/'.
r'/iii'iiiiii
III. t(
I'l
t. KMI; V
li'i. tuiii. ii.. |i|). •J'_>(i-S. 'JKi; Itni.ssiiir. ///.>/., tnm. iii., |i|i. l'J7S.
I' Mid/iilii, llist. Krli-s., II. 1411; ('iii/i.r MniilnZil, ill Kiiiil.sliiiriiiiif/i, \i
lit; <'i/iiiifiiii, turn, ii., lil). viii., |). -'liS.
i'ali' I 114, ]'i\i/fiii, fiim. ii., |i
^•|■|'■ 111 . tuiii. IV.
!:!'.); C, >,/>.,■ Te/I. /,
r>nf
h
III
iirnii. III
L iiuisltiiriiiiii/i, vi(
7//.V/. ^frr.
V !•'•»;
l:t'.:!, l.fihlxirliiH, ill /,/.. vol. ix., iiji. '-'IS. :?.'>(>. 4."; 1 Mt.t, C/ii (;'</• r<i. t
i . 1' i"M>; 1117. I'lti/r.r ( '/ii,ini//>. ill /!ni.w<iin\ lli.sl., tniii. iii., \i. )•_".», and
Cw/ix Miutldza, ill Kiiiij.-iboruujli, vol. v., Ji. 43.
":
3GG
THE CIIICHIMKC PKRIon.
( 'lavinvro st:i!''s. Aoost.a, oonfouiuliii.q^ tliis tradliiin
uitli tlio fact tliat kini^ C'liiinal[»(»[)()ca was Ioiil;- ;itt. r
killed l)y ^Faxtla's orders, tells us Cliinialpcuxtca was
killed ill childhood. 'ron|iieniada adds to the tact nt'
the voimLT Aeoluahuacatrs imirder, another iiiotivr \'nr
the crime, in a tale to the etfect that Tezozomoc li.id
j^iven ^Taxtla's "wife to the ^Texicans for a (|ii( i n,
lience the; wratli and ven^-eance of the Tepanec jiriiicc.
The choice of the Mexicans is said to have hetii ap-
jiroved hoth hy the enn»eror Ixtlilx<»chitl and hy Tt /.d-
zomoc. ( 'hinialpopoca's inarriano has already luiii
noted, and the hirth of liis son ^Tontezuma inmii i-
nnna; Veytia states that jiis wife, l)y whom he liad
seven children, was the })rincess Matlalutziii, a
tlanu'liter of the kin<4- of Tlatehdco. I shall ha\e (»■-
cusion to s[)eak ayain of this kin^."
To return to the tjf(>ncra1 lustorv of tlio Chidiii
lire
Ill-
empire, the kind's and lords wei'e assend)led at IVz-
cuco to perforin the last honoi's to the dead em|ii inr
Tecliotl, and to celehratc the accession of his siiii
and (diosen heir lxtlilxotd)itl. We liave seen tliat
Techotl had hy his t>-reat ahilitv and hy a scries dt
most extraordinary political measures checked tin'
iiidej)eiident sj)irit of his vassal lords, avoided
tcriial strife, ctiiitralized the imperial power, and
made himself almost ahsohite master of A iiiilniac.
Anotlu'r Techotl nuyht p'l'haps have retained tin'
mastery; hut we have seen that many of his arts
were calculated to excite the opposition of tlie ( hi-
cliimec lords, that on his dealhd»ed he expressed liis
mis'^i vine's ri'spcctin^- future evi'uts, and that IiIn sun
had already made of the Tc)ianec kin<^ an eiieiny.
It is ([uite possihle that the last years of T
eclliil
Vn,/
i^ Oil death of lliiitzililuiitl TT. niid fiiciTssion of riiiniiilpopi
/", liiiii. II., |i|i
IKI'.t; ■/'-
niiirniiiiKt, linn, i., |i|i.
|(i.")-7; r/,
tl",\, W'l)
lll':ill I'll,
fiilll. i.. |i|i. IS'_'-7; l,rllllxni-hlll. |i|i. '1\H. ;t.V)-(l, I,"i7; Amsln. Ilisl. ill i
[i|>. iT.'t-.S; Sii/iiiiiiiii, tniii. ii., lili. viii , p. 'JfS; /tiirini, .MS , \<
III. I ,
Ytn/.
Ciip. vii, viii, Mnit/ir/ii, Hist, h'r/is.. p. 1 lit; /Ini.isnir, llisl., loin, iii . p)
I'J'.t.'ll; Ciii/ijf Mnidiizit, ill /\iii'/sliiiri>iiii/i, vol. v,, p. l.'l; Cm/r.r it II. linn
ill /</., II. IJ'J.
SUCCESSION OF IXTLILXOCIIIIL
3C7
rtiu'ii wt
re niJirkod witli troultlcs ^vlli(']l Imvo net
111 ill vcconk'd, and that tlicrc avciv caiisrs ol' cninity
towards lxtlilx()<']iitl wliicli aiv unknown to us.
r.ia>scur attriliutcs tlio nuslortuius iliat cnsufd to
Ixtlilxocliitl's vacillatiiiij^ s)»irit and love of i-aso ; Imt
lii> a< ts as ivcoi-dcd l>y tlio J^[)anisli writrrs indicate
latlnr a ]»c'acet"nl and t'oi'^ivini^' disposition, joined to
liiai'Ki'i
1 and livilliant aliilitios as a wai'i'ior. il
o\V-
( \( r tliis may lie, trouMe ahead Mas indicated at the
vnv I'liiid'al of liis nii^'lity and |)o])ular 1'ather. Many
l(ii(l> invited to participate in {\\c, (H'ivnioni(>s Avcre
lint present. Veytia, and Ixtlilxocliitl in one of liis
ii lations, sav that oidv four loids atteialed the «»l»se-
nii
s; hut the latter author elsewliciv, and also J
)0-
tiiiiiii, make the numhcr present over sixty, which is
iiiiicli more prohahle. The ahsenti'es sent in various
jii'itcxts lor not attending'; it" they had conu; tluy
w.iiild have heen ohli^'ed to swear allc^'iance to the
III \v iiiipcror or to openly rehcl, an act tor which
tii'V were not yet I'eady. lor([Ueniada and ('lavi-
tell us that 'rezo/omoe was present at the l"u-
■I'l)
ih r:!l. hut de|)artetl iniiiiediately altei' without .t^'ivin;
lii-' adhesion to the new emperor. ixtlilxocliitl, how-
ever, was crowned kine' of Acolhuai-an l»y the piinces
piv^iiit at Tezcuco, and in all j»rolial»iIity assimieil at
tii.it time the title of Chiehimecatl 'recuhtli, or em-
peiiii-, that was his due. altho!"^h no aiithoi- states
this (hrectly, and hoth IxtliLxochitI and N'eytia state
expressly that he was nttt erowiii'il as empi-ror fer
iii;ny years. Ixtlilxocliitl says, liowe\-er, in one
)il .' e that he was proclaimed 'lord |>,iianiount' hy
'iiihled priiu'es, and there was no apparent,
111' a,>si
III!'' I\ e jer (
lelav in this res|)ect.
li t
xt hlxoeliit I wa
ill lll--t disposed to ?"esort to lofce and to a\'ell'n' the
iii-iih oU'ered him. I*uttiii^' his army in order mikI
>laliiiiiing his foives in and ahoiit the capital, he sent
" ]'ti//i<i, torn, ii., |)|). 'j;;; H. 'J.Kl, '_M."; Tiir'/iiniinifit. tdiii i , |)|>. n)S',);
<'!■'<■ ■hi'u, tiilll. i.. |.. |s:i; Ic'h'.riir/nf/. \,y. '.'IS I'.l. ;i:.ll, ;t.-),S-',t, JIII; Hu-
ll' 'I, p. IIJ; Ilia
llist., tiiiii. iii., |i|i. s7
! 1
t%\
i»
)C,H
t:h: c:ii( himkc tkiuod.
a siiiiiiiiDiis t.> A/,('ji|)UZ!ilco, ordcriiiijf tljc To]),iiiic
kiiii,'' ti» a|>|K'ar lorthwitli at I'oiiit t(» ])ay allci^iaiu c \<<
lis (-'luptTor,
I
('/(»/• )lll(K'
not Vft rcadv 1
or opi II
revolt, |ilra(l('(l illiu-ss, assurrd I xtlilxocliiti of li
^,'■00(1 iiitf tioiis and lov.dty, and jironiisi'd to roiiif ;is
soon as liis health wouhl'|Krniit. 'Jhe ciniH'roi' nndi i-
stooil that this was hut u iirutcxt, l)iit he was unw ill-
\w^ to resort to liarsh measures it" they could Ic
avoided, and wan induced hv his counselors, uiiin\ nf
tlieni perhajis in full s^'inpathy with 'l'e/o/,oni(ic, tn
await the hitter health of his o|i|ionent.'''
In the ineantinie 'l\'/ozonioc called a secret nint-
inLf of till' disallected loi'ds, with many ol" whom ]\r
may he supposed to have heeii already in coiiiimi-
niciition. The kin^s ol' ^lexico and 'i'iatelulco wi iv
anionic' the allies on ulitmi lie counted most, and
A\lioni he made the most llatterini;' promises in
tM
case n
I'utui'i' succi'ss. Ill a loiiLIf Hpeech hel'ore the assi ml !y
he expatiated upon the acts of the late (iii|ii iiir
uliicli had heen most calculated to oM'end the lords
hel'ore him. lie spoke of their rights as indepnidciit
('hichiuiec rulers, ol" whicli they had heen de|iii\til
d Old
inu only re|iai(l hy em
1 h
ij.ty 1
lonois a
t tl
le impella
court; ui'Ljed upon them the necessity of makiiiL;' an
eH'ort to shake oil' the tyranny that op|ir(s>iil
them while they retained the power to act; reinlndMl
them of I xtlilochitrs youth and Li'eneral unlitiM>s ti
«lirect the all'airs ol' a mighty empire. lie hoast.d d'
JiaviiiLi" himself alreadv shown his indepeiideiii c 1 v
ahseiitinn' himself from the new eiii|>eror's cmoiiati
Accordiii<>" to most authorities, lie disclaim
oil.
I'd aiiv
amiMtious aims ol his own, or any intention in
despoil I xtlilxocliiti of his domains as kini;" of Acfl
liuacan, his only ax'owed design heiiii;' <»> restore to ill
Chichimec lords tlieii* ancient independence; hut
tilers state that lit
e opelilv expressed his intention t"
wear the iinperiid crown. At any rale, the a--
Kemhled |)iiiices siL^iiified (heir ap|i»'.i\al of his \irn>,
•1 Vnjtiit, Inm. ii., |i|i. 'J.'ll 7; Li'lilxmliill, ji. .'t.itl.
PLOTS OF TKZOZOMO(^
3C)i)
niid Idtiki'd to liiiii for (liri'ctioiis; ])lf(l4(Ml to sccrt'cy
lor the pri'sciit, tlu-y woi'o disiuissi'd, iind 'l\'/t>zoiiior
lu''4;m his |ti'f|»ar;itioiis lor the coiiiiiiuf striii^'i^K'. l>ut
he jiidci'odod >slo\vly, tor ]\v kiu'W that I \tlil\ochitl
u.is not a toe to hi; easily overcome. '" I xtlil.\t»ehitl
|irnl»ahjy knew of the iiieetiiiu^, hut still took noatti\e
>ti|is a'^^aiiist the 're|>anee kiii<jf, although, as the
Spanish writers say, he was eoiistantly arininn' and
(lis(i|tlinini,^ his forei-s. It is said that iinniediately
npoM liis accession he renioNed all restrictions nixm
rcii^inus riti's anionLif the many nationalities and sects
wliivli composed the j)o|>nlation of 'I'f/cnco, even
|iciiiiittinn' luimaii sacrifice, so strictly j)rohiliited hy
liis ancestors. lie thus laid the fonnd.ition tor
tniiihlcs analoi>itns to those that had dcsti'oved 'i'ollan
and ( 'nlhuacaih''
Tc/.o/oinoc carefnlly ])rei)ai'ed his mmv to fntni'o
jKiwcr hy estahlishiiiLj Tepanec colonies in dill'crent
loiahtics. One of them was at Tidtitlan, neai'
<^>:iaiilii itian. We have seen the latter «'ity pass
iiiidrr ( 'idluiii eonti'ol at. the fall of ( 'idhnacan ; hut.
nt'tci- the rei'^ns of kimjf l/tactototi and (pu'cn lOhnat-
lyciic, the ( 'hii'himecs had regained (oiilrol in |.".7"J.
Ill I "I'.iJ an army, comiMtsed chictly of Tt|»anecs and
M
c\|rins.
under Xaltemoc, lord <•!' <.)natdititlan, con
t|iicicd ami hurned tlu' ()tomicity of Xaltocan, and
a l;n.;v extent of territory hetweeii that city and Tol
Ian. of which Te/ozoiuoc took foi- himselt' the larger
share, ui\inn' also portions to his allies for theii- ser-
vices. In l.'i'.l'J the ( 'uitlahuacs had heeii coni|iiered
hy tlie Mexicans ;ind entrusted to a <j;oNcrnor devoted
til the interests of 'l\'/o/omoc, who emitraced e\-e|'\
ti|'|iiirtunily to placi; his sons oi- his friends in |tosi
tiniis where thev min'ht he of usi' to him in the
liitii
M
I xtlilxochitl watched the a'^n'resslv e mo\
iiiejiis without inteifi'i'in^', from cowardice or weak-
I'' /i7/,/.ivWi/7/, |i|i. 'Jl'.t, il.'iil 7; Tiir</iiriiiii'/'i, lnin. i,, |i|i. Iiis it; C.'a.
fi'j'ro, toiM, i,, |i. lS."i; Urns':' II r, /li.\f., tiilil. ii., li|i. It.'t-J.
" lir<i.s.\riii\ llisl., tiiiii. iii., pp ltr>-ti.
'" A/.. |>|> ilTKt'i.
v.. I., V, 'Ji
.OTO THE CHICHIMIX: PKKIUD.
iiess as one would tliiiik were it not for substMUK'at
events, und at last Tezozoinoc proceeded to test his
adversary's leelin^-s towards him, l»y sending", lur
three years sueeessiv eiy, a ([uantity of cotton to Ttz-
cuco, at first with the request, hut finally with tlu)
order, that it should he woven into fine fahrii-s and
returned to Azcapuzalco. Twii-e the recjuest \\;is
jjfranted and the cloths sent bjick with a }»olite im n-
sai^e, still, as is said, at the ailvice of tiie Acolluia
counselors; and the Te})anec king evidently hegaii
to thiidv he had overrated his emperor's courage.
He was disposed to hegin hostilities at once, hut was
induced hv his allied counselors rather to incrca.M;
year hy year the (piantity of cotton sent to 'J\'Z(MI(i»,
and thus to gradually accustom the Acolhua king to
a payment of ti'ihuti', whih; he was also constantly
winning over to his side lords that yet wavered. On
the thiid year a very large annmnt of cotton was
sent, without any formal re(|uest, hut with a incro
message directing that the staple he forthwith wuvt-n
into the finest cloths, and to ensure dispatch that it,
he (livid d among the Acolhua lords.
Ixtlilxochitl was at last fully aroused, refused tD
he controlled hy his advisers, and ri'turned to Tizo-
zonioc's message a reply suhstantially as follinws;
" 1 have received the cotton kindly furnished hy vun.
and thank you for it. it will serve to make (juihnl
garments to he worn hy my soldiers who go to i-has-
tist! a i>ack of rehels who not only refuse allegiance to
their em[teror, hut relying on my forhearaiice, havi'
thi! impudence to ask for trihute. If you have ninic
cotton send it als(»; my soidiei's do not need armor to
light against such foes, hut these (piilteil garments
will giv(! my armies a finer appearance in their tri-
umphal mai'ch." With this reply, or soon at'tei', ac-
cording to IJrasseur, a formal ciiallenge was sent to
Te/ozomoc, whose gray hairs and near relationshiii,
as Ixtlilxochitl said, I'ould no longer ])i'otect him.
The other authorities speak of no foi'mal chalKnuv,
rUnPAKATKtNS FdK WAR.
371
liut »»f lon.^ pi'op!irati(Mi on hoth sides for tlio np-
jiioachin^' contlict. The Tepaiiee kiiii^- siiiuiMoiied liis
jillifs, chief iiinoiii,'- whom were the Mexicaiis and
Tliitehik'fi.s, promised to lUvide the t'oncjuered domain
of Acoihiiacaii amoHj^ them, and prepaivl to marcli
on Tezciico. Ixtlilxoehitl also calle*! iijtoii his v.issal
loi'ds, iiichidiiiii^ tliose of Cctatholian, lluexotla, ('(»a-
tejiec, Iztapalocan, Te})e[)uU'o, (.Mialeo, and others,
explained t(j tliem the amhitioiis plans of Te/,<»zomoe,
retailed to tlieni tlie favors they iiad received from
Ills ancestors, and ordered them to aid liim inmu'di-
ately with all theii" resonrces. ^[any of the authors
state that ho wished at this time to I)e crowned as
em[>eror, l)ut ])ost[)oned the ceremonies at the wish of
liis lords, until after the defeat of his enen»y, when
tin y min'ht he performed with fittinLr pomp. All the
lurds promised their assistance, althonuch some of
tlu'Ui are supposed to hive heen in symjtathy with
TeZD/.omoc. The Spanish writers represent these
events as havino- occurred from 1410 to I41'J, hut it is
evident from what follows that they are to he attrih-
uti'd to the last vears of the foui-tetJiith ceiiturv.
19
)rasseur, relymiif on a cha[»ter or lonpiemadas
Work,'-"" states that in the chalK.'nue mentioned ahove
the ri'i^ion of Quauhtitlan was mentioned as a hattle-
U'lound, and that it was followed hv a three yeai's'
war, in which Ixtlilxoehitl succeeded, at least, in
holilin'jf his i>round, and therehv «>'reatlv increased his
.stienn'th hy inspirinsj;' confi<lence in the minds of his
wavei'ini,^ vassals. Otluu" authorities, howevi'r, state
that o])en hostilitii!s were "'ot ( iii'^at'cd in for a Ioul;'
tinii! a!' he atfair of the cotton, althoun'h pre])ara-
tinns were made on
hotl
1 sides
an(
1 tl
lis was [>ro
hal.b
the case, since [ liiid nothing' in Torqiiemada's account
tn indicate that he intended to make this war distinct
19 A.7//Ar<W/(V/, pp. '210. a.">7, lOl-'J; Ti>r<pi<mitilit , toin. i., pp. IDH-O;
('III fi^/i I'll, tiiiii. i., pp. IH.'i-ti; \'ii/liii, tiiiii. ii., pp. 21(1-1'); itra-iM ar, Ilixi.,
toiii. ill
1(m;-,s.
»« Mni,„r,j. L <l., torn, i., ]ip. 108-U.
i1
873
THK ciiiciiiMEc riMiion.
from tliat whicli, according to all the authorities, t(
place SI line years later.
ixtlilxochitl had married a sister of prince C'hiin.il
j);)poca of Mexico — -half-sister to king Jluitzililuiiil
Jl. — hy whom lie had two children, the princess
Atototzin and prince Nezahualcoyotl, 'the iastin^
coyote.'-' All the authorities ayree on 1402 as the
date of his l)irth, although disan'recinu^ soinewliat
respectin;^ the mon
ith. d;
>y
an
d 1
lour,
tl
lese van.i-
tions heint*-, )>erhaj)s, not woiih discussion iVom
;i
liistorical j»oint of vie
w.
Th
le jiredictions of ti
ustroloi^ers at his hirth were most Hatterini;' for
i'uture career, and he was enti'usted for education ;i'h1
training' to a Tolteo ^'entleman of hin'h cult inc.--
Xaltenioc of Quauhtitlan, who in l.')i)5 had com
maiided the allied iorces in the coiujuest of Xaltotaii,
had, it seoms, o'aiiu'd the ^-ootl-will of hoth the ('!ii
clumec and (_ ulhua l)ranrlu's ot tlie population ot
that city, the power of which liad heen oTcatly in-
creased; hut this ruler, not lendinuc himself ivadily
to tlie plans of Tezozomoc, is reported to have heiii
assassinated by the latter's orders in 14()S, and h's
domain to have heen divided and put under sons i r
I'rieiids of the Tepanee tyrant, as governors.-^
I'lie first act of open hostility took place in llir>,
when Tezozomoc sent an army in several »hvi>ioi!s
round the lake southward to devastate the count ly,
destrov the minor towns belon<>'in'>' to tlie emneroi', to
join I'orces at vXztahuacan, take and foi'tify Iztapaln
can, an important city near hy, and fVt)m that |'l;
to march on Tezcuco and capture the emperor. I
])lan succeeded at first and many towns were ])illa.;'( tl.
A traitor led them l)y the best routes and gave th iii
" Tlio former also rallotl Toziniontziii ami Atotoztli; ami tin- Jatlrr,
Ai'oliiii/ili ami ^'ovolll/ill.
i* l.r//ifi-»r/,il/,']>\>. UlS, ;{.■)',», KM, •»(»."), irt;t; />//(>(». MS., turn. i.,.ii|i.
vi. ; Tiiri/iiriiiiii/<i. ti>\i{. i., |i. Ill); f.'iiii if tiiniin, Ihm I'iii/r'in, \i\ ii.. pp.
41--; llni.'iiiiiii; ///.v/., toiii. lii., |)|i. lt)'.l-IO; Cuiiiiiri/n.Ux \iiiirt//ri .luinihs,
ttini. M'viii., |). I4(i.
«' Votlcx (.'/liinulp., ill Hias.icur, Hist., toin. iii., [ip, iI7-lH.
'll.'
AVAII I'.HTWKF.X Ar(tI.HrAS AND Tr.rANT.rS.
i:i-ri"U('tii»ns; ns tn nianiirr of .'iss'iuItiiiL;". <>r, as Hras-
s iir says, adinittiMl them into tliccitv kA' Iztapalot-an ;
l.iit tlu' inlial)i(aii(".s under the hrave L,'()V('nior, (.^)iiauli-
xildtziii, siUH'iH'd ill ropulsinLif tlu* 'IV'jiaMcc loi'ces
alilimiuh not Avitliout oonsidci'aMo loss of |(risoiiei's,
t I wliit'Ii niist'ortwuo was joined tlie death of the Kravo
n. (Veil! or, murdei'ed hy the hands of the same traitor
iiiiiitiuned ahove. I xtlilxoehitl, hearini,'- of themairh
(if his enemy, cami^ to Iztapaloean from Tezcueo soon
after the hattlt\ with a sm;dl army liastily n'atht-red;
hut the Tepanei's tincUni;' that tlieir plan had failed in
ir-< main ohjeet, had retreated to Az;ea|Mi/ali'o. and th(i
(■in]»t'ror's force was too small to attack Te/o/comoc in
his intriMichmc^nts.'-'*
JV'fore l)eL;'imiinn' a. cam[>aiL;'n a'^'ainst Tezozonux^
l\tlil\(»('hitl called a meetiiiL*' of sn<'h va'^sal lords as
were accessihle, and had his son Ni'/ahualeoyot 1 pro-
(•laiiiii'd, with all the jiomp of the old Toltee ritos, as
lii~; successor on the imju'rial throne
Tl
le liii;'ll-
|iri.'-;ts of llnext)tla and ('holnla. assisted at the «-ere-
il'inir
un
I tl
le on IV
lor.l
s presiMit were; those of
llm \nrla.'"'' ( 'oatlii'han, and l/,taj>alocan ; others who
Wiir faithful Were htisy preparimj^ their t'oi'ces foi*
w ir. Thi- authorities do not a^'ree whether this
111 viiii'^- took place in Tezcueo or lluexotla, and some
im|i!y that Ixtlilxochitl was crtAvned at the same
t inn '.-'''
frzii/.omoe, ti.o old to lead his armies in person,
i:.i\e his son Maxtla and the kiniTs ♦»!" Mexico and
Tlatelulco, the hii;-hest places in command, mal<ine-
■I li->lll.\-irhlll. ])[>. 'JI'l. ;».")«-!», .|I)J. I).l' '^ Kl'i'linlillU' li> tlli' illlllldl',
A|iiil l."i, i;t.V,l; \)vK\ .'ta, l.tli.'t; 141."). l'<i//ii. Idiii. ii., pii. -.'.V) (1; iljilc. All;.:.
li. Ill'> Tl i-'jiii iitntlii. \<m\. i., p, lO'J; ('/iiriijiiii, loiii, i., |i|i. IS.") ii; llnis-
'•• //'v'., iDin. iii., |)|). I 'id I.
' S;iliM;,niii, toin. ii., lil). viii
K .11 lliu'x.illii In. Ill tl
•"■ Ixiil.ror/nt/.
:i li>t ot' t
Mihi'-.t < liu'liimi'c I nil
II' sniM'i'-.N|iiii I)
f
•i'.i-'.'(t. ;r)'.i, III
II
(' slates that in tlii-i iiifctiiiL',
i>i' aiiuilicr I'l'lil iiliiiiit |Im> saiiii' tiiiit', llifif were iiiaiix tiilur Imd^ |iri'>i'iil.
U.\
nil,' lilnsc II
r .\
I'liliii.'iii am
I I
rpi'i'hiia
1.,.
III. will), allliiiiiuli |ii'i'li'iiiliiiu' III
li'iiililiil. k('|ii 'rt-/ii/iiiiiiM' piisicil as Id iIic ciinrsc cm'iiIs
wi'l'i- t;
kiiiu'.
"i\ Ills/., I
\'i i//i I, Imii. ii., |)|). 'J."i7-S; Tiir /II' iiiitilit, toiii. i., p. I lit; /j/'k.v-
li., pp. {•-'I'.'.
11
k I:
m
M
374
THE ciiiciiiMKc rr:iiioD.
tlio latlor, Tliicatootziii, ('oinniaiulor-iii-chief. ITc al-
so took os[)oi'ial care in stroni^tlieiiiuLj his lortiHi-atiuiis
on the frontier. Ixtlilxochitl divided his lorccs in
th
d
iree divisions:
the lii-st, coinnianded hv Tothiiit
/.111,
•^•I'andson of the lord of Coatlielian, Avas stationed in
towns just north of tlie cajiital; the second, iiiidci-
Ixeontzin, lord of Iztapaloean, was to |trotect tlu!
southern provinces; while the third, under tiu- <iii-
l^eror himself, remained ni;ar Te'zcuco, ready to niidi r
aid to his otHcers where it should he most needed.
They were ordered to remain within their intreiicli-
luents and await tlu> enemy's movements. The Te-
j)anecs and their allies crossed the lake in (•;uiihs,
landed in the roLrion of ICuexotla, carried some sm.dl
settlements on the
ke shoi'es,
and assaulted tl
Acolhuas in their intrenched positions. D.iy alti i-
day they rej»eated the assault, and wert; dri\eii hack
oacii time with heavy loss, hotli sides in the hh an
time receiving;" stron-.^ reinforcements. Finally To-
chint/iii fei'4-iied a retreat towards ( 'hiuhnauhtlai, divw
the Tepanecs in pursuit, faced ahout suddenly and
utterly routed the forces of Tlacateotzin. 'J'lie l
shoi'e was covered with the <lead, and tlu^ d
army retired in confusion to Azcajtuzalco. 'Idi
llM'
elealeil
na
tured
emj)i'ror u'ave orders to discontuuie otieii>iv
opei'ations, and sent an emhassy ])roll'ei'in^" jieace on
condition of suhmission to him as emperor, and nlKr-
'u\\X to fornfet the past. Tezozonuu' haui^htily deelin, d
tlu> overtures, claimed a ri_i(ht, as the nearest nlativi!
of till' t^ri'at Xolotl, to the title of Chichimecatl Te-
culitli, and aimounci'd his intention to enforce \iU
tdaiins, iiamine;' a tlay when his armies woidd au'ain
meet the Acolhuas on the Held of ('hiuhnauhtlaii.
This may he the challeni^-e already referred to as
recorded hy Toniuemada. At any ratt\ it w.is
accepted, a laro'e army was concentrated at the point
indicated, and another at Jiuexotla, which pbice, as
was ascertained, Tezozoinoc really intendi'd treacln i-
ously to atttick, and which he expected to tind ceiii-
I\TI,Il-.\()lIIITi;s VKTDUIKS.
luuiitively undert'iuled. Thu-iteotzin ('ross«>(l the l;ike
as betbru ill caiK^es with an iinnieiiso iinnv, l)Ut as
Itt'toro was (lefoatt'd in a siu'cessii)ii ot" battles, and
at'tiT some days t'oived to reti'eat to tlie 'IV'j>anec'
capital, hranehes of the Acolhua army in the niea
n-
•kini,'
r sever.i
1 t(
►wns m the enemv s (iomam
veral lords who had deserted tin
27
time sai
and iiuiiislunii;' si
iiniifior to join Tezozonjoi
Ixtlilxoeliitrs star was now in the ascendant; his
valiir and success in war inspired new confidence; and
iiiaiiv joi'ds who had hithei'to held aloof, now dechu'ed
tlitir alK'Lfianeo to the empi'ror. As usual, the Tez-
ciiran m(»nareh was disposed to suspend his military
(ijM'iations, and receive tin; allegiance which lie suj)-
jiiised Tezozomoc Would now he ready to offer; hut
lie soon leai'ued that his adversary, far I'rom ahandon-
iiit; his projects, hail succeeded, hy new promises of a
I'liture division of tei'ritory and s|)oils, in nainin^" ovei*
to his side the lords of two jxnverful j>rovinces, one of
which was Chalco, adjoining" the Acolhuan domain on
iioith iUid south. Ivxasperated at his foe's per-
tlh
1
M>tiiice, and havmy' a larner army than evi'r l)eh)i\
th
at his coimnand, Ixtlilxochitl determined to punisli
Tizozonioc and his allies in their own territory.
hi'a\ iuL^- at and ahout Iztapalocan, and under the lord
i>t'that city, a siifHcient army to keep the Chalcas in
(lurk, he marched at the head of a lari»'e army north-
ward and round the lakes, takiiii;' in his coui'se <)tom-
paii and Tollan with many towns of minor importance.
Now without oppo.sition, now after a hloody conihat,
tnwn after town fell hefore the advancing' con<iUcror
WllMSt
fury was directed against Ti'pauec soldiers and
ti't'arlici'ons vassa
Is, w
omen and (
cases soai'ed
in th
'hild
.f 'I
ren l)em'_;' m al
ni(
Ul(
le jMovince of lepotzotlan he was
t hy the re^'ular Tepanec army of lMI(),()()0 men
iiT tlie Tlatehdean kinj^' 'flai-ateotzin, who attempt -
»' l.i'//il.rnrl,;t!, j.ii. .T.fMiO. tO.'-ri; I' 7.'."'/, fom. ii . jip. 'J.'T-l'iS; Tor-
ijihiiiii'lii, toin. i., |i|i, n)-!-'.'; (7i(rii/iri>, toiii. i., ji. 1 Sii; Jlru^.Min; ILsL,
t'liii. iii,, |i|i. l'J'J-,">,
: !
376
THE CIIICIIIMEC rEIIIOI).
0(1 to stay tlie tide of invasion, but after a tk-speiMte
conHict, Avas I'oreecl buck to (^uauhtitlan, and thou to
Tojiatoo, "whoro a second ^roat l)attle was ibiinlit.
Dofoatod at ovory stoj), the allied rehols were at hist
foix-ril to rotn-at within the tbrtitieations of Touial-
paU-o, whicii defondod Tezozonioc's capital, Azca|iu-
zali'o, For lour months, as some authorities state,
the sioi^o ol' the city was prolonn'od, Ixtlilxochitl oii-
(h'avoriuijf rather to harass the pent-up enemy, and
gradually reduce tlioir mimhcr, than to brini'' about a
general onua^'omout. Finally, when he coidd Imld
out no lonii'ei", Tezozomoe sent an embassy to tlio oiu-
peror, throwing- himsi'lf entir-'ly upon his mercy, Imt
pleadiun' most humbly for i)ardon, remindiuLT Ixtlil-
xochitl of thuir near relationship, pledging the sr.li-
missiou of all his allies, and ])romising to coiiio
])ersonally to Tezcuco, on an api>ointed day, to suiar
the allegiance he had so long and unjustly withheld.
The too lenient emperor, tired of war and bloodshed,
granteil tlu; petition, raised the siege against the ad-
vice of all his lords, ivturiiod to Tezcuco, and dis-
banded his armies. Brasseur makes this campaign
end ill 1416; others in 1417. Ixtlilxochitl states
that tlio canij)aigii lasted four years, and that Tezozo-
moe had msder his conunand 500,000 men.''*
By this act Ixtlilxochitl sealed his fate. Some nf
his truest allies \\]\o had fought for glory and loyalty,
undorstandiiiL'" Tezozomoc's hvpocrisy and deemiiiL'
»^ lit, ^
their labors thrown away, were disgusted at their
oiuperors ill-timed idomeiicy and withdri'W their siip-
})ort. Many more lords had undertaken the war with
the ex|)ectation, in case of victory, of sharing aiiiniig
themst'lves the Tepanec dtiminions. The I'ank and
tile, with the lesser chieftair.s, havl borne the toil and
2^ riavi.u:iM-n, tiiiii. i,. |i, ISCi. stiiti-s tliat Fxtlilx<iL'liifl ^riantcil this ]HMce,
iiDt Ih-'Miim' lie liinl any failli in 'I'c/ciziiiiinc <ii- was ilis|iiis(>il tn he Ifiiifiit lo
hisallii's, liiil liciaiiM' liis army was i'i|iially I'xliaiistoil wiili tlial oi' ilie
eiit'Miy. ami lie was \inalilc' In cciiiliiiiic Imslilitics. This is hanlly ]iinli-
ahlc. ailliiiii;^li lie hail chiiihlicss siill'iTcil iikhc than tho rcnirds inilii iiic.
Si>o alsci l.rf/,/.r„r/ii//, pii. -J'Jd, :{i;it-'J, -)(«, l.VJ; ]'ii//iti, fi)m. ii., i)|>. -'■^■
7(); Tiir<jU(inii(/(i, torn, i., iip. IKS-Ill; UriLswiKi; lli'uf., toin. iii., i>[i. l-'--7.
IS M
THEArifi:ilV OF TKZOZOMOC.
377
(!.i:i-iT <»f ;i loiii,'- c-;nn{)aii!fii, and now tliat it was
t.!i(lt(l, wore (leiiifd the sjxtils that heloii!4V(l to them
n^ victors. The diseoiiteiit was loud and widi'-spivad,
iC'd I xthlxofhitl's pivstii^e outside ot" Tezcuco and
dill' o
r two adi(»iniiiij: cities, was
lost f
oreVfl',
Tl
le
Tc]»auee kin,l,^ with.out the sli^'htest idea ( f i'uhillinn-
his j»led'4'es, fomented the spirit o{' mutiny l)v promis-
iii.; the lords as a reward ot' rebellion, what they had
fiiliMJ to ohtain in loyal eomhat, new domains t'rom
t!i( Tezcucan possessions, tonethi^r with indepiiidence
of iiiiperiid power. Another motive of hatred on the
I lit of Tezo/.omoc toward 1 xtlilxocliitl is mentioned
i.v Ihasseiir's documents as havinijf come totheknowl-
.!_;.• of the former kiiii;' ahout this time. His son'
\vi!
a near r»
■lat
ive o
f the Tezcucan kin
>'\ who
had
l.ft Inr hushand and Azcapuzalco for yood reason?
W:i>
iiii>tri
llOlKt
II
now found to he livin<»' in or near Tezc
uco as
tl
le
o
f an Acolhua i-hief, thus deii-radiiiii' the
r of the Te|ianec I'oyal family
iviiiL? eomp
' f
iiMtions tor a renewal (
leted as secretly as }
ral e*^* the Avar,
IIOSSl
hie 1
IS j)r(
iioiinc '(
Tezozoinoc an-
1 his readiness to swear allegiance t(» his
Si)Vi riii;-n, and hi^ intention to celehrate that act and
till' liturn of })eace l»y ,L'"raiid festivities. As liis a^e
the state of his health would not itermit him, ho
nml
I not J)
s.iid, to o-o to Tezcuco, he ap[>ointi(l a suitalile ioi-a-
tioii'" for the ceremonies and invited Ixtlilxochitl to
1k' piesent with his son Xezahualcoyotl, aci-(>m|»;inied
<iiily hy unarmed attendants, for theTepaiiecs had not
\\t recovered, he said, from their terror of the Acol-
liuii soldiers. The emperor at tirst consented, al-
though hy this time he had no faith in tlu; Tepaiiec.
liioti.irch, and, alMindoned in his caj)ital hy all his
lending' nohles, hitterly rejieiitetl of his unwisi- course;
liiit at the last moment he sent i'rince TecuiltecatI,
his iipother, or as some sav his natural son, in his
-'' '■-,-/,•,• (7,,
iiiMliiiaii
li':i:uii:ill;ii',
hvatl.
'iiiiil/t., ill Itrns.siiir. Ilisl.. toin. iii., )i|i. I'Jll-l{(t.
lillaii. as till" S|iiuiisli writers Miy; lii/is-i'iir .--ays it was at
ii 'i'l'itaiu'c |iU'asiuv-i'i'S(irt in \\w. iiiDUiitaiiis ot ( liiuciiauli-
!■*
ii
i
378
THE CIIICIIIMEC PKIlIOn.
lii i!
stuad to make excuses for his al»senoo, and try to
liave the ceremony postponed. The suhstitute was
ilaved ahvo on liis arrival at Tenainatlac, and Tt/.o-
zonioc, finihiiLC that the prey had tc^mporarily escijicd
liis trap, ordered liis tr()o[)s to march immediately oii
Tezcuco, entered the Acolhua domains on the dav
after the murder, Mud the followinL,' day surroumltd
tlie capital. The lords of Huexotla, Iztai)al()can, and
Coatepec,^' Wen; the only ones to render aid to the
emperor in this emer'^encv. The city was •jaUantlv
d'tended hy the small ijfarrison for many days," hut
jit last the emperor with Xezahualcoyotl and a few-
companions, hy the advice of his lords, left the citv
at nij^ht and took refuL^e in the forest of Tzinca-
noztoc, where he soon learned that Tox[)illi, chief of
the Chimalpanec ward, had ])ronounced foi' Tezozo-
moc and t)pened the city to the enemy. A scene of
carnaL>-e and [)lunder ensued, such of Ixtlilxochitls
jiartizans as survived ileelnjj^ to Huexotzimo and
Tlast-ala. From his retreat at Tzincanoztoc the eia-
jieror sent to demand protecti»)U of the lord of Otoia-
pan, a man deeply indehted to him for honors in the
last cam])aiL»n; l)ut his j)etitioii was denied, and
his messenger, who was also his son or nephew, a
i'amous ufeneral, was murdered, his hody torn in pieci s,
and his nails strung on a cord for a necklace. l!y
this time ijuite a compajiy had gathered ahout tlie
emperor, and the enemy had also ascertained his
whei'eahouts. Aided hy the natural stren_u;'th of his
position, he defended himself for many days, until,
without food or hopt of succor, he decided to .strive
for life no loni^'er. ' he authorities differ widely in
the details of his de;. i, and the matter is not siitli-
ciently important to n vrrant a repetition of all tiiat
has heen said ahout i Torquemada and Clavi^xio
state that he was dr. vn out of his last retreat hy
" I'rasscur says ('oatlicliaii, wliicli is inure likely.
'^ .">;), and 111, an? Ixllilxoi'liitrs li;,'mes in liiirerent places; Veytia ^avs
10, uiul IJrasseur 40.
r»i:ATii or ixtlilxocihtl.
.179
]>r>tnii.sL'>l fiivoraMo coiulitioiis of suriviultT. and was
tivacherously inunleretl; l)ut in()st ivj;\\'o that at t!u'
last approach of the foe, a haiul ot' Chalcas and ineii
(it' ()toinj>aii, he iinhioed Ids son to conceal hiinsilt' in
a tree, tnrned alone npon the enemy, aiul tV-U coven'd
with wounds. At the close of his last conversation
with Xezahualcoyotl, he uv^ed him to esvipe to his
iVitiids in Tlascala, always to deal leiuentiy witli his
tiKinies, for he did not repent of his own mercy,
tliKiinh it had cost him so deaj" he conchided l»y s;iy-
uvj;: ''I leave to tliee, my son, no other inhei'itance
than thy how and arrow; strive to ac(piire skill in
their use, and let thy stronn' ai-m restore the kiny-
(loui of thy (luchimec ancestors."^ The emperor's
death took place prohably in 1419.^
Kes]iectini]j Tezozomoc's short reii^n of ei^ht years,
we Hud in the records a u^eneral account of the lead-
iiif events, hut learn verv little ahout the order of
their occuri'eni-e. ( )f the lords that had remained
faithfid to 1 xtlilxochitl to the last, those in An;ihuac
Were forced to suhmit for a time to Tezozomoc or Het>
lor protection to the eastern })lateau; but the ruler of
laore distant provinces, like those in the east about
lluoxotzinco and Tlascala, and those in the north in
the Tulancinyo region, beyond the reach of ']\'i)anec
]>n\ver. utterly n-fused allegiance to the new soverein'u.
Of the powers that had supported Tezozomoc, tew or
none seem to have done .so from any frietidship to
him, or resj)ect for his claims, but for the dii'cct
litiiefit which they lio[)ed to gain from the chitUge.
■>^ f.rtfi/.rnrfiitr. p].. 220-3. r^(VJ- , 403-1, -l.'IV », 402.3: Vr,///,,^ f,.in. ii..
Jip. -'7.S-',i;>; 7'iir<iiic,iiiii/", liiiil. i., |i|p. 110-13; I '/nritji ro, tmii. i., ]i|i. 1S7-'.I;
Jlriissiiir. Hist., toni. iii., ]•!>. 120-38.
"Oft. 2',l, 141S, \'iiili,i\ 1410, fl<i>-i<irr,t\ 1410, I.rllil.ti.rhifl. y. MV.\\
lil 22, 141."), 1,1., 11.' 454; Scjit. 21. 141.S, Id., p. 404; 141'.l, IU;is.snn\
M
>i''|M('iiia<lii iiii|ilit'H
tlijit Ixtiilxocliiti's xv'v'w iasti'cl oiilv
s('\('ii vcars.
Siiliaumi, \.)\\\. ii., lilt, viii., \>. 27t), says in- riilrd (11 ycais, (lining' wliicji
liiiii' iiiilliiii;; wiirtliy iif iiifiitiiHi oci-uircii. Ixtlilxoi'liitl in cine ]ilact', [i.
2.':i, savs tliat tli(> ia-l
WlltT
('IiaiKv \va
I's lasted 3 v
(•ai'M ai!(
1 27.3
•Is
•'. I". 3(i», that tlicy lastcil .'lO iMiisi.'i'iiti\o years, iiiid tiiat iiiilliniis of
I'l'uiile [leiiblicJ.
K)J
380
Till-: CHicniMix PEition.
i
)
"
fi
tila
Some foni^'lifc simply to "'aiu tlieir iiidcpondonco, dp ro-
ustai)lisli tlio old (Jhichiiaec feudal system hrokcii u[>
by 'roehotl, and such, at the t-lcso of the w.ir,
simply assumed tliuir inde[)unduu(e, the sti-on^i r
j)i'oviiices retaiuiui^ it, and the weaker heino^ kejit in
suhjeetion by force of arms only, and keepiiit^- tlu-
're|)aiiec kino" so busy durinic liis short term that Im
had hardly leisure to consolidate his eni[)ire. Tlio
other class of Tepanec allies had been drawn into tlic
war by Tezozomoc's extrava^'aiit promises of iww
honors, domains, and other spoils; these auaittd
the complete establishment and re-or<ifanization of I In;
em|>ire, and the fulfillment of the emperor's jiromiscs.
Tezozomoc ])roposed as a basis of reconstruction of
the empire, the division of power in Anahuac anioiiL;'
seven kings according' to the old feudal system, the
concpiered Acolhua domains to be divided anioiiL,^
the seven — himself, of course, takin<4' the largest share,
nnd each of the other six to be independent in tht;
government of their realms, bui co ackni)wledL;«' him
as em[)eror and to pay a re^'ular tribute. The scmmi
kinL;(loms were to be Azcapuzalco, ^^exico, Tlatclulro,
Chaico, Acolman, Coatlichan, and Ifuexotla, the last
two beinjif <>'iven to the lord of ( )tompan and his
son."" Ivino" Chimal[)opoca of ^Fexico was to receive
the province of 'IVzcuco and ccirtain Cuitlahuac dis-
tricts; to kiiiL!^ Tlacatcotzin of Tlatelulco, was to lie
m'iven portions of lluexotla and Cuitlahuac. Soun!
minor rewards were also awarded to the lesser aliicil
cliiel's. The conditions were accei>te(l, although not
without some dissatisfaction on tin; jtart of the Mexi-
cans, who had expected much more, and of such ( hiils
as were not amony* the seven chosen kinu's. Aiiiiil
fji'rand ceri'monies and festivities in an assembly of ihe
allied lords, Tezozomoc jM'oclaimed himself eiiipi im",
and the six kind's as bis collean'ues, to be consulted in
all niattei's of g-eneral government ; announetd tlie
transfer of his capital to Azcapuzalco; offered a i^eii-
'•)'' 'rtir(|ii('iiiailii stales lliiit 'rczd/Kiiiuc ic^nM'il ( 'iiatlicliim t'nr IuiiimII.
REIGN or TEZOZOMOC.
381
cml niniiesty to tlio followers of Ixtlilxocliitl on
(•oiiilitioii of submission to the new political arrange-
iiicnt; olfeied a reward for tlie capture vt' Nezaliual-
covotl, dead or alive, ])roc-laiiuin:n" that all should ho
tuati'd as traitors and j)unished with death who
!>li(iuld dare t(j n'ive aid or shelter to the funitivo
iiriiice; and a)H)ninted olficers to j)uhliely })roclaiin. hi*<'
iuct'ssiorx and the new measures that accompanietl
it, in everv oity in the empire.^*
Si>ni(! authoi-ities state that the anmesty Jiroelainied
1 \- Ttzoznmoc in favor of the Aeolhua provinces,
•.icludcd Ireedoni from trihute for one year; however
this in.iy have heon, the matter of tril)ute was not
iiirannx'd until aiter the j^fand assend)ly and tlio
swraiiiin' of alleniance to the new emperor, hut was
Vi s( rvrd hy tlie crafty Tepanec as a means of i»racti-
(lily I'ct liiiinn' for himself what he had a])pai'ently
•iivcii to the six kin^s, and what had in most cas( s
piMvcd satisfactory to them. Finally the system of
t'.ihiiti' was annnuiici.'d. The amount of trihute j ml
(if ptisiinal scivico recjuir^d was made much more
ltiii(h'iis()ine than it had I'ver been, greatly to the dis-
sitisfaclion of tlie })eo]ilo and subordinate chiefs;
tlicii each l<in<; was to collect the tribute from his
(Iniiiiiiidiis, to I'etaiu one third for himself, and to ])ay
ovri' ;it Azi*ai)U/alc() tlie remaininiL>' two thinls into
till' iiiipcrial ti't'asuiy. Thus the allied powers dis-
ciivcivil that 'l\'zii/,(imoc had outwitted them; tliat he
had taken Ibr liinisidf in tiie division of territory tht;
hnifs share; that Ir had !.;reatly increased the l)urd( n
of ta\atii)n throughout the country; tliat, not content
with the revenues of his own states, and a nominal
triliiite from his coUean'Ues as a token of their alle-
yiaiKv, he claimed two thirds of that IVom oilier
'" iMlilvDi liitl li'lls II slriiii,i.'i' story, to (lie I'lVi'ct (liiit Tc/uzihihh's
"Hii'cis VMTt' iljifi'lrd liijisU llic 1 lillili'cli ill cMcli |ilii\ iliri', wlni wm-^ llicir
l.iii,^'; Mli'll lis rc|ilicil ' Tczii/iiiiu"',' Wire In lie rnrcsx'd iiiiil lliiif |iiirilits
rcwiinliMl; liiit iliDM' liiiit aiiswiTcil ' Ixllilvncliill,' or ' Ncziiliiiiilcouiti,'
"I'll' |iiii III (li'tiili wiiliiMit ini'rcy. 'I'liii^ lu'iisluil UimiMiiidM id' iiiiiDccnt
I'liililiTu. Ill y\■///(/,^/>(//v/'.••//^ \iil. i\., ]'\). •_'■.•.'), Wi'.i,
882
THE cHiciiiMF.c ri:nioi).
states; and tliat -wliilo they liad plained the ein]itv
titles of kiiisj^s and associates in the imperial |»o\\( ;,
they were in reality only i^oveniors, poorly paid tor
the lal)t)r of colleetinijf taxes aiul administering^ the
m'ovcrnnient. Tlie ^lexicans and Tlatehdcas had
been promised, moreover, or at least, had exjurtid,
an esta!)lishment on the basis of the old Toltcc alii
ance, with their own kin<;s as the two allies of
Tezozomoe, owinijf him only a nominal alK'niaiicc.
^lorcover Chimalpopoea had now suceecdt'd to tlm
throne of ^Texieo, anil he was a friend of Xczaliiial-
coyotl and had never been favorably disposed tow.iid
the Tepanec monarch. The ^lexicans, liowcvi i-,
maskcid their discontent, until snch time as tlicv
should see an opportunity for revenue; the otlicr
]>owers made open and loud complaint, so far as tlicv
dared to tlo so. The final establishment of 'l\/,o/,ii.
K.oc's empii'e, so far as it was ever established, is
placed by the Abbe Jirasseur in 14*25.^^
',ii
Prince Nezahualcoyctl, after the death (tf liis
father, had been joined by a few faithful frii-nds and
had succeeded in makinL*' his escape to Tlascala and
.1 luexotzinco, wheiv he found the jteoph; and lords tiiie
to him, and c(»n<ident of theii" ability to repel any
force the Te|)anec usurper could send against, tlieui,
but not strouiif enough iit this time to warrant tlieni
in utulertakinn' an offensive war ai^ainst tlu^ alliid
foi'ces of Auiihuac for the restoration of Ne/.aliiial-
coyotl to his ancestral tlwone. They advised him to
put himsidf in coimnunicatio \ with the many disat-
I'ected chieftains of tlu; valley, and to awall Ills
opportunity, which was sure to come, and that snon,
promisiuLi^ him their aid in such an I'meru'eiiey. Tln'
j)rince thereupon tuiMU'd btddly about and returned In
jVuiihuae in tlisi^uise. His adventures and hair
" ]'iif/i'i, tniii. i., lip. ;t(l(»-(>. .'UTi-lT; l.illilxiii-liill. ii]!. '.'-'1-5, :i('i.',-s, |iil,
•I "> I, Kilt; Tiiri/iiriii(ii/ii,{t)\\\. i., pp. Ii;t-l(i; I'/iirii/ini, tuiii. i., pp. I'.iii il;
I'lrnssi'iir. Ilisl.. Iiiiii. iii., pp. I,'IS-.IS; lUiliinnl, lilfn, \t\i. I )!{-4j Miihilini'i,
i;i Iciiiliiilvttii, ('ill. i/r hue, tmu. i., p. '-.'.")l,
V- \
ADVENTIUKS OF NKZAIirALCOYOTL.
38?
1,
.lih
nadlli escapes cliirmi*' his waiidoriiins are re
(It
■luted
(litail l)y the Spanish wiiters, hut must he omitted
liciv as luivini^ no special im})ortanee in cnnnei-tioii
witli the t;'eneral history of the eountrv. Jle touiid
iViciuls in every direction, and was especially pro-
tected hy (Jhimalpopdca of ]\Iexico. It is said that
111' was j)r"S(;nt in dis^-uise at the assend»ly when 'I'e-
zi/diiioc was crowned, and when he heard a rewar<l
dlllicd for his murder, was with dlHiculty j>revented
li\ his friends from makiuiif himself known, so y-i-eat
\\as Ills
rai^e. Finally his aunts, the queens of Afex-
i • ) and Tiatelulco, went with a lar^-e com|)any <tf
1 ulics to the palace of 'fezozomoc, and interceded for
tluir nephew with so much earnestness that the kiiiL;-
(■(iiiiiterinanded Ins iirevious orders, and u'ran
d
jiriiiiission to reside, m a [)rivate capacity, at .Mi'Xico
»ted 1
t yu
iini
ind soon a
fter 1
10 w
as even allowed to live at Tez-
Cl
ICO ill a |)alaci^ that had h^'on^'ed to him ]>ersonally
tn>m his hirtli/"*
Ti'zo/.onioc was now very old and inrirni ; i'or si'Veial
\i ais lie had heeii kept alive only hy means of arti-
t'h ill warmth Jind the most careful attentions. \\y a
It iiipeiate life and freedom from all excess, in addition
ti> a rohiist constitution, he had jirohmned his lite
i\(ii hevond the usual limit in thosi; davs of yreat
'ip'tvitv, aiu
1 ret;
iine(
I tl
le ust> o
f all his mental
t'ariilties to t\\v last. In liis last days he repented of
the |iardon that he had i-xteiided t<» Ne/alii;alcoNot 1 ;
I'ni' lie dreamed that an eai;le tore his head in pieces
and cniisiimed his vitals, while a ti<^'er tore his ieet.
The a.sti'(ilon(.|-s informed him that the ea^le and the
tiL;ei' wrw Nezahualcoyotl, who would surely o\t r-
thi'iiw tilt! TepaiH'c power, punish the people of
.\/,(a|nizalco, and i-ey-ain his father's impi-rial power,
iiiilos he coll
last charu'e
Idl
to 1
te
Hit t
o (leatn.
he old monarch s
lis sons
Mid to his iiohU's \\as that
■On Nc/aliuali'tivotrs ailvciiluii's iluriii^; (lii« |u'rii»i, dnwii to iilimii
ll-'il. MM' l.,t/if.n,r/,ii/, pp. 'J'-M-"!, :»(!»•.-!•, Illl-ri, li;:!-!; \'i,/H,i, l , ii., J. p.
■'IIM, ;illll, ;tl7l'.t; i'liiriifnt, tiiiii. i., pp. I'.HI-I, lit.'!- 1; Tiir<iiiimi(ilii, tniii,
!■. It 1 lti-7; /»('((.v
llisl., Iiilii. iii., pp. 1 lS-,"il(.
H
f f
- m
\ '
-M
TilH CHICHIMKC I'KItlOD.
Noziiliualcoj'otl slunild bo killed, if possible, dtiiin.^
liis fimenil exeirises, when ho would probably Ix;
])reseiit. Ho died in 1427, iiaininu^ Tayauh, one (,|'
b
lis sons, as bis successor on
tl
10
3pane
c aiK
1 (
lii;l
cbimec thrones, and cbaroiuLi!' bini, after tbe Acoll
])rince's deatb, to strive by every means in bis }»i»\v. r
to make friends amonii;' bis vassal lords, and to avoid
all harsli m(.>asures. Maxtla, anotber son, seems t;)
lavo
had
more
ability
aiu
1
exnerience
tl
lan Ills
brother, but his father feared the conse(|uence of lii.s
hasty temj)er and arl)itrary manner, l)y wbitli lie
iiad already made a multitude of enemies,
A
number of juinces and lords were assembled at the
royal obsei|uies, ainoni^ them Xezahualcoyotl biiiiscir,
against the advit-e of bis friends, but relyiiiL;' oa his
jifood fortune and on the assurance of a sorcerer in
"wlioni be had i^reat faith, that be could not be kill( .1
at that time. The heir to tlie throne was disj)osi(l to
liave his
fat)
ler's reconuiH'iidations carrieil out diiiii
tbe funeral exerci
ses.
but ]\ra\tla claimed that
would ho bad policy — for himself, probably, in
SK
leratii
on ol' bis own am
bit
solemn an occasion hv murdei
lous I
U
ilaiis — to diso'r
Coil-
ice so
^v
11 tl
le aiithoritii
a,<4"ree that 'I'ezozonioc was the most unscriijmloiis and
tyrannical iles])ot that ever ruled in Aiiahuac; thoonly
o'ood that is recorded of him is his own strict moral-
ity, and bis strict and im|iailial enforcement of jii-l
hiws and pimisbmeiit of climes within his i ,;i
(lomiiiioiis.
][
IS exlraiirdmai'v a
bility
as a. (lihio-
matist and politician is evident iVoni the ovciil'
his career as related above/'^
3'' Tlicri' is nini'li rDiifiiMimi rcsjirTtitti; tlu'-ii- sons (if Tcziizdiiini'. I\llil-
xoi'liiti ill line |ihii'(', |i|>. ,'tiiS <), iiiiiiii's .Ma\tlii, 'I'liyiiiili, iiiid AlhiliiM
li'jiall /In, III' Tlalri'MN |iall /in, as tlii' suns siininnini'il In his ilcalli-luil. In
anntlu'r iilacc, |i. Kil. lit! tails two tif tlifiii 'i'ial/i, nr Tayat/i, ami Thuav-
a|ialt/iii. 'riiii|ii('iiiaila nanit's liit-ni Maxlla, 'I'aNal/in, iiinl 'I't'i'iilil/iiitli.
All imply (li.il .Maxlla was the cjilfsl sun. Mra-sciir, fnlltiw iiiLj llif ',,./,,,•
('hiiiinljiiij.iirii, slali's tlial 'rt'/ii/iiiiiiif liatl I'iulil lt';,'il iiiialf smis, til wlmin
jMaxllaltiii was llif si'vinilli ami (/iift/alayal/iii ( Tavanli, nr 'I'ayal/iiil, tin
Kixlli.
^" I'li/hfi, ttiiii. ii.. lip. ;i'l-!t, liiiii. iii., pp. :!-ll; ilalf, I'fli 'J, I I '7.
i£(UlXinlnll,\t\K •JI7, •-•-'."1-7, :tllS-7(l, Iiri, I.')!, 1(11; ilak's, .Maivli '.'0, ir.'T,
MAXTLA USUUPS THE TllUUXE.
385
^r.ixtla, altliougli deprived of the succession to tlie
)iii|>('iial throne, had been made kinL;* of Coyuhuacan,
a |ii()\ ince of which he had lon^' heen ruHn,n' lord.
Ho had, however, no intention of j^ivinLi;' u[) his chiini
to Ills father's crown; Tavauh Avas of a weak and
va('iilatui!j^ dis[)(jsition, luivni_<;' no enemies, but ulsi) no
iViciHls e.\ce})t the kin^s of ^Mexico and Tlatehdco
who ]U'ol)ably hated his brother rather tluin lavored
him; ^^a\thl by reason of Ills hl^^h mUitary rank iiad
coiitidl of the army ; and only a iew days alter the
I'liiural of Tezozonioc, he hail hiniself proclaimed em-
pLioi' of the Chichimecs. Ho olfered his brother in
I'M'haDLje his lordship of Coyuhuacan, but the latter
.'•cL'iiis to have n'ono to reside in ^lexico. Chimal-
i|)ni;i blamed the de[)OHed sovereign for having- so
,i.>ily lelincjuished his dai
ms ; 'M
id by Ills ad\ ice a
|il(it was foiMued some months later to assassinate tlu
ii>ur|iir. Tayauh was to have a palace erected for
liinisrif at jVzca[)Uzalco, !Maxtla was to be inviti'd to
ht; jtrcsent at the cerenio!iies of (h'dication, and was to
he straiinh'd with a wreath of llowers while beinLf
t>h<)wu the apartments. A ]>aj4'e overheard and re-
vrahd the plot; Maxtla aideil in the erection t)f the
laiacr
)!• his bi-other, and had him stabbed in tl
iO
)iii(l>l nf the festivities, instead of waitiuL;' to be
41
^.Kiwn the rooms and himsell becomin!^ the vi^'tnn
( liiiiialpopoca and 'riacateotzin had e.xcused tiu-m-
^ Ives from attendlniif the fetes, else they very likely
iiii'^ht have .shared Tayauh's fate. Now that the
plot was reveah'd and thi,'ir connei'tion with it, they
\w II knew that Maxtla, who before had I'easons to bii
iiiiti'ieiidly to theiii,^'^ would ne^'lei-t no opportunity of
M ml, 'Ji, I I'JT. 1 I'-M. Tun/ihiiiiti/'i, turn. i.. jip. (W, I17-'2I. •-':),■(; i 7„r;,irr„,
I MM. I,, |i|i, l',M-(i ; (late, 11-2. UnisMiir, His/., tuiii. iii., |i|i. Ili-.")t;
il.ilf. M.inli •.'!, I r.'T.
" Sec nil ilic iisiii'|iiiti()ii of Miixlla aiiil till' tlciilli of his linillicr, fn/il-
.'■■ifhill, |i|), 'JJCi, ;17|, l(;4-,"i; I'll/till, liiMI. iii., |i|i. 11 IS; fiin/io iiiiin'n , luiii.
i.. |i|i. Il'.l-'.'l; I'/iiriiiiro, (iitii. i., |t|i. HMi-8; Jirii.\.\( ki; IIisI., tuin. iii., |i|i.
I."u7; V'tdiii-rrt, Tiiih'ii, lit ii,, n, '_MI,
'' Oil Mi'i'itiiiil of llicic lii(Mi(lslii|> for Nt'/.aliiiali'oyoil a mi 'riivaiili. Aii-
titlirr i.iii-iMif ciiiiiitv bi'twi'i'ii ('liiiiiaiiMiiioca ainl Maxtla, i-- Miiil to ii,i\t!
Vol,. V. 'J,^ '
'.
;t
i'^
iM
386
THE CHICHIMEC TERlOn.
rovoiiq'O. A strange story is hero c^ivon, to tlio cfTict
that ( /liimalpopoea, ovorwlielined by inisfortiiiit.', re-
solved to sacritice himself on the altar of the ^eds,
or, as some authorities state, hv announcinu- sikIi i
resolve to test the feeliiiLifs of his jieople and ])()ssililv
to provoke a revolt in his favor. IVFaxtla, feai-inq- tlir
latter motive, sent a force of men to ^[exioo and ar
rested the royal victim just before the sai-rificc uas
to be performed, takini^ him as a prisoner to Azca-
]»nzalco, or as others say, C(Mifinin<Tf him in his own
1
)nson a
t U
ex ICO.
C\
uma
Ipoi
)oca t
litnl
soon after t!
ii-^
event, probably killed by order of !Maxtla, but tlicri"
is no aLTi'eement as to the details of his death, oi' tliat
of Tlacateotzin which took j)lace about the sanu- time.*'
The death of the Aztec kind's took ])lace in 14'JS, and
was followed by a, re-imposition, and even a douldin'i,
of the tributes of early days, accom})anied by vn y
been the dishojior of tlio former's wife hv tlio lattor, slic liavliii,' Iv
ticcil ti A/riiiii
|lll/.lllCl
hv 111
.1 of t\
<■' X'cvtia, toiii
T..,
laiit'c ladii'
pp. lS-;{'_', says tliat iimmMlialclv after tlic assas
fioii of Tayauli, a posso of iiicn was scut to scizo t'liiiiialpopoca, wlimn tluy
foiiiiil ('M'-;a,;,'i'cl ill some n'li;^ioiis rites in tlic temple. Several aiillioi^ ^tiile
tliat tlie kin;; died in ]prisoii, liaviii;; lieen pn!vioiisl\- visited liy Ne/aliiial-
«'oyotl, who risked his own life to save him. N'eytiasays Ne/ahiialcii\iiil
found him miieli reduced from starvation, went for food, and fmiiid liim
dead on iiis return. 'l'or(|iieiiiada, torn. i.. pp. I'J-'-S. following' Sii:iieii/;i,
says he linii;^,' himself to avoid starvation. Ixtlil.xochiil, ])i.. •_'i2ii S. ;i7l .t,
4."'7, 4(!t-.">, in one p
states that he died in Ne/aliiialcovotl
In anotlu'r ndation he savs that .Maxtla in his rai:e at Nczaiiiialiiivoii'
escape sen
t t(. M(
> and hail ( 'himalpopoca killed in his stead, llie :e
sassins lindiii;; liini in the temple earvin;; an idol, .\costa, llisl. ih' jn
Yiiil.
ip. 4
l»; II
errera, dec. ii
lih
ip,
ezozonioc, in
ill! Ill
Olll. I.
V1\K\',
stale lliiit
linrDinih, vol. ix., ]ip. 11-12, and Dnraii, MS., t
(luring Tezozomoe's rei;;ii the Tepanee noliles, fi'arfnl that ( 'hiinalpopm m,
us the ^'landson of 'rezozmnoc would succeed to the Tepanee tliiciiic, sent
to Mexico and liatl him assassinated while asleep; aildiii^' t hat t lie ;;i,iiiil-
died of K''i«'f "* this act 1 lirasstMir, Hist., toin lii, iip
fall
ezo/omoe,
l,")S-;», 1(11, implies that .Maxtla only arrested the proposed sacnhciv aiul
a;.|reeswith I xtlilxochitl's statement tliat the kiii^\\iis mnrdeieil al Mcmth
k liile at work in the temide.
■riieTlatelill.'i
froi.i his pal;
n^'was killed liythe same partv. Ileal lirsi c^ca|
Ti
Init was overtaken mi the lake while stiniiiu' to ir:ii!i
ezciieo, and his hodv was sunk. Such is the accoiinf i^Incii Ii\ iim-t
ml hoi"
Ixt
lilxochitl savs lie drowned hinistdf; while 'ror(|nemadM iccm
two versions oiu^ that he \\as
ilh
tor tre.ison
liiisl Nczahiiaii iiviii
aiH
I I
le
ilher, that I
le wa
s killed hv .Moiiteznniii I. of .\le\ic(
iNii
n the death of the .\zIim' kin;
r/,
iirnlrrii. tolll. 1., p
ill liir.liiili'ilii (ul, (If lh)i\, tom. i., p. (i; (irninii/i
J/
!.")!, ]'r/inicrrf, Trtifro. pi
.'ll(t-;t; M,iff''iiil'i
> (iii/i'i'::, Tiiiili
pp. -(i-7; t'ltilix Miiiilir.ii, ill
J\iiii/ilti)ri,it'jh, \(il. v., p, 41; Coi/rx 'I'lll. Hint., in ///., \ol, \i., p. llt."i
NKZAHlALrOYOTL PRKPAHKS Idll WAR.
3J^7
1<in(l of oppresisioii and insult towards the iuliabitant.-i
ot' tho lake cities.''*
^faxtla liad resolved that Xezahiialcoyotl, as will
as ( 'liinial[)opoea and Thu-ateot/iii, must die.
Whetlier he eauie to intercede for ( "hinialpojMM'a, oi'
as other authors say was sunnnoned hy Maxtla, the
Arolhua prince visited Azcajuizalco at this tinic, iiiid
Very narrowly escaped death at tluj hands of tin-
soldiers posted ahout the palace with oi'ders t(» kill
liiiii. hy rteeing through the roval y-ardens and iv-
tiu'iun
o- to T
ezcuco.
A T.
■l)an
ec
for
ce was immedi-
ately (lis})atched to the latter city, with instructions
to kill or capture him at a haiKpiet to which he was
to lie invited hy the o-ovcrnor of the city, - a hastard
Ill-other of Xezahualcoyotl, hut his deadly foe,-- hut ho
was a<4ain fortunate (.'nouui-h to elude their })ursuit,
! after havinijf received otters of aitl from several
am
lord
Aiuil
mac, esc
a))ed to ITuexotzinco and 'I'L-u
cala. He found the provinces of the eastern platean,
iinliuliiiof Zacatlan, 'Pototepec, (V-mpoala, 'I'epi-pul
Vi),
(liohila, and Te[)eaca, more enthusiastic than ever
ill his favor, and moreovt'r ot)nvinced that the time
1 come for decisive action witli a view to restore
lia(
tl
mil to [he imperi;il Mirone ot his ancestors
f \\\>
A
I'liues
Were I'aised and placed at his disposal; word canu
t the Chalcas would join in the enter{»riso ; tin
[iia
iipathy of tlu' ]\rexicans and 'IMatelulcas he was
alivady assured of; he conscMpieiitly retuiMied to Ami-
liiiac and estahlished his headi[uai'ters at a small
vilLi'^'e n(\ar Tezcuco/' After lia\ iiiLi', a<-cordino- to
Aeytia, taken Otompan and soiiu" of the adjoiniiiL;'
I'.il.', .lulv '2;?. 1 1'27, or IIJl. f.r/li/.i-nr/,///; MilV .'U , 1 IJ7, Si,,,
Miiivii ;n. 1 1-.'7. I'l/ii
I/; .hilv l'.>. I |-->7, I'
<':,'/•:■ ][,,i</n:„- l.f_'(i. C,,,/,,!- 7V/V. i;
■i/fi" ;
1 I'.'.'t, <'/'in;,,
I l-'T
I I'JS, Ciiili.r ( 7iiiii(i//i'i/i'ir,i,
'' Till' S|):inisli w riti'i'M Htalc tliiil almut tliis tiiiii' the kin;; nt' ('IkiIih
lii'i'Miiii' ili-.:ill'cctcil, ami II II
DVrr ihiiM
lu'li ill
*>iv;ilniii|i>n\(itl
U'sscll','!'!', Xoldli'culllli, WHS si'llt til will llilll
ic iiilliii'iici' of liis wile, wliii was a sislvr of lliiil/ililiiiilziii,
r
iillr;.'i;iiiri' \\;ih mi a Mint ni liis liatri
(•iiici ('oiiiiscjiir.
ic Cliali'a kill;,' saiil lii-- tliaii;:i' nt'
il aiiil I'l'ar ot' till' Mi'\iraii Iviiiu. I>iit
i^inicil at la-^t to IcaM' tiic iiiMttiT to liis iM'o|ik', who ili.'i'iili'tl iiiiaiii-
iiiuii-lv ill fa\oriif Niv.aliuaicovotl.
;i'
i
I
888
THE CHICIIIMEC PEIIIOD.
towns, tlie callicd army was divided into tliroo C()V|).s.
The first, composed of the Huexotziuca and Tla.s-
caltec forces, was to move on Acolman; the sect >iul,
made U[) diiefiy of Chalca troops, was to attack Co.it-
lichan; while Nezaliualcoyotl himself, with tliu
remainini^ allied forces, was to o[)erate a^'ainst Ttz-
ouco. The first two divisions were perfectly sncces.s-
ful, captui'ing the cajiitals, Acolman and Coatlichaii,
and lay ill": waste the snrroundin''' territorv. Accord-
inijf to Ixtlilxochitl and Vevtia, Nezahnalcoyotl was
e(pially fortnnate, took possession of the Acolluia
capital, and disl)anded a large ])art of his army; hut
the author of the Codex Cltiina!j)Oj>oca, partially
confirmed hy Torquemada, and followed by the Ahbij
Bi'assenr, states that the prince imperial failed at
t!iis time in his assault on the citv, and only sue-
ceeded in fortifyiiii^ himself advanta^'eously in tlic
suhurl) of Chiauhtla. Subseipient events make tlii.s
the more probable version of the matter/
46
m
The murder of Chimalpopoca and Tlacatcotziii
caused the wildest excitement in Tenoclititlan ainl
Tlatelulco. From these acts, together witli tlio
burden of tribute and the many insults heaj)ed upnu
them, the people well knew Maxtla's intention to
destroy forever their kingdoms and reduce them to
their former condition of abject vassalage. A mass
meeting com})osed of all classes was held in ^lexico,
which anxiously awaited the decision of the senate,
where the question of their future condition and ])oliiy
was long and hotly di^uaissed. The old and the tiinid
members were in favor of yielding to the demands of
<" I liavo (Hiiitti'il in tliis iit'connt nf Xc/aliuali'oyutrs (light, return, ainl
victiirious (•anii)ai;;n, the numerous details (if tlie prinee's aihcntures aii'l
(>sea|ies, ilie nauu's of iiinis to wlioni lie aji|)!ieil and the tenor of each icply,
the wonderful omens that on many 'usioiis foretold success to iiis plans,
t >ld at s) <,'reat len;,'th hy tlie aiillioritii s, hut eomparatividv iiniiiiporiant,
iiiid alloj,'elher too hiilkv for mv space. See on this jieriod of lii'-lniy:
Vr, //,;,, torn. iii.. PIP. li, .T<-7'.t,' '.»->- 107; I.i-//if.r»r/utl, pp. •J_'.S:i"), :)7.i-'>l,
-l').")!'), K>."i-7; Tnr'/iiiiiiii /ii . tittu. i..pp. l'J.")K(; C/itrii/rrn. t.ui. I., jip. '.'O'J-
JO; J'>ru.Mciir, Hidt., torn, iii., [ip. 171-3; Wtanccrt, Tcaliv, jil ii., pp. -IJ-"'
ITZCOATL, KINC OF MKXICO.
889
an emperor wlioso power tlicy ooulJ not liopo success-
fully to resist; they implored their collca!j;-ues not to
pluii!jfe the people into war and the lK)rr()rs of future
s' ivcry by their rash spirit of indei)endence. But
the vounof men of all classes, seconded by most of
the nobility, were in favor of war, chidinu^ the
cowardice of the rest, and boldly j)roclaiminij^ their
choice of death rather than a dishonorable su])nussi()u
to the tyrant's commauds. Moreover, the <>ods had
fdrctold their future j^reatness, and should they render
themselves unworthy of divine favor, and Itriiiijf dis-
grace on the memory of their valiant ancestors^" It
was decided by a lar^e majority to prt)ceed to the
election of a kiiiijf who should lead them to victory.
According to the Codex ChlmaJpopoca, the first choice
of the assembly was M(jnte7Aima, eldest son of Chi-
iiialj)opoca, but he declined to accept the crown,
jileading youth and inexperience, and urged the claims
of his uncle Itzcoatl, for many years commander of
the armies. The other authorities do not mention
the choice of Mont(iZuma. However this may have
lieeii, Itzcoatl was unanimously elected, and was
Clowned with the usual ceremonies and with some-
tliiug more than the usual amount of speeches and
advice, in view of the gigantic task assumed by the
new king, of shaking off the Tepanec yoke. Tem-
jiaiiecatl, or Tlacaeleltzin, was sent to demand a
contlnnation of the ])eople's choice at the hands of the
emperor Ma\tla. But he found that the news had
preceded him and had been ill-received, war had
itractically beirun, and a blockade was (.established.
The embassador succeeded in reaching the royal
]tirsence ; but though assured of Itzcoatl's loyalty,
Maxtla haughtily replied that ^lexico nuist have no
*' Tliis (lisonssion is pliiccil by ditrcriMit iuitlidrilii's licfdiv or iifhT tlie
cliiiii'i' (if a kill;;. Tiiis is ii iiiiittiT of no ;:nMt iiii|ioilini(t'; liic o|i|ii)^iiioii
til war iifoliiildy coiitiiiucil ilowii to tlic I'oiiiiiii'iici'iiii'iil of liostiiitics, liiit
till' I'lci'tioii of a warlike kiiijr wii-* of itself t'niiivah'iit to a (li'claralioii of
yar, in view of .Maxtlii's weir-kiiowii (lesiyiiwj coiiHeiiiiuiitly, I liavu iilaeed
it lieioru the elcetiou.
CijU
!l^l
300
THE CHICIIIMEC PERIOD.
w
king, must be ruled l)y Tepancc ijovernors, or take
the (-onsecjucnces of a fruitless revolt. Tlacaeleltzin's
return with the.se tidiui^s caused a new panic anioni,^
the more timid of the Mexicans, but by renewed
»;xhortations, by promises of honors and booty in case
of victory, their courage was brought to the sticking
point, and the same eml)assador was sent to Azca-
puzalco with a formal declaration of war.*^ ^^"b' J*-
few days after Itzcoatl's coronation the Tlatelulcas
also chose a king and joined the Mexicans in their
fight for national existence. There was some jealousy
between the two powers, but their interests were now
identical. The choice of the Tlatelulcas fell iiix^ii
Quauhtlatohuatzin, a celebrated warrior, luit lut of
loyal blood; and to this inferiority in the rank of lu i-
luler is attributed, by some authors, the inlerior
])(»sition thereafter occupied by Tlatelulco, j)rcviously
e(pud, if not superior, in power to her sister city."
Such was the state of affairs in the early part of
1429, when the news of Nezahualcoyotl's success
reached Azcapuzalco and ^lexico. All communica-
tion had been cut off between the cities of the lake
and tlie maiidand; many sharp attacks had been
made by I tzcoatl on the enemy's lines; but no gen-
eral engagement had taken i)lace. The ^Mexicans
1^
*■' An oxtr.'Kinliiiarv treaty is s])()kon of In* Tczozomoo, Diiran, Aciist:!,
ami ( 'lavi^ji'ro, by tlio terms of wliicli tlio iiolilos boiimi tlioiiisclvi's in cax'
ot (li'lcat to j;ivo u]) tlioir Ixiilies to 1)l' stu'rilici'd to the j;'"''*; \\liili' tlu'
|)eo])I(> liomid tlieiiiselves ami their deseLMidaiits in ease of vietory to liecunn'
the servants of llie iiiddes for all fiitnre lime. Veytia states that titles of
iioliility, and pennission to have many wives, were ainon;^ the iuducciiieni^
i> hravery iield out to the ]del)eiaiis. It is m)t im])ossihli! that the eoiiliart
alluded to may have heen invented or exa;,';,'erated in later times hy the im-
liles to support their extrava;,'ant elaims upon the ]u'o]ile. 'ron|U('!iiiiilii
a:id Ixtlilxoehitl refer to no sueh contract, and to no claim for the I'cpantc
rei'o;,'iution of tlieir kin;j;; lint state that the election of llzcoatl mi llic
o:u' side, and the heavy trihutes with tlie dishonor of Itzcoatl's wifi' on ihc
other, led to the estahlishment of the blockade.
•»'-*((ii the snceession an<l declaration of war in Mexico, see — Tun/ii'-^
iiiaiiit, torn, i., pji. I'iS-.St. This author says iiolliini; of the .suecessinii nf
a new kin;; in 'llatelulco. C/ttciifini, U>m. i., ]ip. •JIM>-1;<; Vri/lin. toni. iii..
ji]). 7H-ltl, i;{7; AcDsfii, Jfiaf. t/'r Ins Viu/., ]i]>. iT'.t-S.S; Dnnni, .MS., tmn.
1 , cap. viii., ix., I.v/liljv/u//, jip. '2;{.")-ti, 3S1, .SS.'k 4(M), 4ti."); TczDZoiiinr. in
h'niijslioroKii/i, vol. ix., pp. 11-15; llrnssnir, Jli.sf., toin. iii., ]>|). lt'i">^;
\\!a>ici'rt, Ttu/ro, pt ii., p. '27; Uraiuulus y Ualciz, Tarda Aiitcr., p. l''!.
SIEGE OF MEXICO.
391
lit'i^'-an to find tlieir condition critical; ^raxtla ox-
jxctcd to bo at an early datu in ])o.sses.sion of tho
Aztec strongholds, and deferred until after such suc-
cess all ortensive operations against Nezahualcoyotl ;
the hesieged Aztecs naturally looked towards the
Acijlhua })rince for assistance against their common
f(»c. ilere the national prejudices of tho original
native authorities, followed by Spanish writers, begin
t(» a|ii)ear in tho historic annals. Ixtlilxochitl and
Vtytia favoring the Acolhua interests, represent the
Aztecs, liard pressed by the Tepanecs, as having
liunihlv implored the aid of Nezahualcovotl, who
graciously came to tlieir relief; Tezozomoc, Duran,
and Acosta make the Mexicans conquer the Tepanec
king unaided, and render assistance to the Acolhua
jnince afterwards; while Torquemada, Clavigero, and
the authorities followed by Brasseur state, what in
the Hght of future events is much more probable, tliat
the two powers formed an alliance on equal terms, and
for nuitual advantage against the usurping enq)eror.
At anv rate Montezuma''^ — identical, as Clavijjfcro
and Brasseur think, with Tlacaeleltzin — was sent to
NLzaliualcoyotl, in conq:»any with two other lords.
The ambassador succeeded in ])enetrating the enemy's
lines, although one of his companions was captured,
made known to Nezahualcoyotl the wishes and condi-
tion of the ^Mexicans, and received assurances of
sympathy, with promises to consult with his allies,
render aid if possible, and at least to have an inter-
view with Itzcoatl. His chief difficulty would seem
to liave been that most of his allies not without
leasoii detested and feared tlio Mexicans more tliau
the Tepanecs, and by too liastily following his own
inclinations and esjK)using tlie Aztec cause, he miglit
risk his own success. The fact that an alliance was
finally concluded between these powers shows ch'arly
that neither alone could overthrow the formidable
''" 'I'liis iiaiiic is written in nmny ways; ISIdtcnhzoiufx or Motcuczoma
tiling [iriilialily more correct tluiu the fiiinihir form of Moulezuma.
i.rl
111
392
THE CincniMEC PERIOD.
li
3^,[
!M<ixtla, and that it was no act of condescension (,r
pity on the part of cither, but ratlier of ni .-essity, to
join their forces. On his return ^fontezunia was
captured l)y the Chalcas, or beinijf sent, as soinc
authorities state, to Chalco for aid was retained tor a
time as a prisoner, hut set at Hherty l)y his jaiKr,
and reached jSIexico in safety." This action (jf the
Chalcas is said to luive so displeased the surroundiiiL,'
nntions that neither party would accept their alliaiici',
hut this may well he doubted, considerinuf the stretii^tli
of that people. The Huexotlas, according- to Tor-
quemada, withdrew their allegiance on heariiiL;- tliat
the Aztecs were to be aided. Nezahualcoyotl and
Itzcoatl had an interview soon after at ^lexico,'-
where the former was received with great rejoicinn-,
and a plan settled for the campaign against ^laxtla.
whose territory was to be invaded by the allitd
armies. At abcnit this time, according to the Ci><l<\c
C/it'ynalpopocd, the province of Quauhtitlan succeedid
after a succession of reverses and victories in sliakiiiL,*'
off the Tepanec yoke and announced tlieir iVieiidsliip
to the ^lexicans, although they were unai»lc to iviidcr
any ojien assistance in the early part of the cam-
paign. ^^
Tlie campaign by which ]\[axtia was ovcrtlirown
and the imperial power wrested from the hands of t
II (J
Tepanecs, lasted over a hundred days. To relate in
detail all that the authorities record of this campaign,
the marches and counter-niarcli^'s, the attacks and
repulses, the exploits of the Icadci'f- and lesser cliict'-
tains, noting all the minute variviions in stateiiunt
res})(M'ting the names of cliioi's, places attack<(h
nmnber of troops engaged, and the chronolo'^ii al
order of events, would reipiire a cliapter mucli longer
■''• Tntzintceiihtli, kin^' of Clialco, is said to liavo scut tlic priMiiit'r tii>t
to lliu'xntziiica and tlii'ii oIIVtimI him to Maxlla to In- saiTiliceil; mil tliu kw^^
sent him liack and ri-fiiscil to do so disiioii'iraliii- a (U-cd.
i' Itrasst'itr says tiic lirst iiitoivicw was at 'I'ciiayoi'aii.
53 Sec ViifliK, totn. iii., ji]). ',ll-'2, KtS-'"'?; ( 'AnvVyfyvf, toiii. i., jjji. "JO;) 1 1 ;
IxtULrnrliill'. pp. '2'M\, ',\S\-i, KMi-T, 4t>4-i>; Tirriiiiri'iitiilK, torn. i.. pp. l.'tli-ltt;
Brusscur, llUt., torn, iii., pp. 173-9; Duruii, MS., toin. i., cup. i.\.
SIEGE OF AZCAPUZALrO.
303
tli.ui my space will allow, Avould bo monotonous to the
i^'t'iicral reader, and could not probaMy be made suf-
ticieiUly accurate to be of f'-reat value to tbe student
of abitriLTinal military tactics. The ijfeneral naturi; of
the war and the results of the victory may be told
ill a lew lines. The allied Acolhua, TlascalUsc, Cho-
liiltce, Mexican, and Tlatelulcan forces, under Xe-
zahualcoyotl, Itzcoatl, ^rontezuma, and other It;a(lers,
aiiiounted to three or four hundred thousand men.
^[ost eiitered Mexico in canoes from tlu; east; but
sonic divisions marched round the lake. At a
jiivconcerted sij^nal, the lio-htinijc of a tire on Mt
Qiiauhtepec, all the forces advanced — probably in
("Uioes, for it is not certain that causeways had yet
liteTi constructed —on the Te})ane(! territory. 'I'he
loi'd of Tlacoj)an, by a previous understanding^ with
tilt" allies, opened that city to tbe invaders, thus
Liiviu''- them a sure footin*'- in the country of tlu;ir
f )(\ and in a few days Azcapuzalco was closely be-
sicixed. j^Iaxtla had an army somewhat smaller than
that of his opponents but they foUL,dit for the most
part behind intrenchments. The enijieror personally
took no ]»art in the battles that ensued, but placed his
greatest general, Atazatl, at the head of bis ai'mies.
])ay after day the conflict was waufed at ditl'erent
j»nints about the doomed capital without decisive
result, althouL,'h many local victories were won by
liDth sides. At last, by a desperate effort, !Mazatl
succeeded in driviuij;- the ^[exicans back to the lake
shore; in the panic that ensued maJiy ^Fexican soldiei's
threw down their arms and bei^.i^'ed for (piarter ; itz-
coatl (kH'Uied the battle and his cause lost. Cursiiitr
the cowardice of his troops, he called upon his nobles
and cliieftains to rush upon the foi' and die lu'avely ;
his call was i-^^sponded to by lar^e nund)ers, the
tioops followed with new couraijcc, and, re-inforcenients
liuviii;;- ari'ived o})portunely, the tide of battle was
turned, Mazatl was slain in hand-to-hand cond)at by
^[untezunla, and the Teixincc cai)ital carried by
P|i
■d-
.i\'
394
THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD.
;;i
n
IE
iii '
assault. Large numbers of the soldiers were put to
the swvjrcl, a lew bands escaped to the marshes and
mountains, the city was plundered and burned, aiul
the emperor was found in a bath and slain. Azca-
puzalco never regained a prominent place among tliu
cities of Anilhuac; it was chiefly noted in later times
as a slave mart, and the disgraceful traffic is said to
have been inaugurated by the sale of the Tepaiiuc
inhabitants after the Acolhua and Aztec victory.
For a short time the victorious armies ravaofcd tlio
territories on the west of the lakes, which still re-
mained faithful to Maxtla, and were then recalled, and
the allied troops dismissed, laden with spoils, to their
own provinces. Itzcoatl and Nezahualcoyotl had no
doubt of their ability to keep their foes in cheek and
complete the conquest by the aid of their own troupts;
they consequently returned to Mexico to celebrate
their victory."
The fetes in honor of the victory and victors were
long continued, and conducted on a scale uiij)ie-
eedented in the Mexican capital. After Itzeoatl
and Nezahualcoyotl, Montezuma seems to have
carried off the highest honors. The altars lan
with the blood of sacrificed human victims, rites most
repulsive, as is stated, to the Acolhua king, but
which he could not prevent on such an occasion. A
])rominent leature of the ceremonies was the rewaid-
ing by lanas tiud honors of the chiefs who had distin-
i^ Tlio (iiiof i)oint nf diflerctico bctwonn flio •inflioritioH on (liis i
|ijvi;.'ii, is tlie loliitivo lioiiur duo t(» the (iiU'iTciit iillics and It'inltis,
«'.s|iiH'ially till' mIuii'o wliicli the Mexicans and Acoliiiuis rt'siiectivcly !im
tlie iivcrlliniw (if tlio 'lV'])aiuH' tyrant. ('lavi;;oni platH's this war in 1
and thinks tliat causcwavs wore already hiiilt, N'cytia nixes tliecliitc I
notes that the Mexican troo|)s were riehly ejad, while the fMi-ces of N
liualeoyotl wove plain, white ^arnieiits, ami makes the- siej^c lii.->t
days. Ixtliixoeliitl also ;;ives the datci 1428, and the leii;:lli of tin'
KID anil 115 days. Aeein-dinj; to Jlrassenr, Ne/ahnah'oyoll foiiMii (
ilnrin^; th(> sie;,'(> nf A/capii/aUo to reconiiner Acolnian and Coat lie!
which had revolted. He calls the 're|ianec leader Ma/at/in, and </\\i's
<la(e as ]VM See r.rf/i/xnr/iit/, ])]i. 'J.Mli-7, 3S.'-4, 107, 4t;(l; lr///(V', t
iii., pp. 1'_'0 ttlt; Ihiniii, MS., toiii. i., eaii. ix. ; ('/(irii/im, toni. i.,
'J14-'J!l(; Torqiiniiiii/,1, toni. i., jip. 14(K?; liriin/iiitr, Hist., toni. iii.,
180-.'); Acostii, Hint, de lun Yiid., p|». 183-5.
Mtll-
ami
il la
l-'.'i.
I'JS,
r/a-
11(1
war
inii!
I.'IM,
the
ini.
pp.
pp.
THE Tril-rARTITE ALLIANCE.
C95
gulshcd themselv^es for bravery in the war, and, as
hoiiio authorities say, tlie punishment by exile of such
as had shown cowardice. The fetes were inimedi-
iitcly followed, perhaps interrupted, by the tidings
that Huexotla, Coatlichan, Acolman, and the adjoin-
iiii,^ towns, had revolted; and the Mexican, Acolhua,
and Tlatelulca forces, with some assistance from tlio
eastern plateau, marched through the eastern part cf
tliu vaDey, and after a series of hard-fought battles
(•()ii<[uered the cities mentioned, together with Teoti-
Imaean and in fact nearly all the towns from Iztapa-
locau to the northern mountains, excepting probably
Tezcuco, although some authors include the conquest
(if that capital in this campaign. In some of the
( ities no mercy was shown to any class, but all were
slain. Veytia moreover divides this campaign into
two, and places in the interval between them the
final establishment of the empire to be given later.
Tnnniemada and Clavigero connect the latter part of
this campaign with a subsequent one against Coyu-
iiuaean.®'
At this time, in the year 1431, and before Nezn-
hiiahoyotl had regained the capital of his father's
(■in]iii-e, as Brassour insists, took place the events
wliich closed the Chichimec period of aboriginal his-
t(tiv, tlie division of Anilhuac between the victors,
the re-establishment of the empire on a new b.isis.
Iln' result is well known, but respecting the motives
that h(l to it there is great oonfusiun. It was de-
ciiled to re-establish with, siiglit modifications the
ancient Toltec «'ontederacy of three kingdoms, inde-
jicndi'iit so far as the direction of internal afi'airs was
cniiceined, but allied in the management of foreign
atliiirs and in all matters affecting the general interests
"t the empire, in which matters neither king ci)uhl
^' Si'c C/orii"' , torn, i., l>p. --I 3; 'ruri/HCtiiinid, toiii. i., lip. ll'2--(i;
V'i/ti,i, iiiiii, ,.' ,)p. ia(i-47 I.'m-OO; I.itfi!.v<n'/iiff, pp. 'j;(7-s. .Hs;t ."., i(i7,
■l')i)-7; I'l iuziimiH', ill Kiiiii-ilioroiiifli, v-il. ix., ])p. I(i-17; Jiiinni, MS., tmii.
i*l
1 , I'lip. i\.; .\riislii, Ill's/, lir Ins )':ii/., pp. JSJ-.'); \'ita,'rL'rf, Ti
ii . p. 'IS; liruswiir, lliist., torn, iii,, pp. ibi~\).
■1.1 ni,
396
THE CHICIIIMEC PEIUOD.
act witliout the consent of his two colleagues. Tlie
tlirco kingdoms were Acolhiia with its ca])it;i] at
Tezcuco, undor Nezahualcoyotl wit' the title of (lij-
chiniecatl Tecuhtli; the Aztec with Mexico for its
ca})ital, I nder Itzcoatl bearing the title of Culliua
Tecuhtli; and the Tepanec, capital Tlacopan, under
Toto(|uihuatzin with the title Tepaneca Tecuhtli. A
line drawn in a general north and south directiMH
through the valley and lake just east of the city of
Tenoclititlan, divided the Acolhua domains on the
east from those of Mexico on the west. The ('a])ital
Tlac()i)an, with a few surrounding towns, and as jsonie
.say the ( )tomf province of Mazahuaca,n in the north-
west, made up the limited Tepanec domain.'"' Tez-
cuco and Mexico seem to have been in all rcsjucts
tHpial in power, while Tlacopan was far infeiior to
either. As a descendant and heir of the C/hicliinieo
emperors, Neziihualcoyotl nominally took precodciico
in rank, presiding at meetings, occupying the ])lac(' of
honor at public ceremonies with his colleagues on his
right and left, but had no authority whatever over
them, and was proliably in respect to actual military
power somewhat inferior to Mexico. Provinces con-
quered by the allied forces, together with all
tiie spoils of M ^r, were to be divided equally be-
tween AFexico and Tezcuco after deducting one lil'th
for Tlacopan."
"w 'I'lii' lino in snid to liiivo oxtondoil from Totoltopv'c in llio imitli In ii
iioint ill (lie liikc near Mexico, wiiicli would )k> :;i ii S.W. coui'm'. Tlinirc
It cxIt'iiiliMl to mount ('iit'Nfoiiiiitl [iroliiilily lowanis flu- S. Iv Siilisri|Uiiit
fvt'iitH seem often to indicatiHliat tli('s(> lines wert! intenileil to lie iinldi-
iiilelv |iroion;'eil, ai.d to lioiind future eoniiuests. Itnihseiir, llisl., tmii.
iii., )•. '.MKJ, taucH this view of tlio matter, iiltliouj,'li on p, I'.M In- iiii|iliis tlic
eontiaiy.
■'' Such was the liasis of the alliance iK-cordiuf,' to i.;tlilxoeliitl, \'c\ii;i,
/iirita, and Mrasseur. All a^xree respectinjj the inferior position of Tlnn-
]ian ami her share of the spoils, hut IxtlilxochitI, p. 4<')'i, makes hotli \\n\ w
small liihute to Te/cuco, Veytia makes NeAaliualcoyotl superior in in'in-
inal rank as ahove; Ixtlilxocliitl in most of his relations makc>- liiiii nii'l
It/coatI e<|ual in this respect; >.hile TiM-iiuemada, Clavi^'ero, (hummiii. mihI
Puran make It/coatI supreme, and yivo to Mexico two iliirds iiisicml nf
one half of the spoils after dediH'tiiifX Hio shall' of 'l'laco]tan. The i liiif
support of the latter opinion is the j;reat proportional j,'rowlli nl iln'
Mexican domains in later timen; hut priictically Mexico rcceiNcd iiiin ii
TERMS OF THE ALLIANCE.
3U7
Tlio confusion among the autlioritios about the cir-
cunistances and motives that led to tho iri-partito
alliance on the aljove basis, arises chieHy IVoni tho
patriotism of the native authors. Tlio narrative as
j^ivcn l)y Ixtlilxochitl and Veytia, to the effect that
Nczahualcoyotl suspended his triumphal march
tliioun'h his old dominion of Acolhuacan to assist his
fririid and relative in overthrowinj^ ISIaxtla, dismissed
his allies, and then, out of kindness, admitted JtzcoatI
t(j an e(jual share with himself in the em})ire, before
coiii[)leting the conquest of Tezcuco, nuist evidently
be accepted with many allowances. There is still
more evident exai^j^eration in tho tale of Clavio-ero,
L"czo/omoc, and Duran, that Itzcoatl overthrew the
" 'aiiecs, held the power in his own hands, and
^laciouhly i)ut the Acolhua prince on the throne of
Tczriico in consideration of his friendship and assist-
ance. It is evident, as already stated, that the
-illiance l)etween Itzcoatl and Nezahualcoyotl was
formed f.)r the protection «jf mutual interests; tliat
no allii'd troops were disbanded wliich could be
retained; that if the conquest of Tezcuco m as po.st-
jioiied after the fall t>f Azca[)Uzalco, it was because the
alli( s had their hands full in othei" directions; and
tiiat in the Hnal division and estal)lishment of the
empiie necesisity and policy [)layed a nun.h more
jironiiiier,! par', than friendship or condescension. On
til • ont 'tiuub if we suppose that the Aztec militaiy
fon ', 's i •• ^\ ty ])rol)able, was at the time superior to
that vm' L;i" Acolhuas it nuist be remembered that
Ne/aluiaiccr, »•! mid the presti^;'e of beiny the legiti-
iiiHi VIM (liim (lie <\v<) fliinls nlintli'il fo licr liv tlicsc iiiillicirs. F
lliiiik it iiioi'c liUi'ly tliiil Mcxit'ii in licr ^iciit iiiilitiiiv ihiwit ainl Ihm' of
('iiiii|iii"<i tiiiiU much iiiiii't' tliuii lii'i' |ii'ii|M'r sliiii'c, at lii'^t willi tlic ciiiiscnt
of Ihi' (■(illi'.iL.'iic.i ami later williiml sacli luiisi'iil ; ami il is al^ii iiMsxiipJc
tli:it llii' (ii\ isiiiii a;ri't't'il u|iiiii rcfcri't'il niiiy In rniniiiots ai riim|i|j^li('il iiii<
ilir icilaiii I'liiiiiiliniis mil locnriicii, or, a su|iinisili(iii wliidi a^ncs \iiy
iiiMil\ wilii till' artiiai ili\isi«iii in iatcr limes, ihal eacii nf liie lline k\njji.
i\nu]^\\: III liave tlie ('iiiti|iiei'eil |irii\ iiiees tiial aiijuiiieil iln leii ilniy, aiiil
tliiil ^' ' iiliiiiiH'il till' !ar;,'e«l sliai", mil miiv mi aieiMiiil nf iier aiiilil-
tiiili, '- . e. 'iii.i llie niiist (lesiralile lieiil for eiimiUeHl jiriiM'il In lie ill tllU
Miillieii-i ■ ;.n Hiiilli-west. See iirorcililig Hole.
I. i
11
St
,!
I
!
398
THE CHICIIIMEC PERIOD.
(! i
m
mate licir to the imperial throne of tlie CliicliinuY's,
tliat lie was popiihir in Andliuac and had the sujipoit
of the eastern cities; while the Aztecs were uni-
versally liated and could depend only on the viiloi of
their chiefs and tlie nunihers of their army. It is not
impossible tliat the delay in taking possession of the
Acolluia capital, was because the allies of Nezalni.il-
coyotl refused to complete tlie conquest until their
])rince had some guaranty against the ambition of the
Mexicans. On the other hand, if we crecUt the
statements of those who represent NezahualcoyotI as
holding the b. -i.nce of j)o\ver in the first alliance, it is
to be uo^'hI ti. . struggle had been a des[)ei'at('
one, even witii t aid of ]\Iexico; that it was yet
far from ended, that revolts were occurring in evtiy
direction, and that with the Aztecs as foes, the success
of NezahualcoyotI was more than doubtful. On t'lis
supposition the delay in taking Tezcuco is to he
attributed, as indeed some authors claim, to the fear
of Itzcoatl that if he conti'ibuted further to iiiciease
his ally's power he Avould soon be in a ])osition to
dietate terms. Neither power could stanil alone,
]\[exico against all Aniihuac, Tezcuco against Mexico
aiul her own inde[)endent and revolting vassals;
hence the foundation of the alliance on equal terms
is perfectly conq)rehensible. To account for the ad-
mission of Tlaco[)an to the alliance, we have the
I'acts that that city had rendered important service in
the defeat of Maxtla at Azcapuzalco; that she may
very likely have been promised a place in the empiit!
in case of success; that in any event it was policy to
concentrate the yet powerful Tepanec element in a
friiiudly kingdom; and finally, as several antlmis
state, that the families of Totocjuihuatzin and Neza-
hualcoyotI were closely related by mai'riage. Some
auth(iriti(!S state that Tlaco[)an was admitted throii'Ji
the influence of Itzcoatl, oth.ers insist that it was
Ntizahualcoyotl'M idea. The mauguration of the ihw
order of things, including the crowning of Nezahual-
CLOSE OF THE PERIOD.
399
(Mvotl, kiiiff of Acolliu.acan, and the conforrini*' of tlie
iiropcr titles iij)on each of tlic colleai^uos, was cele-
Itratcd ill Mexico with great pomp in ]4.']1. Thus
(lids the Chichiinec period, during which a small
Iijiiid of turhuleiit marauders had })asscd tinough op-
prcssidii and misfortune to a leading place among the
Anirricaii nations, IVfany strong trihes were yet to
1)(> pcisuadcd or forced to submit to the new order of
jxilitical affairs; the measures hy which this was ac-
(oiiiplished, and the Aztec power spread far and wide
I'll nil Anahuac as a centre, until it came in contact
with a greater power from beyond the ocean, will
ionri the subject of the T'^Uowing chapters/"
5'' Ti)t(i(]iiilinatzin was t'le prainlson of Tpzozoiuop, and liin (lanixlitor
vas eiilu'r ('oiiciil)iiie or \vi(f d' Nozaliualcoyotl. T<in|iu'iiiaila ami Clavi-
pT(i st.itc tliat tlip fH'n|ilt' of tlu! n'}j;ion about Tfzi'Uco iii'tilioiicil ltZ(' itl
to iillciw Ni'zalmalcoyotl to riili; over tliem, iK'causp, as tlii' latter su>:j-'t'>ts,
tiii> tcnilory liail bt'cu j^ivoii to ('hiiiialpoiioiia liy 'i'czozonini'. 'I'u N'cza-
liiiiilniyotl, (liiriii;; liis stay in Mexico, are attrilxitcil a jialacc ami liuiitin;,'-
|i:mU at ('iiaiinltcjii''', tojrctlicr with Hcvoral rcxervoirs and tlio idc.i of an
ai|iit'iliiit to supply water to tlie city. Veytia elaiuis to liave seen tiaees
(if llic liKimdary line helween tlu^ Aztec and .\cidliua domains. It ex-
tended from .Mount Cuexcomatl in the Houth, hctween l/ta|ialapan and
I'ldliiiaean, tlirou};h the nortlicrn lake at /umpan^'o to 'I'otoltepec. This
^^olll(l, however, Ix; far from a straij;ht line. See resjiectin^i the eslaldish-
nieiit of tim new alliance: /xf/t/d-iir/iif/, p]i. "JltT-H, ;{S;{, 4(17, 4.")4, -KIT;
\''i/liii, liini. iii., pp. l.').')-(iS; Tiin/iiniiiiifii, tom. i., pp. 14l(-4, l.")4-('i; C/nri-
ijirn. toll). 1., ].p. 'i'Jl-.'i; Ihiraii, MS., torn, i., cap. ix.. x., xiv.; /Ints.sriir,
llisf., turn, iii., )ip. 187-'.(;{; (luiiKirn, Coiiq. Mix., I'ol. 303; rn/icult's Miu:.,
viil. i., p, I'J; Vetuncvrt, Teulro, pt ii., p. 28.
CHAPTER VIII
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
Outline of the PERinn— Revolt of CoYtiirACAN — XEZAiiirAun.
voTL ON Ti:r TiiuoxE of Tezccco — Conqlest of Ql'ai:iith'lax,
TlU/riTLAN, XOCHIMII.CO, AND CUITLAIIUAC — CoNCJlEST OK C,)! A-
LHTITLAN -DESTUUCTION OF THE RECOKDS — DEATH OF IlZCOATI,
AND Ac'CE.SsfON or M(tNTEZlMA I.— \E\V TeMI'LES AT MkXIid -
Defeat of the C'iiaixas — Tuoiules with TLATEi.ri.coCdN-
QUEST OF COHUIXCO AND MAZATLAN — FLOOD AND SiX Vl.AHs'
FAiMiNE— Conquest of Miztecapan— The Aztecs Conqi'eu riii;
PU()VL\LE of ClETLAIHTLAN AND REACH THE GULF COAST I'l.NAI,
Defeat of the C'ilvlcas -Cami'aicn in Ci extlan— IJiui u oi' Ni:-
ZAHUALi'iLLi— Improvements in Tenochtitlan— Emuahsv tk (hi-
coMozToc— Death of Montezima I. and Accession of Axava-
CATL — llAlU IN Ti • i:axtepe( — Chimalpopoca succeehs Tuto-
QUIHUATZIN OX THE ThROXE OF TlACOPAN— NeZAHL ALril.l.l SltV
CKEDS NeZAHUALCOVOTL AT TEZI TCO-UEVOLT OK Tl.ATKI.I l.l d -
("oxcjiKsT OF Matlaltzinco— Defeat uv the Takahcos— Dkaiii
OF Axavacatl.
\i
'I I
Tlic annals of the Aztoe period oonstltuto a rccoi'd
of successive coiu^uests by the allied Tepanec, Acol-
hua, and ^lexican forces, in which the latter play the
leading- role, and by which they became ])racticnlly
masters of the whole country, and were on tlie j)()iiit
of subjunatinof even their allies, or of faliiiio' before
a comhination of their foes, when they i'ell betoiv
n I'oe fi'om across the sea. liesides the fre(iU(Mitly
recurrinof camjjaio'ns aofainst coveted ])rovinces or re-
volted ciiieftains, we have the constant o'l'owth of
|400J
OUTLINE OF AZTEC HISTORY,
401
Triioclititlaii and Tozcuco; the construction of cause-
Wiivs, canals, acjueducts, and other public works; the
iTLction of magnificent temples in honor of blood-
thirsty gods; and nothing more, save the inhuman
(iacritice of countless victims by which this fanatic
|ie()|>le celebrated each victory, each coronation of a
new king, each dedication of a new temple, strove to
avert each impending disaster, rendered thanks for
every escape, and feasted their deities for every
mark of divine favor. From two sources there is in-
tit)(luced into this record a confusion unecpialed in
lliat oi' all preceding periods. The national preju-
dices of the original authorities have produceil two
almost distinct versions of each event, one attributing
the leading rule and all the glory to Tezcuco, the
(itlier to jVIexico. The other source of confusion is in
the successive camj)aigns against or conquests of the
same province, as of Chalco for example. This prov-
ince, like others, was almost continually in a state of
revolt; and there was no king of Mexico who had
not to engage in one or more wars .against its people.
Ill the aggregate about the same events are attrib-
uted to the Chalca w'ars, but hardly two authorities
,HTou|) tliese events in the same manner. Some group
them ill two or three wars, others in many, and as
lew attemjtt to give any exact chronology, the result-
iuL;' complication may easily be understood. To
reconcile these difterences is inn)ossible; to give in
lull the statement of all the authorities on each ])oint
uould amount to jirinting the whole history of the
period three or four times over, and would prove most
nioiiotoiious to the reader without servino- unv o-ood
juujiose; the choice is therefore between an arbitiary
.UToiiping of the events in (piostion and the adojjtion
of that given by Brasseur do Bourbourg. .\s tlio
latter has the claimed advantage of resting on origi-
nal documents in addition to the Spanish writtirs, I
prefer to follow it. In respect to the dilliculty
arising from a spirit of rivalry between Mexico and
ila
w
M
Vol. V. 'JO
f:i
402
THE AZTEC PEKIOD.
T'zcuco, T shall continue the assumption alivadv
made that the two powers entered into the alliaiKMj
on terms of c(piality, carefully notini^, however, tlio
views of the authorities on both sides respectinLf all
important jioints.
While Nezahualcoyotl was still residinf^ in ^Mcx-
ieo, a desi)erate attemjit was made to retrieve the
defeat at Azcapuzalco, by Coyiihuacan, the stron^-est
of the rcmainin<»' Tepnnec provinces. The rulers nf
this province applied for aid to all the lords in tliu
region, picturing the danger that hung over all from
the Aztec power and ambition; but for some reason,
l)robably fear of the new alliance, all refused to take
]»art in the war, and the Tepanecs were left to fight
their own battles. Tliey began by robbing and in-
sulting Mexican market-women visiting their citv for
purposes of trade; afterwards invited the Mexican
nobles to a feast and sent them back clad in woiiuns
garments; and finally openly declared war. Their
strong towns of Covuhuacan and Atlacohuavau soon
fell, however, before the allied armies under Itzeoatl
and Montezuma, and the whole south-western section
as far as Xochimilco was brought under subjection.^
Itzeoatl making a triumphal return into his capital in
1432.
It was determined in the following year that Ne-
zahualcoyotl should return to Tezcuco and take
possession of his ancestral tlirone of Acolhuacan. A
large army was fitted out for the conquest, but its aid
was not required; for the lords that had thus fai- held
out in the capital, realized that their cause was hope-
> Dinrtn, MS., torn, i., raji x.; Chn'iffrrn, foni. i..pp. 222-3; Trzozintuf.
in KiiigshoroiKjh, vol. ix., iip. KS-'J.">; lirnssritr, Hist., toiii. iii., Jip- I'.M'i;
Annstn, llisl. delfts Viid., jip. 4S('>-7; '/'ori/iii-iinnfii, ttmi. i., p. 145, Diiniii
and ('liivi{.;oro pliu'o tlicsi' c'\ outs after Nczalmalcovdtl luul f^onoto rc/.iiicii.
'I'lie foniicr BtatcH tliat Tozcuco was one of flic cities a])plieil to fur iiiil
.aj?aiiist the Mt xieans, and intiddufes here the story of the i)eo]ile on iIki
lake shore having; lieeii maiie ill hy the smell of fish in Tcnoehtillaii; iiml
the latter states tliat llnexotla aided Coynhuacan in this war. Tonnii'iii:ii!:i
rilaees the war in the second year of It/coatPs rci;,'ii, and inii)lies that llie
^Icxieans were forced to make several expeditions before tliey were omi-
pletely sueceasful.
OCCUPATION OF TKZCUCO.
40C
less, fled to Tlascala and in other directions, allowini,'
tlio kinsjc to enter Tezeuco \vithout resistance, "where
liL' was gladly received by the people, was puhlidy
crowned hy Itzcoatl, and proclaimed a sj^eneial
amnesty, which course soon brought back many even
of the rebel lords.^ Soon after his return lie made a
visit to Tlascala, concluding with that power a treaty
of alliance, and afterwards ruling in great harmony
Avith all his allies; at least, such is the version of the
Alihe Brasseur, and Clavigero speaks of no trouble
at that j)eriod; but other Spanish writers, although
i„it agreeing among themselves, give a very different
version of the events that occurred immediately
after the occupation of Tezeuco. According to tho
statements of Ixtlilxochitl and Veytia,^ Itzcoatl soon
repented of having allowed Nezahualcoyotl tho
sujireme rank of Chichimecatl Tecuhtli, and made
fconie disparaging remarks about his colleague. Ne-
zahualcoyotl, enraged, announced his intention to
march on Mexico within ten days; Itzcoatl,
frightened, made excuses, and scn^ twenty-five vir-
iLjins as a conciliatory pi-ift, who were returned un-
touched; a bloody battle ensued, and the Mexican
king was obliged to sue for ])eace, and submit to the
iiavuient of a tribute. Ixtlilxochitl even savs that
It V
the Acolhuas entered Mexico, plundering the city
and burning temi)les. Torquemada* mentions a diHi-
culty l)etween the two monarchs, and Nezahual-
(oyotrs challenge, but states that Itzcoatl's excuses
were accepted and an amicable arrangement effected.
i)<iturini refers the quarrel and challenge to the later
reign of Axayacatl. Ortega, Veytia's editor, denies
that any difficulties occurred f and, indeed, the story
IS not a very reasonable one, which is perhaps Bras-
.scur's reason for iirnorino- it altoyfether.
' Tnnjiirm(if?a, toin. i., pp. 14.'-fi; Flnminn; Tlixf., tniti. iii., pp. lOfi-S.
' I.ri/i7.r„r/iifl, jip. '.'3'.»-40, 407-8; flu- iilliaiieo witli TIuhciiIu is spoken of
oil p|i. •J17-H. I'li/liii, torn, iii., pp. l()H-82.
* Miiiiiini. Iik/., toiii. i., ji. 17">.
■' J'liliiriiii, Idea, p. 'JO; UtiojK, in Vcytia, toia. iii., p. 178.
iOi
THE AZTEC PEKIOD.
;*.
i -i
r)nco seated on tlie tliroiio of Acolhuacan, Xe/,a-
ImaU'oyotl devoted himself zealously to the recun-
structiou of his kingdom, followin*^ for the most part
the ])lan marked out by his grandfather Teehotl, ainl
ostaLlishing the forms of government that endured to
the time of the ('on(|uest, and that have been i'lillv
descril>ed in a preeedinir volume. Unlike the kin"-
of ^fexico, and against his advice, he restored to a
certain extent the feudal sv-stem, and left many of
his vassal lords independent in their own domains,
instead of appointing royal governors. He was
jirompted to this coui'se by a sense of justice, and l)v
it his popularity was greatly increased; the plan was
verv successful: but whether it would have succeeckJ
in later years without the support of the ]\[e\i(an
and Tepanec armies, may perha[)s be doubted. ^laiiy
however, of the strongest, the most troublesome, and
es])ecially the frontier provinces, or cities, were jilaced
under the king's sons or friends. Full details of tlie
governmental system introduced by this monarch, of
tlie many councils which he established, are given liy
tlie authorities but need not be repeated here. J^ii-
ticular attention was given to science and arts, and to
educational institntions, which continued to il(,)uiisli
under his son, and for wiiich Tezcuco was noted at
tlie ai'rival of the Siianiards. The city was detinitclv
divided into six wards called after the iidiabitants of
different nationalities, Tlailotlacan, Chimalj)ane('an,
lluitznahiiac, Tepanecapan, Culhuacan, and ]\ri'\-
i<'a})an, and was enlarged and embellished in evoiy
direction with new palaces, temples, and both ]iul)lic
and royal ])arks and ])leasiire-grounds.''
In 14.'U the Chidiimec-Culhua city of Quaiditi-
tlan was brought under subjection to Mexico, or at
e Pon T.rtUlrnrhitl pp. 2.'?!)-47, 2.')8-r)l, .ISfi-S, 407-0, 4r)4-.'». 4r.7.S; Vnji:,'.
Iiim. iii., pp. 18l!-'J()'.), •_'•.';{-!>; Ton/Hnjiiidii, toiii. i., pp. Ht)-7, MiTil; ' /"
■niirni, toiii, i., pp. '2'J')-(i, '24'J-7; lirii.sstiir, Hint., toiii. iii., pp. I'.l7'-'i>-'
< iijitlifliaii, Tcpi'tliHi/.tiic, 'I'cpcclipim, ('liiuliiiaiilitia, 'l'ulaiiciii;,'ci, (,ii;;iu-
chinaiico, Xiooti'pcc, and 'rcotiiiiiacaii arc int'iitioncil aiiioii^' the pidviiiriM
wliiiM" luriis \v''i(' ri'stoitMl. Ixtlilxix'hitl ami \"i'\tia say tliat llic ^miiu'
^ysll■lll iif provunial yovcniiiioiU wm forced ou Mc.vico by Nuzahuulcnuiil.
CONQI'I-^T OF XOCHIMILro.
4C5
le:i>t entrusted to s^overnors appointed l>y Ttzeoatl,
who made certain troubles anionic the })eople in tho
chcice of a ruler an excuse for uiarehinL»- an army into
that part of the country. Tultitlan was also con-
iiiKivd, j)rol»al)ly in the same exjieditioii.^ Xoi'hi-
milco was now one of the largest cities in Anahuac,
and hv reason of its location partially on the lak(\
anil of a deep in(tat which guarded the land side, was
also one of the strongest. Cuitlahuac was even more
stioiigly defended; hut both cities were forciul to
viijd to the ^[exicans and their allies during this
V( ar and the following. Many Ti'panecs had taken
iit'iige in these t(»wns after the fall of Azca[)Uzalco,
and their rulers, trusting to their incniased force and
the strength of their defences, were disj>osed to re-
L;ai'd the Aztecs without fear. Some authors accust!
the Xo(diiinilcas of luiving provoked a war hy e!i-
iidachmeiits; others state that thev were formallv
sunuiioned hy Itzcoatl to submit and pay tribute or
resort to the lot of battle. They made a brave re-
sistance, but Itzcoatl's forces crossed their moat by
iilling it with l)undles of sticks and })rand)les, and
lUttTed the town, driving the army to the mountains,
wlure they soon surrendered. Authorities differ as
to the treatment of the people and the government
iin|iosed, as they do in the case of most of the coii-
(|H'",% ;! cities; but Xochinnlco was certaiidy made
tril»utary to the Mexican king. The Cuitlahuacs
Were contpK'red in a later exjx'dition. The cause of
the war, as Tezozomoc tells us, was the refusal to
si'iid their young girls to take part in a festival at
Mexico. The battle was fought for the most ])art in
t'Miioes, the city was taken, as is said, by a det.ich-
ninit of stiulents under the command of AEontzeuma,
iiad many prisoners were brought back to be sa<'ii-
ticed in honor of the ijod of war. Accord i no- to
I
n
r
" Ilnissriir, llisf., torn, iii., pp. 2()'2-3; I'li/fin, torn, iii., p. '_';?(!; Tnn/iif.
lixnl'i, toiii, i., p. l.'iO; <_'/<( riijiru, toiii. i., p. "J-fS; I'tiinrrrt, 'l\nlrii, pt ii.,
1'. I's.
>i
40(J
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
i4 : .
i|:^
m. '
f -
fir
i r ! !
Tezozomoc and Duran, tlio people of XocliiiniK'o with
those of C^)yuhuaeaii ^vere ordered to funii^ih ma-
terial and buihl a causeway, the first, it is said, \vhii-h
led from Mexico to the mahdand. Herrera ainl
Acosta tells us that after the concpiest of Cuitlahu.u-,
Nezahualcovotl, seeinsf that it was useless to resist
tlie destiny of the Mexicans, voluntarily offercil liis
alleL;"iance to Itzcoatl and retired to the second rank
in the alliance. The latter adds that to content the
monarch's subjects with such a measure, a sliam l)at-
tle was foUL^ht, in which the Acolhua armies pic-
tended to be defeated.^
An opportunity was soon offered the allied powei-s
to test their strength outside the limits of the valley,
where reports of their valor and rapidly yrowin.;-
power had preceded them. The rich city of (.^)uauh-
naluiac in the south-west, had once, as we have seen,
formed aji alliance by marriage with the !Mexiians,
but friendly relations seem to have ceased. In a
dirticulty between the hjrds of Quauhnahuac and
Xiuhte[)ec, a neighboring city, about the hand of the
forni'M-'s daughter, the latter called upon the ^Fexi-
cans for aid, which they were only too ready to grant.
Tlie tliree kings, toij^ether with the Tlahuica forces nt'
Cohuatzin, lord of Xiuhtepec, marched against the
fated town, entered it after hard fighting, burned its
temple, imposed a heavy tribute of cotton, rich cloths,
and fine garments, thus taking the first step in their
victorious march toward the South Sea." The re-
8 Ixtlilxorliitl, pp. 384, 4r>8, and Vcytia, toiii. iii., pp. 140-.V2. 'J.Sl .".,
state that Nt'zalmali'oyotl acctmiplislicil tlio ('(iiKjiii'st of Xdcliiiiiik'd wiih
till' aiil of ji few Tlascaltocs, h'aviiij; Itzcoatl entirely out of the alluir.
C'l.ivij;eio, toiii. i., pp. 'J'_'()", tells us that the Xochiiiiilcas (leteiiiiiiitd i.i
luaUe war (»n the Me.xieaiis hefore tliey heeame too stroiij;. I>iiraii, Ms.,
toiii. i., ea]). .\ii., .\iii., relates an evil omen for the Xochiniilcas. in tin'
traiisfonnalion of a dish of viands, round which they were se:itcd in ili-
liberation, into arms, lejrs, liearts, and other liunian parts. See also /;'/ 'v-
si-iii; llisf., toni. iii., jip. '2(H)-,"); TvzuzniHDr, in Kii,(/\hi>riiiii//i, vol. ix., ]>]>.
'27>-'M)\ SdltiiijKii, torn, ii., lih. viii., |i. '2()S; Arit.itu, Ilist. i/r fn.s Yitii. \<\i.
4S.S-0(»; Tim/iiriii'i</<i, toni. i.,i)p.l4(>, 148-!); Vitiiiivrrt, Tra(ri>,\\\ ii..|i.'-N;
Ikvrrrd, llisl. (ii-n., dec. iii. iih. ii., cap. xiii.
'J Ixtlilxochitl, pp. "iiS-'J, .'iay.s that (.iuauhiiahuuc and eiijht other t"\viis
AFr.VIUS IN (HALIITITLAN.
407
liuildiuL,^ and re-peopliiiLf of Xultoojui, by colonies of
^Mexicans, Acollmas, and Tcpanecs, and l>y a ^athe)'-
iiii,'' uf scattered Otonii's, is attributed by the dnhx
ChtiiutliHipoca to the year l4o5. At the same time
WLie laid the foundations of a new temjde in honor of
Ciluiacoatl, and work on the ^rand tLnii)le of Iluit-
zildpDchtli, beyun long beforj, was actively })rose-
cuted. So zealous was kinu" Itzcoatl in advani-in*;
tiic n'lory of his people that he is reported by Salia-
guu'" to have destroyed the ancient records which
related the glorious deeds of more ancient peoples.
Xothinij further is recorded during Itzcoatl's reiuii
s.ivc the execution of the death penalty on certain
Cliichimec families of Quauhtitlan, who refused to
]i,irtici[»ate in some of the religious rites in hon(.)r of
tlic Aztec gods, a short campaign against the i)rov-
iiico of Ecatepec, and a vaguely mentioned ren wal
uf hostilities with Chalco."
I liave already noticed the statements of Acosta
and Herrera, that after the conijuest of Cuitlahuac
Nczaluialcoyotl resigned his sui)remacy in favor of
the Mexican king. Other authors, iis Tezozonioc,
])unui, Gomara, and Sigiienza y Gongora, also imply
that from the end of Itzcoatl's reign, the ^lexican
king was supreme in the alliance; hut their state-
laciits disagree among themselves, and with previous
.statements by the same authors to the effect that the
!Mr\ican king was supreme monarch at the foundation
of the alliance. Although Itzcoatl and his succes-
woxc ii warded to Nczahuiilcoyotl, Trpozotlan, Tluastppcc and otliors to
Il/.ciiiitl, lii'sidt's tlie .share of 'riaropaii nut spi'citiod. 'I'lii' .sanic autlmr
>,'ivi'> ln'R' wiiliont details of cliroiiid(i;.'y, a list of .siilise<|iu'iit conijiu'sts liy
till' iillic-i at this period, wliieli we shall liiid scattered thrnni^liunt this and
till- l'iilli(winj,' reif^iis; sueli are:--C'haleo, It/ucan, 'I'epeaca, 'I'ecalro, Tcd-
liiiaiaii. ('oluiaixtlalniaean, llnaltepee, l^iianlilDidico, Atoeh|ian, Ti/auh-
ociac, I'liciitepee, Mazaliuaeun, 'J'lapaeoia, 'I'laiiheocauhtitlaii, and 'i'nlan-
ciii^'u. See also on coniiuest of t^inuihnahuai', C/iirtij,rii, toni. !., pp. •_''J7->S;
T'ir/iiri,iiii/ii, toni. i., pp. li'.l-oO; Vii/Zm, toni. iii., p|i. •J.'J.")-(i; Vilaiirvrt,
T'li/rii. |it ii.. p. "28; Jinissciir, Hisf., toni. iii., ])p. 'JO,')-?.
'" H'sf. (int., toni. iii.. lih. x., pp. 13i)-4l; see p. UK), of this volume,,
and \iil. ii., p. 'y2H,
"''/•/(.(• c/tiimi//)., ill JJrKsscur, Hist., toiii. iii., i([). 2(tS-ll; Torti'>
hnul'i, toni. i., p. 150. ',
I
I;
.III
• iiiil
I 'i|
■'i Ml
_ii ; [
408
Till AZTEC PERIOD.
sors, by taoir valoi* and desire of conquest, took ;i
leadinijc P'^i't i'^ ^^^ wars, and were in a sonso niastcis
of Analuiac, there is no sntficient evidence that tluv
ever claimed any snperority in rank over the Anil-
luia monarch, or that any important dltticuhies
occurred hetween the two powers initil the last yeais
of tlie Aztec ])eri()d.^^ The king died in 1440, recom-
mending' the allies above all thing's to live at i)o;u'c
with each other, ordering work to be continued on the
temple of l[uitzilopochtli, and making provision fur
statues of himself and his predecessors on the tlii'oiio
of ^Mexico. He was succeeded by his nephew,
Montezuma llhuicamina, or the elder, who was
already commander of the armies and high -priest
of Huitzilopoch<:ii."
His election having been confirmed by the kings of
Tezcuco and Tlaoopan, ^[t»nte/uma 1. was ci-owiied
with something more than the usual ceremonies,
botli because of his high ecclesiastical ]iosition and
because he was the first monarch crowne-d ly the
jMexicaiis as a perfectly independtnit nation. Ac-
cording to several authors this king made an ex-
pedition against the Chalcas l)efore his coronation to
u Ti~ii~tn)K)r, i I Kiiiff.shoroiiijfi, vol. ix., yp. 'M)-'2; Dnraii, AIS., toni. i.,
call. '^^•' '^""I'to'K, Coii'i. Mix., fctl. ,'}(i;i; Sii/iinan, in l>iii\ His/, .1/. .r ,
si'iit' iii., loin, i., ]). ."I'.t; 'l"on|iuMiiiiila, toiii. i., ]i. I41)-."t(t. dciiii's tlic >tory
that Ni'/aliiialcoyotl siiliiiiitti'd to U/.t'oatl. N'claiicvrt, Tinlrn, pi ii.. |i|i.
'Xi-l, makes iliiMii still of i'i|ual rank, 'rczozomoc makes no nientinn ct
liny events in hzeoatl's rel','n after the etmiinest of ( 'nil lahiiac. Oiiraa,
cap. xiv, states that hi" coiH|Hests inclmkMl Clialeo, (ihianlmalmac, llni'-
xolziiieo, ami Coallichaii. ('las i;.;c'io, (om. i., pp. '_''_'S-',t, 'J.'SJ-,'); 'I'uriiiieniail.i,
toMi. i,, II. 157, ami N'eytia, tom, iii., ]tp. 'J.'lli-7, place in lizcoall's i'i'i;:ii llie
oiiuin ol the tid. lilies with 'i'latelnico wliicii will lie spoken of lieicaflci'.
.\ci'oii!in^' to ihi- I'ik/iX Miiiiln::ii, in Ktiiiislinruiiij/i, vol. v., p. II, ll/ioall,
or Izi'oaci, coiwiuereil "Jti'ities.
'•' Dale, I HO Jtiinni, .MS., tom. i., ciip. xiv-xv.; Cinhx Mtiii!i-:ii. in
Kiiiii^!i(iiiiii<ili, vol. v., |i. I.'i; .]f-,,i/ii/(i, Jli.sf., .'■''•/'s., |i, l.'iU-, /,!'//. y.io /,,//,
IM). 'Jl'.t, 4."i7; Vi/iiiirrrf, Tnifri),]>i ii., ]). ~H\ I'lt/iirini, in />i,r. Ilsl. M i ,
iserie iii., torn, iv.. ?>. •J,'!',l; Ihiissinr, llixl., I un. iii., pp. '.'I I I'.'. Iiiiiini
also M;i\(.s l-tj,". ami Ixtlilxochitl I 111. I i;{(i, \'ii//ia, tom. iii.. pp. "J^C •<;
Vhirliitr:i. tom. i., ]i. ■_'•_",(; llii.i/iniiiniff, Mni'iiii/ns ilr In .l/iiiiiii/n, loin, ii ,
]i. 171. Si'C also on th' succession ; llrrrirn, lllsl. Uni,, ilec. iii.. lili. ii ,
cap. xiii.; Arn.s/ii, lli.st. i/r Ins )'iii/., pp. I'.MI-.'l; Siiliuifiiii, tom. ii., lil>. \iii.,
p. 'JliS; '/'iii''/iiiiiiiii/ii, loin, i., pp. I.'ill, 171; 'l'i''.ii::"iiiiii\ in KiKiislmViniiili,
\ol. i\.. p. ,'{0; Miihi/niiii, ill hiizhulvctti, CiiL (/c J)uc,, tom. i,, p. (I; '"'•
intd'ti, Coiiij. Mix., fol. 'M'.i,
REICN OF .M(tNTEZrMA I.
409
I'olll
olitaiii tlio necessary prisoners for sacrifice."
tlif lii'st (lays of his reii^ii ^Nroucezuina s^iivo yreat
attontiou to the huildini^' of temples in liis capital,
olitainiiiLT many of his \vt)rknjen from Tlacopaii, ami
jiis plans I'rom the skilled arcliitects of Tezciico, Ho
socuis to have instituted the custom so e.\t<Misi\fly
iiracticed in later years, of erectim'- in Mexico tem-
|)lcs in honor of the ufods of forein'n pro\ iiiccs coii-
(jiu'i'cd or ahout tt> he conipiered, makiu'^' these ^ods
.-altordinato to Huitzilopochtli as their woi'sliipfi's
hiect to the ]\[exica)»s. Two temiil
es
are
1)(M'
SUDJ
ally mentioned hy the docnments which Jhas-
SL'Ur follows; one called Tiuitznahuateocalli, and the
(itluT tliat t)f ^[ixcohuate[)ec. The lalt*'r was huilt
t.i ri'crive the relics of the ancient chief ^Fixcohuatl,
15
which had heen preserved for centuries in their toin-
]i!c at Cuitlahuac, an ohject of veneration to all of
Tdltcc descent. A (piari'el hetween Tezozomoc and
Acdhniztli, rival lords of that city, afforded a sulli-
ciciit pretext for sending' thither a ^[exican army;
the t(Mn}>le cau_L>'ht tire, hy accident as was claimed,
and the lord who had received aid could not refuse
Montezuma's recpiest lor the now shelterless relics,
Avliich were translei-red to their new restin,L'"-[dace
111 lelioch
titli
m.
Tl
lis was m 144
- Ill
The Chalcas whom we lun'i' ol'ten I'ound dnhtini^',
iiihv (111 the side of the Ac<!]huas, now on the side of
the Teiianecs, hut always hating' the Mexicans most
hitteiiy, s(!ei i to have mana,o"ed their alliances so
shrewdly up to this time, as to have avoided hecom-
in<jf involved in the ruin that at diU'ereiil times had
(i\-cr\\ lu
lined th(^ leading' |iowers of .\ii;ihnai
Since
the lunnation of the new alliance, in which tluy had
H v.i,f;„, \
mil. III.
!■ S(.
Ml
(•ii|i.
Mil.
I '.7.
iiiirrr
'J,">(), '.',1,), III tins Miliiiii
lull
Chin,!.
tiiiii. i.
it\ Hist., tmii. ill., ]iii, 'JIH-17; Vifitin,
I. tolii.
■ii.i. x\i.
i:i(l; 7'.
I'lic liilh
•ri/iii'iii
III
>'/'!, tiiiii. i.
I'l'
.1111.
l.-iO-
I'
Ih.
MS.
IT lllllllnr IS Cil
I'l'l'iil III >t;iti' iliMt .Miiiili'/iiiiia
iliil iini i(.i|iii.st, liiit ^illl|llv iiitU'ri'tl aiil ill liiiiliUii^ lii.-i tiiiijili'^ fniiii I'la-
t'l ;i.iii ami 'l\'/fiu'ii.
I '
410
THE AZTEC PERIOD,
l.i
'^1
no part, tlieir soldiers had fought many skirmishes
with the allied forces, but the latter had made no
united effort to conquer them. Having bect)mf nu-
merous and powerful, the Chalcas now dared, in I44;i,
to measure their strength against the allies, tluii'
chief pur[)()se being to humble Mexico. They ])io-
voked hostihties by seizing and putting to deatli a
party of noble young men who were hunting mar
their frontier. The l>arty included some nienibiis of
the Mexican royal family, and two sons of Nezahual-
eoyotl. The dead bodies of the latter were embali.ird
and made to do service in the palace of Toteotziii,
lord of Clialco, Jis t(jrch-bt.!arers. The effect of such
an indignity was immediate, and brought upon (lie
})erpetrators tlie whole strength of the allied kings.
The Mexicans and Tepanecs approached by wati-r,
the Acolhuas by land; they were 'uet by the ( 'haha
army, and for several weeks the conHict raged fiercely
without decisive advantage on either side. Kings
]\[ontezuma and Totoquihuatzin connnanded in ]hi-
son; Nezahualcoyotl's forces were under his two ehk^t
sons. Another son, Axo([uentzin, only about seven-
teen years old, performed prodigies of valor and
turned the tide of victory. Visiting liis brothers in
camp, he was about to eat with them, when tiny
ridiculed his youth and told him that was no place
for a boy who had done no deed of valor. Ashamed
and angry, he seizetl arms and rushed alone against
the enemy, taking ca[)tive one of their mightiest
warriors — their aged lord Toteotzin himself, Ixtlil-
xochitl says — and creating a panic which caused ulti-
mate defeat. The victory was com}dete, the ( halca
army was scattered, the city taken and made trilm-
tary to tlu' ct'iitral powers, although these peopK' were
aide subseMjuently to cause the victors nnich trouble
Nezahualcoyotl was so angry at the nuirder of his
sous that for once he shared to st)me extc' the
bloodthirsty spirit of the Aztecs, and gladly gave up
CONQUEST OF TLATELULCO.
411
tlio Clialca captives, among wliom was their chief,
to the sacrificial Mock."
The exact status of Tkitelulco under the tri-partito
alliance is not clearly recorded; but the inferior j)osi-
tioii acrorded that city had doubtless caused nuich jeal-
oiisv and dissatisfaction, which had already produced
sniue trouble, though not open ru[)ture, between the
two kings, if we may suppose Quauhtlatohuatzin to
liave 1)een at this date considered as a king. During
^[()ntc7,uma's absence in the Chalca war, the Tlate-
lulca cliief ventured so far as to engage in plots
against the existing state of things; ^lontezunia, on
his return declared war; the people were reduced to
sultiuission, their ruler was killed, and ^NToipiihuix,
supposed to be in the interests of the ^Mexicans, was
put in his place.*" On liis return from the C/halca
war, and while ^tontezuma was punishing the treason
ut' tlie Tlatelulca chief, Xezahualcovotl was eni2a<>ed
ill (|U('lling a revolt in the nortliern province of Tu-
lancingo, where the rebels had burned .some towns
and di'iven out the Acolhua garrisons. The })rovince
was now finally coiujuered and joined to the domain
o\' Acolhuacan under royal governor.s. Nezahual-
luyotl is also said to have founded a new town in
tliis i-i'gion, and sent colonists from Tezcuco to dwell
ia •.,''■•'
The rich provinces of C'ohuixco and ^Fa/atlan,
just sdutli of Anahuac and of the province of (,^)nauh-
nalniac, at the time the southern limit of Mexican
cuiiipiest, had Ioul*' beou coveted by the Aztec kings;
'" Viiitiii, tnin. iii., ])1), 'JKI-i; Tin''/ii>iii<ii/ii, toin. i., )ili. l."i() I; C/nri-
pirn, tiiiii. i., |)|i. 'j;t(»-l; Ixtlil.riifhill, |)|i. '_'.").")-7, -HiT-S; hrnisiiir, lli.s/.,
t'Mii. iii., ])|». -Jiy-'-M; SiiliiKjidi, toiii. ii., lili. viii., p. 'JdS; Vi/fnicrrf, Ti-
nt"'. |it ii., )i. 'Jil.
'■* TiiniHiiKiii/n, tmn. i., ]>)•. l.")('(-T; Vhiriiirni, turn, i., ii|>. 'JJV.'H; ]'ii/hii,
Imii, iii,, |i|i. '.M'J-H; l{rfts.\riir. His/., turn, iii., |iji. il'Jl-.'i; finnimln.^ if (In/i'i::,
'J"i'i/i.\- .\iiiit'., ]i. 17(»; Vftitiicri'l, JKitro, pi ii., p. .'((•; ShIkuiiik , torn, ii.,
lil>. viii., pp. •.•7:<-t.
'' l,tl/i/.iiir/iill, II. '2 >; lini.i.siKr, lli.sf., torn, iii., ji. '2'1'>. 'I'lic fDrincr
jniilhir Miys tliiit tills niinpicwl cvlcndi'il tii (jliiimliiliiiiaiicn iiml .Niluicpi'c,
lull iiii|ilii's ijiat it liiok plai'i' iiiiiiii'tliatclv al'tfr tlic treaty witli 'I'lascaia,
wlinli I'lijluweil No/.aliiialfu^i)tr.^ acei'-Hsiou tn llie 'IV'/.iuiaii tlirtnu'.
VVm
m
412
THE AZTEC TEKIOD.
arul in 1448 the desired opportunity prcscntod itself.
The Coluiixcas attacked and put to dealli a large
nuniLer of traveling merchants from ^lexico, jiro-
voked to the outrage doubtless by the arbitrary
conduct of the latter, "who deemed that the gicut
power of their own nation freed them from all obligu-
tion to obo}^ the laws of nations Avhich they visitrd.
The murder of the traders was more than a sullirieiit
cause of war to the belliu'erent allies, and by a cam-
paign concerning which no details are recorded, the
two provinces, or at least most of their towns, wciv
con([uered and annexed as tributai'ies to the Aztec
domains.^" Durini'- the followinLif years the .\/ti(s
"Wore called upon to suspend their foreign con(jue>ts
and to striii]ci>-le at home against water and snow and
frost and drought and famine, foes that well nigh
gained the mastery over these hitherto inviiieihle
warriors. In 1449 heavy and continuous I'ains so
raised the ^vaters of the lake as to inundate the
streets of Tenochtitlan, destroying many l)uiKlings
and even causing ct)nsidera.ble loss of life. The mis-
fortune was bravely met; the genius of Xezaliiial-
coyotl, the engineering skill of tliC valley, and the
Avhole available laboring force of the three kingdoms
"Were called into reijuisition to guai'd against a iccui-
rence of the Hood. A dike, stretching irom noith to
south ill crescent form, was constructed tor a <list;ni(r
of si>ven or eight miles, se|)ai"ating the waters of the
lake into two j>ortions, that on the ^^Texican sidr
being coinj)aratively independent of the fVesli wat^r
flowing into the lake in the rainy season. The dike
Avas built by driving a double line of piles, the
interior space being filled Avith stones and e.nih,
the whole over thirty, or, as many authors say,
f" 'riii> tnwiiH iniMltiDllccI IIS iiicluilril in tliin <'(iiii|ni'st luc ('iilnii\ti>,
O/Moiimii, (,>iici/iill('|ii'(', l\('iit('i)]iiin, 'I'cDM'iilniiilcii, I'licli'in'c, N'r.iiliii'i ,
V:i(';i|iii'litlM, 'l'iiliiU|iini. 'riiii'liniiiliicac, 'ritii'licn, ( 'liil!i|itiu, 'l'iiiiiM/iihi|iiiii,
<Viiaiilil('|pt'(', ( »liiiii|>iin, 'r/(iiiipiilninc'im, iiiul ('iizMiiiiildiiiiaii. Sec I'l ////'',
<iiiii iii., ]>. 'Ji;t; ' 7(M'///(yv), timi. i,, II. 'JHH; Tiir'iiiiinnilii. linn, i., i^. \'U\
JtriiMiin; llisf., toui. iii., jui, --.')-7; \ litimrrf, Tiii/ro, \i{ ii,, \>. M, I.fihl-
ifiir/ii/l, |i. *_>1SI,
FAMINE AND PLAGUES.
413
sixty feet wide, and forming' a imich-frequented
|iiniiu'iiade. This work may he considered a orcat
triiiiiiph of al)original engineering, es])ecially Aslieii
we consider the millions spent hy the S}>aniards
umltr the best European engineers in })rote('ting
tliL' city, liardly more effeetuidly, against similar
iuuiidations. The Chalcas seem to have taken ad-
vantage of the troid)les in !\rexico to revolt, hut
ucrc easil}' brouglit into subjection by an army under
]\[iiiitezuma.^^
The famine and other plagues already alluded to
liigaii two years later, and continued for a period of
six years.'-^ The authorities do not altogether agi'ee
respecting the exact order of the visitations, but
severe frosts, a heavy fall of snow, long-contiiuied
(lidiight, consccjuent failure of all crops, famine, and
(|iitleinic pestilence are mentioned by all. All the
\allev and many provinces without its limits were
visited by the famine; indeed, Totonacajtaii, or
liUthern Vera Cruz, is ^ejjorted to have been the only
jMit of the country that entirely cscaj)ed its effects.
Tlie sutK'i'ing and moi'tality among the lower classes
Were tei-ril>le; the royal granaries Merc thrown o})en
hv Older of Xezahualcovotl and IMontezuma, but the
sii|i|ily of maize was soon exhausted, and the tish,
reptiles, bii'ds, and insects of the lakes wei'e the only
>!)Ui('es of food. Thousands of the poor sold tliem-
selves into slavery, some at home, othei's in foreign
pinviiices, to obtain bari'ly food enough to sustain life.
Se\tMal .NFexican colonies attribute their origin to this
priidil ot' v..nt. The rulei's could not pi-cveiit the
sile dl' slaves, l)ut they forbaih' chililren to be sohl
iit less rates than four or live huiidreil ears of corn
eieh, according as they were boys or giils. This
'■ ScvtMiil iiiilliovs 1,'ivo till' dates ns 11 ((>. I'li/Ziu, tmn. iii.. ]i|). 'JlT-S;
r/" ■/'/> /•!/, Imii. i., ii]'. -.■<.'{-4; T<iri/ii<iiiii</ii, tuni. i., |i|i. I"i7-S; llrns.M m;
il'^i . loiii. iii., |i|), 'J'JS ,'{.'. This luitlinr j;i\('s tlic whIiIi nf liic iliLf us
liliHMi .'iillVcl. \'i/,nirrr/, Tin/io. \i\ ii,, p. :f(t.
■ I IIS -"0,1 "(////'(, • i»:)l-(i, ISnis.sr,,!-. \\\',-:y\, l',i<li\r Till. Ji< 1,1.; 11(14-7
(llll-7;j II years at'tur UL'ct'ssiim ul' Montezuma. iJuntii.
Iff H-
■ill
fill iy
m
J. '• :i
414
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
i-
natioMiil disaster was, of course, attributed to tlie
anger of the gods, and the utmost efforts were made
to conciliate their irate divinities by the only etlira-
cious means known, the sacritice of human victims.
But since fighting and conquest had ceased, siich
victims were exceedingly scarce. Nezahualcovoti
would allow none but prisoners of war to l)u
sacrificed in his dominions, arguing that such forfeited
their lives by being defeated, and that it made Imt
little difference to them whether they died on tlio
field of battle or on the sacrificial altar. Moreover,
only strong soldiers were believed to be acceptalilc
to the gods in such an emergency; the sickly and
famisjiing plebeians and slaves could not by tlicii-
worthless lives avert the divine wratli. The result of
this difficulty was one of the most extraordinary com-
pacts known in the world's lustorv. It was anivcd in
a solenm treaty that between the Atexicans, Tepamcs,
and Acolhuas in the valley, and the Cholultec.^, Tlas-
caltecs, and Huexotzincas of the eastern i)latcaux,
battles .should take place at regular intervals, uii
battle-grounds set apart for this purjtose, between i'oes
ecpial in number, for the sole purpose of obtaining'
captives for sacrifice. Such battles were actually
fought during the years of famine, and })erha|is in
later years, although the almost constant wars iciid-
ered such a resort rarely necessary. Tn the last
years of the famine Nezahualcoyotl laid the founda-
tions of a great teocalli at Tezcuco, in 14,");") tin;
tving-ui) of the cycle and the renewal of the sacivd
fire were celebrated, and the fbllowiniif year of M.")(!
was one of great abundance. The time of Avant and
disaster was at last completed; a period of plenty and
l)rosperity ensued.**
2'i Ihintii, MS., tdin. i., ra]). xviii., xix., xxx., sayn the snow fell Unci'-
(l('('li ill lli(> viillcy. 111! jilsK tells us that very iiiaiiy siild as slaves iliiiiii;;
till' famine were raiiMMiieil and returned afti-rwanls; tiiis, however, ilni's
not apply to sueli us went to Totoiiaeapan, sinee these ii'iiiaiiied in lli.il
jii'ovinee. I.rt/i/.rochit/, jip. '2.")0-l, "J.")", says that tiie slaves sold to llio
i'otonaes were all sacrilieed to seetire a ('ontiiiuaiiee of iiroilueiiveiie^^ in
thu iiroviuce. This author also iuuiicm Xieulcncatl, a rhiseultoi; uohii',
I
CONQUEST OF MIZTECAPAN.
415
Witli returninL,' plenty and prosperity at liomo,
came back the spirit of toreigii coiirpie.st. The first
to tall before the allied forces was the province of
(.'oliuaixtlahiiacan, or LIp})er jV[izteca})an, lyiny- in
till.' south-west, in what is now Oajaca, and adjoininj^
tliat of Mazatlan, which had already been added to
the Aztec domain. As in the case of the last-men-
tioned i)rovince and of many others, ill-treatment of
^Mexican traders was the alleged motive of the war.
The Miztec king, called Dzawindnnda in his own
country and Atonaltzin by the Mexicans, had caused
many of the traveling merchants to be })ut to deatli
and had finally forbidden the whole fraternity to
trade in or to ])ass through his territory. 'I'heie is
every reason to believe that this ])rohibition was mer-
ited by the conduct of the Mexicans. At this time,
and still more so in later years, the monarchs of
Aiiiiluiac made use of their merchants as spies to re-
jiort ujion the wealth and power of different j)r()vinces,
to ascertain the best methods of attack, and to pro-
voke a (piarrel when the conquest had once been
tletei'mined upon. The province of ^liztecapan was a
rich field of traffic and was moreover on the route to
the rich commercial towns on the southern coast of
Aiuiluiac Ayotlan, whei-e tlu3 jiroducts of the coun-
tries l)()th north and soutli of tlie isthnuis were offered
for sale at the great fairs. The ^AFexicans attended
these fail's in com])anies which were well armed and
were little less than small armies, trusting in their
own strength and that of their sovereign, and sliow-
iiig but little respect for the laws of jirovinces trav-
lis tlic iH'i'soii will) Hii;,'j;('st(Ml tlir Imttli's fdr rii;ili\('s. Ttriissriir, Hist.,
tiiin, iii,, i)|i. 2,'VJ-(>, iiii|p|i('H tliiit the iiiiiiu' Tiiinnin'iiiiini, ' it';;iiiii uf our
suli>i>-l('ii('c,' was jfivcii on accoinit uf tlic events clescriheil, altliiiiiL.'li tlio
Millie aiiihor l\as simkeii freijiieiitly of the 'rotniiaes at a jierioil many ixii-
tiiries earlier. See also, Trzit~iiiiiiii\ in l\'iii</slinr(tii;//i, vol. ix, j p. OH-fi;
Tnninniiiii/tt, toni. i., |i|i. ]7\H, 171; i'ldfiijiTii, foni. i., lip. '.'Hn-.'i; Sn/uiiiini,
tmii. ii.. iii). viii., p. 'id'.t; Viiitin, toni. iii., pp. 'JlS-",t; ' 'r '• r Till. I,'' in., in
KiiiUxliiirutlijh, vol. v., p. l.'ilt. Aeosia, Hist, ilr ^^s• 1 ml., p, HI,'!, ailil llel-
reni, (lee. ill., Uli. jj,, eaii, xiii, nii'rely state that it. was a):ree(l to reserve
TliiMnla an .1 liattle-llelil wliereon to exercise tlii^ armies, ami (o olitaiu
I'liplives, Torijiieniuda throws Hoiiic doiihl on thi« agreement.
i^
416
THE AZTEC rEIlIOD.
crsed. Atonaltzin was a proud and powerful rukr,
and was iKjt at all unwilling to measure his strength
against that of the central nations. Montezuma s^iit
an embassy to bear his complaints; Atonaltzin sent
l)aok by the same embassy a great quantity of valu-
able gifts, sam[)les, as he said, of the tribute tlic
^lexicans might expect if they should succeed in
con(|uering his armies in the war which must decidt!
which king was to pay tribute to the other, Moiitt-
zuma's re[)ly was to march at the head of a laryL'
army towards Tilantongo, the capital of Cohuaixtla-
huacan. The result was that the allied forces were
utterly routed and driven back with great loss t(t
their home. jMontezuma had underrated the strength
<»f his adversaiT and had undertaken the concpicst
with<»ut sutlicient })reparation.
A few months were now spent in new preparatii)iis
on l)oth sides for a renewal of the struggle. The
vVztecs in some way formed a secret alliance with the
lord of Tlacli<juiauhco, near Tilantongo, who was an
enemy to Atonaltzin. The !Miztecs on the othei- hand
obtained aid from the Tlascaltecs and Huexotzint as,
who before the ^Vztec alliance had been the leading'
traders o\' the country, and who were jealous of the
eonunercial eiiterjtrise shown and success achieved Iv
their rivals. 'J'he war began with an assault by tlie
^liztec leader and his eastern allies on TlaclKjuiauhco;
but the ]\Iexicans, Acolhuas, and Te[)anecs, under
!^[ontezuma, inllicted this time as severe a defeat as
they had suffered befort'; Atonaltzin was forced to
surrender, and the whole province was annexed to
the dom.iin of the victors, as were Tochte})ec, Zapet-
lan, Tototlan, and (.'hlnantla, soon after. T'he auvili-
arv armv of the Tlascaltecs and Huexotzineas was
almost amiihilated. The record closes with a. n-man-
tic e]>iso(le of Afontezmna's love for Atoiiahzin^
(jueeii; the Miztec king was killed shortly alter hv
his own sid)jec s, not improbably at the instigation "t'
the Aztecs, and the assassins brought his (pieeii wiih
t'ONliUEST OF CUETLACIITLAN.
417
the news of his tloatli to !\[oxico. A palace was
liuilt for her, hut she is said to liave resisted tlie Az-
tec monarch's ardor, and to have remained faithful to
lur first hushand. The conquest of Cozanialoaj)an
and (^uauhtochco, also in the Miztec region, followed
(luring the same year and the following, provoked as
littore hy the pretended murder of traveling mer-
chants.-^
Klated hy their success in the south-west, the allied
kings next turned their attention toward the south-
eastern province of Cuetlachtlan, in what is now
central Xcvn Cruz, lying between the Aztec ])osses-
siiiiis and the thriving commercial towns of the Xi-
calancas (Hi the gulf coast in the Goazacoalco region.
According to Veytia, Tonjuemada, and Clavigero,
the chiefs of the province, incited by the Tlascaltecs
and promised aid by them and the other cities of the
eastern })hiteau, declared or adopted measures to
jirnvoko the war. ])uran and Tezozomoc, on tlie
coiitiaiy, represent the Mexicans as having sent an
embassy to the south-eastei'u provinces, demanding a
tril)iite of rare shells, or even of live shell-fish, and
threatening war as an alternative. Tlie ambassadors
were to include the Totonac territory in their de-
laaiuls, liiit were seized and murdeivd in Cuetlach-
tlan, their dead bfulies being subjected to great
indignities, at the instigation of the Tlascaltecs.
The army immediately dispatched IVom the lake
cities was one of the strongest whicli liad yet f )Ught
t'wf the glory of the Aztec alliance, and mnnbere<l
among its leaders three ^NTexican princes, Ahuitzotl,
Axayacati, and Tizoc, who afterwards oci-upied tlie
thione. and Mo(juihuix the ruler of Tlatcdulco. The
alhaiice of the L)lmec province with Thiscala and the
•i
'•' I>atc, ltr>S-0, ac<'or(liiiK to nrasseur; Ha)) ncconliii;,' to tlic nlhcr
inilliiii-.s. Iliiiaii, NlS., tmn. i., caii. xxii., xxiii., ami 'I'l'/o/diiiui', in /\'.„;/.s-
hnroihjh, viil. ix., pp. .M-H, say iiotliiiij,' of tlic aid icikIi'MmI liy liic '! iascal-
ti'(> ami llucxotziiicas. Sec also ('/uriijiri), tniii. i., |)p. •J.'i(J-7; I'li/tia,
'"III iii,, p|i. •_M'.t-.")l; Itnissiiir, lli.s/., toin. iii., pp. "JltT--")-; Tuniiainndu,
t'liii i., pp. I,"i>.i-()l; I'ifiiiiccrf, Tiiiti\j, pt ii., pp. 30-1.
Vol. V. 27
418
THE AZTEC PEKIOD.
i i f j
other cities seems not to have been known at ^Mexico
when the nrmy began its march, and wlien it l)et'anio
known excited so much apprehension that orders
were sent to the generals in command to fall back
and postjwne the conflict until further prei)arati()ns
could 1)0 made. All were disposed to obey tlie royal
command, save Moquihuix, who l)ravely announced
his purpose to attack and defeat the enemy with Jiis
Tlatcdulca soldiers unaided. His enthusiasm had an
electric effect on the whole army; there was no
longer any thought of retreat; the battle was fought
in disobedience of orders, near Ahuilizapan, now ( )ri-
zava; the army of the enemy was defeated; the
Aztecs were masters of a broad tract, extending fVuin
Analuiac south-eastward to the sea; and over six
thousand captives were brought l)ack to die on the
sacrificial block. Duran and Tezozomoc state tliat
the nations of the eastern plateau did not give the
aid they had promised, treacherously leaving the
province of Cuetlachtlan to its fate; but this is con-
sistent neither witli the character nor interests of the
Tlascaltecs, and it is more likely that their army
Bhared the defeat. The victors were received at
Mexico with the hiijfhest honors, the kings, priests.
and nobles marching out to meet them; the leadeis
were rewarded for their bravery with lands and
lienors, particularly !Mo(|uihuix, wlio received besides
the hand of a Mexican princess nearly related to the
royal family; and the blood of the six thousand ca])-
tives furnished an offering most acce})table to the
gods at the dedication of a temjile that had just been
completed.
A revolt of the jtrovince of Cuetlachtlan is recorded
by Duran and Tezozomoc at a later date not definitely
fixed, when the IMexican governor was nnirdered, tlio
payment of tribute suspended, and the and>assadors
sent to ascertain the cause of such suspension, shut
up in a tight room and suttbcated Avith burning <hile.
The Tlascaltecs, as before, ottered aid which was not
REVOLT OF THE CHALCAS.
419
fiirtliconiiiiij; the guilty parties were put to deatli
liv older of the Aztec iiionarehs, and the tributes of
tlir province were doubled.^'
The Chalcas never missed an opportunity for revolt,
aiul did not fail to take advantage of the events which
olili^vd the hated Aztecs to give their whole attention
to lorcign wars. During the war in Cuetlachtlan,
tliiv are said to have defied the Aztec power by
refusing certain blocks of stone from their ([narries
needed for building-})ur{)oses in the capital, and also
to have seized and imprisoned several ^lexicans of
]iiL;h rank. Among tiie latter was a Ijrother of !Mon-
teziuiia, whom, according to several authorities, they
offered to make king of Chalco; he refused to betray
his country, but at last, influenced by entreaties antl
threats, pretended to consent. At his reipiest a higli
[ilatforin was erected for the performance of certain
eeivnionies designed to fire the hearts of tlie Chalcas
ill the new cause; but from its summit the captive
|ii'iii('u denounced tlie treachery of his captors, called
u]ioti the Mexicans to avenge him, predicted the defeat
and slavery of the people of Chalco, and threw him-
self lieadlong to the eaiih below. The total amiihil-
atioii of this uncontrollable people was determined
uituii by tlie kings of Mexico, Tezcuco, and Tlacojian;
and a peculiar air of mystery enshrouds the war
which foUowed. During the whole period of prejiar-
ation, of conflict, and of victory, the ])eople o{' the
("ipital engaged in sidenm processions, cliants, prayers,
suiitiees, and other rites in honor of the A/tecs who
had perished in past Clialca wars. Signal tires
hlazed oa the hills and in the watch-towers; and it is
even said tliat the gods sent an eartlnpiake to warn
the Chalcas of their impending doom. The battle
II
''' Accdidiii;; to Voyti.'t's rliniiinloj^y, tlii^ roiKiucst took jilacc in 1 l.'iT;
l>nissc\ir puts (his iuiil tile followiii;; rvi'iits in 1458-9. Sec Vri/tin, loin.
iii., pp, 'J.")!-;!; Ixtlil.iiivhitl, J). 4(17; ('/iirii/rro, torn, i., ]ip. 'J.'IT S; I'm-
ijit'iiiiidti, tiini. i., jip. lf)l-'2; ]'i/iiiirrrf, i'liifra, \t\ ii., |i. .'U ; Hnissrur,
lli^l,, tdiii, iii., pp. "J.VJ-T; Ihirmi, MS., torn, i., cap. x.\i., xxiv.; T<:zuzoinije,
ill Ktiij.'ilnjrijiiijli, vol. i.\., p|i. 48-51, 53-U.
( I
-120
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
raged for a whole day before the fated city and the
Aztecs were at hist victorious, as they had heeii in a
previous war against tlie same city. Great nuniltiis
of the enemy fell in battle or were put to the swonl
during the pursuit; the almost deserted town was
entered by the Aztec army; surviving Chalcas wcro
scattered in all directions; many took refuge in tlio
cities of the eastern plateau, others perislied in the
mountains rather than to submit to their hated foe;
but enough were finally pardoned by Montezuma and
allowed to return to their city to cause not a little
troul)le in later years.'^®
Other events recorded as having occurred befoie
14()0 are few in number. The most important was
tlie conquest and annexation to the Tezcucan domain
of many towns in the north-eastern provinces of Tzi-
nuhcohuac, Atochpan, and Cuextlan, the home of the
Jluastecs in the Panuco reo-ion on the a'ldf coast. In
this campaign the allied troops were under two of
Nezahualcoyotl's sons, and this was tl.o only inijort-
ant addition to the Acolhua ])ossessions «incu the
date of the tri-partito alliance; yet there is no evi-
dence that Nezahualcoyotl expressed or felt any dis-
satisfaction at the rapid growth of the Mexican do-
main; ho was not ambitious of conquest, and douht-
less received his full share of other spoils and of
tribute. At about the same time the INlexicans con-
(juered several strong cities on the southern odge of
the Choluliec plateau, such as Tepeaca, Quauhtin-
chan, and Acatzingo, thus threatening the inde])ond-
ence of the eastern republics; outrages on travoliui,'
merchants were as usual the real or pretended excnso
for these conquests. Tenochtitlan and Tlat ^
had now grown so far beyond their original lin
to form really but one city, the boundary line !iii»'
"'' On the ('(inquest of Chivlco, sec Diirioi, MS., toni. i., caii. xvi., xvii.;
Trzitzonior, in Kin<ifihoroiiqh, vol. ix., pp. 33— K); Cliirii/rro, toni. i., pp.
'2.1S-40; IlrKssnir, Uisf., tdni. iii., p|). S.nS-fil; Arosfii, llisl. fh hts Vii'l..
])p. 492-;j; llcnxra, doc. iii., lib. li., cap. xiii.; Vci/tiii, ti>ni. iii., pp-
2r);j-4.
BIRTH OF NEZAIUALI'ILLI.
421
a narrow and shallow ditch. This ditch was now
(IcepeiiL'd aiitl widened at the joint ex[)ense of tlie
two powers, and formed into a navii^ahle canal.
(Jniit improvements were also made, particularly in
the market building's of Tlatelulco, which had now
become the connnercial head({uarters of the wlu»le
country north of Tehuantepec. The connnercial in-
terests of the empire had been most jealously pro-
moted hy the reioiiing monarchs, and the Aztec mer-
ili;uits had contributed no less than the Aztec armiesj
to the glory and [)rosj)erity of their nation."
I:' 1 4(j.'} Nezahaulcoyotl married a daughter of the
king of Tlacopan, obtaining her hand, if wo may
credit Txtlilxochitl and Torquemada, in a manner
that retlectcd no credit on his honor. She had been
from an early age the wife of Temictzin, a Tlatelul-
(ii general, somewhat advanced in years, but the
laarriage had not yet been consunnnated on account
uf her youth. The Acolhua monarch desiring by
laarriiige to leave a legitimate heir to the throne,
unci '^t'fv ming enamored of the young Azcaxochitl's
charms, sent her husband away to the wars, and
managed to have him killed. After her period of
mouining Avas past, the fair Azcaxochitl was made
i|Utxn of Tezcuco; the nuptial feasts Listed eighty
(lay> among great rejoicings of nobles and peo[)le; and
within a year the queen gave birth to Nezahualpilli,
t!i<j emperor's! only legitimate son and his successor.-'*
-'" Arciiiiliii;,' to the Codfx TcU. Rem., in KiiKishoromjIi, vol. v., pp.
l"iii I, I lie colli [lU'st of (ioazacoiilco took iiliU'i- altout this tiiiic, in 1 JtJI. I \-
I'ilMiiliiil, p|i, •J4',l-5l», implies tiiat tlie riascaltccs f(iiiL:lil on tlic su\v of
aiiiiai'iiyot! in the connni'st of Ciic.xllan. See \'ri)/i(i. toin. iii., p.'Jol;
.1 '<'", llt'sf, (/(' !(ts Villi., p. 4'.K{; C/iir/(/irii, toni. i., p. 2U); '/'on/Ill iiiiii/ii,
tiiiii. i., p, i()4; Hr(t.'<.iciir, Hint., toin. iii., pp. 2()1-'J, •J(>7-!l; Tizo'Dinm-, in
h' "isliiiviiiuili, vol. i.\., pp. 4()-(!; I'l /(iiirrr/, Tictrii, pt ii., ](. ',V2; on the
I leree of the A/.tees, .see vol. ii., jip. .S7.S-!)'.t.
■' ('lavi;,'ero. ton., i., p. '-'.'{-, slates that the 'repan(>e jirincess was the
i'iii|icicii's seeonil wife; a.'xl l.xtlil.xocliill implies that Nezahnal|iilli was
Iwr M'lonil .son. There is also no a;.'i'eemc iit respeciinj;' her name cir that
"t liii fatiier and liushand. .Ml au'rt'i' ih^it this chilil was Imin in 14(14 or
llC)."). See /.if/i/ liitl, |ip. '2.V{-4, L'oT, 4(17; V'lllin, toni. iii., j))). '-'44 (i;
Jii'iix-tnir. llixf., ,oni. iii., ]ip. '_'7i-.'i; Tunjiii'iiinilK, Una. [., pp. l.-)4-0;
V'.l'MH-Cii, Tiatru, pt ii., pji. '-"J-SO. .
4U\
422
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
The year 14G5 is o-i/en as the date of tlie final siili.
mission of the Clialcas; tliat is the suiTCiidtT ami
return to tlie city of tlie last bands that had simc
their defeat lived under chieftains of their own
choice in the mountains, and ke[)t up some show of
hostility to ]\Iexico.^ In 14(5(], the causeway and
aqueduct extending from Chapulte})ee to Moxico, and
su[)})lying the capital with pure water through a jiipo
of burned clay, were completed. This work had
bec:i planned by Nezahualcoyotl during his rcsidiMicu
at IVIexico, and had been commenced by ItzcDatl.
Work was contiimally pushed forward on the giaml
temple of Huitzilopochtli, and many teocallis wen;
built at this period in each of the three allied cajii-
tals. One in Tezcuco is particularly mentioiud,
wdiich was very richly decorated with gold and |ire-
cious stones, and was dedicated by Nezaluudcoyotl to
the invisible god of the universe. This pyi'amid v,a~!
completed in 1407, but, according to the Codr.r ('l,i-
'i)Kil/)op(H'a, fell as soon as finished. It was nectssaiy
to rebuild the structure, and that it might be dmir
rapidly, the Tezcucan monarch called up(»n Moiitr-
zuma for laborers from his tributary city of Ziiin-
pango anil otl.ei" northern towns. The peruii^.^iitn
was given, but the i)eoplo of Zumpango rid'used to
send workmen, and raised a revolt, whiidi was, hew-
ever, (juelled by the Acolhua forces iu a short eain-
1
>ai<>'n
30
A remarkable story t(dd by Duran and attributed
to the reign of Montezuma !., may be introdiict d
liere as well as anywhere, altiioujjh it is niei'e than
doubtful whetlier it should receive anv credit jis a
historic record. In the midst of the idorv ae(|iilivd
by his valoi', ^rontezuma determined to semi an
armed forced to the region of the Seven ( aves wluinv
his j)eople came. Though armed they were to hear
I
^ (\i(fi\)' Ti'U. Riiii., iu Kiiignhnrouijli, vol, v., ]>. J.'il; nniMnn; Ili^t.,
Void, iii., p. '2'".
^0 llrit.s.snir, His/., toiii. iii., pp. '277-80; Ixtlilxnchill, p. '_Vi7.
MISSION TO CHICOMOZTOC.
423
ricli presents, with orders to explore the country and
soareh for the mother of Hiiitzih)pochtn, ^vho if yet
iiHve woiikl 1)0 })lease(l to know of her son's })rosj)erity
and ly'lory, and would gladly receive the gifts of his
clioseu ]>eople. The intention was made known to
TliK aclelt/in — a famous prince who seems to be identi-
cal with ^[(j'ltezuMia before the latter became king, but
(if whom many wcndrous tales are told even after the
latter ascended Uie throne — who gave his a})j)roval,
but recommended that a peaceful embassy of wise
men ;in(! sorcerers be sent on this mission. At Coa-
tcpcr ill the regiiiu of Tollan, after pertorming varicnis
I'cligious rites, tbe sixty sorcerers chosen for tbe e\[)e-
ditiou were transformed into different animal forms
and transported with their treasure to the land, of
their fatliers, to the lake-surrounded hill of Culhua-
can. TEere they found certain people who spoke
their language and to them announced their })ur[)ose.
The jtriests of this })e(Ji)le i'emend)ered well the
departure of the Aztec tribes, and were sur|»rised
t(i It'arn that their original leaders were dead, for
their companions left behind were yet ali\e. The
iiusscngiTs Merc promised an inter\'iew witli C'oa-
tUc'iie, motlier of their goil, and had a most tire-
hv;r.;i' journey up the sandy hill with tlieir gifts,
luuch to the wonder of the guiding ])riests, who
Wdiuhi'cd wiiat thev could live upon in tlu.'ir new
lioiiir to have become S() effeminate. At last they
tiiiiiid the aged mother of J l.uit;:ilo}>ochtli wei'ping
liittcrly, and stating that since her son's depart-
ure she had neither washed her b(»(ly and face,
cunihed liei- hair, nor changed h'-r garments; neither
thil shii propose to attend to iier to'let until his
return. Tlie ohl woman expressed, however, consid-
crahh' interest in the all'airs of Mexico, and maihi
kiKiwn some prophecies of her son alioul (he coming
•»!' a sti-angi^ peopli> to tai<e the land from the Me\i-
•'iitis. 'fhe nx^sseu'icrs were llually dismissed with
pioeiits of fowls, lish, llowers, and clothing, for
I
Hi
m
»■ I'ii'
;(
it*
I
ll
I' «l
If
I
III
ff:t
424
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
Montezuma; and, re-adopting- their disii^-uises, Averc
brouglit ])ack in eit,dit days to Coate{)0(', \v]u;i-o tlicv
discovered that twenty of tlieir numher "were niissiiiir.
These lost members of the company were never licard
of moro.^^
Montezuma died in 1469,'''^ leavinij;' his country in ;i
more flourisliiny condition than it liad < ver known,
notwitlistandinn^ the six years' famine that liad oc-
curred durins*' his reiijfn. He left to his people or t((
liis jiohkjs the choice of his successor from amoni^- Iiis
three grandsons — by his dau^liter Atotoztli ;iii(l
Tezozomoc, son of I tzcoatl— Tizoc, Axayacatl, and
Ahuitzotl, expressing, however, a ])reference for the
second, who was now commander o\' the ]\roxic;in
armies. His remains were enclost^d in an urn and
deposited in the walls of the grand tem])le now ;i|>-
]»roaching com[)letion, and his wishes were followt^d
in the c'loice of a successor. ^^
Before the coronation of the new monarch could lie
" [liinni, ^FS., torn, i,, rap. xxvii.
•'^IKlt, Vii/Ziii; UOS, Vititnrn-t, I.v//il.>-i,r/ii/f, tiiiil Iln/in-iiii; I K'lO,
IxtJilxiiililtl, linissriiv, ('odrf l'/iiliii(//i., Ciii/i\r Till. Hi tn., ('''(Ii-.r Mindicn.
^^ Dm'iiii, -MS., toiii. i., ('ii|i. xxviii-xxix., xx\i li., ami 'I'czipziniipr, in
Kiiii/.iliiiriiiii/li, vol. ix., |i|). .^S-CiH, (1(1, attiihiitc In Miiiittv.iiiiiM I. the nm-
<Hi(st (if ( >ajiHii, and tlio cstaliliHliiiu'iit, then' iif a Mrxicaii nilmiy. 'I'licy
may ri'tVr in llu- cDiKiiu'st uf tlii' land uf the Mi/.ii r.s alii'ail\' iclalcil, nr to
tliiil III' more .scmiIIhtii imits of Oajai a at a later iii'iiinl. 'I'licv al>u vlalr
dial Axaxacall was the -mi <if Mmilf/iima. l>iiiaii (cIIh us that Mniil,'-
/lima lit'i'iin- liis dcalli had his ima;4t' sciiliiiiin-d mi ihi' <'lil)' al ( 'ha|iiill('{M'( ;
and llial Axayacatl was iKiminatcd liiii;^' I-y 'I'larai'lcll/in, wlm drcliiHMl llic
tliruiic. Till' t'liilr.r M, iiilii:n, in KiiKisliununih, Mil. \,, |)|i, iri-tl, t'lilliiwiil
by Mi'iidii'ta, lli.st. Krlr.i., p. l.-)(), ;;i\c the iinuilicr ot' piii\ imcs cmiii'icii'il
liy Mmitc/nma as Ihiity-lhn'c. Ixllilxdchitl, ]ip. 'J.'iT, (."iT, says .Mmiti/ii-
iiiii li't'l scvi'ial sons. Tnnincniada. imii. i,, pp. Kl'.t. I7-, sjiys he leti diii',
mil iiamt'd. lint that licdisiiilicrilt'd him fur t lie hhimI uf I lie iiatimi. .\(ns|;i,
llisf. ill- Ins Villi., )ip. lit;}, I'.t.'t. and llcnciji, dee. iii., lili. ii,, cap, xiii., niiiKi'
Tiziic precede .Axayacatl, Imtli hriii;,' suns of Mmitc/iiina. ('amarLin. in
\niirrilis Aiiiiiilis, tdiii. xe\iii., p. ITS, nuiLcs ,\liiiil/iitl precede .\xayai iill.
\'etanc\rt, Tinlro, pt ii,, p. ;{-, says that .\xayacatl, Ti/uc, and .Miiiit/nil
^vere siiiis of Mopti'xiinui'H iinidi* liy u daiiuhter of li/coall. Moiolinia, in
IriKliiiliilii, I'lil. ill' lliii'., tmii. i.. )i. (), and tiomar.i, Ciiiii]. Mix., fol. .'li'll,
represent Monteznma as liiniii;; li'cn succeeded liy his (laii;,Hiler. Sec .il-H
mi the di'alli and rharacler of M'Uile/nnia !., and the accession of Av^iwe
call; llrussiiir. Ilis/., toin. iii,, mi. 'J.SO-'J; Clirii/i rn, torn, i., p, l' 1 1 ; I • 'i-
till, toiii. iii., pp. 'J."i|-."i; fliihwhii. Ml hii''. Jlisf. J/<,r,, si'ii' iii., torn, i\ , p,
'JIO; Ciiilix Till. Ill III., in Hiniisliiiniiiijli, vol. v., p[i. Il'.l, l,"i|; Snliiiijini,
tmii. ii,, lih, viii,, pp. '208-U.
RAID IX TEIIUANTEPEC.
4'25
CflcUrMtcd witli fitting Boloniiiity, and in a manner
uoitliy (»f liis prodec'usHors, victims for wacriHco must
\v cqitnred in lai'go numl)ors; and it had now Ix'come
;iii (stalilislicd custom for cacli newly elected king to
u'ldcrtako in person a catn[)aign with tlie sole ohject
d' ]>ro('uring captives. Axayacatl, in com})lying with
the usage, distinguished himself l)y the most (hiring
r;ii<l vet undertaken hy Aztec valor, l^assitii-- rapidly
siMithw.". J l)y mountain routes at the head of a huge
force, and avoiding the Miztec and Za[>otec towns vi'
Oajnca, he suddenly 2)resented himself hefore the
city of Tehuantepec, routed the defending army,
(hawing them into an andnish l»y a pretended retreat,
c!itered and ])illaged the city, cai)tured the rich com-
iiuix'ial city of (iuatulco some distance ahove on the
coast, lel't a strong garrison in each stronghold, and
returned to Mexico laden with ])lunder and "vvitli
thousands of captives in his train, almost l)efor(! his
(li'paiture was known throughout the country. iJras-
srur tells us that he ci'ossed the isthmus in this
(■aiii|)aign, and lor the time suhjected to Aztec rule
the province of Soconusco, even reaching the frontiers
ot' ( hiatemala; hut Torquemada is given as the au-
thoi-ity for this statem((nt, and this author implies
nothing of the kind, conse(|Uently we may douht it.
The sacritice of captives from (hstant and strange
lands, together M'itli the rich sj)ods l)rought hack
oiii the south-sea provmces, nn[»arte(l minsual e(
ted
at
to tl
le coronation ceremonies; the successhn warnoi
was congi'atulated hy his colleagU(S at Tezcnco and
Tlaropan; and the jieople felt assured that in Axaya-
catl they had a monarch worthy of his suhjects'
adiuinition.^*
" I>Mr,iii, MS., torn, i., Clip, \v\ii., hiivh tliiit llic fir^l fivo yours (if .\xn-
yiinitl'N ivi'_Mi were lUKlistiiilicd liy wiir. Sec mi tin- 'I'clmaiilcin'i' rniil jiiiil
till' iiiiniiiiiiiiii: Tiir'/iiiiiiudd, tiiiii. i., |i, 17-; /Imssi m; Jl t\/. , \ii\u. iii.,
|i|i. 'JsilT; Vilinivfrl. 'I'liilrii, )it ii., ji. M'J; ''I'lrii/i >•», tmn., i. |i|i. "J II "J ;
.['■imlii. Hist, ilv liiD Villi., Y\\. •i'.tt'i 7. Ni'Vlia, tipiii. iii., p. 'J."iii, iiml < lii\i-
yi'iii ^|MiiU (if waix ill liic liixi yciim nf his rcigii aguiii.-'l. llii^ icMilliiig
)iiii\iiiccs (if ('iictiiiciiliaii ami i'dclilciH'c.
Ifli
42G
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
Iff
Durlnf]^ the same year, perhaps, a l)attle was ious^lit
aufaiiist Huexotziiioo and ^Vtlixco on the IVoiitifi', in
■■viiicli tlie three kings took part personally; and it is
recorded that in the midst of the conflict Tezcatli-
poca appeared to the Aztec armies, cheering' them on
to victory. On the return of the victors, AxayucatI
and ^locpiiliuix of Tlatelulco each erected a iiuw
temple to tlie gods of Hnexjtzinco to pro])itiate tlioso
divinities in case of the war l)eing resumed, whicli was
foretold hy the oracles. The ^Mexican tem})le was
called Coatlan, and that in Tlatelulco Coaxc^lotl; tlitj
latter was a grander structure than the former and
its erection in a spirit of rivalry excited sonu; ill-
feeling on the part of the Mexicans, and was nut
without an influence in fomenting the trouhlis that
broke out between the cities a few years later.'*' An
Oi'lipse of the sun which took })lare about the time
the tenn)les were completed, was thought to jtrntend
disaster, and was followed within a [)eriod of two years
by the deativ of the Te}»anec and Acolhua monai'dis,
Tot()>|uiliuatzin, king of Thicopan, died in 1470 at an
advanced age and after a long and prosperous leign,
during wliich he had gaiiuid the respect of his suit-
jects and colleagues, fighting bravely in the wars of
tlie empire and a('('e})ting without com[)laiiit his small
sliai'e of tlie spoils as awarded ])y the tiM'Uis of tli<'
alliane(\ lie was succeeded by his son Chimal-
jxfpoca.''*^
The burning of an immense tract of forest lying fo
tlie west ttf Azeapu/.nleo toward the Matlaltzinco re-
gion, is recorded hy one authority as ha,ving oecurietl
^^ Diito ncronliii;,' tci tlic S|iiiiii!<h writers, MCpS. Nccurdin;; 1<i llic ''''"A/
Ti'll. Jtiiii., in l\iiiiisliiinii(<ili, \o\. v., [i. liid, Jliicxiit/iiicn luid M'i/ol m|"'Ii
llic iiriiviiicc (if .\lli\fii ill I l,"i{'p, (lri\ iii^' iiw iiy the |i('ci|ili' uf ( iii;ir;irli;il;i,
Uii' tormcr iiiissi'ssurs. Only 'riinpii'iii.-nlii, lorn, i., \\\\. 17'-'-H; mul I'li.i--
Mciir, llift.. fiiiii. iii., \\\\. iiST-S, iiiciitinn llic ii|i|iiiriliiiii (if Ti'/catlii"" :i
Sec iilsd t'ldviijiiii, t((in. i,, ]i|), '.M-, -IS; ]'ct///<i, loin, iii., jip. '2'i>'i-~ : Vilmi-
vrrf, Tnitrii, yX ii., |ip. ',Vl-\\.
■''Itiili' Mli'.l iicciirdiiiy: to S|iiiiiisli writers; llTlt Mceoriliii;,' tn t'nil'i'
(7iiiii'i//iii/iiir(t, I'fi/liii, tiilll. iii., |i. "idl; Unisxriii; Jlisl., Idlil. iii..)'- '-''*^>
C/iiriifi I'll, tciiii, i., |i. 'jj'_>; Titrijiiciiiiiilii, t(jiii. i., !•. 17-'l; I'ltuitfcrf, J'tili",
jit ii., ji. :)•-'.
to
rr-
I||{iull
Jialii.
I '
I',,,/..'-
DEATH OF NEZAHUALCOYOTL.
427
ill 1471;"' and in the next year took place the death
of Xezaluudcoyotl, the kin*,'- of iVcolhiiacan, and con-
si(Kiod as the g-reatest and wisest of the Cliii-hiniec
iiKduirchs. His adventures in early life while de-
prived of Ids ancestral throne have cast a olaniour of
romance ahout his name; and the fortitude with
Avliich he su]»[)orted his luisfortmies, his valor in re-
o'lr.niiio" the Tezcucan throne, and the i)roinin('iit i)art
taki'ii hy him in the wars of the allies,, are eiitliusias-
tically praised hy his biographers. His chiel' .t^lory,
hducvtr, de[)ends not on his valor as a wairior, hut
t)ii Ills wisdom and justice as a ruler. ])uriii<jf his
rci'iii his domain had been increased in extent far less
than that of ^lexico; but he had made the city of
Te/cui'o the centre of art, science, and all liioh cul-
tuit' the Athens of America, as Clavioero exj)resses
it, of which he was the Solon — and his kinoclom of
Acolhuacan a model of <«'ood government. Such was
his iiillexibiliu in the administration of justice and
enforcement of the laws, that several of his own sons,
ahhouo'h much beloved, were ])ut to death for oil'enses
a^'aiiist law and morality. Otiicial corru{)tion met no
inci'cy at his hands, l)ut toward the poor, the aoed,
and the unfortunate, his kindness was unbounded,
lb was in the habit of traveling' incoonito amono- his
su'iijccts, visitino' the lower classes, relievino- misfor-
tuiir, and obtaiiiino' ustjful hints for the ])erfection of
his cod(> (tf laws, in which he took especial j)ride.
I''\rr tlu; pi-omoter of education and cultine, he was
lilinselfa man of li'arnino' in various brandies, and a
]to(t of 111) mean tah'Ut.'''*' His relio'ious views, if i-or-
iv(tly reported by the historians, were far in ad\ance
ot' those of his contemjiurai'ies or of tlu; iviropeans
who ill tile cause of relioion ovcTthrew Tezcucaii ciil-
tniv; he seems to have been unable to re>ist (be
A/.t(c influence in favor of human ^acrilices, but Ik;
(lr-Mi\cs the credit of ha\ino' o[>posed the slieddino" of
■" <'(iili\r l'/iiiiin//>„ ill ni'iis.'fiin; Ilin/.. tciin. iii., [i, 288.
■J- s,.,. \,.i. ii., pp. •jk;.;, 'Jilt, iTi-'j, mi 7,
■1 II -I
i
r< i
428
THE AZTEC TERIOD.
Llood and ridiculed the deities that demanded it.
The only dishonorable action of his life is tlie nietlinl
by whicli he obtained his queen, and that may liavu
received a false coloring at the hands of unfrioiidly
annalists. Some of his poems were afterwards n-
garded as prophecies, in which was vanuely an-
nounced the coming of tlie Si)aniards. He died in
1472, leaving over a Jiundred children by his cuiuii-
bines, but only one legitimate son,^^
Feeling that his deatli was near, Nezahualcovotl
had assembled his family and announced Nezahiud-
pilli as heir to the throne. He informed his oldd-
natural sons that only l)y leaving the throne to a
legitimate successor could he hope to secure a })eacc-
ful succession and future prosperity. He ex])ressL'(l
great esteem for his oldest son Acapi}>i()ltzin, who
was now at the head of his armies, and great coiili-
dence in his ability, calling upon him to ser\c as
guai'tlian and adviser of Nezahualpilli, at the time
only eiglit years old, during his minority, and to
l)rotect his interests against possible attem})ts of his
otiier brothers to usurp the crown. Acapipioltziii
])r()mised to obey his wishes, and was ever alter
iaitli^'ul to his ])r()mise. Several authors say that tlk'
Iving gave orders that his death .'-'bould not be an-
nounced until after liis son was firmly seated on the
throne; others state that it was a popular l)ilitf
among the commou people that Nezahualcoyotl had
not died, but had been called to a ])lace among thu
gods. After the funeral of the dead king, at which
assisted an immense crowd of nobles, even iVom for-
eign and jiostili* provinces, sucli as Tlascala, ("holnl'i.
Tehuantepec, IVmuco, and Michoacan, three of his
sons showed such evident designs of disK)yahy to the
apitointed successor, that the young prince was k -
moved to Moxii-o by his Aztec ancl Tepanoc col
leaofues, and the ceremonv of coronation was ixMibiincd
3» Date I iTtl. Or/n/K ami Vhri'jcrv; 1KV2 or l»7-', (jIUIxwIuII; III-',
Cii(/i,f ('/nliiiii'/iiijiufii.
('(INQrEST OF TLATELILCO.
420
iliti\'. Axayacatl is said to have spout most of Lis
time ill Tezcuco tliiriiiir Nozaluiali)illi's minority, ami
it is not imi)rol»al)lc tliat lie took advantaino of his col-
It au'uc's youtli to streno'tlioii his own position as prac-
tically lioacl of the empire,
ill the year of Axayacatl's accession tliree hills
rnuiltlcd in Xuchitopec, that is, there Avas an earth-
([iiakc lortihodinn' disaster, uhich came upon the })eo-
]>lo in 1472, in the sha})o of an Aztec army under
Axayacatl. ])urin^' a raid of a few days, the ])r(
iiici' was ravaij'ei
1 and
I crowd of captives hrou
)V-
olit
nai.
k to die on the altars of ] rnitzilo{)ochtli. Such
emada's account, Avhich is interi)retcd hv
on
1^1
l»iasseur as referring'- to a raid across the isthmus
into the (luatemalan province of Xuchilti'pec, or
S(irliito])e([iies, but there seems to he very little
reason for such an interpretation when Me consider
liat there were two towns named Xuchitepec in the
iinuiediate vicinity of Anahuac
All the authorities relate with very little disai^ree-
iiieiit that in ]47."5 Tlatelulco lost her inde[)endence,
and was amiexed to Mexico tinder a royal governor.
Hitherto this eity, notwithstandinuf the troid»les
(lining- the rei^'u of ^[onte/.uma resultinLj in the
(li ath of her kiui^' and the elevation of Mo(|uihui\,
had heen more independent and enjoyed i^ivater
]ii'i\ ileuses than any of the other cities tributary to
the ^^(;xican throne. Jjut the Tlatehdcas vii'wed
the rapid advance of ATexican powi-r with much
jcalousv ; thev eoidd not foryvt that for many vears
tlhir city had heen superior to her nein'hhor; tliey
AVi If |»rou(l of their wealth and commercial rejjuta-
tiiin.
and of the
>ll-k
well-lcnown valor o
.f tl
leir
1
)rnice
<" On tlic clKiractci' iiiid ilrntli of Nczalmalrityntl, ami llic Hiici'cssiuii
111' Nivaliiial|iilli, nvv: hx'llil.inrlilti , \\\\. 'Ja 1 (I'J,' ^IW-il. Ii;; S; Tun/ii''-
'".(«/«, iiiiii. i., lip. l.'>(), l(U-!>, 17;i-t; <'/.((•/-/< /•(/, imii. i., ii|i. 'J.'iJ, lM'-'-S; llni.i-
*'"'/', lli.st., turn, iii., |)|>. "iSS HOI; I'r/iunrrt, Tdi/ni, pi, ii , pp. .'{li-l;
Viiitid, 1(1111. iii., ji|).'-'l7, -Mil 7.
^' Tiiri/iiriiii((/ii, liiiii. i., p. 17<>. 'I'lui autliiir nays. liowcMf, tliai tin'
|ii(i\iMri' wa.-* 'nil till' I'liaNt nf Aiuilnuu'." JJia-miur, llisl., imii. iii., [ip.
;illl-'.'.
■H
480
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
!Aroquihinx. We have seen that there had been cdii-
«i(leral)le dissatisfaction about the building of the tuiu-
l)les a few years earlier; and frecjuent quarrels Iiad
taken place in the market-places between the nun
and women of the two cities. Duran and Tezozonioc
relate certain outraijes on both sides at the be^in-
ning of the final struggle. Moquihuix at last, count-
ing on the well-known hatred and jealousy of the
different nations in and about the valley toward tlic
Aztec king, formed a conspiracy to shake off tlio
power of Axayacatl, and invited all the surrouiuling
nations except Tlascala, whose commercial rivalry
he feared, to join it. Except Tlacopan, Tezcuco,
and Tlascala, nearly all the cities of the central
})lateaux seem to have promised aid, and the }>lot
began to assume most serious proportions, threatening
the overthrow of the allied kings by a still stronger
alliance. But, fortunately for his own safety, Axa-
yacatl Avns made aware ot the conspiracy almost at
the beginning. It will be remembered that a niar
relative of his — his sister, as most authorities state —
had been given to Moquihuix for a wife in reward for
his bravery in the south-eastern campaign. She had
been most grossly abused by her liusliand, and leaiii-
ing m some way his intentions, had revealed the plot
to her brother, who was thus enal)led to obtain from
his allies all needed assistance, and to be on his guaid
at every point. I shall not attemi>t to form from the
confused narratives of the authorities a detailed ac-
count of the battles by which Tlatelulco was coii-
(juered. At the beginning of open hostilities the
wife of Moquihuix fled to Mexico. A sinudtanemis
attack by all the rebel forces had been planned; but
none of the rebel allies actually took part in the
struggle, approaching the city only after the battle
was over and devoting their whole energy to kt-ep
from Axayacatl the knowledge of their complicity.
Moquihuix, confident of his ability to defeat the un-
prepared Mexicans without the aid of his allies,
,1 'i'
I li,:
DEATH OF MOQUIIIUIX.
431
liiivlncc excited the valor of liis chieftains and soldiers
l)V s.u'iificiul and religious rites, ,i,nvin,<4' them to drink
the Avater in Avhich the stone of sacrifice had heen
AViishcd, hej^an the conflict before the appointed time.
For several days the conflict raged, first in one city,
tluii in the other; but at last the Mexicans invaded
Tlatelnlco, sweepini*- everythini^ before them, 'i'lie
f^urvivinijf inhabitants fled to tlio lake marshes; the
remnants of the army were driven in confusion to the
iii;irket-})lace; and Moquihuix amid the im})recations
(if his own people for the rashness that had reduced
thcui to such straits, was at last thrown down the
stcjts of the i»'rand temple, and his heart torn from his
liriast by tlie hand of Axayacatl himself The city
was for a time devoted to j)lunder; tlien the inhal»i-
taiits were oatliered from their retreats, after havini;"
litrn comjielled — as Tezozomoc, Acosta, and Herrera
tell us — to croak and cackle like the froy-s and birds
ot' the marshes in token of their perfect submission;
licavv tril)utes were imposed, includino- many special
taxrs and menial duties of a humiliating nature; anil
iiiially the town was made ii ward of Tenochtithin
under the rule of a governor appointed by the ^[exi-
caii king. The re-establishment of peace was followed
ly the punishment of the cons[)irators. The Tlate-
liilca leaders had for the most part perished in the
war, hut two of tliem, one being the jmest Poyahuitl
who liad performetl the religious rites at the begin-
ning of hostilities-' were condenmed to death. The
same late overtook all the nobles in other j»rovinces
whose share in the conspiracy could be proven. So
tt rrjliK' was the vengeance of Axavacatl and so long
the list of its victims, that the lords of Anahuac were
tilled witli fear, and it was long before thev dared
a'^aiii to seek the overthrow of the hated Aztec
power."
*^ AutliiMitips on the Tliitolulca wnr: — Durnii, MS., (oni. i., cap. xxxii-
xwiv.; Tir.iiziiiiiiii\ in Ki)iii>:lniriiiiijh,\t\\. ix., )i|>. (i(»-7ti; Tunjiii iii((i/ii, toni.
i . ii]!. ITt) S(l; Sa/idfiKii, turn, ii., lili. viii.. ])\>. 'Jd'.l, "274; \'i i/fin, toni. iii., iip.
-ViOtJl; JJra^scur, lUii., loni. iii,, pp. 302-15; L'luvnjcru, torn, i., pp. 218-
! 1
Y!
432
THE AZTEC PEUIOU.
A strange anecdote is told respecting- the fate of
Xiliuiltenioc, lord of Xochimilco, who had eitlur
taken part in the Tlatelulca war on tlie rehel side,
or more probably had failed to aid the ^Mexican kin^-
in a satisfactory manner. Both Axayaeatl ami
Xiliuiltenioc were skilled in the national game of
flaclitli, or the ball game, and at the festivals in lioiior
of his victory, the former challenged the latter tn ;i
trial of skill. The Xochimilca lord, the better ])layLr
of the two, was much embarrassed, fearing either to
win or to allow himself to be beaten, but the kiiii;'
insisted, and wao-ered the revenues of the ^Nrexicaii
market and lake for a year, together with tlie rule
of certain towns, against the city of Xochimilco, on
the result. Xiliuiltenioc won the game, and Axaya-
eatl, much crest-fallen, proclaimed liis readiness to
])ay his wager; but either by his directions, or at
least according to his expectation, his op})onent was
strangled with a wreath of Hewers concealing a sliji-
noose, by the people of the towns he had won, or as
some say by the messengers charged to deliver tlie
stak
la
Ives.
Thus far the Aztec conquests had been direettd
toward the south-east and south-west, while the fer-
tile valle3's of the Matlaltzincas, immediately adjoin-
ing Anahuac on the west, had for some not very clear
leasoii escaped their ambitious views. A very faver-
able opportunity, however, for C(m(|uest in this
direction presented itself in 1474, when the ]\latlalt-
zincas were on bad terms with the Taraseos ef
^lichoacan, their usual allies, and when the loid if
Tenantzinco asked the aid oi' the Mexicans in a (jiiar-
rel with Chiniaiteeuhtli the kint<-. Axavacatl was
')-2\ Vifanrrrf, Trnfrn, pt ii., pp. 34-5; Graiuafos i/ Galrrz, T(irth:i Ain'i:.
]il). ITO-S; Mnii/irfd, Hist. J'Jcles., p. 150; Ani.sf,!, Hist, dc Ins Yinl., p. -W\
llrirrn, tU'c. iii., HI), ii., t'lip. xiv. ; Lrlliixor/iitl, pp. 'JlW-IJ; UalUilai, iii
Aiiur. Ef/uii). .Sue., Trtiiisiirt., vol. i., ]>. 1'20.
ii Tnn/iintifii/ii, tinn. i., pp. ISO-I; fjffil.ior/iitf, \i\). '2{\ii-i, 4k)S; Wl'in-
crrt, 'I'caliv, pt ii., i>. 35; JJi'itsacKi; Hist., toiu. iii., pp. 31(5-17.
CONQUEST OF MATLALTZINTO.
4n3
fi'.ilv too L;la(l to eniL!^nL,^c in an iiiidertakint;' of this
luitiii't', liut, ill order to liavu a inoi'c just cause ot"
iutiit'frcnc'tj — for, as ])uraii says, tho Aztecs never
liirkt'd (juarrels with otlier nations !— lie peremptorily
didcred the Matlaltzineas to }"urnisli certain 1. ui Id ii im-
material and a stono font for sacrificial }»urjioses, and
(111 their refusal to comply with his commands,
iiiaiilied aij^ainst their province at tlie head of tlio
d
aliuil troops, and accompanied, as ionjuemada says,
hv his collean'ues. Town after town in the southern
lai
t of tlio province fell hefi
ore Ills arm.-'
UKi wei'o
ilaccil imder Mexican governors. Such were \alat-
aiihco, Atlapolco, Tetenanco, Tepemaxah-o, Thico-
Tciiiitan,
^let
S
I line
Azt
epec, Izmacantejiec, an
eo colonists were
left
d ("aliniaya.
ill each coiuiuerec
I
ttiwn. aiul Tonpiemada tells ns that peo]»lc were taken
fiMiii the other towns to settle in the first, Xalatlaidico.
Tc/iizomoc relates that the kintjf at one time in this
(•a!ii|iai'4n concealed himself in a ditch with eiijlit
\\arrioi':
aiu
I fell
I poll
tl
le rear c>
f tl
le eneniv w lio
liad Ixi'U drawn on hv a feiiifiied retreat of the Aztt3cs,
'■iii^iii;^' ^I'eat jtanic and slaughter. Flushed with
viitniy, the allies jtressed on to attack XiquipiK-o in
the iiortli, the strongest town in the ]»ro\ince, and
Toh
Ilea, the ca[»i
tal. Xi
uiuipilco is si)OKen o
ipui
)k
>f
as an
< •toiui town under the command of Tlilcuetzpalin,
with whom Axayacatl had a personal comhat during
this hatth', heiniif wounded so severelv in the thi'di
that \\(
w
as lame for life, and nairowlv
escai>e(
d
a^i.
Tezozonioc claims that the ()t(tmi chieftain
w.i^-
II K
hh'U in .1 hush and treaclierouslv
wound( (
It!
le
^hxicaii king, who was in advance of his troojis; Ix-
tlilxiichitl, ever ready to claim honor for his ancestors,
t 11-^ us that it was the Acolhua commaiKk-r who
.'•avcd Axayacatl's life; while ( "lavigero and ()rtega
imply that a duel was arranged hetweeii the two
liMih is. The enemy was defeated, their leader and
"Vi r cK'veii thousand of his men were taken captives,
aail the town surrenderetl, as did Toluca a little later,
Vol. V, aa
iiti '
434
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
I
and otlicr towns in tlie vicinity. The news of tlit'
conquest was received witli |f,n'eat joy at tlie capital;
the Senate niarclied out to meet and recdw the
victorious army on its return; trium})]ial arclies wiic
erected at ireijuent intervals, and flowers were stnwii
in the path of the victors. The captives were sacii-
ficed in honor of the i^'od of" war, or as Tezozoiiinr
says, at the dedication of" a new altar in his teiiipk',
except the hrave Tlilcuet/palin and a few connadcs
who were reservet
,1 t(j <j;
race l)V then
deatl
I aiiotlior
festival, Avhich took place somewhat later. ])uri
this Matlaltzinca Avar a very severe earth(|nake
\va>
exi»ei'ienced
^V year or two later the ^Fatlidtzincas I'evoltcd ami
ohtained the i)roniise of assistance from the Taiviscos.
who were anxious to measure their strength aL:aiii>t
that of the far-famed Aztecs. But the Taias((t
monarch Avas unused to the celeritv of ^lexican
tactics, an<
1 A
xavaca
tr
ai
mv, thirtv-two thou^aiKl
strong', had entered Matlaltzinco, i-e-captured Xi(|ni-
pileo and other princij)al t>)wns, ciossed the front ieis
of Michoacan, and ca[)tured and hurned several cities,
inchIdin^• Tan^imaroa, or Thiximaloyan, an inqxntaiit
and strongly fortified place, hefore the news of their
d 'j)artin'e ivached Tzintzuntzan, the Tarasco i"i[iital.
But the Tarasco army, superior to that ot' the
Aztecs, and constantly re-inforced, soon reached the
seat of war, attacked the invaders with such fury tliat
they were driven hack, with oi-eat loss, to Tohn;i.
This was douhtless the disaster indicated hy an
eclij)se durijio- the same year. After tluis sliow iii'4'
their power hy defeatini'' the ju'oud warriors nl' t!ie
valley, the Tarascos did not follow up tiicir :i(!\aii-
41 A.
in;: til tlip (^nilrx Tiil. Unn., in Kiiiijxhnrnx'ih, \ol
l.'l.tliis war ami iMitliiiiiako t<icik iilair in Uli'-'. Tiiniui'maila, tinii. i
.... .. 1 .1 ^ .1 • ,1 e 1 i I- : Ik ■
lSl-1'
jiKU'c's tlicni in the
■ii.xtii Ni'ar (I
f .V
IS. tiini. i., <'a|i. x.x.w.-.wxvi,, am
.xavacatl s ii'i;;ii.
I i'/.(i/iimoi', 111 hiiiijshiiriiii'ih. \
als.i, l.rflil..'„h,il.
\
ix., jiji. 7(i-.S'J, Htati' tliat 'I'lilcnctziialin i'siii|ii'il
]). '1M\ Cliiriiiiri), tiiin. i., ]i]i. 'jrrJ-,S; linissnir, llint., toiii. iii.. |i]i.
Viiitlii, ("111. iii., 11)1. 'JtiT-S; Ihrnra, ilei'. iii., iili. iv., cap. xvii
ttiKcrrt, 'I\((li-<i, [it ii., [1. IJo.
■ ih.
.1.
DKATil OF AXAVA( ATL
435
t;i 'f, Itiit rtturiR'd to tlioir own rountrv, leaviii<jf tlie
Mcvicuis still nmsters of ^liitlaltziiico. AiiotliiT
iittL'mj>t at revolt is va
iLTnclv
rcfort
ltd
some vtai's
later, hut in 1478 the Matla.ltzmea eities were ]iiinia-
iinitly joined to the Mexican domain, and the h adinn*
.M,itl;i!tzinea divinities transferred to the temjilcs of
fiii)(
htitli
m
Axayacatl died in 1481, just after his return, as
Diirau mforms ns, from Chapultepee whither lie had
l;(»iii' t(» inspect liis image carved on the clitf hy the
>uh' of that of Montezuma 1. Brasseur states that
liis (lavs were shortened by the excessive mimher (»f
lis CD
iicuhines. He was succeeded, according' to th
.f hi
I ot his predecessor
hv T
IZOC,
e
Tizocicatzin, or
( lialiliiuhtona, his brother, who was s
ucceec
l.,l
m
his (itlice of connnantler of the army by Ahuitzotl.
Diiraii iusists that the throne was a^ain offered to the
mythical Tlacaeleltzin, who declined the lionor but
oIK ml to continue to be the actual ruler tluriuLi:
izuc s reiun
id
'n
l-ll, : 1
*'< Must of tlio details of tliis war are from lirrfssnir, ITisf., tmn. iii..
]i|i. ;!_'l'~.'). Duraii, MS., toiii. i., ca]). xx.wii.- viii., and '\\-/.i>y.'<\\u<i\ in
KnuiJi'ir iiKjIi, v(d. ix., it]), Si>-7, stale siiniily tiiat to ]ini(un' \ictiiii-- fur
till' ill'. liratiiiii (if ii new .saerilicial stone, tlie A/tecs niaii'licd \<> llie Imr-
diTs iif Miclioacan and were deicaled liy sn|iciii)r ininilieis, n-turnin;,' to
Mi'xicn. Tile victims were filially (ilitaineil al 'I'liliininiieiiee. Oilirr
aiitlmiN represent the Aztecs as vieliirioiis, tiny liavin;^ added to their
]i()>scs-,iiiiis 'ri)cii|ian, TDtotlan, 'I'laxinialuyan, Oeiiillan, and .Malaiale|pec.
Sic Tiiniiiiiitiiild. toni. i., |). IS'J; t'liivitii rii, turn, i., |i. '2.').'!; \'iliniiri 1^
'J\'ih-'i. |it ii., ]i|i. ;i,")-(i; Ciiili'.r Till, linn., in KiiKjshnnniiili. vol. v.. ]i. I.")|.
'■' I laN ij.'ei((, tdiii. i., ](. '17V,\. ;iives the date 1477. Accord in;.' to the ' '(k/i.i-
.I.' ii'/ic'i, in KiiKishui-oiiiih, vol. v.. ii. 47. it was i4.S'2. All the otliei- author-
ities a;;ree on 1481. See on family, cliaracter, and death ot .\\a\acali,
and siiccessinii of Tizoc: Vii/fin, toin. iii., |i|i. ■J(i'.i-7I; hmini, MS., ton:.
i, i'a|i. xxxviii-ix. ; TiZDZaiiKu', \n Kiiiii.'<lioriiiii//i, \(d. ix., jip. SS-'.il, I4;i;
liilil.i-iii-liill, |)p. •J(!4-."); Tiin/iii'/iKii/ii , toiii. i., p. Is.!; \'i Imirirl, T'ulni,
|it ii., ]i. .'Ill; Arosid, lli.sl. i/r lii.s- Viiil., |ip. 4'.t4-rc, Xi'i/iint.:!'. in />'"•. Ili-it.
Mr., s lie iii., toiii. i., I). 7(1; Ilirrmi, dec. iii., Iii). ii., eaji. xiii.; (lulliitiii,
ill Atii'i-. Etitnu. iSuc, J'l'uiinuct,, V(d. i., p. ]()4.
CHArXER IX.
THE AZTEC PERIOD CONCLUDED.
PiKir'N OF TlZOC — NkZAIH AI.I'll.I.I i)K!K\I.S TIIK IlrKXoTZIM'AS —
Ami iZdTi., Kim; oi' Mkxico- ('ami'akins I'oi! ('ai'iivi;> Imiu-
CATION (IK llriTZll,l)l'(M'HTI.r.S TkMI'I.K -Si:\ KNTV TiIOI SAMi \ II •
Tl.MS TdTI",!! nil AlZIK n., KiNIi (iK 'ri.ACOI'ANMKXlc AN CciN-
(,H i:s|N ((INIJIKST OK ToTdNACArAN - AZTKC liKVKIiSKS - Sll TKSS-
I'll. KkVoLT ol' 'rKlirANTKI'KC AM) ZaI'OTKCAI'AN ( 'oM.M i: ,T (!!■
ZaCATOI.I-AN - ANKCDOTKS ok NkZAIII AI.IMM.l — Ni;\i' Ai.il Kill' t,
AND IMNDATION iiK MkXIIO -MoNTKZlMA 11. ON llli; Tlll:ii\i;—
CoNlllTloN OK Tin; HMI'IUK-MoNTKZK.MA'S I'ol.K V INsI ( VK^^S.
Ki I. Invasion ok 'I'i.ascai.a- Famink— ("oxtiiKsr ok Mizik(ai'\n
— 'I'VINCi-ll' OK TIIK ("VCM; in I.'iOT (tMKNSOK COMlNd I )l> \-- 1 KI: -
TlIK Si'AMAHDS ON TIIK ( dA.vr OK f'KNTHAI, AMKKICA Ik'nl |;| i:
I!i:i\vi;i;n Mkxico and Tkzcico -KKTiitKMKXT and 1>i:\tii m-
Nkzaiiiai. I'll. 1.1 Catama, Kinij ok Acokiuacvn- - 1!k\(ii.i (ir
IXI I. II MM Mil I, I'INAI, ('AMI'AUiNS OK TIIK Azi'KCS 'I'lll. .^I'AN-
IAi;iis ON llll, Cl I.K <'0A.ST -AUIMVAI, OK IIkKNAN CoiiTKS,
Tizoc's odroUMtidii was jir(?cc<l(,(l l)y a oaiu]);ii'.;n in
tlio iiorth-on.st, wIuto tlic jirovinccs stivtcliin^ tVom
Mc/titl;in to tlie L;nir hid takuii a(lv;mta'.4'(! <•!' llif
'I'lnti liilca and NFatlalt/inca wars t<» sliakr dll' ilif
yoke (if their oonijiu'i'ors. 'Wy.w/Annvc am hni.ni
represent this caniiiaiLiii as havino* heeii ni d(-ilak( a
by Ti/dc, al'tei' most cxteiisixc ]>ri'|»ii'a(ion , lor tlie
|)nr|i'»sc of ohtainino- raptivt-s, hnt attended ith littK'
success, only ahout I'orty |ii'is(tners lia'.'in^' Ikiii sc-
cni'eik The lonner author tells us that thi> u.ii'
luol; jijace (hiiino' XezahualcovotTs reion. .\ce>(ii
REIGN OF TIZOC.
437
impHi's that the faih>iro resulted iVoiii Tizoo's oowarJ-
icc .;• bad jneneraLship. I xtlUxoehitl, followed hy
liiasst'ur, makes Xc/ahuali>illi the leader in this his
lirst war, aeeoinpaiiied hy hoth his eollea^'iies. ]le
seems to have felt, iiotwithstandiiiL;' his exti'eme
youth, much siiame at not havini;' i)erf()rmed any glo-
rious deed of ai'Uis, ruling' as lie did over so valorous
a leople as the Avolhuas, and even to ha\e heoii
ridiculed on the suhject hy his elder hrothei's; hut in
this war he made I'or himself a lastiuLi;" /••'nutation
Wnl'i
ilV Ot
lis aneestoi's and his rai
lie war IS
i>'])i'cscnted hy these authors as a sueei ssion of \ic-
tnii.s hy wliicli ('uextlau and the flUnoundinn'
|iro\iiu'cs were hrou^ht ha'-k to their allen'iance. No
•I'ses are aJhidcd to. Tlio ea|»tives taken were
the mw kinL;' at-
1,
rc\i
saci'ilici'd at Tizoe's c(ji'onation,
tciiiiitinn" to surpass his ])V((leces;,ors l>y t^iviuL;' a
maLi'niticent ri'>ti\als whicli contimiod for
SCl'K.'S o
forty days.' An expedition aijainst 'iMaeote[K.'e, mcn-
tiniird hy 'J'or([Uema<la witliout details, seotjis t<. he
tile ("uly other war m win
•h T
i/oc euLta
l^'cd d
iii'ncj'
his i-cii4ii.^ He either lacked the valor and skill in
\v;n' which dii^tiri'^uished his predeeesj-.ors, or like the
Ti7,ciit an monarclirt helieved he could host jironiote
liis nation's well'are hy atti.'ntion to peaceful arts.
\'vy litth' is reo(mled of tins kini;'; his c \<j;)\ was
\ri\ -loit. and was marhed hy no \ery inijuirtant
events. l)urinu'thi> period, howi^ver, oe<Mirrt(l a war
hetwei'ii Nezahualpilli and liui^huet/in, tlu^ loi'd of
1 liie\(.tzir,co. This war seems to have I.een < lused
hy the |i|ots of Nezahualpilli's l>rothers who had ol>-
taiiied the aid of 1 fnexotzinco. Aet'ordin^" lo Jh'as-
scur lh(! Acolhi'a kin^' an<l Ihiehuetzin wei'*- horn i'l
the Minie day an<l lioui', an<l the astri»loL;'ei's hai!
incdicted that the former would onedav he eonouei'ed
' 7'':iC((/(ific, in Khiffshnrni ij/i, vnl. i\., up. !i:!-S; /hinni. Ms., inm. i,,
'"'\]>. \',.- .I«v).s7f(, llisf. ilf Ilii Villi., |i. I'.Ci. liraf-siiir, lli.-il., imii. i., ji]!.
.'t.'i;:ii; i.,-!!ii.\;„hiti. i.]i. '-'(;,">•(;.
' I'dl'^llillllll/ll, llllll. i., p. IHJ,
Hi
ill
,i
' i
r.n
m
h,
i 1 ^'
>> V
4T»
Tin: AZTEC PER TOD.
ly th ■ l.ittcr, 'vlioso dt'tVut Avould, Jiowc vor, lie (■(!(>.
l)i-iitf(l Ky tlit^ Acolhuiis, Jiuelnietziii iis«-i'i-t;iiii( d
iVdin tlic m.'ilciiiitciit Acolhua ])riiict',s a .stntciiiriit of
tlio forces tliat were to twari'Ii anaii)st liim, with ;i
(I'sciiptiou of N\'znluinlj)illi's aviiioi', and dircctrd nil
]iis iin'ii (o iiiaki' it their chief ohject to kill the kiii".
l)iit Xe/„diiial|»illi K'anicd the iiiteiitioii of liis (i|i|)ii-
iieiit. clad a cajttaiii witli his ;iniior, placed liim ;,{
till' he;id of one division of his aiiiiy, while he liiiii>' ll'
in disL;uise took connnand of the other division. Sd
t'nrions was the attack n])()n tlie mock kini^- tliat he
was killed, his soldiers driven hack, and tin- lliiexot
/incas elated with victory; hnt in tlu' meantime the
main Ik dy of the 'J'ezciicati army came np ami
attacked the foe as they wei'e chant inn' theii' soul;' "f
victory. The n-al Xe/ahiialpilli killed 1 1 nehuit/ia
ill personal <'i)ml»at, after )'ecei\inL;' a serions woimd
ill
at
to his capital laden with honors and .s|)oils. At his
foot, the 1 1 nexotziiicas were utterly loini
id I heir citv was sacked, the Acolhna kin^' retnriiin
retnrn to Tezcuco Xezahnalpilli enclosed an ana e
land eipial to the space that had sej)arated him I'lmi
]i
irm\' (hirm'4' rne ii
itt
e, or, as sonu' sav, *
'MUal ti
that occupied l»y the llnexotzinca ai'iny, ei'ectln^'
Avithin the enclosure a yrand palace with mannillceiit
H'ardeiis and immense Lfraiiaries lie also coiuplctMl
the temple <it' I luitzili'pochtli commenced hv hi>
lather, and sacriticed at its dedication t
le captlXes
hri>Ui;'ht from the liwt war; ior altlnai^^h he is said li
Irr >' inherited to s(»m<' extent his fathers repiin'iiancc
(o human sacrifice, lio certainly consented to such sac
riiic<>> oil several occasions. Tizoc also completed ill
\\H'A the orand teinph' of i liiitzilo|)ochtli at Me\ici>. on
which his predeccHK*;]!' had e\|
lelK
l.<l
-o niu(
h lal
lOl
TIm* Mexiciin kinj/, however, died in llM>, al'ti i- a
f^ i'^it tA' six yejirs, \\\f di-ath is reported to ha\' "<'-
i tf'Hlt'ivhitl, pf) mA, '-WJUTa, lid; TnniKniiiulii. loiii. i, |>|i ISIl-l:
f'/<if •/ //f, Urtu. i , \>[> 'Irti-li; /hii.ixi iir, Misf., turn, iii., |i|i. ^Vll-l; V'lHi".
t );i;l. 11^
\'i 'ilfii'l'l'l, I'liiti'ii, |rf ii., |). .'1(1. Si'M'I'Jl! illllllnl.-i ill
tfilUrt- mi /MDJjIctioll II, Hi«- (<'|ii|ili' to Aluii(/i>t
Ai'cr.ssroN OF AiiriTzoi'i..
■inn
furi'i
■tl from t!u' "trects ol' jtoisoii, or. as tlic rcci n'ds liav.
ir. «'t niivn'ic s]
It lis, a(
liuinistci'i (1 1)V cci'taiii scrcfrcsscs
;il the ciiiniuaiKl ot' TfcliMtl, l(i>'(l of ! ziapalajiaii, with
t!ic coiiiiivaiifc ot" Maxth-i, lord of Tlachco, jirohaMy
tViiiii motivt's ol" |)e'is()iial sjiitc Some aiithoi's, as
.I)iiraii, Acosta, and Hcrrcra, assert that he was ])oi-
smicd liv his own suhjects, who were disgusted with
liis cowardire and inleriority to his jir( dec'('>sors ; hut
lornier i.osn.'n as (•(
iinniaiuK'r of the Mexiean
iii'ieics !s ()j»]>ost'd to the chari^e of cowardico, as is
till indi^Miatioii of the ])eo])le at liis mui'der and the
siiiiiniai'v execnt ion of all coiincrted with tlif crime.*
Ahiiit/otl. the last of th(! three hriitlurs, was now
(•:|||r(
1 to the throne, the fai
nons
Tl;
It;
icat'n it/m s
^till
r.rii>iiiL;' the er. iwii, if wo mar credit Duran and
Ti7.(i/onioc. I )iii'iiiL;' the lirst year of the new kind's
i( i'^ii successful camjiainns are Nanuely recorded
a Miii'-'t the Mazahuii region adjoinini;" the city of
.\i i'ii;>ilc(>, against the towns of the 'IV.iuhcoacas
;ai(l 'I'ochpaiiecas, suhject to tlu; kin^'<loni of .lalisco,
;!U'aiii>^t the south-easti I n jti'ovinces of the Mizlecsand
Zipiitccs, and e\-en a';ainst the ('hiapaiiec frontiers,
while Nt'zahnaliMHi i;i the meantime coiKpiered Xauli-
llaii on the ,yu if coast. Nodetailsof these cam |»ai«4'i
arc <.;'i\ cii sa\e that the fortress of llnaxyacac. in ( );
jacM, sinci! known as ^loiite .Mhan,'^ was hiiilt and
garrisoned l>y th« Aztecs; l»ut, t he ohji'ct of these wars
was to pi'ocurc captives for the coronation of Aliuit-
y.<>\\ and foi- tin' dedication of the niaiid tem|ile of
IS
I-
- t)
1 liiit/ilojxtchtli, which tool, place in ll^;(l or Ms
' hitrmi. Ms., tiiiii. i., ciii). xl,; .Iru.^fn, lli.if. i/r l,,s Yml , )i. liiri; //> r-
y t". ili'i'. iii., lili. ii , cull, xiii.; \'>i/h'ii. tulii. iii.. |>|i. 'J7l.-7ti S; Clnvnii rn,
liiiii I , |i|i. ■.'.■i.'t-4, L'.'><). 'I'llis aiMlmr \i\\vs \\w diiti'ilH riS'J. Turi/in niiu/ii,
Imii. i,. |i|i. IS'J-."); I'lliniri,-/, T>ii/rii, lit ii., ]i|i. li(i-7; Sitlniiiiiii, liilii. ii
1 1. '1W\ I
illlls'llll'IIIKlll , Ml
'.IS llHI; Litl,Lfi,ilnll,
llisl, y»\\. iii,, |.|i, ;i;H-."i; Cntlix 'I'll/. Jt'iiii,, ill
' 'i-.:ii .1,111111', ill /(/.. vol. i\., |i|>.
il. \i , p. III. cliltr I IST
•]
.'(l.'i. '-'(17; I'tii/i.r Miiiilu.' . ill l\iiiiislii'ri'iit\li , m.I.
* . I'll. 17 s. JxtliKniliiil iliiiiiis tilut 'I'iziir (lii'tl a initiiviil liciiili, ami lliat
ri''liii|l (liiil tliiriiii' liis iciini.
i Si
I' \ol. iv,, pii. ;<77 <*<•■
'■' l>iar«s('ni', Hist., Iiiiii, iii., pit, ;|.'17 KK li-lls iic tliat (In- Xiiiiiiiiilcn cani-
|>;iii,'ii fiii'tiiHlicit l'aptiv('^« fur tlu' riirni.atiiin. Nvliilr lli<< piimIihIh nl' tli(>
ntllO' wal'h WCI'l' ITHOrVl'll for I lie clt'iliraliuli 'ri'/ii/niiivic, ill Kiiiifslniniinill,
410
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
Tliis (lt>(lic'!iti()ii was witnessed l)y millions of visit(.is.
iiirludiuo- re})reseiitiitives iVoiu all parts of the count tv,
fi-()iii hostile as well as friendly })rovinees, the iuinii r
hi'iii^' n'i\en the hest ]iositions to view the fi'sti\ iii. s,
and heiiiL;' loaded with rich j)i'esents at their ilcii.iit-
nre. The chief ieature of the exercises was the
saciilice of ca])tives, of whom from seventy to ci^htv
thonsand jierished on the altar, 'J'he victims w, ic
ai'ranL^cd in two lines, stretchin^f from the tem|ilc I'lir
out on the canseways; the kind's henan thi' liloodv
woi'k with their own hands, and the jnMests folioucd,
each continnini»' the slaui^hter nnlil exhansted, win u
another took his place. This was the most extciisi\c
sacrifice that ever took ])lace in Aiuilmac, and it was
followed hy others on a somewhat smaller scale in tlir
lesser cities, amonn' Mhich one at Xalatlauhco in tlic
]\latlalt/.inca rei^ion is jiarticidai'ly mentioned.''
Tlu^ campaign a^'ainst the frontiiM's of ('hiapas,
dnrinn" which some stronyhokls were taken hy tlii'
iSiexicans, as Chinantla uiid ( 'inacantlan, hut wlilili
was altogether nnsucct^ssful in the C(»n(pu'st of tlic
Chiapanecs, is ]»laced hy Brassenr in I4.SH, (Ik- yar
after the dedication of the temide." In I 18'.) Clii-
malpopoca, kin^' of Tlacopan, imuh^ a hrilliant cani-
])aiL;ii au'ainst ( 'nextlan, althoni;h leaving" many slain
on the hattlc-lield of .1 luexotla ; hnt he died s.mn
uiler his return, and was succeeded hy his son Totu-
1 4
■.
vol. In.. |ii>. iV,t-l(tS, spoaliM (if tlio coiiijiicsl of sunn' city in (^lii,i]i:ii; while
Ai'dsla, Ills/, lie Ins )'ii(l., p. I'.t'.t, .sliilcH tiiiil a place callcil (,hia\iitailaii
wan taken liv means nf an artilicial lloatiii;^' islarnl. h is inipn.ssililc I'l
form fnmi tiie ani jmi ities any idea nf llu'se wars and tiu'ir cliiorKiliij^iciil
Older. See, Ihirnii, MS., tinn. i.,cap. .\li.-ii.; Li/lil.iiir/iifl,\>. KIT; > -
iliiiii~.li, in hitr. Illsl. Mc.i:, Hc'rie iii., tnni. !., p. 7-; Vilnnrrrl, Tfiilrn, \<i
ii., p. 117; < '/iirii/rru, loin. i.. ]i. ■J.">7; Vtiitin, toni. iii., |i. 'J7'S; 'rur'iiiciinul.i,
1(1111. i., p. l.sti.
'(•n tlie dedicatiiHl, see vol. ii., p. 577; I.r/li/.inrfii//, p. -tiS; llimm,
MS., liini. i., cap. .\liii-iv.; Mn/iilnu'ii, in Irmlmliifn, dil. ilr Ihir,, imn. i.,
p. V-Vil; i'ldiiii'ni, loin, i., p. -."i7; '/'uri/miiinild, U)\\\. i,, p. ISIl; \'i/(iiirirt,
7''ii/r<i, pt ii . p. .'17; Cntlix 'I'lll. Rnn., in h'iiiifsliiiniinili, vol. v , jt l.'i-l!
/Irassiiir. II/-./., loin. iii.. pii. Illl ."). ( 'ini>iderin^' the nninhcrof the vi('-
tiiiis .vacriliceii. il i> piohalily more e(M'recl lu snpposi! that several luicri-
lieci'H were oeeiipied at the same lime.
^ Ill's/. .\iit. Cii'., torn, iii., pp. 111."! (i; willi reference to Tnr ^uiiiimld,
torn. I, (ill, ii., ca[i. l.siii. wliicli eoiitain.s iiulliin^' on tUt* Miilijeil,
AIUIT/OTI/S CONOIKSTS.
441
quiliiiatziii 1 I. Kartluiuukes and tlic ajtpt'araiiov of
iiliaiitoiiis ill tlu; air had iiidiiMtcd approarliiiii;- dis-
jistti's. Saliai^im also iiu'iititiiis an cdipso alxiut this
time.'"' In the sanio Nfar tho alhcd tr(K)]»s con-
(|Ut'rcd tho soiitlu'i-n proviiu'os of C()zca(]nauhtc!naiu'().
(.^)u;i|>il<»llan, C^iiauhpanco, and (.^)iU'tzalcuithi|Mllan
iii'ciMcHni^' to the Spanisli anthors, ahlionL;!) Ihassi'nr
niakrs that phu'i^ rt;tain its indi'jjcndenco down to tho
coining' ot" tho Spaniards. In I t'.M) (.Jnaahthi, ono of
tlu' strono'ost towns of ('noxtlan on tho ^idl" i-oast,
was talun, ,^i\in,L;' Monto/.nnia, aftofwai'ds kinLj', an
u|i|)i)rtunity to (hsplay his valor and torni a loputa-
tii.ii, which lio snstainod in an oni;aL;'oniont witii tho
llucxot/incas a iittlo latci'. A h;ittlo at Xonacatopoc
iilsii ;i'''anis
t tho 1 Inoxot/incas, niiK'd hv tiio tor
cos o
Totolpanco, is attrihnti'd to thcsanio year, Tho cap-
li\rs oht.iinod in thoso liattlos woro sacrilicod at tho
(Icdiiation ol" tho tcnipK- ol" 'riacatooco, ind chiiini;'
tlic ( (Tfinonii's another temple in tho ward called
Tiillaii was discovofi'd to ho on lire, and hniMied to
till' '.'.round. TIk! contlayTation was })opulaily ro-
l as a visitation IVdUi tho i^'ods, and o.\cited
■;n'(l!(
iiiiii'li suiterstitions I'cai
111
Ni'Xt in tho ('utaloniie of A/tec exjioditions a^'ainst.
rcvujiini;' ]»ro\inces was tha.t in I I'.) I, a^-iinst the
.1 jiia>l('cs ot' the noi'th-oast, who wofo this tiini; as-
sisti'il hy the Totoiiacs. Soniothiiin' has hi'cii said ff
tlii> .incicnt people in a. prcccdinL;' chapter on the pro-
Tolirc pei'iod. ( M' their history since they left, as
tlicir traditions claim, ihe central plateaux I'la- (ho
I'cuieii of Zacatlan, and al'lerward I'or the l;'u1I" coast,
lie
iliiiiu' is rocordi'd sa\t' siaiie trouhles with tlu' 'I
ou-
r^^ozonuK', ill KiiiiisliDniii'ili. vol, ix., ]i|>. lrtO-1'2, l.'il, pliucH tlio
lull war lirl'inc llu' ilcilir,itiiiii, iiiiil ralK 0|iiiiiiil|iii|Mirir> Mici'i'.-.Mir
rialli'ral/iii. Sci' also Sii/niiiiiu, tniu, ii., lili \iii., |i|<. '.'(;',l-7<l; I'l/nnrrrf,
T"ilrii, |it ii., |)|(. .'tT-S; T'lrt/iii iiimhi, tiiiii. i., ii. I s7 ; \'i 1//111, tiiiii. iii., |i|
I'lis.si'iir I
I'U :.; /
lis/., t
olll. III., |'|>
, , ' 'liiri'ii ri), tciiii. 1., |i
•r.s; /j-.
'" /'i/'i/K ■//(«((/(», foiu i., Ii|i. |S7. UM ; f '/(fc/f/c/'ij, tolii. !., |i|>. 'J"iS-0; />';'(».s--
///v/., liitii. iii,, ]>«». IM"»'.': \'if»fni, liiiii. iii., |i|i, 'J!t."i(i; /(/,
t'liu. i., ia]i, \i, ; Cmhw 'rdi. iJtii^, ill KiiiijsOoniiiij/i, m'I. v., \>. I
.MS.,
♦ill
M
U:
„:-y LiJ
412
THE AZTKC PERIOD.
iH
Chicliimccs on tlie first appearance of tliat jteojilc, a
,sul>.se(jnent allianeo w itli them, and a list oftio-lit Td-
tonae kini^s ofiven hy Ttjnpicniada. Tlieir lioiiie was
now the coast ret^ion of central and northern Vera ( luz,
Avhei'e, divided into thirty st'ijjfniories trihntary to tlicii-
monarch, anil allied witli the Tlascaltecs, they had tlius
far esca])ed the ])o\ver, if not tlio attention, of tlif Az-
tecs. J)ut in 'in evil hour they consented to help tho
revolting' liuaste'cs on their northern fror.tier. (ilad
of an cxcnso t(» amiex to his empire the fertile lands
and lloui'ishini;' towns of the Totonac coast, Ahuit/.dtl
marched throu'di Cuextlan, easily reducinn- the ri!n I
chiefs to suhmission, and then direeted his cnuixj
southwai'd, taking' town alter town nntil tlu' wIkiIi;
])rovitico in tei'ror j^ave up all hope of resistanec and
liecame suhjects of the Aztec monai'chs, payin:;-
trihute re^jularly down to the comiuL;' of the Span-
iards, who landed and heL;'an their march tow arc's
^Mexico in 'i\)toinc tei'ritoiw.^^ ( )n his return I'ldiii
tho north-east, the south-western pi'ovinccs doniaiidtd
the warlike kind's attention. The nsual nuirdi r dt'
traders had taken phu'e, and thi' loi'ds, as one aiitlidf
tells us, had )•( fused to attend the rlcdication of'
lluit/ilopochtli's ti'Uiple at the capital. ( )ztoniaii
was the contnt of the levoltiniif disti'ict. and with tin'
neid'hhoriuL;' cities of Teloloaiian and Alahuiztlan was
taki'ii hy assault. 'J'he iuhahitants of tlir tliivc
towns, except the ca|)tiv(,'s taken for sacrifice and tlu'
thousands massacred in the assault, wore mostly
hroun'ht to the xalUy and distrihuted amoiiL; ll'
towns ahout the lake: while the concpu'i'ed dist litis
Were nivon to ,\ztec colouii's, eomposed of poor fami-
lies seU'cte(l iVoiu Mexifo, TIacopaii, and 're/(iit:>,
nnder tlu) oimnand of the warriors who had di-tin-
Li'uisheil thciusi'lvos in the war.'"'
n Ti)ri/iiriti<ii/ii, loin, i , \i]). '.!7'^ SO; Jlnissnir, lli'^l . Iniii. iii , }*\\
a ii»-.v.'.
" '/'izoztiiiiitr, \u l\iiiifsl)iii-niii//i, \i>], In,. |)|), l'Jlt-7; Ih/nni. Ms, ti'iii.
i,. oiii. \liv., tiiiM. ii., cup. \lv. ; Jii-iiwiiir. Hist., nun. iii., ii|i. .'{'>- >■ I'li''
iiiitlmr al»i) ii'IVth In 'ri>i'i|iu'iuii(lii ami Ixllil.Mx'liill, wlui liiivn ndtliii^j I" ^.i.v
RKVKIISES TO AZTEC ARMS.
413
A si'i-ios of iwtTsos to Aztoc anus lias ui'xt to l>o
ivcMidcd. Ill 1.41)4, as I xtlilxocliitl states, in a lialtle
at Arlixoo, TlaraliiU'patziti, a st)ii of tlu' fonuor kiiii;'
A\;i\aratl, was taken prisoner and sacrificed to ( 'a-
iiiaxtli tlio Avar n'od of the easterii jilatean. The
fdlldwinn- year tlie Acolhua avmy was defeated in a
hat tie at THltejtee.'"' But the most important e\ents
of tliisc and the foUowinu' A'cars were the eamitai^ns
ill .Mi/,teoa]>an, Zai)oteeapan, and Tehuantepet'. I'n-
(li r the Zapot(M' kinn" Cociyoeza a general revoU of
all these ])r()vinees took ])lac'e, accompanied \>y a sus-
iM'ii^ioii (»f trihute and a o'eiieral ])luiider and murder
dt' A/tec merchants throu^liout tlie whole country.
At this tiint' prohahly took place the e\ph>it of tht;
Tlatchilca mercliants recorcK'd hy SaliaLiim." 'I'rax-
(hii"' in a laiv^' comnanv throii''li the southern
if'^ioiis, tliey were at Quaiditeiiaiico in Miztecapiin
when the jiersecution a^'ainst their class heL;an. As
the only means of saving- their li\('s and })ro)>erty,
hv a hold move they took jiossession of the town,
which had unusual facilities lor defence, stMziuL;' the
lii'il and proiiiineiit men of tlu' city, and holdiiii;'
tliciii as llosta^■es for the y'ood conduct of the in-
l;al»itants. Here they maintained their position
iinaiiist all attacks liurini;" a ])eri(
d.lc 1
(1 of i
our vears, aiu
even were ahlc i)y occasional sorties to capture many
oHirt IS and soldiers from the armies sent aLiainst
tliciii, whom they kt pt and I'atteUed for the altars of
tlh li' .^-,1(1 at honu\ Their \alor won u'l'cat honors lor
ihriiiselves and for their class after their return to
cMco.
Meanwhile all the territoiy and towns
in'cvionslv coii([U»re(l hy the A/.tecs in 'I'ehiiantepee
wi IV ictakt'n : most of tlu* Mexican !4arri>oiis in the
I'liiiiii I'v of the /ajiotecs and Mi/tics I'aither iioith
wvyr |e)\>v*l to surrender; and l'(.'sides the nieicliant
U'iiiii^on of (.J>iiauhteniiiieo, and the stroiii;' fortresses
ami culduy, allluMi-li llit- liilhi, p. -71. siiiiik- of ilic «■ m(|m'^t
ui /.:i|M>tliiii .-^iitl Xaltrhci', wliiili iiiav liaNC lii't'ii ill tlu' >a\M' raiiiiiai;:!)
I' /.//(/a'.<t.'/, ,. '.'Tl.
" II, tt. <»V»»,, liiiii. ii,, lilt, ix., iiji. ;{;i7-s.
i \n
i vi
444
THE AZTEC PEIIIOD.
■ I
ll
m
m
of TEiMxyacac and Tcotitlan near where tlie ciij'it.tl
city ol" ( )aj,i('a lunv wtaiuls, the Aztec power was cdin-
jtletely overthrown. Other wars nearer home, wliidi
have been alhiJed to ahove, at the time that tluv
lieard of tliese events, claimed the attention of the
alhed monarchs to such an extent tliat tliey could i!ot
direct their united force aL>;inst the rebellious jm v-
inces; l)ut soon an army of sixty thousand iin ii,
nuder the command of an able officer, was disp;it( lud
southward to (juell the revolt and to capture Cociyoeza
ol" jdive. This armv seems to liave carritd ;ill
dead
befoi'e it in its march thi-ou^h the upper Zaixittc
regions; but no details are recorded, except that tiny
took the sacred city of ]\Iitla in their coui-se, in d
sent her priests to die on the altai's (jf HuitziKi-
pochtli.''
The march of the .\/tec nenei'al was dii'cctvd
towaids Tehuantepiic, and near that city on a seiics
ol' ra\in('-nuarded plateaux tln' Za[)(ilec kinn' and liis
allies had Ibrtilied an immense area su]»pos((l lo \ v.
sufficient to su|»port his ai'my by cidti\atioii, ai;(l
awaited th(! a})j>roach of the in\aders. Tin; iiiins of
(hiieuL^ola^" ai'e supposed to be the remains of tiiis
extensixe system of deiensi\e works. Jhirnoa cxiii
claims that the kin^' went so far as to j'orni ailllicial
ponds and to stock them with lish as a fui'tlur pro-
vision a^'ainst future want.
Tl
!(' wilv monarch sirnis
to have })urposely refrained froui makiiin' any ( tHnt
to defeat the .\ztecs on their march thi'ou^h tin;
n|)per country, sim])ly li'iviiiy' orders to siK'h rliicf-
tains as remained to o-tiai'd tln'ir homes, to harass tip;
enem\- coutiuuallv, and ri'diice tlu'ir numbers as ini
it 1
ell
as possible without brmoiuo- on a u(>iiera; eno'am'im nt,
As soon as tlie mvaders, weaned with their loii^'
march and constant skirmishiiio', had e;it..'r('(l llic
hd>yrinth of ravines throi'.uh which lav thei" read in
'5 Cnilr.i' Till. 11 III., ill Kiiuj.shorumjh, vul. v,, ]). I.")l. t'lu' ilali' 1 1 it
at I I'.U 1p\ lliis (iocmiu'nl.
'•i St'i' vol. i\., jip. ;i(iS-71.
DEFEAT IX TEIIT ANTEPEC.
443
Till nail tepee, tlie brave defeiulers rushed down from
tliiir momitaiu forts, and in a series of l^loody i)attles
;iliii(i>t annihilated tlie invading- ioive. The Aztecs
cdiild neither retreat nor advance, and day hy (hiy the
It ,i(lrr saw his ariny nieltin!>- awav, l>v death and cap-
tint'. ]irisoiiers ])einL;" put to death Ity torture, except
a lew that were sent l)ack to tell their comrades of
the strength and ferocity of their foes. WIkii tlu^
>ltiiation hecame known in ^Texico, Ahuitzotl is said
to liavu sent a second army lar^'er than the first to
ivlicNc the l)lockaded lorce ; and this j'e-inforciiiL;'
iii(i\t!iuiit Avas re]»eated thrt'C times M-ithin a year,
liiit t!ie Aztecs could not force the passai^'e of (Juieii-
L;(ila, or if alh>wed to ])ass could only comfort their
ln'iitli'Ts in arms hy dyiiiL>' with them. The alhed
A/.tcr monarchs were at last I'airly del'eated, and se'iit
an einhassy \vith })roj)ositions of ])eace and aHiaiice,
jiriircssing- great admiration I'or Cociyoeza's valor and
gciiiiis."
Siicli is the Aversion given hy Curgoa. Xotliing is
kim vu of the negotiations Avhich tiisiied. hut Jjras-
hcur deduces IVom suhsecpient events that hy the
ti riiis <if the treaty formed, tlie Z;i[>otec king was to
ii'talii posst'ssion of Tehuantepec; Soconuseo was to
lie gi\in u]) to Mexico; free passage was to he ac-
corded to ^lexican tiavelei-s, and the I'ortress of
lluaxyacac was to remain in the hands of the Aztecs.
It is also stated hy lUirgoa that ( 'ocivoe/a was to
iiiaiiy a Mexican princess. These conditions would
iiiiliiatc that the condition of affairs was not after all
so (lr->pei'ate for the Aztecs in the south as tlie ]ire-
(■•diiiw- account iiii]ilies. Nothing is said of the fate
of tile Miztei' pro\iiices according to the terms of the
tivaty:''^ hut We' know that aftei' the ratilieatioii ot'
tlio alliance, the merchant garrison of (^)iiaiiht<iianco
was lelievi'd from its state of sii'ge, and with the aid
of re iiiforcements, coiKpiered the whole adjoining
'■ I'liiniiiii, Ckiui. Itrxcrip. Onjinri. Iiini. ii., ])t ii,, fi)l..'l()7, t'l ^i'i[.
'" lu'il-ixriir. Ills/., Iiiin. iii., l"!!. .'l.'i.'i (i'J,
.., ;
.■,A- ■
I '
Iff-
i '
ri
446
THE AZTKC TKKIOD.
1: i
I %\y:
1 ' ]h
])r»)vliu'o of Ayotlaii on tlio South Sea, and tlien ve-
turned to tlieir lionies, Avlicre they Avere received with
the Iii^liest lionorw at tlie liands of tlie nionardiN .hkI
of the iteojde, Avlio greeted them with festivities, tlir
details of which are given hv Saliagun."
It seems not to liave heen 8ti[>uhited wliich one of
the Mexican jirincesses shouki he given to tlie Zi\-
])ote(' king; and a strange version is given of tlio
maniiei- in wliicli this matter Avas settled. C<K-iy(iez,i
Avas hathing one evening in one of the miniature
lakes connected with his roval gardens. After he
had removed his clothing, a l)eautiful female foi'iii
a^jpeared hy his side in the moonlight, and announceil
herself as th.c sistei* of ^Foiitezuma of Mexico, who
hail heard of his valoi', and had caused herself to lie
niiracuh)uslv ti'ansnorted to his side hv the iiia"ic
arts of the Aztec enchanters. She assisted him in
his hath, leit with him th.e hathing utensils of her
l)rotlier which slie had brought, showed a jteciiliar
mark on the })alm of lier liand, hy which she might
he identitied, and disai)])eared as mysteriously as she
had come. Cociyoeza had before looked forwanl tit
lus marriage with some misgivings, but now, \ in-
lently enamored with tlie chai'uis of his nocturnal
visitor, he made haste to send an embassy with the
I'ichest gifts his kingdom could afford to bring h.K k
his Aztec bride. A grand disjihiy was made in
]\Ievico at the reci'ption of this embassy, douhtK'>s
intended to impress upon its mendiers an idea of
^Mexican power and wealth. The Za})otec noliKs
were brought into the presence of the assenihhd
court beautii's, and noticed that one princess liad
i're([Uent occasion to arrange her tresses in such a
maimer as to show her ]»alni and its ])eculiar mark.
Tliey were thus enabled at once to select tlie fail'
sister of ^b)nteziuna, ]*elaxilla, or Cotton-Flake, who
was borne in a litter on the shoulders of m)l)K'inru
\\\\\\ gi'eat ])omp to the court of Teotzaptjtlan iho
i'-* Ifi.'if. (I'lii., toiii. ii., li)i. ix., ji. :?;t7, ft M''!.
MAIllJIACi: UV ri:i,AXII,LA.
M7
Z,i]Mit(.(' capital, wlioro a succession of l)rilliant fetes
u'iveii in her lionor; and soon after tlie nuptial
lollies ^vere ])crfornie(l at Teliuantepee amid
1 :.-;..; m
Writ'
rd'i'll
'j;i\-,\{ popular re)(>icuii>s
It Avas, per]ia})s, not M'itliout hidden mot i vis of
fiitint' treacliery that Ahuitzotl had insisted on a mat-
riiiiiiiii;il alliance between the Aztecs and Zapotecs;
at any rate, he is rejtorted to have niadt," an attcmj)t
Miiii!' ycai's later to assassinate Cocivocza tliroUL;h tiie
as>I>taiic(' of liis wife. And)assad()rs Avere smt to
(•iiiiiinunirate witli lier on this matter, l)nt Pelaxiila
a!cd the })l()t to her liushand, wlio immediately
IWt
•lit liat
•ktl
le emoassv
lad.
en AVith <;nts, and prrpaiv(
d
o\v
Ills ioi'ts and his armies for war. The Aztecs, h
(•V( 1'. l^iiowinn' tliat their })lot was discovered, made
iiii attack; tliey demanded permission to send troops
tlimiiuh Zapotec territory lor the coiupiest of Ama\-
tlaa and Xuchiltepec, south of the istlimus, wiiicli
\va> granted; hut Cociyoeza, siispectinn" trcacluiy,
tMi k the precaution to furnish a lar^e army to attend
tlif A/tccs tlirou^ii his territory, hoth coming' and
L;niiiL;'. iimlfr itreteu^eof furnishing' an escort. Ahuit-
/.ntr> I'oi'cts seem to have heen successful, althou<4'h
m narticuhii's are recort
led.
'I
lie e
vents I'elated brinL;- the history of the Aztec
*" I'tiirrioii, driiij. Drsi'n'p. Oii/'iirti, tolll. ii., ]it
"' lUiiifitii, as ill iiiiti' 'JO; 11
11., lul
'■"/•, His/.. Iiiiii. iii.
:?i;7-T
,1 'riilllll. Illcisllv Inilil
r.iii-
'Oil, IS uivcl
ill ti
II' .sV
.1/'
X. (,
Vll.
i'i'
ii:
IT.")-?, IS;{-7. Odicr aiitliiiiilics toilvli \('i\ \:iuiii'iv ii'
A full
'/, tiiiii.
<>)l llic
cvciii- ii'laU'il iilHivt"; iiiiist (if tlifiii utii'liv iLriiiiriiiL;' I
IC (ll'lral II,' till
A/lr,
-Mnlll
wife ol I he III
I iiiraii, MS., tiiiii. ii.
p. \l\i\ii., li\-v., |iiiis liic mania !•
I'/miia s rciuii, ami
ivs that till'
jiliil a.
■aiiist ''is liu' l)v 10.(1(10
liiianl('|>i'i' Kill
lolil ii\' Ins
-nlilll'ls W llll
lail I'lilcri'il llu' !■
i!;il III >iiial
ili'alli
xiiiiiiis as .iiicsi.-
iiiscil till' wliiiii" 10,000 tu I'l' iml ii
Aii'iii'iiiii',' til till' Ciiilix Till. 1!
III., Ill /\ iii(/.sli(ir(iin//i, \
M,
''.>. I hi'
viir.
it
liiiaiiti'in'c iK'vcr altiTw arils alluw
il a .Ml
I'
'\iiiiii ti' set
liiiii ill liis i'iiiiiiti\ . This (lii.'iiMU'iit iiiaUcs I'rlaxilla ii ilaii;ilili'r uf Mmi
ir/iiiii.i. < '^niu'iTii, tiiiii. i., II. '-'(i
that till' A/tfi' f
• iiiaii mala ai this tiiiii', icfi'iiiiiij to thi' Xiii'hilti'iu'i' cam
orii's |ii
iai''ii
'iii'iraii'il
iMlil-
i.ia ,1' ti'ilii
]i;i. '.'(iS, -JTl-'J, states that tlu' allii's took 17. 100 caiitivfs from the
ill 1 r.i'.l. .\iTiiiiliii;; to Keiiii'sal, lli'.s/. ('Iiiiujhi, |i. '_', Chiapas was
itai\ to Mexico aliimt ll'.tS. Si'e also fur sli;;ht icfeieiices In
I'Miii^ that iiiav lie coiiiiecteil with tiiesc c,impai''ii
, ill Kiiiiis'iiiViiHiili, vol. ix., ]i[
IIS 111 the son
ih-wcst. Ti
7
111 .\jr
.M.
Ucuj.
JJoLi,
iV jlll ilKH
III, tl
II, tola, iii., ji. IU7.
'•. 1'
UKJ;
; ;
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33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WEBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO
(716) B73-4S03
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^
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^
448
THE AZTEC PEIIIOD.
empire down to tlio year 1497, .ind alxnif. tlio s.uin^
time the jtrovince of Zaeatolliin on the Patitic, noihIi-
west of ^lic'lioaoan, was annexed to the domain ii\'
Tezcuco — a fact wliieli docs not seem to aur»'<' with
an
y version of tlie terms of the tri-partite allian
(■(•
l>y the exploit of an Acolluian ofHeer named T( iih-
cliimaltzin. It seems that some efforts liad ah( .ulv
heen made l)y Nezainialpilli's orders i'or tlie coiKpit st
of this provinee, hut without success, when Ttiih-
cliimaltzin, stimuhited ])erhai>s l)y tlie achiL-venitnts
of the Tlatelulca merchants at C^uauhtenanco, ul;-
tained permission to enter the country disi^'Miscd ;is ,i
merchant, with a few companions, primisjiiM' to
suhdue the j)rovince by takin*,' the kini,'', dead ni-
alive, lie was, however, soon recosjfnized and ciii-
tured, and the day was appointed for hissacriliit ;
])ut while the king" Yopicatl Atonal with liis ikiMcs
was diinkint,^ and dancini,'' on the iiiq'ht heforc the
sacrificial festivities, Teuhchimalt/in escaped frnm his
])rison, joined the dancers, and at last, when all weiv
ovei'come v. ith frecpient lihations, cut off the kiiii^'s
head and escai)ed with it io the frontier where an
army seems
to li
lave been in waitmef.
W'l
icU the
nobles awoke and found what had taken place, tliev
forthwith dispatched an embassy after the I'siaped
]>risoner, an<
I for st)me reason that IxtlilxncJiiii di
not make very dear, ottered to surrender tlie province
to the Tezcucan monarch. 'J'hus Zacatollan was
added to Xezahualpilli's jtossessions, 'I'eulichiniah/.iii
was honored as a liero, and an addition was matle te
the stock of tales by which sober 'rezcucans weiv
wont to illustrate the evils of intemperance.--'
In 14U8 took place in TezciU'o the public execnti^n
of one of Nezahual[>illi's wives. This nioiiarcli liid
a irreat maiiv wives and concubines more tlnm tw"
th»»usand, if we may Ixdicive 1 xtlilxochitl, his descend-
ant. Amoii''' the former were three nieces of Ti.-«ic,
M fxtfiU'ochid, pp. '2H)-l.
PUNISHMENT OF CHALCHirilNr.NKTZIN.
449
ono of tlioin a (liiUL,^litcr of Axavacatl, and a .sister of
M(»iitL'Zimia 11., and vorv likclv all time sisters,
hIiIioiii^Ii thcro is *r\vnt confusion on this point. Ax-
iiy.uiitrs daughter was n.iincd CliaK-hiuluK'netzin ;
slic was very younjL,'", and was assi^iK-d a s»rludt'd
|i;il;i((j wliilo awaitin<if the consummation of tho mar-
iian,.
She
soon siK
)Wed
an extra* trdinarv
fond
ness
for (l(.'coratin<if her ajtartments with ri<hly derki-d
.stiitiits, the kiiiL,'' noticin<( new outs at each visit ; she
said tliey were her jj^ods, and her future hushand was
wiiliiii;- to humor her tastes, stranL,^e thou;^'-h tiny aj)-
jicarcd. But one day ho noticed a nohle of the court
WL'aiiiiijf a riiiiijf that he had seen in thehamlsi»f (.'hal-
tliiiiliiie!ictzin, and the followiiii,' ni.,dit went to visit
lur. 'i'he maids in waitinuf said she had retind an<l
was sltepini,'-, hut he insisted on set.in^ her, and found
her ('(lueh occupiid l»y a sort of puppet counterfeit of
liiTst'lf. His suspicions now fully i<»uscd, he ordered
all the attendants arrested, pushed his starch farther,
and at last lound his viri«in hride damiiiLr in verv
primitive costume with three noMe lovcis, one of
wlioiu was he who wore the tell-tale rini,'. Furtlier
investigation revealed that this Aztec Messalina had
hceii in the hahit of uiviiiLr herself up to everv vouult
man tiiat struck her fancy, and when weary of hei-
levels had caused them to he j>ut to ileath, and rejt-
reseiiteil in her apartments hy the statuts ahovt?
rel'envd to. ^\fter the parties ha«l heen tried and
feuiid guilty hy the proper courts, the kini; sent to
all tile cities round ahoiit Aiiiilmae iiiid smunioiifd all
the pi'ojde to witness the jHiiiishnieiit of his false wife.
^^ itii lier three surviviiiL;- l(»veis and ahout two thou-
sand persons who had in some way ahetted the de«'ep-
titiii of the kiniic, the amorous (jiieeii was jaihlicly
stiaii'^led. All ai'kiiowletl^ed (he justice of the a«'t,
I'Ht tli«' Mexican royal fainilv, it is said, ne\ir forM^jivu
tl
•a
le |>uhlic exei'ution t>f the sentence
'^ Oil till' fnmily alVairs of Nr/aliiiiil|iilli, hco Tnniiinnnilii, tmii. i., u.
181; Cliifi'iirn, toin. i., pp. '.•ri.'i-li; JhnsMiir, llisl., tiiiii. iii., pp. .37i!-o;
VtiL, V. iu
450
THE AZTEC PEUIOD.
Ni':::i]Mi;ili)ilIi is said to have inhurited all tli
[Ti II M
(qualities of his father. Like Nezahiialeoyotl he uus
a patior. of the arts aiul sciences, hut is reported to
have yiveii his chief attention to astroloufv, i»a.ssiii<r
nianv ninhts in rcadinuf the stars from a loftv ohserv-
ntory erected for the purpose in the j^'rounds of lijs
]>alace. Sorcerers niid niai^ficians were always av( 1-
conie at his court, whither they were often sunniKHKd
hoth to advise the monarch on affairs of state and to
impart to him a knowlediLje of their arts. Like liis
fatiur he was famed for his inHe.\il)ility in the .'i(liiii!i-
isti'ation of justice and his kindness toward tlie |M)(ir
and unfortunate. A small window in one })art u[' his
pala.'O overlooked the market-])lace, and at this win-
dow the kinj»" was wont to sit fretpiently, Mutcliiiii,'
the actions of the crowd helow, notinsjf cases of injus-
tice for future ])mushment, and of distress and jxtvcity
that they nuuht he relieved. How he coiMleiiincd tu
death a judy-e for decidinjjf unjustly aucainst a p<M»r
man and in favor of a nohle, and how he had his
favoiiteson I fuexotzim-atzin executed forhaviiiL^' puh-
liclv addressi'«l jiis concuhine, the ladv of Tollaii. has
been jvia
ted
m a j)reci'(im,y; volume
24
M
niv other
anecdotes are told to illustrate the kind's love ol" what
he d(.!emed justice. One of his sons hejjfan the con-
struction of a palace somewhere in the Tezcncaii
domains without liavinnif either consulted his latin r
or coin])lied with the law retpiiriiiLj some hrilliant
(h^ed in hattle hefore a ]»rince was entitled to a )tal-
ace (»f his own. 'I'lie guilty son was put to death,
^fendters of the royal family seem to have had the
greatest faith in the kinn's judijfment aiul to have
accepted his «lecisions witliout complaint. There was
,;;reat rivalry hetween his two hrothers Acapipioltzin
and X(»chiijuetzal respectini^ the credit of a certain
victory in the province of Cuexthin. Each had a
rt/lihiir/iil/, |i|i. 2fir). 'J(>7, 271-'i; Vctdiirrrf, Tmtru, \\\ ii., \\\\. 30-7; V'if
(i'l, Iniii. iii,, pp. 'J7rMl.
«♦ V..I. ii,, pp. 44(i-r»0.
AXKCnoTKS OF NiXMIlAUMMJ.
451
Iiaiid (»f paitisjins wlio wore ai-fustoiiicjl on juililii' oc-
ioiis to ocloltratc the tloeds of tlit'ir rav<»rit<> Uy
CMS
sdiii^s and (laiu-ew,
I (!.•
So f"
ir
(lid tl
ic
ivalrv ])ro('cc(
I
tliat a resort to arms was inuniiu'iit, whvu Xozaliual-
]iilli aj)))oart'(l cm tlu? scoiio on tlio occasion of sonic
irstivity an<l joininuf the dance on the si<le oi' liis old-
est hrothcr Aca|»ij»ioltzin. decided the dispute in his
favor witljout conj]ilaint on tlie part of the yoiiMuj'cr
hrother. The concK'innation of two men, a musician
and a st)ldier, for achdtery, was on one occasion
hiuiinlit to the kiniLf for his approval. Hi' orderid
the musician to l>e executed, hut the sohUer to he
stilt for life to do duty in the frontier garrisons, de-
daiini,' that such thereafter should he a soldier's
jiuiiishment for the faiilt in question. Nezahualpilli
(•(luld also on occasion he most indulufent towards his
cliildrcn; for instance, his son Ixtlilxochitl early <lis-
ilaved
an extraordiiuirv
fond
ness
for 1
lavnii"' his own
way. At the aij^e of three years he expressed his
oiiiiihatic <lisapproval of his nurse's views and conduct
l>y pushinjj^ that huly into a deep well, and then
amused himself hy throwin«jf stones n]»oii her. Wlun
)ld 1
f h
>hli
srvcu years old lie raised a comiianv ot hov soldiers
and skirmished ahout the eity much to the terror <tf
]it accful citizens. Ileaiin|Lr that two niemhers of the
ii'val council had advised his father to kill so unman-
au'cii
l.K
a
child, he j)roci'edi'd one niyht with
a
selected detachment of his juvenile veterans to the
Imiise of the counselors and assassinated them hoth.
Ne/ahualpilli seems to have looked with much le-
niency ujion these youthful irregularities of his son,
wlio at fourteen distinguished himself in hattK* and
at seventeen was a captain. We shall hear of him
iiU'aiii in the last years of Aztec history. The kinijf
en iiMother occasion demanded from a hrotlu-r a very
c\eelK«nt teponaztli in his possession and his daui^ht«'r
Inr a royal concuhiiu^; on liis refusal the teponaztli
was taken hy force, and his disohedient hrother's
linuso was razed as the pro2)erty of a rehel. Two
n
452
Till-: AZTEC rEillOl).
f
\h
Bons worn stmnj^-lod for liaving appropri.itod rnptivrs
nitually taken l>y tlioir soldiors; a daUjL»liter fur li;i\ -
iiii;' spoken to the son of a lord; and two ctini'uhint >
for drinkinsj^ pul(|ue. Ajud«,'ewa« Inniuf for lieariiiL,--
a east! in his own house instead of in tlie appointtd
liall of justice; and another for unduly i)rolon>j^iiiL; a
trial was condemned to have the i'ront door of his
resi<lenoe walled up. This king is accredited with
havinyf ahroijated the law which condennied the rjiil
dren of slaves to the condition of their parents, iiiid
with many other reforms calculated to ameliorate the
condition of his people. The possession of supeniat-
ural powers was popularly attrihuted to him, aiul
often in infancy he astonished his nurses hy appcai-
iuff before them in the form of a bird or beast.-''
In the years 141)8 and 1499 it is recorde«l thiit
Ahuitz(>tl attacked Atlixco without wariiini;', and was
deflated bv the lluexotzincas who, under a famous
j»-em'val Tultecatl sent re-inlV)rcements to aid thi
armies <»f Atlixco; and also that, by aidiuji^ Ciiohila
in a <piarrel with Tepeaca, the same kini^ j>ivatly
increased his power on the eastern plateau. The
foUowiiii^ year Tultecatl, before whoso valor the Az-
tecs had been forced to retreat, was driven from his
own countr}' in consecpience of certain religions
dissensions, and applied at one of the ATexican towns
for i)rotection. He was put to death, however, witli
all his companions, by Ahuitzoti s order, and thedcail
bodii's were forwarded to Huexotzinco to show th •
rebellious inhabitants of that city with what relent
less zeal the Aztec ruler pursued his foes.'"'
AlmitzotI, Hndiiijiif the water supjtlied by the ( h.i
jadtepec aipjeduct insulHcient for the use of thi;
*^ Viir t1uH« n\u\ ollior niioc«li)tP8 of Npznliual|iilli, wc frflihnrlii'l,
1i|>. *J(i7, -7II-7; I)iinin, MS., tutn. ii., rap. I.; 'I'liri/iniiiiii/n, ttun. i,, pi'.
8()-iM»; llni.ssein; Hist., tiiin. iii., p|i. .'{H.')U2; (irmmi/n.i if (lnhrz, 'J'linin
A till r., pp. 4S-!(.
'i* Cliiriifiro, toin. i., pp. 'J.')'.) (!(); Torijiiniiiiifii, toin. i.,p. M)l; llni.isn'i;
/^'.v/., toni," iii., i)p. H7r>-7i IVy^'«, toin. iii., pp. iMMi-J); \'r/mirnt, '/'..(' ■',
l>t ii., p. 38.
IM NDATION OF Mi;XH O.
458
ciiv. aii(' moroovor dcsinuis of ju'coinplI.^luMLr <lur-
']]]■'■ Ills vv'i'm some jjfrcjit work of oracticil iitilitv,
(li tmniiK'il to coiuhic-t to his cajtital the watiis nt" a
spiiiiLf cjillod Acuccut'xatI, near IfuitzilopcHhto, in
t!ii' j)roviiico of Coytihuaoan. 'l'z<»t/oinat/in, tlio
1 ml t)t' tlio ])roviiH'o, was unwiMinLj; that the s|»iinuf
slmiild 1)0 thus used, l>ut Ids ojtjxtsitiou was ot-
liH'tually ov(!rc«»iiuj hy stranj^liuiLj him. ^^auy tales
are told hy dilf'erent Aviiters ahout his opjiositiou
Id tlie scheme, and his death. Some say tiiat ho
wi-^hed the water fur the suj)|)ly of Ins own citii's;
others, that he t(>ld Ahuit/.otl tin! siti-inLC was liahle at
jiiiy time to overflow and flood the city, and was
killed hy the latter in a fit of passion at his persist-
iiiic in that (H)iinon; and still others repri'sent him
as a i^reat niai^ieian, who frii^hteiK'd away the Mexi
can iviii'^s amhassadors v.ho were sent to no^dtiate
with him in the matter, hy appearinn" before them in
till' I'oi'm of a ferocious Iteast, or seri»ent. Tez«»zomoc
says he put the c»»rd round ids own neck to save his
]H(i|i|e from the wrath of tlu- Aztecs; and Duran,
that he did not dii', hut simply left ( \>yidiua<'an at
tills time. DifKculties heinijf thus removed, tiie atjUe-
(lint was constriU'ted of stone and mortar, in a very
sliort time, owinuj' to the mnnher of W(»rkme!i i-m-
I'lovcd, and its completion was celehrated with the
proper ceremonies and sacrifices. Ihit soon sonui
sMv in till' midst of the ceremonies so urcat was the
vnluiiic of watei" m
trod
need
that tlu! citv was inun-
(l:l
t«(| hy the risiuijf of the lake, and innu'-nsc damaufi<
1V>||
ted t«
d
o pnbiur and piivati' huiltlme.*
t b
OI
inijjsi', im|)(»ssihh( that the waters of any s|»rin;r in
Aiiiilmac could have caused this iffect; indeed, Ww-
i|iieni;ida says the catastrophe was preceded hy heavy
i:iiiis for a year, and ( )rteL,''a also ti'ils us tiiat the
1 liiis came down in torrents at the com|)letion of the
i!i|in<luct; it is, therefore, alto_i»'ether prohaiile that
tile flood was not causi'd hy the waters of tiie canal,
1 ill was simply attrihuted tc) that cause from sujier-
454
THK AZTKC PKUIOI).
stitiiHis inotivos, perhaj)s rostiltiiijT^ from tlie ])ri(li(-
tion.s of Tzotzoinatziii, and his death. So ia]»i(l was
the rise of tlio waters, tliat kin^^ Ahuitzotl, who was
in the h)wer part of Ins ]>ahice, had <j^reat difficulty in
(^seapiii<^, and in his liaste struck his liead asjfainst a
door-post, roeoivinj^ a wound wliich, a few years latt r,
proved fatal. The en<»'ineerin<^ skill of Nezahualpilli,
with the lahorin<j force of the whole empire, was at
once called into requisition to stop the Hood and iv-
])air dama^^es. The old dike that had hefore savnl
the citv was strenjfthened and raised: the citv was
repaired and paved with t<'fzoiif/i, or porous amygda-
loid, the use of which is said to date irom this jteriod;
])ut to stop the waters of the unruly spriiii^ human
efforts were unavailinj^, and the aid of the i^ods was
invoked with mairie rites. First the })riests, whoso
hodies were painted blue in honor of the Tlalocs,
stood round the fountain and uttered ])rayi'rs,
hurned incense, and scattered j^erfumes; then the
divers plunged into the waters, each with a yoiiiii;
child whose heart was torn out, and whose MdimI
stained the waters; and finally the priests entered
the water, and, as some say, Nezahualpiili with them.
Half an hour after their enieri«ence the waters ht -
came so (juiet that the laltorers were ahle to wail up
the sj)rinij;' and stop the overHi w. Other cities alxnit
the lake had suffered as much, or even more, than
IMexico, particularly Cuitlahuac, which is said to havt^
been uninhabitable for two years. ISIuch daman'e was
also done to the cro})s in the valley, and the next
year was one almost of famine. The flood occuired
m 1500, and at least two years passetl before An;i-
huac had recovered from its effects.'-^
Champaigns against (.-uextlan, Tlacuilollan, and
*' Hospoctins this flood, see: f.rfh7.r» 'fn'f, "p. 'J72-.1; TfZiCDiiinr. In
KiiKjalxiroiiijIt, vol. ix., pp. l.'<7-4li Torf/itfimt^iit, toiii. i., l)p. I'.tJ-.'t. '-"■'•';
Jtnis.si'itr, lli-st., toiii. iii., pp. H77-H'2; Ihinni, MS., toiii. i., cap. xlviii. \\.\
Viiilin, loiii. iii., |ip. '2ill>-;i(CJ; Clnriiiirn, Unu. i., pp. •2<1(»-'.!; Sn/iniiini. I
ii., lilt, viii., p. 2(i!>; ]'(linirrrf, Tinln, pi ii., pp. ItS-'.t; Anisln, lli^i i'-'
/lis Yin/., p,>. r)()l>-l; Ihtstiiiiiduli, Mci'mno.s, loin, ii., pp. 'J()8-'Jj vol. ii.. p.
CliO oi thi.>< work.
ACCESSION or MONTKZCMA II.
455
Xiiltepec, are vajjfuoly rc}M)rtod during' tlio last two
years of Ahuitzotr.s life, and may be distinct from
any of the wars that have lieen mentioned, Imt no
(Ktails are jjfiven, save that from Tlacuilollan twelve
liuiKhcd captives were hrouglit hack to ^rexico.'*"
Tin' king died in 1503,'^ as is generally supposed
frmn the effects of the l)h)W mentioned ahovc; al-
though Tezozomoc attributes his death to chagrin
and remorse at the misfortune of the flood, and
Duran hints that he was pttisoned. His likt-ness is
.said to have been sculptured with those of his \nv-
tlecessors on the cliff at Cha[)ultepec. Ahuit/.oti's
leading passion was Ids love of war, so strong as to
junount calmest to a hatred of peace. He was also
])assionateiy fond of music, of display, and (»f women,
lb' was cruel, vindictive, and sujierstitious; aiul tlu^
(jiiality of generosity attributed to him was probably
closely connected with his reputed love of display
and tlattery. Immediately after his death Monte-
/iinia 1 1., son of Axayacatl, was called to the throne;
ahhougii, according to Ixtlilxochitl, his elder brother
!Ma 'uibnalinatzin was the first choice of the electors,
hut was rejected by the advice of Nezahualpilli, who
doubted his possession of the recpiisite (pialities foi-
the ruler of a great nation. Montezuma liad alreadv
(hstinuuished himself on many occasions in batth',
and was at the time of his election high-priest of
lluit/.ilopochtli. When the news of his election
ri'achi'd him he is said to have bei-n emj)loye(l in
sweeping the temple, IVom a sjiirit of real or ieigned
liuiiiility. The usual cam[)aign for captives was sne-
cesst'idly directed against Atlixeo, and foreign n(tl)les
fioni hostile as well as fVi»;ndly provinces came in
ciiiwds by invitation to witness the coronation cere-
monies/'*'
•* Tiir'/iintKii/n, toin. i., ]). lOH; Clariifrrn, torn, i., |>. '2Vt'2. In tin- I'n-
(/','• Miiilii-.ii, ill Kiitiis!iiifi)iiijli, vol. v., |i. 48, is j;ivi>ii a \\>^\ of tm-iv-livi!
liiHiw cciinnu'ri'il liy .Miiiitzitll.
' i'lii\i,L;('i(i anil N'laiuvit iiiaki' tlio tUito ir)0'2. Ixtl'lxocliitl in <inn
I'liiir, |i. •|.")7, says l.")!*."!.
■I" l>iiniii, .MS., toiii. ii., caii. li-v., »U\Wv, tlmt tlic first wars were <li-
■i:>c,
Tin: AZTKC rKIUOl).
A]n:I::;:i>tl Ic-ft tlio Aztoo empire in llie liri^lit of
its |H)wer nud Ji^loiy, yet even before liis death the
seeds of I'utnre disaster rnay 1)0 said to liave heeii
sown or even to have taken root, since the hitherto
inn^)iiraHeh'd sacrilice of human vietims on the ahars
of the capital liad tilled the wJiole country with ttin.r
and added mucli to the luitred of which the Aztecs
had heen the objects from the date of their liist ap-
])earance in the valley; the rapid increase of the
exican power and their well-known i^reed of enii-
quest had added to the hatred of the coinpiercd the
jealous fears of such nations as still retained theii-
in(le[)endence; and Hnally the reverses suH'ertd in
Teluiantepec, in Michoacan, and in several hatths
aij;ainst the eastern nations, had tau^'ht the peoples
of Xorth America that the allied armies of the cen-
tral j)lateaux were not altoL»'ether invincible. The
daiiL^ers that thus be<4"an to threaten the emj)irf. liow-
eve', were all external, anil mi^ht perhaps have \)vcn
averted or loni"- deferred by a series of successful wai.s
under brave but wise kin^s. Under the ])riM'e(liiiif
kiiiLjs, the common interests of all classes in tJie suc-
cc!ss of the jjcovernment, had been a i)rominent elcnitiit
of national olory. Connnei'cial enterprise had doiie
as much as valor in war to ])romote the con(pitsts dt'
kinys and to build up the ca])itals; the common sol-
dier mii^ht by bravery and brilliant achievi'meiits in
battle hope to I'each the highest military rank ; tli'-
menial service of the royal pahu'e with many posts of
lienor had been entrusted largely to })lebeian hands;
and in lact Aztec policy had been strikiiii^ly analo-
rooh'il iiijiiiiist \(>|iiilliui, Tfiiiil('])t>(', and 'i'olti'iioc; ami tliiit cliiriM,ir ''"'
caiiipiii;:!! .Miiiitc/.iiiiia iinlci'cil tlif di-atli of tlic tuttii'suf his cliildnii .iinl
fh
llti'lidaiits of liis
I'/II/IIIIIUI', III
iiiil\i)iiriiiiii/i, vi
l/i.
I lt-.").'{, adds lliiit/|iaf and 'l'c|«ai'a to llu> towns iiiciilioiicd liy |)iiiaii.
Set' also on di'atli of Aliiiit/otl and lU'i'i'ssioii of .Monlc/iiiiia II.: ''''"''•
i^rni, toiii. i., |)|i, '_'ti'J-7; Ton/in iiKtdo, toiii. i., pp. l!i;{-r>; \'i iftin, loin, iii.,
"pp. ;{(».'{-'.•; Jlrax.inir, //i.it., toni. iii., pp. ."{SJ-'.*"; IsllU.Kivhill, jip. 'Jli."i, -77,
4."i7; Arusitt, Hint, tic Ins Villi., pp. r)OI-(>; llrrrrni, dec. iii., iili. ii.. i'!i|i.
xiv.; Viliniri'ii, Tintro, |(t ii., ]t. '2\>; Cmlr.r Mrnilitzii, in Kiiii/s/inniii'ili,
vol. v., ]ip. ")!-'2; (li)iiiiirii, Coiiq. Mrx., foi. 3(KJ; Siijiiciizd, in JJuc. lliil-
Mi
X., SITIO 111., tolll. 1., pp. <4-().
i'OLICY OF MONTKZIMA.
457
o-nus to tliat Mlii<'li (listini^niisht'tl tlio Fri'udi nation
tiiidtr tlio Hrst Na|M)K'(»n. The j^rantiiiLif of titles aiul
hdiiois to tijo niorc'liants liad naturally excited nuieli
opiuisition anionuf those who deiived their litK's nt'
iioliility l'rt)ni a lonij^ line of Chiehiinee or Toltee an-
cisrois; and what made the matter even more yalliiiLj
to their pride, was the f'aet tiiat these jiarvenu nohKs
1)V reason of their wealth were ahle to comnletelv
uiitsliiiie their confreres of purer hlood hut slender
purses, in all puhlie <lisj)lays as well as in their pal-
)Hts and style of livini*'. ^^(»ntezuma 11. from tin;
liist days of his reii^n ojienly esjtoused the cause of
till' ancient iiohilitv aijfainst the mi'rchants and i>le-
II of his character ren<lers
ICliUIS.
What
IS
:no\\
it |iidltahle that he was prompted to this course
cirully hy his own extremely aristocratic tastes;
hut it is not impossihle that he rained his elec-
tiiiii I»v committiiii' himself to huch a ixdicv. llo
lionaii hy disniissino- ull j>lel»eians einpl(»yed ahout the
i<)y;il jtalaces and appoint'iiiif youths of luthU; l>lo<id in
their jilaces. lie Mas warned that such a course
Would separate the interests of the common ]>eople
iVoMi those of rovaltv and i)rovo daii«>erous in the
future; hut ho n-jtlied that ho wished nothiiiu^ in
cnuiiiioii with ]>lel>eians, who must ho tauoht to keep
tlu'ii' place and ijive up their ahsurd asjiiratioiis. His
nolicv toward the merchants and the armv was mon^
ciiutious hut e«|ually decided. Advantage was taken
of ivery o})portunity to humhie and o|»pii'ss the
liiitt'd i-lass, hv constantly clo^■o•iIl(l• with ik'W ii'stric-
tioiis the wheels of trade, and hy the promotimi wlieii-
cvt !• practicahlo of nohle ollicers. ^lonte/uma was,
liowiver, a valiant and skillful warrior, and saciiliced
ol'teiur his inclinations to his interests in the treat-
ment of his armies than in other case;
II
is poli(y
of course irradiially alienated the classes on which the
pmsperity of tho empire chielly rested, and ensured
till' fall of tho Aztec })()wer whenever disallection
should have an oppi-rtunity to ally itself with foreign
458
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
fi)cs. Tlie l)ur.stin«i^ of the stonn was avorttd for
sonio fiftueii years l>y the stien^tli of tlie Aculliuii
and Tupaiiec alliance, and l»y the sirersj^'th of the
!^[exic•all army. ^Montezuma's rei^j^n was a sutression
of campaii^ns ai^ainst revoltin*; provinces, inters|Kr.>t(l
"sv'th the erection of inaufniHcent tem}>les, fre(|iiriit
and extensive innnolations of human victims, .(iid
omens of disaster sent i)y the ^-ods to trouliK; tliu
mind of tlie superstitious monarch. When at last the
day drew near when Mexico must .stru<^inle sinylc-
lianded i'or the retention of her su|»remacy aL,^•liIl^t a
comhination of all the Nahua ])o\vers, the last cliaiKt-
lor success in such an une((ual contest dis;ip|n.;iic(l
with the reinforcement of the enemy hy Spanish valor,
Spanish armor, and Spanish horses; and Montc/.tuiia
])ersonally had not even the melancholy satislat-
tion of seeinuf his foes I'all before the same \\a\i' ot"
lbrei<»'!i invasion which liad destroyed forever his
own powei.^^
Tlascala had thus far never heen the object of an
invasion by the imited forces of the allies, altlnMiuli,
as we have seen., fre([uent battles had been f(»nL:lit oii
the frontier, and the Tlascaltec {'"mies as allies ot"
other nations had been several tin: s defeated. ])in-
injj: the reiij^ns of Montezuma I. and Axayacatl, how
ever, the Tlascaltec territory had become ct»nii>K tcly
surrounded by Aztec i)ossessions, throui*'h tlu- cnii-
(pjest of ('uethichtlan, Cuextlan, and Totonacapaii.
Their conuiiunication with the coast having' thus lui ii
cut off, the Tlascaltec commerce had been ainiost
entirely destroyed, and for a period extending- down
to the ( 'oiKpiest, this brave people were oblii^cd to
do without many luxuries, and even necessities of
31 Sec on tlio ]>i)licy and ;:()vcrniiiciit of Mttiifczunm If., vol. ii. of lliis
work, iiiihsim; also, Jiiinai, MS. (oiii., ii., «'iip. liii.; Tizozniiior, in himis-
liiinniif/i, vol. ix., pp. 14.')-(!; Ixllilxiiihitl, p. 27S; Chiriijno, loin. !., I'p.
'J(>7-7.'(; ^<7//(V^ (oni. iii., pp. 3()!)-I<,); JSni.sxnir, Hist., toni. iii.. pp. :i'.is ML':
Ttiri/iiniiii</it, tt\n\. i., jip. I'.Mi, '2().")-(!; Amslti, Ifixt. i/c Ins Yitif., \>\<. ."id'ii;
Cwlij' MiiuliiZ((, in hiiiijslKiniiiijh, vol, vi.,ji. N; Vittiiirrr/, Tititrn. pi ii..
]i. .'{".t; llrrrrni, dw. iii., lib. ii.,c'ap, xiv. ; Villn-Sinur 1/ Sttiic/uz, T/nnlni,
toiii. i. , pp. 4-5.
WAR a(;aixst TLASCALA.
4'>9
liir. Tla'ir liuk of siilt is jmrticularly roconlinl ; a
fUuiW supply was ocoussionally simi<j^^lo<l into tlu;
>Uitv by tlie nohles, but tlio 'joimmm people are said
ti) have abistaiiieJ entirely fro:
II ..M
use, and to liave
completely lost tlieir relisli for tliis urtiele. Tbo
(itlur eities of tbe eastern plateau iiad in the niean-
tiiiii' become either the subjects or allies of the Mex-
icans. Jniniediately after bis accession to tbe tbroiie,
Mniitczuina I I. determined to direct his armiL"*.
aL;;iiiist this last imsubdued territory in tlie east.
The txruse was an embassy sent by tbe Tlascaltecs,
]ii(»I ilily to Axayacatl, complaininjj;' of the oppitssi, u
to which their merchants were subjected on liie
(•t»;ist, the claims of tbe end
►assy
bavin<r been
irnivt'd witli insultini^ indifference, and tbreat.s
h,i\iiiy- br> 1 freely uttered on botb sidt s. }Iu»'X-
otziiico and C'bolula seem botb to bave allied them-
s. Krs with Mexico in this affair; but, on the other
li.iiHJ, 'J'lascabi bad received constant additions to
liiT population and armies in the lefuijees from all
ji.iits of Anabuac, who were continually apjilyin;L^
tor protection to tbe onlv nation bevotid tbe power
of the Aztecs. The war was beuun bv tbe JIuex-
otziiicas and Cbolultecs, wbo invaded Tlascala, killed
ill li.ittle one of their cbief leaders, 'J'izatlacatzin,
and penetrated to within one lea^iu! of the cajiital;
liiit they were driven back, and the ]luexot/inca
towns were in turn rava«^ed by the Tlascjiltccs, sond-
iii;;' couriers to Montezuma to basten the marcb of
his forces. Tbe TIascaltecs, bearing' of the ap|troacb
of the Aztecs, fell upon them before tlu'V coiiM elfect
a junction with their allies, and defeatid thcin, in-
llictino' heavy h.sses, and killlno' anionic others Tlaca-
hui|iantzin, tbe son of the ^lexican kiiij^.''^ After
" <'.iiiiur;,'ip sivvM till- t'Dinliiiu'il iiriiiics \vf>ro Itt'iitfii lit tliis imitli'. 'I'ur-
i|Mciii:iil,i |ilairs tlic I'Vfiit ill till- tli'nl yt'iir (if Mdiitt'/iiiiiirs ici^rii, Ixllii-
Miiliiil. Itiiiiiii. jiiiil 'IV/n/i)iiiiii- ri'im'sciit 'l'liii'iiliiu'|iaiit/iii iis tlit- linitlicr
<'t MMiitc/iiiiia, and Ixtlilxocliill iiii|ilif.H tliat lie was st'iit to this war,
Jilaicil ill l.'rilH, ill till' Impc of his ilcath. This iirothfr is ]i«'ilia|ps tin?
suiii' iMTsnii s|iiik('ii iif liy l\t!il\iirliiti III! II. AVX Piiraii ami 'rc/ii/oiiiou
Mciii III iv-'iird (his as a war a^^ainst (linlula and liiii'xot/iiifo.
400
TilE AZTEC PEHIOD.
1 J
tlio funeral ceremonies in honor of liis son, ^Fonto
ziinui made anotlier attempt to suImAuc tlie Tlascal-
tec's, sendini*- against them tlie ^\•il()le availaljlo ibrco
of tlie emitii'e; l>ut after a liard-fonnlit battle the in-
vaders weie again driven baek, and although skii--
inishes, and even battles, took place alterwanls
between the two nations, yet the Aztec allies mvi r
re[)eated tlu;ir atten.pt to crush Tlascala, and tlio
brave little rejnd)lic retained her indeiiendence until
by the aid of Cortes she was ai)le to take hur re-
venge on the tyrannical Mexicans and treachcioKs
Cholultecs.^
In 1505 the crops were destroyed by the excessive
heat, and although the })ublic granaries were gener-
ously o])ened to the ])ul)lic by Nezahualpilli aiul
Montezuma — ^for the latter, notwithstanding his aiis-
tocratic tendencies, was generous towards his juoplo
so long as they claimed nothing more than a right to
exist — many perished of starvation or sold theniselvis
and children as slaves. Totonaca}>an was again aji-
parently the only province unattected by the famine.
Another i)lague in the form of rats which over ran
the country in immense numbers is recorded at aliont
the same time; but the vcdcano of l\»po('ate|ietl
ceased for twenty days to emit smoke, a good oiiien,
as the wise men said and as it i)roved, Ibr the next
year was one of great plenty.^* J)uriiig the year ef
the famine a campaign against (lUatt-mala, or assume
authoi-s sav Quauhnelhuatlan, which mav liavi- Ki i ii
a Ciuatemalan province, is recorded as having yielded
3^ Oil tlio wnr with Tlasonln, s(>c; Cluvtijiro, toni. i., jip. 'J7r>-S(t; Toi--
(/iii'miii/ii, uim. i., |ip. 1!I7--(K{; \'iiftiti, turn iii., pp. .'{'JO-T; llfnssinr, //is'.,
liiiii. iii., pp. -Jlt'J !•; Vilnnvrvt, '/in/rn, pt ii., p|i. Kl-l; ('<uiiin<io, in .\""-
n //is Aiiiiii/rs, fom. .xcviii., pp. ITH-Sd; lliinni, MS., toiii. ii,, cup. l\ii-
l.\i.; I.rl/i/jciiihil/, pp. L'TI, -7S; Tczozuiitur, in Kiiiifs/iDniui/i, vol. i\., p|i.
I(i0-7S; Orin/tt. )iiiii. iii., ]>. 4'.l7.
'J* 'I'liis fiimiiif oi'ciiircil in llu- fliinl year of Mdiilc/iiina's wV^u, acinnl-
hvx to Clavi^ioro; in fouitii year, as 'l"()ii|iii'ina(la savn; and l.\tiil\iHliiii
jMil.s it in 1. ")().") and l.")(M>. St'i- TunjiiiiiKii/ii, [u\\\. i., pp. LMIH-I, '_';(.">. /,'■
t/i/xnilull, p. V!7H; ('/i(ri<j,rit, toin. i., pp. '-'.S'J-.S; I'l/diirrrf, Tni/ni, pi il.,
p. 41; Unissnir, lli.st., toiii. Hi., jip. 4(l!t-i(); i'<i//iii, torn, iii., pp. .'l.'U-';
Sti/idifiiii, toin. ii., Hi), viii., p. '270; Voi/',v l\l/. Jinn., in Kiiiijs/inri'UijIi,
vol. v., p. ir)3.
m
IIEVOLT OF THE MIZTEf S.
4G1
y
in''
/.
-I;
\
>tl'
1
It'
;
hill
//•
I
ii..
licjli,
iii.uiy onptivcs for the iiiauc^ur.ation of tlie temple of
( 'elite: itl, huilt in reeo<^iiition «jf her services in staying'
the (li(tiii>ht and sendini*- a vear of i)lentv. The festiv-
itiis (»n the completion of certain re[)airs to the
oawseway and aqueduct of Chapulte]>ec at aljout the
siiiiic time were marred by the hurnini^ of a tenii)le
in Mexico. It is related that the Tlatelulcas seeiiijj^
the thiines, thouufht the citv was invaded hv an enemv
and rushed in to help protect it, but that Montezuma
chdsc to reij^ard this as an act of rebellion and temj)o-
rarily removed all Tlateluleas I'rom their positions at
C.JUl't.''^
lii'tbre the end of 150G, two campaii^nis were made
aijaiiist the Miztecs by the last of which the whole
jtiDviiice was ])ermanently subdued. The pretext of
the tiist was the refusal of Malinalli, lord of Tlach-
<liiiaiihco, to give ^Fontezuma for liis royal gardens a
VL'iy rare plant in his possession. An army was dis-
jiattlu'd to bring the plant and punish the people;
TihiMtoiigo, Achiuhtla, and Tlaclujuiauhco fell l>elbre
the Nb'xican soldiers; and the rare fhtjxdinjiii.corlnfl,
(ir 'iiMJ llower/ was transplanted to Mexico, although
the ( )ajacan records insist, according to Burgoa, that
it died on the way. The Miztecs next determined
iipdii a linal etl'oit to shake otf the ^Mexican yoke,
which well nigh succeeded. Cetecjtatl, king of (A)-
huaixth'iliuacan, invited the garrison of the impreg-
iiahli' lluaxyacac ami t)ther Aztec fortresses to a
uraiid bauipiet, and on their return they were set
u|)(iii by the ambushetl trooi)s of Nahuixochitl, lord
of T/(ttzolan, and all put to death, save one that
LS('a|ii(l to tell the news. Tlic Miztecs, n<;w thoi'-
mi^hly aroused, adopted tlio tactics tliiit had provid
Ml crt'ectivo in Tehuantepec, fortilied their positions in
the mountains near Tzotzolan, and awaited the attack.
The lirst army sent )>y Montezuma was defeated and
'' '7,/c/;/.;v), icim. i. i». '2S3; I'////(», tdin, iii., pp. .132-4; Titniiiriii<i<hi,
t||ni. i.. ini'.'Kl, 'JOT; ]''/inr ■■rf. Tnilin, pi ii., p. 11; llnis.^inr, llist., toiii.
iii. I'l'. IIO-II; Ihinni. Ms., Iiiiii. i., cap. Iv., Ii.\.; l\zi>Z"iiiiii\ in h'unjs-
Iwull'j/i, Mil. i.\,, Jljl. 17t)-l,
Iii
ii
46a
THE AZTEC TERIOD.
i'
Pi
H
i^
driven back with great loss. A second army npiv-
seiitiiiijf the \vliolo strentj^tli of the Aztec allifs imw
niarclied soutiiward under Cuitlaliuatzin, ^rontcziiiii.rs
l)rotlier; Imt tlio Miztec forces could not l»e disloil^^td
from tlieir stronij^ position until Cozca<juaulitli, lord of
Ifuauhtlan and a brother of Cetecpatl, betrayiiiLT his
pe(>[)le, or faithful to his ruler ^[onteznma as tlio
^[exican writers ))ut it, o])ened his city to tlic cik inv,
revealed all ( "etecpatl's plans, and led Cuitlaliu.it/in
by secret paths to a commandinii^ })osition wheiicf tin'
attack was made and the Miztecs routed. N;ihiii-
xochitl soon came up with a fresh army iVoiii Tnrutt-
1
)e
c. but was in his turn defeated. 'i'he wl
ln|..'
jirovince, includiiiijf Tututepec and other cities on tli'.'
shores of the PaciHc, was then over-run and pcnna-
nently subjected to ^lexicjin authority. The ciiptivis
included the leaders, and were broui^ht hack to
!Mexico in time to o-raco with their bhtod the Itstiv.il
of t!((('a,fipc/iii(t/l'J/i, or 'Haying* of men,' ahlimiLiIi
nccordinijf to some authorities the leadci's, (\ttr[iatl
anc
I N
iliuixoi
hitl.
were reserveu tor a
dfc
hit
er occasmii.
Also in 1500 the ILuexotzincas and Cholulttcs had
a (piarrel, in which the ibi-mer hail the advanta'^i'
and bv a raid burned a few houses in the citv ttt' the
latter. Knowiiiji;' that Montezuma had iireaf vtiina-
titm for the city of Quetzalcoatl, the llucxotziiicas
tiioui»'ht it best to send ambassadoi's to cxphiin the
matter. The eiivovs for some reason not made t har
j^n-eatly exaufovrated the matter, rt'pn'sentinn' ( 'holiila
as havlnj^ been utterly destroyed and the inhaiiitaiils
M
""i Ixtlilxocliitl Hiiyn till' wiir wan aftcrwanls cairicil into (iimtciriila .iti't
Nii'ara;,Mia, nrassciir (clIs uh tliat llii' tifafhcnnis ( 'ii/iai|iiaiiliili "ii*
iiiaiU' kill;; (* Citliuaixtlaliuacaii; oIIh'In >*ay ruler of 'rznt/claii, Aiionl-
in;,' III 'l'tiri|iUMiiailii, llic war >\as in (lie (ifili year nl' tlic rci-ii. aii<l iincrilMl
l>y an i'i'li|)st' of tin- huh. 'l\'/.i>/,KU\tn- rclVrstii a ('ani|iai^rii a;.'aiii>l .\a!ti|ti'
iiiiil ( 'iial/iintci'cau in Toliiiaiiti'iiiT. N'l'taiiciirt ni\csa> lln' dali' tlic --rMiith
year of tlio rci^'ii. Claviffcro iiiiiki's t 'ii/cai|iiaulitli iiii- Itmilii-r nf Naliiii-
.Mirliitl. Si'f Tiiri/iii iiKii/ii, toiii. i., |i|i. l!tli 7, -lt7-'.>, -l.-t; ' '/(/c/yi ;•". tuiii.
i., p]!. -7-'^, -.s;{-4; lliirii'iii, liiiii/. Ihsfri/t. ihijiini, tdiii. ji., jit i., till. liii''-7;
\'i/iuici'rf, Triifm, pt ii., pp. -41 '2\ Unissnir, llisf.. toiii. iii.. pp. 411-17;
T'\:i>:iimiii', in h'iiiitslinriiiuf/i, vol. ix., pp. l.Ml-ti, Ki'.'J. Isd; LftLLm'-hitl,
pp. i!7'.>-80; IV/z^ff/tiiiii. iii., pp. 3;M-7, 3.V.t; Dttraii, .MS., tiuii. ii., i.q' hy
TYIXG-rr OF THE LAST CYCLE.
4C3
(Irivi'ii to the mountaius. Oroatly eiiraLTi'*! tln' iillicd
kiiiu's sent an anny to cliastise the )u'ijtctiators ut'
li an outrai>v on tl»e liolv eitv; l»ut th«' Jliicxot-
SUt
zimas t'scaj^ed their punislnnent In' stating tin
It h
truth
it' tlio matter and (k-Hvcrinn- up tor sacritii-e tlie
(.'llVnVS \V
itli tlitir ears and n
< (sc'S
v\l
t otK
,n
i\jir(Ution at the same time ai^ain-t It/tithin and
Itzi iiintepec, and an<iilier aeeordinu;' to < )rti'u'a and
Tttr.[Ueniada ai^ainst AtUxco, toy-etlur with a war in
T«'(uliti'j)ee, furnished a lari,''e nnmix-r (»t" raptivc!
•Mllllf O
T:
f wl
itl
loni M(
37
ri' saerifiet'd at thr d<«htation ot" thi
zuiiij)antlr' or place o
.i' sk
\v
hilc the rest wtii
ic^i rvi'd for the tyinii>--u[> of tlio cycle and liuhtini
(if till' new Hre wliicli tviok phiee the tollowino- year,
actomjtanird l)y ecremonirs that
\:\\v Detn <its(i-i
ih«d
ill a |iii'cc(Hniif vohiiiK'. This was tlie hist erriinony
(if the kind the ^fexicans ever had the o|»jMirtunity to
piit'nrin ; l)efore aiiotlier I'Vi'le liad ela|>sed, tlie native
i,f(i(ls had lost their power, their rites hail heeii ahol-
islied, and replaced hy others that did not include
liuiiiaii sacrifices. The rites (»f the liKpiisiiioii were
as cniel as those they replace<l, hut the numher of
VK tuns 111 America was com|>arativi'ly sma
tiveh
ill.
The vear loO? was marked hv th
e ociurreiice o
an tclipst! and an i'artli(|uake, hy the drowning of
(.i'hteeii hundred soldiers in tlie ^liztec cduntrv. and
■'" Ixllilxdcliitl, p. 27S, sppnks of ii ('iiiii|ii( >^t i>f Zih'hI.-iii ii> l.'(t<>, ami nf
Tol('i|i(C ill I."l(l7. Dlinill, MS., Iiilii. i., ii||i. 1\.. >|'i'.ik» nl' llir riilii|llr*l,
at ^iliiHit this liiiif, of (^iniit/iiiilian ami rii||i'|>rr, wlinr .Mniitr/iiiiia unU'i'i'il
llial all pi'iMiiiH over lifly vcaii* of a;;(' slmiilil he inil In ili-atli. i '/urii/i rn,
I Mil i. |i|i, 'JSl-Ci; Vvfilin, tnlil, iii , p|). .'t.'tT-HI; lli'i^.- nr, llist . tnlii. Hi.,
\<y. 117-(i; T(iri/iiriiiiii/<t, Inni i., pp. '.'(Ht-ld.
'"Till' li;,'litiii;j of the lu-w liic timU place at iiiiiliiiulit. Man li "Jl •'_',
laiC, at the lii'u'iniiiiiK "f tlif vciir'J .Vcall, Im'I«i'iii llic ila>^ 7 I'lHliili ainl
>■ .\iiitl. ('■ii/i'.r C/iiiiiii//)., in Jtrnssrtir. l/i.^/.. Iniii. iii.. p. pj;!. Tlir f '.,</, r
I'll. I,'' III., in h'iii'jsliiinniii/i, vol. v.. pp. l.">.'t-4. >ay« that llii' lie nl the
^fiir^ hail usually laUcii iiiacc in I Toilitli il.'ilN'ii, l>nt wa-* i|iaiii:r(| liy
Al'iiiii/iiiiia to •_> .Acatl (I.'i(i7l. Most oilier aatlinrs name l.'WNi as the \ear
I'f tile I'rie; hut perhaps they mean simply thai I '{'(M-litJi tlie las* c.f the
■svi'iith cycle corresponds for the most part. althi>n<.'li not e\aill\ of eonrse,
111 l."i(Hl. See Hiiliiriiii, in Ihir. Ilisl. Mi.r., serie iii.. torn. iv.. p. '.'lit; l'<v-
'"'. I'lin, iii., p. ;U(t; Turi/ni niiiiln, toin. i.. p. '-'I(»-II: ifnrni' rn. toni i..
I'ji '.N,"(.(;; I'eftinrrrt, Tm/ni, pi ii., p. 41; see also \ol. ii., p. :ui, uimI vol.
iii.,iip. ;UI3-(i.
i
PI
4G4
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
jirconliniif to Ixtlilxocliitl, liy the execution of T
ZOZOlMOC
lord
ot Azcapuziilfo iiiu
I futl
ier-m-l;t\\ n
]\[oiitt'/-iniia, for adiiltoiy. In liis trial it is ivl.itid
that the Mexican judges vt)ted for his Itaiiishninit,
the Te[)anec a(hled that the end of liis nose slioiild
l>e (Mit olf, hut Nezaliualpilli, who liad tlie final (In-
cision, orcU-red liini to he stranL(le<l, nuidi to thf dis-
pleasure of Montezuma, JJuriiii^' the same year the
allies sent an ex})edition to the region of ISIitla, wliiili
plundered a few towns and ca[)tured a small nuiiiln ]•
of |»risoners. The ])rovocation of this war is not re-
corded. Immediately al'ter its return an army w.is
sent under C'uitlahuatzin ai^ainst QmiulKiuelcliula in
the llui'xotzinca region. 'I'lie result ^vas a \ ictciy
with a ,L;'<»odly array of captives, but ohtaiiifd only
aft(
er a serious loss, iiududinir live
M
exican
lead.
The captives served for the inauui'uration of the tem-
ple ])reviously hurned, as has heen noted, hut now
rehuilt, an . also \'ov the festival of the 'Maviim' ef
men.
A
ccordmii'
to T
ezozomoc
ant
I 1)
urau
th
j)rovocati»»n of this war was the hurniuii' of tli
temj)le of the goddess 'l\iei in ^Fexico, or as Te/.o/i
line
understands it, the focii/iKiliiiitf, a wooden >i'4ii;il
tower on the hill of Tocitlan. J)uran also inloinis
us that a representation of ^[exican nobles attended
by invitation the festivals in honor of Caniaxtli, ;it
which were sacrificed the A/tec captives taken diii-
inii^ the war. A renewal of hostilities with lliiexot-
zinco is mentioned in the eij^hth year of .Monte-
zuma's reii'cn."'''
^\'ith the new cycle beoan a jieriod, durino- wldeli.
down to the appearance of the Spaniards at \'ei i
Cruz, almost every event was invested with a iny>te-
'* Uriis^ii'iir. Ifi^^f., torn, iii,, ]t]t. 4'^T-S. namrw MaeiiilmiilitiMl/in, il
lii'otlicr III' Miiiilc/.iiiiiit, iiiiiiiii;.' till' killt'il, ami apitlicM, proliulilv \siili -"ii
rcaMiin. to this war tlic siis|)iriiiiis of iMlilxorliitl, rt'spot'tin;,' I'mil |il:i; i
tilt' part of till' Mexican kin;; aircaily ri't'i-rrcd to (hi'c note .'<'_' K See :iI«
I'ii/lid, Iniii. iii., pp. .'tlH-4; T'iri/i(niiiii/ii, torn, i., ii. •211; f'/nriii'm.i
i., p. 'JSd; Ixlliljtinliitl, pp. 'JTS-D; Ti ziizniiior, in Kini/sliiirniiii/i,
il.
p[t. 171. 177: I'llinirrrf, T'lilnt, pt ii., pp, •ll-'J; I'mlrx Till. I
Aiinjilnirtiiiij/i, vol. v., p. l.")l; iJiiraii, MS., toui. ii., cap. l.vii.
OMENS OF DISASTER.
4G5
riniis sljjciiificanco, every unusuiil |)lienomeiu)ii of na-
ture, every Jieeident, every illness, every (Kl'eat in
Iiattle, failure of crops, excessive heat or cold, rain
di' SHOW, thunder and li'jfhtniniLr, shootin<'' star or
I'Dinit, eartlujuake or eclipse, —each and all portended
evil to the Aztec empire, evil which some seem even
at the time to have connected with the olden jire-
(lictions of Quetzalcoatl respectin*^ the comin^^ of a
I'oreinii race to take })ossession of the country. 'I'he
su|ierstiti»»us inonarchs, j)riests, and nohles were in a
ceiistant state ot terror.
'I'l
I ere are
hut t
wo wavs o
f
iii'(.(iuntin,i>' for this state of affairs; first l»y su|>posini^
that the supernatural element in the various events
ivt'eiied to, the terror which they caused in the
iiiiiids of the natives, and many of the events them-
selves, were pure inventions of the native historians
Inriiied after the comiiiij^ of the S[)aniards to sup[)ort
the rlaims of their sa^es to a foreknciwled^e of
events, or siniply for the sake of telling" a marvelous
tale; and second hy HUpposin<( that the terror of
Mdiitt
ezuina and his com[)anions, and their disposition
to carefully note and construe into omens of evil each
unusual occurrence, was caused hy a knowledn'e more
or less van'ue that the Spaniards were alreadv on the
American coasts. While there is everv reason to
Itelieve that there are both inventions and exau'^era-
tioiis in the records written after the comiiii;' of
t'oiei^iiers, 1 am ilisposed to attrihiite the effects re-
I'eiied to above cliielly to the aetual presence of
iUropeans.
about fifteen vears the .\iitilles had
lieeii more or less com{)letely in the possession of the
Sitaniards; live years before the opi'iiiii_n" of the new
i\cle Columbus had coasti'd (V'liti'.il America and
I'Veii established a colony in \'eiai;ua. It is alto-
L:e'tliei' improbable that no knowK'dL;'i) of the white
men and their wonderful win^'ed vessels had reaehed
Mexico, however vao^uo and exa^'oerateil that knowl-
edge may have been. The Aztec traders were not
now such indefatigable and trustworthy spies na iu
Vol. V. 30
■ii--
iuG
THE AZTEC rEKloi).
^.1
■ I
!■*■
^ -1
foniKT times, l)ut tliey "would hardly have fiiild to
liriiiL,' ti) Mexico exaij^goratt'd nimors of ai>|>i()a(liiii;/
disaster. It is also quite possible that various articks
of European uiaiuifacture, or even human remains of
white nu'U, had heen washed on the Totonac or Xiia-
laiica sh()res. That Montezuma and his com])iUii(.iif<
attached considerable weii^dit to the traditidii.il
l)re(lictions of Quetzalcoatl and Hueman there is no
reason to douht. The })redictions referred to may
have heen the threats of some exiled chieftain of
ancient times, or the vain imaiL^ininofs of a fanatic
priest uttered to maintain his re})utation anioiio- his
followei's; j)ossil»ly the result of son»e native cosino-;-
rajiher's theorizin,<^ respectinjj^ other lands across the
ocean ; not (piite imj)ossil)ly the renuuint of an ancient
knowK'd^e of trans-oceanic peoples; and of couise not
the n-sult of any prophetic foreknowledge; hut hkc
all other jtretendetl j)rophecies they hecame at once
most \alid and authentic on the occurrence of r'w-
cumstances which might he interpreted as their ful-
fillment.
The signs and omens that followed those already
mentittned 1 shall hricHy rehite without jtaying much
attention to their chronoh)'>'ic order; verv little cIm'
than these omens and the means adopted to a\rit
their consecputnces is recorded from laOH to 1 .) I'J.
An army sent to the province t)f Amatlan perislicd
with cold and hy falling trees and rocks; and a conn t
with tlii-ee heads, perhaps the one already mentionul,
luMi"'- over Anahuac.*" Then a wonderful ])vraniiil;il
light a|ipeai'ed in the east, reaching from the earth to
the sky, visible for forty days, or, as some say. Im' i
whole year, in all parts of the country, from niidniuht
till morning, very similar, according to the desi lip
tion, to the Aurora Borealis. Nezahualpilli was so
art'ected hy these signs that he gave onU-rs to disiou-
timie all hostilities. An i'lterview was held helwccii
" KllilMirliitl ilatt'sdic Aniutla.. .viu in ir)l4; BrnHsoiir 1)uIm the war in
i.'tlO; I'liiijULiiiuitii iloiiii'>t that tliL' I'onift liud thruu liuudu.
IMOXTEZUMA AND XEZAlirALPILLI.
467
sail
liiiii and ^rontozmna, altliouoli for some tiiiio tliev
liid not l)een on .speakint,' tornis. Nozaluial|»illi saw
I Icaily in the strange omens tlie api>roacliing end (»f
the empire and his own death, hnt was resi^-ned to
till' decrees ot" fate; Montezuma, on the contrary, in-
stead of resiLjnation felt only antjfer, and is even
I hy Tezozonioe and Duran to have stranglfd many
i)\' liis sorcerers for their nnfavorahle interpretation <tf
tlic siu^ns, and their failure to avert evil onu-ns. At
la<t a L;ame of fhiclitli was agreed upon hetweeii tiie
tWH monarchs to decide whose interpretation shcidd
lie accepted; and to show how little importance he
attached to Ids wealth and power, Xezahual[tilli is
>ai(l to have wagered on the result Ids kin<^(lom of
A. •nil
luacan against three
turl
vev co( Ks
u
e won the
i^amc, hut still Montezuma was not disposed to yield
tM the fates, and still persecuted Ins magicians in the
liiipe to elii'it a more favoraMe prognostication, hut in
vain; the magicians all agreed with the IVzcucan
iiiniiarcli. Ahout the same time the towers of lluit-
/.iloliiKhtli's temple took fire in a clear inght without
apparent cause, and were reduci'd to ashes in spite (tf
all etiorts to extinguish the flames; and another tem-
ple was set on fire hv lis-htning. This was the
t'liiple of the god of fire, and was now hurned for
the second time." In this })eriod, in t]\o reign of the
sniiiid ^Fontezuma, Brasseur puts the stttry of a
iiivstei'ious aerial journev of the two kiiiiis to the
aihiciit home of tin; Aztecs, referrifig perhaps to that
ahvady taken from Duraii and applied to the time of
Mniitezuma 1." Tor([uemada, ( lavigtTo, and Vv-
tainuit, tell us of the resurrection of l*a)»antzin, a
>i-<ter of Montezuma, who brought hai'k from the
1 of the dead to her royal hrother an account of
the new people who were to oci'Upy the land, ami of
the new reliij-ion they would hring. This ladv is said
aiii
" This was very likely the nccnsioii alrcadv iKitod wlicii llir TlalclulcaH
ni>-lic'ii mill tlic city, suppDsiii); it to Itc iiivadcil.
" Sif ii[i. 4'2'i-4, of this volume; TonjHcnuuin, torn, i., ji. 213.
rii
408
THE AZTEC PEIMOD.
IS .ij
to have been the first Mexican to receive the rites of
C'liristian baptism, and the priests took pains to send
a duly autlienticated account of her miraculous resur-
rection to Spain. The intimate connection of tlii>
tale with the religious prejudices of the iiivadt is.
renders it unnecessary to seek even a foundation in
truth for the report. iSahagun also speaks of ;i
resurrected woman who predicted the fall of the
empire, livini,'' twenty-one years thereafter and Iieai-
iniTf a son. Boturini attributes this return from the
dead to a sister of the king of Michoacan at a iiuirh
later date, while the Spaniards were besieging Mex-
ico." In 1509, as sevfTal authors say,** the watt is
of the lake became violently agitated, without wind.
earthquake, or other natural cause, and in conse-
quence the city was inundated. The fishermen of
the lake caught a large bird like a crane, weaiin'^ a
round tr;iusparent crown, through which Montezuma
saw the stars, thouoli it was in the davtime, and al>M
many people that approached in S(]uadrons, attiivd
like warriors, and seeming half men, half deer. Tiie
bird disappeared before the sorcerers could .satis-
factorily interpret this strange thing. Double-bodiul
and double-headed men also were seen, and on beiiiL;
brought before the king suddenly disappeared; and
the same happened with men who had no fingi is and
lie
toes. In 1511 armed men were seen fighting in t
air; and a bird appeared whose head seemed hiiinan:
and a large stone })illar fell near the temple t)f lluit-
zilopochtli, no one knowing whence it came. An
earthquake and a deluge at Tusapan, are reiiorted;
at Tecualoia n most i'erocious and horrible beast was
captured; a female voice was several times heard 1h-
wailing the fate of her children. At Tlasiahi a
bright light and a cloud of dust arising from tiie
summit of Mount Matlalcueje to the very heaviii^.
" riavi>;cr(» throws (Hsrrodit on Hotuiiiii's version; 1 fiiul it dillii nit t"
fcel implicit faith in tliat of ('hivi},'cro.
** Tohiueniudu saj« in UDl).
VISIONS AND OMKNS.
4G9
c.uisod the yico|)lo to fear the end of tlie world \v<as
loiiiiiiLj. The sorcerers of Cuetlaohtlan also saw
iiiaiiv wonderful visions; hut anionLif the pcoi)les out-
side of Anjiiiuac the fearful j)l;enoniena and the pre-
dicted comini^ of a foreiiy^n people were less terrihle
tli.iii to the Aztecs, for with their terror was niinoled
hunc of relief from the Aztec v«»ko. A wild hare
invaded Xezahual})illi's n^arden, hut the kinu^ would
111 it allow the animal to he killed, for in the same
manlier, he said, would a stran_o-e people i)resently
invade his countrv. Tezozomoc and Duran <>ive a
jdiin- and detailed account of Montezuma's su fieri Ui^s.
It seems that he was not content with his own
dreams and omens, hut instructed his suhjeets to re-
jiiiit to him all their visions; at last he was so dis-
tracted that he determined to hide himself from im-
pciidiiiL!^ calamities in a cave, hut was prevented from
mv\i a course hy a series of supernatural evi'nts more
alisurd, if })ossil)le, than those that have heen nar-
rated. Herrera tells us that Montezuma had in his
jMissession a hox washed on the eastern sh(»re con-
taiiiiiijjf wearinL!^-a]iparel and a sword of a style uii-
kiuiwn to the natives.**
In the meantime military operations had not heen
suspended, for the anyer of the gods c«^>nld only be
avt'ited hv sacritice, and victims could onlv he oh-
taiiied hv war; hut the details of these camiiaiiJiis
and tlu'ir order are nowhere detinitelv recorded. It
IS stated, however, that in 1511, the Cuethnditecas,
encouraged hy the visions of their magicians, and hy
the trouhles that had falli-n upon Antihuac. refused
• 'luiily to pay their tributes, and yet remained un-
*'Oii tlioso ovil onions, spo Trllilxnehitl, pp. 27S-SO: Vri/fin, toni. iii.,
1'|| .ill .■)!•; Tiiri/iniiiiii/ii, foiii. i., ]i|i. "Jll-ll, 'J.'i,'{-',l; I liiniinii, tmii. i.. ]ip.
'.'Mi.'.tJ; ]'(/iiiicrrf, 'J'lii/ro, y{ ii., ]ip. 4--'A, I'Jtl; Tiznziniiiir, in Kimis-
''■ri'ii'l/i, vol. ix., pp. 177s, IS.'t-'.t; Cot/ix Til/, llrni., in /(/., Vol. v.. p. 151;
ll'inni, (li'c, iii., lil), ii., ciiit. viii., ix.; I'lnis.fiiir, Hi.sf., ttmi. iii., j'p.
4'2s.l|; Afdnlii, lli'xt. (//• /(IS \ III/., pp. 510-14; <'iniiiirifi), in Xiiiin//i.i An-
I'lili-s, tiini. Xfix., pp. IKO-tit; l)iiriiii, MS., tiiin. ii., cup. Ixiii,, Ixvi-ix.;
^'ilci'jini, toin. ii., lib. viii., pp. -70-1; llotiiriiii, Cittii/oijo, pp. •J7-S.
"! 1
470
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
])unis]ie(l.*" In the same or following year, the Cak-
c'liiijuel records note the arrival of a numerous
embassy of the Yacjui, or Mexicans, at their louit.
N()tiiing whatever is said of the object of this mis-
sion, or its results; but the Abbe Brasseur has no
doui)t that tlie object sought was information resjuct-
ing the actitms of the S}>aniards on the coast of C'.ii-
tral America.*^ Although Nezahualpilli seems to
have lo.st most of his interest in ])olitical atl'airs, ami
to have contented himself with simi)lv awaitiu"-
future developments, no supe ..titious terror in ^buitc-
zuma's breast could overcome his ruling passion, am-
bition; and according to the authorities he was
inclined to take advantao'e of his colleau^ue's listless-
ness for his own aggrandizement. Ixtlilxocliitl
relates an act of treachery against the Tezcucau
monarch, which, in view of the author's well-known
prejuilice against ^Montezuma, may be received w ith
much doubt; according to this author, tlie ^[exiran
king representetl to Xezahualjiilli that the anger of the
o(k1s was causi d to some extent bv the failure to otKr
ca})tives from Tlascala, and the substitution of virtinis
from distant provinces obtained not in holy l>attle
but in a mere attem})t to extend the imperial doniaiii.
He pro]iosed a joint camj)aign against Tlascala; Neza-
hualpilli consented, saying that his inaction had not
been the result of cowardice, but he had ceased to
fight simply because the year of 1 Acatl was near
at hand when the empire must fall. He sent an
army under his two sons, but ^Fontezuma had secrt tly
notified the Tlascaltecs that the Acolhua's motive
Avas nt)t the ca])ture of victims, but the comiuest of
the republic, ])romising to take no i)art himself in tin;
battle. The Tlascaltecs were very angry and the
Aztec army stood calmly by and saw the Acolhiia
forces led into ambush and massacred. The whole
*(' Tonjiiriiinda, torn, i., jt. '214; Vcytia, toin. iii., jt. 301; ]'itiii('ri-t,
Tnitrn, ])t ii.. j). 4'2.
<' Jli'n/. Xut. Civ., ttiiii. iii., lip. 44"2-7, reference to Mint, t/c T"-jiiin-
Adtlan.
^lONTi:zrMA, AZTEC KMrKIIOU.
471
march of Nczaliuulpilli's army hud l)Ocn marked by
the ooourronoo of many omens of evil, hnmediatoly
on liis return ^rontezuma oj)enly proelaimed his oppo-
^itjiiii to his colleai^ue and ordered a suspension of all
Tc/cuean tributes from the cities about the lake.
While there are reasons to dt)ubt this act of t)-eachery
and the openness of liis oi)i)osition to Xezaluialpilli,
it is evident that the two kings regarded each other
iVom this time as enemies.**
In 1512, with great festivities and the sacrifice of
twelve thousand ca})tives — taken it is said in a war
UL,''ainst the revolting Miztee jirovince of Tlachcpii-
auluo — was dedicated a new sacrificial stone. It was
dtilv after a long search that a suitable stone was
found near Coyuhuacan, and after it was f(»rmed and
sculj>tured with the fitting devices, notwithstanding
the honors paid it on the way tv) the capital, it broke
through one of the causeways and carried with itself
to the bottom of the lake the high-priest and many of
his attendants. It was afterwards recovered and
placed in its api)ointed place. Tezozomoc and others
tell many marvelous tales of this stone, lu>w it siJoke
freiiuentlv on the way, and how after sinking it found
its way back to its original location. Tezozitinoc also
states that in coimection with the ceremonies at this
time Montezinna publicly proclaimed himself Zema-
nahuaca Tlatoani, equivalent to ' emperor of the
world. '*'•>
During the next few years ^NFontezuma seems to
have determined by brilliant exphiits in batth; to
dety the jiredictions of his magicians and to shake (iff
hisowii superstitious fears. In I 512, according to'j'or-
qui'Miada, the Xnchite))ecs and lc[)actej)ecs were sub-
jnn'ated; in 151.'], the Vopitzincas, who bail attempted
the di'struction of the ^lexicaii i^arrison at I'lacote-
i]]^
11
M
<•* !.f'lilxi><'hUl I)|>- 2S()-l.
^'■> TrzfCDiiinr, ill Kiiiijihiirnuijh, vol. \\., \\\t. IfiS, ISl-H; Clii riijiro, tnin.
i., ]i. '.".Kt; Tor'/inimi/ii, tmn. i., pp. "21 1-1."); Ihinni, M.S., tmii. ii., cap.
\\\\.\ Uni.isiKr. llist., tniii. iii., p]). 44.S-.">(»; J/rrrmi. (ice. iii.. lit", ii., <'a]>.
viii. ; Aioiilii, Hist. </(■ hm Yiitt., p. .511; I'ctaucvrt, Tculro, pt ii., pp. 42-3.
'■If'
Tin: AZTF.r ri:inon.
pet", WL'iv de'rcated ; in 1514, tho city of QiietzMl.i|Mii
ill C'liextlaii was taken with many captives, althuu::Ii
at the cost of several Aztec leaders of lii«i;'li laiil; ; and
in 1515 took place tlie coiKjuest of Cihuapohualnyan
and (*iiexc()inaixtlaliuacan, iiududing" the siei^e ot" tlic
stroiiL;h(»Uls of Quetzaltepec, Totolte})ec and Iztactla-
locan, narrated at considerahle len«;th hy Diiran, wlio
rejtii'sents this war as liavinj'' heen caused liy the
ret'usal of tlie inliahitants to fiirnisli a peculiar kind
of sand needed hy the Mexican lapidaries in pohsh-
inuf [>recious stones.'* Tonjiieinada and ()rtei,''a relate
that an exj>editi(»n was at ahout this time sent south-
ward to Honduras, Vera Paz, and Nicarai^iia. all nt'
wliich were suhjected to tlie Mexican ]>ower, the two
former without nuicli opposition, the latter only afti r
a liard hattle, a defeat, and suhse(iuent treachei y on
the part of the Aztecs," Tliere is evt'i'v reason to
helieve that this report is unl'ounded, and that the
countries south of the isthmus, save perhajts Soeo-
niisi'o, were never coiKpiered l)y the Mexicans. 1
need not enter into any discussion here res]»ectiiiL;- the
limits of the Aztec ein[)ire; since the annals recorded
in the precediiii^ piV^"*-'*** with a resume of the suhjeet
in a iu'ecedinn" vohime,®* are sutWcieiit. In i^cneral
terms the empire extended from the valley of Mexico
Avestward only to the adjoininsjf province of Matlalt-
zinco, }»riehoacan havine>f alwavs retained her inde
1
)e
nden
ice; noith-west^ an
I onh
1
V a lew leaejues i>evon(
.1
the limits of the valhi : in tho north-east, east, and
^f' It is inipossiMc lipro to di ifriiish Wtwoon rofcrf-ncos to 'i"iitnt('|i('f
ill Oajiii'ii, ami 'rolntt'ix'i', or Ti> Ui'|H'<", iiortli-i-ast of .Mexico. 'I'lic imlix
Till. H'/ii., ill Kiiii/s/iiirniiif/i. vc v. , n. 1.">-I, iiiiMitioiis in I,")!'.' tlic ciiiHiiiot
of l,>iiiiiii('iiiiiti'|)i'c and Nopala, 1 vams Tototopff, ami also iliat tlic >Imiii'h
ill tliat vcar tiiifw out sinoiio \vl i-ii roiicluMl tin' slcios. Tiii' same aiiliiur-
ity rcconls tlio (•(iiii|iifst of Tutu' ;ii'c on tlu' Pacific, and an cartlniiiaKc in
l.")i;{: tlic ci)ii(|u»'st of ilayociiijfo in l.")14, and tiiat of it/laiiucllalmM i"
ir)l.">. Sec l.itlilx'ii-lull. mi. "JT.S SO, •2S.S-4. Tiiis writer also iiieiiti<iii» tiic
Mars of .Mictian/inco ami Xaltaianrjui/co as amonj; tlie last \va;;cd liy liic
Aztec nioiiarclis. llnrnn, .MS., toin. ii., cap. Ivi. <'/ifvi(irni, toiii. i., I'l'.
293-1; I'«■//^V^ toni. iii., ]i[i. ;j.")'.)-Gt); Tont'Hiiiitdit, torn. i.,lil>. -14-5; V'taii-
err/, Tidfro, jit ii., p. 4'2.
•■'' Tiiii/iiriii'i(/ti, toiu. i., pp. 218-19; Vci/tia, toni. iii., pp. 3t)l-H.
*» Vol. ii., pj). 93-5.
LIMITS OF TIIK AZTKC KMI'IKK.
473
south-oast it einln-accd tlio v.liolo country to the iriilf
(■(i.ist iVoin tlie Ivio JVuiiu'o in the north to tlie liio
Al\.ira(lo in the south, exfe[»tini»" the small territory of
'I'lisiala ; in the south-west and south it reaclu'd the
Tacilio coast, ah)n_Lr which it extencU'd iVoin /. catollan
til Tiitiiti|)ec; and it also included some towns and
^farri>ons in Socotiusco, and on the frontiers of C'hia-
]ias. ( )r, accordiiii^ to modern i)olitical ^-I'oijfraphy,
till' tiuitii'o end)raced tlie states ot .^lexii-o, Puehhi,
\'( la (.'ruz, (luerrero, and western ( )ajaca, witli small
|Mirtinns of Tanuiulipas, San Luis Potosi, Queivtan*,
and ( Iiiapas. The whole of Oajaca, inchidini,*- Te-
liiiaiitt|ii'c, was at one time suhjectetl, hut the Za|)o-
tcrs reu'ained their indej>endence, as we havt> sei-n,
lut'oif ^^ontezulna's rei'>-n. Beyond tliese limits
(liiiihtless many raids were made, and towns, with
Miiall sections of territory, were reduced momentai'ily
t<i Mexican pn)vinces: hence the varviicjf statements
ut" dill'erent authors on this suhject."
Tlic appearance of the Spaniards on the distant
Ann rican coasts, the ])redictions of disaster which all
tln' xiothsayers aLfreed in derivini^ from constantly
rrcuiiiii^' omens, the api)roaching suhjui^'ation of his
lu'oplc to a race of foreii,Miers in wliich Nezahual[)illi
tinnly helieved, and ahoye all the hauiihty and
treacherous manner Jind deeds of ^ronteziima, who
iKiw made no secret of his intention to make himself
sujueine monarch of the em{>ire, had a most depres-
sing- effect oil the Tezcucan kiui;'. lie retired with
" Ixtlilxocliitl, p. 'JSO, <;ivos tlio soutlicni liouiKlaiio-: :\s lliiiimiliin,
Ai'.iImii, \'t'i-a I'a/, iintl Nicaraj^ua; tin- iiKrllicrn as tlie (iiilf ol ( 'alifoniia
ami l'a;iiiro; niakt's 1 lie I'lniiiri' cover all the ancient Tollee teriitni-y, anil
iiininciily incluiles liesidew tiie ncirtli-western state.-*, tlinse of 'I'aliaseo
iiinl (uiateinala. Herreia, ilec. ii., ill). \ii.. caji. xiii; liti. i\., ca|i. i. ; a;.'rees
\Mlli the limits I have ^'iven, anil shows that (iuazaciiali-n ami Taliascit
iirvcr iiclon^ieii to the einjiiiT. Aztecs never sulxlneil the rej^ion almut
/aiati'iiis Arliijiii, C/iniii. Xiirntirii.f, ]t. *.\. ( 'lavi^'eni, tuni. i\.. ]i|i. •J(i7-!l,
ti'lU lis that the empire stretciieil nn the I'acitic fnnn SitciMinscu to Colinia;
llial 'liiapas was only hehl Ity a few jjarrisons on the frontier; that the
iHMviiire ot Tollaii was the north-western limit; Tnsaintn the north-eastern,
I'aiMicd anil the Huastuus never having heen subiliieil; Uoa/iieoalco was tiio
MtiUli-ea.steni bound.
r^:
(if
:!
474
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
his favorite wife and a few attendants to the paJiicu
of Tezcocingo, announcing his intention of spend iiiLj-
his remaining days in retirement, l)nt six nioiitlis
hiter he returned to Tezcuco, retired to his must
})rivate a})artments, and refused to see visitors.
Some time afterwards, when his family insisted on
being admitted to liis presence, his death was an-
nounced to tliem, liaving been concealed for some
time by the attendants ai'ting under his orders. 'Hu;
})eeuliar circumstances of his decease caused tlu; in-
vention of the po[)ular tale, according to wliicli lie
had not died but had gone to the ancient Ama(|Ue-
mecan, the home of his Chichimec ancestors. His
death occurred in IT) 15.°*
For some unknown reason Nezahualpilli liad not
named his successor on the throne, and the <'lioi(t;
thus devolved u})on the royal "uncil in conjunction
with the kings of ^Fe.vico and Tlacopan. So I'ar as
can be determined from conHicting acc(junts the sons
of th(i deceased monarch and heirs to the throne weic
as follows in the order of their age: — Tetlahuehuet(iui-
zitzin, Cacama, (Johuanacoch, anil Ixtlilxochitl. The
eldest son was deemed incompetent to rule the king-
dom, Cacama was chosen by the council, and the
choice warmly ajiproved by ]\rontezuma, who was
Cacama's uncle. When the decision was aniiouiuid
to the other brothers, Cohuanacoch approved it, Imt
Ixtlil.Kochitl protested against the choice of Cacama,
insisting that his oldest brother should be proclaimed
kiuijf. Something has already been said about this
prince's liery ti'Uiper in early years,"'' and age seems
to have had no effect in calming his violent chaiactcr.
But on this occasion he seems to have been actnatid
not only bv his own and)ition to reiijfn t)r to coniiol
^' Oil Nc'zaliualiiilli's ili'iitli Mcc: - 7o/'7*o7/((»fAA, (oni. i., pp. 'Jill IT; /('•
(lifxiic/ii/i, |)p. '-'SI', USS, -IIO; ISni.'tMiir, Hint., toiii. iii., ]ip l.VJ-,"); Jhii-'iii,
MS., tmii. ii., Clip, l.viv.; I'ri/fiii, loiii. iii., pp. ,'t(l,'{-4; ('/an'ijirn, tmii. i .j'!'.
'JIM-.'); Ti::i)-iiiniii\ in l\iiii/.sliitn)iii//i, viil. i,\., jip. 17'S-lt. Si'vcnii iiullnns
inaki- till' iliitf l.'ilO; Diiriiii wiyH ten years before the ooniiiig of the Span-
iiinl.H, or ..I 1 ")()•.),
" 8ee p. 431 of this volume.
REVOLT OF IXTLILXOCHITL.
m
tlic iviu'iiinu' monarch, but l)v patriotic motives ami a
(lesire tor his C(nintry's freedom. He deiiouiu-eil,
pioIiiiMy not n'ithout reason, the council as acting-
wlidlly in the interests of tlie treaclierous ^lontozuma,
^vll(l had insulted his father, and aspired to the impe-
lial power; and he re^-arded Cacama as a mere man
of wax to he molded at will hy the crafty monarch of
till' ^[exi(•ans. The details of the (piarrel are L;iven
at cousiderahle lenu^th hv the authorities, hut are
jiaitlly worth rej)rorlucin,Lif here; the trouhle seems to
liavt! lasted, if the chronoloiifv of the records mav he
civdited, two years, nuich of which time was passed
hy ( 'ai.-ama at Mexico with his uncle. At last, how-
t'Vi'i', Hndino' his efiorts unavailinn^', Ixtlil.vocliitl left
Tcz( uco with his ])artisans and went to the i)rovince
of Mcztitlaii with the intention of excitin^r a revolt in
jiis nwn hehalf, wliile Cacama in lol" i)rocccded to
Ills capital to receive the ci't)wn of his father.''"''
Ixtlilxochitl was in a hii;'h den'ree successful in the
iiDitliern jtrovinces, whose inu.d)itants were almost
uiiaiiiinous in their appi'oval of his opposition to
Mmitezuma, and yladlv raii«>'ed themselves under his
liaiiiiers. ^Earchinij;' southwai'd from Meztitlan at the
luad of a hundred thousaiul men, he was received as
'■' l\ilil\i)cliitl, ])p. 'iS'2 H. 410, ami 'I'oninciiiiKla, foiii. i., p. '1'1\, arc llio
rliirl' aiillmi'ilii's mi tiic s'-ci cssidii 'il' <'a:'ama. 'I'lic funiu'r icccirds ji rc-
pill, wiiiili lit ilciiili(s, thai Nt'/aliilaiiiilli liclnic liis ilcalli iiiilicalcd as liis
MiiioMir a yoiiiiui'r sun, Vniimt/iu. Ili" iiiiplics tli.Mt Cacaiiia was an illc-
u'itiiiiati' siiii ami liail mi i iaini tn liic tliiD.'c. itiil was fnrcnl mi I lie An ill nm
Miilili ■. a.uaiiist tlii'ir will liy Mniitc/iinia. 'I'm(|ii('iiiacla, mi the ciilicr liaml,
ln;iki'> ( 'arania tile iildfst scin anil li';.;il iliiati' lii'ir, nut iiiciitiuiiiiiu' llir cn-
i>iriii'i' iif 'i'i'tlaliiu'liii<>ii|ui/it/iii. ami tint's mit iiii|ily that Muiitt'/iinia
liail any iinilut' iiillin'.".ct' .m tlif I'lidifc tif a new Uiii;,'. Miir.in, MS , tmii.
ii., i':i]i. Kiv., anil 'ri'Z'izmimf, in Kiiiifs/xirmii//), Mil. i\., p. IT'.', t,'i\i' an
I'litiivly iliUVrt'iit \i'i-siiin tif tilt' iiiatttT. Tlify sa.\ that thi' Aftiliiua itinis
"111' snniiiiiint'il to Mt'\ifti ami in\itt'il hy Mmiif/nniii tu st'li'ft tht'ir new
kin.: When tiit'V tiilil liini llit'if wt'if li\i' i'iini|n'tt'nt smis mily fwti nf
vlii-i' iianit's, ('iilinainii'tifh ami l\t lilMiihill, aif iilfiitiral with tliust'
lia;. It'll hy iillitT lUllliiiiitit's In- iiilvisi'tl tht' t'U'i'timi nt' (^>Uftzalai'\iiyal 1,
villi was liicrt'l'tirt' t'lffti'il ami iirnvcil a faithful siihjcrl nf thf Mi'sifaii
Kin_'. ||(> miiy lived ti fi'w davs. huwcvcr, ami was siuct't'th'tl hy his
ln'ihiT 'rialmiliiltzin, aatl lie, after ii few vears, hy ('(ilinanat'tit'h, linrin;^
wliii-f rei;,'n the S]iaaiartls arri\eil. See aisu, Itriiwiiir, ///.v/., tmii. iv.,
l',i. Il-.'l; I'lii'hi, tmii. iii.. jip. .'l!'"-;); c/iirniri), fmn. i., ii|i. "JUT-'.'! I't-
Uiif-rrl, 'l.atru, pt ii., p[i, ri-l; lirirni, tlee, iii., lih. !., eap. i.
i
i
1 r
476
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
'
kiii;^^ ill Tcpojiulco and other towns until he readied
( )t(>iii[)an, wliei'e he met considerahle resistance, hut
at last entered the city and made it thereafter his
capital. He also took possession of all the northern
towns, such as Acohnan, Chiuhnaulitlan, Zumpan^o,
and Huehnetoca. The news of liis })rocee(hnL;s in
tlie nortli reached Tezcuco just al'ter the coroiiatinu
ceremonies of Cacama, oi', as s(^)me say, durinn" thdr
Continuance, ^[ontezuma seems to have made diio
ert'ort to quell tliis northern revolt and to have sent
one of Ids bravest <ifenerals aijfainst Ixtlilxochitl, hut
tliis i>'eneral, Xtjchitl, was defeated, captured, and
])urned alive hy the fiery Chichimoc ])rince: no
farther attack was m.ado by the Alexican kini^-. Dui-
inL!C f'^' *'<>nrse of this year, 15 17, the I'otonacs seciitly
Ufave in their allegiance to Ixtlilxochitl, and of ('(miisc
Tlascala, the inveterate foe of Mexico, sui)])orte(l his
cause. ^Montezuma's failure to renew his efll»its
ai>'ainst the rebel, and the increasini^ spirit of nxnlt
amoiiiL!;' the Aztec jirovinces are in <^i'eat measure ac-
counted ibr, wlu'U it is reinembt'i'ed that at this time
the Spaniards, under JleriKUidez de Cordova, a'jain
appeared on the coast of Yucatan and Tabasco,''' and
the exaL>'i4-('rated rej)orts of their ap[)earancc and
deeds served to cause a renewal of the old terroi' in
^Fexico, and a correspondiiiL;' ho[)e, not alton'ctlur un-
nunu'led with fear, in the oppressed pro\inci's. ( a-
cania, either iidluenced by the same fears, or more
])robably encouraLjfed to yield to Irs own kindly Iri I-
iiiU's towards his brother by Montezuma's i'ailui'r to
proceed against ixtlilxochitl, sent an embassy to liis
brother, who, iVom his new headipiarters at ()toinpaii.
had shown no intention of mandiini;" against Te/iui'd,
jtroposiny' an amicabli! settlemi^nt of their dilHcultirs,
Ixtlilxochitl rej)lied that ho had none but tlu' kindest
"Oil 111!' viivMLrt' of ('('inli)va, si'c; Turiiininiiihi, torn, i., |i|i. .■tr,i-"il;
('iiijdiliiilii. Hist. \'in\, ]i|i. ;{-S; /'(■/(■;• Miu-liii\ (Icr, iv., lili. i-ii.; Ilirnin,^
(lee. ii., lili. ii., cnp. x\ii ; llirniil Piit:. Uist. ('nut/., fiil. 1-."); S/r/ili'ii.s'
)'iirtl/(iil , \o\. i., |i|). I'.t-.'i'J; I'ir.srot/'s Mr.r., Mil. i.. li|(. 'i'JJ-l; llniinii'ii,
llisl. I ml., fol. (iO-l.
FINAL WARS UF MONTFZr.MA.
477
fi't'lIii'JI's towards Ills hrotlier and tlie kinL;<l(Hii of
Aiolliuacan, but renewed liis denuneiations ot" ^[(»nte-
ziuiia, and liis warnings .ay-ainst that nit»narcir« ani-
l)iti
d
Ktus aesiLTns.
A d
ivision ()
f tl
le
:iniraoni was
tiiially decided upon, Ixtlilxodiitl retainiuLC tlio sov-
ereign power in tlie northern ])ruvinoes, Cacanui
retaiiiinn' his throne at Tezeuco and liis place in the
jV/.tec alliance, and Cohuanacoch receiviii"^'- a lai'n'o
amount of reveiuie for his constant supj»»»rt of the
kiiiijf. Ixtlilxochitl faithfully ohserved the terms of
the treaty, hut retained all his enmity a'^Minst the
^[exii'ans; he had an opportunity to strike a deci-
sive hlow ao-ainst the hated power a little later as
an ally of the Spaniards.
Yt't wars were still wa!>"ed hv the allied 1
icmu's as
hi'foie, for the only hope of ".verting' imjiendiui,^ dis-
aster was hy drenchiui;' with human hlo(»d the altars
(if the o'ods. Several campai^ii.-
' (led
are rccon
led
as
i\ inn' yielded ca})tives \n consKleraltic' mimlters
>1.
hut
AV
u> details are n'iven. liattles a^'ainst the Tlascaltecs
eie continued down to the very last: the ^Fexicans
fi<;litiiig- o-enerally as allies (jf the Huexotzincas. In
(iiie of these battles the }{uexot/,inca chief Tlachpaii-
([iiizi|ui by a valiant feat of arms obtained pardon
tor serious crimes which he had committed, and i,n'eat
rewards besides. He captured the famous Tlascal-
tcc warrior Tlalhuicol and brounht him to Mexico,
liiit tilt; hoiKn' of his captuie was all that ^Fontezuma
(K'siivd; Ibr ho immediately olferi'd Tlalhuicol his
freedom, which was refused. The 'JMasealtec was
tliei; |)ut in connnand of a Mexican army and sent
against the 1'arascos, whom hr defeated, taking- tlk^ir
sti'ouniiold of Tann'imaron, oi' 'i'laximaloyan, and sub-
iliiiii^' many towns on his way. He returned ladt'ii
with spoils to Mexico, was entreated to accejit the
I"'''
luauen
t 1
)OSl
tion of ( "onunander-in-chief o[' tlu
" Oil TNtlilxoi'Iiid's rt'viilt mill tin' treaty with ('ai'ania. mm--. Vri/I
in.
tnin. iii.
!'!'■ -
1>I ii.
|i|i, ;iil!t-7'>; I'/iirii/irii, tnin. i., pp. •J'.i'.i -.'td-; I ■riiiiui'dln, Uww. i
'\ llrnssiiir, lli\/., turn, iv., pp. \l\-',i, 3iJ-7j Wtuiii'crl, TchIh
II; IxlliLiixltill, pp. L'Mtl.
478
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
Aztec armies, or at least to accept his release and
return to his country; but the brave Tlalhuiml
deemed it a dishonor to return or even to live; atUr
his capture, and earnestly entreated the privile^v ol"
dyin<^ like other prisoners of rank on the tjladiatdiial
stone. His request was sorrowfully j:franted, ei'^lit (if
Aniihuac's best warriors fell before him in the con-
Hict, but by the ninth he was subdued, and his heart
was offered as a pleasinjif sacriHco to the ^•od of w;
ai
. :>'i
Jn the same year, 1517, it is related that Monti -
zuma in his zeal to appease the irate deities, onlcicd
the grand temple of Huitzilopochtli to be covcikI
from top to bottom with gold, precious stones, and
rare feathers. His ^linister of Finance, ordered to
sup])ly the cost of this extravaoant act of piety hy
iiniJosiiiiic a new tax on the })eople, objected and
warned the tyrant that his subjects would endure no
increase of taxation. His objections were removed
by puttiuijf him to death, but we hear nothini»' farther
of the o-olden coverinjif.''" The followiuLif year, or
1418, took ])lace at ^[exico the last of the lowj;
series of sacriticial inunolations on a larofe scale, at
the dedication of the temple of Coatlan, on wliidi
occasion were sacrificed the captives that the last
campaio-ns had yielded."^ 15ut almost before the
o-roans of the dvino- victims had died awav ther
came to the ears of the Aztec soverei_L!;'n the startlin.;'
tidings that the eastern strangei's had again inadf
tJK'ir appearance, this time on the Totonac coasts of
his own empire. Juan de (Jrijalva and his co\\\-
j)anit»ns had followed the gulf coast noi'thward, and
ri>ached the spot where now stands the city of \'i la
Cruz.«»
■''' ('oDinriyo, in ymirrnrs Aiiiinfi's, turn, xcviii., ])]>, lSO-01; Tf.ir.nun"',
ill Kiiii/.iliiirii,ii//i, vol. ix., ii|i. 17J-."); Tiiniiiiimn/ii, toiii. i., pp. I'.'T. -iH.
'2-N; llnitmiir. Hist., tuiii. iv., pp. •_';{ 7; ('lnriijrri), ttiiii. i., ]ip. 'J'^tl J;
I'll/till, tt)iii. iii., pp. ;$'.',■>, ;{l'S-:U, ;{7")-(i; I'l/aiirrrl, Tiiilro, pt ii., If.
4V-(;.
'"'' Cix/rr C/iiniiif/i., ill lints.irm; Hitf., toin, iii., pp. .14 (i.
''' Tiirt/iiriiiiii/d, ttmi. i., ji. '2'2H; I'ri/fid, tolll. iii., pp. .*17(>-7; Vi/nnrrii,
Tiiilvti, pt ii., p. 41).
'"' Oil (iiijulvii's viiya^'o, f<\m: - I>iuz, Illinrnriu, in Ivazbuhrtu, Cul. de
ARRIVAL OF JUAN 1)E (iUUAIA A.
479
All Aztec officials iii the coast jirovitu-os had strict
onKrs to keep a constant look-out for the eastern
strangers, and in case of their arrival t(j treat them
kindly, but by pretence of traffic and by every j>os-
.sililc means to ascertain who they were, whence they
caiiu'. and the nature of their desiijfns. In accordance
with these orders Pinotl the Aztec j^fovernor of ("lU't-
lachthin and his Mexican subt)rdinates were foremost
aiiiDiii;- the visitors to the wonderful shi[>s of (Jrijalva;
paiiitiiiys were quickly but carefully ])repared of the
^tl•alln'e
rs, their ships, their weai)ons, and of ever
V
>tiaiiue tliini;" observed, and with the startlinn" news
ami the pictured records the royal t»fficials hastened
(o Mexico and conununicated their inlbrmation to
Montezuma. The kiny-, concealiuL;- as well as possible
]ii> aiixietv and forbiddim;' the messcnu^ei's to make
the news pu
blic, innnediatelv as.send)led his roval
(•(illt'aLi'ues
and his coimcil of state, laid the matter
hetore them and asked their advic
IK.
was u
Tl
le (tpniiou
nanimous that the stranefers wei'e the ehildre
n
(^•iietzalcoatl, returning;' in I'ldtillnient of the ancit-nt
]ir(i|ihecies, ai
id that thev should be kilidlv leceived,
as the oidy means of conciliatine- the yood will of the
iniinei'ous tbllowers of the ancient jirojihet. An em-
liassy was sent with rich ])resents to the coast, but
they were too late; the Spaniards had departed, with
a pri
•inise. however, of returniuL'' at an t'arlv datt
The events that followi'd down to the I'ullilliiieut of
tliat promise by the arrival of ileriian ('ortes in IJII)
lire net very (K'linitely reeordi'il, hut these moiilhs
I'lijiiuil a jtei'iod of the i>'reatest anxiety on the jiart of
the A/tee riders and of mingled dread and Impe for
I nterest in the nne alisorb-
iieir numerous enennes.
1:1.
tepu' caused all elsi^ to he lorn'otteii ; tliii'e was
limULiht of coiKpU'st, of revolt, of tributes; even
' liloody rites ot Jluitzilopochtli were nuich neu'lect-
/'■'•., torn, i., pp. 2Sl-3()7; IhriHt! Dm:, Hist. Cuik/., U>\. (Ml; l'i/,r
lie
th,
M
ir'i/i\ lici'. iv., lilt, iii-iv,; Sunirtrtr, Co/, ih' \'iiii/i.t, tnin. iii., pp
"i.'i-l'il; diinnini, Ciiin/. -Ifcc, fnl. SI I, nCiH; lirrit'ii, ili
I II
1
ll!i. III., Clip.
'■7"
iiiiiiiiiUi, ttiiii. i., pp. ;{.")1S; J'lr.irotrn Mix., \(il. i., pp. •-'■Jl-8.
r
480
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
vd and the star of tlie peaceful Quetzalcoatl aiitl liis
sect was ill the ascendant, l^rophets and old nun
throULjhont the country Mere closely (juestioiiiil w-
sitectintjf their knowledue of the old tratlitioiis; nKl
])aintiiii>s and records were taken from every archive
vnd carefully coin])ared with those relating; to the
new-comers; the loss of the precious documents
burned 1)V Itzcoatlwas now seriously felt; the l;1;i>s
heads and other trinkets obtained from the Spaniards,
and even carefully treasured fraui'ments of ship biscuit,
were formally deposited with all the old Toltcc {'rn-
monies in the temj)le of Quetzalcoatl. !Many tictitimis
paintin<>s were palmed off on the credulous Monte-
zuma as ancient records in which the children n\'
Quetzalcoatl were pictured in an amusini,'' varic'^v df
absurd forms, but some of the documents a^-rced very
closely with the late paintings of ^rontezuma's audits,
showiiiu' that others had bethought them to lejireseiit
on paper (Jrijalva's company or some preceding band
of Spaniards.*^*
At last the presence of ( V)rtes on the sniitheiMi
coasts, and his })rogress towards the Azt^c posses-
sions, was annomiced, and an end)assy was dispatelud
to await his arrival, and to receive him with e\eiy
attention and with the richest gifts the empire could
allbrd. Sid)se(juent events belong to the histoiy nt'
the Concpiest, and must be narrated in another woik ;
the ivmaining chai)ters of this volume being rci|uii('d
I'or such iVagmi'uts ns have l)eeu j)reserved rc'speiting
the aboriginal history of other nations and trihes out-
side the central })lateaux of ^[exico.
I close the chapter and the annals of the Aztec |>e-
riod, with a bi'ief glance at the general i-oudition ef
aflairs in and about iVnahuac in 1519, and the inn>r
extraordiuaiy combination of circumstances that in;iilc
W Tor'/i(ciiin(h, toiii. i.. pp. HTS SO; Arosf<f, Tlisf. dr lii.i Viuf., p)i. .'l.'i Hi;
Vr}//i<i, titin. iii., pp. ;t77->S; /hirmi, .MS,, toiii. ii., cap. Ixix l.w.; I'l :'■:>••
iiior, ill Kiihjyhorouijfi, vdI. i.\., p|). 1S'.M)1; llirrcni, di'c. ii., lili. iii.,
cap. i.\.
11
AN'AHUAC IN 1519.
481
it possible for Hernan Cortus to overthrow with a
liaiKllul of Spanish soldiers a mighty ahorigiiuil em-
pire. The power known as Aztee, since the formation
of the tri-partite alliance not quite a century hefore
uiulor the Acolhua, ^lexican, and Tepanec kings, had
gradually extended its iron grasj) from its centre ahoiit
the lakes to the shores of either ocean; and this it
had accomplished wholly by the force of arms, re-
ceiving no voluntary allegiance. Overhurdcncd hy
taxation; oppressed and insulted by royal governors,
Aztec tribute-gatherers, and the traveling armies ( f
Tlatelulca merchants; constantly attacked! on frivo-
lous jiretexts by blood-thirsty hordes who ravaged
their tields and carried away the Hower of their
population to perish on the ^NFexican altars; the in-
huliitauts of each province subjected to this degrad-
iiiuf bondaLTC entertained towards the centnvl jiovern-
iiiont of the tyrants on the lakes feelings of the
bitterest hatred and hostility, onlv awaitino- an op-
jnutunity to free themselves, or at least to annihilaa)
their oppressors. Such was the condition of aH'airs
aiul the state of feeling abroad; at home the situ-
ation was most critical. The alliance which had been
the strongest clement of the Aztec ]H)wer was now
jiiaetically broken up; the ambitious si'hemes of Mon-
teziuna had alienated his firmest allv, and the strouijei"
part of the Acolhua force was now openly arrayed
ai^ainst him under Ixtlilxochitl at Otonijian, leagued
with the Tlascaltec leaders for the overthrow of the
Mexican power. It is probable that the conning (»f
the Spaniards retarded rather than ])i'ecipitate(l the
united attack of the Acolhuas and tin.' outside jnov-
iiiei > (111 ^^ontezuma. But again, to met't thi' gath-
ering- storm, the Mi'xican king could no longer count
en the undivided sujijiort of his own peoph'; In.' had
ahrhated the merchants, who no longer, as in tlie
inly days, did i'aithful duty as spii's, nor toiled to
eiiiiih a government from which tln-y coidd expect
iio ii wards; the lower classes no longer deemed thiir
Vol.. V. 31
: MM3
482
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
hi'
i 1 ;.
m
Sfl:
Mi,
own iiiturests Identicjil with those of tlieir sov 'I'ci^-ii.
Jjjist hut fjir I'roiii least ainoii^" the elements of ap-
jn'oadiing ruiti was the relijjfious sentiment of the
country. The reader has followed the hitter con-
tentions of earlier times in Tollau and Culluiacan,
hetween the rival sects of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatli-
poca. With the •'[•rowth of the ^lexican intluencc
the hloody rites of the latter sect Iwul prevailed uiidur
the auspices of the <^od Huitzilcpoclitli, and the
worship of the j;"entler Quetzalcoatl, though still oh-
served i'l .nany ])rovinces and many temples, had
with its priests heen forced to occupy a secdiuliiiy
j)osition. But the people were filled with tenor at
the horrihle extent t«> which the latt«;r kin^s jiad car-
ried the inunolation of human victims; they wcie
sick of hlood, and of the divinities that thirsted I'nr
it; a re-action was experienced in favor of the lival
deities and })riesthood. And now, just as the (»[•-
pressed suhjects of ecclesiastical tyranny Avei'c Kaiii-
iiiL";' to I'ememher with rciji-ret the ])eaceful teachings
of the Plumed Serpent, and to look to that t^od I'nr
ri'lii'f from their woes, their prayers were answcicd,
Quetzalcoatl's })redictions Avere api>arently fullilKd,
and his promised children made their aj)pearaiice on
the eastern ocean. The arrival of Cortes at this jiar-
ticular juncture was in one sense most marvelous;
hut in his sid>se(pient success there is little to he
wondered at; nor is it straui^e that the oppiessrd
Naliuas received almost with outsti'etched arms tlio
ministers of the new faith thus offered them hv the
v'
Spaniards.
CHAPTER X.
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU, MICIIOACAN, AND
OAJACA.
Eai'.i.v IIistouy of the Eastkun Plateau— The CiiirniMKC'-ToLTF.rs
— Akrivai, of the Te()-("iiic»imecs in Anahuac— They ('oNin'EU
AM) Settle the Kasteun Plateat— Civil Wars— Mis( i;lla-
NKofs Events— Waks uetween Tlascala and the Nations op
AxAiiCAc— Early History of Mhhoacan— Wars uetween \Va-
NACAt'Es AND Tarascos — KorNi>ixrt of Tzintzintzas — Meta-
SKiRl'lIOSIS OF THE TaRAS(i) PrINI'ES — ENfROACH.MENTS OF THE
Wanacaces— The Kin(j ok the Isles — Mi rder of Pawacime
AM) WaI'EANI — PiEKiNS OF ClRATAME, TaRIACIRI, TaNOAXOAN
I., ZlZIZ PaNDAITARE, ZWANliA, AND Tanijaxoan 1I.--0R1(;I\
OK THE MlZTKfS AND ZAI'OTEI'S — WlXirECOt'HA— KULERS OF OA-
JACA -TlIE Hlaves and Mijes— Later Kinus and History
OF Uajaca— Wars with Mexico.
Altliougli all tliat is known of the history of the
Ci.steni }>latoau prior to the fall of tho Tultoc enij)iro
has l)oen already told, it will be well to brietly review
the events of that period before referrino- to the Chi-
cliiiuec oecu})ation of the region under consideration.
The earliest inhabitants of the })lateau of whom wo
have any definite knowledge were the Olniecs, one of
the oKK'st of the Nahua nations, who appear to have
settled the country about Puebla and CTiolula with
the |»erniission of tho Quinanies, or jo-iants, the orioi-
iial possessors, and to have been so badly treated l»y
tlii'in that at len^'th, by a stratao-eni, they slew their
op[iivssors and became sole masters of tho country.
HI I
484
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
Next we hear of the erection of the great pyramid of
Clioluhi by Xelhua, an Ohnec chief; tlien of the ad-
vent and subseijuent di.sap})earance of Quetzalcoatl,
the culture liero and reformer, \vlio is not to be con-
founded witli Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl, kinjj^ of TolLin
and afterwards of Cholula, who appeared on the sctiic
at a much later period and was also a groat refornur.
After this, history is silent concerning the OIuk'cs
until the founding of the Toltec empire, when we find
them still nourishing on tlie eastern jdateau wit!i
Cholula for their capital city. Then the king of (,'nl-
luiacan, Mixcohua, better known as Camaxtli, under
which name he was subsequently apotheosized and
worshiped on the plateau, directs a military expedi-
tion towards Chalchiuhapan, afterwards Tlascala,
which seems to have been founded about this time.
But the most notable event of this pre-Chicliinic(;
history of the plateau, and the one which most ad-
vanced its importance and prosperity, was the comini;'
of Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl, son of Camaxtli, to Cholula,
in 895, after he was forced from his throne at Tollaii
by the ambitious Tezcatlipoca, or Huemac. As has
been already stated, this event was the begimiing of
a new and golden era in the eastern region, A\hii h
lasted, if we except the conquest and teuq)orary .suh-
jection of Cholula l)y Huenuic, up to the time of tlic
Toltec troubles, in which Cholula and her sister ritii s
on the plateau doubtless shared, though to what r.\-
tent is not certain; at all events they were not di -
serted as the Toltec cities in the valley are tradition-
ally rej)orted to have been at the time of the C'liiclil-
inec invasion.
Brasseur has an account, drawn from one of his
manuscrij)ts,^ of the taking of Cholula shortly at'trr
the fall of the Toltec empire by a tribe which ho calls
the Chichimec-Toltecs, and the subsecjuent settlcnuiit
of the greater part of the ])latcau by this and other
fierce bands, the original inhabitants being driven out
• Historia Tulkca, Pcintures ct Annalcs, cii langiic iiahutl, cull. Auhm.
CIIICIIIMErS AT CIIOLULA.
485
of the country. Tliis relation is, however, of douht-
i'ul authuntioitj, and is, moreover, irreconcihihle witli
other statements made hy the same writer;'^ it seems,
in short, to stand by itself, as an episode recorded in
uiio ohscure manuscript only, and havinjj;' no connec-
tion whatever with the events that precede or follow
it. The account relates that amon<jf the fierce hordes
tliat contributed to the downfall of Tollan, was one
wliicli, from the fact of its settlinjj^ in the ruined cap-
itiil, and })ossil»ly fbundinsjf a tem[)orary power there,
rcreived the name of Chichimec-Toltec. After the
•Katli of JTuemac III. this band left Tollan, under
the leadership of Icxicohuatl, Quetzaltehueyac, Toto-
loluiitzil, and other chiefs,' and after ravaL,Mn<i^ the
country about lake Tenochtitlan, entered the moun-
tains to the cast of the valley of Anahuac, and there
wandered about for a number of years without mak-
uvji; any permanent settlement. When next heard of
they were encamped near Cholula, their numbers
greatly reduced by fandne or pestilence, and in a very
wretched condition. Weary of their wandering- life
iuid not strono; cnouo'li to take forcible })ossession of
one of the rich provinces of the plateau, or even to
loraj^e for their subsistence, they resolved to lunnble
tluinselves before the princes of Cholula, and implore
thcii- j)rotection and assistance. Their small mnnber
ami aj)parently broken s{)irit, caused their ])rayer to
ho granted Avith more readiness than they had ex-
ported, and the fierce warriors, who in former times
had made the kings of Anahuac trend)le u})on their
tlirones, were now scornfully admitted into Cliolula
as men too weak to be feareil and upon the footing of
shives and servants. But a few years of rest and abun-
dance roused the old si»irit in tiie Chichimec-'J'oltecs,
and made them biiin to throw off their self-impos((l
yt)ke, and avenge the insults to which they were con-
5Si«c nn(ssnir, lli.st., toiii. ii., pp. 3(51-3.
'■' l';iiiiarf^i), in .Xoiirr/lin Aini<(l<s, toni. xcviii., ]>. l.")0, v;i;,MK'ly iiu-iitiniH
.111 i'\|n'ilitii>ii said to have Ikhmi made to CIkiIuIh under eliief.s bearing' siniL-
liir iianie.s to the above, hut he gives no details or dates.
! Ii
486
IIISTOIIY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
II f
\vi
in
« '
staiitly subjected by their masters. To obtain tliis viu],
they resorted to a very ingenious stratagem, suggoti d
it is said, by their national god, Tezcatlipoca. A d p-
utation waited upon tlie Tlachiaeh and A(juiach, tliu
two chief princes of Cholula, and begged permission h,
give a j)ublic entertainment, tlie cliief feature of uhi( U
shouhl be their natit)nal ballad and dance. For the
proper performance of this they must, however, he
supplied with their old weapons, which, since thtir
arrival in Cholula, had been sliut up in the city aisc-
nal. Their petition was readily granted, great })rr| mi-
rations were made, and on the appointed day all the
people assembled to witness the novel spectacle. The
Tlachiaeh and Aquiach were present, surrounded hy
their suites and a vast number of the nobility. The
entertainment opened with certain comic representa-
tions, wliich made the spectators roar with laughtei',
and excited them to drink freely and be meny. Then
the Chichimec warriors dressed in full war costume and
bearing their weapons in their hands, formed them-
selves into a great circle, with the tepona/.tli player
in the centre, and the solemn mitote commenced. At
first the nmsic was low and sad, and the daneeis
moved with slow and measured steps, but gradually
the pace grew faster, and the deep voices of the war-
riors as they chanted their battle song mingled with
the sound of the teponaztli. Higher and still higher
the shouts arose, accompanied now by terrible ges-
tures and brandishing of weapons; more madly yet
the circle whirled, until il was .aipossible to di^<tin-
guish one form from another; i^hen, on a sudden, tlie
note of the teponaztli changed and became low and
sad once more. This was the signal for the massaere;
in a moment the mock fury became a terrible reality,
as the Chichimecs turned and fell upon the unarmed
and half-drunk spectators. A dreadful slaughter en-
sued, and the streets of the city ran rod with human
blood. The Tlachiaeh and Aquiach managed to
escape, and took refuge with a few of their relatives
TEO-CIIICHIMEC ANNALS.
487
anil friends within the walls of Yancuitlalpan, which
liLcainc for the time their residence. By night the
(.'hichimec-Toltecs were masters of Cholula. The
iK'Ws of this victory soon attracted otiier savage
triltcs; the original inhabitants were driven from
jilaoe to place, and at the end of a few years, the
intire countrv "from the shores of the jjfulf of ^[cx-
iio to the mountains which encircled the port of
Acapulco," had changed masters.*
AVith the arrival of the Teo-Chichimecs in Ana-
lui.'ic, the history proper of the eastern j)lateau begins.
Tlii;^ people, as has been said, was one of the invading
bands that a}>pear about the same time as the Xa-
liuatlaca tribes, with wliom they are classed ly some
writers. According to Camargo, the Tlascaltec his-
torian, they were at Chicomoztoc in 5 Tochtli; thence
tlicv journeyed by Avay of AnuKpietejiec and Tepenec
to Temallan, which they conquered ; then witli great
difficiihy they fought their way through Culhuacan,
passed into Teotla Cochoalco, and so on to Teohuiz-
naliiiac, where their march was opposed by Queen
Coatlicuc, who, however, after a severe struggle
was forced to come to terms. They next advanced
to Hueypuchtlan, and then to Tepozotlan, where the
principal chiefs received certain military honors and
ad()[)ted new names. After passing with many halts
tliroiigh other provinces they finally arrived in the
vicinity of Tezcuco, in the year 2 Tecpatl, where
they were well received by the king, and assigned
the jtlain of Poyauhtlan as a })lace of encam})mout.*
A'eytia states that a great number of the Teo-Cbiclu-
inocs, who did not like to settle in a locality sur-
rounded by so many ])eoj)le, ]iassed on into the
country eatt of the Valley of Mexico, where they
spread over Tlascala, Huexotzinco, and Cholula,"
* Brasscnr, Ifist., ',.)m. '\i,]^i>. .%3-70.
' ('(iiiiKnjo, ill Xiiuir//i:'< Anitdlcs, toiu. xcviii., pp. 138-0, Ho-C.
• Vci/tia, toni. ii., pp. 108-1).
488
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
il I,-
vv'liich Averc probably occupied at that time l)y the
remnants of tlio Olmecs and Xicalancas, who had
formerly been subject to the Toltec empire.
Notwithstanding the settlers at Poyauhtlan met
with no opposition on their arrival, and even ajiptar
to have been well received, their presence soon be-
came a source of great uneasiness to all the sur-
rounding nations. At first they behaved themselves
well enough, and as they gave no cause for complaint,
were left undisturbed in their new countiy lor a
number of years; but as time progressed, and their
numbers increased, they began to encroach upon and
ravage the adjoining territories. This led to reprisals
and bloody encounters, until at length the evil grew
to be unbearable, and was finally put an end to by
the famous battle of Poyauhtlan, and the depni'ture of
the Teo-Chichimecs to join their countrymen i;pon the
eastern plateau, in the year 1272. Their real reason
for leaving the country was doubtless their weakened
condition, for though they had nominally won the
battle of Poyauhtlan, yet it had been but a (,'aclniean
victory for them, and they knew that another siuh
engagement must infallibly result in their annihila-
tion. But be tliis as it may, their god Caniaxtli
spoke opportunely through tlie mouth of his ] riests,
saying, "arise, depart from hence, for the dawn of
your greatness shall not break in this place, neither
shall tlie sun of your splendor rise here." But the
strongest proof that the Teo-Chichimecs emigrated
because their eiiomies were too strong for them, livs
in the I'aet that they found it necessary to a.^k
tlie king of Tezcuco for permission to leave the
country, though C'amargo gives as an excuse for
their submission that they wished to be able to
call upon him for assistance, should they meet
with reverses in their intended journey bevoml
tlio mountains. The king of Tezcuco, doubtless
delighted to get rid of such troublesome neiyii-
bors, not only gave the desired permission, but
TEO-CHICHIMEC MIGRATION.
489
granted them safe conduct through his dominions
and furnished them with trusty guides wlio were
to conduct them by the safest passes to tlie sum-
mit of the range, and tlience to point them out
their road toward the east. No time was lost in
Hcttinj^ out, and soon the whole Teo-Chichimec na-
tion was marcliing eastward. Tlieir guides led them
to the })eak of Tlalocan, from which elevation they
overlooked an immense extent of country. IJehind
them the Lake of Mexico sparkled in the midst of
the valley of Anahuac, before them lay the fertile
])r(.vinces of Tlascala, Huexotzinco, and Cholula. De-
scending to the plain they gave vent to their joy in
leasts and rejoicings, and offered thanks to their god
Caiuaxtli, who had delivered them from their ene-
mies and brouiflit them into such a fair land. It is
related, however, that the entire nation did not ascend
tiio peak. A large party under the leadership of
Cliinialcuixintecuhtli refused to clind) the great east-
ern range, and proceeded northwards to Tulancingo,
t^)iiau]iehinanc(), and other neighboring provinces
Avliieh they found to be already colonized by ]\racui-
lacatltecuhtli, a kinsman of Chimalcuixintecuhtli,
wlio welcomed the wanderers with every mark of
friendship, and as an especial token of his favor con-
ferred wives upon their chiefs.''
^leantime the larger ]H)rtion of the emiy;rajits
pressed forward into the eastein counhy. They seem
t(i Iiave kept together until they reached a ])lace called
Tetliyacac,^ siti'.ated near Huexotzinco, whe)u tluy
separated into several divisions, and dispersed in
various directions, ^lost of the sui'Kiun'.iing cities
and provinces fell into their hands one .".I'ter another,
and hefore long they had gaiiu'd possession of the
' I'limnrfjn, !• '> )inrlh\i Amid lis, toiii, xcviii., ])]\ 1 l2-7; Tiiripirmniln,
tmii. i,. ]i|i. '.'(it)-' ^/tii'i'iji'ro, toiii. i., \t. l.'il; l!ni\\iiir, Ui.st., tuni. ii., |i[i.
'X't CO.
" S|n'lli'il Ti'tliyucaU liv Cainaiv.t. 'I'lpniiH'inadii, toni. i., |i. 'itlL', savH
(li;il ;i M'liaralion tuoU ]ilari' iircviously at 'r('|ia|iay('i'an. ( aiiiai-o, \\\
Snii:;l/i:i Aiiiiiilf.'i, (oni. \c\iii., p. l")(t, may iiKssilily iiiijply Mk »<aiiii;, liiit
1k' i> vory coiifuHcd ut iIiIm iioint.
490
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
PI'
i
iil.
best part of the country. Tims the province of
Quauhquelchulii was appropriated bj Toquetzal and
Yohuallatonac, and tlie town of Coatepoe was
founded by Quetzalxiulitli;" another band Avent to
Ahuayopan, where a bloody fray took place anion (t
them, which caused a chief named Izcohuatl to fsopa-
rate from the rest and settle in Zacatlan. Totzitzi-
mitl founded, or took possession of Totollan ; Quauht-
zintecuhtli settled in Atlmayoacan ; Cozca(ju;uih
Huehue established himself in the Teopan district;
Tlotlitecuhtli went a little lower down; Tempatlaliuac
settled in the Contlan district; Cacamatecuhtli in the
Xaltepetlapan district; Calpan surrendered to Toltc-
catltecuhtli; Cimatecuhtli obtained Totomihuacan;
Totomalotecuhtli gained ])ossession of Tepeaca.'"
For several years the Teo-Chichimecs continued to
extend their settlements over the entire plateau.
Some of the provinces yielded without a struL;L;le,
others offered a desperate resistance, but thou<;h the
invaders occasionally met with a temporaiy re[)ulse,
their arms were always victorious in the end. At
Naca})ahuazcan they were visited by certain C'hichi-
meo chiefs who are said to have preceded them (Ui the
plateau, and who nstructed the new-comers htiw to
cook meat in earthen jiots which they presented to
them." Here they conferred the dignity of Tecuhtli
upon a number of warriors who had dlstinguishiil
themselves. They next proceeded towards the }»laiu
9 Torquoiinihi, toin, i,, ]), 'ifi'J, f'aiiinrfio siiys tlint roMfciicc win
fomiiUMi ill (lio ]>n)\iiico of Qiiiiulii[iii>l(-lnilu Itv tlio tlirce last tiai I
I'hicfn; lliis is, luiwt'viT, iirohiilily a iiiistaUc of tlio Freiii'li iniiiNlalnr.
HraHsi'ur wavs Coatepec 'so Boiunettait ii Ciiietzalxiuhtli.' Uist., U<\\\. ii.,
p. Trl.
10 MraNHiMir, Hint., toiii. ii,, )>. .173, rails tliis cliicf Ci)iiauhtliztnc.
i^ Ciiiii'inii), ill X<iiiir/li\i Amui/i's, toiii. x<'viii., |i|), I.")) '_'. 'I'lic-o
cliiufs wci'i! iianit'il 'rntoldliuizil and t^ui'tzalicliiiyacixcotl, ami me llic
saiiii' as tliosc iiiiMilioiirtI liv ('aiiiar^'o mi ]>. jTiO, as liaviii},' arrivcil ;;l I'lid-
lulu ill lliu vcar I Acatl, They aro also i(k>iitical willi the Cliicliiiiiic Tui-
tec chiefs who, acronliii^ to Ilrassciir's account, already iccoiiicii, ihii-
(inered Cliohila liy a stiafaj,'eiii soon after the Tollec fall. See ante, ii|i. is,") ti
Sjieaiviiii.'of their visit to the 'l'eo-<"hichiiiiees at Necaiiahua/can, l'rM>^iiir,
llitif., toiii. ii., |i. ,'{7-, calls them tin* "iioiiveaiix Heif^iieiirs de Ciiniiila."
Hut it is tnideiit from the context that ('iiiiiarj,'o dot's not re;:aid liiciii iw
Biieh, iiolwithslaiHliii^ v hat he has said ahuut (heir lurival in 1 Aiatl.
CONQUEST OF CHOLULA.
491
of Choliila, but their passage through the mountains
was opposed by the Tlaehiach and Aquiach, wlio re-
fused to let them enter their countiy. They met
with a very haughty response, liowever, in which the
Teo-Chichimecs expressed their determination to con-
tinue their march in spite of all opposition. U[)on
this the Cholultec princes retreated, and the invaders
advanced without hindrance. At Tepeticpac, a city
strongly fortified by art and nature, their progress
was again stayed l)y the Olmec prince, Colopechtli,
l)ut after a desperate resistance the city was taken
and its brave defender slain. Struck by the advan-
tu-eoMS position of this })lace, the Teo-Chichimec
! r, Quanez," resolved to found his capital here.
i n ! city was first known as Texcalticpac, then as
Texcalla, and finally as Tlaxcallan, or Tlascala."
So far everything had gone well with the invaders.
While they were united and occupied themselves
only in driving the rightful possessors from the soil
they had experienced a succession of brilliant con-
quests. But, as is usual in such cases, they had no
sooner got possessio'.i of the country than they began
to ([uarrel among tl;oniselves. Quanez was the first
to give j'ise to a jealous feeling. He had fortitied his
posit'on at TIascala more strongly than ever, and
seemed d"fs|»0'jtd to aim at the sovereignty of tho
j-la^eau. {\> '.his his brother chiefs at Huexotzinco
and v»l u; |'!*i; '.'S would not submit. Each wanted to
he indc|-eii(!' nt in the territory ho had won, and tliey
olaniored ua \ .-i.>^;tinct divi^•i()l! of the soil. Quanez,
however, persisted in his ambitious designs and soon
oontirniod their sus[)ici<)Ms by his acts. Upon this
the other chiefs held a consultation which resulted in
tlieir uniting their forces and marching upon TIascala.
'^
■
W s
'••'.ill 1 'Ci iliim -TiMictli-Qiinnoz, li' vaimnKMir dc Poyaiilillnn,' ami
Ciilliii,! .i^tli, by ltrti»4stMir; iiiul Culliuiiteciilitli uiitl Aciilliiui 'IVculitli liy
t'aina ;,'>
'W,;H/ ..-,: ill youvrllr.i Anniilis, torn, xi'viii., pp. 13(1, ir>'2-J, \C>\;
IV.V'"', t> s .., p. )7.i| Ihrnrit, dei-. ii,, lib. vi., I'lip. xii; Toriiiuiiind'i,
tuiii. i., p, '^(it,
: I
482
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
It seems that they were met by Quanez, who, how-
ever, was defeated in the engaufenieiit tliat ensued
and forced to retreat to his strongliold, where he ^\ as
closely besieged by his enemies." The Tlascaltecs
did not remain shut up within their walls, however,
but made frequent and furious sallies against the l)c-
siegers. The horrors of these engagements, in wliirli
fathers fought against sons, and brothers against
brothers, are dilated upon by the historians. All ef-
forts were unavailing, outpost after outpost was lost
to the enem}' Mtil the Tlascaltecs were finally diiven
within the wau .he city proper, without any liojie
of escape. In t, extremity Quanez managed to
secretly dispatch messengers to the king of Tezeuoo
and to the [)rinces of Xochimilco^' and Xalpan, re-
([uesting assistance. The Tezcucan monarch promptly
responded to the call with a considerable force, under
the command of a valiant chief named Chinanietl,
and at the same time sent the beleaguered Quanez a
valuable alabaster vase as an encouraging token of
regard. This re-inforcement, together with certain
prophecies delivered by the oracle of Camaxtli, re-
assured the Tlascaltecs, and they at once set alxuit
Btrengthoning their position.
In the meantime Xiuhtlehui, prince of Iluexot-
zinco, who commanded the allied trooj)s, seeing the
aid obtained by the enemy, and fearing that the
victt)ry wliich had seemed so certain during tho
earlier part of tlie camj)aign, was slipping out of his
' h'lnds, sent messengers to Coxcoxtli, king of C'ulhiia-
can,*" imploring his aid, and expatiating on tho
n Cnmnrijo, in Xoiirrllrs Ainitili-s, toiii, xcviii., p, 15-1.
'"' Itriissoiir writes Xlciiciiiinalcn.
"' '('(ixcoxlli, roi tit" Ciiiiinacaii, iiiii t;oiiV('rimit alors, n\cc hp^ vvrtyxfi^
rtats, IcM Mcxicaiiis I'tulilis dans Ic v(iisiiia;.'(' dc s;i capitalt', ct Ics 'l'c|iiu
iiiM(iii's irAz<'a|Hit/.al('(i, I'st lo simiI itriiico ji ijiii so jjiiInm- ia|i|Miiti'r Tcvi'-
luMiicnt ilant il s'a;;it lei, 'IVzd/.oiikic u'ayaiit ri'.!j;iu' (|iii' l>i'a\i('(iii|i |i|ii-- Inn!.'
Jlniasi'iir, llisf., toin. ii., i>. 400; set' also mile tin p. 4 10 of siiiiic work,
Caniar^'o savs that XiulitJcliui sent for aid to 'Matialliiinilzin. i|Mi rruiiiii;
alors a Mcxii'o.' Xoinrl/fs Ainm/rs, tiini. xi'viii.. ii. 15(5. W'vtia. Imii. ii.,
jip. I!t7-J0l, slates liiat lie sent to Afania|ii<iitli II, Mallntli'liiiil/iii liciii!,'
itrolialily a surnaiae boriio by timt iiriiiLC. Toriiuemmla, tola, i., pii. ~Mo,
WAR BETWEEN TLASCALA AND HUEXOTZINCO. 493
strongest ceniis on the harm "wrought by the Tlas-
caltocs. Coxcoxtli was much puzzled how to act; ho
was on friendly terms with both parties, and perha})8,
as Camargo says, he was afraid of the Tlascaltees.
At length, after carefully considering the matter, he
adopted a very cautious policy. He instructed the
Hut-xutzinca envoys to tell their master that he
would send an army as required, but no sof)ner had
they departed than he sent a message to the Tla«-
oaltec chief, greeting him in the most friendly terms,
uiul informing him of the ap})lication he had received
and the promise he h d given. This promise, ho
said, he was bound to keep, but only as a matter of
form; his troops should take no active part against
the Tlascaltees, wl'.o, he begged, in their turn, would
take care not to injure his soldiers.
Flattered by this proof of friendship, Quanez
returned his thanks to Coxcoxtli with assurances
that the hitter's troops should suffer no harm at his
hands. The Tlascaltees then prepared to meet the
t'X[K'ctt'd attack, and all the people attended an elab-
orate ceremony for the ]iurpose of beseeching the
jirotirtiou and aid of their god Camaxtli. The an-
swer of the god was favorable; he exhorted them to
take courage and fear nothing, for they should surely
he tiiunij)hant, and directed them to seek for a vii-gin
having one breast larger than the other, and sacritice
her in his honor, which was done.
On tlie third day, when the last of the ])roj)itia-
tory ceremonies had been completed, the Tlascaltees
tinned their attention towards the enemy; and,
hehohl, the hills and plains, I'ar ami near, wi're
swaiining with hostile troops. Coxcoxtli's auxiliaries
liad arrived and weiv ])osted as a reserve on a iieigh-
horing mountain, where they remained inactive dur-
ing the combat that ensued. At this sight the
hearts of the valiant Tlascaltees sank within them,
mill riii\ i^rcro, torn, i., i). I'm, h^'itc with (.'ainiirgo in the mum', but x\wuk
of till' jiiiiii'f lis Id'iiiy 'IViuuiL'c.
494
IIISTOIIY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
and they sought and obtained renewed assurances of
divine favor. Scarcely had they done so when the
battle commenced. At the first shock the Tlascal-
tecs captured a warrior, who was hurried to Cani.ix-
tli's altar, and sacrificed in their horrible manner.
The battle soon raged furiously, the air was bbuk
with stones, arrows, and javelins, the rocks resounded
with the war-cries of the combatants, blood flowed
in torrents. Cheered on by their high-priest, and
strong in their faith in the oracles that had promised
them victory, the Tlascaltecs were irresistible, iuid
soon drove the enemy before them. Before long the
rout became general, and a terrible carnage ensued,
the like of which could be found only, say the an-
nals, upon the bloody plain of Poyauhtlan. In the
meantime Coxcoxtli's troops descended from tlie liill
from which they had witnessed the whole battle,
and quietly retreated to Andhuac, without in any
way succoring the defeated army.
This groat victory made the Tlascaltecs mucli re-
spected, and all the neighboring nations hastened to
congiatulate Quanez upon his success and })rofibr him
their alliance, wlJle the conquered people luunlily
confessed that they had been in the wrong antl |iie-
vailed upon the elated victor to pardon their presumpt-
uous conduct. Thus Tl.ascala bex'ame the most power-
ful state on the plateau, a position which it enjoyed
for some time in ]ieace."
It was about this time, or shortly afterward, tliat
disturbances occurred in Cholula, of which there is
more than one account. Brasseur relates that the
ancient inhabitants of the city, who had groaned for
n number of years under the Teo-Chichiniec ytike,
and whose prmcipal men had long been in exile, re-
solved at length to make an effort to recover their
freedom. They applied to Coxcoxtli of Culhuaran
" Camnrrfo, in A^oiiirffc.'i AuunJrm, torn, cxviii., jtn, iri-l-Ci,"}; Tcni'ii'-
niiitld, Imii. i., J)]). 'J()4-S; C/(iri(/rro, turn. i.. pp. 154-0; Viijtiit, tmii. ii.,
l>\\. 'JOO-l'J; livixm-iif, Hint., tuni.'ii,, jtp. 405-18,
EASTERN ALLIANCE.
405
for aid, and as a sure inducement appealed to his
pitty, l)y reminding him that Chokila was in a s])irit-
iial sense the daughter of Quetzalcoatl, while in a tem-
poral sense she was the vassal of the kings of Cul-
luiaiiin, whom she had never ceased to venerate as sov-
ereigns. Coxcoxtli granted their ])etiti()n and at once
sent a force to their assistance. The Teo-Chichiinecs
wlio were in power at Cholula, had leagued them-
selves with the Huexotzincas, against Tlascala, but
siiiee their humiliation, for some reason or other,
they had concentrated at Quanlujuelchula, where
they continued to oppress the followers of Ceacatl.
The lineal descendants of the higli-])riests of Quetzal-
coatl were Iztantzin and Nacazpipilolxochi ; they
managed to interest in their favor the prince of Tlas-
cala, hy referring to the great things he hatt done to
the honor of Camaxtli, and reminding him that this
t^od was the father of Quetzalcoatl; was it not the
iliity of the Tlascaltecs, they added, to do all in their
power to restore the ancient worship of the prophet
iiiul deliver his ministers from their banishment.
This crafty argument had the desired etfect. An al-
liaiKc was concluded between the Ciiolultecs and the
neighboring states of Tlascala, Huexotzinco, Totomi-
luiacan, Tepeaca, Quauhtecan, and Quauhtinchan,
iiiid the exiled ministers of Quetzalcoatl were sol-
oiniily conducted back to the sacred city. The towns
of the territory of Cholula were then subjected to the
Toltoe authority, as of old, and the Teo-Chiehimecs
of (^)uauhquelchula, Cuetlaxcoapan, and Ayotzinco,
hitherto leagued together against Iztantzin, were
I'oreed to recognize him as their suzerain. These
events occurred between the vears 1280 and I'Ji)'.)."
Veytia's story of this disturbance in Cholula is
that Qiiauhipielchula, Cuetlaxcoapan, Ayt)tzineo, and
some other places in the province rose in rebellion
against the high-priest Iztamantzin,*" who called
1^ nrtis.tnir, Jli.sf., toni.ii., pp. 418-10.
" iMlilxoiliitl, ill KiiKjsbviomjh, vol. i.x., p. 349, writesi IztiuimUiu,
and III) p. '.*1U, Vztticinm.
!:(■
40G
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
If! '4
upon Xiuhtemoc, hing of Culhiiacan, for assistance.
The force furnished by this monarch was divided
into two parts, one led by himself, the other by
Nacazpipilolxochi. With this army the insur^'-eiits
were finally humbled, though not without consider-
able bloodshed, and after the campaign had lasted
nearly a year.^" After the return of its priests Cho-
lula quickly regained its aricient prosperity. The
old laws were enforced and the executive author-
ity was entrusted to a military chief, who was assisted
in his duties by a council of six nobles, and this form
of government was preserved until the time of tlie
Conquest. From this time the city was rarely
troubled with wars, but was respected and held in
veneration as a sacred place of pilgrimage by all the
surrounding peoples.'^'
The peace which followed the victory over the
Huexotzincas and their allies gave the Tlascaltecs an
opportunity to turn their attention to more peaceful
pursuits. Their position as leading nation on the
plateau was now assured, and for a time they de-
voted themselves to the furtherance of culture and
commerce, fixing boundaries and granting lands to
those who had deserved them by their conduct in the
late wars. After remaining under one head for sev-
eral Years the government took the form of a sort of
aristocratic republic. It was about this time that
Tlascala was divided into four wards, or districts.
Quanez had a brother named Teyohualmin(|ui, to
whom, in his old age, he made over the district u^
Ucotelulco,-^ gi^'iiig I'i^i '^t the same time a part of
so Vryfin, torn, ii., pp. 154-5; IxtUlxochitl, in Khujshorouijh, vtil. ix.,
pp. 2 It), '\Wi.
21 llniMrur, Hist., torn, ii., pp. 41!l-'20.
^^ Ctniiitn/o, in Xoiiirllr,i Ainiafis, toni. xovili. , p. 104. Yi'vfi.i, tmn.
ii., p 'JIH, i'o!>.si(lprs tliJH iioi'ount wroii};. ('ulliua I'eouhtli Ijtiiiiiu'/, lio
sivy«, who isXiulniiK't/alt/in, tlie y<)Uii{j;i'r ln'otliL-rof (jiiiiiant/iii of Tc/iinn,
had III) l)r()tlu'r by that iiami*, i»r, iioiii' wlio would liave joiiu'd him in This-
cahi ill" disiv;,'ard.s tlio fact, a.s rriati'tl hy liiiiisi-lf, tliat Xiuhi[\u't/a!t/iii
must havo iiiUmI over a iiuiidri'd years already. It is therefore iiiiuli iikhi'
])riilml)le, as related hy other writers, he eontiiuies, that (.^>uaiiez left lii-<
own district of Tepetiepuc or Tc.\cultic2mc to his eldest sou, as will I'O
IIEIGN OF CH'ANEZ.
407
tlio relics of Ciimaxtli, Mliich ^vero so hi.i^lily vonornted
as to oo!»stitute in themselves a gift no less princely
than the lands.
This i>rince so distinmiishcd himself and enlars^fcd
his domain by liis bravery and con(jnests that he
eventually came to be regarded as chief of the \vhole
nation. Another district, called Quialuiiztlan,^'' was
^ranted by Qnanez to a chief nameil ^[iz(|uitl, who,
according to Camargo, had been one of the leaders
of tlie C'hiehimecs who went north after the battle
uf Povauhtlan instead of ci'ossinijf tlie eastern ranii'e.
He had led his band northwards to Tepethioztoc,
whence ho had subsequently come to Tlaseala, arriv-
ing there in time to assist Quanez against the Huex-
utzincas. It was for this service that the district
was awarded him. These were three of the four
wards, for the part that Quanez reserved for himself
formed one, probably the largest at that time, and
was called Te})eticpac. The history of the events
which led to the foundation of tl'- fourth ilistrict is
nuich confused. Cama"go relates tiiat Acatentehua,
,<ir;uulson of Teyohualminqni, and third lord of Oco-
tchiK'o, after reigning mildly for some time, suddenly
liL'camo tyrannical. Tlacomihua, one of his nobles,
raised a revolt, killed him, and succeeded to the throne
of Ocotelulco. These events led to the disaffection of
one Tzoinpane, who went with his followers to a }>art
of Tc[)eticpac, and there establislied a separate govern-
aicnt. He was succeeded bv his son Xavacannichan,
utlierwise called Tepolohua, who was afterwards mas-
I
siM'ii, ;ii!il Ocoteliik'o to liU second son, (^liciiotzcatl. 'swiillow;' ho riiloil
jiiimly witli his lirothor and h'ft thi- siicccssiini to his smi l'a|iMh)ll, 'Imi-
tfilly,' wlio was foUow.'cl Ity his hrnihcr Tex iihiialiiiiiii|ui, the almvi'-iiaiin'il
lii'isiiiiau'i'. Uo tliiiiks ihi> iihovf t\\i) riih'is have hocii oiiiiltcil hi'raiisi' ut
thi'ir liiit'f nik', OthiTs, he contiiiiu's, rcialf that Mill (li\iiK'il the nili'
^^lll his limtiicr. Ixtlilxorhitl, p. 'Mi, says that tiio 'I'laMaltci' nilfis <h--
f •iMiiJi'il I'nim Xiiili^ii/ahzin. IliassiMir, Hi.it.. tnni. iii., p. 1 l.'t, tiiiiii;,'li in-
t'itfs ('aiiiaij^o as liis authority, states tliat (Quanez assoeiateil his hrother
with himself on the throne, and divided the town and territory of 'i'l;isfal;i
willi iiini. Teyohuahnimiui tlien chose Ueotehilco as liis jdace of resi-
(li'lllT.
■^ t'alh'd also Thiiiitzuhuacaii,
Vol. V. U'i
49S
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
sacred, to^-ctlicr with all liis relations. The next
rulers were Azto^'uilma Aquiyaliuacatl and Zoroc Az-
taliua Tlacaztalli, the latter of whom went with his
followers to the heijj^hts of Tianazatlan, wlieie he
founded Toatlaiz, His ij^randson, Xicotencatl, was
reigninj^ at the time of Cortes' arrival.^* Aocordiii'^'- to
Brasseur, who follows Tonjuemada principally, a niiin-
ber of the inhabitants of the two oldest (piarters, Te-
l)eticpac and ( )cotelulco, finding themselves too crowd-
ed, descended -into the neij^'hborinj^ valley of Tc'Dthil-
pan, where they constituted a separate goveriniieiit
under a chief named Tepolohua.^'^ The number of
people that deserted the higher districts ibr the
pleasant valley, excited the jealousy of the o{\\vv
chiefs. They united their forces, descended u\nni
the young settlement, and killed Te])olohua. The
followers of the late chief then de])arted to 'J'izathui
where thev founded a seio-niory which continued to
thrive in peace up to the reign of Xicotencatl, who
Avas ruling when the Spaniards came. At Te[)eti(pac
the descendants of Quauez continued to reign, ami
were regarded as ranking first in the state. It was
at this epoch that the united districts of Tlascala
adopted the peculiar form of government (lescril)i>(l
in a former volume,"" and that Nezahualcoyotl jiaid
his first visit to the republic, in 1420.
The history of the ]>lateau grows very dim and
disconnected from this time on, and has lioht tlirowii
upon it only here and there, as it hapi)ens to be coi.-
nected with the more im{ir)rtant affairs of the A/tec
empire, which seems to have engrossed the attention
of the histoi'ians.
Almost all that is known of the events that remain
to be recorded has already been told. We have seen
** Cnninvffn, in Xoinrllrs Aiitudcs, torn, xcviii., pn. lGr)-72.
" Hriissoiir, Jlist., tinii. ii., jiii. 143-4, iniikes 'IzoiniMine, Xiiviiniiiia-
clmn, and Tepololmii, one iiinl tlie same ihtsoii. L'auuii';,'o, as we liii^vj^
Hceu, speaks of tlieni as father and sun. Toniueniada, toui. i., p. -T.i,
coniliineH two of the names, Xayacaniaehantzunipane.
"■ Sec vol, ii. uf this work, p. 141.
MISCKLLAXKor.S EVENTS.
4:0
that ill 1428 Nezaluialcovotl, fleeintif for liis life from
M.ixtla, took refuge for a second time in Huexot-
ziiico and Cliolula, and was aided l)y the people of
these and other phices on the phiteau to recover his
father's tlirone at Tezcuco,^ In 1451-0 came the
^n-eat famine, when the terrihle compact was made
hetween the people of the plateau and those of Aiiil-
luiac for the provision of human sacrifices.** Then
followed the war between the Miztecs and the allied
powers, in which the Tlascaltecs and Huexotzincas
espoused the cause of the former.'^ We next find the
restless Tlascaltecs stirring up a war between the
^lexicans and the Olmecs of Cuetlachtlan, allying
themselves with the latter and sharing in their de-
feat.''" Shortlv before the year 1400 several im-
jiortant cities upon the southern part of the plateau,
at the instigation of the Tlascaltecs and Huexotzin-
cas, killed some Mexican merchants, were instantly
attacked by the powers of the valley, reduced to the
rank of Mexican provinces, and a})pended to !^^onte-
zunia's empire.^^ About the year 1409 Axayacatl,
tlie ^[exican monarch, liaving some cause of comjdaint
a'^aiur^t the people of Huexotzinco and Atlixco, in-
va(k'(l their country, and in the battle that ensued
the !^[exicans, encouraged by the miraculous a]>pear-
aiice of Tezcatlipoca, routed their enemies.'^'^ ])uring
tho reign of Nczahualpilli, Huexotzinco was again
tntuhlod, the reason for the war this time being, as
wo have seen, the i)redictions of the astrologers that
-liiieluietzin was fated to vanquish the Tezcucan
monarch-— predictions which Nezahual})illi falsified, in
tlieir literal meaning at least, by a stratagem.''^
Aliuitzotl of IVIexico is said by Camargo to have in-
vaded the plateau and con(j[uered Huexotzinco and
*' See 1)1). .387-8, of this volume.
2^ 111., ]). 414.
^ III., p. 416.
'" 111., J). 417.
" Uni.ssriir, Hist., toni. iii., p. 209.
'^ See tills vol., i>. 42C.
" Id., i.p. 437-8.
I
1
DOG
HISTOUY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
Cliolula,^* and it would appear that this fierce kinGf did
not leave the country cmjity handed, for of the eiul.tv
tliousiind liunian victims innnoUited hy him at the
decUcation of tlie temple of Huitzilopochtli in 14^7,
Ave read that sixteen thousand were Huexotzimas.'-'
His own nephew was afterwards taken captive in one
of the numerous hattles or skirmishes which seem to
have heen constantly occurrin<j^ on the borders of tin;
})lateau, principally at Atlixco, and offered as a sat ri-
tice on the altar of Camaxtli.*^ In 1498, an altciva-
tion arose between the lords of Cholula and Ttj i -
aca, which led to a series of cond)ats between tlicso
states. The Cholultecs sou^'ht and obtained the aid
of Ahuitzotl, and we are left to supj)ose that tluy
then triumphed over their enemies. But the ^lexi-
cal! emperor received a severe check soon afterwards
at Atlixco. The close })roximity of that town to the
valley made it desirable for annexation to the enipiie.
Ahuitzotl accordiui^ly entered its territory suddmly
with a considerable force. The Atlixcas yathered
what trooj)S they could to oppose the Mexieaiis, and
at once dispatched messenoers to their allies at llucx-
otzinco for aid. One of the Huexotzinca captains,
named Tultecatl, who was ]dayin,<»' at ball when th.e
news arrived, hurried off with a few followers to the
scetie of combat without even taking time to aim
himself Without hesitation he plunged into the
thick of the fight, slew a warrior with his hands,
seized his arms, and threw himself with such fury
upon the Mexicans that they were soon routed ai^''
forced to abandon the field. For this valorous eon-
duct Tultecatl was made ruler of a Huexotzima
town. But in little more than a year events occur-
red which obliged him to retire from his post. F^r
some time past the priests of his tt)wn had been
indulging all manner of excesses Avith impunity;
'* Camargn, in Xoiiir/lrs Annnlcs, toin. xcviii., [■>. 178.
'■i llnissnir, Ilinl., tmii. iii., p. .'ill.
J'^Sce thin vol., p. 4i;}.
ADVKNTrUKS OF TULTECATL.
"01
tiiffrinLT and ])lllii^iii^' lioiu-os with tlio i^Teatcst
aIuIc
holt.
■trrciitLi-y ; takiiii;- away tlio woiuuiis c-lotlit
.th
tlirv wcro
batli
lit
iiti»^; uisultinu" tlio inc'ii ; ai
111 JS
takiii;;' advaiitayu ut' their .sacred cluinicter to eoiiiiiiit
i\i rv conceivable species vt' outraii^e. Tultecatl at-
tiiiipted to ])iit a stop to this disorder, and |»uiiish
its ail
thon
1
or tins ]uir{>ose lie ariiieil a miniher o
1
.t
tlif most res})ectal)le citizens. But the jniests also
tiidk up arms, and excited the jK)pulace in their favor.
It is said that C'ainaxtli aided his servants hy various
lucliaiitiiients, which so Iriyhteiied the citizens that
tiny retreated in dismay. A j,a'eat niiniher of the
mil lies with their followers, then betook themselves
til Itzcohuatl, lord of a nei_uhborint»' province, to
wlumi they related the cause of their leaving' lluex-
(it/.iiico. But Itzct)liuatl was a creature o' Ahuit-
ziitl, at wlu)se hands he had received the lordship
cnioved; he betrayed the refugees to his
he now
^t(
bv wli
th
all put to deatli
iiasrer, uy wliom iiiey were an pui ro ciea
Immeiliately after the accession of ^[ontezuma IT.
Atlixco became once more the seat of war. 'J'his
unturtunate citv seems to have been reu'arcK'd bv the
kiiiL^s of the valley as the proper place to attack
^\lK'!lever they re(|uired human victims i"or sacrifice.
It was customary for the kin^s of Aiuihuac before
tlkv Mere formally crowned to make a raid upon
Millie neiyhboriiiin' nation for the purpose of t)btaiiiiiiL)f
ra]itives that their blood mi^ht grace the coi'oiiatioii
ci'ivnionies. This was the cause of Montezuma's ex-
|it'(lition au;'ainst Atlixco on the (.)ccasion above
irtcnvd to. lie accomplislud his end and returned
with a i>reat number of i)risoiiers, thounh the vii-tory
M t ins to have l)een dearly gained. But the armies
III' the hauuhty ^Montezuma were not always triumi)h-
ant when they encountered the stronger nations of
tlie plateau, and a short time after the victory at
■'' Tiivquniiothi, toin. i., j). 1!H; Vitdumi, Tcatvo, ]it ii., j). IIS: (7(iri-
<l'i'". Iiiiii. i., ]>]>. 'J,V.(-(!(»; 7j/(f.v« «;■, llist., toiii. iii., \^\t. 37i"i-7; I'l'/tiu,
tiMii. iii., jip. i;<)7-'.).
1'
502
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
Atlixoo tht'y received a serious check at the hands uf
the TUi.scaltecs.
For a hjug time TLascaha had been rei>^anl(d w itli
imu-li jealousy by tlie Huexotzincas, ChohiUtcs, aihl
other nations ot" tlie })lateau, hotli because dt" it-
^Teat couunercial prosperity, au(
d of its succcssrul
IC-
<istiuu'e to the concpieriui;" kiniL^'s of tlie valluy. Tlio
Tlascaltecs seem at this period to have given uj) ;ill
hopes of gaining the sovereignty of the eiitiio
region — so long the object of their ambition- and
to have confined their resources to strengthening tluir
own position, and fortifying their frontiers. Ah•;o.^t
all the neighboring states appear at this time to li;
been either allied to or coiupiered by the po
we
ivc
' ill
the valley, arid ronseqnriitlv llie defensive nu asuns
adopted by the republic i\)V the preservation of its iu-
fi
dtl
1<K
itoli
mil'
dependence taimcd tneir smouJdernjg envy m
so that they took eveiy opportuiuty to provoki' a
quarrcd between Tlascala and the kings of Analuiac
Tlu'V I'cprescntcd that the Tlasi-altet-s desigiicd to
])ossess tliemsclves of the eastern maritime juov-
inct's; that they hindered the mei'cliants of tlic otlitr
nations iVoUi trading in those regions, by niakiii'^
secret treaties ^vith the inhabitants. Only too ijad
of an excuse to huud»le his ancient enemies, thr
:\[
H'ral
U
c'Xican monarch Vvas easily prevailed u|)on to li
) the Tlascaltec ti'iide in tlu; east, and this hr did
so clfoi'tuallv that for a number of years (lie jiro]
of tlie re[»uhlic Avere deprived of the hixiiiics a:
even some o
f tl
le necessaries
tl
ley
h:id
ilVVlollslV
enjoyi'd. At length, weary of these privations, \<\.
not strong enough to better thi'ir condition bvloi' • ,
they disjiatched an embassy to the ^lexican kii'u' to
iiKjiiire the cause of an emnity whicli tlu'V had doiic
nothing to ])rovoke. l''or answer, tluy were told
contemptuously that the nionMreh of Mexico was loid
of tlu! entire world, and they must ])ay trilmte toliini
ees.
thb
r b(^ ])re|)are(l to take tlie consetiueii
thcv returned a haiielit^' re|)lv, saviic'' that t'l' ii
WAii ]!i:twi:i:x ti.ascai.a and mi:.\H(1.
oO;3
riiition had nuver iiaved tril)utu to any earthly kiiiiif,
and that before suhmittin^' to do so now they nvouUI
^lll■(l more Ijlood tliaii tlieir ancestors liad shed at
rdvaulithan. They then t)noe more turned all their
attention to stren_L>thenino- then' position, j,nd it was
]irnl«alily at this period, says Clavinero, that they
liiiilt the six-mile Avail on the east side of the city.
Thrv received considei'ahle assistance from the numer-
ous Zacatec, C'lialca, and Otomi refui^ees, of Avhom
the garrisons on the frontier Avere chielly composed.
]5iit the ])rivations which they suifei'ed hy reason of
the sto])])a«jfe of their intercourse Avith the surroimd-
iii^' pet>ph.'s, constantly increased, and for i)\rr sixty
Years, says Tonpiemada, salt and other staples were
ikiiown to the })oorer classes, at least, thouL^h the
.1.1 >,, l..,,..^ A>....,i ..,...,,..,a>..*- ■i>..*-f.... 38 'I':'... ,1.,^..
Ill)
l)les may have tared
Tile datt
le
ut' tliese events is not certain, l)ut they pr(»l)al>ly o
curled duriui'' the rei^n of Axayacatl. Fn)m tl
time of the detlanco recorded ahove until tlie aci-es-
n of ALontezuma 1 1., th.ere ;.[;i)ear to have hecu no
SKI
important hostilities between the Mexicans and 'I'las-
cahecs, but no sooner ]i;',<' Montezuma ascended the
throne of ]\rexico thnn he determiiu-d to mai<e a
i^rand (^tfort to humble the stoi.t little r.puldic, and
t'lirtliwitli issued a proclarnation eomniaiidiM^' all his
siihjcrts and allies to assist in a ^ciuM'al attai !<. At
this time tlie four lords of Tlascala were Ma\i\i';it/in,
wlm j'uh'd in the district of ( Jotoluico ; Xirotencatl,
ill Tizatlan; Teohuayacatzin, in Quiahui/.llnii ; and
Thhut'xoloti, in Tepeticpac. I'^il'teeii yeai's al'trrw ai'ds
tl;''si' t'oiii' princt's i'ecei\ed ( 'oi'trs and his conip.iiiii iiis
wiihiii tht'ir walls.
t,
il
in'.xol/iiicas aiKi ( 'liohi
Were tli(! first to b('L;in Hie wai\ \\liirh m, y be
Slid t ) have lasted until the coniiiiL;' <'f ( he Spaiuai'ds.
l''ailin'4' to bi'ibe the < >tonii garrison of i hievotlipan,
'Ml t'.iv Teziaican frontier, to helrav their trust, tliev
^"^ I 'in)nn';/o, in Xainrf/rf: Aininfis; toin. \('\iii., |i|i IT*^-*^!*; Tnr/in-
hi'i'lti, turn, i., |i|i. I'.lT-'.l; Cliiviijiixi, Uwn. i., y\k m~o-i>\ limsaiiir, Hist,,
t'liii. iii., ii[i. rij-T),
i-i
604
IIISTOUY OF Tin-: KASTEUN PLATEAU,
IP
I;:
m
i'i'
}n '?
¥•
1
invaded the Tlascultec territory under the cnininaiid
of Tecayahuatzin ut' Huexotziiicc», and advaiund as
far as Xiloxuchithi, Avithin .i league oi' tlie cajiital.
P£ei'u tliev were met 1)V 'I'izatlacatzin, a n()l)le chitt'df
(Jc'<)t(>lidc(), who with a mere handful of warritus suc-
ceeded in checking- their farther advance, thouLili at
tlio price of Ids own life.''^ The Tlascaltecs lia^tcncd
to avenge tlie death of their l)ra,ve leader hy laviiiL;-
Avaste the })roviiice of Iluexotziiico. Shortly attcr-
wards tliey ai^'ain encountered the Jluexotziucas on
the heights of Matlalcueje, and pressed thcni so
hard that Tecayahuatzin sent oil' in haste to ^huite-
zuma for re-inforcenients. The ^Mexican monarch at
once resjioiidi'd with a laro-e ft)rce under the connnand
of Tlacahuepantzin, his eklest son.''° Alter rccfiviiiM>
re-inforcenients at Quauhquelchula Tlacahuipaiit/.iu
proceeded l>v Avav of Atlixco vallev to ett'ect a uiiitm
with the liuexotzincas, hut the Tlascaltecs, sccin.;-
that this must he ju'eventi'd at all hazards, horednwn
upon him hefore he coulil join his allies w ith sik Ii
i'ury that his army was scattered in all diivctidiis.
In tills hattle Tlacahuepantzin was slain and a ui'*'it
spoil fell into the hands of the victors, who pi-dliahlv
suH'ered seN'eri'ly also, as tlu'V now returned to tin ii-
ca[iital to recuperate. iUit it seems" that they si ill
^^ Tiirijin nKutii, tmn. i., p]!. '-'Vt-l; Vrtinirrrf, Trulvn. ^i ii., ]i. 1" A''-
ronliii;^ to ( 'aiiiar;;ii, in .\uitri//(\ AhikiIis, iniii. xcsiii., \<\\. |sj.:i. Mini
C'liivi cri), tiiiii. i., \\. '1'^, lilt' I'last'iillci'M NM'i'c' licatt'ii nil tliis cM'(a--i'iii.
1" < 'iliiKii'i^ii, in Xi)iii-r//is Aiuifi/rs, toiii. \f\iii., p. IS.'!; ' /urii/, rn, tdin.
i., p. 'J"!); Ttiri/i(iiiii(t/ii, tdiii. i., ii. L'Dd; Vchiiirrvt, Tnitrn, |il ii., p. Ill;
llrdssriir, Hist. ,\i.\\u. iii., p. -U)(l. riiL'.-^i' aiiliioiiiit's sa\' liiat llic .Mi\i' ,ni
};riu'ial was Miiiiic/miia'M i'iili'>l son. iltil Ixtiil.Xdcliitl, in Kiiajsliuimuili,
Mil. i\., |). "JTI; and Ihinni, MS,, tuni. ii., rap. Ivii., Tv/xmiwuir, in /./.,
p. I(ii); say tli;it lit' was .Mdnlc/unia's lii-otlii-r.
" '7,m/7< /•(/, tiini. i., pp. -'7>>->*"; 'I'ln-'iatniinhi, tiini. i., pp. 'JDl--; IV-
tdiirni, Tiii/ni, pi ii., ji, -Id; ('iniiiinio, in .\iiiiri//t\\' Ainiah'^, Inin. \r\iii,,
p. !•!.'{; \'(i/fiii, Imn. iii., pp. ;ii2l-r>. 'riacalnicpanl/iii is icijariliil liv ( la\i-
■riTo as a man appniMlt'il (o tin' j^'fiu'ial^liip nil accnnnl nf liis hii'iii, atnl
mil ln'cau--t' 111' p(i-.si'sscil aiiv mililarv aliililv. Diiian, .M.S., tmn, ii., rap.
Uii., u liii inalvfs this a war lu'twci'ii lliicMii/ini'u ami Mcxicn, stai ili;il
lie |ici'l'iirnifil wiinilcr.s on tin' liaUlctirM, UiiJin;; iivtT lifty men, Ku, \sa^
captui'i'il ami killiil nn tlu' lirlil, in act'didaiift' wiili lii^nwn H'ipic-i; ilu'
V was iiii'>(
lio.l
well' also
III
l\t'il as llic li'lic of a lu'ld. (tiller lildtllrls of .Mdlllc/llli .1
villi'ii, ami many captiM's iiinit'il to lliii'Mit/iin'o. 'ri'/ii/iiMiui'.
iiiIsIkiViiihiIi, Vol, In., |ip, KiO-l. adils thai the .\/.ti'cs wiTf onl> our In
t\M'iil\ ill pumhcr, ami that IO,(H>l> waniois fell in tl
li^'lit.
Shoi-ilvutlt'i-,
ADVENTUHKS i)V TLAHUICdL.
605
m;nia'4'cd to kco]i tlio Hucxotzincas penned up on tlio
lui'lits of !^^;ltlak•ueie, Avliei'e tliev a^uin attacked
tliriii witli fresh forces tlie followiiiL,'' year, Jliit the
(Icl.iy liad also giver the Hiiexotziiicas time ti) recu-
pnate, and to strengthen their natnrally ad\anta-
IS iiosition, so that the "worst the Tlascalt
ecs con
Id
as to rava<_>-e tlie country, and tliis thcv did with
uii'ii (
■ffect that nianv (»f the llut'xotziii
cas Were
i'\t'ii
tually compelled to migrate to Mexico in «|uest
IlKK
1. T
ezozomoc ma
kes tl
lis a more serious artaii
rt;
W'licii the Huexotzincas, he says, were liard ju'essed
1 V ihi' Tlascaltecs, the children and aged of the for-
o
t out to assist
imr people were invited to take I'efiige in Mexic
\\\\\\o the
M
exicans wi
th tl
leii" allies si
II
nexotzincas.
or twciitv (lavs
TIal
HIlCOl
tl
le
l;i>calti'(t general, fought hrawly, retreating at the
niie time hefore the siii)ei'ior numher of the eiieiiiv.
I'liiallv he was c
aptur
I'd in a mars
h. 1
lis arniv s
cat-
t-'ivd, and the land restored to the I Iui'X<»tzincas.*'''
A\'hen ^[onteznma heard of the di'feat of his troo])s
is Sill! he was
Tlascaltecs and the death of h
ilirinl
IS, and in a |>ul»lic s|)eech declared that he liad
heiti) ]iermitted tlie repnhlic to exist as a sii|»|ily
HI (••iiitives lor
sa(
•rilice and lor the exerci
se (
i 1
IIS
ii'iiiies,''' hut that now he w .is determined ti» uttei'ly
(iiiiliiMirs 'rc/i)Z(illliic, F\llilriit'cli:ilinai' nt" 'rnjlall. aiili'ij liy A/tec •niojis
llllilrl' llii'i't' of McMlli'/Ulli!
allMi'lvni till' Jliii'Ncit/
msiiis were killrd, w iili iiKot nl iIk ir lniii|i
iiic-a • a.tjain
ami till' li>i<i oi 'I'd!
til
tiir
viiD was niiiNiiic'iKnis ill I lis liiu> i|ii'-.s. \\a> aUn >laiii; Imt tlif ( liaii as ('(Hii
iiiir n|i, tlu' \ ictiii'v t
,..-,,.
mil the lliii'\iit/iiii as were fiilii|iclli'il to li'trcat.
V llli IliUl lll'N
>llf III,
IT vt't liail
MS., iiiin. ii., laj'. hi
tiiiil
tl \\af w nil tlir
At'trr this, lli(. (Iinilllti
iMiiiiis, >a\-
III
rlialii
.1
|ii'iiji!(' til li,i;lit a liattit', 'to ;;i
M-
~illi' to till' ;/oil III' liall li' aliil to
till' Mill. Till' Mcxiiaiis mill tlnir allies \\Im>. ai-ronliii;.' to ■ri'/o/oiniM',
Will' ii]iliosi'il liy sis iiiiii's I III' iiiiiiilii'i' ot ( 'lioliijii r», aiili'il liv II iii-Not/iii-
lii'i'i'iiiioii till' llL:lit was lii-roiil iiiiii'il,
la-- Mini AlliM'lls
ami llii'
Azt
IM'S \V(
lost S.'.MKI ini'ii: w
lit llOIIII' III IIIOIII'll. '/
l'..ll,fHIIII''
|>|>. l(i!l-7(l; //
iirmi.
MS.
Iiilll. ii., ra|i. lix. i.vtiilxorliiti, |i. "JTS, si'i'lns to ict'i'l- to llii- liattir \\U
II' MIVH tiial Monti'/
Ulna
II.
;irril w llli tin'
.\lli\i
as to Iravc
Ml
Iniai/ni. ilu'trin' lu'ir ti tin
in tliroiic, in tlir liiirli. Mr ai'i'iiriiin;.:lv
i'li'lii'il Willi 'J, Slid III Ills wiirriois. Nr/,ilinai|iilli tiiiii|
nil
I'lii'ni, ilfiioiiiii'iii;
ij •/•
ii.. I'MM.
tl
lis act lis II liasi> assasMiialioii.
I ;ii:iiiiiiir.
Ix.t (
ill Kiii;i.sliiii<)iii//i, \iil, i\., |i|i 17--4; I'liriin. MS., lom.
'(iriiirnt, loin, i,, |i. 'J.SO; ]'i i/tin. torn, iii., pii. .'l'J."il'i
lie truth III' this lioinliast
scitioii the 'lla-raliri' hi-toiian, ("n-
laiu''..;!!, ili'iiics, Mild (loiilitli'--s with reason; as it woiiM In- ali-unl to •<u|i|m»sii
Iii.
I ij!-
I
600
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU.
aiiiiiliiliite tlio presumptuous and obstinate little state
now and foiever. The })eoplo surrounding Tlascala
Avcre ordered to renew the attaek on all sides in mn-
junetion with the Aztee troops. But the Tlascahccs
Avere, as usual, well prcpaivd, and with the aid oi' tlu;
Otomi iVontier population, they gained a i^ioridtis
vietorv, and v\v]i spoils. At the festivities wlijch
ensued in Tlascala, the leadei's of the Otonn' auxil-
iaries wt're rewarded with the title of tecuhtli, Avliile
the defeated ^Fexican caj tains weie, hv !^[«>ntezllnla s
orders, deprived of their rank and privilcL;vs." Tims
the hrave Tlasealtecs ])reserved their inde[)endenrf in
Bpite of the united ert'orts of their enuinies until the
eoniin^' of Cortes, ^hen it \vas their assistance and
implacable animosity to the ]\[e\ieans that made it
possible for a handful of adventurers to eonc^ucr a
world.
The above-recorded events occurred about l."ii),").
During- the same year, the Huexotzineas and (
lult
IH'S
f(
out.
n an enu'
aeement which
CllsUcil
tile foi'iner ])ut their enemies to fi^'ht and juirsuid
them into C'holnla, where they killed a lew citi/.nis
and did some trilling' damage to the temples. Anx-
ious to carry this version of the (juarrel to ]\[oiitc-
zun'ia before the Cholultecs could tell him another
story, tluy^ at once des[)atclKMl an embassy to the
em|)ei'or. Ihit the messeng'eis mistook tluii' i(Mc,
and in their anxiety to extol the valor of tiicii'
countrymen they lead ^lontezuma to believe that the
Cholultecs had been uttei'lv annihilated and t
ifir
citv destrovei
I. TI
le emperor was nuich i
list I
this news, becausi' lu' had always been accustomed m
rt\n"ai'd it as a holy city, secure IVoni destruetieii.
tliJil the A/tccM w.iiilil liavo jn'miitlcil llii' cxisicin'o of Midi ii liiiiiiiil.ilil '
t'lU'iiiv a
t Ih
r\ (liiors if il I'V ciiulil Inivc liclpi'd it. Uoidcs, wr
lia\t'
Hi'i'ii iiiiw ot'lcii tlicv (licl tlii'if lit'st tci >iiIm1iii' 'I'liisciilii anil fiiiloi.
« TiiniHiiniii/ii, tiiiii, 1,, ]>. 2(t'_'-.'i; \'ii/fiii. Inin. iii., pii. H'_'(i-7: Hnii"! iir
J//.s7., lom. iii., |i|i. IdT-'.t; I'lV.')/-') /7, fiiilni, \\\ ii., ]•, 11; /
hinlii,
MS.,
liiin. M., I'lip.
r~ii:i)inni\
IV VII,
Xuii
tiiin.
,/:.■.■
Ixi; 7
p. 'JSd; He/
ill KiiiiisliiirDiiijh, Vol. ix., ]i|>, ITii S
I b>
■i/n. Illst. <!
llr
loiil. \l'\lll.
ism;
loiii. III., p, -I'.iT; CuiKtir'jii, m
WAR BETWEEN TEZCUCO AND TLASCALA.
507
T'lioii inquiry, however, he learned tlio true facts, and
at (ince sent a ]K)\verl"ul army to i)unisli the lluexot-
ziiuMs tor the deee])tiou they liad jtractieed upon him.
The' lluexotzineas marched t>ut to meet tlie im])erial
tidups, but an ex[»hination ensued, and the iyini^
iiiiili.i>satU)rs liavini^' been properly punislied, ^Tonte-
y.miia was pat-ilied/^ In 1507 the lluexotzincas. as
\vi' liave seen,*" became embroiled with the Mexicans
mire more, on account of their burnino- the lisjht-
lidiiso at Acachinanco — an otl'ense tV»r which they
IS.
uifc severely chastised by ^lonteznnia's troo]
A war between Tezcuco and Tlascabi; whicbi took
]i1;kl' a vei'v few years before the coiKjuest, is the
latest recorded evt;nt in which the ]>eople of the
])lati'au were concerned, jtrior to the comiiiL;' of the
S]i,iiiiards. ( )n this occasion Nezahualpilli was ur^i d
hy Nb)ntezuma to join him in makinn" war upon the
Tla^caltecs, for the: purj)ose of obtaining;- victims ibr
f-acrifice. It seems that the ^lexican nn)narch was
jealous of the oi(,'atness of his Tezcucan rival, and
]ilaiiiu'd this war for his destruction.*'' Nezahual-
jiilh. however, siispcctinn' no hai'm iVom his colleague
't out with his Jinny towards 'I'lasi'ala. ami campci
(1
ill the ravine ol' TLalpepex
AC
Mont
ezuma
had
m the
iiicaiitime sent word to {\\c Tlascaltecs of the throat-
(iinl invasion, informinL;' them at the saim- time that
thoiiLih he was bound, as a matter of I'onii, to accttm-
I'aiiv Nezahualjtilli, his troo}>s wouhl not aid him but
latiiiT lavor the 'I'hiscaltecs. 'I'he hitter accoi(iiu<'lv
ni'iiud an amiiuscado in
tl
\o riiNinc ol
lIltllH'Ml'
ami 111 the moruinu, Just as the I ('/curaiis. warm'
(•(itaiii evil omens ol' tlu' iiii|)cndiuL;' danger, we
re
mva
kiuu' camp in ^rcat Jiaste, tiicy fell uiion thom
t'uiiuuslv, and routed them with u'reat slaui-htcr
!l '. .
*' Tiiri]iiriniiifii, toiii. i., I'li. 'JO",l-IO; C/iirii/i rn, tmii. i., ]i|>. 'JSI-.-i; nni.i-
x'lir, 11, si., iiiiii. iii., ii|i. llS-'.'d; I iijliii, tiiiii. iii., ii|i. nils- 10.
*'' Si'c iiii.H vol., p, nil.
<■ l\llil\iM'liill, |i|i. -JsO-l, ilic 'ri'/('iii'!Ui lii tiiriiiii, is till- ciiilv iiulliiiiity
fill' tlii^ iii'ciiimt, mill il is [iiiiliiiMc i'iiiiu;;li that lie has c'\a;:yi'rali'il .\luii-
ti'/iiiiiii's tiriiclii'iy.
508
HISTORY OF MICIIOACAX.
h-
h:
11
iw .
1^;
i:
I"
From the eastern plateau wo turn now to the ]<iii^--
dom of Miclioacan, wliich lav to the west of Aiuihuac.
The houndaries of this flourishing state, as tin y < x-
isted at the time of the Ct)n([uest, may 1)C easilv
definod. On the north find north-east th<; iivt-i-.s
Tololotlan, Pantla, and Coahuayana separated ^liclio-
aean iVoni Tonala and Colima; on tlie west tlir
shores of the Pacific stretched south to Zacatollati;
the wiudino- course of the river Mexcala marked llie
southern frontier; and on the east lay the ^Fuxiciui
})rovinces of Cohuixco and ^Eatlaltzinco, The fait> of
the country enclosed within these limits presents a
series of undulating ])lains, intersected l>y imiiK reus
mountain chains of varying height. The climate is
tenqterate, the land fertile, well wooded and watered,
and was celehrated, even in pre-Si)anish times, for its
mines of gold and silver.
It is a singular fact tliat tlie Tarascos, the repn-
sentative people of Michoacan, thougli they weie
certainly ecjual, if not sui)erior, to their Aztec iieigli-
bors in civilization, wealth, and ])()wer, have left no
record of their history anterior to the thirteentli cen-
tury, while even the little that is known of their later
histttry is told cliieHy by Aztec chroniclers. The
origin of the Tarascos^*^ is consetpiently an tmsolved
])roblem. Tiieir civilization se'enis to have been of
the Nahua type, though their langmige was totally
distinct fnmi the Aztec, tlie re])resentative Xaliua
tongue." It is a })ri'valent (tpinion that Miclioacan
formed part of tlu; Toltec empire, and that tliongh
from its ])osition it was the first to suH'ei' iVoni tlu'
invading tribes, yet it was not affected by the causes
which overthrew the empire to such an extent as tlu'
^' I'cif ctyiiiolo^'y (if tliis iiiniio, sci' vol. ii., ]i. l.'to.
■'■' Several names uf places in the e(nintry weie. Imwever. nf Azti'c
ori^^iii, and even the name Michnaean, ' plaee of lisli.' is ileiiveil liniii tlie
A/.ti'c wiinls mirliin ixwAi'iiii. ISeaniniMit, t'nhi. Miclnniciiii, MS,, ]>. 17,
savs that the iiri;;inal nanu" of the eunntry \\as T/intziintzan, hut he tiaii-"
laies this, 'tiiwii of jrreen hinls.' Itrasseiiv. llisl., tinii. iii., \>. ."rj. .-iivs
iMielniaean was ' le nnm i\\w les Mexieains donnaient a la le^riim ile- 'la-
rasijui'M.'
KAULV TAU ASCO ANNALS.
509
v,i]lcv of Auiihuac: tliii^s this tlioorv would nuike tlio
T.irascos the very best representatives of the oldest
Xiiliua culture.^ ( )i-ozc(^ mentions the Tecos as l)i'ini>-
iUiiiinL*" the earliest inhabitants of Michoacan; the
sul)st(jnent possessors, he says, took the country from
this people about the time that the Toltees settled in
Tollan."^ Tello speaks of the Culhuas comintj^ from
Aztlan, the home of the Xahuatlaoas. and settlinL»- in
SdiKD'a, Jalisco, and as far south as Et/atlan and 'I'o-
iiala. (jlil, commenting on this, expresses a belief
that there was a succession of early iniy'rations into
this western and north-western rei>'ion. Thus the
( 'iilliuas came from the west and extended alonu;' the
coast to ZacatoUan. They were followed by the
Coras, Avho settled in Acaponeta Valley and as far as
Zfiitiiiac, Then came the Tliorames, who con([uere<l
the previous settlers and drove them to Nayarit.
Al'ti iwai'ds various Aztec tribes arrived houx the
north. 'I'lie first immio'rants a|)))i'ar to have been the
iiio>t civilized, and occupied 'J'uitlan Valley, I'oundini^
thi' city of that name. The next comers erected the
Tciil temple. Last of all came a ruder people, who
(hstriyed the youno' cultui'e in ])laces.^^ But these
accounts of the earliest occupation of Michoacan ai"e
vciy nieao-re and unsatisfactoiy. The authorities near-
ly ,ill tell the storv of the Aztecs in their migration
li'oiii the Seven Caves to the valley of Antihuac, jiass-
iii'^' thi'oue'h this re^'ion and encampino' on the sliores
I'l' Lake J^atzcuaro, where they <[Uari't,'l, in the manner
.'ihvady related,'"'^ and separate, one ])ortion jti'oceediiii^
to AiKiliuac, and the otlu'r, bearino' the nanx; Ta-
rascds remaininu" and settlino- the country.''^ As I
' l\llil\(M'liitl, in KiiKishorniiifh. vul. i\., p. '21 t. iiii'iitioiis ii 'I'ullcd
li.iil)- ill. il (•iiii;u'i'Hl('il 111 till' MiclniMiail ri';;iiiii, iilid ilwfll tlu'ic fiini Imi;^
tlllli'. SiiliU'j;!!!!, tiilll. iii., lil). X., )i|i. 1 l"i-(!, I'l't'lTM to it Tiillcf llli^rill iiill
;!•* nil issiK' t'raiii tlic sainc n';,'ii>u. N'cyliu, turn, ii., I'li V.)-l(), s|ii'alvs of Tul-
li'i> \v liii t'liiniilcil coliniifs all aloii;,' tliu I'iicilic eoaisi, ami gradually i'liaii;:iMl
llicir laii;.'iiagL' and fiistmiis,
j' (iiii-:cit 1/ lirrnt, (iinifni/'in, \t]). I'JO, 141.
•'* liil, ill .s'f*-'. .\fr.r. ('fill/., Jliilifiii, tmu. \iii., iip, .'"lOO-l.
i'' See lliis vol. p. ■"{.'S.
''' Sec iilsii 'rdiii's version of .\/liM' si'tt ii'incnt given by (lil, in Sur.
il'je. '.I'liif., Jiulttiii, toni. viii., II. ritll.
a '
610
HISTORY OF MICHOACAN.
have already remarked, however, no faith can he placed
in this story. The total dissimilarity in laiinuat,fe
shows the Tarascos to have heen a people entirely dis-
tinct from the Mexicans. It must not, howcvt'i-, Ik.
thoiii>:ht from this that there was anv relatioiisliin
O ^ I
between the Toltec and Tarasco lant^aia^-es. \\\.
have already seen that many nations adopted Xuliiia
institutions, who did not speak Nahiia dialects.
Herrera states that Michoacan was occujiicd, diir-
inof its later years, by four peoples, each havii)o- a
ditt'erent orij>-in and language, namely, Chicliiinccs,
Mexicans, Otomis, and Tarascos.®'' (_)f these, says
Brasseur, the Chichimecs were savage trihes win.
lived on the north-east frontier. Though they would
not conform to the rules of civilized life, yet tluy
recognized the sovereignty of the Tarasco pi-iiices,
and lent them their aid in time of war. Their lan-
guage was the Pame, which is spoken at the present
day by the tribes living in the mountains of Tzielui,
north-east of Guanajuato. The Mexican population
was composed of those Nahuas who luid sej)arated
from their companions on the march, or who had
fn)m various causes been forced to flee from Aiialuiac
The Otomis were the primitive nations who dwelt in
the valleys west of Auiiliuac, including the Mazu-
huas on the north, and the Matlaltzincas on the
south-west.®"
An anonymous manuscript Avritten for Don An-
tonio de Mendoza, viceroy of New Spain, ibiiueily
belonging to the Peter Force collection, in Wasliinj^-
ton, and (pioted by Brasseur de Bourbourg, contains
nearly all that is known of the early history ul'
Michoacan.
At the period when the Chichimecs first made
their ai)pearance in Anahuac and the surroundini;'
regions, Michoacan was settled and its people were
civilized. Id that time the countiy was divided into
^•■' Hint. Gt'ii., doc. iii., lilt, iii., cup. ix.
^'' JJint., toin. iii., lip. iw-G.
CIIICIIDIEC OCCITATION.
611
a •^Ycat nuniLer of little states, and the people of
the ])rincipal of these called tlienisulves i>L;tuiuas
and Ezct)inac'has. The iiio.st powerfid of all the
clilct's was the kiiiijf of the isles c»f J'atzeiiaro, who
lioro the title of El Heiiditare, 'lord al)ove all,' and
liail sultjeeted a iiinnher of the suiToiuidiiii,' ])eo[)l»js,
iinlmhiio' some Chiehiinee tril)es, to his authofity.
A little to the north of the lake was the iiide-
pL'iuleiit town and territory of Naraiijan, which was
novcnied by a chief named Ziranziraii Camaro. It
;s ill the nei^'hhorhood t)f this town that we first meet
with the wild Chichimec Wanacaces,*^^ led hy tlieir
cliict" Iri Ticatanie, who bore by virtue of his office
tliu imai^'e of their jfod Curicaneri. All we know of
the oi'i^inal home of this people is that, accordintjf to
tluir own account, they came from a distant land
calK'd Bayameo. They were a wandering race of
dariii'^' hunters, and seem to have had no particular
(jliiect in comin'jf to !Miclioacan other than to find
i^ood lHmtin<j;'-i;rounds. l^[)on arriving' at the borders
of the forest of Wiriu Quarampcjo, within si^ht of
the city of Xaranjan, they halted and built a jLj;reat
ahar to their !L>'ods as a t»dven that they had found tiio
kind of country they wanted and intended to settle
there. The }nesence of the stran^'ers created a i;rt;at
deal of alarm amon,L»' the original inhabitants, and this
was increased when Iri Ticatanie sent word to Ziian-
ziiaii Camaro that his peo))le nuist l)ring fiU'l to the
altar of Curicaneri. Such an insoh'iit dfmaiid
showed unmistakably that tluur iiitentiuiis wen,! not
pi'ain't'iil; and the j)riests, who in Michoacaii had the
,!Hi'catL'st influence in secular as well as ecclesiastical
all'iirs, at once beo-au to ]>ropitiate the gods with sac-
rilici; and prayer, without seeming to tl'nk for a
iiionicnt of the ex|»ediency of even parleying with the
iiivadris. But Ziranziraii Camaro was more }>;udei:t,
and calling his hot-headed ministers before him he
" failed Cliicliimecivs vandcoos by Cailiajiil Esjiinosa, Hist. .1/c.r. , tnni.
i., p. 'JliO.
I il
N
512
HISTORY OF MlCIIOAf AX.
•i!
tHi
])«)iiitc(] out to tlieni tlie liojiolossness and folly of en-
<>n'''iii!jf ill ii war with the W'anai'aco.s. The invudiis.
liu arn'iU'd, would never have dared to make sudi ,i
demand uide.ss they had ])een confident of their jkiwa <•
to enforce it; it was hetter to conciliate them than to
risk the conseciuences of an open rui»ture; Hnally he
proposed that a noi)le lady, one of his own relatidi.s,
^liould l)e ij^iven as a wife to Iri Ticatame, His ad-
vice was taken; the people of Naranjan hastmid t(»
carry provisions; and clothinjjf to the strangers; the
lady was conducted to the wild chief's hut; and the
barharians w<.n-e ap})eased.
Of this marria_i,e was born a son named Sicuii-aclia.
who was (hvtiivjd to pliiy an im[)ortant i>art in the
history of his country. When he was old enough to
leave his mother he was entrusted to the care of the
l»riests, to be instructed in all those thin<;'s wliich it
was necessary for a. vouth of his country to kiidw.
One of liis princi[)al duties was to kill manic in the
forests and bring it to the altars for sacriiicc. Ir
happened one day when he was huntin,iL>" to supply a
special feast with offerinn's, that the (puiny escajicil to
the fields of QuierecuaR), but beiun' mortally wounded
it died there, and was fouiul by some wonuni wlu)
were gatherinu;' maize for the same festival. Xow. it
seems that to wound m'ame without killmi>- it instantly
was thoui^ht to forebode evil to the hunter, so that
,h
tl
When tne news of the discovery was carried to thj
lord of Xaranjan, he at once foresaw the downfall
of the Wanacaces, and lost no time before taking'
council with his ])riests and nobles upon the sidijei t.
It was not loui*' before these thing's reached tlu' < ar
of Iri Ticatame, and he appears to have shared ni
the sujierstition, for he ri'solved to chan<>'e his ])la(0
of abode without delay. Havinjjf announced his in-
tention to his ti-ibe, he departeil with his family and
the ima<>'e of (Juricaneri to a place named (^)ut'i-ei|'^i,
which does not seem to have been far distant; his
w
ife also took her u'od, AVasoric
uare, wrap[)ed ui» in
nil ticata:\ie and oresta.
r,i3
a ilrli cloth, to her new lioine/*' 80011 afterwavd.s lie
iiiovcd ai^^aiii to Zichajiicuero, three leagues iVom the
city of 'rziutzLintzan, where he erected a teiu})le and
altars.
Ill the meantime Sicuiracha had ci'rown np and
li;i(l lieconie a hravx' warrior and skillful hunter; hut
his father was now old, while his iullowers had lost
tluir ancient fierceness and energy l>y lou^j; n;\n)sv.
The people of Naranjan had never for^-otten the
liiuulliation they had sufiered when the Wanacaces
tiist arrived. Now the time seemed ripe for ven-
geance.
At that time a very powerful prince named Oresta
Avas rei<jfnini,' at Cumachen. An embassy, laden with
costly presents, was sent to him from Naranjan, re-
(jiicstin'4' his assistance to drive the Wanacaces out
(if tiie country. Oresta had as nuich reason as any
to fear the interlopers, and he readily entered into
the scheme. The united forces then marched rajmlly
and secretly aofainst the i)lacc where hi Tiiatame
was (Iwelliui^, intentUno- to sui-[)rise him hefoi'e he
could call u})on his warriors. On the borders of the
lake they met his wife, who, comprehendino- the situ-
ation at a o'lance, attem])ted to run and warn her
liiisiiaiid. But they cano'ht her and re[)roached her
with wishino" to betray her own people, and prevent
tluiu from takino" a iust veno-eance on their enemies.
She was a better wife than patriot, however; and
chidino- the <>-i-as[) of those who detained her, slie tied
to warn Iri Ticatame. She arrived too late; tlu;
allied troops reached the town before her, and at
once he^'aii the assault. 'I'lie veneral»le chief of the
Wanacaces, attacked and sui'rounded in his own
house, defeiuletl himself \'aliantly for some time, but
at last over|)owered by numbers, he fell dead upon a
hea|i of slain. His wile came up just at this nio-
5" ' Cliaiiuo tribe, diaqiio fiuiiillt', soiivoiit cliiKino jxtshiuic avait sdii
ilini nil so ^ri'tiii'^i iiarticiilitTH u iicii pri's ('dimiiic Ics (i'iii|iliim di' I.aliaii
ilii'ouU'vaii :\ riiisii sa tille Itai'liul.' JirKssiKV, Ilisl., torn, iii., ii. (Jl.
Vol. V. aa
C14
IIISTOIIY OF MICHOACAX.
jneiit, and in spite of all that could Lo doiu- to
prevent lier, the devoted ^vonlall cast herself ii]iuii
the body of tlie fierce old chief and I'cfused to he re-
moved or comforted. Tlie victors then set fire in the
j)lace and retired, carrying with them the idol Ciui-
canori.
Ignorant of the misfortune which had fallen u|m(1i
his house, Sicuiracha was hunting in a forest at
some distance from the doomed town when tlie m-ws
was hn)ug]it to him. He at once hastened to tliu
spot, hut arrived only to find his mother wcejiiiiL;'
\i|)()n the hodv of his father, amid tlie blazinii' huild-
ings. Filled witli rage at the sight, and thirsting t'nr
vengeance, he wasted no time in useless mouriiiiiu',
but calHng together the few warriors who had escaped
the massacre, he started in j)ursuit of the enemy.
His hirce was so small that this seemed an act nt'
madness; but fortune favors the brstVe. Elated with
their victory, or as tlie old chronicl'^ has it, })roniptcd
by the god they had stolen, the allied troops had
given themselves up to drunkenness, and in this state
the avengers found them. The idol stood neglected
at the foot of an oak; seizing this, the AVanacaces
rushed furiously upon their fallen foes. A great
number were massacred, and the rest were cariiid
in trium{)h to Wayameo, where Sicuiracha d\\\lt.
For some time they were kept in tlie condition vi'
slaves, but eventually they were released ujx)!) tlie
understanding that their cjjiefs sliould recognize tlie
supi'emacy of Sicuiracha, who now formally took the
title of king. The new monarch rapidly iiiereasL :
his territory by conquering and annexing tb'' '"• -
ous petty states that lay around it; he bu ral
tem])les, notably one to Curicaneri, when, lie re-
garded as the author of his greatness; increas> d th
nund)er of priests, and erected dwellings for thein
about the temples; enforced religious observances;
and established his capital at Wayameo, wliere, after
TliK TAltASCCiS OX LAKE PATZfTARO.
515
a \o\yj!; and glorious reiii'ii, ho ded, IcavIii'T;' tlu; king-
ildiii to liis two .sons, Pawacuniu and Wajtoani.
Shortly alter the accession of these ])rinccs, events
occurred in the Hourishin*^ rei^io:) lyinii' north of
W'ayanieo, on the southern shore of Lake Palzcuaro,
Avliich affected the condition of the entire country,
ami eventually added <j;'reatly to the ]>o\vei- of the
\\ anacace kings. The capital of this region was
Tt/jutzuntzan. The chronicle I have hitliei'to I'ol-
lowfd gives no account of the origin of this city;
Imt other authors, who in their turn make no nieii-
ti(»n of the events ahovc recorded, furnish a story of
its I'oundation, which I will relate here, hefore con-
tinuing the more consecutive nan-ative.
Alter the separation of the Tarascos from their
A/tec hrethren, says Beaumont, the former, I'esolv-
iiig to settle, l)egan at once to till the ground and
the seeds that they had biought with them,
led to elect a kinsjr from anioUL!'
!<i IW
lie
llie
y then proceet
ir bravest wai'riors. So highly was this (juality
nf coui'age esteemed by them that even the later
kind's, who succeeded to the throne hv inheritance.
Were not allowed to wear certam jewels and orna-
iiKiits until tliey had earned the right to do so hy
capturing a prisoner in battle with their own hands.
Iiider the administration of such energetic men the
pfople ])r(\gressed rapidly, both in wealth and power;
toiiunert.-e was encouraged and the arts and sciences
iltinrished. But they es})ecially excelled in leatlier-
Wdik, for which the splendid ])lumage of the biids
cf the country I'urnished abundant material. ^^ This
curious art is said to have been suggested by the
Itlienomenon which led to the founding'' of their
capital. When the Tarascos first halted on the
itliern sliore of Lake Patzcuaro, they phu-ed their
SOI
priu' '])al idol in a pleasant s})ot that the god ::!i"ht
rcpu e, when, behold, a multitude of birds of gorgeous
^' Ikaumont, Croii. Mcchoacau, MS., pp. 48, C3.
I
51G
HISTORY OF MICHOACAN.
plumngG congrogatjd in the air and formed a brilliant
shade or canopy above the sacred image. Thi.s was
at once hailed as a divine indication that they should
found their city hero, and at the same time it sii^'-
gested the feather mosaics for which they afterwards
became so famous, in commemoration of this mi-
raculous manifestation of the divine will the city was
named Tzintzuntzan, 'place of celestial birds.''"'
little or nothing is known of the history of Tzin-
tzuntzan from this time until it is again brought into
notice by the events to which 1 have alluded as
occurring shortly after Sicuiracha was succeeded hv
his sons on the throne at Wayameo. Granados, it is
true, states that nineteen kiugs ruled over the 'J'a-
rascos from the time of their settlement doMMi to tlio
conquest, but he gives no account of any of tliLiii,
while Beaumont complains that he is able to lind
records of thrc) only, namely, Characu, 'the boy king,'
Zu'anga,"^ and the son of the latter, Taiigaxoan,''^
better known bv the name of Caltzontzin, *he who is
always shod, to distinguish liim from those otln r
rulers who, being vassals of the Aztec monai'ch, ap-
peared bare-footed before their suzerain."^ At what
period the boy king lived it is impossible to tell, hut
as the other two certainly reigned at a later date
60 Ihllrnmi, Mrxiqiir, toni. ii., p. Tii. Tlu? first, naiuo f^ivpn to tlu' tnuii
wiiM (iiiiiyan;;'ai<M), says ( Jraiiados y ( ialvcz, Tun/r.s Aiiiir., ]>. IHI. I'lnliv
Jiarrt'a translates 'I'xiiitziint/an, 'ti»\vii of j,M'"('n birds,' and tlio tituii ^va^ mi
called, ii(! says, from the form of the idol. ISeaiimoni ealls it also ('liin^iia
and lluit/.il/.ilainie. (';•((//. Mir/i(i(tr(iii, MS., pp. I'A. 4(1-7.
c Also known as ('hi;,nian;,nia, ('hi;,'naeini, and I'/ihiianj^a,
f>* Also, Sint/iclni 'I'an^fajnan, 'he of the line leelli.'
•i^ lliiiiniiiiiit, Ciiiii. MrrliiKirini, MS., pp. 44 .">, (18-0, 7Ii. Herrera, ilri'.
iii., Iil>. iii., ' ap. viii., ti.inslates Ca/on/in hy 'old samlals,' sayin;: lli^it
tiic name was bestowed npon the kin;; as a ni)'.k-iiam(> iie('Mn.s(^ of iIki
Hhahlty dress in which li" appeared before Corles. Aeeoniinj,' to ;\le;!ii',
7//.s7. i'oiti/). i/f Jrsiis, tom. i., \>. '.tl, Calt/ont/in was the ininie j,M\en lo
Zint/.iilia by the Spaniards. Ibdtrami, Mixit/iic, foni. ii., p. 41, wiiles the
mime .Sin/ineha. rori|nenni la, tom. i., p. .'t.'iS, calls him ( ac/oll/in. (iiii-
nados y (Jalve/, Tan/iM Aimr., pp. IS4-(), writes Call/ont/in or Cin/iiM.
'I.es ndalions et Ics hi.stoires rtda lives an Miclioaean donnent tonles an i"!
lies 'I'arasiiues le litre on h^ no:n ile Cazontzin. Ktait-ce iiii litre? c'csl in-
certain. Toriinemada m- sail ciMpTil doll en pens(>r.' Ilins.'n'iir. Ilisl.. tmii,
iii., ]). 7H. ( a/oMzi 'parail eiri' iin corriihtinn tarasipie dn mot nalmail
Call/ont/in, I'hef ou lete do la maisoii.' iJ., loui. iv., j; 303.
THE GODDESS XAIIATANGA.
517
tlian our story has yet reacliud, tlicy may all be
rutbiTod to hereafter.
Let us now return to the anonymous narrative.
At the time of Sicuiraeha's death at Wayameo, three
l)r<ithers named Tarigaran, Paeiniwane, and Sueurawe
were reignins^ in tlie region of whicli Tzintzuntzan
Avas the capital. On a hill overlooking the lake
stiiod the temple of their chief divinity, the goddess
Xaratmga, wliose son "was named ^[anowapa. Now,
tli(> i/riests of this o-oddess obtained the wood whiili
tlicv hurncd in the temple from the forest of Atama-
t.iho, close to Wayameo, and they fre(|ueiitly took
advantage of their proximity to the teni[)le of (Juri-
caneri to .carry wood there, a courtesy which the
^\'auaeaco priests returned by occasionally l>earii.g
fuel to the sanctuary of Xaratanga. It hupitened
one day, Avheu the feast (jf the goddess was ap-
jiroaching, that Tavigaran and his two brothers,
with their attendants, went to the temple to assist
the priests to decorate the idol. Ihit the i^i'inccs had
hcen drinking deeply, and the goddess, perceiving
this, pimished them for their irreverijuce by mak-
ing them very druidv. Then the brothers became
alarmed, and sent tlieir Avomen to tlie lake to procure
Ilsl;, by eating which they hoped to dissipate tlie
fumes of the liijuor. JJut the outraged goddess had
hidden the lish, and the women succeeded only in
catrliing a large serj)ent, v.hieli tliey carried to the
jii'Iests, who cook(.'d it and ate of it togither with the
piinces, at sunset. But no sooner liad the strange
food passed their lljis than, to iheir hori'or, tliey all
I'eund themselves turned into ser[)ents. {.'"ill'd with
trri'or and dismay they [ilungv'd inio tlu' 1; ke and
swam towards tiie mountain of Tiriai'Ui'i, amid the
rei'esses of which they disa[i[)eared u]>on landing.
The territory of 'IV,int/untzan being now bereft of
iu chief |)riests and pi'inces oU'ei-eil an easy pri y to
its \\'anacae(^ neighbors, and s(!\'eral chiefs, probably
vassals of the kiu'j's of W'avameo, soon began to en-
518
HISTORY 01< INIICHOACAN.
croacli upon ity borJei's. Tarapeclia Chanliori took
]>()ssossiou of CuriiK'uai'o Aeliuriii and cstaWH.sIud
liiniselt' there, while Ipinchuari did the same at IV'-
chetaro. The royal l)rother.s of Wayanieo also took
up arms and possessed themselves first of Capacui'eo,
and then of Patamagua Nacaraho. At the latter
place they seem to have separated, each to make con-
quests on his own Ijehalf.^
The Tarasco population was now thoroui;lil\'
alarmed and with one accord the various states h( ^nii
to prepare for war. The kinos of Wayameo, Imw-
ever, assured Cuyupuri, who had succeeded to tlio
office of liig"h-priest of Xaratanga at Tzintzuiitz.in,
that he should receive no inju)'y, and at tJjoir iii\ il,i-
tion he removed to the spot wliere his metamorphosed
predecessors had disai)peared. Later he removed to
Si})ico, on the borders of the lake, where he erected a,
tem[)le and other buildiuLTs; after that he went to
several other phices, but liindly established hiiiisi h'
on ]\[ount Haracotin, where Wapeani had taken u[)
his al)ode.
The two ])rothers now continued their conquests iu
every direction, and before Ioul,' ^bey had eainud [)os-
session of most of the i)la,ces on the south shore of
tlie lake Patzcuai'o, including the fertde I'en'ion of
1'zintzuntzan. Now it came to pass one day, whi ii
Wapeani ha,d climbed ^Tount Atni)en, and w;;s
|i»'az;ini^ lon<.i'in<4'ly at the beautiful islands which dnt-
ted its surface, that his attention was attracted (o a
pyianiidal structure which rose in the centre (•!' one
of the fairest of them. Perceivin<j[' a (isherman cast-
inn' his nets at some dislanco, he called liim to liini.
In answer to his in(piii'ies, tin; iisherman inlbrnied
the prince that the island u]»on whicli the tein|i!i!
''' liiasscn;', Hi.if., torn, ili., ]t]>. 00-7, vimiiIcin Uiim ikimsh;,'!' very niiilii;:ii-
(iilsly. M '(• fill I'll «•(' liill ( l';lliiiiiil,i.;ilii NacMialiii) (|in' li's iliciix, I'li'ic-- 'li'
(-'iil'ii'illii'l'i, sc H>'|iiiW'i'('iil; cliaciiii ili':i I'lu'l's rlii"liiiiic'iiii('s, iiii'liiili' If -ini,
iillii, HI' lixcr ail lii'ii i|U(> la vii'limi- iiii ilmiiia. I'oiii' liii, I'liiiiiiiiiaiii Id
I'diii'M (in Mi'H ('inii|iir'((M, 11 cliassa Idiir fi linir Ic ^xihici' siir K - li'n('>i vni-iui'-*,
INissjiiit il'iiiK' iiioiitagiii' a ratiUi', t't jctaiil la Icrrcur tlaiin Il's iMiimlatiuiis
d'aloiiliiiir.'
THE KINc; OF THE ISLES.
519
stood was called Xaracuero, and was, to^'otlier with
tlic island of Pacandan, ruled by a kinj:»' named Ciiii-
cateii, who bore the title of El Henditare. He told
Wapeani, moreover, that there were ChichimecH on
these islands, thoui^h they did not s[)eak the same
l:iiiL;'ua^e as the Wanaeaees. Wapeani was aston-
ished at this, as he had believed that his peojjle were
the oidy Chicliimecs in the country. The warriors
of hl> iiite then asked the fisherman what his name
was, and if he had any daui^hters. He answered
that his name was Curipajan, and that he had no
tliihh'en. They insiste(l, however, that he liad
daun'htors, assuring him at the same time that they
intended no harm, but merely wanted to obtain wives
from the islands. At length, alter repeated denials,
lie confessed that lie had one, who was little and
ui^ly, and (juite unworthy of their consideration. It
matters not, they answered, say nothing to anyb(j(ly,
l)Ut bi'ing her liei'e to-morrow.
AVhat induced the fisherman to act against his in-
eTiiiatioiis after lie had once got iVee, the chronicle
(Iocs not relate, but on the next day he returnetl at
tlie appointed time with his daughter. Wapeani
ari'ived at the rendezvous somewhat later, and finding
the girl to his taste lie took her away m ith him, iii-
slnictiiig her father to return lioine, and if (|U('stioned
fniircriiing the absence of bis dauglitci', to s;iy that
she had iteeii carried off and enslavrd liy the \\'ana-
caits. Wajienni afterwards gave the woman to his
In'nthor, .Pawacume, who mai-ried her, and got by her
a si.ii named Tariacuri, who sid»sr(|in nt ly became
kiiig and was the founder of th<; kingdom of Mi-
chnacan.
When the king of Ihc isles Icarnetl \vh;il liad been
(luic b_v \\';ipeaiii, he was '^rcit ly enraged, and tiie
iici^iiboi'iiig lords ha\iiig been calh'd logetliei' a
cnUlicil was jiehl to coiisidi v s\liat action shtiuld be
taken in tin; matter. Jhit i\\i' lords were in fa\t>r of
place, and it Mas finally arianged that the lirother
520
HISTORY OF MICilOACAN.
lllKlII'i-
kings .sliould be invited to come and settle
thcni, wliun the office of grand sacrifice!* sliouKl no
v^ont'crred upon Pawacunie and that of priest of tlic
god Cuangari Changatun upon Wapeani. ^Mcssi^n-
gers wore accordingly sent to make these proj)os;ils tn
the hruthcrs. Flattered by such brilliant otters uiid
dazzled by the costly presents which tlie envoys
brouglit with them, the princes readily consented to
the arrangement, and at once embarked for the isl-
ands, wliei'e they were received with great state, ar.d
inunediately invested with the promised (hgnities.
But it seems that the l)rothers' followers li.ul not
been made acquainted with the details of tliis ai-
rangement, for after impatiently waiting some time
ibr the return of the })rinces, they also set out for tlie
islands to discover the cause of their detention. I'li-
on' learning the true state of the case they were furi-
ous, and demanded with many threats that I'awa-
cume and Wape: ni, who, they said, had been ap-
])o)nted by Curicaneri as their guardians, should
instantly be sent bai*k to tiieir own people. Curicafeii
thonglit it ])rudent to yield, and the brotlieis re luc-
tantly I'eturneil with their followers to the mainlaiMl.
But during their brief st)journ in the islands thiv
had seen much that was new to them, and ha\ iiig
obsi'rxed the benefit to be derived from civihzatioii,
they resolved to im})rovo the condition of their coun-
tiy. Ivnowing, however, that their influence aloiu-
would not suffice to make the people suddenly cliaii!:!'
the'ir nomadic habits, they called to thi'ir aid the
voice of (he gods. ( )ne day they annoimced that the
goil of Hades had appeai'ed to them in n, dream, coiii-
manding tlu'm to erect temples in honor of all tlic
Chichimec divinities. The jxiople, whose religious
fervor seiuns to have been unhounded, were at oiifc
anxious to begin the ))ious work, Itoidy remained
to choose a suitable site. Under the guidanct' of tlie
brothers, tlu'V re[)aired to a densely woodt'd lull near
Turimi ('hundido, where there wa« a beautiful stream
CITY OF PATZCUARO.
521
of wutcr, known henceforth hy the name of Ciiiriz-
cutero. Here thev set to work in earnest; hewin**-
down the trees and clearing' the ground for the foiuid-
utions of the teni[)les. (hie after another the stately
eiUfices rose, and when they were tinisiied the chiels
iK'Ufan to vie with each other in buildiii!'' line dwelhuy-
liouses, so tliat in an incredibly short s});ice of time
the sides of the hill were covered with huildings.
Siicli was the origin of the city of Patzcuaro/''^ tor
a long time the caj)ital, and afterwards one of the
piiiK'ipal cities of ^lichoacaii.
Now, at that time the kingdom of C'urincuaro,
which comprised part of the lake islands, was one of
the most powerful states in all that region, and in
iiuiion with its Tarasco neighbors, it regarded tlie
(■(I
rapid ])rogress of the Wanacaces with fct'liiigs of
jealousy and ai)prehension, wliich soon resulled in
actual ho.;Hlities. An and)assa(lor was sent to Patz-
cuaro to formally demand that its iidud)itants should
liriiig I'uel to the altars at (.'urincuaro. The AVa-
accs knew by experience what this nu>ant, and at
IK'K
(Mice prepareil tor war
prei
Ifc
All
Demg readv thev mari
•lied
to meet the enemy. A terrii)le engagement took
jilace near the town of Ataquaro, in which i'awa-
ciiiiie and his brother were seriously wounded, and
liiially forced to retreat with their troops to J'atz-
ciiaro.
Soon after this the great feast of the goddess
< luiiicuaro, the i»rinci|)al divinity of the kingdom
that b<;re her name, was celebrated. it appeal's that
it was arranged that all hostilities should ce'ase
during this solenm ])eriod, that the Wanacaces ndglit
join with their late enenues in the ceremonies. The
lords of Curincuaro were ])articularly anxious that
tile hi-others of Patzcuai'o should appear at the feast,
and to ensure their pivsence they employed an old
'■'■' ' l''l/.:rit'irn vcilt I'viiliMlimciit ililc Ic licil ilc toill|il('s; m nll run. (l;iUH 111
liiii;:ii(' tiiiaHi|ii(', rniiiiiR' iliiiis la luiij;iio yiiciiti'iiiic' llriL'^^ciu; titsf., Iiiiii.
iii., i". :•-'.
HISTORY OF MICHOACAN.
woman, who had access to them, to expatiate on
the grandeur of the coming festivities, and the num-
ber of sacrifices to be ofiered. She i)hiyed her part
so well that the ])rinces promised to be ])resent; aftti--
wards, being assured by certain of their priests thut
treachery was designed, they renounced their inten-
tion of going; but emissaries from Curincuaro again
found means to persuade them, and when the dav of
the least arrived they set out to participate in it.
On the way they fell into an anibuscade, and \\a-
l)oani was killed on the spot. His brother escajxd
and Hed to Patzcuaro, but he was pursued by his
enemies and slain in the city, which was deserted on
account of all the people lui,ving gone to the feast.
The bodies of the unfortunate i)rinces were ransomed
by their sorrowing subjects, and after being ibrmallv
burned were buried witli much ceremon}' in a grave
dug at the foot of the stei)s leading up to the temple
of Cui'icaneri.
Cui-ataine, Wapeani's eldest son, now ascended the
throne at Patzcuaro. He had two brothers named
Xetaco and Aramen. Pawacume, as we have already
remarked, had also a sou named Tariacuri, by the
fisi^erman's daughter. This juince was sent to the
island of Xaracuero, to be educated by the Taiasco
l)riests in the arts of civilized life. On his return to
Patzcuaro, Tariacuri showed himself to bo a youtli of
an excellent disposition, very pious and industrious,
and withal hiu'hlv accomplished in matters both of
war and of peace. As soon as he arrived at a suit-
able age he was crowned king of the Wanacaces;
whether his cousin Curatame contiiuied to reign as
his colleague, or what became of him, is not stated.
Tariacuri soon began to extend his eni[)ire by con-
quest in every dii'oction. He carried his arms fartlu i'
than any of his predecessors luul done, and his jiostile
expeditions were invariably attended by snccess.
Again (h" Tarasco princes were alarmed, and uniting
their Ibrces they nuirclied upon Patzcuaro. Put Ta-
CIIARACU, THE BOY KING.
523
riacuri was irresistible; lie surprised and vanquislied
the allies at Ataro and Tupuxaiicliueii, coiKjuered the
kiiiti'dom of Ziruiiibo, and finally blockaded the lake
islands. Meanwhile, his cousins, jealous of his .i^lory,
consj)ired with his enemies to betray him. But he
escaped their plots, and havin<if possessed hinisrlf of
the islands he became kin<Tf of the whole of Miclio-
acun. This king may be identical wilh C'haracu, tlie
'Ijoy king,' to whom 1 luive already referred. !My
reason for thinking S(j is tliat the events above re-
citrdcd, or those immediatuly succeeding them, are
said to have liapjiened in the time of ^[ontezuma I.,
wliile the founding of a city named Charo, in the reign
(if Cliaracu, is also said by Beaumont to have taken
place during the life of the same Mexican mDiiai-ch.
The founding of Charo was in this wise, according *o
one account.
During the reign of 'the boy king' the Aztecs
made an inroad, aided Ity the Tecos and other unruly
trihes. Being hard pressed, the king ai)[)lied to the
^latlaltzincas of Toluca for aid. Six ca])tains started
\\\[\i 'their troojis, and the Mexicans were defeated.
Ill leward for tliis timely aid, the Matlaltzincas were
oTuiited their choice of lai\ds within the kingdom of
Midioacan, and selected the region around Tiripito,
wliei'e the lower class founded TTndanieo, and tlie
Hollies, Chai'o, so named in honor of the king. 'I'his
settlement being in the center of ^lichoacan, says
riiiK'iitel, the ])eople cami; to be known as the Birin-
das, 'tliose in the middle.'""
In another place JJeaumont gives l*adre Laii'ea's
Version of the founding of ( 'liaro. 1 n the time of Mon-
tezuma 1. the Aztecs aj)|ieai'ed in conjunction with
tile Tecos and Matlalt/iiu'as to attack Michoacan.
Tile Tarascos who wrvr <inly one-thii'd as strong as
tlieir entMuies, had recourse to strategy. Large su|>-
plies of food and driidc were s[)read in the cam[>, and
^^' I'liinii/r/, Ciitti/rn, fiim. i, |i. 4'.l',l; niiiiniiiint, (^nhi. Mi'cfi<iiirini, MS.,
]il>. (Ill', liimling lld.so/i iiijKi, Jli.st, Mii/i,, lil) i., I'ap. .\v.
524
IIISTOllV or .MICIIOACAX.
[
I
when tlic Aztec forces attacked, tlie Tarascos lied,
altandonino' the camp. The huni^ry Aztecs at (jiku
coinmenced to j^'ori'-e themselves, and wlieii filled witli
meat and drink the Tarascos returned iijjon tlum
makiiiij;' a <j^reat slaui;-htor, and ca})turiug a _i>()(,(|ly
iiumher of Tecos and !Matlaltzincas, who were ^iven
lands in Michoacan; the Tecos as the more turhiileiit
in Patzciiaro and the capit-.d, and the ^ratlaltzincas
in Charo, which was founded by them.''' The Mat-
laltzincas who remained in Toluca were coriquerud liv
Axayacatl, as has been already related."''
Before his death, Tariacuri divided the kinndoiu,
and generously provided for the children of tlio
cousins who had attempted his destruction. To llici-
pan he left Coyucan, a very important city; to Ilicii-
caxe, Patzcuaro and its dependencies, and to his son,
Tangaxoan, he gave the territory of Tzintzunt/.aii,
Avhich conn)rised the lake islands. These events, says
Brasseur, to which tiie anonymous historian assigns
no date, occurred, in all ])r(jl)al>ility, during the first
part of the fifteenth century, Tangaxoan having liccii
a contemporary of Montezuma I., of Mexico.
Michoacan did not remain long divided, liicucaxe
had a great number of sons, all of whom he ])Ut to
death because they were disorderly and o|)|)i(ssi(l
the people. Another son which was born to him lattr
was killed bv lightning, and ai)otheosized on that ac-
count. Thus the king of Patzcuaro died without
leaving heirs, and his division was added to Tanga-
xoan's territory. The kingdom of Coyucan, u{u»ii tho
death of Hicipan, was also anne\t;d to Tzintzunt/.aii.
where Tangaxoan's son Ziziz l*anilacuare, was thru
reigning. Michoacan became thus re-united uiuKi'
one head. Ziziz Pandacuaie used his great pnwrr
c TlffiKiiiniif, Ci'dii. Mrchoncn)!, MS., ))p. (!0-Cl. (JraiuuliM, |). lS,"i, rctVis
to a s('\('ii yi'Mis' NtniL'j;li', wliicli may ln' tlic sainc aw tlii' abuM'. I ln'
riH'iinls indicate two \s,w,\\ tiattli'H at Tajiinania aixl /icliii.
<>* I 'farii/crii, toiii. i., ]>. !.")(»; Alniln, hire, Idiii. iii.. p. A\\\; I'iiii'uliL
Ciiitf/rii, torn, i., p. 401). See alwo this vol., pp. 4;{'2-."). Hnliitijidi, Ima. iii.,
lib. .\., p. 1'2!).
m
Ih:
tnin.
i.. 1
Til
71
.\i'
Sn.
IIKKJX OF ZWAXCA.
for the advancement and benefit of his country. Ho
t'iul)t'llished the city of Tzintzimtzan, and made it liis
capital. His rci,<»-ii was a loiiij^ and glorious one, and
it was cliiofly to his al)le administration that Michoa-
can owed its s^reatness.*'''
Ziziz Pandacuare was succeeded by his son Zwan-
na.™ Jt was durinii" the reiufn of this iirince tliat tlie
valiant Tlascaltec li^eneral, Tlahuicol, invaded !Mi-
clioacan at the head of a ^[exican army, and took Tan-
yiiiiaroa, or Tlaximaloyan, and other towns, totj;ether
witli ii^reat spoils.''^ Zwanya was still on the throne
at Tzintzuntzau when Cortes took ^lexioo. He
was a})pealed to for aid by Cuitlahuatl, who was
elected monarch after the death of ]\[t)ntezuma II.
After some hesitation he promised his assistance,
Aiiil)assadors were sent to ^Texico, who, when they
anived, found Cuitlahuatl dead, and the small-pox
rau'iii'j: in the city. 'J'hev hastened back to Tzintzun-
t/aii, but bore with them the oerms of the disease,
wliii h ra]>idly spread through the capital, and carried
(itf the kin*'' and a o-reat number of his subjects.
Zwanna left several sons, and tfie eldest of these,
'raiiL;axoan II., seized the scejitre." He appears to
have been a weak j)rince, and totally unfit to fill the
throne at such a critical })eriod. One of his first acts
was to cause his brothers to be i)ut to death, on the
])rotense that they had ct)nspired against his life, but
really because he was jealous of their })ower.''^ This
oriicl murder caused serious disturbance in the capi-
tal, and the fratricide brouoht great odium upon
hiiiisclf. It was said that snch a terrible deed jxir-
tcndod evil to the country — a j'l'cidiction which was
™ //cif.swMr, Hist., toiii. iii., ]i)>. .'1-78; Citrhnjal Enpinotia, Hid. Mix.,
tnlll. i.. pp. ■_>(i4-,Sr).
"" AIm) spclk'd 'I'ziluian^M, sec iicitc (i'J.
"' Sec tliis vol., pj). ITT-H. lit'aiiiii'Hit says tliiit 'riiiliuicnl fraitu'd luitli-
iii;,' iliiiiiiu' liis six iimnths' caiiipai.Lrii except smiie limily, ami lie ijuiilits
wlii'llirr tliat was imieii, as ali)ii;i the fnmtier there was little to lie liail.
Cnm. \l: r/,,i,ir(fii, MS., pp. .'lO-dO.
"' He lime the title of Caltzontziii. Set> note (ilV llrasseiir says ho was
alsii calleil (Iwaii^iwa I'a.'.nia, Ih-t/.. unw. iii.. p. 7'S.
"^ liininnunt, Civii. Mir/iuucmi, .MS., \t. 08.
I
H4 _ .
■- -I ? •
52G
IIISTOllY OF OAJACA.
verified stroni^ly afterwards, by the appearance of a
Spanish soldier who had been sent by Cortus to
recornioitre the country.
The Taraseos, like most of the other Nahiia na-
tions, were warned by omens of their future subjec-
tion to a foreign power. Beaumont, who makes
Tangaxoan II. a contemporary of Montezuma 11.,
relates that the former was at first persuaded to
assist the latter against the Spaniards, but was eau-
tioned by the sjjirit of his dead sister, who, to prove
that her utterances were not meaningless, pointed
out certain signs in the heavens; namely, the liguic
of a young man with a glittering hand, and a swoid,
fashioned like those of the S[)auiards, which a])peaie(l
in the east on the day of the great festival. Jii the
council convened to consider this warning it was de-
cided not to resist the strangers.''* It is related,
moreover, that in Zwanga's time there lived a liinli-
priest, named Surites, who foretold the introduction
of a new religion, and in ; nticipation of it instituted
two Christian-like festivals.''®
Among the earliest peoples of Mexico were the
[Miztecs and Zapotecs, whose country may be roughly
descriiied as comprising the modern state of O.ijiica.
The ]\Iiztecs occu[)ied the western portion of this re-
gion, and their territory was divided into upper and
lower Miztecapan,'''' the latter reaching to the coast,
and the former embracing the mountainous regi(»n
farther north, which is sometimes called Cohuaixtla-
huacan. Zapotecapan, the country of the Zapotecs,
lay to the east of Miztecapan, and extended, at the
time when we first hear of this peo])le iu history, to
Tehuantepoc.''''
The records of tliese nations are silent as to their
i m
" Crdii. Mrrhnnran, MS., i)p. 71-3.
"* Sno vol. iii. (if this wtirk, j). 410.
'8 Kor boiiiKliirics of Mi/.tocapaii, hoc ante, vol. i. , p. 678.
'^ See vol. i., I), ()7y, for bouiKlai'ie».
THE MIZTECS AND ZAruTF.CS.
527
history Loforo they sottlod here; evorytliiii'4" privlous
to this rests upon tr.ulitioiis of the va^-iiest churiU'ttT,
one of which re])ri>scnts their ancestoi's as Itirds,
luasts, ami trees — tt) iiidieate their extreme aiiti([uity,
(•(iuraL;e, and stuhhornness, naively adds ihii-^oa, the
liistoriau of Oajaca.''^ But though tlieir own annals
do not reach back to tlie pre-Toltec period, thi'V are
statt'd hy some autliorities to liave inliahited ;ii that
tiiiif the reL;ion of Puehhi, toi^etlier with the Ohnecs
and Xicahincas.'^'' Most of the okl writers connect
tlicin with tlie Nahua stock, aUhoui^li their lanufuaj^o
was distinct from the Nahua. Thus Tonjuemada de-
livi's the Miztecs from Mixtecatl, the fiftli son of Iz-
tac Mixcohuatl, of tlie Seven Caves; whih.' Saliaoun
states that they were of Toltec descent, and achls that
some i^'o so far as to rei^ard tliem as descendants of
Qiittzah'oatl, because of the richness and beauty of
thtir conntry, in whidi tlie fauKjns Tlalocan, the 'ter-
restial paradise,' was said to be sitnated.'*"' At the
time when civilization was introduced into ^ iicatan
and Chiapas, says Brassenr, the mountains of ^lizte-
capan were iidiabited by savage ti'ibes withont any
]»aiticuhir name, but who were afterwards known as
Mi/,ti'cs, or Wild Cats.^^ Civilization is said by tra-
dition to have first aj>[)eared in the monntains of
Apoala. At the entrance of a jH'oroe in this ivnion
whiii', says (jlarcia, the <>'ods lived before man came
on raith, stood two niiijestic trees, fi'om which sprtinu^
two youths, the founders of tlu; Miztec monarchy."'^
Tlic braver of the two went to Tilantonuo, and there
"'' l)iir(]on, Groff. Drsrrip. Onjnra, toin. ii., pt i., iip. l'.)."-('); M)iyijiti(t
/■,'.v''//(v/, lliiiijiicd, \\\Snr. .]fr.r. (•corf., Itulrliii. titiii. vii., p. Mi?.
'■'' llri)~rn 1/ llrira, (IcinjniJ'in, p. \'X.\\ I'ri/liii, tdiii. i.. p. I."i((,
T'lnii.
'ii, turn, i., p. H'2; '/':
■II, Cfiiii/. ]fix., fol. ■_'!)'.(; Miil'iliiiiii,
ill I'll Jiiilfftit, I'lil. tir /></(•., toiii. i., p. S; llinyitii, (linii. Ilrsm/i. Oajitnt,
tiiiii. ii., pt i., p. 175; Suhiiijini, torn, iil., lib. x., p. VMS; Orozca ij lUrrn,
(.liu.ii-iil'iii, p, 1'2().
'■' Uisl. . torn, iii., p. 5.
"'^ !''i'!i>scnr. <'ilin;i Hun/on, (Imq. Drsrri/). Onjnro, toiii. ii., ]A i., f"l.
I'.'S!) snys tlicy were miiif and fi-nialc, ami fnim thciii (IcsccikUmI (lie race
til, II ■.iilisciiiu'iitlv ptvi'i-iK'tl tlio cuuiiti'v. Hist., toin. iii., p. G; (iitrcia,
Vmj ,: ,/r /„s I lid., pp. ;W7-8.
528
mSTOUY OF OAJACA.
had a contest with the Sun for the possession of tlio
country. After a desperate ('<)inl)at, whicli lasted a
whole day, the Sun was forced to i^o down behind
the hills, thus leaving the youth the victor. **
Other traditions relate that certain of the warlike
tribes from the north, tliat invaded Aniihuac fmia
the eighth to the eleventh century, passed from the
Aztec plateau into j\Iizteca])an, coming down fioiu
the mountains of Apoala to the beautiful and n.it-
urally fortified valley of Yanguitlan, 'new land.'
where they detenrJned to settle. The ]\[iztefs re-
sisted the invaders for a long time, and their Hnal
subjection was etiected more l)y religious teachings
than by force of arms. On this plateau the immi-
grants from Aiuihuao founded Tilantongo, and built
a temple called Achiuhtla.^* The date of this event
seems to coincide, says Brasseur, with the seiidinLT
out of missionaries from Cholula, though whether
the followers of Quetzalcoatl or the tribes IVeni
Anahuac arrived first is not known. But it appeals
certain that from the union of the priests of .Vclii-
uhtla and the Olmecs who Hed from Cholula at tlu.'
time of Huemac's invasion, sprung the power wliiili
civilized these regions/^
It is in Zapotecapan, however, that the disciples
of Quetzalcoatl appear most ])rominently. TJieio
they ;ire said to have founded ^litla, or Yo})aa, and
to have diffused tlieir arts and religious teacliinus
throui>hout the whole countrv, as far as Tehuau-
tepee.*"
The mysterious apostle Wixipecocha, of wlicni
a full account has already been given,**^ is said to
83 Ihirrfod, Grnq. Dcsrn'p. Onjnrn, toni. ii., [it i., pp. 1'2S, 17">-l>; ilricra
y lirrrtt, (iroiinifin, j). iSO, says tliis stury is iiicrely iiivented to show ilio
gri'iit iij,'e <if the Mizlocs. See also aiitc, vol. iii., p. "i'A.
I*' lliinioti, <i'i(,i/. J)isn-i/i. OiiJ'irii, toiii. ii., |it i.. fol 12S-0. Oni/roy
Uorra, (!t 'Kini/in. ]>. Ii2(i, says tlio /aimtt'cs took their '•ejiinn by I'mif of
iii'iiis fi'iiiii iIk' lluatii|iiiiiiaiR's, or (aiaiiitii|uiiiiuiies.
"■^ [Ii.sf., toin. iii., |>]), 8-!).
'^'i Tnfi/itriiiiii/it, torn, i., |). 2.").'); Ifrrnrn, dec. iii., Ml), ii., caj). xi. : I 'V-
till, loin, i., ji. 1()4; Jiunina, Gcaij. Jk.scri/). Viijiica, toin. ii., pi ii., '"1.
L'ltTS, .•{t;}-.").
*' See vol. ii. of this work, pp. '201>-11.
Iiave
wliic
SOIltll
tej)ec
confei
Init \\
coin it
Zaj)ot
and pi
where
shurtb
His ]:
and w
atterwj
(.f Afoi
As .
known
I'otecs.
•»f theii
kingchji
teca, w
Achiii
])ower
king;
L'ign po
dotal i
^oj)aa,
is doul
attrilnit
from C
Jt is
early ]\r
•^lich, ui
to their
I'unie c»i
IVrii sa
tiieir m
tliat afte
ciiil)ark
Vo,
THE rUIESTS OF ACHIUHTI-A.
629
li;ive appeared in these recfions. T!iq tradition,
Avliic'h is very vague, relates that ho came from the
south seas, and Lmded, hearing a cross, at Tehuan-
te\)(.'C. He taught moiahty, abstinence from women,
(•unfcssion, and penance. He was generally respected
l)ut was sometimes persecuted, especially in the ^lijo
tountrv, whither he went after passing throunh the
Zaj)otec valley. The people there tried to kill him,
:iii(l pursued him to the foot of Mount Cempoaltepec,
where he miraculously disappeared, hut re-appeared
shortly afterwards on the summit of the mountain.
His ]»ursuers followed him, but he again vanished,
iiiul was seen no more in that countrv, thouuh he
afterward showed himself on the enchanted island
of Moiiapostiac, near Tehuantepec.
As I have already remarked, nothing definite is
known of the early history of tlie Miztecs and Za-
jiotecs. All that has been preserved is some account
of their spiritual rulers. Thus we are told that the
kingdom of Tilantongo, which comprised upper Miz-
teca, was si)iriti'ally governed by the high-priest of
Achiulitla, who bore the title of Taysacaa, and whose
jiowxr equaled, if it did not surpass, that of the
idiig; while in Za})otecapan the AViyatao, or sover-
eign pontiff, united in his person the supremo sacer-
(Intal and secular power. Tlie origin of the city of
Y»j])aa, or Mitla, where the Wiyatao held his court,
is doubtful, though, as we have seen, it has l)een
attributed to the disciples of Quetzalcoatl, who came
from Cholula.
it is a singular fact that we hear nothing of the
early jNIiztec and Zapotoc kings, save that there were
such, until we find the latter subjecting the Huaves
to their authority. These Huaves are haid to have
come originally from the south, from Nicaragua or
Peru say some authors. The causes that led to
tlieir migration are unknown; but the stoiy goes
that after coasting northward, and attem])ting to dis-
embark at several places, they finally efi'ected a
Vol. v. 3i
ri;:ii
pi
II
'
pill
!'l^
;;-3
530
HISTORY OF OAJACA.
landinj:'' at Tohnantepcc. Here they foniul tlio ^[ijVs,
tlie ori'^i':al possessors of the countrv; 1»ut these
they dv'Ac out, or, as some say, min^-led Avith tlum,
and soon inade tliemselves masters of the soil. TIkv
I'ounded their Hrst city at Arrianjianhaj, or .Vrriaiii^iii
Uml)ali, hut aftei'wards extemhxl their posscssinns
to tlie city of Jahi})a, Avliich tliey are said to have
founded also.^
JJut tlie easy life they led in this l)eautlful and fer-
tile region soon destroyed their ancient enerL;y. and
they suhsecpiently fell an unresisting^ ])rey to the Zajm-
tec kiniji's.*"* Of the ^Eijes very little is known, Thcv
are helieved to have heen the most ancient ]>eo]ile of
the ()<)iaca reuion, and Burnoa affirms that thev nos-
sessed of old the 'greater 2)art of 'J'ehuantejtee, So-
comisco, and Zapotecapan. The Beni-Xonos, Avho
lived hetween the ^[ijes and Z;i,potecs, are said t >
have once helon^'eil to the foi'mer pe«>ple, hut their
charactei" seems to <lis[>rove this. They are deserilied
as a ti'ihe of rich, shrewd traders, very miserly, n'Veat
liars, " incorrijji'ihle and inveterate evil-doers" -the
Jews of ( )ajaca, BrassiMir calls them. They wo'c
amonn" the first to suhmit to the Za})otec kiii'js, in
the hope of heini.;' allowed to retain their wealth."
it was to one of these Za[totec ]nMnces that the
foi'titied city of Zaachilla Yoho, or Ti'otzapotlaii, as
it Avas called ))y the 3Ie.\icans, owed its oiML^-in. At
the time when history lir.-t sheds its li'dit on these
"" 'F)(> allti (li> l;i '"n><tii (Irl Siir. 11II1S ('(>r(Ni ill' l;i H('''-])tii'n vo/iiiilul ilcl
Prrii, y sc^iun Ins circiiiistiiiifiiis di' sii l('ii;;iiii, v tni; ili' la ''iiimih in o
UcyiKi lie Nii'iiraliuii." /liiri/DH, Hnni. /)isrri/i. Oii/nni, ,ciiii. ii , |it ii.. In!.
H!t(!; .]fiir;litiit, Ks/nd/sf. (htii jiirii, ill 'uir. Miw. tii'ii), ll'i/ffiii, Icilil. \ii ,
]i. \H',i; (h'D.fi) ji Ihrrit, (,'riiifriifiii, |i|i. 17.'f-4. Sec il-n .]fii/ili ii/i/"rill,
Mi-Jirii, tiiiii. ii., |il i,, y. 17<!. (Hillli'iiuit relates lliat <u\v l'iTii\iaii faiii-
ilit's llcil iHirtliuanl aloii;;' lln' ( 'onlillcras, (hitlir In ik^ of tlic Satniliiii
llicy roiiili'il III the lire ti'sl to liinl uiit wlicllicr tli ^imis wislicil llu'iii
ti> settle tliere. A luaml was plaei'i! in a linle, liiit as it was e.Miii't in
tiic niiiniiii.u', they Uiiew tliey must -xn fiiiflier. I''uiir eiiiis; iiries went in
peareli (if aimllier |ilare. Ueiieatli .a enaiiiiml-tree, wlieie imw slaiiil- llni-
xieiivi, the l)raiiil-|iriMif aiiswereij the test, ami sn they setlleil ilierr Tlie
eoa|iilliil is .still velieiateil. J-'nssnt, Mi:rii/iii\ pp. oU-!; see also |i. -Ili7.
"'■' llinyiiii, (li-iiij. Ihsi-rli). Du/iini, tiiiii. ii., pt !., fol. I'.Hi.
^ JJiiiyoa, (Jcu'j. Dcscnj). O'ljidja, torn, ii., pt ii., L\. HI'-', 3'i7-7'>.
THE ZAPOTEC KINGS.
631
rei^Ions, Teotzapotlan was the ca})ital of Za{)oteca-
paii,'''^ and rivaled iu power and extent of territory
the Miztec kingdoms of Tiitutej)ec and Tilantongo.
It seems that during tlie war with the Mexicans
tliLso three powers united against tlie common en-
emy, though at other times they a}H)ear to havo
duarreled considerably amonn" themselves, hv reason
of the ambitious designs of the Za])otec monarchs,
wlio, it is said, aimed at universal soveicii^nty."'^
Of the kingdom of Tututej)ec, whijh stretched for
sixty leagues along tlie shore of the Pacific, notliing
is known, exce[)t that its ])rinces were among the
richest in all Mexico, that its kings had many ])ower-
ful vassals, and that its [)rincipal city, which was
also called Tututepec, was very i>opulous."^
One of the earliest conrpiests of the Zapotec kings
was that of the ]\[ouTitain of the Su)i, near the town
of ]\[acuilxucliil. There dwelt on this mountain a
tribe of very tierce and hlood -thirsty baibariai. , who
hved by plundering the surrounding nations. At
liiiuth their depredations became so frequent, and
were attend- d with such cruelty thiit it became evi-
dent that the country aboiit the motmtain would
soon be abandoned by its inhabitants mdess the
reliher^ were annihilated. Accordingly, a large foreo
of |)ick''d troo)>s w!is -nt against them uucKt the
ciiniuiand of two r'.Jtiowned warrioi's named iJaali ami
li.i.tloo. The 'Kpedition was suci-i:s,sful. .\ftei' a
desperate resistance the robberw wert^ ovrpowered
and slaughtered to a man. A foi-tress and teiiijde
wei'e the!i erected on tht; sutrimit of the mountain,
and the char^'e of them given to .Baali and .hiaalno
as a reward Ibr tlujii' valor. After their death thest.)
heroes received di\'ine honors, jtnd wei'e buried at. tho
fiMit of the mounti'in they liail eoii(|nei'(iL The ven-
eration ill which tinjir nu'mory was held increased with
" liiirrjillt, <!ii)\l. Ihsmp, (hljarn, tiHll. ii., pt !., Iiil, lit",'.
"■ Ih'itusiHf, llisf , tniii, iii., ]i ;i'.l.
'Wi.j lliinjoii, Hiwj. IkHi'i-iii. Oiijdi'ii, tmii. ii., pt i., lol. IM, 1S.S.
aiiMi
532.
HISTORY OF OAJACA.
time; tholr toinl)S were viisitcd l)y inultitiulcs of pil-
^i-iiiis, and a city called Zeetopaa, which eveiitiiallv
hecauie the ]>rincipal seat of learnini;' and rcli^i()Il,
iuid the nucleus of civilization in these parts, soon
rose upon the spot.'''*
The first Zapotec kin^;' of whom we have any
definite information is Ozomatli, wlio, it is said in
the Codex Chimalpopoca,^'' reigned in V?>h\. Thu
next kinj>', whose name or deeds are recorded, is Zaa-
chilla, who, bein*^ master of all Za])(ttecaj)an, coMtcil
the reo-ion lyino- oast of the river Xexapa, and in-
habited by the Chontalos, Mijes, and Huaves. Tlnj
Chontales were the most powerful of these nations,
aiid aj^ainst tliem Zajwhilla proceeded first. Tf«' took
from them the city of Nexapa, wliich he fortified and
o-an'ison< d witli Ins own s^^ldiers. To strenothen his
})osition in the concjuered tei'ritory he also built the
ibrtresses of Quiechapa and Quiyecolani.''""' Jle next
entered the country of the jVIijes, took the town of
Zorpiitlan, and drove the inhabitants into the mount-
ains. The Mij(!S were now confined between tliu
Maya tril)es of ( 'hiapas and the Zapotecs. Bnt,
thou^'h in this difficult position, with a territory so
small that it contained only one city of importar.cc,
namely Xaltepec, and nund)erino', says Herrera, only
two tliousand UKin, women, and children, the brave
little nation Hcciius to have gallantly maintained its
inde|)endcnco for a numbi-r of years."' It was dcs-
tiixd to be Ktd)jectcd at last, however, and in tlio
hour of '\i* ^n-AiU'fii, jjflory. Condoy, the last kin;.:- of
the Mije><, who is said to have nnulc his first appear-
ance from a cavern in the mountains, was a very
}>rav(' and en<'r;jfotic pritu^e. H<.^ waoed war with the
Kurroundiij}^ mifcionx, and Mucceeded by his valor in in-
9* hurgw, fff^t/f, fknfri^. Otginir, Idiii, ii., |il ii., till. 2.'J(I, 245.
•■' Htdnitrnc liht., J<iiii lii., |i. 4*").
* Ifiifguu, Orif'j Ihniri/i. Odjuf^, t(nn. ii , ]it ii,, ful. .'t.'IH; Miivijui'i,
ffs/// /l'>J.'(hi<ij(nY , )«t fior. .1///. lifiijf., liii/t/iii, liiiii vii., |>|>. 1(17, -iH.
D'f /////■////, <ioO. iv, , Jib. i.\., ciili vii.; MinyiiKi, Ks/nilis/. (Iitiifitv,
Sur. mf. fh'itf., lii</'f>ii, titiii. vii., p. IMH; lUnyvu, Ui'wj. Ilrsrriji. ""•
DF.ATII OF COMXJV.
5.^3
creasinuf tlie extent of his dominions. Tlic Zapotec
niul Miztec kin^s, jealous ot" these eneroaelnnents,
i'oiiiied an alliance against the Mije prin-.-e, while the
trihes of Chiapas, from the same motives, attacked
liini at the same time on the other side of his do-
minions.
In spite of all that the 1
)rave Condoy
could do, his capital was taken and hurned to the
LliMund, aad he and his lollowers, hotly pursued hy
the enemy, were forced to take ivfu^'e in the recesses
(if the mountains. Slioi'tly after this Condoy dis-
a[>])eared and was seen no more. The Zjipotecs
claimed that their kiiiL"- slew him witti his own hand,
hilt the sul)jt'cts of the ?>!ije pi'ince insisted that,
tiled (jf war and hloodshed, he had entered the cavern
iVdiu Avhich he had oriidnallv issued, and, atti'iided
i)V some o
f 1
lis warriors.
had
ti'une to far ilistai
lu'ivinces
08
Ahout the y(>ar HaC) occurred the Avar hetween
Dzav indanda, kiiiLT of Cohuaixtlalmacan or ujiper
Mi/tecapan, with his allies the I'lasc.'dtecs and liiiex-
tttziiicas, and Montezuma I., with his allies ol" the
valley of Anahuac. The details of this war haviii-^
lieeu alreadv <'iveu.''^ it remains onlv to lepeat Jhir-
y'oa's account of the supernatural powers of J)zawin-
(laiida. Thi- prince, says the fahle, when he wished
to make war u|ii>n some neiy'lihoring nation, caused
lmns(df to Ix' miraculously transported to the summit
ut" a mountain inaccessihle to ordinary mortals. Ar-
rived there he jti'ostrated himself ujioii a knoll, and
lK'soui>'ht the ^n'ods to favoi' his designs. Then lie
shook a l»a;^' which was susp(.'nded IVom his Liirdle,
and imniediatelv there issiiod from it a multitude <it'
wanioi';
full
V armed
aiH
ii|Ulp|>c<
i'liniied in militarv ordif d
WHO iia\iii'^
escelKi' '(
I from the niMuiit-
iiiii in sih'iice and mai'dn d at laiee to coiapier thi
•veted territorv
llM)
Dzi
IWIIK,
land;
I s maoica
HlWC
Htifij^/a, Oroij. Ih.^i-rifi. Ihijoin, tmii. li., |>f ii., fol. ;{0'_'-H; ltnti.\iiii\
llix'.. toll), iii., )))!. 4S-.")().
"■' S('(> iliis \<iluiiu
ii:. i;
Km /
iin-ijoii,
■'/ hisi'iji. Oiij'iii'ii, tiiiii ii., J>f i fol. l."iO.
U>
(, ; f
zu
HIST(»i;V ol' OA.IACA.
must li.'ivc (Icsi'i-ti'd liiiii on tin.' occiisioii jiliov
ft'iTcd to, liowcvcr, ior, ;is wu have seen, liis nrniics
wci'c tci'fihl}'' (lefciitcd, liis kingdom was made trllii-
tai'v to tlic doiuain of tlio victors, ]\i'. IhiiimII' w
assassinated, and his widowed (jueeii was cariicd c;]
tix'e to Mexico to ^'ratily a j)assioii whii-li Moiiti/.iii
(■ IV-
is
IIU
liad
coiiceivec
I lor 1
lev,
In I I (■)'.) Axayacall of IVFcxico swoo])cd suddi niv
ii|ioii the cities ol" 'relniaiit('])('c and (iuatulco, and
t(tok tlicin; accoi-din^' to l>rasstiii- lie e\cn carried Iiis
victorious arms into Socomisco.'"' At tliis tiiiu;
ZaacliilL'i III. was kini^*- of Zapotecapan. lie was a,
wai'iike and and»itious j)iMnc(>, and succeeded in adil^
a la I
|»a and the; \'alley ot iNi'\a])a to Ins kni'^doin,
<li'ivinjj;" the I lua\o ]>o])ulation into tin; less desirahlo
region on tlie frontiei's of ( 'hiapas and Soconiiscd.
I )iirin'4' the later years ol" his rei^n Zaacliilla, w illi
the assistance of the Mi/tec kiiiL;' ol" Tilantoiin'o, sue
ceeded ill re^'aiuiu^' j)ossession of Tehnante|iec and
the othei' ])laces in that )"t\n'i<»ii which .Axavacaij had
Liarrisoned with .Mexican troo|ts. Jhit this luou'^lit
the Mexican kin^', Ahuitzoll, down u|)on liiiu like a
thunderholt, and heinuf desei'tiMl l»y his Mi/.tec ahics,
Zaachilla's armies wert; (|uickly routed; Ih; was I'orci d
to llee for his life to the mount'iiiis, and 'relmanle|iir
once more hecami! a Mi!xican ])ossession."*'"
( 'ociyoe/a, who succeeded Zaachilla III. on iIm'
throne ol' Zapotecapan, was no less anxious than lii;
]iredecessoi' to rid his kiiiL^dom of the Aztee ^aiiiMins,
hut lieiiiy' a vi'iy pi'udeiit, thoue-h l)rave, prime, ln'
acted with n'realer deliheralion and caution. rKt'eic
proceediun' to open ht-stilities Ik; contracted a. lirni
allianci' with tlw; neinhitoriuL;' nations; he then cliesc
a t'avorahle opportunity, when tin; • pivstii^'e of the
.Mexican arms had heeii dainan'cd hy reNcrses, to dr
(dare war, massacre the Mexican mer(diaids, and
retake Tidiuaiitepec aiul most of the other p!.
"" SiM' (Ills Vlllllllll', |l. •I'.Vl.
I"-' /,'/vr.s.v, /o', ///.v/., tiiiii. iii., lip. •jsi-."i, ;t;;,s.|(i,
It ■(•,>,
(K-CU
MO.N TKZr.MA l.WADiiS .M I/ri:( A I'AN.
])io(l i»y Almit/j»tr.s troojis. 'I'lu; ]-i'ii(]<,'i' lias 1
H'CIl
iiiaiK' ac(|iiJiiiitf<l with the details (»(' this Mar, in the
ciiursit of wliich th(j sacred city of ]\Iitla, or ^Ojiaa,
was taken, and ol' the linal treaty hy which it was
aiiaM'^i'd that the Mexicans shoidd keej) Soconiisco,
and that (Jociyoeza shonhl wed a Mexican princess
and I'eniain m possv'ssion o
r Tel
iuante|)e(
101
In I ■')()(!, Mi/teca|»iii was in\a(K'd hy ^lontt'/.nina's
armies, and the cities of 'J'ihuitonL;'!!, Adduhtla, and
Tl ichiiniauhco were taken. In the same ye.ii- the
^liztecs made ;i deternuned elUtrt to rc-ain their in(K>
ncntlcnc.'e
hilt,
as
lias h
'•>■
)eeii seen, only snccetded m
inakiiiL;' their hardens heavier tlian l)e(ore."" {''rem
tliis time until the eoiniiiL;' eC tin- Spaniai'ds Aii/teca-
pan may l>e re;
.Mexican emitire.
urc
led
as vn
tiially
ahject to the
l)V his iiiarria'-e with the faithtul I'elayilla, < 'oci-
yuc/a had a son named (.'ociyopu. it is related Jiat
(hirin'4' the leasts with wliich the hiith of llii^ piince
was celehrated, liery rays of liL;lit were seni lo dart
JICl'OSS
the skv. Such omi
tl
lions jilu'iiomena did n 't
csra|i(! tile liotict; of the; sool hsayel's, and the douiil'ill
ul" the kiiiu'dom was ])redictrd. When ('oci_vo|Mi had
ivached (lie a'^'e of tweiity-loiir years, Ids lather con-
leired upon him the ci'own of 'l'elnianti'|tee."'"' It
was at this tiiiu;, .says Jh'asseur, that the news of
tli(,' con(|uests of the Spaniards reached ( ociyoe/.a's
ciiiirt at 'reot/apotlaii.'"" Tpoii this the iiohles of
Tehiiaiitepec liesoiiL;iit (\)ciyo]»u to ilKpdre of t he ;^(ids
what the; mi'aiiiiii;' of these things was, and if the
ahcieiit |»ropliecies coiiciriiiiii;' the introduction of a
new religion and the compiest of the count ly hs' a
race of while men, Asere ahont to he rullilh'd. ( 'o-
riyo|iii dill ;is they desired, and was told liy the <»racl(!
that tin; time had coiiu; for the I'nhilliuclit cif tli(j
lin
Sec tliii* ^uliiiiii' |'|> •t.'rr.
'"' .1/»C'/<'((», I'l'tful i si . 'illll/dfll, \\l Sill', MiX. (I'lii'l., Iili/r/in, lillll. \ii,
1^7.
'"■ ///.V/., tOlll. »».. \K .tH'J.
i £ I
!!
4
5:]G
msTOUY OF THE NORTHERN TRIBES.
l)ropliOcie.s. 'I'licii an embassy was sent to ('oyulma-
cau, where (Jortes then was, witli iiistriictioiis tn
announce to the Sj)anish chief that acconhiio- to the
directions of their oracles the peoj)le of Zapotecapaii
and Tehuautepec acknowledged his right of sov-
i.Teignty.^"''
i
I
In the suhdivision of my jiresent subject, given in
an early chapter of this volume,^** I named as oiic nf
its divisions the Historical Traditior^,^ of tlie AVild
Tribes of the North, to which topic I intended to
devote a slio/t chajtter. On further research, how-
ever, I find that there is absolutely no material iur
such a chapter. Some of the wild triltes had vague
traditions of how the world was created and peopled,
generally by the ag<.^ncy of a, l)ird or beast; othei's
told wt)nderiid tales of su})ernatural ad\entures nf
their fathers many moons ago; a few named th(! di-
rection, n(>rtl', south, east, or west, whence their
fathei's came. Such traditions have been <4i\en in
those ])ortions of this work relating to the subjects
of Mvtholo.!'v and Origin. Tliere is great confnsidu
an
louiT the ibiKrent versions of these traditions, atn
even if we kne\v in each case which was the au-
thentic version, they would shed not a ray of liglit
on general aboriginal history; the veiy most that
could be ho[»ed fi'om them would be slight iidbrnia-
tion respecting modern tribal history. All the specu-
lations of modern travelers and wi'it^'rs on ])iimitivo
history in the north ha\'e been founded, so far as
tiny have had any foundation at all, on the material
relies of anti(piity, fully described in volume I \'. «>f
this w ;k ; on the traces of the Aztec tongue in the
north, a subject fully (lisi)osed of in vnhinie III.;
and on (he tlieory of the Spanish writiM's respeelnn:'
a, general migiation iVom the north, duly eonsider' d
in the j)resent volume. Oonsecpiently all that could
in? /
iiiffnn.
1.. i:
','/• •"'
■■icri/i.
hijiiril, tdlll. ii., I'l ii., fill. ''iliT Tfi
THE rUEP.LOS OF NEW MEXICO.
1)0 said on the history of tke northern trll)os liero
would be but a ri.!})otition of wliat has ahvady been
Slid; a collection of a few valueless speculations rest-
dati
h
oven to be unsound; and
iiiU'' on toundations already pre
a renewed argument against the theory of a migra-
tion iVoin the north, a theory that has already re-
ived more attention than it deserves. It may bo
ce
tliought that the rejiorted Montezunia-tradition of
tlie J'ueblo.s in New Mexico deserves some investiga-
tion; but besides the fact that all the ibrce of evi-
dence and probability indicates that the mvtb was an
invention of white men, it is also true tli.-t if the
wor.ship of T>rontezuma and the ho])e of his coming
IVojn the east, were actually found among the l*ueblos,
this would only prove what is not at all improbable,
that the fame of ^Fontezuma 1. and of the great
Aztec power liad reached this northern regit)n. it
lias been seen that the Nahuas a few centuries after
t!ie beginning of our era were driven northward and
-tablished themselves in Anahui
ic am
I tl
le region
immediately north-west of that valley, but that their
possessions never extended farther north than Zaca-
tecas. Yet it is altogether })robable that they came
more or less into contact with tribes further north,
;md it is best to attribute to this contact at tliis
period the Nahua linguistic traces that have been
|)oiiited out in the north. The Pueblos, avIio in
ancient times <)ceu['ied the country as far south as
n<
rtlu'rn Chihuahua, were not Azt
uiMven
by th
ten- language,
ecs, as is elearl'
their monuments, and
lieir institutions. The very slight Nahua analog'
les
lat have
1
>eeu
1"
)intcd out in their manners and
istoms, do not necessarily imply any ••oiuhction
liatever with the civili/ed p( oph>s of tlu' south; yet
>es
1 regard it as not improl-ablc that the IVu-lilo tril
Nv^re slightly inlluenced l»v Nahua c(>:itaet at th
]H I'iod referred to; aJid not altogether impossible that
t!i> Nahua seed sown at this time fell inl
o tj'oo*
I
jround Ml some m iltl people i f tln' north, and thus
i
i
538
HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN TRIBES.
t ' <
orJ<j'iii;iti.'d Pueblo
avor o
any
cl
a^-ncii
oscr conn
It
uro uui
I Lit
cr culture
Ii
ction between these peoples,
there is absolutely no evidence.
AVhen we come to the Mound-Builders of the
]\[ississi|i|)i Valley, the matter j)reseiits I'ar n'reater
ditKcult
les.
w
e Know notnmu" o
th
)f tl
leir
lan<4
UitLie or
manners and customs, since they have become Iticallv
extinct; but their material monuments, and tlicir
reli^i»jus rites as indicated by tliose monuments, liear
a vt'i'v strikiny- resemblance to those of the ci\iUz(.d
nati(»ns of the south. I have already expressed an
oidnion that the ^iound-Jhiilders were in some way
connected with the civilized nations; the nature dt'
the coimection is involved in dilHculties, from ^\l^icll
there is no escape save by conjecture. We have
seen that the A/tec traces in the New ^Mexican
re,i4'ion, and ])()ssibly the l^ueblo cultun.', may be at-
tributed to the mii^j-atinjj;' Nahua tribes after theii'
overthntw in Central America; l)ut theiHj is little er
no I'eason to attrii)ute the establishment of the
]\i()Uiid-Iliiil(lers of the eastern states to the same
inlhience and the same epoch. The few Nahuas tliat
Avere scattered in the north are not likely to have
exerted so sliLjht an inlluence in the Pueblo I'eLjieii.
and so powerful a one on the j\Iississip])i ; besides,
the ]Vrississi|)pi momnnents bear inai'ks of a nuicli
^i^'i'eater imti(juity than can be attributed to the
Pueblo building's. Yet we have seen that it is lumli
more reasDiiaide to believe that the culture of tlie
]\[(nmd-i)uihlers was introdui-ed by a colony or hy
teachers IVom the south, than to ix\i;ard the ^Iissi>-
.si}»|)i \"alley as the original birtl.-place of Amei'ica!i
civilization. The Xatchez of the L,'ulf states aie said
to have lieen superior at the comiiiL^ of Eui'opi'ans tn
other aboriginal ti'ibes of the eastern states, and pre-
sented some slight analonaes in tiu'ir Institutions to
what the iMound-.l Guilders may be supposed to have
)een.
t is also the o[»inion of se\i'i'al auiii'iitu
entitled to considerahle crci
d.h
ilit. t!
lai
heir
a.iimiau^
THE MOL-ND-BriLDEllS.
53'J
a very strdni^' resoinl)lfinco to those of the
shows f
M.iva fainilv. AVithout attacliiiiu' very ureat
iiu-
1'
tanee to the hist ariJimieiit, 1 am inclined to 1
)e-
hi.'ve tliat tlie most plausiMe conjecture respecting"
llie origin of tlie ^[(jund-ikiihlers, is tliat whicli
niiikcs tlieni a colony of the ancient ^Eayas, who
settled in the north during- the continuaiice of the
gicat Maya empire of Xihalha in Central America,
several centuries before Christ. We have seen that
t!
le ancien
t :M;
lyas, un(
ler the name of Quiname.>-
jiioliahly occupied eastern Mexit-o at that epoch, and
ill later times Ave find the Huastecs in southern
Tiunaulipas speaking" a Maya dialect. It is not at
all luilikely that a colony of these people passed
northward alon^" the coast by land or water, and in-
troduced their institutions in the Mississi[)pi Valley,
liiiildiuL,^ u}) a power which became yery llourishiiio-
ii-^ the centuries passed, but was at last ibrt-cd t
vicld to the presence of envir
onmo"
barl
)arism.
o
1
iU'ri" this not as a theory which can be fully substan-
tiated by facts, but simply as tlie most plausible
;olij
ec
ture on the matter which has
nos
occur
re
d to
me.
1 ;■ <
ii'
\%
CHAPTER XI.
TltK QriCIIE-CAKCIIIQUEL EMPIRE IX GUATEMALA.
P :
E
in
No ("lIUONOI.OCiY IN THE SoiTIl— OlTLIXK ViEW— AlTIIOIUTIKS -Xt! \-
LANQIE AT UtATLAN— TllE MlfiUATION FKOM TlKAN - 15 \l. \M-
Ql ITZl': AND HIS CoMPANinXS— SacHII'ICKS to ToillI, -the QIK IMS
ON Mt IIacavitz— The Tamuu and Ilocab— Fiust Vi(tiii;ii;-;
— QocAvin Founds the Monarchy at Izmaihi— the Toitkc
Theory — iMACiiXAUY Empiue of the EAST--r)ii-KEi!ENT \ i:i;-
sioNs (IF PniMiTivE History— The Cakchiqi'ei, MKiKATioN-
JUARROS AND Fl'ENTES— LiSTS OF KiNG.S— CAKCHIi.iUEI.S IMiEH
IIACAVITZ— liEIGNS OF BALAM-CoNACHE, COTIHA, AND IZTAVII.,
AT Izmachi-War against the Ilocau— The Stolen Timiute-
GriT.MATZ, Qru'iiE Emperor at Utatlan— Changes in iiii:
Government— IJeigns of Cotlha II., Tei-eite, and Iztami, II.
— Cak( iiiijfEL History— C'oNcii'E.STS of Qiicaii I.— ItKvoi.T oy
the achihait— dis.memiterment of the e.mi'ire — ( ' ak( iih^i ki,
Conqie-sts— Reigns of the last Guate.malan Kings— Aim'kai:-
ANCE of the Spaniards under Alvarado in 1524.
Ill the south we have no connected lii.stovy oxco{it
for two centurieH ininiediately preceding' the conquest,
and no attein})t at })recise chronoh)o-y even for tliat
short period. The Quiclie-Cakchicpiel onipiro in
(luateniala was, at the coming of the S]»aiiiards, tlic
most powcsrful and famous in Nortli Anuirica, except
that of the Aztecs in Anahuac, witli whicli it iun* i'
canio into direct conHict, altliougli the fame of t.ich
was well known to the other, and conunercial iiitci-
coursc was cari'icd on almost constantly. The south-
ern cmjtii'e, so far as may be learned from the slight
(310)
rRELDIINAKY VIEW.
641
cvitlenoe lieariiiii^ on the suljoct, was about three
fciitLiries old in the sixteenth century, and the
nciirest approach to chronology in its annals is the
rcyiilar succession of nionarchs who occupied the
throne, the achievements of each kin^' _<;iven in what
iiiav be considered to be their chr()nt)l»>yic oitler, and
,tn ai)i)arent connection in a few cases with occur-
reiK-es whose date is known from the Aztec records.
In a precedinuf volume of this work I have pre-
sented all that the authorities have i)reserved respect-
ing- the maimers and customs of the Cjluatemalaii
peoples, and their condition at the conHniic of the
S|iaiiiards, includin_<^ their system o'" government and
the order of royal succession. In a chapter devoted
to a general preliminary view of these nations,' I
have already presented a brief outline of their history
as follows: (Guatemala and northern Honduras were
t'oiind in possession of the Mames in the north-west,
the I'okomanis in the south-east, the Quiches in the
interior, and the Cakchi(piels in the south.^ The two
latter were the most p(>werful, and ruled the count ly
t'niui their capitals of Utatlan and Tecpan (Juatemahi,
w\]vw they resisted the S})aniards almost to the point
ot' aimihilation, retiring for the most part after defeat
to live by the chase in the distant mountain gorges,
(hiatemalan history from the time of the botanic
('iii|iire down to an indefinite date not many centuries
iHl'tii-o the conquest, is a blaidi. It re-connncncos
with the first traditions of the nations just mentioned.
These traditions, as in the case of every American
]too[)le, begin with the innnigration of foreign tribes
into the country, as the first in the series of events
leading to the establishment of tlie Quiche-Cakchi-
'|Uel empire. Assuming the Toltec disi)ei'sion from
Aiiiiluiac in the eleventh centuiy as a well-autlienti-
cuted fact, most writers have identified the (Juate-
iiialan nations, exce[)t perhaps the Mames, by some
' Sp.T vol. ii., |>. I'Jl, et sc^.
- ."Sou luap ill vol. ii.
3 i3
A.-
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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1.25
1118
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lis. 111112.0
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Vx
512
THE QUICIIl!:-CAKCIIIQrEL EMPIUE.
(MmsIdL'i'L'il tlio descoiidiints of tho oriL;iiml iiili<'il)itaiits,
with tlio luigratiii^ Toltocs who HcmI .southwanl t »
t'ouiid a now umpire. I liavo already iiiadu kiiuwn
jiiv .sccpticisiii respociiniif national Aniurican niJL: ra-
tions in L^enoral, and tho Toltoc nii^^ration southwaid
in |>aiti(idar, an<l there is nothin*'' in the aniiaU ni"
(lUatiinala to modify the views previously I'xpicsMd.
The (^)wi(he traditions are vai^ue and without ehroiiu-
loiric order, much less definite than those relating' tu
the mythical Aztec wanderin«^s. The sum and siilt-
stance of the Quiche and Toltoc identity is tlie truH-
tional statement that tho former peojilo eiitcivil
(Juatemala at an unknown }»eriod in the past, whilL!
the latter left Anahuac in the eleventh contuiv.
That the Toltocs should have mi;s^'"rated en iiia>sc
soutliward, taken possossion of Guatemala, estahlisluil
a mii;hty empire, and yet have ahandoned their laii-
L^^uaLfo for dialects of the ori<:^inal ^[aya tohi^uc, i.> in
the hiL,diost dej^ree improhahlo. It is safer to su|i|>u,se
that the mass of the Quiches, and other nations of
CJuatemala, (,'hiapas, and Honduras, were (IlsccikIiiI
directly from the Maya builders of PaleiKiue, and
I'rom contemporary peojdes, — that is, as has hccii
shown in the chapter on pre-T(jltee history in this
volume, from the Maya j)eoples after tiicy had hciii
cont[Ucred hy a new power and had hccouu' to a ct r-
tain extent, so far as their 'ustituticius were concciiird,
Xahiia nations. — Yet the dilferi'uccs hctwccii tlie
Quich('-Cakchi(piel structures and the older architect-
ural remains of the Maya i-mpire, iudii-att' a new er,i
of ^^aya culture, oriL,nnated not improhahly \>\ ilie
introduction of foreign elements. Moreovir the a|i-
pareiit identity in name and teachiii,L;s hetweeii tlie
early civilizors of the Quiche traditi(tn and tin; Nahiia
followers of Quetzalcoatl, toi>'ether with reported n-
semhlances hetween actual (.^Juichc ud /\/,tec institu-
tions as observed by Kuro|)eans, indicate fartiier lliat
tho new element was eni^rafted on Afaya civiiizalii'H
]ty contact with tho Naliuas, u contact of which t!io
AlTHOllITIKS ON GUATEMALAN HISTORY.
543
invsenoe of the oxilod Tnltec T>ol>ilitv ninv havo \)vcn
ii proiniiicnt fcuturo. After tlie oveitliiKW ot the
original ciin>ii'e, wo lu.iy ku]»[k>su the j)eoi>le to liavo
l)0('ii suhdivided (hiriiit'' the course of centuries hy
civil wars an<l sectarian struij:»jles into inttv states,
the ijloiv of tlieir former j^reatness vanishe<l and i>ar-
tially forgotten, the spirit of })ro_i;ress tK»rniant, to lio
roused again hy the presence of the Naliua diiefs.
Tiu'se gathered and infused new life into the scat-
tiivd renuiants; they introduced some new institu-
tions, aiul thus aiik'd the ancient ])eoj»les to rehuiKl
their empire on the oKl foundations, retaining the
dialects of the original language, 'i'lie jireceding
I iaragra])hs, however, gave an exaggerated idea ol" tho
Toltec element in forming Quiche institutions, as has
liioii shown hy the investigations of the present vol-
ume, since, wliile the Nahua element in these institu-
tions was verv stronir, vet the Nahua influence was
•r«»
Vr
t xerted chiefly in ])re- Toltec times wliile tlie two
|ico|>les were yet living together in Central America,
rather than hy the exiled Toltec nohles and priests.
The authorities for Quiche history ai'e not numer-
ous. They include the work of Juairos, whieii is
rliielly fomided on the mamiscripts of b^ientis; the
I'ulilislu'd Spanish and b^'ench ti'anslations of tho
J'o|Mi| Vuh, or National IJook, of which much has
jilicai
Iv 1
leen sai(
iiKl a mimoi'r o
A' i\
ocunie
,S SMUI-
lar to tlu' li.tter, written in Spanish letters, hut in the
N.nious C^)uiche-t akchi<|Ui'l dialects, hy natisc authois
who wrote after the ( 'on(|Ui'st, of «'ourse, hut relied
upMM the ahoriginal i-eeoi'ds and ti'aditions, iitNcr |iuh-
li>he(l and only known to the world through the writ-
ings of j>rasse\ir <le r>ourh(»iirg, wii»», in Maya as in
many ))arts of Nahua history, is the chief and almost
the only
uuthoritv,
In tho earliest annals of Central America, while
tlio Xihalhan i-mpire was yet in the height of its
jiower, wo find what is, perhajis, the first menti(»n of
the territory known later us (Juateniala, in the men-
6U
THE Ql'ICHt CAKCHIQIEL EMPIKE.
tion l)y the Popol Yuh" of Carchah, or Niiiixol) ( 'ar-
<Iiali, a locality in Vera Paz, as the place wliciat;'
liimhunalijm aiul Vuciih Huiiahpu, the tirst Naliua
chiefs will) conspired against the Xilialhan nionarclis,
directed their tirst expedition toward the re;i;ion of
J'aleiKpie. Las Casas also names this as one of the
entrances to the road which lead to tlie inCcnial
regions, tlie sense prohably given to Xihalba in tlic
traditions of the conntry.* And from lUathm, in tin-
same region, in later centuries the Quiche capital,
started Xl)alan([ue and Hunahpu, the descendants (»!'
the two chieftains already named, to avenge the dc-
I'eat of their ancestors, and to overthrow the jmmd
kings of Xihalha. The young princes left hcliiml
tiieni their mother and grand-mother, ]ilanting in
their cahin two canes which were to indicate tti tlidMi
left at home their own fortune, t(» Hourish with tlitir
])r(>sperity, to wither at each misfortune, and to ilic
should they meet the fate of their ]»reilccissois;
hence piihaps the Quiche name of Utatlan, (Jninai-
caah, 'house of withered canes.'" The menti«)n of ( liia-
temalan localities in this connection is not sutlicicnt
to prove that the oj)position to Xihalha had its lu^gin-
ning or centre in (Juatemala, but sim]>ly indicutis
tliat the Nahua power in those ])rimitive times ex-
tended over that region, as did also the Maya jiowir.
not improbably. In other words, the long stniggli'
between the two rival powers was no local contest at
and about l*alen(pie. but was felt in a greater or h ss
tiegree throughout the whole country, from Anjiluiac
to (Juatemala, and perhaps still farther south.
Xbalampie's exp(.'dition and some subsecpient oc-
currences are related by Tonpiemada, as follows:
"After the people of the earth had multiplied ami
incieased, it was made known that a god had Ik i n
biuii in the province of Otlatla (Utatlan), now known
* l.ii.s Cii.siis, lli.ll. Aintli'iiflira, SlS., tiiiii, iii., cap. cxxiv., I'xxv.
IThiHVol., \\\y I7SHI»; i'opol Villi, p. 141.
i:xpi:i>iTU»N OF xr.ALANgn:.
r.ij
;is Vriii Piiz, thirty loai^uos from tlic capital called
(^)iiaiiht(.'ina)laii ((luatt'inala), which j^od they named
i'Ahalaii([iioii. oriiiiM it is rdatcil, ainoiii; otiuT lies
.iiul i'ahles, that he went to waj^e war ayi'ainwt Hell,
niid loiiirht against all the j)uoj>le of that rei(i(»n and
t(iii([U(!i'ed them, and r'aptured the kinn^ oi' He-U w ith
many of his army. On his return to the earth after
Ills victory, hearini; witli him his spoils, the kinLC of
the Shades l)e<>i>ed that he mijuht not he larried
jiwuy,
T
tl
U'V were tlien m three or
four
urades ot
liL;ht, hut ExhalaiKpien ijaNe the infernal nionainh a
kick, sayintjc *y'" hack, and thine he in future all that
is rotten, and refuse, and stinkinij, in these infernal
n'L,Mons.' ExhahuKjuen then returned to A'era l*ai5
wlience he had set «)ut, hut he was not received there
with the festivities and soui^s of triunn>h which he
tli(tu<;ht he had deserved, and therefore he; went away
to another kinoclom. where he was kindly received.
This conijueror of Hell is sai<l to have iiitroduccd the
Custom of sacriliciny human heinys,"" Hrasseur adds
oil this suhject: "Copan, the name o^ which ('on the
vase') alludes mysteriously to the relioious symhols
of tlio mixed, or Mestizo, Nahua race, was it tlien
• hosen hy tiiis [trince, whose mother (X(pii<|) peisoni-
titd the fundamental idea of this san,L;uinarv worships
ilitwevei' this may have heen, it seems certain tliat
tiic iatti'r city owed its oriyin to a tierce warrior
ii.uiicd IJalam, who liad entered the countiy hy the
way of IVten 1 tza ahout tifteen centuries huforo the
S|i;uiisli couijuest. J)urin^' the last |>eriod of nativt;
Mile tlie ]>rovince of whicli ('(tpan was the capital
was caHed I\iya(|ui ('in the Vatjui, or Nahuas) or
tilt' iviiiu'dom of ('hi(|uinuila.'"' Jiut all this may he
iwarded as purely conjei-tural.
'' Tiirqnriiiiir/ii, t<Mii. ii., pp. riH-4; I. an ('asiis, Hist. Afmlnfft'tira, MS.,
I'liu. iii., Clip. I'xxiv.
■ /iivrv.vi )(/•, in I'o/iii! Villi, p. cclvi. Tlic only aiilliiirily icfcrrcil tii on
tlii> iiialli'i' of 4 'opaii is (lie Isni/iii/r /lisfiiririi, a iniuiiiscripi iiir<l in linn in
l''l"':. Mini, /iiini In /listnrni tld iinliijiiu Jiiiiiu ilr Uiiuliiiiiild, |om. i.,
I' I'l I'l MMI.
ViiL, V. U8
51G
THE QUICHE-CAKCHIQUEL EMPIRE.
From the tlnio wlioii XhnlaiKiuo and ITuiialipu
luaivliod to tlie con(|Uo.st of Xilmlha, and suci't* dal
in stihordinatinyf the ancient Maya to tlie X;i]iu;i
power, for several centuries down to the f<uh«e(|iitiit
scatterin<if of hoth Nahua and Maya tril)es, wliidi
preceded tlie aj)pearance of tlio Toltec l)rancli(s in
Analmac, the history of (Juateniala is a l)hiiik. That
civilized peojdes occupied tlie country at tliat riMiiote
time; tliat they liad huen more or less the suhjccts of
tlie ancient empire; and that they liad Iteen l>rniiL;lit
within tiio new inHuences of tlio Nahua institutions,
there can he little douht; hut they have left no
record of their deeds, prohalily not even of tlitir
names. The annals recommence with the traditional
mio-ration from Tulan, hv which the Toltecs i.stal)-
lished themselves on the central jdateaux of Mexico,
Avliile the trihes afterwards known as Quiches wan-
dered southward to the hioiilands of Vera J*az; Imt
five or six centuries were yet to pass hefore we liml
any record that may he jiroperly termed history. I
return to the traditions of the Popol Vuh, it \>v]\y^
necessary to take up the thread of the story at a
jieriod even precediuij^ the arrival at Tulan, and tlms
to repeat in a nu'Msiire certain portions already re-
ferred to in a prei-edini;' chai>ter,
After the cieation of the first men, Balam-Quit/.c,
Balam-Aj^nd), Mahucutah, and I(ii-I]alam, wives wcit'
^•iven them, and these were the parents of the (Juiclio
nation. i\mon<^ the nations then in the Kast, (liat
received their names IVom those that were he^ott( n,
were those of Tepeuh, < )loiiian, (.'ohah, Quenecli, and
Allan; also those of Tamuh aiitl 1 local) who caiiic to-
o-ether from the eastern land." IJalam-Quitze was tlic
ancestor of the nine niaiid families of C^awi'k: jialain-
A,Ljah of the nine of Nihaih; Mahucutah of the lour nf
Ahau-Quiche. There came also the thirteen ot" Tt c-
pan, and those of Kahinal, the Cakchicpiels, tlioM i»t'
^ Tii(> otiior imnicH nro I.ainaU, Ciiiniitx, Tiiliiillia, rcliiilialiii. < luiiiii-
lulin, ijiiilialia, Itatciia)), Acul-N'iiiak, Italaiiiilia, (.'anclialit'l, mikI liMlaiii-
KECOUD OF TIIK I'Ol'OL Vllf.
'47
T/.iquinaha, Zacalia, .and otlicrs. All scom to linvo
sjiokuii one laiii^uui^i', and t<^ have livid in i;rt;it
jic.ico, Mack nion and whlto together. }lvve tiny
awaited the rising of the sun and prayed to the
lit;. it of Heaven. Tlie tril)es were already very
iiiiiiierous, ineludin2f that of the Ya(|ui (Xaluias).
At the adviee of Dalani-Quitze and his eonn>ani(>iis,
tlu-y departed in seari'li of gods to W(»rshi[>, and came
tit Tulan-Zuiva, the Seven Caves, where gods wt le
nivcn them, Tohil, Avilix, Hacavitz, and Xicahtagah.
T'lliil was also tlie god of Tanuih an«l I local), and tin*
tliiie trihes, or families, kept togi-ther, for their g<>(l
^\ as the same.* Here arrived all the trihes, the iJa-
Miials, tlio Cakchi(|uels, the Tzi(|uinaha, and the
Va(|iii; and here their language was coniount! ',
tilt y could no longer understand each other, and tlxy
xpai'ated, .some g<»ing to the east and many coming
liitlier (to Guatemala). They dressed in skins and
^vt•^e poor, hut they wei'e wonderful men, and win n
t!i< V reached Tulan-Zuiva, long l»ad been their jour-
in y, as the ancient histoi'ies tell us.
Xow there was no fire; I'ohil was the first to crt.'ato
it, lait it is not known exactly how he did it, since it
was already hurning when it was discovcr^'d hy J)a-
1am (^)uitze and lialam-Agah. The fire was ])ut nut
l>v a sudden shower and hy a storm (•!" hail, hut the
liiv of the Quiches was rekindled hy 'I'ohil. Tlnii
tile other trihes cann^ shivering with chattering t»'<tli
tn ask lor fire from J>alam-(,)uitze, which was at fiist
lit iiivd them; and a messenger from Xihalha ap-
|iiart'(l, a Zotzil, or hat, as it is said, and advist-d tliM
lili^li-priests to refuse the petition of the trihes tnitil
liny should have learneil fiom Tohil the price to ho
paid for the fire. The condition finally named hy the
' iilnli, most (if wliicli nrn8npiir rniinort!* iiioro or Ic^s Hiitisfncttirilv witli ilii>
!"M!iin'il niiiis ill tlif t iiiati'iiiala lii^;liliiiiils, wlicic tlii'sf tiilic^ nftcrwiinU
li'l. Jt is Htali'il liy tiu! traditimi tliat only the |)riii('i|ial iiaiiit>N aiu
Mil
>,'l\rl|.
riic fitiirtli jfod, Nicahtavrali, i« rarely iiaincil in flic fiiliitwitiL' |ia;.'t'x;
i'lliil i« ol'tni iisnl fur 1 1 10 ti'initv, 'ruiiil, Avilix, iiiiii llai'av it/; ainriialaiii-
^i'tn/.v fur tlic liaiiil of tlie last four men or liiyli iiriextN.
5JH
TiiK (iri('iiK-(\K(iri<in:L kmimki;.
H'ikI was, tliat tlu'y consent to "unite tlieiiist]\t's to
int) under their urnii)it jukI uiuler their ;;ir(llc, ainl
that they enihraco nie, Tohil," a condition not \t rv
clearly exi)ressed, hut uhich, as is shown hy wli.it
iollows, was an agreement to worship the Quiche ^.d,
aiul sacrifict! to him their hlood, and, if reipiired, tin ir
<hildien. They accepted the condition and rectivtd
tlie lire. l>ut one family stole the tire, the f'auiilv of
Zotzil, of the ( 'akthicjuels, whos« <»'od was ('lianiai-
can, and whose syml»<»l was the hat; and tliey did imt
suhmit to the conditions of Tohil. ]lerc they he^.in
to fast and to watch for the sun. it was imt Ik n;
tliat they received tlieir power and sovereignty, imt
there where they suhdued tho <;reat and the lilt! '
trihes, when tliey sacrilice»l them hefoi'i; the {\u-v dt"
Tohil, olferiui^- him thu hlood, the life, the hreast. and
the armpit «»f all men. Thus at Tulan came to tin m
tiieir majesty, that j^reat wisdom whicli was in tin la
in tho ohscuritv and in tlie ninht. Thev came tli. ii
and tore themselves away from tlu;re and ahanduind
tlie n'yions of the; risiui** sun
Til
IS is not uiii-
home; let us i^-o a:id see whiM'e wcs shall estahlish ii.'
said Tohih Truly he si>oke to lialam-Quit/.c .ind
tho others, " Afako first your thanksi^iviiiL;-, pit j
i;iiv
till! iioles in _>.»ur ears, pierco your elhows, aiK
Ih
d
sac
yod.
■rifice; this will ho your act of j^ratitude htl'i
It
IS wt
dl." th
'.y '■'^'1
died.
|>iercini,' their ( ais:
and those things are in the soul;' of their coming' IV mi
Tulan; and their hoarts ;L?roaned when they stailMJ.
ikfter they had torn themselves away from Tulan.
"iVlas! wo shall no longer hehold here the dawn ;it
tho moment when ':,ho sun comes up to ilhimiiie tli'
la.co of the earth," said they as they set <»ut. Unt
some were
lef
(1: f
(m tho road; tor somb romamei
I asl.
eaidi of tho irihos arisin<jr so as to 800 tho miiniiu'4
star. It v/as tho sijLjfn of the mornini,'- that was in
their thono'hts when thoy came from the land <<l" llif
risinj^ sun, and thoir hopo was the same in leaving
TIIK (/I ICIIKS AT MT IIACAVITZ.
MO
tliis jilaco which is ;it a i^'rctit (.listuiu'e, as they toll us
to-day.
They arrivod and .•isscmhlcd on the nioiintaln now
cillcd Chipixah, the (Jni<-Iu's, Tainuh, ilocah, ( ak-
clii'iiU'ls, llahinals, and 'iVj(iuiiiaha. Thi-y took <-(»iin-
s'l ••nu with anothiT, and were very sad, and luinLjrv
Ti
len.
It th
leir owji lecjuest, were tlie uixls
loiH'ealed in diO'erent ravines and forests,'" except
liiicavitz, who was |)la<-ed on a pyramid on Mt 11a-
c.ivitz, and there all the Irihes waited in ;L;;reat tn»ui)le
wn. "Now hehold lords
W( re made, and our old men and our f'atheis had their
licL-inninLr; hehold mo will relate the dawn and the
fur the cominL,'" of the da
;i|tlMarance of the sun, ni<»on, an
(•nil
(1 Sti
US.
Tl
»e ac
lit of the dawn and its attendant ceremonies,
wliich follows in the i\>p<»l A'uh, wctuld seem, in
(diiiM'ction with the j>rece«linij^ ijuotations, to refer
v;iL;iiely to the election of rulers, the estahlishment of
ti'iiiporal and spiritual o-oM-rnmeiit, the hiith of
(^)iiitlie institutions. Here they sani^ the soiii;- of
l.iiiu'iitation for tlieir separation from their kindreil in
Tulan, already referred to."
I'lider l>alam-(^uit/A', I)alam-Ai,'a1), ^rahucutah,
iiiid lui-l'alam, the\' lised toyethi-r on the mountain,
iiiid thi' trihes of 'Pamuh and Ilocah lived neai- hv in
1 Tohih'tlie
!JO(
till' forests of Dan, undei* the sanu
'j;nt\ of the jieople ol" IJahiiml hein"' the same undi'r
the name of 1 luntoji, while the jj^od of the ('ak(dii-
(jiicls was dill'ereiit, 'iV.ot/.iha Clianialcan, as was also
tlitir Ian '•iia!'"*'. Their hearts were heavv hecause
1 Hacavit/ wcie still hidden in the
Inlill
Avil
IX, a IK
iir.iss and moss, although it has heeii stated hefore
tli.it tlie latter was on the pyramid of llacavitz.
Tiny went to tliank Toliil for the sunrise, and to
iii.ike otlerin<j^s of resins and plants; and he spoke and
iiiad(! known a rule of conduct lor the sairificeis ; and
"Till- naincH of tlie lui'iiliticH ii.iiticii ns (lie lii«linj;-]>Ia('«'» of tin; ^'odn
Miid lo Im' hiill iiltiii'liril to jiliU't's i!i N'l-ia I'a/.
" Sfc |i. IS'.*, of tliis V((liiiiK'.
D50
THE (ilKHH-C AK<lin.>ri:L KMI'IKi:
they (itlk'd uj>nii liim to aid tlu'iii and said, "In r«'
hliall 1(0 our iiioiiiitaiiis and our valleys;" jiiid tlir
j^ods j>rc«licted tlieir future <Jfreatue.s,s. They Ktill Mit"
t'ered from Iniiinvr, and the phiees wliere the wivis
altode were not elearlv known.
And ninv many towns liad l)een founded, a|i|i;ii-
ently l)y other tlian the (^uiehe trihes, hut .-is t
(I
.I>alani-(.|)uitze and hi.s tliree (•onii)anion.s they \\i iv
not elearly seen, l)ut cried hkc wihl heasts in tlie
mountains and on the roads, comini,'' eacli <hiy h» I'div
'I'oliil, Avilix, and Hacavitz, otferini;' them the hlddd
o
f I
)east>'
ai
id hhuul (hawn from their own ho(H
Afteiwards heyan the shiu^hter of the sui'roumliiiH-
]»eo|»le who were oveitaken on the loads, eithei' one
hy one or in small groups, an<l slain, as was su|i|hisi(|,
)V wild heast
Aft
er man^
had
tens
hed.
susinti
nil-
Were ar
oused of the four saei'i fleers and of tli
t'lr
IH<)ds, but it "Was liard to traek the [treten<led animals
on the fo^-enveloped summits of the (luat(>mal;iii
liei^hts. Now the j;-ods Tohil, Avilix, and Haea\Itz
assiiiuetl the appearanee of three younjic nu-n, and
Were wont to hathe in a eeiiain I'iver, vanishiiiLT at
will whenever they wei'e seen hy the people; and a
eouneil was held to devise means lor eHectinj;" (luir
death, and to escape the (U'struction caused hy tlnse
Quiches of C.'awek
Th
d tl
ley deemed themselves a j^ivat
jteople and those of Cawek only a handful; \r\ it'
the power of the three j^ods was really so ^rcat that
it I'ouUl not he overcome, then would they call upnii
Tithil also to he their liod. It Avas decided tt» m iid
to meet the three youn^- men at the hath two ol'tlif
mo.st beautiful of their virgins, that the passions of
the former nii_L>ht be excited. These vii;i;ins, in
obedience to the commands ol' tlieir elders, went to
the river to wash linen, and both removed all tli< ir
clotliin;j;' as soon as the three bathei's appeared, .md
bewail to talk with them, sayiiii^- that tlieii' jian nis
liad sent them to sjteak to the younu' men and U>
briiisjf some token of ha\iii''' had an inter\ii'W wil'.i
Till-: TIIKKK TKMITKKS.
651
tluiii. lint tlio youiijjf men did not, as was cxiK'ctt'd,
so I'ar (U'sfond from their o<Hllil<,j dinnity as to tako
liKiitios with tlie lair Xtali and Xpnch, l>nt after
coiisnltation with Ualain-Quitze and liis hntthir sar-
rilict IS, i^ave tlio <rirls their jiaintid mantles as tokens
to carry to those tlnit had sent them. ( )ne (tf tlie
as covered with jiainted a as,.s and hees
mantles w
lii.'l
w
\ came
to lif'i
e and stun^ tiie Ion! who jtut it on,
and thus was Tohil victorious (»ver the princis, hy
the aid of Balam-Quitze and his comjianions. Then
an assault was determined upon hy tlu; nunieious
trii»es aij^ainst the small forces of the (Quiche sacri-
liceis on Afount Itacavitz, hut Tohil knew of all their
jilaiis, as did nalam-Quitze. Tlu; inva<lers wei'e to
iiiuke the attack hy nii^ht, hut tlu y fell asK-ej) on thii
mute, and their cyehrows and heard were shaven and
all the'r ornaments stolen hy the valiant Quiches as
they slept. The Cj)uiche leaders fortllied their jtosi-
tioM with palisades and I'allen trees, and stationed
(»ii them manikins of wood armed like soldiiis and
(K'corate<l with the j^old and silver stolen from tlie
sleeping- foe. The sacrilicers were st)re afraid, hut
Tohil re-assured them. They fdled the shells oi"^(»urds
with hornets and wasps and placed them ahout the
(Kl'eiices of their town. Spies came from the enemy
and look'.'d upon the wooden soldiers and ri'j(»iced
that they were few in numhei', ami at the victory
tlirir countless armies were soon to win.
The hostile forces, armed with hows and arr
ows.
and hearin;^ shields, asci-Uiled the mountain and sur-
niuhded the (.Quiche retreat, shouting- and stiivinn'
with fearful (tlamor to strike; tenor into the hearts ol*
tlirir foes, who meanwhile' lo(»ked i-almly on. .\t
the (ittiiiif moment the winu'ed allies (»f the (.^)uiches
Wire released from the ntmrds and in countless
Imides attacked the invaders riyht valiantly, fasten-
m.; themsi'lves on the eyes and noses of the foe, who
tliifw down their arms in their ayony, threw them-
NeKes on the Liround, and were slauuhtered hv the
552
THE QriCHK-rAKrHIQlKI. KMIMItK.
followers of Tohil, l>otli men Jiiul w<tnu'ii JoiiiluM- in
thu Itloody work. Barely half of tlio iiivadiiiL;- aniiv
escaped to their homes. 'I'he trihcs wore thus jnl-
miliated hcfore the face of the sacrificcrs, he^-ui-td Inr
mercy, and were made su'tjects; tlu? victors wtir
filled with exultation, and multiplied, hei^ettiniL;' sons
and dauirhters on Mount Haeavitz.
Tl
le sons o
f th
le sacriticers were as
foil
ows:
Bal;
iin-
Quitze bejj^at Qocaih and Qocavih, ancestor of tin-
('awtk, or first Quiche royal family. Jiaiani-A'^.il*
beiifat Qt)acul and Qoaeutec, fiom wliom >;praii^ the
family of Nihail). Mahucutah had hut one son
Qoahau; and r<ji-Balam had none.'^ Tiie four sacii
fleers, the first leaders and fathers of th«' Qiii(he
j)eo|>le, were
Id
manv woi
ds of
now
)unse
an<
I ready to die, and alt
< r
1 to their sons they disa|>pt aitd
suddenly, leavinj^ to their people what is callid the
loped majesty,' as a most i)recious relic, the
•envelo[
form of which was not kn(nvn for the envelope w.e
not removed; and thenceforth the Quiches fiom (Ik ii
home on the mountain ruled all the suirountlin^j-
trihes now thoroujifhly subjected.
The three elder ons, Qocaih, Qoacuti^c, and Qom-
hau, were married Iougc after the death of their
fathers, and they determined to o-o as their fatlieis
had ordered to the East on the shore; of tlu; se.i,
whence their fathers had come, *to receive the loy-
alty,' bidding" adieu to their brothers and i'riends. ami
j>romisin<»" to return. "Doubtless they ])asse(l o\ ti-
the sea when they went to the Kast to receive the
royalty. Now this is the name of the lord, of tlif
monarch of the people of the Kast where tluy went.
And when they arrived before the hu'd Nacxit,''' the
jiame of the Ljreat lord, of the only jud,L;e, whose
•* AiiolluT (lonnnciil coiisiilti'il I)y Ilrnsst'iir, I'nfin! ]'iih, \i. i2S(!, |il,ic("<
finir i^ciicratioiiH iK-twi'di nalani-ljuit/.o anil C^ucailt ami (.jiocaN iii imii-
tioiK'tl aliiivc as liin hiiiih.
" llia^-fiir insists thai lliis was Acxitl «,>ucl/a!ci(atl, tlic la>t TuIiim'
Kin^', uliu liail fnninlcil a ;;i'i.'al kinj^tUiiu iu lluiuluras, with the ('a]iital at
(■t>[ian. J'djiul Villi, i>. -114.
KSTAIMJSII.MKNT OK Till: MONAljril V.
jo!i
ynwvr was without limit, Itcliold 1k' Lrr-iiitt'd tliciii
the sii^nj i)t" royjilty juul all tiiat rrprcsiiits it ; Iu'ihc
ciiMo till' si^p of tlio rank <»f' Ali|»t>[> and of" that of
Ahpo]) ('.-i!
iiiid Nju'xit Hually i;avL' thi'iii the
iiisi'^iiia of royalty, all tho thiiiys in fact which
(liiv hrouiL^iit on tlu'ir return, and which they went
(ii receive from the other side of" the sea, llie art of
)i:iintin;j^ from Tulan, a system of writim;", they said,
tor i\\v thinij^s recorded in the historii-s."
The three princes returned tc) i\i« -iMt llacavitz,
iisscmhied all the trihes, iiicludinii^ the ).to|»lo (tf 1 lo-
(•;ih and Tanuih, the Cakchiiiuels, T/Jinunaha, and the
triheof llahinal, assuminuf the au<.. iritv ose\- them to
tlu- yreat joy of all. Then the wives ot' tlie original
.-., riticers died, and many of tlio |»^"j)]c left Mount
llacavitz and founded innumeralile oilier towns «>n
tl
le neiLihltoriiiir
hilh
u
where their nuniheis were
t,nvatly multiplied. The three piinci's who went to
tile b'ast to receive tho royalty, had j^-rown old and
(lied, hut l»ef(»re their death tliev had established
tluniselves in their i,n"cat city of Izmachi.''*
The narrative of tho Popol Vuh eondensi's in th(>
)>recedinL( para;4"ra|)hs, the history of tlie (.j)uiclu's
(liirino- the whole time that elapsed hetween the scat-
ti'iiiio- of the Naliuas from 'i'ulaii hel"ore the lifth
ii'iitui'v, and the final estahlishmeiit of the (^uicli('
t'liipiri', an I'veiit whose exact datt; is uidvnown l"or
wr have nothiuL;; hut approximate dates in the ahori^*-
iiial history of (Juatemala hut wlii<'h, judu;in,n" I'y
tlic iHimher t)f kind's that uro i"i'|ireseiite(l as haviiiL,''
tiiTUpied the throne af"terwar<ls down to the coming- of
tlic Spaniards, is thou^'ht not to have heen larlier
than the thirteenth centuiy. The ivconl ini[illes, in
" llriiHsour, in Popol Vuh, p. 207, lives ii list fnmi aimllicr licicmniMit
"f iiKiiiv of tiit'Hi' new sctlicnifnts, iiiiiiiy of wliicli us lie riaiiiis cmii Ik*
i'linlilii'ii with inoiliM'ii locaiiticH. 'I'lic cliii'f oi" t' t" lu-w lnwiis was <'iii.
||iii\, 'ill tlif tlioriis,' |Hissili|y tin- iianif fmiu wiiicli (jhiiriu' was (lcii\i'il,
ilii> city oi't'ii|iit'ii finir liills, <ir was diviilcil intu four ili>triil>, llir I'iii-
ij"i\, < liichac, lliiiiK'talia. ami • 'iillia-Caviiial.
'• 7'(-y/((/ Vnli, jip. •_'0."»-'jy; XiiiHit(Z, Jli.sf. linl. Gitul., [>[>. S.'J-llS.
&5i
TlIE QUICHE-CAKCIIIQUEL EMPIIIE.
fact, that the Quichds lived long in their now home
bel'oru tliey accjuired power among the .siirrouiKlinu-
tribes. All this time they were directed i»y tJuir
trinity, Tohil, Avilix, and Hacavitz, acting through
their four chief sacrificers, or high-prieKts, iJalani-
Qiiitze, Balam-Agal), Mahucutah, and I(|i--l)alaiii,
the same who had led them in their migration tVoiu
the regiiy.i of Xibalba, and even in tlieir migration to
that region from the east. Of course many geiKTa-
tions of })riests bearing these names or these titles
must have succeeded each other in the direction ot'
Quiche attairs during this period; but tlie recoid ad-
mits the succession of sons to the ecclesiastical and
temporal power only after the nation had risen to
power. It has been noted, however, that anotlur
document mentions several generations between Ihi-
lam-Quitze and Qocavib. The surrounding ])e(H»lLS
are continually referred to in the l*opol Vuh, l)ut tor
the most part simply as 'the tribes,' although the
tribes of Tamu!) and Ilocab, of Kabinals, of the Cak-
chifpicls, and several others are frequently named,
sometimes in a manner that would lead the reader to
su[»})ose that tlu^se were 'the tribes' subdued, hut
oftener as if these were from the first coimecteil w itli
the (.^)uiches. From the records of other Guatemalan
nations which have never been published, the Ahhd
Brasscur attem})ts to throw some light on tho history
of the tribes among which the Quiches lived so lon'^'
in a stib(»rdinate j)osition, and on the period owv
which the J?opol Vuh j)asses so rai)idly.
The many tribes that left the central region of Tu-
Ian <lid not probably do so simultaneously, hut
migi'att'd at irngular intervals, so that the tinid d' -
strnction of 'I'ulan may not have (>ccurred before the
sixth or seventh centurv. Juarros even yives a li>t
of four kings, 'i'anub, Ca}>ichoch, Calel-.Vhus, and
Ali|Mip, who ruled in that city, although his accoinit
taken from that of Fuentes is not worthy of great
coniielence. According to the records I'ollowed hy
MIGllATIOX FROM TULAN.
riiasseur, the first tribes to misrate southward to-
Avartls Guatuiiiala, were those of Tamul) and Ilocab
toi^ether with the thirteen clans of Tecpan, tlie ances-
tnis of the Pokoniam«. We have seen, however,
that (Juatc-nuda was ah'eady more or le.ss in possession
ut" the Nahiias l)efore the overthrow of Xil)all)a, and
tlio vau^ue references to the tribes of Taniub and Jh)-
( ah -the oldest Nahua tribes in the country aceoidini*-
t(» all authorities — are insufficient to sliow dearly
whi'ther they wore already in Guatemala in the time
of Hunalii)U and Xbalan(|uc, or like the Quii'hes
juopcr min'i'ated thither after the i\\\\ of Xihalba.
The chiefs of Tamub held the highest rank in a kind
nt' confederacy that seems to have been established at
tliis early time. Their cai)itnl was AnKiL!;'-])an, a few
leagues north of Utatlan. The family of llocub, the
second in the confederacy, had its ca[)ital, Ucpiincat,
at a short distance north-west of Utatlan, and was
divided into two branches called (Jale-Zilia and
TziMiuni-ha. The third chief of the alliance has es-
i|ted the abbe's researches. The thirteen tribes of
Tecpan, under the names of I^xab and Pokomam,
oiHiipied Vera Paz and the region south of the ^To-
ta;4ua, their capital, Nimpokom, being near where the
modern town of Kabi.ial now stands. The western
coiiiitry towards Chiapas was held by the blames, ono
el" the ancient ])eo[>les of (Juatemala who were pi'ob-
alilv found in the country bv the Hrst tribes from
Tiilan. This nation was divided into many bands,
\\hose names and towns are given, the latter includ-
ing those afterwards known as (^)uezaltenango and
lliiehuetei.ango. ( )ne document mentions a ;^!icces-
sloii of nine sovereigns in the Tamub dynasty before
the (^)nichr ])ower bi^gan.
The Quiches entered the country at about t1io
same time us the tribes of ilocab, 'i'amub, and the l*o-
kniiiams, but as we have seen in tiieir own record, they
had no iniluence for many centuries among the na-
tie s that preceded them. During this period, with
(
656
Tin-: QriCIIE-CAKCIIIQlKL EMiMia:.
tho Cakcliiiiucls, the l)an<l of Uiilijiuil, uikI the .V],.
'I'/icjiiiiiaha, they constituted a <i;Toii|» of .small triln >,
<l\v..!liii,i,»" oil the barren heit^hts of \'eia J*a/,, or tin
Laeandon country. It is not jn'obahle that tluv unc
yet known as Quiches, or 'men of the wo(j(ls,' and all
that is known of then» is the names of their ,ut»d>,
Tohil, Avilix, and llacavitz; of their chief j>riests,
wliose names, or titles, were Balam-Quitze, JJalnin-
A_L;al», ^Fahucutah, and Iiji-Balam; and of leadeis
mentioned hy tho MS. CakrIiKjncI, and named Xur-
cah and Totomay. Accordin<; to our only autlKnitv
on early events, excej)tin_i,'' the Popol Vuli, the time
which was occupit-d by the Quiches under Jialain
(^)uitze and his companions in their lonsj;- strun^les as
animals aL!:ainst the other tribes, is ntjt that wliii h
elapsed between their arrival from Tulan at Mt
llacavitz in the sixth or seventh ceiituiy. and the
establishment of their monarchy in the thirteenth, lnir
rather that between their first coming' jn'ominc ntlv
into notice in the mountains o
f \'
era
V
iz m till
tvvill'th century, and the foundin<^ of their iiii|iiif.
AccoidinjLf to this version, the annals of the whole
jti'ecedinn" jieriod are included by the author of the
l*opol \'uli in those of the migration to Mt llaca
vitz; r>alain-Quitze and the other sacrificeis wiir
not their leaders when thev le!'t Tulan, but weri' uivni
to them nmch later by their »4'od Tohil to j;uide the
lud'ortunate i)eoi>le out of their dilliculties; in fart,
tl
lese sacriticers, so i
ailed, were 'I'oltec chieftains w 1
III
iled iVom Anahuac at the fall of their t'm|)ire, joined
the partisans who accompanied their llii^ht to the
Ibrces of tin; (..)uiches, iiathered the scattered trili's
» r>
IT
on the heights of Vera Paz, and were enabled all
a century (»f contest during- which the Quiches wiv
I'eL^arded as a mition of bri.i,''an(ls, much like the A/,
tecs at the same time, or .i little later, about tin'
Mexican lakes to subdue the surroundinn' nations,
and thus becomt^ masters of (Juatemala. There .iiv
probably n«» sulHcient reasons to deny that the einim.'
r.MP.ASSV TO ANAHlAr.
was foinult^l in tho tweli'tli or tliirti-eiitli ci'iitury ; -
;iltli(>iiL;li it slioiild 1)0 noted that tliis givrs to the lul-
l(>\vini4' kin^s down to the Contjuest, as will he serti
later, an average rei^-n of only twelve or fll'teen yeai'>;
-the Quiehes are known to have claimed relationshi[)
with the 'Poltec sovereigns; and it is (jnite likely t!n'
exiled ehii'fs and priests ot'Tollan had an iiilhu iitr i>u
the C^uichi' institutions; hut that the (^)iiifli(' empire
\\;i>! thus founded hv the Toltee exiles, there is, as I
have repeatedly shown, every reason to deny.
The tirst trihes eoni|uered hy the lollowers of To-
liil were live of tho thirteen J*okomam hands, \\hieh
W( re lorei'd to pay trihnte. Ahean was now tlie hi^h-
[niest and leader of the hands who vvei'e gathered
ahout Mt llaeavitz, and he was the groat-grandson
i>\' l)alain-(»)uitzo, and the fatluir of (^)ooaih and <^)o-
cavih, mentioned ])y the ]?opol \'uh as th(> l"ound-
eis of the monarchy, and iv[>resc>nted hy that record
as tho sons of .l»alam-(^)uitz('. It was at his command,
expressed just hefore his death, that the three princes
undertook a journey to tho J'iast, to ohtain from the
'^reat monarch of that region, the authority and in-
signia which should rondel" legitimate tho powi'r they
Were ahout to assume. Other documents dilfei- from
the I'opol Vuh in stating that whih; one of tlu! hroth-
ers, Qocaih, thus visited tho Kast, tho other hrotlur,
(.^)iicavih, directed his course northward to Aiuihuac to
seek tin; royal investitui"(> at the; hands of tho 'I'oh
tec princ(>s who had remained at Culhnacan. lie
leached the valley, hut such was tho state of anarchy
he found ])revailing there, that ho was forced to iv-
tiu'n without having attained his ohjoct, and reached
his homo long hefore the I'oturn of his hrother. lie
< \en took' advantage of Qocaih's ahseiice to dishonor
his wife, who hoi'o him a s(tn. (^)(tcail), when ho
came hack from his successful mission and was
cMngratid.'itod hy tho asseinhlod chieftains, saw tht;
child in its mother's arms, and was n(»t a littK' sur-
prised at its existence, hut ho seemed perfectly satis-
55S
THE QUICIIE-CAKCHUiUEL EMIMRE.
fied witli tlio assurance of his wife that the cliild was
of his own hlood, and takinif it in his arms, he naim d
it Biihini Conaolie, who was tlie founder of tlie lioiix'
of Conaclie and of Iztayul, and tiie first to hear the
title of AlijK)}) Candia, or heir ajiparent to the
throne. It is not explained why the youni»"er hndlu !■,
unsut'cessful in his mission, was allowed to hecoiiu'
the head (jf the o-overnment instead of the older and
inoi'e sueeessful Qoeaih. A second journey to the
Kast hy the two princes is also recorded hefoi'e tluir
ri<j;ht to the throne was definitely estahlished.
This suhject of an eastern monarchy ruled ly
Nacxit is shrouded in impenetrahle mystery. Ihas-
seur claims confidently that the kingdom cited was
in Honduras with its capital prohahly at C\)pan, and
ruled hy Acxitl Quetzalcoatl, the last of the Tohtc
ldn;i»'s, or hy his son; the sea alluded to as haviiin-
liei'U crossed in the journey, must then have Ik m
the ,i;ulf of Amati(|ue or that of Dulce. The only
authority that 1 know of for this assumption is tin'
vanue report hy Ixtlilxochitl that Acxitl went south
ward and estahlished a i;reat empire in Tlaiiallan,
Avhere lie died in the twelfth century; and the slight
resemhlaiice iii the names Acxitl and Nacxit. I
need not say that the authority is altogether iiisnlli-
cient, and that it is much safer to <;ive the tah' of
the mission to the East some mytholoufic nicanin.;',
oi' to admit that its meaninijf like that «)f manv *i\'
the traditions of this early period in CJuatenialan
history is wholly uidviiown.
The mniarchy as thus first estahlished seems to
]ia\e included, hesides the Quiches proj)er of the
house of Cawek, the Cakchi(|Uels, Kahinals, and Ah
Tzi(juinaha, as the principal Quiche hranches or alhts.
Duriniuf the rei^ii of Qocavih, the territory of Ihc
kingdom was considerahly extended hy the con(|Utst
of larijfe jtortions of Vera l*az, which were takrii
from the I'okomams in tlie south. At the assault i<\'
Qoxhaholam, the stronghold of a powerful pcdpK'
REKJN OV t^OlAVin.
559
cilled the Ai^aal), the prince of tliat nation is rv-
jK.rtL'd to liavc hcen capturi'd, and to liavc made liis
nation tributary to tliu C^uiclic kini^' and \vorslii|)i-rs
of the Quii'lie trinity, Toliil, Avilix, and Hacavitz.
Tl
us an<
I .succcedinLT ovcnts, down to tlio ionndatioii
of Iznuu'lii, already aliudrd to in tin- account fVoiii
the Popol Vuli, 1 (piote from tlio oidy writer who
lias had access tt) the other (Juateinalan records,'"
"Already masters of Pachaluni, and on the |i(»int
{>r enteriui^ Zcjuina, the Quiches found thciusrlvcs
cliecked hv stronjjf forces, when an unexi>ccted allv
was ofi'ered them; this was (Jotuha, prince of Ca-
kulj^i, hereditary oiianlian of the sacred stone of Tzu-
tiiha in the tem[>lo of Cahhalia, whom they had just
made .1 prisoner. Like a skillful politician, (^)oca-
il) took advanta<re of this occurren
for 1
CO so jU'ovKlcn
tial
iim.
The annals reveal that in the midst of
their con(|uests the Quidn's were divided hy family
rivalries; ami it seems jn'ohahle that (.^)ocavih, whoso
name takes the place of that of his oldei" hiotiiei-,
had as enemies all the [trinces of tlu' house of Ah-
can, s|)run!jf from (^)ocaih. JMacinuf littli; reliance (»ii
the sup[>ort of his i-elatives, lu; sou,i>"ht to strengthen
himself l,y making'- allies amonn" the con(|m'red chiefs;
and thus C^ltulul havint;' l)ec(»me his cajitive, he of-
f' r((l him in the (trder of the Ah<|il» and AlM|alih
the fourth raidv, vacant at the tinu; hv the death of
the incund»ent who had no oirs|>rin^'; so that this
prince was assu"<'(
1 of
evt'ntuallv I'lsin^- to the eom-
land of the whole nation. C'otuha, i»idclaimed hy
the nobility, soon proved his worthiness of that hi'_;Ii
liiinor. After havine" powerfully aided the (^)uielii's
ill the con(|uest of /(|uiiia. Ilayal, Chamilah, (linom,
Tncoy, and Patzima, returnini;- to the Kio ('iiixoy
with his new allies and subjects, ho e^uided them by
"' Itritssrur, in I'n/inf Vii/i, tip. crliii-cclxxi, Tlio iimiin«criiits n-ffrri'il
ti> liy lliis writer fur I Ills ami till- lucciMliii^; iiiformatii>n, iirc: Tiliiln I'l r-
ri/'iriiil ilr ffiK Sri)'iris ilr I'lt/oinrii/nni ; Titiihi 'Drnfiirin/ i/i' fun Sri'n'ir.s i c
S'ir,,niilii.i: AfS. Cilkr/iii/iiil ; Ti/ii/ii lirnl i/r In Cnsii ilr ll:i nin-Si liiiili;
iiinl I'llitlo (Ic los Sci)uirs ik (JiirznltiiiKiiijit y dc Moitiuslniuiiijii.
5(!0
TIIK QriCHK-CAKCmQlKL KMlMHi:.
juissos known only to liiinsolf to tlio cuiitro of tin;
i^rt'iit city t)f' ('uwiniil on tho bank of the lixti-, aii
fvont soon lollowocl l>y tlie submission of tlu- wlidlc
An'MiiU nation, to wliicli it biilon^ud. The (Jiiicln'
kiniLj;s Jindint;" tlicinselvos j)resso(l Ibr room on .^^•ullr
ll.u-avitz, Kft this city for that of C awinal, \vh( ic
tliey cstablishid tlio seat of oovernmunt. Tliis was
not, liowtjvcr, tho |icrmanent cai)ital. At thv dcatli
of Qocavib, Bahim Conaclu,', Ills successor, crossed
the rive)' southwai'd, proltahly even before Ids corona-
tion, and fixed his residence at Izmachi; and thcic
he had Inniself prochumed Ahau Ah[)o|) and coiisc-
crateil with all the 'I'oltec ceremonial, coiderrinn' the
title of Ahi)o|) Candia on his son Iztayul."
Here should be ^iven such scattered items of in for-
mation respectini*- this prinutive jn'riixl ol' (luateiiialaii
]nstt>rv, oivi'U by the same author in an eaiiit i'
are additional to or ditfer from those al-
wor
1. n
as
I'eady presented. The famous uiythical (jueen A tit
is said by Fiu-ntes to have lived four centuries, and
from hei' s])rano' uH the royal and noble families of
(Juati'Uiala. 'I'lu; oldest nation, or tribe, in the coini-
try was that of Tamub, whoso son Copichocli had
come from the east with C'oclux'hlam, AIah(|uiiialo,
and Ahcanail, brought tlu; black stone afteiwards
\enerated at l^tatlan, and rein'ued Ibr a time at
Tul
ui.
The tribe of Ilocab ruled after that of
Tamid), or perha|)s at the same time, over the adjoin-
ing- |)rovinces. ijrassour seems here to favor tlic
idea, that the tribes of Tamub and Ilocab weic.the
Naluias who occuined C!uatem;da before the ovei-
tlu'ow of Xibalba in the time of Xbalant|ue ami
llunahjiii, who n-fused to receive tho former at lii>
return from the conquest, yet amoiin- whom he iiitio-
(kieed human sacriti
ce.
A Zutuiiil document ii
lakes
" Uisf. Xdi. Cir., toin. ii., ji]). 7.'M")I>. Tli." initlioritics ii'lcrivil to
lifsidcs tlidsc iili'ciiily luimiMl iiri- (lie fi)l|i)\viii<;; l-'innhs ij (lu.nnni. II'-
'•ii/ii/iicioii l-'lovlilii ill III l{i\f. (Ir (liiiif., MS.; .Vniinirz, llist ilf Inn II' 'J'-''
ilil (,hiir/ii\ MS.; < nniiiiiii i/r lit /'nir. iff <!iiii/tiiiiiilii, MS. 'I'lii' •liii'l
aiilli(iiity, lioNM'vt'i', is llio MS. Cukr/iiijinl, or Mt iminiil dc TrrjKtii-AtillnK.
.MKMtATloN ritoM TIIK NOKTU.
nci
the Seven Caves an euilier station on the Quiclie
niiijration than 'I'uliin, and spi'aks <>(" wars that (h(>\e
the people IVoni the hitter phiee into the mountains of
Wia Paz. The worthy ahhc' Hn<ls looni in his ea|»a-
cjuiis iniat^ination ior a theory that tlie l*okonjanis,
(.^)iii(hes, ('akchi(|uels, aiul other kiiah'td peoples,
oiiuiiiated in the i"eL,^ions north t)t' Mexico, stayed a
while with the Toltees at ToUan, hut not lon<4" enough
to he inllueneed to any <^reat extent hy them, ami
tlieu migrated to the (Juatemalan lii^hhuids. It (h)es
in it seem to oeeur to this author that thei'e are no
arnunuMits in i'avor of such a theory, tliat thei'e is no
necessity tor sucli a conjecture, ami that it disan-i'ees
radically with nearly all that he ever wrote; Iiefore or
ko-
ut'terwai'ds. The same writer notes that the ]*ol
mams were hitter i'oes of Acxitl, the last Toltec kin^",
while the other Quiche trihes were iriendly to him,
and he infers from NuHez de la ^'e^■a and other au-
thuritii's that tlu! kingdom of Xihalha was still exist-
iiiu', thoui^h with ^reatly diminished power, at tin;
time when the Quiche trihes came into notice in
(lUatemfda. and Acxitl estahlished his southern em-
lU'C
T
tl
lie ( akchi(|uels on their way are even said to
1 t(
have heen employed to defend the Xihalhan IVoiiticr;
and their chieftains, the 'i'ukuches, took their iiaim;
III' Zotziles, or hats, from that of Tzinacantla, their
residence at the time, wliich has the nieaiiiuL,'- of 'city
el' hats.' in fact the trihes ai'e here re|tresented as
lia\iiio- leathered in the Xihalhan rc'^ion hefoii! they
iiiuunted to their lat<'r homes in tii(.( hii;h lands.'**
The acct)unts of this i^atheriiit,'- are chielly from
tile (jakchi(piel record. The locality is called I )eo-
/aeuancu, apparently in the tierra caliente ol Tahasco;
liiit war was di'clared against sonu; iiei^hhoriiiL;'
l»i\ver, and the tribes wont to Oloman — perhaps the
'' 'I'lic Irilics imiiH'il as Imviiij; ^tatlitTcii licrc, arc (lie (^iii( Ik's. Italiiiials,
i'iiKi'|iic|M('|s, Ziitiiijils, .\li'r/.ii|iiiiialia, Tiilialalia. I'clialtalia. ( liiiiiiilalia,
lii'iiii'i. /ai'alia, (thiiliaiia, ItatiMial), lialaiillia, raiirlialicl, Italaiu Coldli,
Ami. ('iiiii:ii/. Akaliales, and l.aniagi.
Vol. V. 'M
663
THE QUICIII^-rAKCHIQrEL EMPIRE.
Topeii and Oilman, mentioned in a prccedinjj^ chapter."
The citirs aijainst wliieli this expedition was diiictrd
were Nor.ualcat and Xul[)iti, the tornier sn'4<4;estiiii;
the Nonohnalcas, wlioso home was in the Taliasciui
reLjion, The leaders were the Cakchi<piel, or Zot/il-
Tukuehe, chiefs Hat'avitz ((Jau^awitz) and ZMc-teciuh ;
the enemies were defeated in a battle fought cliietly
on the water; their cities were taken and tluir pro-
pie massacred, lint even while enufai>e(l in tiiu
massacre, tlu.'ir toes rallied, attacked them in the rc;ir,
and in their turn routed the Quiche trihcs with
j^reat slaujj^hter, not without the aid of mayic aits,
as we are informed hy the record. The renuiaiits
of the vanipiislied were re-united on ^ft ()l(»inaii,
hut the inrtuence of Hacavitz and Zactecauh was de-
stroyed, the tribes could he no Ioniser kept to^ctlu r,
and they resolved to sei)arate and each for itself to
seek the reiL^ions of the interior. No particulars are
j)reserved of their wanderin^^s, hut Brassi'ur helievts
that the Quiches proper were the first to reach the
heii^'hts of Vera Paz, after a jji'encration at least liail
passinl since they left the Xihalhan re^-ion of'i'ahasco,
and the sutferini's from cold and the u'ivinu^ of tin' Kv
Tohil, are hy him applieil to the period imnu'diately
following' their arrival. Then the other tribes ai lived
one by one and applied for tire, as has already been
stated, their lan^'uaijfes haviuijf become ditlereiit one
from another durinjj^ that interval. The envoy from
Xibalba also a[)p(!ared amoniL'* them, a circumstance
that indicates to Brasseur that the Xibalbati einpiii!
still existed in the eleventh or twelfth ceutuiy ; imfc
which may, T think, be taken much more reasoiialily
as a proof that these events took place at a date a><
early as the fifth or sixth century. The Cakchi-
quels were the last to arrive, and they stole tlie iiio
of Tohil without submittiuLif to the nupiired condi-
tions, cominjj^, as it is said, like bats, another deriva-
tion of their name of Zotziles.
'» Sec p. 182, of this volume.
MAMKS AND TOKOMAMS.
5(5;)
The C;iki'lii([uols are said to have applied, on their
iiirival, the name ^[eul, or as the Spaniards at'tcr-
ards called it, Manios, or 'stutterers,' to the Maya-
akin;^ ahoriii^inal tribes whom tiiey found in
\s
S!U
lom
oun<
jiDssession of the country, on account of their jieculiar
pronunciation, althouij^h the Cakchicpiel was also a
Maya dialect. Tiie Maines in later times occuiucd
the north-western part of th
Cilia}
>an
fronti
le com
ntrv towards tht
•h
tl
'y
lers, wliere tliey were never on
t'wvh
loiKpiered l>y the Quiche nations down to the time of
the Conquest, their capital beintj^ Zakuh'u, near 11 ue-
liuetenan_u^(>.'^ Uesides the Mames, ])rohal)ly the
most ancient of the CJuatemalan nations, the trihcs
(ifTamul) and llocah also occupied the country Itcfoie
the later Quiche tribes. Accordingly to Fuentes the
iaj)ital of the Tannd) was LUatlan, or (Jumarcaah,
and it is stated that tiie llocah were hitter enemies
of the Quich
es,
an(
1 W(
ero only compu'ret
1 wl
ICU
nearly amiihihited. The J*okomams and J*okonchis,
kindred tribes or divisions of the same tiibe, are hero
estimated by Brasseur to have arrived somethiuiif
more tlian a half century belbre tiie t)ther Quu-hi';
tribes, and are said to have concpiei-ed or allied them-
.si'lves with the Uxab, elsewhei
>ii
poken oi as a
division of that tribe. Nothiuiif is known of Poko-
mam history, but st)me remains of their hinL,nuii;e and
el' thi'ir towns may yet be studied. Tiu'se |)eople,
tt»L;'ether witii the Tannd) and ih»cab, were peihaj)s
the chief foes of the Quiches in the earlier days of
their power.
In tiieir wars aiij-ainst the Pokomams the Quiche
)f the ancient chieftains wiio had
tr
k
iites made use o
heen subjecttid by that people, amonn" whom are
mentioned Zakitim and Huiit/uy on the Chi«piinmla
tVentier. The lirst battle and the first Quiche victory
was in the valley of Ivabinal and bntu^ht into the
jHissession of the Cakchicpiels — for these events are
'" S(>(< vol. iv., ii|). l'2S-r<0, for iiotioo of ruiiiH.
See i>,
A till
M volume
• i^ '
r>(i4
Tin: (inciiK-rAKciiKirEL kmi'ikk.
taken from the Cakcliiquel ri'oonl — tlie stroii^lnil
of Mount Z.u'tzuy, .'ind also madi' allies ot" LimIi
and Xet, chieftains of the .Mwjnehayi, who aftt i-
wards became almost indentical witli the ('akclii
<),uels. The next ])oint au^ainst which Ifacavitz ino-
cceded was Mount ('akhay; hut the allied (Jiiidi.'
forci's were repulsed with iL»reat loss, and so weakincil
tiiat it was lonijf hefore they were ahle aiiaiii to at-
tack the warlike Pokomams. Then they letiitd
from a Ixjpeless contest, and took refuiji'e in the in-
•cessihle mou.tain fastnesses ahout Utatlaii, i
low
Santa Cruz del (Quiche in the department of 'I'otoni-
raj>an. The mountain where they estahlished tlnin-
selves is called in the Cak(;hi(piel record Toholiil,
'clashing- of arms,' hut in the Popol Vuh Is known
■IS we have seen as ^Fount Ifacavitz. All tiiat is
known of their stay at ^Tount Ifacavitz, of tlnir
oj)pivssion hy the neio-hl)«)rino' tribes, their oi-adiially
increasiuLj power, their final victory over those trilies,
and the establishment of the Quiche monaivhy with
if-; capital at Izmachi, related by Brasseur in the
ork from which the precedinuf notes have been
xtracted, is taken by him iVom the f^opol Vuh, anJ
w
is substantiallv tho. same that I have alreadv yivcii
on tlie same authority.
To conclude this ])riniitive period of CJuatenialaii
history, it only remains to ])rt;sent a few notes ^ixcu
on the subject by the' Sj)anish writei's, chielly iy
.luarros, who Ibllows the manusi-ript writings ot"
b^uentes y (luznian, founded as is claimed on native
documents, but full of inconsistencies, and doubtless
;;lso of errors. Juarros, or the authority Ibllowed ly
him, was fully indaied with the belief that the
(Quiches were the Toltecs who left Anahuac alter
the fall of their empire, and his efforts to rocoiuile
the native records t«) this theory perhaps account for
many of his inconsistencies. I translate from tliis
author that ]»art of his work which relates to this
primitive period. "The Toltecs referred tu were ot
VKK.SlnX (II' .HAKHns.
:,c,-j
tlio house of Isr.'U'l, and the ^rtat jn-DplK't ^Toscs
tVtfd them from tlie captivity in which th<y were
litlil hy Piiaraoh ; hut, liaviiii;- |iassril tlie Vwd
Sea, tin y LTavo thciiisclvrs up to idnlati'V, and \nv
s'\>\\\\'^ in it notu ithstandiii'jf the warninLi^s of ^foscs,
IW-olvtT (ir Fol
ritli(,i* to (.'scajnj the chidinn's of this li
tear of piinislmicnt, they K'ft him and tlu'ir kiM(h'»(l
Mild crossod the sea to a plafo calK'd tlu' Seven ( 'avrs
nil the sliorcs of the ^far Hcrnicjo ((Iiilf of ('ali-
I'tirnia) now a j)art of the ^rexican klnndoni," whei\-
they fownth'd the eek'hrated eity of Tula. The Hrst
cliief wlio iided and coiKhicted this iifreat hand from
o;ie continent to the otlier, was Tamuh, ancestor of
the royal families of Tula and of Quirh('', and Hist
kiii'4' ot" the Toltecs. The sec(»nd was C'ajiichoch; the
tliird ("alel Alius; the fourth Alipo[>; the fifth Ninia-
(jiii(li(',-''' who, heiiiij^ the hest heloved and most dis-
tint;'uished of all, at the order of his oracle, led (la so
jnople awav from Tulan, wliert; they had greatly
increased in numhers, and j^niidi'd tliem iVom th'
Mexican kingdom to this of (iuatemala. In this
iiii'jration tliev spent maiiv years, sutieivd unspeak-
alile hardships, and journeyed in their wanderings ier
iiKiny K'aiLifiies over an immense tract of country,
until, heholdino' a lake (that of Atitan), they deter-
iiiiiied to Hx their hahitation at a certain place not
fir from the lakc% which they named Quiclie, in
iiieiiioiy of the kiiiiic Nimaciuichc (or, the '^itat'
(j>nicli('), who had died duriiiL;' their loiin" waiiderini;s.
here came wi
th N
nia(|Uiclie
till
ee o
f his hl'etller:
iiiid hy an aufreemeiit hetweiii the Jour they di\ ided
t!ie reo-jon ; one fouiidine" the pro\ince, or seigniory, of
tlic (Jiielenes atid ( 'liiajiaiiecs ; another the depart-
ment of Tezulutan (Te/.ulutlan), or \'eia Paz; the
■'■ Tliis is cvitlt'iitlv taken Uy .Iiiiirnts, from tlie S[>aiiisli Ncrsimi nf tlu-
Mi\ii"Lii tratlilioiis.
■' I'lii' reader is already awan- that no sn<'h kin;,'M ever rei^Mied o\er tiie
Tulirc^ in Analiiiar. It is evident llial llie author has confounded ihe
Tiil.iM of tin' ( iinitenialan ainials witli 'rolhin. the Tidtee e;i|iital in Ani-
i> i,i<'. and the Naiiint nii^rration from the .\iliali)aii re;;ion in tin- fmirth or
liiili lenturv, with tliat of tlio Toltecs in tlie eleventh.
mo
TIIK QriCMK-CAKCHKirKL r.MIMKK.
aiK
I P
(iKo-
thinl bociiiiio tlii' rtiler of tlic Miiiiuv
iniinis; while Niiua(|uich(' was tlu; t'atlui" of tli.'
(,)iiiclu's, Cakchi(|ucls, and Zutii^ils. The I.itti i-
liaviiiLj died <>n the Journey, Acxopil, a son of Xiina-
jjuic-he, entered Quiche at tlie liead of liis nation, ami
was the Hrst to rt/ij^n at lUatlan. This jn'iiice, sir-
iwj; the jj^reat incn;aKo of his nionarcliy in munheis
and intlnenee, apjxtinted three cajitains, or ^'overnors,
with whom he sliared tlie huiden of the iuhninistra-
tion of affairs. It is also addi'd in the ni.uuK ii|its
referred to, that Aexopil, at a very advanced aL;-e, ch -
terniined to divide his empire into three kinndonis,
that of the (.^niches, that of the Cakchi(juels, and that
of the ZutnL;ils. lietaininuf for himself the first, hi'
nave the sectnid to his oldest s<,tn, .lintemal, and the
third to liis second son, Ac\i(|nat; and this division
Mas made on a. day when three suns were seen, wliii h
lias caused some to thiidv that it took place on th-'
day of the hirtli of our lledeemer, a day on which
it is connnonly believed that such a meteor was ult
server
^* .Jidirnis, llisl. (hint., (Ciiaf., IS.") pp. 7-0. Tlic cxfracl lli:it I lia\c
iiiailc (>\ltMi<l.'4 a little lifvcinil tlic |H)lnt at wiiicli I liavr left t!i<' iitiici'
ii'i-iti-'ls. 1 j^ivf luTc also a li.st of llic (^iiiclu' kiii;;s, wlin wfic ai'foiiliii,'
t<i .liian'DN: I, AcMipil; '_>, .liiilitcinal; ■'<, lliiiialipu; t, lialaiii Kidu' \\\,\-
lani.<^>ilit/.i''); '). Malaiii .Vraiii (ISalaiii-.\;;ali); (>. Maiiiolali (Maliii<'iit;ili :
7. icjiiilialaiii | li|i-l>alaiii); S, Kicali I.; \\. ( 'aciilM'axiM'liciii; III. Kirali il.:
II, (\iiii.lic; l_'. Kiial. III.; l.S, Ki.al. IV.; It, Kical. Tamiil.; I.^), T.( uiu
rmaiii; Ki, CliiLriiaviiicclitt; 17. Sc(|ii('i'iiiil or Sc(|ii('cliil.
Tlie li t (if till' (/iiiilii' i)riii('i'r> if tlic myal lumsc of ( 'awck, ai'ciuijiii;;
to \\h'. oi cr oi' tilt; ;4ciiiiat (Ills, is ;fi\cii in tlic /'njxi/ \'ii/i. |)p. .'i;;;!-!!!.
Xiiiiniiz, '|i. i:{.'!-l. as follows tin- list apparently includes nut only liie
Alipop, < kill;.', liiit tlic .Mipop (';iniiia. heir apparent to the liiniin'.
An.l,
nilieatcil livflie course of tlic liistorv, and as IJrasscur liidi
eacli .Ml] Canilia siicceedcil the .Mipop on the throne, so that the w li
nanilicr o| he (.tiiii
■he ki
IILJS, tlOWII
to til
1:1;.
tr
c coining,' of the Spaniar
.Is
mil
cavil", was twfiitv-f wo instead of eleven, as the list iiiiL;iit
;■ 'ciii to in y and as .Xiniene/ evidently understands it : I. lialani-l.iiiii/c;
'_'. <,»ocavil (allhoiiM;!) we have seen that, hy other docunients several ;;rii-
erations m |t!ai'cd hclwcen the lirsl and seeoilil of this list); .'{. liahiiii
Coiiai-hc (the first to take the title .Mijiop); 4, i'otuha and Iztayiih; .'«<iii-
cuiiiat/ and Cotiiha; (I, 'l'c]ic|iul and l/fayul; 7, </'•'•'•■•'' """' < 'a\ i/ini.ili; S,
Tepcpul and Xtayuli; ',(, 'lecuni and 'I'epepiil; l((, \'alixaki-('aaiii .iml
• Miicah; II, \'iikui. \oh and < avatepci'li; |-_', Oxih-t^iiidi and licielnli T/i
(rciniiiii;t when .Mvarado caiiio, and liiin;,' hy ilic Spaniards); 1,'{, 'ririiin
and 'rcpepiil; 14. lion .liiaM de liojas and lion .liiaii Corti'-s.
The princes of the house of Niliaih ;;iveii hy the same authority, i'. ■■>l.'i,
Xi.ncitcz, pp. 13."!, were its foUow.s:— 1, Daluiii-Agah; '2, Cioaiiil and ij";i-
rui.MiTivi: yi K 111-: rEiuuo.
507
Toniucin.id.r'' briclly mentions ii f'evv of the points
in early (.^Juielie history, ULfreein^ with Jiiarros.
Oiozco y IJeira's rujusoniiit^ tVoni a linj^uistic point
dt" view lespcetinLf the j>rimitiv(j inhabitants of tliis
ii't^ion, is not very clear, or at least it is dittii-uit to
(literniine what are his foneliisions on tlie sul)ject.
In one place he says that I'tatlan v. as fonnded at
the time of the Toltee mij^ration sonthward; and
elsewhere, that the '"'jltecs could not have heen the
ancestors of the Quiches, Cakrhi(juels, and Zutnuils.'-"
(lallatin accepts the popular theory that the Quiches
were a Toltee colony, hut does not explaii» the lin-
guistic (litHculties in the way of such a suj)po.sition.-^
Waldeck rejects the Toltee theory on account of dif-
ferences ill laii<i^ua<^e and jdiysicpie; hut states that
till' Guatemalan tribes came originally from Yuca-
tan'^.
I have now jjj'Iveu all the information accessible
respectin .' Quiche history })receding the establishment
of the e';i|)ire, which began in the twelfth or thir-
teenth century and endured with some modifications
down to the coming of the S[)aniards. It has been
jiresented in the form of fragments, for the leadei"
will readily perceive that to form from the authorities
u (•(»nnected nari'ative would have bc;en an utter im-
possibflity. I have in a j)receding chapter })resented
the evidence of the existence during a lew centuries
before and after the beniuniiiLr of the Christian era, of
iiitiM': X (Jiicli.iliiili anil (^itzilialia; t, ni'lclicl) ( lili; .'>, Cdtiilia: (!. P.at/a;
7. /lay 111; S. .'otillia; '.», Itclclu'li-i lili; 10, (.iiiciiia; 11, Ccitiilia; 1-', l>iiii
riiii>|Vival; i:<, I)i>ii Tclro (Ic Uiildcs.
I.i^t of the |triii(fs of the l!o\:il ilotisf of Aliaii <^iiicli(', Popol ]'ii/i,
]K '.U'l. Xiiii'iiiz. jip. l.'l(J-7; 1, Maliiiciitali; -, <j>oaliaii; .'1, Caklai-an: 4,
^iic(i/oiii; ."), ('iiiiialit'aii; (!, \'iikul>-.\li; 7, l^Mamcl; S, ( 'ovaliaioli, N'iiiaU-
ll.iiii. I'lu'sc lists, liowi'vtT, ilo not scclii to niri('s|ioiiil allo;,'('tlii'r wilii tlic
ii'iiii-lu- annals as ;;ivi'ii l>y the same aniliority, as tin- rcailf r will sec in tin;
s'i((CM'iliii;,r |ia;;i's.
-' Miiiiiini. hid., toni. i., ]). US, toiii. ii., Jiji. .13.S-4(), See also Hiljis'
^/"iii. I'liiif/., Vol. iii., |i|i. 'ill!-'.).
'"• li'difrii/'iii, pp. '.IT-'.', 1-S, ct s('i).
'" (liilhiliii, ill .tiinr. Fjlnio. Sm:, Tnnisnr/., vol. !., p. 8.
*« Vui/. I'llt., l>p. 41, 040.
5C8
THE QUICHE-CAKCHIQUEL EMPIRE.
a great aborig-inal empire in Central America, iiiirraf-
ing all that may be known of its decline and tall
resulting from the contentions of the great Maya and
Nahua powers. In the sixteenth century the Span-
iards found two powerful empires, the Aztec in tin;
north, the Quiche in the south, both of which doubt-
less were otfshoots of the great })rimitive monarchy.
The amials of the northern branch have been traced
more or less clearly back to the parent truid<, with
only a blank of one or two centuries at nu^st, dining
wliich the Nahua power was transferred northward ;
but in the annals of the southern branch, whose cun-
nection with the primitive empire was of precisely
the same nature, the blank is lengthened to some
eight centuries at least. From tlie Xibalban times
and the tribal separation at Tulan down to the estali-
lishment of the Quk':c empire we have oidy the
fragments of the preceding j)ages. These fragments
i'e[)resent the histoiy of many })eo[)les for many ci'nt-
lU'ies; they are not necessarily contradictory, ioi- in
the absence of all chronology we have no mi'aiis of
knowing to what epoch each refers. The a|t[)arent
contradictions and inconsistencies result for the most
part from the efforts of authors through whose wiit-
ings the traditions are handed down to us to recdncile
them with the Toltec theory; to ap})ly to one jteojile
the traditions of many, to a modern [)eoj»le th*; tra-
ditions of a remote anti(piity; to comjtress ihc
events of eight or nine centuries into one. We shall
still find the Quiche annals fragmentary and far
from satisfactory, but from the foundation of Iz
machi I shall attem[)t to cany along the tah as
told by the different authorities together. I5y tar
the n)ost complete; of these are the (^)iiiclie rt'cords as
given in the iN)pol Vuh and that of the (akcliii|Ui'ls
containi'd in Ib'asseur's works.
I begin with the adventures of the ( 'akchi(|Ui Is
afti'i- the defeat of ITacavitz and Zactecauh l>v t!u'
EARLY CAKrillQlKL HISTORY.
5(19
T^lkomnlns, already iiioiitloncd.^ They seem not to
liiivo contiuued in the eoinj)aiiy witli the Qiiielies at
Izmaclii, l)ut to Imve retired to other localities in
the country of the Manies sonic'vhat further west,
iuuonn" the Manies of Cholaniag", as the reeoi'd st.ites
it. They found the people very friendU', hut oidy
i(>inaiiied long- cnoui^h among them to learn their
l;m<nia<>e, which they found most difficult. Fjeaxinuf
tliis place they ap[)roache(l the Valley of Panchoy, in
the region of the volcanos, and twice they penetrated
the mountain of fire, Hunahpu, where a most wonder-
ful and unintelligihle interview with Zaki([o.\ol, the
};]iantom or guardian of the fiery .ahysses is related,
all heing possihly the account of a volcanic eruption.
Having reached the shores of Lake Atitlau the Cak-
chitiuels wished to settle there permanently although
tlio chief, Hacavitz, seems to have ojtposed the set-
tK'inent. Tohjom, a ])o\verful chieftain and ,i most
wonderful magician, lived on ^[ount Qakhatzulu,
which extended like a j)romontory into the lake; hut
tlie hold iiacavitz took him ])risoner and hecaiiie
master of his domain. The Cakchi(piels, or the (\ik-
(lii(|uel nohility, seem to have heeii dividt'd in four
I'auiili fs, tlie Zotzil-Tukuches, the Cihakihay, the
Baijahol, and the Ot;ka(pU'hi. All united in giving
to llacavitz anil Zactecauh, of the houso of Zotzil-
Tukuche, after th(> victory over Tohjom, the su[)rem(;
]>ower, the foiMuer having the first rank. The <'on-
([ik'red chieftain, ToliMim, was saciilii'ed at the coi-o-
ii.itioii of Ilacavitz, in the midst (if great fcs(i\ities,
and a ])art of his hudy was thrown from the sumuiit
of (,)akoat.'jdu, his i'ormer home, into the watoi's of
the lake. Many of the ( 'akt'hi([U('U decided to
irniain litjre and chose a site whicli tliey named ( 'hi-
tiihil; others huilt houses on a point caljod Ahah,
afterwards the site of the city of A tit Ian. Ihit
llacavit/ was not pleased, and a violent wind arose
and an extraordiuaiy whiti^ cloud hmig o\cr the
^"' .U(7/i, ik 2\r]K(ii-.ltil/(iii, ill llrdsscKi; llisl., toiii. ii., i)[i. l."),")-7."».
570
THE QUICIIE-CAKCHIQLEL E.MPIllE.
.surface oftlie lake; tlio new d\vellin<*"s were destroyid
and i;reut damage was done. Tlie CakchitjUuLs ac-
cepted this as a warniiiL!;' to o»)ey the will of the ,l,^o(Is,
except the Ah-Tzi(juinihayi who decided to remain
Avith the Zutu^-ils.
The other tribes retired under their leaders into
the mountains, and became nuich scattered, hi
j>assini( a deej) ravine Zactecauh missed his footiiio'
and was dashed to death on the rocks below, (lu;
record liintini^f that his colleague and suj)erioi' was
not wholly free from the suspicion of having- caused
his death. This suspicion destroyed much of tlio
j»resti_<i^e of Hacavitz, but he re<j;ained it all and niore
by extini;uishin_ii^ the tire of a volcano which by its
lava and tlames had hemmed in and threatened with
total destruction all his foUowei's. Zakitzumui aided
iiim and was <i^iven the second place in the govern-
ment. They then seem to have returned to the lake
yhores, j'oiKpieriuLif and makin«^ allies of several
aborii^inal tribes, includinijf the peo[)le of IkoinaL;',
with a lady of which people Hacavitz seems to have
luariMed. In the meantime the (Jekanuchi, the ( 'I-
bakihay, and the l)a(|ahol, three of the four |trin('i|ial
Cak<'irKpiel families, had settled on the mountains in
the region of Ixiinche, or 'J'ec])an (Juatemala, and the
aiidiitious chief of the latter family hati succeeded in
()i)taininLC the allegiance of his companions, wiio
crowned him as supreme k'lwj; of the three bands.
Hacavitz was tilled with wrath, but luiin^' nnaliji' to
ovi'iliii'ow his rival, i)a(|ahoi, was obliged to be cdn-
tent with estalilishini;" himself and his own liaiid
of /i»t/il>s on the shores of tin; lake, wlic^re their
dwelIinL;s wen; ercicted and the (\akchi(|uel e-<>d,('lii-
malcan. had his altars. .V little later liaca\it/. is
I'eported to have aided i)a(|aliol in overconiiii^'
certain foes that had attacked him, and as haviii'^'
receivt'd, at the end of the camj)ainii, the voluiilarv
jdK'n'iaiM'e of that chief, thus renaininn- the supieiiie
power over the Cakchi(]Uel ti'ibes, whom he nilt.l
REIGN OF COTUIIA AND IZTAYUL.
571
fioin liis residence at .a place known .as Chiixolioni,
Aviicre he seems to have settled al'ter liis new acces-
sion to power, somewhat away from the shores of
tilt: lake. Here he died at a ri|)e old ai^e, not loni^
alter his wife _i,'ave birth to Caynoh and (Jayhatz, his
successors in later years.
lletnrninijf to the Quiche record as »*'ivcn in the
]\)pol Vnh,'" we find nothin«»' recorded of the reii;n
of Balam Conache,^' son of Qocavih, in his new cai>-
ital of I/machi. He was succeeded early in the tliir-
tcciith century, as it seems, hy Cotnlia, with Iztayul
as Ah[)o[) Caniha, and under this monarch many im-
])i()vements were made in the city, including' many
houses of stone and mortar and three njyal i)alaces,
one for the house of Cawel<
Niliail), and a third for the 1
one for the house o
louse of Ahau Qiiiclu
"\ow all wei'e of one heai't in Izmachi; tliere were
no enmities; there were no ditKculties; the monarchy
was in a state of repose, without disputes or troubles;
jicnce and felicity wx're in all hearts." Ijut their
|tower was yet confined to narrow limits ; they had as
Vi't achieved no ^reat success. Tlu3 Uahinals, tho ( al<-
(lii(|Uels, and the minoleil Zutuoils and AhTzi(|ui-
iiihayi of Atitian are spoken of as l)(;ino' at this (line
iilhcs and friends of the (.Quiches; hut the dcsiiMid-
aiits of tlie ancient llocah were yet j)owerful, and
lucanu' hostile, although hitherto represented as
jollied to the house of ('awek; their ca|iital was hut
a s
hort
distance Irom izmach
W^
leii
11
oca It
tl
10
tiilial name heiiiijf used, as is often the case, for that
of (li(! riilino- monarch pt'iveived the i»ros|n'rity tif
llie (v)uich('s, "war was kindled hy llocah, who wished
to kill this kiiiL>' ("otiilia, his |)eo|ile heiu^' uiiwilliii'^-
tlial tlu-rt* should he aiiv kino' hut their own. And
■■" V\>. 'J00-."107; llrii.ssrin; Illsl., loin, ii., p|i. 47r)-0!); Xliiinirz, Hist. Iml.
I'l'
11 -I'.' I.
Ill his Hist. \>if. C
II.
.1 (
liMlirllC MS
tWI
litiii. ii., |i. ■t7'<, ItnissiMir sci'iii-* I
I killLlM. iiiir slliTccilili;,' liic iilli
11 re:
in
I I!
lys, mil' slin'ccillli;,' llic oilier, lull III
ll.i
iml, , III l'i)/)ii/ Villi, \\. cclwiii. III' lllliti'-. liiclll ill olll',
672
Tin: urirni;-cAK<'ni(>n',i. KMi'iitK
as to tlu> kiii,!^ Iztayul, they disirotl to jmnisli liim
also, to ])iit liim to diNitli, in tlio causo ol' llncih.
Hut tlu'ir jt-aloiisy was not siiccossriil aijaiiist tlic
kiiiiL;' ('otiilia, who niarchcul against tlu'in. Such \\,is
tho oriniii of tho n-volt and of (he war. At lir.st
tlicy i'ntc'i"rd tho (•ity(lzinaclii) hy assaidt, s|irt;i(liiin'
iloatli in their way, for wliat they (h'siivd was the
I'nin oi" the (.^nielie name, tliat tliey alone mii^ht rule.
But thev came only to d\c; tliev were; taken «'ai«ti\rs,
and hut le'W esca|K'd. 'I'hen their saeriliees he^nn;
the iH'o))le of I local) Nvei'e imm<»lati'd het'ore (1
)u.oi
le >4()cl
and that was the ])enalty of their crime, which w.is
inllicU'd hy tho order of Cotuha. Manv also wrw
ivduced to slavery, now that they had hroiiL;hl nilii
nj)oii tlu'msiilves hy kindlini,^ the llanies of war
against the kini;' and a'^ainst the city. Wiiat they
liad desii'ed was (hat the nanu! ol' the (,^)iiiclies shdiild
he iniined and disLifraced, l»nt nothing- could he (luiic.
Thus orininatt'd tlu; usa^'e <»!' human sacrifices Ik I'oiv
1 at the declaration of war; and this was the
e <>'o(
(h
origin of the I'ortilications which they he^'an (o ( rci t
in i/machi."
Another document'" is said to n'ivc some additional
informal ion I'espectinjj;' tho inunediati! cause (tf ilic
Avar, which is reported to have heen connected in
some way with ( "otuha's mai-ria^e. lie married
II
imai
HI
CU.
)f th
•tl
rosci or tlie earth, a (lauL;liler m mn
of tilt; friendly Zutunil jirinces whose terril(ny ui^
on Lake .\(i(lan, annexing' (hat prince's duniain ti
IIS own,
aiK
1 u
IVIII!>' Ills
fat I
ler III law
M
nan
\ ur
name, lii^h rank at tlu; (.^uiclit' court. The I';
thus shown to Malali, with other acts of like iiatniv.
seem (o have excited the jealousy of o(her /iilii'^il
lords, who at last marched ai^ainst ( 'otuha and \\«iv
u((t'rly defeated. It was while ( 'odiha had this war
on his hands thai (he llocah eiina'^ed in (he d(s|M'ia(c
ell'ort ahovi' recordi'd to check the (.J|iiich('' nioiiarclis
(heir rapid procuress to supreme power, and wnv
ill
'^ Tilulii ill Ins Sn'mri's ifr 'I'uf
iiiiiriniiiii.
TIJANsri'-.i; OF Till". CAI'lTAI. To ITATKAN. r.73
(■n;i1)l('(l, pcrliMps (liiiiiii!;' tlic .*il)sciic«' of CotwIiM, to
|i(iii(r;itt' liis (';ii»il;il. Al'ti'i' (heir liii.il (Icrcjit,
1 'i|iiiiic;it, tlu( I local* cjipital, Wiis (aUfii and <lr-
sti'oy<'(l, ."iihI many t)thor towns IV'll into ('otiilia's
|HI.SSl'S.S|Oll.
'Y\\v (.^u\i']\v rcvovi] narrates no I'lirtlicr liistoiical
cviiits <lo\vM to tlu' tinm wln-n l/niii»lii was al>an-
(liiiicd. It dwells, liowi'ViT, on tlic Li'icatiH'ss of till!
kiiiu'doin alter tlic ()Vt!i'tlirt»w (»!" tlu' I local*, and men-
tions tlie power and mimlu'r of tiic snrronndiiin' princes
Vet nnsnl»dned as the stron^'est proof of (Jniclii' valor,
since tlie new peo|)le even in the face of sncli en\iron-
nient had heen ahle to estahlish and extend their
iiionarchy. After the immolation which followed the
h's defeat, the practii-e of hnman sacrilice was
iMcai
CI
\\(
iiied to snch an extent that the snironndino- trihes
le tilled with teiTor at tlu; nnmhi'r of captives slain
liv order of ( 'otnha and l/taynl. At this period tln^
svstem of o-overnment was perfected hy measures, the
(Xict nature of which is intt clearly L;iven, and ma;^-
iiilicent I'estivities with complicated ceremonial riles
\V(re instituted. " LonLC they remained in Izmachi,
until liny had found and had seen an<»tlier city, and
li.'id ahandoned in its turn that of l/madii. Afle|-
that they departed and came to the <-apital called
(liunarcaah (I'latlaii), which was s(» iiameil hy the
(()uich('s, when tlu' kin^s ('otuhaand (iucniuat/, came
t'l^vlher with all tlu; princ
Tl
lev were
tl
len in
till' lifth generation (of kin^s) iVctm the commenc
-f tl
leir
nunl of cixili/aiion and from tlu^ oriL;'in
n itional existi'nce."
The same <locnmeiit alrea<ly I'elerred to'"' disai^'rees
witli the (^)ulche I'ecoi'd respectiuL;' tin' ]ieace and har-
iiiiMiy that followed ('oluha's xictoi'y, wiiile the
I'diple were vet at Izinachi. AccordiiiL;' to this
;iiit lioril \' dissensions arose helween the heads of the
:;e\crMmenl. ('ertain parlies interested in fonieuline'
" I'lhihi ,l< /lis Sii'innn i/r Tiifiiiiii'i/iini, in llir iiitnului'linii to I'ltjud
ii:i, h|i. ri-|\\\ -\ I.
574
THE QUICH6-CAKCHIQUEL EMPIRE.
1^ i
the dissatisfaction, constantly reminded anihitiuus
noMes that Cotuha was a foreiji^ner,^* antl Iztayul the.
son of a hastard, both occuj)ying the ]>laces tliat
belonged to more legitimate princes. Then going to
the Ah pop, Cotuha, they said, "the Ah})o[> Camlia
looks with scorn upon thee; he says thou art a niisti-
al)le wretch, feeding only on the foam of the i'liKpdi in.
and other vile food unworthy of a great king." Tlicu
to tlie Ahpop Caniha, Iztayul, they said, "the king
Cotuha is filled with disdain for thee; to iiini thuu
art but a useless man, who livest upon dung and the
eggs of flies and other insects, while his own tahk' is
always loaded with excellent fresh fish and other
viands fit for a great prince." Th'" perfidy of these
counselors was afterwards brought to light and they
were driven in disgrace from the court al'ter an at-
tem[)t to assassinate Cotuha by suflfocation in a steam
bath. Yet the king afterwards, according to the
same autliority, fell a victim to another conspiracy.
Iztayul succeeded to the throne, with CJueuniat/ as
Ahpop Candia, and continued the ct)nquests «»t' his
])redecessor, but no details ot his reign are given in
the Quiche record.
In the Cakchicpiel annals,^''' however, Brasseur le-
lates certain events which would seem to belong to
the jK'riod of Iztayul's reign, {dthough he is always
called in the record of this nation, Tej)euh, 'the donii-
nator, or conipieror.' We left Caynoh and Cayhat/,
infant sons (jf the deceased Hacavitz, under the
guar(lianshi[) of Baqahol and (j!eka(|Uch, who became
jtractieally monarchs of the whole nation, ha\ing
their caj)itals on the mountain ]»lateaux of Pant/.lc
and I'araxone.*' The Zotzil-Tukuche branch of the
nation were naturally unwilling that the sons of the
gri'at Hacavitz, the former head of their family,
should occupy a secondary rank, and they were not
^* S('i« p. r)2!), of tliiH voliiipc.
:•' Mint, ilr 'IW/Kdi-Ati/lini, in limnsctir, Hint., torn, ii., pp. 48^-9.
'<* See p. r)70-l, of tliis volm-.ic.
THE STOLEN TKIIJI'TE,
676
slow to urL,^o Cayuoli and Cayl)!itz: as soon as they
ifuched a i)r(>}>er a<i-o to dcc-laro their indcj)endonc'c
and resunio their legitimate place at the head of the
nation; bnt the ai^ed chiel'tain Baqahol, who, it will
he renienihered, had heen tor a time suju'enie mon-
arch, even before the death of Hacavitz, han^-htily
refnsed to snrrender his scepter; and the yonnij^
])rinces nuist perforce await a more favorable op-
))()rtunity to assnme their due position. The Cak-
cliiqnels seem at this time to have i»een tributaries to
the Quiche throne, now occupied by Iztayul, or Tepeuh,
of whom it is said, "he was the first tt) reinn with
majesty; he dwelt in the castle of Chixnal ; his
mysterious jK)Wer spread abroad terror; lie caused to
tremble the place where he had his dwellinn-, and
all peojtle payed tribute before the face of 'l\'|)euh."
The two sons of Hacavitz were sent to ])ri'sent
the Cakchi(j[uel tribute and homai^'e at the (.»)uichd
court, where Iztayul received tht.'m with <>reat kind-
lu'ss, nivin<jf them hi<;h rank and titU's, and malvin<^
them the royal tribute-i;-atherers of his empir*\ In
this capacity they made a loni;* tour throui^h the
(,^)uiche ])ossessions, even penetratinjLi;' the mysterious
region of the Kast, where the ancestors of the kini^
had I'tH'eived the investiture of their royalty. At
last they came to Lake Atithm, where the united
ZiitULS'ils and Ah-Tzi([uiniliayi were still livinjjf.
Thi'so vassals })aitl their tributes to the envoys, but
«iMitrive<l a cunning' [)lan to recover the treasure.
Two beautiful princesses, Jiubatzo and Icxiuh, daui;li-
tt IS of the rulinjj;" hrds, wert; appointed to wait upon
the royal tax-collectors, (,'ayiioh and Cayl»atz were
Mot jtroof against their charms, and the maidens,
i'njlowint'' the })arental commands, allowi'd tlu'insehcs
ti> he easily Avon; but they mananed in the nin'ht
to ecane from the couches of their royal K)vcrs and
to .steal back all the n'old and silver which luul
hcen paid as tribute. The princes com|)lained bit-
terly when they discovered their loss, but as u com-
! 1
11
JJT^ THE QUICHE-CAKCIIIQUKL EMPIHi:.
j)ensation tlicy roccived Biibatzo and Icxiuli for wives,
Avith the jtroiiiiso of an honoral)le position at Atitlaii,
in case of Iztaynl's displeasure. On their way hack
to Izniachi witli tlieir wives, however, the prospect-
ive ani^er of Tepeuh so overcome them that tlicy
hid themselves in a cave for a lonij^ time; l.-iit at
last the Quiche k'wj; not only pardoned them for the
alfair of the lost tril)ute and for their marriage, hut
eiial)le(l them to overcome and put to tleath Baijahiil
and (Jeka(iucli, and reseated them on the Cakc]ii(]\icl
throne as tributary monarchs on favorable terms to
the im[)erial crown of Tzmachi. Caynoh was made
Ahi)op Xahil, and Caybatz Ahj)o]) Qamahay, cor-
responding" exactly with the Quiche royal titles of
Ahpo[) and .'Vh})o[) Candia.
(jiucumatz mounted the throne at Tzmachi on tlio
death of Iztayul, and Cotuha II. became Ahjjop
Camha. This kinj^ began to reign ju'obably towaids
the middle of the thirteenth century.^'' Internal dis-
Hensions between the rival families of the Qiiiclic
nobility are vaLTuely alluded to in the records, hut
not with sufficient details to enable us to dett;rniine
how they influenced Gucumatz to abandon Izmaclii
in favor of a new capital. He selected for this jan-
])oso the ajicient Utatlan, situated on a plati'au not
I'ar distant, which had probably long been in ruins.'**
It is now time to return to Juarros' vei'sion of
Quiche history during the reigns of the first kings,
although there is little hope of connecting it at any
l)oint with the versions already })resented. Xima
Quiche, who directed the peo})le in their migration
to these (Juatemalan regions, ceded to his brother tlie
command of tie jSlames and Pokomams, and at his
3' Hnissciii' iiliM'cs liis rcij^ti sniiHnvlu'rc liotwocii I'iLTt (".ml I'JT"'.
■''* Tlio I'tijiol Villi n'piVHi'nts I'tatluii, us we liiivc seen, |i. itl'.'i, (n liii^'
lict'ii iirst (icciii)i(Ml liy <"i)tuliii and (lUciiiiiiit/; iiicaiiiii;,'. as is slmwn Ky
(lie lalilf (if kiiii^s in lli(> same tldcumeiit -sec |i. atJfi, of liiis vdiuiiic liy
(iucnniatz as kin^; anil Cotiiliti II. as .second in rank. Ilrassciir slates
tlial liie name (inniareaali was tlien },'iven to llie eity, lint it is nineli iiioij
likely tluit tliis was the aneiunt name, iiiid L'tiitlaii oi later origin.
DIVISION OF THK KMPIItK.
i»./
(loath left liis son Acxopal, or Acxopil, kiiii,'' of the
(^uicliu trihes. 'I'liis iiioiuircli, either hy tlie iiici-t'a.se
of liis ])oo|>le or by liis coiuiiK'sts aiiiont,' tlic al)o-
riniiial trihes soon found liiiiisi'lf master of tlio
])roviiict.'S now called Solola, ( 'liiinaltenaiiLi'o, and
Sa('atci)t'([Ues, with a |iart of (^Inezaltenaii^o and
Totonicapan. In his old aijfe his einj)ire stenicd to
him too vast and the duties of ^•t)Vernnient too hur-
(lonsoino for his failin<( streni^th. He conseciuently
divided his enijjire into three domains, kerpini^' for
liimself that of the Quii'hes, ijfivini^ that of the ( 'ak-
(•lii(|Uels to his oldest son Xiiditemal, or . I internal,
and that of the Zutuy'ils to his second son Acxo-
(|uauh, or Acxi([uat; the brother who ruled over the
Manies and l\)komams is n(»t named lieiv. The
hounds iL>iveu by Juarros to the tliree kingdoms of
tile empire are substantially the same as those of the
jK.'opK's s[)eakin!n' the same lanL;uanes at the time; of
the CJon(|uest, and were doubtless ascertained from
the conditi(jn of afi'airs in the sixteenth century rather
than from ancient records or traditions.
Al'ter the division it was not loniL( before ambi-
tion be^an to produce Avhat Juarros tt-rms its usual
results. Acxo([uauli, kiuLC of the Zutuyils, found
his domain too small and wished to extend its limits
to the detriment of his brother, Xiuhtemal. With
this intent he marched at the head of a lar^e ai'niy to
the (akchi(|uel frontiers, but was I'oived to retire to
his Ibrtilied stronghold (ju l-.ake Atitlan, where tin."
contest rai>-ed for many days until a truce was
brounlit about by the a^'ed Acxopal. Xiuhtemal
took advantan'e of the peace to fortify his capital at
Tecjiaii (iluatemala, but durini,^ the exti'emc old aL;(,!
of his father he was called to dii'ect affairs ;it the
(^)uiche capital, and succeeded to the im[)(jrial throne
at his father's death, puttint;' his own eldest son on
the Cakciiiciuel throne. Still fearful of his brother,
his first care was to fortify tlu; Quiche ca))ital, which
•luarros re|)resents as liavin<^ been Utatlan from the
Vol. V. a7
578
THE QUICIIE-CAKCIIIQUEL EMPIIIE.
first — buikllni*-, amonc^ other extensive works, tlic
cjistk) of Kest*'uardo.*' His prucautkms seem not to
have l)eeu unnecessary, for A('xo(|uaah soon rccoiii-
mencod the war, fii^hting particukirly for tlie jiossis-
sion of the whole territory about the lake, wliich
seems to have been in some way divkled between the
three monarchs. The war continued, witli but briif
intervals, tliroughout the reiii^n of Xiulitemal and
dnriuiif a part of that of Hunahpu, his son, wlio suc-
ceeded him. Nothinijf further is recorded of kluiinh-
])u's reion, save that he distinj^uished himself" hy
introducini'' the cultivation of cacao and cotton.*"
Exce})t in the o-eneral statement that tlie Qiiiclu',
Cakchiquel, and Zntugil kingdoms formed a kind of
alliance at tliis early period, a conclusion to wliich
the other records have also led us, the version givni
by Juarros, from Fuentes, has ai)parently nothing in
common with the others; and I shall not attempt to
conjecture what may have been the source wlienco
the names of kings given by these authors were du-
rived. There is no room for hesitation in (K'ciding
which records are the more reliable. Brassciir in
one place, after mirrating the foundation of Izma-
chi, suddenly declai'os that with Qocavib and
Nima Quiche the synd)olic recitals cease and histoiy
begins, and then goes on for a few pages with an ac-
count of Acxopal and his division of the emj)ire hc-
tween his two sons, appariMitly acce])ting the version
of Juarros, except in the name of tlie capital at the
foundation of the emi)ire. But shortly after, ho
abandons this for the other version, as folk* ws: "The
first king of Toltec race who a[)})ears after Acxopal is
Xinhtemal, who in his turn seems to have j»laced his
sou on the throne of Quauhtemalan, (Tecpan (iua-
temala, the Cakchiquel capital). According to more
authentic documents, it is Balam II. of tlie lionsc
of Cawek, who succeeds Qocavib. Except the
39 For (U'sfription of the ruins of Utatltvn, see vol. iv., pp. l'24-8.
*" Juarros, Hist. Gmit., pp. 1»-1(>.
GUCL'.MATZ AT ITATLAX.
579
striiijfufles mentioned by Fiientcs, \ve find notliin;^
al><»iit tliis prince or lii.s predecessoi-, at'ter the touiida-
tion of Izniaclii," etc. Thus lie implies that Qociivih
Avas identical with Acxupal, and lialain Lunachc with
>^iuhtenial. We hear no more of the names i^ivcn
l)y Juarros until we have the statement l»y the same
author respecting Hunah[)U that "evurythini;- favors
the o))inion that he is the same who reigned under
the i^'lorious name of Oucumatz," without any at-
temi)t to account for the intermediate kinn's of the
Quiches, Cotuha and Iztayul. Conseijuently as 1
am inclined to suspect, "everything' favors the
opinion" that tlie worthy abhe has introduced the
names Acxopal, Xiuhtemal, and Acxoquauh, from
Fuentes solely because they are apparently Naliua
names and therefore may add some force to his Toltec
theory, and has then got rid of them as expeditiously
as ])ossil)le.*^
The tirst care of Oucumatz was to restore the
ancient l)uil(linirs of Utatlan and to add to the city's
old-time s))lendor by the erection of new and mag-
niticent temples in honor of the gods. "There they
built their houses in great numbers, and there also
they built the house of the god in the centre of the
city at the most elevated ])oint, wbei'e they placed
it when thoy came to establish themselves in that
l)lace. Then their empire was much enlarged, and
when their numbers were already considerable, their
great families took counsel together, and were sub-
divided." When the ([uarrels which had formerly
threatened their emj)iro were at last terminated
"they carried into effect what had been resolved
U])on., and the royalty was divided among tweiity-
ibur grand houses or families." "There they in-
creased in greatness, having thus gloriously united
^' nra/isnir. Hist., torn, ii., pp. l.W-'i, 47">-7, 409. Tlie opinion that
Hiiimlii»n and OiUMiintitz wiTc iilcntical, liowever, is saiil to receive Konic
Kii|i|iiiit from tlie Lsmjinjc lUaforiro, of I'elaez' work, i[iioleil l>y /(/., in I'u-
[iiil \'i(/i, p. 310.
680
THE QriCIIK-CAKCHIQrEL EMl'IIlE.
tlic'ir tlirones and tlicir principalities; tlic titles of
all tlicir honors having boon distrihuttMl aniony' tlit-
jn-inccs, tliere ^vore formed nine families Avitli the
nin(! j)rinces of Cawek, nine with the princes ol" Ni-
liaib, four with the j)rinces of Aliau Quiche, and two
■with the lords of Zakik, They became very nu-
merous, and numerous were those that followed each
of the princes; they were the first at the head of
their vassals, and many families belonLjcd to each of
the princes. We shall now tell the titles of these
jtrinces and of each of the qreat houses." Thui
follows a list of titles, substantially the same tliat I
have given in a preceding volume, when treating
of the Quiche governmental system."
"Thus were completed the twenty-four princes and
the twenty-four great houses; then was multiplied
the power and majesty in Quiche; then was strength-
ened and extended its grandeur, when the city and its
ravines were built up with stone and mortar and
covered with cement. Both great and little nations
came under the power of the king, contributing to
the Quiche glory; power and majesty sprang up, and
the house of the god was built as well as the hoU!;es
of the ])rinces. But it was not they who built them;
they did no work, neither constructing the temple ot"
their god, nor their own buildings, for all was done
by their vassals, v.hose nundjers were multiplied. It
was not by strntag<iri nor by force that these vassals
were brought in; fo: truly each one belonged to smne
one of the priu-'os, and great was the number of
their brothers and relatives who gathered to hear what
the princes commanded. Truly were they loved and
esteemed, and great was the glory of the ])rinces.
Veneration kept pace with their renown, and with
the lords were multiplied the dwellers in the raviiK s
round about the city. Thus nearl}'- all the nations
surrendered themselves, not through war and foive
directed against them in their ravines and cities, but
« Sec vol .., j)p. G37-W.
KEKIX (»F crcr.MATZ.
r.si
1 V reason of tlio marvels wrouylit In' tliulr kiiiL2s,
(iiu'iiinatz and Cotulia.
Verily, this Giicuiiiatz lieoanie a most marvelous
kiii_L»". In seven days he mounted to the skies— as-
nded the mountain heiirhts — and in seven davs ho
cc
(1( scended to the reuion of Xihalha.
43
J
n seven
(lays he took upon himseU' the nature and form t)t" a
stij)ent, and again of an eaiL»le, and of a tii^er; and
III seven days he eiian^^'d lumseli into coagu-
lated hlood. 'J'ruly the existence of tliis wonderful
juince filled with terror all the lords that came hefore
jiini. The knowlcdL>-e tlioreof was sjtread ahroad; all
tlie nations heard of this ]>rodi!L(ious kin,L;'. And this
was the origin of the (Quiche i^randeur, ^hen the
kiiiL*" (iucumatz wrought these signs of his jxtwer.
The remembrance of his grandsons and sons was not
lost — or, as Ximenez renders it, he did not lack
descendants, both sons and grandsons. He had not
(lone these thinL!s merely that there mi^lit be a roval
Avoiker of miracles, but as a means of I'uling all na-
tions, and of showinu" himself to be the onlv chief of
the pi^oples
Th
lis proaiGfious
li
king C
uicuniatz was o
the fourth** generation of kings, Ahpop and Alipop
Caiiiha. He left descendants who also reigned with
majesty and benat children \vlio did manv thin<'s.
Thus were begotten Tepepul and Iztayul, whose
leiun made the fifth i>enerati(
)n.
Tl
ley were
k
hi;
aiH
I eacl
1 o-cjiieration o
f th
ese
)rinces beirat soiif
It is seen by the juvcediiig account of (Jucuiiiatz'
rt.igii that this king fully accoinjilisiied his object in
tiaiisferring the cajtital to Utathui. By rciiiovJMg
his court to this anci(.'nt city he aroused the pri(l(.' of
all the tribes of QuiclK' race, ;ind revived their tradi-
■''' Or, ns XinuMioz renders; it. to Hell.
" lie In iiaiiifd ars iieiiiy of the liltli j^i'iieral ion in tlie tallies at the eml
llie (locunient.
I'll/Id/ Villi, jij). ,'107-17; -V
F.-iiiiliiis, in III., \)\\. U),')-8. 'i'lii.s last wi
-, Hist. I III/, (iiiiil., \>
\-l\-
MK IS iierliaiis
III
e >anie as
il l>v ISr.'issenr as A7/
that
lli.st. ilr Ins h'liiix ilil <,hiiilii , MS., Init it
is iiieri'ly a list of l<iii;:s with some of their deeds, addin;.' notiiinj,' what-
e\i r, in a historieal p 'iiit of view, to the translation of the <,!iiiihe reeord.
532
THE (iUICIIE-CAKCITlQUEL EMPIUE.
tioiial reeulloctions of n glorious past; l)y restoiii Mi-
llie aiicii'iit toinples and by oivctini;' new ones la;
enlisted the religious enthusiasm of the wliole eountrv
in his I'avor. 'J'he universal interest in the new entt r-
]>rise caused the former dissensions between i'i\;il
nobles to bo for a time forgotten. All these circnin-
st;inees eoml)ined to create fur Gucumatz a lii^ln r
dei>'ree of populai'ity than lie had ever before enjoyed;
and when he felt sufficiently strong" M'itli the ])eo|)lc,
lie still further fortified his position by a j)a!ti,il
reconstruction of his empire. By the establishment of
twenty-four houses of nobility he not only mnde par-
tisans of those who wore the recipients of new lionois,
but effectually checked the ambition of the leading'
nobles, whose (]uarrels had at one time threatened his
sovereignty. Two of the new dij^nlties were n'iven to
the family of Zakik, to which bi'lonned the pritst of
the ancient temple of C-ahbaha at T^tatlan ; and hei^a.e
the titles Ahau-Ah-Tohil and Aliau-Ah-( hituinat/,,
oi' lui;h-priests ol'Tohil and (.^uet/aK'oatl, to imin'Ki's
of his own family, thus Hrndy attachiiiij;' the pi'ior-
hood to his own interests. Each of the newly nrand
])rinces was ri'<juired to have a ]>alace in the (apil.d
and to reside there during" a cei'tain j)art of each year;
in fa'-i the policy j»ursued by (Jucumat/ resenibh s In
many points that which we have seen pursued by tlw
C'hichiniec emperor 'IV'chotl in An;ihuac as noted in a
])recedin:L»' cha{)ter. There are no data from which to
determine the extent of (Jucunnitz' domain- the dr-
sct'ut to Xibalba may in<licate that the rahiKjiic
reuion was subjected to his power, or simplv that he
was wont to spend in the tiei'ra caliente a portion nt'
each year. Brasseur believes that Irom this pt linl
the Ahpop Camha of the (Quiches spent his time
chiefly in the Zutuci^il capital at Atitlan.*"
After the death of (Jucumatz, Cotuha 1 1., ali'cady
holdin**' the second lank of Ahpo|) Candia, moiini'd
•"• Hi.lL Xii/. (Vc, tuiii. ii., ji]). l!);!-',); /(/., ill I'o/mf \'iili, p, cclxwi.
CAKCimiUHL IIISTOUY.
)S3
tlio tlirone. He was in liis turn succeeded l)y Te[ie-
]ul, aiul he l)y Iztuyul II. with Quicab, or Kical>, as
.\hj)()p Cainlia. liespt^ctiiig tlie rei^'iis of these thiee
iiiDiiarciis, the Popul V^iih oives no details whatever;
and hut verv little can he leaiMied I'roni otliei' records.
The three reij^'us may, however, he supjiosed to ]ia\e
extended to al)out the end of the fourteenth ct'ii-
tuiy, a century which is thus almost a l)lank in the
ainials of the empire. One document*^ informs us
that the first of the three kinn's, (.'otulia II., was
treacherously put to death hy the lords of (Joliail
and inuhail, who drew him into an anihush, hut his
sons Quical) and Cavizimah, al'terwards kinqs, avenged
liis nuirder hy seizin^' and putting to death thirteen
of the su})posed guilty }»arties.
The Cakchiquel record**^ mentions the third of the
Qiiiclu' uionarehs, Iztayul 1 1., under the name of
Xitavul-1 lax. Cavnoh, whom we hit on the ( 'ak-
* *
cliicjuel throne,*" had hi'en succeeded hy his son
('itan-(^)atu, a valiant and wise I'uler who, under the
Mivcrcignty of the Quiche em|)eror at Ttatlan, had
(Dnsiderahly extended the ]>ower of his jKoplc. At
Ills death he was followed hv his son (J(othal<'aii, 'the
(•(I
ell
iled serpent,' and under his rule the suhordinate
iel'tains took advantage of his good nature or want
if aliihty, to reclaim their inde|H'ndence. Th
lants of the jiiinci's l':i(|ahol and (<ekai|ueh, w 1
(le-
M'e:i(
lo
ad caused
II
u'avt; z so muc
tl'OUl
• rmer years,
w^vv tile tirst to inaugurate tins revolt, winch th(i
ntiier trihes uei'e not slow to join, and thus the na-
'iuii was again split up jtractically into scattered
liilies, the king having little, if any, more autlnu'ity
tlian the other chieltaiiis. The same conditieii ol'
all'iii's continued during tlie reign of tjiis king's son
d grandson, Alinam and X ttaini'i' Zaipientol ; tlu!
trilie (inder the royal comn.>and, after wandering for
'■ '/'/'///()(/(■ //..v ,*?«■))'(>•'. V '/r Tii/i)iiirii/iini. ill ''(71.1/ I'"/'. |i|i. rcl\ \\ i-\ ii,
'' .1/' ;/(. i/i- Trrjhiii-Alilhiii, ill r>,ii.-<snii\ Ui^l , foiil. ii., |i|i. ."lOl-;!.
<•' Si'i' Ji. .")7fl, iif tills Mil.
V>
i
581
Tin: QlICHE-CAKCHIQrEL F.MPIRE,
a Iduj; tinio, haviiiiJ!' fiiiallv settled near the kiiulicd
t''il)e of tlie Akahales, at the towns of Zaki([a]i()l juul
Niiiieakalipec. Tlie great <^TaiKlson of QotUalcaii,
(_'!iiyoe (.>)ueli, succeeded in a^i^ain uniting" iiiider his
rule most of the (.akchiquel tril)es, and haviiiL;'
i'ouuded the ca[)ital of Chiawar, souiewliat fuithci'
west than the <dd capital Tec})aii Guatemala, and
L;iven the second rank of Ahpop Qamahay to his
hrothei" Ttattah-Akbal, lie Avas laboring most streiiu-
(Hisly to raise Lis nation to her old position at the
time wlien the record mentions the death of I/tayul
11., or Xitayul-Hax, and the accession of Quirah.
I must now return to the version j)resente(i hy
Fuentes and Juarros, for this version ao'rees uitli tiie
others respecting the name of the next king, (^)uicah,
and hence it may he inferred that the period lutwiin
the reigns of Hunahpu and Kicab, is identical with
that between Gucumatz and Quicab. The kings that
Juarros ])uts on the throne during this period wuic
Balam Kiche, Balam Acam, jVIaucotah, and bjui-
balam, names which are evidently identical with the
lour h'yh-priests or sacrirtcers of a nuich carlirr
])eriod. it seems probable that the authors cited
Ibuiid these names in the aboriginal recoi'ds, and
could make no better place for them than in the list
of kings. The events referred to in thcNe reigns are
as follows: IJalam Iviiiie ilid nothing worthy <il'
record. I>alaiu .Vcam, his successor, was a most kind-
hearted pi'ince, and had great confidence in his cousin,
the king of tlu! Zuti'gils at Atitlan. l>ut the laitei'
abused this conlidencL; by stealing the king's daugiitti"
from till! royal ])alace in lUatlan; and llocab. a iicu'
relative of the Zutugil monarch — called ZutuL;ileh|Mi|i
by .luari'os, e\idently a. title I'ather than a. name ;it
about the same time abducted a niece of ji.dani
Acam. These abductions caused a war which, as we
ai'e t(dd, lasted with little intermission down lo the
coming of the S[)aniards. The (,^)uiche army uiidi i'
the king and ^[aucotah his chief general, nii'iehtd
^
ell
WAR BETWEEN QUICHES AND ZUTUGILS.
585
Atitlan, taking several strono- towns on the way, and
"the most terrihle hattle these countries had ever
known" was fought a^'ainst the ZutuL;il and Ah-Tzi-
ijuiniliayi forces under llocal). In this hatthj 1 local)
was slain and the Quiches victorious. The cainj)aii^n
was continued, the ZutUL;ils heirn^- aided liy many
allies, including the Pipiles of Salvador, while the
(,)uiches were reinforced hy the C'akchicjuels and
i'orces fnjui Vera Paz. In a later hattle the loss on
hoth sides amounted to fourteen thousand, and among
the slain was Balam Acam, who is hlamed l»y ,Iuar-
ros for ])lunging the country in war for so slight a
cause, since the })Ui'])ose of the ahduction was hoiior-
ahle marriage. Long wars between the CakdiiijUels
and I'ipiles,®'' as well as between the Qui«-hes and
]\[ames, resulted from Balam's attemjit at veng« ance
Ui
lucotah was named as the successor of lialam
Acam, while yet in the field. Zutugilehpop, llu.shed
withxictory, besieged Xelahuh, one of the (Jiiiche
strongholds, hut the foi'tune of war seems to have
chango'l with the change of ruleis, for tlie Zutugils
were defeated both heiore Xelahuh and in their own
territory about the lake, and their king died of gi'ief
aiid disapjtointment soon alter, leaving his tlii'onc to
L\unal-Ahaus, a young nuui of ninetei^n ycai
Tl
lis
oung king continued the war, but was uiialile to
><trit;vo the ill-fortunes of his [)eo}>le. In a batth;
fi'ii'jht so'-'U after his accession, he had a jiersonal com-
will
M
u'.i'oiali, 111 which he was wounded
aiK
I
tni'ced to retreat, tlu' (^)iiiclie king remaining in |>os-
sfssion t»f the! towns that his iiretlfccssor liad con-
t|Uere(l. Maucotah died soon alter his \ictoiy, and
Was suc(ei'd(!d by l(|uibalam, who marched with two
lnin<lred thousand men into the Ziitunil states, de-
termined to put
valiant l{iimal-Al
an eiu
I to the resistai
ice
laus, who had reco\ei'e(
I I
I'Dlll
.1' till
tl
lU
n'ect
s ol Ills WoUlK
I. lb
e ca[>tured many towns, par-
1 '
lit
,VI < '
liii|ii('lH iiikI I'lpilcs nliiiitst (•(iiistaiillv at \\nr; Si/iii'r'.s I'nit
lllK
/•,, i>. :i'S.\; 1,1., ill A.
Ilia Aiiiiiili.s, 1(1111. fliii., 11. IM),
'i
!
58(5
TIIK (iriCHK ("AKCHKirKL F.MPIUE
ticiil.'irly ill tlio territory of tlic Pi])il.-' and about
Za|)(>titlaii, hut lie also met "vvitli sovero losses, and
seems not to have gained any ])ernianent advantage
ovi;i the Zntu^ils. lie died diirinL;' the tanijiai^n,
and was siieceeded hy Kieah, or (^nicah, and llunial-
Ahaus was suceeediid (jn the throne of Atitlan at
ahout tlie same time hy Chichiahtuh'i."
Tlui reioii of Quicah is briefly disposed of hy Juai-
ros a, i '' 's: "lie ascended the throne at ani.ituic
'tVj;o, an<. Lh much experience in military and j>o-
litical atla.is. Cniichiahtulu, who, with the r.iiik of
Lieutenant (Jenei'al, had gained great advantages
over the Quiches in the memorahle campaign of
I'inar (the one last referred to), having grasped the
Zutugil sce})tre, besieged the famous stronghold of
Totonica[)an. King Kicab not only ((jtposed tin!
movements of ( 'hichiahtulu with a formidable army,
but enlisting sixty thousand soldiers. In; attacked
with them many cities and towns of the l*i|)iles ami
Zutugils, among them Patulul; and although tlie
governoi's of these places made greit elforts to de-
JV'iid tlu'in, they were unable to resist the superioi'
numbers of the (,()uiches. ( 'hichiahtulu, seeing that
ions wei'e beini»' lost, hastened by
l)i.^
liesl
tossess
•n
ibrced marches to defend them, abandoning the sii'ge
of Totonicapan ; hut being taken grievously ill <
account of his haste in that march, ho died within a,
few <lays, greatly to the sorrow of his ptM)pIe. Still
his aiiny did not sus|)end tluiir march, being com-
manded by the Lieutenant (Jeneral iManilahuh, until
they arrived within sight of the Qui<'ho eam|>. The
fury with which the attack was made on both sides
is unspeakable!; but the coluimi (»f King Kicab on ac
unt of beiiiii' close and double, beinu' harder to lireak
»;o
rii
11 «(ii
(iiiirnis, Hint. (I'liii'., ii|i. 1(!-'J.'{. i'"ii('nt('H used ii liistmy wiitli'ii liy
Miiiil ;,'niiiilsiiii (if llic last kin;,' of ( iiijilciiiiilii, Miilirr, Anirr. t'rn/.,
]>. i'ii. W'.Mi'rk, I'lii/. I'itl., p. K;, ili'i'liircs ilii' < inatciiiiiliiii iiiiniiisi'ii|il <
mil ri'liiilili', mill .stairs tlial. tlu; Miuario niaimm'ript ust'il liy 1''iu'IiIl'.s \mi»
badly tniiisiatcd.
i:i;!(;.\ ok (^iicaij i.
J87
than tlie ft!cj])le an 1 cxtciulcd lines of ^ranilaliuli, tlio
latter were l)i'«jk('ii and scattered in less than an
hour, the connnandei' and many Atltlan chiets iRmi^-
li'ft on the field ofhattle, while the (.^)ni<'hes, chanting-
Aictorv, returned to I'tatlan. We do not know in
'tan
tl
le events uik
ler t!
le sevens nionarchs of (,)ui-
clie who succeeded Kicah I.; hut it is certain that
these two kingdoms were never for a lon<'- time at
H'ace.
tl
.Now Ci'nies tne version ot yuicahs reii^-n L,'"iven hv
the !*()i)o] ^/uli, which document carries the (,.)uicl
f Qi
h
le
histoiy no i'arthei', save a mere list of nionarchs
;ih'eady mentioned. "IJcliold now the names of the
sixth royal L^eiieration,''' of the t'"o ^I'eat kinus
(^)iiical), th(! name ot" tlie first kinn', and (avi/imah,
iiam(i of the second (Ali]>o[> ('andia). And hehohl
the i^icat deed that (^)uicah and ("avizimah did, and
how (,^uich(' was made; lah;ous hy reason of their
ivally mai'velous condition. I^ehold tlu! con(|Uest
1 destruction of the ia\ines and cities of tlu; natioi
an(
i-reat and sma
IS
dl. all
very near, includim,^ tin! city of
the ( 'akchi(|uels, that now called ('huvila (( 'hichi-
casteiiaii^'o), as also those in the mountains of the
llahinals, that of Pamaca, (Zacualpa), in the moiint-
iiiiis of (Jaokeh, that of Zacahaha, (San .\n(h'e.s),
Zakuleii, (Jhu\ i-.Mii'^iiia, Xelahuh, ('hu\a-T/ak (Mo-
iiiosteiiaiiL>"o), and 'I'zolohche (( 'hi(|uimula). These
ahliorred <.^)ui<'al», Ij'.it truly he made; war upon them
and ('(HKiiU'rei
I and
riiiiK'i
I tl
le ra\iiies and the cit K's
of th(! Itahinals, of th(! ( 'akchi(|Ucls, and of thi;
pro|iK! of Zakiih'ii. He coii(|iiercd all the trihi's and
carried his arms alar. ( hie or two nations not ha\-
iii''' hroii'.dit their tiilmte he eiitei'ed their towns that
they mi'^ht linii'^- their tnhiite helore (JuH'ali and
( 'a\ i/iniah. They were r«'diiced to s"r\itii(le; they
\\ei\' tortured and their |ieo|ile tied to trees and
>lerc(
■d with ari'(»ws; there was for them no \\
lore
''' •fiiiirnis, Hit/, linn/., |i|i. "J.'t-I.
'•>' I'lio M'\»'iilli aiciirdiiiu III till' lalilcH.
n
f. M!
583
Tin-: QUrCIIE-CAKCIIIQLKL EMIMItr:.
jj^lory nor lioiior. Such was the ruin of tliese towns,
(lustrovod from tliu t'aco of the eartli; \\\<.^^ the liiilit-
iiin<j;' wliicli strikes and breaks the stone, thus liy
terror lie hlottcd out the nations.
Befoi'e Colelie, as a sitj^nal of its conquest, tlion^
stands to-da\' a monument of rock, as if ho had
formed it with ]iis axe; this is on the coast called
Petatayuh, where it is still visihle, so that evcryhodv
looks ujion it as a si^■n of Quieah's valor, lie could
not be killed or conquered; verily he was a hero, and
all nations brouj^ht to him their tribute. Then, all
the princes having taken counsel, they went away to
fortify the ravines and the towns, haviuLC taken pos-
session of the towns of all nations. Then sentinels
(spies) were dispatched to observe the enemy, and
new tribes (or colonies) were formed to dwell in the
conquered countries." Then follows with Irequent
re[)etitions an account of these colonies, their de|iart-
ure for their posts, their victories, and a list of citiis
occu})ied by them, includinu^ most of the names
already mentioned. "Everywhere they waytd wai',
takiuijf continually new cai)tives; they becauK' in tin ir
turn heroes, they who had been _ii;'uards of iVontii r
])osts; they became stront^- in their laui^ua^e as in
their thouo'hts before the kin^s when they brought in
their })risoners and captives."
"Then assembled the council at the orderof the kind's,
of the Alq)o|» and the Ahpoj) (.'andia, of tin.' (iaKl,
and of the .\litzic Winak; and it was decided that,
whatever mii^ht hajipen, they should remain at the
head, for their dinuities were there to repri'siMit tin if
family. ' I am the Ahpop, 1 am the .\hpo[» ( 'anilia.
Ah])o[) to hold my rank like thine, ( > Ahau (iahl.'
As to the (Jah'ls, their nobility shall be, re[ilie(l all
the lords formino" a decision. Likewise diil those of
Tainub and Ilocab; equal was the comlition of the
three races of Quiche, when the chiefs of the peo|i|('
set themselves uj) a^'ainst the kinn's and assunn d
nobility. Such was the result of this assemhly. hut
REVOLT OF THE PLKr.EIAXS.
G89
it was iK)t tliore in Quielie tliat tlio power was seizctl.
The name of the ])hiee exists wliere the vassal chiefs
took possession of the power, for although they had
l)een sent eaeli to a different phice, all afterwards as-
senihled together.
Xehalax and Xecamao are tlie names of the |)laoe
Avliere they took possession of the power, at the time
Avlien they assenihled their rank, and tliat took i)lace
at Chnlimal. Behold the nomination, the installa-
tion, and the recou'nition of the twenty (Jalels. and
the twenty Ahpo|)s who were installed hy the Ah])op
and tile Ahj)op (Jamha, hy the (ialel and the Ahtzic
Wiiiak. All the (jralel-Ahpo[)s entered into their
laiik, eleven Nim-Chocoh, ('ulel-Ahpop, Calel-Zakik,
CJalel-Aehih, Kahpop-Aliih, Kahtzalain-Aehili, Ut-
zun-Achih, titles (jf the wariiors which thev ohtained
when they were nominated and titled on their thrones
and on their })rineipalities, they who were the chiefs
of the vassals of the Quiche nation, its sentinels and
s|ties, its chiefs of the lances and chiefs of the slinks,
the ramparts, the walls, and the towers which de-
I'ciuled (.>)iiiche. 'IMius alstj did the people of Tamul)
and I local), the chiefs of the })eo])le in each locality
]iavin!<^ seized the power and caused themselves to he
titled. Such was the origin of the Galel-Ahpops and
of the titles that )iow exist in each of these j)laces;
such was their source, when they sjiraiii;' up at the
hands of the Ahpop and the .Mip(»p ( 'amha, as also
III' the CJalel and of the Ahtzic Winak, from whom
they derived their existence."'^
b'rom the ])recediny' narrative we leai'n that (j>uical)
hy his skill in war and the vahji' of his armies ex-
tended the im])erial Quiche ])ower far heyond its
liiiiiier limits, suhjectiuL;' to the monarch of I'tatlan
nearly the whole of Guatemala; and also that
later in liis reiy'ii he was forced Ity a comhination of
liis vassal chieftains, to whom military power had
'ii
'' I',, /III/ Villi, |)|i. :U7-'27; Xinii'iii'z, Hixf. Iml. (Imil., |i]). l'_'.')-!).
iiif .soiiii' tliU'civiiei's and omi.ssiiiiw in tlie SiiaiiUli tiaii^lalinii.
Tlicrc
590
THE QUICHli-CAKCriigUKL EMl'IUE.
been entrusted diiriui^ his conquests, to reornfaiiizc liis
j^overnnient, and to bestow on tliese ohiettains of tlu.'
j)eo])lo nobility, and })ractieally the control of the em-
pire. With this poHtical revohition the record ;is
l)resented by the Popol Yuh ceases, the reniainihr of
the document bein<jf devoted to a description df
Quiche institutions ah'eady ^'ivcn in anotlier vohinu^
of this work. Whether a })ortion of the original work
has l)ecn lost, or tlie Quiche history "was deemed by
the author to have ceased with the humiliution of tlie
ancient nobility by their forced association wltli ])1l'-
beian chiiil's, it is impossible to determine. Ximeiuz
in his account of the Quiche kings devotes five liius
to Quicab and Cavizimah, whom, however, he unites
in one jierson.^' For additional details of Quical/s
reign and the political changes which marked it, as
well as lor all subsequent Guatemalan history, we
have only the Cakchicpiel record,'^" witjj slight infoiiii-
ation from other documents, as presented in tlic
history of Brasseur do Bour])ourg, together witli tlio
work of Juarros, wh(»se version of Quicab's reign lias
already been presented.
We left Chiyoc Queh, the Cakchiquel monanli,
endeavoring to restore the former ylory of his nation
by re-uniting its scattered tribes under one head.
The Zotzil-Tukuches were the oidy tribe that re-
fused to recognize his royal authority, and at last
the C akchi(iuel monarch applied to the Quiche king
ibi- aid. Quicab and Cavizimah had just succeedt d
to tlie throne of Utatlan, probably early in the tit-
teentli century. They sent an army and I'outed tlio
Zotziles, plundering and burning their towns and jnit-
ting tlie inhabitants to death without inei'cy. Tluy
did not stop here, however, but forced Xicpiitzal ainl
llahamun, who succeeded Chiyoc Queh on tlu" Cak-
cliiquel throne, to give up their sovereign rights and
■V' E.wofiiis, ill Hist. full, (hint., \\\). lfi8-9.
"' Mini, i/c 'JWjntii-Atitliui, in Lni.ssciir, Jli.st., toiii. ii., \>i). 50;i-iri.
TYRRANY OF QUICAH I.
591
submit to become vassal lords, such of tlio poo])le as
icsi.sted being massacred, sacrificed, or sold aw slaves.
The Maines met with the same treatment, their
stronofest towns inchidini»' Zakuleu and Xelahuh
( lluehuetenanj^o and C^uezaltenani>()) beini;- forced to
yield to the armies of LTtatlan. Then the liabinals
and ]\'komams were conquered, and no power was
Ijft that could make any resistaiice. Quicab claimed
t ) be absolute monarch of the whole (Juatemalan
country; he admitted no allied kinys paying* hoinai,re
and a nominal tribute as they had done under the
]-eii,a of his predecessors, but reduced all rulei's to the
condition of royal govx'rnors entirely subject to his
command. Few kings would submit to such condi-
tions and most were conse(juently I'emoved to make
room for governors appointed by the Quiche emperor,
lu his elibrts to subordinate all rank and })ower to
Ills own personal sovereignty, ho naturally ai'rayed
the nobility of even ^he Quiclie royal families against
liiinself, "ud the means ado[)ted to humble the ancient
iiiistocracy were the a[>pointment to high j)ositions in
the army of })lebeian officers distinguisheil for their
valor, and the humiliation of the noble officers on ev-
ery possible occasion. The new chieftains were called
Acliiliab, and so numerous did they become and so
liighly were they favored and stinmlated against
the nobles, that they soon jxtssessed, and fully realized
their jiossession of, the controlling power :n the em-
pii'c. In his efFoi"ts to humiliiite one class, (^iiicai)
had created another which he could not coiiti-ol by
force and which he had zealously educatud t<j disre-
Lii'.fd all authority based on noble birtli.
The Achihab, no longer content with military rank,
aspired to the higher dignities of the court; the ])eo-
]ilc were naturally enthusiastic in favor of their chiefs
and were by them encouraged to question the author-
ity of their king over them. Soori a deputation was
sent to the court to demand certain reforms in favor
of the peo])le, including an abolition of [)ei'sonal ser-
r
592
THE liUICHK-CAKCIIlQrKL KMI'IUE
vice and lal)()r on tlie lii^liways. Quical* sconifullv
ref'iised thu i»ctiti(>n of the popular cliief's, and his
court was .soon ahaudoned hy the Acliihah as it h;id
loUi'' heeu hy most of the nohles. Two of his sons,
Tatayac and Ahytza, joined the Aehihah in tlie icvdh.
])roniisino' tla.'ni all the j)roj>erty and titles of tlu' ih.-
l)ility in case of success, and heiiiijc proniisi'd in turn
the inheritance of the thi'oiie with the ])alaces, sla\ ts,
and wealth pertainiiiL,'- t])ereto. Quicah, in his cx-
treniity, a})]»lied for aid to the very nohility he had
so op[)ressed, and seems to have received their zealous
,su])[>oi-t, for notwithstanding' the treatment tlu y h.id
wutfered at the hands of the monarch, they saw jilainly
that with the success of the rebels all their jtrcsti^t.-
would he entirely destroyed. By the advice of tl.i'
assemhled nohles the leaders of the Acliihah, iiichiil-
ins4" those mIio had com[M)sed the deputation demand
insj;' reforms, were seizi'd and ])ut to death. Tliis
caused an imme(
liat
e risuiL'' o
f tl
le
l)eoi
• le, Wlio.
Ill-
cited hy their chiefs, and hy the descendants of (h
Tanud) and Ilocah, invaded l-tatlan, j)illa'4'i'd tli
royal palaces, and almost annihilated hy niassacic tli
ancient no
hilit'
Tl
K! knii;" liap|)ene(
Itol
)e m a iiciyli-
horiiin' town at tlie time, and his life was spared at
the intercession of his sons; hut he was kept a ])iison( r
Avhilt> the rehel chieftains assemhled in council as
already narrate«l in the Popol \'uh, to reconstruct tlic
monarchy and to choose from their own numlier llif
many lords that have heen mentioned. At the clo~.i'
of their (lelihei'ations the kiut;- aiul the sui'vix mil;' ii"
hies of the royal families were ohlio-i'd to ratity tlif
appointments at (.'huliman, wJiere the new lords wen.'
installed with n-reat ceremony. The Ahpoj) and Ali-
]>op (amha, seem, however, to have heen h It nomin-
ally in possession of their royal rank, aUhounh the
power was ))ractically taken iVom them.
A (puirrel hroke out hetween the Quiches and tlic
l^akci
iKiUels I'esn
lin<4-
m or near
rtatli
HI,
aiK
I till
chiefs of the latter, Vucuhatz and Jluntoh, allhou^^h
WAU WITH THE (AKCIIK »ri:i.S.
593
jiartlc'iil.-ir fi-iends of Qiiical), wore forct-d to flci! from
tliL' city to avoid di'atli at the liaiuls df tlu' .\cliilial».
Diii'iiiH' tln'ir tli^lit, liowevcr, acfoiiijtaiiii'd l)y a lari;*;
Itand of lol lowers, tliey coiiimitted <4ri;at ravages in
till' (.^uii'lie lands until tlu-y arrived at the Cakclii-
(liuil capital of Tec pan C^uaulitcnialaii, (tr Iximche.
Oil tl
R'lr arriv
al tl
wy asscnii*
led th
>M
lo nohk.'s, and cvcrv
lircpai'atioii was made to resist the Quiches, who, it
WHS thought, would not louuf delay an attack. The
( "akchi<iuels detei'inined to shake of}" the C^)iilche yoke;
\'ucul)atz and lluntoh were I'aised to the throne, w ith
the titles of Ahjiozot/il and Alij>o.\aliil, horiie hy
their successors down to the Coii(|Uest. The \v;ir
lic<j;an hy the defeat of a (Quiche ai'iny sent to punish
the Cakchiipiels for their warlike demonstrations.
Other nations were ready to follow the examjile of
tin; ( 'akchiduels; the Zot/iles, Tzendales, <.)uelen
([ue
es.
frames, Ivahinals, ZutuL<ils, and Ah-T/i<piiniliayi de-
l
claicd their mtlei)en(lenc(!, and manyoi thest; |)eo))les
t onlv thriiw ofl' their allei;iance to (^)uical), hut
im
were further divided into independent hands or citi
The ("akchi([uel monarchy soon cxtench^d over nearly
all of (Jnatemala south of Lake Atitlan and of the
llio Mota^ua, includini^ many I'okoinam districts,
thus not only l)ecominL>' independent of tin; crown of
rtatlan, hut also ac([uii'in<4" for itself the halance of
power in the whole coimtry, so loiin" held hy the f^hii-
cIk's. (^)uical», now the mert! tool of the Achihah,
made little or no resistance, and was forced to see his
nation reduced to a, secondaiw position, her < •'vitory
hciiiL,'" constantly diminished hy the revolt oi new
|>rovvnces and cities
It
d, 1
s said, However, hy tHe au-
thor of the (yakclii<[uel (locuineiit, that the A<'liihal)
had heeii I'estraiiu'd from attackiiiL;' their ii\als in
tile south hy the intluence of (^hiicah, who was
friendly to the Cakchi(piel kin,ns, hut this seems
hardly prohahle. It is much more likely that the
Achihah did not attack N'ucuhatz and lluntoh he-
cause all their power was reipiiiec
I t
o
Vol.. V. as
repl
ess
Jiostile
II
594
THE QUICHE-CAKCniQl'EI^ EMPIRE.
demonstrations nearer homo. Tlie idea of |)()]>iil;ii-
rinlits whicli had rohhed Qiiieab of his greatness imd
raised the vassal cliiets to power was as d;n i^ei-ous
and iinmana^eahle tor the new as for the old iiohilitv.
Ahont tlie middle of the fifteenth centuiy the
Quiclu' and Cakchiquel rulers died and wei'e suc-
ceeded, the former by Tepepnl 11. and Iztayul 111.,
the latter hy t)xlahuh-Tzy and Lahidi-Ali. Tlu-
Ah}>o-\ahil, or second in rank at Iximdie, li<>\v-
ever, lived only a few years, atid Avas followed l)V
his son Cahlahuh-Tiha.x. Immediately after the
change of rulers war was declared between the two
nations, and at a time Avhen the Cakchicjuels Mere
weakened by a famine resultini*- from a failure of
crops, the Quiche army marched au^ainst IxiuKJu''.
The kind's Tepej)ul II. and Iztayul I II., acco' "oaiiii d
the army, escorting the idol of their <^'od T ; Imt
their forc«'s were routed with o-reat loss afte. ./ritic
contest, near the Cakchi(juel capital; both kinii's with
tlie idol fell into the hands of the enemy, and nothinu'
farther is recorded of their lives. Ximenez"'' ?)uts the
revolt of the Cakchiquels and the establishment of
their monarchy in the rei^n of these king's instead ot"
that of Quicab; and he also mentions a successful
revolt of the tribes of Sacatepeques against the Cak-
chi(piels, jind the arrival of a band of l\)koniaui.s
from Salvador, who were <»iven lands within the
limits of the two kingdoms. The two captive nioii-
archs may have been put to death by their captors,
so that it is not certain that Iztavul III. ever heM
a higher raidc than that of Ah])op Camha.
Tecum, Tepepul II., Vahxaki-Caam, and Quic-ali
IT. followed on the throne of Utatlan down to the
beginning of the sixteenth century, but nothing is
known of their reigns, and the Quiches seem to havr
hud but little to do with (hiatemalan events beyond
the limits of their own territory during this j)eri xl.
Juarros, however — and it is to be noted that tins
" Escolios, in Hist. Ind. Giifif., pp. 1G1)-71.
LATKll KINCS AT ITATI.AN.
")95
author L;ivc's lu) intimation of any serious icvei'sts to
the (^)uii-liL! nionart-liv attributes to Quiral) I I. a
successtiil cainpaiL;!! against tlie AFanier;, untlcrtakcii
liecauso liis own torritttry was found to Ite o\ er-
( rowdccl with tlu- inc-reasiuijf nunihers of his suhj( rts,
and because the Manies were a miserable peoph', who
siiould be content \vitli less territoiy. At the re]»oit
of Quicab's warlike preparations, all the sui'roundin^'
nations made read v for defence, lujt knowinij' on wliirh
of themselves the blow was to fall. The loid of tbe
blames, Lahulujuieh by name, marched boldly to
meet the Quiche army under the command of the
kini;-. The battle lasted all day, with no decisive
advantao'o on either side; but durin,L>' the iiiu'lit
(,^)uical) stained a commandinijc [tosition on a hill, from
the summit of which, at sunrise, a storm of stones
and arrows was showered iii)on the foe. Jjahuh(|iiith
was soon defeated — the lord of Iximche, as is said,
aidiui^ ill his overthrow^ — and his peoj)le were driviii
{'vo\n their possessions to the northern mountains.'"'**
Al)out all that is known of the kin^s that reiL;'ned
at lUatlan IVom the death of Quicab li., })i'obably
about the bei;inuinL;* of the sixteenth century, down to
ir)24, is their names as oiven l)y the l\)pol \'uh,
A^ucub-Noh, Cavate})ech, Uxib-Quieh, and J>elehel)
Tzi, the last two bein<i^ respectively ^\hpo}) and
Ahpop Candia at the arrival of Pedro de Alvarado.
Juarros names as kind's for a correspond iny ))eriod,
1 ximclie, Kicab III., Kicah IV., Kicab Tanub, Tecum
I'^mam, Chi^-naviucelut, and Seipiechul. This author
finds it recorded that during" the rei,L;ii of Kic-ab
Taiudj an envoy arrived from JMontezuma 11., of
^Texico, announciuL^ the presence of the Spaniards,
and his own imprisonment, news which caused the
Quiches to make active preparations for del'eiice.
Juarros also relates that Ahuitzotl, kiuo- of ^Texico,
after many unsuccessful attempts to coufpier (Juate-
uiala, sent an embassy to the d'Jferent kings, osteusi-
-' J'uirroD, Hint, Guat., \)\^. 24-G.
i
i
i ;
1;
\i
'X ■ ':
SI
59G
THE QUICH^-CAKCHIQUEL EMPIRE.
Itly to ftjrm an alliance with them, but as the soutli-
ui'ii rulers believed, to study the country and the bust
moiius of attack; the embassadors were conseiiueiitly
driven out of the country. The arguments of tliis
and other authors, that Guatemala was never suli-
jccted to jSIexican rule need not be repeated, simi!
there is absolutely no evidence in support of such a
subjection.®^
Tlie Cakchiquel record'''' gives some additio:ial in-
formation respecting the later period of Guatemalan
aboriginal history. The Cakchitpiel monarcli ( )xla-
liuh-Tzy seems to have been disposed to follow llio
exam})le of Quicab at Utatlan, by humbling tln'
])ride of his vassal kings, and taking from tluiii all
real power. Among the most powerful of his allits
Ave re the Akahales of Sacatapeques under Ychal-
.Vinollac. This ruler was sunnnonod befjre the r^yal
tiibunal at Ixiniche on some pretext and was ])ut to
death as soon as he appeared in the judgment-liall ;
tlie domain of tlie Akahales was annexed to the pns-
ses.iions of the Cakchiquel monarch, and })laced undi r
the government of officers who were that king's crea-
tures. The natural conse(pience of Gxlahuli-'J'zy's
and)iti(»n Avas tlie formation of a league against liini
by powerful tribes unwilling to surrender their indr
]»cndence. Among these wei'e the Ah-Tzi(|uinihayi nt'
^ititlan under Wookaok, and the Caokeb uiuU^r \\r-
leheb diih; tiie latter, liowever, were couvpiered by tlie
victorious king of Ixiinche. About this time internal
dissensions were addoA to the extern.il condtinatinn
against Oxlahuh-Tzy. The Cakchi(iuels at Ixiniclie
were divided into two branches, the Zotziles and the
Tukucb.es, and the leader of the latter, Cay-Hiinah|Mi
took advantage of the ill-fejling jiroduced by the
king's ()])pressive nn>a.sures against tlie nobility, to
revolt with his juirtisans, leaving the capit.il rnd i'or-
■'9 ni., itp. 0-11, nn-D.
t-" Mciit. (('( Tcrjitiii-.ltilldii, ill lirti.stinir, Hist., tdiu. ii., \\\\. 521) 'li*).
REVOLT or OF CAY-IIL'NAIIPU.
397
tityinc*' Ills new position near 1)V, Hero ho awaiti'd
the luoveiiierits of tliu revolting- tribes wliicli wore
lean'iied au'ainst tlio Cakchiouels, believinu" tlii'V
Avould take advantage of his secession to attack Ixiiu-
(•liii, and h()|)ing by aidinijf their attack and u'raiitiii"'
tlieir inde[)endence, to phice hiniseU' on tlie tl'.roiu'.
The ti'il)es in (jnestion and others did talce adxantage
of Cay-Hnnalipu's seiiession, not liowever to attack
the capital and thns lend themselves to that chief's
ambitious projects, but to declare their independence,
(.stablish governments of their own, and to make
preparations for the defence of their luunes. Tlie re-
^olting })rovinces included tliat of Sacatape(|ues as
already mentioned by Ximenez, and the sjigniories of
Tzolola, Mixco, Yann)uk, and Pa]>uluka, established
at this time, maintained their in(le})endence of ' 'ak-
<lii(piol control down to the concpiest, except })erhaps
^[ixco.
(Jry llunalijiu, disappointed in the movements of
liis allies, attacked Iximche with the Tukuc-hcs under
liis command, ixit his partisans were routed, m(»st of
them boing killed find the remainder Heeing to dis-
tant [)rovinces; ■"\hile the leader was also among the
slain. T!iu^: ( )xlahuh-'rzv was still victorious, but
was in no coiulition to jsttemitt the reduction of the
ivbel [)rovinces; for new internal troubles soon broke
oiit. Cinahitoh, one of his bravest commanders in
the last war, but apparently of plebeian birth, do-
niandeil tlie rank of Aht/ih Winak made vacant by
the death of Cay-Ilunah|>u, i>ut hisclaim was ri'jtctod,
the oiUce giveti to Abinoxnag, and the brave C'iw
liitoli was j)ut to death, 'i'he sucfrssful candidato
was also executed for li'eason within ayoai'. ( >xlaln;h-
T/,y contimied in his policy of opposition to the no-
bles, and even succeeded in regaining a few of iho
weiker tribes that liad thrown off their allegiance to
his throne. In a, wai' with the .\kahales it ,s rei'ordt •!
that a band of Yai|ui, or Mexicans, p''obably traders,
took part against the Cakclii(piels.
5J8
THE QUICHE-CAKCIIIQUEL EMIMIIE.
About 1501 a defeat of the Zutiio-jls aiul the cap-
ture of their strong-hold of Zakcab V)y the Cjikehi.|in 1
kiuijf is recorded; and about the same time tlio
Ali-Tziquinihayi under \V(.*okaok wei"e besiru^cd in
Atitlan, but succeeded in defeatinii^ the inv.ukis.
lle.s))ectin<;' the last epocli of Cakclii(juel liistcuv,
uarros sa\'s;
The Cakchi(|uel kinsj, Nimaliui
n.Mc
also enjoyed for a loui^ time the ]>romised tranciuility,
haviiiMj- made ])eace and a perpetual alliance with t!ic
J'i|»iles; l)ut this king havini'' made his near relative
Ai'pocacpiil treasurer of his tributes, this traitor
seized upon the city of Patinamit, now Tec[)an (hia-
teniala (Iximche) and all the country subject to that
Cakchi(|uel stronL>"hold ; and the Zutui^il king- having-
declared himself an ally of the rebel A('poca(piil. an
i>bstinate war was waged between these two loids.
which lasted d«)wn to the arrival t)f the yi)aniai"(ls.
And it even seems that this was the reason why
Sinacam, who had succeeded to the throne of thi'
('akchi(piels, summoned and received p(\acerully the
S|)aniards, in order to regain by their aid the gii'at
j)()ssessions of which Acpocaquil, aicK'd by tlu' king
of Atitlan, had (les[)()iled him."''' Tiie (biutemalaiis
were not left altogether without warnings df the
Sj)aniar(ls' coming, for as cai'ly as the reign ol' (^^iii-
cab 11. — which, howe\'er, was al'tei' tlu^ Spaniards
were actually on the American coasts- Ximeue/ re-
lates that the sou of the Cakchi(|uel king, a gr( at
sorcerer, was wont to visit the Quiche cities l>y nighi,
insulting the king with o[)prol>rious epithe
disturbing his rest. (Jreat rewards were oU'ered hn'
his capture, and at last he was taken and biought
Itound into Quicab's ])resence, wliei'e preparalimis
were matle for his sacriHce, when, addressing the as-
senddy the captive sj)ok(5 as follows. "Wait a hitle
ai
.Ik
id hear what I wisli to say to you; know that a
time is to come in which you will be in di'sjtair I'V
•" rFiinrni.t. Hist, (iimf., ]\. '2'!. It is iiiipossiMi- to connct't lliis iiirnnnt
ill any win with tlir oiIu-m.
PROrilECY OF DISASTEU.
J99
reason of the calamities that are to come upon you;
and this rnama-cdixoii, 'miserable old man,' (the
kinin) must die; and know that certain nitn, not
naked like you, but armed from head to foot, will
come, and these will be terril)le and cruol men, sons
of Teja; i)erhaps this will ))e to-morrow, or day alter
to-morrow, and they will destroy all these cdilices,
whicji will become the hal)itations t)f v\\\s and wild-
cats, and then will come to an end all the grandeur
of this court." Thus having'' spoken, he was sacri-
liced to tlie ^ods.^^
At the bejjfinnintif of tlie sixteenth ccnturv, tliree
rival and hostile monarchies ruled (Juateniala, that of
the Quiches at Utatlan, under Vucub-Noh and ( a-
vate})ech, j)rol)ably the Kicab Tanub of Fufutes;
that of tlie Cakchiijuels at Iximche, under ( )\l;ihuh-
Tzy and Cablahuh-Tihax ; and that of the Zutu!u;ils
at Atithin, under Wookaok. The condition of the
Cakchicpiel and Zutuoil powers has already bicn por-
trayed s(» far as there is any information extant on
tlie subject. The Quiche monarchy had recovered m
a certain sense a lariat; ]>art of its ibrnu'r ])t)wer. 'IMie
Achihab had shrewdly kept the descendants of the
ancient kings on the thnjne, and thus st'cured some-
thing of the friendship and respi'ct of tlu' se.ittei'ed
loi'd.s. True, these lorils maintained their indepi nd-
ence of the king of Utatlan, but so long as their
privileges wt're not interfered with they wii'c still
<Juu'Ik' allies against the hatt'd ( 'akchitpiels and all
ethei' fore'ign powers. So with all the indejiendent
tribes in the counti'v, who, although admitting no
t'ontrol on the part of either monareh, were at heart
allies ol' one of them against the tdlieis. Thus the
ancient t'Uipire had been jtractically disitled into
tlir e, each with its allied kingdoms or sei'^nioiies, of
which three that of the /iitugils and Ah'T/(|uiniliayi
at .A tit Ian, was nuich less j)o\\errnl and eMiiisive
than the othei's.
''' .Viiiniir::, h\iiv/t<>s, in ///.v/. Jml. (iiiii/., 1<[K \1'2-',\.
CO.')
TiiK (ii'i('H!;-rAic("iri(,>ri;i. kmpiim:.
Tlioro is no doubt that (lunii^- tliis final pfiind of
rjuatoinaliin liistory tlio jNlo.vican trailtTs, wIki con-
stantly visited the cities of the coast in lar^e caravans
ior oonnnercial pui'[)oscs, and who hecanie, as wc liavu
seen, ])ractically the masters of Soconusco, exerted an
inlluenee also in the }H)iitics of the interior. We
have seen the jironiinent })art this class played in the
con(|Uest of ])rovinees noi'tli of the istlnnus, and \\\v\v
is nmch evich lu-e that they were already inakin^;-
their observations and layinn' jdans, by nuxiiin' them-
selves in the quarrels of the Quiches and Cakchi(|uels.
Avhich nii^ht have brought the whole country under
the Aztee I'ulei's, had it not been for the coining of
the Spaniards, which broke up so many cuiuiinnlv
devised plans in America. I have alivady notiiid
the expulsion of ambassadors seekiut*' ostciisihly an
alliauiH! witJi the southei'ii powers, recorded by .hiar-
rt)s, and also the Mexican aid said to have been liu-
nished tlu' Akahales a'j-ainst tlu^ ( 'akcbi(|U('l.-
Oxlahuh-Tzy died about lalO, and his cdl
'■a^'ni'
two years later, leavino- tlu' ( akchitpiel throne to
iluuy^and Lahuh-Noh. V]i\v\\ in the reion of tlust'
kind's tlu're came from ^Mexico the endtas^y al
ready spoken of in a ])recedino' chaj)ter''''' as lia\ inn'
been sent by Moiite/inua 1 I. probably to obtain in-
formation ri'sj)i'ctino- tlu' strauo'crs on the t;'>teiii
coast, and to consult with the southern nionaidis
about the best method of treating- the new-<'oniers,
It is |)ossible( also, that the j)olitical designs alhided
to abo\i! had soiuethiuo' to (1(» with the endiassy. and
JJrasseur believes that the Mexicans and ( 'akchiijuels
I'ormed at this time an alliance olfensi\-e and Ar-
feiisive aoaiust all foes. War broke out iinmcdialely
al'ti'rwaids between the Cakchiipiels and (.^Mdclu's,
and lasted almost uninterrujitedly for se\-en years,
with no (1 'cisivti results in favor of either parly,
ulthouo'h the Cakchiqiiels, who acted for the nio>i
01
Si'f [I. lya of tliis Vdluiiic; Uriis.'iiKi', Ifi'.st., tiiiii. ii., p. (i'.'t.
KAVA'.JKS nv TIIK S.MALL-l'DX.
COl
]i;irt on the oirciiHlvo, scum to liavo had the best of
the struyi^le,
111 1514, while the war still continued, immense
numbers t)f' locusts caused a I'amine in t\\v ( "akchi-
(|uel dominions, and in the same year the city of
jximche was almost entirely destroyed by tire. In
I ;')!'.) the war was suspended, perhaj)s on n'ci'ipt of
the news brought l)y the enyt)y already mentioned,
that the Spaniards had landed atAY-ra Cru/. ()nieiis
of sinister imj)ort a]>peared here as at the noith, one
of the most notable beiiiL;' the Mp[»earance of a ball of
(ire which ap})eared eyery eyeniiin' for many (lays in
the east, and followcfd the course of tlu' sun until it
set in the west. The famous black st<»ne in the
tem[)le of Cahbaha was fouml, when tlie priests went
to consult it in this emer^eui'y, broken in two pit
ces.
In i;V2() there came U[)on tJie ('ak(hi(|Uels an tpi-
ilcmit; cluilei'a morbus, accom|)anied by a iatal ali'ec-
iion (tf the blood which cai'ricd off lai
mnniiers
but
wli
it'll Were as nctthinn' in Ihcii" ra\aL;'es i-oniparrt
1
A\ith the small-j»oN- which ra^ed in I .V_* I , contracted
as is supi)osed, from the Xahua tribes (tf the coast:
region. t)ne hall Of the whole ("akchitpiel pojtula-
tion are estimated to have talleii \ictinis tn this
pestilence, inchuliuLi^ tin; two nionarchs, who were
succeeded by J lelehe (»)at and ('ahi Imox. Whether
th(! p(.stilence( also ra^'ed anionn" the (,^)uicli('s is not
known; but the nionarchs of Ttatlan renewed their
liostilities at this time, and tlie ( 'akchi(|Uels, weakened
»V disease aiu
1 i:
unine
h
lI I
larassetl l»v reoellions \assals
Hi
and now attacked a^aiii by a ])owerfnl foe, adojited
the des|)erate resort of sending" an unbassy to Mex-
ico to demand thi> aid of the Spaniards, ad\i>ed to
to this course doubtless by their Mexican allies. The
reply was the ])romise that relief would soon be ^ent.
In the meantime two ( 'akclii(iuel cainpai<^ns aie
recorded, one iiios'. successful in aid of the rulers of
Atitlan auainst insury-ents, and the other, K ss favor-
002
THE QUICIIK-CAKCniQlEL EMPIRE.
il)lo in its results, in aid of the Ah-Tzi(iuinihayi of
acawji
The news of the Cakchiijuel alliance ^vitll the
Spaniards caused the most l)itter indin'iiatioii, not
only at lUatlan, wliere Oxib-Quieh and J^cielul) Tzv
had succeeded to the throne, hut aniouL,'- all the triiics
of the country, which seem to have formed a conilii-
nation against the monarchs of ixiuiche, and to ha\o
already hen'un hostilities when, in February ir)iI4, tin;
approach of Pedro de Alvarado was announced.
The details of Alvarado's con<piest belong- to another
history; but in ufeneral terms, after havino- marched —
nt
)t without oj>pi''^ition thn
OUL
fh Soi
coiuisco, he (K
feated the native forces that attempted to clu'ck liis
l)roi4ress on the banks of the Uio Tilapa, the (Juate-
malan fi'ontier line, and advanced against the; allied
Ibrces that had assembled from all directions in tin;
]-e!4'ion of Xelahuh, or Quezaltenani^o, under the
command of Tecum, the Nini (Jhocoh (^iwi'k of (lie
Quiclie mouiirchy. The two battles which decided
the fate of the Quiches were fouei'ht near Xeialiuli
and Totonicapan, so that at Utjitlau vMvarado nut
no o|)en resistence, but was invited to enter the citv,
the ])lan beiui^ to burn the city and the S])aniaids
with it. 'I'he ])lot was tlisct)vered and the Alipep
and Ahpo|>-( M-imlia burned alive in punishnuMit for
their intentions, the city then bein<»' burned by tlie
invaders. .Vfter the fall of Utatlan, Alvarado maich-
ed to ixinu'he, whei'o he was kindly receivi'd by the
( akclii(piel kin^s, and whei'e he established his
hi-adcjuai'ters for tlu^ con(|uest of other iiations, be-
liinninii" A\itli the Zutuu'ils.'"'*
w Itnissiiir. llist., toiii. iv., pp, (ill) .")!, witli refcMviice to J/X. C<ihrh('
ijitil, iiiul (illior (loi'iiiiii'iils.
CHAPTER XT I.
MISCELLANKOrs TIIIUKS OF CKNTRAL AMKUK'A.
ScAUt ITV OK lIlSTOlflCAI, DATA Till; TlMliKS OK ClIIArAS TllK ForNP-
KHS AND IIkHOKS OK Till: t HI Al'ANKC NATION— WaKS WITH TlIU
A/.TKcs Till-; I'Kori.i; ok thk SoiTiiKitN Coast Tiikv akk van-
Ql ISHKl) liY THIO (tl.MK.CS -TllKIlt KXoDCS AN1> .lotllMiV TllKV
SKTTI.K AND SKl'AUATK- .IlAltUOS' AcCOlNr OK THK (IKKJIN AMI
l.AlKlt lIlSTOUV OK TllK I'll'll.KS - 1*1 1'l LK Tit ADIIIONS 'I'llK I'olND-
lN(i OK .MKTLAN -<^1 KKN CoMlZAIli; Al,— AlXlTl.'s KmI'IKK OK Till;
East - TllK Chomtkcs— X'akioi s Tkiues ok NicAUAurA— Sktti.k-
MKNTS ON THK IsTll.MI S.
Tt is my piirpitse to relate in this chapter all that
i.s known of the scatteri'd trihes of (V*ntra,l America,
exelusive of the Qiiiche-(_'akehi(piels. The historical
information that has heen ])reserve(l respecting- tlies(>
tril»es is, however, so meagre andof snch a van'iie and
nnsatisfaetory charactci' tliat the readei' mnst ex.p<H't
iiothino- more than a verv disconnected and inconiplet*;
acconnt of them.
Chia|)as, which is o-eooTapliically the most north-
erly jiortion of ('t'litral .Vnierica, though politi-
cally it l)elon«4s to Mrxicd, was inhahited in its
northern j)aft hy the T/ciidales and Zo(|iU's, in its
centi'al and sonthtin ri'^ioii hy the ( 'Iiiapanecs,
Zotzilts, and (^)in'lenes.* The Tzendales lived in the
vicinity o\' I'alenipie, and are sai<l to have heen di-
t
i
1 Sec f(ir liM'atidii nf tliox' liiln's, vul, L, i>ii. 081-2.
604
TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMEUICA.
rectly descendod from the Guilders of that city. Of
the Zutziles antl Queleues iiuthiiii;' is known, .save
tliat they, too-cther with the Tzendales and the
Zoqiie.s, were at a hite date suhjugated by the Chia-
j)anecs.^
The Chia]iaiiccs, accordino- to some autliovities,
came oriu^iiially from Nicaragua. After a loiii^- and
painful journey they arrived at the river Cliiapa.
Finding the region to their taste they resolved to
settle, and founded a strong city upon the migli-
boring heights.^ Fuentes asserts that tliey were
descended from the Toltecs, and that their kingdom
was founded by a brother of Nima Quiche, one of the
chiefs who led the Toltecs to Guatemala.* Theie can
be no doubt that the Chiapanecs were a very anrienfc
peo})le; indeed their traditions refer us back to tlie
time of Votan.^ Boturini, on the authority of Bisliop
Nunez do la Vega, speaks of an original recoi'd in
Avhich Yt)tan is represented as tlie third figui'e in the
Chiapanec calendar. The record also enumerates the
places where Votan tarried, and states that ever
since his visit there has been in Tei)])ixca a I'aniily
bearing his name. Vega believes that the original
])o[)ulation of Chiapas and Soconusco were of the race
of Cham.'^ The twenty heroes whose names are im-
mortalized in tlie calendar of the Cliiapanecs are com-
monly said to have been the ibunders or first I'ulers
of that nation. We are told that they all distin-
guished themselves, and that some died in their beds,
some on the battle-field, others at the hands of their
rivals, but beyond this scarcely any record ol" thtii-
lives or deeds has survived. One of them named
Chinax, a iiulitary leader represented with a tlag in
^ Ilvnrrii, (Uu". iv., lib. x., cap. xi. ; Ii'inrsaf, Hist. C/ii/i'/m, |>. "J'il;
J]rf),s.inir, Jlis/., torn, iii, p. ](i.
' licnicsiif, ill.; Jlirirrit, ill.; Murguia, Estudist, Guajaca, iu Sur. Mi.r.
Geo/., Jlii/rtiii, torn, vii., ]i. 187.
■^ J IK I mis, Hint. Glint., ]». 8.
^ ('{iiriifiru, tiiiu. iv., p. .VJ, toni. i., ])p. I."i0-l; T.<irrm'uziii\ in >''i''.
Mex. G<(i(/., lUihtiii, torn, iii., ]». ifi; Ilrui/forii'n Aiinr. Aiiti</., p. -tl'-'.
6JJoliiritii, Idvu, pp. 11.'), 118-11).
THE CHIArANECS.
605
Ills hand, was hanoed and turned by an enemy; of
another named Been, it is stated that he ti'a\ele<l
tln'ouL;li (Jhiapas, loavin^- sj)ecial marks of liis "isits
in the ])laces throngli whieh lie j)assed. It aj>])ears
liy the calendar that Imox, sometimes called ]\rox,
and aeeasionall}'^ Xinns, was the first settler in Chiapas.
Accordini*- to the wortliy prelate above mentioned,
tliis Ninas was tlie son of Belo, who was the son ot'
Nimrod, who was the son of Cluis, who was the
i^nindson of Cham. He was represented by or
with the ceiba tree,^ fi'om whose roots, it is said, the
Chiapanec race sjirann'.^ It is Orozco y Berra's oj)in-
iiiii tliat the Chiapaiiecs should be jtlaced before the
lictter known tribes'* and after the builders of Pal-
eii([ue and Copan. Their language has not been
classitied, but is said to resemble that of the Nicoya
region.^"
The spot on which the pioneer settlers of the
Chiapan region estal)lished their first stronghold was
so dithcult of access as to l)e almost unassailable, and
was fortified so strongly both l>y nature and art, that
it was practically impregnable. From here the in-
liabitants kei)t u[) a constant warfare with the Aztec
garrisons at Tzinacatla, Soconusco and elsewhere.*^
They cordially hated the ^Nfexicans, and persistently
refused to intermarry with them. Their enemies
socni to have been stronger than they, but by their
valor they not only maintained their inde[)eiulence
fill
' Fi\T-loavc(l silk-cotton tiro, Boinhnr Crihct.
■* I'ii'iidd, in Sue. Mix. (iiii'i., Itiihtni, toni. iii., pp. SH-/). Tlio iiii'iics
iif tiu'sf iiciiKNs wt'iv: Imox, l;:li, N'otiiii, Cliaiiaii, Almli, 'l"ox, MiaIc,
i.iniilint, Mojo or Miilii, i'.IiiW, Mat/, I-iVol>, ISccn, Mix. T/iiiuiti, ('lialiiii,
Cliii', Cjiinax, ('aho;;li, A;:lnial.
'■* \\ lio tlii'se 'lu'ttcr known (iUh's' an- is not statoil.
'" I'ii'iiild, in Siiv. Mi,c. (riiii/., Halr/iii, toni. iii., |>. M(>. Tlif liistoiy,
liiiHitioii ami civili/ation of tin- ( 'iiiai>am'cs sl'.ows tliai tlicy incicilcil, or
ycrc at least conti'miioraiirs of tlic first trihcs or fai'tions of tlic .\/toi'
tainiiy. Tiicy wi-rc tcrtaiuly a very anciont |M'oplo, ami of Toltcc ori;j;iii,
while their en iii/.af ion niiiloiiliteiily came from the north ami not from tluj
fiiiilh. (hii:r,) ij Jln-rii, (i<iiiir<if<ii,\t\i. 44, (!(), \'20.
I' l'/iiri(firo, tom. iv., pp. 'J(!7-.S; /iirmi/ IHiiz, Ilisf. C'idk/., fol. ~'^, 17H;
U'rrirn, (lee. iv., lilt. x..cap. xi.; I.iiiTniuzar, in Soc. Mix. (innj., lUildiu,
I'nii. iii., p. ;(2; Dms.srnr, EsiiidnM^i, p. 17,
Jl
006
TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
until tlic time o the Conquest, but, as wc have soon,
they suhjuo-uted the sulT()lUuliM^'• nutieii.s. They in-
curred the hitter enmity ot* the Chiiumtecs, beeaus
they forced the Zoques to })ay tribute."
Tlie southern coast reii;-ion of Chiapas, between
Tehuan tepee and Soconusco, was occupied by a
]>eople wlioso origin is involved in some mystery.
Brasseur relates that they came fr<.mi Cholula; ])r(»i)-
ably in the ninth century, at the time when Huemac
took that city and persecuted the followers of Quet-
zalcoatl. Tonpieniada identities them with the J'ij)i-
les of Guatemala and Salvador," of whom 1 sliall
s[)eak presently. These coast peo})le were an indus-
trious, frugal race, and for a long time they held
peaceable possession of their territory, and jtros-
})ered exceedingly. But their liap[)y life was des-
tined to 1)0 rudely and suddenly changed to one of
bondage and op[)ression. A horde of fierce ( )lnie('s
invaded and concpiered their country, and immedi-
ately reduced the vanquished to a state of miserable
slavery. Ni>t oidy were they forced to })ay excessi\e
and ruinous tribute, but thev were compelled to vield
up their children of both sexes to gratify the un-
natural lusts of their masters. They were, besides,
made amenable vo a most rigorous system of laws,
the least infraction of which was punished with disitli.
For a time they groaned passively under this cruel
yoke, but at length it gi'ew uid)earable. Then in
their deep trouble they a]»pealed to their priests fer
help and ailvice. The ])riests consulted the oracK s
and at the end of eight days announced to the people
that the only way in which they could escape iVoni
tlieir })eivsecutors was to leave the country in a body,
and go in search of another home. At first tlu'
pe()])le seemed disposed to (piestion the prudence ami
feasibility of this ste}), but they were speedily rv-
'2 Ucrnrii, dec. iv., lilt, x., cap. xi.; Rviiirsal, Ifisf. C/n/apit, ]). -M.
'■' Moinin/. Jiiif., toni. i., |). XiX l5riiHsciir, Jlis/., toiii. ii., p. 7<>, iilriili-
fit's lliciu witli tilt' I'ipilcH ami Xiichiltcpt't's.
TIIK I'HMLKS.
fi07
fissured by the priests, who declared <liat the i^ods
would aid and })r()te(t tliem in their tliyht. A dny
was tiieu set for their de[»arture, and tlu'V wei'e in-
structed in the meantime to })rovi(le thenist'lves with
cvervthiiiLif necessarv' for a louijf journey. .\t the
a[>j>ointed time they assemhled secretly, and set out
at once. Jt would he ditficult to believe that an en-
tire nation of slaves could have made such an exodus
unknown to and a^-ainst the will of tluir masti'rs,
even thou<jfh we read of a i)arallel case in Holy Writ;
hut, however this mii>ht be, they seem to have taken
the road towards (J uatemala without hindrance, and
to have been pursued by Jio ( )lmec Pharaoh.'*
Accordini^ to the tradition, they continued their
march ilown the coast for twenty days, until they
canie to the banks of the river ^lichatoyatl. llei'e
their chief priest fell sick,
aiu
I tl
le country bcinu'
very j)leasant, they halted for a time. Ht'foi'e lonjj;-
tlie [)riest tlied, and they then proceeded on tlu-ir
jiHirney, leavinijf, however, some families beliiiid, who
settled here and founded a city, afterwards known in
(luatemalan history by the name of Itzcuiiitlan.
After this there is some confusion in the dillennt
iiccounts. Following" the plainest yersion, .similar
circumstances caused them to malu another halt
twenty leaucues h>wer down, in the neii^hborhood of
the volcano Cuzcatlan.''"' Here they found a lovely
climate, and a ))ro(luctive soil, and that part of them
that has since borne the name of I'ipilcs rosolvcd
to S(
ttl(
The others went farther south, towards
iiie ('onchan'ua (.Julf;'" but of these 1 shall s[»eak
aLjain presently.
II T,
iri/iii'iiKK
fa, U
XV2
'' < 'ii/iallaii was tlio ancu'iit name of Salvail<
Hi II
Hist., t.iiii. ii., jip. TS-il.
iiKpii'iiiaila, In
'XVI, re-
ill's that twenty ilavs after startin':, one of ilieir liivrli
-Is.lieil. T
le
then traveined (inateniala, ami jonrne> in^' a linmlifil lea;;nes fai'tli(>r on,
ciiiiie lo a eonntrv to wliieli tlie Spaniards liavt^ ;.'iven the name of Cliolu-
ti'iM, or ( 'lioroteea. Here unollier priest dieil. After this the author ;;oes
on to tell tile story whieii, aeeordino; to tlie version followed alio\e, ap-
jiUes to the Xiiehiitepees who proceeded to the Ciuif of Com'lia;,'iiii, ami
wiiieli will he referred to elsewhere.
m
I; S' Jl
^1
'I
1
'! i
1 1 i!
t >f
COS
Tianiis ur central AMnincA.
Tlio authorities do not all assiuj-n this ori^'iii to tlio
Pij)ilt's, however, Jiiarros says that Ahuitzotl, kiiiL,^
of Mexico, sent to (Jiiatemala, in the o"arh ot" traders,
a larn'o iiumher of jVIexieans of the lowest class, un-
der the eoniniaud of four captains and one «^eneral.
These were instructed to settle in the country,
Ahuitzotl tlid this in order to have auxiliaries so
situated as to facilitate his intended military o[)ei;>-
tions aL;'ainst the cliiefs of CJuateniala. He died,
however, before he could carry out this policy. The
new settlers spoke the Mexican lan^'ua^-e very poorly,
much as children mi^'ht speak it; for this reason
they were called Pii»iles, which in ^lexican si^-nities
children." They prospered and multi[)lied wonder-
fully in their new home, and extendecl their settle-
ments to Sonsonate and Salvador, But after a time
they incurred the enmity of the Quiches ai.d C'ak
chi(piels, by whom they were so soivly o[)pressetl
that there was dano-er of their heinof speedily ex-
terminated. In this enun\<i^ency the Pijiiles formed a
military ornanization, much as Ahuitzotl had origin-
ally intended. But some time later the chiefs bei^aii
to abuse the power with which they had been in-
vested by imj)osiiig heavy taxes and otiierwise r(»h-
bing the people, IVIoreover, the pi'inci])al lord,
named Cuaucmichin, introduced human sacrifice, and
made victims of some of the most highly esteemed
persons in the connnunity. A riot broke out, during
which Cuaucmichin was put to death by the Meo])K'
of his palace. The other chiefs wc" a' >> dejaived
of their authority, and left with ^' . lior rank of
Alalmaes, or heads of calpulli.s. .\ .ouleman na I
Tutecotzemit, a man of mild disp<' <ion, k iid heait,
and yood ahilitv to o-overn was then in- ested with
the supreme authority. It ai)pears that he was not
free from amhition, however. His first step was to
•7 Jiiiirrn.s-, Hist. (rniil., \\. 2'J4. A rcdiipliciitinii of /<////, ■wliicli lia-i
two iiu'iiiiiiijis, 'iinhlc,' and 'cliild,' tlie latter liciiij,' ixtMicrally n';,'ard»'d a-*
its iiioaiiiii;^- ill lilt' Irilial name. JiiiM'/uiunin, Ort.sn<tiiiiii, ]i. \',i7. See al-n
MoliiKi, Vucahti/itrio.
THE nriLES.
C09
form a council, or senate, of eight nobles, connected
witii himself by blood or marriage, to whom lie
uranted a certain amount of authority. He then
aj)|)ointed a number of sul)ordinate ollicers. eliosen
from among the nobility, who were subject to the
orders of the senate, lie next proceeded to I'eibiee
the im|)osts and to remedy the evils that had arisen
from previous misgovernment. Having thus gained
the confidence and affection of the ])e()pK'. he caused
himseU" to be formally proclaimed king of the Pipiles
with the right of transmitting the crown to his chil-
dren and their descendants. It is re(!orded that the
Pipiles played a very prominent ])art in the mi-
merous wars that took place between tlu> several
kin<i:doius of Guiitemala. In later years thev were
engaged iii a very long and bitter conflict with the
Cakchiipiels, in which they were finally worsted by
Nimahuinac, king of that people, who forced Toualtut,
lord of the Pipiles, to sue for peace, and only granted
it on the condition that the Pipiles should l)in(l them-
selves to a perpetual alliance with the Cnkchiipiel
kings. '^
All that has been preserved of their earlier history
is contained in two traditions, which are half if not
wholly mythical. The first of these refers to the
period inunediately following the settlement of the
Pipiles at their last halting-place in Salvador, iuid
especially to the founding of Micthui. a city which
sul)se(|uently correspomlcd iu its sacred chai'aclcr to
Cholula. on the eastern plateau of Mexico, and Mitla
in Oajaca. The story goes that there issued one day
from Lake Huixa a mysterious old man of venerable
aspect, clad in long blue robes, and wearing upon his
head a pontificial mitre. He was followed by a
young gii'l of peerless beauty, dressed in a similar
manner, excepting the mitre. Soon after his aj)i)ear-
aiice the old man betook himself to the sunnnit of a
neighboring hill. There under his directions the
1* ./»-;n<w, I fist. Guat., pp. 81-4, 17-18, 20, 23, 26.
Vol. V. a9
li
1!
' il
610
TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
people at once set about building a splendid temple,
which received the name of Mictlan. Kound about
the sacred edifice the palaces of the chiefs rose in
rapid succession, and in an incredibly sliort space of
time a thriving and populous city had grown out of
the desert. The same mysterious personage gave
them laws and a system of government, under which
they continued to prosper until the end.^^
The other tradition to which I have alluded was
preserved at the time of the Conquest by the iiilial)!-
tants of Cerquin, a province in the mountainous re-
gion of northern Honduras. There is reason to
believe that the people to whom it relates Avere Pi pi-
les, as they extended their possessions in this dlioo-
tion, but their name is not given in connection witli
the story, which attributes to n woman the houor of
having first introduced culture into this pan of the
country, two hundred years before the advent of the
Spaniards. She is described as having been very
beautiful, of a fair complexion, and well versed in the
art of magic. She ai»])eared suddenly, as if dropjied
from the sky, for which reason, and because of the
great respect which she inspired, she was naint. ^ (.'o-
niizahual, or ' flying tigress,' the tiger being an auiinul
held sacred by the natives. She took up her abode
at Cealcoquin, and erected there many temples which
she ornamented with monstrous figures of men and
jinimals. In the principal temple -'he placed a slouf
having three sides, on each of which were three faces
of hideous aspect. By means of the magic virtues
Avhich lay within this stone she overthrew her ene-
mies and added to her dominions. She reigned glo-
riously for a number of years, and had three sons.
though she was unmarried and had never known a
man. V^hen she felt her end drawing near, she simu-
1" ' LVpoquo (jiio lea (^vdiictnpiits pnraissciit nssi^jncr Ji cvtU Ic'ifiiili' in-
'inciik' avm- lii pcn'Mlo (Ik In uihikId ciiiiKriition toltiMim,' ct la tMinliiiion iln
(liviMH ri)ynuiiii'8 jruttteniuliuiis qui en fureiit la coiisoqueiico.' Jlrassrh--,
JJist., tuiii. ii., p. 81.
EMPIRE OF THE EAST.
Gil
moned tlicsc prinecs to her presence, and after ,i;ivin<^
them the Ijest of atlvico regarding :he wav in "'liieh
tlicy filiould govern, she divided her kingdoiu ei^nally
hctween them. She then caused lierself to be carried
on lier bed to the higliest terrace of the paLace, and
.suddenly vanished, amid thunder and lightning. It
is recorded that her tliree sons govoined well and
Avi lelv, l)ut no particulars of their reit>'ns are cfiven.""
Brasseur im[)lies that the Pipiles weie in some
way connected with or sul)joct to the emjtire which
he believes Topiltzin Acxitl, the last Toltec king of
Anahuac, to have founded in Central America, since
lie speaks of Mictlan being the seat of the spiritual
})o\ver of that realm. 1 have already expressed my
o}>inion that this empire of the East is the of!s]>ring
of the Abbe's inventive imagination; but at the same
time, notwithstanding the two or three allusions upon
Avliich ho must touiid his theory are so vague .'is to
lic! pi'actically meaningless, he manages to give a tol-
erably deiinite descrij)tion of the condition in which
the Cidvchiipiels found it when they came after a long
a;id ardu(jus jiilgrimage from Anahuac to do homage
to Acxitl. He confesses his ignorance of the j)Mi'tic-
iilars of the Toltec monarch's journey, and of the
means l)y which he attained universal dominion in the
cast, but adds th;vt it is certain that with the aid of
llie Toltec emigrants, like himself, and the Chichi-
mecs of all languages, who followed in his footstej)s,
h(! had succeeded in ostaMishing a kingdom larger,
jierhaps, than that which he had lost, and in confer-
ling upon his subjects the l)enefits of civilization as
well as the cult of Quetzalcoatl, of wh(»m he was
tlie su[)reme re]»resentativo. Tauuiit by ex))('i'ience
the benefits of such a ])olicy, he united under his au-
tliority the bands of emigrants that were constantly
ai'riving, and with their .issistance con(}uered by fore;
of arms such of the surrounding provint'cs as woidd
]!■
T'iiri/iifiiiii(f(i, totn. i., ]). .TJG; i>r<
rrrnt, dec, i\
ill
ni,sf., fiiiii. 11., i)[i. i()(!
i
I
viu., I'm). IV.
II
012
TUIUKS OK CKNTUAL AMKIIIC'A.
not poaccaldy iicknovvU'dijfe liis Hiijjremiicy. It, w.is
liis (Mistoiii to Iciivo those })nii(^o.s who ollbivd no ic-
hist.-mcc; to liis oncroiiclinujnt.s in ])os.siissi()n of thcii'
(itlt'H jukI (li!4-niti('s, inei'i-ly nuikin^- thi;ni noniinal vms-
sals of the empire. By j)nrsnin<^ this policy Acxill
hecarne so j)o\vertul that none <!' tlie immerous (.^)iii-
(lu' iind ('ak('hi<|uel chiefs wlio at'tei\v;ii(ls lonndcd
states in these rei^'ions dared to itssmne the royal nu-
th(»rity until they had ]»i;en foi'maJly instated in tin Ir
j)ossessit)ns hy liini. 'i'hns it was that ;it the time
Avhen the C^alvchiiinels descended from the mountjiiiis
to the j)latean of Vera l*az, thoy found AcxitI occii-
j)ied in conrerrinii^ the sove'reij^nty ol' that region u|iiiii
«>ne of tlu," most renowned of the wairiors who h.id
followed him from Tollau, n;uni,'d ('(Mnpoul 'raxiich
]>efore his coronation, and ( )i'li;dtza!n afterwards.'''
lA't us now follow the fortunes of the Xucliil
tepees, or that |)art of the tribes of tlu; I'oast ol'
Chiapas which se[iai"ated from tin; PipIIes at ( 'ii/,-
catlan. b\)llowinn' tlui coast southward they ar-
rived at the ( Julf of ( Jonchanua. Jlei'e llwy wciv
I'oi-ced to halt, by tlie illness and suhstupu^it (ksatli of
the priest who had hithei'to been their ouid(>. H,..
foi'e exj>irinn', tht! old man, who siiems in some way
to have Ljained a, knowle(lo(! of that n\nion, m'avi; (liciu
full information as to what they mii»ht expect of llic
HUi'roundini>' nati(tns, exhorted them to settle and live
in ])eaee, and [>rcdi(;ti!d that their ancient eiicniics,
(l.(
(M
mecs, w
ould eventually become their slasi
The Xuchiltepecs aecordin^ly stayed peinianently
Avhero they were, on tlu; borders ol' Honduras, Sal-
vador, and Nicaragua, and boi-e henceforward tli.'
name of (.Miolutecs, from the eounliy from wliidi
they (H"ii''inally canu
Of the other tribes of Nicarajjfua iiotliin^j;' is known,
except the uanu's and localities of tliose that inliali-
-I nri).\.trn>\ His/., (din. ii., ii|). lOl-r).
'-"- Tiiri/iir/iiiiifti, loin. i.. p. Jill'-'; l!rii.'<s<ni; /lit/., tiMii. ii., ii|>. 7'.', Itl7-N.
S»'f vol. i., of iIiIm work, p. y'.H, tni' Irniloiy of Chnliili'r.s.
Ni('Ai{.\(;rA\ Titii;i:s.
r.i3
itcd ili(i slrl[) of" (•((imtry iMitwoci) tlio Pacinc coast
ami tli(! laktjs. ( )!' (lu'so, tlio ()r()tiriaiis occtiiticd tlu!
<()iintiy iil)<)ut till! (Jiiir of Nicoya and south of I Ik;
Lake of NicaraiJi'iia. 'I'licir pi'iiK'i[»ai towns wciu ( )ro-
lifia, (Jaiitniii, and ( -liorotf'.'''^ Nortli of these were tlu;
Diiians, whose chief cities wvvv. settled at the foot (»f
(he volcano of Mond»acho, and at i\raiin<j;'ua on the lake
ol' that nanie.'^* North of th(! I )irians were the Nani-an-
datis, or Manu^nes, whose; territory lay hetweeii Lai
Manai^nia and the ocean.''" 'Phe (Jhontales iidiahited
(he inonntainoiis nsj^non iioi'th-cast of Lake; Nicara-
gua.'^" 1 inine<liately south of the (.Miolutecs wvvo, th(!
( 'horote^ans. These two nations arc; olteii I'e^ai'ded
1 i(l(!ntical. Accoi'din;^ to S(|nier the ( 'hor(tteL;ans
eluded the Orotihans, Diriaiis, and Na^randai's.'^^
\C
;is
In
The Ni([uii'ans, or Nicafaij^uans, were one of tin; most
nroniiiuiut ti'ilxis in Ni( .ii'a'jua.'''
'I'l
lere IS some cou-
i'usion ahout tlu^ir origin. TonpUiUiada im|)lies that
(hey wt'i'e jiart of the trihes that wen; driven iVom
(heii- honujon the coast of (Jhiapas by the ( >hnecs,
who, al'tcM' the death t)f tlieir priest at the (Julfof
( 'oncha<j;'ua, contiiuied their jourmy to the Atlantii;
coast, aloii'jf which they traveled as far as Xoiu-
hre (lu Dios, foundinn" several towns on tlu
way.
Thence they leturned, \n search of a IVesh-watei*
sea, to Nicoya,, where tliey wttre infoi'ined thiit a
f'W leaL;"tu;s far'ther on was a line lake. They ac-
•rdinnly jiroceedcid to the spot Upon which Lro?i
now stands, and there foi'incid settlement:
l>u(.
H'lowiui,^ dissatisfied witli this site, tiny aftt iwards
Went to Nicaragua, w liei'e, hy a treacherous ruse,
they killed the iidiai)itants and took |)ossession of tlu;
l.iiid.'-"' jirasseur tells much the siime story of their
(r;i\-els and ultimate; settlement in Xicai'aLjua, hut
nsserts that they wi-re T(»ltecs.''"
'■''' Tiirriiirni'nfit, toin. i , p, .'t.'t'J; /.rr//, XirnraifiKi, p, {\; st'i' V(il, i., of
■ ■ ' " ■■■ (I'.il.
I'l //-.
II,. '"' lil.
\s:\\\), vol. II
p, ,
!)l).
•■' A'
pp. .'tO'.t I'J; Oi'iri/ii, Hist. Iiiii., (uiil. iv., p. .'I."i,
I'liriiifini,
MJilv, Nfc vtil. i., p. 7!'-. **'■• Tiiriji(iii:(iifii, loin, i,, pii, ',\'.\'2 It. ''" ///.■./
I .'ii., pp. l()S-!».
CHAPTER Xril.
HISTORY OF T!IK MAYAS IN Yl'CATAN.
AnoHIOIN.M- NAMr.SOK VrCATAN - Till': I'IMMITIVK ImIaIUTANTS I1!i;\T
TiiK Kast and Wkst- Zamna, TifK l*()NTii'i'-KiN(i Till; It/as
AT ClIICIIKN- UlM'; 0|.- Cl KII.CAN AT CllHIlKN AM) Ma\ Al'\N
His l)isAi'ri;AKANtK. on tiik (!ri,K Coast '1'iik ('(momi; Hi i.i;
AT >' WAl'AN- Al'l'KAIiANCK OK TIIK Tl Til, XirS— Tl!ANs|, VIIUN'
or TIIK Maya Iv;('ohi> kv I'kukz and l!i(AssKii{--Mi(ii!ATiiiN
IKOM Tl l,AN— CoM^IKST OK MacAKAU AM) <'lll(IIKN II / \ AN-
NAI-S — Tl'Tl'l- XlUS AT I'XMAI, ( )VKI!III IIOW OK IIIK CiMdMi;
DVNASTV TlIK ('ONKKDKUAIV, olt IImI'IUK, OK 'I'll'IT, Xll s, I l/AS,
AM) ClIKI.KS FAjtl.K OK TIIK DWAliK (HKUTIIItOW OK TIIK 'I'l Tl h
Xll S- FlNAK I'KIUOD OK ("IVII, WaKS.
llespuctiii^" tlio orio'initl iiainu of Yui'!it;ui, l)islio|)
Laixlfi tolls us that it was called lihiiiiil ('11/ iiiid
Etol Cell, 'land of turkeys and deer.' I'adn; Li/aiia,
"writes the name IJ liUumil (Jutz and U Luuiuil ( 'ih.
]\lalte-I)run <'lainis to have I'oun*! a tradition to (Ik!
tiiVect that in the early time the interior |»lainM of tlie
jieninsula were sulaneroed, i'oiininof lakes, and tli(!
])e<H)le lived in isolated oroups liy Hsliin^' and hiiiil-
injjf, Ijanda also a|>|tlies tlie name PetiMi, 'i>l(',
thinkino- that the natives Uelii'vc^d their country to In
surrounded with water. The Perez ni.'inusci'ipt tciin^
the ])eninsula Chacnonitan, which Callatin helitv
to have lieen its true name; while JJrasscjur iToaids
this as tlie uncient name of only the southern jioiiii'ii
of (he coMutiy. 'I'hi'rt! is no douht that llie nalivi'
MKIIIATION I'UOM Till-: KAST.
GK
n!\nio of Yucatan at tlio coinini^ of Europeans and
altcrwards was ^taya. Sevui'al autliors dolinu this
as 'Jand witliout water,' a most appropriate name lor
tliis rei^ion. lirasse'.ir in one })la('e dei'ives tiie name
iVom Mai, that of an ancient i>riest; Coij^olludo says
the country was named from its capital or chief city
thus ditferir'K at each successive I'poch, hein^' in an-
cient times Mayapan, hut in the time of tlie writer,
( 'ampeche. Ternaux-C/ompans dcchu'es tliat from the
fall of Mayapan to the coming' of the Spaniards the
country had no ^•enei'al name. All a^ret; that the
name Yucatan originated from a misunderstanding"
hy the S[)aniards of the words Hr'st pronounced hy
the natives when (luestioned about the name of their
4"
C(
)untry.^
riie earliest inh;il>itM,nts are su|)])osed to have conu;
from the east. As they tied hefore their enemies tlu'ir
^<>d had o])ened a patli for them through the mm."
Li/ana ixdieves tluise first inhahitants cjimc! IVom
('uha, which niivy have heen connected with the
])eninsida in those ])iimitive times; while ( )ro/,co y
IJerra, seejus to i'avor the idea that they came to
(*ul)a from Florida.'' From this ori^in.-i! ]iopulation,
lew in uumhers, is sii|)|)o.sed to have come the
.incient name r<'iiiiil, or 'Httle descent,' a|tplicd hy the
inhaitiduits to the east; while th<! name holicnni/,
'i^reat descent,' hy which the west was c;dled, oii^;-
inated from a larger migration fr(»m thnt diiection.
( "ounjhido, it is true, (•liiinis that the I'astern colony
as the more nuniei'ous of the two, \(t, this is not,
w
tradition,
hut I
lis theory, liased on the prevaleliee oj
the Miiva lanuiia''!' in coiniertioii with the unfounded
' Oil till' iiMiiii' of llii-< I'liiiiid'v SIM". I.iiiiild, A' liii'iitii. ;iMil Unis.siiir. in
/'/., |i|i. (i. H, I'.'-;!; I.i.iniii, ill /-/., |i. ;tlS; I'm . MS., in ///., |.|.. I'JI, •(•J'.t;
/'/., Ill S/(ji/ii-ii.\' ) Hni/ii/i, Mil. ii., lip. I'i.'i. If'": ^I'l' iilsii vol. i., |i|). I.'t'.i id;
('iiflii//iii/(), llisl. ) III'., ji|i, (ill- 1, \'HW; \'illiiiiiitinri\ Hist. I'lifi/. Il.ii, |i.
'.'Si T<iii(iii.i-t 'iiiiijitiii.i, in .\'()/M''7/(.v .!/(//(»/< v, loni. xf\ ii., pp. .'HM; .Mitl.'i-
I'tili'i, )'iirill'iil, pp. It--l."i; (l.inrit, Hisl. hill., I'll!, (id.
^I.iiiiilii, l!'/iii'iiiii, p. 'JS: Itrrnrii, ilcc. i\-.,lili. x., iiip. ii.
' l,i:iiiiii. ill I.iiiii/ii, fi'/iirinii . p. ;t.-(h Drirjra »/ llrrin. Uniifrii/'iii, p.
I'J.S. ('ii;4i>ilu(lii, Jlist. i'lic, p. lis, i|uiiti.s tills I'nini Li/iinn.
616
NATIONS OF vrCATAN.
assumption that tliose wlio came from tlio west must
liave s|)()k(;n Aztec* All that can ho Icanieil from
those traditions is the existence amoniif tlie ^favas ot'
a vaL*'ue idea that tlunr anc^estors came ori^iimlly iVom
<)]>[)()site (hrections. I'heir idea of the most primitive
piiriod of their liistorv, hko the idea entertaiiud hy
other nations Avhose annals liave heen ])res(.'nti(|, \v;is
connected with the ai'rival of a small hand from
across
tl
le oc(
an. This was the 'little descent '; hv
this lirst hand and their descendants the country wns
j)eopled and the j\[aya institutions cstahlislu'd. Tlio
'i^reat descent' referred to the comin<^ of str,iiiL;-eis
from the south-west, prohahly at different tiim s, and
at a nuu
h lat
er period
To account for the fact that hut one laiinuaue i.-
spoken in Yucatan, and that closely rehited to tl
of Tahasco and (Guatemala, Orozcoy Jierra snp|
that the AEavas destroyed or hanished the
lose
II ises
|w| ni( r
inhahitants.
They
were evidently
iKirharians,
as
shown hy their ahandonment of the ruins; iieijiaps
they were the same trihes that (h'stroyed I*alen(|Ui.''
.But the reader already knows that the huiMi is ef
the cities were found v\ po.ssessitm t>f tlu' eitiuitiy.
iind the unity of laiin'uan'e is exactly what iiii'_;iit he
exj)ected, if the traditional colony IVoiii the last
])eopletl not oidy Yucatan, hut the adjoiiiiii'^- cnim-
trics, anil the suhsecjik'iit returninn' colonies fimn the
Ave
st came from the countries thus }»eo|tled. \\
learn from lioturini that the ()linecs, Xicalancas. and
Zapotecs, of the eastei'ii i'ei»ion of Mexico, lied at the
approat'h of the Toltecs and settled in N'mataii.
Veytia shows that if any of tlu'se j><,'(>j)les stithd in
Yucatan, it was from choice, not lu'cessity; Tniiiue-
mada and others add the ('hichinu'cs and Acelhn.e;
to the peoples that settled \'ucatan. Condlhido and
* Lizmtn and Coifdlliiiln, as alinvc. 'l"('riiaii\-('oin|iaiis, in Xniirdh ■<
Anmilis, i..;:i. X('\ii., p. .'<"_', a!si> rcviTscs tln' slati'iiiciil iif llic tiaclilinu
rrs|H'ctinj; llic rdaliM' luiiiilicrs of tlic n's|ii"i'tivc I'liloiiicw,
<> Oruzru 1/ liirrti, drix/rd/iti, p. 1'2'.(.
TOLTEC TIIKOllY.
617
Fancoiirt incliulo tlic Too-Cliioliiinoos," while most
inodoni writers Itivor the theory that tlie Toltecs
(xciipied Yuciitaii after their expulsion i'roiii Aiui-
hiiiu^ in the eleventh century, ereetinj^' the cities that
have sin(!e heen found there in so <i;reat numbers.^
The conjectures of the precedin;^- parai:;raj)h and
many others of a similar nature, are a j»art of the
theory, so often noted in this work, of a <i;eneral mi-
gration of American nations from nortii to south, a
theory which has amounted almost to a mania I'or
dispatchiui^ every ancient noithern trihe southward,
and for searching in the north for the origin of every
ancient southern j)eo[)le. It was not enough that the
])eople of Yucatan and Guatemala migrated from the
far north-west; hut it was necessary t(^ find in each
of these states traces of every nation whose presence
in Mexico during the past ages has heen ri'coi'(K'd by
tradition. After what has been said on this subject
in this and preceding volumes, it is needless to repeat
here the ari>-uments au;ainst a Mexican origin for the
ix'oplc and monuments of Yucatan. No peo|)le i
u
AuuMica show less mdicadons oi a j)ast mtermixturo
with foreiu,!! tribes: the similarity bi>twecu the moii-
I'arth
er nortli is sullicienflv ac-
ifb
uiuents and those
counti'd for bv the histori(!al escnls to be rccoi-ded i
'>y
II
this chapter; and the conjectui'c^s in (piestion are not
oidy unfounded, but wholly uncalle(l for, serving only
to complicate a recH)rd which without them is compar-
atively clear if not very complete.
The Yucatec culture-hero was /amna. or Ytzamna,
who according to the traditions was the first tciuporal
and religious leader, the civili/er. high-priest, and
" \'( i/li(i, toiii i., )>. li'l" ; '/'ill I/Ill mm/ii, toiii. i., II. 'JCi'.l ; /.Ikiiih, in l.nmii,
It' liii-ioii, ]). .'l.')-| ; ('ii'ji)llitilii. Hist. Yit'-., )i. 1"><; riliiiiniil's Hist. Yin., |i,
ICi.
" Slr/ihriis' yiiniliin, vol. ii., )i|>. .'U)4-8, .'tC'-.'l, l.'i.'i I ; Hi(iihiinr.< Aiwr.
Aiilii/., pp. 'iOI-'i ; Monlil, I'lii/iii/,. tiMii. i., |ip. •J7ii-1 ; Wnlilit-I.-. I'li//. /'///.,
pp M-f) ; Miii/i /■'.•. Ml r. A:lii\ ilc,, vol. i., pp. ini-loo : irn/'/KVuv, (,'((«/. n. Slut.,
Jip. .'t.'t, 14".'; Prirliiiiil's lii'SKiiilii s. \u\. \., \t. ;j4t> ; J'l iiuiiiJ-l inniutnil, ill xVwu-
vttlcs Annulcs, toiii. .\cvii,, pp. .'11-:^.
-Ml
618
NATIONS OF YUCATAN.
law-jj^iver, who introdiicod the Miija institutions, di-
vi(k'(l the country into provinces, and named all the
localities in Yucatan. He was acconijjanied, like
other culture-heroes, by a band of priests, artizans,
and even warriors. Ruling the country I'roni his
capital of Mayapan, he j^ave the «;;overnnjent of the
])rovinces to his conjpanions, reserving the best ])()si-
tions naturally for chieftains of his own blood, /aunia
was the rej)orted inventor of the Miiya hieroglyj)lii(!
art, and it is conjectured that the Coconies. the old-
est royal family in Yucatan, were the desccudiiuts
of this lirst ruler. He died at an advanced a'n»
and was interred at Izamal, su|)])ose(l to have bei'U
at that time near the sea shore, a city which w;is
named for him, and ])robably founded by him, where
his successors erected a sacred tem])le in honor of
his memo! V , which was for manv centuries a liivor-
ite shrine tor Yucatec ])ilgrinis. Auotlu'r ])ersouiigi',
Kinich Kakmo, is prominent in the Maya mythology,
and u\i\y ])robably have been identical with Zanni;i.
or one t)f liis c()mj)anious."
/amna may best be connected with tlie first colony,
the 'little descent,' the lirst introduction of Maya in-
stitutions into the country, although it is not ex|)i'esr^-
ly stated that he was at the head of that colony ; and
both the colony and its lea(UM' mi\y be identifu'd most
natuj'ally with the introduction of the Votanic civil-
i/ation and tlie establishment of tlie Xibalban em])ire
already narrated from the traditions of the nations.
Whether Zanni.'i was a com])anion or disciph* of
\^)tan, or even identical with that ])ersonage. it is. of
course, impossible to deternune ; and it is not by any
nu'aus necessary to accept literally the arrival of
either colony or leader. But the role ])layed by
/aiuna was the same as that of Yotan, and the same
events at the same epoch may be reasonably supjioscd
" On Ziiiiiiii(, s(>(> : — vol. iii., |i]). AiVi-^t of (Iiis work; Coiinlhidit, lini.
Yiir., ii|). 178, niU, l'.t(i-7 ; /.ini(/<i, Hilniiini, uu. ;t-.>H-.'10 ; /.izaiin, in /</.. \>
.'irii;
Jliiissnn; //ist., loni. i., l>|). 78-80; H'li/i/i -/.■, y'oy. I'itl., jt. 2.'1 ; Malti ■linui,
I'uciituii, j)p. 15-17.
THK ITZAOH AT rillCIIF.N.
mo
to have oiMLrinated tlu; Yiicutec as well as tlie Tzi'ii-
(lal, Qiiiclu', and Toltec traditions of this primitive
liistorie period. The statement of Ordofu'Z, already
I'eferred to, tliat ^fayapan was one of the allied capi-
tals which with Palon<iue, Tulan, and Coj)an, consti-
tuted the Xihalhan, or Votanic, empire, is not im-
])rol)ahle, althoU!L;h its truth cannot he fully sulistan-
tiated.
The next event in the annals of the peninsula is
the rule of the Itzaoh, three most holy men, at
Chid
mil
It/;
over
th
le ]»eo))le a J so callec
peoi
1 It
zas.
( 'loscly connected with these rulers, an<l pcrhajis t'lic
of the three, was C'ukulcan, ov Quetzalcoiitl, the
'j)lumed serpent.' Tonjuemada tells us that in very
remote times, at the time of Quetzalcoatl's disiij)p(ar-
ance from Mexico, ('ukulcan aj)peared iVom tlu; west
with nineteen followers, all with lonuf luiards, and
dressed in lon^" rohes and sandals, hut hare-headed.
Tl
lis au
tlior ideiitilies him with Ouetzalcoatl. (
o-
'"•olludo in one place hrietiv refers to Cukulcui as a
i^reat captain and a j^'od; and elsewhere speaks of the
comiiio- of ( 'dzas with niiujteeii followei's, introdiiciiiL;'
the rites of confession and otherwise modifying' tin;
relin'ious institutions of the country. Landa, speaks
of (Jukulcan as ha\iii>4' afterwards heeii I'e^arded as a
i^'od in ATexico, whence he had come to Yucatan, nn-
(l(M- the name of Cezalcouati ((^lu^tzalcoatl). Ilerrera
i^ivcis him tw(j hrothei's, and states that the three
collected a lari^"<! j)o|Milation and reii^ned together in
]>eace for many years over the Itzas at ('liicjieii,
where they erected many mai'iiilii-eiit temples in
h
)f tl
lonor or tlieii* yods.
'I'he tiiree hntthei-s HvcmI a most
holy and continent life, neither marryini;' nor asso-
ciating' cai'iially with women; hut at last one of them,
("ukulcan, lor most of tlu; authorities a^ree that In
w
M
as one of tlieiii, left his companions and adopted
iya|ian as his capital. Landa says on this suhject'
"It is the o|)inion of the natives that with tin; Itzas
who settled (.'hicheii Itza there iviiji'ned a ^reat lord
0)20
NAriONS OF YUCATAN.
10
iiaiiitMl CukiilciiM, uliifu is shown to 1)0 truel),'tl
priiicipiil ctilil'u'L! callod CukuK-aii. Tluiy say tli it la
oiitorcd tlic country fVoiii the west, l>ut tlioy dill'ci- ;i>
(o w hrlhcr hu I'aiiio hoforc' with, or after tho hzas
111(1 tlicv sav lie was very moral, haviiio- iicitlier wih
nor ehiUlreii.
In
)tl
anotlier idace
>U
tl
le same author
s|»eaks o\' the three hrothi-rs also as havino- come iVoin
the west, reii^'iihii'' at Chichen, a^reehi<if in lil'e and
character with C' kuK-a,n, until one of the niimhcr
(hed, or at least al)an(U)ned his com[tanions and h It
the coimtiy.
After the de[)artnre or death of ( 'ukulcan, tlu' two
remainiii!;' lords |L(radually tj^ave themselves u|» to an
irreL>-ular and dissolute life;, and their conduct tinally
m()ved their suhjei'ts to revolt, to kill the two |niiici's,
and to ahandon the city. C'uknlcan in the meant iiiu^
devoted his attention to huildinn' u|», heautifyiiiL;-, and
I'ortityin.iif his new capital, erectiiij;' urand temi>Ks for
till! <;'ods and palaces for liis snhorilinate lords, anioiiL;'
A\ hom h(^ divided the sui'roundiiiL,'- country and towns.
-lie ruled liere most wisely and ]>ros|>eronsiy for sev-
eral years, hut at last after iully estahlishiiio- the
government, and instructing' his lollowtrs respecting;'
their duties and the ])roper nuvins of ruliuL;' the coun-
try |)ea,cefully, he determined, for some motive not
revealed, to ahandon the city and the peninsula, lie
tai'ried awhile, however, at ( 'hanipotim on tlu; west-
ern coast, whei'e a tem})le was I'l'ected in coninieiiio-
I'ation of his stay. Accordin*;' to llerrera, it was
ei'ected hy himself."
It
IS evK
lent
enouu'
1i that ("ukulcan was tli«^ saiiu
as (.^uotzalcoatl, but to dc^termiiu! with ic/uCh (^)iii't-
zalcoatl the Nahua culture-hero or the 'Poltec kiiiL;'
"is a dilHcult matter. VV^e havi^ sei'ii what conipli
cations in Mexican histoi'y arise from the iact that
7'.
'On r!ikul<'i\n mid tlic Tt/iin, sec: Ifirrmi, dcciv., lilt. x.. cap. ii.
In, lolll. ii., |i. Wl, lotil. iii., |i. l.'t.'l; I'iii/ii/Zik/o, Hist. Yiir.. \i\>.
iin/liriiiiii
I'.HI, I',K;-7; l.inii/ii, Ji'rliirinn, pp. .'M-!l, .'tU»-'J; /Ini^.^nir. ///.v/., (.
iO-l.'l; Mtdd-llniii, i'lirdtdil, pp. l.T 10; Si'r/i/nii.s'' Yitntldii, vul.
ni»-i.
I'l'
ClKI'I.rAX AND Till' COCOMKS.
C2l
the S|">!iiiisli wi'itcrs lailfd to make any (llstiiictinn
hotwccii the two, most ot" thi'iii tuitirtly ii^iioiiii'4 tht;
latter. ( "oooUudo dates the de|)artm-e of ('td<Mleaii
III
tl
le middle o
t' the twehth ceiitiiiv ; Ilerreia iiiak
it pieeedo hy ahoiit five liiindred and sixty years the
comiiin" of the Spaniards; and J>rasseiir de IJoiii hoiiri^-,
in liis liistory, implies that ('nknlean was Acxitl
Qiietzalcoatl, thus j)laein!4' his stay in ^'^u'atan in or
alter the eleventh eentnry. \'et most of the traditions
seem to point to the It/aohaml to Ciikiilcan as pre-
cediiiLi;- the Tiitnl Xiiis. 'I'lie 1 tzas seem to ha\e
heeii anioiijjf the most ancient nations in the coiinti'v,
and their name is hest derived from that of" \'t/ainn:i.
I-
I
B
veil Ijrasseur de liouriMinrn', in a later work, oilers
lati
10
.11;
the conjectures that the Itzaswere Xihalhans who
fled from Chiapas alter the overthrow of their eiii-
]tii"e hy the Nahiias, and that ('nkulcan "was the
same as the more or K'ss niytholonic persona'^i; of
whom Saliau^nn speaks, tlu; K-ader of" he Nahiia rai'e
to 'I'ainoanchan, who seems idiMitical with tin; (Juet-
zalcoatl of the t'oi/r.r Cltiiii<t/i)(>jK)C((, imd the (Jncu-
niatz of the I'opol Viili.''
Theri! is no reason for hrin^inij^ the Itza pcopi
from Chiapas, since they ap[>ear
to have hccii like
the (x)comes, descendants, or followers, of Zaiiiii;i,
whose history from the death of their eroat ruler
down to Cukulcan's comini'', is unknown. Jiiit it is
certainly most consistent to identify Cukulcan with
the first C^uetzalcoatl and with (lucumatz, to reLiar<l
his appearance and the rule (»f the three 'holy
])iinces' at ('hiclnMi and Mayajiaii as tlu! first intro-
duction of the Naliiia infhu'iice in ^'llcatan, and to
(late it within tht> first two ciMitiiries of tlu^ Christian
era, while the Nahiia power was heoinniiii.!^ to ri\al
that of the ancient Xiiialha in Chiapas, and whiles the
Olmecs and Xicalancas Mere becoming estal)lislied in
W'ra C'ruz and i'uehla. Malte-iirun and some others
'" \n (i iioto fo I.'nii/it, I!i!iiri,)ii, j)[). ,'J,"i, ;j!); Orozco y lirrra, firtif/nifiit,
!>]). 15,"i-G.
1
?■■ i|
622
NATIONS OF YUCATAN.
(loem Cukulcan and Zamna tlic same without aiiv
apparent reason, althoui^h the lives and deeds of !> itl;
tliese pontiff-rulers are recorded only in the vagiiot
manner."
it is j)robablo that Cukulcan abandoned Chichon
and its peojde, anionic whom he at first attempted ti)
establish his ])eculiar reforms, because his teacliinos
were not so favorably received or so permanent in
their effects as he desired, and because he had reason
to expect more favorable results anions^ the Coconius,
whom he now {ido})ted as his chosen people. Jjotli
'listeners' and 'serpents' are ^'iven as the signification
of the name Cocomes; the first may be referred to
the fact that they were the first to 'listen' to Cukul-
can's teachinijfs; the second mav^ arise from their
relationship to tlie Votanic race of Chanes, or 'ser-
pents.' Torquemada speaks of the Cocomes as the
descendants of Cukulcan, but to regard them ratlicr
as disci[)les would be more consistent with the celi-
bate life and chastity attributed to the great teaclicr.
After the Plumed Serpent's departure the lords of
!Mayapan, raised to the highest power in the state
the chief of the Coconie family, as Landa says,
"either because this family was the most ancient or
the richest, or because he who was at its head was a
very valiant chief." Many of the aboriginal institu-
tions of this country, as descril)ed in a preceding
volume, are derived from traditions of this ])eriod of
Cocome rule, one of tlie most prosperous in ^biyji
history. The family names of rulers are often used
as personal names in tlio annals of tliese nations, and
thus we find the ruler at Mayapan spoken of as
Coconi."
Respecting the ensuing period of C(jcome rule, we
1' Vol. iii., p. 4Ct'i; Maltc-liriu}, Yitrnftni, ])i>. liVlrt.
''•* Tarquonudd, Um\. ii., p. ■'j'2; Litiitfa-Ilc/ariuii. jip. 38-4"), 54-0; ('ihji'I-
ludo, Hist. Yiic, pp. 170-80; llcrnni, dec. iv., Iil>. x.. cii]). ii. ; 'J'cni'iii.r-
Cdiiifxdis, in Nouvcllcs Annahs, tola, xcvii., p. 34; Mit(te-JJrtiii,yiicutiiH,
p. 15-6.
MIGRATION OF Tl'Tl L XILS.
C23
have no record until at a suhsoquoiit l)ut uiuli'tcrm-
ined date a new people, the Tutiil Xiiis, jipjx'aivd
from the .southern renion where they had wandered
l()n<r and suffered y-reat ])rivatIons, and settled in the
vieinitv of Mavanan, hein;/ kindly received hv the
(/ocomes. All ai;'ree that they came fr(<m the south;
llerrera hrin^s them from the Lacanddi mountains,
and speaks of them as liavin*'' entered Mnyiipan, where
they lived in _i>Teat ])eace too-ether with the former
inhahitants. Landa judi^es from limjcuistic and mon-
umental rescnd)lanccs that tliey came IVonx ( "hiaj)ns.
^[orelet suijfiu^ests that they were a ])and from l*a-
1 have already sliown that the Tutul Xius
]irobal)lv, like the Quiches and Toltecs, amoiiLT
en([ue
were
the trihes that mi^'rated from Tulan in Chiapas at
some time between the third and fil'tli centuries.'*
They were not like the Toltecs a j)urely Nahua na-
tion, that is, they did not s})e:ik the Nahua lan<4uaL;e;
liut they were, like the Quiches, a l)ranch of the an-
cient !Maya, or Xihalhaii, ])e()ple, whicli had in
<Jhia]ias been subjected to Naliua influi-nces and had
adopted to some extent the Nahua institutions. In
lani^ua^'c they were kindred to the C'oeonies, It/as,
and all the aboriginal inhabitants of Yucatan; but
like the C'oeonies they were also ibllowers of ( 'ukulcaii
and Quetzalcoatl, Their kind recej^tion is not there-
lore to be wondered at, and their subseijueiit ])romi-
iience in the history of the coinitry accounts ibr the
Nahua analogies observed in Yucatan institutions
and monuments.
'' Lntuhi-Vtihtrinu, ])|i. 41-S. 'T.c iioni dos Tiifiil-Xhi ]iarjiif (r(iri:.'iiio
iiMlmatl; il sciait derive dc talnl, /n/ifl/, ii]>v:i\\. ct (Ic .ninf/,ou .ri/iin'i/,
lii'ilic, etc. V.n ccci il ii'y auiait licti d'cxtraoidinaiif, |iuisc|ii'iis sni--
liiiciit dc Tnlt( ini Tiihijiaii, t-hv cjiu aurait t'tt' la caiiitalc dcs Naliiias nil
'riilt('(nR'H aini's k'ur victnire siir Xiliallia.' JlnmsiKr. in /'/., \i. -17. Sco
idx) llrrnra. dec. iv., lih. x., caii. ii., iii.; I'l'iiiKinnii/a. (oin. iii., ]>, l.'l:.';
('(ii/ii/fiii/o, Ili.it. Yuc., [ip. ITS, IS'J; Mun/r/, \'iii/(i(ii\ \t<n\. i., ji. 'J71;
ditUddii, \\\ Aiiii'v. Kdiuii. Stir., Trdtmtiit.. \i\\. i., !•• '"1; Tmutux-Cuni-
jKiii.t, \n yaiirel/r.i AiUKi/f.s, tolii. xcvii., |i|). .'{l-.")
'^ 'i'liis viiluiiio, ]iii. 2"27-S. Additiniial sliuly of tlio snlijcct lias caused
)iu> til iiiddify loiisidi'ialily in this cliaiitiT some of tliu .stati'iiiciils (iii .Maya
liistory ciiiitaiiiL'd in vul. ii., [iji. IIS-'JU.
C24
NATIONS OF YUCATAN.
T now present in full tlio Perez doeuniont Mliiih
'01 tains neai'ly all tlnit is known of tlie Tntul .\iii
annals. I quote the version <:;iven in Mr. .Stej)lien,s'
work, aildini;" in parentheses the variations and a
itw explanatory notes i'nnn Brasseur's translation.'^
"'I'his is the series of Katunes, or e])ochs, that
(lapsed from the time of their departui-e Irom the
land and liouse of Nonoual, in whieh were the four
Tutul X\\\, lyin^- to the wf^st of Zuina (prohahly
the 'I'ulan Zuiva of tlie Popol Yuh) ^ijoini^ out of
the land of Tuhn)an ((.'a])ital of Tulan). Four epochs
Avere spent in traveliu'j' liefoi-e they arrived hei'e with
Toloiiehantepeuj (Hol()n-Chan-Te})euh, ill hoth tl'o
Mava te.xt and in Brasseur's tr.mslation) and Jiis
followers. When they he^aji tlieir journey towards
this island (jn'toi, meanin;^' literally 'island,' is the
woi'd used, hut Brasseur tells us that it Mas a])})lii d
as well to reLjions almost sun-ounded hy water, and
the Mayas knew very well that tlu-ir country was a
])eninsuhi), it was the 8 Ahau, and the G Ahau, tlic
4 Ahau, and the 2 Ahau'" were spent in ti'avelinL!';
liecause in tlie first year of 13 Ahau thev ai'rived at
this island (})eninsula), niakiiiL!;" to^'ether eighty-one
A'ears thev were travelint>' between tluir departure
fi'(tni thcii' country and their arri\al at this islaml
(peninsula) of Chacnouitan. in the H Ahau arri\cd
Ahnu^kat Tatul Xiu (an error ju'rhaps, for I.') Ahau
as ahove, or this may refer to a. later arri\al of an-
other party), and ninety-nine years they remained in
( 'hacnnuitan. Then took ])lac • the discoveiy (cun-
(juesl) (if tli(^ ]iro\'ince of Zi ,an-eaan, or ih-Halir
(i^akhalal, Chectenial at the time of the ceM(pi( ;-t,
])rohahly near tin; site of Baca' ir). 1'he 1 Ahau. the
'2 Allan, and tin; 13 Ahau, 'r sixty years, tJuy
ruled in Ziyan-caan, when (snice) tluy came heiv.
l)urin_n' these years of their i;()M'rnment of the pie\ -
^'> S/r/)linin' Yitriiliii), veil, ii., ]i|i. ■Ki.'i-'.l; llvassiiiv, in l.diii/n, Jii/itviuii,
jip, 4'2(t-',>.
'•' l''iii' nil iiccoiiiit (if tliis system (if .\liiiii KiiIiiiicm ainl (lie (ndci' "f
their Micci'cKidii, see vol. ii., jhi. 7lJ'J-o,
THE PEREZ UEroilD.
625
luce of Bacalar, occurred tlie discovery (conquest) of
( 'lilchcu Itza. The 11 Aluiu, 9 Aliau, 7 Aliau, 5
Allan, '.] Allan, 1 Aliau, or one hundred and twenty
years tliev ruled in (Jhichen Itza, wlien it was ahan-
doned and tliey eniiiL>Tated U) C]iain})()ton (Chanputun)
where the Itzas, holy men, hail houses (had had
dwelHll^•s). '{'he Ahau they took possest-.ion of the
territory of ( lianijioton. 'J'he 4 Alum [and so on for
twelve epochs to the 8 AhauJ Chanipoton M'as de-
stroyed or ahandoned (Brnv^^*, nr has it, "4 Ahau, etc.,
cte., and in the 8 Ahau Jhainpoton was destroyed").
Two hundred and sixty year;-' reij^ned (or had rci^tied
.'it the time when Chanipotc^n was destroyed) the
Itzas ill ( 'haui|H)ton, \vhen they returned in search of
their homes ("after whicli they started out anew in
search of Iimuk's," -'iccordini^ to Brasseur), ;iiid then
they lived tor .sevei.il ejKxlis under the uninhahited
niountains ("for several epochs the Itzas waiidd'cd,
sleeping" ill t!'." forests, amont^ n^c^'s and Avild plants,
sutl'eriiin' u'leat privations," as Brass(>ur has it, notin'jf
an omission of a ]»art of the text in J*erez' ti'ans-
l.itioji). The ('» Ahau, 4 Ahau, aftei* forty years they
returiKid to tlieir lionies once more, and ('hamp(tton
was lost to them. (The Frencli version is ciitii'ely
ililferent; ''0 Ahau,
a hove
4 Al
Kill" -they wandered an
-"afler which they the Itzas liad
tixed homes, after they had lost ( 'hamjioton
this Katun of 2 Ahau, Acuitok Tutul Xiu
lished himself In Uxmal ; the
r'ei^'ular order fi>i' ten epcx-hs to
a ''a I II
n
lau i and so on in
10 A I
lau
tKpial to
two hundred years, they <4(»vernid and v.-ionnl in
(^xmal wiMi (lie L;'oyernors (powerful lorrls) ol" ( "li
cheii Itza, and Mayapan, After the lajtse of t'lo
lan
A
instead
Kat
unes (.1
f J I. 1». i\ All
an,
(B
rasseur savs /
(i Ahau, as imU'ed it nmst he in oidir to
jirosevve the order) ii the 8 Ahau the ;4'o\ernoi- (the
p(»we''fnl lords) of ('hichcii Itza was (were) deposed
(ruined) iiecause he mnniinreil disrespectfully a'j;'ainst
Tnnac eel (llunac i^el); this lia[tpcn«-(i to (,.'liac\il»chac
V.ii,. V
r,2G
NATIONS OF VrcATAN.
of (liirlicji Ttza, who liad spokt'ii a^'iiinst Tuiiac-ti 1,
^•overnor of the i'oi'trcNS of Mayalpaii (Mayapaii).
Ninety yi^ars liad elapsed, lait the tenth of the S
Alia.ii was the year in wliich he was oveilhrowu hy
.\ j/iiite yutchau (Ah-Tzinteyiit-( 'han) with 'IV.uiite-
eiiin, Taxcal, Panteinit, Xucli-ucuot (\uclni-( 'net),
N t/cuat, aiul Kakalrocat; tliese are tlie names of tlic
IS
.seven ATayalpans (lords of Maya|iati). In th
)ie period, or Katnn, of the H Alian, they attacked
sal
l<in'4' riniil (kinL;; of the Plniil) in consefpience
of his (piarrel (festivities) with I'lil, J<in<^' of j/anial
(Ytzinai); thirteen divisions of troo])s had lie when
ho was i-onted hy Tunae-eel (Ifmiae i''el, 'lu; who
gives iiitellii^ence'); in tlu; (j Ahau the war was over,
after thii'ly-fonr viiars. Jn the (5 Alian, 4 Ah;ni, "J
Allan, i;{ Allan, II Ahau (Brasseur sa,ys in the s
Ahau), the foititjrd tcirritory oi' Mayalpaii \\,is in-
vadetl hy tlu^ men of It/a, uiuhr their kin^- riiiiil,
IxM'ause they had w.iils and n'ovej'iied in cominoii (he
people of Mayalpan. I^ii^hty-three years ela|ised
after this e\i'nt and at t\\o hey'inniiin- of II Ah.ni,
IVIayalpan was (K^stroyed hy strangers (.f tlie I it/rs,
(perhaps (.^hiielu's) or 1 1 i^hlandi'rs, as was also 'raiicaj
('ranc.ah) of Mayalpan. In the Ahau (.S Ahau
aeeordiiiij;' to original text and Ih'asseur), ]\1ayalji;in
was destroyed (tinally ahandoned). TIk; epochs of (5
Ahau, 4 Ahau, and 2 Ahau, elajised, and at this
])oriod tli(^ S|)aniards, for tlaUiist time arii\ed, and
j.>'ave the name of \'ucatan to this ])ro\iiiee, ^ixty
yea IS after the; destruction of tin- fnidrss. The I!
Ahua, I I Aliua, pestilence and sinall-jioN wt re in the
rastli'H. In the l;{ Ahua, Ajpula (Ahpuki) died; six
years were wantiinjf to the coni|>letion of the |;I
Ahau; this year was counted toward the east tif (he
wheel, and hei^'aii on the 4 Kan (tl;< 4 Kan henaa
tho iiKHitli J *()))). AJj)ula. <lied on tli(> ein'hteeiith
day of tlu; month Zip, in the \) Yinix (in the third
month /ip, an<l on the ninth day \ iiiix); and
that it may he known in mimhers, it wan the year
CIIUdNol.OCY ol' Tlii; UKCOItl). G27
\')^G, sixty yearH after the (Innolitioii of tlio fortress.
iM'foix; the tei'iiiiiiatiuii of the II Ahau, the Sj)aii
lards arriNcc
I; liol'
V men Iroiii the east canu; \vi
til t
lelll
when they reached tliis land. 'I'he '.) Ahau was tin;
connnoncunient of ( .'hi'istianity ; and in this year Avas
the arrival of Toral, the first (new) hishoj)."
Such is c»ur chief authority on the ah(»rit.;"inal his-
toiy t)f Yucatan. It is, as Pei-ez remarks, "rather
a list thiui a circumstantial detail of tin; eNfiits," was
douhtless written i'rom memory of tin; orin'inal reci^rds
after the Spaniards cain<', and may he inaccurate at
some ])oints. J'erez claims to inter[)ret its chronoloL;y
according' to his theory tha' the Ahau Katun was a
jn'riod of twenty-four years ;'^ while Jirasscur, follow
inL;' \\U)st of the S[>anish wi'iters, reckons an Ahau
Katun as only twenty years. I do not itroposc to
enter into any fui'ther discussion on this point, hut it
should he noted that while J*ei"e/ adduces strong ar
Uiunents iu l;ivor of his j^'eneral theoiy of the length
of these' ])erioils, neither his translation of the docu-
ment iu (juestion nor his comments thereon are at all
(•(insistent with his own theory. The document states
ai'ly that Ahpula died in l.l.'K!, six years hefoic the
CM
el
id of lt\ Ahau, which must Ir
i\e
dosed
II,
An accurate calculation, I'l'ckoiiiiin' tweiitv four years
1" an eiKich, woi
il.l
make the S
A I
laii III wliK
h tin
Tiitiil Xius left their auciiJiit home, ht'Liin with tin
\i,ir I
i •»,
A. 1).,"^ instead of 144 as I'erez ^ives it.
if we compute the epochs at twenty yeai's each, wi'
have 401 as the date when tin; migration he^aii. I
ha\'e intt attem|)ted to li\ the date of tlu' min'ratioii
iVom ( 'hiapas, of which this forms a pait, further
than to j)lace it liefoie the fifth and prohahly aftiM' the
N''coiid century ; hut the date KM aL;'i'ees hetter than
that of I7.'! with the -enrral tenor of tiie authorities,
I- Sr
I'l' \n|. II., pii, (fia-!)
7f!'2-r),
''* III iiis l/ixf. \ii/. Cir . Iliiissciir fiillnwH lliis Hystciii mill r('|n'iiti'illv
^ivcH I7J (171 nil |i. 'J2H (if lliis Noliiiiic is a iiliN|ililil l ii~ llic dale ol llus
liii;^l'llliiin, iisiii).' it illiliM'il III ll\ llir ililli' of tin- liii".rat inn nl' liir 'I'lillns
nil! i,liiii'lu's I'miii Tiiiiui; lull \w adnjilH tlu; ntliiT iIii'hi'n in liin ikiU-.i t»
I uidii'H \M»rk.
i
G28
NATIONS OF YUCATAN.
I tlioruforo follow tliis nysteni in forming the lollowln^'
iv'sunie, although I give in notes the dates of the
other system, together with some of Perez' dates.
The Tutul Xius left their ancient liome in ChiajJiis
in 401, wandering for eiglity-onc years hefore tlu'ir
aiTival in 482 at Chaejiouitan, or the southern ji.irt
of the peninsula, under the command of, or togethci'
with, Holou Cliau Tepeuh.^'' Ahmecat Tutul Xiii
arrived with them or at a later period,* and they
remained ;iinetv-nine years in Chacnouitan, down to
58 1.''^^ Then took })lace the conquest of Bacal.ir,
where they ruled lor sixty years, or from 581 to GJ i ;
hut at the same time the 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau,
of this period, correspond to the years 701 to7(jl,
leaving the years 041 to 701 unaccounted for.'" Dur-
ing this rule at Bacalar, or at its end, they to^k
j)ossession of Chicheii itza, where they remained lor
six epochs, or one hundred and twenty years, fi'oiu
7()1 to 881."'' Then they went to Chamj)oton wheie
tlu> Ttzas had heen, taking that country in 941,-'*
nothing being said of them during the three epochs
from 88 1 to 1)41. 'I'he Itzas luul ruled in Chani|H)ton
for two hundi'ed and sixty years, from 4 (or hetter (1)
Ahau to 8 Ahau, or from OS I, when they were proh-
ai)ly driven from ( "hiclu^n,'^''' to 1)41 when they were
driven out hy the Tutul Xius.-" Tlie it/as wandered
for two e])ochs, from 1)41 to 1)81, sulfering great hard-
'" lU'cUoniiiL; iiii ('|iiii'li as 21 years, tin- iiii;;r:itiiiii lusted fimn I7.'t In
270, or '.)7 years instend nl' SI, as in llic te\l. I'env lias il finiii 11 1 to 217,
iir 7.'{ years, wliieli a.L;rees neither witli tlie text nor with his ciw n tlieory.
'" .\s late as (itil or 4S.-), if I'l'rez' statenieul nl' H Ahau lie aei'e|ileil,
wliieli is inconsisteii' with the wlmli' recoiil.
'■" I'riini 2I>S to .'{1)0, aeeiirdin;; to I'erez; or aeeordinj;- to his slatemeiil
that t'linr e|inel!- elaiised, fnini 27<l to Hiid.
S''! ;t(i(l 111 4:{2, I'lir::; 'tWW to till.'), on the basis of 24 year> to an e|Mieh.
'' 4It2 to ."t7'i, l'rn:\ (I(l."i Id 72.-) on the liasis of 21 yeai> to an e|ioiii.
"I ( >r .S2I at'eorcliiiH' to the other system.
*' We liave seen aliove that there is soine eonfusion a'loni liie dale nf
the 'I'niul .\ius taUiny; Chiejieii,
'•"' In his eoniinenlar.x , I'ere/ apiilies this slay of i;t e|MMii^ to the 'I'lilid
.\iiis. althou;;h the text seems to stale tii ntrar\, niaUiM;^ them live in
('liam|iolon from ■)7li to SSS; or if I.e had added siiM|ily the 2(l(t years of
t'le text, .'>7li to S.'fd; or if he had eoiieitly adapted hi- eliinnolouy to jii--
own liieory, from n21 to jl.t'l. ( )n a Imsjs of 24 years to a Katiiii the sla\
of the It/as at ('hamiiotoii, as j;i\en in the text, was from 'uVA to t)21.
TUTl'L Xir ANNALS.
020
\\
sliips, and tlicn a«_;-;un ()1)taiiied fixed lioracs, \Yhci'e
they settled the reeurd fails to state'. -^
lictiu'iiiii^' to the aiiiials of the Tutul Xiiis, in 2
.\hau, '.I8l, Ahcuitok Tutul Xiii settled at C^xiiial,
here his people ruled conjointly with tlie kin,i;'s of
( 'hieheii and ^Iaya[)an for two iuindved years, from
'.ISI to USl.-** ill the tenth year of 8 Aliau, or
1191, Chac Xil) Cliae, and other lords of ('liiehen,
were deposed for some ofti'iiee a«j;'aiiist Hunac Ed,
the riih.'r of ^[ayapan. In the same epoch the Co-
come kiiiij;' attacked and dt^feated the Itza kiiii;' 1^1-
mil. This war lasted thirty four years, and \va'>
ended hefore 1221, hy the Itzas invadiuy- ^Iaya])aii."''
EiLi'htv-three years passed, and then in 11 Aliau,
hetween 1281 and l;}01, ^laya])an was concpieivd hy
the Uitzes, (jr mouniaiiieers; and ^I<iya[)an was finally
ahandoiied in 8 Aliau, hetween 1441 and I4)jl.'"'
.After three epochs more, the Spaniards came for the
first time, hetween 1501 and l.rJI, sixty years after
the destruct
• ai o
f ^r
0'
uian.
Between 1521 and
laOl, the small-jMtx ra\iiu;etl the country, and amom;'
its victims was Alipuhi, who died in If):?!).'''" Jn-foro
I at) 1 came the Spaniards ; and in the next e[)och C'liri>-
tianity was inti'odiicetl, and Hishop Toral arriwd.
The first event nai'rated hy tiie precedin*;' document
^\■hi(•h seems to lia,ve anv connection with those taken
iVttiu other authorities is the olahlishiiieiit of the
Tutul Xius at Kxiiial. where lluy ruled duriun the
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries with the iiion-
»■ SSS-'W), Pn-r~; 8'->l-S(;<l, uii the l^si-
il LM M'liis.
1
tins \\
Vrcz, n])|ilyiii;
.'llldrrill''- to tllf 'I'mI III X'iilN. Iii:il\r> I liclii •-(.tl Ic iioiiiii at •'liirlici
'.lltii
IITii. /'
Sil
iUl».
(Ill ll.l^lS I
.1' •_'4 \(
lilt tills lit t'liiir-
\Miiil(l iHil iiuii'i' Willi till' tun liiiiidnil Vi'iii'N II
t' the text.
•i'W/.
liiaki'^ tlicsc cvi'iits. wliirli lie serins III li';^:il'il lis t wii iir llin
liMliirl will's, till till" time iVmii lITli tii I'J.'i'^
I, His (if •_*.l \ fill'
|-.'."iS i(. l:i(!H. /'
1:
til III
41.
V nil till'
ll
lll'l to I
if •-•» VI
'•(, (III .1
I
Vl'i'/.
iiliiiils ill his I'liiiiiiiciitiiry milv (iiic (Icsinictinii nf Mii\a{iaii in IMtlH.
' '>r, on a liasis i>. '.'4 yciiis to a Kiitiiii, lictwcmi I l'.i;i ami l.^iy. KIiIk r
iif ''hi'sc (Irttf^ iiyii'CH M'i'\' well w illi till' tads, sinci' ( I'lrddva rcai'ln-d tin'
1st of Viifntaii in I.">I7. iind ( ici'iiiiinio dc .\;L:iiiliir wns w n-cUfd tlnii',
l''iit I'crc/ diilcs tlicir ai'ii\ii! Iiclwci'ii l.'i'.ij
iliaid
V s(iii+. vein's carln'
id Nvi, K»'riin' Ainci it'll wiisdi"
I'lcdl
^-1
'vwu •lil'ci'tlx iiiiitl'ildit'ts lilt' ti'xl in iilai'ili;^ this dralli in
ii<,-;{.
ji * Bb
(;:!0
NATIONS OF YUCATAN.
arclis of ]\[ayapaji and riiirlioji Ttza. All auilior-
itics a'^Tce oii tlu* prosjxu'ity atteiuliiii^- tin.; rtMnii
of the C(h:()1iu; nionarclis in oonjiinction witli tlir
Tiitiil Xiiis at ITxnial. It was perhaps in tliis
pcfiod tliat were l)uilt a lar^e projjortiou ol" tlif
n!a'4'nifi('("nt structures wliicli as ruins liave excitid
tlie wonder of tlu' world, and have heeii fully de-
st-riKed in a prcu-edin^- volume;'*'' altliou^li there is no
reason to doul)t that some of the cities date hack to
the Xihalhan period, to tlu; time of Zanma and hi>;
eai'liest successors. Uxmal and the many cities in
its \icinity may he atti'ihuted to the Tutul Xiiis.
'i'he first kini^' of Mayapaii after the (lej>arture of
('ukulcan is n'eiiei'ally calKnl (\>com, or Ahcoconi,
hut we know nothiui;' of his succi'ssors foi- some ccii-
turic's. save I h'asseur's conjecture tiiat the four llac.ih
mentioned hy ( 'o'^'olludo as o'ods should he I'eckoiird
amo»|i_;- the numher.''* .\t last, prohahly during' the
twelfth century, Laiida and the other Spanish writci's
a.;Tee that the monarclis at ^Fayapan hi'^an to iiei^-
lect, the intei'ests of their sul>jt'cts, and to hecoine
♦'XciH'dinu'ly avarit'ious. o|»pressinn' the )»eople hy e\-
cessi\(i taxation. The lirst to follow this course of
coiuhict is called hy Brassour Ahtuhtun, a name >-e-
lected fioni ( 'oL';ollu(lo's list of i^'ods for no other
ap[>arent reason than that his name siL>'nilied 'sjtitler
of pi'i'cious stones,' certainly an indication of e\
ti'ava<4'a)ice. To his successor this author a[>plies the
Jiame Ahan and tin; title Kinehahau. Tliis mouardi
was even more opprcssixc than his predecessor. Mini
loutl murmurs of discontent hei^'aii to he lu^ird, hui
none wei'(^ stroiiL;" enouL;h to make any o[)|)osilioii
sa\i' the Tutul Xius. I^ither this kin^' or a successor
introduced into the counti'y a force of foreign soldiers
tVom Tahasco and southei'ii \'era ( Vu/, ;ind also es-
tahhshed slavery, hitherto unknown in \ ucataii.
The Tulid .\ius he-^an their opp<»sit ion to the To
comes hy .shelteriuL;' their oppressed sulijecls. 'I'he
■■' \'nl, iv., PI). IIU'JH.l
'1 ('u,/,jli(l,/<i. //,,v/. J llr., ||, U»7.
OVEUTirUOW 01' TIIK ("OCOMF.S.
r.:5l
tliird of tlu! tyrants, pi'oliaMy identical with the lEu-
nac Iv'l ol'tlie Perez record. \v
IS even more ()p[)ressivo
than tli()s(( that preceded liim, and lirou^ht in more
foi-eiu^n soldiers. In 1I'.)I. the monarch of C'hichen
Itza, ( 1iac Xil) ( 'hac, was deposed hy the tyrant and
tlie deposition enforced hy the aid of his forei'4"n
auxiliaries. Less than ten years later ILunac FaI
\\
ith h
.11
lilies marc
hed
ai^aiii at^'ams
t CI
viclieii, n(»\v
ruled hy a new monarch, Ulmil, and defeated him
after a. leiiiv cam[)ain'n. 'I'lie end of the trouhle is
hrielly if not veiy clearly exj)resse(l hy tlu' author of
the i\Iaya record in the statement that L'lmil hefuro
1221 invaded Mayapan.'"'
Landa and 1 [errera relate that the tyi'anny of the
(,'oconie monarch at last hecaine insui)]toi'tahle, and
his suhjects with the aid of the Tutul Xius revolted,
captured and sacked Mayapan, and ]>iit to death the;
kiii'jf with all his family, ex('e|)t one son, who clianced
to he ahseiit. The kiiiL;' of l^xinal naturally "actiuired
f the ( 'ocome dvnasty the
•v thb
•tl
overtiirow o
si
ij)reme power. rimil, the Itza kin^- who Kd the
attack an'ainst the ( \)comes, seems to have I'cccived
tl
le second ])!ace.
^\
hile the head of the laniilv of
< 'lieles, hefoi't^ hin'h-pric'st at ^Favapan, was^i\(ii tlu:
third rank as kiiiL;' of Izaiual. Nearly all the authoii-
ties state that .Maya|ian was destroyed and al'an-
doned at this time; hut the tlates they ,ni\e with the
fact that this city is mentioned hy tlu' ATaya record
at a minli later pei'iod, show that it was still iiihah-
itcd, thou'^h dc|)ri\c(| of its ancient power."'
The Tiitul Xius on their accession to the sujiremo
power, streni;thened their jiopiilarity hy a liheral
y, I,
sciMlis III UK' \('rv IH'ollll
l)lc tllill tll.'iv \<
III criiil' (ir nlill'-^hiii liv
Mil' ro|i\ 1
• I 111- tiiiiisiiiliir ill ilii:-
"' < >ll llll^ n'MiilltinU
aiillmr I'iilN lilt' ' '111! iiri
|i||l'l III liii' iliirllliii'iit..
I.iiiii/'l, I' /'iriiiii, I
IS-
'-.
■n
IIS
u-rnliu- pni'sl III Mjiya|iiiii. Ilrrnrn, drc. i\
Aih
llr
U I
mil llir
>ii'iii-la\v III a
ii. \., I'iiii. I
III.
I :
ilnllinlii, Hisf )'lir., |l|l. (10, 17'*^ ".'; /.i^'llli', ill f.iliii/il, lif lofiiiii, |). .'t."i(t; \'it-
litjilli' n-r. Hist. Iiiiiij. /f:ii.\>. '-'S; //(i/.v.c ,;•, ll/.s/. , ttUi.W., |i|i. :t'J 1(1, IS-'.t.
'I'hi> Mill III ir calls liiiii Alialiii < 'licl. and ilicir |ini\ iiuc ('ii'miiiiii. /'. rmnrr-
tiiiii. \('\ ii., |i|i. lU, .'(."); fi'((//i////(, ill . I ///./'.
tdiixiiis, HI .\ mil
E'ln
.11,
Triuimii-t., Vol.
|ip. IT'.' :t: !',■<■ Imnl's I
■ ■I,.
!I7; Mii/tr-l',riiii, Vii"i/(iii, lip. 'JO-l; .VA///.'i /lo' )
il. i.
HO- 1.
«:V2
NATIONS OF YUCATAN.
])olicy toward all classes, and l^y rcstoriii:^' tlu)S(> wlio
liad been enslaved or exileil by the Cocoines to tluir
ira
i'onuer positions. Tliey also permitted tlie Xicalai
ti'oojis introduced l)y Huriac Eel and liis predecessor;
to remain in the country, and ijave them the provin
ice
of C'anul, or Ahcanul, between ITxmal and ('am])ecli(
M'nere
th
soon became
pow
ei
ful
nation.
Th
son of the Cocome tvrant, who by his absence IVoiii
INIayapan at the time of the revolt esca])e(l the fate
of his family, tni his return was permitted to settle
witli his friends in the province of Zotuta, wliere lie
IS said to have built Tibulon, and s(!vi!ral othei' towns.
'I'hus was ]ierpetuated with the ancient ( 'ocome lain-
ily the mortal hatred which that family continued
to feel towards tli(!ir successful riN'als.^**
The vc\[j;u of tjii; Tutul Xius at l^xmal was doubt-
less the most y-lorious period of ^Nfaya history, but in
addition to wliat lias been said we ha.\e respeetiiiL;' it
only a ^iiiL,de tradition which seems to refer to the
last kiiii^' and the ovei'throw of the dynasty.''''' An
old sorceress lived at Kabah, i-arely leaN'iii^' her cliiiii-
lU'V coi-iiei-. Her ^'randson, a dwarf, by makiiin' a-
hole in her water-jai", kept her a loii^- time at the
well one day, and by removinin' the heai'th-stoiu! fiiii.id
the treasure she had so carefully e-narded, a sibcr
tmikiil and coo^ native instrunuMit>
TI
le music nro
duced by tin; dwarf Avas heard in all the cities, and
r>
ir, U!xl.. linn. ii.
V
■11 'J, tolls US (hilt 111
I'll' iiio\ Hire was
illi'il ('MlUiiii, anil the |i('ii|ili', fnnn tlirir ruler, loiik tlie iimuic of A!
il I'l.k
SI) thill Ihcv liiiilt (>!■ cularLii'il the ciliesot' Siihni'rln'', I,
(See vol. IV.
The only iiulhnrilv for the liittt
slalenienl is |iroliahly the loialion of these ruins in a -^'eneral houlheni lii-
iiM'tion fioui I'xnuil. t"o;iolliiil > savs the nati\t's of ('oui! ami ('hoaia.
il.s
il Knjiiiles, were th-
l.illlilii. I'l/n
l.dlithi. III hi
list wi'iliUe in N'neatan. llisl. Vm., p. 1 |;{;
\). r)4; iliii nt, dee. iv., lih. x., ea|i.
fiiiii, i>)i.
il
rrrrn, dee. iv.
lil
III.
ra|>. iii.
sriir, lllnl., loin, ii., ji. I'J; Cui/otliii/i). Hist. Yitf., [i. I i;{; Maltc-l
till I III, p. ■_'().
>ruii,
;'■■' l!r,il
V
loin.
1'
Tl
raililioii i>'
the form of a ilialo'^ue lielween a xisitor t > the ruin.s ami a nali\i' of e\tiu-
ordinaiv inlelli^ciice, who elaiineil |o lie "
torical tiailitioiis of his rare Urassenr. lli
lie |l
ainteil with the iiis
\\hal IS pioipalilv an e\leiiile>l dan
lai
loll w
i til
lOlll. II., |l|l.
-lieh
.")7S-S,S, j;l\r-
leterre
il t<
St.
1'
leils
( '
il. A
iii'i:
vol. II
I Ma, ol.taiueil fr.
iial i\e a ll'.iilil lou
si.iiilar ill some res|ieets. ho far ii:« il gne.s, whieli
trail
slaleil
hv
(.'il.
:tii',i-7i.
I'AUr.K (»I' TIIK DWAKK
(V.V.i
tin; kiiiLj- at T^xmal ti-em1)lt'(l, for an old proj^lieey dv-
chiretl that \\\\c\\ .such music sliouM \>c Ijcarj tin;
uionai'cli uuist •j;'\\o up his tlirono to the musician.
A peculiar dud was ai^Tccd U[)ou bctwciai the two,
each to have tour hiuskets of cocoi/olcs, or ])almiiuts,
hrokeu on his head. The Dwai'f was \ ictia'inn^ and
took the (lead kin<j;"'s place, haviuL;' the ( 'asa del .\di~
vino huilt lor his ])alace, and the C'asa de la N'ii'ja for
us n'raiK
Imotl
lei
Tl
le old sorceress soon died
an(
tlio new kinj>', freed from all restraint, plunged into
all manner of wickedness, until his L;"ods, or idols,
ahandoned him in an^-er. But after sevi'ral atteinpf >
the I)\vai'f made anew iL;'od of clay which <-ame to lile
and was worshi[)ed hy the j)eo[)h!, who !ty this wor-
ship of an evil spirit soon hrou^'ht upon themselves
destruction at the hands of the outraii'e<l deities, and
IJ
d
xmal was ai)an(
loned.
For this tradition Ave have only Ih'asseur's con-
jectural, hut not im])rol)ahK', inter[)i'etation to (lie
etfect that tlu> Tutul Xiu throne at nxmal, in (he
earlier ])art of tlu- tliirteenth century |>erha|is, was
nsuri)i'd by a chief of another family, known in tradi-
tion as the Dwarf, or the Sorcei'ei-. It is not ludikely
that the usur[)inn' kin^* was of tlu" ( 'ocome i'amily an<l
that he snc(H'eded in his attempt l»y the aid of the
priesthood. Whoevi'i" may ha\e heeii at its head,
the new dynasty was in its tni-n o\ertlu'o\\ i\ a]ipar-
ceast'd to hi' a
ui, al
ciitly hy reli'_;Moiis strife, and Txinal
ca|)ital or centric of temporal pi>wer in N'ucat
tliou'di its temples mav still have heen occupird hy
I,
i\a rceori
tlie jM'iesthood. i''rom the fact that the M
or Perez (hxaiment, speaks otdy of Mavapan al'lrr
this period, it is not milikely that the Tnlid Xiu
power was ti'ansfi'rred to that ancient capital, alter
th(> (1
ownlall o
f its repi'eseutati\e at I \m
d. \
cai-
the end of t he t hirtecnt ii ccntnr\' Ma\a|ian was con
• piered hy a.
lorei'i-n arnw ol
Tit
zes. 111' mounlamc' IS,
the reference hi'iiiL;' perliajis to a raid of oui! of the
'» Set" \.il. i\.. l'|). IT'J, l',IJ-7
:t|
I 1'
C3i
NATIONS OF VICATAN.
ciii'lii r Qui('li(' oin|X!r((rs from Utatl.-m. For ji c'(Jlltm•v
;lIl(l a liair, a jxriod of coiiti'iitioii hctwecii ri\al dv-
uastics and trihus, we liave, hcsidcs a few icpoittd
predictions of conuii!^ disaster, only one dcilinite esent,
the' llinlit of a band ol" Itzas uikKt ( anek, and tluir
settli'ineiit oil tile islands in Lake ]Y'to i, wiieic; tluv
wei\! found, a most liourisliiiii;' (i)miuinity, l»y tin;
Sjianiards. No dednite date is yiNcn to tiitir migra-
tion
or elonenieii
'I'
t, for
lad
y wa>
it tl
le l)ottom (I
the ail'air, as some say — except hy N'illa^ntii'ire, \vh(
1
)laces
it in 8 yVhau, or betwiMii 1441 and I4()l,
Also l)et\V'een 1441 and 14GI, Maya|)an was tinally
ruiiie-d ill the contentions of the lactioiis, and ahan-
doned at the death of a moiiarc]) called hy soinr
authors jNIochan Xiii; the Tutul Xiiis tluMi seem to
ha\e retired to Mani, which was their capital down
to the ( 'oiKjiiest.'" For twenty years after the liiial
destruction of ^Favaoaii the ti'ihes are said to have
remained at peace and independent of each other;
but the remaining' century, down to iodl, was
one of almost continual inter-tribal strife, of wliidi
tliert! is no detailed I'ecord, but which, with huiii-
canes, faniiiK^ dc^adly jtestileiice, and (•onstantly rc-
currini^' omens and ]>redictions of iinal disaster, so
desolated and de[>opulati:d the country, that the
S|>aniards Ibund the jMayas but a mere wreck of
what they once had biieii, [in'htin^' bravely, but not
unit
eii
aii'ains
t tl
le invaders
4:i
■•' Citii<illiiih>, Hist. Viir., ]i|). r)07-S; Villtupificnr, Jfisf. (',
If::
2;)-:U, -lOl-L', ISS-!)1; Wdhlrrk, \'ai/. I'itl., p|). 'Jl, :i(), -1 1 ; Slriihais" V
tun, vtil. ii., |i. "JOO; (loiiilrii, ill I'lrsro//, llitit. Coin/, ^[l,l•., toiii
7'<
riiini.r-Ciiiii/iKii.i, in Nonv.clh'H AitiitiUs, ttiiii. xcvii., ji|i. .">!-
I., ji. !l.S;
Siiiiii r'li
Vail. Ai
42 II,
\\\\. r)47, OilO-l.
crrrrii, iUh:, iv.
lil
1. X., <"il|).
III.
7V
n/ III lit
lllllf, toiii.
I'
i;!-j
l'oijn//iii/ii, llitit. Yiti'., ])]>. 1(H), IT'.I; l.tiiii/ii, llihiridii, ]i|>. ")tt-'2, (i'J; I
If III ill re, llisl. V
'diillali
Ih.:
Kill
Hern
liu'
11(1 (
<l.lli' 11)0 V(
1'-
I. Si
Im'I'.
SI I nil
Tl
liliiim
ilii.siirl.
Yiirnliiii, vol.
li.
I'l'
10 I;
J72-:{. l.iiudii
tlic ('uiKiucst, tliiit is 11 Id. \'illii"ii
'ci.;i)ilii(lu siiv I4'_M). ilciri'l-.i miv.s 70 vciilH licfci
tlh
lit llic SiiMuian
Is, iiiitl TiOO years after its foiUKlalioii. (iailatiii ii
annal
iai\e-i \'.
\:a
I or
.").•!(!.
■'' l.iiiiilii, Uilii
eap. ii'
1)1.. r.s (H; ifi
',),
rvirii, lice, ii
lili
Iml., fol. ().".; Villiiiiiilii rrr, llisl. I'
('iiijiiliiiili,, llisl. Yiir., |i|i. !)7-l00, l.S.->; (!
Jlr.i
\V1-
Alcidii, Din:., toiii,
I'
.T.-
-'4o-li.
p. 47.'{; 111
ni, Jli.-I.
ill, tdiii.
(/, JJi.st. Clujiqnl, PI'.
r lll'lj lll'lllll
INDEX.
Tlic IikIox refers al[)Ii;i1)oti('iilly to caeli of the ten or twelve tlioiisniul
8iil>j('ctH ineiitionetl in the live voiiiiiies of the vork, with iiimierous cross-
referenres to ami from .iiK'Ji iieailiii;.'s as are at all I'onfiisecl hy reason of
variations in ortlio;^raiiliy or from oilier eaiiscs. In deserihin;,' almri^^inal
nianniMs ami customs, the trihes are ;,'rou]ieil in families, ami each family,
insteail of eaeh (rilte, lias I»een deseriheil se|iarately; eonsi'i|iiently, after
each tribal name in the Imlex is a reference to th(^ i»a;,'(^H contaiuin;,' u ile-
Hi;ri]ition of the family to which the trihe heluii^^s; tlu^rc is also an aihlitional
ref(^rence to such jiaj^'cs as contain any 's]iecial mention" of the trlhe. For
example, infonrnition is sou^'ht ahoLit the Ahts. In the In<lex is found
'Ahts, trilx! of Nootkas, !., 17u-2(W; si.ceial inontion, i., 177, ISO],' etc.
All the matter relatin;,'to tlu? Nootka family on ])j>. 175-'20S, is snpiMised to
iipply to the Ahts as well as to the other tribes of the family, except such
ilillerences as may be noted on jip. 177, l>i(J-l, etc. If information is souij;ht
resjiectin;,' the burial rites or any particular custom of tin; Ahts, a more
direct refi'reni'e to the exact ])a;^es will be fouilil nmli'r ' Nootkas,' when; the
nnitter relating,' to that family is suhdividtMl. The nnitter in the last threes
chapters of vol. v. is referred to in the earlier hitters of the Index by chap-
ters insteail of pages. No table of abbreviations u.scd la believed to be
needed.
i'
Ab;i, iii., 3')!, see .\oa.
Aliali (Aba,L,'h), 'I'/enciil day, ii., 7(>7;
na'ue fur .\titian, v., chap. xi.
Abajo \'al., Ilond., antiip, iv., 70.
-MiMii, Mayapan ruler, v., chap. xiii.
.Xbbald-l iniieli, Kulchiu diilei't, iii.,
."■)S7.
-Miihuy Kali, .Maya ;:oil. iii.. I(i7.
Abiipiiu. locality of I'tahs, i., lO."),
Alimoctai's, Cent. ('al. tribe, i., '.H't'.i-
•tOI; local! i., \'>'2.
.Abi'i, \ew Mew, anlii|., iv., (lO;}.
.Aborlicui. i., ICO, I',I7, -'l-.'. •J70, IIOO.
(;;ti, 77;{; ii., is.'j, -jco, loo 70.
.Nbrevadero, .lalisco, antiip, iv., 577.
,\c, herb, Vui'atan, ii., (I'.IS.
A<'aceliastla, locality, (,'ent. Amer.,
iii.. 700.
Acachiuani'cp, localilv, Mexico, iii.,
L'O.S; v., 007.
Acii<,'rliemniii.s, South Cal. tribe, i.,
402-'_'J; location, iii., I0'_'; invlli.,
iii., l(i-_'-',l, o-J.").
•Aca.Lrnikakb, .Aleut )st man. iii., lot,
.\cahnalcinj:o (.Viabuall/iiico, 'I'la-
lixco), .\/iec station, v., .'iJ.'J.
.\cala, city, ( 'hiapas, i., (is|.
Acalau, cilv, (inatenuiia, ii., O.")!); v.,
:tl7.
Acalli, canoes, ii., .WS.
.Vcaniapichlii I. king of ( 'ulhiiacan,
v., :tll .'it.
.\camapicbtli II,, king of Mi;xic(j,
v., .•{."(»-(;•_', 4!)L'.
.\canum, Ma\a god. ii., OOS.
.\capiclil/.in, Tidlec heio, v., •_'!;!, '210.
.\i'apipiolt/in, a ( 'hicbinni' |jrince,
v., 42H, 4o01,
.\i'apom'ta, pro\inc<; in .laii-^co, i.,
tiO'.l. 071 ; v,, .")((!(,
.\capnlio, cilv in (iuerrero, i., CnS,
ii., 10',).
.\cal, .May;i god, iii., 107.
■
IMAGE EVALUATION
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1.8
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^>^
#
V5§
:\
iV
\
4
o^
^u
(«
om
INDMX.
Ai'iitciitcliii!!, a 'riiitcalt -liii'f, v.,
Acalic, liiwii, .laliscii, i., (»7-.
Ai'afl, Naliiia i'alrmlar-Hi;.Mi, ii., 5(l.">;
iii., r.7. Toltrc cliiff, v., -in.
Aratlaii, siiliiiil) 111' Mfx., ii., "Hiil; v.,
I'lii
Acatoiiiatl.aCliiiliiiiicc cliicf, v.,'Jt):<.
Ai'aliinal, a Xiirliiiiiili'a rliirf, \., 'MM.
Aralziiij.'!!, rily, I'liflila, v., V2iK
Ai-at/iiitillaii, lotalilx, Mr\., \., 'M't.
At'aiK'alli, A/lcc ('lia|H-l, iii., :<|ii.
Aniulil/.iii (Arliiaiiiil/.iii, A\)-aiilit-
zia), i'iii.liimcc iiiii«. v.. •JS.-i, •.".Hll.
Arax(''i'-i (.\(ii\as), Nnrlli NIc\., tri
i., ■>7--".H ; loralioii
IIICIlllDII,
i., (il I; lail^MI
■i|M'cial
.'iS.'i. .">!S',M,MI; liiialioil,
iii.,7IH-l«(.
Ai'ii.Vftl, Naliiia |ii|K', ii., 1!;<I,'J.S7.
AcaviK'an, Ii>\mi, Hajaia, i , UIH.
Ai'i'iijiH', Miis(|uil<) ilritilv, i., 7'Ml
AiM-OUI'Ik'IIM'MI, kcc Woiucii.
.'\i'(>c|iiiaH, SIT ( 'aiials aiitl Irripitimi,
A<'<>\i'<irli, iiaiat< of 'l'r/i-a(li|H><'a, iii.,
.VfiiastliciiH (.Vi'IiaHllii'M, .\cliaMtlicrs),
<'i>iit. Cal. IrilM'. i.. :ili:<-lill: Ima-
lioii, i., .'«i;{: laii^'., iii., ti.'iU- 1.
Arluai'Miiliti. .\/.lcc nlil iiii'ii. ii., i;t7.
.\i'lirai'aiiiit/iii, 'I'l'/i'iiraii aiiil)aM^<a'
.1.
IJ.'.
.\rlii'aiilitin, Naliiia iiiililarv nnlcr,
ii., «(i;i.
Ai'iicauiilli, Naliiia |irit>stlv onlrr, ii.,
•MX
.\i'lnaiilil/.iii, v.. '_M.">. 'J!M», .sec .Xcli-
t'lilil/iii aiiil Icaiilil/.in.
.Ai'lirlo-iciia. i.. I lit, sec Daliii-tt'iia.
.\clii, t;iial<'iiiala Irilic, i., «iS7-7ll;
ItiratiiiM, i.. 7"<7; laii';., i
rtl(».
.Ai'liihali, <iiiiii'lii'- iidIiIcm, ii,, (;;<'.); v.,
<'a|i. \i.
.\rliilla, ('fill. Ta). Ii'IIh', i., .'tH.'Mlll :
iitralioii, i., '|.'>i.
.\t'liilliiii.), Soutii Cal. Irilif, i., tdJ-
['22; iiM iilioii. i., I."i!t.
.\i'liiiill (.Vi'liiiili), ilyi'iilaiit, i., 7'.'l:
ii., «Mi.
.Vi'liilciiiictI I., I'lillniii kiii^', v., 'J.'iti.
;»o.«, :n(i-J(>, ;i:i(»i.
.\<'liil<iiiicll II., ('iilhua l\iii>;, v., It.Vt.
.\i'liiiililla. I'ilx ill I hijaca, ('oiii|ur>t
III", v., Iiil ; rliap. \.
.\riiniil->('liik, Kniiia'ra iiialf cniirii-
Arna!.'is, T'cnt. f'al. liilic, j.
Ini'al
ml;
11)11, I., -i.l'J.
.\('iialiiiiiiitl,ii., I.'lli, Hi'c<>uaiiliiiiii Iii|
.\t iiiro, liM-aiilv, Mrvi
:i:t!i.
Anilhiiai-aii (.Vciiiliiiai'aiii, Naliiiu
kiiiu<li.iii, i.,(!7(»; Iiini., .., :i'J:;, ;!;;;;.
4S'2.
.VcnllinaH (.\riilliiias|, Naliua iial
<il7M; ii.. I. W (;•-".•: I
loll,
"<•■, I., tiTi';
H\n-v. nil-Ill KIM, li,, ",C_', 1(11, I'J.'i,
•»'.M-'-», i;m-»j, I(i-.'-:». -.mi. -.'h; 7, :t(.7,
.^(i<», .'iHtt; iiiylli., iii., )i:i, |<.i.-i; hiM-.,
iii.,7-M-5; liisi., v., ;jo:m>(». :{.V.i|'.M.
Hvf also Ciiiliuas, willi ulmni tin y
ai'f iiflrll ('(illfiiiiiiiit'il.
.Xcitliiiiatl, iiaiiii' iif rhiciiiiih'i all,
iii., •J.">0.
.\i'<illiiiallalli. war iaiid.s of .Xi'cijiiii-
ui'ati, ii., '2'2ii.
.\<'iiliiiaii (.Vciiliiia), rily nf Mc\i(n,
ii.. Ill; iii., (i:»; v., •JO, ;|H0, Itss,
;»!>."», 471!.
.\i'ii|iiii/ili, naiiif fur Nc/aliiialriiNiitJ,
V,, :\~'2: liinl (if Ciiiiliiiiiiar, \..'l(i!i
.Vciiliialiiia)', Mtali^iii, /\/lc(- iiii^ia-
lioii. v. .•(•.':«, .T.'l.
.Vciiliialiiiarall, 'l\'|iaii<'i' kin;,', v ,
a:»o.4i. .•»•;.">-(;.
.Vriilcia, Naliiia ;,'ci(l, iii., IIS,
.\i'iillas, trili<> nf llaiilaliM, i., j.'ii;.
17 I: Mpciial tiiiMilinii. i., 171.
.\<-iiiiia. liiNMi anil Iril f I'iicKIim,
1., .VJIi-.'i.'ili; liK'aliiili, i., lilHI; sjii'riMl
iiuMiliiiii, i., ■'rJ7; laiij^iia;;!', iii., (i^l
anil
IV., (it;,"i ti
.Vciiiirlii, IdWii, ScHiiiia, i., IMNt.
mile,
l\iinia;,'a |iiiiscin, i.
Iiii'iililv, Mcxicii,
!».
.'i;i!».
.Vciirns, f I in Califnrniii, i., .'!.)'.>,
:t7;i ■■>, iiMi.
Xriili'lilii'ii, wani nf 'I'lasrala ril\ . v.,
.\cii(i, lowii of j'licliliis, i., ."i'J7.
.Vi'iilncli, v., .'{I7. ^it'c Ocii|(i\.
.\rlii|iaii, .Mcx., anlii|., iv., .M."i.
.\.
rnrn, New Mr\,. aiiliii.. i\,, (i7 I.
.\i'iii'<Mi('iiill, iiaiiii' of I'lialcliiliiiil-
li'lic, III., ,'«i7
.\('iil, liaiilriiiala Irilic, i., (iS7 7ll;
lii^'l.
.\.
ciilliiia, I riiancc Uin
iiiji. \i.
k
.'IJil.
.\i'iilliiiai'aii, i., Ii7li, "^i'*' .\i'<>l|iiiaraii.
I .\i iilli'iaH
\'2.
1, MCI' .\iiiiiiiias.
IHIIC
i., .S2.
.\ilinlc, fiiml, Siiillli Mc\,, i., (l.VJ,
Ada, l-«lliiiiiaii Irilic, i., 7l7H."i; Icica-
tiiiii, i., 7*.l>')i lan;;iiaL'c, iii., 7'.ll.
.Vi'iiliiiia 'I'cciililli, name fur i.iiiain'/.
l!ll.
.Vdili
(■.:»: v., •_'(!,
M'c .xi'iiiiiiaii.
Aeiilmaill, Tc/eiiraii Ul man, iii. .lilt.
.\)'iilii,'iiiaea
II.
•f .Mii'il,iiii>
t-iilli, iii., :UNi.
iM»i:x.
OUT
Aciil Viiiiik, Ma\ii iiilimi, I , r>,S7-
itcii, riylciiiiitfs), trilic of K
:\\: ii., (WtOMCt;
rl.ai
iMTial iiiclitiiiii, ia;.'aM
;i»-.sv
I.
). M.
.\<iira;,'iia, Soiilli Cal. IijIm', i., 4(C_'-
:iu/('iniiiua, tnlii' i
iiii-
711. I.T.t-lO.
iiiiiaiis, i.,
alioii
i()().
Al IIH, |ll\\ II llf I'lll'lll
UN, 1., .>'-( .
Aiiilrc, I iiiati'iiiala trilic, i,. (587-
71 1; loralii.ii. i.. 7H!».
Ai'Wt
t'CK, .Mill
tka tilli
i., I'll.
if l>tl
7I7-N.">; ItM'aliiiii. i , 7'.'">-
.A^'iiriilhiif, llv|i('i'li<iiraiiK, i., 107:
<'ii|iiiiiliiaii-, i., IC.-' '.'.II, '-'<i7; <al
iliiriiiaiis.
:»•_':«."•. i:«»; i\.. d'.h'.
Nrw McxiraiiH. i., 4S7 '.», "lOl. r>:{s <i.
.■>»,•{; i\., (Hit, (;•_•:(, c:!-', liiiii. (i7ti-7;
M
A<'\ii|iiat, /iilii;;il kin;:. \.,rlia|i. \\.
Arxill ( Mrriiiici/.iii), 'I'liltiT kiii^;, v.,
'_'70 S(i, <'lia|i. \i.
Ai\'i|ial ( Arxiipil), (/iiirlii' kin;;, v.,
('Iia|i. \i.
ArMiiiall, a Tnllcc iiiiiil.'. v., '2'M . \ A;,'lisin. ('ml. ("al. tiilir, i., ;{(i:t- KH ;
Ai'\iM|ii.'iiili (.\i'Xi>niaiili, .\r\ii- liiratinn, i., l.'il.
i|iiaiililii, .\i'\ii|iiat I, a 'I'lillir .\;:iiara(i-ra, lati;,'., (iinit., iii., 7<i(l.
' ' " na kin;:, v.. •_".>',(■ .V^iiiiri'ins, Nmlli Mc\. trilir, i.,,'")7--
t'Mraim, 1., '_'(, .'">7<i. ."wX, «i-.">.
(;;{(». Ci.VJ :t; ii.. .'iKJ ."lO. IMI; iii., '.'7 I;
iv., I'.".l i:il, ll-J; t .III. .\iMiii.aii>,
i.. (J'.n, 7l'.t, 7.'iS-!>; ii., (m.'I, 7t>i, 717-
'20; iv., L'l.
inmr am
1 ('
.'{IN), :{.VS; a/utii^'il nili'i, v., rliap- <.M; liMatimi. i., lil'.
Iff \i.
Ai'XiilriiiN, liilic llf 'ri'iilnianra^. v.. , .\''iia(i.i
iiai'lia|ia. Inuti i
>f I'ij.il
si'i' lir>ir\iiii>.
•JSO.
.\r\ iinw. I 'I'lit. I'al. Irilii
liiral
.U.
Kill, 1., t.rj
liv
L
i\\rr I 'al
A. hi
Irilii
rCSM'S, HIT Slll'I'I'lirS
iir.'itiiiii, I., I)l),'|.
All
mis I'liiintv. .Miis.si.s.sipi
ti;:tiiii
.■)i;-7l;
Vallr
.\;;iiaiiia, Smilli (al. Iriln . i. III".' •_'•.'.
Iiiialiiiii, i., I.V,).
.\;,'nanlirnli', Smitli Mr\iraii ilriiiK.
i., Illil.
A;:iiaNajiirliiiini. I'rnl. Cal. liilic, i..
tri.'l'll)! 1 Inraliiili, i., I.'ill.
At
ilii'iiti
until
•|.
aMlii|., IV., .v.i;{.
.\ilka\ mil. Harriliri'i', (iiiat., iii., ^SS.
.X.liiiiialtv Inlri. i.. •jos.-.'its, ;iic.'.
Ailniiiiilly Islaml. i., I i:<.
.\cliilii', liiiililiii;; iiiatrrial, i., .'">.'{.'>-(i,
,■"17'', li'.M. (i.")l. ll'.fJ; ii.. .V>7-7;t; iv.,
I7.'t, IIII7, iL'li s:», 71S IJ, MM- also
r.aitli.
Aiiuiiciv, i...'r>i»-i, :i',nt, 111', .-)i»!»io,
(Jliii, 7-'s !i, 7711; ii.. nil Ii, ri.'iS, i)7.'{-.">.
lls.i I'
lunicatiiiii.
.\il/r. Kniiiii'M ami Niiiitka iiiiiij
mriil. i.. so. |S!I.
.\r, .\ra;;<'liriiiflil l.st wiilliall, iii., Ilik
.\i-.laia, I'lMil. I'ai. tiiln
liiiatiiin. i.. t.'i I.
:tri:t-ioi
.\;,'iias|.i, r.iit. (al. tiilir, i., ;»li:{-
lOl ; liiratiiili. i.. I.'i.'t.
A;;iialiilii, .Miii|iii villa;_'r ami trilic
i.. ."I'jri-.'ili; xiirrial Imiiliuii, i,, 1,01.
.\;;iiili, Sinitli I'al. Iiilir. i.. 111'.' •_"_';
liiiatiiiii. i., '(.'•S.
.\;,'lllliillti's (.\;,'iiliiiiiti'ii, .\;.'iiliiiiiii-
Icll), Irilir llf Kiinia'.'aH, i.. 70M7;
11'., i., 70, I 10; NiiiM-. nil' II lil III, i., HO.
I.
Ah, (,>iiirli(''-( 'ak<liii|iirt cla\, ii., 7l'7
.\li-.\rtiiliil. (iiiati'iiiala Irilu'. i., (>h7
ni;
liiratmii.
rso.
.Miarils, I'liflilci \i!la;_'r. i., .'■i-'7.
Ahaliiii li', iii., lili, mt .Miiii'lnirtc.
.Ml
i|ii'.illi;:a'<, Sun
III <'
tril
If, 1.
JO-_''J'.»; Inralinli, i.. jCd.
.Mratstiiia.liiliiiif Nclianiii'H, i.. I 111. I .Mian. .Mav.i titir ami liaf, ii., i;:t(;.
A;
I Inatrin.ila Irilir. i., (>S7-7I I ;
riiO; \.
!l.
Imatiiiii, i., 7H!I; hpi-cial nii'iitiini, : Ali.'iii .Mi (liiriiniat/. i^Miiiln'' till
I'li.iji. \l
ii., (IJI; iii., is'.i.
.\f.'alla \ alley, llciml, .intiii. i\., 70. j .Mian .Mi|ici|i. i.iiiii lii' tillf, ii.,(;.'l'i.
A;u'aiails, Nn'rili I'al. tiiln-, i.. .•(•J7 lil ; ' ii».'l; v., rliap. \i
iiraliini, I.. I l.'i.
A-ali
.'ii:i, iiiri; ii., lii», 7.M; iv.
iii'.i, I7'.t, -Vii, ri7N, 7l--».
.Mian .Mi|Mi|i ('aiiilia, (,)nii|ii> tiili.
ii.. ll.'t'.i, (ii:i; \,, rlia|i. vi.
Allan Airr<iliil.l,)iiii'li<' litli-, ii.,ii:t'.).
(Ill; iii., Is'.l.
.Mian .Mil/ii- Winak. <,tiiiilii' liilr,
ii.,llll.
.\;;'_'ilkkali-<. Irilu- nf Sliiislmni-i, i,, | .Mian .\\ili\ (.\\\ili\), tjiiiiiln- lillr.
.\;:
iiM", M-r
M
a;;nrv.
.\>ri's.if till- Wiiilil, Nalina iii\ ll
I., II
■iO|.
III., lil-.'t.
f.'J IJ; Ini-at
A-'li
nil, I 'liia|iaii ila,v
It lull. I., Ili.'t.
Ill
! ii.. lit'l:
,(i7.
.M
.\j.'lv;:nillli-s (.\yl(-;4liijllti-li, .\;;iili-j,'-
laii < ail
.Mai.
•sit.
.Mai, iii., ■•"•J,
A ilk
i
c:58
INDEX.
Alum ( IiJin.-ilw'z, Miiva ^jod, ii., f!t>7.
Allan (ia;,'iivil/, (jiiiciic titli>, ii., (>44;
ill., ts.l.
.Miiiii C.ilcl, (Jiiiclii; title, ii.. fi-M.
.Mi;iii (iiiK'l ('iiiiiliti, Cjiiiclu'! title, ii.,
(144.
Aliiiii Kaf linos, Miiyinyclc. ii., 7(!--.">.
.Miaii t^itjilu', (^nielli' royal family,
ii., ((4;t-l; v., rliap. xi.
Aliazjit:*, trilx! nf N'ootkux, i., 17')-
•_>i»S; 1. Milt inn, i., '-»'.m;-7.
.Milinliit- Italani, .Slaya ^oil, ii., 701.
.Mti-aii, )/iiicli('> nublu ami jirient, v.,
(■liap. \i.
Micaii rnlcali, Maya •;"•'• •'■• "01.
.Micaiiail, t.^uiclii'' persona;;!',
lUp.
XI.
Alicannls, Ync. province
anti peo-
ple, v., eliap. xiii.
Alii'liaoli, <Vniflir jnd^^es, ii., (i4'J
.Mi.itz. .Maya;,'(Hl, ii., (i«»8.
AllCOI'll
n, rnler at Mavaiian, Vu(
Ii
rliaii. XIII.
AliciiitnU 'I'litiil Xiii, ruler at I'x-
Viie..
I'liai
1. XIII.
Alii'iiiial, ruler at I xnial, Yuoatun,
v., cliap. xiii.
A)\ iiuiiieii, Mava eliief and goil, see
AInilii.'l..
Alieltalis. North Cal. triU', i.,.T27-fil;
neat loll.
44.1
Ali;,'ili, Maya astrolo;rer, ii., (i7*.).
Ali'4:islianaUlion, invtliie persona^^e,
iii., Kl.'t.Ui;.
.Miiliia, rjiinook ^iaiiie, i., '244.
Alil iiU N.
M
aya ^oil, n
(!!»8.
.Mikin. Maya prii-sts. iii., 472.
.Mikin Mai' lAliaii Can Mai), Mayi
lii^rli-priest, iii., 47i
.Mikin ,\ooc, V
It
prii
("liiel
len
/a, v., cliap. XIII
Aliknil Cliel,
lii^'li-l
iriest.
( 'iiit'lieii It/a, v., eliap. xii
Alileia. vilIay:eof Moiiiiis. i., .V2S, (KM),
Aliniak, (.^iii(lie-("ak(lii(jiiel ilay, ii..
7(!7.
Aliniecat Tiitiil Xiu, Yue.
rlia|
prince,
I. XIII.
.\liinn\na;,', ('akeliii|iiel prince, v.
cliap. \i.
.Mi-Oaneni, (iiiateniiila trilie, i., (iS7
ril;
ocation.
7S!».
AlionianiiiH, North Mex. trilH<, i.,
!Sl'2-\)\ ; Npecial mention, i.,ri7(i, iisri,
mi
.\liomcH(.\honioaH), North Mex.trihe,
i.. ■i72-'.H; loc, i., r)72, (;(»7-S: spec
men., i., .'>H4-.'i; Ian;,'., iii., 707.
AliuiisetH (AliuuMalitH, Ahowzarts),
trilic of Nootkas, i., 17')-20S; Ima-
tion, i., '2'.).'i.
.Vlipop, i/nichi.' title, ii., CW, I'.l.t;
['lia|
>. XI.
»i:i'.>,
.\lipop Canilia, (Quiche title,
lU.'}, v., chan. xi.
.\hiiop t^ainaiiay, Cakchiipiel title,
ii., (t40; v., eliap. xi.
.\h|ioxaliil, (.Mipop Xahil), Cakclij.
(|iiel title, ii., <f40; v., chap. xi.
.\hpozotzil, Cakchiiinel title, ii.,)l4i);
v., chap. xi.
.Mipiia, .Maya ;;o(l, ii., (!!t8.
.\hi|alih, (/niche titl
ill
Miqih (.Miijixh), l/uichc title, \
chap. xi.
.Miipieliayi, QiiichtS nohles, v., chap
Ah-tei
i., 14".), see Atnas.
Miteiial, Mava title,
«:{4;
cnaii. XIII.
\lits, triU' of Nootkas, i.. I7.">-2(IS;
i., I7">, 21)7; spec, mention, i.,
ISO-I, 1M(), |88-<.), l',tl-2, I'.tt,
l!)7, 20.">; myth., iii., '.Mi. .V.'O-
lan;;., iii.. (i08; ori;;iii, v., I'.).
Ahtnh
itiin, > n
dial), xiii.
riili
.M
lyapan.
Mit/.ie W inak, Ijuielie title, v., ch,i|i.
XI.
.\li-Tzi<|iilnalia, (.\h T/ii|iiiniliavi)
(iiiateinala trihe, i., (!87-7ll; l"'a-
tioii, i.. 78'.); hist, v., chap. \i.
.Mi-Tzakol-t^iet (t/iieli), ( liialcniala
trihi
(i87-7l I; locatioi
rs'.i.
.Mi-'rziii|iie, tiiiatemahi trihe, i., ((S7-
711; location, i., 78it.
.Miiiacachapiillin, a locust, iii.. DM).
.Miiiales, ollicials, (iiiat.. i., 702.
.Miiialiilcos, South .Mex. tiilie, l.tlt-V
70; location, i., (!4."», (i82; spirial
nientioii, i., (m2, fM8.
.Miiiamhone, South Cal. trihe, i.,
40'2-'22; location, i., 4.V,t.
.Miiiiiniia, villa;,'!' South ( ill., i.,4tK».
.Miiiaiihtli, e;;;,'sof the .Axavacall. ii.,
.Vit!.
Ahiiayopan, localitv, I'lit^hla, s.,
4'.Mt.
.Miiichan Xahil, Cakchiiinel title, ii.,
<!40; v., I'haii. xi.
.Minehiiete (.Viiahiiete), cy press! nc.
III., ti<i; IV.
rAVl
.Minehnepa. Mex., anti(|., iv.. 4'.ti!.
.Millie, iiaine of Chalchiluiiliicnc,
iii.. ;U!7.
.Miiiilizapan, ancient name of (hi
zava, v., 418.
.MiiiitzotI, kin;: of Mexico, v., 417,
424. 4;U» .V), 4'.)'.) .")0I.
ixi)i:x.
fi;{9
Almliicli (Ah ITiiliirl.). Maya t;«Kl,
iii., 4111!; v., cliaii. xiii.
Aliwaliiiiu'lu'cs, Ci'iit. < 'al. triln', i.,
:<lt;<-4(H; loratiiiii, i., 4.VJ.
AIinvuhIiIcs ( Aliwiisti'is), ('«!iit. ('ill.
trilic, i.. ;u;.<-U)l; I.H'.. i., IWA. 4:>.i.
All Wil/il, N'lif. imino fur (jiiiclD-M,
v., cliiiji. xiii.
All Xiii, nilcr at Maya|>aii, Yuf. ,
v., rha|i. xiii.
Alivt/a. (^iiiclu' iiriiirc, v., chap. xi.
.Aiai'iu'litli. 'rotoiitic rattle, i., l>.'<'~>.
.Maiili, imiiiuof Chulch.liuitlieiie, iii.,
Aiaiihcalcii, Nahiia shriiio, iii., 347.
.Aiaiilii|ii('iiiitl, {iricst'rt niaiitlc, iii.,
•M'X
Ailiiiio, Nitrth Mcx. Ian;;., iii., 707.
.Aijado.s, triU' of Apaches, i., 47.'1-
."»J(!; liHiitioii, i., '>W.
Air. a Nahiia syiiihol, iii., 1*20.
Aisi.sh, rimt used for fniMl, i., litM.
Aiti//arts, trihc of Nootkus, i., I7"»-
2(»S; liMiili.Mi, i., '.>!».•>-((.
AixiUH, trilic i»f .\pachcs, i., 47.'<-")-(l;
local ii)ii, i., .V.t'.t.
Aixtilciicchaliiiac, v., 'J.'M), see Ixtil-
ciicchahuac.
Aji, iiaiii" of chile, i., 7">'.l.
AjiiiaU, (luatciiialaii ;;oil, iii.. 48*2.
AJuchitlaii, town in (iiicrrcro, i.,(l78.
.Akah, .Maya ni;,'ht, ii.. 7">"(.
/.kah-'IVih, hicro;;lyph iit Chichcn,
Yucatan, antii|., iv., •22.'i; iiaino of
a person, v., chap. xiii.
Akahalcs ( Akales), tiiiateinala Irihe.
i., (iH7 711; ii., (i.'JO-SO.'J; hist., v.,
chap. \i.
Akhal, Mayii ila>, ii., 7"><i, 7<i(), 7<i7.
.\k('', ^'ncalan, aMlii|., iv., •J4.".
Akclsnni (Kachnnial, vilhi;;e, South
t'alifornia, i.. 4.V,».
.Akil, \'ucatan, anti<(., iv., '220.
.\kun iHhiMil. i.. 141.
.\kntan Island, i., ill.
.\kntans. Irilie of Aleuts, i., 87-',t4,
location, i., 141.
.Mahastcr. ii., .V(7, 7">1, 787.
.\lachschak, i., ,'{7, see .Maska.
.Macupnsyneii, South Cal. trihe, i.,
''»J-'22;"locatiou, i., 4."iS.
A!a;.niilac, linatcniala lan^'., iii , 7(>l).
.Mahni/.tlaii, city of tiucrrcro, v.,
442.
.Miiksu, i., .'J7. see .\laska.
.Maineilat'ouiitv,('al.,antiii., iv..71<).
.Miiines. South Mex. trilK', i.,»>4ri-70;
location, i., (U,'*.
AlainitoH, vilhi;;e. South (.\il., i., 4(!().
•Maiiiim, village, Souuru, i., (>UU-7,
.Masapas (.\lazap:ist. North Mi-xiiau
trilie, i, ■'>7'2*.)l ; location, i., (ill.
.Maska (.Miaska. .\laksu, .\lath-
schak, .Alasku, .Alaxa. .Masci.
Alyaska, .Maycksa. .Maschku, W-
jaskai, name, i., :<7-8; nations ami
triiies (lescrihed, i., .'{7-l.'{7; loc of
trilH-s, i.. :{.'.-4(l, l.{714!>; nivtli.,
iii.. !1S-1(M}, 1-22, I2H-I:n, 141 !».
,"i<(7, .">l(i-l8; lau;;. . iii., .m7-8, .■i7.">-
(U»;{, (;(i2-;{; amin.. iv., 742.
Alaya. a village oi Sahailios, i., t!l4.
Alayeksa, i., ;{7, s<'e .Maska.
.Mitatross, Ceri dress, i., ."»74.
■Alhatiiinas (.Alliatuius), trilic of Mo»i-
t(uitos, i., 712-47; loi'., i.. 7i.'{; spec,
mention, i., 74t!; Ian;.'., iii., 78;i.
.Mheriii, villii;,'e, Vancouvt'r Island,
i.. 2',»7.
.Mhinos, i., 4?.'», 5.W, 7"><»; ii.. Kiti.
.Meax. Sout'« Cal. triU-, i., 4112-22;
location, i., 4.'>!).
.Mceas, i., 2,">(>, see .Mscas,
.Vlcheduuuis (.Mchedoiiiasl. trihe of
.Apaches, i.. 47.'<-."»2)>; locatioi,, i.,
iV.tS; lan;.'ua;;e, iii., tl8."i.
.Mchones{(H( hoiu's). Cent. * al trihe.
i., .'<t(,'{-4()l ; location, i.. 4."i.'l-4; sjicc
mention, i., :«!.'•; ni,\th.. iii . Iiil.
.Meis. trihe of t'hiuooks, i.. 222-.">(»;
location, i.. .'<(>(!.
Aletas. Cent. Cal. trihe, i. :{(i:{-40l ;
location, i., ■*<V2.
.Meupki;inas. South Cal. Irilie. i., 4(»2-
22; location, i., 4ii().
.Mentian .Archipelav'o. i..,'!s, 87, 141;
iii.. .■)77-8; iv., 742; v.. 2S-'.l.
.Meiits (.Meyuts), one of the live fam-
ilies into which the ll\ perlioreans
are divided, manners ami cu?<tonis
of all its nations ami trilics des-
crihed to;^ether, i., 87-1I4; plivsiijue,
i., 88; dress, i...S8.'.(; dwelli'n-s, i..
8',l; food, i.. !M»; weapons and war.
i., W-\; implts. and nianuf. i.. <.)|;
niiirria;,'e. wonu'U. ^'o\ernmcnt. i.,
<,)2; ainuscMients, i., <I2'M; hurial.
i., '.t.'l; character, i., ".t.'t-4; loc. of
trihes, i., .t8.87, 141-2; m\th., iii.,
104-.\ I+4-.-., .^(7. 018; l,in-., iii.,
."i77-8t»; (Hi;,'in, \. , lit.
.Mexander .\rchi|iela;,'ti, i., 2',Kk
.Meyas, i.. 'M\1, sec .Mscas.
Alevtacs, Cent. Cal. Irilu'. i.. ;tl!;i-
4tH; location i., 4.V2.
.Mpmkiiis (.AI>;om|nius), location, i.,
2."»; orij,'in, v., 22.
.Miaska, i., 'M, see .Maska.
.Mitpiachiek, i., 1147, seu Allieuoliick.
fitO
INDEX.
Ali/wnv. South Cal. tril.f, i., 4(CJ-2-2;
loi'iiii
Al.ia>k
4d!».
.•«:
AluHku.
Aliiiriiiii, Sdutli Cal. trilw
4()*2-2'.':
iii'ation,
4.V.».
AlkolI'Mk, ;,'aiiii' iilavcil l»v C'olvilles,
i..-jsii.l.
All, I'liwka viiun;; man, i., 732.
Allfinias, N.'iitli (ill. liii>e, i., :{27-fil;
S|l(
iiifiiti..!!, i.. :{2'.)-.'n, 33.S, M\,
'MS, ,•{,">(»; iiivlli
I'l
III., o'J.).
AiliaiiiT?*, SCI- Trcilifs.
Alli<'i»iii('k l.\lii|iiarliick), hIicII
iiiiiiicv, North till., i., 'Ml.
Alli-atcHs, i.. ."it, tilMi, 7.V.I; ii., 721;
iv.. IDI.
Alh.v, ii.. 474, 74',t.
Allvatal.inia. SoiitliC.il. Iiihc, i.,402-
iicalioii.
4.V.t.
^Mpaia^iats, .MiiM|iiilii .^^ll*la!.s, i.,7l<>.
A^
{\U
\lM'\as, .McvaH, I'l-
Ainaiifoca, Naliiia fiathcr-workcr,
ii., 4H'.l-'.)l.
Aiiiantla, a ward in citv <if .Mix
ii., 4<H».
Aniai|iiciii('»"an, aiiciont Ininicof t'lii-
ihiinec!*, iv., 5tH»: v. 21it, 'J.-sii, ;{(ii
314.
Ain«nu('te|)ec, (.'hichiniL'i' staliini. v.,
•:»2, 487.
Aniarantli, ii., lii'X 3.T{. .TiC, (IK;.
iii., 241. 2it7, 344. 371. :VX\
Aniasniaxtli, jiapfr ilrr-s, ii., .'Vj.'l.
Ainati'tcvitl (Aiiiatftt'iiitli, iia|n'nir-
nanu'iit.'4, iii., ;<;{.'{, .'<()2.
.\niati
(iiilf,
r2li; v., (Iiaii. \i.
Ainatitlaii (.Vniatitani, town. dual.
i., 7H7-8; ii. , ().">!.
.\iiiatitlan Lake, aiiliii., i\.. 121.
.\iiiatl, Naliiia |ia|icr, li., 4>s."i, .'124.
Ainatlaii <!<■ \i» Itcyes, \'cra Cni/
aiilin., iv., 434-."). '
Noalisi, tril>c of Chiuooks, i., 222- i .\iiiat/.iii, kiii'' of 'i'latt'lul
'lO; l<
<M'ati<ui, i.,.'<ii7-8; siioi'ial iiiuii- 1 .\iiia.\tlan,
tioii. 1.. 2.>(».
Aisv.i ISav, i., .308.
Altah
(All,
IIUIIIOH
), (Vnt. Cal.
'h
jirox iiici'
Oajaca, \. , Ml
ip.
trilii'. i., 3(13-41)1; lor.. i..,3(;.3, 4,V2-3.
Altaiiiia. Oajaca, aiiti<|., iv., 373.
Altauiiia. \ illagi', Tauiauliiias, i.,(!l3.
Altaimis, Cent. Cal. triltt', i., .3(>3-
401
at ion, 1,. 4."i2.
Altar, villaji' in Soiicu'ii, i., (!02.
Altars, ii.. .307, .".71, .".S2, (!8!t. 7'.>'.l: iii.
.\iiia,>tnn laniavti' (I.aniavtun), M:
va ilivi.sion of Cvclc, ii,, 7<i2.
Ainhi
.30.
dors, i.. 388. (i28. 72.3.
70: II.
2<t-
".4, 412-l.t, 4 111 23.
4(i2, (!07, <J4t;, (li;(i-8.
.Anihawtawhoot-'l'iuuch (Shccii In
diaiis), triho of 'riiiindi. i., IIM.IT;
location, i., 14.
i., 121; lan;;na<.'f iii.. .">.s."
>; sjici'ial uii'iitiiin.
2.311, 332: iv.. .32. (11-2, it4-0, 111-14, Anil«-r, i., 72, (i41t.".l;
2.">7-'.l. 277. .3.34, 31.-. (i, .371. 382, 4.3(1, .\inl.ush, i., 2»i4, 4!l(;-7, 028, i;;t7; ii.
443. 4.">(i. .".41, .".4.".. .">87, (i4(i, 703,
Ait:
< 'alifornia. auti(
774. i 42(i-7.
70.3. .\iii<'fhiilii, To/cucan tit!
18!I:
.\lt('|iatlalli. Nahua lands, ii., 22(i.
AliiciiihiH, Cent. Cal. triho, i., .3(53-
401 ; lociitiou, i., 4.".2.
Alum, ii., 474, 4S7.
A I
vaska,
37
.Maskii
.\l/ailau. lo«u, North Mcx., i., (!22.
.\in. Ma,\ a (•oiijiirinj; stoiifs, ii., (!!I7.
.\maia\as, iiil.coi .Vpaclics, i., 473-
.")2(i; loiatioM. i.. .".',•'.».
.Amai-ni, ii Chii'hiiiu'c cliicf, v., 2t(.'i-
(1, Si.f XoiotI II.
Amadaa|ipiualla, season of the your,
i.iiui'r ( 'al., i., .")(i4.
Aniai|ila|ipi, si'asi.n of (hf vcar, I,ow-
«'r Cal.. i., .".(14.
Amador Co., Cal., i., 4M\ iv., 707.
Ama''l>au, town, (iuatcmala, i., 78'.h
chap. \i.
All
lalcum. Maya ^.'ol
id, ii., (!it8.
iiii^ra-
.\maliiialpaii, station, .S/tci
tioii. v.. .324.
Auiainaxtla, niudiiul runt, ii., TUH).
v., .3.")().
.Vincriciin Hivcr. i. , 4."tO.
.Vnifyiil, a 'rollfc prince, v., .31.3, .31 (i.
.\iiiimitl, Nahua ^'od, iii., tlo.
.\inita;;uas, North .Mex. tril.e, i.,
"»72-'.tl; location i., (11 1.
.\niolli, Hoa|i-plant, ii., 401.
.Vnnniees, Cent. Cal. tril.e, i., .3(1.'!
4(M: loeation i., 3(13, 4.*.(.'.
.'\moleueiii|na, name of Napateculli,
iii., 417.
Xmoxoaiiuo, Niihuii prophets, v., IMi.
A I
noxtli, water-plant, i
<(1.
.\mpiiyouts, i., 441, .see \ani I'ali
lies.
Aiiuisi'incntH, llvptMhoiciins. i., (Kl 7,
84-."t, 02-.3, no, 131; Coluuihiaiis,
. 243.
3.-. I I,
i., 1(10-71, 180-1, 108 201. 21",
■>, 280-2; Ciiliforniiiiis, i..
.302-4, 4I.VI7, 437-8; New
cans, I.
Mc
U."i-l7.."i40-.">3, .".(1(1-7. •■>8('.
Mc.xicaiiM, i., ii'So-ti, (i()4-."»; ii., 283-
INDEX.
Oil
3i)l. .100; fiMitral .VmoritaiiH, i.,' niiitoii). triho of Koniiiiias, i., 70-
:(»4-
:».')-!>, 77m;; ii., 711-14.
bli liiratioii, i., 70. 141.
Aiiiii>;;ci, Soutli M".\., laii;;. iii., "'>-. Anoiiitin;;, ii., 144-7, 4'J
U41;
Aiiiiitajas. Ci-iit. Cal. tiiU', i., 'Mi'S-
401 : liK'atidii, i., 4.V.>.
Liiaraiias, Norili .Mux. trila', i.
<.(1; lui'atioii i., (I'lM.
;><•-'■
.\iiii
4 "is, SOI' .Viuu'lilU'.
.KiuK'liuf (.Xiiai'arik), Smitli Cal.
trilx
40i'--_'-.'; Incatiitii, i., 4.VS.
Aiiilliiiai*, naiiif, i., IS; ii., 87-S|
for nalioiisaiiil trilics, mytli., lan^.,
aiiti<|.. ;i
ikI
list.. HCf
Mfxii
Aiiilliaai' .Vvotlaii, Oajai'aii coast re-
f;ii>ii, ii.. Ill; v., cliait. \.
Anaiiiia)' Mountains, iianiu for I'tali
Moiiiitaiiis, i., 4<i.'>.
.\iiali
I'alaiico,
Till
lascan I'oast
rc;:ioii, II.
Ill; v., l!Mi.
.\iiajiii' (Anijuf) ."^oiitii f'al. trilie,
i.. 40'_'-'J-J; local ion i., 4.")!».
.\iiai.
illii
.la!
ISI'O, I., (17
.\iialli-i (Aiialiclics, .Viiailfc.-'), Maya
Itookn, ii.. 7<>S-!(.
.\iianiat (.\iianioiiH) Cent. Cal. trilic,
i.. .S(i;t-4(>l; location, i., 4.V.'.
.\navii'ovoiiili, IVriciii L'odilfss, iii..
I lit).
.\iii'asi^tuai-<. North Mcx. tribe, i.,
."i7i'-'.'l; location, i., (il.'J.
.VncaMiiarca .Moiiiitain, v., 1<'>.
.\ncliiiis. Tent. r.il. trilie, i., 3C3-
401; location i., 4."i2.
All.
I.ak.
4-t:«.
.Vinlcrsiiii l.ak
.\iiil.
\all
t'V,
:tii.
. .'^O-J. 44!».
.\iiiliciiiio\wki I Ainlrcjaiiowiichcu)
Ulan.l. i.. S7, 14-'.
.\i
VX
II
iiu'uas.
Aii-cN, iii, 4'.fj:». .".4((.
.\iiiaii Strait, v., 70.
.\iiiclii' Inland, .MiclioiiCaii,
iv., ."i7l.
\iiijiu«. i., 4'»H, Kco .\iiajno.
(intiq.
.\iiin
IllVli
4:a
Aiisaynias, Cent. Cal. trilie, i. , lUV.i
401; location, i., 4i'>4.
Antfl)
l)n
.-)!).■
Anti'loin" I'cak,
Aiilicinitics, Cent. America, ii., HO-
IS; iv., I."l:{'.»; v., ."iS-til; M(\j.
can IU>|inlilic, ii.
iv., l4.Mil4; v..
MO-.-il; iii
i.">-H; New
.•{OS;
M.
ico, i., .">;i7-S; iv.. tiH)-(>Sl!; ( alit'oi-
Ilia ami Noitli \Ve.-.t, iv.. ('iSs.74.!;
Mi
ssipi-i V
lllCV, IV.,
r440(t; V.
!>:<-.■•, 114; IVrii. iv., 701-H(M;; Itia-
zil, v., l'-':i. Itiliiio^'rapliy of.
-4, l."»()-l, •.»S0'.»4, 'M
:VM) \,
4s;{, »!'_M-."i. See iianics of states
iintl localities.
Ants, i., 410, 4-.'S, r,C>S, 7(i-J; ii., 17(J.
•.WAt.
.\oa (.Mia), Naiinafe.stival ehara<'fer,
iii., :m.
.\|iaclics |.\|iatscliees), one of the
tour tan
into wliicli tlic Ni
Mexicans are tliviijeil. Manncr.i
mill customs of all its nations and
trilies descrilied to''ellier, i., 47.'l-
"I'JCi; id
4S0-4; .
i., 4S7.!CJ
vsiiiue, 1
Iwcllin;;;'
477-0; dn
i., 4S.-)-7;
fooil,
\vea|ioiis, I.
4!»:{-(;
i., 40ii-.'iiH); iin|d Is ainl manufact-
ures, i., ."i(Hl-."i; lioatsaiul |)ni|icrlv.
1., i)0.i-li; art, 1.
,iot;
men
t, i., .")(I7-HI; slaverx.
UO.
11; women and maniaLrc, i.. .'ill-
Is, i., ."il,"ii;
l.i; amusemeii
aneoiis ciislonis, i., ."1
|.
17 -Jl; n
il. i.
;i-4;cl
eine aiiil Imna
i., .VJ4-ti; location of trlKe:
r>, .'lOI-O; ill
laractcr,
i7;i.
iO;t-."i: m\lli., iii.. i:i'
l.'t.'i, I70; Ian;.'., iii.
.\|ialacli
."ist, .■io;t-nii;».
dill'usioii .if, v.. -JOSO.
1., iii., 'M, l'J7-130; .\|ialamu. t'dit. Cal. trilie, i., im.
4<ll;
ition, i., ■\'i'A.
Aiiimal-
rnl|ilure 01 inia;.'es, n., 7
"lO- ; .XiiMii, sialioii, .\/lcc mi''ration, v.
I; iv., '24, ;iO-."il, KMI I, H-.'-U, I'J'J
.•{•-•4.
I:t7, Ki.lH, I7:{, I7."», IS.S-O, •JKl, .Vjianco, station, .\/tec mi-iali \,
■.'•.'(i-.'n, •j.Ti, .•ti7 •JO, :<s(;.s, 4.ifi, mi;
0. 4Sl--'. 4SS, 40.{. 4!>7-S, r»(M».l,
."iio-'jo. ."as, .■i4s, ."i7."i, ."iO(i-."(.
.\iiiui|ia\anios. Cent. Cal. trilie, i..
:i(i.'l-4i)l; location, i., 4.Vi.
.\iikl
H7
e-ornaincnls, 1., ,17
iii., 'AS.\
4; ii
!.".«•,
.\iiKutcliin, i,, 147, see Ilaii Kiit-
< Inn.
\iil\>.'niules (.\iilyj,'niJHteii, .XiiiyK-
Vol. V, U
.•f.'.t.
.\|iaiiccai|, a Tolti'c iiolile, v., ■J."i4.
.\|iantccutli, Naliua 1,'od, v., IIKI.
.\|iasco i.\|ia/.co), station, .\/.lcc mi-
^;ralion, \. , .'<'2;i-4.
.\|iataiiines. Cent. Cal. trilie, i., .'<li.')>
401;
locatioi
4.-);j.
.\|iaupisi. I cut. Cal. laii^'. , iii.. ImO.
.\|ia\tle. a Nalina ncsmI, ii., 'J7-.
.\|iay, Ciiit. .Viiier. laiij;., iii., 7ti<l.
Hi
G12
INDEX.
f\|H«*«. Xortli ^frx. irWto. i.. "•J-iM : ' Ari-^jio (Arizjif \ villa;.'r. Scinnra. i.
liMiitimi, i.. <>l I : M'c aUo MiMikt
IK ).>-(;.
,\|«llai', .Salniii jihut- in tt'tii]ilc, Alilliiiirtir, i.. (iS, l'.>-„'. •J74 -"., r<*i'
iii., .■«;
."HU, T'-'tJ, 7<'!t; ii.. .»<I7.. •)(»((.
i:{ ».
\|til. •flit. <'al. trilK', i., .'{(J.'J^Ol ; Ari/mia, iiatimis ami ttilM>. i. 4 •_*•_'.
4(M-t>, it;*-.""."!.*!. .")!»I-C.(i;t; iiivtli.. iii
7.".-s:{. i:f.'-(i. 170, .vjtis; lan^ . hj.
yXiW.\, (J7I-4, (ibO-t;; aiiti.| . iv.
<illi-44.
kitil. < fill, t ai.
liN'atioii. i., 4.'>\.
AjHiala. town, Oajai'a, iii., 71; v.
i'lia|>. \.
k|IO|l
•w. i.. 247.
A|M.tli....-i.-i. ii.. CIS. C.il.l, r.W. Sdl;
iii.. --'.vii. :{•_>. L'7i, :<(is. .•{•I'.i, ^.■.7,
47:{; v., •_'<».".. -Ji'ii. •i4!»-.')0, L'.V>, -Jti^i
rliaji. \i. . \ii., xiii.
A|Hi/(>l4'i>, a iiii^Niuii ill (Viif. ,Mf.\.,
i., »i7-.'.
AiHi/iiii:illiill. iiaiii(> of ('lialcliiliiiit-
liciir. iii., '.U'u.
A|i|>ariliiiii->, Mcv. hist., v., 4((7-0.
^\|i|«'al. rij:lit of. ii., 4:U-7, 44."), (!.')(!.
A|>|ilf-trff < "ove, i.. .'itH
Ark.
iiivtli.. 111., (!(!, 7<i, 7!'. li".'>: V.
14. H(;-7. :<--'7 il.
A|iiia-<tii,
ffiit. Cal. trilK?, i., 3ti;»-
4<H; liii-atioii. i.. 4.VJ.
Ac|iiaiMisli, trilM' of N'notkas, i., 17"i-
■_'0S: I.H-atio.i, i., •_»<.'.'».
A<|iiariiis .Mii'iiit.ii>:s. i.. •'i!)7.
A<|ua'> talicnttv,. South (a!., i.. 4<M>.
AiJIIfillKt-, ii. Kl'.t. ."iti;{. .")(i.")t;; i\. ,
I -J I. .14 1--.'. 447. .")i.'-.'-4, CI 1, 7'.IS, .Sdl ;
v.. 42-2, 4.VJ .{.
At|uiach. Nahiia till.', v., '.'C4, 48(
Ai|ii
iiirifiit Nahiia lionu', \.
•J_'l, MfX
Ara. il(ili«-cl l.ini. ii., 2l-_'; v.. IC.
.Vraltic. lai';:.. Irai-fH. iii., 7d."t.
Ai'ain.'iriiia. Ilomliiras. aii(i<|., iv..77.
.\ikaii.si.s Itivrr, i., 4t'.4, .V.ij.-J.
.\rks. i., U:*, sec .\iikH.
Ariiiiiilillos, ii, 7-0.
Ariiifria, Coliiiiii. aiilii|.. iv.. .""J.
Armor, i., M). !M», 10.">. ICo, IvJ. j.-o.
!!.•{.-), 4:«i», .Vtl,
■ i,s, C,
::i. 7i.
ii.. 4(«-8. 4HS, 4'.M», 74'.'. 7"'<i.
Ariiiorifs, ii., 4I."», ."»78.
.\rii
W,
'1"
.\niolto. oil, i., 7"i.S.
.Arrii
iiiiiaiiha
liai.Di
iiaca, aiiliii., ix..:i7t.
.Arrows, sfc llosvs and .\rriiw».
-Vrrow i.akfs. i., l'.VJ. '2i,4. •J7I-'J. '114.
Arroyo Itjaiico. i., 4.">7.
.\rst'iials, sff .Xriiiorif.s.
^\rt, I! vpcrliort
ICO-I. IC.
'_';t.S-<l,
riO(i-7,
M
i')S; ( III II III-
I7l'. I !••-':!.
r\ir;in-. I..
>4.")-(», r)C4, .">s:! I; M.
i.. '-'4, C;il; ii., 4I-J. 47.f-
;»CC-.">!I7; v.. 'J.").S; Cc:!!. .\in
>.>•_; I\.
70<»-l,
.•C-,s. 7C'.l: ii.
r4>-vj:
-.1111
IVS, < 'fll
44)1
loratioli.
'ai
as Itay, i
(ill
1. town, !
fh.
11 , .■•>.>.
IV.,
sin;
i.")-:<cr); I
t'niviaiis. i\.
t. Cal. trilie, i., ;{C;i- ' .VrtfljiiowHkojt's. tril f .Mciii-
i.. 4.VJ
!I4.
North ("ill. !.. 44(5.
701 -J
;H: \\
I'.
i:t7. I.".7-H. 171. 177-!t. I!MM. -.'(LS,
;i ♦. Ji-'s, ■.',{.-.. MA 4.
.'-:i. :to'.iii.
S7-!M; location.
II.
.Artemisia. ( 'int. I al. t'onil,
.\rt('/Kiitslii, tril
I.. :!7l.
M> Ol I Ullll'll.
I I4-.'I7: locjilion. i.. 1 17
.Arlsniilsh, i.. .'lO.'i. sec l\:ii
kscfiisioii liner
Cli-J. Cii.V
:{»i-:». XAi, :\-:i. risii-i, .-is.}. 4.".i, i .\s.eties. Nalmas. iii., 4:!(;-7. 4»i J.
4r.o I. .vj.s, ij,-.s, 7i:<.
Vse^'iiantr (.\sei|naii;^i, tril f II. n
Arcli:i-i>lo;.'y, iatrodiiftory, iv., 1-14; i dalis, i., l.")C-74; loc.iiiiii
il.
.\iitii|iiitii
Ash
Ar.hite. tiire. ii., .m:{-H!», 7.s;I-!I4; iv.
Ii, el se
llwejlinys.
.V)-CO:
see also
i., ll'C, -JIM. :t!i.V7. 4I'.>.
r)iiii; ii., 'J77, .'<07. .•U>s, Ciis-lo. t;|.-».
CI 7, 111' I, 71
1 1 1 . I ...
Anil .S|iring, Nt!W Mex., aiiti<|., iv.
(•4.1.
Areit' .-i iHtliiiiiaii ilanees. i., 774.
Ari't''ie>, >cirtli Mex. trilte, i. , 57-
H': !•
Ill, I., lil.'l.
Ar.U't/i, villa;:e, Soiiora, i., (KM5.
Ariv'ames, North Mex. Irilie, i., ')7--
Kl: liM-alioii i., (iiO.
Aripas (.\rii»ei. Lower Cal. trilie, i.. ! .Association, element ol |
.\shoi'hemie, Ceiil. Cal. Ian;:., iii..
C4.S
.\sia, ori^riii frnin, v.. .'iO-."!.'!.
.Vsit'iilic-hiilii .Mounlaiii--. i., .V.»7.
.\siiiliiiil, South Cal. trilii'. i.. 4ii-.'-
'.'•-•; location, i., •».■<».
.\s|iiaiiiU|UL', Cent. Cal. laii^'. . iii..
(m:I.
.\sM, l,oworCiil., fooil, i.. ."iCI
iKKi-71; ioc, i., (JU4; laiig., iii., 08
liiure»>, II.,
i
.■>.')-l».
INDKX.
CI.)
AsHtuifa-*. ("(III. 'ill. Iri
401; Iniiitioii. i.. ill
'MV.\-\ Atlantis, iiri,'iii tlii'nrv, v., I".
A^>tliiiia. i., -fST, t't'T.
AsiriiiiiCiiv, i., .■>S4; ii., .">()(>■•_'•-'; iii.
37 1; IV., 4!M;
rKK'.-S; %., ■\.M.
Asiic-ia-'iia, South ("al. trilx', i., 4(h.'
•_••-»: I.xaliitii, i.. 4t;(t.
Siiialr
A-'iiiM'iiiii Siaiiori, villa;,'!
i.. t;i4.
Atalava i'asllc. < Juati'iiiala. ii., 7HS.
At
At;
ilc'aiil|iii. III.
iiiial<^Mali/tl
4 •-'(»,
\lli'aliiiali-ii.
alma |-i'li;,'ii>iis
f.-ast, li.. :»4I: iii., 4-.".».
Ataiiiatalii), fnri-.-it, .Mirlioacaii, v.,
-.17.
AtaipcM, (Viit. Tal. trilic, i., :<(1:<-4(>1 ;
liiratiiiii, i., 4'>-.
Alrliacr, i., 14-. m-c .\tklias.
.\ti'akari (.\tcarari), iiaiiir nf Coras,
.\tl,i|.ol( o. a litv III .Matlall/.iiii'o, \.,
4;;:{.
.Vllialiiiali'o (.\tl<']iual<'i), Atalcaoljio,
.\tlaoiiiilo. .\tli-aoalot, Naliii.k
iiiontli ainl fi'>ti\al, ii., •<()■*), •'•<'!';
iii.. .TtvJ. 4l!» •.'(».
Atl
laca, \ I'la ( rii/, aiitii]., iv.
»•:
.\tlii'alaLMiiaii I .\tlii'alai|iii.'iii, .\lli
lal.M
Ailill.
in(|iiiaii.
.\llii!
Iar|iaii, .\litalai|iiial, station. A,.-
tiT ini;.'ialioii, \ .. .■(■_';t-4.
.\tliliM<-t/ian, a inosinrt- ot .Mt'\i o.
I., I>(.">.
.\lli
town, riiclila.
I!7I;
I., <>.
At.
III.
>tl
:i'.».
f III
r('|iiiiifi'atl, v., L'fi,, iiaint' o
mar ii.
.\iriiio/tiil Att'iniii^tlii. Nail 11.1 nioiitli.
ii., .•«7. ."I."!!!, .">ll: iii., .TKi.
Ati'iniialii'ratl. Naliiia titlf. ii., I.'IS.
.Vii'iianiitK
Tot.
mar station, v.
•-'iCI.
Alfiico (.\tt'n;;o). villa;.')', Mcxiro, ii.
.'iiiil; station,
A/t
(•(• ini;,'ialion, v.
.\ti'|ii'tla<', station, A/tec iiii;,'iali<'ii.
\., :{•_'.•{.
Ati'|>oi'a\i\ililiiia, Naluia danct', ii.,
;{l.'4.
.\tlia).as.a l.aki", i.. 144.
.\tlialiasras, iiaiiK- fur ( 'liciu'wvaiis,
i., 114,
.\ililctif S]>orts, i., .V>'J
,).S()
•j.si), L".c>.!», 7i:M4. Sii
.Viniiscnu'iils.
.\tilan, ilfiiaitnicnt of Oaj;ica. i.. tiSd.
.\tit, (Inatciiialan i|iu'('ii, iii., 7'>; v..
I'll
'I'
rS!l; IV.
IL'I;
.\titlan (.\litaii, .\tilal-liin ii), town,
tiiiatciiiala, i., 7ts!l; iii., 7.">; v.,
t'lia|i. .\i.
.\titlaii l.aki>, 1.
I'liaji. si.
Atklia Islaiiil, laii),'. , iii., ."'.l.
.\tklias (.Mi'liatT), triln'ol' .Mciits, i.
.S7-!I4: locati i., .s7, l4l-'_'; Ian;;.
iii.. .-)7.s-'.t.
All. Naliiia ilay, ii., .".ll-l-J, .".If.-r
.\tla<'aiiiaiii. iiaiiic <>f ( lialcliiliiiitli
lii|., iv.. 4»is-!t; hist., v., •_'(>•_•, 4:*<
4»;t. 4<i;{, t'.t'.t ,".(t4.
.\iliiia\ oacali, hualitv, I'lU'Ma, \.
4',HI. '
.\tiiahs (.Xliiaks'i, liilaiiil tiihc, i.
•_'.">4-lll; lo.atii>n, i., •-'.".1. .•Il(»: -^v
iiicniioii, i., "JtiO; laii''.. iii.. .'(.sit-iU
.Vtiias (.Mitci
la.-
.\ti
lacn. inlic i i
'riniii'h. i., I14-i:t7; location, i.
llli, l.Ci, 14'.); s|ici-. men., i.. l.'t.
.\tiia Itivrr. naiiic of (oiiin'i- i;i\ci
i., :<S, I4!».
.\to.'h
ijiaii I .\toi'|iaiit, jii'oviiicc, \ ( i.i
V
t'lii/, 1.
;{ 1:
»•-'(».
.\tolf lAtollii. .S.'ihiia ilrink, i., il'.Ci,
7tNi; ii., ;C)."i.
.Vtoiialt/in, iiaini' for l>/a\\ iii<laii(l.i,
v., 41.-..
.Vioiiaii, station, ( 'hichiincc iiiiLrra-
tion, v.
'.•4.
.\toiiatinli, Naiiiia a;;.' of xvaliT,
ii., .MI4; iii., Oil.
.Vlolonilco, station, .\/lt'i' nii;:iatioii,
v., iMis, ;fj;i-4.
.\toto/tli ( Atotoi/.iiil, a Mi'xii'aa
|)iiii('i'>s, \,, ;Uti, .'{."i.s, .■{7'J,
I district of (iiicrrcro, i..
AloM
ti7s.
Alialo l!i\cr, i., 7'.M!-7
.\ii:
'II, t all torn i.'i iii\ tliic |M'isoiia;.'i',
III
Iii.
.\l
iipcn, nioiintain,
>l!t.
.Mi.l
loacaii.
cue. III.
:<li
Atlacohnavaii. city, Mexico, v,. lO'-V
All
iciif/ona, \va
t.r I
lIV, III
.■{(i!».
.\ilaciiihiia\an, station, .\/tfc iiii;,'ra-
tioii, v., ;Vj4.
.\tlaciii/.oa\an Mountain, iiaiiic of
i
acubasa, ni.,
40.1
.\t/aciialco, [larl of .Mexico c'.lv. ii
.■.ii;{.
.Vl/capot/alco, station, .\ztec nii;.'ia-
tioii.v., .'I'Jt. See al-o .V/capu/.alco.
.\t/ih \\ iiiaU t'awek, < akclii<|iii 1
till
e, \,, ciiap. XI.
Au;,'nries, ii., i'.m, ,'{Si»-',(,-t, 4'_'7! iii.
4:is,
.\iija\. i., 4.V.», see ( ijai.
.\uks (.\rksi, triiie of 'I'liliiikeets, i.
t>i;.||4: location, i.,<H>, 14:(: Iuiil-.
oil
IXDKX.
Aulintars. fViit. f'al. trilji', i., .1f.:{-
4<>l; lociitiiiii, i., 4.'i4.
Aiiliiiir, -'icll u-ii'(l as niiiiK'y, i.. .lH."i.
Aiixidii. Soiitli Cal. trilif, »., 4()*2-'-'2;
liicatiiiii, i., 4."))S.
Aiitliiiiilii'M, list t»f, i., xvii-xlix.
Aiitlaii, ilalisni, aiitiij., iv., 'u'2.
Aiitoi lillidii, <>ii;;iii tlicnrv, v., ll'D-.'VJ.
Aiiva|>uiin's, Niirlli Mcx. triU-, i.,
r>"7i'-!ti; lociiiiiiii, i.,(;i:<.
Aii/ar, ('ulifiiriiiaii iiivtliic |i<'rs()iia;^'i-,
iii..ltir>.
Avatanak Island, i., 141.
Avataiiaks, trilx! of AUnits, i., 87-
1)4; location, i., 141.
Av«Matl, a Tolti'c chief, v., 24.'}.
Avenues, see Streets.
Aviaries, Naliiias, ii., l(!.'{-(i.
Avilix (Awilix), t^iiiehe trod, ii., 048;
iii, .">(), 477; v., I.sl, cliap. xi.
Awiinees, Cent. Cal. trilie, i., JUi.'J-
4<ll ; location, i., 4.")(».
Awi;,'iias, Sontli Cal. tril)e, i., 40'_»-
*."2; location, i., 4ti().
Awls, i., 407-S; ii., 710; iv., 710-rj,
740.
Axalo. villa;;e, Cnerrero, i.,(>77.
Axaiicalii, liatii houses, iii., 'A:\'.
.\/('alI.\()clii;l, a Tolti'c princess, v.
:i\A.
Azcaxochill (.\zenxochii), siaiioii
A/t
of Malinal
ec nn'M'atiou, v.
e- 1, V.
S4(»;
.•{•Jl; 111
|irnu('>-. n|
Mexico, v., .'{.kS; aTejianec princess
and iiueen of Tezcuco, v , 4'JI.
.\/ti
CO, town, .Mexico, ii., ijOO.
.\/ta|iil|ietiati, mats, iii.. ,'(.°>.'i.
.\/tatlitexcan, ii Tailotlae chief, v.
.\/taxelli, tassels, ii., 320.
A/ti
Nal
.\\avacatl, tli
I.. 1)2.); II.
.•l.-)0.
kinj; of Mexico, v., 417, 424-.'{."),
4!»!t, rm, cliap. X.
.\xcalma. Nahiia title, ii., 1S7.
'.M»,
see .\caii
ht/in
■t.-l; iii.
'M, .V.t-tiO, rMl, CM, (177
.\xcaiiht/in, v
.Vxes, i., 71!»; ii., 4>S0, .V)7
71.; iv.
.\xix]iatli, Naliiia medicine, ii., .'iOO.
Axoiiiieiitzin, Acoihiia iiriiice, v.,
47.1-r)2r>;
410.
Axpitil, i., 4.")H, see I'axjjili.
.\\iias, trilw! of .Apaches, i.,
.spec, mention, i., 482, .")(K>, 'iW.
.\yacachtii, rattles, ii., 2S!>. 2!K{.
.\ya;,'iias. North .Mex. trihe, i., r)72-
Dl; location, i., <>I2.
A vail haal), Maya intercalary years,
ii. , 7<)2.
AyatI, N'ahiia mantle, ii., .'{(US.
Ayauhcihmill (.\yamhi;^iial), aMex-
ii an (iiieen, v.
:«;;<.
.\\ hiittisaht, i., 2'.l."), see I'.hateset.
Avotziiico, town, Mexico, ii., ")(i,S; v.,
"4'.l.-).
.\\tcliarts, trihe of Nootkas, i,, 17.")-
'2(»S; location, i., 2!l.").
.\zacot, a (Quiche «'hief. v., eluip. xi.
A/capiizalco, citv, .Mexico, i., (>7.");
ii., 104-.'), 2i!»-2(), 47.'); v.,:ni, :{20,
;u4, ;j4,j-r)8, '.na-d-i.
imi iiati ii., <l()-(;j!i;
'.»;!."); iii., .V)7-8; mvth., ii.,
2(H>-7, 24."i-(;, :«»2-4i, ;{.s.s-'.»7. i;(i4-.'),
()IO-l!t; iii., .V>-70, lOO-I.H. ll!i.2:«,
128!», I81-2:M, 2;t7-444, 4t;'.i-70,
.'ill-l.'), .").'{2-<»; lan^'., iii., .Vi7-,S. (;;{0-
I, ti(iO-7--', ()80-*2, 7I:M4. 7l<i, 7i'.»-2ii,
7'-';{-:i7; antiij.. iv., ,")04-2:{, .Vili (11;
hist., v., ,'«»7-.")10.
Aztetl, Nahiiii medicine stone, ii.,
tilN).
Azlh
(i7(i
III, aiicu'
ii., I-.
lit h
.">; v.
nine ol
f .Vztc
I.
.'I. ;{(i.V(;. :(.'•.••.■>.
\zto;^iiiha .\i|iiiyaliiiacatl, a 'i'luNcal-
tei
rhicf.
4!»H.
A/uzu, vUIai'e, South Cul., i., 41)0.
B
r>aali, a Za])ntee captain, v., cli.ip. x.
i/ajiotec cajtlaiii, v., cliap. \.
liaah
Itaal-I'eor, ('hallic-woiship, iii., ".■.(il.
Iial)el, mvth., iii., (!7-8, 77; \., 17 1'^,
21, 200, 2(l!t.
ISalieles, Norili Mex. trihe, i., ,")72-'.ll ;
location, i., lil I.
ISahiacora. villa;re, Sononi, i., filHi.
Mahiamares, North Mex. trihe. i.,
.'")72-!)l; location, i.. Ill I.
Itahiiies, trihe of 'rinneh, i,, Il4-.'i7i
location, i., 145.
liahispe. villa;;e. Sonoia. i.. flOi).
Hahos. North Mex. trihe. i., .■i72-!il;
location, i., <ilO.
I!at)osari;;aines, North Me\. trilic,
i.. 572-lM; location, i.. (ill.
I!a<'a. villa;:!'. Sonora. i.. (i(is.
IJacahs, Maya;,'ods. ii., (IIK". C'.Ml; i:i.,
4()2, 4l!(i; rulers of Mayapaii, v.,
cliaii. xiii.
I!acaile;^uachi, villay;e, Si)iiciia, i.,
(>(h;.
llacalar, locality in Yucatan, v,
chap. xiii.
Hacaiiiy.-iluia (Ilaipoa), villa;,'e, So'
nora. i., (UNi.
I IJaeaiiora, village, Sonora, i., liOiJ 7.
INDKX.
ca:.
r.a'liiiiilKi, Cliilnialma, autiii., iv., 7; ii.. •-'070; iv., 2.W; v., 171 0,
tM»4. IS J, :V.'0, V.V2, . hap. xi.
r.ac-iTac-, villa;,'c. Shiikim, i., <!(K!. Italla)>iillas. i., "iit."), .see IScilaniol.i^.
Ilai'iiat/i (Itaciiai'lii), villa;;c, Siiiinra, { Italiista, Nahiias, ii., 111).
i.. <;ih;.
Itai'Duas. Cont. <'al. trilw, !., H(i.'{-
4<)l: locatinii. !.. 440.
D.ii-iiiii (Uacmi), villa;;!', Siiiiiirn, 1.,
(MIS.
Iiailu'<';<, of rank, see Iiisii;;iiiii.
Ilail;ri'r'<. Mava f<i<«l, ii., 7-iil.
I!;
i., (:•.', I'.Kh ii., ;«JJ, 710; iii.
•.VM, .T<0-4I.
l!a;,'ioi>a.-<, tiild? nf .\iiaciics. i., I7;{.
VJtJ; 111
iV.tS; Ian;:., iii.. («,">.
Ila;.'iianics, North .Mcv. trilic, i.,
"i7--01; loi-alii.ii, i., (ill.
l»aliai'rcha-<. trihf of .\|iiiflu'^, i.,
47:»-V-'(;; I
neat loll.
(00.
liaidar (Havilari-), K.skiiiitt wkii
hoat.
I., *'>0.
Itaiilarka. Kskiino small huat. i., ('>(>.
Ilaiiifs Sitiiiiil, ilrit. Col., aiiti<|., iv.,
741.
r>ai|><ia. i., IKMt, sec Itacaiiiyahua.
I'lijada I'liiiit, i., '_M7.
Ilajiii, ( iiiaiia jiiatii, aiiti([., iv., ,''>77.
l!ak.-r's l!av. i.. .•{04.
ISakhaial, loialily, Yiu-at;iii, v., diap.
\iii.
I'aklimi <'liaaiii, Mava ;^o(l, iii., 4(>7
liallii Ki I'iMi'u-, (dat Valli'v IV-opIr
Ciiit. (ill. Irihe, i., aCIJ-JOl; 1... ii
lii.ii, i., US.
Itallii.strailcs, \'iicatan, aiitit|., iv
-•••.7,
:o, •.':{."
Hal .Mas.|iu-, Nahiia feasf, iii., j'J'.i.
liai.-
iiiii.s, 1., .)S;i, (;oo-7(Hi; 11., .V.)i».
l!aiiiai|s, (iiiatoiiiala Irilto, i., (iSil-
'II; loratioii, i.
I>:iiiihiii)
.'.s;?. W2H. ::{
I, <•)•>; II.
ssii. :<so, ;<os, 4<Ki, 410.
liaiiiii^chiia, Siiiiiliia ;4<iil., iii., ISO.
it.iiiaiiiichi, vi!Ia;,'t', .Sninini, i., CiOi;.
J!;iii.ina, i.. (L'4, tJ04, (107, 710, 7;tO,
7.VS-0, 77."».
IJaiiattt'cs, trihi- of Shoslimios, i.,
f_'_'-4-_'; li.iation, i., 4(il.
I5anila;,'c.>i, tirt's.s, i., 717, 7.VJ.
ISaiiils, 'i'owkas iiiarria;,'c, i., ~:V2.
Maiiks Islaiiii, i., -.MM.
Itaiiiiat'ks (Itaiiiiocks, Itoiiucks^ tri1>o
of .Shoshoiifs, i., I'J^J-ll'J; liicatiiii',
4 10 I ;
I!
.M
iv;i sorcerer, ll
(;.V.»;
fotiiiilorof Coiiaii, v., ehap. xi. Sot
Ci.
I'lalain II., ii Cakchiijiiel ruler, v.
I'll
i!,ilaiii-.\;,'ah (l!alam-.\eal>. Halaiii
.\eaiiil, t^ilii'lie 'Jd Treated man,
iii., 47; v., LSI; (Quiche kin;,', elia|>.
xi.
llalaiii ("idolt, .Miiva nation, i., (iS7-
711; ii., (>;10-S(i:t; hist., v., ehap. xi.
Italani Coiiaehe, a </ii:ih('' prinee, v.,
ehap. xi.
r>alaiii-liMiit/e, (Italam Kieln') (^liehr*
1st created man, iii., 47; v., ISIj
t/uichi- kin;;, ehap. xi.
Italanicha, .Mava nation. i.,fiS7-711;
ii., (;:«tS0:i; liist., v., chap. xi.
r.alhit/, Cnatemala, aiitiq.. iv,. Kll.
llajehi-, South .Me\. driiiU. i.. (if!.').
lial.
ii., l(»l, .V)."i,
also Terriices.
iiald Hill Indians, i., 444i, ,suc
lolalis.
Itald liills, i., 44t>.
r.ale Uaiieli. Cent. Cal.. 1., 4.-)l-2.
See
Tcho-
li/.e, IV.
i:ii»,
Hell
Bi
i., tti.'i; special nientio
laii''., iii., (i()l.
infers, see
!•
IJapaiicorapinaniacas, North Mc\.
trilie
i., .">72 01; loeati
Bapt
t;ii
M
fxicans. I., (itil'J. (iiil;
li., •JliO, •J70-S; iii., .•l(i!).7(i, 4:i'.i;
.M
ivas, 11., (IC't, (;s-_*-4.
Itaijahol, ('akcliii|uid hand, ]iriiiic,
and family, v., ch.np. xi.
Uaiahara, Konia;;a dwellin;,', i., 7*.
Itaranoir Island, i , Ol'i, I !.'{.
it;
irliarism, see Sa\a''ism.
Itai'liasco, used as
IS;
iroi-r-siioiis
Nal
III, 1.. (tiO.
iiias, II.. ;i70.
ISai'hote, chin-oinament, ii., .•(Tli
tarclav Smini
".1.1
:07
Hark, II viierliiireai
101 -.1.
IIS, r_>;{, i;f(i-l: Ciilnniliiaiis, i ,
IC.oi, I7i». I7--':1, 170 S(i, isj;,
ISS, 101. •JOl, •-'II, -21 t l.'i. lMs, 'J-jt,
'2:to-:<, •_':{.'., •-•.■)7. •-'oo, --'70, •-'7--'. •-•m;;
iii., l.'iO; < 'aliforniaiis, i., ;{iiS, ',i~\'.,
;\S2, tOCi; New .Mexicans, i., 4M,
.'•.(KI, .-((c.'. ."117, ."•.•v.', iVt.-i, .".(;:{; M(\-
icans, i, CmO; ii., 174. .V.i'.l; ten;.
.Ameiicans, i., O'll, (107, <10!l, 71'-
1(1, 7 IS, 7--'^-', 7'-'4, 7^-Ni, 7.". I, 7" I,
7(10, 7(l(i-7; ii., 7'-*7, 7.'{4, 7."rJ, Vtii.
Iiarnacles, food, i., •_M4.
liarrieadcs, .-.ee l''orti(icalions.
Ilashoiics, i. , 4."iO.
ee iin^hiimnes.
•alls, "'anies \\ ith,
X>'A, :VX\, ,")S(i- I'.a-iroas, North .Mcx. trilic, i.
I
01; location, i.. (i07
i
I'
CIG
I\I>KX.
I!ii>l;(t^, iryiicrliiircMii^, i., fll, 1(»;}, ni-m-on Hill. P.iili^li Culuiiil
I(i7, 1-".>; <'iiliiiiiliiaiis
»lil, Mil-
Hi-':{, ' tin . i\
r4o
I'Ki, i;-.', |S.'>, liM*, -'l;i, --'I.".. •_'•_'(», I5(Mil>. Ily|.«ii»(n:iii.s, i., 7-.' :{, |-J8,
-•;U, 'J«i-7. '-'(111.', -JlO; ralifi.riii- , l:il. 1X1; ( •..|iiiiiliiaii>, i., 17'.), Is-j';
IS, i., 3:{!l, ."{1.'), :{7»-."., :tSlL', JOil, Calilxniian-. i., ;i:U. .'{47, :{iis, .isi-
4--'it:«>, 1.11; N.w Mcviiaiis. i.
r>(»(>. :><»», ."i:{it, .".i:i. .-.i;;(-i. .-.77; Mia-
iraiis. i., (J-Jt, t;,ii t;:!:i; ii., 4.s;{,
(ijii, (Hit; Cent. Aiiii'iiiiiiis, i., 7-4,
7<!(i.
I'>a»>|ia, North M('\. laii;:,, iii., 707.
I'.at^. i., .•«»:», 5(11, Hi-2; ii., 74;{; iii.,
4S4.
I'.atali, .Maya title, ii., <!:t().
l»alcMnlakaii'<'-<, Cent. Cal. tril«<', i.,
:{<;:i-401; location, i., 448; Ian;,'.,
iii., ()17.
ISatcnaii, aiK'ient (luat. trilie, v.,
eliap. \i.
llaliis, llv|ierlioreaiis, i., S:{, 111;
Coluinl.laiis. i, -Jdl, '.'((.V L'l'.t,
.T.li!. 4J4-(>; New .M
4s-_' :i, .")»."); Mexicans, i., C:
i'elit. .\inrriian-, i., (jKl, 71^
e\iiaii>, 1 ,
• Ml':
II., »!S4,
'>(».
IVans, i., •_';{4. 4S!), XiH, 'ui.
(ii.'J, (I'M, 71 '.I, 7''H;
:j4:{, ;»47, .sv., 7iHi'.».
'.ears, i, .lO, r>7, 7S.
:!M), ;!(H».
'.M. 17i>. ls7-
8. •_':i(». -zryH, •jdi, ;w7, .'i.v.i. 411.. i;.
4-_'(;, 4:!S, 4!»1. 4!>(;, .V.'d; ii., .-ijii;
iii., SO, 01 -.S, l.')0. .'>4(;.
IJearrre.lv, i., 447, 4.'.()-l, 4<;-'; iii..
(U.S -0; iv.
Iiearil.-
:;{."), •-'S4-t); Califiiriiian
;{.-.(;, .'lo:), 4iO: N(
.M
e\i(ans, i..
4S7. .V.M-'J, 5r)4, r)C.'.l: .Mexieaiis, i.,
«)-'(i-7, (!:W-40, {>:<{, (1(17; ii., 171-L',
'J(iS, -JSO, .-{K;. .•i70. ."{Sit, ;t!ii', :.7l,
r».s7
nO.Vd, li-.'l; iii , Xi'-H, •Mi,.
4:{.v.
+47
■>•_'.■>-(■.,
<'ent.
Anierieaiis, i., (IOC, 70!*, 7--'--', 74:{,
7(>0; ii.. ti41, (illO, (iSl, 73.'), 7f>0.
W
ir.
l!eeal, \'ni'al.'in, antiii., iv., '.'(iL*.
I
lie.l.-
iec'.incliei
r»i, -.'."(O, .■.44, (;:to, (;.'>(
r-.'t; li., 2.V.I, .-.7
I'.attl.'s,
Jl.iltleleiiiuleenianeh (Meatwlin),
Irilie of Slinsliwaiis, !., :*>">1 01; lo-
cation, i., ;il'_'.
H.iltlenients, Naliiia arcliitecture, ii.,
."i.'iCi. .")7S '.SO.
ISalueari, ortli Mc.v. Ian;,'., iii.,
707.
Jlatiieas, North Me\. trihe. i., .'")7-- ! l>eeii, 'r/.eiicial <lav.
I.. 4(i ■
."(.■>■ i;. X\
117, I.-.7. 17
.■{t;."i 7, 4o-.'-:
"»7:{. (.10, (;.'•_', (;4ii s, cso, 714; ii.,
;{7o. •i-4, 7;5oi, Hdi'.
I'ear Lake IIJMr, i., 144.
1)1 'an fort Itav. i., .V_'.
lieaver, i., Sd. 117, 1-J.'5. ]Xl S.V.K
•J44. '-'iM. 4-_'4, 4:{0; iii., 01 i:;ti.
IJcaver Imi., (Thick
triU-
tion.
.f TI
■U
114-:t7; 1.
.M.
114, 144; Ian-., iii.,
iiinlains, i., 4(17, 4(i.S.
)N>.
ncatan, .'inllii., iv
>-(.li'.l.
,.S(.-,.
I'edaliiii.ireks, Cent. Cal. tr
:(ti.{-40l; loiation. i., 4.">1.
.ees, 1., it,
(i.">0; 11., (;oo, 701
ISeeatee, Che|'e\\yan fooil, i., U.S.
01; location, i., (ilM
II., ,{>,.
>; si.eciai men
tion
r.">-S; I
iiiir.. III., (ioo.
IJatiico, villa;re, Soiioia. i., (iO(>-7.
r>al/.. 'I'/eiiilal (lay, ii., 7(i7.
I'at/.a. (j'iucIk'' prince, v., cliap. \i.
Ilat/.nl, Cliia|ian iiiontli, ii., 7<>i>.
J!an/iii'i;;aiiies (I)a/anri;;aincs|, Nortli
M(
tril
llie.
r)7-'-01; locati.
(il-J;
<liec. icieiition, i.,.")7(i, ."iN.'>.
lieheailin;.'. Naliiia mode of sar
tic
ii., .•{i>4, .•{•_'7, :<:{•-'. IVM
r.cll.ellahs.
04,
l!clhlcool;l
i'leleh, Ciialemalii, anti<|., i\., I.'il.
r>elelie(jlal. (,»iiiclic prince, \..c liap. \i.
Jieleheh Cili, t^llliclie piiuci-, v.,
chap. xi.
r.eleheh t^ueli, Quiche jiriiicc, \.,
I'liap
I'.ayai, locality in ( Iiial, \-.. chap. xi. IicIcIh'I) T/.i, Quiche jniiice, v.,
r>a\ aiiieo, ancient honi ; of the W'a- cliaji. xi.
llcl.'m, riiel.lo villa-o, i., oOO.
I'.i'len, villap', Soiiora, i., (io.'>, ('lO"^.
lieli/e (iialize), i., 70;{; iii., 7i!l; i\-.
iiacaces, v., ;>
II.
iavanio Kiver, i
rO(i.
trihe of Isth-
mians, i., 747-.S."); location, i., 70(1-
l>a\. linos llavanos
(I'.
r.
,; laii^'., 111., ,
!t4.
i\ ila
re. i., (lO, see l.aiclar
r.ayette Jtiver, i., 4(1.'!.
I>ay.!,'na. poisonous plant, ii., 7-1.
J5a\iiia I'oinos, Cent. ( al. trihe,
;( i.'>-40l; locaticni, i., IIS,
l.'IS-O.
f'.elize Itiver, aiiti.|., iv.. I'iO.
nellai-oola.sdiellahoolas.n.lla-liclioo-
las. Iteli>.'llalis, liellal><'llali>. IM-
laliolla-.. I'.ellat.onahs, r.ail.'ilM.ii.i-i.
trihe of ilaitlahs, i., 1,")(J-174; loi ,i-
INDF.X.
(in
tioii. i.. ]')'>. •J:I4-"i; sjicc'. incntiaii,
i., I.i.s, loii, n;!»; laii-.. iii.. (iiiT.
IJfll.s, i., ~iC>, 7.; >; ii., •i'.iO, .•Mil, .■{•_'4-
•">, 7t>ii-7, 7.!7, 7;'.i-.">(t, 7^7; iii., I'.'ls,
;{_'t. :fs.i; i\., :>.">( ;.
IViiii:-li;iiii liav. i., '.'(IS, •_"_»!, '2'M.
'•Its. ;., :i:v.i, is.;. .Viii; ii., :«i(i.
i»«'ii, . 'i_\ci<lay, ii., 7">"»-(i, 7t>il.
liciU'irii'-. Sdiitli ( ill., laii;.'., iii., (iSfi.
l!clii-.\oiii)s (( 'ajiiiu'-., ( 'iijiiliiis, Nr\i-
clia.-*, Ni'.\it/asi, Soulli .\1<'.\. Irilic.
i., (■.r)-7il; liicaliiiii, i., (iSII; N|MTial
iji('iitii>ii, i., (id.S; laii^. , iii., 7.VI;
lii.>t., v., ('Iia|i. .\.
rii';i(iiiiU .\iiiis (I{fiili<'k), i., l.">'i,
•-".it-.-i.
IJi'iiii^' l!av, i., '.Hi, Ml
IScriii;: I -If, i., IM.
Hfiiii- .Sirails, i., 2S, 37, Jl, f'.:V !.
i;f.l; v.,--'S.
I'.cnics. i., r,o, 7(5, 78, !1(), ' ' . V2:\.
li;-.i-:i, INI, l.s7-«, I'Jl). '.itH. 214,
aj'.t. -j::!. -Jl;!. 201 -7, :i.3, iW'J-lu,
;U."), :!7;i 1. MMi. 427, 4.iO, ooH.
Iiclaiiias. .Micii laraii |irii|ili', v., .'.il.
Ilfti'iilliai, sec .M a Ilia;,'!' ami V.'itiin
>Iii|i.
Iictliii;.'. M'c ( laiiil(Iili;_'.
licliiiiikcs, Cciii. Cai. tribe, 1., 3(.;:{-
4I>1; Imaliiiii, i., 447.
li.'tiiiiiki Nalic.v, i., 447.
Uu'iiaiias, Niiilii .Mi'\. tribe, i., iJ7"J-
'.II: loratic.ii. i., (;il.
Itililiii^iajiby,
Aliiiaiii/. Mi'iii. tK' MetlaltDyura,
iv., 4.".s.li.
Aliiiara/, I'l'ntibiiai'aii, in hi.,
-Mfiii. I'arliiMa, iv., .'i3().
I'alilwiiT.s .Viuii'iil .Viiii'r., iv., 2.
IJiisraiiii, ill ltiiliiii!^iiir.~ilJt'uiii Cal.,
iii., Hil-2.
Itiiliiriiii, liJi'M, ii., r)32.
JbasM'iir ill' iMiiii-Kdiir.:, IIi>t. \iit.
Civ., ii.. 111!, 321, 131;, oM, CM '>;
l.")3-l.
lirassciir i
aiii), ii.
Il- I
liiiirliiiiii'
-M.S. Ti
r.Mt.
Jlia^sciMili' ItiiiirlHUir;^, I'lijinl \'iili,
iii.. 42-4.
lirassi'iir dc liiiiirliniiiLr, UccIut-
I'lics siir It'.-- liiiiiicN ill' r
'I'
iv., 2'.t3 4.
Cari-ri. (!iro ili'l Muiiilo, ii., 5.'!l,
.")I4-.-).
('atlH'rwiHid's \'i"\vs of AiK'ifiit
Miiiiiiiiii'iiis ill ' •'iiiral Aiiicriia,
iv.. HI. lUi, •J'.i2-.3.
Clianiav. iliiiiii's .\iin'r., iv., .' 17,
2!ll. 3111.
('iiiU'\ t liiiiialiMijiai'a, v., rj2-3.
Di'iinV Ms., .Xiicicnt I!i'iiiaiii> in
N'aiiiiMiMT l>liiiiil :.'•..', !.'. (ill.,
i\., 737.
l)iiiii(iii'iirs jicscrts, iii., lxil-1.
|l|||iai\. ifclalinii, iv., °.',iii-l.
I'ricilrrii lis-lial, l.c^ .Mi-niiiiir;ils
lit' r\'iiralaii. ill Nmnilli'i .\ii-
iialt'^ ilt'» \'iiv., 1^41. toiii. xtii.,
iv., III1-7.
i''iii'iili'> y liii/inaii, l!t't'ii|>ilai'itiii
I'lniitla', ili>t. (tiial., i\., II.
(■aiiiiilo. Itiiiiisot l'i>|iaii, ill Aiiit'i',
.\iilii|., .Slit'., 'I'raii.-ai t., vnl. ii.,
iv., ,S0.
(iiMlilia, .\llt. .Mt'\., ill Sim'. .Mt'.\.
(it'll;.'., tiiiii. ii., iv., ir.i.
Ill rnra, Ili-Nt. (It'll.. i\.. Ml.
llit'rri. Ikiiiiia.s ilt> .Mmitt' llt-al. in
.Mu.--t'ii .Mi'\.. tiiiii. iii.. i\.. 4111.
Ixllilxi.i-' ■ 1, Hist. ( hit li., iii , t;4.
•liHit's" .luifiit .Viiit'r., iv., .'^2; v.,
.liiariiw. Iii>t. (iuat., i\.. Ml.
K'ili'.,'sbiiri>ii;;li, .\nt. .Mt-x., iii., Ilil;
iv., 2'.il; \., M.
La.-iCa^as, .MS., Ili>l. A|iiilii;:t lira,
ii.. r,K.\, (177.
-MulliT. Aiiit'rikaiiisi'lif I rii'li;;i-
iiai'ii, iii., 273-:iii(i
Miilli'r. ('Iii|is ti'oni a (ii'iniau
W iirk>liii|i. iii., 43-1.
Niirmair^ llaiiibii"-. i\., 1 l")-'i.
i'
iilat'iti, ( 'arta, iv.
I'alariiis, l)t'siii|i. (Jiial.. in 'I'cr-
iiaiix-( '<nii|iaii>, Ui'iuiil ill' \-uK-.,
v., 7'J.
I't'it'z, ( 'riiiii(lii;.'ia Aiit. ili' \'iifii-
taii. ii. . 7.')"i.
I'liiilt'ili. l'x|>liii'alii>ii.H, iv., 132.
rri'.si'iiil".'^ Ili.-l. ('iiiii|. -Mfx., ii.,
«;.s.3.
ir.2, 171. 410-1.
itaiiiii'i'/, .\tlas, .Mt'J.
Hill. I (f.-Mriiitimi nt the lliiiii.s nf
an .Xinit'iit ('i(y, iv.. 2MI-1I1.
Salia;;Mli, Hist, (it'll., iii., 231-f;.
.Saukill^. ill M.l\ it's ( Ills, nil Mt'X.
Ili>l. ami .\iilia'iilii''v. iv.. ini-ii.
Siirual"-. Stem
inli-l ii(i;;i'li.
■s, i.. l.M.
M.
Sii|iln'iis' ( ('III. .\im'r., i\.. Hii-
-• ^
iii'ataii, iv., lltl s, 221
Sli'|i||rl
2'.i2-:!.
'ririiaiix( 'iiiii|iaiis, \'iiy., si rif ii.,
Imiii. i., ii., 431).
.Miiiili'ii|ifiirilt. Mi'jiiii, iv,, 3'.il.
\ I'Vtia, ili>l. .\iil.Mt'i., ii., I to.
Uaiili'.k. \iiy. I'itt., iv., I l.l
W'alilt'ik, l'ali'Mi|iii'. \\ . ll.'t.
NVi'st liiilisilii' Sjiifulii'l, ii., 1 II.
Xiiiic'iR'.--. Hist. Iml. ( iiiat., iii., 12-3.
G48
INDEX.
Zavala, in Aiitir|. ^fcx., iv., 111-5.
Ziiritii, Ka|i|ii)i°t, in Ternaux-Coni-
]pMns, \'(iv., si'i-ie ii., toni. i.. ii.,
■ins-;*.
l{ililic>;,'raipliy, (ioncral,
List (if Works iiuotrd, i., xvii-xlix.
Nati\(; Ivcconls, ii., {)'23-3:); v.,
110-2, lil2-:t.
.Spani-^li historians, ii., 158-00; v.,
\\2'X
Works on Antiiiuitii's, iv., 2-4; on
Ixnial anlii|., iv., ITiO-l; on Clii-
ajias anti I'alt'mpic anliij., iv.,
2i'.t-'.)l;on ( >aja( a anliij. , iv. , 317-
K; on Mitia antiij., iv., i('.l()-l;on
Xoi'liicali-o anti(|., iv., 4H3; on
Arizona anti(|., iv., C21-5.
llirani (Uiran), village, Sonoru, i.,
OtW.
Iti.hvcll's liar, ('al., anti<i., iv., 707.
liij,' liar, IcM-ality, Nortii < *al., i., U'k
lii;^ Cliamisc, loralitv, North ('a!.,
i., IIS.
liill Williams I'ork, i., iln, 597; iv.,
C.Ki-l.
liill Williams Mts., i.. 598.
r.iri'li Imlians, i., 147, sih^ (icns <lc
lioulcan.
liir.ls, i.. ;t9, 50, 73, 79, 89-i»l,
1C.2, 1711-1, 189. 200, 211. 213, 215,
229, 373, 375.C,, ,522, 5(;i, 571-5,
025; ii., I(i3-(1, 315, 352. 372, 750;
iii.. 132-1. 2(;s, 2«0. 301-2, 4iiO.
Iiiriii|iii'ta, Isthmian Ian;.''., iii., 791.
liisMrc, ilceomiiiised plantains, i.,
721,720.
liiticT-root, Inland trilu's' food, i.,
2r,5.
Itillcr l!oot Mts., i., 252. 317.
liillcr llool \'alli-v, i.. 313, 317.
liiliiHicii. i.. 40S; 'ii., 751, 7(19.
Iti\a, V(';;ctiilil(' i\\i', i., 753; ii.,
371,721,734.
Jiji'likousUcji's, trilic of Alt'uts, i.,
■87-01; loiation, i., 141.
Mla.k « urion, i., 597.
lilark Mi'sa, i., 595, si'o Mo''(dIon
Mts.
niark Mis., i. .597.
lilack Itiv.M-, i., 793-1; iii.. 782.
liladdcrs. i., 81-5, 101, 18(1, 211-15.
JJlani'os, North Mcx. trilic, i.. 572-
91; location, i.. Oil; )ril>c of Isth-
mians, i.. 717 85; Iccation i., 791-
5; Ian;,', iii., 793.
lilankcis, i.. lUil, 159. 105.0, 182-3,
192, r.H. 211, 215 10, 22:1. 23'J. 217,
4ns, 131, 502-3, .505, 541-5, 582.
021. <::»».
Ulankcl (reck, ('al., aniii;., iv., VOO.
l$l('\vficlcls T.apMin, i., 793-4.
IJIi'wIicids liivcr, i., 793.
liliss Collection, Me.v. iJcii., anti'i.
iv., 501.
lilood, as food, i., 55, 492; ii., 311;
sacrifices, i., 0G5, 723, IJO; ii.
310, 707-8, 719.
lilood-lctting, see I'hleliotomv.
lilow-piiie, i., 027, '^(J()-2; ii., ill,
474, 4',)1, 720.
Mlulthcr, i., 51-5. 57.90.
Mine Mts., i., 25 1, 319, 401.
Mine Mock, i.. 418.
Moats, llviicrlioreans, i.. 59-01, 79,
89, I()0-7. i;!0; ( olumliiaus, i.. If.C,
8; 172, 1SS.>)2, 2115-0, 21i;-17. 22<i,
237, 247-9, 271-2, 2SS; ( alifo;
nians, i., 338, 315-7, 3s2-5, Id'-i
9, 135; New .Mexicans, i,, .5(l.'i
511, .503-4. .583; Mcxiiims. i.. 0:;i
058; ii., 380, 307-9. 414, 501; iii,
312; ('eiil. .\nicricans, i., O'.i'.'
724-(), 711, 707-8, 7s3; ii., 739; i\,
231.
liolioles. North Mex. trihe, i., 572-
91; location, i.. 012.
Mocalinas Island, i., 004.
Mocaios, N<irlh .Mex. trilic, i., 572-
!)1; location, i.. Oil.
Moca dc (jhiadra, i., 173,
Mocadcl 'I'oro, i.. 781. 79l-(;.
liocav Itivcr. .intin.. i\.. 27-8.
liochhcafs. Cent. Cal. trilic. i., 3C3-
401; loiali i., 151.
Mochica, Mnvsca cnilurc-licro, iii.,
209; v., 24.'
Mocoal/.i (Irande !Mts.,i., 0(l5.
Moconis, North .Mcx. trilit, i,, 572-
91; location, i.. Oil.
Modeo-a llav, i,, 305. 308, 37o, 39s,
4r.l, 452."
liod,\ linrniny:, see ( 'rcni,ili(in.
lioily-iminliM;;', see I'.iintiii;:.
lii'ihcm Ciillcli, Ncohi'Maiii evil
spirit, iii.. 545.
lioisais liiver, see Moisc Itivcv.
Mois d'arc, .\paclie hows of, i, l!1l.
Moise City, i.. 403.
lioJM' llixcr ( Muis.iis), i., 403.
liiik.'il, \'ucataii. aetiij., i\., 211;
hist., v., chap. xiii.
Molaiios, Cent. Cal.'rilie, i.. 3(^3-1111;
loc'ition, i,, 303.
Itolarios, ,1 disc 1, ii'.iliii.. i\.. 577.
Iliilh'in. i., 453, se • \'ol\oii,
If.olon /acah. Ma,\a ;:'od. ii.. 702.
r.ololchnn, scpnlchi'i', Chiapas, m:i-
tii|., iv., 353.
Itoionchen, \°in'alan, aiili>|., i^.,
218-9.
INDEX.
0-49
PmiNoii .lo^rapinii, i., ".92, o94, GIO; i 4S1, -,31-2, HIS, W.i
'Ml
'.1; ii.
111., t 11; iv., .j'.l7-'.(.
at;4.
>(iiiai'U>
i.. lii:t,
('(' liallllilCKM.
Itiiiiaiiartc l!i\iT, iii., (JlU.
IJnlicry, of N'aliiia jiiil.u'i^>^. ii., ll-'.-iT
Iti'ick
1., ;)i).i-li; II., .) I(S; 1\ .
17:t,
Ii
II
.v|"
leans, i., 4H, 58, 7'2-3, ; 17'.*, rjOi), .")n;t, .".21 ;
AiU.U
7'.t, HH, ',)(». 1, 'J7, lOl, nil; fnill
i!iiil(
.M
iiiiau't'.
laii:-
Kil, 1SL>, iH.-.-fl. iss.i), I'.il, [ Itrid.rcs, !., .■.;(l, C'.i.t, 7\^; ii., .'W7
201, 211, 211-1.-). 2;t.-)-(l. 27(l;Caiifc.i-- I lU, r,c,2-;i, rjC; iv., ;ii:i, ;{7;t, 4.1'J,
niaiis, i.. 3ll,:i(;M-',t, :i77-H. :i.s7, 4(i:t, .j2s-(;, c.'.ki.
•1II7-H, l2l-('., i:il; Ni'w .Mi'xii aiis, I Itiidlcs, i., 270, l.'is. .-,(il, 72(1.
4S2, ."):t2, ;■),■.;( j(;;t, r)7'.l; .Mcxi- ; I'.rist.d li.iv, i., 7(i, 7lt. l:i',i.
(■,2;), (;:il, <;.■>.■), ('.(w; ii., 1 I'.rila. Ni(
372, HIS, .JlilMiOii; ii
'.(; Ci'iil. i lii-iliNli ('ill
iira;:ila. aMlii|., iv.
<»).
iiiiiliiii
•al j;r.i;.'ia-
717, 7.-)2, 7(11, 7ii5; 1 iiliv "f, i.. l."<2-;{, lii',; inlialntiil
.Aliicncaiis,
ii., (;2:!. CHI, 7i;), 732, 742; Mi
Nal
alley, ;iiilii|.
lua-i, ii
,111.
7H2.
II, .V.IS;
Cul
iliiiliiati>
1-1 ;!21: iiiMli
i.. 170-1, 2..2-3. '..is.l-l; iii.
1 !'.»-."
Mavas, ii., (;'j(l-7, 7(;m-70, 773. son. I am
il9-
laii;,.. iii., t!ol-3];
liimlliciail'',
Ni'w Mt'.\iriins, i., .541,
|(|., IV,. (Ill
fl-11.
.-.i;i-
Itoots,
SI
IOCS.
lotv, war, i.. r)S1.2, 7(il,; ii
■4(!,
II iiiailiis, Niirtli Mi'\. trilii'., i., 572-
itl; l.icati
CI 3.
r> isijiic (Ic ( 'uutailiii', I'vprcss ;;n)vt'.
.M
cMi'ii, aiitKi
I'liitaiiv, i., 3s-'.l, 323-4, Cl(i-17, ()«5-C;
ii., HS-DO.
r.ottlcs. i., 1C3, 215, 030.
rMiiiriifvilli', .Missi>si|i|ii N'ajlcy, aii-
liil., iv., 7.V'i-'.i.
iws ainl .\ii(i\\ ■<, Hv|i('il)iir('aiis, i.,
.■/.», 7'.l, '.Ml, 101-5, W'.i; (•.iliiiiiliiaii.s.
I!
lirilisli Mii.-icmii ( 'iillcitiiiii, Mt'x.
Ii('|iiililii'. aiitiij..
Hriiii/c. .Mcx. Ili'inilij
520, 557.
• iC2.
Ill', aiitiii
MniDiii, < 'fiitfdtl sviiiliiil. iii.. 3,-)l.
Wm-I
iiii'jttiii.
liriii'i']nirt, tiiwii,
305.
I'lriiiiii. villa''!'. .Siiutli (al.. i.. 4C(>.
linisli ('
1
Cal
I.
iiitii|.
inisliuiiiiii. ilurlliii
't, 1.
i('(!.
lis.
371-2, IS.-,
iiiiiat/M, I
/uliiiril iniii'i"
Mlllills, Cent. Cal. tlilie. i., :H;3-l(ll;
iiii-at inn. i., l5o.
ICI, ISH. 211-15, 235. 2CS; «'ali-' liiieiaii. .MnMinitu meat nnU. i..721.
fiiriiiaiis, i.. 3ll-:t. 377-,S. 4o7, 431-
3; N,
.M.
i., 41I3-.5, 541.
5C2, 57S-!h Me\ii;ins, i.. C27, C.55;
ii., 3;i.'i, [1,1. 4()S-!I. lilK, C'2()-l; iii.,
'2si), 2;il, 3(IJ. 371-2, 101; v., 325;
liliekeve 1 1 ill, Caiil'.il'
7(13. 70(1,
ma. aiil ii
limkev e
iv.. 707
i;
iiviii". ( 'aliiiiiiiia, aiitii|.
Cent. .\
ineneans, I,
(i'.iC, 722-3,
700-1,7711; ii., (.711, 720. 712-3.
;7I. (130. 7(15; ii., 707.
liilWlS, 1.
113, lCI-5. 171 2, 1110, 200-
1. 2(i5, 310, 3S2. 120. 537, 7(
IH2, (121; iii.. 303; i
1,); II
II.).
liiaeelel-.. i.. l,S2, 5.511. 571, ClU; ii.,
21tO, 372, 37C-7, (135, 732, 750; iii.,
23H, 321.
ilvaiiis. iiseil fur tannin;,', i., 271,315.
Ili'anilin;.', i., 701-5, 771.
llia-.s, nrnaineiitsnf, i., 122, 211. 25S.
Itiiiliis Inlet, i.. 301.
Iliieiiaiian lliillnw ,
tii|., i\., 707.
I'.iiililiiiMii. tiaees in .Vniei'.. v., 10-2.
alitiiriii.'i. iiii-
Vista, villa-e, Ceiii. Cal I'l
Ilia, i., 4."
iiiiiralii. i..
I.5S, 2(:o, 2C3, 2C5, 121-
430, 432, 4SI, 41(1-2,
niillaliis, tiii f .s.iiaiiti -, i., 253-
HI; liie"tiiiii, 317.
l!M'.^aliit,i, Ulliiniis, aiilii|, i\.. IS.
Ill
a/ieiw.
(ilt7
lilllllllll;
re Dwelli
U'j.-* a
ml 'IViii-
5s|, C'JO, Miilliiiii. i,, 153,
Vnh
(111(1, CHS. 7M7; iii.. 3311.
llia/(iM Uiver. i., 5,i2.
Illea.l, i., 331(, 373-1; ii., 175, 3.54-5, ' Itiimlles. m\\
Itnll Creek, i,. IC.
IliilJiiin, .Mav,, i;iilil. ii.. 750.
also 'i'lirtil
It
Uii\-
i;-u
iliap. XI.
iliale lisliiii':. i.
1)11.
Ilieast-|iliiles, i., 10.5, 7(ifi; ii., 40(1, Hiirial, II vjierliii'-eanH, i., Cii, hC. li;t,
712. - - . . -
Ilreast-wiirk-*, see l''iirlilii';itiiiiiH,
113. nil, 1:
13'2-.1
IS.llj
111
I'ecli-i'liitli, 1.
iS-ll. 3;iO, 3(11», 480,
( 'iiluinliian-<. i,. 17.'-3. 2i5-(l, 2'JO,
217-0, 28-i-lij i\., 737-!ii Calii'iir-
G.'O
INDEX.
iiiiin-<, i., n.'n-OO, nnf)-?, 420.1, Klil-iCai'alotl. ;,'ifts of iiiaizo, il.. ?.?,!.
•10; New .Mi'\ii'aiis, ]., ')2'l-\, r>">l- t '.icaiiia, a < 'liicliiiucf |(iiiiii' ainl
f), r)i;;)-7(), .>Si)-',in; Mcxifaiis.i.. (11(1- kiii;;i.t' 'I'c/riicn. v., 171-7.
1, <1C>7-S; ii., 2KK '■>'■>-. •iii:i-2:t; iii., i Cacaiiiaca, h>\\\ <it Clial.-.., v.. :il't.
;{i;t-7, Mi.rji^-i:); v.,r,7, .'U7; Ccin
Aiiiiiicaiis, i., 7iil». 1 H-'t, 7WJ-1;
ii.. <;.".;. 7'.»N-I0J; iii., I'.H).
JJiirii'a^. triltc nt' Ulliiiiiaiis, i., 717-
H">; ioratiiill, i., 7IIS; -.iii'i'ial llH'li-
tiiiM. i.. 7sl: laii'_'.. iii., 7',*.f.
riUiUc Canal, i., l")ii.
Jliiriiiii;:, raidivfs, i.. -litS; ii.. ;jjO.
H'.t; iii., ;ts('>-S; sec also ( ri'iiialiiin.
liunita. 'raiiiaiili|ias, aiili<|., i\., o\i7.
r>iiiiii> .Mt, i.. "i'^").
IJiislimiincs ( rii>limi('s. I'lijnui. I!a-
sliiiiir-c. Musliiim-i, ( 'fill. < al. tiilx',
!.. ;ti;i-l01; I.M., i., ir.O; iau;,'., iii.,
(Ul).
I'.ulf Canal, i., 1SI.
Unit' I'liiirii', W'asliiii^'ton, antic|.,
iv., 7;i:).
liiitli'i' liill, MiN>issiji|)i X'ailcy, aii-
tii|.. i\., 7r>i.
IJiilti' Coiiiily. Cal., anlic|., iv., 7(t7.
Itu/./ai'il, ( 'alifornia, iiiylii., iii., V>>i.
raai'ai- (Cacaf, rancac), !., •iSS, name
of Point < '(nicc|Mioii.
'aii,u'na>. i., .'till, sec Cayiisi'.
'alian, Maya ilay. ii.. 7")*'>, T'iO.
'alinan's, tiilicof l>liiiiiiaii.H, i.,7i7-
H't; icii'alioii, i., 7lll.
'a'tciic'ra \ alley, i.. 'I'.T).
'alu-.jis (( 'aliczasi. North Mi'X. tiilii*,
!., ")7li '.H ; loralioM, i., (iili; ^lu•^■ial
nit'iitioM, i., 'ut'i, ris.'i.
'alpi'^on \'alli'\ , i., I'm.
'aliinal, (InatiMiiala tiilu-, i., <1S7-
71 1; loiaiioii, i., 7S!).
auialuili
'I'il
ia\.
a Cakrliii|iii'l
inh'i-, \., cluiii. M.
all! Itianco, Co^^ta Uii-a, antiij., iv.
21.
alio;;li, ii., 7i'i7, sec Calio-^li,
alioira, \illa'_'(', Sonina, i.. (UK't.
aiiia,
iKiai
Istl
iniirii tith'.
70.
iliial'.an. (.hiii'iii' ciiltiin'-lii'io, v,
112. I. IS I;
ancient eitv, (iiiate
la. ell
Ilia
alMie.:iia-. South Ca' irilie, i., lO'J
•JJ; joialion. i,. |f,(l.
aea';'nat, ea ao, ami name of Niea
i;iH- III ;.oi|, ii., 7l:t, 7is, 7'JI; iii,
aeahiinilli, Nahiiii \\ai'-laiiil-<, ii,
Caeaniatei'iihlli, a 'I'eo-Chirhiinee
ehirf, v., IIMI.
i 'ai ao I Coco, (ocoa), Mexicans, i.,
(i2'.: ii., ;M7, :'.h\.2. (iiii; t ,.|,i.
.\nieiicans. i., (;'.tt-.">, 7(M), 7J1. 7.il.
7:i'.t. 7"ili, 7(iS: ii., C'.i-J :t, 7(i7. 7ls.
l'.», 7:i:i I, 7:;(;-7. 71'.i, 7'.i:..
Vi -aria, \i!la'.;e, lluiaii;.'o, i.. (111.
'acaii>. Norlh Mr\. tiilie. i., 'iTJ-
'.M: location, i., ill I.
'aca>tes. North .Me\. tiilie, i., ,")7J-
'■M; location, i.. Till.
'acat, i., I'').S, >(•(• ( 'aacae.
'acaxll.iii, Tiascala. ani ii|., iv.. 177.
'acaxtii, Naliiia liaskets. ii., .'iMi,
;(.•_', Ultl.
'aclieiiahs (Cachaiiej.'tacs, Cjianii:-
taes). Cent. Ca'. Ililte, i., ;ii;;i-|ii|;
location, i., -ll'.l, l.'.2:!.
'ache Creek, i., :i(:2.
achi. town, ^'llcalall. ii.. H'm.
'ac|iiii|ia, 1 >iiranL;o jinii. iii.. 17'.i.
'acho|io-.taleN, Noilh .Mex. Iiilic, i.,
rj72-'.il; location, i., til 1.
'acii|iie, name for chief, i., •'J^l "i.
'acilan Niiiiey, i.. U72.
actli (Cacjes), .Mexican sainLiI-. i.,
flJO; ii., ;ti'.'.l.
'aciiiiiaxei lieiii, (,l||icli('' kilii;, \.,
clia|i. xi.
'ac/olt/in, v., ."ijli, M'e Call/nni/in.
ailet liiver. i.. :io7.
ailimas, Noilh .Mex. tiiiic, i., ."mJ-
'.11: loialion. i., i;i:t.
'ae. hi, Cnalemala tiihe. i., (;^7 7ll;
liMalion, i., 7s-<.
'aechicolchi, (liiat. laii^r.i iii, 7ilii.
'a,ufs, ii., l(;;t.:isi;, (;."i7.
'a;;na'-;nets, Lower California irihc.
(;.7ll
iiioii, i., i;:i:t.
I., i))ii-(
alia-l'alnnia. (,iiiiclie Ul woman,
iii.. IS.
ahliaha, a (liiateinala teiii|ili', \.,
chali. xi.
alii Iniox, a (jhiiche ruler, v., cha|i.
xi.
ahitus, North Mi
'•11; locaiiiin, i.,
\. tnlic, 1.
lei'ial men-
lion, i., ."i7:M; laii,i;,, iii.. il'i7. *>'~
i;7s. 7otllii. ^
ahooh (Caho^^h), 'I'/emlal day, ii.
7i.7.
aliokia. Mi>--i-,si|i|ii \'alley, ;iiilii|.
iv., 7ili! 7.
ahroc-. (Kahriik-l. Nmlh < 'al, trit"'
!., .'IJ7-('il; loc, i,, ;I27, I l"i: .-|icri;i
iiicnf
3.')ii-
17, i:
ir.j;
Cahto
:i<i2 II
r.iiinill
wio-
ler-.
ixi)i:x.
GDI
ifion. i., n2", n2, nan, 3tl,niS, iralaioinanas, rViif. CJ. fiil.i'. i.
a'.ii-l. :!;i2 :t;
lilMll.
ii., '.»(», lir>-
17. i;i7-;i, 101, r>2l; Ian-., iii., (Ml,
(i"»2; iiii;,'iii, v., I'J.
laliiii I'liiiiDs, ("flit. Cal. tiihc, i.,
:ir,2 lui; IdratiiMi. i., ;!i,j, lis.
raliiiilliis iCiliiiillas, Cai'villas, Ca-
wing. < 'iialiiiillas, ('ill I nil las, ( 'owil-
Icr^. Kaliwcvalisl. Smilli ( 'at. Iri'ic,
KIJ i-'; l.i.at
Icill, I.
KfJ, 1'
(Ml, •;(;(!, (;77-7'.», 71 1,
III. I J. I.
iliiiiiiirliM, Niirth .M('\. trilii", i.
'.M:
i., (iil'.l; laii.i,'., iii.. 7(i7.
it.uaiii, a
.Man
II' lil'inri', \.,
'I'
lirlti, ( iiiatcniala Ii
"i;
7('ii).
li'jiias. liilic III" .\|iatlii's, i., 17li-
"liiU; Ixiati i., r>',i2.
ii;;iiar:is, trilii' of .Ajiai'lics, i., 47.')-
.".Jfl; |iM'ali(ni, i., .V,)2.
iill(iii\, i., lil'.t. >(■(> ( 'a\ iisi'.
.■<il.i-l(»l; liM'a!iiin. i., .Kl IM.
Calauuiila, lluiiiliira.-, aiitii)., iv,
71 -J.
('alaiiiiiiva^ (( 'alaiiniiias, ('alai
lis I .ilalii
ih-, (all.-
Call;
I 'I"
lui.dliMMa^. ( allli \a-.
( 'atiila|ii(n\ la-. I\ala|in\ a--. Kala-
liiiii\ali>. Kaia|)iiiiialis, l\rlii»ii\a--.
nil'
I
nxa^i, tniM' nt (liun
i., Ii'i2-."i(i;
;t()',)l(i;
itmn, I., -J'j:), :ili|.
tiiiiaiii's, till
N"i; iid'aliiiii. i.
f I- (I
7'.»7.
ilniaiis, I.
iimi, villa;:!', Sunlli ( 'al
l".M.
lines (( 'ajniios), 1., (ii;M, (Isl),
Itrlll .XiPihis.
ai|iiliii, Siintli ( 'al. trilic, i..
Iii'iitiiin, i.. I"i'.'.
a jni'iiiiii's. Irilic nf .\|iail
l7.i-')Ji'i; spi'iial nicnliiiii,
102-22;
i., 4HM;
II.. (IS'i-d,
ikani, (^>iiit'li('-( 'ak('liii|ni'l nimitli,
ii.. 7t;(l.
ikriii. (iiiad'niaia trilii', i., (1^7-71 1;
iM'alion,
7.SS.
a!«riiii|iirls ( Ka<'liii|iii'lsi, (inati
mala I niic
i.. <iS7-7ll; ii., (;:t(i-Hii:i
iii'almn. i., i
s>i.;»: ii., 121;
h|M'n,i
jMrial inciitiiiii, i., 221,
'22(i, 21.S ;); lanj,'.. iii.. CJ'.l-.'ti).
ila|iiMiy;i. ^lls., i., liii.S; iii., (;;I7.
ilaslliKrlfs (( 'alastliiiitisi. Irilic nf
Siiiinil linliaiis, i., 2lii-22; Inratinn,
i.,;iti:(.
ilavcias ('i(iiii!v, ( 'alirinnia. anli|.,
iv., 7ii:tl.
ilavt'ias ('ii'ck, Calil'iiriiia. anlin..
IV.. I
ii:i.
ilaNcnlas. Cal., aniii).. iv., 7iil.
ila.vninani', Cent, ('aiil'iiniia laii;
iii.", ('.."id.
llr... V
■la ( 'ni/, am ii
IIS.
llrlir. ( iiiali'liiala. aiitiij.. i\.. 1 '.
illrllitllllt'liil
•l'.)l.
iirala;;lla ;:im1, 111.
llili'ia. Is!l
ili'iliilii.'i l>a\.
nun.''
iiitn
ili'l .\luis, a 'riiiaii kill;.', \., rliaji.
xi.
Calcinlar, II \ iicrliincaiis, i., IIS, i:;.";
( iiiiiinliiaii
fiirni.in-
I.
.iiii
:.(I2 22; iii
i., V.i-2 :i.
i., IIS; N.'N
.-.i;i, r.si: M
2.". 1-2, 2117,
2( I-.); ( all-
V Mixiraii^,
isi'Mlls, ii.,
iti ii., 121. i;.!2. (,;IT.S. Clii-
, 7.12, 7i:i. 7I(!, V.VJ. 7(12. 7r.ii
r:i(i; inyili.. iii.. |s;t j; lany;.
ri;(i-2, tt''S, 772-:t; anliii,. i\..
1211.
il; v..(;2-
;t, I'.lti, r,i2. 210; Ci'iil. .Vincri.aiw,
1.
(-'I, (
I. '.I; II
( ali'iiil.H stiini'
iv.. .'iii.V'.l. r)2
.M.
.1> 21;
l:il; llist.
ikl
eh
[\K \l.. Ml.
ikhay. innniitaiii ami Im I, ( iiialc
niiil.i, \ . , i'iia|i. \i.
ikis.ilia, (,)iiii-lii'' lili Woman, iii.
ikli
.\
lan i.'iiii
( 'aliliirnia. caily iM'rn|ialmii nt. i.
2'.l; iiali'iiis anil irilics. i,, :I22-I7(i
ni,\lli..ili..l'".S-l(;',l, r)22-i;;laiiL'.,iii.
r»i;."i.7, ti:i."i-7'.i; iintii|., iv., tis.s.7l;i
Naliua mi^'ialiiiii, v., 221-2.
( alil'iiinia (inll, i.. (1111-2; laii;;.. iii.,
ikiil^i, liiralily, Cnalrmal
rlia|i. \i,
ikv ar. ( Inali'inala. aiitin., iv
(;i;7
j.ir.
701 .-.; 1
Minmiarv,
»7.'t, st.it i
M.\.
(.•iiiilii' ini-
;:i'aliiiii, rliap. \i
l:il.
imiriil rilv. \.. rliap. \l.
.il.ina>li. I.
■I sit, .")(),
1(1
( aliliii'iiians, uni'iit tlir scm'm ;.;i'iin|is
iiitn wliii'li till' nali\i'> 111' till' I'a-
cilic States are ili\ iilril. Inrateij in
( alil'iiiiiia. ( •li'uiiii. iilaiiu. NeN.nl.i,
(;2ri, C.VJ, (;'.I7, 7iil. 7(l".. 7l'.i. 7:;i;
7-'s. 7:!s, 7r.(i; ii., 7i:i; iii.. 2H.
am
il It:
I :i2 .'tiC.
ill, lielwerll lalitmle-- l.t'
snliili\ iili'ij intii iniii'
l.ilin.issa (('alia \\'a--sa. Kiilaliii-' families, tin- N.ntliein ('alifnrni-
i-ai, Siiulli (al. Ililie, i,, 102-22;^ aii^, ('eiilral ( 'alilnlliiaiis, Sunlli-
iiii'iiliiiii, i.
I'i'ii Ciilil'iiiniaii-i ami Nliiislnnu'ri.
I
i i-
G52
INDEX.
Afaimcrs ami cusfoiiiH of oacli dc-
mtHu'iI M'|iaiat»'l\, i., .'VJ'_'-470; ln-
t'atiiin, <li\ i^iiiiis, ami trilial liiniml-
ari.-H, i., .TA'-ii, 44'.'-70; iiivtii.. iii.. |
l,-i.S-f;<l. .■)•_'•_•-»!; v., 14, lU; liiii''., iii., \
.»(;.)
(."{.VTit.
('alili»riiiaiis, Ci'iitral, iim> (if tlic fmir
faiiiiiifs iiitii wliicli till' ('alitcir-|
iiiaii-^ arc liiviiliMl. Maiincrs ami
ni>t<iiiis (if all its iiatiiiiis ami
trilics (li'-^i'i'ilii'il t<i;:clln'r, i.,
.■{(>1-J0I; ]iliy>i(|iii-. !., .■<()4-7; liic^s,
i., .'{((T-TI; clwcl Mill's, i., ;{7l-;<;
fix 111,
:{7:{
i.s-i ; \\('a|>i(iis and war,
:tSI-'.'; I..,at
i., •<77-H|; iiii|ilciiiciits and ii
fartiir
crtv,
si
:w-.'-.-);
Its and |irii|>
''iivcniiiicnt am
slavery,
ria^rc
, .'tS.'i-S; wiiiiicii and mar-
.'tSS-'.l-J; iiiiiiiscim'iits, i.,
:«>•.'. 4; iiii'diciiic. i., :t!l4-.'); l.iir
I.
•.i'Mi
I'liaractcr,
lal,
;V.»7 4(»l:
ItM'atiiiii, i., .'{(ll-.'J, t47">7; iiivtii.
i., :<'>7. 4(M): iii., W-lKl, .VJi'-C; laiij:.
iii.. (;44-.V).
('alifi(riiiaiis, Niirtlicni, ())i(> of tin
iir faiiiiliivs into w liicli the ('ali-
li\ iiU'il. Maiiiicr.s ami
crmaiis arc i
cU'-tiiiiis of all its nations ami
trilics ilcscrilicil to^rctlicr, i., ,'f_'(i-
(11; ]iliy>ii|i
:f.'7-!>: ilr
.'{•-'".• .'{l; il\\cllili;:s, i.. .TU-t;; fonil,
i., :!:t(;-tO; iicis.inal lialiits, i.. :{»(>-|;
vcaiioiis ami war. i.. .'{41-4; iinplc-
iiiciils ami iiiaiiiifai'turcs, i., ;tl,'i:
lioals, i., .'U.'i-li; |irii|icrly, i., .'(47:
piM'riiiiiciit ami sla\(
i., -Ml'M
iiiarriairc
iml woiMcii, 1.. .'It'.)-.")! ;
aiiiu--i'iiiciits, i., .■{,"•1-4; iiicdiciiic,
i., ;{.VI-(I; iii., I(!0; liurial. i., .'{."iil-
(!(•; cliarai'tcr, i, .'{liO I ; liHalimi, i.,
.•(•J(i-7. 4f-' 7: iiivlli., iii., Midi, I7.">-
7. .vj:t.4. (i;{s; \]\u-j.. iii., (i;t7-4:t.
• 'Mlifonii.iiis. Siiiitlicrii, one nf (lie
four f.iinilics into wliiili tlic ('ali-
fiiriiian^ arc di\ idcd. .Manners ami
ciisionisof all il> nations and trilics
(IcMiilicd to^'cllicr. i.. 41 1'J •-'•_'; |i|iy- !
siiiuc, i., 4(C-':i; dress, i., 4(i;t-'4:
dwcllin.v's, i.. 4(^l-."i; f I, i., 4(t."i-7
lici'siinal lialiils, i., 4(17; \\('a|ioii
ami war, i.
4(>7; i
nijiieiiieiits an
iiiaiiMlarliires. i., 4(>7-S; Imals, j.,
40S!>; iiro|icrty and piMTiiinent,
4IMMI):
4I()I:
women and eliildicn, i., 41-' I. "i;
anuiseinent-
4i.vr
nicilii'iiie
i.. tls-l'.i; Imrial. i.. 4l'.lL'l; eliar-
arler, 1.
fj
loeatloli, 1,, 40'J.
l.'iT-n'ii; iiiMli., ill,, .s:f'i. I'J'J, 1,'U.
oL'.i;
111., (i.'iiiil, U7t !».
■iliniava, a ritv of Matlaltzimn, \
4X\.
alispidliims (('alisji(ds), i., ;(l:i. v,.
I'eiid d'Orcilles.
aliiicnjja, villa;.'e, S.nitli Cal.. i.
4<;i).
alkinii, a |ii'ovincc ot i inatan. \.
elia|i. xiii.
alkoliins. trilx' of 'riniuli, i.. Ill
.•«7: 1
oeation.
I4i;.
ilia Wassa. i., 4.V.I.
•Calal
allciiia.\ (Callenicnx, Callii
IIIM~-,l
:«>7
Kilh
alii. Naliiia eiilend.ir si;iii,
.">ll-l'.», .-iKi-r; iii.. (I'.l.
>al
ina .-eiiiinarv, ii.. 'Jo|
almccac,
•-.'44.
aloiidnis I'anclii), Vera Cruz.
Il'l., IV.
4ti;<.
alpaii, locality. Pindila, v., I
al|ii\contli,
al|ii\i|ii('s,
Nal
;.")(i.
Nal
lima title. \.
ma revenue olllici^.
al,
II., •.'.•!(■•. 4-J4.
al|iiillec, head of citv coiimil. Na-
liiias. ii.. l'-.^.
aljiiilli, ward of a citv, Nalina-. ii..
■-'•_'4.
a I.
'.VM, -MX
|iiiyauht/in. Culliiia kiii'.
alt/ont/in, Taraseo kin^''s title, v.,
.".l(i.
aliiae, niayordonio. Mayas, ii.. ii:i7.
alvcrt Isla'ml. i., '-".M.
al/, ( 'oliiiuliia |il,int. i., "Ji;."!.
aiiiaeli.il, (.hiiclii' chief, v., ili.in. \i.
II
imlii piilile-.>
aiiiac-liva
47.
aniajal. villa^'o, Soiitli <'al.. i.. !.">>.
lid 1
onios I
Cent. < al.
trilie, i., ;{(ll-40l: loc, i.. .•!(;■.•. lis.
anialot/, (.^hiiidie ni\tliic annual.
iii.. 47. ^
amass (Camas, C.'iniasli, Caniiuii~~,
Kaiiias, Kaniiiss, Kaniasli. i,hi.i-
niasii), an cdildc root, i., 'Jit, -< .'i.
;i4((.
Prai
i., 2(!.'), 'MX
ainaxtli, Nalina pid, ii.. .'!(•.'{, ■'ti'
l.">; iii., I'.l.'i. •-Vid, •J'.l.'i. 4(t:(; v.. •.'4:i
•_Vi;t. •jii'j. I.S4, 4.s,s. 4;»;i ."iiii.
ainavoas, Isthiniau sodiiiniics, i.
774."
ania/otz, Quielie yod. v.. 17'.'.
anideii Miiy, i.. 4f!. I'.i ."i(».
aiiicy, Ij'iiiclie-CaUcliiiniel day. ii.
aiiileyka. Konia,u'a dress, i.. '
aim'ia, town, .'sinaloa, i., lillS.
nipeclie. ii., (i.
ant II
IV., ::i;;i-...
aniiiinis, laii;:., iii., 7''l.
iM>i:x.
G.':!
<"aiiiipi) Saiifii, l'\iii;i!, ;iiitii|., iv.,
17J.
ail, tj>iii(ln''-( 'akiliii|iii-l day, ii., 7<!7.
itiv.T. i.
II.
(< 'aiia\ iii'si, Niirtli Mrx.
trilic. I.
'.'I;
liii atimi.
(;i;{.
anal r.aial). Maya ;,'<'"1. iii., 4i)t!.
anal ilc la liciiia (liciila, lU'i<lii), i.,
•J'.IJ.
ana! lii" l'riiifi]io, i., '2!H.
anal;, i.. ."):{'.•; ii., .•{('.•, .Vi:?, .V.'T-S,
7»:t..j; iv., r,:i-2, i;:t."), (;7(i, H'.m!, 4-_'oI;
w'c aUn .\iiiiL'iliictM, Kxcaviition.s,
li'i'i;4atiiin.
aMainliuii, ('liia]»atiec f;<iil, iii., 4.')S.
a:iailiiiaiiii-<,
Cent. Cal. tril
10, I.
Ill, II (iiiatf
:ti:| 1(11; io/atiiiii, !.,
aiiiiif. i., 4."(S, M'c ( 'a;
aui'lialii'l (I 'ani'lialii'li
mala 1 1 IIm', v., i'lia|i. .\i.
amlirlii/ (I 'aiuiicM'ZI, i., 7S7, sci-
( iaiic'lirlii.
aihllc li-li, i., K;--', 1(14, l!»(>, 'Jl-J,
•-'I Mi;.
anilj"-. i.. \r,-2. 1(14. I'.td. (i!t7-S, 7<:">.
,iUi||r^!lck-i, 111.
411, 4-':!.
'.(•J
aiii', I.
:-2.:; ii., ;!
I.".
Hi. (;-'7
i.i. ."IT
14; iv., ;J7<;
(;;»•.>-,•{. 717 IS.
;i, 7i:t.
,S.>: 111.
M'c al^o lii'cds.
1 1 /a k
litlf
II., (i.'l.i; V.
I'll,'l|l. Mil.
aiiiniairi), ti
i.. 4 lit.
aiiiiilialisiii,
line iif ItiiNsiaii ItixiT,
llv
v|>('il>iii('aiis, i.
Kv;,
rjii I; (■..liiiiil.ians, i., i7(t-l, ISK.
'JiL' ;
iiiaii
111.
•_'!",»; iii.. IV), l.'ii'; t'alit
i.. ."(7
cir-
,'fS(|.l. 4'JS, 4:i:i4;
.Hill. ,")7t!.
(!,
")4ti-7; Ni'« .M
<!; M.
cxiraiis. I.
(12.),
ii.. 17<!, :«»,-., :{(i.s-!t, :ui, :r)7H,
;t'.i4 7, 4:{|. *)-2ii; iii.. 41,!, 44;t-4,
417; < 'I'lil. .\ini'iii'aiw. i.. (I'.tfi,
:i.
7.V.I; ii., <I.S!i, 7<i!l-l(i, 7'-''>; iii., 47'J
4SS.
'ai. ■■ !!i\.T. i.. .SI'i.
aiiKi's, >i'i- Itiials.
"ariciii i'iiilailii, I'lali. aiilii|., iv.
,ll|ii|iv, II. . .)<
aiiii»
(;.T>. (!4i. 7S'.I
N.iilh Mcx. tiilx', i., .■i71 '.tl;
liii'atiiiii, i., lil I.
aiiiiU, l,ci\M'i Cal. (rilii', i., ,V)()-7I ;
I;
ilii:
III.. (IS)
nut It'll, \ illa','1'
N
iar;»i;iia. i.
'.I-J.
annas, Nortii Mc\. trilii-, i., .">7l'.ll;
liii'aiiiiii, i., (il I.
anl^, (^luii'lii'<'aki'lii(|iii'| clay, ii..
"''"■
.lnatrliiilic, si'i' Illiliil-ll|l(lK.'l'.
Caiiaciirci), Imaliiy, .Mii'lniacaii, y.
.IS.
apanay, vi
Ik
M
Ciiit. Cal., i., 4."
a|iaini>a, Mcx., aiilni., iv.
a|>t' .Vviimir, i., 14(1.
ape lialliiir.>t, i., 4.">.
.'Ao.
ape
ill;
llll'U, \., (>().
ape ( 'ant in, v., (i(!
nratan, antiij., i\.
ape ( 'atiH'he, \'
•-'(11.
ape I>i.^appiiiutinent, i., .'{t)4.
Flail
:«••_•; iii., (Il.y
eiv, I.
_'IIS,
Id II. -JJI.
ipe ( irarias a
Hi
IS, 1.
•|l, 7'.l.{-4.
ape lliiniiiiras, Ian;,'., iii., 7S'J
Kinscnsteni, i..
l.i^Siini, i., I.'fs.
Limkcint, i., ■J"J7,
;{(I7
ape MeiKlociiiii, i., 4-lS.
,ipe .Mml^'e, i., •.",I7-H.
.ipi
M'Wellllalll
7(1. 14(1.
Niirtlininliei'laiiil, i.. I7.'<.
iipe ( lit'cncl, i.. "JKl
-'•-'.•>. -JlfS, •2111.
iiM' I'riiiee I
>i Wales, i., <;:{.
Ii
iMlneV. 1.
41.
ape i;..iiian/ciir, i.. 711. IM).
ape St .lames, i., -.".IC.
ape San I. mas, i., ,">."i7. (!(>4.
ape Sei.lt. i.. 17(J. -'.Hi.
ape spencer, i.. I4'J.
ape 'I'l.wn, i,, "i'Xi.
apilla lie la I'ieilia, near I n, Ni
aiM;,'iia. antii|., i\ .. ."I-', (il .
api.le Ites, tril.e i.f S|i.i..!iiiiU's,
4l'.'- I'J
atii.ii, I., 17(1.
inips, ('eni. Cal. tii
4(11
a|i'
liic-atinn, 1., 4."ivl
Mat-
\ heihii.
aptl\ es. tiealment, ol ;
leans, i., S(l, lOS-'.l; ('(.liimlii.in-, i.,
l(;i, ISll, \'X>. •_'(;;•; C,ilit,.iiiians, I .
:!ll, :is|. 1117. i:t:i; New .Me\icaii~.
i.. lltS, ,".(MI, .".l.'t, ,".S| ; M.Aieali-.
i., (;■_'!», (Ud; ii.. ■_'I7-Is. ;{(i(;s. ;t-.".)-
:{(». 4(i_', 4 lit, 4JI'.. iJs ;tL', i:.;t I,
(i-MI; iii., :{S(! S, .'till; v., .'11'.' :l. II 1;
Cent. A
ii.. (i.".(l, 7(11. 7(
meiiijins, I.
Ki
:;t, 7(il
I'll, I ii> 1
apmliiii, Naliiia ili'ess. ii., ;((;!(,
4 »,"
iilapa, V ('111 Cru/, antii|., it
iiaea, Miis(|iiitii ilrink
aiaeii
I, at < 'liielien, N'mataii, aiiti
IV., •.';ii-.->.
ara ( ;i;;anlesea, at j/anial, ^'m■il■
tan. aiitiii.. i\., '-'Mis.
'I
araniari'.;iianes.
ti.illi
:i!l|;
iiatinn.
M.
<ii;t.
\. tri'ie
aiainiunais. Ninth .Me\. Iriln
071 ".11 ; li)eatiiin, i., (ii:{.
! !
654
INDEX.
<';irasc;in'!, CtMit. Ciil. tril>o, i., 3(!1-
401
; liiiatimi, I., 4.)'J.
i>k.i l.a'^'iiKii. i.
'.i;».
iiiii.'iii li'iicrs. I.
iinili's, Istl
,ira\aii-i. ii., ;{SII, nST-S, ;('.tl, 7;{7-S.
an'itah. lociilitv, (.juateiiialii, v.
iMli
iiiiaii ]ir(ivince, i., ('.t.'i
aiiliays. Ninili .Nlrx. triUo, i.,."i71-!)l;
liM-at lull, i., (i\'A.
a I'll MX I, i., \2'2-'.i.
iiilis, trilx' iif Miisiiuitns, i., 71 1-17;
1.
i., 7
■i:«. 7!t:{:
l». 7IS.
spt'i'ial iiiciitioii,
7-.'s, --'
"U, 7l"'-<>; liiiii,'., ii
iiiilaliH, I.,
■»7-s:.:
iiii'iitioii, i., 7">'.t, 7iU, 771.
:{|, 7r.-(i
rs'J; trii»o
Hpui-iai
ail<ii>aiMis,
(Viit. «"al. liil>e, i., .'Uil-
Kll;
""•aliDii,
4VX
ariiiclcitc < let
k, Ti
III
l\ .
r.'.n.
iniitiilipiis, an-
aniii'lo
Va!l
i'li'v, 1., 4.">4.
arpciitfr's Kariii, Simili Cal., i., 4fi(K
ariiiiiii, 1., 4.">.'{. sc
f Kaic|iiiii('s.
anii'i's, 1.
.)S7. (it><i.
7nS; ii., .ISC,
7.'!fi; M'c also 'raciillics.
ani/a
( iiiati'iiiala. aiitH
IIS.
arii/a^ ((iar/asi, Nurlii Mi'\. tiilic,
i., .■)7l-".il; liitatioii, i., ."i7J. (ii.'t;
s|i('i'ial iiu'iitiiiii, i.. 'u'A, r)7."), ."iss,
airiits, llaiiiali'4 cultivalo, i., If!-.
InltM.
.•{(II.
ar^oii < 'ily, i., 4<)'.t.
arson Lake, i., 4(!7.
arsini Itivi-r, i., 4t)(!.
\all(
V. 1., 4<i4.
artakas, i., 4.">S,
Siinl
aitliai,'iiiiaiis, .\iiu'iii"iii origin tra-
ces, i., IS; v., 77.
aruaiias. i., 4."iS, si-c Sjcinis.
aivilkis, i., 4.")7, si-i' I 'aiiuillns.
iiiN iii^', set' Sciil]iliii'iv
< 'iTi-aiia, al Za\ i, V
iiratan, an-
ti<
m;{.
a>a ilt'l .\ili\ii
it rxiiial, Yuca-
tan, aiiti<|.
iv., 1 '.!.'-
asa Icl l'!iiain>, iiaiiiu of Casa del
IcIlVlllll, IV.
I'.l-J
i-^a (Ifl tJolicriiatldr, at r\ii:ai, Yi
calaii, aiitii|., iv.
l.")l-(i,
■ liisiiiia. at Katiali, N'ufataii,
aiitic|., iv., ■_*(t7-S.
asa lie .Moiiias, at I'.Miial, Yuoatnii,
aiiti<|., i\
1 7:ts'.».
asa (Ic Montfxuiiia, iv., ii'2\, iiaiiii'
<if ( 'asa (iramlc, .Ari/niia.
asa (If I'aliPiiia.i, at I'xiiial, Yuca-
laii. aiitiij., iv
171-
(.'asa At' ■|'iirtU''a.s, al Ixiiial, Yuca-
asa (Ic la Vicja, »t rxnial, \'
Ian, !intiii., iv., 17"_'.
ii'-:\-
a.sa (iraiii
It /i
ti<
\y.
•-MJ-i:{; .\
I.N 1. 1 iic.-itaii. aii-
M/iiiia, anil.
IV., (;_'i-:tJ.
asan ( Irainli's, (Iiiatfiiiala. ant!
iv.
CIH-U.
l:U; I'liiiiiial
iiiihna, aiitii
1.. i\
asas lie IMfdra, iiai
I'al
(•iic|m', IV.
•_'!»().
IC applli'd I.
asalic, .S.iutli ('al. tribe, i., JdJ -.'J;
local iuii, i., 4.'iS.
asasano. .Mcxic.iii. antin..
ascai
lii\crs
aHcailc
If Cinal, i., I7:{- 1. •-".14.
r,Ci
hid
Mt-
laii.s, I.
;{_'ii, -.,•(• i>..
i., l.-.l-
JOS, -.''J
•-'.">(». ;{its, :{!!>, :{■.•!■:{. 411.
ascai
ici:
dc 1:
dcs. 1,
;in;,'c, .SCO ( ascai
iver, i., .•t-.'il.
.Ml-
icalitv, < ircLron, 1.
ilic, 1., 4nj-'.'j;
'2:\'X -.MS, :{()4.
ascili, Si.iitli ( al. Ir
lociiiiiiii. i., l.'i'.t.
asc's Inlci. i., ;{til.
asiiH'i Kasliiml. Ivskiino Ions ii Ii
llli
sj;{.
assava, .Mo^ijuito food, i., 7111, 7J|,
"•■'•'■
aslant'da ( '"llcclion, .\Iex. I!c'[i..aii-
li(| , i\., 'ti'iO.
astcl I'oi
Cent. Cil. t
rilie, 1.
.S(;i-4(ll; location, i., :W<2. 4 is.
ast.
II
i(»!i, !:{•_'.
ast i 111
yperliorean di\ isiuii
.Mont
c/nnia. lU'.ir
'I'llVt:'-
pci', ( lajaca. antii|.. iv., 4_'l.
astlcs, Viicatan, aiiti.|., iv., ■_'■_'( l-;iii,
•-'r):)-7.
ilach
I>.dii;rc
ataicaiias, Norlli .Mex. triln
."»7I-'.M: location, i., (;i;{.
ataiiani<>|iiii|ne:
i. North .Mex. II
ition, i., tlilt.
'ataract Kiver, i., .Sill.
atara
•ts, N,
lima cure lor, ii.
atarrli, see ( 'olijs.
ataiilitlix, v., '.".»!>. see I 'ocaiililli.
aler|iillars, i., .')(il, 7'!-.
aliilacklas, |i. ;{(l!», see ('aliilali
aililaciinuiiis (( 'atlil
Calli-
ii'oniatiiiis), trilie ol (jiiiiook-, i.
■_'l'-J-.')(I; location,
.•((iii. .•JUS!!.
atlilaliaws, trilie of ( 'liinocd^-^, i,
•-'•-'•.'-."itl; Idcalion, i., :t(IS,
atlilakalieckits (( 'aliilakaliikil-^.
trine o
f Cli
,">(l; loci-
tail, imUt[.
Uio-ti.
tioii, i., .'{(Mi, .•{17.
atliiainets (( 'atlilanialis, ( 'atlilaimis
Catlilaiiiux, Katlaiiiat), lrii)c "t
INDKX.
c:.
ijy
riiinooks. i., C22-."0; liM-ntiuii, i., '('awnpcs, Cent. C':\]. trilio,
.'."t, 'MH, 'M>~; s|i(''ial liifiitiitii, L, lill; liiratiidi. i., -(.'id,
;:{:t; hu
Ml., (ijll.
Cax
t'athl
lliaiiii'iiaiiirMs |
Call
ipa, \ iTa ( ru/, aniii
.^l;l■
J-J(!
ilaiiaiiiiiii- <'aval
II.
n<i
I'axil,
iinn^,
< 'him
..ks
'MK .•{OS-it.
Ivatlaiiiiiiiiiiiiiisi, trilio i>l , ( 'a> l>at/, a ( 'akrlii<|Ui'l iiilcr, \
."lO; location,
'liaji.
j ('a\f''uas. .^iiiilli Cal. tiilic, !.. lU'J-
2"-'; iucaiiciii, i., 4."i'.».
('utlilaiiai|iiialis. frilic of ( 'liiiii'nk?
i., •-••_'•_'■.■)(); Iiiialioii, !., ;{im;, ."{(IS. |<"ayf.vus, l.i.wcr I'al. ti
( 'atlil.i|ici(itli'> (( 'allila|((iiitli'-<. < alllc- I 71; laiij:., iii.. (i^
ilir, 1.
tli's, Katla]iiirlli's, l\atlila|Mirt- J t 'av-lliiiiali|iii, a ( 'ak(!iii|iiil ]iriii(
Ifs, (j>uallila|»iili"<i, tiilic <(t (
I'liaii. M.
:$()i;. :i(i.s-<»; lau;
L'l.'-'-.'iO; liicalioii, !., .•{01, i('avimi>. <Viit. Cal. tiil>
Catlila;
\ as.
Hiiiveas, 1.
,111., (i-Jd
location, i,, .•!(;:;, l.'il
:!(;i-ini;
III''., iii., (i.'i*.
aiapi
Cayiioli, a Cakiliiijutl niicr, v.,
i'lia|>. \i
Callilascos ((.'atlilascoiisl, trilw ofi'avo itatonci, Vuc., aiitiii. iv.. '2i(l.
Cliiii
•-'■.'•.'-.*.0; loc, i.
:«).-
Catlila>-^is, trilio of Salia|itin.-<, i.
•J.-a !tl; location, i.
;!l'0.
CatlilatlilastCatlilathlalas, Catlilai'k-
las), trilio ot Cliiiioc.ks, i., -Jl'J-.'iO;
location, !., :{o(>, ;{o;».
( 'allilcvacliovadis, trilic of ( 'liinooks,
L, '-'•_'.'-."iO; s|iocial nioiition, !., •J_':{.
«'afs. i.
I.">S. .■>((
Cavotcs. Soiitli Cal. trill
local
ioii. i., l."),s.
i.. in-2--2:
Kvi
('ayiii|iicis, i., •JUT, •_".».■■>,
t|i|ots.
Cayiiso (Caiiiriias, Cailloiix, CayooM-
Kvooso, l\.i\ ciii-io, Ka\iwc, Kvii.iis
Skviis
W vciialsL liilaiiil trili
Cat>aiiiiiis (Ciitsaliniiii^K tii
ShiL-liwaiis. i .■_Vil-!U; Inc.. i.,
Catllo, i., -Ji;;, -JT.'J. .'lO.'i, TiU, ."iTii
Im'.I. T-J.'i.
CattI
lO o I
.-•s:».
III
ciiutlos. 1.
:»(>»,
SCO Catlila-
|lootl
Cal iijaiics (Calii\aiio-i), Nortli Mcx.
Irilio, i.. ."iTI-'.M ; location, i., (lil-l-J.
( 'aiiac
.M
;i\a caliinla
r si 'Ml, ii., 7o:{,
.'id. Tdil-I ; iii., l-_'_'.
I '.iii^i'wav'
ii., 41 ». ."ii
li.. 2it2-;»; iv.,
■>si) '.til; v., 4-J-_'.
!1 •-', .-id.'i, I'M);
:{.v_' ,"iiHi. .v.'T, ."(T;),
Cautery, i.. »l!». 70!». 71i!17.
(a\alc|ioch (Ca\vato|i<'cli), (^)iiicli
iiilfr. v., cliap. M.
Cav,
•JSC, ."i;
!.'t.
i.")(!. ,")(!0, .")7'),
li>. (i'.M. Cto, (;:il-'.»; ii., LMl, (f.'2,
iii., si-o;
:{7_'-:t, ^:v^
Mi. (llM-ti,
117. P.'o. i:!s, nds,
.■■)S7
.v.i:
Ca\iari> llaiilali food, i |fi:i.
Caxil
iianio o
f CI
nil. II.. (i
i., 'J.'iil-'.ll ; locMtiiiii anil iiaiiio. i.,
•_'.")}, •.*7:t. ;n<!. .•{!'.•; s|iocial iiionlioii,
i.. •_•.")! I ;. --'."iS. •_'(;o, I'd.'i. •_'i:7 s, -271 4,
•J7ii. •-".»' I; iiiMli., iii..'.Ci. l."ii;; Ian;:.,
iii., ti'J.">ti.
Ca/caiics, North Mcx. Irihc. i., ."171-
'.11; location, i.. (;7-.'; Ian- , iii., 71'.'.
Cazonziii (Ca/onl/iin. i., ."i|i!, sic
( 'all/.ont/in.
Ca/.o]Mis, Cent. C.il. trilio. i ..•idl-HU;
location, i . 4."i'J.
Coacall i^iol/al'oall (<^)iicl/al.datl
Chalcliinitl. 'I'liiiiii .<iip, a 'I'liltcc
priiico, v., 'J.'it ti.'{. tsi,
Coalcoi|iiiii, ciiy, lloiidiiras, iii.,4S."i;
\'., chap, xi
('ocat/.in, a Toltcc |iriiico, v., 211,
•Ji:{.
Coi'oalliillinicl.ioall, Naliiia (li\iiiln;i
ni.u'ii, ii., ;{">:'.
Coil.ir, Ciiliiiiiliians, j.. l,"iil, Idii I,
l(i4-(l; ISl, l,s:{..-), I'.lj. \W. --'I--'.
•Jll. '-'Ki, -JIU, •.'.•{.■), •_';i7. •-•'ill; C,i|.
ifoiiiiaiis, i, ,'U1, 4;{|; Mexican'^,
ii.. II."), "••"i7; Central .\iiicricaiis,
Cavi-cias, North .Mox. trihc, i., '>1\-' i., <!'.•'.', 7"-'.'i.
'.11 : location, i., til I.
Ca\i/iiiiali (Cawi/iniah), (^'iiicJH' i tii|., iv,, 7ii'2
I Collar Hank. .Mississi]i|ii \allc>, an-
]iriiicc, v., oliaii. xi.
Cawok iCavi'Wl, (.•iiicln'' roval tilh
Collar < 'itv, I'liili, anti
ii., (;»;{-4; V.
chap. XI.
Cawinal (Cavinall. ( iiiatoiM.'ila. an-
ti^., iv., 1;{1 ; hist., v., chap. \i.
C.awios. i., 4.')7, SCO Cahnillos.
Cawiicliaiis, !., l"J(i, soo Cowitchins,
I 'oh, (ii'ch, tjliioii, *,iiioj I, Nlaya iiioiit
\i
n.
.i7-H.
Coliatclios, South Mox. Irilic. i.Cll-
"0; Ian;;., iii.. 7lil.
IColih
I M
Nahuas, ii.
ivas, ii.. (17'J.
■|1; iii., 4;'.:!;
(.'oliar.s, i., ;{;i4-,"i, 775-li.
G5G
IXDLX.
fcltali''. iii.. Till, ''f'o TzoikI.iIos.
• oils, Aiiurii-aii i>ri;;iii ilu'urv, v.,
IM-JJ.
<Viiitiit. ii.. ri~n-2, "tSI; iv., ]iiissiin.
(c .Mi<iui/tli, Naliiia^'ixl, ii., 310; iii.,
Ceiii|iMiiIii (Z»'iiii>i>ala), city, Vera
Cru/. i., «
43t;
l>4.i; II..
113, r.70: iv.
'2t»;{; station, (liiiliiiin-c
liii;.'ratiiin. \., '2'M.
(Y-iii{Miarra\iii'li, (liiatiMiiahi {iriiac,
v., i-liap. xi.
< 'ein|><ialt(-)ic<-, iiioiiiitaiii, (.hijaca,
v., .")•_•!».
t'c'iiial. iiami- for cast Yucatan, v.,
ciiap. xiii.
Ccnicilla. a iiicilicinal licrli, i., fiHH.
< 'ciii/.is, Nnrtli Mc\. trilic, i., .">7i-!M.
t'esi-cis, Naliiias, ii., Itil; iii., 335-((,
V. '2'.y2.
:U7.
< "cii-ii^ III' ( 'liic liiii
< 'eiit>'i'tia[>i\<iii(', Naliua oiliciul, ii.,
4:t7.
Ceiiiciitl (Cciitciitl, Ciiitciitl, T/iii-
tciiil, 'r/iiitcutli, Naliiia j^'tidilcsH,
ii , --M ». .'{.'il^, :V.il--2: iii., ;U'.»-(i7.
Centi/ciiiac. lucalitv, Cent. America,
v., :{|'.i.
CiMitla. V. t'niz. aiiti<|.. iv., 4.39-4.3.
t 'cntli. ilricd cnrii, ii., ."147.
(^'eiitral .\inciii;iiis, (iiic of the seven
jxri>u|is into which the natives of
tiic I'aiilic States arc iliviilcil, lo-
catcil in < Inatcniala, . Salvador, Nic-
ara^'ua, liie .\lo~i|nito Coast, Hon-
duras, Co-la liica. anil tlio Isth-
mus of I)aricn. or I'anania; suhdi-
d.'d
iiiiii tl
f
iiinilu's.
til
(inatciiialan>4, .Mosijuitos, and Isth-
mians. .Maiimrs and customs of
eaiii di'scrilicd separately, i., (i,S4-
7!I7: ii\ili/cd nations, ii., (I.'{((-S().'{;
location ami trilial lioundaries, i.,
<iS4-s, 7si:-''7; myth., i., 707-S, 740;
ii., (Iil.'t; iii., 4j'.V), 74-.">, 4(>I-.">(I7,
.->4-.'-4; Ian;.
71-.3.
,")!»-!).•
;uiti<|..ii.. Ilfi-IH; iv., l.".-i;«l; liist.,
v., l.")7-8S, 2_';$-34, chap. .\i., xii.,
xiii.
( 'entral < 'aliloniiaiis, secCaliforiiiaiis,
Central.
Central Me.xicans, sec Mexicans,
( 'entral.
Cerbat .Mts, i.. "I'lT.
L'ereinoiiies, llvperhoreans, i., 8.1-4,
llD-II, li:t: Colnmliians, i., lii*.)-
70. 1S7, lH!t. -Jiy, -J.-IJ, LM."), 'JflS,
2S4; Califoniiaiis, i.. Ill-l."i; Ni
'\V I
Mesicans, i., iV_"J-4, .*>4l'-:!, .■)r).3-4;
Me.xii'ans, i., (j;j(i-7, (idl-.'t; ii., 144-
.'•7, 104-.S,C.M-fiI, 270^. .3.')U. :N!»o7;
iii., 'J'.t7-:{iK», ;tl."i, .'iTot;; rciiirai
Americans, i., (i!i;, 7-'.» :!;{, 74<i-l.
744-,'), 7.S--.3; ii., (;(;s-7o, t;,sj-4.
Cereiis j,'i;,'anteus, liotanical name of
the I'itahaya. i., .VM.
Ceris (Ceres. .Seris), North Me\.
tribe, i., .■»71-'.>l; location, i.. ."i.'-j.
()04o; sp«'cial mention, i . .■)7:{-4,
.57(i-<l, iVSi, ."i,V{-.">, oSl, .").Slt IMt; Ian;:.,
iii., 704-;").
reri|uin, city, Iloiidnras, iii., 4s.".
Cerralvo Island, i., ti04.
Cerrito de Montezuma, near 'I'lpa-
titlan, Jalisco, jinii(|.. iv., .">74.
Ccrrode la Cnidad. fort iticat ion, (^»ue-
retaro, antii(., iv., .")."(U.
Cerro de Cosconiate, near Zaiiatei>ec,
((ajaca, anlii)., iv., ;{74.
Cerro de los ICdilicios, iv., o80, seo
liluemada.
Cerro (iordo, i., (114.
Cerro de l.is .liintas ((,iuiotepec), Ou-
jac.'i. antii|., iv., 41s-'J0.
Cerro del .Maiz. i., til."!.
Cerro de la .Malinclie, Mexico, aii-
ti.p, iv., .TIS.
Cerro de las Navajas, Mexico, aii-
tii)., iv., TiH-").
Cerro Prieto, i., (i(»4. (!7.'i; iv.. .".|".i.
Cerro de San (!rej,'orio, tluanajuat'i,
antiij., iv., ")77.
Cerro ilel Tesoro, Mexico, anti'j ,
iv.,.'>4S.
Cerro di- las Trincheras, .Suimra, an-
tii|., iv., (m.
Cerro del \'enado, Oajaca, antiii.,
iv., .37.3-4.
('esiiia, dried meat, i., (I'.t.'i.
CetecpatI, Uinj;tif ( 'oliuai\ilaliuacaii,
v., 4(il-2.
Cexeninnth, i., '2'X'i, see I'.xcnimiitli.
Cliali, (.,|uicli('- montii. ii., 7ii)>.
Chaliiii (Chahin), 'i'/endal dav. ii.,
7<I7.
Chac (Cliaac), Mava <,'od, ii., iiM',
(i!K>-.3; iii., 4(i7, 47.3.
Chacala, .lalisco, antii|., iv., ."(7-.
Chacal Hacah, Maya;.;oil. iii., Jili;.
Cliacch(d), V'ueataii, antii|., iv., lM'.',
'2(18.
Chachii. iii., 1.">.3, see l\i>litsainali.
Chacha^ruarcs, North .Me\. tril'c, i..
.'i7l-!ll; location, i.. (ill.
CluK'U, Yucatan, anti'|., i\., •Jllli',
27(».
Chaclan, Cent. Cal. trilie, i., .'JCl-
401 ; location, i., 4.">.3.
Chaciiouitan, name fiu' ^'ncatan. v.,
22.S, cliap. .xiii.
INDKX.
r.,-,7
riiacit IJisor, New Mcx
CI
iv., (I.V_' (,
iiU'uai.'ii,
iiV), aiitiq.
era Cni/, aiiti
4ti:{.
IV.
Cliac Xil> ("liac, riilfr of Cliiclieii
lu
•li
ip,
(')iailukiiil. iiilic of NootUas, i., 174-
'2t)S; loiMliiili
'.l."i
:{(;i-
("haj:iiritfs, I'ciil. Cal. trilu',
401 ; liHatiiiti. i., 4.Vi.
<'lialiallia, (jiiii'lit- lioiLselidlil iii»\>
iii.. LSI.
Clialiallt', Max a iin'ciisc. ii., 7<>'_'.
( iiaiiciivva
lis. II
•"><•; liicati'iii,
if ( 'IliliniiUs, i.
t lialiiiaiiu'sM 'liaiiiiaiics), Nortli Mr\.
Iiiltf, i.. :t-\-'.)\; Icali i., (;i--'.
(lialias, Naliua iialimi, i., (117-41;
ii., I.'{:t-)l'.'t); jiiratjiiii ami iianii', i.,
(;7">; ii., I-J.'i-C; hi.st., v., ;{()7-lO.
;{Si»-4-J
.■■.o;{-
( lialcat/in, ;i Tciltcc |iriii('o, v., 'Jll,
!l.{.
.'•_'(», •-'»;{.
<'liali'liiiilia|iaii, aiii'ii'iil iiaiiK- fn
Tl;
i^iala, \.
•J II
a, ISk
( lialiliiiilii'iia, a .Nh'\i<'ali iiiililc, v.,
.SJ(».
( lialfliiiilicuccaii, N'cra <'ni/., aiitii(.,
iv.. 4:u.
ilialcliiiiitc (("lial.liiliiiitztii), a i>ii'-
ci.iiis si.Mii', ii., L'.v.i, ;;."i(i, ;(7-'. (Hx;,
:.".(», -^71, .S(f.s, :{,s."», ;{!Ht;
707; 111.
il. •-'.■
('Iialrhiliiiitiii'iic (I 'lialcliiliiiiiliruc
viiliiia, < 'lialiliiiilii'yt'ji'), Naliiiii
n
;^imIi!i'>s, ii., iMiO, .'lid; iii
;{(;■
iial/, a 'riiitcf cliicf, v.,
ili'iiiiilinciii't/iii, a Mexican priii-
rcss, v., 4I',I.
< liali'liiulili'iii'liiia, Naliiia sac riliicr.
lali'liuilii
!t:{.
liiil
11.. 4;fo.
I liali'liiiilitlaiict/iii, lonl of ('<ivii-
liiiaiaii, \.
.•M'.».
< liali'liiiili 'I'latoiiai' (('li.'iicliiulitla-
toiiac, ( 'li.ili'liiiilillaiii't/iii, (lial
<'liiiilill;iliiic\t/ili, 'i'lalrli ill lit land
ziiii, 'rojifc Uiiij;, V.
:ill. .•{L>t;.
LM.V
L'dd,
Miali'liiiili 'I'laloiiac II. (Clialcliiiili
loiia), Ciilliua kin;-', v., 'J.'u. ;{;iO-l.
< iialrliiia|ia, town, Salva'ior, i., 7^7.
' liali'liiuii, i., '_*!l.'t, st'c ( 'lialrliciMiit'.
I liali'itan, ilislrict of (Inati'inaia, i..
7S!I.
' liairo, |prci\ iiicc ami town, .Mexico,
v., ;il(l. .•t'JI, ;iS(i. 101.
'Iiali'o l.akc, Mexico, aiiliq., iv.,
r.l7-S; Iiisl., v., -M'X
VuL.V. a.
'Ii.'ilni(>caciiial! (riialiiKvacioinl i
Naliiia ^o(lile>s, iii., 'Xiii, A\ii.
Iialones, Ci-iit. t'al. trilx
■ '., iii., (;.'•;<.
i., .-{(Il-
401; lai
iialo.-as. Soiitli «'al. trihe, i., 40-_'-
location.
4.V.I.
'lial>|iicnos, Cent. .Mex. Irilio, i.,
<>l7-44; Lin;;., iii., 7-.").
Iialiila.s, Iii lie of Cliinooks, i., '_'•.'■_'-
"HI; location, i., ."{OS.
Iialiiiiiii, Cent. Cal. trilie, i., ;{(;i-
401; location, i., I.Vt.
liaiiKiican iCliiinalai'an), Cakclii-
i<l. iii., 4.S."! I; v., cliaip. xi.
■ " ■ ■ , i., 747-
ocation, i., 7!'">; laiiL'., iii.,
1(111
liaiiie, trilie of I>iliniian
;•».
iianiilali. loc:i!itv, Ciiateinala, v.
I'll
ip.
i;i Mts., i., 7.S(;.
Ila. cil\ , < 'liiapas. i., (LSI.
Il
liaiii|>oton I I'otoncliaiil, cit\, N'lica-
tan, \., ■_'■_'•;, di.ip. xiii.
'liaii, X'oian's aiice.-.|o|-, iii., 4."il; v.,
(111.
'Iianalial, Ciiateniala laii^'., iii.,
7(ii», 7ti-'.
lianaii ((iiiaiian), T/emlal day, ii.,
7<I7.
'lianate Mis, ]., .504.
Iiancales, North .Me\. trilie, i.,."i71-
Dl; location, i., i;i I.
'Iiancel a^^iia, nieiliciiial lierli, i.,
4I'.>.
'li;iiieili. Cent. Cal. trilie, i., .'i(ll-
401; local i«iii, i.. iM.
Iian;;iiene
■»7-s.-|
local i
trilie of Ml
i., 7IS.
iiiuaiis, I.
'liaiiit;lacs, i., 4."i;i, .-cc ( acliciialis.
Iiaiits, see SoiM's.
Iiaiitiinv al
M
I' a ikiiice, 11., (I',I7.
liamNappaiis, inlieol Sali.iplins, i.
•J.Vl-'.ll; location, i., rijd 1.
liapels, ii.. .Vi."i, .'iSS, 7;iS; iji . •_';i'.i.
liapin^o, .Mex., antiij., iv.,.")J7.
Iianleis, i., 170; iii., loO.
lie Ml,
r,]:\.
Iiapopntli, a kind of pilch, ii., .'!_'_;!;
ill., :;t;i.
hapiiL'tacs, Cent. Cal. trilie, i., ;!()l-
401; location, i.. 4V-'.
liapiilco, Ciiateiiiala, aiitiij., W.,
•h
la pill 1st a;;iia, I lomliiras, anliq., i\ . ,
71.
hapiillepec (Cli;ipollepecl, town in
M.
ii., Iiiii
111., 'J!IS; ar.l;
iv.. .-iO-_'; hist., v., ■-".»."
I, .•{40.
!i-4.;t;to.
ni'l
658
INDEX.
riiapiiltopocuil^iiiiilfo (Vctzincn ,
lily. Mcxini, iii., l'4S.
('Iia]>iiliic!i. IIiiii(liii;is. antic|., iv., 71.
riiar.-ic, villas;!', Si>!Hira. i., (iOS.
Cliaiai'tcr, ll\ |ifilM>ri'aiis, i., (iS. ,S(>-7.
!t:{-4. Il.tl'l. |-_'0, \-2-2, \:iX I.T.-7;
rnliiinltiaiis. i., l7:i-4, -.'(tCS, •J-_>0-'J.
L'l'.l.")!), '.'S'.MH; Caliluriuaiis, i.,
3(in I, .■?!t7-40i, 4-J-2, 44(1 •_•; New
Mexicans, i., ")'24-(>, .").V)-(i, .")7<l-l,
fi'Jil-l; .Mcxi.'aiis, i., IM. (i41-4, (KIS-
7i»; ii., 470, (i-Jii-it; Ccntial .Xiiu-ii-
laiis, i., 70'.t-ll, 74."»-7, 7S4-r); ii.,
8o:i; iv., ij(;-7. i:{i, u-j.
Cliaracii, Tarasi-o kiiiLT, v., .">1('>.
(.'liant.al, i.. 'JlO, 4(14.' r,:\.\ iuU. 72--',
7.VJ; ii.. 174. 4.s:i (i.-)l, 710.
('hari'ck(niiii. North ("ulifoniia .^pirit-
I .m1, iii., 177.
Ciiarcva, North California jjoil, i.,
S.V-'-'.J; iii., !I0, Kil; v. I'.l.
Charities, ii., (!•_•.'{, (;;i7; iii, 4.'$1.
Charms, IIy)ierl)oreans, iii., 141,
144-."); Coriiml)iaiis, i., 171, '2S4;
iii., l.'JO; Califoriiians, i., 41S: New
Mexieans, i., ~y2'2. ."iSS; Mexicans.
i., (J.'U; ii.. 14."), -im. :{(»(», ;{17, .Sl!».
3i'8. :W4, :$.")0, 477, CO-': iii, 'MH\
Cent. .\nieri(';»ns. i., 7.'<4; ii., ()',t7.
Charnel-house, Nahuas, ii., 4.'J0-1,
r)S.')-(i.
Cliaron, Naliiia tnyth., ii.,()Oo.
Chart, see .Ma|>s.
Chase, see llnntin.LC.
Ciiast.i. trilie of Cliiiiooks, i., 222-50;
location, i., SOS.
('hastay, i., 'XX\, see Shastas.
Cliastity, lly|ierl)oreans, i., 6,"), SI.
12."!, "i:!2; 'Coiuniliians. i.. KlS-'.t.
1<»(!-S. 218. 242, 27S; Californians,
i., o.')l, 4:!7; New Mexicans, i.,.")14-
!.■), ")4'.), iiCt't, .'iS."); Mexicans, i., (JfJl-
2; ii., 14.S, 2.")1, 4(;!»-70; iii., 4;r.-(i;
j Cliiivin (le Ilimnta, Peru, antii|.. iv.,
i Sdl.
Cliawtenh llakowas. Cent. Calilorni.i
' trilie. i.. ;t(il-40l; location, i , 447
1 Chayeii, Cent. Cal. trilie, i., :{(;i-4(i|;
I location, i., 4.");{.
[ Chayher. -Mit j,'ml. iii.. ">21.
I Cliaykisaht, trilie of Nootkas, i.,
I 174-20S; location, i.. 2'.t.").
' Chayoiiiiies, North .Mcx. trihe, i.,
j r>71-!»l; location, i., (ill.
Che, tjKiiche month, ii., 7(i<i.
Cheate Kiver, i., .'{04.
Cheatlees (Chealitocs, Chetkos, Chit-
cos), North California trilie, i.,
.S2(;-(il; location, i., 44.{.
ChecatI, Toltec chief, v.. 24:t.
Checaylis. i., .SOl, see Chch.iiis.
Chedocluijfs, Cent. Cal. tribe, i.. .'fill.
401; location, i., 44'.l.
Cheek-hones, l!y]ierliorcans. i.. 4t;,
ll(i; Colnniliians, i.. I.')7-S. 177-.S.
210, 22,")-(;; Californians, i., IfJ.s,
.'{(!4; New Mexicans, i.. ."i.'tO, .")7.'i;
Mexicans, i., (il!l; Central .Vnieii-
cans, i., (iSS, 714.
Cheek-ornaments, i., 717, 7"'^.
Cheen. ii., 7'VS; see Chen.
Cheenales. trilie of Soiiml Indians.
i.. 208-22; location, i., 2!i!l.
Cheese, South Mexico cnmmcrcc,
i.. (!.")().
Che;^(ie, a sand insect, i., 742, 778.
Chehalis (Che(diaylas, ( lieca;. lis,
Cliihailis, ChicUecles, Clickili~.
Tsihailish, Tcheilicli>), nilic c.f
Sound Indians, i., 2( IS -•_'•_'; loialicMi.
i., 200, .'{01, .'lO:?; s|iecial iiieMtiuii,
i., 214; Ian;;., iii., (il8-l!), t;2().
Chehalis liiver, i., 20!t. ;;(;:{.
Click oc Katun (l.alii oc Katun',
Central Anieric
(ial, ().")".), ()7").
ins, 1.
7(«; ii.
C^hatalliuic, Nahua medicine, ii., 500.
Chatcheenie (ChatchciMiee,
Chal
llcliu-
oJ-74;
ni). trilie of Ilaidahs, i., 1
location, i.. 2!).'?.
Chatham Souml, i.,'.)(;, 142, 15."), 171.
Chati
South .Mcx. trilie. i.. (144-
70; location,
(I'Sl;
tioii.
(i4(!; laii;;., ii
siiecial men
/.)•-'.
Chaudieres (Chualpays. Kettle Fal
(/uiarlpi, Schrooyel|ii. Schwoy
.Ml
Chek
iva (livisioji ot cvcle, II
7(12.
[•h
tnlie
of Salish,
2."i2-!ll; location, i., lUX
Chekilis. i., .'{(W, see Clieiialis.
Chelan Lake, i., .'!l(i.
Clieles. Iiramh of tln^ Mavas, ii., 1 1
12(i. ();W; v., chap. .\
Cliellv Cafion,
.")<)(); N(
M(
intKi., iv., (151-2.
CI
,\<'
lemakanc
M
Issioll,
•m:
Cheine''ualja, South California Ian;
(i
Clieme;riie, South Califi
iii., (i77.
IIIL'.
]ii, Sliuyel])i, Wlieel|io). Inland ('hemejiue Cajuala, South California
Coiuniltian trilies.
tion.
"lO-Ol;
1
202
, .'{14-15; special nieiit
280.
Ch
111., (i'
''lie Seliita, South California
lanir.. iii., <)77.
Cheniehuovis ((_'heiniliiievis, C
iNi>i:x.
iiioliiiovis, riionioltnowas. niinicli- ; rhiiliac flioli. Mava ''ml, i
C59
liuclii
< liiiiM'liiit'Miis, (liiiii- ( liii'liaiirli
tirataii, atltli
rliiii
vcsi, IrilK-
.f Ml
|l.■•ll|«lll•^<, 1.
:;{;m.
4"_''2-4"J; lidutidii, i., 4»it>i laiij;., iii., Cliiclifii li/a, ^■ll(■alall, aiiti(|., li
iv., •_'•_•( l-.{7, •-'74-."., '2S:,; hist
'>-(), cliap. xiii.
W'.l.
('lii(liilii|), Soiitli Califiiriiia fiilx-
4( »•.'•_'•-':
iicaliiiii 1.. 4.'i;t.
(.'liicliiltiialc. iiaiiif (if Ca^a (iraii
♦;t;o, (i77-!>.
riifii (Clieeii), Mava iiioiitli, ii., (500,
<'Iii(Iii;,r;,i|,j, ti.vvii. Nicaia^riia. i.,7!'-
C'liPliewvaiis (Atlialtascas), trilie of : ( 'liitliilnial/iii, Imil <if 'I'lilaiifiii
Tiiiiii'^i, i., 1I4-1;{7; Incatimi and'
iiaine, i., 114-lfi, I4(: s|M'('ial iii<>ii-
tioll, i., llfi'JI, l.'i.')-!); iiivtii., iii.,
518-l!t; v., 14; (>ri;,'iii. v.." •_".'.
rii('|Mi, l.stliiniaii iiroviiu'c, i., ''Mi.
('liciii)liar, l.sthiiiiaii iiruviiu'c, i.,
7'.»(!.
Clu'po Hivor, i., 70fi-7.
I lifiiikt'f, laii^., iii., 73**.
( hi'ritkt'i' Flat, Cal., aiiliq., iv., 707.
Clii'rrifs, drinks made from, i., 707;
ii., 7i'4.
(liftlil, Tliliiikot'l ?,'<»!, iii., 103, 14C).
Clit'tkos, i., 44:<, «•<• Clicatti'i's.
CI
.\ri/oiia. aiitii
iK'hiiiit'ia
illiUi'os, v., .">1 1 ; >(•»•
\\
iiiiai'iicc.s.
iriiicliiiiiccailalli, a district of Mcx-
Cli.'tl
cssciltlllis,
Nortli California
trilii', i. , :VJti-(ll ; locatiii
44J
Cliettro Kijtili', New Me.sito, luititi.
1., .).{7
Clietiilul, Yiicata
ili.st.
II, atitin., iv.
Ml;
v., Cllilp. Xlll.
trilic of
local i(
Clievcriclics (( 'iliaricln
Shoslioiies, i., 4l'L'-4"J
4»it.
"hiaii, seed, ii, 317, 4S7, 000.
t'liiaiitla, town, (iaatcuiala, i., 7^>7.
t'liiapaiiccs, Maya nation, i., CA't-
70; ii., t;30-S()':{; location, i., (Wl;
ii., rjO-1, I'JO; spci'ial mention, i..
(;4s-'.). t;r)4, (i.">s, am-, ii., 044-5, 7'-'ti.
30, 7(!:
i(i(i-
/; mv
til., iii., 4.">S;
lan^'.. iii., 7.V.t-(i3; liist.. v., l."),S-0!t.
•-"_M, •_'-J7-3t), 440, 473, chap, x., k\.,
xii.
CliiapjiH, Nations and trihes, i., (i4r>-
70; <i73, ().Sl-3; ii., I'JO-l, T-'fi, 030-
S(l.'{; myth., iii., 4.").S; Ian;;., iii.,
7.V.t-(!3;" anfiii., ii., 110; iv., "JSN-
.'ttM; hist., v., l.")S.ti<», -i-Jl, •.••.'7-3(i,
440, 473, chap, x., xi., xii.
Chianhtla, Nahiia title, ii., 441.
Cliiawar, ancient city, (Inatemala,
ico, V.
ills.
Chichinjecatl, Chiihimec kin;;, iii.,
'JIO-.'>(»; v., '.M'.t-JO.
Chichiniecailalpa\at/in, lii;;h-prie>t.
of Cholula, v..';f4!l.
Ciiichimecatl 'leculitli, Cliichimec
imperial title, v., .'{lit.
Chichimecs, N'alina nation, i,, (117-44:
ii., l3:{-0L".t; Ii
icalion ami name, i
(;171H, t;7(», 073; ii.. 101-."., Ilm;
Spl
•ial
mention, i.. (!•_'■_'. O'.M, C-JS-'t,
(i32-;<. (!43; ii., lt;7 7.3,
L'OI-
;U4, .304-."!, 411. oo(;. ('.u'.i, oi-.' i:!
mvth., iii., Kl't, 4(13; laiiL'., iii
7'J4-n; hist.
•_M.s-'j(i, •_>;{7-.">(», •>',!
4!>0. .">tl7, r)|(l, .">l!t. chap. x.
Cliichimec Cnlhnas. Nahna nation
i., (il7-44; ii., 13.3-(;'J;t; hist., v.,
24J, '2^H
Chichimec-'i'ollecs, Nahna naticn
hist..
4S4-7
Cliichimec ^Vanacace^
W
iiia-
Chichit/in, lord of Tencaca. v.. IM't.
Chichtii
nsical iiislniment. ii.. '.\'M'
■U
ip
Chiawat, I'inia devil, iii.. .V27.
Chic Kalian, .May.i feast, ii.. 7("».
Chickeeles, i. . ,'!():!; see Chehalis.
Chicklezats (Chickle/alilsl, tr
Nooika.-'
174--_'OS; I.
I lie o
atinii, i.
'.to
Ch
Nah
Ciiiliirias, Mava llolv '
4(ii>.
Chic (Chine), T/endal clay, ii., 7(>7.
Chicacotra, Isthmian Ian;;,, iii., 704.
7(iO.
77.>; ii.,
iicoapalnaca/niini|iii, .\ahna mu:-
tary d.iaU, ii., 4(f.'.
Cliii'oliiiahiiimi<'llan ( Chiciilin.Mih-
mictlan). a <li\ ision of .M id Ian, iii ,
401, .">34.
in, iii., ! Chicomecnatl (Chiconiecouati), Na-
Chicehan, .Maya day, ii., 7.").">-(i,
Cliicha, drink, i., ()3(), 70'>,
CI
hna ;;oddess, i
liconio/toc, ancient home o
iii.. :!.VJ,4-_M.
pf .\/tt
.iSd ;
list.
Ml., ."iS, 07 ; iintii|., IV.
v., ISS. I'll, |<.»7, -2{t:i •_M0--J3, -J-'S,
307, 3_"_'-(i, 4-J_' 4.
Ch
uconahiiapaii it liiciinaliiiap:in
ih
i).Na-
Cliichac, suhiirb of Cliiiinix, v.,' hna river of deall: ii (i(l.">; iii.. 'iSS.
chu^t. xk
<JUicuiii|iiuuhtli, Ul
lord.
3'
660
INDEX.
«'lili'niir|iii.ivitl. \alina j;o(l. iii., 41fi.
riiirciii 'rmiatiiili, 'I'liltrc kiii;^', v.,
•2V2, -Jl'l.
Cliii'iiiatas (Cliifiiriitiis), Nmtli Mcx.
trilic, i., .'iTI-'.M; localioti, i., tiO'.l ;
siiccial iiifiitioii, i., 'u'.i, 'u'.*; laii;;.,
iii., 707.
( 'liici(ziaf.'at, Ni('arav''iii ;;iiii, iii.,4!tl.
I liicMiic, Istliiuian jximI, iii., 4'.l!t.
< liiciiras, N'ortli Mcx. trilic, i., .")7l-
<ll; liiratioii, i., nil!).
riiii'iiiat'. ('('lit. Calii'iiniiii tiil>f, !.,
:?fil-J(ll; liK'atioii, i., 4."»4.
< 'liicfs. set' < liivcriiinciit.
<'lii,i,'iiiit ('!"s.Iii;,'iiiiii Mis, i., 140.
< 'lii;;i)li()in, ('akcliii[iifl city, v.,«lia]>.
xi.
( lii^ii.ii'im (f"lii<;naii;jua, Tzi;,'"iHi;,'iO,
naiiK! for /\vaii;^a, v., .">!(!.
< 'lii;,Miaii, ( 't'litral ( aliriiniia trilii', i.,
;i(;i-M»l; liiralioii, i., 4.">.T
<'iiiliailis. i., :{(i:{; x-o ( 'liclialis.
< liiliualiiia, Nations and trii:t's, !.,
47.'{.VJ.">, ")71-'.»;{, <;04: niytli.. iii.,
17>S; lan^'., iii., .'><).'l-4, .">s;{," t)t;7, 710,
71<i-17; antiii. iv., (io.S-lJ.
< 'liiliiic-cliiliui, South Cal. trilic, i.,
10l'--_'-J; location, i., -.'•'.!».
< 'liiluiillan. ( >ajaca, antii)., iv., 373.
t'liila, i'lichla, aiilic|., iv., |ti.')-(i.
( iiilani Caiani (Cliilani llalaui), liigli-
|irit'>t, Maui, v., diap. xiii.
fiiilaiics, M;.ya iliviiicrs, iii., 473.
t iiilapan, ]ir(ivincc in (iucrrero, !.,
i;77; v., 412.
i'iiilcat, i., 14-J, see t'liilkat.
( liilciiaiitla, Mi'x., anti([., iv., '>i'.).
( liiMliirlli. sec Women.
< liililrcii, H vpcrltoicans. i., (Jfi, Sl-'2,
<»•-», nil-',' 117, l-'l, 131-3; Colnni-
hian.s, i., 1(!1», 17S, ISO, I!t7, l-'Ol.
•2IH, •2i-2. L>7!l-S0; < 'alifornians, i.,
3.')()-l, 37!>, 3!K)-1, 41-.'-l4, 4.37; New
Mcxi(
>I3-14, .>lS-!». .")(•)(;
58."); .Mexicans, i., (i;',:}-.'), lU',\--2, (W.I;
ii., 1S3, '-MO-r)!, 'Jf^S-."., ■J71-S1, .3ii.").
()•.>(■>; iii., 331-4, .•t70-<!, 3'.>-J, 3!ll-."),
4'-'l. 4_'S, 43(1-7; t'ent. .\tnerii',iM-.
i., 703-4, 734, 773; ii., (.('.1-4, (;7-'-3,
(i7S-.S4, 7-'!».
Chile {.\|i), n'll yo\i]
(i.")-.», dlil-."), 7-M,
347, (!00; see a
., 0-_'4, (W).
•'.): ii., 17."), 313.
IsoP _.
(Miilians, origin, v., '22.
(hilicothe, town, ISritish Colunihia,
iii.. (!1,3.
Ciiili Cnlch, Pal.. anti(|., iv., 704.
Chilili. villi
I '..'('
New Mcx.
,)•_'/.
rhilkat (niih'all River, i . 1 \2. I H.
Cliilkals (<'iii!k;iiit>i. irilie ol Tliiin-
kects, i., '.MI-114; location, i., ilii,
1 fJ; Ian;:., iii., .".7'.i.
Cliilkoleii riain. i.. I.'i(i, -Jli-J.
Cliilkotins (Tsilkotin). triJH' of Tin-
neh. i., 1I4-.37; location, i.. II,").
Cliill.ites, trihe of .Soinnl Imiians, i.,
L'(»s-'.''_'; location, i., 30.t.
('Iiilhickitte(|na\vs, Inland trihe, i ,
•-V.l'.ll; location, i., 3J(I; .-|ieciiii
mention, i.,'-V)S, -JtiO, •J()7, •-'70, -'73,
'Js;, 3J(».
ChillMlahs (( ■hillulas), Norlh Cal.
trihe. i., 3l'(i-()l; location, i., 44(;;
special nu'ntion, !., 3.")7, 3(11; lani;.,
iii.,(il3.
riiillwayhook I,;ike, i., •2<)8.
Chill way hook Kiver. !., L'HS.
Cliilhva\ liook>, trihe of Nootka.--. i,,
I74--JOS; location, i., -".ts.
Chillvcliandi/e, tiihe of Cliiuook.--. i.,
■-'•.'•J-.")0; location, i., ;tO!».
Chilnci|natcdli, a ;:riiel. ii.. ;!."i.").
Chills (Chiitz). trihe of Clii ks, i.,
•-'■-'■-•-."»0; location, i., .303(1.
Chimaknnis (Cjiinaknmsi. tril f
Sound Indians, i., 'JOS-'-'i'; io.aii
i., .301'.
Chimalcau ((."hinialacan), sie Clia-
malcan.
Chimalco, station. A/tec mi-ratinn,
v.,.3--'.3.
Chimalcuixintecnlitli,'ri'()-Cliicliinicc
leader, v., 4S!).
(^'Iiimalliuacan .\teneo, station. Toltcc
mi;,'ration, v., •2\'2.
Chiniallimiean TIachiaIco, Mexico,
antiij., iv., 4!t().
Chimalli, .Niexican shield, ii., 40(1.
Chimalma (Chimalmani. Nahua ;:<>d-
de>s, iii., L'.-)(); v., •.!7. SS. 2X1
Chinialniat, t^niche ,uoddess, v.. 17-'.
Chimal|ian, station, .Vztec mi;;rali'ii],
v.. .32.3.
('hiin;il)ianocan, ward of Tczcui o
city, v., 404.
Cliimalpanecs, Nahtia n.ition, v., .3.'!,S.
Chinial|iopoca, kin;,^ of .Mexico, v.,
3(!l-(!, 3S0-(); kin;; of 'I'lacopaii, \.,
4-'(l,440.
t"himalipo[)oca Codex, .see Cotlr\
ChimaI|io|HK'a.
Chimal(|nays, North Cal. trilie. i.,
.3'_'t;-(il; loc'., i..44(;; laii;;.. iii .. (143.
("himaltecnhtli,kin;,'of .Matlall/.in -n,
v., 43l'.
( 'Iiimaltenan''o. town. ( inatcinala. i.,
Cliihlith
ii., 58tt.
Nal
Ilia musical lustrumeiit
7'>!i; v.. chap. xi.
(.Miimaltizatl, paint-stoi
4S7
f'liitn.ntn
a;.'e, n
' iiinian
I liimaii I
( hiniciii
e\ is.
( llinieilii
( iiinicliii
hne\ I-
( iiimehw
line\ i'.
( liimnap
napnn~
locatioi
C!iinip-ai
< 'irini-'\ai
s.iiii^,
Ch\ iiisc
of Maid
I -■>.'», •Jit;
1">7-S, I
♦>(t7.
<'liin (Ca\
(f77.
Cliiiialialii
Cliiiiameil
Cliin.'iniita
7'>l ; ant
Cliin.'iinita
Cliiuaiiiii!
vralioii,
< 'hi nam pa."
•34."»-(;, ,-)7
Cliinandi',;:',
Cliin.intecs
i., (i44-7<l
mention,
7(;(t.
''Iiinantla,
4I(;.
Cliinap.i. V
( liinarra. .^
'liiiiax. 'I'z
of chief.
'Iiincila, n,
.'.Id.
<;iiiuday, N
Chinese, si
i.. 170; ii
44-.-. I.
''liini;:eliiiii
i(;3-(;.
•Iiinipas, >
ill; h.cat
tion, i., .-)
Cliinof.ks,
< hinnook
Tshinnk),
into whic
vidcd; ni;
iNni'.x.
Olll
III
:<•»:.
.''_'"J-.i<(; |>li\ >l<|ili'
T'liimnniafl. Xahiia inviliii pors m- I its nations ntnl trilic-- dcMrilicil !•
a-r, III . •_'»'.». " ..--..
I liiiiiaii lti\ I'l'.
( liiiiia|ialiiiTa
I IlillirlilMVi
il, N,:liiia ^'Mil.
!.. 4';(;
n
iii.. «is.
It'liicllll-
ri
IIIDIIII'cllll
( IlilliriliMW. i., 4."i(i.
t iiiiiii'liiU'Vais, i., -Ititl, see t'lii'iiic-
lllU'N Is.
( liiiiicliw liiu'lics, iii, (>77, SCI- ("iicnii'-
Inu'v is.
( 'iiiiiiMa{>Mins (( 'liii:iiiali|iiiiiis, Ciniii
iia|iiiij>i, liilaiiil till
iiicatinii, i. . .■{■Jo.
IC, 1.
!.'>(i;t|
CI
illii|>~alli I'l
•iimsala, i., '2'X].
< liiinsvaii.- (( 'liiTiiiiioN ails, riiiniji.
Cliiri
("1
iviiiscvaii
s, !"■
n,
iliislici>iii-.|, tlilir
tif llaiilaiis, i., l."»."»-74; loialiiiii, i.,
I'm, •_".»:{; s|)cci:'.i iiiciitiim, i., I'_',"».
l.".7-8. I(i.'>, 171, 174, •.'!I4; laiij;., iii.,
(>(t7.
('iiiii (Cavil, Maian), Mava ;;ini, ii.,
(i77.
( liiiialiahiil, ti)\vn, ( Iiiati'inala, i.,7s7.
Cjiiiiaiiit'li, .\c'ii!iiiia 'ji'iu'ial. v., V.^'J.
•-•■-•4 ."•: liifss. i.. •.••J(;:i(i; .iwi-llm--,
i.. ■-'.■{l-'_': I I, i., l.'.'r_'-."i; \\ta|iiiiis
:ii|p1i'Iih'IiIs
iiiit war, I.
!;i.-.i;
and iiianiilai'liirrs,
i.. •SM>
ix.at-
i., '_';{7; |ir<i|ifit V aiul fiiiiiiiuri r,
i., •_';{S !l; alt. i., :'.'M; ;:ii\ (iriiiulit.
-•40: sLi
lia;^!' ami wunirii. i.
i., -.UO I: I
.'41 :{;
nar-
niciiis,
iii^tiiins
•J4:.ti
:4:i
niiM ciiaiit'ous
■J4."); 1 1 II 'ill
iiiinal, I.
!47'.t:
rliarartrr,
•Jl'.t.'iO; liiralioll lit till
i:.i, •_••-'■-', :!oi-io; iiiviii
Ml., '.'•>■(>
i:t7, I.V)-(i, .">llt; v., I'.l; Ian;;., in.
f.'Jti-;! ^.
< liiii-iiiiiaiiicnts, i.
Chii
i.'t: ii.. :i7ti
Tli
i|>aluM
ii|ninu's, I., t)77, sn
< liiiis. naiiic till' .\tljali
Cliiiitiilt', aniiiiatir jilaiit, i., (>.'i4.
Cliiiiwutnialiki-, riiiia ;:iiil. iii., 7S.
Isll
( 'lii|iiri|i('
( 'iiilii>i'liii>
iiiiian ;;iiil. in., iW.
(Viit. ( alifi
Iribi
< liiiianiita, (iiiali-n
ila, li
111''., ui
,fi
antiii
IV.
II.-..
Ciiiiiaiiiital. t.diiiln' I'ii'fs, ii., (i4.'{-4.
Cjiiiiaiiiitl l.aki', statimi.
A/.t.
CI
.iraliiiii. v.,
iiiiani|ias.
■ASA.
Iliiat
in;; ^'aniriis, ii.
:{4.-.-t
), .)(.); V.
•.u:>.
Cliiiianili'i:a. town, Nirarauiia, i..7'.I^J
Ciiiiia litres (I'l-ni'/), Si lilt li .Mi'.\. tli Ik
i., .•{fll-HIl;
CI
ii. (Ciii r
at Hill, 1., 4.-1L'.
il
ii|i|\a
(iiiati'iiiala, v., cliaii. \i
ixalii, iiiiiiintaii.
li.
Clii|ilt'iai's, Cent. Califnriii.i tiili
i., :{t;i-4<>l; li.rat
lull, 1., -li
lll|Mi;;alia,
Cliii
i|iaiii'liii
liaii trilie,
I-t
•krl
i.i.
iiiiiaii tnun, i.
uck-i
iiilaiiil Coiiiin-
.IJO-'.tl; liiiatiiiii, i
ti4t-7<>; lir.itiiiii, 1.
IWI;
iiicntniii, 1.
7'iO.
(.-.-. I -•-'; 1
111'
Cliiiiaiitla, town, Oajaca, i., (ISO; v.,
4l(i.
Cliiiia|ia. villau'i". Sminia, i., <!0(!.
Cliiiiana. N'mtli Mr\. laiiLT., iii., Tit.
Cliiiiax, 'rzcuilal day. ii., 7l>7; iiauii'
lit" I liicf, v.. If. I. Is7.
Cliincila, iiaiiiL- fur 'r/iiitziiiitzaii, v.,
.■.It;.
Cliinda,v, Navaji. evil s|iirit, iii., 171.
Cliiiii'sf, siiiiilaiitics in .\iiicriraiis.
Cli
:{17.
iiMiti'as, Cent. Califnriiia tiilii', i
iiil-till;
It mil, I , t.Mi.
< 'liiijiiaiilitli. lord nl .M i/i|i
( 'liii|iiaviiu't'liit, (..tiiirlu'
'1
I'liaj
I. \i.
Clii<|iiiiiiiila, ]iniviiirc, ( uiati'iiiaia, n
i'li.i]i. \i., .\ii.
Cliiiiiiiiiiiilas, trilii' iif ( liiati'iiiala. i.
CI
'1
(Ml , I I ; li
iiiiiiiiiai
t, N
, 1.. 7S'.I; laii;.'., ill.
icara^iia ''nil
I (id.
iii.. 4111.
A/t
t'l' nii"ialiiiii,
170; 111., tJt"
-S; v., .•{.•{-40
cau'iln'iiK'iii ^'iid, iii
44-.-. I.
Cliiiii;;chinicli, A
1 (;:?-(•..
Cliiiiipas, Niirtli .Mr\. tril.c. i., .".71
111; liicatiiiii. i.. (iO'.l; sjifi-ial iiit'l
til. 11, i., .')7">. •->s.->; Ian;;., iii., 711.
Cliiiiiiiiks, (Clii'iiiiiiks, Cliffiiiiiiki
Cliiiiii'iiiks. 'rcliiiimik. 'ri'lii-iiul'
( 'iiii|iiiiiliii), statioi
v., :{■-■:{.
Cliii|iiiviiii, a i.laiit, v., rlia|i. \i.
Cliii|uix. amii'iit iiaiiii' t'nr <^»iiitlii-^
and tiiwii ill ( Iiiati'iiiala, \., iliaj'
Ciiira Island, Cusia Itiia, aiiti
Cliiiira;;ui .>Its (Cliirir.iliiiaj, i., IT"',
.-.'.IS.
< 'liiri('a;.'nis (Cliiiui'.iliUfs), tri' t
ilii's, i., 47:i-'i^Jii; 1'
IC. 111.. ..
( 'liirii'lii.i.a, ( liiali'iiiala tril
,11.
(;>i(i
:il: I.
'r-
liiiiiik I, niu' lit till' iniii' ta!iii
lii's CI
rs7; laii;;., iii., 7'"
iiitii wlin
h tl
C
ilniniiiaiis art' ili-
iiriiiiaxa (Cliinniival, musii-a
stniiiiciit, i., 7'|->, 7."t'S.
1 iii-
viili'd; inaiiiR'rs and i/Ustonis uf all i
G02
INDEX.
;i|iiis. trilx' (if Istljiiiia
.S.>; liiii;,'. , 111.
Iiiriifiii, in'iiN iiii'i'
<Xi.
iMli
lis, 1.
lliilis l';ilia:'ia,
'1-
iv., l.)-"2l : liist., v., cl
iii'ii|iii IniliaiDs, trilicof Istlimiai
747-!>'); siM'cial iiu'iitioii, L, 7.'
I.
•1. 7t)7, 7(!'.», 7S4.
liii'ii|iii
I,
i''<iiiii, 1.. /'.•.)
Iiini, Iriltc iit° Istliiiiiaiis,
liii'atiixi,
iH
17-8.-
, 7".»:.;
I., (iS.V
an.:,'., in., /
sec N'liiiias.
!»4.
."lO.
hiriiiiias, II
liiscl.s, i., IS4, i.s'i, •_';{7, :u;{; ii.
liistla, \'i'ra ( 'riiz, aiitii|., i\., 44."t.
liilaiiiiliiiaiiy,al")(li' of A/.tct' V'eniw,
iii.,:{77.
Iiilclicali, !<iit<'1iiii I'lai
i:vj
llltr
i., 44:?, sec Clicattciv
liitiiliil, ('ak('lii((Ui'l city, v., chap.
.\i.
liitwinit, iii., (M.I, soc Siniilkainccii,
liiudiin, S'uitli ("al. trilic, i., 401'
litcatioii, i., 4."i'.t.
lUC, 11.. ()i7, sec
(•|ii<
liiiiliiiaiilitia (('liiuliiiaulitlaii), city,
Mexico, ii., 441 ; v., 47<).
Votil
ilCCS
tor, iii., 4.") I,
lllVlll
v., (I'.t-7l.
liixual, localit,v, (iiiatoiiiala, v.
chap. \i.
lixov liivi
1.
IS'.)- v., cl
lap. \i.
liiyoc (jliicli 1'",1i.l;ii^-, a ( 'akcliii|iicl
cliict', \., diap. .\i.
lii/os, Noitli Mc\. trilic, i., .")71-'.H;
loialioii, i., (ill).
'lilia.;iiiiitcs, ('rschnau'iiijiitcii, 'I'scli-
iiaLtiiiiitcii), trihc of Koiiia.^as, i.,
7U-87; location, i., 7<l, 141; hiiijf..
iii., .■)7f).
'lioaiii Chaili'la i'oinos, Cent, ('al-
il'uriiia ti'ilic, i., ;i(il-4i)l; localioii,
i., :{(;•-', 44S.
Iioclidiiis, trihc of ("hinooks, i., 'JiIl'-
.-)(i; location, i., .'{l»".».
C'li
OCllOll
tcs, Clioch
111.
(.)•-'; sec
t'huchoii), i., (17
'I'lapaiiecs.
hockrelataiiH, Xorth Cal. trihc, i.
.•(•-'(Idl; lo.'ation, i., 44;t.
lioco Hav, !., 7'.*7.
loco Moiiiilaiiis,
•4<).
hocolall, chocolate, ii., ;tr)!)-(;0.
hocos (( 'hoeoes), trilie of lsilimiaii>
i., 747-S,T; location, i., 74'.t, 7'.lii-7
special nieiil ion, i., /
Jll,
rs...
hoi'oiov, ( iiiatcniala, aiiti(|,, i\.,
i:il.
hocoyan, station, Chichiniee iiii;,'ra-
tion, V.
'.t;l.
Chocrelcatans. trihc of (^hinooks,
•_'•_'•_'•.")(!; location, i., 'M)S.
Chociiyeni, Central < 'alil'oriiia lai
("1
<"h
iii.,(1-j7.
lociniiiinees.
Cent. Cal. ti
;{(il-4iil ; location, i., 4.-(ii,
M:
va ilaiice, ii., (i'.t-i.
Chohopiins, Inland Coluinliian t
i., •-'.■)l)-;il; lociit
niii',
loll, 1., ;ii^
Ciiois, town. Soiiora, i., (ids.
Choitccii, Cent. ( al. trihe, i., .'fill.
4(11; location, i., 44'.).
Chokeninics (Cjiokiaiiiaiives), Ccni.
Cal. trilic, i., .'ti;! -iill ; loc, i., 4.Vi-f;.
Ch
okis|iL;-na,
South Cal. t
nlie, 1.
4(l-J-'-'i.'; location, i., 4(iii
Choi:
liiiii
alilv, Ciiateiiiala.
('holes, South Mc\. tr
location, i., (il.">, (iS-J
', i., fi4l-7ii;
rS(i; spcciiil
iclilloii, 1., ()(),S-',1; lii\ th.. III.
4SL>; I
111;.
Ill
r(ii». 7fi;i.
Choliciis, South Cal. trihc, i., KCJ •-'•.';
icalKni, 1., 4."i!(.
Choliolaii, city, I'uehla, see Cli^
iiiia.
( ■Jioloina liiver,
Cliolos, trihc o
locat
f Istl
ion, 1., (SM)-,
iniians, i.
aiiL
III.
<M-ri.
Cholosoc, South Cal. trihe, i., 4IIJ •JJ;
loialion, i., 4."i!(.
Choliila (Chollolan), citv, I'lieliiii, !.,
(i2L'-,
iii.,
ii., l|-_'-l:{, ItJ, .'SS'.I;
L'4(», -JIS-!!,
4(;!l-7il; V.
list.
!4; aiill'i
. v., •-•(Ill
:.),s(
ip,
.•h
'I,
l»7, 4.v,»-(i:{, 4s;i-.-i(rj
CholiiltecH, Nuliiia iiat
il
lOII, I., (l
ii., I. •!;(-(;■
:i;ii., Il'ti
iii., I'.C), -JIO, •-•IS-l): laiiLi-., iii.
hist., v., •Jtlil, -JliS. •_V.S-(i7. •Jl)7, ;{(I7
special iiieiilioii, i., ii'JL-
1 4:;, .VSS-',), (i-Jl); nivth.,
M;
10, 4.V,l-(!:t, 4S,-)-.-)ll
I, cliap. .Ml
Choliitecs, t luatcniala Irilie, i., i''
71 1; location, i., (iS.S, 7'.||; ii., p
special incut ion, i., 711; laii,L;. , i
hist.
•h
Ml. Xll.
Clioniiha, (^'i iclie iM I'reateil wcm
iii,, IS,
< 'Inn it ales (Choinlals, ChoiilaU, C
(laid,
M
i\a nation, i., (iS7
(I.KI-SiKl; location, i., (I't.'i, (iss, 7'.Hi;
ii., Ill; special niention, i., ilHJ 7,
(i."il-;{, (iil.s, 71)7. 711; laim., iii.. 7^:!,
!)l L'; ami
•.\-2'X -VivS, (ill;
hist.
chilli, ii.
Clioiitalcuatlau, (lucrrcro, aiitii|.
1-J4.
INDEX.
CG3
Clioomcdoo.H ffliimcdocs), Coiit. Cal.
tiilic, 1., ;{(>l-4l)l; liM-aliiiii, i., -l.V!.
Cliiiiiiuli'yas, ('fill. Cal. trilic, i., ."{lil-
4(11 ; lipiMtiiiii, i., 45(!.
Cliiiiiiiimli, Cent. Cal. tiilio, i.,.S()l-
401
Kial inn, 1 i.")(l.
CliiKiniwits, ( 'int. ( 'al. trilx
■M',:i-
4(11 ; liiiatiitn, i., 4."i(!.
(.'lii>|innMis|i (( 'ii|innni>li). Iiilainl <'ii-
luNiliiaii trilic, i., 'J.°i()-',M ; location,
i., :il
•2711. •.
7; s|ic(ial mention
!S7, -'s;i.
;i-4,
("lioii, Noitii Cal. triltc, !., 3i.'(i(i
location, i., 4 Id.
Clionmii,
4(11; 1.1
Cent. Cal. tril)^
at ion, 4.")4.
;{';i-
()(i.").
Cliorolc, Sontli Mc\. tlrink,
Cli"rolc;,'ans (Ciocoto;,'a i, .Maya ii:i
tion, i., (iS(;-7l I; ii., (i;{(»-S(i;i'; loca
tloii, i., (iSS, 7'.(1:
Njiccial mention,
i., 7(»'.t, 7.V_'; laii''., iii., 7'.>l-;{: iiist.
cliaii. .\ii.
Clioi'tis, (iiiatcmala trilii', i., (iS(i'-71 1
locat
Chot^
rs'.l; I
Ion, I.
Sonora, Ian;
III'.
Ill
111., 7(l(t.
, 7-'0.
< 'liotocoy, ( inatein.ila, aiitii(., iv,, l.'U.
Cliouiliilla Stiver, i., 4."t'_*, 4."i.").
Cliowcliilla-;, Cent. Cal. (rilte, i., .•Jf;:i-
•((M ; location, i.. 4.").").
Cliowelas. Cent. Cal. trilie, i., 'M'A-
4(U ; locitioii, i., l.")().
Cliowecliaks (Cliowe^hal'. ). Cent. < 'al.
tril)c. i., :<i>l-l()l; location, i., 44'.t;
Ian;.'., iii., fi47.
Clio\vi--iia, Soiitii Cal. tiilic, i., 4()'_'-
L'-J; location, i., 4(i(».
Cliri-'toxal, I)on, Niiiail) iirincc, v..
elia|i. \i.
('liristv Collection, Mexican iiciniidic,
anil'
'.».
('Iila'..;aliik isiaml, i., i:i!».
I 'lmal|ia\ ^
;{|.'
Cliainlicn
('liiiaiiaii, locality, (lajaca, i., (ihl.
Ciuicliictacs, ('eiit.Cal. trilie, i.,,'i(ll-
401
( 'liMclimi
neat Ion, I., l.'iK,
!., ()77. sec
■I'll
i|iali(
( lniciiiiai|iiL'He. I.,7'.l7.sce ( 'nnaciinas.
I liili'nnas, i., 7>l."i; see Ciiiiaciinas.
( 'liiicliiira, Istliinian Iiiiilt.. iii-. 7!U.
t 'linen.
M
iva ilav, II.
."i."i-(), 7()0.
( 'lineti l!i\cr, i., 7'-"i.
Ciiii-aclinik l!ay (Cliii
cliik, rsrliii'jalHki. i., i;f!», i4'.
:acli, Cliii''a-
( lin,ual-.cli
( 'lui;ali>''lii"
■II ManiN, i,, l.'JO.
K:>
tM'l
ICII,
:' 'lin-at>lie!
sclin;'a/zi.
'I'sd
cliiiu'at- I
111-
I'liili, 'rscliii'^iit relies, T.'iciiii'^'alsi, ,
rscli;,'al/i, '['--rliimal^i'lii, 'I'scjiil- I
pil-ikaJM, 'I'scliiikiclii, TsclMikts-
I'lii, 'roliiil.>*ki, TuMki), tiilie ol Ko-
iiia','as, i., f>'.)-87; location, i., ~0,
I'M; .s|iecial mention, i., 7"-'-;i.
Iiiilimal, ancient city, ( inateiiiala,
v., clia|i. .\i.
'linlidins. Cent. California tril)e, i.,
H(ll-40l; locati.ni, i., 4.".;{.
linltnnes, cisterns, Vncatan. aiitii|.,
iv., •-'.")•_'.
'Inline, a Cakcliii(ui'I ]iiiiice, v.,
clia|p. \i.
'Iiiiinas ( Ka<liiiniasi, .Sontli Ciil.
trilie, i., 40-_'--Ji.'; location, i., 4.kS.
'Iiiimliias, Cent. .Me.x. trilic, i., (il7-
44; location, i., (!77.
Iiiiniilalia, a ( iiiatcinala trilie, v.,
clia|i. \i.
'iinmiiaclie. South Cal. trilie, i.,40"2-
'J.2; location, i., 4.'ilt.
'Iiiimiiclin (( luimiiclin), .Sontli t'al.
trilic. i., 4( »•.'-'-'•_'; location, i.. 4.V.».
'Iinncana. at Kio daina, \ ncatan,
antic(., i\., 'Jiil!.
'linnemiics l( liiineinines). Cent. ( 'ai.
trilie, i., .'((ii 401; loiatioli, i , ;{(!;{,
4.")(i.
'Iiiinliiiliii, \'ncatan, aiitii|.. i\,,L''_'0.
liiinkin, .Maya miil-ilay, ii., T.'").
'liiiniia|iniis, i., :)20, see (liiiniia-
|innis.
■|iiiii-Zak-Yoc. ( Jiialcinala trilic,!.,
tiS(i-7l 1 ; location, i., 7>>7.
'liiipailnres, islliinian sorcerers, i.,
7M).
'Iin|iaii, I'cni, aiitiii., iv., sol.
'linpcan. Cent. Cal. trilic. i., .'iiil-
401; lo,-atioii, i., 4.Vt.
'liii|iiiiniics. Cent. Cal. trilic, i., I{i;i-
401; location, i., 4.")0; laii;., iii.,
cut.
'lini|nanai|iia KiM'r, i., 7'.lii-7.
Iinrcliill Kiver, i.. I tl.
'Iiiirinnlcc, (eiil. t'al. Iiilie, !.,
.'ItlilOl; locall i., I'l.'i.
'Iiiisatles l!i\cr, i., .'!_'l.
'Iiilscan, Cent. Cal. trilie, j,, ,'{(i|.
401 ; location, i., 4."i;t.
'Iiiitcliins, ( 'cut. ( 'al. trilic, i., .'Kil -
401; loealiciii, i., l.VJ.
'liiilimal. ancient <'il,\, ( iiialeniala,
\., clia|i. \i.
'Iiulsaiii, 'riniieli evil sjiliit, iii ,
I IJ.
'luna-'l'/ak, ancient cil\, (Jnale-
iiiala. \., cliaji. .\i.
'Inn i-.M ii.^iiia, ancient cii\, (iiiale-
niala, v., cliit|i. -\i.
'liwiiciiamaju (( 'liw acliamii i.ii. < 'cut.
Cal. trilie,' i.. ."KII- 10); loe.iii.in, i.,
41!t; Ian,-., iii., (MS.
i
CC-i
INDEX.
<'livn;Hi«, ('(Mil. r;il. Irilii
101
•at ion, I., 4.VJ.
viiisc\aii>, i., ■_'!•.■(,
CI
:t(il-
iiiiisvaiiH,
ial('U]iaii, iii.. .'tii'J, sec ( 'iualcucalli.
i (llalaiii), <i»iiiclii'-('aUi'liii|iu'l day,
ii., 7i!7.
ilt. Mava ilay,
iliakiliav, a (
.").">■»;, ~(H).
V
A
V
tainilv, v., cliaii. \i.
'iliaiiclii's, i., 4(il, sec ('li('\('ricli(
'ilii\ii', ('aki'lii(|iicl inonlli, ii., 7*
INola, tiiwii, Ni
i.'(7, .">4*; aiitii],
mill, Mexican
M(
, ()7:f ■•».
i.,.VJ7.
irunn,iMlinc|ianinlii'aii,
A/ti'i' N'cniis, iii., ,'{77.
ii'nvt', I'nclili) |iiii\ incc, i.
llldiU
ni<)a|iatli, a
il
nii'ili
licrlt, ii.,
ii., (is;{.
'2(i8.
ihoni, name >>l a lr(
ilinai'oatl (( 'ilinai'iiliiiat I, Ciliual-
fi.il!), ii., i;tS; iii., ;t.'((l, ;t(i;t; sec
( 'ioai'oatl.
nill, Nalina nn>ntli, iii.. Hit.
ihn:nii)liualii\ ,in, cit v.
Noill
■it
.M(
i:
iliuai|ii.ii|iiiili, Naliiia in'il'slc.'isi's.
II., •J(t."i
iliiiati'l/iii, a
.'ill.
'ilui.lll;
'I'l.lli
I>nnci'ss, V.
nnaca'^ipK
Nal
ma prit'st-
■ics, II., •_'(!. I.
Nal
iliuallaM'i
'i.i|i. ii., V."
imaiiiiii l!i\('r. ill., .")'(.">
Ilia title, II.
ip.
.V).
imaleiMiliI Ii, a 'i't'o-t 'liirliiniee cliief,
\ ., I'.li).
inn,
M;
iva ila\, ii
.">."»-(!, 7f!l).
iii<>iitii;.'a, i.,701, see ( 'liipnile;.'aii
idiiilali', i., 7'.H, si>e < 'Inmlale-.
iiitlinaliiiatl. Naliiia ;;<ii|. il.. I'.lj.
aetii, Naliiia
ilav, 11.
.11 I'j, .-.k;
17: Ml., "i.Vj
iiaetoiial, Naliiia ]iiip|iiiet .ind •xml.
Ill, '.:.>"; V.
I'M).
i|iattcilial (/.i|iattii\al I, Nii aia;,'u,i
,'iMliless, III.
rceen, i., M,
I'.IO
), see Saisis.
allcv, aii-
I'.'i. litil!; ii., '_'7S->.t.
ircleville, Mi.-
ti<|., iv., I'i'X
ireiinieisiini, i
(i7'.t; iii., •».•{',» Ji I, .■)i»7: \., .vs, "Hi-;,
'iries, i., Il.">, see Saisi.-*.
'istfTiis, see Iteseiviiirs.
'ilaii (i>atii, a ('akeliii[iiel nilei, v.,
•liap. x'
iti
iiiliintiiiii.
It ( liae (•
'itiii,
:n(i.
'il ilia
M;i\a ;;i>il, ii., (i'.t7.
, Maya temple, ii.. (IlKl.
leiillnia aineslial faiiiiK . \ .,
tmial
I, name u
f \\
iletiill.
'itlalatmiae (('itlalialonai'i, Nairn, i
;:ih1. iii., ."iS, 7l'.
'itlalieiie (( 'itiailiiiieiie), Naliiia ;.;ii(l
(less, iii., ,-)S, 7il.
'illi, Naliiia ;,'ihI, iii.. (11.
itl ((
iv.ii'iiall
!(;;!.
( ioaeiiall.
'iiiaiieinai'ili, a eoni'iiliine, ii., 'Jil."i.
'inallaiitli, a wife, ii., lidl .">.
'iinlad. see ( 'enii ile la ( iinlail.
iinlati Ileal, eity, Chiapas-, i.,7>!l'.
iiilla, town, tiiieiferu, i., (i77.
i. i!i/ation, i.
;{ I, :i:M,
IV.
in;
iiiaeaMe/.illii, ( iiialemal.i, aittii|.,l (il.">i'i; pliases nf, ii., I Sil; ;^eM-
eral view of eivili/eil iiatimis, ii.,
Si I •_',-., SO »-.").
(laekaiinn (( 'laekaniis, (lai
'inaliitoli, a Caki liiijiiel eliiel", v.
eliap. \i.
'iiiali.a--, i., (107. see Sinalnas.
'iiieiiaii N'/aiiina, ,Mc
(I'.k;.
IV;
CI;
nkainiis.
C
CI. Ilk. I
Klaekama>l, trilie n|' ('
'iniliiiaj, Siiiii
Cal. Il
■KI'J
it inn. I., l.V,).
;{70; iii., i;!."'.
Illllll^S, I.
;!IIS III;
.•iO',».
•J'J'-' ."ill; Inealidii, i,, •.••.'.!,
-\"
nienliiin, i.
•_'•-':•.
'inteile\(ilina, Naliiia ealeiiilai-si'Mi ' ,'t(IS-IO.
( 'iark.imas (( 'laekaini
,) i;
ainl '.;i»l, ii., .Mii,
'iii/iea. v., .">|(i, si'e /int ,
Clark-tars, i., ;<0S; see Cioi 1
Clalirlcii.iiis, trilie 111' Cliiii
•_'J'J-."pii; local inn, i.. .".iMl.
-lai>
'liiai'ual I (Cinaeii.'itl, ( 'limaeiMi I, ( 'i
vaeiiati, Cil'iiaenlinai I, Cilinal Claiiiiai|iiali, trilie ul' ( 'liliinoks. i.
fiiatll, Naliiia j^iuldess, jind tiile
(if siiiireme iiiil'j:i', ii., I.'N, 'Jiilt, C
■i;ii. (.'(K; iii.,',T>o, ;t(!;{-(;.
."lO; liicaiiiiii, i., :iOS,
lilUs
k
^lal
't 'JOS;
Iii he (if Ndcil-
iliiiii, i., 17''.
Ciiiapipilti, a deilied wniuan. iii., .'((!'_'. '_".Wi, "J'.IS.
('io;iteui'alli^Ci,ilenpaii>, Nalina plaee Clatl.ims iCJalains, Ckilliim
ot piaver, iii., .'tlJ'J.
am, ;"i I
iliii
('icitilla'iiai'a/ipie, l'esli\al d,iiiisels, iniiii. trilie nf
'I'm-IiiI
lidialis, i.
ii., J^iS. Id I.
'JOS-'JJ; liiiatidii, i.
JUS, :;;'
;ttt';
INDKX.
(id
sppcial iiiciitioii, i., 'Jll-i:!, "Jld-IT. ('Icliiisc (( 'lilinnO, tiilic of Nunikas,
•JJ(I,'_'_'J; rii\ 111., iii., I.Vi. .VJ-J; Ian;,'.,
111., lilts. 111,).
rialliiiM-. i<'lalliiii>l. trilicofNiiiitkiis
171-JilS; I.Malion.
inns, i., 'J'.).'); sec (
riall
< laini'l. i., I l.'t; .set' Klaniatli.
('lainiM'tiiinirlis, tiilic uf .Siniliil In-
■ liaiis. i., •_'(IS--_'L'; IcicaliiHi, i., '.W.i.
(if ( 'llillimUs, i..
( 'laiiii>iiiinii-<li. In)
.'.'■.:-.">i»,
ilKin, 1., .'tO.'i.
flains, i.. IC.t, ISIi-S, '2\:\.
(laninialas, tiiho nf ( 'liiniiiiks, i
•JJJ-.")!!; In.atiiin, i., :!()(i.
I 'laiinaliiiiiiiainniis. trilit' lift 'liiiiook
I., 'J.'--.!
I; h.iMl
i i.. ."ills.
( 'l.iiiliarniiiinainiins, tiilu' iif ('lii-
niinks, i., -.'JJ ."ill, Icicalioii, i., 'MU>.
■4-_'(l.S; local inn, i,
('iciikilti', Irilii- lit N.H.tka.s
I7t-
•JltS;
Cli.
Iiiratiiiii, I.,
ml.s, i.. ,•!•_'(),
V.'i
CI
ickilals, 1.
1- Klikcl.its.
Kliki'lats.
Cliilas.s (Clirlaisl, liilii' cif llaiiljili.s,
i., I.Vi-71; Imaiinn. i., 'JUi'.
( 'lill'-( 'aiviii;;s, sec llirlii;,'l\ |iliiis.
Clinialc, i., II; ii., I J ."i."i. .s7 '.III; ||v-
( iiliiinlti-
licrliiircans, i., :<.s, lit
i., I.'.;i. |.")t;; ('
."CM; Nf
:.7-'; .Ml'
.•ill.'; iv.
A
.M.
Mians, I , (ill)
;ilitiiniiaii>, i.,
, i.. •t7-'. .V.7,
lilt; ill..
>7 S; Ciiilial
iniTiiaiis, 1., li.S.i-
■t7
i;{.i
Cliirkslais (CliNkstai-). tiilic nf Cjii-
Cki
Cast!'
Clarcnii- Stniiis, i., 1 l.'t.
( laikaiui'i's, i., ;||||; sci- ( 'l.ii'kanias.
Clarl
r lilMT, I.
.•fl
Class ni-iiiiciiiiiis, ii., I'.i-j I, i;:!s, (ii<),
Cii;;!, Tiiis.
CI .-silsiClalsiMs, Mar.iws, M.ikalisK
-'•-'•_' -."ill; Inral
Hill, I., '.'AH'i
I nix
Ii
111 SoiiimI I mil, ins, 1.. 'JSIl-'J.';
iii'iii, I,, 'jiis. ;tii_'-:t;
tiun. i., ■Jill II,
laii;,'. , iii., I'lilS, r>|."(.
|ii'iial iiii'ii-
( 'lalsi-.iiiia-
li'ilii
.t Chii
1.
iii'alinn, 1.. .'till; laii'', iii
(i'Ji,,
Clatsoii I'liinI, i.. :iili)
Clatsdiis (I "liit-
'I
CliiiM
ik
M'
Tlal^
nils), tlillf of
."ill ; li
M'allon, I,
';t, .•till, ;i!W! ; s|
it'i'ial nii'iiliiiii,
-Ii,
ll'.l; laliu.. 111., ll'Jl!
Clawrlsiis, i., '.'",).">; src ( Inw I'Isiis.
( laws, a^ iinia
nnnls, i., I 17, l-.'il, l.'iS,
I'.lii, ,".si», 7.v_' ;t; ii., .■17-': m,, .'I'.tS.
< 'lav, si'i'
Karlli
ClaviM|iiiit " ( Klaliiilii|iialil -, Klaim-
. i|iia li's, Kla,\ 'iiniils.
'ri>ii|iiali'lil, li'ilif nf
l7l-'-'i>'i; Inialii.ii, i..
niiati'
K
iiMiiiatrli,
IS, I,
Nunik
17.1
), 'J'."! I ; slier,
lllll, l',ll, •_'II7,
( 'la\ iii|iinl Siiiiin
ini'iiliiin, i., \'i
i., I7."i Ii, '-'!'.1
itiis.
Inns, i.
'-",)•-',
Kl
III':
nth, nianiilai'l lire .iikI i-nninu'iri
1., .),S'J
Jii, ilii
iliii'i ; II.
'.I, JM-
', sec I Mi'sH,
l>i
Clal-
lotliiii
'lnlsn|is, i., ;{IIJ,
liiii;;lii'U allliali>, tiilii'nf Cliiiinnks,
i,, 'J'_'-_' .">!>; luialinii, i., illl'.l.
liiMT, ( 'iiilral t alil'ni iiian fnml, i.,
:t7:t-7.
invi'idalc, tn\\ n, ( 'I'lilial C.ilii'di nia,
i., I 111,
'Inwi'tsiis (I 'lawi'tsils). 111 111' nf Nniil-
kas, i., 171 '-'IIS; Inrati i,, -.'II."),
'lulls, Cnliiinlii.ins, !,, lilt, -JXt; Cal-
itniniaiis, 1 , .'ti.'t, .'177 *<, 111
•Cil.
•i;t;f; Niw .M
cMiaii
i.. UK! I. ."ill,
■ill'.',
.>!
s.;i; ,M
I'Mcaiis, I , il'J,
II.
4ilS-",l; iii.
•'SI I.
'.•I;
Crii||,ll
.Ainiliraiis, i., ,•-'"-', 7<il', 7ii;i.
Cliiiisiis, Inlaiiil < 'iiltiniliiaii Irilii', i.
•J.'tll Itj ; Incalinli.
ill I
I 'ii.li'llrrll. ( 'llirlliinri' rliirf,
:ii
( 'nai'inlcs,
Nail
na jiiicsis, 11,, (HIS,
Ciialiinn ;iiia, riNcr, Miilmaran, v,
."illS.
( 'nahiiila, <
liilii's, i.
Ii'scri|il lull aii'l Incal mil
,1'jii, .)',i;i
.III.: , III.
.■(Ii,'t, ."i',l|; ailliil , IV,, ."I'.IS llllll.
(Irani iiii'ss, ll\ pciliorcaiis, i., ,S|, S,'l; ] ( 'n,iliiiillas, i., -I.''i7, si-i' ( 'all nil Ins.
( 'nliiniliian
IS7-N; Calll'nini.iiis, I ( 'naiii'iii'iiil
i., I.'lil I; New M.'\iiaiis. i , lil'J-.'t;
(iilO,
|mIIi, siiakc-lillraiiliilnti', n.
.Mc\iraiis, i., (I."ll; ii, '-'I."!; Ci'iilral Cnll|
lai h. siiaUi'ipilc
ililhlnir, II., lillll.
,\li
ii'iiiaiis, I,, lillll
,iiil
( n.'icii
lili'^, Nnllli .Mexican llilie, I.
Clear I,
iii.li;
Ills, ( ciil lal ( ';ililnr-
'I '.II ; liicalinii, i., Iii I.
Ilia tiilie, i.. .'Ilil- (III ; Inciiinn, i,.
.'tli'.', t l.S, l,")l; special inelilinii, i.,
.'{Ill, ;tlI7-H. ;tS|'J, .•l,S."i.(!, .'I.S.S.ll, .'tllli
;<!)S; inylli., iii,. Hii-T,
Clearwater l!i\i'i, i,, -.■».'!, ;tl7.
(nat nl arms,
71, »(l.-.; iii,,
•l',ts.
C(iiite]iiintli (I 'nat'apei
'\aliiia, ii.. lllll. Iii'.l-
.'1; i\., Iti7, lii.t, Isl,
lilli
neeieiit
(if snakes, II
.i|S; III
■>l, '.'ll'J
( 'nille|iec (( 'njlllaelepei', ( 'liaullle|iec),
,1
COG
INDF.X.
statiiin, A/tci' iiii;_'riiti(in, v., .■Vi:i-4,
;{J'.l; l-.i'alilv, I'liclila, v., 4'.I0.
(latcll
lllllfCSS (I
f Clialci., v., .'{11.
ctali l>laii(l, I'l-ni, aiilii|., iv., S(».")-().
oatl. Naliiia day, ii., .">! IP.', ."ild-lT.
(latlaii, Naliua toiiiplc, iii.. 4(((); v.,
4'_'(;, 47.S; locality, Oajaca, v.,
(•lia|i. x.
iiallaiitoiia (Coallaiitiiiiaii), ii., .'il');
III
I'f Coallii'iic.
\[
iiatlaii I'l N'ii'jo, (iiieriTru, aiitii(.
iv., 4L'4.
iiatlaiifilitli, iii., '2'ti, sci- Coaft
pant
(i;illa\ auliiaii, station, Aztec iiiij,Ta-
tioii,' v., :t-_';j.
(tatlicaiiiac, v., 'A'2'A, see Cnliuatlica-
iiiai'.
(latlicliati (Ciiailvctiaii), citv, Mex-
ico, ii., lot. Itl; v., :{il.l, ;{l(tll,
.•n'.i-'_'i», ;i:i;r4, :{s(i, ;{ss, -m.;.
'oalliiiic (( 'oliuatliciu', Coatlyciii',
('daily ace, ( uallyate, ( 'oailaiitoiia,
CoatlaMloiiaii), Naliiia ;,'oil(le>s, ii.,
aio; iii., L'SS, '.".tti, 407, H'lll; v.,
•J4-', 4--':t-4, 4S7.
'oatlyace (< 'oallyate), iii., 4(17, 4'20;
Nee < 'oatliciie.
'oat/.acoaico
eiialco.
'_'7r>, see (ioa/a-
iiatzon, v., 24^. see Coluiatzo
oaxacavo,
:{7"..
Naliiii
A
II.
I coiirl iiiaiille, ii.
(ia\al|>aii, a cliaiiilier of tlie leiM|ile,
iii., .TiS.
oaxojotl, temple, 'riatelillco, v.,
4 ■_•!;.
olia. \ ucatati, aiiti(|., iv., ■J.'{ii-7, -<>ii.
oliaii, city, N'eia I'az, w, I'liap. xii.
ocas, Ceiiiial .Mexican trilie, i.,
(I17-I1; locatiini, !., (i7-; laiiL;., iii.,
7-'i».
ipcauliili(('alaiilillix,('oci)alilli),'rol-
tec piiuce, v., •J'.l'.t.
'oca/t/in, loi'il of Quauli>[uelclnila,
( 'o( lioclilain, (i»uirlic pci--iiiia>;e, v.,
eliap. \i.
Cocliloca. localii,, Mexico, iii., •_'.");!.
( 'ociholca, locality, N icara^aia, i. , 7'.'-.
( 'iiciuas, tiilie of Istliniians, i., 747-!>.'t;
location, i., 71III.
Cociyo, Zapotec iroil, iii., 4o7.
( 'oeivoeza (< 'ocvoezal, /a]iotec kiiii.',
v.,' 44;t-7. r>;{i'-,-).
Coeivopii, k\w/ of 'reliiianlepei', s.,
.■).•(:).
('ock-li;,'iitinf,', I'licblos, i., .■).").'(.
Cockles, llaiilali food, i., Ki.'t.
Cotlanias, Noilli .Mexican tiilie, i..
571 '.11 ; loiatioii, i., lilil.
!>.
« ocoalitli, v
( 'ocoa-nul, i., ('i'.t7
diiptas, Noitli .M
ihtli.
i'.t. 7(i.S.
exican tlilte
.see < "oca
7I!>,
■)71-".M; 1.
ition, i., M I.
inanie, Sinaloa
d.
IS(».
ocoican, 111.
■_'.S'_'. SIM' t 'uknlcan.
( 'oioni, kill'' of .Ma\a
>a|iai
^
chap. XIII.
'oi'oiiiaiicopas, i., iV)."i, .")',),"i: iii., (is,"
.Ml
icopas.
Cocoinales, Noilli Mexii an tiil"
r>7l!M; location, i., (ill.
.M
iva nation, ii., (l.'iO-.so:!
special ineiition, li., I I'.l.
Sdl; iii., -.'(iO, -JSL*; name,
i;:<:{
llist.
lap. XIII.
( 'oconooiis, ( 'eiitral ( 'alifoiniaii 1;
;«il-40l; Idcalioi
1. I..4.-
laii;:.
iii. .(i.M,
( dcopas(( 'ocopalisK Irilie of .\]iaclie'
I., 47;{-.VJ(!
i; location, i.
!IS.
:u',t.
K'liees, tnoe o
f Ai
V.M;; local
ion. I., Ii
'.IS.
■Iiinicll, Naliiiji L'od, iii.. 11(1
'ocliiniis (Cocl
• 'olllilies, Cot-
Cocli
Mill
I. I
OWIT
47;!-
Cal-
iloniian tnlie, i.. .■■),"it)-7l ; location,
!,, ."i.")7-'^, tiO;i; special mention, i..
O.'iS-'l, ,'")(l.")-7, ."1711; invtli., iii., SH,
I7(t. .V-".l; v.. •-•(); laii'i.. iii., (;S7-<.f_'.
('ocliineal, i.. (i."i!t, C'.d. (I'.i.S; ii., 4.S(i.
Coliilas. Noi'lli .Mexican liilie, i..
■|-'.>l;
location, 1., .■■(7-. (il(7
Cocliiti, I'neldo villa;;e, i,, .V.lil-()(M>;
laiiu., iii., (JvSl-'-*.
Cocori (Cdconiiil, villa;4e, Soiiora, i.,
(;(IS.
("dcosiiera, villai;'!', .\i-i/oiia. i., (!(ll.
('ocoil, Naliiia [dace of saciilicc, iii.,
.•{;t:».
Cdcotlaiies, Central Mexican liilie,
i., (il7-44; local
loll. 1. . Ii
Cocoyoiiies, Noilli .Mexican tiilic, i.,
."t7i-'.M; locaii i.. (dd.
Cociil.'i, ( Jileilero, aiilii|., i\. . I'-V! I.
Cociilalepil. ( liieriero, aiiliii.. iv. . IJI.
•I
oc\oe/a. V.
4i:{-7,
food.
( 'oclM
1.. /<;
Codames. N'orlli Mcx. Iril
le. I., .1, I
!»l
pecial meiil loii. i.
Cll.
Codex ltoloL:na. ii., ")•'!<•.
Codex l!or;,'iai
Codex Meiido,
>:to.
.■i'j;i, .■;is.40.
Cddex Cliiiiialpopdca, v., l!>"J-l.
Cddex 'I'elleiiano-jjeineiisis, ii.
Codex N'alicaniis, ii., ."r.'lt-.'Kl.
( 'odex \'ieniia, ii., o.'Kt.
i.'iO,
Cieiirs
dWl
elie ((
Co'lll's d'.\leiliesK
Inlaiiil Culninliian tiilie, i., 'JoO '.il
INDEX.
gg:
liicniioii ami naiin', i.. -.'>'2, 31,'M4;
s|n'ci,il iMciitiiiii, i., '2'S. •_'«!».
('<i'iir.r.\lciic l,;ik.'. i.. -'.VJ, ;!1».
(-'(I'lir il'.VIfiK' l!i\cr, i., HI4.
r..llins, ll\ |(ciIm. leans, i., (i'.),<);{, li:);
('.(Imnl.iaii.s, i., IT-'-.'J, •-'(i">-(i, 'JtT-'.l,
'J.'SS; Calil'iiiiiiaiis. i., 4l'(l; Mexi-
cans, ii., mr,.i;, (ili-i-.', diti, diii,
(i'JI; Ct'iilial AiMi'iicaiis, i., 744,
8'_'-:i; iv., 17- IS; .Mi.>sis>i|i|ii Xalli-y,
iv., 77<i.
('o;_'iiiiiarliis, Niiitli Mcx. tiilic, i.,
."•71 '.II; loc, i., tldtl; Ian;.',, iii., <!!•'.».
'o.uvvi'li, i., •-".tS, sec (.lua(ki)l!s.
'dliali, ( Inatcnialan Irilir. i., liSl!-7l I ;
liicatiiin, i., 7S!t; iiii;4in, v., L'l;
liisl., v., cliap. \i.
'(ilic'aapa (< 'naaiiaii, ( 'ii/i';ia|ian), lo-
talitv. Mcx., iii., ■_'.">:!, -J.VS.
'iilmaiav an, statinn, ( liicliiuicc mi-
^iialicin. v., •_".»1.
'ciliuartc|icc, v.. .S'J.'i, sec ('iialc|icc.
ulinaillinitl, Nalnia nmnlli, ii., .'U-,
.■)<»!».
'iiiniaixtlaiiiiacaM, Incalitv, Oajaca,
ii.. Kl'.l; v., ll."> 1(1
'tiliiial/on, v., •_M.'{, sec ( 'nlinalzdn.
'iiliiianaiiMJi, ( 'liiciiinicc jnince, v.,
471-7.
iilmanas, Irihc of .\|iaclics, i., 47'f-
.")'_'ii; imaliiin, i., .')l''.l.
'dlMiainn'ol/in i< 'iiiiiiaMacii\),a'ri>Itc<'
nnlilc, v., •.'7'-' ;t, •-'77.
'iiliiial it l.ui, siatioH, .\/ti'c ini;,'i'a-
liiin, v., :{•_•;{.
'i)liuall, Naliua tiilc, ii., IS'.l; cali'U-
ilar-si;;il, ii., :iS'.(; |iiics|c-.s, \.,'J."il;
Toll -liicf, v., •J!t7. .{."iD.
'(iliiialliraniac (< 'dalliiauiac, Colni-
al l\ laniaii, staticiu, .\/.tcc nii;;ia-
tiiiii, v., .'<.';t.
iilinallicnc, \-., '212. see ( 'cialliiue.
iilLual/ni, v.. '-'lit. sec Cdlinal/iin.
I'linal/in, luid ni' .\iniilc|iec. \., 4(l(i.
iiliiiat/iin i< 'i>linat/in, ( 'niina/nn.
( iial /.iiM, < 'uliMal/iini, 'I'liilec liciti,
V,, •JI'J i;i, •.'4:{.
' liiual/iinlli, Cnllma |irinccss, \.,
:t.".s.
'niina\i)i'iiill, 'rolicc lail>, v., -!I7.
'•ilina/iiii, \., 'Jl.'!, --cc ( iilin.il/nn.
nlniill, v., :t'JS, see < 'ii|iil.
'iiliiiixi'as, Naliua Mali>iii, i., iil7 II:
ii., l,'t:t'ii'JII; liicaljiiii ami name,
i., (i7.s; ii., I()!t, l'.'7; liisl., v.,
:fil7 10. 4ll-|-_', .".(IS.
'oilia, Isliiniiaii liil)e, i., 7I7-S."i; lu-
catiDii, i., 7'.l.''>; sjiceial nienlinn, i.,
7(il; laii'i., iii.. 7'.i;t.
'ililiels' I'lailic, i , lli.'t.
liiiH, anlii|., iv.,' l."»-l(i, .IS.'l.
lileh. Cent. «'al. trilic, i., ;JGI-40!;
Icicatmn,
4.')(;
tij.it.s. South Cal. trilic, i., 4(l-_'-'_'-J;
Idcatiiin. i., 4.">!(.
djip (' djiilDi), i., 4.'iS, .see XdCdldC.
djiiklesatiicli, trilic df Nddtkas, i.,
i74--_'(i.S; Idcatidii, i., I'll."),
dianii ( dliee I'l'iiila, ZapdU'e |iiii sts,
ii., •-'II.
dleani|pata, niyal lands, Peru, v., 47.
d|c|iaeii\atl, sec (ililct/aledall, v.,
•-•4-'.
dlclic, ancient city in ( iiiatcniala,
v., cliaii. \i.
dlelii, (iiiatcniala trilic, i., (>S(i-71l;
ideal idii, i., 7S,S.
dids. My pcilidi-cans, i., S(!; Mexi-
cans, i.', (;ti7; ii., .">'.•-', ."I'.HI; Cciil.
.\nicricans, i., 74'_'; ii., 7!M "i.
diei'lia. Ideality, l.dwcr ( aliliiriiia,
i., ."Hi! I.
dlliiias, see ( 'iillinas.
dlliua-'l'euetli-(^luaiie/, .~ee (^Mianc/.
dlic, Nddtkas, i., l!(I4.
dliina, antii[., iv., ."i7'J; lii^-t., v.,
47:f, '>ii!>.
dliinies, i., .ViS; iii., (1S7, >ee Co-
cliiniis.
dllais, Hy|u'r1idieans, i., !)7; <'d-
liiinliians, i., 170; ( 'alilninians, i.,
4-.">; .Mexicans, i., (l."i|; ii. ,•_'•_'•_'; iii.,
'JMI. '.".I."., ;i'J4, :{(i'.l; iv., •.'.•Ill; Cent.
jVnicrieaiis, !., 701, 7iit>, ii., (iii."',
(i.">7.
'dllcues, see Sriiddls and I'.diieatidii.
'ulmcna, ( 'liiap.i-, aiilii|., i\., .'{."i.'t.
'didc, Sdiitli (ill. Irihe, i., 40'.' •_"_';
Idcat idii. i., -I.Vs '.I.
'dldiiiliia (New ( iianailai, ant ii|., iv.,
I. "••-'I.
'didiiielie, .Maya dance, ii., 7I^-'.
'dld|ieclil li, (tjliicc |ililice, \., 4'.ll.
dldi', >ee ( dm|ilcxiiin.
'dldiadd, ani ii|., i\., 717'itl.
dldiadd ( 'liii|iiild, i., .")'.t,"i. (i(HI; an-
ti(|., iv., (i4l ."lO.
'dldl-.idd heseit. i.. :!_'l; iii , ."I'.l,'!;
Cal., anli.(,, i\., (liMII.
'dldiadd lti\er, i., 4.")7, !(!."> S, 47."i,
.V.ij:!, .V.)."t-7, (101 •-•; Ian;:., iii.. ('Sii-
(i; antii|., iv., til'.l, (ilO; \.. ItJ.'l.
'dldiadds, Nditli .Mcx. trilic, i., ."i7 1 ■
'.II; Idcaliiin. i., (ilO.
'didllan, ldcalit\, /aealceas, i., (i7l;
iii., 7I'.I.
'dltiincd, tiiwn. Mexicd, ii., ."iilO.
iilt/in, .Mallalt/ima ;;dd, iii,, .Mil.
iiliiinliia Lakes, i., ill I.
iilmnliia iliser, i., ll.'i, |."il 1', 'jo;!.
SI
I I
COS
INDEX.
2l'3-4, ■:.>r,. 21?, i.ll-'J. •2.^S, '2.")l-n, Comoi'.-imotos, N'mtli ^r.x. tiil.r, i .
'2S;», .•{! i-ll. ;{|l, ;{I4, :!lt). :ilS, .'{^O; | ")711»1; Idcatimi. i.. Ci;).
iii., .")7'.*, iil<'>. '>'-<i; iv., 7."it. j ('(niit'iiiiilns, Nditli .Mc\. nilic, j..
r<)liii)ilii:iiis, olio cit tlif seven ;_'rini|is \ '>7\'Xi\ locatinii. i., (ii;{.
iiitii w liicli tlie natives of the I'a- , ('cMiLe|)escailiis, Nidlli .Mex. tiilie, i.,
cilii' States are divideil, Iiicati'il in { .")7I-'.M; lix-atiun, i., (!!'_'.
Hrilisli ('i)iunil)i;i, Wasiiiujjjton, ('Kniesacapenies, Nurlli Me\. Iiilie,
Ore,L,'i>n, F<Ialn> and Muntaua, l>e
Iween latitndes 41! and .")."i-, snhdi-
vicjed intii nine families, the Ilai-
<lalis, Niioti^as. Sound Indians,
("hinooks, ShMshwajis, K'ooteiiais,
OkaiiaL'ans, Salish and Sahaptins.
Manners ami enstunis of eaih of
the first four fannlies ileseiihed
se|iarateiy and of the last live to-
p'tlier as the inland nation:*, i.,
I ."ii >-:i J I ; location, divisions, and
tiihal honndaiies. i.. I.")l)t;, 'Jlf.'-
:»JI; mvth.. iii., ."> I '.)••-'•-'; lan^'., iii.,
r)(i4-."., (;(U-;{4; oii^rin, v.. I'.t.
Colnnins, ii.. .").">.">, .'u'l \ iii,. ,"104-.");
aniii(.,iv., 17, -'<>, ll-'-l4, T-'O, Uii' 7,
I7">, ISD-l, L'U!», •.'l-J-i'd, -Ji-'it. ...I),
'24-2, lUJ-."). •-V>7. ■-'74-.".. ;{;MI. 4(IS, 4 HI.
41!t, H:t. 4 IS. 47S-!>, .")•_>!», ,j47-i», aSJ,
r,'.)\. ciiii. 7i:!; v., .v.t-dO.
'olnsii Connty, i.. 4.">(l.
'idiisas. Cent'. Ca-l. tiihe, i., 3(;i-4()l:
loralion, i., 'M>2. 4.")(l.
"oKilles, Inland Coliinihian triho, i.,
•J.'iitltl; location, i.."2.V_'. .•!I4; spe-
eial nicnlion, i., •_'()."), '_'S0-1.
•olviUe Valley, i.. :il4.
'oinai'hos, Cent. Cal. tri' •, i., .Stil-
4(»l: location, i., ;{(l_', 44'.t; speeial
mention, i., HSU.
"omaLrre. Isiliniiaii I'ldvince, i., IM,
_ 7<i'.t-7it, 7S-J.
'omalnan, (j)ni(he ]ii'inee, v., ehajt.
xi.
'omalii, villas'!'. Colinia, i., (i.'lS,
,'onialli, earllien liakin;_'-]iaMs, i., (;;{();
ii., ;{•'>.").
Conianclies ( I'.nliaons, Ilietans, .le-
tans, N'auni, Vetas, ^■elalls), tiihe
of .\|iaclies, i., 47.'f-.")-li ; loi'ati(Hi
i., .">7l-!tl; loiation, i., (lilt.
Cimieyas. i., 4.">7-.S; see 1 »ie;,'iii Mns
Cnmi jahnal, llomlnras rnleraiid ;:o 1-
<less, v., eha|i. xii.
Com it an. town, ( 'hia|pas, i.,(KS'J; Ian;/.,
iii., 7l>'.'; anti<|., i \ . , .'i.VJ.
Comi/ahnal, llonduias ^^oddes.-., iii.,
4S.-).
Commenioratioii, Niilina festival, ii..
;{i',s, .•{:m.
Commerce, II v|ierl)oreans. i., 'J'.i-.'ll,
M't, I(t7-S, l-.'S-lt; Colnmhians, i.,
Ku, liCJ. -17, •-';{.S-<», ii7;!-4: CalifiT-
nians, i., 4I{."> ; New .Me\iean-. i.,
.")(((!, r)4r>, ,"1114, .-)S;{ ; Mexii-.m^, i,
i;;u : ii., :wx ;{7s-ii7. nu, ■t7:!. ."..">> :
iii.. 4(i:{. 4l(i-l7 ; v., 4l."i, 4'Jl. t.".ii-
!t, .">! )_'-.■{; Cent. .\ineri<ans, i., ~tni,
7-">-(>; ii., <).").'{. 7'1">-S.
Conimnnion, Naluia sacrament, iii ,
.'!2;t, 4()S, 410,444; Niiani-uau-, ii.,
71(t; iii., 4;)4.
Conio;:re, triiie of Isthmians, i.. 711-
S."); location, i., 7'.t">; Ian;;.. iii..7'.'l.
Comoporis, North Mex. trilie, i.. ."i7l -
•,M; Inc., i.. (iO.S'.l; lau;;-.. iii.. 7(t7.
Coino.x, Itritisli Cidnmliia, antii|..
iv., 7:?!t-4(>.
Complexion. II vperltoreaiis, i.. IJ I t,
4.-., 71--_'. '.t7. I'hi. l-->7; ColuiMhiaii-,
i., l.'>7. 177-S, -J 10, •-'•.',■.. lVm il; Cali-
fornians, 1., :i2S, ;{(i4-<i. 40-'. \-2:'>:
New .Mexicans, i., 477-'.l. .VJii-ltii,
.V)S, .')7;t ; Mexicans, i.. (iii), (iPi'-S;
ii., (>'_'4-."i: Cent, .\mericans, i., <;s,S,
714-1.">, 7.')n-l; ii., SOL*.
Connix, (Conionx, Koinnx), Irilie of
Noolkas, i., I74'J(IS; localioii. i..
17."), -'.•■")-7; special nieiilion, i.. .(is;
iii.. MH.
i., 47^, ."i.H-'J; special mention, i., , Conaihe. (jMiidn'' ruler, v., chap. \i.
477-S. is:! 4. 4S(i, |'.)|.(1, lllll-,-)0(), 1 Cincalie y .Muca, name for tlraiWc,
.Ml!;i:t, ,"> I (.■-•.';!, .VJ.Vli; myth., iii., i. , .VJ.S. '
170, .VJS-'.I; l.in;,'., iii., (i()0;{, (i70, < ""iicepcion, villa;,'!'. Siiialoa, i.,iliit.
• >7-. I Concepcidii liay, i., (10.").
Coniiillan, locality, .lalisco, i., (i7'2. ('oiicepcion Cnirimpo, \illa,Li(', Sono-
Comaya;,'iia, town, Honduras, i., 700; | rsi, i., (>07.
aiilii|., iv., 70-1. j Concepeion de Macoyahi)i, \illa,L:c,
Comhat. i., lo.'i-d", 7'-'S ; ii., ;U0, •JSd', Sonora, i., (i07.
;'.;>.">, .•I'.li;, .||'.», l'-".l-;!0, iii., 4i;i-ir», , Coneha.LrnaCnlf. i., 7'.n; v., ihap. ^ii.
t'JO. Conchos, North .Mex. Irilie, i.. .">7I '.M,
loc, i., .")7-, (110; spec, nicniioii, i.,
r)7."); laii;,'., iii., (iSS, 71 1.
Conihs, i., •_'!(;, (ill), 7")4; ii., 7")1.
INDKX.
(ICO
C'i)ni'niiiil|)s, Iiilaml ( '(iluiiiliiaii trilif, ■ -17; l"i"., i. 71-, 70.T; spec. Tiniitiini
1., •_'.")! i-'.tl; liM-atiiiii i., ;{|-_'.
( 'iimuliim's, M'c Mairia;,'t'.
• ciMcliiy, Mijt' licro, v., .VJ2-.'{.
( 'tiiiciiiit', ti)wii, Siiimra, i., (iOS.
(init'iMlcratioii, Naliiias, ii., it'J, lO,")-*!,
i:i:{-4, 41H: Mayas, ii., i\Xi, ()4">;
v., cliaii. xi., xiii.
("(Hit'.--^iiiii, II yiM'ilHiicaiis, i., 1"J4; iii
i., 71S. 7--; laii;.'., iii. ,7^.'i
("iMik's Iiili't. i., 11(7, i;i'.>. I r.t; iii..
■)S8.
('iiiiiiiacs, (Kalitiyak, l\ iiUliii\ ak ).
ti-ilic lit ('liiii(M)ks, i., •J'.'_'-r>(l; l.,ia-
tioii, i., :\t)\>.
CiioiTs raniiii, I'lali. aiitiij., iv., 71">.
< 'c>o|ifiatii>ii, ii., ."i7-!l: ii., 71^.
14.'t; Mexicans, i., (iii'J; ii., (!(H, lidS; ^ ('iiii|is|)cllais. Iiilatnl ( (liiiiiiliiaii
iii., 'J-'O-.'), ■J7t, ;tS()-4, v., SS; Cent, i liil.c, i.. •_'."i(l-!ll ; loi^alimi, i., .■fit.
.■\iiu'rii'aii>, ii., (Kilt, t\l>>, CfS.'!, ''Xt; \ ('(mim' j'.ay, i., '.MS, -J.")!),
iii , 47-. 4'.l| .">. I Coosi's, i., 41'-', M'c Kiiwdox's.
('iiiili>ratiini, Mayii |imiis1inient, ii.,
(!->7, fi7-.
< 'iinuK l!i\ I'r, i., ~'M'}.
Ctmt, CiMit. Cal. triiii', i, .■{('il-KH
Incatiiiii, i., 4">4.
('ouliiiiais, i., "J.V), sfi' Kdiilciiais.
Cuiiii aris, Nortli Mcx. trilie, i., ,">71- ■ t'npalis (Cups), Noitli Cai. niln', i.,
<tl; IdialiiPii, i, HI 1. ! :VJi;-(ll; Incatioii, i.. If-'. 44...
< 'onii, prc>\ iiiic in Yiu'., v., chap. .xiii. ('"pal, i., 7"'.l. 7.'f-; ii., -SI. .'ill. ;t!lO-l,
('..njnrcrs, sec .Scn-ccicis. j :t'.i;!, (i'.t4, 7(«). 7n:{. 7ns. 7|i.i, 7;i|; iii.,
CoMops, Cent. Cal. tiild', i., 301-401;! :Mi». ;!S1-l', W2. 4|m. C.'i;.
Incalicin, i., 4.V_'. iCupalis, trilic nt Suuud lnilian.-<, i.,
<'.iii(|iicst, see \V;ir. I -JOW-'.'-.'; Ic.catiun. i., ;;(i;{.
( 'iHi-ccialiun. N.ilinas, ii., ^•21; iii., < 'opalis l!i\cr, i., ;{u;{.
•_",t7-s. ;il I, ,•{(;•_•; .Mayas, ii., 7"il, 7.S."). Copalnx il'alnx) Kivcr, i., .'{(C.
('iinsipi|\iilla, \'cia Crnz, anliip, iv., ('cipalxucntl, snap-lrcc, ii., I'.M.
4l7. Ciipan. Iliindnias, anlii|., ii., IIS,
Con^lalilcs, istliniian ( iovcrnnicnt, 7sl--; iv., 77-l<i,'i; lii>i., \., .".(iCii,
i., 77ii; Nalma (iovcrnnicul, ii., IS7, cliap. xi., xii.
4.'i7-S. 1 ('iil)aiialiasl!a, Tliiapas, anliip, i\ ,
('(in^nnipliidi, llypcrliorcans, i., ,S(); ,'i."i,'t.
rnlnniliians, i., •Jilt. 'Jl.'). •_'S7; Cal- , ('(tpanaluiaxtia, Cliiapas, anliip, i\ ,
itiunians, i., ;t.">4, l.'t'.l; New Mcxi- j :{.")4.
cans, i., ,'»(iS; Mexicans, ii., T)'.),'!; Ccipapitas, Zajmlci' nnuiks, ii., 'JI'J.
Central .\nn'ricans, i., 'V2. j Cippiriidcli. cliief, ('liiapa> ami (ina-
Contauions disease, Mexicans, i., ,^SS. I Icniala, w. cliap. xi.
Ciinleniciipn-, Naiian j,'iid, iii., 'A'Mi. j Cupil il'idinill), prince of .Malinalrn.
Cintinence, i., 7<:-'; ii., 14a, 7l'.t. j v., .'{•js, ;t;{!>.
Ccinllan, localily in I'ntdila, v.,4!M). ; Cupilli, Nalma crown, ii., 147, .■i7"' tl.
Ciinlores (Contntnres), North .Mex. , Copn, species of tree, ii.,(ls.'{.
trilie, i., .■)71-'.ll; location, i., (Il"2. Copper. Ilypcilioreans, i.. .")'.», ''.), IC
Contra Costa County, Calitornia, aii-
ticp, iv., 710.
<'onvents, Mavas, ii., WJ,'}; Nahiiiis.
v.. •-'.■•. S.
Cookclianeys (Choocchancies, Choid;-
chaneys), Cent. ('al. trilie, i., ;{(ll-j
4n|; location, i., ."{lili, 4.')(i.
CiinkinLT. 11 vperlioreans, i., 'h\ ."iS,
ln:t, |-.>:t; 'Colninhiaus, i., KiL'-.'J
IS7
i
107, I-'-', i:{'); Cidnnihians, i., l!t(».
•J.'i.'i; iii., I.")l; Calilornians, i., .'ill;
New Mexicans, i., ,")74; .Mexicans.
ii.,:i7-'. .'IS-J, IOC. 40',i-|o, 47;{ s, ,V.7.
."I'.l'.t; i\., •J7.S, .'ilCi, .■f7;{, .■17('>, ."s."!. Ill;
Cent, .\nii'ricans. ii., 71-11. 7l'.i.
l'>\; iv., (17; .Mi>-issippi \alle\,
antiip. iv., 77S-'.I, 7s.'!; I'crn anliip.
iv., 7'.t'-'l.
S7, -I,'!, -•'II, "-Jii.-i-fi; ( 'alifiirnian--, Copper IndiansfTantsaw hot I >inneli ',
., :t;t'.t-40, .•<7;M'', 40(1, 4'JS-;iO: New tnlie of 'rinneh, i., Illl.'17; loci-
Mexicans, i., 4S'.t-!CJ, .VIO, ."idl, ,"i77- ' titm, i., 114, 144; siiecial nieiition,
S; .Mexicans, i.. (I'Jd, (l.'i,'t-4, (l."i(l; ii., i., 110, IMd; lalij.'., iii., ".S.").
17">,'l"' 1-7; \ .,400; Cent, .\ineiicaiis, ( 'upper .Mine .\pai'hc>, trilie of
!., (104-,'». 7'-'0-l, 7"iS-0; ii., 7'-*'-'-5, i .\paches. i., 47:t-">-'(l; U»:, i., .V.ii.
Cookoose (Cdokoooosci, trihe of Chi- Coppermine Itiver, i., 4'J, I,")-!!, lO-T.O,
nookH, i.,'_''J'.'-,")0; location, i., ;{07. i .V.l, (14, 1 14, i;i.S, 14 I.
Cookras, trilie of .Mosijuiios, i., 71 1- , (""liiicr liivcr, !., (Mi, llii, \ 12, II'.';
j iii., ,">S8-l).
070
INDKX.
('.i[iiinni>li, i.. 317, see riio])unnisli.
('.i.|iiillc lliviT. i.. 3i»S, 44-_'-:{.
(...iiiiltlis. i., ■_'".»(), sec (.liiiickolls.
i.. 44;{,
'riiiiiiiiiiis
('>.i|iii/at'liil)alii,va Cnzaiiiiatao, Za-
pittfi- ;,'ii(l, iii., 44!(.
CcMjiiuiitaiis. name of Tliliiikeot tlaii,
i.. lii;», I4:{.
('lira, riiiia basket boat, i., r>44.
C.iial, i.. .'>S.{, (;■_»:{, 7.V2.
Ciistalmutox, ('liia|iaiioi' j;im1, iii..-j,>>.
Coslanits, i., 4.V<, see Olilmies.
Costa 1
ilea, aiitii
-M-.-..
» i.ra
-. I.
<al. nil
10, 1., .)'
-.(i-71;
l.iraliuii, i.. (■><»:{; laii''., iii., ()>S7-'.»,'{;
itiiMi, i.,r)7l; NiiitliMex.
spei'ial men
trilie, !., ."»7I-'.»I; Itiiation, i., ()07
Ian;.'
III.
(itM-S. (;7.S. 7<»(i. l\\)--2-2
("enl. MeNican trilte, i., (n7-44; io-
eatliiii.
(171-
ial mention,
i.. (i.;."), li.'C, fWO-l, VA'A; v., ")»>!».
Corariis, Cen'. .Mex. tiihe, i., 017-44;
1.
atii'ii, I. , <i
(Viiiliiva, i., •_•'.»:{; Vera Cruz, aiitiii.,
iv.. 4.14- "•.
(Vinlova. Ilernaiidez do, arrival on
coast of Mex., v., 47(!.
Conls. llyiierltoreans, i., 01; Coluni-
liians, i'., Iii5 (i, KS.Vl); Ne.v Mexi-
cans, i., "kS'J-.'I; Mexicans, ii., 4S4,
Costa liicaiis, trilie ol' Istlimiaii^. i.,
747-'^'> : s|ieciiil meiilinii, i.. 7.'>4-."i,
7t>l, 77,"i, 7><(>, 7S4 ; laii;:., iii.. ."i7'_'.
7ii(l, 7'.':{; hist., v., cliaii. ^''■
Cost rowers, ( 'cut. < '
4l)l; location,
tril>.
.■{tl.!. 4.">t!.
Cosiillieiiteiis, North Cal. trilx
imu:
I ; location.
14:
; hi
.i.i-<); Ian
•.l--_'; Cent. A
mericans, i., /(i().
Coriliici (Corilii/it, (liiatemala trihe,
i.. 71)1; hin-..
(
(;s(i.711; locati
I'M.
Corn, Coliimhiaiis. i., '2'M; New Mex-
icans, i., ■">i(). .y.v.\, .'i.'w, r>.">o-i, r>77,
."isl; Mexicans, i.,(i"J4-(i, (ijl'-4; ii.,
:!17, riis.U'.t.
Corn ( "n
Corn islaiiil.
Valh
4(i8.
I., ,
15, 7n
Coroiiailos. Cent. Mex. trihi
ca:
4-1;
iiion. I., (>/_'.
Coronation, .X/tec
147
.Ts'.i. HIS, 4'J.'.. 4'JS, 4;i7, 455, 501;
(.>nicli,'s. ii., <;41.
Corozoniil-
res.
_ uleiicy, Coiiimhians, i., lot!, 17<i
•_'Jl-.">, -'>4; New Mexicans, i., 477
i.'>.S. .">7."{.
.!»4.
('or|nis Christ i Hay, i., .I'
Corralitos, Chihuahua, antiii., iv.,
(1114.
Cortes. Ilernaii, arrival at ^'era Cru/,
v.. 4 7 '.IS'.'.
Cortes, .liiaii, (^Miiche kin^', v., chap.
xi.
Cosispas. Inhinil Coliimliiaii trilte, i.,
•_V><»-'.>I ; location, i., .'tl"
lie of .Aiiad
osninos. trilH
i., 47.S
Cosnmnes Iviver,
<)4S-<t.
Cosnmnies (Cosnmnes). Cent. Cal.
trihe, i., ;)(il-40l; hxatioii, i., 4."xt:
la 11.1,'.. iii., (i4'.l.
Coswas, Cent. Cal. trihe, i., .■{t;i-4iil:
location, i., 4,V>.
Cotastla, \'eia Cruz, aiitii|., iv. , 44.">.
Cotejeli, Cent. Cal. trihe, i., ;{t;i-4til;
location, i., 4.").'{.
Cotonois, i., 811; see Kooteliais.
Cotsehimi, iii., ()S7, see Cochiinis.
Cotter's Creek, i., .'{17.
Cotton, New .Mexicans, i., ."itrj. ,Vt4,
.-):{l--_>. .VW, .-)44, 574. ,-|SJ; .Mexicans,
i., ()•_'(>- 1, (i:{(», (;4s.,">(>, *;:,:,. tM7-s,
(i()7; ii.. :{('i:{-'.t, 4M, ■■>7-'-:{; iii.. --Ml;
Cent. Americans, i., (;s;).'i-.>. C'.it,
7ir>, 7'-'.'{-4, 7.">l-'_'. 7(1.''. 7t;i''; ii.. 71S-
H>, T2(\-[K :V2, 7.V-'.
Cottonwood, Norlht 'al. hoats. i.. :!-|i!.
Cottonw 1 \'al!ev,
I., .">'.t7; IV.
Cotuha,
t/nich
Cotuha 11., t^lnichc kii
Cot/ales, North .Mex. t
kliiL;. \ .. cliaji. \i.
nlie, I.
ocation,
nil.
Cotzhali
iii., 47
1., (I I'-',
tiiiicl
le mvtliic am
ri'.ll;
liial.
I otzumaljruapan, viUaue, ( luatemala
1.
r.ss.
Couneils, Mexicans, ii.. |;{".». IsS.'.i,
i; V.
■lis, |--'(t, 4:!S-<.I, 41-.', 411J-
Cent, .\niericaiis, i., 7"-; ii-. <ill-
I;
(i4(!, ti.'i,').
Count ill'', see
.\rith
luetic.
, trihe of ( hiiioi
ion, i., :«»'.).
.11':
Nal
imis,
ii., 17o, 4i:!-l 1, n;:
Coupes
local
Couriers,
Court-eticiuette, Naliuas. ii., |s.">.
Court-martial, Naliuas, ii.. 4IS. U'J.
Courtship, 11 vperhoreaiis. i., i:{4;l'o-
liiinhians, i'., I'I'J, \W. 'J4l. ■J77-S:
Californians, i., ;U'.t-.'i(l; New .Mex-
icans, i., 5ll-l-.», .")47-'.>, ")(!.■>; Mexi-
cans, i., (i;V_'-:{ ; ii., •2."il-.">; Ceiitnil
•J(i ; location, i., 47">, ">'.tS ; special Americans, i., 7'-".*-'t-; ii., (!<!(
mention.
47.S.
Colls
Cowish), food. Inland C
osos,
<'enf. Cal. trihe, i., 3()1-401 ; Iiimliiaii Irihes, i. •2(;.->.
lucuLiuii, i. , 45(j.
i Coutaiiics, i., Itll, .see kooteliais.
INDEX.
C71
foiivaili', i., :?!11-'J, .")S."i.
CiiMiji, Siiiitli (';il., laiij;. , iii., CiSli
( 'ovi^
■MS, 1., ()
Tl
iiKancc:
l'(i\vj,'lialiii^,'c'n, luimo for I'l.alaskas,
_ i., 87.
('((wialis (Cowliiiillas), Ccnfral Cali-
foriiiaii trihi', i. , .'{(il-till; lncatiiui,
i., :{(i:{, i.v;.
("i)\vi('liiiis (('awitciians, ("nwaitz.
cliini, • 'ii\v(';;aiis, ( nwcwacliiii, di-
wilrliiiis, Cipw itcliciis, ( (iwitiliici,
< "uw itfilicr. Kaw ilclii'ii, Kaw ililiiii,
Kawitsliiii, Kciw itcliaiil. trilic ot
Nootkas, i.. I74-'_M»S; l.ir., i., 17V(;.
'21l.")-7, ."{III*; lan^'.. iii., (iOS.
("owicliiii (Ckw itrlicii, Kawitt'liiii)
\all.'y, i., 17.">. 1.'!I7.
("owilltTs, i., 4.')7, Nt'c Cahiiilla.s.
Ciiwlitz (Cowlitsick, Kaoiilis), trilie
of Sounil liiilians, i,. "JIKS ■•_••_•; Inc.,
i., '_'(»;•, •2<»'.), :{(»:{-4, ;{|<i; s|
tioii, i., LMO, •_'•-'(».
("owlit/. Itivcr, i., L'O'.t, •_'•_':!, .•{ti;{, :{(>."i
Cows, N'a\ajo property, i., 4.S'.I.
( 'oxaiiat/ili .Aleiiratl, Cliicliimt'i
ICC. IllCll-
I'
;{1-J.
("oxcallaii, locality. ( liii'iTcro, i., (»77.
Coxcotziii, 'I'oltci' kin;;, v.. '_'.">7.
Coxcox, Naliiia Noaii-invlli, iii., (iii,
1)8.
Coxcoxtli (Coxcot/iii, Coxco.x), Ciil-
liiia kin;:, v.. i:?, .'Wtl-l, .'i:!'.l- 4 4,
4!l--'-."i.
Toxoli, ( Jiiatciiiala Ian;;., iii., 7(10.
( 'oyaliacoii, (^hiiclu' prince, v., diap. xi.
Coya .Mama Oella, wife of Manco
Capac. , v., 4(!.
("oy;r;ii;ica, Meilicinal lierU, ii., ''Xt.
Coyoiuiaian, see ( 'oynlinacan.
Coyol, v.. •.'!l!t. see Nanlizotl.
Covolx.uilnini, (lan;,'litci' of ( 'oalliciie,
iii., •-".»(;.
Coyote ilivcr, i., 4."r_'.
Coyolenis, tiilic of .\paclies, i., 47'i-
.VJfi; location ainl name, i., 474, o'.Mi;
iii., .-)'.)t; sjiecial mention, i., t'.l.">.
Covot<'s, North Mex. trilie, i.,."i7l-
tll ; speci.il nii'iilioii, i., Ill I.
Coyotes, .Sontli Cal. fooil, i., 4(>."i;
I'nvtlis, iii., 7.")-(i, ,S.V,s, "Kt, Il."(-I7,
l:<7-!», Kil, .")l,-)-S; v., I;i-I4.
Coyotl, v., '.Mill, see Nanliyotl.
Covniinacan (Covoliiiaianl, to\Mi,
.\le\ico, ii.. .-.(1-i; v., -Jll."), •Ml, 4(fJ.
Co-ynknk Itivcr, !.. I4H.
CoviKHiilla, town, ( inerrero, i., (177.
Coyyo, Cent. Cal. (rilie, i., ;j(il-4(tl;
location, i., 4ri4,
Cozaana, Zapotec god, iii,4r)7.
roz.aliy Pall Ttes, trilie of Slios
lioiies, i., 4-L'-4'_'; location, i., -KJd.
Co/anialoapaii, prox ince, <»ajaca, v.
Co]
iraap;
41-.'. 41';
( 'ozc 'apaii. iii.
( 'ozcapetlatl, Naliiia collar, ii., 4(14.
Cozcai|iiaiili, Cliicliiiiiec chief, \. .L'll.'t.
Cozcanuaiih.Teo-Chichinicc chief, \.,
4! Ml.
Cozca<|iiaiihc() (Cozcaciiaiilico). wta-
tion. .Vztec nii''rati
;{24.
Cozca<|uanliteiianco. ]ir(iviiice in
South .Mexiio, v., 441.
C(i/cai|naiilitli, Naliiia day, ii., olL'.
r)l()-17; .\coiliiia chief, v.. '.io'.i; lord
of llnanhtlan, v.. 4(;'.'.
Cozchiiatl, Naliua ;,'re;ives. ii.. -1(14.
('ozeotlaii, locality, San Salvador, i.,
7!M».
Cozolmecatl, medicinal plant. i.,(;4(l.
Cozuinel Island, ii., 7'.l--.'i; iii., 7(il:
iv., •J.V.l-(i(l, L'lJd.
Crati-apiile. Nootk;i hows of, i., 188.
CraKs. Nahna food, ii., .'{."ili.
Cradles, Columliians, i.. '.'IS. •J-J7-8;
Calitornians
:WI; N(
.Ml
cans, i., ;Vl|. ."i(!.'{. o(i(i; .Mexicans,
i., (i.'W; ii.. ■27o-(l. "-'SI; iii.. ."i.VJ.
Crean, Mos(|iiito Imat, i.. 7-o.
Creation-iiivlhs. 1!\ pe-'iorcans, iii.,
IISKMI; C'olmiil.ians, i . ',t4-,S; Cal-
ifornians, iii., S:{-!14, l(i-_'-."i. "ai-'J,
■>l'.t; New .Mexicans, iii., 7")-8;{;
Mexicans, iii., r).")-74; Central
Americans, iii., 44-."i4, 7 Co; v.,
17 1-', I '.KM.
Cremation, II vperlioreans, i., ll.'J,
I'_'.")-(i. i:{'_», r:f4-."); Colnmhians. i..
l7-'-.'{. •-'((."i-tl; Califoriiians. i., .•(."id-
8. :{".t(;-7, 4'JO-I, 4:f!l; iii., 87: New
Mexicans, i., ,")•_'■_'-.'{, .Vm. ."itlK, ,"..S!»;
.Mexic.ins, ii., (;(!7 II, (Ii.'>--M; iii.,
•-'4(1; Centra! Ameriiaiis, i., 780,
7s;{-4; ii.. 7'.I8. ,S(M> 1.
Crescent Cit\. .North California, i.,
44.->.
Cricki'ts, Lower Californian food, i.,
.■|(ll.
('riers, Californi.ms. i., 1 10; New
.Mexican.s. i.. oO'.l. .VJd, ."itd; Mexi-
cans, i.. (i.'i'.l-iKI; ii.. 4;!(; 7: Cential
.\niericans, ii., (!4(!; iii., '-'II, :.'4."i,
•-'.Vi.
Crimes, see (lovernnieiit and names
of crimes.
Crocodiles, Nalinas. Inintin;.', ii.,.'{."il.
Cross, ii., tll'.l. 7'.l.'<; iii.. i;i.\ •-'(i8, •_'74,
•JS4, :<:(•_». .S48, X)ii, .•{(ill, :ts.-i, 4.">r),
4(;S-70, "lOd, ."iO!l; iv., ,"-H, '2r,i,
•J()0, .•ni-lL', .TW-S, :{74, 4078, 4lL',
:ii
G72
INDEX.
437-S, -liil. 4S1. 408, '>0.% .V14-5, Cucrnavaca (QuiTiianapa, Qualm
57-_', .->74, );74; v., •-'.-), 4H, -illO.
('ri)>.s Siiiiiiil, i., !•»;, I l-i.
CricswiTs, iiiln' of tliiidaliM, i., 155-
74; locatiori, i., •_'<•_'.
Crown. .Mcxi.aiis, ii., 147-8,307, .T22,
IVM. .T.'Xi, 404 .■>. 441; iii.. .'Ul. ."m,
3.")-'. .•{.jf), :!.v.t, :{(;'.». ;{.s."», ;i!K)--_', ;{'.»(!,
407-S. 4lll-_'; Cent. Anieiicaii«,
i., 70-J; ii., <;:{.").
Crowii-laiicls, Naliuas, ii., ■J'J4-5.
Crows, i., 40."); ii., 71'!; iii., 07.
Crii/.;iilos, tiilio of .\|)achi's, i., 473-
.")i!(i; location and iiiinu', i., 475,
,">00: s]i('('iiil nicntioii. i., 47H.
Cii (V>u), Nahnatt-niiile, iii., 102,240,
202.
CiiaalitcTnalti'fa, (Miatoniala tribe,
i. , ()Sii-7ll; location, i., 7S7.
Ciiacliicliiii'.s, i., (;|4 ssec Ciuaclii-
rliilcs.
Cuacliil;:o, station, Aztec iiiij^ration,
v.. :{2;{.
i'liaipie KiviT, i., r)07.
Cuaiilit(,'|ii'i', \. , ;i24, sec (\)Iiuactepee.
Cuautia, town, Mexico, i., 072.
CiicaiPiis, iii., (!S,"i, see Ciiliuanas.
Cncliaus, i., ."i07, see Vunias.
Ciidiaiiticas, tiil>e of .\iiaelies, i.,
47:f")20; location, i., .V.»2.
Cncliians, Centr.il California tribe, i.,
;{(il-4()i; location, i., iXX
Cncliinocliis, .N'ortli .Mexican tribe,
i.. .'>7l-OI; location, i., (112.
Cncluiniai|uii|, t^>niclle j^od, v., 175. ; Cnextecatlicliocayan, station, Aztec
tia-
linae, (^uanlinabnaci, localiu.
Mexico, i., (i;{7, 070: ii.. IdO;
antiii., iv., 481-2; v.,2(m, ;uo, .'iOI-
2, 40t>.
Cuernos cpieniados. North Mexican
tribe, i.. 571-01; location, i.. Ol.'i.
l'ues(.Maeoyaliuis), North .Mcx. trilic.
i., 571-01; location, i., (107; Ian;:.,
iii., 707.
("uesninas. iii., 085, see Vaniaiab>.
Cnetlachtlan, ancient jirovincc iu
Piiebla and \'era Cruz, v., 417-10,
4(iO-70. 400.
Cuetlaxcoapan (Cuetlaxcohua|ian),
town, Vera Cruz, i., 070-1; v. .405.
Cuetlaxoeliitl, Cliichiniec laincess,
v., 311.
Cuetzal (Quetzal), Culhiia Kin;:, v.,
HIlO-l.
Cuetzpalin, Naliua dav, ii., 511-12,
51(;-17.
Cueva (Cueba), Isthmian ]irovince
and tr-'ie, i., 747-85; location, i.,
740, 705; special mention, i., 75.'{-
4, 70O-1, 704, 700-70, 770-80, 7M;
lai};,'., iii., 704.
Cuexcomaixtlaliiiacan, locality, .Mex-
ico, v., 472.
Cuex](atehieueiHil, Naliua scalp-lock,
ii., 401.
Cuexteeas, i., 074; v., 208; see Iluas-
tecs.
Cuexteeatl, Naliua chief, v., 208.
Cuchuiinitanes, ancient name of
mountains in (juatemalu, v., eluip.
xii.
Cucomo;;iia (Cucamou;j;a), villa^^e,
South California, i., 4(i0.
Cucuican, ii., 110; iii., 281; see Cu-
kulcan.
Cucnletes, tribe of -Viiaches, i., 473-
520; location, i., 508.
CucuUo, ii .Mexican beetle, i.,C49.
Ciicuniatz, see (uicnniatz.
Cucunumic. I'ericni ;:()il, iii., 84.
Cucuipe, viilaLre, .Sonora, i., 000-7.
( 'ueba. see ( 'aeva.
<'aecallzin, iii.. .■)85, see Xiuhtecutli.
Ciu'chiiitli, Nahiui military mantle,
ii., 402.
t'uecopan, ii., 5t')3, sec Thuiuechiuli-
can.
<'ueitl, Nahua petticoat, ii., 3(18-9.
Cuela[), I'ern, ant in., iv., 707-8.
Cuelca jen-ne, .\pachc tribal name,
i.. 474: iii.. .504.
Cuem'ame, loealitv, Zaeateeas, i.,
G14.
mi;:ration. v., 324.
("next Ian, province, \'era ( 'riiz. v. . 420.
Ciilia. Quiche roytil palace, ii.. (itH.
Cuhtzuteeas, tribe of .Apaches, i.,
473-.*)2(i; location, i., .")02.
Cuhuac, Toltec city, v., 205.
Cuhminas (Cuhanas. Cnca]p.ls), tribe
of I'ueblos, i., 520-50; laiin., iii.,
085.
Cnicacak'o, Nahua sehool-house, ii.,
243.
Cuicatees, South Moxiciin tribe, i.,
(i44-70; location, i., ()81; speci.il
mention, i., (i52; Ian;:., iii.. 75-'-.'i.
Cuii'illos (Cuiztillos), buri.il niouiii!>,
iv., 551, 50.3.
Cuicovaii, Nahua dance-house, ii.,
200.'
Cuicuetzcatl, Tlascaltec ruler, v., 407.
Cuilajia, locality, Oajaca; Ian;:., b''.
740; antiij., iv., ,38,S.
Cuilco, village, (iuatemala. i.. 787.
Cuilton, Toltei' noble, \., 2.')4.
I'uismer, iii., ()85, sec Vaniajabs.
INDEX.
G73
Ciiitlaliuao, citv in Mexico, liist., v.,
•2oA, :{07-n», :u(i, :u;<x 4o.">, 4.">4.
Cuitlaliiiat/in, ii .Mexican prince, v.,
4(>-_', 4ti4.
Cuitlatecs (('uitlate(|ues, Ciiitlateclii,
Cnillaiiiiais, (jhiitialiiiacasi, Na-
liiia iiati.iii, i., ()l7-44; ii.. I. •{.■{-(;•_". I;
liicatioii ami name, i., (i~S; ii., U)ll.
IJT.
rnixlalinac, Mi/tec dialect, iii.. "49.
(.'iikiiican (Cocolcan, Tncnlcan, Kn-
kulcan), Mava ;,'i)il, ii., ().{;{, (>47.
(J!t'.l-7tK», 70.".;' iii., \:\.\ •J(i(l. L'Sl--.'.
4f);{, 4(i.'); v., •_>;{, 'iLMi, cha]!. xiii.
Cnlhuacan (('i.iiinacan, Culiacan).
ii|.
citv. Mexico, ii., <)<», llV); ant
iv.,'2'.t."i-(;, .")(ii-i'; hist., v.. it;:i, iss.
2L>1, •J4_', •-'.">.'.. •_'(;i-S7. •2!t.")-.SJ0, .{u'.'i,
3;{i>-i, :«4. :m, 404. 4'.i.'-4.
Culiina 'recniitti, Mexican imperial
till
e. V.
•AW.
Cuiw, folunilMaiis, i., l(i.*. 100; Mex-
!1
icans,
ii.. 174-."). 4S(>, 4s:{-4; ( ent.
uiu'ncans.
ti!l7. 701.
('\n|iiiarat/.i (Cnciniaruclii), villa;,'e,
Sonora. i., tiOli.
Cnrari (I'rari), Istinnian jioison, i.,
rii:{.
Curils, fiiod, .\|iacli<
4S'.).
( IMi
.Me.li
Ciiricaucri i( Hiinacanery), Tarasct
''oil, ami Ii
iL^h ]iriest, II.
M.
>; III.
44.".; v., .".II, .-.14.
Cnricaten, kiii^' of Miclioai'an, v.
Ciiriiiciiaro
Ach
ilil\
M
ichiiacaii. v.
.".IS.
Culliiias (riiliiuas), Naliua nation, i.,
()17-44; ii., i:W-(;-J!»; location ami
name.
f>7">; ii., 101, 1-.
•special
mention, in., ;i07-8; l.iii;,'., iii.
hist..
.see ( nlluiacan.
Culiacan, v., '2'2\, see ("iilhnacan.
("ulisnisnas, iii., tiS."., see N'amajal.s.
Cnlisnnrs, iii., t.S.'), .see Vaiiiajaiis.
Culiil, Cent. Cal. trihe, i., :i(l 1-401;
location, i., 4."..").
Cumaclien, locality in Micln.ucan,
v., r.i;j.
Cuinatz, (iuatcnuila trihe, hist., v.,
chap. xi.
Cuinliatwas, Central Ciilifornian
Cnrinj;h<'ia, town. Soiiora. i.. (IdS.
Ciiri|iajaii, person in .Michoacaii, v.,
r.nt.
Ciirreni'V, Hvperl.oreans. i., Ins. 1.').'?;
Colnnil.iaiis, i.. I'.l-J. •-'17, ■-'.■!!•; Cal-
ifoniians,
New -Mi'xicans,
:u7, :{«."., 4(»>.>. 4:
M.-K
cx-
icaiif^
1., »;:{7
:{si-
M
tent.
Uiiericans, i., /(Hi; ii
■Mi-r. .M
IS-
sissippi \'alley, anticp, i\., 77S-'.i.
Cnrients, eil'ects on N. W. coast, i.
.SS, l.-.:i: v.. .".•J-:t.
( 'iirtain^
Nal
mas, II.
■,S-2; Ma
vas, II.
trihi
.Sr.1-401: location, i., 4.".7;
lan^'., iii., (!;{H.
Cuiiihn ( KniiiUii), Mava month, ii.,
7.".7-S.
Cnmorah, locality, New York, v.,
lOl--.'.
Ciimpas, villaire, Sonora, i., (!()(!.
Cumi|iiekis, tril.e of .Nootkas, i., 174-
20,S; lo.ati
■_>'.».).
Ciinishcwas ^Ciiinshawas, C\imshe-
ars, Konnichaonast, tril.e u
t Ui
ilitlis, i., l.".,")-74; location, i., '-".rj.
Cnin I'ml.ahs (Cumiinii.alis), tril.e of
losiione?
i., 4±.'-4-_'; h.cati
SI
4(il».
Cumnrii.a, villa;,'e, Sonora, i.. (iOl.
Cunacnnas (Cliiiciniai|nese,
Ch
lias
tril.e of Isthmian
747-
S.->; location, i., 707; .special men-
tion, i., 785.
Ciinai, I'iina dialect, iii., ('.8."..
Cuiias, trihe of Isthniiiiiis. i.,747-S.".
location, i., 70(!-7; special mention.
Ciiriirn, llc.ii'liiras, antic|.. i\ . 71.
Cnscatlan, name of Salvador, ii., I'J.'J.
Ciishnas, Central Californi;in tril.e,
i., :{('.l-t01; location, i., 4.".1; lan.u.,
iii.. (;.'.().
Cnshooks, tril.e of Chinooks, i,,'2i2'_'-
.")0; location, i., :{(I0.
Ciisiyaes, Lower Californian sorcer-
ers, i., .")(;7.
Cnstepeipies, Cliiajias, antiip. iv... '!."..').
Custom-houses, Naliiias, ii., .".(.4.
Cntaneous-i
i., f.S;
liseas
II
viieri.oreans
exicans, i.
M
cans, 1.
.Mexicans, i.,
(i.TS; Cent. .\i
".(In;
Cntaias, tril.e t.f Isthmian
S.".; location, 1.
I'.t.
Cntecos, North Mix. trihe, i., ".71-01 ;
location, i., lino.
Ciil;_'aniv
tril.e of I'nehli
IS, I., o_0-
( 'n\ an
aii'j., Ill-, •)*<•).
la. I.
4.".0. see Kn\;im.
1., <8<.; laiiL
III.
04.
Cuyamaca, villauc, South California,
i., 4.".S.
Ciiyaniani|ne, I'liel.lo villa;.'e, i.. .".■_'7.
Ciiyamn, South Cal. tril.e, i., 40i'--_'-';
location, i., 4.".0.
Cnvnpnri, hi^'h-priest of Miclioacan,
v.,.".IS.
Cuyntlan, Colinia, anthp, iv., 57-.
Vol. V. 43
C74
INDEX.
Cwzi'ntlati, iiaiiio of Salvailur, v., Dclits, Maya laws Cdiicfniiii;.'. ii,,
rliiip. .\ii. ().")!. (l.'iK.
('iiz<'(i. I'ciii, aiitii|., iv., S(M; v. 47. Orinralioiis. Nalnias, ii., ■2'i'2, •_VS4,
Cycle, N.iliiia calfiniar, ii., ."VJT. •'•<•■">; '.i'.i'2, 'Asil. .M.">-(i, .')71-'_'. .">SL':f.
v., 4(i.'f; -Maya ralfmiar, ii., 7<il-."). , Ucfuys, liiiiitin;: aii<l li>liiii;.', i., .").'),
("yiiiL's.s, i., "JU; ii.,.M7; iv., i>()-_', 5:27. iH), l.s."), I'lJ.S. SM;. .•{7.")-ii. .">7'7.
Di't'p r>av, IJriti.-li Coluinliia. aiitici,,
iv., 74 i.
D DftT. Hyin-rhtiicans, i., r>(), .".">-7, 77s,
117, l:{.">; < 'c>liiiiil)iaiis, i.. Iii-J, is7-'.i,
D.'lciilia, Tstliiiiiaii ^rixMess, iii.,498. '-'tH. •Jll. '-'):{. •j:{(»l, -J.-fl. 'J.^s. lNii.
1).i;.'^l:(1s, i., l(»4-."», It)4, KsS. | •2<;:{-4; < alit'oriiiaiis, i., :t:!(i, .i:;!;.;.
J)aliii(ilialics,, CiMit. ("al. trila-, i., ; .'M4, :{47. .■{(■.7S. ;{7;f. 40;i, 4(1.".. 4L'4-(;.
.■{<'>l-4ii|; IdiMtiiiti, i., 4.">l. \ 4-J.S; New .Mo.icaiis, i., 4si-4. I'.IO,
1)alici-ti'iia, (Aclii'tu-tt'iia), tril.c of i 5;{.'S, .V)!, ri74, .")77 ; iii., NO; Mc\i-
'riiiiii'li, i., Il4-i;{7; lor., i.. i4!». raris, i,. (il.'(»-l, (>:.'.'), fr27, (i4s, (;.".(i;
Dalle, I Dallas), i., l,-.l, ii'_>L>, i;'_'7,-':iO, iii., l-".». i:{l •-' ; ( Viit. Aiinri.ai;-.
•-'."iS, -JSK, ;!U4.
Dams. SCO Weirs and laiiliaiikiiients.
i)aii ('raiiiiil)i, ( iiiateiiiala trilie, i.,
()S(1-7I1; loiatioii, i., 7S1(; lii.-il., v.,
eliaji, .\i,
Dailies, IIy[ierl)on','iiis, i., ()(>-7, S4-."i,
i., C.iU-.'., 7--'l; ii., 70S, 72U-1; iii.,
7(t-l.
Deer ( 'reek, i., 4.")(i.
Defoniiiiv. MeNicaiis. i., ."SS, (;.'{S; ii.,
.V.l-J, tli-i; Miiya-. ii., CM-J.
De;:otlii K 11 tell ill ( I.oiiiliellX ). tlili(> nf
!tj;f, ll-_', 11!I--J0; iii., 14."., .">i>7; i timieli, i., 1 14-:{7; loealioii, i., 14i;:
i'nlmiil.iaiis, i., 170, l;t7--tM>. -l'-', j special l lentioii, i., Iiiil, l:{l, ):!7 ;
'J4:!, '-'Sl-l.'; Califoriiiaiis. i., .S.".1-'J, j luylli., iii., 141-'_»; laii.i:., iii.. ."i.M'..
:i'.)2-:i, .•{'.17, 411, 41(;-I7; .New .Me\i- De;,''iitliee Dinees, name tor Kiil.liius,
eaus, i., ,">1,".-1(), .").")()-•_', .".(.(I, ,")!S()-7; I i. . ll'>.
Mexicans, i., (i,T). ti(;4; ii., lU."}, j Del Norte Coiiiitv, i., 4-i:i, 44.". ; iii.,
•jCio-i -.'ss-Di, .sii-iL', .Tj.-j-s, :v_'!t-;ii, I itii.
.'{.T{-4. ;;:57-S, ;t4(», :VXi. r>St\, (!17-l!l, ' Del Norte Valley, i., .VMI.
:ri4, .■{.".■.»-(l(>; iii., .SMi. ;illl2, 4011-111.
4-_*(;-7. 4-Jil: v., 4.S(;; Cent. .Amcri-
eaiis, i., (;il7, 70.')-fi, 70!), 7;{:>. 7.'>.'.-S;
ii., CM), (iS!», (11)7-8, 700-1, 7o:i, 707,
710-14.
Da|'aralio].os, North JIcx. trilie, i.,
.")71-!»l; location, i.. (ill.
J)arieii, Natioiisaiid tril.es descrilicil,
i., 747-8.".; location, i., 7'.*4-7; spe-
cial nieiitioii, i., 7")1, 7."..'f, 7<1"., 7'i'.i,
771, 7S4-."., 70( ; lanj,'., iii., 7'.i;!").
Darts, llvperlioreans, i., 110; New
.Me.xiciin- i., .")(!■_', r.S"-' ; Me.\iii>iis,
Delii;,'e, myths, \ ., l.'W ; llypcrlion-
aiis, iii..' KHI, Kt;!; v., 14'; ( aliloi-
liialis, iii., bt), iS>S, .".47-8; v., II;
New Mexicans, iii., 7(). 7>S-!t; \.. I 1;
Mexicans, iii., (.4, 70, 7-; v.. I'.'-ll!,
'20, r.tl! », -.'Oil; Cent. .\liiericaii>,
iii.,4ti-7, 74; v., i:!-14; rcnniaii-,
v., 14-l(i.
Deo/aciialicu, station, (^iiiclic ini-
tiation, v., cliap. xi.
Derricks, Azteis, ii.. ."..".(i.
] )es ( liiites, Inlanil ( 'olii'iiliiaii trilie,
i., •_V>0-!U; location, i.. :f_'0.
ii., ;{,'!.'., (OS-lO; iii., 404; Centr.ii; Des Cliiites Itiver, i., ^Cd, ."l-JO; ii!
Aiiiericiiis, i., 721.', 7(iO-2; ii., 720,
7ii-t
Dale, istliinian drink fidin, i., 77r».
David, town, Istlimiis, aiitiij., iv.,
1(;-I7.
Deaf and Diiinl., at Coinala, i., G38;
laii;;., iii., 4.
Dean (anal, i., 21)4.
Death. Hyperl.vireans, i., 7*1, f*;?; Co-
liiinliians, i., 172-S, 247-8; Cali-
(ilJS.
De>ertion, jiiiiiisliineiit for, ii., 4|s,
74ii.
DcMTts, i., 1.-.;!, .•124, 472.
Desnlalioii Suniid, i.. l>..!-4. 'JIN.
De>poii>iii, ii.. (ii, Ks."), 1:11-2, (;;;(.
De-tnictioii Island, i., 'MH.
De\elopinent, causes and principi.'-
of, ii., l.s-so.
Diamond Kiver, i.. 4()(!, .".I>7.
foriiians, i., ■•?.")4-(>(l, 420-1 ; New i Diamond Spring', California, iiiitii|.,
Mexicans, i., .".Olt 10. .V24, .".CO; Mex- iv.. 70.").
leans, iii., 12!», 401-2; Cent, .\mer- Diarrhea, i.. '287. 742; ii., r.ll2. (ilH).
icans, i., 744-."., 782-U; ii., 0.")7-0; iii., j Dice, tranil.lin;:, ii.. .•{00.
r);{-4. Didiies (Didiiis), Lower Cal. triho,
1., .Vi(;-7I; ],„■;
iii., (;,s7-l».'{.
Die-nefios (('
I 'ie;,'ei"los, I Iii
SoiiiJi Cal. ti
tioii, i., 402,
tioii, i.. 40IM
Ian;,'., iii., (;s4-
Di,'u'ers, trilie of
4'2; location, i.
Ian;;., iii.. oi;).
Di'.;otliis, name i
I'iiineh, i.. I 1.",, :
l>ili.;iiiha. \illa-v
l>irians(|)iriasC(
(i8ii-7ll; local i
myth., iii., 4!i;i;
Diiionio (Dirioiii
ia;,Mia, i., 7!»2.
Discipline, pricst-
4.{.{. 4 .{.".-(!, 47."i.
J)iscoidal stones,
iv., 701 -'2.
Di.seasc, >co Medi
disoa>e.
lUshcs, Colnmliia
2;{ii; C-iliforniaiii
4. 702; .Mexhaii-
4S;{-4; Cent. A.
701; ii., 72;{, 7.V.
Disi.licdieiice, pni
2t'2. '24(;. 4 IS- 111,
Disiair. i., K;.".; iii.,
Distortion ..f |'liv.>
ans, i., 72, 117- KK
l">8-lt, I, Si -2, 22
-Mexicans, i., .")."
<i'22; Cent. .Vnieri
7.SI-2.
Ditches, see Mxcav
Divine ivjprescnt.iti
.'{111 -27, .•{.■{l-;{, ;{;{
;{ 1 ;{.
Divi.^h.iis, of iiatio]
124.
Di\orce, Nalinas, ii
Marria;,'e.
Doitors, see .Medici:
Do,;,'-i;il,s, i., 144,
(liiineh.
Do;,' Kiver, i., ,'{20.
Ho:,'-i:ivers (Cascjhl
land C<.liiniliiaii i
location, i., .•)20.
Do^'s, llype|■l.o|■eall^
iii., l(i4-(;; Colnii
I till, 171, IS2-;{, '.
l.'<!4, 207, 2S.".; Ne
r.Od, .TIS, .-.44. ,-.(;
(>;{4; ii., Go:i, Gil
INDEX.
675
i. , iiofi-T 1 ; liiiatiiiii, i., C>0?>; laiijj.,
iii.. (WT-'.U.
l)it'L;iaM'iiis (('(Piiu'vas, l>c;.'uilicis.
S.Mitli »'al. tril.i'. i., 4()L'-l.'J; lota-
tinii, i., 4tl'J, 4"i7-^; i>|>i'i-ial tiicii-
ti i., 4(('.i-l(i; myth., iii., ;"»•_'."):
ian^'. , iii., (iS4-t;.
l)i,'Lrt'rs, trilif nf Slioslioiics, i., 4'J"2-
4'_'; loi-aticni, i., 4(>4; iiaiiie, i., .T.'ti;
laii;,'. , iii., (i(ll-2.
])iL;iiliiis. iiaiiic l(ir Kiilcliiiis, i., 11,").
J >iiiin'li, i., 1 !.">, .Hfc 'riiiiifli.
I >ii iaiiilia, \illa;;('. Niiara;:iia. i., "!•-.
])iriuiis(l>iriaN|, ( iiiati-iiiala trihc, i.,
(iSti-711; locaticin, i., (iSS, 7!»l';
iiiyfli., iii., 4!t;{; v., iliap. xii.
IHridiiio (IliriniiR'), viliauc, Nica-
la-iia, i.. Tit-'.
I)i-.ii|iliiic, prii'sts, iii., .'W8-40, 427,
4:«. 4:<.")-(i. 47:i, 4.s'.».
Discoiilal Mtiiiii's, '. alifiiniia, aiiti<(.,
iv., 701-'.'.
Piseaso, soe Mediiiiu' and iraiiie of
<li>faM'.
Dislics, CKliiiiiliiaiis. i.. KU-.'), ]<»(»,
•J.Si;; Californiaiis, i., 4;U; iv., (I'.t;!-
4. 7l>L'; .Mexican-^, ii.. •2sr,, ;{(il, 47">,
4.S.S-4; Ct'iit. .\MK'iicaiis, i., ()!)7,
7(tl; ii., 7--';{, 7.V-'.
])i-;i)'iM'(liciici', |iiiiiisliiiifiit of, ii.,
•.'Hi. •-'4C>, 4 IS- hi. (;i;-_'.
I)i>tair. i., Km: iii.. :r--'.
1 •i>toiiiiiii iif I'liysiiiiic, H\ jicrliore-
aiis, i., 7-, !t7-l<Ml; ( 'l>lllllllpiall^, i.,
!.">«-<», LSI--.', '2-21'-'.), L'.">il-7; Nfw
.Mexicans, i., .").">!>; Mexicans, i.,
(\-22; Cent. .Vinerieans, i., 717; ii.,
1M--2.
Ditelies, see l''.xcavatic(ns.
l)ivine ivinesi'iitativt's. Nalmas, ii.,
;{iii-.'7, .'Wi-:}, :{:i7, ;«'.•; iii., ;5i»'.i,
Divisions, of nations, i., ;{t!-7; ii.,
l-'4.
Divorce, Nalmas, ii., •_'(!•_'-.'{; si^e also
Marria;;e. I
Doctors, see Meiiic int' and Sorcerers. '
Dou-Uilis, i., 144, see Tlilii.-clia-
(linneli.
D.(^' liiver, i., o-it.
l)oi,'-l!i\('rs (Cascade Indians!. Tf-
land ( 'oliiniliian trilie, i,, '.'.'(O-itl ;
location, i., .'ti'H.
Do;,'s, lly|ierlioreans. i.. C'J-.'?, IIS;
iii., I(i4-(i; Cohiniliians, i.. l.V.l.
1()(), 171, lS_'-:i, --'(IJ, I'll. i.'l,-)-l(i,
i2(i4, 'it)7, -S">; New .Mexicans, i.,
.Wli, r)lS, ■'>44. .".CI; Mexicans, i.,
G.'U; ii., Ctt."), tjll, (J14; iii., 12!»,
.1P>n, .1!>i?. .".IS; ('ei;t. Americans, i.,
(iliC. 7<)i>. 7IIS, 7-_'.{. 7-'iS. 7ti<i; ii..
(;!»■_'-:<, 7n;{-4. 7Joi; iii., 4(;(;.
Doii-wiMid. nsed fur medicine, i., l.'(!4.
I 'idinie. i.. ti07. see Kndeves.
Dolls. Konia-as. i.. SI-'.
l>oliires, ( iiiateinala. antiii., iv.. I,'?S,
Itolores de .\;^na lalienle, villa;,'e,
Dnranj,'!!, i.. t'>14.
Dolores |{i\<'r, i., 4ti,"i; I'tal:, anti((.,
iv.. :xi.
I )oinestic animals. Nalmas, ii., .'!.">.■{.
!)onkeys. rueldo<. i., .')44.
Don reilro's Mar, ( 'al.,aiitiii.. iv., 7().'l.
!>oors. iiyiierlioreaiis, i.. .">!. 74; Col-
iimliians, i., *J.'<l-'2; < alifornians,
i.. ."i.'U-."), ;{7-; New Mexiians. i.,
4S(i, "t.'t.'i, ."):<.">; Nalmas, ii., ,")."»(>,
")7.'{; Miiyas. ii.. 7S4-.">.
Doraclios ( I (oraches), trihe of Isth-
mians, i., 747-S."); lociition. i.. 7*.'<);
special mention, i., 7">'.>, 7<i(J, 7S()-1;
Ian;,'., iii., 7114.
Dorv. .Mosi|nito lioat, i.. 7-."i.
Dos'l'.il.aci':- .Ml., i., ,■.'.»."..
Dos i'lielilos, vil!:i;,'e. South Cal., i.,
4.".!t.
Doiii.;h, Nalma oH( rin;;s and idols,
iii., '2II7-S. :n.".-ic., ;{;!(!, ;U4, :!i7,
MX, 408, 4'-'."..
Don.Ldasranal. i.. '_*!>:!.
I)o,i;.'las City, ( al., anti'i.. iv.. 7il7.
Dove. Naluui d(duj,'c mvtii., iii., (ifi,
(;S-!».
Down, see T'ciithers.
Dowrv. .Mava. marri;i_'e, ii.. fir)('i-7.
Drake's lijiy. i.. ;{i;.".. '
I)r;ima, llyiierlioii ans. i., <.),S; ( ol-
uiiiliians, i., 170. •Jdd; (alifornians,
i., 'M'.i; New .Mexiciins. i., "),s('i;
.Mexicans, ii., iiSC, •_'!t|-'_'; Cent.
Americans, i., 7(*">-l', 7.{t>-S, 774; ii.,
700, 7I1-I--'.
I )rawl(rid;:es, see I'.rid.ires.
I>ra\\ers, .Mava (ll■e^s. ii.. 7-7.
Mreanis, i. , -jOL'-.-J, 7-';i, 7:;4, 7tl;ii.,
•J II, :w.
Presden Codex, Mayas, ii., 771-'-'.
l)ress, ori;,'i,i and si;;nilicance of. ii.,
77-S; livperlioreans, i.. 4(i-.')0, (ii,
(!7, 7-'-4', SSO. I(M)-_'. Il(i-I7. \2-2,
U'."), I'.'S, i:{|-;{. i;r.; Colnnil)ians,
i., 1. "),'{, l.".S-(;o. 170. I7'.l-S'-'. •_'•-■:)-.•{(»,
•.'.".7-!>; ('alifornians, i.. .•i--".l-;;4, :<.'>•_',
.s,*)S 0, :{(i7-7i. :{s7-s. 4o;< t, 4io, 4i(j,
4'_'.'{-(i; iii., ItiCi; New Mexicans, i.,
4SO-4. r,:M-:i, r..")0-i. ,"..".s '.i,.",t;7..">7:! .">;
iii., ISO; .Mexicans, i.. C.-JO-;!. UtS-
-)l;ii., 144-"., 170-so, '.'07, •-'l.'M.'.,
24:i, 2'.R»-1, 298, 30.'), 307, 314-15,
!( I
i
u
G7G
INDEX.
3 1 8-31, Xr^■4, 337, .3f)3-77, 3!r.-(;,
401-
413-14, 4'J.S-'.t. (i()4-.S, (iU-KI,
,V.»; II.
(i-Jl:iii., •J.V.I-CO. 3'.'4-5, 3:i3-4, XV.),
3.".3-(;i, ;i(iO, 3.S.")-7, 3!M)---', 44»7-S, 411-
l-' 4I()-18, 4'J.>-3, 4J.")-7, 433, IX}- \ Dveiii'', i., Kit!, .34:., 503, C.-.T, Ci
f.24, 0r)l-2; ii., HiO-74, .3.30. ."..'l-T^
iii. , '2HK -•'»."); Ct'iit. Aiiicncaiis. i.
(;!CJ-3, 717-18, 731', 754-S,
783-9
4:{7: (Viit. A
iiii'ni'aiis,
()8!t-!):!
24, 7(i(i; II., .370, 4S(i-
(().>-(.
>, /I.), /
3.!-7
■-tl-.'i, 7.")l-4, 7ti4, : Dvsfiitorv, i., iVJI, 708, 742; ii., iliHi.
782-3; ii., (>.3."), (i(;2-.3, (583, t)88-!t, , DziiwiiiilaiKla, Miztce kill'', v., 41.'
707, 71t», 713, 72ti-.3."). 741; iii., 47.3.
Hi.
Drinks, llyin'rliiircaiis. i., 7(i; ("alifi'r- ■ Uze-Yu.xkiii, ii., 757, sec Yuxl
111.
mails. I.
.3!)4, 4.37; Ni
.M
u.\U'aiis,
i., 517, 54!(-.")0, 58(5; Mexicans, i.,
(■..3(;, t;."»4, (iG4-5; ii., 3.")!»-(iO: iii., 243;
Cent. .Anierieans, i., 700-7, 739,
774-(); ii., 703. 72.3-.">.
Droit (le Seiiiiieiir, i., .")84-.'); ii., ()71.
i)n>nt!i, see Climate.
Dn'wniii;,', saeiilice l>v, ii., .30<), .308.
Drums, i., 01, 3<.>3, 5U>, ,V>2, .")8t;, 70."..
738, 7t>5, 7
'.83-4, 713.
E
Ka;,'le Pniivio, i., 44(1-
Ha-li
U),".. 172, .VSO. 71('.; ii., Ki'i),
.327, .337; iii., 7S-'.>, 12!t, 3.''t;
i;!-4.
Karlv (
ouiitv,
M
ISSlSSlpllL
anli(|., IV., 7ti7-8.
(2-3, 404-5, 412, i Kar-(iniainents. Hyiierlmreai
IS. i.. '.17
])riimsticks, i., 552. 705;
203.
Dr
miUenni'ss,
11
('i)lninl)iaiis
,V!"
lerl.oreans, i.
ICO, 243; Calift.r-
iiians,
3.54, 4.37: Ni
Mt
a lis
I, 51.5, 517, .")10-.")0. .">(■>(;, .■.8(;-7; Mex-
icans, i., 028, (;.35-0. OlM; ii., 285,
,333, 3(;0-l, 304, 40O-2, (il7, 027;
Cent, .\niericans.
128; ('..Inml.ians. i.. 1.50, 182. 211,
220; Califiiniians, i., .'ina. .'{Cs-.i,
V.t.
420;
.574-5; .M
Mi'xicaiis. i., 4s2,
exicans,
(i2.3, 0411-51 ; ii.
2!K), .■{07, 372, .305; iii., 23s, .'jj "
300. .38."., 410'; Ceiitial .Viiieiicaii.-
i., O'Ol, 7r
VJ-4; ii.
Eaiil
I. varidUs uses II
i. II
701;
.•{.">,
ii.. Oil. 080. 004. 718, 724-5, 803.
Drv deck, Cal,, aiili'i,, iv., 707.
Dry Creek Valley, i., 440.
Dtclie-tant-'tiiiiii', Ian;,'., iii,, 587.
inne
'Dl
Dii
i., 1 14. .si'c 'riiineli.
i., .50, 577, (i25-(), 700; ii., 351,
721.
Dnckwarra Lni^ooii, Mos(iuiti> coist.
aiitni., IV., 2(,
D
Dili.'
IIClllll''.
almas, ii., 028,
ilf, (
iiatciiial
cliaii. xi.
Diiiiu, jHiisi.n antidote, i., 70'J
731 ,3.
v|H'rlMircniH,
i., 51. 72, 7.5. 80, 107.'i:«l: »',.liiiii-
liiaiis !., 210, 212, 257-8, 271; Caii-
ifonians, i.. ;i;{3-4, 300. 371-2, -JOt,
424, 42(>. -1345; Ni
.Mexi
i, 481, 5(H), .5.32-3, .".35-0. .540; .Mc\-
iiis, i., (i23-4; (i3l, 0.".('-'J
ii., 317-
18. .372. ,500; Central Americans, j.
718, 70(!; ii., 7.33-4, 750; mylli-.
i.', ."pii2,
:iii sviMiiiil, iii.
iii., 121-2; IMiallic \M(rslii]i, ii
Kiirtliiiiiake, Mexic
12".-; e\elits, v., 403, 408, 472.
I'.artliwtirk
Katii
I'.n
nlianknieiiis.
ly I.
5-0, 1()3. 187-8, 214, 200,
Di
iiiLicncss, i., 302.
5()0-l.
Diiraii'.'i., iiatii.iis ami trilies, i.. 571- Eatin'C-hmises, Nahiias, ii., 3."
IM.
01. 017-44;
*V
a! mentiiin, i., (i23, i |'',1), Mava ilav,
II.
,55-(i. ,(;o.
iiivlli., iii., 170; lam:., iii., 0()7, 710,
I I'.c
alclii't, Mcar
l^^llil •J'Hl, III.,
401.
■|7-10; aiiti'i., iv., 000-1; hist., v.; j Ivateiicc (l',cate|ic, l\iiecatc
peel, sta-
Dnti
'!'
i\es.
Dwanii--li, trilie of Soiiiiil ImliaiKs, i,
208-22; local i. in. i., ,300.
Dwamish Lake, i., .300,
D
wami
Oi Hi
ver. I., ,300,
iiias, ii,, 183.
Dwarfs, N'aliiias,
Dwellin;,'s, llvipcrlioreans, i,, 42, .50-4,
74-5, .80, 102-.3, 118, 123-4, 120; Co-
iiimliians, i., I0(»-1, 100, 183-5, l!»l. Kc;;ea^'an. Central Californian trilu',
211-12, 231-2, 2.50-01; Californiaiis, ! i,. ,301-401; location, i,. -151.
tion. .\/lec mii'ration, v,, 1121-4,
Meat I,
401
I',!
lecatl
I'lcatzin ( l!clieca!/in.
i;i
lecat/.ini.
Nal
F.ccatI
Keel
ma clue
243,
■liief.
243.
cmaclies
(i'lcclemaclis, I'kklc
niaclies), Central ( aliforniaii tiilic
i,, .301-401; location, i., .3(i;i, 45:
laii''. , iii., 0.">3.
i.. .3.34 (;, ,371-3, 404
">, 42(i
I'.cli
ei'alzin, v.
'.ition, I,. -151.
24.'i, see Ei'al/iii,
.Mexicans, i , 485-7, 533-8, 550-00, I'.cliclioa, town, Soiiora. i.. 01 .s.
075; iv., GG8-(''J; Mexicans,
21, Heheldut.s, Inland Coliiml.ian tril
IXDKX.
677
i., il.'O-Ol: location, i., .T20; sjieiMal ' I'.liutowa, Sotitli ('al. frilv
H)-2-'2'2:
IllClltlOII,
•_'ii(i. •_'(;
•.(•liila
t, Ccniial ralit'nriiian trilic, i.
ilioii, ■l.")4.
Kchiiali (KUcliiiJi Kkcliuah), Mava
1",
,'t.l, II., CM, 7;{S; Ml., 4(f_', 4W.
!•:
Xit
Zlll.
Kilikiiiios, trilie of Tlilinkeets, i.
\)i\\l; location, I l.'i.
Ii|isi', i., (]()(), 777;
'.18; ii
!•:
lion,
ii
cMiil), II., (.)(), see r./aiiai)
Ktlcliawtawlioot-diniH'li, i., 144, siv
1
Kill
ScavL-r liidiai
Cli
it'iicw van oxinvssioii
of
coni|ilaint, i.
■a:>.
Liiacation, ('aiitoniiaiis, i., 4I.'M4;
.McN
icaii.s.
•_MO-."il, 4(I|-L', 4!l-.*-.S,
5:W-40; iii., 4:{-'. 4;(7; Cciitiai
Aiiicricaiis, i.,
(id I -4, 7H7. 7.SS.
704, 7;u,
II.
Ediios ( Kilii, KciniiK f.owcr < 'alifor-
niaii trilto, i., ■).">(i-7l; location, i.,
()04; lan^'., iii., (iS7-!t:{.
Edwards ( reck .Mountains,
4(;;
Kd/i
lal), II.
.)(), S(
54,
■(• ll/anali,
I-l«
Kelis, North <'alili(inian trilif, i.,
■SJii-dl; location, i., 447.
Kid Itivcr trilics. Ndrlli ('aliforniau
tribe, i., ■"{•-'li-lil ; special inenlion, i'.lik
i., :wi-7, .s;ti-'J, :{(i'-'. .•it;4, ;{(i7, 44.'
44(i-.S, 4.")!; Ian;,'., iii.,.V.i;{, (if.', tM7. I'l
Eels, i., '.'U, XVX 1
Eeinitcties, ( 'eiitial ( 'aliforniau tribe,
i., ;{(il-40l : location, i., .'ifi.'S.
Eena;:lis (Keiialis), i., 4H!, 8eo
lilincks.
Ei'stc\loi'lis, tribe of llaid.dis, i.,
|."i.">-74; loratioM, i.. "JiU.
Ell'^ics. N'aluia burial, ii., (lOfi, Oil,
(ii4, (11(1 r;. (i-.'Ol.
E ,, 111 < 'anon, i., 4(17.
K;,'.us, food, i., C'.Vi, (>.V_>. CIX. 7-_'(», 7.V.I;
ii., ',\')\\; incili( iiie, ii., ,"',l!l.
E^rvpt, Aniericau ori;',iii-l races, v.,
.■•.•)(;H. I
Eliatesets (.\\ hutti -alit ), tril f I
Nootkas, i.,"l74 _'0S; loc, i., '_".».".. I
Eliecatepec, y., ;{'J4, see i'icatepec.
Eliecall (i;<all IJiiMl), Naliua tlav, I
ii., ol l-l'_*, ."iliil7; iii.,">7: name of
«^uetzalcoall, iii., •-'(17, 4'.i|.
Eliecatonatiuli. Naliiia a;,'e, ii., .')04.
Kliecal/in, \. , l4.'{, see l'",cal/in.
Eliilials, tribe of Sound Indians, i.,
'-'OH-'.'-J; location, i. .•{i».'<. 1
I'llineks (l'',eiia;,dii, I'ciialis. I'ldilsik^ '
North Cal. tribe, i,, .'('.'(ill! . loea- I
tion, i., 44(i; !aii^'iri;,'e, it. , l>4„'. |
locat
ion, 1., 4fiO.
l:i't. see lev ("
I lie.
I'.joni, A
■l(;4.
i;k I '..•I
Kkclni
ca'41'lieiiieni Ut man, iii.
Chac. .Mi
iva ''oi
( l^k
Kd
cliiialil, II., )i!
I, ii., 701.
mall.
Ilkei liacab, Mava ''od, iii., 4(it'».
i;i
kulcniaches, i.
niaciics.
4.V4,
liccUl
I'.iab il'.lah), T/eiidal dav, ii., 7t:
Kli
irrovde. Cent. (al. tril
;(;i-
401;
r.i Mil
.It loll. I., 4."i.'{.
It .Masa
iva, .NicaraLjua. ,iii-
tl(|., IV., .'tl.
i:i Castillo, Ceiitia riiii
era < riu,
aiitiij., IV.
44."
I''.l Horado Couiitv, Cal., aiitiii., iv.,
7<l.').
Ill Fiierte, town, Sinaloa, i., <1U7.
lA Ueiiditare, roval title, .Miclioacan,
v., 511, .")!'.>.
I■■.ld'^! Inlet, i., :iOl.
I'.lecli, name of iiiontli, Chiapas, ii.,
7l!(').
Illcniehutnkillanwaist (Skvappe),
()kana;zaii ;;iid, 'ii., 15,'!, ,'»l!l.
I'.Ieuiia\ciav, Soiuli t'al. tribe, i.,
40-2-'J'J; li'ication, i., 4.")!t.
s, tribe of 'riilinkcets, i,,
'.•4-114; laiiL
7!t.
i/aiielb, town. North I'al., i., 44'J.
Ijinaii. South Cal. tribe, i. , 40l'-1"J;
locat icii, i., 45'.t.
k, see I )eer.
'.Ik Moiiiilaiii I'tes, trilies of Slio-
sliones, i., 4"_'"J-4'J; loration, i., 4b',l.
k liivcr, i., 144. 41.'!.
Ikwhahts. tribe of .Sound Indians, !.,
.'OS-'.'-.'; locatiiui, i., .'iu.'i.
Iliott's l!ay, i., .'ioi.
losdc |o; AniniMs, localit v, .\ri/oiia,
i.,4(;',».
'.Imiaii, .South Cal. tribe, i., 40-J. •_•!';
location, i., -150.
.jdlcpec. town, ( >,i ja<'a. i., <iSl.
!loll, boiled mai/c, ii.. .'i.Vt.
'.iuaxcii, South Cal. Irilie, i.. 40'_'-'_'-J;
location i., 4.V.I,
'nial, N'licataii, aiiti(|., iv., '.'til.
'.nilialniini;. i., 7S0, 7.S"-'-:i! ii.. i!o;<-4.
'.mlianknieiils, i., |s;i. jr.', '.'(i:!; ii.,
."iill, 7-1: v., 4l'J-i;i; anliij., iv.,
:t7'.i, ."lOo. .v.':t-4, o:t(;-7, ii:i'_'-;t, 7401,
747. 75<i-7;t.
"iMbrnidcrv, dress, i.,,'i,S4, ti'.IO-l, ~\i',;
ii., .'Iii.'t^'.
■■.merails, i., r>s:\; ii., I7:t, .•»7'J, 4M,
(iOt!; v., ;t'J5-('i; see also Chaichiiiile.
078
INDEX.
Kiii.'tics, i., Tin; ii., ^(.'O, rm.
I'.iuUii, Maya liajiti lal feast, ii..()S4.
I'lmpiif, A/ti'cs, limits (if, v., 47l-.'{.
Mm ai'iiai'ioii, Taiiiauliiias, aiiti(|., iv. ,
I'ju'ki'lkawa, South ( 'alifoniiait triht',
;., 4(l2-'_"_'; Ideation, i., 4(;i».
I'.iiesluirs (I',iiee>liiii-s), liilaiiil Colimi-
tiiaii tritto, i., I'oO-OI; loeatioli, i.,
;VJ(t; speeial iiieiitioii, !., "274.
I'jiii, Aeai^i'lieiiieiii title yiveii to the
Coyote, iii., lii.'J.
Kiiol>, ii., 7(»7, see KvoU.
Ijiteeatook liiver, i. , .SKi.
I'.iilerlaimiients, set; Feasts.
Kiitiails, i., 4!t, (17, 7:?-."), 104, 1(12-:!,
:{74, 4-J4, 4!H», .■)()(), -.112.
I'lilieiicliiiieiils, see Fortilieatioiis.
i'-m iroiiiiieut, iiillueiii'e on develop-
ment iiml pro;.;ression, i., l.").'J-4;
ii.. 41-.">; v., 5.
Epeoaiiuaenilt/in, Nahua priest, iii.,
4:)4.
Fpeoatl, Naliua drowniii^j; sacrillee,
iii., :{;«.
K|peoatl, Tlaloes' lemjile, iii., .324.
I'lpiil.niics, ii.. ."I'.I.S, l\)i.
i'Jpui'paMinh<|ni, Nahiia saerilieial
(leeoration, iii., .'{.'{.'{.
Ili|iielehaean, \'ueataii, antii|., iv.,
211.
I",i|uiis, i., (i()4, see l'',iliies.
I'.rmine, (lr<'ss, i., 42.").
I'lsraliiW, North Mexican ti'ilie, i.,571-
!ll; location, i,, (ill.
I'seaiipiles, cotton arniur, i., (i.'i.").
Ksceiens(l'",seelleiis, I'.sleiis, l'',-i|cnes),
( ent.t'al. trilie, i., :tl>l-4l)l; loca-
tion, i., :tli.'{, 4."it; special nu'ntion,
i., .'{Sd, .S,ss-!i, ;i'.iii; Ian;;-, iii., (m,-).
K.Hi'oria, pro\iiiee and trihe of Isth-
mians, i.. 747->S">: locatnin, i., 74!>,
7'.'."i; special mention, i.,7.').'t; lan^'.,
iii., I'M.
1''.slii|nalcs, i., '2'Xt, see Ivsuinates.
F-kimos ( I'.skiniantik, I'lskinians.
I'',si|uinnintsic, ivsunimanx, Innuit,
Keralit, I'skecnu, l'si|nenio\vsl,
one of the live families into which
the llyperl(orcans an; diviiled.
ManiM'rs and cn-itoms of all its
nations anil triiics descrihed to-
gether, i., 4(l-(i!l: |ili\sii|Me, i., t."i-7;
i., .">1>-I:
liroNs, i., 4(i-."i(l; dwelliiiL:
food.
ri4-(S; iniplenieiils ami
weapons, i., ."),S-!t; hoals, sled!,'cs,
etc., !., iV.t-(i;t; properly and com-
merce, !., ().'<-">; ;;(i\('rnmen1, i.. (i."i;
v'omen ami mariia'.re, i., li.V'i:
aniiiseinents.
ons mstonis, i., (iT-S; ;irt, i.. (!^;
character,!., (iS; niedicinc, i.. (is-i;
hiu'ial, i., (i'.l; localit\ and name.
i., 2."), :i7, 40-2, i;fs-'.l'; m\tli,, iii.,
12S, 141, .■")!(;, oKS; Ian;,'.,' iii.. ,■).-.:,
.•■)7.V,S0.
I'^slanairans. ( Ventral ( 'alifoiiiiantrihe,
i., :{(il-40l; location, i., 4,j4.
I'slens, i., ;{(p.'{, see Fsi'elens.
Fsniischne, Sontli Californiaii trihe,
i., 402-22; location, i.. 4.")S.
I'^snispcle. Smith ( alit'oriLian trilic. i.,
402-22; loc;\tion. i., 4.")S.
I'.s|iave. Isthmian title, i., 770.
l-;spiiliiim,i, South Californian tribe,
i., 41)2-22; l.ication. i.. 4,")S,
lls|iiritu Santo Itav, Vncalan. aiitii|.,
iv., 2,-)4.
{•'spiritn Santo T'li. jo:i ■ i".cliMnn\ai,
xillau'e, Soiioi ,, i., ■ •'
I'.spirilu Santo 1 -1. i'. t.
llspita, ^'llcat; '1, ,iiiti'|., n.,2li;!.
Msi|uiates ( li^hipiat. s), iri'.ie oi' Xont-
kas, i., 174-20S; locition. i.. 2!n.
I'!s(|nini;dt, Itritisli t '<ilnm.ii;t. aiiti<|.,
i... 740.
I"s(|nimanlsic. i., II, see Iv>ki:iio>,
l'lsi|iiimatha, (inatemala, aiitii[., i>.,
110.
I'".si|niman\, i., 40, see I'skiiiios.
Fstail, South ( 'aliforiiian trilie. i.,
402-22; location, i., 4.")S.
I'.storica, a stitdi for tliro\\in;_' jave-
lins, i., 7lil.
I'.stnc, ."^iMith Californian trihe. i.,
402-22; ioealion, i., 4.")!l.
I'lstufas, see Sweat houses,
litaminnas, Chinook pi'iest . iii., l."i(!.
l'.thno;;raphy. i., 2.1, !l."i(!, I.V2;v.. I'l.
Ft ill net te, orij;in and ellects, ii., ~ ';
Nahinis, ii,, 17S-!». 2S4, 42it-l; .i:i-
yas, ii., fi:!."!, (Mil, 711.
I'.tl, Nalina licaiis, ii., 'i'l't.
Ft la, Zapotec dialeit, iii,, 7o4-."- ( ui-
jaca, antiip, iv,. ,'!7."i-(i.
I".t'/alli, Nahua 1 1, iii., ;!2."i, ;!;!'•;
see also Ft/.ili|uali/t Ii.
Ft/,ali|iiali/tli ( Fcalcoali/lli. Fl/acu-
ali/lli, Fizalciiali/tii, I'.t/alciial-
i/lly, I'.t/alli, Ft/aloiialil/tli, lit-
/alc|ualixtli, Ft/,eiiia1i/tli. F/.ilin-
ali/lii, F/ali|Ualli/tli. FMil.|,i,ir,'-
lli, llet/,'ili|uali/lli, N.'iliiia iiioiith,
ii,, ;t24, ."los, ,-iO!»; iii,, :{2r), ;iu.
Fl/ittlan. locality, .Mexico, \ lO!).
Fnliaoiis, i,. ,'i02, see Cumiiii. !.■ .
I'.udeM's ( 1 )ohme. Fililelies, '■, '■-■us,
II.
exicaii trilie
i|llis
llevesi.
71-01! I.
iCiu: 11.
(!(i-( ; miscellune- |
INDKX.
(JTi)
!i
I
\, "2, f!fK)-7; s|i(>('iiil iiicntioii, i.,
".Sii: liiiiu'., iii., <i!i'', ti'.l'.i-TO'J.
Kiliiiluiii (I llili'caii), M'o<'aii(lli'-risli.
Kiutallii liivcr, i.. :il!l.
Kiijliorhia, licil) ii.mmI for siiako-liitcs,
i. r,->\.
Kutiuacht'fs, North Califoniiaii trilic,
i..;{l.'(i-iil; loialioii, i., 44-.'.
Kiir»cs, Nortli Calitoiiiiau Irilii', i.,
.'iiil-dl: loi'atioii,!., .'{liT. 144; spciial
iiKiilioii, i., ;{;{()', :US, .TiII; mylli.,
iii.. I(;i, .V_':i-4: iaii.i:., iii., Oil.'
Kiil:ilis (Kiitawh). i.,4(i4-."), sec I'talis.
I'lvii .S|iirits, MH' SuiK istitioiis.
Kvoli iImioIi), 'IV.ciKlai (lay, ii., TliT.
Ilwcatof, (jliiii'lic cliicf. \'.. c'lap. xi.
ilw iiiti's (I'iiitalis, liiita I Ics, I'iiila
Villas, Iwiiitys), tiilic ol Sl'.i-
slioncs, i. ,4'2'2-4'l; local ion, i., 4ti.'{-
4, 4(l!t.
lv\lialaiii|iio ({"xlialaiiciiicii), v., cliap.
xi., hi'c .\l(al;iiii|iii'.
])xcaMJainii's, iiilic of .Apai'lics, i.,
47:i-V-Ni; localioii, i., .Vl'.t.
Ilxravations. i.. 7 l-"i. IJl, ICO. -J.'il.
I'co, ;m-.'>, .•f;!7, ;{7i-', 4-_'ii-7, 4S(;.
,"i;{7-H. .V)4-."): aiilii| , iv.. ;!1. 70,
Il(i-I7, I'Jii, HIK, 17,-,. -Jll-I-J, 2l\.
'j.vj-s, •_'(;;{, '.'(I,-), ;(44, 4{i7'.t, 44.")f;.
4IS, 477-S, 4S4-,'i, ,")(i:<, .■.24-7, li.V.t.
(idl, ()7ii-7, 7,'><', 7i!,"), 7iiS.
Mxciiiimilli (( \ xi'iiiiiiilli), Irilic of
Noolkas, i., 174-'J(KS; loralioii, !.,
•J! I.").
l!\oi'iiillo-o-alixlli, Naliua rye dis-
cax', iii., :t4'J.
I'.xoliiiializlii, ii., ."iOS, sec ill/.ali|iia-
li/.lli.
I'.xoll, Naliiiii lii'Miis. ii., ;!.■)."),
i:x]ploralioiis, i., •_'7;t'_'; iv., ll-J-."il.
■jsD-'.M, ;i'.iiii, 4'Jii, (i(C) (i, i;i7-r.t,
(;•_>•.'■."). 71 '.I.
l''.x<|iiinaii, Tiascaltcc \\,ir t'l'iciiioiis ,
ii., 4:11.
I .'yackiiiialis, i., .'!17, >t'c N'al^iiiia-.
l'.yici|iii', .\ca;;rlli'iiii'iil lillc of l|ir
ciyoli', iii., I(i."{.
I'.yak, Koiiiaza rvij ■-iiiill, iii., 1 I't.
llyaki'iiia Nallcs, i., ,'t_'0, m'c \,iki-
nia \'al!('\'.
l',\coai', slalioii, .\/t('i' iiiinialion, \.,
:i2:i.
I'.ycs, ilyiMrlioicaii--. i., I'l. 7-. ll'i;
('oliiiiiliiaii>, i., I.'i7, 177'.i. -ill,
'-'•J."i-li. iVi."!-!;; Califoriiiaiis, i., ;!'.'S H.
H.'>4, ,'(iU-ti; New .Mc\ii'aiis, i.. I77-
-tl, ."i'.'".i, .V..S. .■)7;;; Mcxiiaiis, i.. (Hit,
(i4ii-.H; ii.,,V,i',t, (l'Jl-,"t: ((Milial .\imci-
icaiis. L.tlSS, 714-1.'), 7">i»-l; ii.,S(c_'.
K/alioali/tli (Kzal(|iialliztli), ii., .".OS,
.si'c i;tzai(|iiaii/lli.
I'.zaiiali I lliiiali, liilziialo. Maya day,
ii.. 7,"it>, 7(10.
I'.zcoiiiarlias. Naliiia nation, v.. .")ll.
Kzlnialiuai'atl, Naliua tilic. ii.. l."..s.
I'^ztl('[iictiii, TuotcimiK'a triltc, v., :2.so.
V-.iro, IIy|iorl)(>roaiis, i., 4('i, 4.S, ~2. >^s,
I l(i, l'J7: I 'oluMiliiaiis. i., I.'i7, 1 1 < ^^,
22r>-C>: I'alifoinians, i., ;{l'>S, :i(;.")-C.;
New .Mfxicaiis, i., 477-0, .V_'0-;!0,
.")7.'{; .Mexicans, i., (JIS-IO, t;4(i-7;
rcntral .Viin'iicaiis, i., liSS, 7l4-r>;
ii., SO-J.
i'"aiiilinL;-stoiu', Mexico, antii[., i\..
.■)40-l.'
Kails, i., ICu, '-'17, I'.iO, l-^.'i-l; ii.,
;{7S-0. .•{S,->, 7;ill; v., 4I.'>.
i'ainincs, v , 4i:{, 4t;o, I'.IO: cliap. \\.
l-'aiis, I.. ."(44. 701'.; ii., 4S.S. (UC, 1\X
l''.inla--iiia, lloniinias, hini.'. , iii., 7^."!.
l''ai'aones ( I'liaiaiPiics, 'I'aiai'o.-iesi,
tiilx'of .\]i,icIh's, i.. ■l7;{-."i_Mi; loca-
lioii, i.. 474, .V.14.
I'asliioii, tvraiiiiv and cH'ccIs of, ii..
7(iO.
I'asts. Il\ perlioreiins. i., 11',; Iii., 14-J;
(•(dnni'l.iaiis, i.. 170. •202:). 2U'>;
iii.. l."i(): ( 'alifoniiaiis, i., 4141."i;
New Mexicans, i.. ."('.'O. .■)."i;i, ."tSl;
Mexicans, ii., 147. '.'IK;. '.'.".S, l'HI,
;!(i.!, ;{i'j-ii, :ti7, .T!.">, ;i;!!i, ijs, cos,
(;i7, •;■-'•-', ii7s, osi'; iii.. lm'.'. ;!;!4-s,
;ui;, ;ts:{. -m:,, 407, 4'-".>, 4ioi! \..
1.'.").S; Cciilia! .\ineiieaii--, i., fill,'!- I ;
ii.. C.'.io 1, (III."), lliiO, 710, 711; iii.,
471, 4S7, 400.
I'ali;;nc, Islliiiiian |-cinedy fi>r. i., 77il.
I'au aioiniies, ('eiilial ( aiifoini.in
iiiUe, i., .'t(il-l(l| ; localioii, i.. 4."in.
I'as, Soiilii < 'aiifoi-iilaii Irilie. !.. lO.'-
■_'■_'; loiMlioii. i.. I.MI.
I l'cM>ls, ll\ peihoreans, j., (1(17, Sl-."i,
O'J.'I. mil <',,lniiil.iaii-, i., nil, li.,",
i'io7i, iss. 101. io;t. 100. 2\:\
•Jilt; iii., I.-)1; ( 'aliforniaii>. i.. H.'iC-
.")•-'. 110-11; New .Mexicans, i.. .".IJ.
.■|l.")-l(l. ,V)0-1'. .■)<i(;-7. .■,,S(l-7; .Mexi-
cans. i.. (i'J.S; ii.. •_'.■)•_'. 'J.'i.S. -JCO. •_•(!(;.
•Jii.s. •.'7'J. •J7(i. '-'SO- 1. •Js.'lil, .•io-.'ll,
.•!.i7, :ioi-7, 4'js, (ii'j. (i'_M. (;.':i; iii.,
ii.'i. :n;i-i7, :i--'.'i-», ;t;t'j-is, n.-a-nj.
;iS,",-0."). 40l-i.'0. I4i;. 4 IS; Celillal
.\nieiicaiis, i.. 7H0, 7.'1."), 77'-'; ii.,
(Ill, (l.")!l, (ill'J. (i(')7-0, 1)71), 1170, I)M4,
(iS7-7l 1; iii., 4S4.
C80
IXDKX.
Featlicr IJivcr. i., 381, 4r)0, 4")!, 4:)"), ' C.TO, 001-2, fiOG, 70I-:2 ; iii., ,-,(», 4>--2 ;
4.')7 ; huiix-. iii., •i4S-l(. | v., cIim]!. xi.
Fciillicrs, llv|M'il>urt':iris, i, '•>, ;>c j Fircaniis, Nnotliiis, i , iss.
1(»1, lo.'i, 117, 128; ('iiluint)iiiiis, i., Firiliii;rs u^nl for li;;lit. ii., "iT.T.
ir)'.i-('.0, lOO, 17(»-2, 17'.t, 187, 200, lM>ii, II,\ , erlMiivaiis, i., 41) "i")-!;. ::i-t;,
an, 2ir>, 2.")S; Ciiiilnrnijiiis, i., .'i;U, 90, l6a-4, lis, 12.i, l-!l; C.Jmii-
."547, :i(>7-7t», .•i77-H, .•i81-2, .•iH7-8, .•t'.»2,
S'.Mi, 410, 424-C., 4;t4 ; Ni-w Mcxi<iuis,
i., 4S2-4, 4il5-0, 504, ,')22, r).U-2,
.'^141, T).-)!, .-iJS, 574-5, 57',t, 58;{ ; iii.,
IM); Mcxiiiins, i., (i20~;(, (')4".t-50 ;
ii., 148, 174, 25;», 2'.lo, .•i07,:)14,;t2.i-7,
;i;!.!-4, .•i;i7, .•»•..■!, .-Ultl-S, 404-7, 484,
488-'.tl, 572-3, (•iOi;-7, (115, til'.t, ('.21 ;
iii., 238, 301, 3l:t, 318, 324-5, 3.')0-
»)l, 31)!), 385-7, 3',)0-2, 3'.t8, 400, 404,
407. 411, 4ir)-18, 422, 42(1-7; v.,
325, 515-lt); (."ciil);!) AiiiiTiciuis, i.,
(V.)l, 702, :o5-C), 715-10, 72.!, 72('.,
750-4 ; ii., ti35, 041, G'J3, 707, 720-30,
741-3, 752, 7811.
Fraliircs, si'c Face.
biaiLS i.. 151), 102-3, ICS-i), 171.
ISIJ-S, 20i), 212-14, 232-4, 2;i-.!,
205-0; Ciiliroviiiim^ i.. 323. .'i.),'-!!!,
374-0, 378, 40.vr). 427-.IO ; .\iw
Alcxifiius, i., 482, 4^8, 5.;8-',), ."i o~2,
570-8; Mexicans, i., 024, 052. (.55 ;
ii., 342, 352-3, 41.1 ; iii., 4I)-II ;
('(■niral Aiiiericaii-. i., 01)4, 7'.i--.'l,
758-00, 702, 7()8; ii., 05;i, Oil,'-; 7()s,
720-1 7.50.
Fish l'tc.». trilic nf SIioi-Ikdics, i ,422-
42 ; liicaiiiiii. i., 470.
Fitch's Kaiicii, i., 44".).
Fit/.liii;;h Soiiinl, i , 21)5.
FiajiS ii.. 32.3, 405, 427, )':(i7, CA:,,
(Hi), O'j'.)-700, 710, 712; iii., 401,
420.
I't'ciiiHJitv, >c(' Women.
Feet, i., 'Jo-1, 177, 477-9, 520-30, 57.3, Klalliow I.ako, i., 252. 311.
08;). I'lalliow l!i\er. i., 252, 203,311.
Felices, i., 18.-), 718, 750 ; ii., 348, 718. Kialliows. i., 251. .311, see Koolenais
Feiiehm l{i\ci-, i., 400. l-'liilheaij I,al<e, i., .31.3
Fern, liioil and medicine, i., 70, 214,
.354.
Feiiidale, Califoinia. aiili.|., iv., 707.
Fertili/rr, .Ma\a aLiiii'iilniie, ii., 717.
Festivals, see l''eas|s.
FelichiMii. iii.. 22, 3.3-S, IO><-0.
Fever, i., 21.5-li. .304. 521. 554, 508, 588,
Klalheaii Kiver, i., 252. 312-1.3.
l-'latheads, i.. 312-13. see S.-ili.-ii.
Flaiteniiifi the Head, see Ilead-tlatlen-
iiiK-
Flax, i., 182, 185,308.
Fla\iii);', cu|itives, ii., 300, .311, 332,
42i), 431, 457; iii., 3(i8-i), ;i,Vi, 355,
0;)><-i), 007, 74.), 778; ii., 5i)2-.3, 500, ; 413, 415, 420, 472
500-0OII, 704. , Flesh, ]., <)(), 127. 102, 187, 2S8-ii, 470,
Filire, vaiiniis iim's of, i., 558-0, 503, ' 721; ii., 71 1,721.
574, 582-3, 0.3O, 048, 057, 007, Oi)0, Flies, i., 025 ; ii., 721.
75t; ii., 303, .305, 400, 484, 743,
752.
Fiddleiiiwn, ('alifoiiiia, aniiij., iv.,
707.
Fi^is. drink tVoni, ii., 723,
F'ililaes, .Norili Mexican tribe, i., 571-
i)l ; joc.'uion, i., 01 1 .
Filniore X'ajlcv, i,, 408,
Fine ( iidd ( lull Ii, i., 450.
Fines, |iniiishiiient li\', ii., 457, 05(')-i),
073.
Fii'i', !!\ peilioreans, i., 51-2, 58, 7i),
Flint, i., 50,88, lus-O, 235, .341-2,
.377-0, 4.31, 434, 541, 5(;2-.!. 57S-0,
055, 007, 722, 701 ; ii., 470-s(i, 557,
742-3, 7.50; iii., 12i), 170, 208, 281,
I'loallni; (^arden^. see ( 'liiiiani|ias.
I'loals, i., 213-14, 7r.).
I'lood, see 1 )chi,i;e,
Moors, i., 25i), .535, 718,755; ii., \i:\,
550, 572, 787 ; 'w.. 125. 150, |ri5, lOi),
273, 30i), O.'iO, 0.5.3-4.
I'"lorcs, town, dual! mala, iv., i;';l.
Flore's Creek, i., 44.3.
111-2; iii., i)0-7, loi ; < 'oliiniliiaiis, 1 Florida, iv . 747; v.. lid.
I., I8i), 210, 2.30, 207; ( 'alilornians, j Flowers, i., 308, ;!00, (31, 04i)-."(),
i., 330, 340, .357, .377,430 4.13; iii., ' 730-1 ; ii., 200, 315, ,32S, ;M0, 401.
11,5-17, 15;), 547; New .Mexicans, I 080,734; iii., 407, 42ii-l .
!., 408, .502, 5li(-20, .535, 5.37, 554, ' Flunininl.'t, reiiiral Calilornian tril.e,
50.3, 577; iii., 172; Me.xiians, i.,
tilKi; ii., 270, 280, .315, .3;iO. ,3,33,
401, 58.3-4; iii.. ,300, .370, .38,5-05,
410-17; v., 320, 40,3; ( 'eiilral ,\mer-
icttU8, i., 005, 72:i, 701-2, 782; ii..
i., 301-4OI ; location, i.. 453.
Fint(>s, i.. i>10, 552, 580, 7.38; ii,, 31''
713; iv., 402-.3.
Flyini; iiaiiie, Naiiniis, ii., 205-0.
Flvinji iiod", Mi/.lccs, iii., 71-2.
Fomc
iein
I'onec
INDKX.
FuiiuMitations, T.i)\vi'r('iilifi(riiiii, iiH'tl- "H'^-OI; aiitic|., iv.. 12J-r). l^U, '2T)Ti,
iciiic, 1., .>(iS.
.M
ississiii|ii \'allt'> , iiulii
I'diiciliJis, CiMitral Ciilifoniiim trilir, 7">i)-7, 7(12-5; IVtii, aiilin., iv., iS(i4.
i., .S()l-40l; localiiiii. i., :tii:{.
I''<irl Maiil, laii^'., iii., iiST.
ImhmI, iiilliiiMK'c of, i., IS, 4(1; llyiicr- i l^'oil .Mi'Lc)ii;;lilii
I, I., r.M.
Ipincaiis. i., ,">4 .S, 7.">-'.t, ItO, 10;{-4, i I'ort Mojavf, i , 4(/
lis, 1 •_'.{, l-2.\ r.'it, l.S."i
III.
147; I l"<ui Ni
Ciiliimliiaiis, i., l.Vt. 1(11-4, IS.'iS,
I'.M, 212-14, 2.!2-.-). 2(:i-7; Califnr-
iiiaiis, i., .Tid^O, .S7."{-7. 4(>.")-7. 427,
.'{.»; New Mfxii'ans, i.. 477, 4S7-'.»2,
r):tS 40, .V>.'), ."i7(;-S, .V.»0; Mcxiians,
i.. (124(1, (UO-l, (;.")2-4, (;(i7-S; ii.,
](;:!4. 174-S, :{1S-I<.», .•!42-(;2, .•<S4,
(!12, (ll.'>, (!2;l; ('fiitral Aiiii'rifiiliH,
i., (".".iKi, 7(>'.l. 7IS-22, 74:{-4. 7.'>S-
(i(t. 7S()-;$; ii., (!7!», 71.V2.J, 741, 7!IS,
SOO-l.
I'dui's I'rairic, i., Hl.'t.
Kootliali, i., r.')2, nsc,-?.
l'i(c(t|iiiiitH, of ;,'o(ls, ii., .'tH3.
I'ooi-iacts, Naliiias, ii., 4i;l.
l''oi('i', ai'tioii ami I'lciiiciits <•*'. ii.,
(i-lii.
Forclicail, llyiiciliorcans, i., IKi;
('olumliians, i., 177-S; ('aliforiii-
aii-<, i.,;iiil-r); New Mcxiians, i.,
477, -'h'tS; Mfxitaiis, i., (il'.i, (147;
ii., (I'Jt; Cciilral Aiiioriiaiis, i.,
(iss. 71 1-1.").
Foii'st Hill, California, aiitici., iv.,
7(ii;.
J''ori'si lloiiic, Califoniia, aiilii|., iv.,
7n7,
ImhcnIs, i., ;;s-i», 111, i,-,:t, i:,(;, ;i2;t-i,
;is,"., tl.'.l; ii., SS.'.lil. 47J-2; iv., 2',IS.
l''ori; Lake, i., :{()(>.
l'"orni(alioii, |miiisiiiiu'ii( for, ii., 4(11',
(I.")l. (m'.i, (i7.'>.
I'ort .\lf\aii.lcr, i., lilO.
Fort .\ncii'iit, .Mississi]i|ii N'allfv,
aiiti(|., i\., 7."»i!.
I'orl lioirii', i., |il2.
I'ort. lii.iM', i., 1(11.
iMirt I'.riiluvr, i., MM
\\nl Colvillc, i., ;ill.
I'oit ( 'onrKlciicc, i., II I.
I'ort llalLcll, laiiL,'., iii., ■)S7.
I'ort. Ililvciia. i., I.'iil.
I'lirt Hill, .Mi>>iN>i|iiii Nalli'v, aiitii|.,
iv., I'i'i.
J'tirlilicMiioiis, ( 'olinnliiaii-*. i., Id',
i,U2; Now .\l('\ic,iii-i, i., ,".:t|-(l, ;il2;
autii|., iv., r)S2-'.ii, (iii;i, (ii;i, (i;i7,
(;(.-,.(', Ciil-.'., (17.1, 71."); Mcxicaii.s.
i., (liH, (l.")V(l; ii., 111-17, n.'iS, r)ii2,
ois; aiitii|., iv., ;ii;s-',i ;{7,"), ;is;'-|,
41J-i;t, 4;ll-:i. 4:i'.)-fll, 4il7. 4S(i
,0
iMlinlly, i., ;U)1.
4S(--7. .l(i:i, r..")ii.2; v.. ",();(; Crutial (112
l''orf Itos.s liitlians, ('ciitral (alifor-
iiian Irihc, i., ;i(:i-l(l|, I4'.i; s|u'cial
iiii'iitioii, i., ;t04, ;i(is, :!Hi, ;iss, ;t>,),s.
Fort. Uiipi-rl, i., 17.">, l',»()-l, 2'.tn, 2',is.
J''ort Siiii|isoii, i.. l.'i."), Ic7, J73-4,
2'.i;i-4; laii^'., iii., 6 7.
I'ort Walla Walla, \Vasliin.i,'toii,
aiitiij., iv., 7li").
l''oiiiitaiMs, ii., 5(1."), .J71, Ml; iv.. 4")7-.s.
l''oiir, 'I'laiof satri'd iiuiiil)<'r, iii.,
_ ;i4H.
Four Crci'ks, !., 3(i:t, 4.")(l-7.
Fowl, i., (I'.H; ii., 702, 7 IK, 721.
Fo.vfs, i. ,,")(), 2;")^, ;m1, f).')!, (12."); ii.,
71(1.
Fox Islaii.ls, i., H7, S!», 141-2.
P'rancis Lake, laii^'., iii., r)H7.
l''rascr Lake, iaii;,'., iii., (107.
I''ra..^i'r liivor, i., '.!."), II."). 172, 17"),
is."), 2.")1, 271, 27.S, 2'.l.')-7, ;il2; iii.,
(;i;i.
Frederick Souiid, i., 1 l:t.
l''resiio ('(iiiiitv, t'aliforiiia, aiitii|.,
iv., 7i>7.
I'resiio liiver, i., Hdlt, :!'.ls, I")").
I'lijoles, lieaii.s, i., (I'.il.
Frill;,'!', Naliiia dress, ii., llCd 7, ;!',*,
;t74,
l''ro;rs, i., 4i:."). 57(1; ii.. .'l"id; iii., lld-
17, ;t(10, 4211; iv.. 21.
Fruit, i., 2:i4, 2(1.'), ;i:i;i. r):is-!i. .-,.|',» .-,0.
i").")'.!. ">dii, ,",74, .'iTd, dji-,",, d,",.;, (;,",s,
<i;»l. 71111; ii., ;)I7. 71S11». 72-'.
l''iii'a, i., 222, M'e .liiaii de l''i;i ,i.
I'liiierals. see Itiiriai.
iMiiiiiel. Istluiiiaii dress, i., 7.")l-2.
I'lir, i., 2.i-:tl, r,ii, 7:t I, n:i, iki, ido,
is2-;t, 21(1. 2:10. ;ii7. 12.").
I'liniaees, Naliiias. ii.. .|7s.
iMiriiilun', i.. .")l. (i;i2, 71S; ii., 171-5,
572-;t, 7.sd-7.
iMlliire, i.. 2 .'t; ii.. del 5. did, (1|S,
d22-:l; iii.. ;ii-5. 1(11-2. I(i."i, .".1(1- 1 1.
l''\ iiles, ( 'eiilral < aliluniiaii li iiie. i.,
'Hdl-lOl; loealiou, i., 1..1.
o
(lal)ilaiies ((!avilaiies), Nurili Mexi-
can tril)e, i., r)72l(l; loealioii, i,,
Aiiiei
i('au.><, 1.
"<(i-7: ii.
i:t
', t iauavit/, iii., 4
77, see Ilaea\ il ',.
G82
INDEX.
ii.-<'i>li Viilloy. i., 7nS.
liiltl t^iniiiihav, CaUrliiqticl title, ii.,
(ilU.
.alcl Xaliil, rak(lii(iiicl n.yal title,
ii., lilO; v., ciiait. xi.
iaiciia, Mi.s.sis.sijipi N'allev, aiiti<i.,
iv., 778-!).
;ali!-Zilia, hraiicli (if Ilocah, v.,cliaii.
xi.
lalisico, Piicltlo villa-p, i., r>27, COil.
ialliiiiiiiR'nis, t'ciitial Califuniiaii
ti-il>f, i., ;i<il-4l)l; Incatiiiii. i., :i'Vl
4 lit; special nu'iitimi, i., ;17'_', UHil,
3.1O; laii.ir.. iii., (it;!-».
lai|M)iis, (( laijiitiies). corridoi-iif eoiin-
eil-iiKiise, Nicaraj^'iia, ii., (ilti.
ianildiiiLT, II vpeiltoieaiis, i., Il'2-i:),
12-J; Cnliitiii.iaiis, i., Kl'.t, I'JS, 'IV.I.
2t:il, 2M»-I; I'alifi.niians, i., ii^it-t.
'Ml, •lirj-lC, i:!7; New Mexicans,
i., r)l(l. '.)'t2-3, C87; Mexicans, ii.,
'2'J',»-;i(l|.
(lauieiiiMes. Ccntial ( 'aiifnrnian (rilie,
i., ;)iil-|iil; liicalion, i., •1">:!.
(lame. i.. ;!'.), 111. I.")!), l.".!'., IH7, 'Jli:?,
;tj:!i. ;t !7, (>.")-(;, rnir, ii., ;}.")()- 1,
{;:<•>. cr.',), (;'.i;i, 7-Jii.
(lanciiil)i (( 'anclu'liiz, I 'an<'lievez,
( lain iii'hiiNci. (Jnateniala tribe, i..
(lMi;-711; litcatiiin, i., 7.S7.
(lanel, (^>uiciu'-( 'aUcliiipii'l day, ii.,
7(;7.
(ianlens, ii., .Wl, r.7:!, r,~r,, 7H'.».
(iardnei- (liannel, i., 1 ")■">, '21U.
(lailand--. ii., ;;7'J, (I'Jd; iii., .'il.'t, I'J!!,
■liii.
( iainienis, see Dress,
tlaniciia, a inpe l(iM'i;.'e, i., (IDIl.
(Jai/as, i., ."i7li, sec Caiiizas.
(iaulas. .M(isi|uit() liiiie, i., 711-17;
liicaiinn. i., 71'1; lan,u'., iii., 7H;1.
(Ja\ilanes, i., (Ill, si'c (laliilanes.
(Jeese, !., 7."), IIIIM, ;i:i7; ii., 7'Jl.
(ti'.Lfuep, Siinlli ('alil'itniian tiiiie, i.,
iii'J-JJ; local itin, i., I.")',».
(<ei;ai|ncl), a ('akclii(|nel I'liler, v.,
eliap. \i.
(leka'|iiciii, a * 'akcliiipiel iirineily
laniiiv. \., eliap. xi.
(lelicc, Siiiilli ( 'alil'iiinian trilie, i.,
■lli'J-2i»; locatiiin, i.. I.V.t.
(ieii), Sontli ( 'alil'innian tiihe, i., -IdJ-
'i'J; local ion, i., I"i'.».
(!einex, trilte nl' I'neliliis, i., .^ill-.'iCi;
liiealion, i.. (Kill.
(IiMiaii, (eiitral < 'alifoiiiian tiilie, i.,
;iilMl)l; liiealiiin, i., irill.
(leiioa, town, Ne\aila, i., lilH.
( ieusde Miiis, i., 1 17, sec Man Knlcliin.
lieasde Hiiuleaii(I>ircli Indians), trilic
iif 'I'inneh, i., 111-37; Incatioii, i
117.
Jens de Unites, i., 117, sec 'rniaM
Knlcliin.
u-ns de l''ou, i., 117, sec 'I'ath/cv
Ki.lshi.
lens de Foux, i., 117, sec 'rntclinne
Kntcldn.
lens dc l.arj;e, i., 117, see Nalclic
Kntcliin.
lens de .Milien, trilie of 'riiuicli, i.,
Ili;f7; locati i., lir.. 117.
leiir.v'etdwii, < "alifdriiia, antii[., iv.,
H>').
lei>rj,'ia, Mississip|ii \',al!ev, antiii.,
iv.,7(;7-S.
!ein>,da ( Jiiif, i., '2')'i.
Jer;^ecensens (( leruneiisciis, (Icrzu-
enscns). Central ( 'alil'urnian liiiic,
i., liOl-lOl; liicalicin, i., IJC.I, 1.")^.
lerL;nensens (< ler/nenscns), i., l").',
see (!er;,'ecensens.
!es|nrc-lan;jna,ui', iii., 'I'l. .'i"i;.
ieysers, locality, Califcirnia, i..l"-.'.
ihalasliat, name for San Nicolas
Island, i., -ID'J.
llianau, ii., 7(17, see ( 'liaiian.
iliocan, name for raleMi|nc, iw.'J'.ll.
;li<i\\id (lluey /acatlam, (Jiiapas,
antii]., iv. , 'A'ti.
;ianls, i., 7")(l; ii., HOO; iii., i;i. i":
iv., (I!).'); v., '21, rj-,'.i), llj), J'.)7
•Jno,
lifts, see I'resents,
li,u' llarlior, i., Itm.
lijames, North .Mexican trilie, i,,
ri71-'.il; location, i., (II 1,
lila (.\ila) liiver, i.. a'JS, r.Ii.t, .V.l.'.-',),
(:ill-2; Ian;,--., iii., iV.ll-.").
liiilinj;', see I'lalin;,',
lilenos (Xilefios), trilie of \|iaclics,
i., •17:!-.")'Ji;; location, i,, 171. .I'.'d;
Ian;,'., iii., (iH,").
iiliinis, Ct'iitral < 'aliforiiiaii trilie, i.,
.•!i;i-lill; localion, i., l.")!.
lirdle, see licit.
Ii\ im, v., 7(1, see II ivim.
lix, ii., 7"i'i, see Ix.
Iladialorial Moiie, ii., ."iSi',; iv., nn'.l-
10,
ilass, !., IS, 'is:!; ii., rCtl, ■"wit.
Ila/inj;, imtlerv, i., Tidi. (;',.S. 7<l'.i;
ii., LSII; iv,, lit, liH-n, ItMl. (.17.
lienaxcnvn, Sontli ( 'alifoiniaa Irilic,
i., l()2-'i'2; location, i.. I'.'.i.
Iloves, !., 'IHH- ii.. 2',IS. 7;il.
line, i., ill, mO; ii., IHl),
ilnttony, see l'".atin;^',
lniid/a\ (lit linilui, local'ts, ( >ajae i,
i., (i7M.
INDKX.
G83
iila;i, li>riilil\-. ( >;:
laji
Isll
;:ira i., (>i
r,7S.
iMiiaiJ tiilii', I., (IT-tS");
IiicatKiii, I., iM,
(iiiasai'cialt'd, iii.,
l''»-C>, SL'U (ioaza-
(ioal^
215.10, .-,11.
( ioa/aroali'ii (( 'nat/at'oali'o, ( loasaco-
aico, ( iciat/ariialrii, ( iiia>ai'iialrii,
< !iia/ai'iial('i)), iinvitict' ami livcr,
Vera ( 'rii/, i., (11."), Cdd, (JSlI; ii.,
11-2, CV.); iii., 251), •J75-(i; v., 251),
2',»S. 121, IT.t.
( JodariiN oils ( II, trilic of < 'hinooks, i.,
'222-.")(l; location, i., lillT.
(
OLM'IC;
skiiiios, I., (I'J.
(ioilri's, i., r,HH, (i;W.
(iold, New .Mi'vica
ri7:i-7, iis-io, 4n;!-72, r,n;!ii, ci:).
22, <i2S; iii.. 210-211. 2J"i.;lil, •.5'.i.
27:!-l, IM, 72i;; v.. 2ll-',i, 2.5, 2'. I.
3.')tl-l, 1(11, -l-iCS; Cfiiii.il .\iiuii-
ciins, i.. 7()l-2, 72S-;), ',;i5. 7..!, 7. .5,
75H, 7(11, 7(.'.i-7l, 7.SM; ii.. (i:t(i-
(10, (Kli), 7:(ii-7, 710-1, 7.'SV-;ii), 7lt'.i-
801 ; iii.. 7;i; v.. cliaii. xiii.
(ioxican. Nortii Mc\
iciiii fnl.c, 1.
571-111; location, i.. Oil,
( iraiiai
la, N
uai;i;;iia, aiiln
(10; New .Mc.\iii>, aiil
i\., (171.
( iranarifs, .sec Slorc-lioii>cs.
( iraii-t 'liiiini, rem, aiitii|., i\., 7li'S-
HOO.
Ciaiidc Ifoinlc \'alli\, i.. 251, llllt.
i., .511!, ,5s:t;'(;iaii(lc lie .Smii I'cd,,'. i.,iUc. i., (112.
Ml
i., (i:!l, Ol.s, (151, (1,
(i
il i;ivcr, i., nil. Ml.
ii., 117, 173-5. 2.S5. 2IMI, ;!72. 370-7, I ( icaiivillc. djiio, aiitii|., iv., 771
3s2. 100-8, 473-;». (lini; iii.
2N.),
321; antii|.. iv., 310, 370. 3>3, 4."
Central .\ " "
I, 703,
/.I
50, 7>s7; antin
nieiicans, i., rji-
700-1*; ii., 7;!2, 71
(1(1; .M
l.ssi?.
■I"
Vail
r;!2, 712, 7r.»-
IM, 2(1, 22-3,
( y, antii|., iv.,
77.'S-ll; rem, aiili.|., iv., 71i2-l.
(Jol.l iiliiir, i., 115-0.
(ioldcii ( late, invlli., iii., .^1).
(iold-ilai'l
15
'1;
Mils, tiilic
location, i.
Ilaidal
IS, 1.
:l»2
(!old Mill, ('alifoinia, aiilii|., iv., 70(1.
( Joldsinitlis, Nalinas, ii., 175-8; iii.,
■111.
(Jold S|iriii;js (inicli, ('.'ilit'ornia,
aiiti(|., iv., 701-2, 700
( lolovin .Sound, i., Ml.
(iolovnin ((lolowniiil liay, i., 70, 1(1.
(ioiioiilio'a, sec X'eiiercal I 'iscasc.
(loose ( 'leek, i., 1(111.
(i
111.
12-2.
loose l.aKc. 1.
(lo.sii I'tc Lak
liosli I'tes (doslia I'tes, (loslianles,
(Ioslii|is, (Joslioots, (;,.>li N'litas),
tiilie of Slioslioiies. i. . 12_' 12; loca-
tion and iianie. i., 122, Iil7-M; spec-
ial mention, i., I2S; laii^'., iii.,
(101-2.
( Jossam|iiiie. see ( 'ntloii.
(lonids. i.. 511. 551-2. 582, 030, 050;
ii.. 31IS, l.sj, 701», 7.V2; v., elia|). xi.
(lo\('i-iiiiieiit. its relation toiivili/a-
lion. ii.. Oil-d. 71-1; II \ |iei liorcaii>,
i., 05, ISit,l)2, 1001. lO.*^. 121, 123 5,
130-2. 1.31; Coliiniliiaiis, i., 10," s,
170. 173, lsO-2. 185, IN7-8, 1H3-0,
217, 210, 217-s, 258. 202, 2(i!l-7(»,
275-I"; ( alifoiiiiaiis. i., 317-11. 35h,
3S5-.S, -101). 10, 135; New Mexicans,
i., 507- 10, 510-7, 501-5,5^1; Mexi-
catis, i., 032, (r):)-(10; ii.. 133-2311,
t'ood, i., Iii3, 170, :!10. .373-5,
■loO; nianiil'actnres, etc., i.,73. 111,
lti7, 211, 211, 230, 25S, 270, 330-1,
315, 3iiH, :W1.2. 125,131, .j^O, .51.(1,
.50:
!l, 7(1
); I!., oi
I: iii.. I21».
(lrasslio|i|icis, lis tiiod, i.. :!73l, 105-
0, -l-J^S, 1S8, ,501.
( iniss \'alle\ , Califonii;!, antii|., i\.,
7iiO.
(Irave ("reek, i., 30S.
( J laves, sei
Mi
U
151,
oil, 211,
(Jiav .H
2i.5-17,
(Iveasc, i., 1211, 210, 3:!3; iii., 11."
303-1.
(Ireat licar
l.ak
II.
( Ireat ne.'ir Ki\cr
X'all.
( Ireat I'isli l!i\ cr, i. . 1 15,
( ireat I, one Land, i,. 111.
(Ireat Salt Lake liasiii, i., 1.'
■101-3.
(Ireat Sl,i\e Lake, i., 111.
(Ireat South I'liss, i,. H.l,
(Jrcaves, ii., 377. loO s, -re
.\ri
(■recce, nivtli.,com|iari'd w it li Nalina,
iii., 411; .Vincrican oii'_;iii-i liice.,
v., 122 3.
(ireenland, eariv .sell linn'iil ol', v.,
100-15.
Creeii lliver, i.. 300, li'l-l.
(Ireiioiis, Nicaia;:n;! i (Jiincil lioiises,
ii.. 01(1.
( Ircylow 11. i., 711.!.
( 111 j.iU.i. .1 11,111 dc, ariixal on Mexican
ciiast. v., 17.S,
(l-tinkil, i.. 110. see Silkas,
( iiiaiaclinl:!, city, .Mi.\ii(i, ii , 110,
( lliacliicliiles |l nacliicliiles, (liiaelii>-
cliiles, II nacliicliiles, iliiacliiclii-
les), Noitli .Mexican Irilic, i.. 571-
111; location, i, , 572, (111; special
inentioii, i., 032; Ian;:., iii., 7111,
G84
INDEX.
(;;i:i.
<i, an
tiiliifc for snaki'-liiti's, i., MJtinnls, Xalmas. ii.. ]s.!. 21"
< Iiiailala jara. .lalisci), aiiti(i., iv., o7".
( Jiia<lalu|ii' llivcr, i., 4r>2.
• Jiia-'iiaviitla, villa^re, (iuorn.'ro, i
(rlla.-
Niiitli .\lc\iiaii tri'iM'. i.
mI-'.U; liiiMiiiPii, i.. (li'ii
(iiiaic'iiris
(luavciira^
(('.
iiaicuras, ( Juaicurcs,
W
iiciinii
\Vi
iikiiri,
I.
owcr ( 'ahtciiiiiaii tntx', i., ■)')''>-i
(iii...<a<'ual
I'd, 111.
< ioa/;!
( iiiasavas, \ illa''i'. Si
imra. i.. rn
( iiiasliillas, tril»' oi liaiil.ili
i.. 1"
71; liicati
111.
loratioii, i., Tj.'iT-fS, (i(i;i-h s|ii'i'ial I 71.
iiu-ntioii, i., rj.jS-l), 5Cj-7, 57(J; laiiir. ,
(iiia^ista^iia, lloinluia-, aiitii|., i\
iii., r,s7-:K{.
(iiiailii|iiis, Nnrtli Mexican trili
rj71-'.tl; li.ialiiMi, i., (Jul).
< liiaiiiias, iii. , tid I m'i" < liiavnias
(iiiainm
III
iianiii's
K Istl
iiiiiaii
tril.
I., ili-hi; luialloii, 1., I'JI'i; s[)C'('ia
iiientiDii,
7.)', I.
(Inaiiic'tas, Utliiiiian tribe, i., 747-8.");
local
mn, 1., I'M).
(Iiiasiai(|Mi', Suiilli Caliliiniiaii iriln-.
i.. l()2-'iJ; liM-alioii, i., l'>^.
(uiastccs. i., (174, sec llna-tcrs.
(iiiateniala ((iliiaiiliteiiial.iii '. aMi'i.,
iv., uis-;{.s; hist., v., ^iis. ;ii'.i. 4';t -1.
chap. .\i.; for inftirniatinn I'lincern-
\u'^ trilies, see t;nateii!alaii-> ainl
.May:) nations.
( liiatciiialaiis ((inatenialtecsi, one of
tlie tiiree families intowhiiii the
(iuaiiiiioiiost, Sontii < 'iilifornian trih
i., 402-22: hM'alioii, i., 4.V,).
(iiiai|>ii, i., <i^l, see liiii|)il.
(iiiaislac. Sontli Califoniian
402-22: hicaliou,
4.V.).
t.v. J^
ower
trihe,
("alif(
• iKijaniiiia. locality
nia, i., oii'.*.
iiaji<iiieros, Mos({iilto (lihe, i., 7
47; location
712;
n-
s[iecial nu'ii-
tion, i., 71S, 722, 7;t7-S.
(Jiiajolote, .Mexico, antiii., iv. 54").
(iiiaiala (Waliiaila, Wailaila) Creek,
i., 411).
(iiialalas, ( 'entral Culiforiiiaiitriln
301-401; loraiioii
44l»;
SJM
rial
inentioii. i., liiO; Ian;,'., iii.. il4;{.
(iiialpi, Kiiialjia, iinal|ii. .Inal[)i),
.Moqiii vilia-f, i., O'iH. (loii-l.
(Iiiaiiiane, North .Mexican triho, i.
571-;M; iaii^'.. iii., 71'.*.
Oiiaiiacaste, Co^ta Hica, aiitiij., iv.,
24.
Guaiiaeiiiiri Ml. v., Ki.
(■uaiiaja Islainl, i., 7'JO; aiitii[., iv.
70.
CJiianajiiato. ilescriptioii of trilies, i.
(il7-41: ii., l:i:i-t)2'.»; location, i.
G7.'t, ii77; iiiylh., iii., 511; laiiy.
iii., 7:i7-ll; aiiti(|., iv., 577-8.
tnlie;
if Central .\
nu'rica ;ne ili-
.Mi
iliners ami ciistoin- ot
CI ilnil
its nations aiul iriltes ilc;
etiier, i., (iSi;-71 1; civ iii;
tioiis.
(i82, 7
ii.. (i;i()-8(i;t; hMiitioii. i.
Nli-112; ii., 121-2: I'h
'I'
i.. (;88-;»; ii.. ,SII2; Dress, i.. cs.t
!)-2; ii., 72()-:il; D\\elliii;.'s. i.. f,'.t2
:t; ii.. 78:i-',(t; Koo,!, i., C'.U-i;: ii.
715-25; Personal llaliits. i..f, C; ij.
7iil-5; Implements ami .Mamii'ai
tiires, I., (I',l7-;i; ii., 74^-
i2: \V(
ami War. i.,(r.Mi-7; ii..7:i.i-l7: lloat-
i., <l'.t',t; ii., 7.'{0; l'ro|ierty ami Con
merce, i., (;',»',)-, oil; n.
•■S; .\it.
i., 700-1; ii., 71N-S2; t ■o\eriiiiient,
i.. 701-2; ii., (;:U-t')0; Mania'.;
< liiaiiiiie^
(■iiaiiijia-
ilil ornaments, i. , i.)2.
Norih .Mexican trihe, i.
571-01 ; location, i., till.
llnaniiii|iiimanes, Oajaca trihe, hist.
v., 52S.
(iiiaiilen. Central Califoniian trihe
i., ;t.ll-10l; location, i., 45;i.
W'onii
cation
.1
70-2-1; ii.. r,(,t Ml: i;,lu-
ii., (1(11-1; .\i
ill. "cciil^. 1.
704-7; ii.. (187-714; .Mis, .'llaiicoiis
Customs, i., 707-8; ii.. 7'.m1-S; .\i,-.l-
iciiie, i., 708-0; ii.. 7'.i4-(l; llnrial.
i.. 701); ii., 71)S-h02; Chaiader. i..
701)1 1; ii.
803;
IIIV
th
111..
4
120, 471-110; v., 13. 'iO; Ian.-., iii
72(1. 75l)-il(l; hist., cha|p. \i.
(iiiatiiico, ()aia<'a, aiili>i.. i^ . '■'>'
hist.
>ll. 4'.
(iiiatiisco. iv., 415, see lliialns,-
(liiatns
(liidios lilai
I'
Isll
imiaii trilie, i.
ami nam'
I.
M7-s5;
'48. 7'.M-i
iicalloii
menlioii, I., I,)
ll-l.
.58, (M; laii'.:.
III.
13.
(Inantla, N'era < 'riiz.
liiiavi, I., (1M».
ill
aiiti<|.
1(11.
(iiiara|io, Soulii .Mexican lirink, i., (niaxaca, i., (171). see (•ajaca.
(l()5. i (Juaximala, Nicar.i.u'mi. anlii|.. iv.
(Miarara, Istlimiaii jiroviiiee, Ian;;., i tjiiaxtecas, v., "208, see lliiastecs.
111.
111.
INDEX.
G85
Oiiavai'an. a species of wood
77«; ii.
7'.t.).
i., IT'.t, 4:^0. finO, (;02, fiOS, 77fi; ii., 4Sr>, (!00,
I 7;m; v.. ;i-_'.v
(;ua\aii''aics, name for 'I'/intzuiit- ' ( liiiiiarcaali, ii., C,'?7, see I'tatlaii.
zaii, v., •>
li;
j (;iiiiiiiit's;ica|>eiiic;*. Nortii Mexican
I Iiilie, i.. .">7I-!M; ioealimi. i.. (>1.S.
(Jutaras, Nii'aia''iia s.-imlals, ii.
■M.
Kiiayave, a tiiiii roni I'ake. i., '>40.
<!ua_\ I liras. i,. .")")7. see (iiiairuris.
(;iiayiiia>, ((iiiaiiiiasi, North Mexi- (iiiyiiMines, ( 'ciitiai ( 'aliforiii.iii tiilie,
can Irilie, i.. u71-'.)l; location, i., i., .Sf>l-4(>l ; location, i, 4.V{,
(invnien (Cninieni, < 'cntrai Talifor-
tlO.'t; lan^'.. iii.. 7(M-r).
(Jua/ahas. iii., •>!»'.(, see (iiia/aves. , nian
<<uazaeiialco, i., COil, «eo lioazaeo- 4.");{.
trilii
3(;i-4()l; locatii
alco.
(in/man Lake, i., T)!)."); iii., .")!(4.
(.Jiiazaliiijjo, l)roviiice, Mexico, i., (>7o. (Jwan^'wa l'a;.'ini, inline for Tuii^jax-
liiiazanioro.s, Nortli Mexicaii trilic, i.
r)71-'.ll; location, i., till.
II.
( iwosdcH' Islaiiils, i., M.
•.•;«)-.•{.
(;naza|);iri's. North Mexican trihe, i., (iyninasinin, ii., ((()•_', ~i;\; iv., I'i'I'A,
r)7l-".ll; location, i., tJltJ; Ian;;., iii.,
711.
Cua/.aves ((Jiuuabas), North Mexi-
can trihe, i., 571-'.'l; location, i.,
(!()'.»; lan^'., iii., (i'JU. 707.
Kncninatz (Teiieii, TcimmiIi), (jMiiclie
ruler and ;:od, ii., <US, 7111-17; iii., Haah. .Maya year, ii., 7")!).
45, 135, 475; v., '2:i, 170, 188, chaji. lialiasto. Central ( "alifornian trilie, i.
xi. I ;it;i-4(tl; location, i.. 4.'.:{.
(!iie,'iietenan;;o, i., 787, see Hneline- ' Haliena|io, Central < 'aliroriiian trilie
(Jyipsuni, ii., 55(), 558, 570, 57-, 581.
II
tenan^ro.
i., ;<(il-4(>l; location, i., 451.
(ineiiini/.ales. North Mexican trilte, ' llacavit/ (< la;;a\ it/). <,lnicln' <snd,
ri-'Jl; location, i., (ii I.
(iiKMHicks. CiMitral Calit'ornian trilH>,
i., 'Mi\ "M; location, i., .Sii.S, (mI.
(iiierrero, Irilies described, i., l!17-44;
III., 50--J. 47
5(Ht-71, 574.
181, 5l7-5(i, .")(;
llacavit/ .Mountain, v., 540-.5.3, .">,")(),
.")(iO, .")(i4.
II.
i:W()'."J; location, i., ()77-8, 7'.M); Ilaeelt/.nk, i., lMU, see llailt;;as.
lan^'.. 111., /
4:i:{-4.
4'J,
iM
aiitii
(Jiietares, Isthmian tribe, i., 747-85;
ocation, 1., 7'.I5.
( iii''urcs,
Isth
tribi
747-85;
special mention
Ila-lii tribe of .\i.aclies, i., 47:{-5_'()
locati
llau
5!M».
I'ts, tribe of Ilaidali
Ills,
I.-
74; location, i.
!»4.
Ilaiiaiiio;.^;), South Californian tribe,
i., 402--_*'_'; location, i., 4(;().
( inicliicovi, villa.^'e, Oajaca, i..(!7!t-80. Ilaitlaiis, one of the nine f.imilies
(iiiicbidas, «'entral .Mexican tribe, i.
(il7-44; locaticni, i., ti7-*.
tiiiieiixola, ( tajaca, aiitici. , iv., .1(>8-71;
hist., v., 444-5.
(iiiillicas (tiiiihicos). Central Califor-
nian trilie, i., ;}fil-40l; location, i.,
;<(;•_', 44!t; Ian;,'., iii.. ><M.
Cniina, South Californian tribe, i.,
40-.'-'-"J; location, i.. 4,V.».
Cninien, i., 453, sec (iiiynien.
(ini|ianlavi, Mmiiii village, i.. (JOO.
"ic, i.,
(iiiisolcs, North .Mexi<'.iii till
ito which the Coliinibians are di-
vided; manners and ciisti
if all
its nations jiiid tribes described to-
gether, I
l."i(iS; dn
15.V74; 1
ihVMiine, 1.
l.iS-OO; dwidliii^'s,
i., lliO-l; food, i., l»il-4; weapons,
iiii|>leiiieiits, iiinl iiiannf.'ictnr
KU-d
trade, i.
iiat.-., i., lliif; |iiM|)eity and
iir
;i>\eiiiinent, 1.
57I-!M; location, i., (il I.
Ciiixa, v., chaii. xii., see llnixa
( inixoloter
57 1 -'.H;
North Mexican tribe, i.
atioii, i., Iil3.
Cult of [''onst'ca, i., 7'.M .
l()7-8; women and mairia;_'e, i.,
lti!t-70;
, 170-';
ItlS-ll;
misceli . icons custdiii
aiiiiiseiiii'ni>
medicine
i., 17--';
character, 1.
173-1;
i.. 151. l>:iJ-5;
i.. 17'->-
localiiin
liivth..
<if tribi
iii., I4'.t-."i0, .■)'_>0; laiii,'., iii., <i04f;,
Ilaidahs illaidas, II vd;
lbs),
tribe of
(tiiloisiniiitac, Central Californian; llaidah.s, i., 155-74; location ainl
trilie, i., 3(il-401; location, i., 45,{. I name, i., 'Jl)'_'-3; special mention,
»iiiiii, i., 1.30, 17-', -'01. 'il7, l.'8(i, 43-t, i., 157, 120.3.
I
686
ixnr.x.
IIiiiltzas(IIiU'cUzuk, llacelzuk, Tlail-
tsii, llailt/iik, llaiitzuk), triliu of
Haidalis, i., I.V)-74; liK-atioii, i.,
l.M, '2'Xt; special iiiciitioti, i., 157-S,
170-1; laii;,'., iii., <I07.
Hair, i., TJ-U; ll\ |icTl»ori'aiis, i., 4(!-
7, T2, «(), }<.S, 117, U'.t, 1-2S, VM--2;
iii., 148; « '..luiiiliiaiis, i.. l,".7-'.t,
KKi, I7:{, 17«-S0, lS2-;<, lit."), •_'()(!,
•JlO-ll, •_' I. 5- 1 (),•_>•_'.■)-(>, •-••_>;•, -.Ml), LVm-
7, -•7(t, --'SH; Califc.rniaiis, i., Xi\,
.T)7. H(;4-(;, .S(;,S-7(>, .■«>7, 4(»-_', 4(t4,
420. 4'_'4; New MexicaiiH, i., 477-S4,
401),
r)()7.
vj;t, "n>o:{J, .■".44,
■>i.
i.")S -0,
r>ii!», .■■.7:{-.">, ')S'_'-;<, r.iM); Mfxi-
caiis, i., (iH», (i-.'l-L', (i4(;.
(;40".l;
ii., •_'.■.•-', .•{07, :i-24, :i-2'.), XiH, .{70-1,
40:{, 4(»8, 4(;i, 4S4. .">!>!), (iOl. ti24;
iii., •J:{S, .•{(;4, ;{87, :{!»_', 4:{.">; (Viilral
(IS'.M.M, 7I4-I(i, 744,
uiicricaiis, I.
.•■>o--j,
(•>
1; ii., (i.">l,
!t-;{l, 741.
laitliiis, i., 17-">, •-*!»«, sec 'IVi'ts.
Iakiiii|iiii, Siiiitli ( 'alifiiniiaii tril>i>,
4()_'-_'L';
at , I., 4(>(».
lalaiii Wiiiikfl, 'rutiil Xiii title,
ii., (i;{(i; v., riiar). xiii.
lalcliedoiiias, irilie <»l' .Apaclies, i.,
47.'{-.V.'(;; local ion, i., .".'.tit.
lalcliis, reutrai < 'alifoniiaii trilie,
i., :{()l-40l; location, i., iM.
laliliiit, food, lly|ierlioreans, i., 1(14;
t'olnniliiaus. i.', KIJ, 1811, '.'I I.
iliolis, sec
'earl.s.
laliains, triWe of Nootkas,
-MS; I
ocalion, I.
:»(i,
M
cMcan hammock
((.■">(!.
lamai-l'leli, <^>niclii'' (|nei'n, v., .">7-.
lamlinri; Indians (Tka), North Cali
fornian tiilie, i., .'{J(i-ltl; loi'ation, i..
44';
lanLf., 111., (110.
lameclmwa. South ( 'alifoniian triln
i.. W2-22; location, i., 4110.
laiiimersly's Inlet, i., .'{(11.
lamnioci^s
7Sl'; antic
lamockhaves, i., .">'.t7. see Mojaves.
I;
i., (m8, (11)7 0, 7-1, 7().")-('
8-.'-:{.
imook-li.'ioi .Moiinliiins, i., ,)\),
(M
ivna''';is)
North Califor-
nian Irilie, i., :{°2i)r)l; locaticni, i.,
412, 44.'); lanj;., iii., .".'.»:{.
Iaiie;,Ms (.\iie;;,l, lleiiiie;;as), Irihe of
llaiilahs, i., \')')u I; location, i..
'J!I2;{.
lan-Kntchin (.\ii-Kiitchiii. (I(mis de
Itois), Irihe of Tinneh, i., 1 14-:{7;
location, i., 11,">, 147; Ian;;., iii.,
.'-.87.
lannakalals (liaiinakallals), trihe of
( 'hinooks
;{07.
•22-2-M; location, i.
Ilararotiii, mountain, Miciioacan, v,
.".18.
Ianis<rna, Sc.uth ( 'alifoniian t
rilie,
40-_»-L"_'; location, i., 4(iO.
.'.0, :{7:{, 4'_'4, .".XS, o7S; ii..
;{(i8, 7--M-2: iii., 80.
Nal
mas,
ii., lS2-:{.
lariiev Lake, i., 4<i.'{.
ariio, .MiMjni town,
(i8l.
lai
I''., iii., (171,
lari
iarri
IstI
loons, i.
iniian nivth., iii., .~)IH)-1.
7 lit;' ii., 7--' I.
isoii Itiver, laiijx., ill.. (Jl.'{.
larvest-feasts, i., 73.".; ii., ;{4(i, 7I;
14.
laslintalis. North Califoriiiun trilii
i., .'{•_'(i-(il ; location,
44."
latawa. South ('alifoniian trihi
40-J
loi-atioii, I., tfiO.
latchets. i.. r.O, lOt, 1(14, .•{4."., 4:{ I.
'.4:{,
:i, 7fi.".; II., 48-.', 7:{7
iO-.'iU;
see also AXC'
lats, llv|ierlioreans, i., 74, 88-;», inl; /
Colnniliians, i.. I."i'.l, MiC, l,S-_'-:{. -Jl I. /
!.•{(», '-'.".s-!!; Calitorniai
i.. :{.•!(•■ I, i
;{1."., :{.".S. :{(;8; New .Mexicai
IS. [.J
:{|-'J, .">.")1, .").".8-!t. .".7.">: .Mc\i-f
cans, i.. (;•_'(), (.48, CM; Cciilr.i'/
Americans, i., (I'KII, (;;MI, 71.'.Hy
481-4. r.:
lat/al. (iiiatemala. aiitiii., iv.
lat
It/cjih,
.M
iva toreiiooii. ii.
i;il/
lanl/uk. i.. I.")8. see llaill/as.
*
laii/ani ni. ( 'eiitial < 'alifoniian tr'/te,
i.. Hiil-IOI; location, i.. 4."i4. /
lavic-h.ilii .Moijniains, i.. .".117.
lauhaw. (aiifoniia. laii^'.. iii., (i."il.
lay.ale. .Max.i mantle, ii.,727.
Ia.viiai.'i;is, i., 44."., see llaiia;^sj
lavociiino. locality, Mexico, vi, 47-.
lea.l. i.. 4(1. 72, .•{•JO, 42^, .".(!'>, ."i7;{,
(iSO. 714. .'
Head-llatleniii'', ( 'oIiiiiiliians,»i., l.".l,
l.">8, ISd, •JKt. •J-_'(i-8,
cans, I.
.\mcricaiis.
(!.-.!
II.
t
M.
til.
:n-2, 8()j; iv., ;{(>4.
2S\; Meiilial
,".1; i*., (iSi-'J.
i
llehonoiiias. Irihe of Aplchc:
47."{-."f-'(!; location, i.. .".OS
llecat. iii.. 40!. see Khccji/I.
Ilecatotoiili. Nahiia iili
iii.. :{i:{.
II.
i.. (i07. see l'".iid(
:{!.'{. .''.Hi. see Sans
!ieln'4lieliimino,
I'oils.
Ilidliiianil. Nortii-east America, v.
II
lixl.
ellwits. trilie
.f CI
.")(»; location, i., .•{0(!. ^.■{ 1 ■;
lUM.oks, i
...1.'.
Ilel
iiiets, I.
405, 407
1().">, -j;!.")^ 70(); ii., -UKt,
I-.'. ^
/
iMn:x.
('.«:
Tcmt's. Piiclilo iirovinco,
lliiis, Niiitli Mi'x!i:iii trilii
i., !(;•.', -jot.
!)l;
M'lit lull, I. , fill,
Iclllli. i., If.-J, lti4-."».
M
IIIIC'Ms, i., •_".(.'(,
Ilaii
i|iil, I., ti."i(), ,-(•('
llui|>
lli>liiiiiii\ alit, trilit' III' NiiiitUas, i.
li'|iii\v\M>ii, Siiutli ( 'alifiiniiasi trilif, I74-^()S, luralimi,
i., H\-2-2-2
iorati
4(l(».
II
i^ldiiaiis.
Ifiiuis, i., CiOT, St (■ Kiiilcxc:
^|lalll^■ll I'll'.
I II 111 1(1;; 111-
U-riiUh
Anil
•20-2, ;{7'.», ;{h«; SIX' iil.sn
lassailiiis.
iiTMlilry, i., 1!»;{, -JO'J.
Icclis, \ariiiiis uses i
if, i.
|iliy, ii., l.'iS-iiO; v., I4l'-'.I.
Ilistiirv, t'.\|iliiial i(in>. western Nmili
ineriiaii. i.
•-'7-:iJ
iti'iiili
tiiiv reiiiaiUs mi aiiU tii le>eaiili,
l(«.
cle.
!;;:!.
Null!
tiilii
l-JI, IT--*, -'Ot, •_'•_'(», •_':(;!. -J.Sii, ;);{.•{. v.. .-i:{ti-<); Nalma nalimis, ii.
.S4(t, ;ri4, :{7:{-4, :vs7, :{!».'». kmj. 4 in.
Ill:
!IC.-
70-1, ;{(»7-S; iv.. 170; lire-
I"
4;{'.». ."id.'t, r>2i--2, .");{7. ."it;!;, ,">i;.s, "iss- , Tuiiee iieiimi, v., iss.-_':t(i; rnlt
!», (i.W 4, (i:{',»-4(). (i(i7, 7(»!», 74-_'-;i,
/.)
(ti,
II.
!»."i
|iei'iiiil,
•_':t7SS; rliiel
!is, (;oi», 7H», 7:i4. 1'X't
•-'.S!l-;{ll!l; Aztec |
inner |ien-
lel liiij
4(»it-S-_>; 'riaseaia, v., 4s;{-.")ii7; Mi
lleiniila (l.lano lie la ( 'iih^lira), town, | eliuaeaii, v.
."idS-'JC; Oil
( iiiateina
leiiiiiisiilii, VI
la, i., 7S,S.
ilia-
(', Sniiiira, I., (iO'J
iVid ;{(;; .M.iva iiatiiiiiH, ii., I14-J:t,
(i;<_'-4, (i:i7 S; iv., I(»7. •-'so I. .•l.'ili-
enailiira liav, i., !■>
eiiiii", i.. 104, I (;•_', ISC, '2\'2.
(I'llili
( 'eiitral ( 'aiitdniiaii tril
<!•_*; ]ii(
T.iit.
v., l.">s-s.s, •j'_'.{-:;(;
(,>ui<'iii' ( aki'liiiiiK
(•
ilO-CO-J
llonilinas, etc., \., Cd.'tU;
i., .•i(;i-40l;
it inn, i., 4.'iii
N'nialaii, \., (il.">-;{4.
ift/ali|iiaii/.tl, ii., M'.t, see Ktzali|na- lliviin ((liviin), name nt llnile euwii-
i/tli.
(!07. sei
liaiiiia, a siiell used lor niiini'V
Kinli
•J 1 7, ■-'.!!».
liaijiii, i ., •'>7
CO."
ii'i|i,
.M
ii'linaean niler, \.
:r.'4.
lencaxe, ki
.■•>-'4.
11'' of .Mielmaeai
liilal;;'!!, (In-'riero, antin., iv., 4'j;{-4.
lilies, see SUiiis.
Iieiii;,'lv|iliies, Coluinliians, i., ICI.
17-', r.>;{; aiilic|., iv., 7:!4-(i'; < aii-
'iiinians, aiitii|., iv.
T'-'t, 7:{.'f-4: New .M
t IV,
70.
f(
r>i.")-()
anil'
|i'.Mi-l, 7l'>-n
exicans, i.. ."107,
iv., (i--'0, (i:{|. (i:{S-4l,
()4;{-r>, (;4.S-!I, dCI, (i7.'(. (i71t-SI; .Mex-
ieaiis, ii., 2U)-\, 4i:<, 44:{, 4S7-S.
4",t!». .".•-';{-.")•_'; iii., 4;{7; aiilii
.S04-(;o-_' iiassii
.I'
IV.,
I40--.', t7!l-S0;
Cenlial .\inerieans, ii., ll.'i-lii, (i"i(i,
7'">l)-7, 7i)7-S'-'; anticj., iv., •-'L'--'77,
passim; v. 14'-'; .M
iiiiti(|., iv., 7.S4r>
1S>1SS1|I|I|
Vail.
(I; I'el
litii|., iv., SOli; resemlilaiii es to
" ;y|itiaii, v., (i
lliet,
Jliiames, Noitli Mexican ti
Ills, i., ."ilCJ, see ( oiiianclies.
o7l-!ll; loeati
(III
Jliineiis, Nortii .Mexican tiilie, i.,
ri7r<.ll; iocalion, i., (iOli; Ian;;'., iii.,
Hiiias, North Mexican liilie, !., 'u\-
\)\ ; location, i., (il4; Ian;;,, iii., 7I'.I.
Ilio
kowit/, 1 iicataii, antr
•Jr.
lix, Tze'iiilal ilav, ii., 7li7, see Ix.
liziis, Noitli .Mexican ti
llie, 1 , .1
1-
II: local
loll, I., Iid!l.
lolinil, .Mava ^'oil, ii., (111'.', (i'!»ll.
locliii|iiel/.al, name of ( lialcliilinit-
licne, iii., ;fii7.
lock (llnUl, ('eiitra! ( 'alil'oinii
trilie, i., :{i;i-lOI;
n
ition, i., l.iO;
111'''., iii., (i.'iO.
i., ."iSL', (;;{(i; ii., .•{(S.
iS; 11.
loi'ras, Noitli .Mexican liil
Wl; location, i., C>\ I.
lo'_'s, i., (i.VJ, CM, 7-'l. 7i.'."',
7-' I.
loli;;ates, Noiili ( 'aiifoniiaii niyll
)ieisons, iii., 177.
loliil|ios I llo|iil|iiis), Inlaiiil Coliiin-
liiaii trilie. i., l.'.")0-!l| ;
.•{|--'|.'i.
atioii. I.
loll
ocaiii, I una mytliic jicrsons, 111.
!» sn
I- 'lie o
f Soiiinl liiiliaiis, i., '-'OS.
iiioii, i., :io:t.
ikalis (Salt Lake I >i^';;eis),
il' .sliosliones, i., I'-'-' -I-'; loca
till
tioii, i., Ki.'t.
lya jiaiil ti'oo|
I ti
\a \\ai-(lance, 11.
loliaii.'s, .M,
liilkaii okot, .Ma
(i!i;{.
Iiiloin, ancient city, (inalemala, v.,
clia|i. xi.
loliiii (lian Teiienli, 'I'litiil Xiii
<l.
chap. xiii.
loliioji, Ma\a title, ii., 711.
0,^8
INDKX.
>li, tiil.
Soiiiul Indians,
i., '-'(IS-.'-.': I. Mali i., .•fOi'.
lloiK'ut, I I'litr.'il <':ilif<iriiian tril)0, i.
:<(;i'4lll; lociitiiiii
4."»0.
lie
iiiliinis, tiilx's (li-scri
I .<■.!.
711
47; t'ivili/L'd ii;iliciii><, ii., (i.SO-SO."!;
or.'ltliill, I.
1
in\ til.
7-ifl. 7.):
'.»(),
!l-.>-4; ii., P-'l
iii., 4S.").(;, 4i»(l;
:t-(i(l. 7Sl.'-;{: untie
an;;., in.,
.. iv.. (!!•-
l(»."i; hiHt., v., 47-', .")41, iV)8, rliuit.
xii.
lluncv, i., r)7(;-7, .".S(), fi2.1, (;.")4. (;!t4,
7-2<i", 7;ti>; ii., '.i.u, ,j!)!), UlHt, 7i.'-i-4;
iii., :<l.'i.
Ilc.ni'v Lal<c, i.. 4(iS.
II I Itay. i., 14:{.
Ilooil'.s Canal, i.,
iii., <ii;{.
ll<)iMi>iniiii.-4 ( lliMxlsnnluiiis, Ilnotsi-
niMis), tiilpc of 'riijinkccts, i., !M-
•208, 301 -L'; lai
ry2:\, r>" .», .>», .".f;i,".->s:{, :•::,
iii.. 4)s:
Ilin-.-.c SliiK IJcntl, (.'ulitornia, antiij
iv., 707.
Iiirsc Siinnd, i., ■Jti7.
l(i>|.itals, i., ."iS^; ii., ")9f».
lot Cnik, i., 44.'{.
lotfday, i., 447. name for 'N'ickas.
lotliniainisii, triltr of .Sound Indians
114;
r>7'.t.
■ation, I., '.Mi, 14.S; Ian;,'., in
Hoofs, Used for orniuneiits, i., 482,
;■._'•-', .■>74.
Hooks, i., 7<i, !M>, IIU, l(i4, LVi-t;. I'l-'-
14. •-'.•{;{, •_•;!(;, •_•(;•.•, 407
Moon
(Ih
ii., :{.");}.
1 1 una Cow,
Ilnnnas). triln- of 'riilinkcets, i.,
<.t4-ll I; location, i., 142.
Iloojialis ( lloopasi, Nortli i 'alifornian
tnlic
44.'
i., .'{2li-lil; location
■•(27
•ial nicnlion, i., '.VM, ;{44,
:{4fS-.-.|; Ian-., iii., ."),S4, ."><l2-:{.
llo..|.ali Vallcv, i.. ;{27, 44.")
l!oo|is. Ccntial (California, ^'ainc with.
i., .•{'.»:{-4.
]loot^
14:<,
Il.iods
II.
)|). locality, north-cast coiisl o
.f
}|
i
If.
II.
]|
.Anicn.'.i, V.
lo|i,'iiiili, villi
i., 441.
onctoii,
no.
N.irth California,
M
r<'o-2.
ississlplil
lev,
i., .'{l.-t.
PI'
4()!).
Vail
ey, anti.i.
i|iil
or.'asitas. villauc, Sonora. i., (if).").
n<diil|.i
llor.-isitiis llivor, i., (iO."i.
II
.irn, i.. .")S. 117. I(i4, IS!), 2.T>, 248.
270-1. .■142, .•144. 4:12, 4;{4, r)42, .kS2;
ii,, 2',»2-;{, 412, 7i:i.
llornitos, Calif.irnia, anti.i., iv., 707.
Horn .M.iuiitain Indians, trihc of 'I'iii-
iicli, i., LI4-:t7; l.i.ati.in, i., 114,
144; s|ic.ial mention, i., 1I7-10.
H.ir.icroi', Central Calif.trnian trihe,
i., ;<(;i-l01; location, i., 4.").'}.
H.M-.
li., 2,'):i, 271-2, ()(;;i: iii.
4S2,
II.
i., I.-.4.
',), 2(!7-74. 2S0-4,
433, 4;i.-), 438-'.), 41)0, 41)2, oOo-(j, J18,
I., 2().s-22;
l.itt
roi'lit.K
icaiioii. 1., .'i()2.
Central Califoriii
trilie. i., .'i(il-40l : location, i.. 4.V1.
I.>na;.'iian (\\'oiia;.'aii). trihe of llai-
.lalis, i., l.V»-74; locati.in. i.. 2'.i2.
|.Mi>e of Itir.ls. at I xiiial, ^ iicatan,
aiiti.]., iv., I'M)-!.
I. discs, sec I )wellinj.'s.
I.(nt;,'na, South Calif.irnian tiiiie, i.,
402-22; l.i.atioii, i.. 4(l(».
>venwcci» Ikivcr,
It;
Ii. antK
.•{•J
■liez. i., 4."
), sc Mow.'Iscrs.
low.hnklisaht (< )n.hii.h!is!t 1. trihe
.if N.iotkas, i., 174-208; l.icali.ni,
i., 2!l.'>.
I.iwe S.Miiid. i., 208.
I.iwetscrs ( Howa. hez). Central C;i!-
if.irnian trihe, i., .'i()l-4(ll ; l.i.ali.'ii.
i.. :{(i:<, 4.Vi-(;.
.IWlvl
trihi
III
iiiias. Central Calif.irn
.•{(;i-40l: loi'ati.in.
4.-.!.
;. North California, Ian;,'.,
..■liiillo, locality, Jalisco, i,,
072.
Inahes (Hiiahi), i., (!8(), see Hiiav.>s.
Iiia.as. t.nnhs, Cliiri.ini ami I'erii,
anti.|., \\.. 17. 702.
liia.-liK'hiles, iii., 710, sc.; (iua.lii-
.•hiles.
Ina.dii, Central Calif.irnian trihe.
i., :{(:i-40l; l.tcation.
■l.-i4.
■)0!t.
Iiia.'hicliiles, i., (!14, see (Iiia.'
chiles.
Iiiai'onex, inedieinal plant,
liia.'tlat.thnani, Chichinie.' imperial
title, v., 200.
Ina.'tii, a 'I'.dtec k
lie.
2.'')0.
Iiia.lihis, xillaue. Son.ua. i.. (lOS.
Inahiiapan ( llnainapan), l.i.'Mlity,
Oajaca. i.. (i77; anti.|.. iv.. 121.
Iiialalinises. N.ntli Mexican tii'ie,
i.. .')71-01; hi
liial;
ipais
lllnalp;
:i4.
\V;ill
lav-l,
trihe of Apaches, i.. 47.'l-.'>2(i: Ih.m-
tloll,
i.. 477-8.
47.'). .507
7; special nienti.ni,
liial.ipai Valley, i., r)07.
Iiial|ii, i., (iOI, see Ciial[ii.
iNi)i;x.
CHi)
111
il;il'|UiIiiio.
rt'iitml ralifciriiiiiii
Irilif, i., :tt;i-H»l: loiiiticiii. i.. 4."i4.
lluaiiNiics. Nitrlli Mfxiraii tri'ni', i.,
■)71 :il; 1
ixatiiiii, I.
lliiaiiiirs, i., 7!**>, hi'c ( iLiaiiiiics.
II
nam
HO 14.
11-11 I'l \'ii'ji>, rcTu, aiitiii., iv..
Huclmc Tlapalla'i,
anc
iciit lioliir of
'I'nll
fis anil < liitlinufcs, ii., ."rtM-.");
Iliiapaliali'o, Imalily, W-ra Crii/. i.
II
CTI.
uaiaclics,
M
t'Xicaii saiK
lain
(WO.
Smith (alil'oriiiau trilu', i.
Iua>iia,
•lOJ-J'.'; I.Mat ion. i., -l.'.S.
II
iia>tfis, (( 'iii-vtcca;
s, ( iiiasti'cs, < lii-
a.xtiT;
lliiaxtfcs), Naima nation
lii.. "-'TO; v.. Is, ■JOit--_'0.
Ilni'liiu'toca I llncliuctoiaii). Mt-xii-o,
antii]., iv., .")-l'.l; liist., v., •_'!•_', 47ti.
Ilni'lmi'l/in, a t iiicliinicc Icailcr. v.,
•27--', -'77, '-'v.'-i;-, lor<l of lliicxoi/in-
rip, v., 4;t7-.S, 41i'.l.
Ilin'iiiiiiinaraii, v., H-23, sec l!n<y
Cnllniia-an.
Ilncirollmcs, North Mi'xi
trilii
:i-!»;
location.
(io,
lin)'it('o|>ixi{ui, Nahitii priest, iii.
4:{:.'.
i.,<;i7-44; ii., KW-Cl".!; ioiatioii and ! Iliicjntla, cit
iiaiiic
i., <i74; ii., I".
tion. i., (;:{S: ii., 114. :{(;,
11.. .>00; III.
!). 77<;-SI; hist.
an;,'.
207-S. L'.-llt, r,:i<.); .hap. xiii.
II
lliiat
na'-li'in'i'. town,
t'xi.o, II., ;)j.).
M
|Miinaii('.-i, (>ajaca trilif, hist.,
>-'S.
(,)iiaiilito('li('o).
lluatiisco ((iiiatii
Vfia Cruz, antiii., ii., 417; i'
4:{'.(-4.-..
lliiavcs i( inavi. Ilnahcs, lliiahi, II
Wahi), Ni
u-
hiia nation, i., (!44-
7i*; ii., I. '!,'!■(;•_".•; i.ic.ii ion, i., M't,
(iSO; ii., 1 1 1 -!•_'; s|ifi !,il in.'iition, i.,
()47-8. (!.')•_», (mS-'.», (idti, (KW: ii., .•i7!l:
laii^'.. iii., 7")7-!S; hist., v., ."iii'.l-SO,
r,-A-2, .".;i4.
Iliiaxtcta. lorality, N'cra ( "riiz, i.,(!74.
Iluaxiccs, i., ti74, sec I Inastn's.
liiiaxyaiac, fortilir.j citv. ()ajaca, !.,
()7'.l; aiiti.]., iv., .■iS4; lii>t.,'v., 4;{'.l,
414.
IIiiImi. Itza ;;o.l, iii., 4S-J.
lliichnn, <'('iitial ( 'alil'ornian tribe,
i., ;{(il-40| ; loeatioii, i., 4."i;!.
llii.hiiaihiiis, trihe .if I'lieliios, i.,
r)L'il-."((;; laii'_'., iii.. '••'->•"».
nii4s,,ii l!ay,i., •.",t-:!0. .-tS, (!_'-:{, 114.
l4:!-4: laiiu'., iii., •■>S4.
Iliulson Strait, i., 4(>, .")0, (lO. (i;i.
Iliiehiici|uaiiiitit!aii, locality, .Mexi-
co, iii., '2'i~.
Iliieliiictan, Chiapas, iinti|., i\.,.'!."it;
hist.. \ ., Will, chap. xii.
Ilileliiicleiian;,'!! (( iiie^'iieleiianiTo). Id-
eality, ( liiat.'iiiala, i., 7fS7, aiili(|.,
iv.. i-_',S-:{il; hist., v.,.").Vi.
lluehinMeiiiixcatl, a Toitec leailcr,
v., 'ISI.
Iliiehii.'ii'titl, name for Xiiijili'ciilii,
iii.. .'{s.').
Ilueiiiii'tiliztli. Xiihiia a;.'e, ii.. oO.'i.
Iliiehuetl, Nahu;i ilriim, ii., '2'X\.
Iliiehiutlan, proviiieo, -Mexico, v..
34ti.
V.V-. V. 41
antK
IV.
M
")•.'^' "t.
V.
exico, II.
."i(;S:
lliieniac. name I'.ir (,<i:"t/alcoat], iii.,
•_'f;7. •JS:{-4; Chichiniec Ixiii-. v., -J'JO;
iilentilieil with 'I'ezc'atlipoc.i and
.ithers, v., •_*.')'.l, 'Jlil-."), 4,S4, .'ti-'.s.
iiemac II., (.\t
II
<inaiiht/in
ei'panecatl,
ecpancalt/in
l/t:
N/t:
ealtzinl, 'I'oltei' kin;,', v., •Jt;7-,S(;.
Ilnemac III.. (.Matlacxochitl), T.ill. i;
kin;;, v., -JSti.
Il.ieinan ( li<i<'>>i:i<>^<'i)< ''>■ 'l"1teo
lirophet, v., I'll, '-M-J-.V.'.
Iliieiiejel. South Califoriiial! trihi',
i., 4(V_'-'_"_'; location, i.. 4.'.S.
Ilnelieme. South < 'aliforuian trihe,
i., |0'_'-L''J; location, i.. 4.V.).
Ilueiiepel Ninynel.i:nal, Smith Cali-
fornian trihe, i., 40"_'-i.'l.'; lo.'alion, i.,
4.")S.
Iliiepaca, villa;j(', Soiiora. i.. (iO'l.
Iluet/aliii, a X.ichimilca chief, v.,
:{(lil.
Iluetzin (Iliiitzin), a 'I'.iltec kiiu.'. v ,
•J-JO, L'.VI-*;, •_'7-'-;!; .\iolhiia prim.-,
v., :io:!-."). ;{0!i. :!i(!-l!».
Ilnet/in II.. Im.l of ( '.lallich.ui. v.,
Iliiexachtillan, station, .\ztec niii;!'.!-
tion, v.. :i2'A.
Ilnexolla. a .itv of Mexico, ii ,
4 11; hi-t.. v., :;i'.i-i.'o. ;!;i;i-4. :!7:! ),
.•!So. ;!',»•_'-.").
lliii'Xotziiuo. citv. .Mi'xi.o. ii.. 11'-',
l-.'7. 14-J; hist..'v.,:i07-l(». ."tlS. 4'_M,
|."ifl I'll. 4Vi-.".07.
lliievcalpix(|ucs, Xahna otlici.ils, ii.,
llney Ciilhnacan ( lliicii'olhii.icaii),
station, .\ztec iiiiirralion. v.. .'i'J.'t.
Iln.-vmiccailhiiitl, Nahna nimilli. ii.,
.•i:!l, .".10.
1 1 ue vol I i pan, foitilicil tow n, 'I'lascala,
v.! .">(i;i.
lliieypachtli, Xaliua month, ii., .'•II.
m
600
INDEX.
Iliicypuclitlan, stiitioii, Teo-Chidii-
iiK.'u iiiijiratioii, v., IH?
llucvttMiiilhuitl. Nahuii inoiitli, ii.,
••{•ii, nio.
Hut'y-Tein)i.\(iui, Nuhua order of
jiiii'st.s, ii., '202.
lliieytlato, i)roviiicc, Ilouduriis, v.,
cliap. xii.
Huey ri \toiiniCliipliimccatlTe<.'ulitli,
CliichiiiiL'o iiiioeriiil title, v., 2!)!).
Iliii'vtozoztli ( v'eilozoztli), Nahua
iiiontli, ii., niT, Wilt; iii., 421.
HiR'vxaimi.HtuliDii, Toltec iniyration,
v.; 212.
Hiieyxotziii, Tlascala, aiiti(|., iv.,177.
JliK'V Zacatlan, iv. , 'A7A, see (iliowel.
lliii('lila|iaii, villa;,^!, Mtjxieo, i., ()74.
iliiicliola.H (Muilcoles), Central .Mex-
ieaii trilie, i., ()l7-44; s|ie(ial iiieii-
tioii, i., (i2l ; laii;^., iii., 71!*.
Iliiietli, Nalitia shovel, ii., .'{ tS.
lliiictioliiiMitii, Naliiia ^'(1(1, v., IDH.
liiiietiaxeaili, species ol n-ui eaUe,
ii., :i.V).
Jliiij^'.t..,,, ii.. 2()!V ^iib Wiyatao.
lluililie (Huililoe), South Caiifoniian
tiilie, i., 402-22; location, i., 4.")!).
Hniloc|ialli, Nahiia eai<e, ii., ai2.
lliiiine, iii., 710, see lliiines,
lluinieii. Central Calil'oniiau tribe,
i., .•t()l-l01; location, i., 4."i:t.
Iluiniolan, soiitii houndary of Mexi-
can eni|ii)e, v., 47.'{.
Iluipil (llipil, (iiiaipil, Vijiilli), ])art
of a woman's dress, i., (j2I, O'oO,
(>01; ii., ;{(i.S-0.
Ilnirivis, vill;i;;e, Sonora, i., (iOS.
Iliiitcides, iii., 710, see ilniciiohis.
Unites, North .Mexican trilie, i., 571-
01; location, i.. (100; lan,^;., iii,. 707.
IlnitlapalaM ( llnitlapatian), station.
Toll
ec migration, v., 200, 214.
Ilnitz, a Toil
cc chic
f.
24:$.
Unit
/ilaiia
n, hicalitv, I'neli
1., ("wt-
84, fiO."); iii.. 1S7-S, 241, LM7. 2MS-
;{24, 427-.S; iv., 012-14; v., ts,"., t,0,
220, ;}24-7, :{4.".-(;. .wo.
Huitziloxitl, medicinal plant, ii., .")00.
lliiitzin, v., 2.VJ, see Iluctzin.
linitzitlan, city, .Mexico, ii., ,")(;().
Iluitzitou (Ihiitzitoc), an .\zlec
leader, iii., 200-1 ;j04-(i; v., b.S,
.SO(i.
llintzitzilai]ne, name fur 'I'zintziin-
tzan, v., ;")!(!.
Iluilzitzilin, a Toltec ]irincess, v.,
.SOI.
Ihiitznahuar, eitv, Mexico, ii., ."(lO;
v., 2.-):{, ;<:«. 404.
llnitznahnac-Teolinatzin, ]>ric>iiy
title, ii., 202.
Ilnitzuahnateocalli, a lenijilc ol"
.Mexico, v., 4(J0.
iluitz(."tenie, sacrili<'ial stones, Tla.-^-
cala, aiiti(i., iv. , 477.
Iiiiitzi|nilocan | llnilz<|ni1ocaU, sl.i-
tion, .\ztec mi,t;iaticin, v., Ii2t.
lluitznahnai'teohnatzin, Nahna
priests, iii., 4.'{;{.
Ilnixaclititlan, station, .\zlcc iiii-
i.;ration, v., .S2.'{-4.
Iliii\achtla, iii., .'iO.'!, see A'ixachllaM.
iliiixa ((iiiixa) J.aUe, iii., IS4; \.,
(I'OO.
liiiixapa. South Caliroriiiaii irilic, i..
402-22; location, i., 4.>0.
iFuixapa|ia, South Califnrnian Irihc,
i., 4112-22; locatimi, i., 4.V,I.
Ilnix/uo, liicalily, tiajaca, i., (170.
liuixtocihuatl, Mahua nnddess, ii.,
H2.V().
liiii.xtiin, a Tcpancc leader, v.. X)\ .
linixtopetlacoll, Naliiia plume, ii.,
:{2.-).
iluixtoti, Naluia Hacrilice, ii., .'!2il.
'i'ochin 'i'einhtli, a Clii-
iiixaiinen
11., 112; v., 242; name tor I lasi'ala
v., 2)0.
lluilzilihiiitl, Aztec kiiiir, v.,
:« 10.
llnii/.ililiuiti IF.. Iviu'' of Mex
.•(:«)-],
IC(., V.
.<l>l-(l
II
Ii
llul.
cliimei' ]iriiice, v., HU-IO.
"ilizlcceo, ( luerreld, aiiliii.,
421,
uiapos, ( 'eutral ( 'alitmnia
u trilii
i.. :t(;i 401; hicaii
iinln:
!.. (i7l, I
the
luinaliiu. Sou
402-22; loccticdi. i., 4.">0,
on, I., I.il.
'C ( llllK'CS.
lil'ol'iii.'iu irilir, i.
llu
Unit
II /.iliii, a
luuiiinin^'-liii'ii.
II
uinaii sacrilii'c,
11
viicrlioreaus, m,
480. I li:i; C'.duinl.ian-i,
III.
c\-
/llnpochco, citV
.M. xi
CO, II.
olij; III., It
17.
Iluii/.ili>p(iclitli (ilnit/ilopnchlli, ilii-
il/ilopiitzli. ilililzlipoclilii, Ocelti-
puciilli, rzilopiichtli, \ ichiliipiich-
itl, \ ilzilijiiil/li, \ ilzilopiichlli,
izlipntzii), Nahua
ipuztl
\
pid, ii., 1 14-7, ;t2o-4, :<2s-o, :t;iii
;{;i7, .TiO, 305-t>, 40U, floO-GO, 577-
-.1; .M
(;iKi-2ii,
icaiis, ii., ;{04-.i|, :iim.
704; iii., (11, 110-11, 2(m-4('.0, pM.<
20,-),
•s-(i:
;ijj:!.
:u(i, ;i,vt, .{04, 414, 110, 4.-)(;, ic't,
471, 478, 482, 407, ."ilMI-l; ( eiihal
72;t; 11., (;8S-70S.
00-800; iii., 52. 471--, 4824)8|
.Aiiierii'aiis, i.
70(1,
v., eliap. .\i., xui.
INDEX.
m
ImnlK.lilt Rnv, i., 327, 332, 44(5:
laiiK., iii., ().•{'.», ()43.
Iiiiiilmldt County, California, anti(|.,
iv., 707.
luiiilioldt Itiver, i., 4()2, 4(!4, 4(;(i,
4()!).
lunics (Ifuinic), Nortli Afoxican
trilio, i., .')71-'.)1; loiMtiun, i., ()14:
ial
nention, i., 57;"); laii''., iii
juix city,
SJICt'
71K.
linnet aim, suliurb of (^liic
(iiialiMnala, v., cliap. .\i
luniniin<^'-liii'i|, Naliua nivtii., iii.,
(i7, .'!(»l-2, .•U)4-."), 31! -12, 404.
iinii]iiir('y Point, i.. 47.
liiiial) K\i, Maya j,'(m1, iii., 4(>2.
liiiiai' Mi'l, kiny ol Mayajian, v.,
Ct'irt ct s('([.
lima Cows, i., 142, see llooniils.
Ituialiiiii (Hull Aliiiu), (.tiiii'lii' and
Cak
<rlili|Ul'l (lay, ii., 7<i7; <i'llirlii'
ruler and j:oil, iii., 17.S-SII; v., 174-
181, .•)44-(i, r>m, .")()(;, 'us-<x
luiiaiipu nioMiitain, v., 'Ml
luiialinu (Hun .\li|iu) I'liu, (^luirlu'
U'od, iii., 474; v., 170, IS'.>.
iuiiali])U (Kuii .Miini) \'ueii, <^>uiilie
;,'oil, iii., 474; v., 170.
Imias, Nottii Calitor;iian trilie, i..
:!J(i' CI; location, i., 44;{.
lunavaii, ( Jualeiuala ''od. iii. 71.
luiili;
illiiu i:at/),<,*ui
Clll' ''0(1, 11
v., 171 SO.
iiiiea. town, Coluiuli
ia, v., 24.
uiK'.'iuiia,
lime.
M
uysr,-| l;iii;.:', \.
ill'' ol .\iliiillia
lull V
SO, IS4.
iuiii'lihacks, ill Xaiiiia liareiii, ii.
I S3,
luuclievan, (iiiateinala ;,'oil, iii., 71
lull Ciioiien, t^»lli(•il^'' ;;od, iii., 17'.)
v., I74-S(\
luiH'liuiieliaii, It/a i^'od. iii., IS.'l.
Iiiiii'tii, Central Cailtniiiiau trilie, i.
.'iill-IOI; loeatioii, i., 4.^:!,
Iuiiliiiiiali|iu (lliiiiliuu .MijiiiK <^
liiiin
;;-od, iii.. 47S-!l;
i., ll-J
II
174-.-
ooiiids,
>4I.
Iiiiio l>i.\ Cili, (,|ui('lii'' luoiitli, ii.
7<ii>.
luil|iii'tok, '^'ueatee (eiiliiie, iii.
aiilli
IV., '-MS.
'ilioreaiiM, i., ri()
liiiiliii^', Ih
K, Id. lis; 'l'.';!, I •.",», i;t.-,: c.l,
liiaii'<, i.. 1.");! 1, |li|-_'. 'Jii.'! -i; ( '
oriiiiiiis, 1,, .'!.■((!
.'!73, •.\;r,r,. km
ti, I2S; New M
eXH'aiis, 1,, 4SS, ■{<»)
,2, ."lOI, i-)7li
M
exieails, I., (i.i'J; 11.
l(i(), ;j3."i-(i, 311, ,3."(0-'
III.
4o;i-(;
Central .\niprienn?:. !., (194, 720-1,
7f;0; ii.. (;.".3. dill. (i07-S, 70S, 720-1.
luiitoli, Cakelii>|uel ruler and }^od,
v., ")4'.t.
Iiiiil/iiv, (lualeni.'ila ruler and trilie,
v., .")(>3.
liiiiyji, Cakclii(iiiel ruler, v., COO.
Iiioeoiii, Central Californian tribe.
3(11-4(11; loiatioii, i., 4.54.
lurakaii. (jliiicli
131. 47.V(f; v..
e ;lo(l. 111.
171. 174.
45-(), lis,
liiriiial, name for Santa Kosii Island,
i.,4()2.
ii-'^iiaiKls, .lec
M;
liisi.siaie, SiMitli Calitornian trilu
i., 402-22; location, i., 4">S.
iisoroiie;
sortli
.M
exiia
n trilii
")71-'.ll; location, i., (iOlt.
liitateca.s, Ciiateiiiala trilie, i., ()8(!-
711; location, i., 7>S7; laii^., iii.,
7(;o.
Huts, see I>welliiij:s.
ilului',i,'iia. Stuitli (aliforiiian tribe,
i., 4(12-22; loiatioii, i., 4(10.
lli!\a;,'ueres, Norlli Me.vicai
i. .■)7l-0! ; location, i., ()(I7.
tribi
!l\ ilraiiiaiinalaiid, name for North
St .\
merica, v.
113.
Ihdalis. i., •_'!)•_', see H.iidalis.
ilidiiiel, as medicine,
I., '.)
SS.
Il\iiu'ris, Norlii Mexican tribe, i,
.■■)7l-!d; loi'ation, i., (;07.
1 1 viicrboreaiis, one of tlie seven
l^roiips into wliicli tlie natives of
t!ie I'acilic states are divided, lo-
catcil alo!ij,'llie .\rctic seaboard, in
liiissiaii .America, .Maska. and ad-
joiiiin;,' I
>land
s, aii!! iro
III llii
I'.av to latiiiicle ,5."
iKoii s
111''
liid
the Aleutian .\rclii|iel;i;,'o;
sn'Mlivideil into the taniilies. (lie
Mskimos, Konia,!.;;!'-, Aleuts. 'I'lilin-
keets, ami 'riiineli or .\ilialiascas.
Maniicis anil cii-'toius of eacli ile-
sciilicd s( |iarale!\ , i , .'!.")- 1 . 37 ; loca-
tions, di\is'iuis iind tribal boiiiida-
i., ;Ci-4(), 137-140; mvlli.. iii.,
ric
.-.KMO; Ii
orii;ili, v..
3, 574 do;!
10.
Ilyssojp, Maya baiitisiii, ii., (183-4.
I
lalamma, Soiitli Californian Iril
I., lOJ
ilioii, i , l.")0.
I.'ilaniiie, Soutli Californian liil
402
location, i., 4."i!i.
laiootaiuoliuanicjiaii, ubode of .\y.tei
\
eiiiis. 111.. .37
G92
INDEX.
aotzin, iii., IftO, soc Tczcatlipora.
I!:.ia, Cakcliiiiut,'! nidiitli, ii., Hid.
Ixicras (lliueras), aiiciuiit luiine of
llinuluras, v., 214.
la, i., (!().'{; iii., ()87, see Ika.
cauiit/iii (Aclicaiilitziii, Icoatzin),
('iiiihiiiiec i<iiij,', v., '2'2((., '24'>.
(ciijcniie, tribe of Apaclies, i., 473-
.")L'(i; location, i., 474; laiiy., 51)4-
(102.
ciiapilli, Mexican dress, i., (J20.
elK'aiiiie])illi, a cotton breast-piece,
ii., 400.
clienta, Central Californian tribe, i.,
:{(il-401; location, i., 4o4.
rliinui, Yncatan, antii]., iv. , 240.
ciijiaa, name for Mayapan, v., diap.
x i i i .
(^iipnchco, station, Aztec niif^ration,
v., 323.
coatzin, v., 245. soo Icaulitzin.
lonodasni, ii., 170-1, 525-8, 7()S; iv.,
281,502.
cpactepccH, Naliua nation, subjii-
iid\i'd, v., 471.
i'|ialli, Naliiia (■'■M>ls, ii., 231.
( iii'x, an Acolinia diicf, v. , 3.'!2, 335.
ixicoiiiiati, a (.'liicbiniec-'l'ollcc
iliiif, v.. 485.
I'xiiili, a Ziit\i',n! nrinccss, v., 575-(i.
ixocbitianex, Culliua king, v., 320,
330.
cxotl. ])alni-lcaf, ii., 484.
cv t'ape (I'ascap), i., 138-0.
.lab... i., 315, .322, 422, 4(!0, 4(13;
lang., iii., ()31, (i(>(); aiitiii., iv..
734.
(lakarinkes, Nortb ("alifornian tribe,
i., 32(i-(!l ; iocali.in, i.. 447.
ii-.li)-a, N.)rtii Califiirnian tribe, i.,
32(l-(;i; lanj;., iii., (!40.
ilibacs (l.iibas), IstlMiiian tribe, i.,
747-85; location, i., 7!I7; H[)ecial
mention, i., 7S5.
ledocodanios. North Mexican trilte,
i., 571-yi; location, i., (ill.
leyxcohuatl, a Toltec chief, v., 2-Jlt.
Iff, C^niche-Cakchi.iue! day, ii., 7(i7.
I{.;h (Vgli), Tzen.lal day, "ii., Hu; n
nredecessor of \'.)tan, v., U!4, ti05.
lylesia Vieja, CJuerrero, anti.i., iv.,
424.
Igloo (Eegloo, Iglo, Iglu, Igliit), \U.
kinio snow h.aise, i., 54.
Ignatzio (Ihiiatzio), Michoacan, an-
tiij., iv., 5()0-70.
Ignanas, i., .".77, 6.52, 743, 759; ii.,
()!»3, 701. 720.
Ihcil ixcbel, Maya feast, ii., fi!)7.
Ihuatzio, iv., 570, see Igiiatzii).
Ibueras, v., 214, see IImicims.
Ihuiniatzal, name forTochintcridilli,
v., 333.
Ihiiitbin, village, Gncrrero. i.. (177.
Ik, Mava dav and god, ii. , 75(i, TCll;
iii., 482.
Ika (lea). Lower Californian tribe. !,,
5.")(i-71; location, i., (!0;i; laii;.'.,
iii., ()87.
Ikanam, Chinook god, iii., 05, 155;
v., 10.
Ikarncks, North Californian tiibc,
i., 32(i-(;i; l.)cati,)n. i., 447.
Ikomag, locality, ()iiatcnial;i, v.,
570.
Ilamatlan, l.icality, Mexico, i,, (175.
Ilancneitl, Nabiia lirst \\iiniiin. iii.,
(10; Culbua .lueen, v., 22.3, .354 (i I.
Illniicaniina, surname of .Munte/iiiiia
I., v., 408.
llhuicateix'C, station, Aztec migra-
tion, v., .324.
Uiinicatl, prince of Ziimjiang.i, v.,
32! t.
Ilbnicatitlan, templi! of Mexi.o, ii.,
585.
Iligajakh (Ilgajack, Ilgiijak) i;i\cr,
i.,'l40.
lols, llyperb.ireans, i. S4-5; iii., lliilulliiks, trllie of Aleuts, i., 87-'.M;
145-7; Coliimbians, i., Idl, 185,
103; Californians. iii., l(i(i-7; New
Mexicans, i., .500; iii.. 174; .Mc\'
cans, ii., 208-0, 318, 321, 320-:il.
3S!), :tOI. 425, 428. 477, 482. .5S2-4,
(;(l.">, (i22; iii., 170, 10(!. 2.37-420
]iassini; anti.|,. iv.. 3l(i-(i'00 jias-
sim; Central .\nierii'aiis. ii., (180-
713. 750-1, 800; iii., 4(13. 4S2-.3,
loi'ation, i., 141.
Illinois. Mississip|ii \'allcy, aiiiii|.,
iv., 70(1-7.
Il.icab, (liiatemahin tribe, i., (18(1-
711: location, i., 780; bi:-!., v,,
54(1-7, 540, .V..3-5, 5(10, 5(12, 571 3,
584, .580, 502.
Ilttekaimamils, Inland C.ihuobiau
tribe, i., 2,"i0-0l; locali.m, i., .'12(1.
403; antii|., iv.. 18. ;10 5s. (Id, 70-;<, \ Images, see Idols
SO-04, 1(H), 111-130, 1(17-8. 202-3 j Imata.ax. Nabna ornnnu'iit. ii., 321.
515-20. 242-S, 2(13-."., 277: Miss.- Imatatobni. Tarasco m.iiilli, ii., 521.
sippi N'alley, antiii., iv., 782; Peru, Imnuiiiab lliver, i., .317.
Miiti.i., iv.,'805. j Imox (.Mox), tiuiclie-Cakcbii|(nl and
INDEX.
C93
Tz(>n(lal (lav, ii., Tlu; ancestor of ■ i.. 114 37; lorati
11(5, 1. ",.•?, 14S;
Vol:
II, v., (i<», lf)4. (K).").
Iiii|il('iiiciits, llvitcrlmicaii, i., aS, (i4, j iii,, «!)0-l.
7!t-S(), itl, 11!». ll»2-.S, i:{(); Coliiiii- Till
Nin'cial iiieiitiuii, i., (iS, LSH;
icntaini
hiaii.s, i., Kilo, 170, I7'.I-8I. 1S4,
nvs o
f. i.. 54."), (it 14, 7(!0,
187, IS'.t-'.d, lli;{, IDS, •_'11-14, •-':«■ Filial. i. 'lai
«i;'.t-7(i; li., -jlm-!*, (i.")i, (;.".:i, (iu.
l>c'n (lav, 11., .)-'!
aiitic|., iv.. 7.'{!)-4(l: Cali- liiiichi, 'j'arasco day, ii., ,V_'2.
forniaiis, i., :U.\ :{SI-2, 4(I7-S, 4;{4- liiiciiini, I'
aiilii|.
iv., (i!l-J-4, (i!l7-71-', 714- ; luixot/iiii, 1'
iiasci) iia\, II., ;rJ
1."); New .Mi'xicaii
r)(i(i-'2, r)4;{- 1 iiii/caiiii<
irasid (lav, il
T
ilasci) iiidiilli, 1,
4, .■)')■;{, "vS'J, ,V.HI; aiitiij., iv., (I.'W, Iiii<ali(lil jiiatcii, tiiliL' of Tiluuli, i..
114-:!7; locatidii, i., 148.
Iiikalits, frilic (if 'riiiiicli, i., 114-
fi77-8; Mexicans, i., (ii'il-.'tO. CAi),
(>.")()
ii., ;{(l(>, .'U8, M.-)!, 474-84,
()I4. (I'Jl---'; iii., .TlL'-l.'); aiiti(i., iv.,
344-(;, .•i7:5-(!, ;«:?. 414, -fji'-;!, 4:i]-L',
44(i-7, 4")1, 4(ii>-:i, iVJO, .V.4-(;i, .-)77,
IIS, i., ();i7-
8, 7-'4, 744, !(',->■{>, 78()-;i; ii. 7<»0,
74'.t-.'>l. 7!l!t8(K»; aiiti((.. iv., 18-l':?,
r)S-(;-_', lie, i()i'-:i, 'SM-s, l'7S; .missIs-
V., 778-!),
(Ill-l;!; Cciilral Am
Sl|l|ll
Vall(
^81-4; iViu, ant
aiitK
(\., iv.
!t'_'-4.
Iiiajalailm ( Inajalaycliiial. Smitli Cal-
iforiiiiiii tiilii', i., 4()L*-'_''2; location,
i., 4.',<X
Iiia|iaiiaiiics, N'oitli Mexican tiibe,
i.. .■)7i-!il; location, i.. (Il.'l.
I lias] icl Slims. Inland < 'oiii ml lian tribe,
i., 'J.')(>-!)1; locatidii. i., .'117.
liiliani, 'I'arascd calendar .sij,'ii and
day, ii., iV.'l-'J.
lii'ieari, Taiasco day, ii., r)2'2.
Incaiilalidiis, see Sorcerers.
Incense, Nalmas, ii., 14."i, •-'."iC-liO, .'US,
;)'2-.'-:i, .S-.>7, .'UC. :!!•.•?, ."iy.'l; iii., .•!:!!,
4.'iS |iassiiii; Mavas, i., (i!l7; ii.,
(i(i8, ii88, t;i)0-7, 7(J0-(), 7M, 743, 7!«l;
iii., ISd.
incest, i., 81, 117, 3S8-!), 515; ii., 4(;(i,
(;.">:•, (i7(!.
Iiicliini, Taiasco day, ii., .VJ'J.
liiclioii, Taiasco calen(lai-si;,'ii, ii.,
Iiii'dmecaiii'*iid|<, Inland I 'dliiniliiaii j
tiilie, i.. •-Vid-'.ll; Ideal idii. i., ;il'_'.
Indcliiini, Taiasco moiilli, ii., 't2\.
Indiana, M ississi|i|ii N'allev, aniiii.,
iv., 7(l-'-:t.
Indian (liiicli, ( 'alit'oriiia, aiitii)., iv.,
7117.
Indi.i-rnl.lier. i., tl.'!'.!; ii., 'JilS. :)S'.t,
WA, 4()(i, 5!il), (.'III, 7 1 '.I; iii., XIA-
4. :il(».
Tiidi-o, i.. (\'M, Cits.
Ilidiis lilaiicds, i.,748, see ( linitilsos.
Iiietliaati, T.'iraseo day, ii., ."i"-'"-'.
Iiiclluiii, Taiasco (lav. ii.. rt'2'2,
Intiiiilicide. i,. HI!!, -jV.', •J7!t, .'IIM), 4i;i,
.V.KI, 71 1. 781 -'J.
lii;;aliks (T'KitsUcs), trilie of Tiiiiiidi,
:17: hi
111
".<,l(i-
liiland ('(diimliian families, liflli di-
vision of the ( 'olnmliiaiis, coni|iris-
iii^' live of tlie nine families into
wliicli tlie ( 'oliimlpiaiis are divided,
and consisting,' of tlie Slin^liwai's,
Kooteiiais, ( tkaiia;^aiis, .'^alisli, and
Saiia|)tiiis, located lietweeli the
Cascade I
lan^e a
ml t!
10 easti'rii
limit of the I'aeilic States, from
latitude 52' .'lO' to 4.") ; manners
and ciistoiiis descrilied fo^iclhci-. i.,
•J."»(l-!l|; iihysi.|iie, i., L'.")4-(;; clrc>>,
i., •-'.")(;-!»;' dwellin-s, i., '.'.V.t-iil;
food, i., '_'(il-7; )iersonal liahits, i.,
'J()7; weapdiis and war, i., 'Jtl8-7i';
ini]deiiieiits and maniifaci iii'( s. i.,
•J7(i-I; Uoats, i., •-'7I-'-'; piopertv
and trade, i , '_'7li-4; art. i., •2'\:>;
fidvcniment and slaxcry, i., -7"i-(i;
mari'ia^l'c, ^^'dmell and ( liildreii. i.,
L'7l>-MI; amiisemeiils, i., 'Jsol';
misc(dlanedns ciisldins, i., 'Jsl'-.';
nuMJicine, i., 'JS,')-7; Imiial, i., '-'n.^-
!l; character, i., 'J8',)-ll|; iociiiidii,
(li\ isiciiis, and tiilml lidiimhuies, i.,
'-'.".(It, .•(1(1-21; nivth., iii., l.iii-i");
Ian--., iii., (il5--J(;.'
Fiinoka Itivcr, i., 148.
Iiiniiit, i., 4(1, see Mskinio.s.
Iiiodoii, Taiasco caleadar-si^n, ii.,
5'.' I -'J.
Illoje, .South Califniniali trihe, i.,
4i)-J-'J2; location, i., I.V.I.
Iii|iari, Taraseo (la> , ii., .VJ'J.
Iniini, Taiasco day, ii., 522.
Inscription liock, New Mexico, iin-
tii|., iv., (MS-.^O.
Iiisecii,, as I' 1, etc., i., I.";t. .■!7;!-.",
4(l."i-(i, 427. 4;t(i, iss, ."idd-l, 721; ii.,
Mod; medicine, ii., .V.IK, (i(i|.
IiisiLTiiia, i.. 728, 7"i:i, 7(11; ii., 2(i7,
4(i;M. 4i:i-l4, 4I'.>, 41(1, (114, (122.
(Ik;, (i.'.i;, 741 ; iii.. 4:!:;; v., :t2."i.
IiiH|i(dliiiiis, Inland ( 'oliimliiaii tiHc,
i., 2.-»(l-'.ll; location, i., .';I2.
Intacaci, Tai'.is((i nidiith, ii., .V2I.
C94 INDI-X.
Intainohui, TariiHCf) moiifli, ii., r>'2\.
Isalco. villa^ro. ."san Salvador, i.. 7'.'!.
liitiiiiiri, Tarasco (lay, ii., .VJ'_>.
Isantlicau'n.'i, Scmtli ( 'alifurnian trilie,
liitasialiiie, Tarasco iiituniilaryilavs,
i,. 4l)-_'--J--'; loc.ition. i,. Wl.
ii., R'22.
Isa|ia, villa;,')'. (Jnalemala, i., 7S!t.
Intaxiliiii, Tarasco inmitii, ii., .^•JI.
Islicats, Alentian liaskets, i.. <)!.
Jiitaxitiiiiui, Tarasco nioiitli, ii., "I'JI.
Isli;,nia ( lsli;,nia;:et V, Sonth ( 'alifurnian
Intccainoni, Tarasi'o iiioiith, ii., i")'.'!.
trilie, i., 4!l'_'-'J'-'; location, i,. 4,"i;i.
lnt(.'iliac|iii, Taiasco innntli, ii., "nM.
Islii|nats, trilie of Noolkas, i., 171-
IntcclKitahui, Tarasco iiiontli, ii., r>'2\.
•-'OS; location, i., •-".(."i.
Iiiti'riiR'iif, si'c i'.iirial.
lsin;,dass, i., •_'7I.
liitcniiiilii, Tarasco month, ii., jV.M.
lsi|io|iolanu's. North ."Mexican liilic,
Intestines, see l''ntrails.
i,, 'i71-'.»l ; location, i., (II 1.
Intcvahchitziii, Tarasco numtli, ii.,
Isla del Carmen, i., (is:{.
iVil.
islede Pierres(l,inkinse'). Inland Ccl-
Iiitlialmi, Tarasco day, ii., ')'2'2.
nmliian trilie, i., liriO-'.ll; locatiiin,
Inlliiiiiii, 'I'arasco (lay, ii., 'y22.
i., ,'{l(!.
Inlictooks, Inlanil ColiMnliian trihc,
Isleta. I'nelilo villa;:e and trilie, i. ,
i., iTxt-itl; location, i., .'{I'J.
."/.'((-■"iC; location, i., .V_'7. (IIMI; Ian,:.'.,
liitiiuii, Tarasco caleiidar-sij^n, ii.,
iii., (iSl.
r.Ji.
Tsleta of the Sonlh, Pnelilo villa-e.
Intoxication, sec Drnnkcnticss.
i., .->!)!».
Intoxilmi, Tarasco nionlli, ii.,">"21.
Ismnrai-an. ( 'entral ( 'alifurnian Ian;.',,
Int/inilii, 'I'arasco day. ii., o'J'i.
iii.. (;."i;{.
Int/ini, Tarasco day. ii., i'y22.
Is]ii|ie\vluimau,L:li, Inland ( 'ulnni'ii.iii
»
Iiitzonialii, Tarasco day. ii.. .'I'J'J.
trilie, i., •_',"iO-'.)l; location, i., ;!i7.
Iniik. (liriv.'ition ot Innuil. i., 40.
IstaL;nacaii, village, (Jnatemala, i,.
Innndations, .Mexico, liist., v., 4r)H-4,
7.S7.
4(iH.
IstJilole, (inatemalaii drink, i.. 7<'t''.
Inxicliari, Taiasco day, ii., .")•_'•_'.
Istlimians, one of the three faiiiilii s
lolar. Mosi|iiiio year, i., 7-7.
into which the wild trihes of Cen-
Iiiiiata. Soutli Californian trilie, i..
tral .\merica are divide(l; manners
4( >•.'-•_'•_'; location, i.. 4.V,).
and enstoms of all its nations and
lociallieliecatl, (.'liicliiniec ;,'od. iii..
triliesdescrilied toLictlier, i,. 7 It?— s';
40(1.
|iliysii|ne. i., 7 IO-."il ; dress, i.,7"il--l:
Ipalneinoaloni ( i|ialnenioan, I]talne-
(l\\('llin.i;s, i,. 7"i4-S; food, i,, 7">S-f.();
niolnialoni), name of Tloi|ne-.Nalni-
]iersonal haliits, i., 7'iO; \\('a|ioiis
a<|ue, iii., .")i.', IS:t, |S.-.-(i.
and war. i.. 7(iO-.'i; im|ilcnieiits anil
Ijiandcs, iii., .")',)l, see Liiiancs.
inannfactiires, i., 7ii."i-7; Imals and
l|ia|iaMa, Tiilonac dialect, iii,. 777.
|iro|icrty, i., 7(>/-^; art, i., 7i;'.i;
Ijicc, .Sonlii Calitornian trilie, i.. tO'J-
piveiiiment. i., 7<''.'-71; slavery, i.,
•_'■-•: location, i.. 4.Vt.
771-'-; Wdinen and mariia:;e, i.,
Ipincliiiari, a Cliicliimec W anacace
77"-'- 1; amnsenients. i., 771-(i; mis-
el lief, v., olS.
cellaneous cnslonis, i., 77(i-7; iiicil-
I>|i r>alam( I(inilialam). <,>nicln'foiirtli
icine, i., 77S-SO; Imrial, i,, 7si)l:
man. iii. . 47; ;:od and Iviny. \ . . isl.
character, i., 7S4-.">; location nf
ri.")'_'-(!. .")ii(i, ."tSI ,").
trilies. i,, 7!»4-7; mvth., iii., I'.is-
lra;;lidadaUli. .\lcnt creator, iii., 104.
."iOl. .'iCt-l; v., 14; lan^'., iii., .")7'-'-:i.
Irindiii. Miclioacan. anti(|., iv., .")71.
7!t:i-,-i.
Iri--li, .Vmerican orij,nn traces, v.,
Istla\acan, localitv, (Inatemala. iii,,
1 •-'!-•-'.
4SL'.
Iri Ticatame. a Cliicliinu'c Wanacace
Itiies, Central Californian trilie, i..
cliief, v.. .■)ii-i;t.
.'Kil-IOI; location, i., 4."i;t.
Iron, i., 107. |(;4. IS.".. :UI, 4«t,'.; ii..
Iliilaiias, Chinook iXiiA, iii,, <i."i. I.'i.'i.
74!l; iv., 77.S, 7'.U.
Itaywiy, Sonth ('alifurnian trilie, i.,
«
Ii'on-wdod, hows of. i.. 7--.
40'J -i'-*; location, i., KiO.
Irrigation, i., .");(<»; ii,, :il'.i. 71*^; an-
Itcli. i.. S(i; iii,, 4l."i.
lii|,. iv.. (ilO, C'VJ, (i.'l.-), (id's. 70, (i7(i.
Itlikvenianiits. Inland Cohimhian
IrriliJMs, N'orlli Mexican trilie, i.. 571-
i.ihe, i,, •-'.-)( M>l; locilion, i., 'A\l .
'.M , localiiin, i., "17'-', lil'-'; laiij,'., iii..
Itlachia. an idol ornament. i,i., '.'.'IIS.
711.
llte;;e Uiver, !., 1-tS.
JNDr.X.
035
Ituc, Soutli r!ilifi)riii;iii triW, i.,4!»i2-i Ixclicl, ^Fayii u'lxlili
11.. C)!"^. (i'.»7
alidii. 1.. 4.")',».
Ill
(ral Cilifcriiian Irilio, ' Ixcotl
Ixcimtziii, liinlol' l/ta|pal(icaii, v. ,,'{74.
ialiii-iil>r(', II
:«■.!).
i., .•t(;i-4()l; liicalioM. i., 4."
I>
ItiikciiiuU, Siiiilli Caliioiiiiaii trilic, ' iii.,;{>S,
xi'i)/aiiliiiiii, miiiK; of Xiiiliteciitli,
i., 40-_'.L»i.'; 1(11 at 11111, 1., 4(;().
Iliiiliiilc, Yucatan, aiili(i.,
Itwlia. Salisli fixid, i., M'k
It
■/., 11., (((/, M'C 1 \/,.
Itza I.
i:{:t.
It
Ixcuiiia, iiainc of Tlazoltocntl, iii.
.'{77.
Ixciiiiiauie.s, Naliiia ri'lij,'iiiiis ^cil, v.
•JSL>,
(•iiatcinala, aiiti<i., iv., Ixil, (liiatriiialaii laii''., iii.. 7<il>.
/alaiic, I'l
ty. ^'iicat.-iii, iv. , I.")!.
iii., 41 1.").
Itzaiiiat 11, .Maya ;
It/atil), ( iiiclicii nili'is. v., •J'_'."); al.-^
iiaiiit' I'lir It/as, v., cliaji. xiii.
It/ai|iiauli, a ( 'liicliiiiit'f ciiicf, v., "J'.).'?.
It /as (^'/a^':
.M
iva iialiun, i., (i 14-
70; ii., (i;il)-SI);{; location and iiatiii',
i., (is;!; ii., l]!t--J(t, l-_'7; .special nicn-
IxiinclK' (I'alin.-iiiiil, 'I't'cpaii (Jiiatr'
mala), cit\ , ( iiiatcniala. i., 7S'.l; ii.,
l-_'l, (;;!7.'7'."t; anti.i.
hist -- —
i\ .
i-'i-;]
v., ;>.)(>,
70, .'t'Xi, .")',•.">,
Its.
(iOl-'.'.
Ixlincclialiucxc, v. 'J.'iO, sc
I'ciialiiiac.
iMiiitl, V. .'{04, sec Itzniitl.
Ixtlilcii-
xniixiii'h
(Vii
tion,
707, 70!»-10; ii., (>;{;{-ii, (147
Toll
111), a
cc iiiiiiccss, V. 'J'.l!l.
(),')7, (574, (WO, 71.S, 7'J:{, 7'-'i>', 7:i.'l. ' Ixiiiol, Ma\ a priestess, ii.. 701.
74;t, 7.')0, 7<)1S, SOO; liiytl
4.S'J-.'{; hist., v., chap. xiii.
Itzliacliaa,
It/caili 1 1
arasco iiiDiitli, ii.
M.
/ealli), Naliiia iiionlli, ii.
;!;!S, ,-)(l'.l; iii., lO'.t.
It/ca.\ ntiliiialli, Naliua coui-t dress
ii., 1)74.
It/.coati, a Mexican eoniinandev. v.
,'{(;•_'; kill'' of .Mexico, v.. :{S",t-4i»S.
/cohiia
tl. a .M
I .Mcxii'an loril, v.
/I'linilepec, <iiy, Mexico, v
.-.III.
!(!;{.
Itzcuintlaii, locality, San Salvador,
i., 7'.10: v.. (i07.
Itzi'iiiiitli (N'zciiintli), Naliiiadav, ii.,
.■.I •-•..". KM 7.
It/ili's. Mosi|iiit<> tiilie.
:il-47
Ixnacan Katun, Maya [
iriesl s title
ii.. Ml
ixiiextlacnilolli, Naliiia eoiiit dre.ss,
ii.. ;{74.
IxleiH'ale, Xaliiia title, ii., .'SlM.
Ixtlalinaia, localil\, .Mcxiiu. i., (!74,
Ixtlaliiiacaii, villa;;i', /acatcias, i.,
(;7'-'.
Ixtle, Mexic.in tilire. i ., ((.■)7-'^.
Ixtlilcueciialiiiac (.Mxtilciii'clialiiiae,
1x1
iiii'i'li.ilincxc,
I xl lilciiccliaiiai
location.
ii;{.
Itzlai|uellaloca, localilv, Mexico, v.
47-'.
It/.nial ri, name for Izanial, v.
eliap. xiii.
It/mill (Ixmill), .\colliiia eliief, v.
'I'lacliiiiolziii, 'riali'liiiioli/iii, 'I'lal-
tecatl, 'I'lallccail lliiclzin. 'riili|ue-
clialinac, 'riili|iie ( 'liaoi'allaliiiioit-
zin, Tzacalcill. 'rzacalecalli, 'I'ol-
tec kin;,', v., '-'..0.
Ixtlilton, iii., 40;t, see \'xllllon,
Ixtlilxocliill, Chi. hi nice kiii.-', ii.. (illO;
v., r.i-;i, :!.v,
v.. 4.M. 47 t-
< hiclilmec prim
Il<
:{ii:;-4.
Z'lneve,
ill., \s\.
I hi
I'iliil
»ld
(! iriMldess, 11.
700-7
lyacateciihlli ( lyacacoliuhi|iil. ly.ica-
tecntii. .lacai'oliiihi|iii. .laealeini Ii,
N
lacateciih
tli. V
icai'oiiiiiii|iii,
calecnlli,
'<\.
11.
^ iiicalecntlii
:{js. :{,s;t. 4'.ii;
tlii, Ni
410
Itztilhiii, city, Mexico, v., ll!!!. ' l/alcos, town. San Sahador, iii.,7l)0.
itzncaii, localitv, N'cr.i ( 'riiz, i., (i71 ; l/ainal, cii v, \'iicataii, ii., (117; antiip,
v.. '.'O.'. ' j iv., '.Mi'.^, '-'(K;, •_'7I; hisi., \., •."_'(,
Ivorv. i.. 4S, ."ill. (i;i, liTi, tO.'l. I chap. xiii.
Ix (dix, llixl. Ma\a day and ealeii- Izcal, t'akchii|ii(d iiionlh, ii., 7'i'l.
dar siu'ii. ii, 7'">-'-(>, 7(iO-l ; \'ucalec IzcohiiatI, Teot hichimcc chici, \.,
diviiii'iy, iii., I'Ji. I 4',>0.
IxazaUiili ( I xazaliioliK Ma;.a ^'od- I/liiiatl, s|iecies of palm-lc.il. ii. Is I.
(less. ii.,7.-)J; iii., 4li_'-;{. l/niachi, city. (Jnaleinala, v. ."t."'',l-(»(J,
Ixcanh'ox. .Mava .i;(i<hlc^s, iii., jil.'l, j .'iiil. ."(7l-.'{. '>~><. ."i7s.
I \calen|ian, city, Mexico. \,, ll'J
ixcatlaii. town, Oajaiii, ii.. '.'(il.
Ixcax. a 'I'oltee chief, v.. •_'!I7.
Ixeiizozolot, v., .'tl7, see ^'acaiiex.
Iziiial lei lopac, Imil ot ( 'uillahaac, v.,
.'il'.i.
1/oiia, Ma\a 'rod, iii . lii'J.
lz|ia|ialotl, .Nahua chief, \,, 'JI'J.
I
COG
INDEX.
Iztacnccntoofl, iiiiinc of Ceiitootl, ii.,
.'{'.D; iii.. :iM.
IziiiiiiIcK, city, Mexico, ii., 5fi0; v.,
:u.-).
I/.taciniixtitlan, city, Mexico, ii., 417.
Iztiicinixcoat! (I/t.ic Mixcoatl, I/.tac
.Mixcoliiiati, l/tacinixc\iatl), Na-
liua lirst man, ill., (fO, 24!); Naliua
pul, iii., 2(!S, 4().'{: foiiiiilci- of Na-
liua nation, v., 'J'2.'{, .")'27.
IzlaiMiiaulilzin, v., Il(f7, h(h.' Hucniac
II.
Iztactlalocan, city, nortli-ca.st Mexi-
co, v., 47-'.
Iztaniat/in ( Iztaniaiitzin), v.,4'.).">, sue
Iztantzin.
Iztaiitzin ( Izlainantzin, Iztamatzin,
Yztai'inia), U'l'^h [>ric!st of C'liohila,
v., 4'.).").
ltza|iala|ian, city, Mexico, ii., 1(!7,
51)7, r)7.").
lzla|ialocaii, city, Mexico, v, , .S7'2-.'i.
Itzaquaiihtzin. lonl of the Mazaliiias,
v., ai'.t.
Tztauliiatl, uiecliciua] Iieil), ii., ',V2.').
Izlayiilt, (^nii'lit' Uinj;, v., ")(!(!.
Jzlayul I., liluiclK' kinjj;, v., otJO, odii,
571, .■)74-(i, ."is I, chap. xiii.
Iztayul II., (,»uiche Uiii^, v., 58.1-4.
i/l;iyul 111.. <,>niclu' Uin^r, v., ')'M.
I.'itii'iial Ii, Nahiia nieiliiine, ii., •'3<.)<.).
l/tlahiiacaii, town, (iiialeniala, i.,
7.S7.
Izlli, see olisiilian.
Iziican, city, .Mc'xico, ii., 4k!.
J
.facacoliulniui, iii., 41(5, sec lyacate-
cnhlli.
.lacala. .Mexico, antii|., iv., 549.
.lac.iteui'tii, iii., 4 1(1, see lyacatecnlitli.
.laikap, Nez I'erces, I'ikhI, i., '.'(io.
tlacUsoM, Califoniia, anti(|., iv., 707.
.lacole, species (if fruit, ii., 7-4.
.(a;;iiai', Naliua coat of ai'nis, ii., U!();
ineiiii'ine, ii., (ilM).
Jails, ii., .n;?- 1, (!57.
.lainiaiuari's, Noilii Mexican Irilie,
i.. .">7I-'.M; location, i., (III.
.lakous, i,, :{(17, see \'akoues.
.lahil, ^'ucalan, aiitiij., iv., *-'5.'{.
tlalalo;.'. localily, (l:i|aca, i.. (iSl.
.lal;incin;;o, N'eiii Cinz, iuilii|., iv.
45l-'_'.
.lalap, i., (I.'tl; ii.. 5<)!).
.laiapa, town, \'eia Cruz, i., (i4.T;
anlii|., iv., 4'Mi: hist., v.. ."i,'{i».
Jalcheiluns, iii.,()S4, see \'alchi'ilunes.
Jalisco (Valisco), (rihcs descriheil, i.,
()l7-44; ii., i;W-(;-J!t; special nuui-
lion, i., (il,S. (i--'2, (;•_'■">, (Cil. (ll.-i; ii.,
411, ()25, ()•_".»; myth., iii.. 447-8;
Ian;;., iii., ((()7, 7i7-l'.i; aulii|., iv.,
57;-'-7; hist., v.. •_'•_';.•, ;iL':!, :{i!), rm.
Jalliijuamai (Jaliicuamais), Cajuen-
che dialect, iii., (Wo-d.
.Jalostotitlan, village, Zacatecas, i.,
Jamajahs, iii.. 084, see ^'amajalis.
Jamalteca, llondiiias, aMtii|., iv., 71.
Jamilteiicc, village, (.hijaca, i., (;7S,
(is I.
Janainhro, Tamauli[ias, lang., iii.,
744.
.Janava, South Califoriiian trilie, i.,
W2--2-2: location, i., 4.V.».
Janou'ualpa, Moi|ui village, i., ol'S.
.laotialli, ii., 4-_V), see Va'uhtlaili.
Japan current, i., IW.
Japanese, lan.i,'., similarities, iii., (i47;
,\nu'rican ori^in-tra<i's, v., 51-1.
■Fapianis, Central Californian trilie,
i., :{)il-4(tl; location, i., 4 I'.l.
Jappayon, Central Californian triiic,
i., ;<'(;i-4(»l; location, i.. 451.
Jaranu's, North .Mexican trilie, i.,
57l-'.»l; location, i., (il'J.
Jaras, trilie of .Mosc|nitos, i., 711-17;
location, i., 7li{; lan.i;., iii., ~s;i.
Jaredites, America peopled hv, v.,
'.>7.
.largon, Chinook king., iii., (i.'!l-l.
.Iari|uin, Central Californian trilie, i.,
:<(il-4(ll; location, i., 4.5;i.
Jars, i., 4;{4, 50(», ()'.I7-S, 7'Jt; see also
N'ases.
Jasper, ii., Kil, 17.'t. 557. 750.
Jasper House, locality. Itocky .Moun-
tains, i., ;iio.
.laundice, reined.\, i., 7111.
.Iav(dius, see |);irts.
.IcMchiacs, trilie of Souml Indians, i..
•JOS-'J-J; hication, i., .•!(ll.
.Ic.ilonsv, i., Ch"), l(iS-;», '-MS, ;!5|, ;iSS;
ii., ;t.si, (L's, ,so:t.
.lellerson Couiitv, Colorado, anti(|..
iv., 717-IS.
.lenu'Z (Jenu's). I'nelilo trilie and \il-
lage, i., 5i.'(i-.5(l; locjition. i.. 5'.i!t,
,1(10; s]iecial mention, i., 5'_'7, 5;i7.
5.101; iang., iii., (ifSl-,"!.
Jervis Inlet, i., '-MtS.
Jesters, Nahuas. ii., 177, '-'>*(;. ^^'.l
Jetans, i., 47H, see Conianclies.
Jew.drv, i., 7(;8; ii., .'i(i;{, 175-7, (il!',
75(». '
.lews, .\nicric;tn origin-traces, i., ]S;
v., 77-IO-, chap. .xiii.
698
INDEX.
Jiu'iilion. i., nSo, 348-0; myth., iii.,
I.TM, ;V_>4; Ian;;., iii., MS.
Kaiiiaiiuires (KuiiianuiH, Kaiiia-
iiicalis), i., U8(), 4t9, sec Kaiii-
iiiarcs.
Kaijicti, vilia;,'(', North ("ulifornia, i.,
444.
Kaiyak. i., (il, sec Kyak.
Kai\ iihkataiia, name fur Iiigaliks, i.,
lis.
Kaiyiih MdUiitaiiiH, i., 148.
Ivajak, i., (il, si'c Kyak.
Kaj.ilsi'liiins, Cciitial Califoiniaii
t'rilic, i.. .■{(;i-4()l; Icic.iti i.,44'.>.
Kakas (Kaki'>(, Kakiis), trilic of
'I'liliiikcfls, i., !)4-ll t; location, i.,
!>(i, 1 1:{; Ian.','., iii.. 57!).
Kak I'liai-at, I xiiial niliT ami g'lil,
v., riiap. xiii.
Kalapooiaii ( ivalajiooyah, Kalapiiya),
i., •-'•_':!, •_'4".l, ;{(»;». .sec Calaiiooya's.
Kalucliiiiskojcs, trihe of .Ucuts, i.,
,S7-!I4; li(i;ilioll, i., 141.
Kalii'knatccU, Trinity liiviT Indian
;.'oil. iii., 17i>.
Kaiiouilic-'. tiili<> of Sonnd Imlians,
i., •_'iiS-_'J: location, i., 3U.S.
I\alis|iflni l.aio-. i., 'M'.i.
Kalis|icliiis (Kalispcls), i., 'J7(i, M;?,
sec I'cnd .i't )rcillcs.
Kaljusli (Kahiu'a, Kalusch, Koiiniii.
Kiiljll>ll, i\olosili, Kolosli, j\olll>|l-
ians), Kolu>ii, name for 'I'lilin-
kccts, i.. !l."i.
Kaina>li (Kania>', Kania.ss), i., '2C>'>,
SIM' ( 'anias'^.
Kainlonjis, Iiijanil Colunihian liilic,
i., •_'.')!>;> I ; location, i., 'Ml; special
nicnlioii. i.. 'J'.MI.
KaMi!oop> Lake, iii., (>l.1.
KaiMUi-ii, (j»iiiclii' son:,', iii., Hi.
Kannilas, .Suntli Californian trilK\ i.,
40'_>-L'_'; location, i., 4,")<t.
Kan, .Maya day and calendar silcii,
ii., 7-"»"i-(>, 7'>ii-l.
KanauisI, i., (i'.t, see KoniaLras.
Kanal .\cantun, .Ma\a ;.;od, ii., 7o:{.
Kancnnc Island, Vncatan, anliij.,
iv.. -'iin.
Kan;.'iiilil. l\onia;,M dialect, iii., 'ufl
Kanuniali inniiils (Kan^inali Iniin-
iiis), trilie of I'.sUinios, i., 4()-(ili;
location, i.. 4'.', l.'ts.
K.'iniaL:'. Innuit name, i., tit).
Kanil, ( Iiiatenialan ju'od, iii. 4S'J.
Kaniuiai'c-. ( Kainaniares, Kainanie-
aii-', Kanniniares, Kxananiaras).
t'enlral Californian trilie, i., ;{(!!-
4'!!: location, i., 'MV2, 441); s|ieeial
mention, i., iiSti, 3'M.
Kuuisky, i., 14!). see Kenai.
Kankin, .Maya month, ii., 707
Kansas, i., r>'.)'2.
Kaiite, a .Mava litter, ii.. 7'):?.
-S.
antnm
le. V
ncatan, antui.. iv
:h, iii., 1 t'.i,
ann
r
ivevali,
.M.
f (1
\a II
I-
liaii
lol.
ukh,
ii., 7(fi.
linoiiU.-., 1., •_'•__-.)():
Kaons, Inlie o
location, i., .S()7.
Kaoiniis, i., {{07, see Kowais.
Kaonlis, i., MIO. see Cow lit/.
ii|na
til. t
rilie iif ."^ound Indians, i
•_'(),s--J-_*
loca
lion, i., 'Mi-2
Kari|nines (C.irijiiin). Central Cali-
fornian trilie, I., .'!(il-4li|; Incation,
i., .•{(i.'i, 4.V_'-:t; Ian;,'., iii.. ti.'iO.
Kari|nines .Strails, i.. S(!:{, 4.V_'.
irNveewee (
Arl>
-hi. t
riiie II
f CI
n-
iks, i., ■222-:a); 1
Ileal loll, I., .id.i.
inia;_'a sorcerers, i., So.
Kasliim, i., (i(i, see ( asii
Kassaans, trilie of llaidalis
71; location, i., 2'Xi.
Kassiina Kiver
KalaLfliavekik
i.. 4."i().
name for natives of
rniniak and .Maska, i.. .^7.
Kataliuac, Soiilli Caiiforiiiaii trihe.
i., H)2-2i
at, on, I.. I.V.i.
Katlilaportles ( Kallapi.rtlc-i. i., ;{(i('
see ( 'alhiapoolies.
Katla;;akya, trilie of Chiiiooks, i.
•J'-'-_'-.'ii»; location, i., ;{im;.
Kali
K.ill
iiiiial, i., iiOJ. see Catlilaiiict-
:{(li:, see Callilii
:iiiiiiiiminis,
nainenanii'iis.
Kaliawewaila, trilie of Cliim
.'l.'-_'-."i(l:
itloli, 1,, ."{II'.).
Katlawotsetts (Kiii\\at--liaKi, trilie
of Cliinooks, i., •_':.'_'■. 1(1; jocalion,
i.. :tl)S.
Kal leiidariicas ( Kat lendariika>*, ( 'en-
tral Californian trilie, i.. ."rd-4(ll;
location, i.
Kaliin, Mav
4.m; laliLT. . I I . ti-"i.'l.
I c\cle, II.
riil-
'1.
Kaiiwelis, North Californian li
i.. ;{i2(i-(l
ik !•(
ocation, I., 1 14.
isiila, i., :{7, I 11.
K
Ka\iMks (Ka\eaks). trilie of Ki
auas
I., (l'.IN7
I
locati
II ; special mention, i.,
wclio Diniudi (Hare li
■;{. M.
Iril'o
of 'rinneli, i., 1 1 1I{7: loc.iiion, i..
1 14; special meiilion, i., I-I, l.'fil;
Ian;:., iii ., ."is."».
i\a\vilclien (Kawitchin. Kaw itshinl,
'!•(!, •J<.)'.), see Cowichin
\a\v\\ellli, I,
ee iMiwNM
dth
ill, .M.
ivu iiiiinlh, II., (<')7-8.
iNi)i:x.
699
Knyousc (Kiiyiisc
10, soe (\\\-
use.
KcL'lii, Sdiitli ( '.ilifDiiiiaii Irilii", i.
4(CJ
licatioll, i., l.'lS; l;i
iii., <i(i(i, (i74'.».
Ki't'clics ( Ki'i'iliis), tiilii'iif Ilaitlali
Ivfllaup, i., 203, SCO Kitlati.
Ivi'tiKiiKiksliclk, Irilic of llaiilali>
l."i.">-74: Idcatimi,
.•iH.
l.").')-74;
liicatiDii, I.
"Xi.
KL't'cliiiiiiakaili> ( Ivt'ccliiiiiiakailo),
trilii! of IlaidaliN, i., l.V)-74; loca-
tloll, I.
:04.
Kt'cklicathi (Ivr'cllu'atla), trilie of
ilaidaiis
'204.
KoclaUcs, Cliii
l.M-74: locali
i(ii>k iloi
tills, iii., l.")(l.
Kcciiatlitiiix, trilio "I" llaiilali
|.'i.")-74; liicatiiiii. '2'Xi.
\(M'sani
tiilif of llaiilalis, i., I.">."i-71;
liii-iliiiii, !., '2\)±
Kccllnatlali, triltc ut llaiil,.!
IS, 1.
l.").')-74; liiraliii
'o:f.
lu'cwick, Haiilali |i;irailisi'. iii.,.">"JO.
Kct'Wiickliuw, llaiilali cliicf jiara-
.li.
">•_'(».
Kvttir Falls, i., •.
(litTt'S.
Kctulsali, i., 20;{. s"(' Kcliitsali.
Kttw ilkriiia, liiln- of llaiiiah
( li
l.'..">-74
71
iicatiiiii
•2'Xl
Kf\\aii;.'lit(li('iiuiiau;4lis, liilaiiil (n-
liiiiiliiaii trilic, i., 'J.'iO-!)! ; Imati
i., :{!•_•.
K('waii;,'liliili(MK'iiia(lis, Iiilaiiil di-
liiiiiliiiiii trilic, i., '_'."»0-OI; liMatinii,
i., .'{Ki.
Kt'wick, Yiicafaii, aiitiij., iv., '.MS.
Kryatai^'iimtcN, (Kiialai^iiiijiitcn,
Kijali
i''iiiiitfii.
Kiiat;
i;:inulcs.
Kijalriil, trilic of Koiiia;;as, i., (10-
locatioii.
70. 14(1.
Till
iiiki'ct s]iii
i-its of w;
liiirs, iii., I4.S, al(i
M-'Mniic, 1.
•2o;t,
Ki'lli'>|H'liis,. i., .'{14, .".fL- IVlid d'Or-
Kcl]
I, sci' Sca-wi'CM
KfUcy UiviM-, !., ;{00.
J\cliissiiyas, i., .'{04. sec Calapooyas.
Kchilsaii (Kctulsali), trilic ol' llai-
lis, i., |.-).-)-74;
locatmu, 1.
•2'Xi.
dial I kaiiiskv, Kciiai-lciia. i\ciiai/c,
vciiai/i, Kciiav/i, Kiiiai, 'I'liiLiiii
la.
'I'li.iina Ttviiai), trilic of 'i'inncli
Il4-:t7; loJ'ati i.. 114, llC, I 17,
, l;!_'-4;
iii.. ."iSJ,
140; special iiiciitioi
lllVtll., III.
ns'ts-oi.
■)I7: li
Kcnai i'ciiiiisiil;i, i.. lIC, l.'{0, 147, 140.
Kciiai/i (Kciiay/ii, i., I.'IO, 140, sec
Kcnai.
Ivciiciicii Kicir. trilic of llaiclalis, i.,
Klialaloiis, Central ('aliforiiiaii tiilic,
i.. :{()l-4(ll; location, i.. I.").!.
Kliamikli (Kaiiiii.;lil, 'I'lilinkcct >:i d,
iii.. KH., M.'i-t;, I 10.
Kliiiiili
Central Californiaii
trilic, i., .'{(U-Kd: luiation. i.. 4;i:!.
Kialariics, localilv. Noilli-iasI
last.
uiierna, v.
1(10.
Kicali, \., .">0.">, sec (,>iiicali.
Kiial> Taiiul), v., ri(;(i, sec (Jiiicali
'laiiuli.
Kicc (K.icc), North Californiaii focil,
i., ,'W(>.
Kiditak (Ki-litak, Kikclitak),
for Kailiak, i.. CO.
Kicksati
iiaiiitt
tril.c of 'I'l
ilinUccts, 1.
!., 04-114; location, i., I4;t.
Kickiiallis, trilic of Sound Indians
i., 'JdS'JL'; location, i., ;;(!((.
Kickiiallis Itivcr, i., ;{(l(l.
Kidiia|ipiii;r, I.'iws a^aiii>
(i(>, (i,"i() I, (l.'iO.
ii . 4."i<t-
Kvsi
KaiLianic;
(Ki;;ariiies), i.
'J'.Kv sec
l.^.^i^l; location, i., 'JO.'!.
Kcnti
M
IV.. 7(i
1SS|SS|]I|I|
7(i.
N'alK
\\ ant HI
Kcralit, i., 41,
!■;
Kercs ((.lucres), trilic of I'uclilos. i.,
W(i-.")(;
rCil-'J:
iiiM'ial iiiciitioii. I.
10.
iii.. (iiMi, iw.'l, (isl-;!.
Kerne Island, v., flii
Kern I
iver. i., 4.").-)-(i
Kern N'allcv, laic.;., iii.. (I.'il.
Kcsinali, Califoi' ., aiitiij., iv., (lO'.
Kespriaiio Island, i., 1 i:t.
K<'taiiiloii, tril f llaid.:
i., 1.
74; location
!o;i
Kctlakaniaks, trilic if ( 'liiiiooks, i.
'J-2J-."i(i: location, i., ;)(t(i.
Kiulii;.'usi, name for .\kiitan>. i., ST
Kiiilitak, I., (iO, se
Kii 111;
Ki j, (,>iiiiln'' ;,'od. iii., IS'J.
Kijatai^^'iniuteii (Ki jatai;:iniit<ii, Ki-
;ilai;,'niiltcs, Kijalcii),
id
l\e\ ataiLiliiulc
vik, re-Ill, II.
701,
Kikclil.ik, i.. (iO, sec Kiclitak.
Kil'i'.illi <, trilic of .Souiiii Indian
L'tis-
■at ion, i., :i(l(l.
Kikiallis Itivcr, i., .'idO.
Kilcalali, tril f llaidalis, i., l."i."i-7);
location, i., 'JO I.
Kiliwatsals, i., .'{(17, sec Killawats.
Kiliwatsliats, i., ;{(IS, sec Katlawol-
sctls,
Killainooks (Calieinax, Callcinciix,
700
INDEX7
r.-illiinix'. I\il:iinouks, Kilainukos, f '."iilifornian triUo, i.. S(il-101 ; loca-
Killiiiinitk-.. Kill:iMiiiks, KilliiiiouH, ; timi, i., 4.")(»; luii;.'., iii.. tll'.i.
Killi:iiii\, KillyiimcUs, Nsiftsliaw- F isliisliai, Apai'liu i'<>iii|ilaiiti'r, i.,
IIS, 'rillaiiiDdks), tribe of Chiiioiiks, | odl.
i,. i.':.'!'-.'.!); loialiuii, i., i>-j:{, :«M, I,.islitsainah (('liaclvj, < )kaiia-aii evil
■" "7; s|>('iial iiicMtiiiii, i.,'JH7-8, -•)(>; ' Hpirit, iii., l.').'{, ."il!).
■■ Ivisliiiiiak (Kislmiiakli, Kyschiiiiaik)
I liivcr, i., 140.
aii^;., iii., HIS. (I'_'(i.
Kiliawals ( KiliuatsaU), trilie of Clii- . ,
nooks, i., •.'•-'•_'-.">ll; location, i., ;{07 |lvis|iai'lialai(ly, rilie of Uaiilalis, i.,
Killa.Mlioi'lcs. tiiln'uf Souml [iidiaii.", .' l."i.'>-74; loi'ati u, i.. -[V.i.
i., '-'U.S-L'L'; ioiatioii, i., .S0;{. /Kissliick ! •"'•. •, 147.
Killiiiioiis (Killiiiiux), i., L'"2.'J, .SO-';,. Kitalioii. trilx- of Ilaiilalis, i., l.").")-74;
iii., (ilS, ((Ji), SCI" Kilianiooks. j
Killsiiialit ( Kilsamat), trilio of No( t-.'
kas, i.. 174--_'i»S; loiatioii, i., i".!."), .
Kiliiis|i(liii i;i\ci-, i., .Sll, sec l'tMi4
(roicillc liivir. ;
KillviinicUs, i., •_>,">(), see Killaiiionk;;.
Kilsamat, i., •2'.».">, sic Killsmalit. / '
Kiiiiriioociiiins, iiiiaiiil ('oiiniil'ii>.ii
tliiic, i., -J.-yO-'tl; location, i., .•5-7
Kin, Maya ilay. ii., 7">">. ,' '
Kinakancs, julanil Colnrnliiaii t'n"i>o,
i., •J.")()-!tl; location, i., ;{l-_'. ; ,'
Kinai-oaiax, i., •_'!ll, sec Kinawi'h/x.
Kinawalax ( Ivinaroalaxl, triSi of
Haidalis, i., l.">,")-74; locatii'ir, i.,
2!»;{-4.
Kincaid Flat, California, antii|f, iv.,
(i!t!»-70(). ' *
KiiR'lialian, name of Ifnnal) VCji, iii.,
4()'_>; .Maya royal lillc, v., C.;),).;
Kin^'iktorsoak Island, (ireenLii'd, an-
tiii-, v.. 114. ■ t
Kin^s, Naliiias, ii., !.'}:?-.S.";, '.'('.."j't;, :V2-2,
;ma-1. 441, 471--', (io;{-i4, dn' •_'•_'; v.,
244-");{li; Mav.is, ii., i"M. ■■,•>! 7'-*7-S,
7S.S-!»(). S(l(l-I; v., 172-lSS, '4(l-tiO-_'.
Kin;^'s i;ivcr, i., ;{(),'{, 4.")r)(.-, lanj,'.,
iii., (i.")l. '
Kin;,'sl)oroiiL;li's I'yrainid, il* r.xnial,
N'ucatan, antic|., iv., l'.)v. ;
Kinicli -.Ml:lll-^'tzanlna, inline for
Ciiiclian \ /awina, ii., (I'M
Ki
location, i., "JiK?.
Kitatuls, trilie of Haidalis, i., l."i.")-7I;
location, i., '2'M.
Kitdiaclaltli.triln'of l[ai<lalis, i., I.m-
74; location, i., lI'.KJ.
Kilc.u'ucs, i., l.SS, sot- Kitli'L'anitcs.
Killiatcen, trilic of ll;iid:ilis. i., I.m-
74; location, i., •_'!«.
Kit Ian (Kctlanc), tril)0 of Haidalis,
i., I.V>-74; location, i.. '_'!•:?.
Killo[i(', trild' of Haidalis, i., l."i."i-7t;
location, !., •204.
Kitsa.u'as. trilie of Haidalis, i., l."5-
74; location, i., '2'.H.
Kitsalas, trilie of Haidalis, i,, I.m-
71; location, i., •J'.»4.
Kitsiu'uclis, trilie of Haidalis. i , 1."),")-
74;' location, i.. '204.
Kitsiiaynclis, triiic of Haidali-, i.,
l.").'i-74; location, i., "204.
Kitswinnalis, trilie of Haidalis. i.,
l.V)-74; location, i., 201.
Kilswiiiscolds. trilie of Ihiidali-. i..
l.V)-74; location, i., 174, 2'.ll; s|ie-
cial mention, i., 174.
Kittamaat (Kittamiiat ), trilie of Hai-
dalis, i., I.V)-74; location, i , 204.
Kittears, trilu" of l-'.-kimos. i., 40-(iO;
location, i., 1,'{S.
Kitti'i^iinites (Kile;,'iiesk lii'ieif l'"s-
kimos, i., 40-(i0; locatio' , , l.'W.
, ..., .. ■.- K'itnn.ilia, i., 811, see Knn
inicli Kakmo, .Maya id ill iii.. 4()4; I Kitwillcoits, trilie of llaid.ilis, !.,
aiitici., iv., '2AS; hero iiii'l ;,'od, v., | I.Vi-74; location, i., 20:i.
(i2l • ' ■■■ • ■ ....■•
Ivinikkinik (Kiniiik-kin ii''C), siihsti-
tiile for toliMcco. L. ;!."),l,j|-i;{7-S.
Kinkijiar, Sontli Caliini'iif n trile, i..
I Kiwoini, <i>iieres dialect, iii.. <N2.
Ki;;li, .South California, laiii;.. iii.,
(i'(;o, <i74-.S.
KlacUamas, i., .'?!0. see Clackamas.
Klaliars, trilie of Ninlkas, i. . 174-
Kinklas. Central Califn'iiaii trilie. j 2ilS; location, i., 20.').
i., ;!(ll-4(il ; location, i.,*-l."i(l; lan.L;'., I l\laliolii(iialits, i., 20.">, see Clayo-
iii., li'">l>. f ' I unoi,-
Ki I'onios. Central Calfi^riiian trilie, Klahosalits ( ixlaizzahts. Klai/zartsk
i., ."iOl^Ol; localioii, i.i ;i(i2, -US. j trilie of Nootkas. i., 17-I-2(IS: loca-
Kiiinnaiakl l\i|iiinaj.ikl,)j;iM'r,i..l40. tioii, i., 20."); siiei'lal ineiiiioii. i.,
1.- : I ■ . ■! .• II • I i : , - . - . , _., ,.._ , '... ,
■ ' i
Kishaw ill, trilie of llaida'is, i., I.Vi-7t;
local ion, i., 202.
]vishc\s(Kis KiuH, K'.s'jys), Central
I7H, 207; Ian,;:,, iii.. d'OO.
Khilioiis, i., 20.S, see Clalioose.
1
■ 1
INDEX.
701
Klaizziilits (Kliu/zart>),
ITS; iii.
(id'.l; M'l:
Kl.i
Kl
laUa
liiu
las
tr
*).».»,
,■>(!;
In,
■ali
hil'l
(■Ill
ks,
tr
■_)O.J.
.">();
lo.
•ati
hiiii
ll'S.
i.,
44^
hull
nil
La
Ur,
lllt>
if Cli
nil,
ilic (if ( liiiiodkH,
i.. 'M)(l
I'f Klainaths.
nil
i. , :{-'7-'.).
Klaiiialli Mts.. i., ,T_'7.
Kh
itli liiviT, !., .-VJ:, 444-
Klaiiiatlis iCIaiiR't, Klaiiit'tli, liUtiia-
Tli!
ith
('aril'oinian trilc
tinii ami uaiiii-, i
lllflltinll,
TIaiiiall), Nnilh
", i., Hv.'(;-(;i; liKM-
3l.'7, 44-t;
siiccial
XM), Xi:\-4, -.VMU),
:U-1, :U4-51, SoT, ;Ji;i; lanj;.
(i;t!i-4-j
Kl;
Kiniji
•J'.ln-C,
atcs (Kla-os-(|iiati'>
•JOT
CI,
IVnilllnt-
Klat^
kaiial.
trilie of Cliiiinok
'2-2-2-M; Incati
.•{0.1
Klatskaiiai Uivcr, i., '.iO.'i.
Iay(iiiiiits, 1., "JiKi, set!
liavakans, trilic
l.")r)-T4; loi'atinll,
CI;
IVnilllnts.
I.
if Haiilahs,
Klikctats (Clii-kaliiits, Clickitat^
■atal>
ilack
ll^katal^
Klikalats, Klikitats, Wliiilwliy
iiiiiiisi, liilaml Cnliiinliiaii trilic
1., '-'."(O-'.ll ; locatinii and
2.j;i-4, 'AO.'t, ',V2\; special iiii'iitinii
i., -J
and iiaiiic, i.
ill.
.',S0,
•_•."),")-(;<». '2(u>, •2i\, '2i:i-i.
, L'S'.)-!»(); laii''., iii.,
()•-'( t-4.
Kliiikils, iii., 149, a(>o Tliliiikccls.
Kliickliaitkwcc, Iiilanil Cnliiiiiliian
tiilic, i., -J.")!!-!)!; location, i., lUi.'.
Kliics (Clnos), trilii! of llaidalis, i.,
non), tribe of Tiiinfli. i., I M-.'JT
location, i., IKi. 14S;
sipcciai iiicu-
tion, i., til, 1.'I4; Ian;;., iii., .V.ll.
Konnix, i., 1T">. sec Coinu.x.
Koiia;;en, Kadiak drcs.-*.
konali, liilaiii
.Itril
It's, !()(
Koncknncii, Inland ( 'ol
:.■)()-!• 1;
atinii
wnnia;;an .Arcliipcla^io. i
i^oniajras, one of the li\("
'■> 7
?.
•d. i.
iiiliii
Ill
:ti-_'.
. , .'{T
S
fanii
li(
tiilx
70.
; into
wliicli the
II
viiciiiorcjins are (li\ id
d;
niannei's and eiistunis ni al
lU
niitiolisand tlilies desciilicd to^ctli-
er, i.,t)'.)-ST; |iliysi(|iie.
■|-
r'-'-4; dwtdiili;,'s, i., T4-."); fond,
T")-*.t; tioats. Weapons, i., Til; im-
(I niamifactiiics, i., T".)-
d slavery, i.,
|ilenients and niamitactures, i., T
.SO; ;,'nvernnient ai
8l>-l; wnineii and inarriaire, i., Sl-.'i;
ainiisonients, i., S4-,">; iiiediciiu', !.,
.S.")-(!; niniirnin;.' iiid liurial. i., >S(';
eliaracter, i., .S(i-T; location, i., 'M,
(.•!»-Tl, i:{'.t-4i; nivtii., iii., 104, |-jl'.
14:{; laii;r.,
(K(
.)T.)-H.
i.oiiia''as
I'L'i. Koniaui, Konja-
;reii), trilic of KoniauMs, i.. (ii»-ST;
location, i.. To, l.'i'.l; special inou-
tioii, !., T-, T.V(!. SI, ;{;vt.
Kniinielitcliates, trilie i)i Sntind In-
dians, i., •J()S--J"_'; l(i(;itioll, i., 'MV.i.
Kiit-
"iSf
loti, see
K(>n-( lia-koo-eliin, iii
clia Kiitcliin.
Konkatce, trilie of 'i lilinkeet.-
III; locatiol
I4.{.
-k
skia (Kooskooskei
kooskie,) Itiver, i., '.U]
Kl
1.M-T4; location, i., '_".*•_'.
us(|nis, a reed,
.'(;i.
Kniiilil's Fcrrv, California,
IV., ,
07
antii[.
KnitliiiLr, I'uelilos, i., ,')41.
Knives, Hyperlioreans, i., 5!), SO, DO,
104
-."); ( '
oliiinliians, i.
V. alilornians,
«e\v
M(
LMiS;
,S4.">. .•{7S, 408, 4;!4;
i., ."ili.S; .Mexicans,
as.
ii., 31.S, 47'.t-SO;
170; iv., r>."i()-S; Centr.-il .\ineri-
I'lins, i., 7*)'>; ii., 74:{, 7'>i>; iii., 4SS.
Kodiak, i., I.'IO, see Kadiak.
Koel
eiiais, 1.
• I,
.see Kooleiiais.
Ko;,diola'4lii, iianu! for I'lialaskans
i., S7. '
Knkwaiytoeli, tril)(> of llaidalis, i.
l.">."i-74; location, i., '2'M.
Kolill;,'i (Knljllsll, Kolnscll, Knln-
(dies, Kniosliiaiis, Koliisli), i., i)4-."
IfJ
aljusli
Kolt.sliaiie.s (Koltsclianes, Kolischa-
kiMitaiiais
:ill.
(Kont;
line
Ji
ncr, 1.
.>li4,
K'ooteiiais ( ( 'otonois, ( 'ontanic>, l''lat-
liows, Kitiiiiahas, Kootaiiics, Koot-
nnai-
iootoiiavs, Koniooiniis,
ontanu"
Kut:
Kiit:
Knt-
nelias). Inland Colnniliian trilie,
i., -J.-iO-lM; location, i,, l.")l, L'."il--_»,
;U I ; special nienlioii, i., 'J."i4-."i, "JlJi,
•J(i4-"), •2(i7-S, •.>7'2-:i, '.»7H, '2'.M)-1;
laii.y.. iii., (ilO--_'0.
Kontonie l''ort, \\'asliin;r|on, i., .'ill.
Knotsilik, Nnolka dress, i., 1S2.
Knrekins, Ceiitial Califnrnian trilie,
i., ;{(;i-40l; location, i., 4."il.
if Aleuts, 1.,
i-lii;;ii
-04;
iskojes, tnlie (
111
local loll, !.
Kosetalis, Norlli Calil'nriiian tiili;
;{'.'(!-(il; Inci
Kosl.iellins
(Kos
keenins.
trilic (it Nontkas
147.
Knskenia),
'iL'OS; loca-
tion, 1.
■(i.
Kosinitas (KoMiniti), Central Caliidr-
702
INDEX.
nian tribe, i., 3G1 -401; location, i., | koqniin.Kuskutfliowak, Kiiskwo;;
iniits), Irllio (if Koiiia^iis. !.. ()!I-,S7
location, i., 711, 140; s|M'iial iin'ii
lion, i., 7I-.S, 7,"), 77, SO; lai .;,., iii.
57(;, o,S0, itSM.
KuHko<iiiiiii iiay, i., 140.
Kuskoi|uini llivcr, (Kuskokwim,
4.-):<.
Kot-ii-Kiitchins, i., 147, see Kutclia
Kiitt'liiiis.
Kot/el>iiu Sound, i., 37-70, 138-9, 141;
iii., .")7t).
Ivounicliaouas, i., 'iiCi, sec ("niuslie-
was.
Koulanies, i., 311, sec Kootenais.
aoiiais
trilie (
if Clii-
Knskokwiuai,
70, IKi, 140, 148.
Kntaniie (Kiitani). i., 311, see Kn l-
I ks, i., •2-2'2-'>{); location, i., ."{07. Kntdia Kntchins (Kntsiia Kul>ti
Ko\van;;a, Sontii Californian trilu', ' Koo-clia-koo-cliin, Kot-a-Kntcliin
trilie of Tinncii, i., 114-:{7; loi-
tion, i., II."), 147; lani:., iii., aSli.
40l*--_'2; location.
1., 4o!t.
Kowitclian, i., 17">, sec ( 'owicliin.
Ivowooscs (Coo.sc.s), Nortii Caiiforni-
nn tribe, i., 3L'()-(il; location, i.,
44-2.
Ivowwcltli (Kawwellb), tribe of Hai-
ilalis, i., l.").')-74; location, i., '2'.)'2.
Kovnkuk Hivcr, i., I.'f3.
vnaiitluM,
•-".(7
>ce Kwan
thii
n.
Kulilai Klian, .Mon'rol emperor, v., 44
K
vue|iak, \ ucatan. antni.
M:
Aleut
sjiint.-
144.
Kutcliins (Kntsliins), tribe of 'I'inneli,
1., 1 14-.37; locatio
1I4-1,"), 14(i
special mention, i., ()3, l'27-32, 137
u\''., 111., ."kS4. r>S(i-8.
Kilt
lelias,
31 1, see Kootenai
ical
Kuiniiicii(|nitocli, trilie of llaidali
i., l."i.")-74; location, i.
:!»4.
kU|aUi, Koiiia.^a shielcls, i., /
!).
KuUlinvak, i., ."iltd, .see Cooiiiac
Knkulli Kut
chill, tribe o
f riniiel
1 14-37; location, i., 147.
Kiihi
i ., ■.)'.), see ( 'alabiiassa.
Kutz;;liatiislil, !'lilinkeet nivtli
bird, iii., !»!».
Kin\icli|iackmnten, i., 140, .•<(■(•
Kw icli|ia;,'miites.
Ku\\icli|iack. i., 140, sec K\vicli|iak.
Knvaiii (Cnyamal, Soiitli < 'aliforiiian
tiilie, i., ioi'--J'_'; location, i., 4.")!).
K\vailiioi|u,i, tribe of Cliinooks, i.,
•-'■.'•.'-.")0; location, i., .30.j; Ian;,'., i.i.,
5'.»l'.
Kwantluins (Kuantlun), trine of
N'M.tk
17."), -2'.):.
174-:.'O.S; locati
Kiilaiia|iii, Central ( 'aliforiiian lam,'.
iii., (il3-7.
Kullas-i'alus, I., 314, see I'cnd d'O- i trilie of Sc
Kwenaiwitl (K\vai;.i 1, (,>ilina\ it).
ans, I., "JOi
location, i., .303.
Kiilles|ielm,
rcilies.
Kiimcntes, tr
•JOS; locatii
313, .see IViid d'O- Kwiclil
iiauiii
lies ( Kwiclil jiiaijiiiiji
if Nootkas
ten), trilie ot Koniauas, i., 7<l^7
174-
locat
ion, 1., 70, 140-1.
n, I., •_'!!(;,
^wirliluak (Ivwiclijjiiakb, Kwiclili
Kuiirianoir(Kii|iriiioll) Island, i., 143. ; warii) liiver. i., I4tl-
Kiiro Siwo, name for the .la, mo
ui cur-
rent, v., ."ll*.
IvuscliUukcliwakmiileii (Knsckock-
\va;;'emiiteii, Kiiskok \vii,'niiiiteii,
Kuskokwi
1.
70,
men,
Kiisj.
Kn.
kiilcheeooki
i<lH|lll''mUtc:
ijiau'iiiutes (K\\ icli])aL,'ni,iuteii,
lv\vici!|iak-mcuts, K iiwi.ii pack mil -
ten, K\vv;;\scli|iaiiia;.;iii jiilsi. trjli
if K
oiiiauas, I., 70-87; localioii, i.
70, 140; Ian--., iii., ."i7(;
Kw icli]iak( Kiiw iclipack. K wick
Kiislikisli, Cenlral ( aliloriiian tribe. : Kwikli|iakl, Kiver, i., 70, 14i)-l
i., ,3(;i-401;
ation, i., 44'.».
Kusjj, South ('aliforiiian trib
-KlL'--J-_'; location, i., 4.")!).
Kyak (Ivaiyak, Ka)ak), Alaskan
'boat, i., ()('».
K\ami lar.-is j. +4<) see Kaniinares.
Italis, tri
if Shosh
l"_'_'-4'J; special mentiou, i ' lo
laiiL.'., iii., (i(i'2.
Ncii. irilie of Nootk
"'-'08; location, i., '2'Mi
i., 171-
K'y;,'anies i Kytiiiiii, Ky;iany, Kyiiai--
LUskeiiia. I., "JlKi, see
Kiisl.
iiokwi^mjuteii
mutes), I., / ,,
mutes.
140,
(K'
||"t,'-
,s, K
174, '.'id'
ili(|ualii, I.
irne\s, Ky^iariiies), i.
-ee Kaii'anies.
•>!),
kVOOt^
'), .see Ky.i(|Uot.
1., _•>*, ..(.>.
Kuskoi|ui:,'iniifes(Kuskokwii,'i
n|iii('ii.
1 aviise.
Kuskokwimeii, Kiisckockwaui'inii- Kmm Island, i., 143.
ten, Kusclikiikclnvakmiiten,
Kvschunack, i., 140, see "ishunak
IXDKX. 703
Kyui|ii(i<s (fiiynqnots, Kynlnnialit,
\yiic|iii't.si, tnl
if Niiotlvii.s, i.
174-1208; location, i., 'iUJ.
L.-iliassii'*. i., 204, sco T-t'liassas.
Laliiid, N'licataii, aiiti
m;
lust.
(i;i'j
Ml,
Lal>|iliMk (I.al)|iak), Vucatai:, aiitii|.
•Jilt .")•_'.
iiiiaii/.a,
lloiiiliiras, aiiti(|., iv. , ~{).
Iici'ia. I)iiraiij;c),aiitii|., iv.,()(»(>-l.
L
l.a M
L.iliyriiilli, Aii/Diia, aiitii|.. iv., (>;{!).
liacaniliiii Moiiiitaiiis, v., tii.'.'{.
J.ai'aniliHU's, Mava iiatiuii, !.. flSCi-
711; ii., (!;«)-.S():{; locatinii. i., (M."),
siiccjal iiu'iiticpii. i.,
CSV
, SI,
(I'.t;;, (;!i,')-7(>:$, 7ii.">, 7i»7-s,
111; li.
1., 111., ISl;
7:{!», 7.')l, 7S."), S0;{; iiiytl
laiii,'., iii., 7til.
I,;ii'a\aniii. Smilli Califonii.iii tiitn
I
i., 4(l-J--_"_'; loiation.
f Zii
4.")!t.
jacliiM, iiaiiie ot /apotoe coiiiitrv,
i., (i7'.t.
.Lai-lii\ila, locality, Oajaca, i., (i7!».
Lai'lc\v('i|K, trilic of jlaiilalis, i., l.V)-
74; loialioii, i., L'Dl.
Lacoiiiiii>, Cciilral Califoniian trilic,
at loll, i., 4.")0.
KID- 1, l6;f, 'M), Xn, ").•?."),
Ladil
;!-l()l;
Killers,
7.")7; ii., ■>
SI.
LacUi|Uc]ili!a (l.iick<|iialilla), tri1i(> of
NiHilkas, i., 174-"_'OS; location, i.,
•J!).")-(;.
La (lolda, localitv, South Califor-
nia,
4.V,t.
I^a (Jolcta Mstcro, locality, South
California, i., 4,~)!).
La^ooiis, North Califoniian trilic, i.,
.•{L'd'-dl; location, i., llTi.
I.au'iiaarlias, N'orlli Caiil'oriiian trilic.
.'{•JC-d'l; liicition. i., 44:{.
LaLtmiM. I'liclilo villa^'o ainl trilic, i..
;i_()-.iii: loca
iii., 171; lai
lion, i., ()(M); nivtli
iii., ()S1;
IV., (>i
aiitiij.
1,
< '<iiiala, laiij;. , iii., ()ii4-."i.
l.a.^uiia .Mora,
•A.-
L
ma ill' Tcri'iinos, v., I'.Hi
Ciiiaiias, aiiiii|., iv.,
is ('ra1a,Lriia>->, South ('aiifoi-
trilic, i., IOJ-*_'_'; location, i.,
4.-|S.
LaiTuncros, North Mexican trilic. i.
ilwinias, Inland Coliiniliian trihe,
1.. -J.V,)-
liicalion.
ill.
ahull-. Ml, Caekcliiiiucl ruler, v.,
■")!I4.
ahull Noll, CakchiiiiK'l ruler, v.,
(i(H).
aliulii|uicli. Manic lonl, v., .V.t.").
aiuione>, i., (iO.X, sec l.ayiiioucs.
ajaiiiiui, llomiiiras. antii|.. iv., 71.
a .lova, vil!a;;('. South California,
i., 4(i().
ajiicliu. South Califoniian trilic, i.,
iOL'-l'-J; locati i., 4.">S.
er, i., 4(i'.l, see 'I'ahoc Lake.
Iii;: I
,aki' Superior, iv. , 77S, 7s;{.
.akes(Seiiiie\tce), Inlaiiil Columliiari
trilie. i., i'.'iO-'.ll; location, i., ."iU.
-akisuiiines, Central Califniuiiiii
trilie. i., ;f(;i-4(»I; loealioii. i.,4.M».
.ainaLji, (Inatcniala trilie, liisl., \,,
."ifil.'
.aiii.ik, (Itiateuiala trilie, hist., \.,
."i4(;.
.anialles, trilie of Chiiiooks, i.. i'l'i!-
■"lO; location, i., .'iO'.t.
.aniani ( l.aniani's). Central Calirnr-
niaii trilic, i., :{(il-4()l; location, i.,
■I."i:!.
.aiaanites, American oriuiii traces,
v.. lis- 1 1(1.
,ainas, t'ciitral Califoniian trilic, i.,
.•{i;i-401; location, i., :U<-2, 41it. iM.
ania
t, .M
iva ilav, 11.
-fi, 7(il>.
'.inavtiin, ii., 7<>-, sec .\nia\tiin
aniliat, 'rzcnilal day, ii
alienee Ift'ro, v., (!(l.').
i(i
Chi-
aniji:
sec ( 'audit
aiiiMii, Ceiiiral Califoniian trihe, i.,
.Slll-Ull ; location, i., {.Xi.
aiices, sec Spears,
aiicets, ii., I7lt, (I'Ol.
aiids, tenure, i., I'.ll, oS;}, 7<l(i; ii.,
•_'j:i-;!(), t4."")-(i', 4(;-_'-:t, cnj-i.
an^lcv, locality, \'aiicoiiver Island,
1.
U7-.S.
.■iiiLcna^'e, ;,'eneral oliscrvat ions, i.
1_'. I,
>; II
.'< ; 111.
viieriiorcans, in.
"ii ;•_'-:{,
.1,1 1 -li.*;
.')74-!)-_';
Coluinliians, i.. .">()4-.'i: iii., ."iirj-tJIM;
( 'ali:'<irnians, iii., ."i(i."i-S, (i:).'")-7'.i; New
.Mc\ic.ins, i., ■"(•JS; iii., .■)(iS-7(l, (iSd-
.'■-•; Mex
leans, ii.. !l|, liKi, ill,
II I; iii.. 74, ."111, 7-':{-.").S; v., .TiJ;
t 'elltial
iii., .")7
A
li., d't."
• 1.
i-:{,
I'll.
nicnc.iiis,
7."ill-'.l.'>; as a
lii.sti
rical
■l-'.ll;
location,
i.. (ill
nieiiiion, i. , o77, <>S.'J, o'.K);
■ial I l.aiitschcir Island, i.. CiO.
iLT., I LaollaLTa, t'ajaca, antiii..
111.
■14.
.apapp
iii., iJM.
■., :!7:t.
Central California, laiiL
704
INDEX.
>ii I'litcni, islet, Soiilli ('aliforniii, i.,
iM-'X
,ii I'iiz, town, Lower California, i.,
(i(i:{-t.
:ij)ii'iie's Ifo'isc Indians, i,, \l(t, sei!
Ta-Kiitli-Kuicliin.
^apotolots, i., ■+.')(), see Sa])ototots.
,:> !"iiciite,loealitv, South Culit'ornia,
i., 4()(t.
>a I'urissinia, locality, iSoulh ("ali-
fornia, i., 4."(8.
aril, i., (i.'i.X 7f!S.
avtielo, inlanil ('olunil)ian tribe, i.,
25()-'.tl; loeatioii
a 1 4.
as I'Mores, vilia^'e. South California,
i.,4(;(>.
a Solciiail Mission, ]an<
(;.")4.
assen's itutte, locality. North Cali-
ifornia, i., 147.
assies, North Californian trihe, i.,
.'V_Vi-(il; loealion, i.,44(); lallJ,^, iii.,
5"..;.
asso, i., VX\, 7-'4
as \'et,'as Uiver, i., 4fl4.
aih o(^ Katun, ii., ~&2, sec Chek oe
Katun.
a 'I'ortULra, I'nehla, antiii., iv,, 4(l.">-(>.
atour-Allard <'olleetiou, Mexii'an
l!('|mlilii', anlii|.. iv., .'itiO.
aw, sei' (iovernnient.
■ Courts, ii,, 44i.'-r>, (i,")(J,
aw
awyers, ii., 444, (i.V».
aviuones ( l.ainioni
L
inoines).
Jiower Californian trihe, i., r»,")l)-7i;
loeat
itiiin. (idli; Ian;,'., in., (1.S7.
i., I(i.'), ISO; ii.. 47;t; iv..
!)4.
.ealher, i., SS. IS.'i, '2'21-H, IMS, .'{.•tl,
4,S-J. r.Dl; ii., 4tl7.
,ea\t's, i., 'Xi\, ;{(iS, .VJl, r>7~; ii., .')74,
7S4. _
.eealMils, ( 'eiilr;
Calif.
irniau trilie.
i., .'{lillitl; location, i.. 4.V_'.
.eclniuilla. niciliciiie. i., ."iS!».
i'
mis, I,, .)'
I.'t,
see l.iiiaues.
iceshti'lo
tiilie of ('liinooks.
'J±-'-."i(l; local! i., ;)ll',».
.Ml
lit:
isipiito waler-spirit, lii.
;ins, i., 'r)S. 4'.'4-'i, 4S-.'-4, .".;tl.
,ey-LMiar.
U, N,
ihiuis, II,, 40/
i';;'s, llv |nrlioreans, i,, H.S; Cohiui-
hians, "i., l.VS. 17(1-7, '-M(>, Um-'t,
i,, i'uU.
2.")t; New Mexii
pciniia Hiver, v,, elia|i. xii
pfucas, (Imitenuila trihe, i, (!Si;-7Il
ha
ocaiion, I., 7!lil;
IV. N
reuderi, locali
lau,','.. 111., 7M.'I.
icaijurua, i,, 7
111*.
icoiia, w.
;ts',l.
ee i.loliaa.
leoii, cit\, Nicaiai':ua, i., 7!l-; antii
iv., ;»'»'(i()-i, hist., v., (fi;.!
T.eoii I'liver, i., 707.
Leprosy, i., ;r>4, 7tt!», 742; ii., .'{40.
Li wire, .Mosijiiito water-siiirit, i.,74|.
Lewis lliver, i., MS, ;{17, 4(i-J; iii
Liain, South Californian trihe, i,,
4()2-'_"2; location, i., J.V.l.
Lianl Kiver. i,, LU-."),
Lihantoue. Central Californiau trihe,
i,, ;f(il-4()l; location, i.. 4.">:!.
Lihertail, Nicaragua, anti'[., iv., ;{;!- 1,
;) (1(».
Liherty, Mississijipi N'alley,
inti<
IV., /.):
8-!».
Lih
usa, species ot veiionioiis li- 1
4()S.
lichen, see
M(
Lichawis, trihe of Chinooks, i., ;
")(•; location, i., ;i07.
Li;,;ht houses, Me.xico, ii,, ,'")ii(;-7;
.")(I7.
Li-htnin;,', i., 588; iii,, 118. .'{lM;
.^■-'l.
Li;;in \\ii, ( 'akchiijiiel nionth
11.. I'i'l,
lean trilic, i.
Li;,Miaces, North .Me\
.">71-'.tl; location, i,. (Ml.
Lilloet, locality, itriiish ( 'oliimliia;
Ian;,',, iii,, (il.'t.
Lime, i., o77, (i2(!, (!,"),'(; ii., i\')C>, ."i.'S
-)81,
784.
cm.
see Ijavinoiies.
lishiii'', i,, 104; ii.
I.iii;;liaiii. I'hallic-W(
iiship. 111., r>M|
Liniooh, name for Santa < rii/ island,
1,, lOJ
Liiili
i,. .•<!(), s, . Isl
S'licataii, antii
jiassim
Cli
e (le I lerrc'
..8-
lapas, ,'ii)lii|,, i\
:fOL>, . •!.")! -•-'. .'{(iO; Oajaca, aiiti.p, iv .
S!I8, 404; ( '(dorado, 'ani iip, iv., 7-'-';
I'erii, anlii|,, iv., SO,'!.
Liidiaa (Leoha, Liiihii, Liiiva, Lyohi,
Lyohaa, N'cdiaa, N'opaa), hiime I'ur
.\!;ila, Oajacji, aiitiip, iv., ;'S!t,
Lion, food and dress,
4!»1. (its.
7(>1-L>.
ion-snake
Miztr
111, iii.. 71.
Lip.iiies (Ipandes, Lee I'anis. I.ipa-
jeniie. I.ipaiis), trihe of ..|iaclics.
.)•_'(); location,
474. .V.l,'i-4;
special meiitioii, i., 47'.', 4',i."i; laii,L.'.
iii,, ."id;), rm.
Lip-ornaments, II vjierhoreans, i,, 17
8, 7'J, 88, ilS-lOO; m!,. .'iSI; Collim
h
I,. loS-l),
M.
eai's. i.. ,m',I; .Me.v'eans. i,, (IJ.'i; Ii..
:i07, .■!7l!-.'l, 'Mt'r. iii., •-'■IS. :is7! Ci'ii-
tr.il .\
7ol; ii.
nil" ii'aiis, I,
(i;il, 7i:
!l-'.'.
INDEX.
ro5
Lips, Moxirans, i., 010. (i47; ('ciitiar F-up;,' \';ill('y,
4fi0,
uiicniaiis,
(i8H, 714-1.').
I. ilia, localilv, Nicaiii;.;iii
I, 1.,
'.••2.
l^iMaiiiiatii, Soiitii ('alifi>niiaii tiiln
i.. 4(IJ--_'U'; iDcatimi, i., 4.').S.
F^isliiis, i., 4."i(l, sec Sisliiis.
Lisi<'lii. Sdutii Califiiniiaii trilic, i
l.tMPiiiis i., •_'()!!, si'f I.iinniiis.
I,<>(iiiiiieii''s. Cfiilral ( 'i'.iifiinii.ui
trilii,', i.. '{(!l-4(ll; lucjilicni, i., 4."i(i.
Looms, i., Um, l!)|, -JI.-i-K;. .")()•_•-:!,
I,
.■)44, ")S-_', (;{(), 7-_>4, 7<;(
Noit'i (•
/IHl-i.
lii'oi'iiiaii ti'ilic. i.
4()-J-'_'-_'; lo.atioi
4.")!).
:t--M;-(!l: lo.itioii. i., 44."
Lilliodt'iiilroii Cri^ek, Ai'ixoiiu, aiitiit., i ojiillMinillo-i liaij
-). Cciiti;!
(i44.
Litter, ii., 180, G0()-7, C,-2i), iV.ir,, (141
7()'2.
Little Colorado Mountains, i.. 4iv7
('alit'oiiii'in ti'ilie, i., :<(;]-4(il
tioii, !., 4."il.
Lo]islati!iines, Centra! ( 'aliforniiin
tril.;-, i., ;{(;i-4(ll; loiatioii. i., 4.i(!.
Little (irass Valley, Calil'oriiia, Loi|iianii>li. tril f Soiinil Iiidiai
antii
|., IV., /(»/.
•.'(IS--_'--*: lo<-ati i., :!(l!.
Little .Miami Uiver, ]\Iississi|piii \'al- Ln(|Milts, inlaml Cohimliiaii trilie, i.
ev, .•mtii
Little Salt Lake \'
iiinli.'i.
7(i4. j -i.")!)-;)!; loeati !., ."U I.
illey, i., 4().S. I Loren/o, vili. ;;;(•, Soiitii California,
.'t.SK, .see Lioliaa. I i. , 4.")S.
Livan;celira, Central Californian ; Loreto, \ illa;;e. Lower Calil'oriii
trilie, i., .•t(;i-4(»l; loeation, i., 4.V1.
J,i\an;;('l\.i, Central Califoniian triin
Li
i., ;{(il-4(ll; li
x\is l!i\(r, V.
It ion, i., 4."i;i
(ill,
Tm", (i(K{-4; l.ui;.',, iii., <;S7.
Los Alamos, \illii;e, Sonora, i.. (!(>7
L
\iila;:e a.ul eoiint
All-el. s,
Sontli Calif-
i., 4(l'.'-
4, 4(»7. 4l)".l, 41 1, 4l'(I. 4(i(l; mvtli
iriiia, Irilies ilescriln'i
^|le^ial mention, i.
iii., H4;
111:
liitli
Liyi'ies, Lower Califoniian tril'i
'r>:>r,-~\; lam,'., iii., (),s7-'.i:i.
lazanls. i., 40."), 4'.'.S. 488, .').•};»,
ii., .">'.)'.>, (l(l-J; iii., !■_",».
Jdaneios, triln- of .\|ia<'lies, i.,
.")•_'(>; loe.itioM, i., 474, ."I'Xt.
Llan.p lie la I'nlehra, i., 788, sec- Los Polores, \ ill,i';('. Soiiir
(If I,"
town, I'lielda, i., (i7l.
47.'i- Los Crnees, villaL;e, Sontli ('alitor
Ilia,
I., 4.V.I.
llermiia.
-lae.Klo, 1.
it I.
Llaii
Llatil, iiiea li
Jjoeeiie^.( Inateliiala tl ihe, i., (I8(i-7I 1 1
k;.
I. I., I'M
Los I'lililieios, name of (liiemaii.i
/ai;it(
antii
IV., .)S(I.
laii,^'.. iii., 7(>l.
Loi'li. iiiii
•hief,
'tM.
Los Lli
C.ilif.
Lost lliver, i., .'!■.:
I.oloteii, i,, ;!_'7. see I!
('anaila, loealitv, Soiiil
riiia, i., 4."iS.
4 i:i
l!i\er III
Loi'kloiiiiiees, i., 4.")(), see .Soekliim- dialis.
lies. I Loiielieiix, i.
Loeki|iialillas, i., 'i'.Ki, see Laeki|iirli- ! eliiii.
I)
eudi 111
Kul-
1.
lioeolio. Central Califoniian trili
.'{CI 1(11 ; l>eation, i,, 4,".4.
Loiieilla, loealily, < 'I'lilral ( 'aliforiiia,
i.. 4.-|.">.
[.■iii;ililioronj:irs Cliannel. i., i'.il.
ioeidloiiiijlos. Central Califoi-iiiaii Louisiana, .M ississi|i|ii \alley, ant i
tril
:{ill-4(»l; lo<atioii, i., 4.
IV., (
loeiisl^, laiiiilic eai
ised
(iill. ' 1.
(14.
lie, Mississililii N'allc
anti
Lod;
Lo;^'\
1)
M
\vel!Mi,L;s
i\ a eoinmeree, i . (■ >^.
Lower ( alil'ornia, i.
i.".(l-7l •".•.'!-■-',
I.10J0S .\ouiii, South ( 'alifoiiiian 11 ilie, (i(i;t-4; aiitii|.. i\..(l(ll-
L
i., Wl-:!.:^
■t \\
at loll, I., l.'i'.i.
Ili(
lail, (.liiiehe ollicial, 11
(111.
Lolniel <,>llellliav, Chliclie otlii
Lower < aliforiiiaiis, one of il.e fov.r
families iiilo wliieli tlie New Me\-
ii'jiiis are divided. .Manners and
d
eiistonis ot all its nations ai
(141.
Lol.
Ceiilr.il
Cal
iiornian 1
tril
71: 111
les oesi
rilied to^ellier.
trilie. i,. .•till-ldl; location, i., 41
liliy-<li|iie, I N; dress
.i..(;
, i.
"18 11; ilwellin;.;s i,, .V)!l-(1(1; food,
lid w;
Loiiiiior I l.oiniioe). South ( aliforiiiaii i i., odO-'J; weapons and war, i.,."i'
trilie. i.. lO'J-'J'J; location, i., 4.-iS-',). 1 It; iiii|ilciiients and maiiiif.i 4111-1
Lon;itoiiuiii liilll's, trihe of Chinooks, I i.
i., 'Jli'.*-.')!); location.
Vol. v. -l.-i
•M).
."id.'l; lioal- and |iro|ii rty, i
"tC.'t-l; art, 1.
joxcrniiieiil, 1.
miM
■»'!,! I
706
INDEX.
adl-,"
iiiania.re ami woin
KMi. i., ' ]\roxicaii tritie, i.. (!17-!4: lo.Mti
r)i!.")-(i; aiinisciiii'iits, i., .)()()-S, iiK'
iciiH',
.1-
1., (i/(>; .special
IIUIIIIKI', 1,, (iJ-J.
r>(iS-<l; burial, i.. r>(i'.»-7>»; Macat (Mazat), Nifaiaj,'u.:. ;,'i>(l. ii
iliaiacttT, I.
70-1;
iicatiiiii, I.
4'.>il
"i()-7, <ilK!-l; iiiytli., iii., 8;!-4; laii;;., Maialaxtli, Ni,I;<iii init-sl's dr
ill., .")(!s, (;s(;-!t;{.
Lower Klaiiialii Naki'
I
ipucr Siaiiu ( ivcl
I.
, :V27, 44;{.
M
.Mi
iii., ;!:{."i
ICUW ^
i., 17(>. SCI- < la.sM t>
alma tcnn tnr iil
,i)\\ cr
\'iikon. i., I l(i,
iii'iaiis, II.
o\\ ( ia|i, liica
i., 411), 4.-.I.
lilv, Ci'iitral California,
Lowliiiiis, Inland ('oluniMan trilu",
i., '-V)i)-!»1; l.icatidii, i., .•{17.
I,iica\asta, ( 'I'litral Califoiiiian trilxv
i., .'>l'>l-401; Idiatioii, i., 4.'i."i.
LiU'ha.siiii, ( I'litral Caliloniiaii tiilic,
i., ;ii;i-40l:
Luckasii.s ( Liiikkar
M.K
mil liivcr, ( (iloiailn. aiiiKi., i\.
rJ7-:ii.
i;
McC
.MrC
707.
.Ma<lii'ti\ Ct'iitr;
l\rr. I.
il\ ;ii'\ s, ( 'aliiiii'iiia, aiiti
I].. 1
liicriiaii <'|i,i{
illltc, I., <l.l,)-ll, ll'.),
iiiiiii, i. . 4,")4.
ii'iiiks, 1., 'J'.'iJ
.)(l;
^.). tnl
'ii'aijoii, i.
.f < 'll
llliioKs, 1., •_'!"_'-
Lucklniis, (rilio of ( ll
."•II; loi'alioii, i.. .'1117.
LiU'iiviiiiiii, .Soiitli (alifoniiaii tril
Maik
irilic,
;iii(pliiis. Nipiih ( aliforiiiai
,TJl')-f;i: loiatjon, i., \\'2.
Maikcii/ii' i;i\or, i.
4-J, 4.")-(i, i:;s.
141. 14(!.
i., 4(12-1;
atioii. I., 4.'>',).
Mi
.Ml
i .M:
iriiil
Ian 1
;i\<'r,
Ian-.
111.
iii'ataii, am ii|., iv.
tril 11
Lu;;ii|is. .'^oiitli ('alifori
-i(»_'-JL'; location, i.. 4.V.I.
Lniaiicu;liia. ( 'ciilral Ciililorniaii trilu
i., .'11)1-401; location, i., 4."t:>.
IV.
, -M
r(;s.
ISS1N>II.| I
allcv, aiiti(
ICON aliiiis, 1.. (1(17. sec ( 'iKv
loiin
nil, ( I'litral < 'alii'oriiiaii li
I.iiiili
Central Calii'ornian trilic, i Maciialinitl, ii
;{(;i-4(il; location, i.. 4."
:i. Mv Ml
i., .■{iil-4(tl ; location, i.. 4.");{.
Lnijta, .Soiitli Caliloniiaii trilii
4ll.'-'J-J
iiiva. iv.
location, i., i'l'.l
.M
M;
iciic\luiacaii, cit\.
.M.
^tli. Nail
Ilia jiiccioii
.SS<»,
Lioh
;fm.
-tone.-,
n|anisi
lissilac, !~;oMtli Calii'in-nian I .Maciiilai'iitltecnlilli, 'i'eo-('
IICllllllCC
tril
le. I., 4()L' :•.
> 'alioii, 1., 4 ",!t.
rhief,
4s;i,
i.iilaniia (Siilaniial, tri'ie of llaiilak", .Maciiilnialinat/iii, Me\iiaii jii
Lni
I.Vi-74;
l!i\
It ion. i.. •-".•!.
4."^i.">, ."iil.'i.
MaciiiKoclii(|iu't/alli, name ot' ('
i,ni!iiiii-i (I,ooiiii>i, iiilie of Sonnd cliilinitlecm', iii., ;{ri7. 1(17
lihU
•-'IIS,
•-Mil,
•-'(IS-
local
ion, 1.
'i;il iiieiitioii, i., '-MO.
aii.u'., iii.. <il.").
M
M
iciniNoiiii
ll, Ni
<l,
ii., ;>iiO;
ICIlllMIChll
■il\. (lajaca. v.
Liiper alia. Naliiia festi ,al. ii.. .'iiiS. Mailisoti. .M issi--.si]i|ji \
i:ic\, aiiiiii
I.ii|i.lo uis, i., 4."il. see l,o]iillaiiiiilos
7(i4.
I.uriii \'alle\. Pern, antio., i\ ., 7llii-7. ' Madison liav, i., .'iiU
l.ii! uaiiiis, i., 411. see Klainatli
J.nii|iscli, Sonlli Califoiiiian tri'
Madoc (Madawc), a Welsh inincc.
40;1
iocalioii. i., 4."i',l.
T, villi Canal, i.. ill!, KWM, 14^_'.
l/yol.a ilAol.aa), ii.. •-»0!>; iv., ;kSi).
u
M.ic, Ma\,i inoiilli. ii,,(!;tl, 7''>7->'^.
.Ma'Miia (Maciialinitl). Naliiia sword.
.Mi
ii\cr, I.
iinu',
i',i;t. (ifj.
•Mil, I.M;
.Maudaleiiii, loealilv. Soiioiii ainl
tialisco, !., (!()(), (17'-; < »ii,iiica, an-
tn
I'lilalelii
;{7^-'.
Ilav, i., tlOlit.
1,, 4;i;i, (.'.•..">: II,. Kill. 74;i.
>!
liiciiiiootounys, Ndrtli Califoniiiin
trilie. i., ,'VJi!-(ll : lociiiion, i,, ■({•J.
Miiciioiii|iie/ (.Miie(iiii|ne/i, Central
M ,
Ma;.'ellin(es ( MauiiL;iiiiiileii. Miiuiniii-
teli. Mii',:iiiiiileiil, tiilie of Koiii-
a-iis. i.,'(!;i'.S7; location, i., 7il, 1 10.
Ia;:,i'.o|s, as food, i., iVi, (J'.Ct.
lie^iciiins, .see Sorcerers.
liiuniinteii, i.. 140, see Ma,:.'eniiites.
lil;.;ot. specii's of lii'i', i., .'■i7!l.
lii;;iiiiei(le, nieiiiciiial lierk, i.. .■■K"^'>.
IXDIiX.
707
Ma.u'uoy (Au'ovn!. i., ■J'^S-O. .'17, .".V.l-
li;!'.! |pa^:^iin: ii., 'Ml. 'A'>~ -Cui jia---
siiii, 4.VK (ioit, 7-1. 7'-'7, 7.VJ.
Maunii:ii|tiis, Niiitli Mrxiiaii tiil)e, i.,
ri7l-'.tl; lociiliiiii. i.. (iO'.l.
.Maliakli, Ali'iil •'.ulilc^s, iii., 101,
Mall
lie, >]ii'cii's (it tivc,
r-'t,
r<nt, 7<it>.
Mall
M
.>''aiiv
boats
(mS, ()!»;), 7:.'.").
M
iliijiiiuald, a Caki'liiinu'l cliiff, v.
■)(i().
iliiiaiiK's, Xoitli Mcxiian trihe, i.
'I-'.II; lorali
.Malniciilaii | .MaiUdtali I, (.iiiicli'' tiiin
(Tcalcil mail, iii., 41
a (liviiu' iiiT-
sKii. iir
U'.t, .■).")•_'■(;, .")(;t;
hi-h-I'iiot, v., LSI, Mil
■),S1-
MaicoiiiTas, Ncntli .Mi'\iraii tr
.")71-'.M; locali i., (il I.
Mai/, citv. San l.iii> I'oliisi, i
(17;i:
Ml
IIIL
111.
■4--
liz.'. I., 4;«». 4S'.i. ('.;i;j
7()f!, 7i!»,
.S'.t,
<S-WK
ii., I I."). ;ii;!, .•{47-
,'>(), ;{.")4-.'), (Il'.i, t!7'.>, 7ni.>;{, 7lii,
!i;
M,
•JK, 7-';{, 7;i7; iii.. -Ml, :i-2.\ :U\),
;i"..S-(i;i, 404; < .. l'.«-4.
iwcr ('alildniiaii tuiiilh
IIIlK
I. I.
)ii, i., .">i>4.
Majilii'ii, l.iiwiT ( 'aliliiriiian til'ili
scasiiii, i., .■)ii4.
Maiiiliciiiiiaaii, Lower ( 'alil'oniian
sixtli season, i., o(i4.
Makalis, i.. ;!(••-', see Classi'ts.
M
M
M
M
ikal.iv
Tniiilv l;i\ti- hiiliaiis' evil
siiirit. 111.
il>
ikoiiiiis, ( 'ciilral
Calit.
niiaii Inlif,
i., :tiii-40l; localioii, i., I I'.t.
iikiis('liiiisko|a, ti'ilM
S7-'.>4: loial
iliiLriii'idM
Ion. 1.,
i.Malali
141.
)t' .MiMits, i,
0. Nortl
.Mexican tiilic, i., ."i71-'.M ; loralioii,
i., (il.'i,
Makiii
.Makiii
/ill .
id^. i.. til".
null pniiri', V.
.Ml
au'iiccos
Malaliiii's, .Siiiiili ( aliioi'iii.'in Irilic, i., I
■lO-'-:
llloll, 1.. -I.")'.).
Iiai'cs, iii,, (!4(),
<,»ni.l
I,' w iijout'i'. II., SII'J.
Ml
.Ml
Malt'iiilkijii!
ii., Olio.
.Malcnnitcs i Maici'iiiiinti'ii, Maliiiiii-
^lIlMll
I. of M.
tciil, Irilic o
loi'iilioii, i.
inciilioii, i.,
I' Koaiauas, i., 70 s7
70. 1,'iS, 141; ^|u■c■i
■|, 7:i, 77-.S. HI; laii'
III., ■>
HO,
Miilico. Soiilli ( 'aliliiiiiiaii tiilic.
M,
40.>-_'.';
llik (!>'
at ion, 1., |.">!l.
Kin. .Ma\a ilauii, ii
Malila. localilv, .Mcxiio, i., ()7.").
Jaliiniiton, i., Ill, .soo Maleniutr:
laiinaleas
Nal
lima nation, i., til'
441; ii., I.T!-li-.';i; nanic, ii., l--'7 S;
liist.. v., :{07-10.
lalinalco, lowii anil iiroviiict!, Mi-x-
iro, i., (i77; aiitiii., iv., ■504; \uM.,
.•{|o, :!-';), ;!_'.s.
laliiialii, Naliiia ilav.
rA-2, fiK;-
(1 of 'ria(iii|iiiaiilu'o, v.,4t')l.
laliiiaixotliitl, Cliiciiinu'c )irinfi'ss,
\. .'il*.'); Azti'c |iriiii'c^s, v., ;{"J7-.S.
lalinciic. sec ('crrodc la .Malinclio.
laliiniu'rios. North .Mexican trilie,
i.. ."i7l-!M; localioii, i.. (!i;t.
laliet.^, !., KSO, •_•:]
laliiii. Central Calif
.Si;i-40l; local
70-1.
oriiian tribe.
loll, 1. , 4.54.
lis
lallese Cross, iv., -t,Sl, 4!IS;
Cros.
lahaitac. Central Californiaii tribe
i., ,St;i-40l; location, i.. 4."'p:t.
lanialiioa/lli, a eoiistcllalion, iii.
aiiialiliiiasco.
A
coiiiiia lo
nlsb
laiiKi-lil-a-cnlla
iM
inialilai'iila,
.Mariiialiilacallai, tril f Nooikas,
4--.'0S; |oc;Hlnli, I.
,11, 'J'Xiii
lainaincbic, name for Ci>\a Manni
Oella, v., 40.
laina Oello, i'ernvian j,'oil,less, iii.,
•-'i;!i.
iiiiat la\ icoa.
N
ilina L'ame, ii., ;i,'U.
lania/orras, Noitii .Mexican tribe, i.
'I-OI; location, i., (11 1.
.M
li;{0-SO{;
IIIUV
i\a nation, i,, (i,s7-7I I ; ii.
ocatioii anil iiaiii
ii., I'-'S;
e. 1.,
.III;,'-., iii.. 7iin-l. 7ii<>-7;
-■_', ."i.").'). .")(i:t. ."(tic, ,")(;;»,
lli.st., v.,
.■)70-7. ri,s.">, .v.H, :i'xi :>'X>.
lanilicni, Otoiiii Citv. \., 'Jt:).
iinilcs, .Mirlli
.M
exicaii liihe,
■|-'.l| ; location, i,. OlO
laiiiiiits. tribe of (liiiiooks, i., '.'■J
,"iO; location, i.. .■ton.
laniiim. Inkiinl (djnnibiaii tril
fooil, i., •_'ii,"i.
lam \'oc, name of Maiiies. i.. 7S7
laiiauna. city. Nicaraum
1,111. una Lake, i., 701
;i-.'; v., lil.T
iiati'e, a sea-cow , i.
lll.'t.
mill
'.I 'JO.
L
laiia/.i<|ile|iet, < iliateinalan trilii
tiSI)
atioii, I,, 7^<0.
Linciies. tliiateinala trilie. i.. (iSCi-
711; localioii, i,, (i.S'J, (1S7; sjieciaJ
iiienlioii, i., 710; iiiyili., iii., IS'J.
lancliik.i, t.hiecM ot Slieronio;;ii!ii,
4fi
llico, V.
Hi,
.Man
!
'» ill
ro8
INDEX.
Blanco f'ii;in'', rcnivian ;,'(h1, iii.,
•_'i;!l; \., 4(i.
-■Miiudaiis. iiaiix; "iveii locarlv WcK'li
.M
■i)lmii>ts.
ludiiinDs,
747-8,1
v., IIS.
triix; of Istlniiiaiis, i.
oi'atKiii, I.
1)7
UlClltllHl, 1., 7")-
7cS4.
sp,
Marcasitc, used for paintiii;;, ii., .'?_'
iii., .'{(i(t-l.
Mar (Ic CoiU's, sec ("alifoniia <lii]t".
M
ijita, a spiu'iL'H ot miller;
iriri
47.S, 4.S(».
i\laiiilii)c', .Mosi|uiti)s, I'dod, i., 7-1.
.Mari'MU's, 1., wil-
ful' Na;,'ar-
Maii'.,'!! (.Maiicii), liist Iiica (if Peru,
v.. 4(i.
IM.ini, citv, Yucatan, ii., (i!)'J-70(): an-
ti.l., iv., •_'•.'(): v., (i:{4.
liaiii, lloiiiliiras, anti
liU, M
Mi
Mi
Mainialiuli, /iilu;:il l<ii
i\li
i|., IV
71.
i\a (lav, II., 7'")">-(), 7IHI.
.,r)S()-
iikct's
li, V
iicalaii. antKi., iv.
iiiiiawinisul, triiic of NootUa.s
I74-_'()S; local lull, i., 2!).").
I\l;
lilt, ti
of NootUas, i., 174-
•JOS; location, i., •_".).").
Maiios I'rictas, North Mexican trilie,
i., r»7l-'.tl; locati i., fill.
^laiiovajia (.Maiiowap.i), 'I'arasco j;o(l,
iii. , 4K!; v., ."il7.
IMaiitles, i,, (1;10. mi 7'>\: ii., 3(i4,
. :!74-r), iiKi. (;ii4-."), ci,"). (iis,
727-.S; iii., iKi, t->:{.
;i(
M
iiiiilactnri
(Sit, 107
Ih
\ iierlniicaiis, i.
^Il); I 'oliiiiiliiaiis, i,. Hit 7
l!til-l. •Jlo-lil; Caliioniians, i.,:U."
;{SI--_', I(I7-S;
N(
.M(
Marh
trilie of Cliiiiooks, i., '_'•_':-'-
50; location, i., .'{0,").
.Mariiiios (.Mariliiclioa), ('iiateniala
trihe, i., (W(i-71l; location, i., 7'.il.
Maricopa Copper Mine, i., ."I'JS. (;oi.
.Ml
iricopas (( oconiancopa.'-
in
triiM
it
i'lU'iilos, i., iVJ()-,"i(i; loialidii, i.,
")■_'(», (id-'; special inenlioii, i., .">.'iO,
r>I5,S-4, .")4 1, .")47-">:{, Ti.M-ti; iiiyili.,
iii., I.'il. .VJ7; laiij;., iii., (ks4(i.
Marico|ia Wells, i., ()<)•_'.
.Marietta, .Mississippi N'aliev, antii|.,
iv. , 7*)7.
Mari^'iiana, a narcotic lierh, i., ("!!!.
nil tiiiic.
Mari-u
MeNi(
:i-!ll
.NortI
ication, i., til.'t.
Mariiiilia, a musical instrument, i.
(id I, :o."). 7:i>s.
Marin (omit v. Cal., i., :»!.% 4.V_>.
M
M:
iripeiiiia, a mc'iiciiial plant, ii., o'.
isa Coiiiitv, California, aiilii
707
Maikel-
1.
700; ii., .S7S, .*J8:!-(), 4 lo
.■)t;4-,S, (i4i;, 7.'<()-7; v., 4-Jl.
Marklaiid, iocalit\
loitli-east coM-l.
.t .\
iiierica, v.,
107
.ManiialiiliKalla, i., I'll,'), see M
ima-
r)4l, .■>(;;(; Mexicans, i., (i;{0. ().">7;
ii., ;tst, 474-'.tl; Central .Vmericans,
!., (litS-ll, 7-1, 7(i(i
M-
iii/.a
nilla,
iiseil
as pi
III a-cnila
.Mair
ia;^e
llyi
lerlioreans.
i., (IC. SI :{.
li-J, lion, 117, I •-'.•!. I -'7, l.ioi;
( 'idiimliiaiis.
l(;iS-70, I'."-, I'.lo S,
.Man/anillos (San Itlas Indians), tiilx'
if 1st
imiaiis, 1.
747 -N.");
location.
i., "'.Hi; spei iai meiil ion. i., 7").'{. 7H4.
IMaii/anita, Noilli California, food.
Ml
M.'
.M;
i.. .•tlO.
• il.M.
\'era ( rii/, aiitii|., iv., 4.")."i
pimi, see Ho, son t
lis. i., ()S, Ki.'i, •_•;!'.»,
de Ml
ii., '-'i-U,
!S0, ;iS«, 421, 4t:{, 4S7-S; i\
.'.s;i, 7 IS !)
.Mapiilcauas, North Mexican trihe,
I., .")7i-!M; location, i., iWA.
Mai|ii(dMoleers, North Californian
tiiiie, i., ,H-Ji;-(il ; local ion, i., 44:{.
.Mai|iiiapemes, Norlh .Mexican trihe,
M
.M
i., .■i7l-!ll; location, i., (il2.
aran, ii., (i
I'c ( 'hill.
irani. Inland Coiuiiihian trihe
food, i., '2(<'i.
Maraxcres, Ceiifral .Mexican trihe
i.. (117-44: location, i., (i7~.
•_'IS, •H\-2; Californian
:WS'.t|, 4IO-f_', 4;i(i-7;
Mil-.") I,
Me.xi-
.Mexi
i.,.")ll-l."
cans.
)I7-'.I, .-)fJ.')-(l. .")S4()
().■{•.', (')(il-:i; 11.
ii-di;
■It-', d-.'S; Central .\me
ricans, i
70-'-4,
!t-:u,
72-4; ii,, (112, (i,-)l,
()(i4-7,"), 71 1 ; iii., 47;{,
Martilpar. i., '-'".I,"), .see Miirlilpar
.M.iitine/, North .Mexican tiih
.")7l!n; location, i., (iili.
Marl
\uv/.. Calitorma, aiitu
Marline/ Point, i., ;f(il,
Martin Lake, i., 144.
1.. n., .
.M;
irv Uivcr,
4(1:
Imiilioliii
(I! I
I'iver.
Masiieataii, villa<;e, (inateiiiala, i.,
7S7,
Ma-a;j;iieve, Moi|iii viliaiic i,, ,")2S.
.Masalia MaLroons. ( Masailama^ooiis),
( eiitial Caliloriiiaii trihe, i., ."{HI -
401; localion,
di:i.
4ltl; h
Ml
i., (101, ^^ee Mos/.iisiiii\ i.
.Miisat/in, Cliicliimcc Uii
M.
ix;)::x.
lOd
Mil'^llVM,
ClIV
iv.,
-N I ■rir:t*ii;i, i.
is'li.il, Suiilli ( 'alil'iinii.iii trilir, i.
4: )_'-•_'•-»; I.
at mil, 1., l.'i".*.
M
M
Masks, llyiif-rlMircaiis, i., !i:!, <.I7, KM:
iii., I t."i,' US; ('i,liiiiiliiaiis, i., l.V.l,
171), ISI, ISd, IIU; Calil'driiiaiis, i..
islaca, Vlll.lv'c, SoiiiPl;i, 1., ('>(t7
.•?!!;{; N.
-M
(.'xicMiis, 1., .");{2, .V)(i-l
M
cxiiaiis, 1.. (;;!(»; ii.
Ill, .'SI I,
;ui, -isd, iSL', 4!io, (i():{, (iod, (ijii;
iii., •Js;», t»<.»,-i. .sn, ;{s.'). :!',i(»--_'. :{;>i-.");
iuilii|., iv., 47!', •i\)'), .■)."(()-'.); Cc'iilial
kiiii'ni'aiiM, 11.
•i:{,
,.0:
aiilii
IV., (!'
':m\
Masdiialis, Niirtli ( 'alifmniaii tiilic.
M
i., .'i-'ii (il ; locatiini, i., 4i;i.
Mi
isoii s I'laiitatioii, .Missi->siji|n \ al-
loy, until
issct^
(tiS.
■ttas, Masscttcs, Mas-
•tts, Massifs, .Mosciicsl, trili(! <.f
iMalis, 1.
"', --".fJ.
I.-M-74; 1
ih'aliiiii, I.
Masiaiiiliii, Mipjavc j,'i)(l, iii., 17").
Mastair, Maya ilrcss, ii., 7-_'(i.
Matai'.iMli, Naliiia ariiilrls, ii., ;{!».">-('..
Malaliiiav, Sdiilli ( 'alil'niniaii \ illa^;'!'.
i., l.iS.'
iMatal.iiu's, ('('iitial ( 'alit'cuiiiaii t rilic,
i., :i(;i-4l)l ; lucaliciii, i., 4.'i:!-l; Ian-.,
iii., •:,,•_'.
:Matalulitli,' Naliiia drink, ii., ;t.V.).
:\lat!
iMatcli
i|ii', \illa;^(', Siiiiiiia, i., lilll!-7
(.Miclilaits, .Miirhlalit)
trilii' (if Ndidkas, i., 174-'J(IS; lora
tiiiii, i., 'J'.l.l
Mat
1 hi'iiiiii's.
('riitial ( 'alifiiini.in
triiic, 1., :{(;i-i()i;
It inn, i., 4.1(1:
iii.ir. , III., <)4'.t.
MiilcliPNs, !iili
N.M.tl
•JItS;
liii'ation, I., '.".lii
Mat
cniri'all
Nal
ilnia
lirarliiaN, ii.
40 k
Matcxil ( Matlu.wclial, Mui.ivc m-(m|
III.
.), .»•_'(;.
.Mallilannli
."ton.
Mai
Mat
niwclia. iii., II
iarcs, Nillaui'. '
■!• Mnlli
Malrvil.
I ii'ai'a;.;iia. i.
Matililia (M.'ililJijai. Smiili ('alil'ur
niall llilir. i., idj •.'■_';
J.V.I.
Matlai'i'oall, 'I'oltt'c kiii''.
atioii, I.
L'Dii
MatlaiMMhitl,
ami 'rc/ralli|i
iMatlali'iarallan, slat inn.
iiaiiic lor liiii'iiiai
•J(i
.'sr.
.\/.i(
I'lalinii, V,
;;t.
Matlali'iii\ic>, niiiiic fur ( 'hali'liilniit-
iii'Mi', iii., :i()7; 'i'iasrala li('i;;lits,
v., 'm-'y
.Matlal I'.iai', Xaliiia female saerilii-e,
ill.. Ill.'i.
.Matlalt/incas ( M;illalt/.iin lii). N.-.liii.i,
iialii)ii, i., (;17-JI; ii-, KiiMi-".!; -fe-
cial nieiitiun, i., (i'i"-'; ii.,411; Ima-
tiiiii aiiil name, i., r)77; ii.. 1-"^;
■47S;
■,2:t- 1.
iiivlli.. 111., 4-Ki'
an;;., in.
liist., v., :{(»7-l(l, 4:!^'-.',, .-|(),
latlalt/iiM'ii. nrovime i
I .M.
(;,(•>
4:!-'-."., 47
lallaliir.i, \ira < riiz, anti'|., i\
44.-).
lallalxiliiiitl. a llnwcr useil for i!y(
ii.; 4S(;.
lall
l/aliiiall,
'lire, i., (i.'iS.
a speeies nf ]i
lat latlilinit/in, .McNiean kin;j, \.,
4!i'J-:i.
latla/aluia, i., ()74, see Ma/alma--,
latliise, NiMilka s|iirit, iii., I."»l.
latoles, iii.. (;4;{, see .Matloles,
iatniiiey Ki roiiins, Central t'aii-
fiirni.in Irilie, i., ;{tll-4(l!; Ineati'ia
iiiu name
i., ;tr.--', 448.
.Mats. II
viieriHireaiis,
i., !tl, 1(17: <■
Inniliiaiis, i., lt;il-.'{, \M
'X Is I,
1S7. HM», --'111'-', •-'•-•0, -J.Sl, -SM:
-HI, •_'7<)-l; Calilovnians, i.. :i:i(;
:{i."
.M.
.MexiiMiis, i.
i., (\-2i, (w(l
:>,.>. .i.s'j
;{(;i, .•tsd, 44(t, .■)7-', (l-'l; iii.
4IIL'; Central .\
IV.
(;'.I7-!I, 72 1, 74.1
merieans. i.
7tl('i; 11., ()(i',l,
M.itt.ile Creek, i., 417.
.Maltciles (Matnles), Central Calin
man irilie,
:{(ll-4'll; It.cali'
447
Ian
invtli.. 111., si;
. iii., (i4;{.
It, 11;
Mat/almas, i., (171, see Ma/aliiia'-.
Mat/.u|iel/lli, Naliiia lilaerlel-, ii.,
4(14.
Mauetilall, see Malllieiitall.
Maiiuii.i, .Sdiiili Califiirnian tri'ie, i.,
|ill'--2-'; Inratioii, i., 4(;o.
Maiiliemi, i., .Tid. see .Mciw-wce-mas.
lawisii
i.. L'st.
II. Ne/I"
rees s|iini III lat ii^in
.Max, a speeies ul leal in \ inalaii,
ii., 7.'<7.
M.ixateeaz. N'alina maskers, iii.. 4'.'!l.
Maxeaiui, N'malan, anlii|.. i\ ., 'Ji.'.'.
.1X111.
■I'.ill
ee iilleeli, \,
M,
M\eal/,iii, (I'litehil
.vi:i.
Maxll
epaiiee iirinee. ale
tt Cii\ iiliiiaean.
.ir
;i7;t. ;i.si.'.tk
4'.l'.l; Inr.l iif I'lael , \,, 4:{'.t.
Mavllat/in, a 'Inltee imlile, \.,
•-'.s;{-4.
m !,i
■]o
INDEX.
Maxtli, Nuhua <lros.s, ii., lU, .*];).")-(;, I Ma/at, iii., 102. sec Marat.
(iKS, 7'_'(i->S.
Mayai'Diiias (Mayacma.s), Central
('aliti>niiaii trilx', i,
tion, i., 'M>:i, 4,")l-'2.
.■J(J1-401; Idca-
Mi
ivajiaii, ancient name and ('a|ii
ital
of Yucatan, i. , (i4r); ii., (i,S2-7, <i.'>4;
aiitici., iv., 24(t-:{, MS, 274-r>. •21::
hist., v.. i.j!t, -iLU-T, ()!">, (JlS-l'.t,
(iL'-_'-.'{, ()2t;. (!•_".»-:{!.
Maya nations, manners and eustoms
descrilied, i., (i4r>-747; ii., (ii^O-SOli;
j^overnment, )>n)|icity, eti'., ii.. (i.'VJ-
tiO; ediu'ati.m, ii., (i(il-4; nuirrtaLie,
women, etc.
(itU-fSCi; toi
718-L*.">; dress, ii.
weapons, etc., ii., 740-7
d
?2ii-:H; war.
imiile-
■4S-
nonls and manulaetures, ii.
iVJ; art, ii., 7">.'<-S-i: dwellin.us, eti
ii., 7>S;t-'.»4; medicine and supcrsti
tions, ii., 7!'4-8; Imrial. i
I"
iis-sdl
]iliysniue, U., 802; cliarai'ter, il..
8(»;{; location, i., (;4r)-(), (W.'f, 7St;-
!»2; ii., Il'S-'I; mvtii., iii.. 4(11 -!m;.
,'■.41 ;}; v., .S7
ani;'.. in,, "mS, ",
7i.'4, 7.V.t-7(); v., (iKI; lust., v., l.')7-
S, .^.40-(i:U.
Mayas, tribe of Soiitli .Mexicans and
one of the .Maya nations, i., (i44-
70; ii., ().SO-SO;{: location and name,
i., t)4."i-(i, (iS3; special mention, i.,
(i(il): ii.. '.)1, I17--M,
.Ma/atecs (.Ma/otecas), .\iava nation,
i. , ti41-70; ii., (;;iO-h():i; Itication, i.,
(IHO; special mention, i.. tiill; ji.,
•Jdl; mvtii., iii., i;!l-2; Ian,'., iii.,
7.".ii-;i.
Ma/atepec, station, Tolt
v., •_'!;(.
-Ma/atl, Xaliua dav, ii
ec miiiiation.
ill-
ilO-
17; I
epaiiec eonimamler, v
lilt:)
.Mazatlan, proviiu'e, (Iiicrrero, lii>i..
v., 411-l'J.
Ma/at sal Teaks, i., ,">!l,->.
.Mazatziii, Ciilliiia Uiii^, v., ■_'.")((. :VM)-\.
-Ma/otecas, iii., l;i|, see Ma/atccs.
.Measles, i., '.'St!, .")21, oGiy, O.'iS, (;(i7,
74-'.
Meat.
riesh.
.Meatwho, i., .•{!•_'.
IJattlclemnlc
li
Ml
ecameiaii, .Mexico, anli<[.. iv., Illii-
7.
Meciipalli, a strap to sup]ioit Inn-
dcns. ii.. ,'{S().
Mecitl (.Mexi), name for ilnil/ilci-
M.
.M
poiiitli, v., HS. :i'.'4, ;M(i.
idli/tli, Innar period, ii., oOl.
I'coiiel/.in, \.
70,
.VcxitI
(;47-(!4. ft'
*i;«l-7, ()47-70.'), 711-SO.S; nivtli., i
4iil-7;!, .">4I-'.'; v.. ^
11.
an!f. , iii.
i).»S. o
I,
it,
ii)-(;2.
(ill
i; <ni;;lll, V.
lust.
s, (;i4-;y.
Ml
Mi
Ml
1. Xal
ivavt
iii., .•{»."■).
ivo Kiver.
iluia Icniale
(;o7-S.
;i-i;
iacrili
, North Mexican trilie, i., .'■)7i
'.H ; location and name, i., .'uJ. (107
s)M'ciai mention, i., ,")S'_', ."illO; laii;^'.
iii., (i(i7, 707-10.
Ml
.Ma/a. Nahna war-i Inli, ii.. loit.
votia,
ii., .■>().■{.
Movotlaii
Ma/ai'onna
chief, V.
Ma/ahnacan, district in Noitl
tl (Ot/.inlicolinail), Nahna
'-M:i.
Central Mexican trihe. i
(ilT-44; location, i., (i72; huiL:., iii
7i:t.
Med;
:{2; iv., IKS-l'.t, :u(;.
.Medellin, \'era ( 'rn/, iiiiti(|., i\'., 4!U.
.M.
II
,vi
xMiiorean
1., CS-n, S.I
(!, ii;i, f_M, I-J4; Colnml.i;ins, i.,
17-', •_'04-."), l-'Ht-JO. ■-'•-'S, •-'1,")-'.'. '-'.so^:
C;iliforiiians, i., .■)."i4-(i', X.'iS, .■Jill-."),
4IS-I',), 4:!;»; iii., KiO; New .Mexi-
.'I-
.-.4:
-.">4, ."i(iS-<l, ,VS,S-
',»; .MexiciiMs, i., (l.'iS-lo, ()(>7; ii.,
•JiiS-'.t, 4(!0, ,'>!>! -(iO'J; iii., X>:i, 40'.>,
41
4'-' I; (
entral
.\
im'riciins, t.
n' est
M.
I.. ('.74.
Ma/aliiias (Matlazaluui, Mat/aluia.
.Ma/al
l/illUll,
.M
i/ahail, ( entral
.M
ex-
ican trilie, i., (il7-14;
f!74; V.
• 10; I;
OIL
111.
location. I.
, 7;i7. 711.
Ma/amcs, North .Mexican trilie, i.,
,"i7l 01; loc;ition, i., (il I.
Ma/;iinorra, mai/e porrid;^e. iii.,.'!(10.
Ma/apilcs, ( 'enlral Mexi
(il7-ll; local
Till.
Ilia, I., Ill
irilii
aiiu'., iii.
70S-!», 7tl-;i, 77S-HO; ii., 7'.I4S, see
names of diseasi's,
ledicine-meii, see Sorcerers,
ciliotai|Ui
■1,.\
<'iixe'' I
lialcct, iii..71H.
Icevvocs ( .Mec\\ ;i, Mei'
Californian trilie
w lel, ( 'entral
.•i(;i-40l: lora-
tlon, 1., 4.m;
pecial mention, i.
;{7-"i. :W.\. :i'X>; mylli,, iii,, .".■_'•_',
Mthtehs, North Calihirniaii trili
;i'.'(;-(il ; locjition, i., 411.
.Mei
(loos. Central ( aliloriiian trihe,
i., ,St!l-10l; location, i., 4..I ; Ian-.,
iii,, (US, C.V.',
Mejilio, Lower Califninian lii^t sea-
M
son. i,, ,">(il,
elzo!/iii, \,,
!i:t.
Men, .Ma\a ila\ , ii
Metznll/in
"i.Vd, 7ii'o,
i:;i)e:^
'11
Mi'iia-'lu'.-', tri'ii' of
4l'i.'-4i.'; Iiiciliiiii, i., 4ii4.
Mciidciiiiici ('(luiilv, i., 447. 4."il.
)>li;>in's, i., Mfxcii^i River, ii., 107. lOD; v., ."(»S.
('Xi'altciii'c, i'il\'. .Mic
inacaii, I., fliJ>.
CXI, V.
;-.M, .si'i- .Mi'<-itl
.NU'll;,'!! s ( Mcini
n\>}, 1., .>.)
8: iii., (JS7, ' .Mi'xicalt/.iiico, town, Mcxicd, ii., .")()'
M
Sl'f .\l(llll|lllS.
I'li^liiiatiiiii, i.,
S-J, 110-11, '242
.M<
M
iiniscniit. II.
•Mfxiiaiis, ('cnir.il, niic ol' tlic twi)
MiTcftl ('(iiiiitv, California, antii|., i familii's iiiiii wiiicii tin,' tiiliis of
iv., 707.
Mt'i'ci'il liivcr, i., 4.").')-(i; iii., <>,")1.
-Mi'iTJiaiits, Naliuas, ii.. :W(li»7. <il<!;
fxicii aif (liNKlt'il; niaiiiici-~ am
v., 4!."), 14;{. (iO.t; .Mavas
riila, I'lty,
aiitiij., iv.
V
11.,
iirataii, iii.
;iC.-S.
4(i7;
t'ii.-.liiiiis 1)1 all its iialiiin> and Iii In
ilc.s(*iili(il tiiui'lluT, i.. ()17-44; (•i\i
(1 iiatiiiiis, ii,, I:!;M'.'_".I; |ili\ «i(|iic
.'4:{-4.
.Midiiitaiiis, i., 7'.l.">.
^k'.-<a \'ci(li', Coloiailii, aatii[., iv.
Mi
M
riit.
t;-.'it-:;;
i., (;-_'4: ii..
i.. (iis-l!i; ii.. (•.•.•4-."): <li
ii., ;{fi"{-77; clwcliin^s,
1(10-74, .").");{-,S!); focMl, i., (;L'4-(i; ii.
;i4-_*-lii»: inisiiiial lialiils, i., ti'-'f!
.M
c'siaiciiis
cxicaii (
(.\1.
li'iiik.
wcapoiis and war, i., (!'_'7-'.l; ii.,4tlO-
."il7, •)(>4. I H'J; iiiijilcinciils, arts and niaiint'ai-
trilii' (if tiircs. 1., (;-J'.»:tl, ii.. 47.'{'.»-; unitdrv
Apaidics, i., 47."{-'">-(!; hualinii and ' and iim'ti^
4!l'.'-
ats am
liaiiif, i., 474, '>'.U; siiecial nioiitini
i., .'0.'), ,")0'.), .')•_';{.
Mi'scali's, North .Mcxitaii trili
iroiicrtv ,
i., (;:{l: li.. :i!l7 !>: f(,u
iiicno
ii., :{7.S-'.i7; ^ciNcriiiiifnt,
r>7l-!ll; location, i.. (ilJ.
cscaltcco,
4.".1.
\
era Cruz, antn
ioii"aiia\vc,
M
1)111.
iM|ni villa,L;c,
Mcsi|iiithcan. .\|ia('lic food, i., |,S7-S. ' r.i^lv|iliics,
Messier .\loiind, .Mississi]i]ii \alicy,
i:(;{-i.':{',i, IMS 7-'; women
anil iiiarria,L:c, i., (i.'t.'-.'i; ii., "J.'il-M;
cdncalioii, ii., '_M0 ol ; amusciiiciils,
i., (;,{.')-i;; ii., l-'.s:!-;!!!!; festivals and
feasts, ii., :iO-_'-ll; arillimdic, ii.,
4!l7-.")00; calendar, ii., ."(r.'-'J'_'; liie-
liieilicine.
irial, i.,
aiiti<
,11- -S.
-Mcsticataii, villauc /ai'ati
as, i..(i
ISletaU
i., r)4(
), 7-'7-s,
7il'.t; li.. 47;{-N;
74'."-.')i>; iii., '-'.m; iv., (;iJ-7, lOJ-.'i, (Uli-'j;!; iii
(i;W-4(l; ii., .")'.)) -(il II'; 111
(MO-I; ii., t'lO:!-'-':!; clialactei. i.
(;il-4; ii., (t-Ji!-!); iiiMli,. ii., •_'(iO-l,"i
.•i(lL'-4l.' .•f.VS!i7, <04-."i
."m^i. 1(i',i-i;!, nil---':;
M.vli
".I'J
_',s. ,
:>-<.K T'.t2-4.
l--',s-!i, isi-L':!i, •j:i7-i(:o. .">ll-
<:v2-
iMcta|iliors, common use of. iii,. .'t.")-7
Mclalc I ,Mctlatl), a coiii-;^rimlcr. i.
II;
i\ .
anu'.. Ill,
r.o I -•-•:{, ■
70, 7-."i-4S; aiilHi.,
(M: hist., ii,, "I'l-
4.s:». ."(I
)»o, .")14, tiJ'.»-:io, ti.'i;{, (loC.
114: iii., 1170, .•!07-S; \.
()'.I7. 7-1, 7ti.'>; ii., .'!.")». :iiil. '
Mela/iircs, Noiili Mexican Ii
.")7l-'.il; location, i., (il 1.
Met
eors, meteoric [
o, v., 44tl-7.
ilicmiineii
.'.().
.Ml
i;(Hi-i. iiiii;
(170 S; name, v..
i>'.}.>-,
oialioii. I.
(;n
.'<-'4-
Mcle|iec, u city of Mat lallziiico, v.
4;t:(.
.Metlalt.
4.")S-iil
\'eia ( 'rii/, anliii., iv.
.Mexicans, .Noitliern. one of the four
families into wlii(li the New Mex-
icans arc di\idi'il; maiimis and
ciistonisof all its nations ami ti ihes
descrilied lo,i;etlier, i., .■>7I-'.M; |di\ •
sKpie, I --.i: I
dwi'lliiiiis, i., .">7.">;
f ood ,
.)i(!-,s:
]Sletla|iilli, a stone roller used with \\ea|ions and w ar. i.,."i7H-S'J; im|
the inetatc, i., ll.'tO.
.Metl.ill. ii.. ;t.")4, see .Metati'.
Met/li, a pre Toltec hero, \., '-'O.'i.
Met/tli It/acn.il (House of the .Moon),
ments and manutactnics, i., ."iSj-.'t;
lioats and |>i'o|>ert>. i...°i'S;t; art and
jjip\('riimeiil, i., .'i.s.'i-l: woinen and
niiirna'jc, i.
"i.Sl-'i; amiiscnieiit-
.M.
anti<|.
r.i\-:i
")Mi-7; miscellaneous custom
Met/olt/in ( .Midzolzin. Mcl/ot/in), a i., .*),S7-S; medicine, i., ."i!SS-'
Toll
I'c prince, v.
■->i;{, -Jt;
I,
'.S'.I-OO; char.iclcr. i.
,!)0
Meviras, North .Mexican tr
.")7I'.M; location, i., lil I.
Mew.ihs, Central Californiai
until.. 111.
11
r,s-,si
an;
111,
."iri'.>-70, 70(1-L''_'; aiitn
."»(i."S()l4; luiiilioll, i., .171, Ii04-
i., ;i(;i-4oi
'at Kill. 1.. 4."i."i.
14.
Mexeala, lo\wi, Miclioaean, i., (J7<i.
! '1
;
ri2
i::d:
]\lc\i';itis, Si>ilt]l('lll, Olio of tllO two
taiiihics into wliirli llif wild trilx's
111' Mexico all' (li\i(l('ii; iiiiiimcrs
itii<( I'liHtoiiiH of all its nations and
tiiiics (k'surilifd to;;t'tlii'r, i., (i44-
7(1; |pliysic|iii', i., (i4(i-8; dicss, i.,
(iJ-S-.')!; dwidlill;;s, i., (i"»l-"_'; food,
i., (I.VJ-4; iH'isonal lialiits, i., (i.Vl;
wt'a]ioiis and war, i., (i.M-ti; ini|ili'-
iiicnts and niaiiiifai'tiiiTs, i., (iotJ-T;
l»oals, iiropi'ity, etc., i., ((."iJS-'.t;
;,'ovi'rmn<'nt, i., (i.'j'.l-iiO; slavery, i.,
<ii!l; women anil niania;;'e, i., (>(il-
.'?; ainilseineiits, i., ()(i4-."); niiscel-
laneons eiistonis, i., (I().")-(i; medi-
I'ine and lnirial, i., ()()7-8; charac-
ter, !., (i(iS-7(); mytli., iii., 448-7.'};
Ian;;., iii., ;'>7() 1, 748-58; location,
i., (;44-(;, (i7s-K:i.
jMe.vicajpaii, a ward of 'J'ezciico city,
v., 1(U.
Jdi xieatlalli, Mexican war-lands, ii.,
•_'2,">.
!Mcxii atl-Teohnat/in, Mexican jion-
tiir, ii., I'id; iii., 4:{;!.
Iilexico, nations amltrilies descrilied,
•., ()17-4-h civili/ed nations, ii.,
i:{3-(!2!); location, i., (uO-S; inytli.,
iii., r).")-7(». ISl-UI, ")(».■)-(!; liin-..
iii., 7-'.'5 4l; aiiti(|., iv., 4,S(I-.">4'.I;
hist., ii., <)2-lUii; v., 'j;i7-ol(».
j\le\ico City, ii. , KKMi, 4I-1-1."), .lo'.)-
(17; iii., •■!()7; v., .'U.'J-G, 3.>a-S; anti(i.,
iv., .")(t4-'2(».
Mcxitl (Mexitly, Alexlli), name of
lliiil/.ilojiocliiii, iii., LMIi.
I\Iexo( hiti, an emetic, ii., ")!)!).
LMexoyiit/in, a 'I'ollec nolile, v., 'J7'2-;i.
l>lex(|uilal, town, .Mexico, !., ()74.
j\lexto/oiitzli, lunar |ieriod, ii., '>iU.
I\Ieveinmas, North Calil'innian trilie,
i.", ;{'_M-(;i; location, i., 41.").
]\Ieyniicaiiie, l)iiran,i,'o t;od. iii., 170.
Me/calcros, i., 471, see .Mescaleros.
lMe/'|uiles, .Niirth .Mexican tribe, i.,
."(71 '.II; location, i.. (il I.
!Me/titlan, |iro\ince, .Me.xleo, iii., 431;
antii|., iv., .'J4I; hist., v., U(i(), .■{.'!.■■),
47.'..
Mczlitlanecs, Nahiia nation, i., (il7-
44; ii., l.'iS-d'i'H: location, i., (!7.').
Miahiiaxochill, Mexican iirincess and
<|iiei'n, v., 'Mui.
IMiamisliiir;,', .Mississi]i|d A'alley,
aiiti<i.. iv., 777-'S.
]\liia, .Nlississiiipi N'allev, antiii., iv.,
-S-2.
IMicaotIi, .Mexico, antii|., iv.. r>'.i~.
Mica|iellaculi, Maliiia goddess, iii..
Micrapnirntl, Na'nia fni-.cral <ha:;t.
ii.. (.•Il7.
.Mir( jiilhiiit/intli, Nahna inoMth. ii.,
.•V.'S, .-.Id.
Mice, as food, i., 4((.">, 4.'{(», 5 1. ■■,7ii.
Michatov atl, river, (inat( mala, v.,
(107.
Miihitliiteeotlo, iii.,;?;i(;, see .Mictlai;-
tecntli.
Michhiits, i., -J!!."), see Matchclats.
Michoacan (.Michiiacaii), Irilies. etc.,
descrilied, i.. (il7-44; ii., l;!:i-()-J!l;
location, i., (174-8; invth., iii.. (>(-7,
4();5, 44.V7, 541; Ian-, iii., 7;!7,
744-7: anti(|., iv., 5(;!l-7-; hi>t., ii.,
1(17-8; v., 434, 5(I8-'J(;.
Michoacai|nes, i., 043, sei? 'I.irascos.
-Micksnckseallons (.MieksncKseal-
toiMs), Inland Colmnliiaii tiiie, 1.,
•_'5(MI1; location, i., 31-J-l 1.
.Micia (Miinilla), (iiiatemala, aiitii|.,
iv., 115.
Micteeacilmatl, iii., -101, see Mict-
lancihuatl.
Mictlan, Nahna Hades, ii.. (I-IS; iii.,
3!)(i. 5;U-(;; Iiicalilv, San Sahador,
i., 484, v., (fOK-li."
Mictlaiicaico, snlilerranean ]ia!ace,
iii.. 'J5 I; i\,, 544.
Mictlanciiiuatl ( Mi<'tanihii:itl. Mic-
lecacihnatl, .Mi([nite. ai iuua I, Na-
luia -oihless, iii., .•i!l(l-4(l-J: v.. II.
Minlantccntli ( M ichitlatecntle, .Mic-
laiiienctli, .M ii|nillaintecoti. Mi-
<|iiitlantecotlil, Nahna ^'od, ii.. ,'j:)S,
31(1; iii., 5tt, ;i'.l(;-4(l3; iv.. 514.
.Mictiantencyohiia, Nahna calendar
si;iii and L^'od, ii.. 5I(;.
Micllantongo, Miztee dialect, iii.,
74! ».
Micllaii/.inco, locality, Mexico, v.,
47-'.
Midwives, i., (I.'M; ii,, 2(iS-71, (i7S.
Miemissoiiks, trihe of Sound Ini'.i-
ans, i., •J()8---''.'; location, i.. 30it.
Mi;;rations, lly[ierlioreaiis, i.. 71. 87,
11(1; ('olniuiiialis, iii.. tiOS; (al-
il'orniaiis, i., 3'_Vi; iii.. (i;!7-8; ;,'eii-
eial, \.. 138-!l; .Nahna nations, ii.,
537-'.t. 513-51. ."M'.l-tKI: iirc-Toltec,
v., 1(15-8, 188-L'(I8; 'rollccs, \.. •_>(I,S.
18, 5(;57; Chichiineis. v., -JhS-'JO;
Nahiiatlacas, v., •_''_'(l-.3, 3(15-1(1;
Maya nations, v.. 105-8. I8(l-s. •_"J3-
;{(>, 5:!7-i-', 5 to, .5,54-0, ,505-7; 0(11-
1.3. 01(!-7.
.Mi;;iiihni (Mij;ni,i:ni), South ('alifm'-
iii.'in trilic, i., 4()i.'-'J"J; location, i..
.15! I.
Mijes, Maya nation, i., 045-7(*; ii.,
INDEX.
713
I iii(iiti(tii, i., (ilii-.s.
aiis, i., (17-S, 1 1SI',>, I-.
( lliuil
li
13.'>-f;20; locniion, i., f^J.", (570; ii., '. MisccIIanooni^ nisdmis, TTvimtIioiv-
111--'; s;..M-
(;.') !-•_', ().".;», (
lllVtll
Iiist.
)UI), [n,,\
'.); 11.
111., -J'lS; laii,:,'.
v., ;>
il.iki'tkuiis
;{()-;(.
I;i!ai:.l C
;>:
iliiiHiiian
li
i., -JOI-;?, -Jl,
), •JS-'-.i;
( aii-
In!
i., •_V.(l-".il: locaiioii, i.. :{}•_'.
Milcliiiiialli, Maliiia war lands, il.
Milijacs, Nortli Mexican tiiln', i.
•|-',!1:
<ira:iiiM, 1., fi'-.
Milkwaiifii, Siciili ('a!i:'(iiniaii trilic,
4(li!
lorat 11)11,
Jlillliaiik Souiiil,
i., 4(;il.
l.M, l.")S, 2-2
','.)-2
iii., (;o().
Milll
laiilv .'^(iiiiii
I IlHliail;^, tlilicof 11;
(lalis, i., l.V.-T.t; 1
(ii'aiiiiii, I.
".II;
oriiiaiis.
, 417-lS; N<-\v .M.
i., .")17-'-'l, ">;W, .V).'!-!, .".S7-,S; Mexi-
cans, i., (!,'{(>-7; iii.. .'t'.'.'f; (ei.tial
A
iiiiTicaiis, I.
,<»,-S,
Kl-I,
,(.-
M
isli, eiiiiiiiiDii teriiiiiial lull nt names
.t N
ls(|iialh- llihes, 1., -JdS.
Mi^lila, .Mi)>i|iiilii ilrink,
-MiMkaiwIiii, li ilii' ni Sm
iiHl Imlians,
1., "-'(KS
>ii« .•> ).
Mi
liieati
1., ."iiXI.
M
.Mission 1 )iiliiri
exieo, aniii). , l\ . . .)i
00-1.
I., •Mi
>. ■*■'-■.».
.Mi
•j'.>, 17:{, •-':•!,
.sju'eial ineiiliiui, i., I."-'.I, lliS, 171,
174.
^lillertiiii, Califoniia, antii|., iv.,7<l7.
Milnaiiall, .Naliiia male saeriliee, iii.,
Mill
la, .'I coriilH
■1(1,
:i:
imals, < 'ential ( 'alifii|-ni:!n Irilic, l*
.•{(il-4')l; l<i<;i(iiiii,
4,'i;l.
Jlimli
47.-!
, .i-.>_'ii;
llilu; (if .\|ia»li
iicaliiin, i., 474, ■">;'.'
imlires iniiuntninsaiid n\fi-, i.. .")'.).">.
Mimiili (Mitmil/.ielii), Naliiia cliiet'.
! r_'.
Will
i., (IS, 4;i
I,") I, 70(!, 7:i'J-S;
•2'.)\--2. :!(l'.), 7 I--'.
imilla, IV.
11.-),
ma, IimmIiiv,
<'l
.Miela.
nliiialiaa.
M
Mines, i.,' 7'27-S; ii., 47.V1, 74!)-.'i(»;
iv., r)44-.'>, (i7."{, ()'.l7-707, 7.s;!-4.
^ri(i|ia(".ia'.i, Ndilli Mexican tiilie, !.,
IMil-i
il-'.il
itloll.
(III.
* 'ential ( 'alil'oiniaii ti
.'{(ll-KII;
atioii, 1., ;iii
!Mii|iietanteiit, -N icai'a;;iiii t;(i(l, iii.,
4'.»:;.
Mi(|uiteeaci^ua, iii., .'{".Hi, se(! ]\Iict-
.Missisis.seiKiini, Smilli ( alifninia
trilie, i., 40-_'-'2'2; location, i., 4.hS.
ii., 7-'i-7; anti(|
.M
INIi
lss|ssl|l])l, l.lll;
7(.'.i-7(>; v., 'X\
\
ississi|i|ii \'all('y, aniiii., i^.. 74(i-
11(1; V.
i;{s.
.Missopeiio (Sopollo), South ( '.-ililor-
tiilie, i., 4n-_''2l'; jocati
4.'.!».
Mi
i
Mi
Wi.-
Mssiiipi \ allc\, aniii
7(i:t.
I
issoun Kivei-, I., .)
II.
.Missoiuis, Soulli ( ai.'iirnian triln
i., 4il_'--_'2; localion, i,. liS.
Mist(''ken, 1., (i7.S. ^( c .\ii/.Iecs.
.Mita, town, ( iiiatcnial.i, i., 7''7.
ionic Ki\ er, i., .'Ilil.
.Mill
Mitliouies, lnlaii<l < 'olumliiaii ill
i., •J."iO-;il;
.Mitic, town, .1
.MitI, Naliiia
kill'', v., '_'.■>:
location, I.
I., (I
.•{;i7
To!t(
■2iuUi. ^Ur, T
tee iiiler, v., 'M'.K V.>7.
.Mill
a, Oajaca, aiitii|., i., fitl.'i; ii.
.)7(»; IV.,
.'{ss.-ll-
r.'.l-tiO; lust.
v.. -J.-fJ, 444, 4(;4. .vjs-it, .vr..
.Mitliiii', < 'ential ( 'alil'oi'iiiaii liilie,
i., :i(;i-4(»l; location, i.. l-Vt.
Milliztae, ( 'lliclliliice cliief.
•'!i:j
Mi
M
ineihiiati
.Miiniit/.i( lii, v., vlt:
.M
iiiiiill.niilceoti (Mi(|iiillaiitee(itli), Mitiial. .^l.•l.\•a lid
iii.. ;!',lll, see .Mietl;inteciitl
i\:'.
Milole. Naliiia dance, ii., '2s'.),
ii|iii/
r)i(i-i
tli, N,
iliiai (la\', II.
!l-l'-*. Mil
re. II.. .)_.),
:l(>; iii., '-'IK, 4-J7
Miiador, \'('ia < 'in/, aiitii
ISIirailoi', I'.I, at lliiaiincc
IViii, anli(|., iv., S(ii;t.
I 47;(.
447. .Mittens, sec ( ilove
1CJ(
Miiilv. 'lacnllie li.iine for cliiif, i.
I •-'.•(.
I\Ii
1., Il''
ISO, 4S1.', 71:1, .Mi
town, (liiateinala, i.. 7^7; v.
:."); iii., 'JltS; iv., .•iS.'t.
Misalalis, ( 'eiiiral ( 'alil'ornian trilM
anti(|., i\
I I ;» •-'(!; '1'
i., :t(il-tOI: location, i., |i',i.
ISIi.
aiilla,
\.
■ra Cni/, aiitii
Mi
M
antiij., i\.
ixcoa, N icarau'iia Lind, 111., lid
ixeo.-i
tl, \
lima '^o
11.
;:{."i (i, :!.-)i.
4IS-,1
•_': iii., I IS. 4ii:;.(l
ISli.^
Soiitli ( 'alifoiiii.in tiilie, Mixcoluia, k
111;^ (il < 'ulliiiacan
i., -m-^^i
loeal
1(111, 1., 4.V.).
i 4Si.
rit
iNi)i:x.
Mixciiliiiiis, trilic of Nalmiis, liist.,
v., -J 1 1.
Mixcdlmali'in'i-, iiaiiu' of a li'iii|ili' in
M
CMCO, \.
Ml!).
Mixniliiiad, < 'liii'liiiiK !■ kiii^'. v.. 'J'JO;
(Mixi-iiliiial/iiil, kill ; of Tlali'liilio,
v.. ..•!l'.» Ml
Mixtiiliaall Ainalirilitlc, Naliiia
.liifl, v.. •_>«•-».
Mixcolmatl Ma/iil/in, a'I'ollcc iiilcr,
v., •.Ml. -JIS-.-.K.
IMixiulillan, lixalily.
lMi\i|uiaiiiiala, M
.'. ).-..
Mixd'cap. II, i., CTS,
:u."
CMC I, anil
Mi/.l.
'I'
Mixiccas (.Mixtc(nicjt). i., (i7l, <>7>>,
sec Mi/tccs.
]\lixli'call, Naliua cliicf. v., '_'•_';!,
M
INl'i
]\1
M
foimilcr of Mi/tccs,
i/(|Mialniala. station.
A/.t
tinii. v.. .'tJl.
.M(
cc iinu'ra-
ilO.
:tii;
IS, N.il
ma iia
tioii, ii., i:!;f-
(lili; iiaiiic. ii., I'.'ll; liis ., v., .•(OT-KI.
l/iiililiuacail, city,
V
•ra ('ill/,
(1
/iiiiitl. a
iscaltcc chict. v., I'.IT
i/.i|iii\ aliiialan, station, (liicliiiin
Miiuialioii, \'., •_'!!(.
Mi/.lcc Mill, .Mi/t
7 I'.t-.VJ.
^Ii/.lcca;iaii (Mixict
cc uialcct, III.
«»;
iiaia, I., ti/'i; II.
nil;
lic-t.
•1I.VI7, li:i-7. Kil-'J
Mi/tcc I!
7-l".t-.").'.
J\li/tc
Mi/lcc dialect.
(Mist
I'I'iCII,
Mi
xiccas.
Mi
tc(|iics>, N.
iliiia nation, i.,(i l.-)-7((;
lli;!-(iJ',); local ioii anil liaMc. i.,(il."
(;7S; ii., lU'.l-KI, |'_".); s|it cial iiic
tioii.
(;-tti-s, (;.")•_*-:{, a.
n-
(■(.V.idil,
<it!S-!l; ii.. 1 4-_>. 1>07-0, -J-.-'S-'.), •iiil,
7. •-'Sit, :{i;s, .■{71, -Kic, fiiM, (;_•!);
iiivlli.. ii:
:o-;\, .51 ;5, :.U; v., i.t,
•>ii
hi.t.
iiil;. . 111.
:\^-rv2: '-v.. r,27;
•j:)'.), -ii;\, 4iii-:i.
..-.'C-T
..•!1-
Moadicts (M
( .Mooiiclia
t. M
i\\ ilcliil-
trilicof NootUas, i., 17-t-'-'( S;
tioii, i., •_".).">.
Mi
i.. .•{•J7, n;t.
M
SC(> .MOll.M'S.
.Moaluockiia, i., .'t'J
,M.
M(
M
M
Ml
jM
alUais. Central ( 'aliloriiiai.' tril
i., ;!lil-l(»l: location, i., l.M. ,
oan. ii.. 7oX. sec .Milan. 1
oals. .sc(' I'.xcaviii ions.
name of montli in ( 'iii:i|N -^. i
/(Hi.
occasins, see Shoe;
Morll,
t;;!».
.Ml
May
aiHiii Miicr. y.
icliicaiii. y /
la'.
:e. Soiioia. i.. (iOS.
Moclio|ia, \il ,i;:e, Soiioia, i.,(i(MI,
.M
li ( .Mocioai|iiet/a.
oaijiie/iiilcl. a woman wliu i
ocia<|iie/i|i
Mo
lie.l
cliilijlicil, ii., -JC)!!; iii., :{f;i-(;.
.Mocomat/.in. ».. Sl'.l. see .Montiv
Mocoiito. Sinalna. laii.i.'.. iii.. 7'i
iiexiialtia, a militaiy
Im.I:.
nil.
Lake. i.. It!!.
Moiiocs (Moailoc, Moalitockna, Mi
.1.
■il. Noilli Calif
:!•-'(;•(■. I;
atmn. i.
oriiiaii tribe.
• 1-1 .
VJl;
s|M'cial iiientioii. i., ;!."i()-l, :iHI. ."tlii,
;;.")() I. :t.')7, .'tfll; mytli., iii
Ian.::., iii.. (!t(».
Moeiwas, Noitli Caliloniian ti
:!•_•(; (i
location, 1., -( I.'
M.
Mol
.Ml
(.M
ia\e, 1., .(".I/, set
oijoyc
II, I
ilac
M.
Ml
aches, tiilie of Shosliones, i.
■i-2-2 \-2. location, i.. KU.
.M
.Ml
iiioco:at/iii, iiaiiu
for 'I
e/cat iijioca.
iii.. I'.Mt.
( 'elitral < 'alifoiniaii li
;<lil-)lll ; location, i
MoiMy<' l!i\ er. i.. ."i!l7
.M
ojave:
tril II' o
(.Ml
f Ai
llaniocl^lnncs)
i.. t7:i-.VJ(;: liHM
tioii aiiil name, i., 17"'. .V.I7; speci.il
iiieiilion. i.. •177-S. IMI-'J, |S7. .Jf.'.i,
■in;!.
.-.l;i-
lOd-'i. .)0,)-i;, .">(i,s. r>\'2.
>; myth., iii.. 17.'», oL'ti; l,i
.i:
lil.. (ISl-ll.
lokaskel. South ( 'alifoniian Irilic,
i.. KL'-'J-J; location, i., lOtl,
lokehinincs I Mokelnninees, Make-
.M
IIKcelline:
.Miilhelem-
iiesl. Central Californian Iiilie. i.
."{ill-lOl; location, i.. l.'iC; Ian-, iii.
(il'.t-.'iO.
Mokelnmiie (Moiineliimne) Hill, C
ifornia. ant ii|
Mol iMooh. .M:
i\.
7(11
\ a moiil Ii, ii.
7(1(1-
Mok
M
(Icaxete:
alil.y, M
pk'itt
e\ ICO, 1., (,,.).
.Mok'i
e, locality,
II.. L'S.).
.ower California.
i,. (i(i;{.
M.
ollah's I .Molelesi, (rihe ot ( liiiio
I.
.'•-'•-'oil:
■ali i.. ;{|(i, .■;i>.l--'(l.
Mold. Cliiapanec held. y.. (id.').
.Molo (Miiln). 'r/eiiikil ilay, ii.,
.Moltiiom;ihs (Mollnoma>t. i.
:!()1;
III., ()•-'(;
.Miilti
Mol|ulli, Naliiui liaptisiiial mime, ii.
•-',.).
INDKX.
716
iiinnc'iii'o,
oniliMi'liii
Nal
Mi. N
111:! siicrilico.
IV.
;!(». IS.
i<'ara;;iia, aiiliij.
Miiiiio-ii'iiaiiui', cilv, ( iiialcinala, v.,
.->.S7.
Miiiiiiitiiiiiliila l^laiiil, Niianr'na, aii-
M
lii|., IV., .V_'-4.
oiiii>\tU's, aiii'ii'iil liiiii
lis, <:
aiitii
-f-';{.
Miiiiiiizlli, Naliiia allar, ii., .'i-S.
M
(Mia|M»tiai-, ( )ajai'a, aiitni., u .. .'tT 1;
Moi
M
VJ!».
icxic", Nii'ara'Hia (■(Hiiicil, ii.. i' HI
oiicy, M'c cmrfiiiv .
iii''iil i'i\ ili/^aliiiii ill
I'crii. v.,4l-S.
CIII'MIIS,
(Illl,
.M
.M'C .MdIKJUI.-
iiiki'V liicliaiis, iiihi'dt .s|iii>|ii)iii'-^,
rJJ 4"J; liiratiiPii aiiii .--iK'i'ial
I.
liii'liticiii, i., ■^•2'^.
iK; ii., ."i.")! ; iii.
MiiiiU('V>, i., 7-1.
|-.'!»: ' v., 17-'. •JO'.i.
MdiiKiicnois, i., -l-i;; v., 7-
Mdlin I,.ikc, i.. IHfi.
Miiiiiiliilis, ii., T)."). 't~'2: iv.
•_'7."i, :!!i:i, lis. :i;is !), ,sii."..
IMoiiit I'i Ill's, iiiiii' di' Sli
II.-., l.'i.s.
i., i:l-2-i2;
aliiiii, t., -Id
MoiKis, ( 'I'liiial ( 'aliluniiau ti
:ti;il(il:
IIICMlicill.
at ion, I., -l.')!
:{ti.".; la
>; spi'i'ial
iiiiiilni'isiji. 111.
IIIKIIII-'
laiiLT-, iii.. <''il.
::!, .".:>-(;, r.ii;-s.
M
( Mcnu'iiis. Mfiiciiiis, Moii-
iilllllllC:
.Men
M
IKllllsl,
tOWcr ( aliloi'iiiaii tiilic. i.,.-).ili
(M'alniM, I.
.■)S, (!(i;!-l:
men! ion. i., l'-'."!; Ian;.''.
■<|ircn
I\Ioiili
aiitii
i., 12:^, Ki:
iv.. 7:!l.
111., (;s7-!
u'., iii., <^
Monlanii--. Irilii'ol' Uliiniians, i.. 717-
Sr>; loralioii, i.
III.
jMoiitc .Milan. Oaj.iia, aiili'|., iv.
:{77-s*.
Monlciiislo. villa;.;-!'. Talia^o, i., (|s:i
^lonli' ''ii\o, \iir,ilaii, aiitii|.. iv.
Mom,' 1>
.M
I'MiM, aiilii
-Monh' li'ral. iiainc ol' Misaulla, i\.
■IIS.
.Mnlll
'.), KM, l.'il-.*?: iii.. 7(! 7, so,
v.. ."{(Iii, :ts;i i-Ji, .-,;!l-."i, Xu .
lonlr/iiina I !., kiii'' of .Mt'\i
•I."
..(II
i'.l.'., (i(KI.
ionli'/iiiiia illiiiii'ainina. sit Moii-
tt'/iiiiia I.
Ionic/ I ((.>iiri/al,itl, Tnl.i, 'I'nl-
ttl) 1
liver, \., •-'.i;{.
intii
lonle/nina'.<4 lEatli, .Me\i
iv., .V-M-i;.
loiillis, Naliiia ealt'iiilai-. ii.. ,"i(IS-l I;
lyaealendar, ii.. 7.">()S. 7<>"- 1, 7'i'i.
oniinienls, l.nrial
M
I
7s;i.
IooImII
ii:?, ;r.7, :>-2:i.
( (I
alioii, i., .'iuil.
els, inlie o
iinooj.
•-'■-'•.'.■.(»;
loon, sn|ieisiiiions nii
<l "o|-,!|||l. I
.">s7, (1(1(1, 711; iii., (;•_>, .s'. si-i;, kmi-
Kil, nil'-', I.VJ, |,S7, liio, .-,(i-_>, ,-,i7.
\ alley, i., ,•{(,•_>.
.M
Otllll towi
r.i;;).
lootaeyiiliew. South ( alilorniail
IliUe, i.. lO'J-'J-J; loralion, i.. .tCd.
loiiiieliat, i., •_'!•.">. see MoMiJet
panes. ( Miale.iialaii hi
fl.Sd".
11:
loealliPII. 1., (iS'J. ,.si;
loi|iielninne, iii., (i."i(), see Ml
oi|niliiii\.
ivcnior of 'riai(
v., HI, 11 7- IS, i-j'.cn.
Ioi|llis ( .Moi|i|illosl, liilieol" I'lli'li
i., .".•_'(;.".(>; loealion. i. , ."/_'('■, ."
(!()ll-l; s|ieei.il inenlion, i, ."._", I ISO,
.".l(», .-.II. .-. 1
7"; iiivlli.. ill., S(l, i;il. i;
il, ;V. l-li; iv., (mS-
V., •-•<!:
laii''., ill., (i'd'O. (171 I.
.Mol.iiiilis, Ndilli ( 'alil'oilliall lii
i., .'iL'd-Cil; loealion, i., -Ill,
.M.
M
North .Me\iian li
l-'.tl; local
•leii, tr;
ion, I., lii:
.(• Isti
mil, Ills, I.
local
loll, I., I'Xf.
.Moresl.v l-Liiicl, i.. •_';i-J
■ 17 -S.I
'.Ki-Kl'J
onnon, Iheory o| on .mi. \.
onnon ('rceU, ( 'alilerjii.i. aiilii
M(
7()-'.
r.i, N.
M
e\iro, anlh
CIS.
.Moll) Moiinlaiiis, iii
ele\ llliliails, ('elilr.il ( '.ilifor- | Molshi
^ojes, Irilie of .Mclil-, i.
iiiaii iril.c, I.
.Sli.'!. l.-.l; s|ieeiai mention, i.. .'iiid
:{;'.i. ;tsi, :;si, ;!,ss. ;;'.is;
(>.■.;{.
il-lDl; loealion. i.. I ■S7-!ll; location, i.. 111.
III.
Moliteziii
M.
Iia I .Moei)
nial/iii,
M
olenh-
/oiiial/in •
oi'il of ( 'oallichan, v.
Mosaic, ii.. .'ill, .•i7(i 7. I
(KKi. 7"iii; iii.. ;is."i, ;{;)(i ■
■1(1(1- 1, I(i7-s, no. .■..•)7 '.t.
lss-!»o,
\.. .iii.'.,
Moselle, i., '-".tJ
.M
l~^el^
.'^Ios(|niiii ('o;ist, aiitiij., iv., •_'.-|-.S.
Mosi|nitos, one of the three families
Monte/.iinia I. ( Moteiiezoma, Mo- 1 into \\liieli the \\ili| tiiliesof ( "ei
lenh/omai, kiiii,' o
f .Me\i(
ri.")l, ."jSi
i:;:>, Ksi-i', nu-i,
tial .Vmeiiea ail' ili\ iilcil; manners
mil ciisioins of all its naiionsainl
rir.
INDEX.
tri
K's iic-i -niicii ii>'_'(
1\>1MHI'. 1.
lliir. i, 71 1-47; I ^^o1lIlt r'amtr
■|t-l.">; ihcss. i., 71,")- Mciiiil I>i;ili|ii
poc
."(;.'!, I."
17; ilui'lliii;.'s, i., 717-iS; fncul, i.
TlS-L'i.': ]i.Ts,.iiiil liiiliits. i., 7-i-
■>vi'ii]iiiiis iiiiil war, i., 7---.'{; iiiipli'
iiiiMits an
biiats, i..
iiicrci'. i.
I inaiiiif.iclillcs, i., 7-4;
1'2 !-■">; Mrniicitv and ciini-
:.')-(;
art, I.
r-jc-s;
pivi'riiiiiciit anil slaviTV, i., 7-S-!l;
Avonicn ami marriage, i., 7-".'-;5">;
aiimscMit'nts, i., 7;{")-!l; sii|icr>tltiiins
■40-
anil nii>ii|i:;i'i.|(iis cnstiinis, i..
41; nii'ilici
nc. I.
741-:<; 1
iiirnil, I.,
r44-.-.;
araitcr, i.
111., I'h; s. .-,i;:
'.Ml;
l(ir;illiiii (>
an^'.. Ml., .))
f tri lies,
1 -•-'.
711'-
i;i, 7'.i-'-4.
Mosijuiliis (S;inil)iis), tribe of M(i>-
i|iiit<i laniil\ , I.
:ii-4:
iiiMiiiin ani
iianic, i., 7I'>. 7!'l; s]i('ii;il nicnlicm,
li
1SI<
rii-ii;,
1.. S(i
'X 7-Js, 7;ii,
74.'i-ii
:s:i.
ICA-
M(is;;asna\i (M.isanais, ]\IiPxon:ivi),
iMiiii vi'.IaL;!', I., tiUd-
i;:Ma liiMT. I.
:ss.".i; v., .".ii:i
Molcwi/iini.i ( .Miiicnluiinia), v., .'{HI,
cf .Mcpnlc/nnKi
I.
]SI(itruli/(inial/in, v., .'MH, sec Miint(
/nnia.
M;>tli('r-iif ]ic;iil, sec iV;irl.
iMiiti:-
N
ivaici nivi li.. 111.
triiic (il Uiliniiii
8."); !iii\;iiiin. i.
Mot I
iMluianl'ita.
N
lima feast, iii.
:{'.ll>.
Mdtiieas, trilie of ^lusciiiitns, i., 711-
47; iiieatioii. i.. 71,i; laiiu'., iii., 7'^'!.
:m..i
II
/onleciiiiiaitoiiii
Nail
daiiit",
M.
M
ii., ;ill.
-Iiiiilili
eeiliili'u'. i\.
-|ie(Milatii>ns ciiii-
■f4 110; v.. a.'is-it.
(IIII1I
I ('it;
aiitiij., iv,.
M
LsMssllilll
Vall
illev.
,.iS.
M.
>iiiiii
1)47; i\
1-U, I
Central
Unerie;i. aiiti(|.. ii.
:!•-•• 1. (;>.>-7t;, 117- is
;». i(i
i)S-'_'Ot,
'2\.\ -ji'.t.i'o, •_';{t;-7. L'lo^, •-'•")-'. •jii'i---'.
270-1; Mexi aiitii|., iv., .'Ut-CU
]>assiiii; Arizona, aiilicj.. iv., (i.'!.'>-4.
(>7")-(>; CalilV'-nia, It;
and ('
rado. ;iiiti'|.. iv.
d I
'.).")-7lS; Or
iiid I>i'iti-<li ( 'oliinil)i.'i, anliij., iv.
■:i:\-i-2: V,
ISM^SII)])
i Vu!!
ev. aiitn
IV.
7!iS-so;!.
Mount .\(
7I7-7S; I'eni, aiitiii, , iv., 71'-,
-, i.. -^M.
Moniit:iin ot' the Sim, Oaiar
."),•! I -J.
Mount r.aker. i.. 2W.
.Mount I'aiiwfailier, i., II-'.
.Mount Hood, i., :i-.'0.
-Moimf Matlalcueje. ii., :{|'-'.
.Mount llainier, i., .'i°-'l.
.Mount St i;iia>, i., !»4, '.1(1, 14-_'; iii.,
.■i7!l.
?!ouiit St Helens i.. :!-*l.
.Mount Sliasta, i., 'MH, XiO; iii., ItO-l,
r,'Xi.
Mount 'i'oeitl.in. ii., .")('i7.
.Mount \'aneou\(
:-jo.
Moiiriiin;:. ll\i>erliMreans, i.,.s';. Ill),
r_'."i-7, \'M; ( 'olnniliiaiis. i., 17,'i,
ISO, Mf-», •-'()«;. L'47-S, -iss il; ( .ili-
foniiaiis, i., ;i.')7-(;ii. ;<70. .■{ii(i-7. 4-Jil-
•_'l. 4 10; N<
M
I'xnans. i.
■.•_•;;. I,
.")f;'.t-70. T>W: .Mexicaie-, ii..:!:il.
coti-s. i;i
('eiili.'il .\
lllel'|rall>
70!>. 7lf), 744-."), 7SI-4; ii.,sn|.-.
Monslaidie,
I'.eanls.
-Moiltli, llv|ierl)or
1
M
llviierhorean--, i.,.l(': (olimi-
i., 177-S, '_'■_'.">; Calit'oininii,-;,
.S(;4-('); Ni'W Mexican.--, i., ,"j7."!;
i., (i47; Central .\ineri-
iians,
exieans
cans, I., ,
Montli-Ntoiii
14.
linrial, ii., (lOC, (114,
III!!, 7'.l!»: iii.. .■.I.").
.Movas, villa>;c, Sonor.i, i., COl.
Mowateliits, i.. l.".!."). M'C Mnadiets.
i)\v-\vee-iiias( .Maulieini I. Norili ( al-
iforiiiiin name for eliiefs, i., ;ilS.
X. 11., j(i
h
Tzeiiilal d
oxie,
mee liero, v., (iO.").
M
oxonavi.
('.01,
M
7(i7; Cli
os/asna\ I.
Moyoilaii (Mayotla), .sulnirl) of Mex-
ico., ii., .'i().'{.
Movueuvatzin, Nalina L;iid, iii.. I',I4.
.M.
zaliui, I., <)'(.), see
Mi
Mozcas, iii., '-'li',), see M i
.M.
iiiitzin. Cliieliiniee kii
.'•-'0.
Moznt, niedieinal lierli. ii., 7!l.">.
.Mplolvas Canon, dreuou. aniici.. i\
.•{4.
.Milan (Moan), ^[ava niontli, ii., »:!••_',
."),-S.
Miieaw, a s))e(ies of wood, i., 7'il.
.Ml
i
Mil
Ml
ita, N:
.V_'<,».
elilalit, i.
i\arit>' aiioile ot sun
M
llclielat.
allies, Noitli Calii'oinian Irilie
:{•_'(!-(;
M
f
Ml
leeial nieiition, i.
iiel<-a-iiiiie
wirtli
Calil(
. .'!.")S.
Hart I
.Muddy Uiver, i., 4(14.
IXDKX.
717
Miiortci Island, I>tliim;>, antiii., iv.
■4, 7.S2: ii., fi4fi, TOC
711-U.
Milcta-^ac, liaiiic i>I iiimitli in t liiaita-i, Mii>k-rat. 'I iiciilly 111 \ ill.
■J«i; aiitii|., iv., l'.l-'J(t; v., (;;ij.
iii.. W.
, Cil,
.Mii-t,
If, ( ciilial t '.•liiloiniaii I nlif, 1.
Mii'.:('ii'> Island. Viii ataii, aniicj., iv.
iJilii-l.
-Mii'^ii, Sdiiih ('alifoniian tiilic, i.
;{i;i-4(H:
iicatiiiii, i., 4."
4()J--_'-J
at ion, I.. 4.')S-',).
Muliasal. 'I'liwku l"iv ot ID vcai>
i.. t::--'.
.MiiiiiL;|ii'. Ci'iitial ( 'alil'cnniaii triln
i., :ii;l-4(ll;
^luUflfiiincs
(.M
I'licin, i.. 4."j;!.
ulsi'i'ninc
i., 4.".(t,
M'c .Mdkflii'uni'.-
Hiatus.
X'litli Mt'\ii'aii tribe, i.
'I-'.)I: location, i.. ili:j
Ult'S.
.")f;i. (!.">!».
4iK)--_', 4;t(), .")(».■>, ,").•{!>, Ml.
nilatiM'o
Ci'ntral < 'alii'oiiiiaii di
l.'.t,
111.. ()."iO.
Miiltiionialis (.Matlilaiiolts, Moltno-
as, .Molt IK
niali>). till
.f Cli
nooks
•.'•.'•J-.')(t; loi'ation, i., ;{0'.>;
s|M'ciaI nu'iitiun.
i., :!^!l; 1;
in;
Mull
.Mull
Mm
f;o,'>.
M.
M;
iva ila\', i-.iiciniar siljii, a
.MniliiU'iiuii'.s, i., 4."i((, M'c .Moki'liini-
ncs.
Miitistiils, Cfiiiiai ('alifoniian trilic,
i., .•ilil-4(ll: loiiilion, i., 4..L'.
Miitsniics, (I'lilral » alil'oi iiian tiili-,
i., ."{(JI^Ol; location, i., 4.") h lali^'.,
iii., t;.">:{-4.
.Miint/i/ti (Miiut/icat), Cciili.il Mex-
ican tiilie,
i., (117 44; 1.
'Cat loll, I.
(i72: Ian;,'., iii., 71!>-L'i.
.Mux iiii'ilioies, trilie of .Viiaelies, i
47;{-.".-.'(;:
location.
I'
!IL'.
.Mux, iianie of iiioiitli in( liiai'iis, ii
.(it!.
.Mll\•sea.s(^^ozcas), a( 'oliiiiiliiaii ti
niylli., iii., I'O!); v., •.'4.
Myaconia, Napa dialect, iii., (i.'id
.M\
llav
inc. ( 'aliloi'iiia, aiiti<
70(:.
Mvstie '1 reo, ti
"iv., 'M-.l
lid I M\ tlicdo"v, "
.('1
iiaiiiis, aiitii
'iieral oliscrval loiis. 111.
•A.
ii., 7ll.'<, 7.Vt-(;, 7iiii-l; iii., l-l
nail. (j>iiiclii'' sanctuary, m.. 4S|.
Mmnaltaclii, Central California,
la 111:., iii.. ().")0.
Miiniinies, ii.. (;(I4; iii.. .">4. alMt.
MiiiiiueliitI, lianlied
:\i
ciuii, 11., ."W.
una. 1 iicatan. aiitii|., iv.
'.»:).
I\lu|pii. Siiiitli ( 'alifoiiiian tiilie, i.,
4(IJ-1.'L'; location, i., 4.V,».
]\Iiii|ui, .Mo(|ui vilia;.'e. i., ~>'2H.
.Murder, i.. l-.'t, HiS^ 171. .'US.'.). .•jSH,
4itit-h). i:r), .'iDlMO, 770; ii., 4o.S-lt.
(!.M, (i.
:\hii
e\, tor ilveliiL
(i;!i).
Mil
'I'l'y
I'lat, (alifoinia.
aiitii
roi.
.Miirtil|iar (Maitil]iail, tvihe of Noot-
kas, i.. I74-'J(»,S;
ition, I., '2'XS.
.""). i:!-H,
.>1(/-,-
II
y|ierl»oreai'
III.
•iS-KHi. 1 t(i-!.,.')l(;-l!l; v., 14 ' dmii-
liiaiis, i.. 170 I. lM^.;}. -.N."-!; iii., '.»4-
S, 1 l<.l-,-)7. .".I'.l-li-.'; (alii
olUKIII.s
;!s7-.s, :i!i
KM I. .|(l,">, 4-J
111., ,SI-
!U, l,".7-(.'!l, 17.-I-7. .VJ2-(i, .Vl,">-."in
14; Ni
;••_'(!-!»;
IV Mexicai
,")S7-.S; iii.
VJO,
• u.S,
-s.-). |(;!i-7
i:i-14: Mex
leans, 1.,
(;:i4, (Ki.vc; ii., '.'(Mt-i.-). •_').■>■(;, -jii-j,
.••!(I-J-41, .S.sS-117, (Ktl-.-i. ((!(;-•_':!; iii.,
,"m-74, io'.)-i:{. ii'.i-.';{. ijs-!i, 1711.
::{|. •j:i7-4i!(», ."di-i,-).
41
v., \-2-V.i, !S4!II, :!.-)0, .-)! 1. .VJ.S; Cell-
tn
.\
iiRTicans
7tl7 N. 740; ii.
(!(;:{; iii., 4-.'-.V), 71-r), 4til-.*)OI, 'tW-
4; v., l:!-14, S7, 171--', .">4.-|-S, ,-)7l.',
(ilO, ()1S-!1; ])liysical iiiytlis, ii
lOS-'JC; animal niytli.s, iii.. 1l'7-
:{il; pliallii' riles, iii., r>(ll-!t; nioiinil
liuihleis, iv., 7S7; I'eniviiui.s, v.,
14-17.
]\Iils,'leslicll l!a|,ids, i., ;Hl'1.
Mnseiinis. .Mexican l!e]iulilic, antii[.,
iv.. .").V!(U.
]Miisliaiiiia, Moijui \illap', i., .VJS.
(1(10.
!Mn>ic. Ilviicrliorean.s, i., 11"J; ( 'o-
liiiiihiaiis. i.. 10,-), 170. -JOO-l, I'M- N
'2; Califoriiiaiis. !.. ;i.")4, ."ilLS. 41(1;
New Mexican.s, i.. ,'')l.")-t(i, .->.■)•_', ."iS4. ; Xaaiiceaauliee.s, irilie of 'i'liliiikeets,
rKSli: .Mexicans, i., (VM. {\:\r>, (mH, : i., 114-111; location, i., 1 i;i.
(id'i-S; ii., -.'S.^-li, •_>SS-'.»4, :{l;{, 41-_'. iNalie J.i-ili (ia, (^liclie luoiilli. ii.,
4l'i;-7, 4!t-i. (117, ()-'0-l; iii., (!-'-:{,! 7(1(>.
.S.'?(i-7, :U\-2. 'M'. 4-J7; aiitin., iv., I Nalie Mam, (,»iiiclie nionlli, ii., 7i;ii.
47S, ."lOl. -)-0. .■)(il; Central .\meii- ' Nalie I'aili, (^luidic nionlli, ii., 7i't>.
caii;<, i., 70i"i. 7;J-, 7.'ii'>-ti, 744 7i)4, ' Nalie T/.ili, (..hiielie moiitli, ii., 7li(j.
718
INDEX.
Niil)cy >riiiii, Ciikrliiiiucl iiiontli, ii., " Xiililulis, r'ontial r,ilif(u'iii;iit tiilic,
'tUi. [.. ;ii;l-4Ul; I.iiatinii, i.. 41'.i
Niihey I'lnli, CaktliiiHicl iiiimtli, ii., Naliual Teti'iictiii, Naiuia (Hthi- of
7(><). I cliivalrv, v., I'.'j.'i.
NaWcy Tiiuii', ('akchiijiU'l iiKiiitli, ii., , Naliiia Nations iNalmas). nianiins
Nalu'v 'runiii.'iiz, ('ak(liii[Ui'l iiionlli, !
ii..'7(i(). I
Na!iillsi'. Norlh ( 'alifoiiiian laii;,'., j
iii., fill'. _ I
Malicdi I iiowi'sliak-:, (A'lilial ('alifcw
iiiaii tiil)e, i., ,'i(JI-Ktl; ioralioii, i.,
•147.
Nacalxiir, v., '2')'2, sec Nai-axoc.
N'ai'aiiu'ri, vil!ii;,'t>, Soiiora. !., (iOI.
>.acaiiicri ItivtT, i., (ill'i.
Nacapaliiiaz<aii, Ideality, I'liclila, v., i ])iiftiy, ii., 4!>'_'-7; aiitlimctic. ii.,
4:)(l. ' j 4!>7-')itlt; cak'nilar, ii.. .">()-_'--_'L': lii(
Nacau"iia, South 1 'alifoniian triko, ! rouiypkirs, ii., ,")'_';v.V2; dwrliiiivx
and ciistoiiis, ii.. i;!;;-!)-.".!; naim .
ii., ll".l; ndvciiiiiu'iit, ii., \:v.<-
'_';i;t, 4;{.'!-7-': fdiuation, ii.. •Jio.
51; njania;:!', ii., •_'.")l-i;(;; \vmiif;i
and (liildii'ii. ii.. 'Jfiii-.S!; aninsc-
nicnts, ii., I'S.S-;}!)! ; totivals and
fcasis. ii., :i()-_>-41; food, ii., .•i4-J-»!'J:
<lit'ss, ii., 'M)'.i-~~; coinnii lie. ii.,
li7S-!l7; lioats, ii., ;{!t7-!l; wcaimiis
anil war, ii., 4(in-.'{'2; arts and niaii-
ul'actnrcs, ii., 47."i-'.)'_'; orat.irv anil
i., 40_'-'.'-'; loration, i., 4(i(t.
IS'acaxoi' (Xai'aKur, Nacaxcic Mill,
Nai-axzocli, Naia/xoc. Nai'a/xot),
'I'oltcc kinLT. v., •-'.")->, -21',]. •_'!I7.
■md arcliiti'cturc, ii., I(i(l-I74. ."i."i,i-
S'.t; iiifdicinc, ii., .')'.H-(i(lL'; knrial,
ii., ()(I.'{-'J:{; idiysiipU', ii., (;l'4 ."i;
cliaractcr. ii., ()-(i-l>: manners and
Naea/|ii|iiloixorlii, Clndnltoe [iricst, ' en^tonis also deserilied w ii li .Me\i-
V., 4'.).")-ii. i eans Cennal anil Soiitliein, i., (IIV-
Naclnin (I'arlian). name a|i|ilied to |
I'alemine. iv., L'!t4-.-); iiist., v., I.V.t.
li;;{, I.S7, •-'•-'1. I
Xaekiieek l.'ivcr. i,. 1 Id. I
VO; loeation, i., (il7. I)7n-Sl; ni\tli,,
ii.. -'It'll.".. •Ji,")-ii.i.".i-_>.;{iiii-4l.:{ss-;i7,
(;il4-.'>, (llC-L'.'i; iii.. Xi'i. Kl'.i kl,
llli-'-':i. kJS-l), 17!i--':!l,-_»;{74(io. ,
Naeoelitli. Nali.ia ear-rin-s. ii.. 101. ! 1.'), ."a'-'-ll; v., .S4-!)I. ;{."'.U; la;i.Lr.,
iS'ai'on, .Mava title, ii., il.l.i, 711; iii.,
47;k
X.ieooclie \'alley, Missi>si|iiii \alley,
antiij., iv., 7iiS.
'"'aeori, villajic Soinira, i., (i'(M!-7.
iii., 7-.">"'.s: v., li.vj, .'iiis, ,"1(1, :>-s;.
Xir. lii^t., ii..".llll4: iii.,-J'i!, :!ii7-
>S; v., kss-.Vis. .■i4i-(;, xr.;'. .".iii,
"xu-s, ,")!i,')-7, t'.oi, (i(»i, tiU)-r;. ti.'i,
'x'.ienix, name of ( liieliinn'e eountrv, .Nalinatlaes. Central .Mexiir.n tiilie
v., -Jll).
Naexit, kinj; of ('o|ian, v.. .").")•_', ,"),')S.
ISiirxilk N'aliiia ;4oil, iii., llfi.
Xiielims (Nakelenisl, trike of Clii-
nooks, i., "JJ".'-."!!); loeation, i.,;i(i7.
Na,L;aik'rs tiihe of I'inindi, i., II l-.'f7,
loe ition, i., I !•").
N'a;;aranilas, i.,7'.>-, sec Naurandans.
>>'i.i;;-;.;i'nkti>inintcs (Na:a>;i'nktoo-
, 1117-44; loeatiini, i.. (i7ri-t;; lii-i..
v.. :{(».".- 10.
Naknatls, ( Jiiati'm.'ilan trike. i., list;.
711; sjieeial mention, i., ~"'.
Nalinalo/.tomeea.--. .Naliiia nieri nant--,
ii., :i.sl.
Naliiiey (Nakajney). Snnlli i akl'or-
niaii trike, i., 40_''iJ; loeaii 'n, i..
4.V,|.
mules), trike of I'.skinnis. i., 40- Nalini Olliu '{".maliuli. Nalina cal-
(i;.'; loeation. i., 4'J, |:iS.
Naurandans (Na,.;ai'anda--. . a.Liraii-
eiidar si.:n, ii . ."iolk \ .. -O.i,
N'ldiaixoekil 1, hnd of 'I'/.ot/ol.in, v..
da-ii, ( Juatemala triUe. i.. ( i(i-7ll; 4til--.
lo/aiion, i., liSS, 7;)_'; lr t., v., i N'aia;.;utK, N'orik t'alifoniian trilie,
lli:< I i., ;V.'(i' r,l: loeaii i,. 4)4.
Na.:MalisiH, ludief in a ,■. :ardian Nai;.' (Naii|Ui'r, (eutral CaliforniMi
s|iirit, i., 74(»; ii., •J77: iii l.)S-ll, I trilie. i., .■Kll-Htl ; loeation,!., 4.1;).
I1I7, IH'.'. ' Naila. Soutk (alifernian liilie, i.,
Na-iin-alayeksa, i. .".7, >ee riiala>.ka. I I'l----; loeation, i., loS.
Nalnijney, 1., I."i!i, >ee N.iliney. , Naiarites. !., Ilu7. see NavaiiN.
.Naha-'tdinne, Knteliiu dialect, iii., Nalal-enmek, trike of llai<lali-^. i.,
.">S7. k"iri-74; l(i>ii;ion, i.. -IM.
Xakekess liiver, i.. .'I-'O. Na'e'rak, Kskimo title of 1 kief, i.,
Nakelcius, i., 3iJ7i MCt' Nai lims. ' (J5,
<
INDF.X.
no
X;Miilie, PiicMi) vilLi.t^ff, i.
O'.i; X.iss, tri'xi of !Tiii<i;ilis, i., l,")."-7t;
IIIL
III.. (iM
X
iiiilii' ( 'i-(
!»!».
luratioii, 1., !.,.>, ■_
iiiiiitiiiii, i., Li(>, i^
ll
II
i:ilih''
(i'.t-7!, cS7,"
Coluiuliiaii
O.I.) .»(-
V|ICI'lM)lVilllS, 1.
40-1,
aii;^.. 111.
'J4-
l!l !■_'
ir)l-'J,
iii;
•_'o-_',
iidii
XllS.< 1
iivi'r, I.
';s, ;)-}. ll-J, l.V>, -J'.i.'M.
•Jl!i, Niiss-Slial
MS, •_•:!•, liSS; ralit'niiii- ! iii., IK!.
■hi. 1
inliio o
i W'l
:{2,V(i, .s-i4, :{.i
4;i!S, 4(18;
Nata, Naliiia Xo.vl
iii., (>.i(i; .M
o.Kicaiis, 1.
(;:!4-."), (uK; Xatii, lii
.f Nt
I, iii., (111.
iiiiians, i.
'I7-S.1
ii., S."), •-'74-.'); v., ;iL'4, ."Uii; Mayas, j locatirtii.
(iii.'), (iSi)-l; aiili'
iH-d': nil
taiil
1.-.4, I X
iiii' (•:
(Nat,
IH'S), til III' I
f A I
iiirii', 111.
.i-(i.
I., 47.'i-'>-fi; iiic.itiipii, 1., 174; II!
iiiiiM u:.\, ( liicliiiiRM' i^iiii.
2'JO.
aiiacall, an intii.xicaiii:;^ iiiiislirouiii,
ii., .'i.i4.
X
iiiaiiiiaiii, S.iMtli ( '
ii'iiian ti'MM
Irilii
I , IiI.'-Jl'; I
lanaliual/iii,
v., -Jill-.-i.
at I III, I., 4'0.
Na ma ;^o(i,
"I'.Ci,
Xati'lit' Kiitrjiiii ((:
tribe (I
f V
1 1 1-;
(ill:
tioii, i., 1 i."i, I 17.
Xati'liiz, riiiiida tiil
tioii and Ian;;., v..
NaliMiii'taiii i;i\cr, i., 1 lii
10, cai ly I'diii
"i;;,S.!».
!i-
X.iiiainiii Kivcr, i.. 'J'.'S.
Xaiiaiiiiiis, trilic of NcmiKMs. i., 171-
,N.iiriiictaiii~. tiil
Pl' 'I'i IIH'll
114-
oi'atiiiii. i.. Ill, 1
JdS: l(
at mil, i., 17.")
Xaiiciiililla. Mt'\
ICCl
'.IS.
iitii|., i\
ill iiiciitiiin, i.
. 4S0. Xati
1 :(•_', sc
N:
Xaiiiln'li''i'all, naiin' nt (.tiii'l/.n
if XlMlll
171-
•.'OS:
localiiiii, I.
anmi^c I ial'lmi-. i.
'!kS.
Xaiil.
uili'iia. I iniicli lairu's, in.
14-J
II, N.iiiii.
iii., \r,X
X.ioii
'aliiiiiiliii, riitiiuac (lii, I'ct,
ii|iiis. Ci'iitiiii Calildniiiiii
:!(il-401; lui'iitiiiii, i., :>ii:!,
trllii
III
4.-.a;
Niiliiiiia! Iliiciiii llsin'raii/ii, luciijity,
( fiitiiil < 'iilil'tiniiii, i., 4.")."i
Xatiiiiiiil Miisciini, .Mrxic , aniii].,
iv., ."h ;(•:?.
Xiiti\ iilinl NiiViijiiii (XavdI.miii . \il-
hi
iiKira, 1. . (i()(.
Xiitiviiiiiil, I'lii'lilii, iiiilii|.
Niiiliaul in. tiilii^ uf Tin .
H7; liiciiiiiiii, i., 14."i.
i., lU-
iiliiiii, \ ll
;i', Siiiiiiv.i, I., 'lIMi,
N
qiitli
111., fiJO.
u;li, Niiliiia
Nm^alii tNiil<'-siii, Jiiiti-liiri clan,!.,
I I.T-'.
4'.7-l'^. Xii-t'ih-Kiit-i'liiii |Xji-t«ik-Uin>-('liin!..
X.iiia \'alli'V, i., .•{(!;{, 4'il-
I villi' I
if 'i'iiinch.
)14-;<7; l.»f*
1 1 11 ilia I ins, Ci'iiti'iil Ciilifuniiiin triln
I 17; liiii;_.. ill.. ->H(i,
;i(i
-4(»l
iiiiiii, i,. 4'il.
Nail
lire, iiilnnnrf nn
l|Mlll.-
'V, Tiinitv lii\«-r "od, iii.
('iiiuiii'tt'r. SI
jA:..M.|
lit- a'fi
!■' linv inito'-.-ciii.
Nal
ll ViNiii--kn|i'>, trilii'
4 \
I'lii •, I.
'iiiiiiat, ((^tnctahlorcs), triliruf .\|ia-' H7-'.i4; J-.'-.itiini.
('Ill's, i., 47.t-'i'.'(!: Iiiciiliiiii, i., ."i.lj.
1 ,t.
it('.itl(
araiijan, (°ii<
.Mill
■|.l_'. Niiiiai|, ('I'lilii't t ir 'I'liii
ill. I'.ll.
iiiil.llaii, iiy, W'fii < I'll/., v., t.')',>.
Xariri'^. N'lrt-th .VIvxirMi iiilic. i., NaiiliMil', < hii'hiinci- kiiii;, v., -L'll.
iiiai'iin, V.
anuiM's, i., (i(i7; li., .■);((). ti(M).
Naiil
iiihyi'ii
I. (N
.'48,
IllllV 4/111),
TdlK
:..ti.
(l,^ .
ri7l ".•!: Idcaticiii, i . (IKi.
Xiii'kdilviiiii, triho 111' NiiiitUiis,
l"i-'J(W; Ideal iiiii, i.. '.I'.l.i.
Xiisals, trilieiif ( 'liiiionUs, !,, i.''J--.")ti; Na.iti»vi ll 111. i 'dVnl, f ''i\ dtii, 'I'nliei
NanliMiil 11., 'rdllec ki
iiX' ■*■-
It M 'ill inn, i., ;{0.").
Nii-as, i. , (il4, see Na/as
kiii>-, \., •-'1*.*- tlU.
NiiiiJnotl l\'.. r.illee U
Ni
N
■1,
llllieli ilialei
I, iii., 'h^X
.NiU
ilivol
/.111, V.
;4X
isin I
h'. M
IS-.|S-,1]I|I
Villi
illitr|.
s.iiini, iialiic
fdi'C
iiilillielies
• . '. . .■!t;i-4.
Naiil.soli I.
ll
1., 17.1.
N;i\iili'i.t < !^ii\(ili(iuii), i., ()t)7-S, s( ('
XiisUddhiin liilie df 'riiiiieh, i.. Ill- NiUividiul Na\iij«
.'!7; IdCiili
oil,
14(i,
Na\
IMIJils
see < ell
h' his N
iviijas.
Xiisdinali?!, Irilie (tt « hiiKioks. i.,
•-••.'•.'•.')ll; Ideiilidii. i., .SOS.
Niiiiiiiiilly, i., ;ji)l, sue Xisiiiially.
Niiviijo Uiser, I., Ki.'i
NaMijdH ( Niiv iiliiM's. XiiMiJoes, Xiwa'
jdiisi, tiilie of .VtMi'lie.-', i., <l'7';i-
720
INDKX.
-,L'(;
liii'Jillnll Jlllil lliinU', I.
IMI; >l)cii,tl llli'lltinll. i.
4i;j,
8. 4S2-:{, 4S(;, 4SN'.t|. 4!t4-r>, 4!to
")iil-(i. ;")()«, alo, :il-_>i:{,
VJO-
m.fli., iii., H].:i, 117, l-'D, 171,
r>is; v., •_'(»; laii^,'.. Hi., (!02.
Naviijo S|iiiiij,', Ariziiiia. aiifiii., iv.,
N
(i44.
iviiiamlis. trilic o
f Istl
iiiuans, 1.
747 -S.l
lIHMltlOll 1., /H.).
Niivi;;atiiiii, |)ic-liif<t(>ri(:, v., 10-11,
\
soe also jJoalf'
avoliuiia, i.
Na\ajnii.
(>()7
see Nativiilii
ivoii til' Ins I'ccDs
awiliiwcssu's,
(idO.
1'
Sl'C I ('CDS
tril)L' of llaidalis,
ir)")-74; siK'cial iiioiitioii, i , l.")H.
Ncwittci'H,
Na\VL•^'t(M•^J, i.. :.".•."),
Nawl.
oUs, llanlah siiints, ii
NawiiiiiKits, ti
f Cliinoiiks, i.
22'J-.'iO: li.caliiiii, i.. :WX
Xavali dial), M.i\a iiitcnalarv dav;
Navaril (N\
llis.i), )., (>■
Tolcili'V li>(alil>
; v., 501).
Xavani-' (Naiafili-.s), N'.ntli Mi-xicaii
ti-ilM
laii^'.
'.II; I
l-'O.
atldll, I., II0| ;
Navt'li liaali. Mav.i iiitiTialarv cl;i
II., (.>!
>Ja/.as (.Na.sas), Noitli Mt'sicaii tiil
i., ."l-iH; l.MMlioii, i.. (il;{.
Ncaclicsiii! liiviT. i.. .S07.
i;ay (\N,iail(l,i), i., -J-'O, :!()-J.
M'Mll
Near Ulatid. i., iS7.
Ts'i'Uali (Ncliaki, (liialcniala, aiitii|.
N
lualciiiiitl.
N
sec ,\c/a-
lUlalciiN'dl I
lllMJI
(•can;
III.. !'.•:».
|>illi, iiaiiic li>r I c/iat li|
Ni'i'atill.iii, Milii
r»r>o.
if M
cxirii, II.
I'i'iKM'dlri's
(Ncrh,
tiilio of ( 'hill
'lO; local ion, i.
Ill'lltloll. I.
:;io.
Nt't'ki'loM (Nccki'ctc
onks, I., •_'■_'-■-
:;{, itod; special
*), trili(> of Clii-
Xi'cooti
tril
le. I.
■i^rlis, Tiilaml ('oliiinli'ii
•_'.")0-'.tl; location, i., ;tl7.
x'cuaiiictl, J
cliinu'cs, V.
llUlt'llt COUIltl'V (
it (•
Ncciiltas
tiilie of N'oolkiis
171-
OS; location.
OS.
i., •-'!):{,
\(
>CC(l|l'S, 1.
.■i(i;i.
('('('kcctoos, i.
■;{, 70, 01, 101, i':{(), 4(!
307, .SCO Ncckf'fos.
rcrcliokioons, friocnt ('iiinooks, i.
•_'l"J-oO; location, i., .'{Oil,
N
ci-siicnains
(Ncsli
ciiani>
Cciitial
Califoinian trilic, i., :tl>l-401; l<
tioil, i., 4.")1 ; special ineiilic
•SSii, a,so. 307; iiiytli., iii., i
.')4.")-(); laii.u'.. iii., ()4.S-0. CVJ.
Neesloil
.lali
s I Neecelowes), (nlie (
-f II
l.'i.")-74; locjilion, i., •_".):!- !.
Ncellakaiianincli, lii'itisli ( "oliiinliia,
laiiir., iii., I'l.'l.
Xeewaiiiisli, tiilie of Somiil Indians,
i., 20S-:i
:.': location, i., .•JOO.
li lliver. i., :t()0.
Neew;
Xeuiitos, North Mexican (ril
■">7I-0I; location, i., (H I.
Ne.u'i'os, Istliniian Klave> . ";
til
4-J
Ne;;iiali's, North Mexii'a,
.">71-0l; location, i., Cll.
Nehaleni Itivei
selniniies
(Nel
:!ii.-),
lannces.
NohliaiiMies,
■h, i., 114-;)7; 1.
lion, i., 148-;); siieciai iiu'iition.
tnii(? o
f 'I'i
l.'.l
atiLf.
111., i->>^i
Nei\cotla|ia' 'i, an emetic, ii.. oOO.
NeiMa!i|ninneis, ti'ilie of ('hiiKiol
i., '.l-22:'>(); location, i., ,300.
Neni.atenil,
days, ii.. '.
Neinshoiis
iliilil
N
5, ,")(IS.
V<'nishaiis,
uiteiralarv
enishaw s.
Nenislioos.), Ceiiti'.il ( aliforiiian
trihi
.3iil-4ol; location
4.:
N.
Ml--., iii.. )i40.
iia, wife of N;
No.il
1. lil,. li'I.
nooks, i., "J-l.'-.">0; location, i., 307
Noeklai'es. i., .3(iS-0. 4Sv.>, .VU, ."..'> I
ri.'ilt. .")7t. (!23. (ilO-;.l,
(.(., (.••_', ,.>
ii., :i7(
^tU'iician
lit. I.,,
tl.
Neiiiieiini, Ceiilial < 'alifoinian tiil
i.. .31)1-401; loc.ilic
M. 1.. 4."i4.
Ni'|ihites. .\inerican ori'jin-traces, \.
OS-lol,
\e|Hdiiialt/it/iii, Nalnia knotlc
records, ii.. ;Vil.
Nciniaiiietl, ('hiehiliiee kill'', v.
(•JO.
iii,, 100.
lie for Tezcatli|ioca. ' Ne(|iiatidli. a kind of Minel
II.. 'AX>.
NeeoniiuK'liees ( Nii'koiniiisk triheof
( liiiiook.<<, I.
.3o:..
•.'J-'-.")(); loewt'oii, i.
Nt't'oons, (lilieof llaidahs, i., I.m-71;
Jocat
at Ion, I., .,!.',
.Ne(|iieii, iiiiij,'iiev cl.ifh. ii., 3ill, 40ii,
4 it.
Nii|uileh, 'I'riiiit.v l!iMr;ji)d. iii., IT'i.
Ni
M'hti
trilie ot ( 'liiiiooks. I.
oO; location, i., .307.
\es|)eeluiii ('reek, i., ;il(
INDKX.
■01
\
I'siici'Iinii
Ii
(■<iliiiiiliiaii Irilic,
i., ■J.iil-'.il; linMliiiii, i.. .'{1.").
i's|iii(l-^, trilii' lit Niiiitkas,
•JdS: liiialiuii. i., L",l.").
N
OSI|llillllS, I.
Ni'lcriiiliiliili, Naliiia da
.'{Ol, see Nis([iialli('s.
lice, II., '-".to.
Nt'ti'la. SciiitlL ('alit'uniiuu laii;,^, iii.,
()(1(», (i74-S.
Nt'ti'iil//i)iiiiiii/tli, a Naliiia (li-.('aM'.
ii., -Ml.
Nftctclj/tii, Nalma .laiicc, ii., '.'SS.
N'('tiiiialiiili'|iialii Naliiia lVsti\ai. ii..
Nci.ptoli/ili, Nalma ilaiuc, ii,, •_'<,».").
Nct>, li.\ prliMiira
11-^, 1.. .!.)-(), ,(l
!ii>.
U.S. |-_':{; Coliiml.ian
IS.!
-14,
,»•>■! ■)i;.>
:.'(,:
Calii'.
alls, i.. ;{."{7-!>, ."{T-")-*!, -liMi, 4l'S; Ncv
.Mexicans, i,, iss, .">i )()_', XV.). .".(i'-_>
.S, .")((l!: .Mexicans. ', . (i.'ij, (i.")(i-7; ii.
('Means. ,
:\r,\--2; v., :!:.■>; (Vn
i., 'iitt, I!'.I7-S. 7II.V
il .\
iiicri.'aii-,
7--'4, 7ili».
.(i.i: II.
7-JI.
i., is.-), .-WW.
Ncltl
Netzieiiii. Za|ii)lee (Male: t, iii., 7.')l.
Neiii'tial'iel-^ ( Neilcll.i
is, N,
laliti, irihe ol' Nnotkas, i., 17I--II
ill I., 'J'.l.i
Neiiksa
i., •_'(l!t, -J!)!), see N.
Neiiixucis, trilie (if Sdiiiid Indians
i.. 'JllS.'
Ill ill lull, I.
!!Mt.
Nelll
llliNI;^-, tnl
il' Sum
d h
i., '_'(IS-'_"_'; Idciiiiiiii, i., .'iilll,
xiiwitties, I.
Vt. see Newittee:
M'Viidii. milliners iuid ciistdins
in lie:
i.. 4---'-4'J;
ill Kill, i., '.\\1'J.
4(10, !(;.■) '.I; iilll
;i-14.
III., <ili
iiiilii
e\;ii|,l Ciiiinlv, < 'iilil'iiniiil, ;iiitii
IS .
,lli;,
.Ne\ ielmm
i., 4.")(), sei
'\Sil((
N.
I
llilil dliileel. 111., li'.l.).
ew Aliiiiiden, < 'alihn'iiiii, aiilii|., 1\ .
li!li;,
N,
V, M
.-•St I,
|s>|s,||i|i|
I(\\', aiilii|.
,s,.,
nil
IMC 11
.')(); liieiltiiill, i.
f CJiilK
1 1! I.
•wiiliiiiinilie:
IN
e\ Kiinnme*
Ne-
u iidiiiiniies), (eitiiiil ( 'idii'drniiiii
Irilie, i., :i(il -401; lueiiiidii, i., -I'm;
iii,, (il't.
Newaliu';
17">, see Newillees.
Newiilliie, .Vliiiiixc ;iip(l, iii., l'-
New ('n!eddnl;'i. i., 1 1.->, .-ll.'t.
Newelieliias ( ,N iiellilliasi, tlil
Nddll
i., 17I-'_'IIS; Ideal lull, I.
'.1,">; slieilii
all;.
III.
I llieiltidli. i., \'A, IS'J;
• HIS.
New Pnil'j-elless, Iiiiiilily, Wasliiii;,'-
Idii, i., •-Ml.'.
New ( Jiiiiiadii, iv., l.j, see Cdlombiii.
Newieari,'iits, trilie (if Tinneli, i., 114-
;{7; idcati
II.-), 147.
Newitlees (Naucelees, Ne\\iit(
N
eliwilties,
kas, I.
N
eu el te
nil
le (it
Nddt
174-i;(iS: I
(ICiltlllll, I.
.">, -Jill'. •_".l.->.
M
eNHiiiiM, line iil the hcxcii
<iii|is intd will
■Il tl
le natives dt
the I'iieilie Sl;ites are divided, hi-
Cilleil III
N(
.M
eNlcd.
ui/dlia.
I.
iwcr
Ciilif
(iriiia, Sdiidiii, .Siiiiiliiji,
< liiliiiahna.
iiexd I.eiiii
N
ami western
l>niiin:;ii. < nalniilii,
iiditliein X.icateciis,
liii
Tev
(1 -j;!, I
'('tween liltl-
dii^iliide, '.til'
Mi
iilidivided iiild fiiiir fi
■lies, I'
llelilii^, l.dWel
( 'iilifiiiiiiiiiis, aiid Ndi'llieni .Me\i-
ciiiis; niiiniiers iind eiisldnis df eacli
■ i. s( riheil sel'iilillelv, i.. I71-(ill;
Idcjitidii. divisidiisanil trihiil lidiind-
• .. i ,
.-)-S.-..
i., .-|'-'S; iii ,
lies, I., •l7l-:<, .V.ll-dl I; iiiyll
ii'(», ,->;jS. .-(.-);i-4, .-|S7 iS; iii.
(.1, •>
•Jii-;!l;
I (;'.»-
.'ills!!, <iS(l-7
i\.. (il.-)-.S(i; (
.-.;{7-s.
eW Mexicd, llilie:
antni
i.<7 s;
Mi'.:in, v.
.'(I; hi-l , \.
i., 471 I'lii,
.!M
(1(11: laiiL'., iii., -|!i;t-.->, (1(10-4, dso-
'I-
iv., (;i.-«-s(i,
-i',l7
New liiMf, i., 44.">, 4,-|S,
New l;i\er liidiiins, .Sdiilli Ciilil'di-
trill
I., 40-_'-:
anl Ml.. IV.
IdcalKiii, 1.
.'lO
New V(
New ^'(l^k I'hil, ( 'alifdiiiiii, iinli(|.,
iv., 7((7.
Nexiipii, IdiiilitN, NiiiU-ii;.;llil, i., 7'.((i;
\., .i;;j, ."lilt.
Nexiilias (Nexil/ils), i., (isil, see Hi iii
\lllldS,
Ne\dXii(ll(i. Nalilia ;;(i(l(less, iii,, ,'l'.'(i.
NeNleiielliia, Nalma ;:Md. iii., It'.lii.
Nevelse Klllslii, liilie df 'linnell, i ,
114-
IdClllldli, I.
47
Ne/iilmalcdX lit I i Neialmalcuidl I, Ni
/iiliniilcdjiii 1 1, .Veiillma mdiiarel
II
l;;4, 4 17. •t7l-
"i".'.!;
I.
I'.iCi-S; v., :i7-_'-4'-'s, 4!IH ;»
Ne/almiil|iilli, Ai'dlhiiu nidiiiiri'li, ii.,
l;;4, •-••JO, l47-.">o, iilO; v., 4'_M-7.">,
4'.l',», .-1(17
Ne/. i'eice
Ne/. I'eree
liiver, i., .'U >.
^. Inliiiid Cdliimliian Iii
1 ; jdciilidn and nai:M',
l.'r.', '-'."•.'I, .'ll(il7i s|ie(iiil meiiii(
I.
..(}-! I
i., 'J.-) IS, -jco, '-•(i.-i. •J(;7 7 1,
;(f-'.t.
Vol.. V 10
I
INDEX.
2S2, '2S4. '2S7. L'S!)-OI; iiivtli.. iii., j Ninin Qui 'lu' (Xinm(|iii( lifi, (,»iiiil
<),"). I.")(i. .V.'d; laii''.. iii., (i'.'l-.'t.
hict",
v., '">(;"), i"i7(>, aTS, (i(l4.
N;.'iiyiik, tiil)i' ot Alt'iits, i., 87-94; I Niinciil;ali[ioc, city, (iiiatiniala. v.
iiicatioii, i., 141.
'.84.
Niali
44S.
trilti
I'linios, Central Califur- ' Niiii ("IkicoIi Cawck', (iiiiclii' tltlt
;U)l-40l; location,
li., (i;!<.t, (;44; v., (III--'.
Nimki-ili (Nimkis, Nimiil.
jikislii, trilu
Nicalila;,'ali, (iMiii'lii' ;,'(nl, v.. 181, r)47. ! of Nimtk.'is, i., 174-'2(»8; loialiDii
N
1. i..(i8(;-| i., 17(i, 2!t.")-(j, •-'as:
icaia;;iia, iialniiis (It'sciilici
711; ii., ()'4.">-80,'{; localinii, i.. ()S8- I liim, i., 18;<.
sjiccial iiK'ii
110-4;
s|p('cial iiuMitiiiii, i.
1: Nimkisii liivcr,
•JOS.
ii., I'J.'!, ()4."i-7, (i")<>-4, (i(l(i-7. (>7<l-'.'. , Niiii|iiik(iiii, city, (Iiiatciiiala, i., 78S;
(i74, <i7(i. <>78. 7(»8-l(», 71;M4, 718-
aiitiij., IV
;{l ; v., .').").").
770-1,-
iii., 75,
.>8-:U, 7:{7, 7;f'.l-17,74!l- ")•_', 7ti<!, I NiiiiM.i. Canliali, name I'm- Canlial
!MI, 7'.t;i-4. 8()0-:i; invtii
v., 17."), r)44.
(8...
\.U, 4!l(»-ti. .")(I7, a4:f; v., l,'!; | Ninstence. tritie (it llaiilalis, i.. 1."
7!)I-.S; aufii
!;{.
'.•-<iO, 78:». ! 74; liicatii
iv., ■-'8-()7; lii.'-t., v., ! Ni
O-J
47-'-;t, ".•_".), tm, Cr.'-l.S.
iminlioe.s. .Shusliiiui' spint-
.N
icafa'Mia Lake, i
'.Mt-
l'_';{; v., (!l:!; aiitiii., iv., I'S-.'tO.
1.-
Niims, name for Mux, \'.. (it).").
Nil), Sinaina. laiii:., iii.. 7il7.
Nii'ara;;naii.s, name lor Niiinirans, v., Niparaya (Niparajai, I'l'rieiii
()13.
iii., 83, K;!).
L'O.
Nieeoiitanmcli, i., IHO, see Nieonta- I Ni|
lOlllO,
.'rave at ."^an Luis Oh
rli
Caiil'
Ni
ornia, antii|., i\., (il
im, name of month in Cliia- i Niiniirans, (NiearaLMians), (inatemala
|ias, 11., ((id.
ekoiiiiiis, i.
i'Ir'cs.
;{().i
secoinan-
Nieola Lake, lanjr. , iii., (il.S.
Nieola Kivi'r. laiiLi., iii., (il.'i
I! .
trilie, i., (i(i8-711; location, i., (188,
7!l--': hist., v., (il;{.
Ni.M|iiallies ( Nesi|iiallis, Skwalls,
Si[Mailie.s), trihe of .SoimkI Indians,
i., '-'OS'-'L'; location, i., -JtlS. I'liit, .■jdl:
noutameens
iniicli
icoiitamm
UO, see Nieouta- .special iiieiitiiMi, i.. •_'1(>, '_'14, "Jl]
h(N
lecoutamiK
h, Ni
•_'L>(I
ii., (lis.
;iiv
th
111.
;t7-8:
tameeiis, Nicnlennii'ii). Iiilaml ( 'm- ; Xisiiiially (Na.si|uall.\ 1 I!iv
er, 1.. .'tdl
trihi
."lO-lll;
atiiiii, Nitiiialit liiver.
i., ;{10; special mention, i., -.")8, i Nitinats. (Nitinahts. Nitteeiiats, Nit
Ni
',10.
nova, tirovinee a
ml
citv, Costa
Ni(
Ivica, V.
(ill.).
(iiilf,
I., /.)'
'_', 7'.»l-'->; v., (1
tinahtsi, tiilie of Nootkas. i.. 174-
L'08; location, i., I7">, -'.•<>; sjiecial
mention, i., 17S, I8'.l-'i(l, I'lKS; lan,u..
iii.. (iOil.
Ni.ulit.aii. trihe of llaiihii
7h location, i., l'Hl'.
Nitinat Sonml, i., 17"). -!••
)■(.
N
i\uiia, n.'ime lor Comamiies, i., ■]'
Nihalh, (.iniche title, ii., (i4.'?-4; v.. Noaclies, trihi; of Sho.-honcs, i., 4'.
U(i
.)(i(i
"i.SO.
4'-'; location, i., 4i)-l.
Nijapa Lake, Nicara.^iia, aiitii|., iv., , Noah, oriLiin theory, \-., '.I-I'J.
N
ijoras, (rilie
.Vj(l
Nohles. .Mexicans, ii., 1, >•'(;■•_'()( I, I'-J
.f .\
iMclics, I.
47;i-
;t7;i-7. 411: iii., 4;i(; V ,-l."i(i
(en-
ition ami name, i., 47
oltS; laii''., iii., (iS4.
Nik
iNi
as), tnhe ot ( hiiiool,
i , •.'•.'•_'-."iO; location, i., ;tU7
N iko/liaiit in, tri
f 'rinneli, i.
I14-;i
I ; loca
lion, i., I I,"
Nima-.Vma^', name of ijhilaha.
Ira! .\niericaiis, i.. 77(1-1; ii.,(i.'l(i-
44, ii(i;{-4, (!7;t-4, ClKM, 7-'7, 7s4-');
v., .'')7!l-8'.'. ."iss-'.l, .")!il '2.
ocasari, villa^^e, iSoiior.i, i.. ('(i.").
Noel
les. South CalilorMian
trill'
■I O'J -•-"-•; location, i.,4(IO; Ian-., ni.
(I'.SIi.
Nochiztlan, Mi/tec ilialect, iii., 7t','.
Nima Camlia, (,>nicli(' title, ii., (144. : Nochi/ll
rhineal in-^ect.
II.. 4Mi
Nimaliuinae, Cakeliiiinel kiiiL', \.,,Nocoiii iN'iiililasi, trihe of .Vpiiili
',18, llO'.t.
i. 47H-o-(i' location, i., ."I'.I'J.
IXDI-.X. 7:3
Niii'to, South ralifiiriiiiiii trihc, i. , ! Noot'-Jinos. rciitral ralifornliui tiilie,
40--'--."_'; liicatidii,
:<(>l-4(»l; locat
iim, i., 4,"
ica'Tliciiii'in ''(Ml, 111
Nipcilli:
Ni>li. (,>iii('liu-t 'al<cliii|Ui'l ilay. ii., 7f>'
Niiliiacali. ^ in'ataii, aiiti((., iv., i2U(l- Nimtka
l(!4. I NcDilium-;. tiilif ni Siiiiiiil Indian
1., •J(l,S.'2:.': locatioii, i., »Kt.
OIH- (it tllC 111110
faiiiili
Ml, IMS-K.
Ndhi'iiial, iiaiiiL' for west Vdratai
Nolili
Nolii(
<;i.-..
imiics. i.
4S,
Xcl
laiiiH'!
illi, < 't'litral < 'alifoiniaii tii* o,
to •vliirli tlu; ("oliiliiliiaiis arc di-
vided; iiiamu'rs and ciistoins of all
its nations and Hilio doscrilicd to-
;,'cilu'i', i., I7f-'J(IN; |ilivsi(|iu', ;.,
17<>-'.'; di-fss, i.. l7!>-S-.>: dwidlin-s.
i., :{lil-4()l; loiation.
1. , 4.">4.
1., Is;!-.'); !■
IS.-.-S;
w caiioii
Nolipat (\oli I'at), Vncalan, anti([., I i., ISS; war. i., 1S()-1, ISS-'.l; l.oal-
•JtCJ
i i., ISll-'.tl; iniiiK iiicnts and niann-
NolitM'lio, vilia''(_', Nortii ( 'alifornia, ^ fact.
i.. ISO. ls4, l>S!l-i)l;
i., 444.
oinnicks, Ccntivil ( 'alifornian tribe
i., ;{(!! -4(tl : loeaiion, i., I.'il.
erty and trade, i., lltl-'J; art, i.
l'.t'_'-I{; ''()\eiiinieiit and slave.s, i.
wonie!' an'l inar
Noisas. ('eniral (
:<i>l-llti : loeaiion
a'llornian tril)e,
i., 4.-.I.
Noiviieans, ( 'entral ('alifornian trilie, , 'Jlll-.S; inedieine, i.,'J()4."); )
!S()1, I'.ll, l!i;!
ria.u'e. i.. I'.l.'i-S; annisenK il^, i.
aneoUs eii.-.toMi-, i,
iiiria!
I'.tS-'Jdl; nil-
;i(il-4(l); location, i.. 4.")1.
Ndi. {.Ml,
ivaca
II ^'od,
iii.. 4S'_'.
Moinlire de |)io>. town. Za''af((
i., •J(t.")-(;: cliaraeter, :., •_'(li; s;
nivtli., iii.. !t(i-7. l.'>li-_', aU, .VJl';
ail''.
iii., (ids-l'J, (;ti4;
icalion (ii
1114: town. Dar
rs»4; V.
tril.es, i., lal. I.V.. I7t, '.".C. S.
(ll.S,
Nootk
IS
(N.iotU
Noutka-
Noiiiee Cults, \ortli ('alifornian Nntkas), trilie ot Nootkas. i . 171-
trilie
N(
i,, :V_'(i-(;i- ioeat
I
nil', i., 44'-'.
•JilS; location, i., li
lit.":
oniee tracks ( .\onie l..a('Ue(
«l, North
N
('alifornian trihe, i., .X2(i-fil; loci-
tion, i.. 41'_*, 4."i|.
oinellliclli
■"]"
ineiilloli, I
l.")ll-L», r>i4,
t;i;4.
ISlt, 'JO'S; myth., iii.
i-J'J: laii''., iii., (idS-l-J
(I'oruches). trilie of , Nootka Sound, i., l.'iil-l. 174-.'), I^l
-1-1-2A-J; local i
l<t4. 'Jia. •_>!l."i. •.",17
antK
4114.
Ndiialtzin, ( liicliiniee kii
7:f(i.
•J!I4-
Niiic
Ndihiliiialca^. 'lalia^'o trilie. i., (144- Nori'olk Sound, i.. 14
lea, Cliicliiinec kin--, v., •220. I ;V->0, .'WO; Aeolliila iirince, \., :{:(.'
:o. ii.. l:i;{-('i-J!l; 1
ocalidii and nanio
Nort
'.».
lerii ( alitiirnians, see
('alil(
111: ii., II'.', I'J'.i:
hist.
I<.)(
Nort
leril.
•_>•_".», ."ii.':
North h
•'XI
Nonoliiialeall. C.ilhna kiiiu', v., "'"iO, Northern .Me\i
Ml
•-'."id, ;tii(i, .'ii.'}. .'Ui;, .'iJ
lorlliern.
Ndiioliiialeo (Ndiuialcati, rcLri'in and i Nortiiein trihc ■, hist., v., .'i.'fti-s.
•alitv. 'I'ahas
•-'•"I.
Ndrlo'i Sound, i , if
N (Mil li I II neks. North ( 'aliforni.iii trihc,
i.. .'{•.'Il-iil : localidii, i., 44l'.
Nooclialilahl, i.. '.".I."), see Neiichalict.
Nook
(•lines. ( 'eiitr;il ( aliloriiian
trill!
i.. ;i(;i-4(»l; loeaiion, i., .'<fi;{, 4.'if;,
No'il'iliiinini (Niiklilnniil, trihc of
11
pcriiorciii'-
( 'olnnihiaMs, i.,
U.").")-!!; ( '.iliforni.'
.Me\
lean-, i !
70. VAs. 141.
, 4i;. VS. lie
', •_'l'>, •.'•J."i-i!
, .'fJS, .MM-C
0, .".."iS; M
e\l-
caiis, i., (I'l'.t, fi47; <'cntral Aincii
(ans, i., (ISS. 714-1.">. 7-'iO.
Sound Indians, i.. '.'OS •_'•.'; location, N(i~e-oriiaineiils, lly|icrlion'
'.'!t!l; laii''., iii., (il."i.
40. 7'-', N'S, 07, l-''J. P.'.S:('oliiiiil.i;iii
Nodksak (N
Nodtsaki. t
k, Nook^alil
elll<sa(
rihe of Sdiiiu
ir.o. isi.
10-11. •.'•-•0; Calif.
hidii
I., •Jiis-^.'^J; Ideation, i.. •JOS,
•.".l!>:
man-, i.
.Mcxie.tl
;m, :U7, io:i. 4'.'4: N.
I., .Mil, ,-17
M.
N|ic(ial iiientidii. i.,-'lO, ■JI.'J, '.'Is. i., (;•_'•.', (i40-."il; ii.. .■17'-', .'CH. :<'.»."
•J:'0; I,-
daliili
I
•JOS-^.'^J
illii-i.
tril
loeatii
III.. III. I.
(Ndd>ili
linns, Niisda
le (if Sdiind Indian-, i.
('eiitrai .\iiierieaiis, i.
7:{i-:<.
^'d-cr
'•^-4: 11.
\). Niirlh t alif
driiian
II, i.. .'lO'-'.
trihc, i., H'Jtlfil; Idcntidii. i.. 447
Nddx'hclial I. trihc df Sdninl Indians. Notoiialos (Niit(>nci(M)s), ( 'ciiifjul ' al-
i., •-'OS-L'L'; location, i.. 'iol. I
fi
INDEX.
ifiiniiaii trilx', i., .^Cil -101 ; Itnatidii, N
ll\vmi;;'lllllti';
(XiiwMiiu'incmis),
i., 4.'>l).
N'iitiiii\vtlias,( 'ciitnil < 'alifoniian tiil
i., :i('.l-401; Imatioii, i., 'Ml'.i, l.-H.
N
<IU||||MI
is, ( 'ciitial ( 'aliliPiMiaii uihe,
:!(;i-K)l; luratidii, i., 4r>:i.
lyaM-lic, V'licalaii, aiitii|., i\
N(i/a, i., 417, M'l' Nosfi
N'l'.Hklfs. i., :{|L>, see Sans I'nils.
N'liiMiltlila. liilaiKl < 'itliiitiliiaii tril
tril)i' iir Kskiiiios, i., 4(J-(i'.l; ima-
tidii, i., 4-' ills.
O
(hijaca ((iiiaxaca, flaxaca), i., (!41-S,
(i.V_', (i7S-SL>. 7!l(); ii., KMI-ll; laiiu.,
Ic
1., lid.).
111.. ,
hist.,
4iS !), 7(i:!
v., '2{)r>-~,
lutiii. , i\ .. ;{()'7-4'-
'.). lid!!, i:
.)-2G
N"i|iiailiaiiiis|i, trilic of Smiiiil In- i (,)a jacu <'ily, < la jaca, aiitii].
ili.iiis, i., •iOS-'Ji'; I. nation, i., ."{Hn.
.■{74-.^>.
|iiutliiiaiiii
-li, tii
if Sound In- , ( )akinackciis ((takinack
i., -JOS •_'•_'; location, i,, :{()(l.
Nsictsliawns, i., ,')()7, see
Ntsliaanlin, tiiljc of T
Kili^i
.'!|-_', sec Okana-;
Oak Point, i., :{(U.
•). 1-
1 II- <>,iiil,Ms, viila-c, S mora, !., CDl.
Iiicalnin, i.
!.».
Dar.-
('(■ I'aiidit's.
iiiiiiiisk, ti'ilpc of 'I'inncli, i., ll4-.'!7; <'all
ii., I iC, 4i;')-4. .';.")(;; iii
loi-,ition, i., I4!l.
Niicl
III-
iikavcltc-
loca
s liilic of Tim
tion. i., 1 1,'). I i'l
•li, i.
.•{sii
Oat \allcy IVojilc, i., 4iS, sfc I!
Ki I
onios.
X Mcva S("'('\ ni.
1:1 V. .N narai;!!.-!.
Oavanli, Naiuiii saciilicc. ii.
:!()'.).
1., 7!t.'f; anti
((., IV., (>•_'.
( >axaca, i.. (i78, sci' ( >;
.s ,i('V(i
ij.ica.
I'oii, I., 4715, r)7l, "iIM. .■)!•;(, (Hpa\. I ■-, Noiili .Mexican
'.nlii', 1.
tint; iaiiL;'., in., •")!•.'{; antii|., iv., .")!17.
\iic\o Tolciio, i., (171. si'c Nayaiit.
Nnkliliiini, iii.,(il."), sec Nookliiniini.
.N iiklukalix el, loialitx, Alaska, i..
;-)7l-!ll; location, i.. lilL>.
l(!llS
SI'l-
i:!:(.
i niaaiit in,
.'{7; loca
isv'rvatoiy
\U'^.. iii., (ili(>,
Col
Inlet,
nniiis.
I., 174, l".);M;
trilie of
lion, i. , 14."
111-
OUsiilian. i.. i)l), 34:i, :i77-S, i;il-"_',
4'.!."), i\-21-S; ii., Kil, -to.S-Ki, 47:i->>(».
(iiH; III.
W; IV.. -J.'i
.44-
I, .).i()-.S.
?>,'nineration. see .\ritlinieli
Oc, Ma\a ila\, ii., 7">'">-li. 7ii(t.
N' iiiuj;iieluar, Sontli ( 'alifoniiaii trilte, | ( teanes, Noi'tli .Mexican ti ilie, i.
N
i., 4(iL*-'J-_'; location, i., 4."(:i.
nnipali, ( 'citial ( 'aiifornian
tril II
I
\)\ ; location, i., •;! 1
< )cc,il)a\ an
ti, tlihe < t" Isl
ihiians, I.
.•{lil-Hll; location, i., 4.
),>.
■|7-s.-
ocation, I.
'.(."i
.Minataii;;iiiu
tes (N
nna-laii.^nie-un
0, O
ce.ui current.
( 'nrrenl.
trilie of I'lskinii
tion, i., 4'_', l;{s.
l()-'ii»; loca- ; OceJoiiR'. Naliiia inilil
Nnnalok itivcr, i., I'J, l.'iS.
N line/. ( iaona Itav , i., ISl .
4(»;<.
Oceloi
illi
chtl
iiv onlcr, II.
Unit.
tin
•J-.';i .•)
•I'v, al t'liiclieii, \ ncatan, an- j Oeelotiiitlapallix iticyeacoii-lotl, Na-
luw court (Iri'^s. ii., S-T*.
(Kvloil, Naliua ilay, ii., M'J, r>\i\\:.
<Vt'l(>X(it'liitl, \., :?W, sou ()/<iIa\o-
ellitl.
Oceloxrocli, v., 'i'.i'.l, siH'Ozolaxocliitl.
Mures, Nortli .Mexiian trilie, i., .")7l-
'.»1; locjilion, i., (1(17.
N'nri, village. .Sonoia, i., liiU.
.S iirsiii;j', see ( 'liildicn
Nns.jal
nnis, 1,, :!(r.>,
Noosclali
mis.
Oceli
XiislKl;;ak ( Nilscliauiick, Niisciia-' 4'^"l
akli, N'n-liciv.ikl ilivci
l:!li to.
Nn^l
lerya;.jnnil , li.inie
lor I
\c\ alaii
ninles, I., 1 4(1.
annni. nam
e for ( 'lailams, iii,
(;i;
( Kli
Niiliiui s;inila!s, iii
(eiitrul Califoriii;
tribe, i.. ;<(il-4t)l; loealioii, i.. 4,i((;
la Hi., iii.. (i|;t.
Ocli
ovos, I en
!., ■.^•\ HMi
ti-.il t'aliforiii.n nilie,
.itioii, i., 4."»4,
Niitku, i.. 101, M'.' NooiKu.
( >('li|iaiii/lii. Naliiiii Hto.illi, ii., ;i.'>l,
ilo
Niitoiu'loos, i.. 1.1(1. see Nolonatos. tlilire, i,, |!ll. Ii>:!l:ii., »:», 4n;
iioMto, Soulli ( 'aiiforiii.in tiilie, i,
■|S, ,"i7'.': iii., 4:i"
UIJ
local ion, 1., {'I'.y
Oeijiila. N., '>i2',i, see Ucojilpim,
TNDF.X.
Oiki. Ttali tiTMi for fiiiiit. i.. KKi.
Orki I'ali Itcs (Ocki I'i I IcM. tiil
..t Sli,i>liuiR.s, 1., 4-_'L'-4-.
i., KICi-T.
loratloli,
Orna,
Ml
feast,
ii.. (J'.IO.
<>;■ iia kill. M
iva siiii-cl. II.
( tcoi'lll.uo,
.")2; hist.
Chi;
i|>a>
IS7
aiilii
Oi'iilco, a siihiirh of Tc/cih'o, v.
()
i'o|icthi\ Ilea, city.
.M(
■am;
noil.
ncoiiinilla (t)riiiilal.
-tatloii,
.\/t(
iiiiuial loll, V.
;{L':!.
Oriiroiiis, Nortli .Mcxirm tril
."iTI-lH; hicatioli, i., tJoT; hiii;:., iii.
707.
Ocoiclul
;i (|iiaitcr in T
I >ii, i.. 17, ">, r,.i. 72. 7S, sfi, lors, ic:-
;{, ISO. isii. iss, L'l.'t hi, 7i<i, 7;;>.
I'A. ~iur, 11., .1.S7
!)!».
< >iiitiiu'nt,
■-'III. .'.(IS; ii., 14."., •-') I.
.v.is-;i; lii.. i;{;i.
< >iiik--i'ciiiiiii('s, Criiiiiil ( 'aliforiiir.a
tiihc, i., .'!f;i-l01 : hiratioii, i.. 4.'>0.
(liyolls. North < 'alifoniiaii tiilu', i ,
:'(•_'(; i;i; huation. i.. 4 II.
( Ijai (.\iija\), South ( 'aliforiiiaii tiilir.
1.. 40-.'--jL': loiatioii, i., I.V.I.
II
ir
o del I cs(
i\ ., •;47-S.
ado. New Mcx
Ifo,
aiilii
citv, ii., 41L'; v.. t'.lti'-S.
Oi'oti
I', villau('.
Ji
lllsro, I., (I
< Icoll, a spt'cics of Iii
(100- 1; iii., 4;r..
( ll'ol l,-|ll, /apolfr i|i;|]
Ocol,
|illir, II.
4S7
I'rt, 111.. (.1
ix (.\roIi
ill, ( lliclllliici' rliirl.
< iitli. Naiiiia 'ii
< lciiill,-iii, town.
Ui'iiiitc
!.. (117-14:
ink. ii., '.'H.",. .'i.V.I, (100.
.Mi'xii'o, i., (>77.
t'riitral .Mi'vicaii liihc,
alioii, I., (),(!
aiii:'.
Ml.
■4S.
O.hH'ilahs, Xorlli Calif
ililoi'iiian Irilic,
:!•_'( m;
Oirciin
.M(
; local ion, i .447.
iiiuin of. iii., ;!0
xicans, iii., 174,
II.
rS-SO;
'J."i'.l.
Mexicans, i., (141, ()(!.">;
•J7'.i sii. .•{i»;{-4o, :r.i-'_', :(s',i.!ii;, ,-is7
('.1)1. (il'_'-'_':!; iii., .•to7-s, ;{i:{, :!:!
V:
issiin
v., SS; I 'entr.il .\inerii
li,, (iiW, (i7s-7lo, 7I1I--M, 7:{s. 7'.ii«
iii., 7-. tSl, 4't:{; see also Saeriliees,
(>-(leil X'alley. i.. 4(;!».
( l^iii'ii's I 'iiannel ULiiids
( >'.;iis, an .\siatii' iirinec, v.
•_'!I4.
intes. i., 140. see ,\;:le'_'liillles.
47
(»l
i.mnaiiii
.••.7 1 '.I I; I
s, Noiili M
exican I rilie, i.
oeatioii. 1. . l>
< lliiat. tlii.e of N'ootk.i-
ioi a I ion, i.. "Jll."'.
.M is^issilipi \,'il|r
■4 -JUS
(Hii
ant n
( lkaiia;^.iii Lake. i.. 'J.'.l.
''kan.i-an IJixer, i., -.'.".I, •_'.":!. .".II'.
I lkaii;e.:,-iii>j( lakiiiaekeiis, I laivinaek
( li<inakaiies), trilu' of Sliii>li\\ ap
i., •_'.".0-'.i|; loealion, i., v.V.1, ;!|--* i:
s|ii'eial ineiilimi. i.
L'lllo. -Jli.S, •_'70---'.
.'CO, •_•';
..-(i
JSI, L'ssilO: iiiyili., iii., l.'.:!-4,
iii. (il'i; oriuin, \., "_*■_'.
Ian-,
< Ikeliiik
Noilh Califoriiian liil
I., .'{•Jli-lil ; Ioi Mtloii. 1., I i
( Ikkow ish. name for Moilm
II.
(Ikoi nil
.M;
aiiee. ii., (i!l7
( )i-o\v\iii jha. Soiitii Califoiniaii tiiire,
i.. lO-j'-J-J; loealion, i.. 4."i:i.
<lk-liiT. name foi- Klam.alli-, i., 114.
(llalii. nam
ii., 7(i(i.
( )laiiielilUes
il inoiiih in ('hiap;
('elilral Ciilifoiiii
trihe, !., .•i(;i-IOl;
alioli, 1., 4 11
aiiL
iii., (ils. (l.'.l.
(»laiielies((ll;islll, Celllial C
ilihirnia 1
lllln', I.
I.'id.
:!(H-4(ll ; loeal
lull, I., It'll'
(Mail
ho, I.
litv,
niilura'-, 1., i\
!l.'!; anlit|.. w.
.0
( Hi'aearan. meiliein.il I'laiil,
( lldiones, i.. 4.").'i. see .Mcho
i.. CIO
<IM
aue. trealiiient ol a;:ci
■, .-.!.■.. .■.IIS.
'10.
(Ileepa^. I'eilllal Califol'lliail lliln', i.,
.'.Ill tOl; loealion. i , 4.".0; s|ieei: 1
nielltloll, I.
!S<.( !I0. ;!',l.S.
(Ill
tlleiiHi-, Cenlr.il ( 'alifoi-nian Iril.e, i.
I Ifiil-IOl; loealion, i., I.VI.
(Sii)ones, ('osiano^K Ceiilr.il '( Me -I nr.a, ('eiilral Califoriiian liiKe
( 'ahtoi man llihe, i., .'Slil- IOI ; loe.i-
I loll
i., 4.-.,l
< •linaiian. eilv, (iiierrero. v.. I I'J.
Ohm
North Mexiiaii tril
i.. :!t;i-10l ; loealion, i., 4.'.;t.
(( Mioiii, ( 'nitral < 'alifi
(llhollc:
llilie. I.
:i(;i-40l; loiatioii, i.. I.Ml:
iii.. (;."i,'t: laie.:'.. 111.. (i.'i.'i.
01
01; loealion. i.. Cii'i; l.iuu.. iii., 707. [ • lliliuhiiiii, Nnliiia ilrii.u', ii.. Col.
ivalit, Iril.e
loeiitiim. i.
of Nooli
I'.l.i
74 -tW; : I llimail, st.ilioli, (.iiilehe ini-ialn.li.
ls,->. .'.C
( iiiateniala. alitii
ni.ilm'h, Iril.e <>i \i iikas, i., 171- (Uinlei
'.'OS; loealion, i,, •'",">, I I'J*.
Oi.'lela. lril.1' of Nootkas, i., 17 I -O-': i < >li' es, Noith Me\ie;m ti
loealion, I,
01;
OCilllOll, I., Il
14.
I
726
INDEX.
tilJMii, i.. .|.->:^, SIC nlliiiiios. I Oiiicti'itoc, i., T'.l'J; aiitiii.. iv , -JO-Sn,
< »l'laiila.\l;iiiilii.. r.lii. iiiitiij., iv.. S()4. 'Xl. .•)'.>. .")S-;i, CI. (;;{-.">.
< illciijiaiili'lKiilitflills Nuiili Calil'or- Oniclciclitii, Naliiia j;ii(l, ami mdir
iiiaii tiihe, i., ."Wd-dl; Incatioii, i., ; <>i |iritsts, ii., L'O'J, -JT-'i, -'.tT, ."CiH;
44.1 j iii., 4IS, 4:{4.
Olliii, Nail iiji (lay, ii., 512, .TIti-lT. j ( )iiii'yatrit(', Nicara^rua ^'uil, iii.. 4!t'J.
(>IiiK'i-atl. ( )liiioi' ruler, v., I'.Hi. j ( >iiu'yat('/i;^(iat, Nicaraj,'iia ;,'im1(1i'-^>,
(•iiiifca \'ixli)li, llliiifc jiniviiRL's, v., ' ill., I'.ii.'.
I'.IO, HIT. Oiiii. villauv, Simoia. i.. (JOS.
Oliiit'cs (lliiliiii'i'as, Ojiiii'fas, ( >l- ■ ( 'iui(\i|iaii, » )tiiiiii ikiIiIc. \...'il7.
iiiri|iics, riiiu'cs), Naliiia iiaticiii. < hiHKlimiiiiics (( iiiiiitcliaimu's ( liiiiit-
i., tilT- 14; ii., l;{li-(iL".); Imal imi ami rliiimnc-i, i., .")(). .~(o < >iiiati-liaiiim'^.
iiaim'. i., (171; ii., 1I'_'-I4. I'_".l; ( )iii|(i\ mmo, ('ciitral ( alilnriiiaii
>|ii'fial iiu'iitioii, ii., .'U.'i. .">.")1; laii^., trihc, i.. .'!(il-4((l: lncatidii. i.. 4.'i;!.
iii., 7-4; oriuiii, v., L'li; hist., v., (Iiiaiia, villaLir. SmiKia. i.. (Jdl.
l!l.".-L'()2. 4S4,' ISS, 4'.'1. 4'J!t, .■)L>7->S, Oiia'vas. Nci'itli .Mcxiiaii Iiilif. i.,
(i()i;-7, (!lu'-l;}, (IK;, (i-_M. ■"i7l'.ll; s|M'iiai iiicnlidii, i.. .V.H).
( )l:mi|(iiiK', ( 'ciilial ( 'aiifoniiaii trilic, Onlii, Central ( alilnniiaii trilie, i.,
i.. ."{(il^dl; lueatiim, i.. -iXi. :i(il-4(>l; lucaliuii. i.. 4.>4.
jiili/alpkaiiiyax, .Mava feast, ii., 7<l(). ( (iiieietnclis, trilie nf llaiilahs, !.,
Ionian, (.hiiclK' triliai name anil sta- ' I.V)-74: lucatinn, i., •_*!I4.
ticin, v., •_'!, ■")4(i, .")(il-l.'. I ( )umiak I I'miak), .\ia>kan Imal, i..(in.
!iim|iaiis, i., 4."i:{, see Olnniiiali. j 0(inaia>lika (< >iinala>ka I, i., '.K(, sei!
Iipniileliamnes, Central Caiil'ornian ' Inala^ka.
trilie, i., ;{lil-4(ll; Ine.iliun, i., 4."i(>. ; Ontla^ln'iils. Inlanil Colnniliian frilie,
li'iweiliiis, Central Califiirnian trilie, | i., iVilt-'.ll ; Incalidii. i., '.'A'2; special
i., :i(il-401; Ideation and n.inie, i., j nienliun. i,. "J.'iS.
4.")(i. ( (parrapa, \ iiia.u'e, Sumira, i.. (WKi.
liiwei'vas, ( 'entral < 'alifnrnian trilie, (Ipalas (( >pas), Nurtli .Mexiian trilie,
i., .'Jd'l- 101 ; loeatinn ami nanu', i., i., .")7I-!M; location, i., .")7-, (!0."i-(;;
4."i(;,
low its. Central Californian trilie,
i., .'t(il-40l ; location ami name, i.,
4."i(i.
Ipeu, Centi'al < 'alil'ornian Irjlie, i.,
.■{i;i-40l ; loi'ati<in, i.. 4."i;{.
lumpali |< llompalisi, ( 'entral Cali-
fiirnian tiilie, i., ,'ltil-4()l; location,
i., 4.Vi.
niaca (Onieacalh, lonl of 'riaiman-
aleo, V.
:t4'.».
nialiii, Norlli < 'alitor
man "imI, hi
i7(;
:;{.
Ilia t chain lies I ( )mochiimiiies, Oiiint-
eiiaiiiiies, ( tmnli'huiiiiic-.). Central
( 'alifoi'iiian liilie. i., .'{lil-IOI; loca-
tion, i., 4.'i0; lani;.. iii., lil'.l.
inaxliix, South Californian trilie,
i., 40l.'-'J'J; loeatio.l, i., 4.-.!t.
Iiie .\call (( hiie.ica'l), Nalnia co,],
iii., 40S, see ( liiiaca.
niecjoall (( )ineciliiiaiM, name of
Cillalieiie, ii., ■_'7.'t; ii'., <>>', ••~il
:!7;t.
mens, of ilis.ister, Mexico v., Ki.!-
71, .V-'(i, .V!."i. (!0I. (i()4.
melecniilli (( hiieteeiitli (>iii(*cne-
lli). iianie of Ciilalaloiuic, iii., ,>■'
•MO. .■(7;!.
special mention, i., .■)7;i-ti, ."iSi;!,
riSCi-OI; Ian--., iii., <JS4, Ci'.l.'i, li'.»';l-
704.
pecliis.it (( •peeliisahl ), trilie of Noot-
kas, i., 174-JOS; location, i., -JO.!;
siiecial ineiition. i.. l~\).
•liisel, trilie of N'ooikas
171-
•_'0,S; location, i., •_".•,">.
[lenoclies. ( 'entral t 'aiiloinian tril:e,
i.. ."{(il-tol : location, i., 4."iii.
ihir. locali
tv of.
t)4-.").
plillialiiiia. 1., (I'S. lil.-i. -JS,"!. .-iL'l.
\olc
Sal
(10.
vailor, antiq., i\
pochtli, iii., 11(1, see Opiichlli.
poilcpr. \ illa'jc. Sdimra, i.. (iO(i
losnia M\er
i;o.i-(;.
ipe^aclis. North Calil
orniaii IiiIk
i., .'fJC-Cil;
alloii. 1,. t-l.'
pnchlli (t)pochtli). Naliiia uoil. iii.,
410; .\/tec chief, v., :t."i.S.
pnio, \illaj^t', Soiiora, i., iiO(i.
i|ninaiiial, name of nionlli in Chin-
p.is. ii.. 7(i'!-
racies, i., ."iliS; ii., (i'.)O; iii.. Hid,
is;!; v.. ."i.'l.'i (i. (iO(i.
racle-stone. at ('aiihaha. \., (iOI.
railie ((>rai\e, dravl
• heylie), Momii \ii!a;;i', i
'!'.K. ': lull''., iii., 071.
(»ni\ \a.
.f_'S,
IXDEX.
m
t •raliipiis. sec S|»m'(Ih'
( )r;iliirii's, ii. , liJl-
iii.. -Mt-l, 4(l!l.
Oravlic, i., (i(M>, set- (trail
Otciaftc, ("ciitial ( 'alifi)riiian tril)'
:{f.|-4(»l; 1.
It iiiii, i.. 4.');(.
70-4, CST-S, 7S(
(Sd;
( )ia\ \a.,i.
(;ill.
(MailM
< lilpalt/ain, a ( liiatcijialaii riiliT, v.
Ore, Sinaloa, laii^'., iii., Tl'T.
()n'i;i>ii, tiiln's (li'sciiliod, i.
Otiiliiiii i( Hotimi, ( )tiilai, native name
till' I'aifiicnu', iv., 'J'.!.").
Otiiiiiis (( Itimniis
N
tliiia iiatmn.
<;i7-44; i
i., \:v.u\-i\\
locat
lull a
ii.l
uaiiic. i., (ilT-lS, (i7.'l-4: ii,, l-.'!»-.S(l;
spi'cial iin'iiticiii, i., ()'J.">. (!;i(), W.Vl,
(i;{l. (M.'i; ii., ■Ji;!, .-{(IS, T,\--l. .".(1(1;
4'_'J-4l'; locat iiiii
.•i(l4-
4-.'i:,
4(i(l-:{; laiig., iii., (i.'U, (1(>(I; aiitii
iv., 7:<4-."..
iivtii.
iii., .")4I : laii^'.. iii.
.•i7-
41; v., .'{'.t^O. •-'(C.-il; lii>t., v., 'Jd-'.-C
•_';(;», .".(i:!. ."■>()(;, .".lo.
Otoiiiiti, Naliiia cliicf, v.. '_>•_';{.
( ht'jciiu'.-^, Xmiii Mfxiian triiio, i., ( •tuinpaii (( Itmiipa. ( »tiiiiiliai, a towi
.")7I-'.»I; Iciratioii, i., (HI.
( >ii'st,i, .Miclicia
( >icli;4ii;i,
dii'vix', i., (idl.
laii ruler, v., .)1.
'.)l, SCI" ( )r(ilii"iaii.-^
OraiLc.
aiiii iliiff of Mixini, i., (i7."{; iv.
)4I; V.
■11». -Ml. 47(!
( Irioiitait'.s, tril)c of .\|iai-|i('s, i., 47.'i-
.yj.K>; lor
itioii, I., 47.'i.
Origin, of .\iiii'riiaii nations, v., 1-
i:ifi, .Vis.
Ori/a. fooil of iiilanil ('olninl)ian
trilics. i.. -JdC.
(Iriza\;i, \'cra ( 'rn/. anl ii|., i\., 4.'i.">-('(.
( •iiiaincnls, Ii v|Mrliori'aiis, i., "fl-W,
«S-!I, '.17-1(1(1, I -'J, l-'S, 1,T!; Col-
iiinliiaiis, i., I.')it, IC"), 17;t-!S(l, IS-J-
:!, •-Mi, --'.".S; Califoiiiiaiis, i., WWW.
;W7-8, 4-.M(;; Niu Mc.xicaii.s. i.,
48-_M, ".;!•_'-;{. .■..■)S-:i. .-.74-,".; iii., ISd;
aiilii)., i\., (i7S; .Mi'xicaiis, i., (;■_';{,
(il'.i-.')l; ii., •-".t(l-l. .•{l'.l--J7, .Tf7. ;!7-'-
( ttoii('a|iol(d, .Mexico, antic|., iv.
r.di.'-:?.
(ttolinii, iv., "J!!.";, sec (Moliini.
Otter, 1., 77. '.HI. Kis, ICd, i(;ii-7, IS-J
iss, •_'!;{, •_*;{d. -.'.".s, .s;!!!, :{(;7-7d, :is."i
47
447
•<ee Scott .S
( Ittetiewa Kiver, i.,
Itiver.
(Itllia, iv., -J!!."), see (Itoliilil.
( Itiiiiilia, i. , (>7I>. ^■ee ( 'tiPiniKin.
(Itiirlie. ('eiilrai ( alifoi iiiaii trilie,
i,, ;i(il-4()l; location, i., AX\.
( Itziiilicolmatl, \,,"-'4;i, mc Mazaco-
liiiatl.
(It/ova, a (li.strict ill ( iiiatcniaJa, i.,
7S7.
(Inakicii. name for Nootka tribes, i.,
7, ;!'.l.")(i, 4(17,41(11. (i(l4, (I'IKI. (;■_'!; i I7(i.
iii., •_>:{S, lM'.I, •..'JS!I-'.I(>, :{|4, .•{•_'4-,'>. i (liiallaniat, It Inallainet ), i., ;!dll-ld,
;VS.-., .Tld-'J, 4'_';{. 4'.'7; aii(i.|.. iv.. | see Willametle.
;i7(!. .•is;{, .".:{!l; Cential .\niericans. i ( In.ilia dnalia, i., .'US, see Walla
i., (i',11, 71(i-l7, 7">-'-4; ii., (i:!.-., 7:!'-'- W alia.
.'{; antii|., iv., IS, •_'(», •J'2-4; .Mis- ( liiclies, ;:ol(l ornainents, i., 7i)(i.
sissi|i|ii \alley, antii|., iv., 778-!l; ( Incliiiclili^il, i., l".!."), see Ilowcliuk-
rern. anliii., iv., 7!l-. lisalil.
Orosa'ini, \illa,m', Sonnia. i.. (iiHi. i ( liiiainoi, name for ( ■liini;:<'liiiiiili,
(•rolina, city, Nicarai:na, \., tii;{. 1 iii., Itl.'i.
(Irotinaiis ( ( IreliLzua i. ( oiateinalan i ( Iniot, .\ca,uflienieni iii\thical iier-
(Nicara^iial trilie, i., (t.S(i.7ll; |oca-
.k;-.'-
tioii, i., (WS, 7'.t-
lilll; la 11"., ; (liikskeiialis, Nortli ( aliforniaii li
III., t
111-;!.
i.. .•(•-'il-lil; location, i.. III.
()id\ilie, Californ
la. aiilh
7d
(•nla>'-er. iii.. 4".
W
Oriiks, Nortli ('aliforniaii trilie, i. , i Oiiloiilatines. Central ( 'aliloi niaii
:i.'('(-iil; location, i., 41(1,
tiilie, i., :!(il- Idl ; location, i., 4."
(_)sacalis. Central ('aliforniaii trilte. ] (liiinjiini, Ceiilral (aliforniaii triln
i.. :!i;i-|dl; loiaii.
l.-.t.
i., :tiil Idl; location, i,, 4.-.;t,
Usse;:ons. .North C.ililoinian ti ilie. , ( liiiial,-isk
.'{7, MM' rnatasku.
I., .'l'J(i-)il; locaiiiiti. i.. 4 li
OsiotI, 'I'la-
cala, anl ii| .. i\.
47S.
(Istiita, ('liia|ias, aiilii|,. i\,, .'lal.
Otai|uitanionc-.. Noil 1 1 .Mexican trilie
1,, .")7I-1II; location, i., (ild.
Otlioniis, i., (;7.'t. see ( lloniis.
OtIatI, liainlioo. ii.. III).
Our;
Sinaloa :
ISd
Ousiiil. Central ( alil'oiniaii trilie, i
;i(il-l(il: location, i., .»,-.:i.
()iitcliionn,u',( 'en trait 'aliforniaii triln
:t(il-4dl;
Mtioii. I., 4.'"(;{.
( has, i., (idli. see .lo\i
I
iM>i;.\.
l.j.Ki'. Cal
aiit ii
•I'.n. I'
k'Imi'.'IIiimi', I ('III, Jill III ,1V.
Ui"l, \ ., 1(
OwIm, i., 171, •Jl'.t, l(l.>, :)(;i, 711; iii., I'll. Iijl-IICN, Nuilli Mi\i.;iii lull
.i7l '.)l: loriil I , 111 I.
Noiili Mi\i
< Kniiirll. ii ., .'!!!>, -^i-r < l\ iiinrll.
0\ ill IJiiiili, t,>Mirlir mill, \ , ."iCiCi, '
.I'.l.i, lill'..' 111-.
(Ivi.illilli I'/V, I 'iikrliii|iirl kill;;, \., I'lli'llilliiiiis, Noilli M( \ii.iii hi
ill'llllllH (I'llMJl
r.iii hilic, i..
I \>\ . Ini ,'lll
.i!!!, .)'.m; i;iii>
.■|7 I 'i'l ; liniii loll
1., I.I.'.
0\llllll;|l. \ II. ill. Ill, ,'lllli.|., i\., I'lO. I rMI'llllluill, i.l.alll\, tilMl
Us.iiiiK. .1, Naliiia ;',.i.l, lii., '^~t2; \., ', .'i.i'.l.
I'.MI. I'
.'iiialii, \.
iiliMii, i\. , 'J'.t.">, SCI- Nji.liaii
nMiiii...-.i.i|.a.li)iial i, Naliiia iinrlil I'.i. Iicciia-. ( I 'a. Ii.-.iul I -i, l, ■.!!l.i, ■J!I7
.11 ..I iii.'.li.iiii', II., .■|'.t7. I hcr I'lililic.'iiaN.
tt\aiin'll (( Kaiiii'lli, a s|n'(iis nl' I icr, ' ra. Ii.ia, T
li.. ill'.l, .V.7. ."';i. I 711.
iiaiiiiiiiaia ilial.'.l, in.
t >\ '. ( 'lii.'iiiiiu'.' amii'tit lily, v., ; ra.lilii'|n's, ( 'ml lal < alil.u iiiaii hi
•Jl'.», '-".II.
( >/.ila\i).liill (< )..i.i\.i.liill, ( »i-.'l..\ 1'
I , .'till 101 : 1.1. ah. HI I.. I.il
NiH I li .Mi'si. an h I
I. ll.l.llCS,
lo.'ii). r.iii
.■.• 1.1 lll.l'ss, v.
'.".Ml
I-IM; l.i.ali.iii, i.. I'll I.
( )/.iiiiMlli, Naliiia ila\, ii., ,'il'J, .Mti i I'n.lilli, Naliiia iii.nilli, li , .'ill.
17; /a|i.ili'i' kill;;.
i.'l-J
I'a. Iiloiil li. N.iliiia III. ml li, li . .'>l I.
< >/la\.i.liil I , will' .il' I'.illi'.- .liirf, \., I'a. ii
,M U'li.ia. an iiil.i.
( >,'l.il.ill, slati.in, I liiiliinicc niii'ia I'
I Kill, \ .
•.".•I.
(Taiii
.). N.iilli Ml
I. '.I, I.
• w II, ( Inad'iiiala, i. , 7>'7
( >/l.iiii.iii, til \ , ' iiicrnin, \ .
I I-'.
( >/l.>iic.i
( '/I.. I ii'iia.
(•/I.>li|ia.',
■II-', ; 1'
mill', i ,.".71 ".M ; l.i.aii.Hi, i., HI I 1.
I'.na, a |i|.>\ in. c in I )ai'ii'n, i
.'.IS, N.nili Mc\i.iiii hilic, i., .^7
'M\
lii.'.'ilion , I.
(il'.
•il\ ,
l.'Mi-.l, \
117. I'
nIIiiiii.iii Nla\f^. I., I
•|.
I'a.|iiilfs, N.nlli M.Ai.an hiln', i.
--lal lull, ( 'liii'liiii
I '.II; local
I. HI, I . i>
',ial I. HI. \ .
'.>J
:i-::i.
.1. S.iiilli ( 'alil.irniaii liiln', i
(•.'I. .11.
( 'liir.iiii../lii.'.
( •/l..l Ian, -.lal i..n.
I 'iiiii.'liiia\ an- , lO'J
Il i.iii, i.. l.i.S.
A.'l
(■.• iiii:;i'.il mil
;o;
■1.
aiiia.li."
i.ali li'il
(111 I'J.
(I'
l;',ii;i.iii--l.
N.iiili M.
' I '.II ; lii.'al mil, i
(•/iiiiilii, Mt'\i.'i., aiili.|., i\., I'.Hi, I'ariia-^. i., (ill. ^.■l■ TainaM.
I I'a.iia/in, N.n I li McNi.aii 1 1 iln',
,V;i->,ll; 1. Mali. .11. i., (II 1.
i.nniriiai-, Ma\ a I'.'a-.!. ii. . (i'L't.
r,ia\.
I'aa\l.
7.'''>. ^.'i' l',i\.
Iril..' .)!' Siiiiinl liiiiiaii-^. i
.'OS •■•_'; I. Mali. Ill, i., .•idl.
I'a.
I'a. I. II. -s. i.. CO, i(i(i, i;;o, ICC, is.\
iss, I ".to. -Jic.
lie. ;is'_', :i.s.|.
los, ."iC.'i, .'.s;!, (;:;i, c.is, (i;i'.i,
,ii, ; 11.
;i; iii.. 111::.
I'
aliav il. I ...■< .\ii;.
li!'--! « .iiiiaii. iii., .S I.
( 'iiiinl V hill."
I. nil r.ii- t
man. 'Ill's, i.
ral'il'..--. S.Mill; Mexican liil>.', i., I'al'.iil.'cs, N.nlji Mi'xi.aii hilif, i.
Ill I 70; l.Mati.m, i.. (Isl.
'.H; i.M'ali.in, i,. CI'.
I'.icailiiii l!i\('i', i., C.s.'l.
111.
I'ali I l.'s.
I'.ii'al.iv, ( In.il.
I'a.'. nil. (iMii
anli.i.. iv., I.'M. , I'.ilnalia, Icnn I'm- sweat ImiiM', i.
fill' mill, \ .
I'ai'iiv
iliiis, h'llii' .1
17:1.
I' .Vjiailii',-
I ...III.
I7;t- I'aliiiH'li'M, (rill
li Sl.ii' Imiit'M, I.
."I'Jti; liU'aliiiM, i.. ."i!!-.
'arasa'^, .\i'a\.'.' .liali'rt. iii., 71'.*.
'.i.'.'in.l.iii I'-laiiil. M i.'lmaran,
:ilil\. (liialciiiala, v.
d'O-'.
I-J'J I'.'; local i.. II, !.. ICI.
I'aliiinalis, Slioslmnt' wain s|iiril~
iii., I."i7
I 'a I
ISCCiJO,
I'll. Ill .il' I nlaini ( uliimliian
tnlii's. I., •Jii.i,
I'ali 111' Ciri'U, ('alii
iv.. C'.M.
ii'iiia, iiiilii).
iM>i:\.
I'.iIiIIm i\\\ I., I'.ill ri:ili., I'.i I',iI;iiis]miII. CrllllMl <\llifnnji.lll lril«
I h'., I'.i ^lll;|., I'l , I hi, IiiIm' i, :h;| II»I ; I.MMlinii
I . I.>(>.
il SIlci-iliiiliiM, 1., IL'..' 1.';
I'.'iImm.I
MU I
I
M, ( Villi. ll • lllllnr-
I.. \:-2, Ki.vi;; s|
•lit. i:ij;i. III.
ii'i'llll lllrlll lull, I.
fall \ ;iiil^ I r.iliM'iil ., r.iiaiil I laliM
I'm \m!iI
•IJ-' IJ; I.
I, Inlic
11, i( lull,
if Sliiisliiilifi, i, ,
., l-'J, llil, IC.S;
iiiaii Irilic, i , .'till- iol ; liii iiliiiii, i
■I. -.(I.
I'iiliii|iiii|ii<"<, Noiili M(\ii,iii IiiIh'
I '.II;
iliiiii. i., ill.'l.
■i\tv i.il iiniil lull, I. , I 1:
I'illl \.iiil \M\,
V, i . I'll.
I'liiMi (I'.iil.k). Iiil I Soiiii.l III
ili.iii., i , 'JOS.-JJ; luraljiiii, i., IllCt.
',11111 I'lc
mil 11., i\
M
.V) li.
isMissipin
N'all.
ami III:;
,S|, .ss.
II
y\
ifllMHi';ilis, I.
I'll I
i'lii|iii', aiM'ii'ii
I I'll \ , I liia|>:
C.s;!; II , I IS, {•JO, (l.-i;!.
Ill
.'S'f .•til!; \., .'.S ;». Iii-I.
Kilt, •juj :i,
I l-J, .•>! 1, (illi
(ilK, C'
I'.ili.iii-, llil r Ncnik.i ., i., i;
•_'(is; liM'allciii, i., •J;iN.
I'alh
h'-', I '7, i:!ii; •'
'.'. n:i. Kii. 17
lUilllap:
, Siiiil ll I aliliii ii!a!i I I'll
I , Id-".".
iii\ III. . III.
> I : I . lU.
ITS, isii'.', isi, MM), I'.i:;, I'.r.), l'ik;,
•-'l(» I-', •.•!(;
'.I, -•:;i;. -j..;, •-•ti; <'ai-
iioniiaii^, 1., ;i;i:t, ;i.".s, .•i7i> i, :i77
;i:i:i, nci-i. iji: iv., (i'.ii-j; Ni
.M"\i.aiis, i., ISO 1, III.". C, .".(Id
:ii
>i:t li
>ii
.<.>!!, .i.ill.
M.'siiaif., i , li."'.' :t, ll;il, lil!l 7.1 ; ii.,
:t„'i I, ;i:;;t, .tit, :iii:t i, ;;7i i, lo...
107. isii H. .v;_'; iii., :;s(i 7, iit7 17,
•n.".; i\ , :iiir>, :ii-', 100, iii; CniiiMi
,\ iiici iraii->, i., (i'.M, 701, 7I<>, T^VJ -1,
7ii'.'; ii., ii'.>7. Too,
;i, T-'i, Til 11.
711.
:i."i II, (i:
•j;ii I, •
(■I.:, /Il"* (
(is TO, Tsi.
THT: IV.
I!»,
l_'(i, ISll'.IO, 1117, '-'I'.I.
I'aiiil/
I'
li iii'lii
.ill-' ul' .\alli
i.. Mil,
:!III.
I'i I laliH.
Taiill I'. I'lali <ii.'il<'i'l. iii . lilil.
I'ai I h-.. i., Ki.'l. ••>:■ I'i I Ic.s.
r
i.jala:
Nmlli Mi'\iiaii liilic, i.
mm! inii, i , (ilO.
allrlli. I'alla'
liil,i:i<l I ofiiiiiliiaa
(III
i., 'J.'.O III; ll
ir.l I lull.
i.. :!r
I 'a I
III, \aruiii:H ii-i'i 111. I.. |Mi. ii.i",
■.(io, .vsj, .•(Sii. CM. (;;;o, (,:,\ ■:, cmi-
Tos, Till
:t'».
Tfll,
,(1.-.
ii., .•11;,
.'I, (in:!.
I'aliiiiil.i--, I'm I-., \'i'ia < 'i ii/, aiil i>|
i\.. IIT.
I'aliiiiliis, Nmlii Ml \ il all 1 1 ilir. i.
'.tl;
iK'al imi. I , li
lll(i.< \ riilr .. \
I'miiia. i.. liiO,
nil I'aii
I 'a I
misi'
(I'al.
I'alii., I'
rdii-^i'l, liilainl < 'ulimilii.iii llil
i.. 'J.'.O III ; liiiMll I.
N|ii'i'lal iiii'iil imi, i. , 'JliT,
iii.. (i-'O I.
:!. .'tlS;
III); li
I'al.
Ii'iv
iii\ III.
ill., !M
I'
■Mil till;
< 'I'lilral < 'alil'm iiiaii Irili
.ilimi, i , I'lii.
I'.ijal.i |iii'-, Niirlli .Mc\ic,m tiilic, i., j ral|i;i, \lii .i|iiilii IimmI, i . 7l'i.
.'i,'l III; lni'.ilimi, i., fill. I I'allc.iar, i , I..S. , i ,■ r.njM.ar,
I'.iialalaiin'H, Nurlli Mi'\iiaii liilic, ' I'.iliis, i.,.'!|S, -,i r r.ilni .r.
i.. ;.7l-|l|; liir.iliiiii. I.. CI I
I'a jal.ili'-i, Nmlli .\ir\lr.iii liilir. i.,
.S7I-III ; laralimi, i.. (ill
I'lijarilui, Nmlli Mi'si'.iii liilir, i..
.■i7l-Hl ; Inialimi. i.. iil;i.
I'a jaiii l.'i\ rr, i. , I i i.
Takiii', ll /.I ••nil, iii., I'i.'!.
I'.ila. \ ilia •!•, Smil li I '.i lil'uriiia. i. .
Hill
I'al.iiT-., ii , Iii I 7 I.. I 10, (;,!■>, 7.S7-II;
!i!ilii|., i\., I-.'.! .1, l:!'i-T. I.il -.N.'),
'_'i»s-:i.._'. :{;)|-IL!. im-jo. 1:11, i.vs-
(10. .'ijit, .vjii, ;vii, .'./o. Ti's-ii, ,so(i.
I'lilaik-- Niirlli ( 'aliim iii.in niiic, j..
I'aliix. liilH' i.r CliiiiiiuK-. i , 'JJJ .",0;
Imal imi. i., .'iO.i.
I'aiiiiK^a. < ll \ . ( iiialMiial.i, ii,iiiir lur
/afiial|'.i, \ .. ."is7.
l'aiiiai|Ui'--, Nmlli Mi^viiaii liilic, i.,
."i7l HI ; lai'ali'ill. i., (il I.
I';iiiiasin. Niiilli .\lr\i.aii liilir, i.,
,'i7l 1)1 ; liicalimi. i . 'il I
I'ailirs, ('clllial .Mf\ir,iil liilir. i.,
Iil7 I I, Imalimi, i , ll r. 'i7l.' 'i;
s|irri,il iiiciilimi, i., liJI, '1 li!; laiiy. ,
iii., Tl-' ii; v., .'10.
I'aiiimaiiii^. Nmili Mrsiiaa llilir. i.,
,"iTI '.11; liMatimi. i , (.!:'
it_'(iiil; iiicalimi. i.. IIT; laii". , iii.. J l'iiiii|iii|ias. Nmlli Mi^-.ir.iii nilir. i..
(110.
.■.TI'.M; Imalimi, i., (il I
I'alakaliii--, i rilir hI ( liiiiu! ik-.. i .. '_''_':1- i l'aiiai'ii\ a IIimi-, ( iiLilniiala, am ii|.,
iO; iiir.ilimi, i., ills
I'
l-lli
e>.
•V
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O
rno
INDKX.
triWo, i., 747-.S.'»; lorati
r'w;
*\>'
il inciilJDii, i., 7">l. 770,
(i, 'Si; iiiiti'|., i\., l.">-lti.
I'aiiiiiiickiH, iril>e of Musijiiitnx, i.,
71 1-17; lociiiiiiii, i., 7l-<.
I*iliii-li)iy N'lillcv, (iiiiitcinala, v. . ."id'.l.
I'aiirs, Acaxi'liciiiciii Itu/./anl-fca^l,
iii., liiS.
I'iiii;,'iiais (l'aiiKiii>jr>). NikIIi Mt-xi-
raii trilit', i,, ri71-',ll; luratioii, i.,
(ii:t.
I'ainiicrs, .vt^ ItaHkcls.
I
iiiiiiaia, V.
I Hit,
ri' I'iiiiilni.
i'aiii>t('i-a, i., ti7l, si'f I'ann
I'
mill I. Ill,
<■(, L M'f
I'
l'aiic|iirl/.ali/tli, Naliiia iiuiiitli, ii.,
,TI7, H'.tl-ii, .".11; iii.. .T_':{.
raiilcca il'aiiiitcca), iiaiiif for II: -.s-
Iccs, i., (174.
ruiilcrall, Naliiia ;.'<ii|, iii., 418.
I'aiilciiiit, Mavapaii lonl. v., <i'_*i;.
I'aiitillaii. liH-alilv, .Mcvii'ii, iii,, .'l.'l.'t-.
slaticiii, .\/.li'r iiii.ural inn, v., .'{.'It-l.
I'aiitia KiM'i', Mii'liiiacaii. v., 5(18.
I'aiillaii il'aiiiitiaiil, i., <>74, hci> IM-
IIIH'ii.
I'aiit/ii', jilalcaii, ( iiiiitciiiala, v., .'i7 t.
IMiiiini ( I'aiinaia, raiidliaii, I'aiitlaii,
I'aiHitlal, |ini\iiin', NCra ('rii/, i..
dJ-.', ()7l; ii.-.'til; aiilii|., iv., 4(;i-;{;
iii-l., v.. IH'.t. mi. i'.Hi.
I'.iii^a^, NiMlii Mi'xiiaii liilic.
:i-
iiratmn.
(ill.
ra|ialii-< (iilaiii, i, <p(l'.', :-r(> I'lipa^ios
l'a|ia^iM, Itilif tif I'lirliliis, i., ."ijii-.iii
iii'ill lull.
I
iiK'iiliiiii, i.
.'>4'.», .v.:t.
, .VJCi, .Vi'.l. (ilC_>-;{; (»|H'cial
, .">:;;t-4, .Vi,s!», .vn, :>i\
.">.">.">: iiivtii., iii.. 7*>-7;
v., i;t, •-•(»; laiij.'., iii., (l.v"., <i'.)J-',l.
1*,i|iMliiia 'i'li'iiiai'ii/.i|ii(
a (lass III"
|iiit'>t
•j;»'.l.
ra|ialiiiiitiliiiatlit('iiisiii, Naliiia ciiiirl
Pnpuliika, .-i riiiatcnialaii 1iir<is|ii|>
'!t7
rai'.iiit (tall
4f;4,
sfr I'ali \'aiil -.
I*ai'a\aii NallfV, i., 4(i8.
I'al'iiwal I lali->, irilii! <if Sliii><li<iiir^,
i., V2-24-2; Imalioii, i., J(i».
I'aiaMiiic, |ilali'aii, (liialciiiala, \.,
.-•74.
I'ari'iaiidaili'M, nuine fur Ctista llUa
ti-ilii
!U.
I'ai'ii'lK', < 'aki'liiiiiK'l iiiniilli, ii., 7<i<i.
I>tl
iiiiiaii |>riiviii('<' am
I tri
III'.
r47-H,-|; liicati
;i:; 4.
r4'.», vxi
III.
I:
I'aika, Kiiiiia;/a ilros. i., 7;i-4.
raii-.-iM, /aialcc (iiaiiTl, iii., 71
nas Lake, i., .■)7'i.
I'ai'r,'i/i|<iiii, (iiiatiMiialii, iiiitic|., iv.
1'.'4.
raiiot.-, !., .">74, (i.VJ, 7<IS, 7.VI; ii.
4yi, 7l<i.
I'artiliiiiiH, (Iwi'lliiii's, !., '2'>\\ ^>'.','i
"IS; ii., :,-
rM,
I 'a 1 1
iicai'
(I'alt.
Soiitli ('alifdi-.
i., 40L'-1'.'; I
Ol'llllllll, I.
iiiaii tnlic,
4.-I.S.
I'ariii'aia, iii'iiviiii'c ami tiilic of l>ili
iiiiaiis, I,, |4|-S.-|; locatKHi,
I'asil
7i!(i.
\i"
Nnidi .Mr\i(aii liilif, 1.
.'^i7l-'.>l; ioialioii, i.. Ill I.
Pasrilt.il. i., Nl, MT l>a>lllnlik
;l-rli1iilii;iii|iili'ii ( l'a>i'|i|iili'^inii|rii,
siTpasji-
ra^<'liliili;;iiiiit('iil. i.. Ml,
Inliks.
rascc-iia (I'asliffkiKil, Smiili I'ali-
41 »•.'■•.'•.'; local ion.
foniiaii U'ilii
i., 4.-|l», 4(!il.
Pasros. Noiili Mcxitaii tiiitc, i.,r)7l-
!)l: loralioii, i.. lill.
I-CV I 'l('(
k, i,, 4r.(i
iiaiil II',
ii., .•{74.
I'aiialulj, O.'olcliili'.i Ciller, v.. 4!t7
I-
i|iaiilla, |i\t'aiii
U>
iv., 4.V.'-
ill. \
elation.
a < I'll/, an-
A /I
CI' nil
j,'ialioti, v., .S'J4.
I'.i|iaiil/iii, a Tiilli'i' iioMt', v., 'JI!H-70;
Mcxiraii jiiiiH'i'HH, v., 4li7-H.
r
ii|ia/tai', Naliiia ;^i
il, iii., 4I.S,
ra|ii'i', vaiinii^ ii-<r>. I'll'., ii.. ;tl(7, .'{l-l-
Ki: .'i'.'.' :ii, ;is!i !i;t, 4-t4, is:, ii, ,v.M,
(!(>;i-.'), (ill, 771; iii., :t:i:(, ;i4im;.
.■i-.;t',t.', i.'ii.
I'
l|u;_'iir|||i-
liivi'i',
I., (iOli.
I'a;iiiil'w, Niiilli .Mrxit'jiii trilio, i.,
.'iTl HI: liH'Mtioii, i., Iil4.
I'MiMilia. aiii'ii'iil liiiiiii' of iMiiH'i'M
.\i
I-, \., I'.k;
I'lipiilna. a iiiMliir I'iM'i, v., 17S, ItMi.
l'a>litolik Itav, i,, 70, 141.
rashiolik (I'.'iM'lilol, I'l'Mol) Kivrr,
i., 70, 141.
I'a-liti)lik> ( l'asi'liioli;;miiilcii, Pasdi-
loii^lllUlrll,l'a'>rlilllli;^'llMili'lii,li'il>i'
of Kip|iia;iaK, i,, ll".t-S7; loialion, i,,
70, 141.
I'asiiiii;.riia, Soiitli < 'alifiii'iiiaii tiiln',
i.. 40-->'-_>--'; liiialiiiii, i.. 4i;i).
I'asiia-*. Noiili .Mcviraii Irilir, i.,."i71-
!il: loralioii, i., (;i:i.
I'aso lit' Oxcjas, N'cra Cni/, aiilii|.,
iv., 4:iH.!t.
I'ason, loi'iilitv, (iiiatoiiiiila. i., 780.
;iiiitrw, Noilli .Mi'siraii Irilu
i., .-^l-Ol; location, i,. lilO,
Pa-<s|ioitN. N'aliii.'i liiii'ial, i
(•04,
lilt:
il;i. .■..•(7
Pa'^lalocoM, Nniiii .Mcsicaii Irilic, i.
i>7l-OI ; location, i., (il I.
INDEX.
731
ra-*liinr(iya«. Xorlli Mexioan triln
i.. ')7I'!)I; loraliiMi. i., lil I.
ralai-alc^. Norlli Mcxii'aii trilic, i
.'iTI-DI; liicatiiiii. i., <ill.
I'ataliiiiia, i., 4t!), m-c I'l'laliiina.
I'al:
rliiiai'an. v.
aiaia
-.IS.
Iin, I
oialil V,
Mi
I'avanmiti, Toiitral raliforniaii Iriln
i., :i(il-HII: loialimi.
4."»4.
;iva<[iii, iiaiiic Im' ( iiii|iiiiiiuia kii
.vi;
1'
I'
l'a\a>, I iiiatfiiialan trilii
liicaliiiii, i., 7!H).
I'ava>, trilic of iNtliiniaiis, i., T47-N.1
iva uivfi-, I.
(ISC-TII;
oratKill, I.
'.•7
rata|icc, Caiili liaskcl, i.. 7-4.
I'alawat^, Nuitli I 'alil'oniiaii Irilxv
i., ;{Jii-t>l; liic'iiiinii, i., IKl; >|n'rial ! I'a.vf-'l'iiinc, l!ra/il pxl, v., 'J.'(-4.
iiiciili i.. :i-2'X ;J4S, ;{.')(), XM, 'M'>\; ra'\iial, Nalma yml. iii., ;{S7-.S.
la..;.'.
lil.. (M:».
I'atawaVH, Nm'tli ralifurnian triln
i.. .'{.'li-lll; loratiiili,
iii.. <14J.
44.->; laii'
raMialtuii, Naiiiia ;;i»l, iii., 1>>7, ~VS
it, :<(i.{.
I'a\siiii. Ci'iitral Califiiniiaii tiilii', i.
.•{(il-KH ; ioraliiiii. i.. 4.Vi.
ralrjicciiii (INiflicciiJi, rarlicciiflll, ' l'a\ ikIicn i.. 4ti4. sec I'i I talis
tlilii- <>t N Mil!
tioii. i.. r
i., 174---'(liS; loca-
iiiaiiiit.
.1. -s.h.
1.. fi:i7.
wee Ixiiiii'lic.
Iilr, cacaii liiiinrv.
•SSl-
I'al
I'atl
J'atiK'tai', Cciitral ( 'alitnniiaii trilic,
i., :t.il-4ii|; liM'iliiiii. i.. i.y.i.
l'.i!iili/lli, Nalma ;:aiiic. ii.,;{Oil.
I'alulli, ^'amlili!!,:,' Iicaiis. ii.. :{(l(l.
I',il<i|i|iia>'lilli. I'liilli iiiiiiicv. ii., .'tS'J.
rat.iiilv il'(itiiiilv) llivcr, i., 7'.iH-4; iii.,
7s:i.
I'alisliil, citv, (iiiatciiiala, i., 7s.S;
I'al
Mi.
/I'liaiM, statliin.
.\/t
cc iinuiatiiiii,
;!.':(; lilv, -Mill
inaiaii, V.
Pat/
I'al
:>-2\.
ill.
/('ii.d'ii i.aUc,
:ii's, .■.iii».
Ut7
.V.'l-
;f_':t.
I'al/.iiiia. |iicalil\ . ( iiiatcmala. v.. .Vi!».
I 'a I /III!, ( iiiali'iiiala. an! i<|.. i\ .. I'J.'t-t
Paul
I'a \\\1:\s
4(ili,
I'ah I I.
I'a.v/aiiii.s. Niiiili .\'c.\icaii trilic, i.
.i7l-!ll: iiiiatiiiii. i., (il.'i.
'I'rcalics.
caic liivcr, 1.
1.1(1, 144.
I'cailics. i., 'til'i, 'h\'.),
I'caliav, fiiii)! of liiiaiid ('nliiiiil
naa
IllllCH,
•-'(i.
I'cail l>laiiil. Ian-., iii., 7!>4.
I'cail Kcv l.a-oiiii. i.. 7'.t4.
I 'carls, i.". Km, •J:>\ ;|,S'_', 4(tS. .Vi.S-<.l,
."i74. .■|H:t-4. (mI, 7<i^; ii-. ;i7lf, 4s|,
7:U, 7ri(»; i\., lS-2.
I'ccliclani, liicalilv, Miclmacan, v.,
.■lis.
I'cciis (Navoli <lc ins Pci'ii>l, I'liclilii
,Vit, (I'OII; alllii
I'
<iiiiaii;'iiiis, Cliiiiniik war cliili
i.. •j;i7.
I'aii/aiio, Niirlli Mcsicaii trilic, i.
-HI : liK'alidii, i. . <ll'.
I'a Naiils, i.. 4(1
I'
aiil"
l'a\i'iiiciit. i., I'v'i; ii.. .■|7-|, -17^; aiilii|.
iv.. •-'.!. IT.'i. .■;,ts. 4i'i(i.
I'a\iliiiii liner, i.. '.i\S.
awai'iiiinv
< liii'liiiii
W
iiiarai'c
ruler, v., .il.i-
Paul
iiw -.kcijcs, irilic III' .Mi'iii-, i.
!)|; JD/alii
i.. Ill
I'.tw liirlis, Inlaiiil ( uliiiiiliiaii trilic,
i.. •-•.■|(l-!ll; Icicati i.. .•(17.
i'a\ lI'aaM, .Mava iiniiilli, ii., (I'.):t.
PaM'lialcH, i., I'l
Pa.liali
:l\li ( a\al:l, (,l>Ui'lii' lilMllli' rc;:liiM,
ii.. 7l(i-l7; v.. Isii. jsj, jsii.
i\:iiii l.\\;iitih, Sinitli ( 'alirnrniaii
irilic, i., 4itJ-
Inialiiin,
i'a\M'.'iiaH, Niirlii .Mexican iril
.->;i<.ll; Iticatiiiii, i., (ill.
• .■|S.
IC, i.
\illa;.'c. i., 't
iv., (i(i;{, (i7l.
I'ci'i|iiaii>, Niiilli ( 'alifiii nian ti
i., .■{•_•(;-(! I; local i
441
I'
•nv\-<. III., (iM'. sfc
Pi.
Pccviiii>. trilic (if ( liiniiiik^, i., '2'2'2-
."lO; kiialiiin. i.. :tii'.).
I'c.il
ilia-
c, .Siiiiili ( 'aliiiiniia, i.
4(>().
Pel i;i\cr In.liaiiN i., I4(i, .mc 'i'allit
Knli'liin.
Peel's Piver, i., ll.'i, I4(;-7.
Peesliaa.ik. I
Sunn
I li
crni III i'Mnleni|i| aiiinn;
iliaiis, I.
Peli-lslk. term a|i|ilie(l til sinne 'Iriii-
ily l>i\er trilies, i., ;i'.'7, 414; >rc
alsn l!liiiek. iii., (ifJ.
Pclasilla, a .Mexican ]irineess, \.,
4»(i-7, ."i.Vi.
I'eiican, ( 'cris' dress, i., .''>74.
Pclliiiil|iallalis, liilainl ( iilninliiaii
Irilic, i., 'J.'id'.il ; Imalicin. i.. ;II7.
Pcll> lli\cr, i.. 1 IS; Ian-., iii., .•.S7.
Pel.
trill!
It .\|
i., 47:t-
.■|.'(i; liiciiliiiii, i., 474.
Pclniisc (I'eluse), i., ;J17-1.S, M'c Pa-
li iu.se.
:?.•■»
INDF.X.
Pcluii. f'lixl (if IiiliUiil ('< I iinliiiiii
Iriln-H, i,, 'Jii."».
I'ciiiiii.f, ii . I »7. 'i^S. ilC.I. .•{(i:i-l.
:<!_'i (. .'i'l'). fiss; iii,, •_'.»;». •.•:.(i. .•{s.i,
:{.ri. 1 14, -iJi, 4;tt; 7. Aio--2, 4s7; \.,
•J."iS.
I'l'iiiiiuli''-', trilio of .\|iarln'-i. i.. •17;{-
VJC; l.i.at
loll, I.
I'l'-iascd ( 'ii!li'ciii>ii, Mexican Itt'|iiili-
\:
anfi
.)liit.
iViiil (I ilivill." I.aki',
•j.vj, :n:i; an-
ti I., n.
:!i
•u.
I'ciiil <l"t hlillc (Killu-IH'llIl) liiMT,
i., :ti.t.
1'cikI il'i >nilli-t (( alisiM'lluiiis, Cali—
■Is, l\ali-<;icliii^-, Kali-|M'lH. Ki'l-
•<'icin. Kiilla-^-l'alil--, Kullc-iii-liii-*,
r.>ii<|:
li
.IC.I
uiiiliiaii ti'i'ii
., "_'."•. I '.I I ; 1.1. at inn, i.
[ii'i'ial iiit'iition. i., 'J
I,;- .1-1
.i)( , -I I •
.■|7. -Jilu, '.'i;.'.
•_'7.S.,sil, -jsA A.
i..(;i;
L'S'J;
iiivlli.. Ml., .>--; I. hi;:., II
r.'iiirs (•..■..', i.. •-•!.■., -J-.M, -.".M.
IV'iViI, caM', ( 'iiati'iiiala, aiilii)., iv.
]•
ii;
-i. ' >aiai'a. ntilii|., iv., .'I7i>
I'l'iisaiola Ulaml, Niiarauua, aiiti-i
iv.. -Is-.-.l.
rciir-A|ii-, l'liallii'-\viirslii|i, iii.. .lul.
IVi.li
Niiiili ' aHt'iiiiiiaii Irilic, i..
:<_'ii-iil ; liM'alioii, ]., >>.'>.
ret. per. i.. (Mit, (i'.ll-.'i. 7ili>.
.'J: iii.. .•I.til.
I'.i.i, 71s-l!i,
'.I; II.
1
Viniiiii', a >;«'(ii'-< III Willi \iin', I.
J'i'i-aii>i'iiaii), .Mallall/iiira t'f-ii\al
iii.. 4lti.
IVrf!
i., (i"il. i!"il, 7.'iil; ii.. li'.l.
•j.Vi-s. '.'.ST, (;(»;{, ci t, (;is, d-jo. tm.
'\Wu
1'
fiiui'lii'si, i.uwcr
Ciilifiii'iiian tri'ii'. i., .Vi(!-7I; ima-
IIOII, I., ■).'i|
C'.U;
.■ijircial nicntiiiii.
"i7ii: iiiNlli., iii..
8.1-4. l(i:t-7it, ."'-•!>; v., •JO; laii;:., iii.,
I., .11
s-;).
as,.
Vi-iiir\-. |uiii
4n,'4:!.'l, il.MI.
i»liiiii'iil iif. i. . 77"; ii.
:;i-
aTitii
.1
tmn aiiil iin;.'iii. v.
rOlS'17
. ^4 .-.1.
I'c^vii. Miiscjiiiiii drink, i., 7;i'l.
I'c^lili'iiii', .Mcsiiaii.x, i., t;us 1); ii.
.V.I.J; iii., I'lLM; v., 41,1-14; (.ualc
liialaii-., v., lilll.
I'l'^lll jilkclW-sWujc, llilic <p|' .\llllN
i,, s7 !'4; li)ratiiiii. i., 1 U.
I'.'t.ili
it ii-i'cl a> IcmhI. i.
I'll
I'viA
ijaya, i., .i
Ki.
I'll.
mil
;i I ralaloiiia, I'cilriiiiiii),
J'riNiiiial iialiil-i. Ii\ iiriliiircans. i.,4!i,
(i."i, IIIIJ; ('(iliiMiliiaii-. i, 'J.'l.'i.
*J'!7: ('.ilil'iirniaiix, i.,,'Ul, ;i77, 4it7.
4;{i-l; N.'w Mi'\iiMiis, !.. 4!l'.':i.
(•;i'ni
M.
Mean-*, I., (i.ii
.". I :
(
1 .\
liirrii'alis, I., (i'.lli,
7>H'; II.. 7lll-.'i.
' 'ni. aiilii|., iv.
linn ii'
'.M-S(i7: ri\ilizji
I", v.. 41-.")1; iiii;:iiii
lull tl'ulii
r.r
:i).-
ii|ii('l.i. ]irii\ inri'
if l»;i
lVrii\iaii~, iiivili., iii.. 'Jt!'.); v., 14-17.
44'.». 4.V_'-:{.
i'l'l.iliiMias ( Nnlliinsi. Ci'iilia! <ali-
fiii'iiian trill!', i., .'>til-4)i|; luciitinii,
i.. -M.-.i. 4.V.>.
i'n
ini|il<
ii i;
iii'atan, iintiii
IV., '.'rid.
I'rt;
i|ia. t iiiatcniala. anlii|.. i
l'i'lM|ia. liiil, ( 'liia|ia-. aiiln
IJltl.
., ."I.".:!.
I'll
i|i.'i. Iiiwii, ( taj.iia. aiil ii|
I'l'lali- il'i'llall). a |ialiii leal mat. i..
ti.'td. C'll'i.
I'clailaii. Sinajiia iliali'd. iii.. 7i'7.
I 'ill '11, |irii\ iiiic ami rilv. ( .iiali'liiala.
I.. ('iM{. 7v;; ii.. 'i:i!
mill
i:i:t ".I; iiamr fur Vinataii. v., (il4.
(;J4.
I'l'tcii Lake. ii.. ]:va:<, i:;,s; iii., 4s:;:
v.. (;:!t.
I'rilaialli, liamlinu [larkili;; ra>i'^, ii..
.•!Mi.
I'rllmiim, i., t.".'l. »ri' rrlaliima.
I'm
irnals. 1., .ViS.
■J. Ii_"l-I. I.4S.."(I,
II.
1-2S.
IV'Viiii', iiinlicim', i.. ."isli.
I'.'V 1 ll
I.. 4iifi
I'.ili \ \f<.
riiallii'-\viir»lii|i. irlii > III', iii., ,"i()l-'.l;
i\.. 41. 4-'. 41, 4s, ,"in. ."ii;-7. (Wi, li;7.
17">, IM'. I'.H!. •JdJ, •J7ti, .ViS. 4 ■>!•.',
4J-:».
.'14,
I'
iraniics.
IMiilaiii'liiliia l'lii!i«-.ii|i|iiiiil Niirii ly.
Ml
.■iii'J
ill!
Mi'aii i:r|iiililii', aMlii|., n.. .iiid.
I'liii'liiii iiv, i., S(i, .'t'l.-i, ."iivs, (;(;7. 7(;:i.
■ l.'t.
I'l
it; ii., 47!'-Mi, ('.111, 7!»"i
IH'liiriail-, .XlllrriiMIl "I l;jlll I lai'c
\.. (i,l-7<i.
i'lmiifi lia-. I 'riiti-.il I 'alil'unii.iii liilii
i., ;tril-.(lll : jiicaliiiii. i.. 4.'iii.
I*li\»iial ( ;fii;.'ra|i|i\ , ilium' i.f ll\
•riMiii'an-., i., :ts-'.i. 71; "f ''>il
mil-
1111-1. 1.
i., 471-'J, I7H. .Viii
, l.V.'.;i, l,-|i;; I.f ('alifiinii-
.'J-.'l 4; iif Ni'w McNiiaii's
1 -'; iif .>ii'\.
Hi7:
I., tili;-17, Ii44-
• ; II.
iif t'l'iilial .VniiTiraii-*. i., (■.S|.7. 7 1 -J,
747-H; iif .\im'i'ii'an tiv i'i/.ilinn,
ii., .sii-!Mi: Viualaii. iv., 14ii-'J; 'la-
i\i)i:x.
708
li;i*cii a!iil Cliiapa-, iv., 'JST-S; Vt-ni ' I'iltzintoiii'viMuin, Xiiliiia ralrmhir
< 'niz. i\-., 4'_'.Vti,
I'h
ll\ -irliilis, >t'l'
ll\ «iii;.'llii||IV, >{'r
.M.Mli
"■I;.'!! an
mas, (I'lj
1 -."1, ii.. ..1
iiiiii
-. I
iiiii»i, tnl><> <>l I III
• Ills, I.. .C'li-.id; liMalliiM. 1.
.V-'ti,
.|ii.
I\ iiiriMircaii"
ill*. NS. ".»:. I Hi 17, I'J--', i:i_':<; iii
r»7S; ('llllllMlliall^*.
•J'.M-.'i. •J.-.til; ( alil>
.-fiil
ITf.-'.t. •-'10,
IIS, i.. .•{•J7'.>.
••\iiaiiM, i.,
|iiL'-.{: N.-w M
47-' :<, 477-'.l, .V_".»:{0, .VkS; .Mi\i<aiis
."i"_'S-'.t, fiOl---'; slivcial liullliiill, i.
."..to,
IllVtIl
.:{-.'-4, ,">:<!•.
A\-
U7-.V
., 7!s VI, i;{|..vj(;.7; v.. i;i-
14, '.'O; laii;:.. iii.. M\'X ,"i.M .">, C'.M-s.
iinoiaiiiia, .^oii
til (
itliliii mall till I',
40--' •_'•-•, li(ialiiiii. i.. Hill.
•-'4, CIS-lit, (Uti-H; ii.. <i-_'4-.'.; I'liiiiiH. iii., i;tl
(•<■ I iiiia-
t'liitnil AiiiiTii'aiis. i., (.'<N1>, 714! i'iiii|is, |iiiiiisliiiii'iit <ii, ii.. l("!t.
I
r.(-."il; ii.. .S0-_': (iiiri
/ainiati
lii.. '-'"lO. •_'.">."), '.'liO, •-•(111, •-'7.i-4.
I'ia'ia, \illa'_'f, .'^iiial'ia, i., (ill.
I'lai'i's I I'iarh.isi, islliiiiiaii
siiri'i-rt'is.
I'ii'ai'liii Kivcr, i.
I'l. Mlis. i.. .V.l'.l.
.*S. (101
I III I
sec I'hui;
Piiiali'Miis ( I'iiialiiiiis. I'ifiaK, IMTk'Ni,
liilii'iit .\|i.irliis. i., 47i> •">'-•); Im .i-
liiiii, i., 47 I. .'i".'.'! Ii.
I'inal MiMiiit.iin-i. i.. I'lirJ.
i'liiaiiaia-.. Nmili .Mixicaii tritir, i,
.".7I!»I; IdialiiMi. i.. fill.
I'iiiai', JiicalitN. ( iiiatiiuala, v., "(StJ.
iriili-, W Ill|ililll^-1H(;
till.. i\ .
•t. Viicafaii, an- 1 I'iiii', vaiiciiis Uses, i., I04. l.'ii;. III
I'i'l
1(17, 171. i:
lii
>. •Joj.
:i 17'-'. iM ."., is!i, I'.ti. •-'01. •-'!:
iirt'-\\ iitiiii.'. SIM- II ii'r<>i.'l.v|iliii
•-'.■{7. •-'•io, •_'t;(i-7
.");io, ti'wj; ii., ,1
.ui;, 4:m, 4.i'.»,
■'.lit.
I'iciila Kakla. Maya .iriiik, ii.. 7o:i. ;
I'ii'Uii-' irfinriw. I'ii'i»risi, tiilM- nf I'iiii'a|iiili'. i.. 7llt. 7;il>. 77.">: ii.. 7"-'4.
I'uclil.is, i., .IJii-.'ih"; inratioii, i. , Piiifii'Mia, ."^iiiilii < alii'ia iiiaii iriiic,
V.t'.i:
all'.' . III., fl^l
I'ii'Vfil, Niiliiia tnlia
j'i r..ics ti'v i;.i,
irii, II.. "JS,.
.(. Iri!ii' 1
i., lO--' •_'■_•; jn.iiii i., 4t'0.
I til
llioL'aiia, tii\v II. 1 taririi. l
MICH, 1.. 4'.'-J »J
f Sli...
•at i' 111. i . 4-'^J.
4'iH: s|ic<'ial iiiiiiliuii, i., -Kilt, 4:<ii.
440; lall;.'., iii.. (HiJ.
ii'iliaili' la ISoca, >ialiii', Niiara^iia,
«iitii|.. iv. . .">4.
icilia (Ir.iiiiic I.San (ias|>ar), (iiicr-
Irl'ii, aiiliii.. i\
4^-'4.
<lr.i I'iiilal, at Caliltia, Istiniiiis
aiilii|., i\
Uvutl If
ILTs. -I'l'
ll..--
n;.
i . :»f.'.
iiKilatI
,'lllcl. 1.. .1,
I
I'ilM.lr (I'ilinllii.
.">77-s; iii.. :ii;o.
ririnjs. i., ."i;t."i, >(■
Mir, 1.
I'inalr
Vi- TIal
I'iiiii' (•>, i., (177,
I'iiHitl. ;r<>M'iii<>f 111' < iifliai iitlaii.
v., 4711.
I'ilinll-CliiiclKMis, i.. (i77, si'i' 'riaja-
IIITS.
I'iiitiiH. ('ciitral .Mfxi.an trilir, i..
tll7l»: l.i.Mii.in, i.. .*i7'-', til."!, «M ;
siiiiial nil iiliiMi. i.. ."i74. Il.'!> H, t>4;t.
liMiiMc^. N'M'lli Mi'vican Irilir. i., I'linila. tnwii, I iiiatiMiialii. i., 7'S.'>.
'I
."i71 HI; liM'aiiuii. i.. (ll-J.
iini, .^iMitli I alifiM-nian tiilic, i.
41 fj ■-'.'; liMatinii, i., J.'ilt.
I'lorli
fiiMi'. (rrs>(.'
ii.. :17I.
ijiiii"-*. I. , .i:
10,
.Mi
Unas
Vail.
t"l.
iki" CcMiiity,
aiitii|., i\., 7
iUi'k, (iiiati'iiiala. anti<|., iv., |;{|.
i!>rliMi. Mississippi \a!lt',\, aiilii|.,
i\ , 7'il .">.
ilc.illi. iiilail '>i lainl. ii.. •Ji'll.
il-riiiis, v., 4IHi, .VfJ. tils,
ill.illi, iaii.ls (it III. I. Irs, ii., •.'•.'.-..
illar of Dcalli, at .Miiia, ttaia.'.i.
aiitn
tits.
llai IJ.M'k. L.-alilv. i>ri'i:..ii, i., ;{i>4.
Illais, set
r..l
iiiniis
Hi. Nairn. I till.', ii.. 1^*7
illi.«-, ii.. .'17
rsii.
Ii/iiili'.illi, ilaiio.'aii j:.>il, iii., 447
I'inrliili. a scalp l.ii'k. ii., .'171.
l'i|Ms, i.. Id.-.. iMi, imi, •.•:i7, :t.".», ;iS'_\
4:fl-.'.. .VIJ, liltli, 7o,K ii., •.'S7; i--.,
7M.
riiiiali. a s|,.\v, ii., 'X')ii.
Ma\a iialii.ii, i . (is<;711;
liiratiiMi ainl iiaiiii'. i
Mill.'
li., i;:»o so;f:
(iss. 7ltil; ii.. l^-'.'t, l.'IO; -p. ri,ii men.
tiiMi, ii.. i;4.">. ii.M. i;."i7't, i;ri.-).7it,
7:io.
.'Si.
(;7S. lisol, 70(i-s, Till.
,StHI
iiimIi
lllst.
,)S.) (i,
lt"<.
,S, .-.(17 , ..
liltli 1 1.
I'ipii.li'.iiiiic. ^tati.Mi, .\/lri' nii):ra
liiiii, \., .•I'J.'l.
I'iraiav Ins, Isiluiiian lill.-. i., 77^!.
I'ii'iinlas. nam.' fur Matlah/iii.as, i.
hist
i;i-4.
i'iio, N.Mtli .Mivicaii laiiL'.. lii., 711.
7M
INDEX.
Tisr-aiMis, i., 31(5, SCO Pisiiuousc.
I'lMi'diir KivtT, i., 'M'2.
I'iscniisc (I'i.scoiis), i., 'M(\, hi'o l*is-
<|II<III.SL'.
l*i>lii|iiil|uiWH, i., 271, wo l'isi|uit-
|liHVS.
ri-<liwanwapiiiiiH, IiiIhikI Coliiinliiaii
trilx-, i., -J.')*)-'.)!; lixatiiMi, i., 'AM
I'iskwaiiM, i., ;{l(i. SCO l*JMi|iitiiiN<>.
I'isoiM's, Nortli McNit'aii Irilw. i.,
■'iTI-UI; loialioii, i., (il'J; laii;;., >ii-.
744.
I'isiinitpawH (I'islnniitpaws, Pisipiit-
]ialis|,, liilaiiil ('nliniil)iaii triltc, i.,
'.'.*il)-!M; locali'iii, i., .'<2I; .s)N-cial
iiH'iiiiiiii, i., '2M, 271.
I'isinioiisi' (I'i.scaiMiH, I'iscitus, IM.s-
riiiise, I'ixkwaiis), Inland t'oluni-
liiaii Irilif, i., 'J.'iO-'.H ; Inralion, i.,
2'i.'l, :<l'i, .'<l(t; K|icrial ini-ntitin, i.,
27">; Ian-;., iii., «>IS.
risi|ii(inM- Kiver, i., ;il(i.
J'ist..| Kiv.T. i., 442.
I'ila, a H|nTicN of lioinp, i., ri.')7-8,
(iS'.t-'.K), ti<.»7-Jt. 7<»<!; ii., 4()<».
I'italiava ( I'olajava), a fruit usivl for
f"...l" i-tc, i., ,'>;«»-4(>, .'».•)(>, .'i(!(), rtlii,
."(sc. (;24.
1*ilao-( "o<'olii, /apotfi* };oil, iii., 4.">7.
ritiio ('o/ai>>ia, /apoti'f i;o(l, iii., 44<.>.
rilaip-.\on, /apolcf ^'oil, iii., 4."i7.
I'ilaN, North Mrxiran triiic, i., A71-
•.)l: location, i., (ill.
ritavrariii NallfV. i.. rm.
I'ilratelics, i., I.Vi, >(■)> I'itiat'lu'^.
riti'iics. i., l.'{.'{, SCI' Saliipitclirs.
I'itciii (l'it<'ni(>M->), I'ciilral Califor-
nian trilir, i., :<(il-4(H; location, i.,
4r,:i.
I'iiiaclics (I'itcatdics), Central ('ali-
f'lrnian trilx*. i., lilil-IOI; location,
i.. .•((;;<, 4."».V(i.
I'iti^iliafuilcs. Nortli Mcvicaii trilic,
i., ■'i7l-'.M ; location, i., ttl2.
I'itpan. Mosoiiito river noat, i., 72.">.
I'itI .\r.liipcfa;;o. i., l.Vt, 2".»4.
I'itt IJivcr, i.. im, 447, 4.')7.
I'itt Kivcr hnliann, Nortli Californian
trilic, i., ;i2(i-(;i; Hpccial mention,
i. :i'.'<.t-:<o. .•W7, ;j4i-(i. :c.i, XJU-r.,
:i.">7-<il; lan^'., iii., ti.'W, <i4(l.
I'i (talis d'ai-lclicH. I'aynclies, I'i-
iicliani, triU'of Sliosliones, i., 422-
42; location, i., 4(i4; Hpccial men-
tion, i., 440.
I'i I IcHd'ai I'loH, r.viites). trihe of
SIiomIioiicm, i , -122-42; location, i.,
4(l)i-7; Mpecial mention, i., 4.H 1 , 4.'t,'<,
4M7, 440-1; mvtii., iii., VXi; lanj;.,
iii., mi'i.
'ixjilina, n Toltoc prince, v., 207.
'ixWaex, Istliniian fruit, i., 7''!*.
'lacer t'oiinty, i., .S'.W, 4."i«»; autiii.,
iv., 7<Mi.
"lacervilh', town, ('aliforni)t, i., .'{(>.');
antiij., iv. , 7<l.').
Ma}ine«, Toltcc, liiHt., v., 274-.5; we
also IVstil'-nce.
Mantain, set Itanaiia.
'lant .sculpture, iv., 112, 114.
'!a^'ter.s, medicine, i., 172, 39.V(I,
4I!», .'itW; ii.. .-.its.
Mates, Hce I )islies.
Mat forms, ].. I(k>. Ifi.l. .S,*W-!». .11)7,
7 IS, 724, 7S2; ii., :{22. 44a, .V.i;,
(;!»2, 70.H, 7IH. 7K."«; iii., 42.-..
•latin;;, ii., 477, 7.'»(t.
'layanos. .South Californian trihe,
i.', 4«>2-22: location, i., 4tiO.
'la/a Ma\or, .Mexico, anti<|., iv.,
.'>0,-.l7, r>20.
'laza 'I'lalt'lulco, Mexico, aiitii|.,
iv., .-.1 7- lit.
*leasure-;,'ardeus. Nahuas, ii., l(!.'J-7.'i
'leiades, Nahna si;,'n for new lire,
iii., '.m.
'leii'y, Naliua jiraver for, iii., 2(HI.
'lows, i., 'AX .■kS2."
'lumes, see {''eathers.
'lummet, Nahuas, ii.. ,'t.')7.
'luiikctt < 'reek, .Mis»issi|i|ii Valley,
antii|., iv.. 7<1S.
'oaramas. North Mexican (rilic, i.,
.'>7I-1M: location, i.. lild.
'olda/oii. New .Mexico, antii|., iv.,
({(>:<.
'idiorosa, jirovince aridtriU'of Isili-
miauH, i., 747-.S."); loe.ition, i,, 7',i.-».
*ocam, .Maya feast, ii., (i'.Mi.
'ochoti, a species of seed, ii.. 'A't'.*;
n Toltcc |irime, v., 2.s,\ 2!»'.»-:{ol;
lord of Chalco .Vtiiico, v.. :(4<.l.
•ochtecas, Nahua merchants, ii.,
;«M(», 4!ti, tin;.
'ochilan, a ward in Mexico eitv, ii.,
•»!»l;
'ochutia, locality, Hajat'a. i., (i7!*.
'oi,'olali, i., .">7.'^. see i'o/ide.
'oconianis, ii., 121, see I'okomatns.
'ocomchi (I'oconchi), i., 7fW, .see
I'ldvoniaiUH.
•ocorosa. Isthmian ]irovince and
Irihe, i., 747->S,">; location, i., 7'.M>.
'oclepet', town, (Jnerrero, v., 412.
'ocvetl, Nahua toliaceo, ii., 2.S7.
'octrv, i., 701, 727; ii., 28(i, 4!>,'<-7;
v. . 42H.
I'i);;pimo;r;.'on, club uf Smike Indi-
ans, i., 4,'U.
INDKX.
735
P)i1i-lik, Kliiiiiiitli ii|>ii<'llati<iii, i., I'i)iiiiiliiinas, N'urtli M(>\ican trilx', i.,
:V_'7. 4U. .">7I l»l; location, i.. (ill.
lN>li(iiu'('flii's, Cciilrii' Ciilifiiriiiaii I'omlt'iiiM, i.. •_'."»J. m»t I'ciul d'C hvilli's.
trilH'. i., .•{(;i-4(»l; I.H-ati i., 4.V>-<i. I'..m.Is. ii.. hir., .•{."».{; iii.. 4:{.">.
I'i'iliDMi) l'"all, iii., I"2(i. I'liiiiila. villa;,'!-, .Sniuira, i., (UMi.
i'oiaiilitla, a sai'icil plafr, Moxicti, INmk, .Mujaxr slu-ll-iiii>:icy, i., ."i(Ki.
ii., 5S.~>; iii., :<:<:<. I'<>|i, ll'iiii|i, ri>|)|i|, .Maya iiiniitli, ii..
I'oiii, name of mouth in ('liia|)as, ii.,
7(!(i.
Toiiit .\«lamH, i., :«)4. .•<(M!.
Point Itairow, i., 41'. 4.">, 47-8, ."»(), GD,
l.'W; Ian;,'., iii., ">7*>.
I'oiiit ('oni'<>|M-ioii, i., 4r>8.
I'oiiit Crciivillc, i,, WA.
I'oiiit llopkinM, i., 174.
I'oiiit Lewis, i., :<IH;.
(!',l.'», ,.")7.
I'o|ikali, liiilli cateii Ity liilaiui ( 'o-
liiiiiliiaii tiilics, i., •_'•;."(.
l'o|Hi<'att'|ii'ti, ominous t'ru|ition of,
v., 4li(>.
I*o]iocaxtli, vase, 'ria.seala, aiilici., iv.,
47!».
l'oi> naltc|ietl. mountain, v., ■_'07.
I'opole, iv., ■_'(i(l, M'e l'o!e,
I'oiiit Nisue, ^'u(•atan, aiiti(|., iv.,2(iO. I I'oj'olocas i ropoliica.s), i., ti77, set
I'oi.Hon. i., 7'.l, ."UH, :»7S-!I, 4,f_':{, .".II
.■)77-!t, 5HC.-7. 7-'-'-.'<. 7<!0, 7tl-':J, 7.S-';
ii.. 4(».S-<.l, 7i'l. 74'-'-4.
l*ojuai|ue. I'lieMo \illai,'e ami trilie,
i., .")2(!-."»(); location, i., ."•'.»!»; lau;; ,
iii., liHI.
I'oklMtc, citv, N'liralan, v.. (i.'W.
ria|iaue<'s.
l'o|iol Winak t'liitiiv. (jiiii he otlieial,
ii.. (114.
l'o| ol Winak I'aliom I/alatz .Xrjixe-
l>a. <^>uii he oHicial, t>4 (.
l'o[>otlan. il'o|io(la), loeahly, Mexieo.
iii., "JitS; station. .\/tee mi;;i'ation.
I'okerville, ('aliluinia, antii)., iv.. ' v, , :t'_';<, name tor 'I'ai'iiha.
7<l7. ' l'i'i|iiiio, \illa,L;e, Sonora, i. . (!((.">.
I'okoinanis (I'oeoniams, i'okonrliisi. | roi|ui('tl. |iei'inme eanes, ii., 'JOft.
.Maya nati i.. i;.S(;-7ll; ii., (i;t(l- i l'oieu|iine, i., PJS, -J.-is, .|-j.-», .IS-J-.'I,
8ii;t; loriitioii aiul n.ime, i., 7SS; | 7">."t. 7ill ; ii..(!(ll.
ii., I'.'l, i:t(»; Ian;,'., iii., 7<!0-l, 7<il-; l'oren|iine iJiver, i., 115, l4(i-7.
t>; iiisi., v., .VH, .">.'i.'i, r)."(7-s, ,"it;i. I l'oi'|ioise. i., i(i;{.
.">ii;{-J. .">(■>(;. ."ii".!!. .">7ll-7, -Vd. ."i<i;M. I IVusinmula Itiver. i., 4.")(i.
I'okoninos, Ceiiiial Calitoiiiian triln-, ; I'oit Hiseovery. i., 'JlOl-.', •Jl!t-'J(»,
i., :<(il-4()l; loialion. i.. 4>'>tl. KlI'J.
rorterlielil, ( 'alifoiiiia, anlic(., iv.,
I'oie il'opole), Viieatan, aiitiii., iv, ,
•_'(il».
I'oliee, i., ■■»4<>; ii.. ."iti.")-7, *>">"i.
I'lilisli. Nahua arehiteetiire, ii., .'tliO.
."»70l, .">7;{, .•(7.S<.I. ."iSI.
I'olitos, Nm'lii .Mexican trilie. i..
.■i7l'.M; loiatioii, i.. (il.'l. , .
I'olokawvnalis, Cenlial ( 'ali'orniaii ' I'ort Ludlow, i,,:i(fj.
trilie, I., :ii;t-4l)l; location, i., 4.'>(i. I I'orto liello, i., 7,'>;<.
I'olonches, Inlainl < 'ol Man trilie, ' Tort ( hdianl. i., 'Jlii. 'J'JO. '.'•_'•.', :!(»!,
i.. •Joil-'tl; location, i.. ;il7. I'oit ( Ml'onl, i , 4 l.'t.
I'liloyamas. t'entral < alitoniian trilie. Portrait sciiliiinre, antii|.. iv., ."itis.
7i>4.
Porters, see < 'arriers,
port I'.ssin^'ton. i., -J"!."!.
Porticoes, Nahua market |ilaces, ii,,
:t.s:i, .*.(;."..
PortlamI (anal, i., I4:(, •.';»:«-4,
:<(il-4lll; location, i.. 4.''ii'i.
Polvamlry. i.. (i(i, hJ, I',t7.
Polyer, i,, 7lt.'k sei' Poyer.
iJVL'amv, see
M
irria^'c,
linos, Central ( 'alitoniian Irilie. i.
.s--', ',•'.>, KM. Ills. •J7('i-7, ."I'sl. 4_'7,
4.'l."i, 4(!J;{, .-i(L', .V.)."i; \., 4.'», l.Ti,
4,V..
Portsmouth. Mississi|i|ii valley, an-
ti'
,'<lil-4ll|; location ami ii
4 IS; s]iei'ial mention.
:<',)<i; Ian;:;., iii., (lt:t-4, (i4ii
i. ,;!(;■_', port Towiiscn.l, i,, '.'11. :t(C.'.
.'(•.'.-I, .•t7!t, port Iriiiida-I, i., ;{4'.'.
P
I'h
4(i4.
Miliienilclies
iicIk
Pome Ponios, Central Californian Posole. i.. (i.">4, see Po/ole,
trihe, Miil-4(ll ; location ami name. Possession Soiiml, i.
''Ml
i., :«(;•.', 44S.
Posiiamas, North .Mexican trihe, i.
Pompey, MiHsiMsipiii N'ulley, aiitiii., .■)7 1!' I ; location, i, djj,
115.
Potu.'iehes, Central Ci'.liforniaii trilii
i., .'<UI-4()1: hMution, i., 4.")o.
786
i\i»i:x.
I'litaiii (I'lilani. xil!ii.vi', Sm.ura, i.
liOS.
rolaliirs, i.. ICI-J, 1(17, l!.VJ.
I'lil laiii'niaN, Nmlli M«\iiii!i tiilif, i.
'I
I '.II;
liM'iitloll. i , ti(Mi.
riiliiainic'^. ( Viillal ( 'alilul'liiali ll'iln
i., :{(il nil: iiM'iiiioii.
»;
riiinaxli.'i'H (TKiiia-'li^i, tiilii' itl < li
Ihiiiks, I.
.•{Il."i
Ml; liit'atiiiii,
;t(t;;.
riiliiii, I iiialciiialan laii;.'.. iii., 7<>n.
I'lilnlliliiill, \.,'J'_'ll, >l'f ( 'lialll|H>l<>ll.
i'l.liMik, i.. 7!U. M-c I'atixik.
I'oi.'
i\aiiti'~i, < 'riilial ( alitiiriiiai
Irilx
;ti.l-|(il; mvlli.. iii., N7: \.. I'.i.
I. Nah
1 1 II M I ,
.■1.1
I'lili'i'i'ii, \illa-i'. Siiiitli I Mlil'iiriiia, i.
•»t;o.
I 'ills, i., |s.">, Is7. i;tl, ,"iS'.', ti.Mi, (;;i7
7-.'l.
I'liil. r \',ill.\, i., .'!(;•.', IIS; hiiiL'., iii.
tiC!.
I'.iUi
r\ , I iiliiiiiliiaiis. aiiti<
( '.llitonii;
M-. IV.
:<.-
I.'U; aiitiii., iv
:i(i. 71 II.'. 7IN -M; N.w ,M
iii.i. .">iil, .")i:t, .".Jil
I
i'\ir,iii>
.iSL'; anil'
IV.
.>(■•-(, .1
ii, liiMi. <;ii I'j, c.ct-i.
(i:ti;, iMJ t. i;iii
i.. (!.">S;
fill I, (;7s-'.l: M
i\-
nan
II. is.l. 1:
inlK
:ms, .tj. .•!s;i, .•is7 s. i-.'7 s, ni:
:i, .v.'i.
.i.Ml
.\iiM'ri( all^<
7t><!-7: ii..
.11 •-'. .".17: ('.•iilr.ii
r.M.
i".i-
7<il
1., (i'.i7 S.
".'_', 7S7: aiiiic|.
'_»:», (■.•-•■<!, 711. 7H, i;!7. I .I'.!, i'.i'.i, •-'7^:
Mississi|i|ii \allc.v. anli'|.. i\.. 77'.l-
Mil; IV'iil, anli(|..'i\., 7ll.">-l>.
poultry, i . .ViS. .">U, (I.V.'.
Power, si'i' < ioxc'iiiiicnl.
PoMla. Ncnit'i /, aitlii|., iw. Il.'i.
Poya>. Iril.c of Mosi|iiiio>, i., 7II-J7;
loratioii,
lion, i.,
li;t;
'111
ail''.
:i», 7lil, 7111
, iii.. 7>>:t.
-|ircli
ri'ti-s.
Povaiilillan, 'I'imiI 'iiii liini
re xtl
liii'iil
.•i;iii:
l.alllcs at, V.
:iM\.
■i.s7 s, v.u. 1:17. •".0.1.
•viT .Mis, i.. 7!».'t.
.\('i- I i'olvcn Kivcr, i.. 7!>.''.
i\ |iii|ili'', rciilr.ii ( alili.iiii.ili tlilM',
i'.. :«ll (III: iani.'., iii.. H.Vt.
.if (pH^nlr. I'
>< ojatl
^;iin'l, i
-s, i;-.».
til
!l'.'.
>./olli';;a. town, .Si'arav'iiii, 1.
|i,i|i|i-llcil-( liai'. .M.wa lrni|.li', ^'ii.
ral.'in, aiitiij., i\., 'J(.S.
raii/o^, i,, 7i'v mt < iiialiiHOH.
ra\crx, ii.. *;ij, i;«'i; iii., :«>. pi.Vt;,
•Jiiii-:ui, ;;j'.-;i(i, .•t7(t-."t. .•is|.-j, r.\s
!iii, ;t7'J, .•<7<".,
Irnolls MOID':
II.
•l.si-j, (ioii, (;;i.v 7,17, 7;><>; iii., 'Ms.
Prr;.'iinnry, scp Women.
Proeiiis, l|\ iM'i l.ori'ans, i., t!7, HI,
!l-..i; folnnil.ii;!!.-. i., Ki.S, 17-'. I'.U V.
I'.Hi; «'aliloriiian>, i.. :iv.i. |||;
N.w M.
e\|r,iiis, I.
.".(Ml, ."(t.S, :ri\.\
<i:i-_';i. (ICi'-:'.:
ii.. 11(1. •-'.".(; 7. -'(1(1, '-'7
7ti. •_"•('.
;{'.l|, -l-.M-J. 4.V2, M(i, IKI.I. (iii7, fil'.*,
« I •-• I I « I
i . 7<ij;t,
ii., (;:i.">.
(il7: • eniial .\n
7--".l .Tt, 74(1, 7(ili.
(HI, (^17, (l.M, ti(i(i-7<l, <iM. (I'.M, 711,
7'.i1l.
PiiapiiN, Pliallii'-wors|ii|i, iii., ."Mil.
ne>|s, ori'-iii ot, III.
:i--.'. :!!; New
M
exiiails. III.
I7:i: M
exifans, II.
I IJ .!. •J(Hi I.-., •.M.S. :t(i:i, .•!(i7. .•(:!».
•Kll, 12."., 4-'.s, 4(l".l. (;(IS; iii., i;u s.
(t<
>-< ;
."i(N»-l; (elilial .\iiier
:i(i
I-
:t», 74(1: ii.. (I4;-S.
(■.(i.t, (W-.M. (iss-7l(l.
:;(i.
7ii'.i. .SIHI; iii., I7'.'-:!, 4v.i 'Ml, 4'.l.".-(i,
4 '.I'.I.
Pri. ■-testes. Me\i.an>, ii., •J(U-('., 'J4.'r|
iii., 4.!.">-C>.
Pri.-M llai.i.U. i., -J-Xi. -M-J. :t|C.. :i-_M.
inio>ki. Iiilie of l\oiiia;ja>, i., (ill-
s7: loialioii. i., I In.
Prime of W ale^ .\r(lii|.i
I
1-0, i.. 14:!,
"..">. -.".I'J: iii.. (1(14.
Priiii'etow 11, ( iilifornia, anliij., i\.,
7(17.
I'lin.e William Soun.l, i., 7(», 7:i. 7!t,
l.l'.i, U'.l; iii., .'.s.S.
Pii..
iliel-. ..^ee ( apllvt"
l'ri\ile-es. ii.. KI.S, I'.ll, •J-.'l •'_>, 4(n- 1.
Pi
oee>'.lons. II
IS. ,TJ-J. .•!.•(.-.
141. ISI
:il(i-
:t.".ii. 4-'s, i;i-'. (1(17 s,
(ir-'.'l.dCs. (IS'.i. 7(111. 71(1: iii..'J!i7-!i.
Pio|icrl\. Il\ j.erl>onaii!«, i.. (i,'t-4,
l-.'.S; ('oliiml.iaii-. i., 1(17, I7;{, ls4,
I'.ll •' •_'(ll, •_*(i.". (i. '.T. -'.til. '.'47,
;». 'Jss il; Cil
iiornians, 1., 'U',
.•{S.-». ;t'.»(i. 4(l'.l. 4;i'.l-t(l; New .Mesi-
eiiiis, i.. .">(l.">-(i. ."I'J'J ;{, .".t-to, ."..". 'i,
">(i», .">t;!l; Mexieaiis. i., (wtl. (Ml! I,
«i."»S.'.l, (ilM; ii., •-'(;:{-4. lil'J-lt, (II;
iii., ".Ml, 4:i(l ■_': ('.nlial .\inei ie.ins
i.. C'.i'.i 7(Hi. 7-."> (i. 74 1. 7(is. 7,s(i ;i;
ii , (I.VJ ;», (I.V.MKI. 7.Vi-(;. 7'.is Sdl.
l'lo|.lieei,>, v., 4i:i;<.l, 4'.KI, ."il'li, .V.)S-'.>,
(;.{;i.
i'ro|i|iels, see Sureeiers.
Proi|nen. t'eiilral ( .iliforiiian trii.e,
i., ;i(;i-4(ll: loeiilioii, i., 4.".:{.
Prosiiiiition, i., I (is '.I, l'.l.".-7. '.'IS, •J7.S,
:r>i. 4;ii;-7, ."114 :.">. .".I'l. .".(i.'.ii. ."..s.". n.
(ill.
Print
). 1 1
;(: II., , '.'iKi. (;7(i
lea, I 'eiilial < iilifoini.in ti il
i.. :i(il-4(ll; lor.ition. i., 4.'.:!.
INDKX.
I'nni'tai", ('nttr.il ('.ilifiiriiiaii trilii
I.. .'{Ill 101; lorat
I'.-l
i\\ain\.'i|i|>.'ii'is
J.Vt.
I I'r-liawainvaii-
|iaiiil, liilaiii' < nlniiiliiaii trilx', i
•J.VI '.II; lixalinii, i., ;{•_'(».
I'lniiiiiv-. < I'lilral < 'alifiii'iiian trilic,
i.. :>i;i-t(ll ; loialiiiii. i., 4.'»t;.
l'uallt|>a\Miii>li (l'ualli»l, trilx- of
Siiiiinl Indians, i., '.'(KS-'J'J: location.
1
i., .'{(tl.
'iialli-
Uiv.r, i., 301.
l'nl.(ilv. i.. l'.»7,;».-il,;j'.l'i, 414-1.'), .-.11,
MS. .-.s^, TT'-'.
l'iil>ii;.'na. Soiitli Califiiriiian trilic.
i.. 4( )•_'••.'•-•; lo.atioii, i., 4(i(>.
Iirro lilMT, I.
•Hi,
r
I'lirlila. naliiMs ilcscrilicil, i., (117-
41; ii.. l:t:t'liL".); s|i<'rial lucntion.
1.. ( ;•_'<•, <!•.'.■>.
laM;^.. iii..
4(r. 7S; lii^t.
• .'71. (174-
7 lit;
1!M;-'
ii., -Ji:
anti(|
t;-_M.
I'nclililo. tj>ni'H'tiiio, anii>|., iv., 'ti'.)-
.')0.
I'lH'Mo .\rroyo, New Mc.\iro, antii|.
IV., (Ki'J.
I'lirlilo r.oiiiio, New Mexico, antii|.
i\. . (M.') (I-.',
ruclijo ( lu'liro Kctllf, New .Mc\i
CO, :inlii|.. i\ .. ti."i."(-(i'_',
rni'lilot iTck, i., .■);>."); .\ii/.onii, aiilio-
IV.
(;;i7
Piiclih
lo-i iicvcs, 'I'iii-'cala. an-
ti<
i\.. 47'.l.
sow
Mc\i
I'uc'liio ilmi-.i I'a\i
anlii|.. iv.. ti,"i.-|-(iJ.
riiclilo I'rnasco liianco. New .Mcxi
aiilii(. . i\ ., ().">.■{•(>•_•.
I'licMo l'inla.i<
M.\i
ti<
IV.
((.■>:{•;•_•.
I'uclilos. one of ilif fonr families in-
to «
lllrll tl,.' N
cw
.M
cMiaiis ail'
i\\\ nli'il ; II' iiiicis jinil customs
of ,'ill its n.iiions ami liilK-s ilo-
■lilii'il to-t'tjifi-.
I.
.">•_'( i-."»ti; |»llV-
sii|ilf, 1., .VJK-.'iO; (llc--<. 1., .■i.'tD-.t;
(l\\i'llin;.;s, i., ."iH.'l-S; food. i,. .").'{>-
411; |n'isonal iiaiiils, i., ."»4(); \M',i|>-
oiiH iiml war. i., MI-.S; iniplc-
mi'iits ami inaniifaclnii's. i., ."il,'t-."i;
ail. I.. .">
!.")-( '.
i\cnini('iit. 1.. .Vtii
I ; iiiai'na.u(' ami woiiii'i
>47-!t;
aiiiiisi'iucnl-
1.
int'ous ciisloms, I.
.Vl'.»-.-.;t; iiiiscci-
i.'{-4; mi'di-
1,
cine and limial. i., .Vil-.'i; clijiractcr.
I., .i.'i.i (i;
l:r.-n, 171
iimIi., iii.,
. iv.'7-X: Ian
MCI, 114.
r., iii., MS,
(;71 1. (i>S(t-:i; aiilic|.. iv., (il.V.SC
local
loM ol inl
.'(;-!». ."iint-
iiii:;: iii>i
I'lii'lilo.-, nilic cpf I'lU'lilo family, i.
Vol. V. 17
iCJl.-,.(;
local
ion. I., .')•-'(!
■"In'c ial
mention, i., .V_M»-:f_', .">;U-4.S. ."..MM,
.Vi;i-(;; invili., iii. .so-;{. 114, 171- 1,
0-7-.S; Ian;.'., iii.. .">tiH. tl71-X <iMI-;t.
I'lieiilo Ilia \iila, Ne'.v Me.xieo, ali-
IV.. t,(.-.'.
i'li'-filo N'iejo, iv., ~:i, name for Te-
iiani|iiia.
i'llelilo \ iejo, \'eia (rilZ, JUltii|., i\.,
44:t 4. 4.'.1.
I'llelilo \\'eje-;;i, New .Mexico, antii|.,
i\., (;iil.
I'liente ill' los lierj^iintines, .Mi'xieo,
antii|.. iv., .VJM.
I'liente Nai'ioiial, \'era Cm/, aiitiij.,
i\., 4:!7-.S.
I'ii;.'a!li|i.iinir~li, i., ,'{01, see rilViillu-
|>ami-li.
I'ii-alli|ii. i., .'till, see I'lnjilluj).
I'n''et .Sound, i., l.'il. •-•US. •_■!•_'. 1214,
•J I'.),
I'll •> .»!
t.s, aui: Ian;
iii., lil.'i.
i'li^'ets Ulaml. i., 307.
I'liiiiles. trilie of .Sound Indians, i.
■-'0,S--."_': location, i.. •.".»<».
iiiclion. (eiitral
falif
oniitui
trilii
i.. :i(il 4(i|; local i i., 4Xi.
iii|i, a
liiedi
ciiial |ilanl. i.. ')'2'2.
ril|illii. i.. 4.~>tl. see Itiisliiimiies.
l'll)|ioiie.-< (I'nliienes). t'eiilial (
foniiaii Iriite, i., .'tlil-IOI ;
i., :ili:{. l.VJ.
a I
ocation.
I'lili
M
exicin I
I rink
i.. .-tl7. *;:<'!.
r24; iii., ;il.s,
|IMi; II.
4(I.S-|U; \,, •J(I7-,S.
I'iim|>kin, see ( 'alalia.-<li.
rniiisliiiieiit. see I loMrnmeiit ami
< liildreii.
I'nnta .\renas, localitv, |)aiien, i..
I'liiila ( iorda, localil V, llomliir
IS, 1.
!»;(.
,11...
I'ii|ilems, .\ca;;clu'niein sorcerers, iii.,
KiC.
I'iiri>ima. ('alifornia. aiilii|.. iv. ,<!!).-..
I'lili^ima < 'oiice|M'ioii lie .\niedo. lo-
calitv. Nuevo I, eon. i., (;7.'t; Ian-.,
iii.. 742.
I'lirmo. Lower
Calif.
iriiiii. iiiiti>|., u
tiirj.
I'lirnai Mountain, i.. liiMI.
I'lirnlaliiii, I'ericiii ;.'oil, iii.. SI.
I'liriilea, Central Caiiforniaii triln
:i<il-|(ll; location, i.
I.".;i.
I'lislmnes. i., 4oO. see Itiisliumnes.
I'lllos ( reek, i., 4.VJ.
I'liv acautes, ( 'omaiiclie sore, reis, iii.,
I'liyalliipami^li ( l'iiiralli|iamisli. I'liy-
yiili;iiiamislij, irilju of Soiiml In-
INDEX.
iliiiiis. i., 20.S-22; lopatioii. i., -29<X rial iiuiilioii, i., 177, ISO; Inii};.,
:{til. iii.. (MIS.
I'livalhip (l'ii;ralli|)i, l'uvallr>|i) •V'""''^''"' (<^ia<'t<wM, tril'c of Nii.it-
Wivcr. i., :«H.
l7l--">'; liMali..ii.
.';»!.
I'livniiu-, ('(Mitral ('alifiiniiaii trilH-, (^hiai-utl, naiiii- tor ilaiiiaii lamilv, i.
i!, :{i;i-M»l: liMalii.ii. i.. 4.").{. j 'iKJ.
rii;;liniiii('. Central California, lung., (/iia;.'<'liil, ii.. 4(i:<, xci' 4/iiai'li
(i4!»-.Vt.
I'v Kilts, i., 4(!S, si'c I'i r.di'.s.
rvraiiiiil l.akt', i.. 4llli.
l^iialioot/c, Nalnia ;,'oil. iii., I.">l.
l^MialitoMialis, trilx- of ( liinooks,
•_'-J_'-.">((; liiiatioii. i.. :{(is.
l*.vr:iiniilw, ii., .Vm, ,">7(!, ."!*. .TSS-O, (^iialiuacan. a .Mfxican rliirf, v., .■}I7.
"7!I4: aiili«|., iv.. •_'(;, 7.'<-*i. SL'-'.t, 1 ill- <jiialiuatla|.al, locality, Mixini, v..
.SI. l(i<.t-7l, l'.C-'-71H l>asMini; v., .).">- ; :<I4.
">'.», '.MKl. •_'(«.
l'yto;,'iiis. Central Californiaii trihi
i., .'<lil-4ill; loraliou, i., 4.'i.'>.
I'vutes, i., 4(>(!, see I'i I'tcs.
Q
Qak1)at/iilii, mountain, (iiiatoniala,
v.. Mil
nil
i^Mialiuitlt'lina ((^Miavitlrloa), Nali
iiioiitli, ii., .'td-'i, .'>(l<.i: iii , 41!).
(^naliuitl-l(-ai-an. station, .V/tce mi-
;;ralion, v., IVJ.T
(/naliuilonal. Cnlliiia Kin;;, v., XW.
(.^naliunalmiic, i., (!7(>, so- Cucrna-
vara.
l^iail, i.. 3.TI; ii.. .110. .114. •.\-2-2, .*«V{;
iii.. •-".IS, .-{'.I.-), 4-Jt;, 4;!7.
(.inainn, trilx'of Noi.ikas, i., I74-'J()S;
Qat. (Jni(lii''-Cakclii<jU4'I (lay, ii., 7i'7. loialion, i.. '-".i.").
Italic. ('ak<'liii[n(>l niontli. ii., 7l!ti. (.jlnak;ir>^, triln- of Nootkai, i., 174-
Oiiin/i;;Ma. I'ui-lilo villa^'*', i.. (i(M». ' IMIS; loiation, i.. •J'.Hi.
Ijoai'iil, Niliaili prince, v., .~i.V2, .'iiiii. (^inako, Inland Colnniliiaii triliex,
l^oai-iitee, Niliaili jirinee, v., .V>-, food, i., •_'(>.">.
."»(>('>-7. i (^niiks"naniish, i., ',H)\, see t,lnafke-
(joaiian, (^uielK- jirint'o, v., ."i.'rj, r>(!7. ' iianiisli
Qoraili, l^uiehe ruler, v., ,").V_*, ,V>7, <,lnalc|nillli>«, i.
':i(;.
< iiiackoll-i.
.Vi'l.
liloi-iiinel, .Miau (^uieliu jirince, v.
(^Inania, Lower Californian sorcen
i., .">H7.
(.Iiiainasli, i.. 'Jtl.-i. see Caniass.
ClcHMvili, (.Inielie ruler, v.,.'>,VJ, .'■M7-(iO, j t.lnanes, Irilieof Nimikas, i., i74-'2()S;
."iiill, .">71, 'uH.
at ion, 1.. •-".Ml"
l^oeliaiiuli, Niliail> prince, v.. r>(!7. (jluane/, a 'I'lascaltec ruler, v., 4111 -S.
(.jiico/oni, Aliau (.^Miiclie jirince, v., (^Inaoar, Los A iij;cles County tril>es'
5(i7.
(1, iii.. S4; v., 111.
Qoliail, locality, (inateniala, v., .^S.S. (^luaoilipaniiie, name for 'I'arasci
(.^lotlialcan, Cakcliiipiel kit
.■|S:{-4.
(jot/il):ilia, (i>uicli('' iirince, v., .")(
:<7i.
<^>uapilollan. a .south .Mexwan ]lro^
nice. V.
441.
l/oxlialiolaiii. A;,'aaii town, v., r».J8. i (jliiai|uacuillin, Naliiia order of
t^ii. iii., IIIJ. see Cu.
t/iiaavayp, I'ericiii pid, iii., Ki!).
C^uacliic ((^liiau'i'liil), Naiina title, ii..
4(i:t.
liliiacliictin, Naliiia title, ii., 404.
(.iliiucliictii, Naliua roval decoration.
ii., 404.
(.jnai'kciianiisli ((jiiiaks'naniisli), trilic <jiiiac|iiiolt..
of .-101111(1 Indians, i., l'OS-l'l'; loca- (.iiiaria, N»
priests, ii.. •_'(i:i; iii.. :VM
(,>iiai|iiaiiliiioclit/in, Mexican anilias
sailors, ii., 4*_'l.
(/u.i'iiiaiilipitziiliiiac, 'reuaiicc prince.
am
.•{(iO-4.
I kill'' of Tlalcli
XiS.
(^hiaiiiiidts, i., i!l(!, see (jMiackolls
t.liia(|iiiolt-, i., •j;i(!. see (liiackoils
•j;i(!,
M
tioii, I.. ;«)i.
(;t;:i.
e\v .Mexico, aiilii|., i\'.
Quackolls (Co^'wells, Cnipiiltlis, , (.jMiarries, i., Kij; ii., 4S0; aiilin., iv.,
C^nacoltli, li)iiali|iiiltlis, t^lii;ic|iiii|ts, 414, (i7<i.
(.^uai|iiiolt.s, «^>iiaw;,'uults, (^liieelia- (jiiiatlilapotles, i.. ;«l(!, see Catlila-
qnacoll, (jlueeliavnacolt, (Jii(ii|uo- ]iooil-'s.
nitlisi. frilio of Noiitkas, i., 174- (^iiiatomalis, Nc.rili Californi.in tril>e,
308; location, i., 17">-(i, L'il.'i-S; spo- ( i , 3lJ(i-(il; location, i., 44.1
iNi>i:.\'.
Qlllltsinns ((j>liat>illMl. tlilic nf Nimt- (j)ii:iillilli/.t;ic, liiiliir for Tolomalotj'-
kas, i., 17 4 -'(IS; l.iciiiii.ii, i.
K|H'riikl liii'lltiiili, i., IsO.
l/iiat>iiii>s Siiuiiil. i.. '-MHi,
niiilli, \.. 4<.N).
l^iiaiilitiiclicii, ii., 417; iv., 4l."i; m'i*
lliiatiiM'ii.
l/'iat amyajH, tril'c of I 'llill<Mlk^>, i., <tiiiaiilili>iial, < 'liii liimcr kiii;;, v., '_*'_'(>,
.-.((; I
oral loll.
;uif>.
<,hiaiiliralrii, Naliiia jail, ii., 4.*):(. *iMiaiilil/iiitfcii1itii, 'rco-riiirliiiiici
C,);iaiili.'liiiiaii<'o, tow ii,
441; \., -.".(H, 4S<.t.
M.\i
rllirf.
4',>U.
<^iiaiili\irali'i>. placi' of cri'iiialioii, ii.
.">K."i, (il ■ tM'.t.
Viiaiiiiiacatl. Naliiia title, ii., 4<)-J.
<ihiaiiliiialiiiai', i\., 4S'_', .-ft' Ciirriia- : (^iiaiili\ilo|/iii, ;;o\<'riior of l/.tajia!
\aiii. <'.!i:i, v., ,'{7."{.
l^iiiaiilinclliiiatlaii, |iniviiicc of Cuatt-- <^iiaiilivai'ai', ritv, Mexico, v., iMMi.
mala, v.,
4i>'(t.
tolli
i-i of
iiiai/e, II.
<ii|iaiili.\ii'al<'aiii'o, Naliiia altar, iii.
4(4.
'.•iiaiivetl, will! toliai'i'o, ii., •Js7.
i* laiiliiieXiitoUi, ;:rm
a.').'..
Ijiiaaliiioi'iitli, (.\eoaliiii)otI, IJiiaiili- <Jiia\ itleloa, iii., 4'J(), .-ee i^iiialiiiitle-
iiiii'l'tlii.
Nal
ma Jiiii;.'e, ll
4.t)i.
ma.
(i)|laiili|iaii('o, a Soiitli Mexieaii prov- <j>iia\\;,'imlt, i., 17''. wee t^hiackoll.
lliee, V.
441.
(^Iiiaiili(iilel<'lmla, I'lieMa, aiitii|.. iv.
4';s: |ii>t., v., 4(i4. 4".M(.4;i.'.. ."HI4.
i^Miawtealit, Alit ^oil, iii.
.VJl.
<>ilel>i, l.stliiiiiaii title, i., 771).
i:
(i>iiaiilii|iiet/al, lorii of Teliaiiiitee, (^hieeelii, ( iiiateiiialaii ilialeet. iii
.•U'.t.
I tit).
• j'liaiilileeaii, town, I'llelila, v., 4'X\ ti'iii'i'liolaee, town, Oaj.iea, i., Ii7'.l.
(^'iiaiiliteiiialaii, name for 'reijiaii (^Mieeliolli, N'alma niontli ami eale
(iiiatemala, v.. 'M\t. .">7!S.
lilt
liar m;:ii, ii.
i;{.'.-7. '■i'>\, oil, ol.
(^•ilaiiliteiiaiico, eitv, » lajai'a,v.,44.'{-(i. tilt; iii., 4(tl-."i.
<i>iiaiilite]pee, station, .\ztee iiii;,'ration, (jhieiimtl, a Mi'xiean liircl.
iii., :!74.
v.. :v.>4, 41-.'
(i>ilaiilite|iell, [ilaee of saeriliet-, iii.,
•AXi.
<i*iiaiilite]i('tla, Cliiehiiiiee kin;;, v.,
•Jl'O.
<i'iiaulitetl, stone ea;;Ie, .Mexii'aii, ali-
ti(|., iv., 4.S-J.
(^naiilile\|)etlatl, 'I'oltei- kin;.', v., •_','>(;;
( 'iillma priiiee, v.. .'{(l4-."i.
<.)ii:uilitin, Nalma title, ii., 4(i:i.
(^laulitiBelian, eitv, I'lielda, v.. 4"J(),
4! to.
<^>iiaillltiteiieo, a Toltee town, Mexi-
co, v.. ■-'!I7, -'.t'.t.
(^•iiaiilititlaii. |iroviiice ami citv, Mex-
i'.i, ii., :{:t7; iii.. -'•"'-; \., --U'.'.
'J4'.t, .Siu, :{.")."). .•tii'.t. :{71. :i'.»-'. 4(i» .-..
(j>iianlitla, .\collma ciiiel, v., :{I7;
city, N'era < 'rii/. v..- I II.
<,'uautla|pal, a Cliicliii chief, v.,
■2'Xi.
t,>iian!itlai|ualli. corn cake, ii., :t."i."i.
(^>iiaiilitlatoliiiat/iii, kin;,' of Tlate-
liilco, v., IVM).
(.i>iiaiilitlei|iiet/i|iii. an .\zlec jirie.st,
v., :{•_".», :m. xi'x
i^liiaiilitli, Nalma nioiiew ii., '\H2;
ilav, ii., ol'J, ,"ilti-17; Toltee iiolile,
v..'-.'7ii, •2S.{-4.
(.^iiaiilillix, Toltee kin;;, v.* "J.". .'t.'U.
• ^iieilcxeno.s, Nortli .Mexican tiiUc,
i., .">71'.M ; locati i , (II'.'.
• jMleeali.H, trilie of ||aiilali>, i., l.Vi-
74; location, i.. •_".»•_'.
<i>iieelianii'iiltas. trilie of Nootka>, i.,
174'.'<IS; IcMiiti i., -JW.
<^Miei'li,ic|iiai-oll I'.'uceliavnaeolt), i.,
L'!t.">, see (,)iiacko;i.
, (jlileeli (liaiiotte 1-iaml, i., I'd. I.Vi,
l.")S-!t. KM-.'.. 1 71 >-4, '.".••-', •-•••.".: Ian;;.,
iii., ."i7!>. <iti4.
(^•iieet-. tiilie of Souml Imliaiw, i.,
•-'I («•.••_*; location, i.. ;iit;t.
I.liiej ((^eli. <j>ucli), ii., 7.'>S. see Cell.
<,»Mejii|pa, village, Siiialoa, i., iil4.
t,»;ic1a|itonlil!>, tiilii'iit • liinonk-, i.,
•-'•_'•_' -."ill: loiati i., ."O."!.
<^»iicleiies. Ma>.i naiioii, i.. t!ll-7<M
ii., t;:!(»-.SII.'!; local ion, i., fll.'i, il.S";
ii.. I'JII-I; special nii'iilion, i., ills,
• i<i''J; l.ili;: , iii., 7l'l; liisl., v., .">li."),
.V.Ct, (;(i;{.4. t
(^•iii'let/.ii, ( 'eiitral .\m(ricaii liiril, iii.,
I .-.I.
tj>iieina, Nilialli prim'c, v., .■■.f;7.
<i>iieinaiia, /acalecas, anti<|., i\.,
.">7,S-<l-'; v., .V.t; hist., v., 'J-2-J.
(/iieiKcleiitiis, Ceiitial < 'aliforniaii
I trilie, i., ,'tiil ml: locati i., 4."i;t.
(^>iienie\a, i'inia ilialeet, iii., I>.Sj.
■Jl)
INDF.X.
<>iirnri-li. (>iii(lii' tiili.il name, v., ' <j»iict/iillarxiiyiill, Tnlti'c kill;:, v..
>iii.
i(u{, 2(H!.
(,• ii'iiiiill (<,>iiiiiiii«ln ItiMT, i.. .'id.'l. <^iict/al|>ii|Hira, 'I'olli'i- iiriiit'c, v.'.VlT.
t^'iiniiiilt-' (t^iiniaiill.x, •/tiiiiaiclt, </""''''allfliiir>ar, ( liirliiiinT-l'c.llcc
(.hiiiiail
<.>iiiiiail('<-, (.Miiiiaillr,
rliict. \
IS.'>.
(.Iiliiiliilts, <.)iiiliullsl.
tiilii
<>t (>IH
Siiiillii IlKliaiiK. i.. 'JOS 'J'.'; Iiir:'- li
tioii, i., ;«):{; s|ii'i'ial iiii'iilioii, i., <^ii
•Jl(» I I, "JKl, •-••-'O I (
<,iiit'iiii, town, liarini, i., 7!*<'^.
t'liriiaiioH, Niiitli Mrxiraii liilx', i., <ii
fl/al
.1
ii>ai
llfC (•
IK
(. v..
c/allt
■Hi
in;,'"
iiiali'
III.
ila. i
•.'■»; 1
i>
., v..
ivalli
•|'<
■r. t<
'l-'.)l: loralioii. i.. (ill.
liisi.. \.. •_'•.>!!, H-J, 47
\rtill, Tl'ii-C 'lliilii-
i'.NI.
(<i*iicNalt«'liaii;:f»), ritx ,
aiilii|., i\.,
', .V.I I
i» II, < lajai a, i., (iM);
*,''i<'|)iiiiaii, ii., .'><!.■{, iiaiiK' f<ir 'I'la- <iiiiri/:i|\iiili||i, 'ri-o-Cliicliiiiirc i liici.
i|iii'('liiiilira!i
I'.N).
<,>iiiM|ini/,iliciliiia, prii'^l.-^ of ijtiictzal- <,>ii(t/alMMliit/iii, v., 'J(ilt, naiiic I'm
III,
Xnihill
(.'ucicrliiiM, trilic iif \|iarlics, i.. ■\''A- ' l^Miialiaiilrs. IriKc of llaiilali>. i.. I."
.'I!; s|MMiiil iiK-iiliiiii, i., 4!l.'t-.">, \ "4; l.ual inn, ■_'!••_'.
.■|(Hl, .">(IS, ."(IS.
<.)nialill.il<
|--'.">. «■<• Yaiilitlalli.
< liiricciti), liir.ilit V, Mirlinacan.v., ."il'J. t.hu.ilinil I. Naiiiia uav, ii., .MJ,
'I
• 'iM'li's, iii. , (iS'_', .-rf
.".km:
<ji:irii>ta!n, trilit— lii'scrihcil, i., <il7- <^nialiiii/.llan, a <|iiartt'r i>f Tlascala
44; liiralinli, i., <i7'_'l; lali;,'.. iii.
T^JT; nMlii|., i\., .">4'.l-."i.'{.
<>;;i'rMau,u'a, i., (i7<>, m-i- ('iicriia\:i<-i
• iiv,
4 1 J; v., 4<.I7. ."'(Kt.
S(,iiiianiia. I'nrMo \ilia'.'i' anil tri
.")-<;..">(i; location, !.. (iill.
>,• ii'ivini'ltins, trilic o
•J.'_'-:.ii:
f (Ii
■alion, i.. ;!<•.">.
I., <,>iiia!'l|ii, 1.
JCl-J, ;(i
< haiiilicrcs.
<.'n.
c-.:ii|clian;^", i.
Iiaii-'o.
rss, s< c (.»iic/a!tc- (.•ill
llcot, N
i.aiiiL'ii.i •'.»
i, iii., I'Jii
4 ".••J
('■ii'l, Cciitial ( 'aliforuiaii trilic, i, ■ (.•iiiaiilil
ciii'Miiiiia.
alma caliinlar
;!i;i- ml : Incation. i.. 4.'i;<.
iilalilorcs, i., ,"i'.»J, .SI
Ni'Mi aui
1 L'.mI,
ii.. .'llli
apiiat.
(»ailii.li.i. (
(..'iicl/al, a .Mc\ii;iii liinl. ii.. :!'.'i!, (ii
iiatciiialaii tniic. v., .i4l>.
Iv
I . ( Kiiaiii. (^•iiii'lic kill
4S,S-'.I, (i;!."i; 'roll..- kin;,', v., '.'■_'(>, ."iliti, ."iS:! '.14.
I'c also ( 'iicl/.il
(.Miicali II. (Kicali), (.hiiclic kiii'_'. N.
(,>;ict/al.icxii\a
v., 47.V
(j'iict/a!al|iitciai,
ii.. ;i7<;.
Il, (1
iiili' t'l- jiiiinc,
;u
'.IS.
N,ii
I'i
ma onianiciit.
»,"Mcl/ala|iaii, citv, I atiiaulijia-, \
47-'.
(."'icl/alalcciililli ((jhicl/allclilitiil. kin;:, v., ."illl!, .V.Ci,
(,>iiiiali III. ( Kicali). (ituiclu' kill','. \.,
.'iilii, .'I'.i.'i.
(v>iiic;ili l\'. (Kicalil, (^iliclii' kin;;. \.,
."iCli, ."i!l."i.
(.hiicairraiiiili I Kicali 'r.'iniilii, (.Miirln
lord nl .\oi'iiiliiili
.•t4".t.
(,*iiicaiii<i|ia. N iiiiia ilialcil. iii.. (''<4.
I >'ii-l /alail liivcr, \., 'JV.i. name fur ijiiii'licnicl, Mexican female d
rc.s-., I.
Monte/iinia Itivcr.
(v2tl
( iiict/aicoati ((>iiel/aalcoiitl. (.>iictz- ( •iiicln'i (I'tlctecas). Ma\a iialioi
acojilll, Naliiia 'j.ii<\. i.. ."><; ii..
•.'(»•' Mi. :\n, :»!i7. .■|S4 ."i. .■.,s;». 7i>tiN;
(lsi'i-7ll; ii.. ii:tii.,sii:); location ami
name, i., i>.S(, ,S(S; ii.
Il'l, l:!(l; \.
iii.. ."i7. (ii>-l. 110, I.Vi, I'.t.'i, •2M>:i l);4. ."i."i(i. ."i<;."i; ^peci.-il mention, i.,
l.'4S-N7. 4l!t-."ii;. 4S4; v., •_';»-7, .S7-H. CpIM, 7<x>. 7tt;t, 707, 71": ii., c::2,
(;;17 44. (is7!t, 7:iL', 74-.'-4, 7(i-i, 71.(1-
7, 7S!i, 7'.Hi-H(»-': iiivili., iii., 44-."4,
l-.'i.', iss, I'.i.'M, |'.I7, •.'()(>-■
.*i;
'2i:\.
r.i.-i.
.VJ-C.J, •JdS, 47'.IS(I. -JSI.
VJ7-S, ."is-j, (iiKi. (;•_••_
474 '.HI. .'il'J; v.. •.'(!:
t>iiet/.alc(iall, .\( \ill. |.
kill'' o
f Toll
an;,'., in., i
llii-
;in.
v.. •.•7ltS(i. iViS, (ill I'J. (;i'.l.-_'l; se.
•J. 7i;7-7:t; Iii t., v.. L'l--.', ^.")7-^.S,
."lUtdd-J. (ill), i\2<<. (M.
11
■Ml .\c\ill ami Toiiiltziii .\c\iil. (^iiiicksiher, ii.. 474; i\., 7!'4.
ij'iei/alcoatl Cluilcliiiiitl, v., '.'."il,
Ceacatl (,>iiet/;ili'oall.
(; ui/;ilciiiila|'illan, |iro\iiicc. South
Mexico, \., 441.
(iMiick--ntiiiiit (ijliiicksiiliniit I. trilic of
Nootkas, i., 174-'_'(»S; loc.ilioii, i..
INDEX.
?n
Q'liriliMiia, litcility, Onjai-a, i.. TT!'. ()'"''^'''^"''"'""i' "niiio for N.i|iai
I is I; v., XIJ.
'iiiii. Ill . ti;
tj'aicrlHii-*, iiilic (if ShiiihI linliiiii'^, V'^"''"'' ii •"'"• l"'l. ■'•'•"'• •"'*'• *''
.•('S-JJ; l.i.alinli
:w.i.
<<W: ii., C-.'d.
• ^iii' ii, '^iii(iu'-( ■ak(liii|iiil il.iy, ii., [ t/iii\ ira-^, tiilicof I'm Mos. i., .V2('i-.
T'-.. ' liiiMliiui, i.. ."ii'T: aiili.|., tlii't, (i'
t^iiicrrt iiani, i.^aiily, .Mii'iii<a>'aii, v., i,Mii\U'. Cliiaiia", aiili<|., iv., .'{"I.
• I-.
<.>iii\ aliiiit/tlaii .\iialiiia<
>tatiiiii.
<JtilL,'vaiiia-'. frilh' nf \|iai'lii'>, i.,47'l- i Tnlti'i- iiii'_'raliciii, \., "Jl.'l.
■ >.'(>: liM-atniii,
!IS.
(^ii\aiilit/iii, lonl nf HiU'Milla, \.
:»t!t.
<,'iiiyfclia|ia, ( t.i jaci, iiiitii|., i\ . :t7'>.
<,'iiiliiiiiiia:<. 111., '>S.">, ■>(•(■ (^>iiii|iiiiiia.i.
<,• iilM|iaii, (tajaia. aiilii|.. iv.. .'!7'i.
<() lila/lli, ii., ■_'()'!>; iii., '.i'i'A, >vi- ( ina- ! l,>iiiscniiaiii, fiat. Uji;
en. III. <,iiii', (•(■iilaiii Muiiiit.iiiiH, i., ''M\.
(,>iiil!i'liiitcs i<,>iiilliliiili-s), trilii- nf'(}> iiiia, city, ( iiiatfiiiala, i., T^T
kCJ
Siiiiiiil liiiliaiis, i., •.'IIS -Jl'; iiM-alioii, ! <,>Miii|i. .iltli. i., I"
(»iiai
Ui.ll.
(.)ailli
.'iil.J; N|iccial nii'alii.ii, i.. '-'.'i.'. 1 (/lua-atiin l!i\ri-, i,, 44<;.
i|ii('iii|iias, tnlii' II
•-'•.'•_'.")(»; liMatiiiii. i., .'{II.").
<(iiiiiiiirlitiii, Naliai s|>it's, ii., 4'J(.
t,laiiiiiH, Niirtli .Mc\iraii tiilii', i.,
.'■Tl-'.ll: liiiatiiiii i., til I.
(la'iiaiclt (i.liiiiiailv, i iiiiriailii-, (liii-
I < 'hiiiiioks. i l^VMil.uiiis, i., •JO'.I, .mt Ksvaiitliii
iialli'), i., ."{ii:!. m'i' (,iiii'iiiiili.
B
Ita' liifH. i., 2'20. 3:t(l. 4(U. 4-.'.". 4, 4':
(.liiiiiaiii
|i,iiiiiiaiiii'i III >
CciMral
.iil. ISS, XiS,
.)iS. C'J.i; II.
M
I'xiraii trilif, i., (>l7-44; Ima-
tiiiii, i., (;7<)-l; liist., v. I'.C-'-MHI,
4.s:{.
l^iaiiiaiitzin, ("liicliiinci' Uiii;,', v., :i\7>
•Jii, .'ni^T.
<iiiiiiia,\at, i., 3(K{, m'c Kwciiaiw ii I.
<jitiiiii'liiiayaii, ( 'liii-iinin/lui' ((i/inih,
Nialiiiii, .\/.\vr iiii;;iatiiin, \., ;tL*:f-.'».
• jiiiiiiii-iiaiii'^. Ninth Mc\iiaii liilie,
i., ."171 '.II; liiratiiiii. i., (ii;{.
<jl'lililii'i'liails (l,liiiiiiiciliaiit>i, tlilif
III' Siiiiiirl liiiliaii>, i., •JIKS-L'-J; iiica-
timi. i., :!ll.'l.
<,liiiinills, i., .'{(».'{, MM- (,iMriiiiills.
tjiiiiii|c|i('i', (lajaca, aiitii]., i\., 4IS-
-'•
(jlni'iiiiinas ((j»iiiluiiiiia-iK tiiln' nf
I'lii'liliis, i., ."> •_'(!■. "ill'; laiij.'., iii., (is."). ' liaiiiu'iit, sic I>ii'.-s.
<ji;iiics (<,liicri\|. irilic 111 I'lii-lilns, !., j liaiiilmw. rmniaii iiiytli,. v., |ii 17.
•V.'i; .Ml; liH'.iti i., .">J7: s]ii'ci il I iiaUi's. fill li-liiii;.'. i., Idl, Hi.', Isil,
7'-'n I. 7.'l(I-7; iii.. l'-".i.
Kaliiii.'i!. tiiXMi, I iiiati'iiiala.
.'M
7HS:
II., liMl-l; aiitii
:i.
■>4(i '.I. ;
.■.s7. .".
i."i.*{-4. ."i.iti,
II. .Vl.'i.
l.'fil I: lii<t,,
..■)S -'u\, :,(i:\.
itarniiiii, Navajn iiivlli., iii., SI.
1.1 .
Ilari's. Iliiiiiaii l!ari> ili^tiiK timis,
cti'., i.. 1-J -Jil, :ii;, S7S; iv.. Idl.'l.
Ifaiiiij,', i., 'JHO. ■).■)•_'-:{, ."iSC; ii., l.".l(i-7,
m;i'.i.
liafts. NC(> lliiats.
Italiaiiitiii, ( 'ak(liii|tirl kin;,', v.,
."ilHI.
I',ili|iii|i- Miili. i.Miiilii' litli', v.. .")S0.
l;alit/iilaiii-.\rliili, Ijiiiiilii- titli', \.,
."iS'.l.
Italiiiiii (Itai'iii), villa;,'!', Suiinra. i.,
(iliS.
iiii'iiliiiii, i., .^M
l.iiiiri;.'iia, ( iiiali'iiiala, aiiti>|., iv..
Ills. I.-).
(jliiiiii;,'li's iljliiiiiili's, ( Jiiiniti-il, Ccii-
tial ('iilil'iiniiaii tiilif. i., .'tiilHH ;
liicatiiiii, i., 'M'<'->, l"'."i: laii;.'., iii.,
(1.".'.'.
' hiillaliiiaias, v., .'iiiS. mt • 'iiillati'i's.
(,iiiiili'|iaiii|iirt/ni
.1'
I'mmiy. ii., H
( initiiiiallia, u
alma .-'inai irr-
ll'i'i'ii
V'-* til II
lll'.ul,
II.
CI-.
l^>iiil/aciii'<, iriliriif \|iai'Iii's, i., 47.'{-
."i:iti; liiraliiiii, i., 'i'x2.
•JI'J, '.•;{.•{.
itaiiias, trilic nf .Mii9'|iiil(is, i., 711-
47; liM'atiiiii, i.. 7l.'l, 7'.l.'t 4; ■.|i('iial
iiii'iitiiiii, i., 71 1, 741); laii;^., iii.,
7s.'l.
Italia-*, (liii'ii'tarii, aiitiij., iv., ."i.lO-l.
ilii'liri'la, I alltul'Iiia
illci't
lull iif
lilts, I.
;i.
ii'aiirli.Tiii Naiiry, i., .'tllL'. 4 I'.t.
Itaiii'liilii lie l.iiL'o, \illa
< alitiiriiia.
4 1 ill.
.'u.iliii ili'l Cliiiiii, villa;
Siiiiili
:i', Siiiiili
I'alil'i
i.,4r,H
Haiiilin ill' Ins I'l'l' , \illa;.'r, Smiili
C'aiilnrniii, L, 4iiO.
INDKX.
lln (It
I'i.'.ll
'I"MliiMilli]i;is, ItciKi, ((Uvn, N('\:iil;i
100.
aiili<|., i\., ;i'.l.>.
;ilii III) di' lii.s Vi'lclli;^.l-<, \ill.l;.
Siiiilli Cilil'c.iiiia, i., Kitl.
iiiirlii) (Ic liiH N'liiin-,!'^, villa;
Siiiiili Califoi'iiia. i.. K'll).
aiuli>l|ili ('i)iiiitv, Mi»iN^i|p|)i Val-
I
fV, aiiliii., IV.
r(i-':».
nil
I'c ( lOVfl'llrlM'lll.
si
jlC, |llllllsl|!IIIMll lit, I.. (iflO
4(;(;, fi.'iCi. ()■.">'.». (1
lit •iiili.'iiis
Irild' iif 'riiliiiUccts, i.
•)(MI I; liM-atinii. i., I CI.
It l-<laiiii.
1., S?
♦•_'.
if 11
ivfr, laiiu'. , 111.. •">'<•'.
;its, as I'.hmI, i.. :{7I, 4(ir>, CJT-.'IO,
)ss, .■.(ii, ri7(i. i;-2.'t.
iiiii.s, i., !)i. 70.-.; ii., uvi:!, :!:m, (jic,
7i:t, 7:(7; iii., .is,",, HI.
lit I li'siiaUc
;!i:!: Ill , s(».
nili, I., (iOS, M'c KaliiiMi
iiM'ii, i., 10!>; HI.
.\ntl
CCklllllll'', SCI
, ItlJ 1(14.
iiiictif.
lis 1
ll>liillr
il. .!.■., ii., .Vjn.TJ;
i;{ ,"), iti;t:>, i ((»•.', ii'iti,
>ai', liii'ali
Iv, N'oitli Cal
Ital
tiinii.i. 1., I l."i,
I'll ( 'ri'ck ( '.iriiiii,
7 1 ".17.
I'll-liaiiil, |iaiMtiii;:s, aiiti<
hi' I. '-'(I'.i, •.'I'J, 'J."il, •-V.7.
imIK
I, aiitiii., i\
.'t7S,
iiiM's, iriiii' II
I Ti
i., II 1-
i;c|itiU's, i,, :(7;i -".. :<7'.t. 4(i:>, 417. 4in,
4_'s. 4;;(i. ."i.!'.). ."(Co-i, .".(IS, .".7(i-7,
(;•_'."., 7.'>.s-'.i; ii.. -SM. :i\:>, :i.>(\. 7'-'i.
ItcsriVDirs, i.. ."i.'V.i; ii., ."i(i.'», ;'i7."i; aii-
ti<|., iv.. I'.IS, •.•01. -.'JL', •-'■-'I. '24:\
'J4'.t. •-•."»•_'•:{, -jdd. :t4i. 4i!t. i-_';i:!i,
4(;(», .vjn-u, ."lsk, (;;i:i. d.i.s 70. <i7(i.
7!tH.
I!i's;,'ii;ir(l(i, fiirtrcss at I'tatlaii. ii.,
7S'.t; iv., !•_'."». 1-_'S; V , .-.7H.
i:.'>iii. i.. 4I!», ."Hi-' (■.'.>7; ii.. KIS; iii.,
•.V.)±
lioiiiifitiiui, licliif ill
:{|; v.. .S(i.
Ikcviiliitioii. sfc War.
II
ill.
liillltaiv, 1.
7(;4-
i",\aril
4(KI ;i.
I!r\ iiii^a. \ ill.i;.'!'
KliniiiiatiMii. i., S(i. •_'(l)-."i. •_N7
:uiiaiili|ias.
lO-
(il:(.
4.{!». .".-J
(id
, 7(i'.». 71'-': ii.
Naliiias, i.,
.(Mi; 11.
.'{7; Iiu'aliiiii, i., Ill .">; s|irrial iiic
til. II, i., I'_'l.
I'll l.aUc, i., 470.
I'll 1;
il
IVlT, 1., ."lit I.
Cll
n'llu null
iii.. (;4.'<.
ii'ilwiidil N'alli'v,
i., :!•-'!•. 111!
Itlliliiiii ilalii'f.
•_'S'.I !M>.
Itiilijlr-, Naliii,! ainii--i'iiii'Mts, ii.,'_'Sii.
Itiiiriiii, Imalil v, .Siiiitli ( aliliiiiiia, i.,
Itiiiriiiiailii, W'la < rii/, aiitii(., iv..
Ltd.
I!iiiiiiii<, ( '. iitial ( 'alil'iiiiiiaii Iriln'. i.,
:;iil-4(il; liiiatiuii, i., 4 tit.
I!iii'.;s, i., -.MI; ii.. 4.SI1, 7:t-'. 7">(t: aii-
ti.l., iv., I7:t. 177. 'J.'tit I. -''"«(I, -'7:t.
lliii^'w iinii, I'liri' t'lir, i., .■{'.•.">.
Ifiii .Maiiiii. i., (il.'i.
Hill .Vharailii, v.. 47.'{.
la-- .\iiiiiia-. i.. 470.
IC'-.', I4S.
'I. '.•il; Coliiiiilii;
vaiiiMis iiM
\ |ii'ilMH'caii-<,
ins, i., -Jdl;
(alil'iiriiians, i., .Tid. .•{(l. ;{l."i, .'{dS.
•t. ;i7-'. .'{77 .s. .'{SI. 4. ;iii:!, mi. lod,
4(IS, I'.VS; Ni'w Mi'xicaiis. i , 4!>l-."i,
.'"idri. ,"(;!;t. r>\\, .'u>s-t;:i, .")7.vd, .■■)7i)-s:i:
Mi'\ii
til
.\iili
4;t7.
\'i'i,i ( 'ni/, an-
Kill .\tii\ai', !., Ii7(i; v., l'.)7
Kill .\/iiI, i., .VIS; I,
iiiu
iii.. (is I.
Kin I'.iavi.il.'l Niirt.', i., .'>'.»•.', M'f 1
( iiainli" ilrl Niiiti'.
Itiii Calasaliri, ('liia|ias, aMtii|., i
:II4.
Ivii) ( 'a/iiii('s(Saii Mari'iis), i., d7.'">.
I., fi-'l
(1:
II.
-."(!>, Kill ( lia 'Iialaias. i., (i7">.
;t(i:i, .•<1IS, 4tld, LSI, .")7:i: iii., :i:t4-."). I Kill Chaiiui, i.. .V.td.
:Ul). 4:i,"i; Ci'iilr:
.\
liii'rii'aii.s, I.
(ill--', (i'.t'.t. 7'-''-', 7'-'4, 7."»1 Ii, 7(i
7i'j :t. :s^-.\
KiviT, i.. 4d-.'.
1!
ili'l'ii-ii) IMavi
i(v, Siiiilli Cili-
tiiiiiia. 1.. 4."i'.t.
ti'iinlci
r, i.. IIS, I'JS.'I.
KiiiC
ia:ii|iii|iiii, ) iH'at.'iii. aiitui., iv.
•Jd.'t. -Jru).
Kill ( 'liarnii'i'. i., 470.
Kill ( 'liii|iiiii;;iiari', llninl
iv..7-.'.
Kill ( 'iialiiiavaiia, i., (i7l)
Kill < 'iiiii'iiiis, i., dio.
mas, aiitiii.
I!i'lvi|iias. Niirtii ( 'alifuniiaii tiilu', i., Kinilcl Cnrtr. i
dl ; liiraliitii. i., 41 1.
Kill l''iiii, i.. 7'.it-."i.
if <'aiiia\tli. v.. I'.t7; sec also Kin ili'l I'ik rti-. i.. (KfJ. (iii7 '.).
Kill (iiaiiilc, i.. V.i!»-(i(iii, d7
.\iil liiiiilii's.
i'li'.;iiin, M'c
Mvll
I'll.
KiMiii'iliiiN, \,lla;4(', Siiiiiiia, i., dHI. Kin ( iiaiiilr ili- l'.~|ir!i't;i. i., (Kil.
iNi)i:x.
•i:{
Kill flrainlc (I'.r.ivdi <lrl Niiiti
i\.. i!t«
i'.tlJ
fw Mfxicti, fiiiti
Ikiixli' \'iII;niilPVil (ili'l I'aili.lcii, aii-
I.
Iiiii Ihii'lia, i.
i:
till., IV
Nil-
r.7'.».
cii, i.. .".'.(S.
Itii) Xoxii, aiitiii., iv.,;{71l.
Uiii lla~>a> aiiijia. i., 47'i.
\\i<> II iiiiia<'i', i.. til t.
!i<i 1 aijiii, I., •iU.'i.
1111,1. f tiialaii, aiilK
|., IV.
'la < I'll/, aiilii
l;i(..l;
Kio •l,iljia|ia, \
i;u.
It'io l,a.:art<>'., N'licataii, aiilic|
•JCI.
Hill l."iii|i.i, i., 7"-.
Uiii Maniii-. i., A'O.
Kill .Maiarimi. I'mi. aiiliij., iv.
Kill Ml
Kill lie Miiiilr/.iiiiia, Mi'vii
Kill /I'lil. i.. 7'.t.'i
Hill /iiai|iii', i., liOS.
Itiii /iii'ii, aiitii|., i\., lit ('
ilila. Nrw .M
cMi'ii. aiilii
iv., CCi.T
i\( T I aiial, I.. ■_".! I.
l{jal.sc'lic.Miiiiiijc--, liil I .Miiil-
S7-'.ll; liicalii ., in.
i;
II.
SOI.
11(1-1:
.•i.s7
aiitiij.
r.i;
i), '<-(>
II, -Ji;,
;!7i,
I', I'lTii. aiiiii|.. iv.,7'.i;t-.sii(». i 4.SI. .v-'ii, .j;i'j, .vn, ;isi.;ii, c.kii,
am i<
IV., .'.J'.t.
till N;ivaiit, i.
(■.7-': 1.1
I -
■|;t.
Uiii Na/,i-, i., til I.
I!iii Ni'Xalia, laii;^., iii.
Itiialaii I>laiiil, i., 7tlll, 7'i''>; aiilii
iv., 71 >.
liiilii'Nrii, viliajc, Siiiinra. i.. <i'n7
Itiii lid Nurd
Null I
i».- Ikio (iraiiilc ilrl
Kill Ni
Liiiiii'
.V.I.").
Iliu I'
Kill 1'
i.. i;ii.
I Kill I >M-), 1., .">!l."l; 111.
ml la. I., lull.
iiiiiiiiilarv .icxiraii i-.m-
lliilil
v.,
liu.'k
iv.
Kiii'K
|)iiii i'ciliiiiji', .Nili.i
.'la Cni/, aiilii
lii;;-stiiiii's
•i:u.
iaiiil, Caiil'iiniia, aiili<
Km U->r\lIlil II
r.t.
Kill ill! I'ai'liilii, iv.
\'illaiiiii'\ a.
Kill Ar l:i
Ki.i I'm\:
Kill I'.'iii
Kio <k-
1-1. 111. I., ,(!(», ,st
( -111.
.III.
i.il. ."ilH-
'XI
Kill i'i.ii/i.i. i., Ill I.
Kill I'iniii--. i.. ."ill'.l.
Kill ilr la I'lala. i., 47II.
iiiii i'llriiii, i., ."('.I."!-!;, lilll); aiilii|.,iv.
(Ill, (17 J.
Kill N.iiiiii.is, i.. (iiv!.
Kill Salailii (Saliiia>l, iii., (!S|; aiilii(.
iv., il.'il-.').
Kill Saiiiia-*, SCO liiii .Salailn.
Kill Sail .\iiliiiiiii, !., lil I.
Kill ill" .s.iii ('iisiiu<, iv., 7;!.'{.
.Ml
11 ir|ii;^l\ {ilii
lllllalll
Inil
Til
iiu'li, i., II l-:i7
il
laiis, irilic I
iraliuij, i. . 14."
spi'i'lal lurlilliili, I., rJlii; I. ill;;,
iii., lil'.i.
Kiirkv Miiillllaill-, i., ,"S. II I. 1 l."i-(l
i.m:!.
ill -I.', ,•(•-'•-', till.
Kii-iic Ki\iT, i., •-'•-'•-'. .•i-'il.
li
' 15
liliitilU,
liiil
'i'lilnlrl
ncr
laiiN I
I I
'I'liliili
lllllia, 'rnllllillll', 'I'lltlMll
tiiiliii, I'lltiili'ii, 'rulniiali
taiiivl, Niirtli ('aliloi'iiiaii Irilir
7, II-' .'!.
I'll, I 1111-
I, I'lilii-
II'. I 1111-
, 'rutii-
:v_'fi-<i
liiraliiili, I., :t'.'7. II.'
I >|iri-|:
!tii> .>aii .liiaii. III.,
Kill Sail
r.sj.;i.
iiii'iiiiiiii, i., .'i'.'s, :t.'i
.-llf.s,
:i4i, :ut, .•tiii, :t."i
ltiiil-i'iiil-|iaiii, iiaiiii
:i(il.
Kliki'l.il
li
I'liiiiit i'\ ,
. Dii
•-'."ii, ;!JI,
iiaii I
U; <.
HI' lir i^lll,:.:',
,ilill.
.M;
li,.>, SCI'
( 'll/llllC'^.
Kill San I'cilr.i. i.. iln-J.
I;
1--. iii., 7^.'l.
Kill Siii.'iliia, i., liii;); iii.
Kill Siii'hil, i.. Ill I.
Kill I
I'Jl.
ci'iiiiia\a, < >ajacii, aiitii|., iv.
Km I iiitii. I.. ,:•--'.
Kin 'I'lii'ii'ii. iii., ,"»'.(,"),
Kill I lii.i, i., 7'.f-'.
I'
!., (iO-J.
Kill \ iiilc, i., .V.Ci; Ian;;., iii., fIS4;
Kiiiiiis, ii., ;!•_".>, :i,"ii, 4S-J ;{,
III.
Kiiiiiaiinlis I Kiiliiaiiali
il'iiiiiiali li'i'ic, i
i., ;iii;„ 4ri:i.
1>I, ('
,1 ('
:{HI |iil: liira-
Uiici'ii'all iill;;lli trai
t mil
Kiiiiiaii^
I •.':(.
Kiiiits. i.. 74, s',1, Id-.', 1(11, •.'II. :t;ti-.'>.
.•|7-'. 404, ISil 7. ."il
(iJ4, (i.M-'.'. (I'.f.'-:i. 7 IS,
i:i7, ."iCO,
.Vi-('>
1(11,
■|-4, 7~il (I; aiilii
'_'.")7. -(I'l. .'lO^t, .'!•-'.■' (i. .'t;ii,
."is.'i (i, (1(1(1-7.
. , IV.,
;i 4o;t,
aiili
i\., ii;>4.
Hunt-
N.llliills Uses, 1.
:i, ,to 1,
101, lo.t, 1:':j, i;to, i.v.», kki, i.so,
lU
IXDKX.
H7, 204. il-J-ll, iSn-fi. 2fil, 201-7
.•<4ii, :m.".. -Xtl, •M.i-i, 4(l»;, 4.s,s, 4'.M
.v;i(, ,),i;, .>:
s:», (;.")», <;',i4, Tii'
;•, 7<i-'; II., ;{(>.'),
.'4, 7iw.
M", i., :-s, 107, is."»-(;, .>i4, cm,
-'4; ii.. 4S4, 7.V_'; iii., 240.
III.!-- Itivcr, i.. 441.
uiriii, ( Miiitciii.'ilii. ,'uiti<|., iv. , 121.
■, i., 447, 4.")1; liiii'.'. iii.,
.1 V
(i i;{, t;4s.
I!ii\ T/iii. (jhiiclir niontli, ii., 7'><».
l!iil..V Vall.'v, i., 4(i2.
Ikii Call .Mam, ( 'aUrliiiiiu'l iiioiitli.
ii., 7ii'>.
Kii I all I'ai'li, ('aki-lii([iu>l iinintli.
ii., 7'itl.
l!u <';ili 'rci;,'i<', ( 'aki'lii(|ii('i inniitli,
ii., 7i'(!.
Kiicali I'liiiiii/ii/, ('ak('liii|U('l inoiitli.
ii., 7'ii>,
lliiialii.l, NicaraLTiia ;;iiil, iii., 4'.t2.
liiiin.iI-.VliaMs.ZiiiiiL'il kiiiLi. v. ,."i.S."i-(l,
i;
(I
iMiisicn^i,
t'ciitral <'iili
fiiriii.iii Irilic, i., .■id.'t-loi : lnratinii,
•M-.i. 4.)1;
MSC, .-{s.s-;*. :i'M>\ I
prrial IMi'liI lull,
nil.
Vallulls ^|^^('r
10.. li't'A-i.
i., jsj, |!»0-l.
111. 2;ii. 2;i(;
2(iO.
711- 1:
a-'>iaii
iivcr. 1.
!II2, ;i;i7-S, 448;
ii., OIT-S, (Ml.
S
Saalis, i., 'A\'2, set- Sali>li.
Saa|>tiiis, i., •Ki2, ^^l•(• Snakes.
SmIi.iiiIh', N'ucalaii, aiiiiij., i\., 211-
12; v., (."fJ
S;ili.ii!in
scil'tl
.M
c'Mraii Inlii'. I.
.■)7I ill; liiialioii, i.. .">7.'. ill »;
01.. I
IS,
lisiM. iii.. 112 i:{, I II.
.Sa.;ia. .Mi/tci' inirsl.
20S.
.^aiai'iil. \ ncalaii. aiili<i . i\
I'.iii s.
;i!t.
|i;il('|M'i|Ui's,
i.. 7N>«; liist.
liiii'c, < iiiatcitialii
.■•77. .".'.11-7.
SacatiiM. IciralilN. .\li/.iiiia, i. . >'<*>-.
Smi'Iic. Niicalaii. aiilii|., i\., 200, •Jii7
Nirli.il i.ak.', i., .'lo:!.
SailiaN. trilicnf ShiiihI Imliaiis, i.
20S-.-J
iiica
tiiiii, i., :to.'<.
•Is, i., 2'.t'.»,
SKau'il-
.Sa-.'liii
iiaiiii' ai'iilii'i
III Ti'i'ts,
Sarliili'ii, ('I'lillal < '.ilit'oriii.iii tlllic,
i., ;<iil-4iil : liMiiliiiii. i., 4.~il.
Sai'kn. MM' Ita'^H.
S.ir
\>t\
iiiiiiiii tilii'. I.. 1 1
Sa'Taiiio!it<i IJivcr. i.
4.->0,
.i'.»'.t; 111., S.S.
Saiiaiiiciiln
\al
'■\ .
N4,
.•!(l."i. .■{(is. 70.
:iSl, .-{.Sli, ;»SS, 'MH, 4.">0, .V.i7; Ian-,
iii., f;4'.».
.Saciril l!ii<liisiir('s. Mi---i>^i|i|ii \'ai-
v\ , aiiliii., IV
.)7-<;2.
Saci'iliratiii'iii. at I'tallaii. ( iiiaiciiiala.
aiitiij.. iv.. 121!.
Saililirr. lly|M'rliiil't>ails, i., K(i, lOS;
( iiliiiiiliiaiis,
i.. .•{s7.S; N«.
•M.
.'S.S; Calif.irniai
ii.. 17S-
SO; Ml
1,, (i."i(i. (KI.'iCi; II.
117, .'{Ol-ll, 420. 42s. .'.•.'. ii:t. 4.")7,
47!l, fill."); iii., (11. 1 10 II. •Ji:,"i ICO
1
lasMin;
8.1 S,
.")S; ( iiilral
rifiicans. i.,
7o,s, 7_';t. 740. 7s |-;!;
II., (Kis, (;7S-!), (;s7
10
».■
'.Mi
.SOO; iii.. .V2. Ilid-llS; iv.. l!)'.t; v
."iliO, .■)72; iili;:iii nt'. iii.. :V>\; v.
"•72; sec aNii lliliiian-saciiliri'.
Sacri
lii'ial stun
.lO'.l-
:!. 707; iii.,
"ill; \.. 471.
2;i:f I. 4SS: iv.
Saciiliciiis Islionl, \ Cia Cni/. aiilii|.
iv , I27S.
Saisiiil. Siiiitli ( ■:i]ilii|'liiaii Irilic, i.
102-22; I
ir.'llliill, I.. I.i'.l.
S.ii'spili, .Siiuili ( 'alil'iniian liilic. i.,
102 22; local inn. i.. 4">s.
Sailancs, Central Calit'urnian tiilie,
i.. :i(;i-401 ; liicaticiii, i.. 4"i."t.
Saiidies. i., 270-1, 4:t<l. .".01. 72(i.
Sadies (Saelissl.i.. .'ll l-I.'l, sec Salisli,
S;i:ravaytiiiiiics(Sa;;av.'i.'iiiiinc-i, ( 'cn-
tial C.ilifiiniian ti'ilic, i.. :i(;| |0|;
liicatim
.Savin, Central
4."iO; Ian
< 'alit'i.r
III., ii
tril.i
;<i;i 101
lit inn. I., -t'. 1.
Siu;iiiite. ('eiiiral Cjiiii'nrnian (ril.e.
Itfi 1-401
at loll. I.. !."..'{.
Salia|itins (S1i;iIi;i)i|,mii-, sh.iw liaaji-
tciisi. one of llic iiilK' t'aiiiilic - iiitn
w liicli I lie Coininl.ian- aic ili\ iijcil,
liclonnili.ir to tlic Inlaiiil taiiiilic-;
iiianiicrs ami ciisioms oi a
nations a
ml tri
''ctlie
I.
il.cs ilescrii.ci
'I'
II its
I t.i-
i:l-'.l|;
11'
2...; dress, l., 2.ii.; c|\\ellin;:s, i.,
2.">ll; w.'ir. i.. 2110; lioiits, !., 271: im-
|.leiiiciits ami |.ro|icrl\. i.
Sl,i\crv. ■ -
••!:
I'l; uomeii, I..
.'S."i; cliaiaclcr. i.
nicilicine. 1,
m\lli.. iii.. ill-.".; laii'j.
location ot' tiil.cs. i..
Oil;
111,. li'Ji) K;
."i2, ■J.i.l-I,
:<iii2i.
Salicliwainisli, i.. ;t01, sei' S
laMiini.'-li
Saliiiianii^li. trilieof .Soiiml Imliaiis,
i.. 20S-22; location, i . ;iOO.
Salinaripa, \illa:;e. Sonoii. i.. C'Kl.
.S.iliiiarii.iis, Noiili .\|c\icaii tiilic, i.,
r)71-01: liiiMticii). i
iii., (I'.Ct.
i;tilH. i., kk;, (;:kS. 7'J">;
INDICX.
nrui; Imii''., ! Sjilinon,
r45
i.". Tfl. ]'2<x \.'R, 1. ;•_'.:{.
ii.,:t!i7-s, 7;t;».
St ( '\|iii;iii liivcr, \., (id.
St l;:iiii!iiis .Mi>.-.i(iii, i., .'{l.'{.
Si .liilm's i;i\cr,
<M.
St .1.
St I.;
Ml.. ■)i<l.
Itivcr, i.. :]|4.
(■ Islaiiil, i.,
l.'iv.T, i., :ti:{.
ill: !.
nil
St Nhi
St Mirli:,.'l Miiinl, i.. 111.
St riiiiiM;i>. ill .\iiirlicii, v., '_'.")(!.
Siiiii>lkl,i> (SaiustUa-*, Saliiitla>. S;i-
Viili-llas.
Siii>la\\ --I,
Savmi
-las
Siii-ilaw-
rJ-'-iil
llirllliiiii, i
(HI
liiiatii
IC lit
:f(is;
• III,
Sajiav. Suiiili ( 'alifii, ai.in liilM', i.,
■K •■.'_'■-•; I.icali.iii. i.. 4.V.».
Sakiii'iir^. iViilial < .'ililciiiiiaii tiilx',
i.. ."Iiil-lill; liicaliiiii, i.,4.'i."); laii;.;.,
iii., O.VA.
Sa!;i>iiiiiiic-i. ('fiitial ( 'alilHiiiian
llllir. I., .'{lil-lil
111-, < CI
Hal (alii
■,iti"ii. I., t.'iil.
iiriiiaii Ii'iIm',
i.. .■{I'.I-IOI; liiiatiiin, i., 4.VJ.
SaUiiiiii'liii. trilx' uf Suiiinl Imliaii
I., •JdS-
liirati
:iiKi
Salailii, Siiiilli ( 'aiiluniiaii tlilic, I.,
■HI'.'. •.'•_•; Liratioii. i., 4.".!t.
Salaii:,'i. < iiialciiiala. ant i'|.. i\. , Kin I.
Salaii rciiiia-*, ('ciilial i alituniiaii
tiilM", i.. ;t(;i-4(t| : iinati i.. 4 IS.
Sain
iv.
issi>>iii)ii \ alicv
ant i<
Saliii.is lii\cr. I.. 4.'
')!•.")-( I . .'lOH.
S.iliiiirns, North .Mcxiraii liilic. i.
■| ill
■iiticni. 1., (id.i; s|M'<'ial
llli'lll loll, I.. .),li-.S,
Sah-
(NaaliH
■aclii'
Sa.'l
llsll I, nlic ol tlic IIIIH' taillllli'- into
W illr
ihr Cojlll
>li;^illU- to till
.1
iilnaii- an' iliNiijri
inland I'aniilii"
ni.iniM'is ainl I'n-toms o; all it-
nail 'ii"
nil
1 I
lllir- ilr-cn
il'i"l t>
J,'illlrr, I., '_'.".'J-'.I| ;
'_*.")4 ll; ilii'--. i., •J."iii
i., -Ji;!; t 1, i., L'l;!:
171. I7.S. Is.-., -.'i-j, -J 1 4. •Jj'.i, ■j:<ii-;t.
'.I, '.'(ii-:!, .•(;t7-!i. ."171.
.Saliiioih Kivrr. i
'.•I,
ll.")<;
4i;.'{; laii''., iii., li.'t'.i. (IT.
iii!
Soiitli ( aiiloini.iii ti il>i'. 1.
4tl-J
iralloll. 1., I.V.I.
SaUi'% t'fiitral < 'alil'oi iiian Iiilir, i.
;iiil-40l; loralioii, i., liill!,
l.Miu'.. iii., <i">-.
Sal>i|ini'ili's Ulaiiil, i.. fiii.'i.
SaUoii.i-, (Viiliai < alit'orniaii
I."
Iritx
.•flil-4(»|;
.Silt. i.
• >iii. •'
atioii. i., 4.">l.
l(i:t. )(;;{. isi;, loi;
M, (i;ti. ii;>'. ii.i:{, cm .
I. 'id.
."is. 7i;o. 7t;s; n.
il'.i.
:t.".:{.4. 7-JJ. 7f.
.SN, 4.V.I, ."lO;!.
Sail ( ivrl.
K. 1.
'.14.
Saltillo, town, ( ualiiiila. i.. I'll t.
S.iil l.akr hi--fl>, i., 4i;;i; -ri'
kaiiilikali^.
Sail l.akf \ allr\. i., 4(;;i:
711-1.'..
Salliiiakrr>
llo-
aiiln
Nalina fr-li\
Sall-iHlif. 1., Ii:il. liin.
Salt l!i\cr, i.. .V_>s, .V.I."). cm.
Saliitatio
741, 77
i..i;7 s, |-_'(i, c;
ii., •_'.S4. (;:!.'<.
Salvailor. liilic?* ilcMiiliiil,
i.,i;.si
ii., filill S(i;t;
irrial nii'lllliili. I
i;ss, 711; ii., I-J."!, Ian;:
7"i'.ii!ll; aiiiii|., i\., lis-
."is.")-(i, (ids 1 1.
Salves, Hcc ( liiiinii'iil.
Salzi
lii-t.
III, ( 'fiilial I iilit'innian trilir. i.
.'ii'ilJdl; loiaiimi, i.. fil).
.Saiiialitniiiiu lioolali, i
W
1-
.'iini I. < Ikaiiauan ni\ llix'al i^-
aiiil. III.
ill.
|ili.\ -ii|ni'. I.,
7: ilwilliii;:-.
|ii'ii{ii'i'l \ anil
art, 1., 'J7M-4; ;;o\('iniiii'iit. i.. •_'7'i
iiiarriau't' ami I'liiMri'M. i., '_'7ii-'.l;
tiiylli., iii , !I7 S, l.-.l-.-., .'.Ill; Ian-.,
iii., (il.">--.'d; loi'ation, i., l'.VJ-;*. .•t|-J-
lii.
Sali-li I l''lallM'ail-l. Inlainl ('ojiiiii-
liian Irilic. i., -.'id-til; loratinii, i.,
-•">.', .'tilt; NjiiM'ial iiii'iiliiin. i., !"'.">,
'-'•js, ■.'."i,\ •.'.■((;, '.'."is. •jCid, '.Nil .*>, '_m;7-
7:i. •-'7"> !i, '-'SI, •JS7.1II; nivlli., iii.,
i:id. .VJd.
Saniaini^li, tril f SoiiihI linliin-i,
i.. -JUS. •_'•_'; liirali'ill. i.. ."idd.
Saniilan--. i., I 11. .■mi- Siiinliw n>.
SaiiiilkaniiiL'li-.. Inlaml ('olunil>ia;i
Irilif. i.. •-'."id 111 ; loi'ation, i.. ;tlL'.
Saniiiiilas iSalnilinla-i, I'mlial I'ali-
fiiiniaii trilii'. i.. .'ti;i-|d| ; Imalion,
i..4l7. 4l!i.
Sanii-li, tril I' Sonml Imii, in , i.,
•JdS--_".'; loralioii, i., JdS, •J'.l'.l; I. in-,
iii., lil.'i.
Saiiii-li iiivcr, i.. 'J!l!l.
SlIllllHll'lll"-
(I'ill'll
ainiu'iii lii'-<.
Saliiill
i,, ;idS:
Mkl;i
Sani|iiiln'H, San I'iti-lic--, Sain-
|iirli' a^l, Irilir of Sl|ii.«liiinr-, i., I'J.'-
4'_'; loialion, |(i",»; sjiiM'iiil inrnlioii,
i., 4:t;{, Ml; Ian-, iii., lilll-'-'.
Samiiiii'li Nallt V. i., 4ii4, t"i',l.
Saiiiuiiilas, i.. 447. sii' Sainiinla-*.
Sanaitf, \'uiiilan, aiilii|,, i\ ., -Ml I'J,
71(5
INDKX.
San Amii'r-, Imalilv, I)iHiinL'", i.,
(il4. ■
Sail Ainlro, Im-alily, ( iiiatciiiala.
v.. .".ST.
Sail Aiiilic^*, Calil'iiniia, aiitii[., i\.,
704.
San AikIi'i's ('lialcliii'iiuiiila, i'liclila,
aiilii|., iv., Ills.
San Aiidns Cliiiiiiias, lofalily. Clii-
liiialiua. i.. Cii').
San Aiiilri'N. (uaniiat, \illa,L:r. /aia-
tccas. i., OTl'. '
San Ainlii'-' ill' ( 'iiiiiiari, xilla.uc Sin- I
alua, iii.. 7i)7. i
San Aiitiiiiiii. villa;^i', ('cnlrai Cali-
fiiiiiia. i.. .■!(')7.
San Aiiliiiii'i, \illa;,'<'. * iuati'iiiala, i.,
7.S'.l.
San Antiiniu, I'nclila. aiil ii|., iv.,4(J8.
San Antmiiii I>!aiiil, i., (iiti.
San Anlniiinili' Tailiia. nii»iiin. ('cn-
lrai ( 'aiiini'iiia. Ian;;., iii., lii'iii.
San .\ii;4ii>iiii, I )iiraii;;ip, aiitiii., i\.,
(Iili).
S.in Hartiplniiu' liatarn^a, villa^^'c, Su-
iiipia, i., ('1II7.
San r.iTiialu' l>av, i., (!(llt-4.
San iii'inaicliui) ('iinnt\, i., 4.">7-.S.
San lirMianiinii .MunnlaiiiN, i., 4()°2,
41IS, l.')7.
San r>!a--, louii, i>arii'!i, i., 7'.'i>.
San lilas Imliaii^, i., 7'.'i>, >i't' Maii-
zaiiillii-<.
San i> 11 iiavriil Itivi-r, i.. 4.V.I.
San liui'iiaM'iitnia, Cliiliuahiia, aii-
ti.i., i\., (lo;!.
San r>ii(iiavfiitiira, nii»>ii)ii, Smilli
('alil'uiiiia, i., 4'>\); aiilii|., iv., (llt.'i.
San ('ailH>, mis^iun. Central (ali-
fiiriiia, laiiLT., iii.. <'■''•'!.
Saiiriiiin-i, t'fiitral ( 'alil'mniaii trilic,
!., :!i;i-HH: liiiMtiiin. i., 4."i;i.
San ( liri-.liilial (San ( 'Ini^ulial, San
('i'i--li>\all, nii>^iiin, ( inalciiiala.
Saiiilin. Siiulli Californiaii Irilic, i.,
4lL'--J'J; liii'aliiin, i., 4.V.I.
San I liiiiciiti' Ulaiiil, i,, KiO.
San < 'ii-.tip\al, Oajara, aiilii|., iv.,
H7.'t; M'c aUip San I 'liii.-<ii)lpal.
Siin ( 'liri>.|i'p\,il 'r(i>|paiil('|ii'r, I'lic-
l.li
I, anil
Kili,
Siinil, i.. i.'is, ii;;i. 17.S, isi, -is:., :v,i."i,
.lUCi, 7--*, 7ikS; ii., 4SI; iii,, 80; v.,
47J.
Saiiila jnaiirs, NiPitii Mc\iraii liiln',
i.. .'lYl '.II:
Saiiiials, s( ,'
iii.pii, i., (p| 1,
'.i;i, M'l' /aiiilia
San l>ii'U(i CiPiinly, i,, 4.">7-S, 4tiO,
San IiiiLfp, town ami iiiiv.-.iiPii, .Soiiili
( aliiiin ;a, i.. )."i-s.
San hiniii-., In'-alilv, 1 liiraii;^ii, i.,
<;i4.
San Diiiiii.-i I, \illa;,'c, (lajara, i.,
(LSI I.
Saiiil>, Cciilial -' 'alil'ipniiaii tiilpc, i.,
:{lfl-4(ll; lip.atiii.', i., .'iii-J, 4."il; spf-
I'ial ini'iiiiipii, i., ,'{.Si;: uiyili., iii.,
:>-i: Ian-., iii., liJ'M.
.San l".>ti'V.iii l^lallll, i., CiM.
Samtili, trilpi' «p|' Nmptkas, i., 171-
•JilS; 1,11'atiipii, i., ■J!C>-7.
San IVlijic, I'iicIpIu \iiia:c. i., 4.')^,
.V.'7. lilHl; Ian;;., iii., liM ; aiitii|.,
iv., (pii;{.
San I'liiiaiiilii. \illa.ut', l.uwir Cali-
I'nriiia, i., iin.i.
San I'l'inainlip. inis>ion, Sipiiili Call-
fiinii.i, i., 4.V.)-(;(l; I.iii.l:'., iii., (itiO,
f!7.V
.San I'raiii'i^cip, villa :('. iia;,.ra, i.,
(I.SO.
San I'raiu'isiii liay. t'ciitral <'ali:'ipr-
nia, i., .S(il-40l, 4."i'J-."i; l.iii:^., iii.,
<p.">-'; antiij., i\., 710-1 I.
.San !• raiiii>rip ilc l>iir;^ia, niissiim,
l.ipwtT ( 'alil'ipinia. lani;., iii., (I'.IO.
San I'rani'i.-^i'i) lie I iialiiiila, nii^sinii,
Cipaliuila, i.. (Ilo, <il'-'.
San I' laiii'iscii l.stalti'iPi'i', \ilia;:i',
(lajara, i., (pfsO.
.San i ramisni ,la\ icr (.\a\iir', nii>-
.siipii, Lipucr ( iilil'ipiiiia, i., (>o:i;
laiii:., iii. (IIU-'J.
San I'lamisrip Muiiiitaiiis, i., 4ti7,
.".'.IS.
San I'lancisro dc ()rna|ia, \illa;:o,
Talia-Mi.. i., (IS'J.
.San I'laiiii^iip lii\fi', i., ."!ll, ."p'.'ii.
San I'lamiMii ,\a\it'r. ini^-i'Pii, 'I'a-
niaiili|pa-^, i., CA'A; mm' al>ii San
I'laiiiisi'ii ,la\ ici'.
San r'lan.'i^iinitii, viila.ur, Cciitial
( 'alit'ipiiiia, 1., 4.")4.
San I'Vaiiiisinii
to I'
( '.ililoinia,
antii|., i\., (i'.ll.
San (ialiiicl. inisMon, South (alilor-
ma.
Kill; lain;-.. 111., i;74-."
San ( lalpiii'l liivcr, !., 4."i7.
Saii'.;aiia. |iiip\ iinc. Ilaiirn. Ian;.'.,
iii.. 704.
.San (iaspar, iv., 4'_M, mi' I'iciira
( iramli'.
San ( liM'~('|Hn' Islaiiil. i., (lOl.
San ( loi'uonio, \illa;,'t", (oaiiuila. i.,
4.-.7.
S;ui ( ii)i''/oiiio I'a'^s. i.. 4."i7.
.San (irc.uipiio. ('liia|pas, aiiti'i., i\.,
IXDKX.
3."^; SCO ;i1mi ('crni dc San (liv- San .Iiiiiii Tciil, Zacati'
ca-, aiitii
L'ollll.
IV., ."I'.fJ
Sail l;^iia<i(i, mi— iciii, I.uwit ('alil'nr- Sail .liiaii ^'alI«•v, New .Mexit", an-
ma, I., t:ii;{: Ian-., in., (i'.lO.
Ill lu'iiai'io. VII
SidiiPia. I.
tiij., iv., t;.")(t-i.
(!ii!i. San l.a/ain. New .Mc\
III), aiilK
San I.'
iiai'iii I
a, i., (Kl.i.
Ir <■
iiriin>, \ lila_'i', Si
IV., (•.(;;{.
San l.iiii'iizo. ( 'i tall 111 la. a II I ill., iv.,. ">!>'.•.
San I'MiaiMi) iiiatitlaii, \ illa''i', Siiia- San Luicn/n dr < l-iU'ia, \ilii
Ina, i., (il I.
iiiira, I., IKM).
San lu'iiiii'i" lie 'I'oia, \ illa''» , Sciiinra, San I.ii;-- (ic las Cainta.-,
1., till,
an IM
'ton
( iiiali'iiiala, l., T^V.
( ^'llIl■l^|||Ml), I'lu'lilii S.in Liii-icriiis (Lni^inn^i, Sinitii
town, I., ,"i',l!l; Ian;,;
an •la"iiitii, viila^'c,
Ilia. 1., '."tT.
, iii.. lisl.
Sniilli Calihir.
(aliiiiniiaii triln', i., 4(f_' "J".'; Ima-
tinll, i., tilii.
San l.ni
<»>
>|Mi, Calii'iirnia, iintiii
S.iii .laiintci Muiintaiiis, !., 4UJ, l.'iT. ; iv., (!'.••_'.
.1,
inin liixfr, i., ;{<i;i, I.")}-*!.
San l,i:is <lc la I'a/, t<
San
.!<
iiai|nui
alli'V, ni
vlli., iii., 8S;
itii.
liT.-i:
,11, (iiiaiiajii-
V2.
la'i :., 111., ii.">(»; antii|., iv., (tlT-S.
San .lii^i', tiiuii, Siiiiili ( 'alifiirnia. i.
'Aim. IV_>. l.".S. 4(1(1; anlii|., iv . l'l'.
San .lo^ ■ lie liiica--, tuuii, 1 >iiiaii'.:ii
i.. (Il'l.
S.in .liis' del ralici. nii^.-iuii, I
( aliiiiiiiia, i.. <HH.
I.iiis l',,i,,-i
:•:!. (17.'!;
la Il'l.
i >* i , i
4'' Tsd; alitii
IV.
■'.(.•{,
San laiis ||
cv, iiii-->iipn.
South (■
tiiriiia, l.,4.">S. 4(Iit; iaii;^-., in.. (171.
iiwci- San
.\h
\ilia;^c, .Scinlli ' alitni-
iiia. 1., I.">'.>,
San .Ins,' ( 'iiniiiiiihi, tuwii. Lcpwcr San Maicu-, Niu Mixiin, aiitii|., i\.
* '.ililoniia. i., (1().'>; laiiu'., iii., (I'.M.. (1(1!!.
S.in .lii-c^ l-laiid. i., mil. San Manns KImt, i.. CdJ.
.^,111 .los,. (If I'iiiias, \ illap', .\iiziiiia, •'sail Mailiiu, ( 'naliiiila. ;inlii|., i\.
I.. <il)l.
^.lll
.Sin
.Ins,', i;
.I,.s,-. T
(lllll
It'.l;
IV. T, 1., (KH).
Viiiiaii. \ iila;:i', Sininra, i.
I'nrliln \il]a;.'c, i., '>'2~
:., iii.. (M.
.Iiian r>aiitist;i i liaiiii.^ia i, mi-
Sail
t'.l-lKHI.
.Mai I in I
11 in I. avian
-. M
c \i( II, an
till., IV., 4s(l.
'\
San Matcii, ( 'alifurnia, ani iij.. ;\ . . 7l(i.
San
.Mai
I'll. \ ilia 'I', < la lai a, i. . (Isc.
San .Mali'ii M.il/iira, villa^'i'. ^lllllll•a,
i., tlliil.
■ lull, t'l'iilral ( 'alilniiua,
iii,, (;.".'{
l.'i
i., t.'il; San Matcn Miniiitaiii-
Sail .liian llaiili-Ia liay, i., (in.V
S,in .liiaii ( 'aiii-irann. iiii>,-iciii. .Smiil
an .Miuni'l, \illa'_'i',
;{(i(!. .■!7'.i, :tS(!, ;(.">.s, nu; i;
(l.'lS-ll.
I ■;ilil'niiiia, i.
Cilil'.iniia, i., Id.'i, Hill; lan.L;., iii.. San Mi-iii'l, villam', < 'iiianas, i.,(;>J
(171.
.1
li
IIL'., 111., .<i(l.
Sail .liiaii ( iinrli
i., (isd.
San .liiaii NJanil. i.
San .liiaii l.aUr, .1,-
iri(\i, liiwii, (laiara, Sail M iiTin'l, vill.i!.'!', Sniiura, i. , (HIS !l.
JdS, •2'.^,
\-rii, an
San Mi;;ii<'i, priA iin'c, .*^al\alllll•,
"'■"'■
lii|.. iv., San Mi'iiii'l, l-llinins, aiiti'i., i\..
San .liian lii' Ins Maim-, M
r\lri>, an
lii|.. i\.
:i .hiaii ill
1 1(1.
1(11
San .Mi-n.'i il.'l .Mila;:i.i. Ilas.ala,
., 17,s.
'1 tic MiH'iifiiii, iiiis-iiiii,
aiil ii|,, i\
San
\;;
lii:i!,i. i. , 7'^.i.
-|iii, niissiiiii, ( iiiali'- Siiialiia, Ian;;., in., Jii
,,'111 .lUlMl ill
i , (171.
1 I!
Ill, tnWll, ( lllrl'rian
San .liiaii drl l!ii>, tu\Mi, /.ai-ati
i.. (114.
Si'i .Inan liixcr, i.. 4(1(1, 170,
San Mi;;iicl (lull', i.. 7'.i7; laii'.., ii
"'■"■
San Niriilas, N'ria ('in/. aiiii'|., i\
IC'I.
San Niriilas Island, i., Ki'J.
S.in
1'
.SI; Nrw M
I '.ililiilliia. alill<|., I\
cMi'ii, an
|i ] , iv., (l."i'l I; ('alifurnia, aiilii|.. San I'aliln di 1 Mnnlr, 'I'la-iala, aii-
iv.. (1;M.
i
till,, n,, l>
748
INDKX.
S.iii rMs(|iial, \ill;i;;i'. Smitli <':il
liirniji, I , l.">S.
I ■.•.In
1'
iicl.l.. \ill;i"v, I., C'la.
Sail I'ciirn Ali'iiiitar.i, iiii»i<iii, 'I'a-
iiiaiihpas, I.
(;i:<.
Sail I'lilio ( Jua/avc, \ il!a''r, Sinalna,
I.. (Id'.t.
an i'cili'ii \ii>
ti'iiiala, i.,
Iiicilas, iiii>>iiiii, ( ;iia-
Saii I'lilio Itivcr, i., cs;!.
San
I'.i.
•alilv. liali. i., Kl'.t.
San rill Ill's, i., Kl'.l.
Saiiiiiiil ( 'rci
k. i., .•ll.-i.
Sani|
ili'li
i , !tl."), sff San-
I'
San llal'acl, !iii.--siiin, <'cntial Cali
I'liniia, i., .'Kl.'!. i'l'J; Ian;,'., iii., (117
San lliM'lic Islanil. i.. "I'il.
San SaKailui', m'i- Sahailnr.
San Sclia-lian, \illa;.;i', /.acatcias, i.
Sans I'dils (N'lMxliI
San^
San|)(
I'ni'llcs, Sinaiiiiil^, SiniiMiiial.-
■-in|iaiif!i^li. Siii]iav<'lisi,
li>li
S I n I II
ilsrli
I,
111", Sins
hilainl I iilninlnaii trilii', i
I'lisll),
.'ill ;i|;
Santa Cvw F-!aa.l, i.. Hi'.', l.-,;i; lail;:.
iii., (i'.')S-'.).
Santa < rii/ llivcr, !., Cif.V
Santa hclliiia ('aiVMi. I lali. ant i>|
iv., 7:{;f.
Santa ( MTtrndis, iiii--ii
I.
( alifiiinia, laii;.'., iii.. ti'.il •_'.
aiita liic/, iiii^siiiii, Sniitli ('alirni-
nia, i.. |--'(l. r.'.i; Ian
III.. <i.>l
S.iiita Maivaiita, villa^i-, .Suntli (al-
it'iiinia, i., Iiill.
Santa Maria, iiiis-icni. Lower ( .ili-
I'lPiiiia, laii;^., iii., il'.wt.
ita .M
Santa
M
II la, \ illa;:<'
Da
Ilia, Mllauf.
< >:
(I'SIl, CS'J
jai-.i. I.
Santa .Mariii
•-'lit.
ili'at.'in, aiili<| . iv.
.Santa Maria ('liiiiiala|'a, > il!i'
Oajai'a, i., C.N'J.
.Santa .Maria i\r Ins .Manins. Mi\
antiii., IV., .1
Sai
ta M
in, I
II
111.
iM'r. (Jualci
til
iv.. I •.•(».
Santa Maria Iliv
lorall'ill, I.
ticMi, i.. •JUT
.■{|."il(i: s|ii'cial
.".Id.
Santa .\iia, I'liclilo \iila;i(', i., rr_'7,
CIHI; Ian;,''., iii.. tisj.
Santa Ana, xilla'^c, Smitli t 'alifoniia,
i., W).
Santa .\niia l!i\rr, i., t.'iT.
Santa Itarliara, tnuii, .Sonlli Califor-
iiia, I., lll.t 1, I.V.t; ant II
i\., (I'.l.).
Santa Itarliara Cliaiint'l. i., 401.
Santa (ataliiia, I'lnlila. antii|., i\.,
■Jti'.t.
.Sa:ila Cat.iliiia <'a\ainiia (Canina),
\illa::i', Sniiiira. i., (iti7.
S.iiita ('ataliiia Ishiinl. i., lO'.', HIS,
'Ml); iiivth., iii.. i;U.
Sant.i • 'atarina,
vill
I'.'i'. ( liiana jiiati>.
I., III.; anlli|., l\
Santa Clara, ini-sinii. ( 'cnlr.il ( 'ali
liiinia, I.,
(;.-i;m.
:!(;,
;i'.IS;
Ml.
Sant.'i riara, Piiclilu viliii
;i', 1.
VII;
111.. (iSi.
Santa Clara iiivcr, i., UU. 4(1S.
Santa Clara
S;in
\alli
III HI.
(Mli,
Crn/, iiii-^iiiii, ( 'I'Utiiil < alil'iir-
i . Its I, ;!s;t. ;i!w.:i. ;!!ii;, -aw,
; laiiL;., iii., ti."ili; aiitii|., iv..
Sjinta ( 'ill/, inissiiiii, ( ;ii;iti'iiia!a, i.
7H.S.
S;iala ( 'riiz, \illa,"t', S ra. i., iKin'.
Sa'ilii ( 'r;i/(l('l t.iiiiclii', Incalitv, (iiin-
tr;.iala, \., ."iS'
ili'liiala. aii-
ir, \ rra ( rii/, ;inl i
IV.
■IIS.
S,ini;i-M;irta, jimvi
|i;i
S;intanili'r, tnwii. 'raiiiiiniiiia-, i. . (il.'t.
San
ta Kiisa l-lainl. i.. Id'.", II'
I; anih
i\.. (I'.U-.'i
Santa li'ii~;
ili;i, \iila"i',
i;ui
.Sal
t;i i;
Na.l.i.l.
( iialiiiila. i.. lil'J.
Santa SinlunWa, Nillaui'. ' 'liilin.ilin;i.
i., Cdii.
Santa N'.salicl,
MiNl-r, SiilMli
i!i «
tmiiia, I., 4."
I'nclilii viila-c, i.. itid.
I.
Sanlia.L
SanI i.iLtii, liiis-iiiii, I.uvm'i- ( alilnrnia
I., lldl.
Sanli;iL;ii l\iiiinl!a, .lali--r
San
til III
mid
iv.. iUUi
.^antii llniiiini
U'li, I'llrlilii \ i
aii;_'., iii., (isl
ant II
ant I
■ iiati'iiiala,
Sai
. 7S!I.
Ill n
nniiiiLiii, N illa'jc
•J'.id, ■Jill.
Saniii I nnias, \ illauc Sniinra. i. . (IIKI,
San
til i
iiln;
I'l'ii, .'inlii
|.. l\..
S;iiitiitiMi, ( 'liiiipas, ant ii|.. i\ .
San X'iicntc, |ir(i\iiin' ami iit\. Sal-
\ ailiir, antii|., iv. , i;s-;i.
Sail \'iriiiti' Miiiintaiii. i., 7!'l.
San \ iiHciit. la'cward l-lai d-, i.,
7 '.!.•!.
INDKX.
■19
Smii ^'M^full■■
'.I'. I.
Sail lldr. Sava-'isiii, i., .1-t. '.'.Vrt. nS-l. I.V«, I?!
:v_'i; ii.. It;, .-{♦-s. ;{.}•.
ill.. :iti.-n.
Sii|iiiiil Ian, ]iniviiicf, ( iualciiiala. i., Sa\aii»i irs, Irilic ut Utliniiai
IS. I.
,ss.
■J7-S.-
lorati
Sa|i<i|iilcils ( l,a|iii|citi.l-). ( ciilijil I'al-
il'oi'iiiaii trilic, i., :i<;i |n|; lucatioii,
i . l.">o.
Sa III ill l;i\cr. i., 4(!.'{, m'c Snake I!i\('r.
iiHtic Kciiicl, I., il'.Ci
iiir.uiit/i, \ ilia.
Suiinra. 1., (iilT
l-llll
< riilral ( 'aliliiriiiaii tril
lalimi, i., I.Vi.
Ilirlilliili, 1.
iii..7'.»».
.".(I,
■»!l. T'.IC; .sj.cc-;;,!
.">(!, 7Hl>; laii;;..
Sa\aiiiia ItiLilit Ka\, li<
Ih
IV.. 711.
.Sa\ iiiiiais. tnni' i
.'MS:
oialiiiii, 1.
il Nc.i.ll
'.I.'..
.Sa\saiiii^li (S.ijiiliw aiiiisli.
iiiaiiii>l
Siiiiiiil
Sflicliwaiiii-ii I, 111!
Iii>liaii>, I., •_'( IS ■•_'•_';
:(lll-J.
Sai li.iiaii, N.iliiia liiuw -|ii|ic. ii., ,'{.">l.
S,ir:i-iilaiilkas, Cciilial < 'alitniiii;ili
liilic. i., .'Kil- ((•! ; Imaliiiii, i., 4."(J. ,Sa\\a\ Nan;
S.iiil-clicir l.slainl, i., II'-'. I tnlir. i.. tdJ
Sai'li-lips (.SailiJMis), liiiaiiil dijiiin- , Saw -li^li, May.i \\ca|ii
liii'.'ii icm.
Sdiiih ( '.ilifurni.iii
, JDialiiPii. i.. I.V.I-ljii.
i., 7i:!.
Iiiaii Irilii'. i., 'J.'iO '.II : IdiMlimi, i., ; Saw |>a» >, iiilaml ( 'ii|iiiiil<laii tril
;i(il.
Sa\s a-
;<i:!. :!i.
SaiiiMtar. ('ciitral ( 'alifuiiiiaii liil
i., .'tdl-KII ; luiatinii, i, l.'i,'!. iiii>li.
Sairilriicas, liilic of .Xiiai'lu-', i.,-l7'i- Sa\ nUciii'ls, Smiiii ( 'aiifuriiiaii tril
i.. --'."((I ".11; l.Hjitioii.
.Sa\ lia\ iiiaiiii^li, i
"r-'il; liMiitiini, i., ")!•■_'.
i., •»(»•-'■•_'•_'; I. Mill
I'lii , I., A't'.l
'.'ii'saiiai Ilia, i.
.'(1. ids.
Sai'si-i (( 'iicccs, ('iri( s, Sai>i. Sni-si, | Saiii.-<tkla'<
Saviiii>llas (.Sa\ iiii--la-
.■>li.S,
iirris, Smsi'cs. Sii>.-»iM'
-(. trilii- III" , Si
'rimirli. i., IIJ-37; liii'alinil, i., I I'l; : Si
111
\ w aiiiliir>, I. l.'ilt. Mc Si\ w .'iiiii'iii »
il iiiciiiili. ii., 7i>ii
111., :>si.
SaMiu'ili'l, Sc.iilli (
aliliiriiiaii
tlil
■aiiviiic
S.alli-M-
|llil, 'r/riicl;
, -IT I'lalli
I.. n»-j
Ih'li
oralliill.
"', S(al|i> (Si al|iiii;^), i., KU, 'Jl.'), 'J'.'',
; •_•(;'.», :u». :is(i, 1117, 4-j."), 4;!;m. I'.i;
ii:
Sa-.Ualilii'\\aii lii\cr,
.1X4.
Sa-'ki'liHiMi, t'lioil III' liilamH iiliiiiiliiii
I'.tS, .')(!(», .".^I, (;•_".).
Scaiiilliiai iaiiH,
.\
tiai'cs. \.
ltl-J-1."
IIiIm-, I.. -Jl.'.-i.
SraiiriiMtliPii, i.
iiHinan oii^in-
4 1(1, :,■>]. .V.'.t.
Sjksslllji^
llll
f Ml
iiiiiaiis, I.
7t7"«.">; s|i('iial liiciil iuii, I., 7^"'.
.s.i^^i,',. Nmili ('aliliiriiiaii liilif, i.
;t-'li-lil ; >| ial liirliliiiii, i., 'M I.
S.lsl,
in;
Sha-t.i-.
.-iSii, .">ss, 7(:<, 771I; ii . •_'l.".. •_'7'.» Ml,
:<(»:{. :t_u, :!;{.'., 4-j."., (Khi, t;..s, cc.-t,
<i7s, 7.'!.'l: 111.. .VJ,
•.'II, ■Jl'.l,
.III
•J7S, :i;;(; 7, .■{;••'). 4:.'i. 4 ii'j, 471, 4,v;,
alillrll-, I., .•fOl
ii;:it-«.
Satii'iiy, Siiiiili ( 'alit'iii iii.iii liilic, i., i .Sii|iin>, in., ."(li'.i. •l(l7-"_*
4(tJ •.'•_';
Sal iiiiy
c.it.vi;,
I,
itlllll. I., I''
Scliail U, Niiilli ' aliliii iiiaii tril
ir. I.
K
4.")S.'.I; ,1111 K
.•{•-'( ;
local
itiiiii, I., 4. 1 1.
: SiliaUtiil. I.
Si I II 11 111 I,, ( 'I'litral i 'alitipiiiiaii ti'ilii', , SiliaUl iiiarl
tl, Ml
1., 141.
liaUtiihU.
<■ Sh.ikliilik
.'{lil-KIl; l.icati !., 4."i;{.
Sil
Satiiii Sat, ^'
iiiataii, aiitiij., iv
la \v I
(ilia.
iiratali.
(i."i,s ;•.
Sat ma 11 nil I, ( 'cnii.il ( 'alil'miiiiiii tiiln', ,Si'lirci't-.ti>li, IiilaiiilCnliiniliiaii tiiln',
I.. :tiil 41)1:
atnni, i., I."i;;.
•J.VI 'II; 1.
at lull. I., .'tl
S:it/-l/.iiiiitl, Nuiiik.i niiiiitli. i., I!'.'!. Si lic|iiiili>, Nmlli ( '.ilil'iii niaii tiiln
Saini'litii, ( 'alil'iiriiia, aiitii|., i\., 71(1. i., .'tL'ti-iil ; linatiiin, i., 441.
S.iiiniii. ( 'ciitial ( 'alit'iiriiiaii l|-ili<', i., S-rliiiik'
:iiil ml; Iniatiuii. i.. i.">;t.
Saii!^,riliitiirlisiSaiikaulntiifk>-i.ti'il
It, I., '.Ml,
Sill
Scliiv^atiiili, liilic iif Ni'iiil
174 'JtlS; liMatiiiii. i., 'J'.Ci.
iif NiHilkas, i., l74-"i(IS; luraiiini, S-iliitclia-rliun. i.. IKi. -.cc .silica-,
i.. \''), 'J.tS; N|ii'i'ial iiicliliuli, i,, SriiiinN, mt llilinat imi .
|ss. SrlMMiiiiailit-^, tril I Nuiilkii-, i.,
Saiiia|ia'4iiriiu'-.. Nmlli Mi'\iian tl ilir. I74"J«S; Inralimi, i., 'J'.Ci.
i.. .■i7l-'.ll ; liiialiiiii, i.. till). Srli(i|'aii iScliiiip|pain, Kiiniiij:ii iiialc
S.iiitatiiii, i., I.V.t, .■M'f Mtiilii.
ciinilllilllr, I., S'J.
Si'lnjuclinua[i, i., lil.'i, Mc Sliiisliwaii.
±m
750
INDKX.
S •lirc;,''>iis, Niirth Ciiiforiiiaii trilx?, ] Socliotnawi', Piicliln villa;,'!' jind trilx',
i., :iJii'(°>l : Icii'atioii. i., til.
.>'_'<i-.')li; hiialiiiii, i., tidl.
Srlin)((yi'l|ii. i., ;il.">. sec ('liaiulitTPM. Sfcus, trilic iif M(i.si|iiitiis, i., 711-lj
S-l
luiiiaiciiisk,
II:
'll>i. i.. :(l t.
f^cf Sliiiiiia;_'iii,
(■
• li
locat
1., (•-'(;,
Inn. I., I IJ;
-I'
ici'lal nu'iilliiii,
aiiL
Sfiali>''as, lnlaiiil < 'oliiiiiliiaii tiilic, Sccmiin
III., ',s:\.
SckdIMI
D-'.ll; loiatiiiii, i.. ;tl!*.
III. lit, < lUaiia'Mii
'11(1, 111.
I.kJ.
Sconas,
tiilie of «'li
.">(»; hiiatioli, i., »»S.
o:i. i., (ilO; iii., :{70-S(».
Sr„r,,
Send l.^laiiil, 1., 'I'MV
C iltsldin's. tri
tril f CI
iiiiiioks, I.
cs (Sckaiiiiii',
riiiiiiifsi, ( 'ciilial < 'a I ill nil ia 11 tri lie,
i., :i(il-4(»l: liKatinii, i., I.'iii; lini-..
iii., (iHi-.'iO.
Sec, Is
variKiis uses, i.. .'{40, .■t7."{-.").
-•Jl'-.".(); I.H-aii.iii, i.. .S(»S.
Si'iitt's Itivcr (()tt(!tic\va), i., 447; aii-
tii|., iv.. 7t>7.
Sciitt's N'allcy, i., 447, 4.')7; Ian;.;., iii., So^rafaji'ir
(;;'7-S. ' I 474;'iii.
Snil|itMrf, lly]irrli<>r('aiis, i., fiS, .SO, . Sc;,'ii\iiiu's. Nnrtli Mexican tiilic, i.,
;H, 107: ('(ilmiiliians, i., ICI--.', IC.'i, i .■»7I-'.»I; l.xati.iii. i., iWl.
\H\.\K\, lil'.'.S, •_'((.")-(;, 'j:{S-n, •J74;IScIi.-liwaiiii-^li, i. .•-".)<.», sit Sawamisli.
.SS7-S. 40(i. 4-_'s, 4.*t!», .V)lt-<;o, ."(77,
(.•.■)S. 7.'{4, 7")-'; ii., 70:t; iii., .S:!, i<M,
.sii;. :U4. :<7i, :t'.t.'>.
Sffkriic, Muxiiiilo folival. i.. 7.'!">.
Scfkywa, fixnl nf Inlainl ('nliiinliian
triltfs, i., 'iii.").
Sf^rafaji'iint'. .\|iacli(! trihal name, i.,
!U.
aiiiK
.'!4, 7.'1*>; < 'alil'tiriiiaiis, Si'liiialiiha. .Siiialna l'ixI. iii., I.S.i,
17; Ni'w M
aii!ii|., IV., / l.>-l (
!., ."i:l7, .■')45-(l; antii
t'Mcaiis
.")!>(), .'>!t,'{-7, <l-0; .Mexicans, i., O.'ti:
ii., I(!l, l()'.>7--'. 47.SSI, .V-'4. .")(;(;;
aiith
1-, IV.
;{ I. •{•_'•_•, .•!.!•-*- II, ."U
<■•>:
issiiii:
:t7.i-(i, .'{si-s, ;r.KS, 4i.">, 4-.>o-:?, 4-J
4:i.V!;. -444. (.■)i-."><;4 u
tial .\iii
7.")ii I,
Cen-
i., 701, 7(i;i: ii..
7.Vi ; aiilli[. . IV.
l(i 17. •-'.«■
8, ;{'.>■ i;!s. i(;()-'j7;t i.assini; Mi
si]i|pi \'alley,
aiilii|.
'.s to K
V
aiitiij.
i\ .
.Sell
Clalli
nil ilellioi
iii., <».'., I.V..
iirit-
Sejeiiiie. ,\]iai'lie tlilial liaiiie, i., 174;
iii., .V.I4.
Sekaiiiisli, liilie of S 1 Indians,
_'OS.L'-J;
■atioii, I., :{iio.
Sekonines. i.. 4."iO, see Seeiiliines.
Selaw
ik I.
Ike
141.
.Self
iiiiiiHilation, 1.
rsi-:?; ii., CIO,
IV.
.M-»:
fSO.'id; reseiii-
ryptiaii, v.. .(!
»(il.
Sea^iis, Central Californian trilie, i.,
;{(il-l;il; location. !., ;{()L.', 44!», 4.-)l.
Sell llailioiii-, i., 2!)4.
Se.i-li.Mi, i.. .".:t-(iO. Sli, SiMlO.
Ne^
1., 4!»-.Vt. ."•(-(lO. 7:{-t, 77-H, .Sd-
(i-iO -J; iii., 44:i; v.. L'O."!.
Selisli, i., .SI-', see Salisli.
.SeMoalpallalis (.Scwati-allasi. Iiilaivl
( 'olilliiliiail trilie, i.
.">0 ill ;
ealioii.
.•{IS.
Selt/eiton, .Mississi|)]>i \'aliey, jintiii.,
iv., 7117.
Seiniaiinias, trilie of Souinl linlians.
•_'0S -•_'•_';
lei'ial nientioii.
'JO'.i.
8, ',t;l-l. ICpO. I(1;{. ISC. 1,SS, mo, UOO, Senaen, New Mexico, aiili(|., iv.,<;t;;{,
•J14, :{:{o, ;{s;i. 4o:{, (J27.
Se.TiivsIvs, trilio of CI
iiiiookH, 1.
•J_'-'-,"iO; loeati i., ;{(»().
Sea-oiler, see Otter.
Seasons, see Caleiular.
Seal lies, trilie of Soiiiul Tiiiliiiii8, i.
•_'0-i -Jl'; location, i., :{0I.
.Seiii jextees, Irilial name ot lakes, i.,
.•{14.
Sonnatiiclis, trilie of Nootkas. i., 171-
Seiioies. snliieriaiiean s|iniit;s. ^ m a-
tan. aiiti<i., iv., I'.KS, -JOI, -.'l-.', •-'Jl,
-MO. ^
Sea-weed, \arioiis uses, i., |(i;{, lO.I, Seniii>acal, \ ueataii, aiitiij., iv., I'tO.
■<ca-\viiler, uses o
f. i., n
•JOS; location, i., •_'<•."
Senii
elkaiiieell lilMl
'M-1.
1S.1
IS7-S.
!I4; iii., 144.
Seiiiiltiire. .see lliirial.
Seliassas (l.atiassas, Slieliaslml. Irilie Sei|iieclinl (Sei|Ueeliil), Ci>uiclie kin
if llaidalis, i., i;
loi'iition.
")(l(l. .V.l.-).
i., l.").">. "J'.ll: s|iecial liiention, i., .Seraiie. Mexican dre^
.-.:{'2, r)8L»,
1:
'.», 170, 174.
(i!H».
Secatinoiiays, trilie of 'I'lilinkeets, ' .Seraijue, villaire, Harieii, i.. 70.'i.
i., '.11-11 I; locitioii. i.. I4:{.
Secliclt, trilie of Nootkas, i., 174-208;: .S7-04: location, i., Ill
loealioii, i., 17(i, 'IW, •-•'.•8.
Seredkiiiskoji's. trilie of Aleuts,
Soris, i. , (J04, see Ceris.
INDKX.
<.Jl
Si'rn)wkimin(», f'cntral ('alifi(riiia.
iiiLT., ill., tU!!.
SiT|Miit. s\ iiilmU. ("tc, ii., .V»(I, ."i7
."s, :,s-.. -:>\. Till; iii., i-_".i, i:u-
17i:<, isi). .T.is. 4011; iiiiti.i.. iv., ;<
18.1
7. L'-'(l-7
il^ii Stia
•_'•_>;>-.•{ I, •.'.-{."i
Si'i|ii'iit Uivcr, i., ;{17, rifc Snake
liiwr.
Si'iraiiu lie Cajinics, Za|n)t('c dialcil,
iii.. 7">4.
Scriiiiin lie IxtcjM'i', Zaiiotcc iliali'il.
III.
.)».
SciTaiiii lit" Mialiiiatlaii, Zaputi'i' dia-
Ici't. iii.. 7">4.
Sfrraiiiis. Smilli Calif
Slialtattiis(>^liallat.f.t. Tiilaiul Coliiiii-
iiiaii trilx', i., '.'.'>( I-*.) I ; liiration, i.,
.•tJ(l-l.
Sliiiiiiaii, a si>r<'crcr, i.. 77. X'>, ■">'-"-;
iii.. 141-4, I 17-S, I.VJ.
SliaitiiHiiiiauirli-^. Iiilaiul ( 'iiiiniilii.iii
tll'n', 1.
'.">(»-',ll;
ui'atiiiM. I
"•riiiaii tnlii', i.
41 >•-'-•-'•-•;
at lull. !.. 4.")S.
ScriitKs, \illa;,'c, South California, i.,
4(;(>.
S<'i\ u>liaiiinr-i. Ccntivi! Califmniai
.Slianclkayas, Ccntnil I alifnrnian
tiilic. i'.. :{til-Kil: loiMiioii. i.. 4. I.
Siiasta I'.nttc. locality, NoitliCali-
fiiiiiia, i.. 414, 147.
Slia-ta .Mountains, i.. .•{•_'7, 4 17, •l.")l.
Shasta Uivcr. i., 44<).
Slia>tas (Cliaslay, Sastc', .sliastc,
Slia-.ty, Wcoliow.-i, North C.ilifor-
liiantiihc. i., .'Lti-lil; location, i.,
;{L'7. 44(;
lai iiiciitioii, i., ;{:{,'{,
;{»:.', :U4, :f.".l, :i(;i: myth., iii., r>4T
v., r.t; lan^'., iii., (>4n.
Shasta N'allcv, i., 447, 4."i7; hui'',
trihc. i., ;{ill-4(il ; location.!.. l.">i>. i iii., »i:{7-.s.
S('>a,unl'
tiilpc of Alt'Ut^
location, i.. 141.
S7-1»4: ' Shastc.
Shastv,
447, see Shastas
447, Ncc Shasta^
S(-c]iaulali;i, Moi|ui villa;rc, i., .VJS. | Siiawhaaptciis, i., ;{17, •••ci' Sahap-
Sfshals (Scshahls, Shccharts). trihc tins.
of Nootkas, i., 174-'JO^; location, i Sha\v"s I'Mat, California. anlic|., iv..
i., •-".••"), •J'.i7
Sc-.|ic. Sonlh Californiaii trihi', i.
.•!ll7, sec Siiia-tiick
Shcastiikles.
IC.H.
Shchalnc I'onios, Central Calii'orniaii
Se\t'ii Caves, name for Chii'oinozioe ' trihe, i., ;{<ii-4((l: location, i., .'{tJ.'
41 IL'
ation, i.. 4."i!).
.Sc\cii, sai'reil nmnlier, iii., '210.
ami I iilaii Aiiiva, <[
seveniox skia. nami;
main, i., 441*.
■ieveriio/cr, nil
. V. i 44.S.
for Ciiwacha- : Shehashas, i., '2'M,
S,.l.;
Shelieretches. t rilie of Slio--lioiics, i.
line for Ciiwachamajii, 4'J'J-4'J: location, i.. 47i>.
4411.
I.ak
4-_'L' 4(1 1-S.
Se\ ier iScvere) l!i\er. i.. 4<!'
Sevier \allev, i., 4(11, 4<;s.
Shecharts, i., -J'.Cf. see Seshals.
Sheep, i., LM-'i-ln, 4>s'.>, ."»(».', .")(»."., r>M,
5S.S.
.Sheeii Iiidiai
IS. i., 14."
.\ml);
Sewatpallas, i., ;$1S, see Selloatpal- tawhoot'linin'li.
lahs. Shehees, trihe of i
Se\<'s, i.. <);?, 1-JS, I7(», :!!»(), .•!!':(, 4I(M7
trilie of ( him
.")(■>(;, 7<);t-4: ii.
!i;{-
."iU; location, i.. .'id'.i.
'.Ill, Shekoins, Central Californiaii trih
(ill.'). 7'-':
Sextapav,
i.. :till-((ll; location
South California i:i
Shells, varioi
•s, II
.. 4.-. I.
\ noilioreans.
111., il.'iiiS.
Seywamenes (Sa\ w.amiiicsi. Central
('alil'ornian tribe, i., :{(ll-4(ll; loea-
lion. i., 4.")(); Ian;,'., iii., H4'.l.
Sh.ihaiitaiis. i., .'Uti. see .Sahaiitins.
Shai-tclies.
i., •-'.■)( I !»1
lull
mil Colnniliian tril
ation. i.. .'114.
i., 4S, 72. S(t, !I7. \-2-2, I'JS, I.T!;
Colnmliians. i., K;,"), I7',i. |,S'.», l.st!-
'.!•_•. -Jill. -Jdi;. -Jil. •_M7. •2-2\). '2'M,
2."iS; aiitic|., iv., 7.'tM-4(i; Californi-
aiis, i.. .Tto, .•(;!.•{, :{17. 'M'-s, ;{.s|-_',
;{H.), .•{'.t.*{-4. 4ti:i. 4(l7-;i, 4-.'C(;; an-
tl.,.
7il!l-HI; N.
M
e\icail>
Shaktolik (.Schaktol, Schaktiilack I i.. 4.S-J. ,-Hl(;. ."..fj-.'k .V)l. .V.,s '.I, .">ti:<.
May. i.. 141.
Slialachiiiiishnnim's, Central Califor
nian trii)e, i., .')(il-4()l; location, i.
4.-.II.
">s4; Me\i
17:«. i:
cans
'.III. •
I., <!J_', (.':{(»;
:{:{7, :<74, r.7:{; iii., .'JH'.i, .'{v.. 4(»7,
41ii'-l7; Central .Vmericans, i.,((!ll,
Sh,iIalas(Slialahihs, Sliallalahsl, trihp I 7(l(i, 717,
.">-»:
<;sl, 7i:k
of Chinooks, i., "J'Jll-.ld; location, 7-!'.
1,, 30i;V. ; Villi
■:w:k TM
.Mi.ss
ISSllMIl
ey, aiitDi. , iv., iS'J
M
752
IXDKX.
Sllflt.Tf'.,V(., i.. ttO.
ll(|Mi\\ |;i\M'
M
ItMlll Vlllil''(',
noi.
SliciuiMPil \allc\, i.
Sli(-*W!i|i, i., .'{| I, M'(
Sliiisliwa
Slii't-lii-iaiu', (>kaiiaL:aii liair nnia-
iiii iit>,
lii'w lia|iiiiii<'li, 1
'I''
Shii-li-
Slii'w lia|i>, i., ;!1"J, SCI' Slmsliwajis.
Sliia-tiifklcs (Slica-iuklf,), irilic of
( 'nil
Slii.
-'L'-J .'(U; liH'alloll, 1.
< 'iiliiniliiaiis.
yiici'lMircaiis, i., /
;•, ll'.t;
Talif-
i.. .'tl.t. 4:!I-'J: N.-w Mr\i.Miis, i,
4'.t:<. r.m. .-.ji. ."sk; Mc\ifaii>. i.
«;-'7-.s, (
i.i.>; II.,
.■1
:!;i
KM, 4il(i
(idt;. CIS, C-Jl; iii., L'St-rid" pas-illl
M
SI I
ivas, M.
i!
I'-'.
liiiiialiiiiiMis, trilir ni Siiuml In-
ili.iii-, i.. •_'liS--_'L'; lucaliiiii, i., '-".I".);
laiiLi. , iii.. (il.'i.
Sliiii;:li' S|iriii;^s, Calit'drnia, mitiii.,
SI
SI
i\ .
lilM|..
704-
I'li.'l,
n Village. I.
lllTVillkas, tlllM- 111 SIlllsll'IIH'.H,
4'J-_'-t-'; jncatii'ii, i.. 1(11.
Slii^ I
iiilav.
M.
name tm- .Xii;
II lit I lie wood
rs. i.. 474.
Slioromrp. fcntral r'alifoniian trilio,
i.. .;<ll-4(ii; lii.aii..ii. i., 4.">>.
Sl|ll>lll>kiM"' (Sl|li>lll>llics, Sllll»!|llC(i:<l,
Irilif lit SliiisiiniK
41.'; Ii
t lull.
4111):
I'i'ial liirlitliili, I.
41l'_'; Ian;: , iii.. (Itll.
Sliiisliiiiics, iiiif iif till' fiuir faniilic-i
iiitn VN liii'li till- I 'alil'iiriiiali> air ili-
viilrij; iiiaiiiii'r.s ami I'li^tniiis nl
all ils iiatiuiis ami ti ilics ili^ciilicil
4'.'-J-4-.'; Ill
i\.-iiiiii', I.
tii;,'i-tlnT;
4-Jl.'-:i; ilios, i., 4-J:« (1; ilwriliii--,
i., 4"Jti-7; t I, i., 4"_'7-."!"; |iiT>oiial
lialiils. i., 4;i(l I;
i.. 4:{l-4; ii
\vi'a|>iiiis ami \: a
l.Ti
its, ]i|-i
ll|||l■|||<'llt^
I., 4.!4-
!tV,
a\civ, 1.
.IliNl'IIIIIICIlt, I.,
4.'{.">-(;; iiiaiiia'.'i'
mil wiiiiirii, I., 4.'t(|
aiiui-i'iiitiils
ami iiiisrcllaiifiiiis riistums
i, 4;t7-
'.); ini'iliiiiic ami Iniiial. i., 1.'!'.)- ID;
cliaiai'tiT,
4 1(>-_': liicalii
it
Iril.is i., i.V.', ;{;.'•-•
i:{-4, i;
4-.
4ili
IIIVll
III.
'iIn-S. (iti(l-7'.»
Sliiisliiiiics (Sliiolidiici', Slnisliiiiiii'),
i.. 42i', sec Siiakis.
i., 4(i!>, SCI- Tiisawci'.s.
Slii--laki)iisti'('s (Sisiiiiiiisias), Niirtli
( 'alil'iiniiaii triiii', i., .■(2(i-(il: loi'a-
tiiiii. I., 4i;{.
rMiiiijurniii,
C'lMitn
Calif.i
tnl
i., ;{<;i-l()l; liMaliiiii, i., 4.">4.
Sliiuiiimi. i.. (i(M), sec Siw iiiiia.
Sill jam Stliuii, Ki)iiia;,'a ;,'imI, ii
I'l:!.
Slmalwitir I'.av, i., '20!), .'{O.S, »)."..
Sli.i.ih
l>av Iiiiliaiis, triln- i>f
( 'liiiiiMiks, i., •_'■_'•_'-,■)(); li)i'alii>ii, i.
:<o.-..
^Ii
II
\ lu'rltiiirans.
i., 4!)-.")(), 7.{:
i 'iil'iiiiliiaii-
i.. •SW, 4-_M-(;: N
4Si)-4. 5(1 J, ,kU-:
'-'."iS; ( 'alifiiniiai
cw
M
.").")'.), ,"ii;;).
I'xu'aiis, 1.,
M
I'MlMlls
i., (i'JO, (i.lO; ii., :<•_'(!
.'{;i7. :<(!!)-7t>, .■<7.'', ;f'.»(i, 4()">; iii., 4:{.">
t'ciiiial .\iiu'iiiiiiis: i., (iOO, 71l>
ii.. (!:(."), 7:U.
Slmki
S'l
i., .'iO'.', si'c Skiikoiiiisli
miMaiiiisli, tiilii' of S
i., 'JOS-L'-J; Imaliiin, i.
oiiml liiiliaii
!)!), ;i()l.
Slliisllolfl
SIlollloUl':
S"Ilollciiiaiiii>li. Iiilic of Soiiliil III-
I., 4(;;
see >iiakf!
liaiis. i., L'OS •_'■_'; loralioli.
.•{01.
Sliiitiis. tiilic of I'liimioks, i., -•_'_'•.")(•;
loi-alioii. i., :{0(i, :>os.
SlioiiaLraii (Sliowiraiii. liilic of Mai-
ills, i., I.-..-, 74:
• M'alioii, I.
Slioiislnvajis, i.. .'ilO. sit Sliii>li\va]'s,
Sliromli'is, luirial, ii., (io;{, (ilo, (il!)
7!)',)-S(M); iii., 4(m;.
Sliiiril, i., 4."iS, SCI- Xiiril.
Sliiiiiia;.'iii (Srlmiiumiiisk) Islamls
i., (il. ,S7, 14-'.
.Sliiiiiifias, ('t'litral ("alifnriiiaii tiiluv
i., .■{(il-4()l; special iiiciition, i.
:!7!l; location, i., 4 IS.
Slitiinutliiiii, -Moiiiii \illaLrc, i., .IJS
(KK).
Shin
Slinsli
i;ioi>a\vc, i., CiOI. sec .\oti;.'ii|ia\
\va|
l.ak
.•U(); iii., (il;t.
Sliiisliwaps, one of tlic nine families
into wliicli tlie ( "oliiniliians arc ili-
.leil;
niaiiiicrs a
ml
CllStollls l4
Slioiionincs. Cential ( 'alifoinian trilie
i., :i(il-40l; location, i., 4.")0.
Sliook.inys, trilie of Cliinook.s, i.
•JJ-'-.")il; location, i., ;{()!).
Slio.i|islia)is. i., :U'_', sec Sliiisli\va|)s.
.Sjioosli
•i\0, see Sliiisliwaps,
Slioiisliewaiis, i., ^10, see Sliusliwaiis.
;ill its nations ami trilics ilcsciiln 4
toijctlicr; i., '_'.">l-!)l; location, i.,
I.'^l. •-'.■> l-L', aiO-lL'.
Sliiisli\vapsi.Selioiiclioii,iii.Slioo|islia|i,
Sliooslia
lioiisiii'wap,
wajis, Slmslixxaiinincli, Siniswap
niiicli. Sliiiswaps, .Sinisli\\a|i, Su-
\va]iannii
Inland < 'oliiinliian
trilie, i., '_'.")(>-!) 1 : location.
{lo-
ll; sjiecial iiieiilion, i., 'JoO,
iMii:x.
inOCO. 'JCl-.-., -JTI, -JTC, '.'SM; Ian;;
iii.. lil;{.
Sliiitllc. i.. ."idi?. ."is-J.
Sliiivrl]ii, i.. .'til, ^I'c < 'iLaiiilii'iT-.
Siaiis iSiaiiNi. Niulli ( alilm iiiaii 1 1 ilic
i., .•(■.''; fll; lucatii.ii, i., iM; laii^'.
iii., .v.»:i.
Siamaiia Lake, i., -J'.t'.t.
Siaiiiaiia-. Iiilii- ni Siuiiiil Tiiiliaiis
Sierra i
Ir T
I., -JUS •.'•.
atiiiii,
'_".l!t.
f Aiiachi
Siaiia'inin'>. trilif ii
47:i-.V_'(;; l.icatiiiii. i.. .V.l-j.
SiaiM, i., 44<i
Siali
Silia'4iia, Siiiiili ( 'alifuriiiaii frilir, i.
4U.' JJ;
ImaliKii, I., |(;n.
SiiiiilMiia-i, Niirtli Mcxiiaii Iri
■I'.il;
iicalioii.
<i(l7
Sii-aiiiiis (Sicaimic-i, Sikaiiisl, trilif nf
Ti
14!
1 14-:{7: liicatioii i., 1 14,
1 :.'■"., i;i7;
|>i'<'ial iiiriitiiin.
IllVtIl., III.
>\:
III., .iSi
Sii'ia, t'ciilral ralilnriii.iii trihc, i.
.•Ml-4i(l: Ic.rali i.. J.'ilt.
Sirliicaii, Cfiitral < 'alil'iMiiiaii tiiiic
;r>l KM:
iliiiii, I., 4."
Sii'kiry Itivcr, i.. 4II.1
Sickiiaaliiitl\s, iiiln'iif Tliliiikcft-
!.. !M-ll4;'l.Malioii, i., | i;!.
Sii-kii
^ii'iiii:! a,
nili'r.
Siciiiiiiii
.M.
ilJ-i;
W
lliat'arr
4.")(), sec Sci'liiiilii's.
Siciiralia, .\i-a\cr dialcil. iii., 71!'.
Sicxaiaiiii's. Nurili .Mcvicaii tiihi', i.
■>7 1 -'.•!;
Liii.iks, Iri
oi'aiiiiii, i.,
,'itiiiii, i., (ill.
..I Aleuts, i., S7-;i4
II.
Sierra ile .\elia,
Sierra .Vnalmae
Sierra .\iMlia, i.
Sierra I'.Iai
iia, I., .>!'.).
Sierra (le faunas, (jhieretaro, aiitHj.
iv,, .'mII-J.
Sierra ilel ItJalilo, iii.
Sierra lliinla, i., (J
'.It-
iaii:
r4-_>-:(.
I
Sieriii Lar^i'iia, i.. .">!•"(.
Sierra de MaeiiilapM, i., ()7!).
Sierra
M;
!i.. S, : 111.
10.
Sierra <lr .Maliiulie, 'I'lascaki, aiitiii-,
iv., 477.
Sierra (lei Mezi|iiiiak i.. (ii."!.
Sierra lie Ins .Miiulncs, i., 47.">, ."i'.l.")-(i
III.
>:•!-
Sierra ijcl Navaril. i., (17-.
Siena Nevaik'i, i., :{-':;. 4l'_', 444, Kit!,
471-'-'.
Sierra lie I'alniiias, Zaeateca.s, autiij.,
iv., .")S:i.
Sierra I'irial, i., .T.l.").
Vol. V. 18
lena
\all.
uiiaiili|>a Me
•\. i., 4i;ii.
a, i., CirV
Sierr.is (( 'ariiaiia*!, Soiilli ( 'alifnriiiali
trilie, i.. 4i»-_' ■-'■-•; Itieatioii, i., 4.'iS.
.•sieves, !., ."> 44, ti;!(i.
Si;:iials, i., ;{S(t, 4'.I7-S, .")l!l-'Jl), (!'.I7;
ii.. 4--V.7.
Siliiiiii, .Siiiitli < 'aiil'iiriiiaii trilie, i.,
4t »•_'-•_••.>•, liH-atinii, i., 4."iS.
Silik
Siliii
M.
mill least.
Soiilli < 'aliliiriiian
trilM
1., 4(l-_'-J'J
lor.il
lull, I., 4.'i'.'.
M.|l
ill, V
iieataii, aiitiii., l\ ., 'Jli'J
Sikaiiis, i., I;
.1, see Siealiliis.
Slkiti|Mie. Siiiitli ( 'alilnriii.iii Iril
i.. 4(»-'-'Jl'; liiealiiin, i., 4.V.>.
Sii.iii, V
iiealaii, aiitir
.'i;i.
Siliiiiasiii>, .Sdiiih ( aiifiiriiiau trilie,
1.. 4(1-'-
'alinli, !., l.-iS.
Silinii, Siiutli ( alil'nriiiaii triln
l(l-_'--jL'; I.ieatiiill, i., 4.'iS.
Siliiin, Siiiitli ( iiliriiriiiaii liilii
4(C_'-
atiiiM. I., l.'iS.
Siii^iie, .S.ialli ( 'alil'iiriiiaii trilie, i.
4(1-' •-'•.':
iti'iii, i., 4."iS.
silk, i., :f7ii, 'Ms. (i.'id, (;."i7.
Silla, I'uelilii \illa;re, i., ."r_*7; iaii^'.,
iii., (isl.
Silver, i., ;{70, 4Sl'-:!. .-,01-.-, .-ii:!, ."71.
"■-', 4(ii;,
7.s-<i, 7'.i-'-4.
(l.-tl.
Ii, -Js.l
47."{-S; iii., .•t--'.'i; iv.
Silver Crei'k, i., 7'.t:i.
Siiiilialakee>
(Cntral Calih
trilie, i,,;;(;l-l(M; li
itiiiii, 1., .'!(;•_-.';
Siiiieriiiies, trilie of |.-tliiiiiaiis. i.
■47-S.i
aii'_'.. 111.
!I4.
.Siiiii, Siiiilh ( .ililiiriiiaii tnhe, i.
4(I-J
It I., 4.''i'.>.
Siiiiilkaiiieeii l;i\er, i., ."{I'J.
Siiiiilk.iMieeiis(( hit Willi I ), liilainl ( n-
luiiiliiaii trilie, i., -'.-id-',!!; luratimi,
1., .Sl'J; laii;,'., iii., fil.'k
Siiiaaliiiiisli, i., "J! Ml. see Siiiiliunii^li.
.Siiiai'slioiis, liilaiiil ( 'iiliiiiiliiaii trilie.
!•_•().
i., ■-•.■|(i-'.M; Itic.iiiiiii,
Siiialieiiii^li, i., .'{11(1, see Siiiili(iiiiisli.
Siii.-iliiiiiiisli, i., '-'!>'.>, see Siiiiliiiiiii-li.
Kilmiiiisli.
iii.. (i(;7. C'.il,
.^iiialiiiuiiie/, i., .Sdd, see .S|
Siiialiia, 1.
Ill;
7(l(;-l(l: aiitii
iiiiu;ratiiiii, v.
Sinai
trilie, i.
CdT
IV., (.Ill
Nail
(( iMalna-.).
l-ili;
Niillll .Mexie:
liicai lull, i., ."i7
ivth
hi;,'.,
spei'ial liienliiiii, l.,
, iii., S.'k ISd, .VJd- V.
iii., (!Ci7, <!'.I4. 7i"l 10.
Sinaiiusli
il
.')d(l, see Sniilmniis'i
Siiia|Hiils, i., ."iKi, sei
an-
1
Siiia
tclii'^'LTs, Ink
ml ( iilinnl'i.ia trilie.
i., L'J0-"J1; lueali.iii, i., .'{1 1.
7M
INDF.X.
Sinrcqiionifn.Tb. Tnlatnl roliiniliiaii
tril.c, i.. --'."lO-'Jl; Incati i., .'U.").
Siiu'ws, v;iriiiw< iix-s. i., ,"i(>, .'>s-<.\. 74.
7t;, !tl. 104, 117, Iti4, KS(i, ISS, '2\.\
L':».-., -jcs, 341, .•{77-8, 4:n--j, 4'.»i,
All, .■>7'.t; ii., 4(tS.
Sinii'i'ii, Sinitli < ■iilifiiriiiiiii trilic, i.,
40-_'-i.'l'; location, i., 4.V,».
Siiii|ioii.ils, i., 'AWt, sec Sans I'oils.
tSitiUoniiiM, iiamo for Sjiokancs, i.,
31.").
Sinuock, M(js(iuito lisliin;,'-sii»'ar, i.,
7--'0.
Sinnoniisli, i., 3((1, soe Snolioniisli.
Sinoi|ni](o, villair*". Sonora, i., (itMi.
Sin|(auclisli, i., .'{K!, see Sans I'oils.
Sinpavclist. i., .'{10, see Sans I'oils,
Sin|ioli(>!lc(.'liii(-lis, inlanil Colunihian
tril.c, !., iVtO-'H; location, i., :{)•_'.
Sinjioilisli (Sin])oiisclme), i., ."{l.'i-lt),
sec Sans I'oils.
Sinsclaws, i,, .'{((S, see Saiustklas.
Sinsclaw Itiver, i., 3(»H.
iSinslililiiiiiisli, Inlanil Colnniliian
trilii', i., -.'."lO-itl; location, i., .'{1.").
Sins|pcclisli, i., .'{1">, see Sans Toils.
Sintooioos (Sintootoolisli), Inlaml < 'o-
Inniliian trihe, i., -."iO-'.tl; location,
i., .".l.->.
Sintziclia Tanirajmiii, name forTan-
traxoan, v., ."»H>.
Sinw lioycl|i]pefooks, Inlanil ("olnni-
l)ian Irilie, i., "J.")!)-',)! ; location,!.,
3I_'.
Sio Cotcliniin, Tentral Californian
trilic, i., 3(;i-4()l: loc.ition, i., 4."i4.
Niiiannin, Contnil Californian trilie,
1., 3(;i-4()l; location, i., 4."..3.
Sipico, locality, .Michoacan, v., 'ilS.
Si|>liclii(|nin, Central Californian
trilii', i., .'{(il-4(ll; location, i..4.">.'{.
Si])uca, Sontli Californian trilio, !.,
4(>_>-:'-2; location, i., 4.V.>.
Siipiir inals. Central Culiforniiin
trilii i., .'i'!l-40l; location, i.. 4."ii).
Siraj,"' I Lake, .Midioai'an, antiij.,
iv., 0.
Sirotit cai^clieinein nivthlcal person,
iii.. . i-.">.
iSisa, Si i|i Californian trilie, !., 402-
•_'•_'; 1. tion. i.. 4.")!l.
Sisalian lase. Sontli ( 'alifornian trilic,
i., 4(1 ..'•_*; location, i., 4.VJ.
Sisac. iianie of month in Chiapas,
ii., 7ii'J.
Sisahiiihiit, Snnth Californian trihe,
!.. 4ltJ'-'l.>; location, i., 4.";!).
Siscastac. Central Californian trilie,
i., .■{t»l-401; location, i., 4.')IJ.
I Sishns 'T.ishnsV Central r'aliforiiiMn
irilie, i.,3i;i-t(il: localion, i..4.H).
! Si^i'iiiiaris, Ndrlh Mexican trihe, i.,
.'>7i-Ill ; special nienlion, i., '>>i'\, ,"jS7,
.V.MI.
Sisichii, Sontli Californian trihe, i.,
4l>--'-2'J; location, i., 4."i!l.
.Sisinilires, North .Mexican trihe, i.,
."i7l-!ll; location, i.. d'iO.
Sisitcaiioixna. South ( 'alifornian trihe,
i., 4(I1.'-"_'l'; location, i., 4(;(l.
Sisjiilci.iv, .South Calilornian trihe.
{ i., 4(l-_' -'•_'•_'; lociitiiiii. i.,4.'i!l.
I .Siskiyou County. California, i., 4i:{-
I 4; aiitiii.. iv., 7'l7.
Si-kiyoii Nloniitaiiis, i., 443, 41'i.
Sisiihip, South Californian trilic, i.,
4()2-'_'l'; location, i., 4.")S.
Sisti stas, i., 443, see Sliistakoos-
tees.
Sisiichi, South Californijin trihe, i.,
W-2--2>; location, i., 4r,<.),
Sitax, N'ucatan, aiitii|.. iv., 23(5.
Sitiiitajca. Central C;iliforiiian trih(>,
1 i., ."iCI-Kll; localion, i., -i,")3.
I Sitka May, i.. i4-.'-.3.
I Sitka May, i.. i4-.'-.3.
Sitkas ((;-tiiikit. S-chinkit, S-chit-
cha-clion, .Sitcas, .Sjtk.i-Lriiouays,
.Sitka-Koaiis), trihe of 'I'liliiikects,
i., it4-ll4; location, i., iiCi. 143;
speciiil mention, i., l(r_'-3; Ian;.'.,
iii.. .")7!>.
INDKX.
4>>it
Skai«<'liilt'iii>li. Iiiliiiitl ('(ilmnlii;
.TIT. acT-s, :\".'^. .-is-j. 3SS. aox 4-j.i-
tnlH'
i.. -J.".!*-;)!: I
■ M'lltlnll,
.{1.
;{•-', »HI;
M
Skal
cMiaiis, I
/I, iiaiiii' l<ir KiMiti'iiiii-, I.
kaiiiuii
trilM',
kaiimv
liilaiii
■)l.
4,si :{, 4st;-7. »'.t.'.-ti, :>u\ .vn--.'. .v»i.
iiiiliail;_'lis, liilaiiil < iiliiiiiliiafi
il.l
.ViS-tiO, .MIT
."4.
m.
.1^.1
.">»l'.ll;
alidii, i., .'<!'
M
rxiiaii>. 1., Ci-Jll-I. t;-_'7. <i;«l, tA<,
nil mark > iSkaiiinyiiiiiiiarli
I I 'iiluiiiliiaii trilif,
(;.")(i, (ir>7. ('..v.t; ii., ;{||, ;{(;;{.<i. :{,mv
!H; l.Matiuii, i., .-{ll'. ;il(;.
Skatcat. tril f No-.tkas,
•_'II.S; I. .cat inn. i.. '2'M'i.
:..(»-
174-
4l)ti
440, 4S(i. .VJ4: lii.. .T..'.-H,
4l:<, 4I.'>, 421; Cfiilial Anirriraii
., 70.V(;, 7lfl.
.11. 74 1--.'. 771.
ins,
7-1), 7*'"', 7<>S: ii.,
:s7.
Skatkiiil'^i'lii, I II la III! I 'nlmiiliiaii tiilif, Skitsiiisli i.skil>\\ i>li i. Iiilaii<l ( 'nlii
111-
.■.(i-'.tj: I
Illation
:u I.
Skfawaiiii^li, trilxMtl Soiiiiil linliaii.-i
i.. •_*tt.S-L'"_'; I.H ■"il.in. i., :{(I0.
Iiiaii lriln', i., '.'."lU-HI; luralinn,
SI4; iaii;^.. iii., tils.
SI.
iiii>li iiiviT. i,. :«H».
Ki'.iwa
Ski-rjicraiiiiiiisc. Iiikiiiil I 'nliiiiibiaii
tiilM
.•.(t-!t|;
liiratiiiii.
Skfi'ilaiiM. i,, '2'.i'2, sec Skiilil.iiiH
Skitta;:i'cts (Skittiic;ralcs, Skitti';.';is,
Skilti-yrtts), i., :;;(•_', see Ski.ltli'-
.•II.".. Sklallain (Sklalliiin, S'kl.iliiiin. i.
Ski'i'iia liivcr
l.Vi. 174. •-".•:( 4.
.'!(I-J; iii., (;i.'>. >.(• Clallaiii.
Ski)icl|.iii, iiaiiii' for t 'i.i\ ijlc.-., i.,
IS, trilic iif IJaiilali^. i.. I.V.-74; Ski.ki.iiii^li iSlniki.iiiisii). tril i'
li.i'atii.ii, i., 1.').'), '.".II; .s|>('i'ial men
timi, i., 174.
Skrrtsiiiiiisli. [nIaiiiU 'ul
iinil.iaii
tril II
'.'.O-'.ll; li.i-atii.ii. i., ;II4.
,Sk
•ton
antii
IV.
:i. Il7-i:!i),
2:i7-4(>, -Jia-.".. :ii;s. .Tt;. 4-_N-;;n. 4."ii,
Mllllll
llllli
•-'ils--J-_'; liiiatiiiii.
SI.
1., :!iii--j.
vlHM'OOin,
rialki
il
«|iint. 111.
474
■ Ui,
r)'.»7-tJ(Ki, (;'.cj-7(>7
:{7-»"».
.)-•;.
.S'lvi'li'liliiii-li. triliiMif Siiiiiiil Iiuliaii.s,
1.. •J(l.S--_'i.'; jiHatn.n, i., .•(IM).
«kcti;,'('t,-
1.
Ill',
.Skill.
•■•Its
kctsiiiiiisli. Iiilaiiil ( 'iilniiil.iaii trilii
Skii|ii'alimis]i, trilii' iif .Si m in I Imliaii-^
i., •-'<iS-'_>-.>; li.,atinn, i., .'{U).
Skiiw linmi^li. Iiilainl ('iijiiiiiliian tiiliiv
i., -J-'ill-itl; loialinli. i., .Sll.
Skiiw tniis. Iiilaiiil ( i.Iiiml.ian tiilic
I.
;.'i(l-!l|; liHatiiiii. i.. :!1 I.
Ski-clliii;:s. ai-cuuiit nf. v.. Il(»-1-J.
Sktal
1., •_'.■■.( »-:»!;
iliiiii, i., 'M'.l.
ili'liii
IS, trilic III' Sill
Imii
I.. •J(IS--J-_'; liitat 11.11, 1., ;<IMI.
Skr\ scliamisli, triln' iit" Smiiiil In- ! Skiickstanaiiimiis, tiilic i.t .'^niiinl
•_'(KS-'_'-J; liiratii.n, i., ."{(Ml. i Inil
aiiH, I.,
-'(IS •!.'•_';
Ii.raliiill. I.
SkfVsiliaiiiisli ItiviT, i., ;{(I0.
:i(Hi.
.Skiila;;ati's (Skiilauiiti'i's), i., l(>."i, . Skiickstaiiajiiriii.s l!i\i'r, i., .'{(Ml.
:!»L>, sec Skiiiiit-ats.
Skulls, i.. p.
4f.,
I.-.S. i:
Skiililans (Skci ilaiis), tiil.c nf Mai- -'<l-K --"); ii., 4:tii-l, ijS.VIi, (;J4; iii
(lali
l.Vi-74:
at lull. I., •_'llL'.
<Xi .'U.'i; iv.
■4(».
Skiiiilc''atf {'liann.'i, i., "Jill.'.
i.. .sol, si'f Nisiiuallic:
Skiilili';,'ats (.Skctiircts, Skiil.iL'atccs, Sk\.i|i|i('. iii., l.'i."}, sec lOlfiiii'liiiiiiki!
Skiilau'atcs, Skiilc,u'!i(s, Skitta^icct-
inwaist.
Skittili';iat('s, .Skittc;;as, Skitti-- Skviisi', i.. "Jti."), sec ( 'a\ use
;,'ctts), tiil.e '.f llaiijaiis. i.. l."i."i-74; Skvwlianiisli. trilic nl" Siniml iiiiliaii'-
li.catiiin, i., |.">."», "-".II'; s|icci,il nu n-
tiiiii, i., l<i."», 174.
•J0S-2-J; liicati i., :!tH».
Skiciis, Inlaml < 'iiliiinl.i.in tril
*_ViO-'.ll ; Iniatinii. i., .'{•JO.
Slacii:
Slate, i., .'i
4.-iS.
.11
I. ICi.".. iss. ;ii:i; il. ; 7^4-.").
Slavi'. Km liiii ilialcct, iii., ■>.S7-S.
.Skilhitcs (Skilli.iits. Skilm.tsi, trilie I Slave liivcr, i., 141.
It Cllillniik-. i., -'•_••_'-. "ill; Inrat
i.. :{(I4, ;{(l(i
lull.
slici'ial llli'lltliill. I.
SI.
•J74: I
III''.. III., (r_M>.
s, II
\|.erlnircans.
X'.l.
Slavcrv, ii.. (i"J; Hv]icrliiire;iii-<. i
(;.'). SO- 1. 10S->.I, |-.'i-."i. l.'J.'i; Ciiliili
lilaiis
n;
171, l7;i-4, 177,
i.ss, I'll, i;i."i. -zo."., •217-i.s, •_'■.'•;
•J4(l-I, LM.S, i.'7(;; (^nlifi
oiiii;in>
kins, xariiiiis u.si
i., 4(;, 4'.Mi:{. (id. 7:<-.'>, 7!i. .si;
100. I01>. lO.S, 117-lS. l->-.'. I-JS. I.T!;' '.H'.), .'{SS, 4;.."i<;: New .Mexiealis.
«'iiliiiiilii,iiis, i., I.V.Mi'O, !(;•_>. Kii;.' "ilO-ll; McNicaiis, i., C.i;! ; ii., "Jl
170, is-J-.-f. L'll, -JU
.'s-;{|,
!.•{, 4.Vi-Cr_', (;o7 S, (lia-l.T O^L', (Il'C.,
I.T), I'li'.l, 'J.IS-CI, ■_'•!(;, •-•70-'' --Nil; , (Iss'.l. 7^7; 111.
Il-i;{:
:v.i4,
Ciilifoiiiiaus, !., 330-1, .'{41, 313, ;{4."), , 413-14, 4.52; Central American.-, i.
.)i)
INDEX.
7l'!), 771--2; ii., CA%r,], fi."-;!; v.
• i.-U.
ICMlL'l.'.s
fil-'-'.
Diisli, Sn(i\vlimui>li), triho fif
Soiiinl luilians, i., "iOH-iii'; Inca-
tidii, i., ■2!tll-:{01: laii^'., iii., (il.'t.
Sliii^iN, i., -I'.M. r)41, aC'J, f)-27, '!.">, <i!»(;, SiKilidtiiisli Itixcr. i., .'{(Ml.
rui; ii., -«()S-<.», 743.
Siiiiiiiialiiiiicii, trilie of Sdiiiiti Iiuli-
oiiaciiss
'I'iiiiu'li (Slciwai'iiss. Sliia-
'1
aii>
•_'(IS--_>L'; IcRatiiiu.
.•Jl)().
ciiss-iliiiuis), trihc cif 'I'iniicji, i., i Siiuinialiinicli Ilivrr, i., .'{(Xl.
1 1 }-."!7; l()i'ati<iii, i., 14.");
5s:
iii., Sii()(iiiali]iiii(k, trilie of Sduiid Imli-
"1
all-;, 1.
L'()S--_>-_': l(icati(,ii i., -.'".lii-.'inO.
Siiialiiiiiinciiaisli, Iiilaml ('(iliiiiiliiaii Sii(M|iiaiiii--li. trilie nf Sniiinl liid
ti-il
IC. 1.
'lO-'.ti; liicatiiiii, i.. ."il
Siiialrliliiis, tiilx' of ScMiiiil Iiiiii
1., •JO.'S-J'i; location,
;t(M).
Siiiall-]i
i.\, i., -J-JO, •2ii\. L'Sii, Ml, .5-M,
■|!;S. .kSS-'.). (i;iS-'.>, 7()S, 7l-_'; ii., ")!»4:
.")•.>."). (iOl, (L'll.
Smel
Kan
liaii. t lilii' of Souinl Iiiilians,
i., '-'((.S-i'ii: lo.atioii, i., :m\.
Siiit'ss, trilic
if Nootkas, i., 175-208;
loi'al
Sni
lie:
•'■'inith liili't.
Kill. I.. •JUS.
LaUe, i., --'(IS.
i;iv. r, i., -Jits.
.'!I4.
Siuitli Itivcr, i.. .TiO. :);!.'!, .'Md, 44."-(;
Ian;;'., iii., ."iV.'i, (i.'i.S,
Smocksliops, trilii' of Cliiiiooks, i..
1., l>n,S-'JL': loc.iiioii, I.
m.
Snow.
!•:
uino I
hve!
ini.
li('a\ V fall ill .Mc\ii'o. v., 4i;i.
Snow lioinisli, i., ."((li. m'c Snolionii.-li.
Snow-slicic-.. i., (I.'i. l'(;4.
Sniiir. i., 7(;. i:{:i: ii.. --'S'-S. cut).
Soa\al]ii.-- iS(iaiall|iii, Inlainl <'olnin-
liiaii trilie, i.. L'.")(,'-'.li ; location, i..
."il-J: laii;^., iii., fiKi.
Soliaipiiiis, (Solia\ |iiiri>
i'lielil
Co: I
OS, 1.
trill!
.V_'(i->"i(i; locatiol
Ian;.'., iii., (i'.lt-.").
Solia-', North Mexican trilie, i., ."i7!-
'.U; location, i., (iOti; laiij;., iii.,
(iiC).
SoiliiniaiKiue, iii., 4'20, sec Xoclii-
•.'•-'l'-.'iO; location,
.'!Oti
Sini
i., (is, I ;(.•{, n\:\, 184, lits-o.
•J I ;{,
!», LMli, •_'7:!.
.'s.-), ;(;{!>.
.Tit, :iso, .•i',i4, 4:{:{-s, 407-8, M.vi;
."ilO-l'O, ,").">0, .Vi-l, ."iCC-S, ,")S((,
i;i>(i
.'0- 1
0, 74-J
(Ii; II
>s.')-s, (mC, (;7:{, (IS I; iii., i;
■t,
171,
•_'.is
Sii;iikv
■\'all
Snioos, trilie o
locatiou, i.
f M:
ISIjllltl
■|2, 70:i:
s i.. 711-47;
liecial llieii-
tion. i., 714, 7l(i-l7, 7-0, 74(1; Ian;,',
iii.. 7s;i.
Sniiilkaiiiisli. trilie of Soiiiul Indians,
i., '-'((S-
Siial'
lociili
liver, i.,
4ii'l-;{; iii., (i'JO.
nakes (Slioslionee
sllollie, "sill]! JloUC:
II. I., .".00.
.-)•_', •_•.-.;!, .'{17- IS,
Slio^liones, Slio-
.Sosli
v), trill.
of Sliosliones, i., 4"_'_'-4l!; location
i., 4'_''_', 4(il-."{; special mention, i.
4--U-(i. 4-JS, 4;iO-.-., 4;tS, 440- 1 ; Ian-
iii., iW±
liiaiii|ni.
■^oci;aniiikes,
trilie of Somid Indians
i., '-'OS-
locat
loll. 1., :!iK).
Sockatciieeiiiiiii.-<, liil.ind < 'oltiniliiait
trilie. i., -'."lO-Ol ; lociioii,
ill.
.Socklnmiies (i.ockloinnee-). Central
< 'alii'ornian trilie. i.. .'{(11-401 ; loca-
tion,
4.-10.
So.'l;
in, ( 'entral < 'alllorinan trine, i.
iiil-401; locatimi.
I.. 4.1
Soco.is, Central < 'alii'ornian trihe. i.
;i(ll-40l; location,
il
;ii-.'. 440.
Socoisiikas, ( 'entral ( aiiloi man trim
i.. .'{(il-IOl; locati.m.
:!(;:!, 4.v_'.
i., 7SS, see Zakiileil.
Micollonillliis
( entral ( aliloriiia:
trilie, i., .'id'l 401; loeati i.. .'{(!.{.
SoCOIIIISIM
(.\.
iirovince,
Cli
n lico), town am
a pa-, i., (iSO, 787
r(iO; liist., \.. 4-J.-), 47."{, 5;{0,
i.'il, (I'tCJ, (i(»l, (IOC,
Siiak
I.
.'174, .•{70, 40,-), 417, 410.
.»!, .").'{!», .-idl,
o,
(I, r.78-!t, .-)87-0.
(;■-'.■), (MO, 74;{, 7(i'-', 778; ii., (!(«»,
(iO-J; iii.. MS, '2S\.'2, -JOO-l, '204,
•->ilS, .'{21 -'2, .'{'21, .•{4:i-4, .'{18, 12!).
Snares, see Tra
Siiellin;,', California, anlii|., iv., 707.
Siiiliujiv, S<iiitli Californian trilie, i..
40J
oral ion, I., 4."iO.
-Mexii
;iiitii
.Socorro, New
(i'(i;{.
Soda .S|irin;js, Idaho, iiivtli., iii.. O.'tl.
Sodomy, i., 81-2. 02, W.'t. :>{:>, .'ts:,,
77;fi; ii., 407-0, (i(i'4, 0,7-8; \.,
108.
Siil;ii|is, trilie of Siioshones, i., 422-
12; location, i.. 4(11,
Soiilelill, i., 2'.l.'i. >ee Soiitillil.
Sdiiiiim. iSiiuleiiil
I, trilie of N loi-
.SMohomisli (Sinaaliniish, Sinalieniisl
Siiiiilioniish, Sinahoiime/, Siiia- i i., .'((il ■ lol ;
kas. i., I74'20S; locali i., 20."i.
1, i Soisehme. Central ('alifornian trilie,
at loll, I., l.-ri
INDEX.
•J7S, L\S7. 2S\\: laii.L'., iii., Olil.
Sola, t<i\vii, Oiijai-a, i., (iSl.
SdUuiu ('(Hiiily, L'alit'iiiiiia, i., 4.V2:
iii.. (.'.">((.
Siilciliiil (Ic las ('aiinas, town, (,Uit'n''-
tani, i.. (>7-.
Siiliiiiaii I'liiiit, ^'iii-atuii, aulicj., iv.,
SoIiK'is < 'a|n', v., (i(>.
Siil(il:i, tiiwu aitil |in(viiir(^, fiiiati'-
liiala, i., 7.SS; iv., |-_'|; v.. ."(77.
Siiliiluiiiiics (Si)liiiiiiiic-.. Siihiiimccs).
('liilrul ( 'aiit'iii'iiiaii tiilic, i., .'t(il-
401: Incallnii, i., 4."(U, 4.'i;>; iaii-,
iii.. (U'.i.
Siiki'aliiits, Xiiitli ("'.ilifdrniau irilic, SojjotaHuiiiic, t't'iitnil Calilniiiia.
i.. .'i_'(i-fil; liH-atiipii. i., 44.'). | laii;;., iii.. (i4!).
Sokes, trilic of Nooikas, i., 174-1'()S; i .KcMiuainisli, i., .'iltl, .si-i' Sn<jiiami>li.
loi'alion, i,, 17.">, ■J'.'.")-7. : Soinics. i., (!47, si'i' /oiiiii'.-*.
.Sokiiliis, liilanil Coliiiiiltiaii trilio. i., ! Soiccier, name j^'ivcii to an I'vnial
L'."i()'.»l; lo.ation. i., .TJI; siiciial I kin;;, v., <;:W.
mention, i., •2.'(S, •JiKl, 'Jti7, -71, SorciTC'i'.-*, IIvjk rltorciins, i.. S."), li;f,
1-JOl, l-_'4'; iii., 141-4. I47'.t; < o-
lumlii ms, i., U;7. I7n-i', l!(_',
•J(M)-,"), 2Ht, '.'l.Vt;. •_'S4. 'JS(i-7; iii .
l.'iO, 14'.t-.")(J; Calilornians. i.. .'i I 1,
.S.V-'-."», .SSI), :i!t4-."(, 4lS; iii., I.'.sii.":
New .Mi'.\ii"ins, i.. .")•_'•_'. .V)4, .■)tl7-^:
iii.. 17tt-l, ISII; .Mfxicans, i.,(;i(!-l,
(;(;7; ii.. •-'.■"».■{, •2U--2, .•{17. 4(1:.', C.Kl--.';
iii., •241-'.', liM; v., 4.")0. 4t;!l. .Vi.'i;
('('iitial .\mciicans, i., 7li;!. 7ii7. 7(1!',
74(t;!, 777-Mi; ii., i-'il-l--', tl.v.i. ess,
<>'.l(;-7, 7)11, 74."i. 7!t7-s, SOU; iii,, 47.<,
4'.».'( ."iMO; oii-in ot". iii.. .'ii.
Sormeli. t'catlicr oiiiamcMl.s, i., 4S1.'.
; Soi~i. i., 14."). Ml' Sai>is.
Solti'cs, Sontli .McNicun trihc, i.,f)14- Sosjionics, i., 4(r_', xe Snakes.
70; lor;ition, i., t;s|. Soleom< ilos (S, tomieyo^l, ('elitlal
Soniliieiiio. (>ajae;i. anlii|.. iv.. 4l'l2. * '.liifoiiiian trilie, i.. .'idl-tol; ima-
Somes l.'somoi. Soutli ( aliloinian lion, i, 44S.
triiie, i., 4(l'J-"_'_'; location, i.. 4.")".l. Solonioenu (SoloMoemu), Soulli Call-
fornian tiiiie, i., 40'.'-'Jl'; location,
i., 4.")',>.
Son,n:na. .Sonili t alilornian tiil)e, ].,
402JJ; location, i., 4liit.
Sonuliic • '.Son^^cs. .Son;.'liisiii, tril)t' of ] Soni^^somls, i., 4").'}, s('(^ Sni.snnes.
NooiLas i., I74-_'0S; location, i., i Sonl, ideas of, iii., .'Uo. .")i4-l,S.
■J'.)';-7: 111' tli.. iii., .")-'•.'. , Sound Indians, one of llie niiii' fam-
Son^rs, i., (i7. Il-J, 17U-I. liM). -JOl.
•_'l!», '_m:{, '-'SI--.'. :t.v.'-;i. ;r.s, :f'.i;t,
.")l(). .")■.'•.'. .").")0-j, (!:{."). (I'di. 704, 707,
7:i(;-s. 7s'J-;{; ii..-_'4;«. •_'s.-). -jso, i:!i;{-
4. ;(l;f, (io7-S. til7--l. (Iti'.t, 7I-; iii.,
(!2-.'i; see also Miisjc.
Sonoma » iSononieJhis.'Sirnomisi, ( 'en-
Hal Califoinian tiDic, i., .'tOj-lOl:
loc.iiioii. i,. ;it;j. 4i;i. 4."(.'i.
Sonoiis. t'eniial ( alifornian Irilie, i.,
:i(il-40| ; location, i.. |.">:!.
ilies into wliieli tlie < oliimliians
ai'e (liviiK'd; manners ami ciisiou.s
of all its nations and trilns de-
seiihed to-etliel', i., 'JOS-'J-.'; |.|i\-
sii|lie, i., I.")(I. •JIO; dress, i., 'JIO 11 ;
iKvellin-s, i.,'_>ll-lL': food, i.,LM-JI !;
im|ili'ni''nts and \vea|ions, i.. L'll-
l."(; mannfactnres, i.. '_'l.")-l(!: hoals,
!., -1(117; |pid|iei'ly ami trade, i.,
-17; ;;'o\('rnnieMl and .-^l.-iveiv, i ,
-'17-lS; Women and manias;!', i.
Sonora, tiil)es desc )il)ed. i., ."(7I-'.M;| '21S-I'.t; amnsemcnis, etc., i.. •_'!!';
location, i., <)04-l'J; m>lli., iii.. 1 meilicine, i., "Jl'.l-'JO; Imnal. i., •J-JU;
17S 0, .'■■.".I; Ian;;., iii., .")Vt. .V.Kl-."), I cliar.nlcr, i., 174. •_'•_•()-•_'; local ion
007-7(1. iliiJ,.7lti. 717: anli(|., iv., of trilie-. i.. I,")), •JOS-ii, •_",is.:i()4.
OO.'t; liisi,, s., •_••_• 1. .")( lit. Sonseiie, Soiilli ( 'alifiirni;ili tiilie, i.,
Soiioia Kiver. i,. no."). 40"_'-l'-; locaii i., .|.')<,».
Somuas, Nortli Me\icaii tri'ie. i., Siin~li\\a|i, i., .'ilo. see Slins|i\\;i|i-.
.■)71-'.>l; liiiati i., (')(I7: mvlli., Soulli lia\ , i.. :fOl.
iii., 17'>'.l. o'-".'; lan^'., iii., <i(l7-71. 'Sontliern < alifoini.ins, see ('alifm-
Sonsonale (/on/onaiei, town. Sal\a- : nians, Sontliern.
ilor, i., 7'.M»; aiitii|., i\., (i'.i; lii-t., Sontliein .Mexicans, .see Mexicans,
v.. ()0\ I Sonilieni.
Soiines, tiilio of .\|iaclies, i.. 47.'t")'J(i; Soiilli P'oik, i., 44."), 44.S.
location, i., r)'.IS. Sii\enniini, Inland ('iilMinliian liilie,
Sill). oo it, ii.iiiie for iiilialiilants of i., '-'."lO-'.H ; lucalion. i., .'117.
I\.iiliak, i., 70. Sii\o|ia. village, Soimra, i., litKi.
Smioiio, i,, 4."'!l, see Missojieiio. Spamiit, <lkaiia;;an weaiioh, !., 'JOS,
■58
INDKX.
S|):iiil.irils, ;irii..il mi llic <'()iisl, v., Si|ii;iMiar((-is (Sip
-I, Ti
■nil (ill, IT.'i, I7ii, ITS-.SJ, .VJ(i, :.;i.".-(l, ; ('(iliniiliiiiii liil.r, i., l'.VMM; I.
!iH :t, fioi-'-', (;■_'(; 7, ('>-!».
(mil, I., :!•_'()
S|iiiiiisli I'liil, ('alilMiiiia, iiiitii|., iv., j Scjiijiw iiiislii, tiilic of NimiIKjis, i.,
7ii">. i I7I---'I)N; liiialioii, i., 17(i, -'.II'., -iW.
Spaiiisli liisintiaiis, liililiiij^'ra|iliy. ii., i Si|iiiii;iiiiisli, irilirDl' SchukI linliaii.'',
I,".,S-(;(I; v., II'-' !».
I., '-'IIS -Ji:
liiiat i
:!II0.
.S|)allaiii, fiiiiil iif liilaiHl ('oliiiiiliiaii S<|iiiiicls, i, "lO, 171. tsS; iii., l.'iO.
IllllfS, I.
.Si'iKii ji'iiiaiiii^li, ti'ilit' (if Siiiiiiil li
S|ia\vii,
1711.
.S|H'ai>
IihkI,
Kll, lii;i, IS7H; ii.
alls, i., l!(l,S •_'•_'; loiati
:;(ii
II
\ iici'lpciicaMs, I.
nil ■'>; I'oliiii
ISM, 'Ji'.'-ii, -j:!;! (I
, 77, 7'.t.
iiiiiiis, i.. i(i--'-i, \h:,,
( alifidiii-
IN liir, ( 'I'liliai ( aliloi'iiiaii t I'iln
i., .'iiil lllh loraliciii.
1.".;!.
Ssi
liil
ra, < nil I'.'il ( 'aliliJi'iiiaii lr|iii
i., ;tiil-t<ll ; JcM aliiiii, i.. I.'i.').
alls, I
■i;tl'J:
:f:i.S, :tll •-'. .•(77 >*. W><. ■I'.i^, l Ssipmlra, ('.nlral < iili!uii
nail III)
Mr.uc
i., I'.W (I
;{(;i toi
al iciii, I., I.i'f.
ill, •">7S'.»; Mi\iiaiis, !., (>i;7, fM.-t; i Ssili, r.iilral Caliloi
man ',i ihc, i.
ii., .Til, lOS, .JKI; (Viilr.il .\iiicri-
i., 71-J .'t.
:ti;i-4iii;
ill lull, 1.. l.-l.'t.
rails, 1., (IIH
I. /;;-, i<ii
nil
,S|ircilu's, i., I'.l'.l, .'LVJ, ,-..sil-l, 7IIS; ii
1 IC, 1 I'.l .'iT
."!,
.'(I'C .S,
■-'711 7, :is7. ml--', l.'t'.i, I'.!'-'-."!. C.oT,
(II I, (121, ciis; iii.,;;i;r. 7, ."iss, tiiid-l.
Sim'IIm, sec < 'harms.
S|iii
Npiii
.•ts7, I'Jil, I -'I; v., 11."..
i., ."iii:!, (I'.l.s; ii., Is.">. r.7'.i:
S'slniiiaiiiisii, li ilir (pj Sciiiiiij linliaii
i., -JUS ■-'!.'; lurali i., .'illl.
Sso;,'i'n'ai(', ('till lal ( aliriiiiiiMii liiln
i., .'Ii;i-I(ll: ioi aliiMi, i., I.'i.'i.
Ssii|iii'liiiiii, ( '('III lal ( alil'iii'iiiaii Iriln
.■Kll Kll; local i i., I.Mi.
St;
iii., .•I7'-'.
S|iiiiiiiiiV'. i., .''li'l 1, li'N, (I'.IS,
•-'I.-., IS I-."., 7'>'-.
.S|iiiils, lii'licf ill, i., 7 III I,
.■{|, Xi\±
S|iirkiii Man. I, i , III.
St
ii'kiiii', I.
(StacI
ii:t,
liiis), i., ',1(1, Ml- Sli-
si'i' StiUccii.
M; ii.
SlaUliiiis, I., 'MI, s(
Stil
.Slaktaiiiisli (Stalvtoiiii
vines,
^hl, I
rilii- 111
i7; iii., * Siilllicl llhiiaiis, i., •J(I.S--J"_'; Imali
II
IMT, I., -'.iJ,
i., 'Jii'.i, :t(ii.
Stala i., :«ll.
Slaiiilaiil-, sec I'
Stcil
ilai Ill
iS|)i(kaiit's (S|Mikaii.s, SiMiKclinisli, S|)ii- .Sianislaiis ( 'ciiiiit_\ , < alil'ciriiia, iiiilii|.
kriiis, Siiiikiliiiisli I. Inlaiiil ( 'iiliiiii
liiaii tl'ilic, i., ■-'.'■11 til ; luiatiiiii, i.
•-'.VJ H. Ill
■Jill, --'(17,
iii., (Il.'t.
s|ii'i'ial ini'iil idii, 1., ■-'(ID,
.•{, '27(1 SI I, '.'Ml '.Ml; Ian-.,
l\.
.11/
Stanislaus llivcr. i., •I,"i,"i4!.
Sianii ( 'ii rk, i., 7'.ill.
SlMiki'iiiiisli (S|Mikiliiii,-,|i), i., ;i|."i, SIM
.SiMikaiii's.
•ins, i., Itl.'i,
S
|MIIII|S, I.
I!l."i.
Kll,
|iiikaii('
II, 'Jltfl
S|ilill;;rK'lil, Mississi|i|ii Xalli'V, Jill-
Stalin
.M
I'.Mcalls, II., .l.^l,; III.
;)"
■_".ll, l.'ilt; audi
:ii7H. :t7
•I."
( 'ciilial .\iii(ii<aii
.■ill .VS, ,S-J
i\., :!l I, li.td 7,
t.'i7-x, r.ii''. ■•I I ;
, (llltilj , i\.. 'Js,
S'.Mi'.i. 1 11. 1,-., I, -.11. |(i;i,
l.sd'.i, imi'.i, •-'(i--'-:i, 'jl.-.-^jd; r.ii
anlii|., i\. , Ml."..
Ill
7(111.
iSiiiuci' lir, vaiii.iis iiscs, i., .".'.l, (i
I ().•!, Kill, 'Jl)."..
>S|iii/./iiiii, Imalilv, I'liili^li ( 'iiliinilili
i., Hill.
Si|iialisiiia\viiii
Ml
^li, t
ril.i- iif Si.imkI III
iliaiis,
'JII.S ■•.'•-': liMMliiin, i., :i(l'-'.
Slaliin
II
'I"
I liiiiiaii"
i., !."., 71, iS.s.
I III; I 'iililliiliiali~. i., I7(
(ti .,
il .'.; < aliliiiiiiaii>
III'-'. I'.
;«», ,"i,VS, .V
(IIS, (i 1(1-7
•Viiicricaiis,
M-.-.,
:f..'.s, :i(ii II,
.Mi'.\i('aiiM, i.. •t77-'.i,
■■-'■.■({ Mc\iiaiis, i.,
i.. (."-'I-.'.; rcNlial
1., (I.SS. 711; ii., MI'J
Slcaiinu', src 'riiclt.
t''>i|iiaiaill, Irilirnl' Sniiinl liiiliaiis, i., Strlirliasiiinisli (S| ilcliassainisli. Slit-
■J(I.S'J'.'; iiM'atioii, i., mil.
liiiisiiw inisli). irilic I.I' Siiiiinl li
Sc|naks'iiaiiii--li, tiiiic i.l' .Sniiiiil In- iliaiis, i., 'Jll.S 'J'J; luraticin, i, ;iii|
liaiis, I.. •-'(IS-^.'^J
liiratimi. i., ■-*'.!<. I. .Sti'liMiiin (Slciil lilliil, tl'ilirnt' Siiiiiiil
Si|iiallitiiiiisli |Si|!iallialiiiii^li, S<|al Imliaiis, i., 'JIKS -'_'■_*; liicatiini, i.
Ixainisli), tiilii' I.l' Siiiinil linlians, I .■III-',
i!, '.!(I.S 'J'J; li.ialinll, i.. •_".!!•., '1(11. Shi lariiiilll ( Stalai'OliO ( 1 rrk , i.,;iii|
Sqiiallii
'.III, s.
N
i-i|iiallii's,
Slcil,lriMillli-ll
(."■IciiariMiuianiisli),
INDKX.
if Siiiiihl I:iiliaiis, i., L'US-'.
a' lull, I. , ,'tlll
St.'ih
i|ii:iiiji.^li, i
SlckilP
I., '.iCi
:!iK),
SI iUiiii's.
St i I hi
Slcnlliiiii, i.. iiilj, MM' Sii'lilliii!!.
Sli'|ili('iis l'a>sa;.'(', i., W.i.
Sti'iiiiH- \ alli'V, i. , Iti.'t.
<lcu ar
Si'
.Sli
I's Lake,
■11.. i., '.Wl
171
M ikltlCM.
(lis, liilainl I ''iliiiiiliiaii till
i., l".")!!-'.!!: IcMali.ia. i., lil I.
Stilvi'i'ii iSlarkiiif) lli\ii, i.
I l:!; iii.. .")7',l.
.Slikiiii'-i
'M,
Slarl
Slakliiii. Sic
Slikriii, Si jkiii, Si ikili
tril I' 'i'lilii
nil, Sl.ichmc, Sl.iilviiic,
»iii, Sliikifii, Sllkc'i'ii.
I', Sl\ iliiiic).
i.. ■'.Mill;
SlIuliLr-liows, (lilir (if Tilillili, i., III-
:i7; Imaliiiii, i., II t.
Sll'lllll-nll Hill, lllll'-iiai ill><ll'IUIirllt. i.,
7.iS.
Stta Miliiiili, ImI.iikI I ciliiinliiaii llilii',
I., L'.)!)
Si nail I.
liH'aliiiii, I.
ikf, iii., (;i)7.
;i
SIlK'Cii, II. , .I.)'), ,<4
'.II; aiilM
iv., ii'ii, ii.".i, 171, •-'<);•, -M/.-li:, -Jl.
•J 1 7 ■.">'.>, 'Jli'
7(1, ;(ii;! :('.»,
Sliii'ii, Siiiilli I alifiiniiaii IiiIm
■|(L"JJ; III
Sluivi'iiii, i.
al 1., I.V.I.
7:i, -'i.'i. 'SA'.i 'ji;--',
ikl'cK,
liical inn. i., '.Mi, I l:f; laiiLT., iii., .~t~'.\.
Si ill,
i'|iiaiiii^li |Sll'ilal|llallli^•ll, Sin-
I li
llli''i\\.iinl>li), tl'll
liiaii-.. i.. L'tlS.'.':.
il Siitiiiil III
Sivrliiiii'M, i., !l(i, Mc Slikiii(>..
Siiaiiaiiiiiirlis, tiil f N(Milk;i>
I7I--MIS; Idialiiiii, i., -J'X't
Sii;iii^;a. \illa;,'i', Smilli ('alifuiiii;
•Mil).
Siiaii"iia, SdiiiIi I '.ilifm ni
Hill
I., Mi-J
liii'ati
't(;ti.
M-ali'iii, 1.
;!iK).
Slil
a<|iiaitil-<li 111
Act, i,. :iiii(.
Sli|iii, Siiiilli I 'alifiinii.iii 1 1 ili
•ID-J
liiraliiiii, i., I.i'.l.
S( ilriia---aiiii^ll iSl ilrlii'ii-.iwiiiiili l. i.,
;!(>l, :(IC.'. .-re Sl.-lirlia>rniii:.li.
Slk;iiiii-li .ril i Siimiil lii(li,iii>,
IIS •_••_>; liiral
lull, I.. .'ilHI.
Sloli^liailikit.-
lur N'
ikiiiias, 1.
:tL'ii
SI.
I''ijrl ilii'.'il inn
Shilii'lrA.iini II, I.,
ijiiaiiii 'il.
Sliiiii'. \,n inns NX'S,
:it)t>,
Slilli
!., IS, .-.1, .-.'.», 7i;,
sii, !i|, lu.t, 1(17, nil, l'-':i, ICa, is.i,
I.S7, ls;i, -ji;;, •.';ii, •-':t7, '-'(is. ;i;;',i,
:iii, ;!7i, i!Mi-s, i'.Mt, i:!i, im;, .v_"j.
i.i'i, ."ii."
•J I; ii.,
'I, (ii'.i, (i.")7, (i'i(i, 71';
•'.K .•i7-', 17
17s,
liiiii
rsl-'.ll; III.
4s.i; i\., Iiisiiii |i.i--ini.
fnr
Slniiv .Mnniilain-. J., Hl'J, iiai
liiM'kv Mniinlaiii'^.
Sinli' llnll-.l'-.. i,..i.-', |S7, na.'l ."i, ."i7n;
ii., nil, i(i;i, -j.-iri. ;ii'i. ."i7i; iii.. i;ii.
Stnlnllia', Irilll' nf ('ilillnnk-, i., '-'-J-
."lU; l.h al inn. i. . .'!ll7.
StliliU l.ak.'. i.. I l."i.
Si i'aii;'i't'^, liilanil I 'nliiniliiaii liilir,
i,. 'Jnll '.l| ; In, , Ili, ,11. i., .'tld.
Sir.i i'\ l^l.lini (Sliraiii Ulrl, \.,
|(i;».
^'l iMiilnliniilr (."^l ii'ani riiljii. jnc'iiily,
iml I II IM-I fn.l I nl .\iiiriira, \.,
Stiau, \.iiinii< iivi'-*, i., 71. -"I'.k •"I'lii,
,1.1:;, ."i7(;, ms, <;,'.i, liim, 77s; ii.,
Ii.'lli, 7'^ I 1.
ytii,'L!i>, ii,, .v.ii'.i, ,v;7, isi'M.
Siiai|iii, \ illa;.'c, .Snnnra.
Siilii'lii.'iiii, (I'litral < alifni'iiiaii tlilii
i., :<i;l lOl; jnr.ilinn, i., -In.'l.
Siiliti.'iva iSnlilialial, \ ilia
N
ii'arii-
V'lia, I.
iniK
l\., .'{L".
Siicii-,>.inii. li., i.'ii »;, I Id :;. •_'! 1,
(i."il{ II, Iil7; M'r al-n liiliii ilaini'.
Sni'liia|ia. Inuii, ('liia|ia.s, i., il.sl.
.M
C.XIi n, 1.
,'Mli'liiriial I. Ill, |il'i)\ Hire,
(17.">.
Slirlii;.'ill, ('clill.il Califiillliall Ililir,
i.. :ii;i Kll: Inralinll, j., {.'..'t.
Snciiillciiciincs, |i|ii\ iiiir, ( inali iiial.i.
I.
, S^-'
Sncliiinili'n^, i., 'i7n. >-i'<' .Xnijiiinihas.
ncalii \ , I iinilrinala.
.•siirlillchcT,
\n<
ill., 7(111.
.Slli'iilii, ( 'I'liti'al I alilni lii.ili 1 1 il
i., :i(il-llll; imali
■InK,
Sink
;i'.M
111;^, ini'illi'al |ilarlnr, I , .'l.i,),
rtl'.l.
•SII; II., (Illll.
.Mk'I
in.'irail I Illll, v., .III.
Sinjai-faiic, I., (i,'l(l, (i.VJ, 7,'t'.l.
Slliri.lc. i., I'JI, •JHS, 71».
.Sail >ia, .Sniilli < '.ilifnl niaii tiilii', i.,
.JII'J •_••-'; Incalinll, !., -I.V.I.
Sni-.|a\\-», i., -."id, hi'c Sain-l kl.i-<,
.Sni-iiiii'-i (Sniii^iinns, .Sm -iim i. ( 'm •
lial I '.ilifnini.iii liilii', i., ;;ii|-|lil ,
Ini'.iiinii, i., ;iii';!, .|,v.' ;t.
SniMiii \ alii'.v, i.. .'IC'I, I.VJ.
Siii/nl, ( iiiali'inala, iiiili<|., i\., I.'ll.
.Snkia, MiL^ijiiiln WHICH"..-., i., 7td;
iii , i;i7.
.Siiku anii"<, liilic nf Sniinij linliali.^,
i., L'dS -'J: Incali i., -".I'.l.
Sul.i. Incalily, llnniliira'., i., 7'.i:i.
Siilain l!i\cr. i., 7'.>.'1.
Siilaniiil, L, 'J'.yi. Mc I.iilaiina.
Silinlics, i., I,"i,'i, .sec ( llilniic.s.
roo
INDKX.
Smiia. N'lii-lli ^^('\•icn, lanp.. iii.. 714.
Smiiacli, siil(>liliili; for tiiliiifcu, i,,
.■.17.
Siimi', I'lr.-i/iliaii .l,'im1, v., 'J.'!-4.
Sum, iiivtii., i., .■■)!s7; ii., 'MKi, .'WO, 7<X1.
:{S; Ml.
■>1. (i(t-l, S-' S.">-(1, l(M>,
lO'.MI, I.VJ, KM, 170, MS. I,S7, I'.tit,
VXi--y. :{li.'., J'JS, ■4.S7 X. Kil, 4.s:m,
4!tS, .")II.V .■')47-.")0; v., •_'()."i, .V_'S: plii"-
liciiiirniiii II
f til
rci" Sims
.i(it;.
SiiiialniiMcs. Irilii' of SouikI
hxli
I.
JIIS-
alioii. i., •_'ll'.».
Siiiialoxa .Moiinti.ins, i., Ui'A.
Siiii('liai|iic. ( 'ciitral ( 'aliforiiiaii ti'i1i<
i., ;«>l-lill; loi'.'itii
Ml, 1., 4.')."{.
Siiiidowiis (SaiiKJaiis), trilic of 'I'liliii-
ifcls, i., <I4-I14;
atioii, I., I ',.i.
Siiii-liiliiti'rs, i., 470, .see 'I'alii'i'liy;
Siiiilalio, Soiitli ( ';iliforiiiaii tril)f.
IOJl!'J
(ii'alioii, I.
kc,
.)S.
I,ak(
Sii|ii'i'ior l.a
Sii|i('rior.
Sii|M'islilioiis, llyiicrliorcaiis, i., 7'!,
[•_'4; ( 'iiliiiiilii
If.'!
171,
•J0'_'-4, 'Jl'.l. '.M,".. L's:!; Caliloiiiiaiis
i., .•{.■■.4-.">, ;i(;o, :{'.ii. •.wr,, wi-is- ncv
.Mexicans, i., oi'O,
S7--S; M<'\i
cans
i.'i-l. .".(IS-ll,
i., (;:i4, tidi, (it;.">-
7; ii., 'J()7. .■1">I, "lOO, COI-i.'. tl-.Ni; iii.,
I|il-l:<, ;tt;-_'-4, ;{'.»4-.-.; iv., lUS; Cen-
tral .\iiicricai
707, 7;ft. 74(»;{,
777; II.. (;7.s, 7 1 !»-•-'(». 7:t.S, 7'.i»l-S; iii.,
.|!I7-.S. r.(K)-l: iv., lm.'.-k;.
Sii(|iiaiiiisli (.S(ii|uaiiiisli), trilic of
•-'OH'J-_>; Ideation,
Soiiii
I IikI
laiis, I.
1., '-".tit, ,'{li|.
Siiraiiiiiiis, ( 'ciitral ( '.ilifoniiaii tril
i., .'!(il-40l; location, i., I."i(».
Siircis,
14.'
I'c Sarsi>
Siiri;('lp, evil spirit, Trinity itiver
trilies, iii., 17l'i.
Siiijicry, sec .Meilieiiio.
Snrillos (Cartakasl, South C'lliforiii-
an tiiiic, i., 40'i-'J'_'; location, 1.,
4.VS.
Smiles, !\Iatlal/inca yocl, iii., 4l(i;
I'i
S: usees.
ira-^eo liiLrli-|iriest, v., .'rJ'
!<i.
I4."i, .see Sarsis.
Siirii'.j'iiiiti, trilic of Isilnnians,
-S.i;
local
ion, I.
Sii^-
( 'ciitral ( 'aliforiiiaii Irilie, i.
;n;!-l()|
location, I.
;tii:{, 4.v_';
Snvacal, a s])ecirs of jialin ie.if, i.,
(i'.t(».
SiiysuiM, i., f.'i.'!. sec Siiisiincs.
Swallow, fooil of riicMos, i.. .IK).
Swcat-lioiises, i., S'A, ."Cili, .'{!•."), "•iw-H;
ii., ;V.l.")-(;; iii., I.V.I; iv., (MS, (i.")il,
(i.Vi. (l.V.l.
Swcctland, ('alil"orni,i, aiiliq., iv.,
70(;.
Swcel w.iter Lake, i.. 470.
.Swielprce, trilial iiaiiic i
i., .-{14.
Swiiriiiiini', i., I7-, I'.IS, ."i,V.', (itiii,
.f Coh
11.
!I7
Swodiiiiiisli, trilic of Soiiinl linlians,
i., L't )«■•_'•_'; location, i., ;!(MI.
Swcirils, i., •J:!."i, .•{7'.>, 407, (l"i."i, 7--,
7(!l; ii., .'tio. 74:{.
Sviniiols, i., IS, (;:U: ii,. -.ViS, •_'7--*-:{.
'•J77; iii., •-'(is, •J.si)-.-., :ili.'-'_'."i. ;i.V_>-»,
:{7i--'. ;{'.m;-s, 4ih», 4():{, lui-is; v.,
!l(l, 'J'JI.
.Sy]iliilis, see \'ciiereal IHsease.
Syrinx, a musical instrimieiit. i., T.'tM.
i."i.'{; iii., 7S-
S/eiiklia, I'ilii.i god,
l»; v., 14.
'i'aa, irouduras, I
'raamisli, llaidal
111','., HI., c^.i.
sori'crcr, i.
Ill
.'lO.
alialitca-
i., :t(il-l(ll;
( 'ciitral ( 'alifoi'iiiaii trilii
alioii, i.. 4.M.
■|'ali;ii. Mi
ya ^od. ii., tl'.is.
'ralijiscaiis. Naiiiia ii.itioii. i., (Ill-till;
:t:i (;■_'!>;
special liiciltloll, I.
II.
(MS-!», Ci.M-ti, fi,"iS !l, (ICI; ii,, 40S,
(il'.t;
an
111.
7-'(i. 7o
t. 7(f.'l; V.
tild; liisl.. v., '.'.'t'.l, 47:!. f>;ti.
'I'aliasco I'raiiascol, trilies descrilicd,
i., (i 14-70; ii., i:i:{-(l-MI; location, i..
(IS-J, 7!tO; ii.. II'J; iiaiiic, ii.. Ill;
lang., iii., 7-(i, 7oO. 7li.'l; iiiitii|.,
iv.. •JS7-S: lii-l., v., ■_':i'.l, 47:i, tl.'ll.
alia SCO,
I';
iiasco i;i\er
/acalcci
Ii
a 111 II
!('J
(i7l.
niic
'I'alicclivas (.Siiii-liuiilcrs), t
Sjioslioiies, i., I'_'--I-; location,
470.
'{"aliCLruacliis, i., 4(i."i, see 'I'aiiiaclii
laii;,'.,
Silssees,
lil., (i.'iO.
I4."i, see Sarsis.
Siiilisctts. Irilie
if Noot
ka-
i., 174-
■JilS; location, i., 'J'.t.'i.
Slitter ( 'reck, i., 4."i(i.
Sun ipaiuilck, iii., Ill.'k see Slillsli
ilic-naclics, I., liM,
T;
'I'.'ilii, \'ncalaii. aiili
iiiiai'liis
chesK tril
I'l'alii
MS.
Talii
if Sllii'.JiiiiK.s i. -t'J
4'-'; local ion. i.. 404,
ihle-cliilli-
.Mi
\as, II,
( .--. 1^1.
'i'alile Moiinlaiii, ( alifoiiiia, aiilii|.
iv., ()',tS-!».
IN'DKX.
T.ilili'^, i., ()."p(;; ii.
IMS.
'lal
Miir. {ii'ii\ line I )ai'i('li, i.
'laliiin.n, i., dul,
•I'il)
Noitli .Mi'\
iril.i
lean lril>t', i
l-'.(l
atiiiii, i.. Ill I.
T
ic'alciMll, ii., 4.'it), sec
Tl^
Taclics, (■(■iilral < alifuiiiiaii liiln
!i;i-t>)l:
il inn, I., I.ili,
r
I'Diiiis, tnlir (it ( liiiiiii
liii'alinli, i., ;tl)7.
2L'L'-.i(t;
'I'ai'ti, .\ia,i,'ilicim'iii iiiylliical iicisnii,
iii., III.").
'I'ai'Ma'lie, u nicclicinal nmt, ii., .MMt.
Taciiliii ('l'lai'ci|iaii), <'ily, Mexico,
aiilii
.")(»:!.
'raciihax ,1, Iciraiilv, Mcxicii, iii., 4(l.">.
Taciilliis i( '.Liiii'is, 'racili
■I'aUuli
■|',ik
:t7;
ilisi, tnhc (
iiratiiiii aiH
if 'liuncli, i., J I I-
I Hi
i., II4-I:
l-_'l, in;
ln'ciai iiK'iiliiiii, I., I'il -Ii
i:{i», i;{7; nivll
'.IS, 14;{.
I'.): I
111''., iii., "iSl, ")!)l-2.
'I'ai'iilta^ (■raliciillalisi, tiilic "f Nnnt-
17 til IS; I
ni'atiiiii, I.
IIS.
'racclci'laii, lrili(! uf 'I'liliiiki'i'ts,
;il-ll I; lucati
[•A.
'ra;^iialiliis, Nmili .Mexican trilio, i.
I -111;
;-,ii
aliiiii. 1., (il.'i.
'I'a'_'ii/;4,ii|ia, i.. 71l."i, sec 'rcj,'iici^'iil|ia.
'lalialiiicii, laii;^'., iii., ."i'.l.'J.
'raliaiiii-' ( TaiiMiias), tiilii- nf I'lielilns,
i., r).*!!-.'!!!; Icicaliiiu, i., lidO.
Talialciis. Niirtli ('alifiiirii.iii tr
liic,
i., .'{■-'li-dl ; Iciiatidii
•H.^
i!ic<i iiivcr, I.
■is.
'raiiciill.ili-. i., l.".IM, sec 'racullas.
'rali(^'clia\ p.ili I'ass, (alilnriiia, an-
lii|.. i\., li'.l.").
'I'aiii jiia-i, SiMitli ( 'alil'ciniiaii (r
llH', 1.
■HI'J
liicalidii, i., (."I'.l.
Tal
i\'). sec I iilcwalis,
Tahoc Lake, i., Hill; iii., ,s:i-',M); v.
II.
'I'aliiis, i., lillD, sec Tans.
Taiiti
us. CeiitiMl ( '.ilifiiiiiian ti'ilic,
i., .•{HI nil;
iiiculiiiii, i.
liCi.
cat inn. i.. 44S; spccia
;tlll, .'CIS; hill''., iii.
•Jal
ma-, tnlii'
jiicaiiiiii
M.
i-'|iiili
I., ( I
■ I ;{.
'raliiicii|i. 'I'alia--'aii c;iniie. ii...'l!IS.
Tiiliiis, Niiilii Mexican trilie, i., ."•7
-)St-.-
i)l; sjicciai iiieiilinn, i. ,
iiivlli., iii.. ISII-I; laii;.'., iii., 7i'.l.
Tai-li-. i., :C..'ll, see 'i'aiillas.
'I'ailnllacs, lijli.' (if 'I'lillecs, v., .'CiS.
'I'aiill.is (Taiirlis), liilaiMl ( '(iliiiiiiiiaii
liilic, i , •J.'iil'.U; li.calinn, i,, .'fJll.
'railiiiiiiiaius, trilic (if Sdinid Indians,
i., '-Mis-Jj; liicaliuii i., ;t(ll.
Taitzaos. Afava nation,
ii., ii:{u-su;!;' iaii;:., iii., 7iil.
701
r;44-(i!):
i|lniai'(i;i, v.
•A. .sec T
iiii''iin;ir(ia.
I'ak.iilskv, name lor Kai\iiii .Mmiiit-
i., lis.
I
ains,
ikaiiia l!i\cr, i., ;!(I4.
V:
Takankdii, i'liiinl
14S.
eel >|iinl-lali<l. III.
Ti'ikocyck, 'i'lilinkect laiid-sjiiiit,
iii,, I IS, .")|i;.
Takdd Inlet, i., I l.'i.
•j'j
Ikdd liiver, I.
4:!.
I'akdds (I'akds), trilic (if 'riiliiikccts,
i., ',II)-1I4; Idcalidii, i., !lii, I Hi.
'I'aktik, Ideality, (iiialcmala, i., 7SS.
'{'akiili. i., I4.">, sec 'I'aciillio.
'I'a-Kiilli- Kiilcliin, trilic df rinncli.
i., Il4:i7
dcalidii, I.
in.
Talain, (liiatcniala. anlii{., iv., 1,'tl.
if l>lliiniaiis, i.,
7!S, 7il|; s|ic-
"iS, 7S4; Ian-.,
il.'imancas, tiilic
717-s'); Ideal inn, i.
incntidii, I.
■'.1;!.
alai|iii
i., .-.71
idiis, N.iiili M(
xicaii till
ill; Idcalidii. i., (il-J
'i'.ilatiii, <'cntrai < ',ilif(iiiiiaii trilic,
i., ;{lil-4(ll; Idcatidii, i., 4."i(); Ian;:.,
iii., (il'.l-,"ii).
'I'alawas, i., 44."i. see 'I'djcwiilis.
'I'ala.xaiid, Snulli < alifm iiiaii iiilie, i.
OJ-lii:
Tal
illdii, i., 4')'.l.
can, ( ciitral ( 'alituriiiaii I nlic, 1.
,•{111-4111; Ideal inn. i., 4."i.'{.
Talclicdiiiics, i., ."ills, see ^'aI( lie
diliics.
Talelics, Ccntial < 'alii'diiiian tiilic,
I., .iii I
nil;
lealidii, i., .'ill.'!, 4."i."t.
Talkdtiiis rralcdiins, 'j'aiiliii), tiilio
df Tiniicli, i.. Ill- :<7: Idcatimi, i.,
ll."i, I Hi; s|iciial iiiciilidii. i., l'-'.")!!.
Tallai'citlds, Idc
fdiiiia, i., 4."i4.
Iii\,
Ceiilial t'al
■lies, i., 4.Vi,
'i'i
:d|.
'I'alliielics (Tallciicliesi, Central ('ali-
fiii'iiiau tiilie, i., ;«il-4(li; iocatidii,
i., ."tli;!, 4.V> Ii.
Tall
ii.ilccs, tiilic df 'I'lilinkccts, i.
•II 114; Idcatidii. i.. 11.'!.
Taltic. Iiic;ilily, ( iii,ileiiiiil;i, i., 7SS,
Tiim.ica/ldlial, N icaiauna ;m;:(d, iii.,
4;i.'f.
Taiiia,u:ast. Nicara;jiia |irie-l. iii,, l'.l.">.
Taina'_:iislat ('I'amjiudslai! ), Nicaia-
I'l
;:iia ;:ii(l, 111.
il
41111- 1.
majalis, 1,, .rj.i. sec
nialaiids, i., 4."r_', s(
N
iiiiajaliH,
Tdiiiali
Tanialcs irani;illii. a kiinl nf meat
jiics, i.. .'177, li'-'tl. li.V'i 4, lilH; ii ,
:rn;, liis, 7'-"J.
'I'amalld-, i., l.'i'J, see Tdiniilcs.
IXDKX.
Tainal> (Taiiiiilcs, Taiiialos), i., 4r)'2, ' Taiinakntslii, (rilic of Tiiiiiili,
sec rtiiiiali's.
Taiiiaiiowas, CliiiUKik si)irit
14 -.{T
l.-.(i,
loi'atiiiii, I., 147
i., 4'.t. L'Tl, 'M.:
il4, (i.
II., .■{(;;{■.■). 4.s(i,
'i'aiiiatli. ('Iiini>i)k parailisc
T.
>1<.).
iiiiaiili|ia Mu/a, locality, laiiiaiUi-
pas, i., CI:!.
'raiiiaiili|ia-*, trilics dcsciilicil, i., (117-
44; loi'alioiiof trilics, i,. .")71
mi. (;7I; ii., II 1; siMTial
m.
rial liU'litloli
(i-Jt. Ci.'iL'. (!.;."); Ian;;., ill., 7--'7,
744, ~'>'.), 77(i; aiitin., iv., ()',t;{-7;
Iiist.
L'.'V.I.
aiiiaiiliiii'cos
1., .),
iii.
North .Mexican trilie,
-'.tl ; location, i., (il.'t; laiitf.,
44.
ainaziila, villauc
Sinaloa. i.. (iOl).
'I'
iiiia/ula|
a. Mi/tec dialect, iii., 74',).
•., 71.
f ^Io>i[uilo>, i.. 71 1-47
location, i,, 7I.'>.
Taiiilila, IJoiicliifai^, aiiti<|., iv., 71. Taiiaiaxiii, a ."-iiccics of animal, ii.
'rainliouiiiic, i., '.II, ll->, I7(». o'.lll.
'ranicil.inc. an .\siatic piiiice, v., 4(!. , 'rapalan, locality, (luatciiiala. v., '214,
Tainisscc Kivcr, 'raniaiilipas, aiitiij., | 'l'a|iali'4iii. Nicai.iuna title, ii.. 7401.
Taiios, I'lielild \illa;;(' and tiilie, i.,
."i"_'()-.~iii; location, i., (idl.
Taiitsant-Mtiiine, name for Itecl-
kiiives, i., 144.
Taiit>a\\ liot-I)iiiiicli, name for Co))-
|icr liicliaii^, i., 1 14.
'I'aiiiili, 'I'lilan kiii;r. \.. 004.
'I'ao Monnlaii
aos
trilie. i.
I.-, I.. U>.\
Talios), I'lielilo villa:.:e and
.")•_'(( .")(!; Idcat
loll. I.. -iL',
.")'.i'.l-(l(lll; lalij,'., ill., (isl: aiJlic|., iv.
out-.").
ao.s, irilu' o
IV., .')'.I4.
Tanil
iniiocuio(
tr.il ( 'alitorniaii
ks (^'anilocklocks). ( 'e
Tap;
ac, Soiiili ( 'alil'oiiiian tribe.
i. , 4ll"J-"_"_'; location, i.
trill!
loiMt
ion, 1., 4.")0.
;{(jl-4(tl; 'rapestry, ii.. Uil, 44(». IS4.
I'
ipir, a loil, 1., i-i ; II
Tanioaiiiliaii (' "ciuoanclian), liist , 'I'apo, South Californian ti
ilie, 1.
home of \i
lS'.t-'.i7, (l-M.
iliua.s 111 ,\iiierica, v.,
4l)-'--_''J; location, i.. 4.V.t.
i'amoli
< 'eiitral ( 'alil'oiiiian trilie,
fiil-lUl; locati
10:1 and name, i.
4.'i(;.
'amiiico, lain
Tan
lip I'ali-i
tes, trilie of Shoshone.-
ra|itiil KIm
.•fl
U'.l.
Tarai
411:1
T
iti, N
icarauna aii.uc
HI.
IIJICOIIC'
."I'.ll, see r'araoiies.
4 •_'•_' 42; locatiiMi, 1., 4ti'4.
ramuli. t^'uiclK' iniiicely t'amily, i.,
7><'.'; \., Hi ."»(!, olid, 'M'2, odo, ."iSS-
",l. .v.i-j
1);
in.
147
14
(, see leliali l\iit
'i'ai
iai|iuapenie:
, North Mexican Irili
T,-naliiini,ira (Taraiimarai, district of
Cliilinaliii.i, i.. (i(l,^-'.^.
Taraliiimare> I raialiiiniiirasK North
.Mexican trilie, i., .")7I-'.U; location
i'lid name, i., ")72, (Klll-ld; special
iiicniioii, 1., .1
■4-S.
.I.S'J
".SS. .I'.KI
III'
1;
1.1.
araicli
iii., ()().")-7, li72. (i7S, 7iit!, 7I(»-
i CI"
iraitzi), \illa,L:(', Sinaloa,
i.. (1(11, (lit'.l.
i., .■|71-'.'I ; locatioi
I. I., (i
Taiicah (Taiicaj), locality, \'ticalan,
v., (12';.
Taiichi, \'iicataii, aiitii|,, i\-.. 211.
'i'anel.i, localitv, I'anaiiKi l-iliiiii;s,
(•>
'aiK'l/.c, localitv, (tajacii, i., (17'.).
aiiuaxoaii
.■.21.
'aii:.;axoiiii
I., Ti
irasco kiiiLC, v., ."iKl,
II., Tl
.r2.> (1.
T:
it-sa, i,. i:!2. see T
eiiL'ial.sev.
Taii;:iniaroa (Tajimaioa, Tlaxiimil-
Tarapcclia ( 'lianliori. Chicliiniee
W anacace chief, v.. .".IS.
Taian'iiia, localil\, (liilniiihiia, !.,
(i(M».
Taras, T;ir;iscos l;(m1, iii., 411.''. Hii.
arascos (.M iclic)acai|iie
tioii, i., (117-44; ii..
-1, Nal
i-(;2;t; 1.
iiin na-
ica-
tion,
()i(i; special ineiitioii, 1.
(12.'1, (12."i, tllll, (140, (li:!; ii., |(I7-S,
i;m, 140-1, 214-1.1, 22'.t, :i.".:f. .•(ii.">-s,
.•171-2, 407-.S, 41
4."..s!t. 47:1.
4',I0, .")2l-2, (Kill, (;r.t22, (12."">, (12!l;
o\aii). citv.
.M
K'lioacaii,
4:i4,
Tank
■e i;eser\ oils.
e, \'iicataii, ani in., iv.
IllNtll., III., (1(1
v.", 1:!; lan;
fiOS; hist.,
,')(IS-2(!.
111.
40:!. 41."
. 7.'!7
141
14-7
;io7-io,
4;!4-:
Tar
iiimara, 1., (lOS. see
laciiii, 'I'aiasco kiii^
Taial
niniara.
■)22-4.
T
ll'l L'MnUI,
M
irlmacaii ruler, v.. .)| /
IXDKX.
768
20: iii., inO-l;
'laniiii < liiiiiilido, localiiN, Micliua- Hsl-'J, ."iT").
fan. v.. .■)•_';»,
'ar|iiiiii, a lisli,
'anil, localitv,
i., 4.-..-).
■1!».
'ra\li|>ii, Siiiilli ('alifiiiiiiaii tiilir, i.
4U-2-2-2:
il inn. i.. iM
(t'litial California, 'I'ava^al. (iiialiiiiala, .iMtiij.. iv., \'.V.\.
Taxauli, a 'I't'iianci' |irinfc. \. , .■{S4-.">.
Tar^lii>li, Icicatimi of, v.. (!4-.").
'i'arlars, Anicriran ori,L;in-tr.n'('s, v.,
."i4.
Tasliluiantas. Nortli( "aliforniaii trilio,
i.. :!L'r.-t;i; l.nalion, i., 44.").
Ta-li lies ('ia>li \\ilasl, trilic of
T
Shoshoni
4(i!, 470.
:l<-'ajo, I
4-J-J-IJ: location, i.
Iric.l
Ta>M'ls, i., (I'.il:
nu'at, i.. t)!i.">.
II.
:«i(i'
:wx 40.S,
Tavlor IVak .Monnlaiii, iii., S(J; v.
14.
Tavs, i., \\n.
M'f I VfC.
T:
Mi/t.
L'07; v., .")
Taywali. i.,
'I'av-\van;;li.
i>;li-l)
ri.'st,
(lOl, .SCO
iii., 071,
Tfj;iia.
i-cc I cLriift.
40.'>: iii., :<(!!», ;{S.'., 4()7-l';
Tata^nas, i., 4.">S, see l,a;,'iiiias.
Tat
i\ ai', (.liiiclu' iinni'c, \ . , .'ill
Tatcl
It', Soiitii ( alitornia, lani
(mO-S.
'I'.iti'nia, 'I'araiiiiniarc fooil,
Tall
■ Knt-
iilshi (C
li), Irilic o
f l
1., ■>! I.
I'oii, Tial-
inni'li, i.,
i;i7; loraliiiii, i.. 147
'I'al iinolo. iii.
'!• Naolinp
Tallil-Knlciiin i I't'cl Itixcr linlians)
in 111' (
if 'I'l
•li, i., Ill
tlOII,
]-21>
!., IK
Talonrhc. ti
i; s|M'i'i,'il int'iitioli, 1.
iii., .'iSO.
' of Soiiiiil Indians, i.
■iilS-'J'J; location.
illj
'J'afi|iiintc, ('cnli-.il ( 'aliforniaii trilic
i.. .•{i;i-4()l;
aiioii, 1., 1."
Tatshi.inlin, trilic of Tinncli, i., 114-
a/.i, 111., .'t.'iO,
u/, town,
lionc:
Tcatl
Tclial:
cc Tctcioiian.
Thiscala, v., 4'.IS.
iTclioloN
olllsl,
Central
Calilorniaii triiic, i., ;i(il-40l; loca-
tion, i., 4."i:{.
Tchciiicl,.
:!u;i
Chcli
Tcliiloiiiis (Tcliclonii>i, t
riiic o
i., '_'■_' J -.")t I; local ion, i.
f Chi
.'too
T.
•.i-20.
liiikitanc, i., 0."
cliinoiik I Tclii-nnki, i.
Iilinkccts.
.'i<M, si'c
( iiinoii
Tclii|iantcliicklcliicks. Inlaml Co-
Inniliian liilic, i., '.'."lO-'.M ; loc.ition,
i., :{lmi.
Tchokovcnis, Cciilral Calitorniaii
trilic,
;{lil-4l)l; location, i.. 4411.
.'17; location, i., 141
Tcliololahs ll'.al.l Hill InOians),
Norlli Califoiiiiaii trilic, i., ,'!'_'ii-OI;
local ion, i., 44li.
'I'rliolooncs, Ccnlial ( 'alifrrniaii
trilii'. i., ,'itil-4lll ; location, i., 4."i.'{.
Tcllolo\ onis, i., .'Ki."!, sec
Tatt
ooiiil;'
II viierlii
i., 4S, 7'-', I T
cliiit;alclilli.
l.'i'.l
117, li'7; <'o|iinili
i.. I.V.i. I,s.', ' Tclint>ki, i., l.';0.
Tclialal one^
I'c ( 'liii-at: clic;
Tscliiikl^clii.
ikiiaeit/icai), Coia
'Jl(t-ll, -Jl".!, •_'.")7: Calilornians, i., Tcaciiaeil/.ica (Te.il'
;{:!.'-;{, .•!I7. :iO'.l-71, 104, l'J4: New! ilialcct, iii., 710, 7'.M.
Mexicans, i.. 4S(), IH.'t, ."i;i.>.:{, .'i.-|'.). ' Teakiiaeit/i/li. North .\le\ii an tri
r)74-."i; Mi'xicaiis, i., (i_'.'{, (i.'il; ii.,
.'{71; Central Americans, i., (i'.M--.
71017, 7"i.'i; ii., li'il, 7ol, 7.'i.'>, 741.
ana^ 'o, i.. (171 , ~ee 'l'.-ilia'^''o.
I., •><
I -ill;
alion, I., d"
Tealas, North Mexican trihi
ill; hicatio
()07
Teati
•J'.IS, see Tcet;-
1_'0-."i(i
I'llelilo \ illa;:e .'inil tri
ation, i.. Ooii.
Teallaliniani, iii., 4IS,
:i-
Te/cat-
/oncat I
'i'
:iiile{ia. ( liiatcnialanilialei'l .in. ,7
rOO. Teal
Taiiro, Sinaloa dialect, iii., 7li7
/Cllll
,, 4C
lia, name for Najiatccntli
Tantiii, i.
Ta\oiinii,
'I'aw iilenii
r
ilUoi ins
iisonoiis li>h,
ousei-jemnie:
Tea vain ii|ni, v., 4 I, see Teo\ aoinii|ile,
Teliacas, North .Mexic.in liilic, i.
."wMH ; location, i.. Oil; lani,., iii.
1(
miii'si, ( 'eiitral ( 'alilornian tnlie
i., .'iOI - ml ; loc.'iiion, i., 4".0; liin;^., Tclicihvas (Sun liunlci.-i, tri
III.
04!t.
il, M
ava|i;in
lonl.
Slio-~iio|ies, i., !•_'•_'• I'J; location, i.
nil.
lociliu, (Incrrcro, ii., .'is-J, Tccali, a traiis|iarcnt sloiic, ii., 101,
axe-^, I.
•-Ml 0,
Mil, O.'iO,
7ti; II.
"i,"i7, ."17:!.
rccam.'ich.ilco
(1
ec|iaiiiac!ialc(.),
.'ls,s, 401, O.'iO, 04:
low n, < iiieircro, 1,, 0'
rci
INDKX.
'rcriir'-iinis, Norlli Mcxii'aii lril)i
itzin, a N;il'.ii;itliii'ii cliicf, v.
T,
Villi.
aliiiii, I., f;i)<).
V, i., -l.'tH.
'I'l'iiiN :i;,'iiis, Ndrtli Mc\ii',iii trilic,
i., r»7 I 'M ; lipcaiicpii. i.. fiOT.
Ti'i-iiMiliiiat/iii, loi'il of ilii('.\i>t/.iiii-(i,
v., .'•)()4.
Tccavas, Nmlli Mcvicaii Irilic, i..
< r|i;i\(Mail, slatiiill,
A /I
(.'!• iiii;;rii-
liiiii, y.
i--':{-4.
rcpax lira, Ntatloii,
A/t
I'C lMl;:i:illiiil,
v.. ;!■_';!.
(•i'|Mivn
v., :\\:>.
iliili
Ti.lt
CI' IKlllll
III.'
■|-'.ll;
III. Ill, I., (il4.
'!".'c|Hi\ nil, a .•.iiirt .ri.'f, ii., I.'!!)
'r.M'.alli, all t'litail in 'I'ias.'ala, ii., 'rci'iialin.-s, N.iitli .Mi'xiiaii triii.', i.
'l-^'X
.".71 -id; 1;
U'Z.. III.
,•-'0.
Hi, N
lima ti'iiiplc. ii., "tS.").
'r.'.'i
i.'Uiiai'lialc.i,
1., Ii7'.).
r.
Iial.
li-.'ii.'ii'icitiliiiatll, a .'.iiii't iiiaiill.', ii.
r.'.iicxi.'.illi, iii-ic^l':. .Irc-s, ii., ;tl.">.
'l'('.lii-al.'|i.M', slali.iii, .\zt.'c iiii;,'ra- 'IV.mi.vm's ( Tc jiicinc, Tciiicxi's), < cii
tl.lll, V.
:f.':t.
tral
.M.
tiilic, i., (;I7-I4;
.■I'll.
alillaii, stati.iii, ,\/tc.' iiii'T;
call. Ill, I., (i
aii;r.. III.. I
l!l.
li.iii, v., .•(•_':i-4.
'r.'i'lii'all, .sail.'.! Mictc.iritc, iii.,'24M.
'I'.'.lii.liis, .M.'\i.'aii (l.iL^s, ii., 7-1.
'rt'i-liiiil (I'.'.linllal.i, 'rcclLilialat/inl
'r.'i'iilitlai'iiili. It/ill, l.ii'.l .if .A.'.iliiiaii,
v., M'X
Tci-iiiilli, Naliiia lillc, ii., I'M 'Jdd,
4:{7.
( 'liiiliiiiii'.' kin;,', ii., lys-'.lj; v., 'I'c.'iii.-lic, Ciiinra.l.i KImt .liali'.t.
;!,!.■., :{i:
:t;;ii
-,S-2;
I. It'll iif iii., liMi
l/t
i|iala|iaii. v.
4 :{'.».
itlala ( l.'clinilalal/.iii)
'r.'.iii.li.
■Ml
'I'c.'niiliuil/iiilli ('ri'iiiiiliiiiiuiii lii
N.iliiia nil, ii.. :{•_'."), X>-2. ."liu.
'r.'.Miat.';,'a, l.iwn, Nifar.iu'iia. ii..7l'<.
'rcriiliitlaii, aiii'ifiil iiaiiic .if \'cra Tcciiitlatl, Naliiia f.i.iil,
('.•nilif.'atl, an
.•{77 -S.
A.'.ill
ma in'iiii'i'.
:{.".( i.
I'
, -.iV.
.M.
\i.'(i, ani!
IV., ."iK;.
'I.Tiiiiial I, .1 .M.'xi.an iii|i, ii., ISt.
'I'l'niniii', a .Mi'xii'aii iliirf, v., :{t7.
'I'ci-nin, <,iiiiilir
Mi.
ll.Cd'J.
'I'l
I'll
ijiali.'.'s.
'I'c.'imilialani, (,liii('lii' ni\ liiic animal,
iii., 47.
'rc.'iini rniani, (,liii.lit'' kiiiL;, \., ."idli.
'rfc.i.xc|iii;l, (,>iii.li.'' niniitii, ii., 7li'i. ! 'rciiiliatiii|iic. Naliiia 1 illi-, ii.. \'.
.•.•.ixin.'s, i., ()77, ^*i'i' ria|ian('is
ilmill.
ii.. 4.S7
('riiaii, liiwii, ( iii.'i Tcr.i, I., H~S\ a
( iiiiliinic.' ilii.'f, \-., '2'y.i; sialimi.
'l'('cii/i>if.atl ('i'f/ni.i/lfcal 1 1, Naliiia
-imI, iii., (fj.
'rcilfx.'nns, Ntirtli .M.'xi.an tiilic, i..
CI
il.lillii.'C liii.i,'l;ill.iii, V.
!I4: I
.■>7I-!»I:
cfswin,
l.i.'aliiiii.
i;i:
k
ia< lie (ll'iiiK, I. , .il /
thiitcn Irilics ..f, lii,>t., v., .-»4(i, 'IVctli, i., 4(i, ill, 117, l."'S, Jii.'J, 177,
".i;;t.
•j-_'.'., '_'i4, -J.").'! (i. :f;i:t-4, .•iiii-."., .''..'{(i.
T<M'|iaii .\lillaii, (Hiat.iiiala, ;iiilii|., ! .ViS, (ilit, (;•_'-'. (;i7, <!.")!, 7ttl, 711,
1-JI.
ociiaii. ■all/Ill,
T.ill
iiaini' f.ii' 1 1 u.'iiia.'
■|ian('i-s, iii., T'J t.
'liani'Mii.'-^, ii., .'iii<
('.• Kill'', V.
•J(;.'.-(i
II.
•_'i;
M'l' I I'lianc.'.'^.
I.), si'c I .'iianrt's.
'I
T.
'I'.
'i'.'r|iaii ( iiial.'inala |'l'i'('|iaii;:iial. 'ma-
la), liiuii, ( Iiial.'iiiala, i., 7MI; liist.,
\. , ■)77.
'rt'i'|ian|i. Hill. lilt! ('!".'. '|iaiil!a.a|, I'al-
"il>, ,.VJ. ,,
I; ii., .•i7i-
O-.M,
.•{I-
iii.. ;{•.',"), :iiis.
ill'.' IM'Ulll.', II.
.'•.'4.
Ti'('l> (llailliiis,'IVal.'>i,liil>f<if N.i.il-
kas, i., 174-L'(IS; l.i.'alinn, i., 17"',
'JitS; N|i.'.ial nicnliiiii, i., ls.">. liU,
•JdS.
TfLrna (Tavwali, 'ray-\\aii;_'li. '!'.'. |iia,
'ri;.'iia), I'll. 1)1. 1 \iila;:.' au.j liili.',
],, .VJli ."id; l.i.ali.iii, i., (Jdd; lali;:.,
iii., (;7i, (i7.'{, ilSl-.S.
'r.'i'|iaiillalli, i'ala.'.' lands, ii., 'J'_'4. rrcL'iia.'ii, ii.iii.liir.is, lan<,'., iii., 7'^.'!.
'I'i'i'|iai('|u'.', slali.iii, ( 'lii.liini.'c mi- | 'l'i'j;iiaiit('|i.'inii', i., ()7'.l, ^c^ 'Icliiian-
;^ialiiin, v., '2'M. \ li'|p('.'.
'!". r|ialillaii, i.. (i7'J. sec 'I'cp.ii illaii. | 'r(';.'uii;,'al|ia ('l'a;,'iiz;.'al|ia|, a ilisliirt
T.
Ill, Nail
la .la\, II.
(if ll.iiiiiura-
rud.
i 1(1-1
. ; II
i,, ."i7-S; lull! iif .Vt.il.in-
:ilit.
('.■pallaii, t.iwii, (liiapa^, i., (kS'J
iii.. 7iid; ant ii|.. i\ ., 7d.
'r.'ji'i.'.'ii, i.nvn, Siiii.iia, i., (id.S.
'rc-iu'.'ti l!i\t'r, i., ()d7.
76S
INDF.X.
'J'l'iiiidc of tlir r.caii Itcliff, <'liia|iiis, j 'ri-micktt.-iu, tiilicof Nmiika^-. i , 171-
aiilii
:i-j,s-:«».
•_'(IK; liH-aliiili, i., l'!!."!.
'rniiplr (if till' ( loss, ('liia|ia>, aiilic|.. 'rrnaiiniM li, iluiiir Imuk of 'I'lijti'cs,
.■{.•«I-S.
•r.l.
'rfin|plc iif Mil' Sun, ('liiajias, aiili"|., Triilial, N iiaia;,'iia iiiiils, iii., I'.t."!,
'rfiiraiiuitl, il .••|ifrics iif pilrli,
iv., .TIS M.
ri'Mipli'of tlicllirt'c Talilcts, I'll
aii(ii|., i\., .'{_:{-
I pi
•inplr:
Cnl
iiiiiliialis, I.
I <;.-.; Call-' T,
'I'l'iiralli, Naliiia lriii|il('. ii.
Ili.'l
ir, Mlla;;r,
.lali-.'
.lali>
i., <;?.».
IK, 1., (l
fiiniiaiis, i., Ut'), Kl'.t; Mi'xicaii^^, 'rnirallillaii, \ ilia
ii., •-'II, -J-JT-H, ;!:t-J ;{, lll-i:., .V.l, 'riuiliia|.aii. tuwn, Cliiaiia^, i.,ti.Sl.
.")(;(», .■")7 1 IS! », (;i:t; iii., I'.I'J, •.'.V.MIO, 'rco-riiiiliiniccN, Naima iiali i.,
.>7>> on.l
»•_•■», •i:{(» I. -j.-t: s.
•UTS; (117- M; ii., i:t:{-t;-.".i; h
xaliiiii, II.
aiitii
iv.
!'.».S-:t,VJ. .Til S-l, :f!»l- ll'-'-i;i; NiuTial 111. nil. Ill,
i-'(». i;!i, .vji-i'.i. ,-.71-:
i'.»L'-;(; lii--l.
.V.C., (ll'.l; iiixlii., iii., llC!; hi^l.. \
.S(l, •-Mi:., ■((»'.», ■(•.'•_', ll'd, -l.TS -10,
.•{.•{I I
•17S; Cfiilial .\
iiicri.'.'iiis, I.
:m
T.
ll>i
IS7, 1117.
■Iii, Niliiia N..ali. iii.. (IC, CS.
ii., (117. 7'S7!*>; iii.. 477. 4."^.'{ t. i 'rf.i.iiitla|i.i|i.p.-ai/iii. L.r.l .if ( ii.l la\-
•r.ll, I'.lit; jiiitiii., iv., •.'7-.S, S-J-',l; 1 <'.>liiia|.aii. v., :M!I.
ll.-( 1(1, i:t(I-7, 1 i:i 4, l.")4'.'N."»; I'cni, 'rci.-Ciilliiiaiaii ('rci-CillHiaiaii. 'i'.ii-
aiili.j., IV
•I".
itlar, I
'.1(1, ,S(M».
iMiilil V,
.'iilliiia.aii), stali.iii, .V/tci' m
All
Iniii. I., (IK), (17(1; \.
.■{■j:i.
:{7H.
'r.'iianiit.'.', I.i.'.'ilil V, Mcxi
:»i4.
ciiaiiiiiiia
/.*-/.
il
on. Unas, aiiti.j., iv., / 1
I'iilt;
A. •oil
ma Kill'', v.,
.•{;{;i-.-..
'rcnaiiclics. sick nurses, i., ■'"•Ml.
'r.ii.'in.'.i, l.i.aiily, Mcxi.-.i, v., '-'SO.
Tcnaii Kiiti'liin (Tananalis, (It-ii.s iIc
Mult.
In lie
if 'I'i
114-
I ; liiia
lion, i., 1 1.-|. nil, 147; spi
I'lal iiii'iili.iii
i., I •-•7, VM--2.
i., 47:«-
'I'.'uaw.is, Irilif of .\|iaclii
."(•_'(l; loi^alioii, i.. I7lt.
'r.'ii.iv ii.'.in. .'ilv. M.'\i.'.i. ii., 104; v.
■Jicj, •J'.i.'., :{ir-i-_>, .•{•-'0, :!;f2-.").
'I'l'iiavina. scriiciit-sv niliols, iii., 1117
.•ll('\ol/lll,
■11
ala. aiilH
477.
'I't'iii'/, 1.. (ISI, St'.' ( liinaiid'i
I .'ii;:i'als.'y
li'iiial iiaiii.'.
I'i'iiiiiii's. i. , (i'
1':
iii:.'s
i..'l;!'J
ilsaK Kiil.li
I'.'.il
ii.'|ial|iaii. sii|ii'i'ii:>' tiiiiuiia
'I'.'/, lie. I. ii.. 440.
1 at
T.'ol
ma. an. town. ( lajaia. i.. i<~'.y
.1 .if (,)iiialiiii
I coliiiavaial/iii, loi
llan, v., .■|0:t.
'I'c.iliiii/.naliiia.', stall. ui, ('lii.liini
nii;^i'alioii, \.. 'J TJ, 4.S7.
'r.'.ii.|ialli, a sa.r.'.l li.i\.
iii., .'Kin.
a-\\ilk, naiiK' for lliiiiiliol.lt
r>av In. Hans,
.'{•J
44(1.
Tciloii
.-inliii
ii^^.i, r.icUiii;; stoli.'.'
I., iv., 4:!1.
ra ( III/,
'I'.'.iiiaiia. .'.tl, il kiii.l .if
ii,, .•iilO.
'r<'.i|
lan, il <|iiai't.'r .
if M
niiislinioii
.•M.'o cilv,
ilso t.'iuiil.' jila..', ii., .-|(i;t, ,"17(1; v.
4 '.!(».
'r<'.i|iiitli, divine im.'t i
III, II. , (101 ; ill.
4;t."..
eoliix.ii. I.I.
v
iijiiine.'s.
eni.iiii .lie. South ( ajiiornia, laii;,'
iii., (ISd.
C'lilriil ( 'alifoniiaii Irilii
enisi.'hs,
i., ,'1(11-101: lociilion.
4.'.il,
'rcniiess.'e, Mis,sissi|)|ii \;illey, iinti.|.
I (1(1
7t),
■jility, <'liia)ias
i|iix.|iii, .inler ot |ii'i.>ts, ii,
(104.
'Jd'J.
liiiii saeraiiieiil. in., ^UIO
I
T.
reo.|nal.i,
.•{!.■..
'r.'o.|nauteiie.', v.. .'tl'.t. se.' 'r.liiiiint.'-
.,>"'■■. , ..
I'e.il liil.'li.'. Nii';n;i^'ii:i ;;.i.l, iii.. ('.••J.
'I'.'.il.'.'iililii. Naliii
'-'(»'_'; ill., 4:
i;;li |in.'st, II.
'r.'.il.'iiiin.'iis, tiiln'of Niilmas, v., 'JSO.
'r.'ol.
« leiini'Mia "o.N, in.
'rciioi'lililliin, .'ilv, Alexie.i. ii., 414,
.'>:>!»; v., ;{4.'{-(l,' 4'JO-l, s.'.' .Mexi.'.i
lily. I'r.'ot.'tl, name for .ilisi.liiui, iii,, 'JUS.
'r.'iip.'imy I'talis (lies), i., 4(l.'t, 470, 'reoli, I'ipile eliief or jionlill', ii.
.'.' I lliilii'liii;;'iieli\iis.
(!4S; iii., 4S!I.
'rt'iil.'li. Niiliuii iii.iutli-st.ine, ii.,404, 'r.'olilii
(114.
'reniiiii, N.ivajo trihal naine, i,. 474."
eiini'li
(1
".I
enii. 'Ill/in
.Mexi
Cilll
iiii'f. v.. 'j'j;!. .'U."! (1. ;{.->(!,
la.'iin. ei
Iv, M
exit'. I, ii., 1 14,
411, (il.'i; iii.. 1S7; anlii|,, i\., ."iL'O-
44;
'."(-(i: liisi., v., I'.io-'J, i.>o:{.
'J.'tS-!t, '.'IS, '_',S|-S4, .'{'.I,"..
Teotilai', t 'lii;i[iiis, iinli.i., iv., .'t."i;J,
iM»i:x.
Tcoli'laii (Tciilitl.in), town, Oajata,
i., (WO- 1; liisl., v., 4\\.
Tc.itl, N.iliiia ;;ihI, iii., ll(», Ih.'til,
I '.I.I.
'I'coilarlico, liicalitv, Mcxiiii, iii.,
•_".ts.
'I'ciilla < 'oiIiipmIio, station, 'I'l'D-t hi-
l'c|M'aca, I'lii'lila, aii;ii|,, i\., M\~ ;
liiM
v., 4-_'o, I'.Mt. i'.i.>. r,i»t.
riiiijicr nii;;i'.illiiii, v.
:i-J, i<,
'rcKllal.ilr-Mal la\ a-'r<'|ii'\a, iiaiiit' I'ui
'roriacalciitli'. iii.. P.M.
Tf<.tlal|.aii, \allfy, 'I'lasrala, v.. IlKS.
'I'l-iitli'i'd, Naliiia iiiDiitli,
-.lt».
'I'ciildst, iii., t'.t'J, ^•('(• TiinIc
.•(.•{•-•-J.
Tc-uty
;i|Millaii, liiwti, Oajara, i., (iT'.l;
liisl., v., ;{■_'», 4I(!, .VtOI.
'rt'iixculiiialcii, tdwii, Ml
4 1 -J.
'J'fDxiliiiill, N'aliiia (liv;
'!"(
:«(l»; iii., |-_".t.
CI
<'iiva<iiiiii|iii- I I cavaiiiniiii, Icityan-
in! vcar, ii.
liiiiii). .N
lima ;i<>i|il)
iii., Iss,
;v.i7-tHii, .-,i;{; v., 41; .Mcxi
til
ilv
IViivaiillatiiliiia, Naliiia ;^i>il, iii.
TiM/uinai'o, station,
.\/.t
CI' iiii'_rialion,
:f.'4.
'J't'|(ai:iics ('rc|ialiii('s), Nmlli Mexi-
can tl'lllC, 1.
■1-ill;
loralnili, I.
(i((i), (;|(I; s|ic<-ial ini'iitioii, i., 581;
Ml., ,((,.
(■|iah|>ai'a
Traallati
■foiN;
ti'i'iii Ii, iii., 1 1;
'l'iMiaiial>a/, ( Jiiatciiialaii ilniin, i., T'l.").
ii'ainloii (Iniiii, i.
'l\'|iaiiaiiiiasli', I,
'J'i'liaiici'.i, station, .\zt('c iiiiL,'iatioii,
v.. .•!-•;!.
'rt'|>aiici'a|iiin, a waid of '\\'/.c\iiii
city, v.. 1(11.
Tcpaiicca 'rc!iililli, 'rcp.iiicc iiii|pciial
title, v., :{'.i(;
Tc,.;
■|'i
Nal
ccipaiici's, 1 cc|i;ilicc|iic^l.
ma nation.
(117 II; ii., l:
fi'.".(; location ami name, i , (i7.">:
ii., I.'tll; s|ieci,i| ineiilion. ii., !f_',
.•{.•{(1-1, :tli.'.. Il:{; Ian-, iii., 7--'4-.->;
hist., v., ;{(I7-I.S-.'.
rcjianoava, ioialilv
•j.-i;t.
.M
e\ico. III.
'rc|>aiileoliiiat/.in. oiclcr of |iiiesl?
ii.. '-'OJ; iii., 4:{:t.
're|pantlatoani, Naliiia lawveis, ii.
■i44.
"l cpapavecai
I, station, 'rco-CJiiclii
nice im;.'ration, v., 4S!1.
'rc|ialec. locality. Mexico, v., ;{7').
Tepatillaii ('rec|i;itillanl, town, Ju-
li
()7^-'; until
u<.
Teliecaiios, Centiai .Mcxiiaii tlilie,
i., Iii7-4I; special liiention, i., (i'JS;
Ian- , iii., 7I'.».
Ti'piclipan, Nalma title, ii., 4H.
epecoaclliico I repcciiaciiiliol, low li.
r.
( iiieircro, i., ()•
mill
i\., 4-'4.
'I'epelmaiies, Noitli .Mexican tiil
r)7-.'. c.i;)-! I;
location ami iiaitie, i.
lei'ial iiicnlion. i.
T'
(>7S, 7t>tl, 7n
V.Mt;
ail'
111.. <)(ii, ()
pciai', tow II, ( (aj.ica, i., i',~'.).
Tepeillmitl, N'aliiia inoiitli, ii., .■);il.
T,
III., .•m:).
pejacac, V.
.•i->:t.
ee lepe\acac
Tepeiiiaxalco, ciiv, .Matlall/ii
4. •{.•!.
'rejieliec, station, CI
iiclilliiec nil-ia-
lloll, V.
M_', \s;
'I'epepiil, (j>uiclii' kill-, v., ."ifid, TiHI,
.>s;i.
'repepii! 11. , (,iiiictii'' kin-, v., ."i!)4.
epepiiico, station, ( liicliimi'c nii-
Ti
;iatioii, V.
:as, 47(i
•-".14; town, .Mcxi
Tepeticpac ( Texcalt icpaii, a iinaiter
of 'I'lascala citv, ii., 41-'; v., liKl-
4;t.S, .■.().•{.
'I'ep<'lla, station, Toltec ini-i'at ion,
v.. ■Jt\X
'i'epetlao/toc, town, .Me\i(o, ii., Ill;
v., .•{I7, 4;i7.
'repetlapali ( Tcpetlapa), slalioii, .\/.-
tec liil-iatioii, v.. .■{•-'4.
Telictoca, iocalilv, .Mexico, iii., 'JJtH.
'{'(■pel
/.ili-o, locali
itv, M(
iii..;{;f{.
Ti
epeiili I I epeii). name lor ( iiicnmat/,
:i(i-i;
47"'; (iiialeiual.i
tiihe, v., -Jl, .^Kl; (.tiiicli.'> ^'o.l, v.
I70; station. (,)iiiclie
.'•)(;■
niL:iat ion, v.
name fur I /la\ iil. \ .
l.
Tc 1 1-
I'llll. ( llllcjic t ll le, II,, (i-1 ^.
\
iejo, I'lielila, aniii)., iv.,
a! Itv,
.M.
station, .\/.tec nii-iation.
'I'ciiexomaco, Iocalilv, .Mexii
i.. (i7:{;
epe\ acac
Cl'i
pejacac). sl.it ion, .\/-
tec mi-ration, v., Il'_';t.
Tepeyollot li ('repeyoloyiilma I, Nalma
Te|
llell.h
ir si-n am
1 ;.:o'l,
ie\ olovolma, II., .>H(, see lelicMi
II.. .iM).
I'l
loth.
Tepic, iliilisco, antic
repieine, Nalma iil<
<\.,\>
iii.. HIT
Tepitoton ('i'l'iiictolon). Nalma iiiols,
iii., 4I'.».
Tt'iMJcas, Nortli Mexican tribe, i.,
7(JS INDKX.
."I-HI; liicalioii, i.. ."2. (Kt.'i; sj>0-
TtMo .Jjviiiic Caclie, lociility, T.rilisli
(•i:il liii'llliiill, i.. ."i.S;i; l;ill„'.. ill., "IM.
Coliiiiiliia. i.. :il().
'ri'jiii|ii|iii;i, iiiiiiie lor Xiiyai'aiiiii-
Teteiianco, acity of .Matlant/inco, v.,
<liMii, v., 4!I7-'S.
4:t;{.
'I'l'lMHia^lli ('l'c|»c>iiii/.tl('), Mi'xifiiii
Tele|iaiico, station, .\/lec iiii;jration.
iiiiisii'iil iiisti'iiiiii'iit, ii., '.".).'{; iii.,
v., .■{2;{-4.
(•.;{; iv., ITS.
'I'elevaltia. Naliiia i'eli;,'ioiis feast, ii.,
Tcim Miijiiiili/ili, iii., ^22, .si'i- Tox-
.•{;(.").
ral .
'I"ete\itl, Naliilii |i;i|iir oHcrinu"i, iii.,
'rc|Mit/iiilaM, a |prn\ iiicc of Mcxiio, v.,
.■i4t!.
, , •''"'•
'{"etiivilliali. 'i'oton.ic dialect, iii.. 777.
'I'r|i(p\rli, .Naliiia sacriliii', iii., .'11.").
Tel ipac, ( incrrcro, .iiili.|.. i\. IJI.
'rc|M)/i)lliiii, .slalMii, 'l'c(>-( liicliinu'c
Teli|iac el \ icjo, (iiurrtro, anlii|..
iiii;:ral inn, v., Isy.
i\., 424.
'i'f|iii--|ic, \illa;^i', S(uii>ra, i., (i(t7.
Tetlalito, Te/ciican title, ii,, Is'.'; v..
'I'c (ii/iiiliila ( l'i>|iu/iMilaiiii), .Mi/(cc
:{.-.(».
1 iali'i't, iii., Tl'.i, 7'">1.
Tellaliiieliiie|i|ni/it/.in, a < iiicjiiinec
'l'('|Ml/tccall. Naliiia ;4(>il, iii., U.S.
prince, \. , 474-."..
'I'l'ilH.I, i., (KKt, SCI' l'i';,'ll,i.
Tetiiinonaniiiiiiiaii, Naliiia s.icritice,
'I'c |ii.iiliiilli, Naliiia cliicf |iriost, ii.,
ii., -MO.
•JtKJ.
TetlivjK'iic (Tediyiicitli, .station, Teo-
'ri'(|iiccliiiii'caiiiahi, ii.iiiii' I'm- Tc/cat-
( 'liicliiiuec nii^ialioii, \.. IS'.i.
/iiiuall, iii,, U.S.
Tet/.aaiian, Naliiia tcnipic lialli, ii.,
'I'l'iiucjiaH ( rn|ii('|i('s), SiMilli Cali-
•"'S7.
fiiniiaii tiiiif, i., KC.'-Ji.'; linalimi.
Tet/ateoll (Tet/aiiliteoll), ii.inie for
i., !.'>:•.
Ihiit/ilopocliiii, iii., ^s'.l. ;!i>2.
'r.i|ui'\cs, iii., 7-(l, sec 'rcciicxcs.
Tet/anli, name for Te/cal lipoca, v..
'l\'(|uiiiias, Nnilli .Mexican IriUc, !.,
.•(24.
."iTI-lM ; liHMiiiiii, i., diKi.
let/coco, i., (i7(i, .'*ee Tc/cnco.
'I'cijninas, isiiinii.in .soii'crt'rs, i., 777.
'i"et/.iliiiat/.iii, a .Mexican princess, v.,
'l'ci|nisi|niai' (I'ciinixiiiiiac), slalioli,
.•{(in.
.\/,ici- iniuraliiin, v., ;{'j;i.
Tct/;ilacatl, N;iliiia ^'on^', ii., 2'.)!!.
i"ci(nilintl,ici)ll, liilnilaiy provinces,
Tet/it/iniitI, a Teo-Cliicliiuiec cliief,
Mexico, ii., ■_';!(;.
\.. 4;k>.
'I'ci|ni/c|nitl, coarse salt, ii., .'(."••t.
'I'et/ontli. a species of stom- used for
I'di'Miemlo, .Miclioacaii, aiiliii., iv..
linilil';i^, ii., ItUt, ."i."i7. .''US, .")7(l,
a7l.
aSl; v..4,-.l.
'rerralias (Tirihees, 'I'iriliis), trilio of
TeiiculliUiican, i., (i7t>, see Teo-Cnl-
IstliMiiaiis, i., 747-.S."); localion, i. ,
linacan.
7 IS. 7'.>4-.">; sjiecial iiienlioii, i..
Teiili<liiiMalt/.iii, an .Xcolliua ollicer,
7S4-.'); Ian;;., iii., 7l'.'i; antio., iv..
_ v., 44S.
.,-*•
Teulitli'linac, n Tepanec prince, v.,
Terra colta, i., 70">; aiilii|., iv., 2'2,
.•i."i.")-(i.
(i.vii, 7-'-:{, i-'7. L'li;) .">, :u(! .v.>4 j.as-
Ti'ill. loi'.-ility, .Jalisco, iii,, 44S; v.,
sini, 7.S(».
.")(!'.».
'I'erra|ia, villavre, Soiior;.. i , (!(MI.
Teiiiiietl, iiiaijiiey wine, iii.. 24li.
'rcrrenate .Mi.iinlain, i , (>'*;<.
Teiipii, I'ipile ti'inple, ii.. 7('7.
'I'crwars. North ("aiil'uiiiiaii Irilio, i.,
Teiiieeoiiiatl, Naliiia drinking; cii[i.
:«(;-() 1: location, i., 'I.*, 14.").
ii.. '28").
Ti'sia, town, Soiiora, i . iii.S.
Tetitila. town, Oajaca, i.. (iSO-l.
'resoi'o, see Ct-rro del 're.soro.
Teatitliin, i., fiSO, see Tootitlan.
'I'esotal, locality, .\ri/ona, i., (i()'2.
'I'exas, trilies descrilied, i.. 47;{-">-");
'i'csiKine (TeziKjne), I'lielilo ti)\vii,
location, i,, .")!t|-4: lan^jj., iii., .")'.i:i-"),
New Mexiio. i., ">-_'7. "»',•!•; laiiy.,
(ititt; anlit|., iv.. ."i'.)7.
iii., <>H1; antii|., iv.. (!fl7.
Texas l''lat, California, aiitiip, iv.,
Tete (le liiclie, localitv, I'tali, i.,
7(f2.
4(i». 47<».
Texciilapa. locality, Mexico, iii.,21").
Teteioiiaii ('I'a/i, 'I'occy, Toci, Tocit-
Texcali'evia, Naliiia drink, ii,. ;!.")!».
/in, 'I'o/i), Nalin.i ;;-o(l(less. ii., '27'.',
TexL'alcc\ilo, Muliiiu drink, ii., ',iM.
30S, (ilH; iii., ;i08-lt, 3o0; v., 41)4.
INDKX.
roa
'IVxralla (Tpxraltifpjic), v., JOl, soo
Th
ilpa. .M<
'xicti, iintiii., iv.
M.
XI'ldll'IKT .MllUlltillll, V
:v.',s.
Tfxtiilllatilieo, iiivtliifiil rivtr, iii.
•2 Ki.
'rfxcatliiMicatl, name for Tczcatli
I>
•24'X
Tfxiii'lii|iaiit/in, v., .'U)l, we Xoclii-
|iaiit/iii.
TfM.lcM'. localitv, (ti
ijii
i., CTI.
Tt-XDiu's, Ncirlli Mfxiraii trilie, i.
■)7I-!H; localion, i., (ii;{.
T(^\iixi'M, Ni('ara;L;uaii sorcerers, iii,
4!».->.
Tcvaliiiali'o, locality, Mexico, v.
'1\
.1
liii
eyaoiiiialohiiaiii,
t'ra.l.Ts, ii., ;{,S|.
Nal
iiiii
TeyoliiialiniiKiiii, a TIasciiltec i'liief,
VM't
V\'iitlrna, ( 'laiiaiii ''oi
1, iii.. i;
I'e/aiiiiitl, name for lliiit/ilo
'iitii
III.
IS'.). I'liT
;{(>:{.
Ti;;i'.L( alii, Naiiiiii teiii|>le, ii., 'tS.'i.
Te/catii|Mica ('I'aot/iii, 'IV-.truioa, 'IVz-
eatli|>iica.
're/.catii;>iicatl, Titla-
ea.'ioii), Naliiia ^'od, ii., ."{IT-'-l,
:VM4. r.SL', (Ki:?; iii.
2S_'. f-'L'-."), r)07; V.
Hti, iM'.t,
IS_>-
'2(il-."», -.'(is, -JTI-SG, 4--'(j, 4S4, 4m;,
4!M».
Te/cat/oncall (Toaltlaliiiiani, Te-
(|ilecliiiiccaiiiaiil)
2(ii»: iii., 4IS.
Nai
iliiia <roii, II.
Te/cociii'_'o('re/cozinco), city, .Mexico,
ii., l(iS-7;{; aiiti(i., iv., ">•_'.'{-(>.
Tezcoci/tecatl, iii., (("J, see Teciiziste-
catl.
Te/ciico (Tetzcoco), <'ity, .Mexico, i.,
<J7v")-(i: ii., !»•_', 104; aiiti<|., iv., .VJd-
3; iiivtii., v., -JO; liist., v., lU'.I, L'S.'i,
;m7-i>, :u-2-4S"_', vmi
Tez( iico Lal>
e, V.
'Mi.
Teziiniacciialiiili, v., •J4.'J, see 'Fziliii-
tliiiatl.
ezom|iaii, town, .laiisco. i., ()/2,
Ciiicli-
iezozoiii'ic, ( liicliiMicc eiii|iclor, II.,
(i(>!»; v., ;ui, .•us-!t, :).■) !-.">, ;i(;7-s4;
lord of .VzcajMizalco, v., Hi4.
Tezpi. Naiiiia Noali. iii,, (Ki S; v., I.'V
Teziiliitlan {'reziiliitaii), name for
Vera I'az, v., olio.
Teziuiue, i., ">'.(!), .see TesiiciMe.
Tliamicns, Central <'aliforniaii tril)(\
i., :{(il-10I; location, i., :W.i, 4,V_';
laiij,'. , iii., Cht'.i.
Theatre, .see |)raiiia.
Theft, jiiiiiisiiiiient of, i., ()4, .'ISii,
Vol. v. 4U
.TOit-lO, 720, 770; ii., 4rM-H, (i.iO.
f;."»(i-.s.
Tiietliotin, triix- of Tiiiiieli, i., 114-
:»7; I
ocation,
i.. !».-
Tiiick-woiiil Imliaiis,
144.
I!
eaver
IikII
Tliilhoa, Naiiua ''od, iii., 4IS,
11
ii|ieloi,'<', name for .\i|
iii.. 411.
Tlillli''c|i,'i ilinneli ( I>o''-ril>s), trilie of
Tinneli, i., 1 14-:{7
location, I.,
144:
l.iiiy
al inentioii, i., 120-1, l.'{<
.'(,S."».
Thiinkeeis (Klinkits, Tchiiikitaiie),
me of the live tainilics iiilo \v
hich
the ilvperlioreaiis
.1
are <li\i(lctl;
manners ami customs nf all its
nations
■ 'ether,
dress,
am
I t
riltes (lescrihcd to-
'.•4-114;
ivsii|iie 1., '.),
<.t7-l02; d\v(dlin;:s. i.
I02-.S; food, i., Io;M;
and war, i.
lo<;-7; manii
'.lapon.s
lO-l-d; Ito.its, i.
f.icl
arcs am
merce. i., 107-S; ;,'(ivernmeiit ami
slavery, i., lOS-'.l; NVimien. mar-
ria;,'!'. etc., i.. .S2. lO'.MJ; jimnse-
meiits, i., I12-i:{; ineilicine and
Itiirial. i., IIH; character, i., W.i-
14; mvlh.. iii., !)S-I04, I2!t-:{|,
M.-)-'.l. oK!; v,, 14. HI; lanj.'., iii.,
."i7!>-.s:{; location of trilies, i., 3S,
iti <;. 142.'{.
Thlislii.tkmm'hes, Inland Coiumhiaii
trihe, i., 2.")0-<.ll; location, i.. .'iU.
Thlje;,'oiicholaiia. trihe ciI 'I'inueli, i.,
I i4-:{7; loc.iti i., 14.S.
'rhlje;,'on l;i\cr. i.. 148.
riinaina. i.. 140. see l\en;ii.
Thoi'',! rik-kah, name for Nez I'er-
Tl
I., 2r,:i.
iomi>son liiver,
2.-.1, 201. .'ill);
III.
(!i:j.
Thoii;_'eitli. name for Cowichiii, i.,
17.').
Tiiorames (Tiitorames), Ceiitial Mex-
ican trilie, i., (il7-44; 1
Ii
hist.
ocalion. I.
v.. .")(»0.
Tl
lorns, various ii.ses, i., Ci,'h>; ii.
!!•.;
lO, col.
•j».>-i>, -.i;i,
Thieail, i.. 7'.l. 01, 107, oo.'). (;,")7. 7iiii':
ii'.. 404.
'riirone, ii., 440-1. (il2, ('cM. (llVi :{,
(!:t7. (i4!-2, ()t(i. 7S!>. 704; iii,. 2!»t,
:t!IO.
'rinimiaterioii, a I'hoMiiciaii city, v.,
(Kl.
'rhiinder, i., 741; iii.. lis, ."{24. 40:{.
Tiacapan, name for 'I'lazoltecotl, iii.,
.'{SO.
'I'iacapaiitziii (Tiacaiiapaiitziii), v.,
\i'.iO, .see Tlacaiiantziii.
770
INDEX.
Tialiuanaro, Porn, antiq., iv. , 80.).
'J'iana/.atlaii, liL'i^'lu.'s, rUiwcala, v.,
4'.I8.
Tiaiij,'iicz, ( iiiateiiia'aii market, i. ,70(1.
TiaM;,'iiii!tuaj,'o, [irov iiu'u, .Mexico, i.,
(iT").
Tian;,'ui/,toiietl, loealitv, Me.xieo, v.,
•2.').
Tiaiuiui/.tli, Nahua nuiiket, ii., 38.'J.
Tia/.olteiitl, iiaiiie for Ceiiteotl, iii.,
Tilia, Istlmiian title, !., 770.
Tilialia;,'iia, Smitii Califoriiiaii trilie,
i.. ■U)-2--2-2; location, i., 4(.'(».
Tiltuica, cave near I'opaii, tloiidiiras,
aiili(|., iv., Sli-;{.
Tiidiioii, city, Yucatan, v., (iU'J.
TilinroiK's, North Mexican tril)e, i.,
t')7--'.*l; location, i., ")7-; siiecial
mention, i., iiS'.i, 58."), oOO; Ian;,'.,
iii.. 704.
'J'ihnron (Tal)uron) Island, i., .'"i7-.
(;04-.").
Ticeuiracocha (Ticeviracocha), v., "J.'$,
see \'iracocha.
Ticitl, Nahua midwife, ii., '2(iS.
'I'icul, Yucatan, antiii., iv., 'i.S7-40.
Ti'-uni, \'ucatan, anti(|., iv. ,L'I"J.
'J"ie-poo-eet, i. , .")4, see Topek.
Tieriii .\marilla, locality, I'tah, i.,
4(l'.»-70.
Tierra ISIanca, villa^^e, Chiapas, i.,
iiS-2.
Tierra ("aliente, ii., 8!)-'.l0.
Tierra l'"ria, ii., 87.
'I'ieira 'I'emplada, ii., 87.
Ti-al.la Island, i., 141.
'J'i-aldas, trihe of Aleuts, i., 87-04;
location, i., 141.
Tillers, i., (i48, 710, 7'-'."?, 7">2-;{; ii.,
-"'V •'.")1, 720-1; iii., 120.
Tijjua, i.. (too, see Te^fua.
Ti;;ucx, I'nclilo jiroviiu'e, New Mex-
ico, i., .■>27, .">;?s.
Tiha/, t^niclii'-Cakciiicinel day, ii.,
707.
'J'ihoo, cjlv, Yucatan, iii., 4i(7; antic|.,
iv.. 24.t'-4.
'i'ihiiL'iin. Tinneli ;j;od, iii., 142.
Tikal. (lualeinala, antii|., iv.. i;t,~i-8.
Tilanton;,'!), eitv, Oajaca, iii., ~',\;
iiist.. v., 41(i.'4(il, .V27-0.
Tilapa liiver, v., (102.
Tileina, (*ajaca, anti<|., iv., .'i74
'J'ilijaes ('i'llijais, Tilijayas), Ni^rtli
>i
e\ican trilie, i., ."171 •!• I ; location
i.. (111-12.
Tilhi
.'{07, see Killannioks.
Tiiina (Tilnnitli), Mexican nianlh
i., ,".74, (120: ii., 'MM, 727;
Tilof.ayas, North Mexican triho, !.,
.")7I-0I; location, i.. (112.
Timhalakees, Central Californian
trihe, i.. .S(;i-40I; location, i., 440.
Timita (Timi^itae, Titmictaci. Cen-
tral Californian trihe, i., 3(;i-40l;
location, i., 4.'i;{.
Timpana Yutas, i., 470, see Timpo-
na;,'nchyas.
Timpanij,'os, hike and desert, i., 4(Ji),
407.
Timpaiii;i;o8 Yutas, i., 440, see Tiiu-
pano;,'os.
Tinipano;,'<)s (Tenipanah;;oes, Tini-
]iana;:os, TiMipani;jos \'ntas, Tim-
pano^ies, Tim]i.ino;^si, trihe of
Slioshones, i., 422-42; location, i.,
440, 4(i2, 4(>4, 4(iO-70.
Tiinpeiia;,'ncliyas ('i'enpenny l' talis,
Tenpennv ("tes, 'l'ini|>ana Ynlas),
trihe of Shoshoiu's, i.. 422-42; lo-
cation, i., 470; special mention, i.,
440.
Timsim, Central Californian trilie, i.,
:{i;i-|01; location, i., 4.").S.
Tin, ' , 4S.S; ii., ;{S2. 47:5-."); iv., 704.
Tinalootis, Inlanil Coluniliian tiihe,
i., 2.".0-0l; location, i.. ^^\■^.
Tinachi, South Californian trihe, i.,
402-22; location, i.. 4.Vil.
Tinajas .\ltas, Sonora, i.. (iO.S.
Tinapihuaxa-. Noidi Mexican triho,
i., .")7l-oi; location, i., ((12.
Tinnch ( Dinneli "Iitiiini', 'I'inne. Tty-
nai), one of the live families into
which tlu' ilyperlioieans are di-
vided; niannci's and customs of
all its nations and trilies deNcriiieil
to;;cllicr, i., ll4-;{7: pii\sii|Ue. i.,
•Mi, Il(i-I7, 122. 127; (bv'ss. i., 117,
122, 128; niarriauc and wnnien,
i., 117-18, 121, 12:{, t2.-)-(). 1,(2. i:il;
Dwelling's, i., IIS, 12;i-t; I'ood, i.,
lis, 121, I2.S, 120. l:!.-|; Weapons,
i.. 110; .\ii;nsemcnts, i., 110 20,
122; Ihirlal. i.. 110. I2.-.-7. I:i2,
IIU-.-); Ciiar.nler, i.. 120. 122. l.'!.")-7;
(iovernnient. i.. 121. l2;t-4, KiO-l,
i:{4; Medicine, i., 121; I'.o.ils, lin-
]ileincnts, iS.c., i., i:{((; Mvtli., iii.,
H>r,.(i, i;{|, 141 -.•(..■ilS; v., 10; lan.i,'.,
iii., r».')7-8, .5s;t-i;(t:{, (I(i2:!; locadou
of tiihes, i., 2."i, .'tS, IM-IC, N.'Mt.
'i'inum, Yucatan, antiij., iv., 2.'l(i.
Tipitapa. villa;;i'. N'icaia;;ini, i., 702.
Tipitapa lii\i'r. i., 702.
Tipotani, Nicava^'ua ;.'od, iii., 4!)2.
Tiriiiecs (Tirihis), i., 704-."), see Ter-
ra has.
Tiripito, locality, Michoaean, v., .")21.
INDKX.
771
Ti>ayao, rontial faliforniiui inytliic
ip.Tsoii, iii., !•_',>.
TititiU'ii Island, IVrii, aiitin. , iv.,
SIMM'.
Tilifaca Lake, IVrii, ;iiiti(i., iv.,SO()-
•_>. ,S0.")-(;; v.. -2:i.
TititI, Naliiii! tVstival, ii., 337.
Titiyi'i, Ceiitral < 'aliforiiiaii tribe, i.,
3til-4(»l; location, i., AM.
Tillacaaon (Titlacaliiia. 'I'itlai'aliiian,
'ri(ia('aoanioc|U('<|iu-loa, 'I'itlacoa,
Titlacoan), names tor Te/ealli-
jioca, iii., u7, 70, I'JI, 1!M», 214,
•-ViC; v., ■_'.")!>.
'ritniictac, i., 4,')',i, .see Tiinifa.
Tiiilda, ('eiilrai Calitornian trilie, i.,
3lil-4(H; location, i., 4.m.
Tixnalajtnn, Vucatau, antiq., iv.,
•_'4(».
Ti/aapan, a district of Mexico, v.,
;t4(»-l.
'I'l/ajocan, v., 3'J.'{, see Tizayocan.
'I'i/.a|icf Ian, ('Iii;i|ias, antic|., iv., 'X't'A.
Tizallacat/in, a Tlast'altec leader,
v., 4."i!», .")(t4.
Tizatlalli, a species of stone, ii.,
'I'izalian, a i|uarter of 'I'lascala citv,
ii., 4I'J; v.. 4!>7-.S. .")0:i.
Tizayocan I'riz.-ijocanI, station, Aztec
I'li-ration, v.,' :{•_'.•{, .S.'iO.
Tizof, kin;,' of Mexico, v., 117, 4'_*4,
4;{t)-!».
'rjuicMiijenne, Apache trilial name,
i.. 471; iii., '>'M.
Tjulcliide. .\paclie name f<ir I!ii)
( 'olorado, i., ,">'.•.").
'rjiinclii, .Vpaclie nanii' for l!io I'eeos,
'i., .V.t,-).
Tka, i., 447, see ilamliur;,' Indians,
'rkhinikee. .\lcnt auinlcl. iii., 144.
'I'kilvUes, i., lis, SIT lii^'uliks.
Tliiallilzin, slaves ;,.r sacrilice, ii.,
31I4.
'J'laan;a\ ii)iics, Nalina coinbatarts,
ii.. .;■»(>•.
'I'lai'aliepaii, Niiliiia vice-;,'ot), iii,,
427.
Tlacacavili, Nalnia iiii-tress, ii., 'JtU.
'I'lacaceli.istlii, .M.i\a i^iiii' in'' dialect.
iii., 7i'ii.
'riacai'oi.licaii, Naliiiii temple, iii., I
.•fS7.
'I'lacaelellzin I'remp.inccall I. a Mi'X-
ican commaijiler. \., ;{S',tll(>; a '
.Mexican p'ince, icentical with
Miinleziima I., v., 42:>.
'riac.ilnia, Niiliiia title, ii., 1S7.
'I'lacaliiiepaiuue.xtotzin, NaUu.i yod,
iii., ;103.
Tlacaluiepatzin (Tlacaliiie]>;intzin). a
.Mexican piiiice, v., 443, 4.">'.', ,JII4.
Tlacallinaztilmatii, a court inantie,
ii., '.ilTh
TIacamilitzin (Tlacainilitzin, Tla-
cainitziii), a Tidtec priiup, v., 211,
220, 24;{.
Tlaca|(antzin (Tiafapanfzin, 'riaca]>a-
pantzin), an .\ztec [irincess, v., ',\'2'X
TIai'atec.'ill (Tacateeatl, Tlaeatec-
catl), Naliiia jnd;,'e, ii., -I'M.
Tlacatecolctlotl, Naliua evil njiirit,
iii., IS4.
Tlacateofziii, -Vcolliiia prince, v.,
'XV2, 3.'U; ('liimaliiaiiec chief, v.,
."t.'kS; Kili;,'of 'riatelillio, v., ,%"4-8(i.
TIacatlaolli, a dish of human llesh,
ii., .SOit.
Tlacattecco, a temple in Mexico, v.,
441.
Tlacaveiian, name for Tezcatlepoca,
iii., 241, 24(;.
TIacaxipeliiializtIi, Naiina month,
ii., :{0t:, ,H0S-I2, .">0!t; iii., :«)!», 42(1.
Tlace|ioalli(laxcalli, corn cake, ii.,
.•I.V..
'I'lachi'ala, i., (i7(), see 'I'lascala.
'I'lachco, a play-;.'round, ii., 207;
town, (Inerrero, v., 412
Tlachiach, Nahna title, v , 2()4, 48tl.
'I'lachicatzin, a 'I'oltcc city, v., 211.
'l'lachiidonii|Ue, Nahna sceptre, iii.,
40S.
'I'lachihualtepee, localitv, I'nelda, v.,
2:10.
Tlachinotzin, v.. 2.">(*, see Ixtlilcne-
cli.'ihnac.
'I'lachmalacac, town, Mexico, i.,(i'77;
v.. 412.
'riac!ipani|iiizi|iii, liuexotzinca chief,
v., 477.
'riailii|nanhyo, court dress, ii,, -KK!.
riaclii|iiiauhco, citv, Oajaca, \., IMi,
4(;i.
Tla.'htli (Flachtl, 'I'laxtli), Nalimi
lir,il-;;aiMe, ii., 2117; iii., 2."i4; v.,
4(>7.
Thiciiiaantin, Nalnia mistress, ii.,
2(i.">.
Tlaciiiantli, Nahn.i mistress, i;.,2i)."i.
'I'lailipialii, iii., .'t.SO, see 'ria/.iiilcoli.
'I'laco, iii., .'tSO, see 'riazollenll.
'I'laciM h('ah atl, ii., l.'kS, si'c 'I'laco-
hecalcatl.
'I'lacochlli, a ja\elin. ii., 110.
'riacoculai|uilo, cradle ceremonv, ii.,
271;.
'Ihiciili ctil.'all ('I'lacochcalcalli, Na-
hu:i title, ii., VM-fy, 201.
Il\
INDEX.
Thi^olula, locality, Oajaca, i., 7'
a.i.ii)., IV
•M
'I'lacoiiiiliiia, a Tultpf cliii'f, v., 243,
•_'.").•{; Ocdti'lulco ruler, v., 4!t7.
'ria('ii|)an (Taciilia), citv, Ak'xici), i.,
• 174; ii., 1»2, 1:J4-«; 'iv., .TOU; v.,
:vM',-\).
'i'lat'ott'o, Tczciieaii seiiiinarv, ii.,
■-'4(i.
'riai'otcpoc, town, Vera Cruz, i., (»77;
aiitK
iv., 44.V().
riaciilin, a T('i>ant'r ])rince, v., 355.
Til
icollan, town, .lalisco, i., ()7-.
'i'lacot/ontli, Xaliua ;,'(m1, ii., .'iSJt.
'riai'uiliuallaii, ntation, Aztoc inijjra-
tii)ri, v., .S-'4.
'I'la^jra Sillas, tribo of Koniayas, i.,
(;'.tS7; location, i.. 140.
'I'lahuac (Cuitlahuac), Mexico, aiitiq.,
IV,, 4;is-<,».
Tlal
luicas.
Nal
lua nation,
i., f.17-44;
ii., i:i.'{-()L".l; locatidU anil name, i
]((!), i:{0; special mention, i., (i'J
laiiL'., iii.. 7'J.'); hist., v., .'<()7-lil.
TIalinicol (Tlallini(
.n
■'cncra
1. iii., 4:
a i lascjiltcc
477-S, 5(15,
'I'lalinililpan, Mexico, anti(i., iv., .'")4',(.
'r'aimii 'reculitli, a .\ocliiniilco chief,
v.. 'M)'.).
'rialuiitollzin, a ("hichimoc prince, v.,
475.
Tlahuitzin, mythic person, iii., H7'.'->->0.
'i'laiiiitlacan, a wanl of Tezcnco citv.
v., 4v t
'riaillan,.ilinii, name fur Xapatei'utli.
iii.. 417.
Tlaixncxia. Nahna feast, ii., .W).
'i'laixpan, locality, Mexico, i., (i7.'{.
'I'Im jcimulco, town, .lalisen, i., (I7"_'.
'I'ialamo/toc, .statiiin, Cliichimec mi-
j;iali(in, v.. iMIt.
Tlaiihiluialtcpec, name for Cholula,
iv.. 47:t.
Tliili'iiiioltziii, v., 'J.'iO, see ixtlilcuo-
I'lialiuiic.
'I'ialchitonatiuh, Nahiui |i(M'i(iil of
Tlaloc, Nahna pod, ii., .10.'), .108. .334-7,
.")H-J-4; iii., (17, US, I'-'O, 134, ;{'_'4-4n.
TIalocan, Nahna invthic rcj;ion, iii.,
.■).33; v., 1!I7, 5'_'7.'
TIalocan .Mountain, v., 480.
'I'lalocateuditli, name for Tlaloc, iii..
3'J4.
)cxic, ravine, Tlascala. v., 507
Tlalpep
TIalpilli, Nahna period of time, ii.,
.505.
Tlalitnimiloltecnhtli, an order of
jiriests, iii., 4.34.
Tlaltecatl, v., '_'50, see lxtlilcue<ha-
huac.
Tlaltecatl Ilnctzin, v., '2.50, see Ixtlil-
cuechahuac.
Tlaltecatzin, name for (^ninaiit/in,
v., 347; lord of l^uaidichin.ii.. i.
v., 340.
Tlaltetecui, a Nahna i)ro|ihei. n . '''n.
Tlaltecuin, name for \ xtlituM. r.i.,
400.
Tl.iltecutli, Nahna 'fod. iii., •_'07.
Tlalti
■pa.i
ne, name
for T(
iteo;l'
iii., 101.
Tlamacatolon, hoy jtriests, iii., '.]:\r>.
'I'lamacatzin, Chichimec kin;,', v.,
L'--'(», L'OO.
Tlainacaxiiui, (Tlamacaz(]ni), an or-
der of ]iriests, ii., •J03-4; iii., 43((.
Tlamacazcallotl, an order of priests,
ii., •20.3.
Tliiiiiaeazcaviac|ne, an order of
priests, iii., 3.35.
Tlamaeazcayotl, an ord'r of piic--ts,
Tl;
II., -204.
iiiiacaziinecuicanime, an onler nl
]iiiests, iii., 3.3.5.
Tlaiiiacaztei|uiiia;4iies, an ordei of
iriesis, iii., 3.3.1
v., '245, sec Chal-
tiiiie, II., .")0I.
TIah'liinhtlaiicl/in.
I'liiiih TIattiiiac.
TIaicocomocco, locality, Mexico, ii.,
5.->0; v., .3,30.
Tlaliinicol, v.. 477. see Tlahnicol.
Tlaliiic, a mini'ral xnlistaiice, ii., 487.
Tlallamanac, .Nahna u'od, v., 103.
Tl!illi(|uiimallas, tiilie of ,\pache!«,
i., 47.3-5'2ti; location, i.. 500.
Tlaliiiaiialco, Mexii'o, antin., iv,,.501;
hist., v., '2(K).
Thim.'icazte/cahoan, an order of
priests, iii., 3.35.
Tl
itl. t
enants, ii
TIamalhn
III
isical
instrument.
.M
exico, aiitiii
."i(t4.
Tlaiiiama, Nahna ciirricrs, ii., .3S(i.
Tlaiiiaths (Tlamatl), i. , 411, see
Ivlamaths.
Tlamat/inciitl, name for Tczratlipo-
ca, iii.. 100, 405.
Tlaiiuixcacavotl, a ridi;;'ions order,
iii., 4;i(;.
Tlami, Tezciiriin title, ii., 180; v., 350
TlMii;i./i, Tarasco mantle, ii., 3(!8,
Tlanchinoltii'pac, locality, .Mexico,
i., ()75.
TIancmiliaiii, Nahna solicitors, ii.,
444.
Tlancmpopidoii, iiiime for Najiate-
cntii, iii., 117.
INDEX.
TlanodiiP (TIaylotlac, Tlaylotlal), 1 Tlainiiinilnl-Tcciilitli, an order nt
N:;liua iiul^t', ii., 4;{(!,
priests, 11., •-'IIJ
'riaiiniMeeliiilliiyiiH' ('riaiii|iiaeeiiiil- j 'I'laseala (Texialla. TcvcallieiiMe,
iiiii|iiu;
(.hiet/aleiiatl a(lile|•ellt^
Tlarli
Tl
;i\eal
'I'l
iixealiaii I
iii. 241, ^Xy
Tlanlli ('I'laiillij, driecl eoni, ii., .'?47
ii)iiiiiii|iii, iiiveiitii
row, ii., .■{4I{.
iteli, i., •.'<»-.,
rof
low and ar
<|i
"», sec < lavoiiiiiits.
Til
'■'
'I'laiiaia, X'craCru/, antii|., iv.. 44r>.
'I'lapaleatt'iiee, loeaiitv, Niciinigua,
i., 7!K).
'riapalliiiitz rria|ialliiii/), a Naliua
fillet, V.
'.VA.
Tlaiializiiuixoiliitl, a Soulli .Mexici
laiif,
4(il.
'ria|iaila ('l'ia|iaiiaii), an ancient
Soiilli Mexiean l<iii;,'(liMii, iii., L'.">;{-
Tl
:•>( ; \.
•-'11,
4, •JS4-
), ii.iS.
|iallaiieoneol I la|iallaiitoM 1 lap
riii
llaii/.in
CO, I lappallan/in;.^!
tloll,
Tlapall,
IIoihI
Tolt
ec nii;;iatioii, v.
sta-
-Ml,
III I
le Cort
'.'i;
rtes, a rt';;ion in
'l"lap:illaiiloiico, v., 'Jll, see TIapal-
laiieiiiieo.
'I'lapallaiil/ineo, v., I'll, see Tiapal-
laii'Oiieo.
'I" la pa I met /ill, a 'I'oitee prinee, v., 'Jl.'t.
Thi
laiiiiet/.ot/iii, a Naliiia (
■liiel',
•J ;:!.
'I'lapaiiees (('liinc|iiinies, Clioelioiii
( 'llncjiontes, !( iloelios, ( 'liueildlie;
trilies (leserihed, i., (il7-44; i i\'-
iii/ed nations, ii., <.'t.'t-()'2!l: locatimi
and name, i,, (i74. ti7(l, 7ill; ii..
Ill', i:{ll; liivtii., iii.. 111. I'.K".. 4:t7,
44{, .')()(;, .■)1'.'; v., -Jll; Ian;:,, iii.,
7-'.">; aiitii|., iv., 477-'S(l; lii>l., \.,
•_'(;L'-;t, 4():i. 4.".s.ti(), 47(i, 4!»;{-.")()7.
T\.
iseiiltees,
Ni
liiia iiatliiii, 1., l>
44; ii., I. S.'i-f >'.".); loeation and iiaim
!., •)7t), 7!'l; ii., l.'{ll; special men
i. .()•-'•-': ii., l41-'_', iii."), -J'J.Vt!,
'2-2'X 271,
•.m, -XW-l. .■f.')4, H7I,
40.")-(i, 4i!-12, 4lti-17. 42.T
41(1
r>i)H, <;(»!», (;2S-'.I; mvtli.. iii.. Ill
111.'), 4;{7, 44:t, ."ilML OI2; v., 2(
laii^'.
hi-t.
."((71(1,
:<s.s, 417-i.s, 4.'>s.(;(», 47(i, 4'.i:{-.')()7.
'Flat.
TIal
ecmnxocliicaoaea
ineilicine, ii., ,">!t7.
(1, iii., 4IS.
inventur
Tlatelnlcas, Naliiia nation, i., ()I7-
44; ii., l.'!.'{-(!2'.t; special liielilioii,
ii., .'{SO-l, ")()."); hist., v., ;i2.')-(i, iCiil-
4S2.
Tlateliilco (.\altelnlco), city. Mexico,
ii., .'!.S()-I. ."id."); iii.. 2'.ts'; hi.^t., v.,
;r>7-!l!», 411. 421. 42'.»:!l.
'i'latlauliiiiiicenteotl, name for < 'eii-
( 'o\ iscas
.!<
I'lnomes, I'iiiotl-
Cllorlions, I'opolocas, I'opolnciis,
ecoH, I ecoxines, I eiiiiiK
tcoti, iii., :<.")(».
'I'latluicas, Central Mexican tril
le, 1.
Yop
Vop
.ppll
((17-44; location and name, i., tl7">.
'rialoani, Naliiia title, ii., l,S()-7; v.,
24S.
Naliiia 'i'laloiiil/intli, Naliiia title, ii., ISt!.
nation, i.,(il7-44; ii., I.'{.'t-(i2!t; loca- | 'I'latoniie, Nalnni title
IS(),
tion and name, i., (!77; ii.. Kl'.i, IHd;
Npecia
laii'4'.,
r)2:?-4.
I mention, i.. ().")l-2, ()(i.")-(i
iii., 7.")2, 7S;{; liist., \.
apail. a nieiiicinii
ant. II.
207
'.lit.
Tl
ap'l/annacaii, name tor (^iniaiini/t-
lan. v., 4!t7.
Tlapit/cal/iii. an order ot' priests, ii.,
2(i;t: iii., i;!l.
Tiappallan/in-ii, \., 211, sei' TIapal- TIaiiili, ii., ;!47, see TIaol
TIatsaps, i., ;tll4, see Clatsops.
Tlatskanais, trilie of Cliinooks, i.
222-00; location, i.,;{07; Ian;,'., iii.
")!»2.
Tli
TIatzalan, v.. 2'.t."i,
'i'lauli<|iic<'liol, a iii\tliii' liird, iii.,
241.
Tlanli(|Ue('lH)lt/oiitli, a fcitlier dress,
ii.. .'Cfl.
r
i\ite/i|iii lTla\ itecciiiii, at'i'stival
Thi
Tli
■I.'
il!o, a mantle, ii., .'{21 .
M
cliar.icter, til., .'i.d.
ii|iiec{uiilicaii. a i|U
cit\. ii.. .")(1.'!.
liter of .Mexico Tlaxcall
an, v., 4!l
Tl
:iscala.
Tla(|niliiia. Nalnia title, ii.. |S7.
'I'lai|uilliui>^lis, (•i<ana;,'an sorcerers.! .'(."lo
Tiaxi'iili, a Kind of caUe, ii., .'{.■>4.
Tlaxialpacliolli. a Uiiid of cake. ii.
I., 2S7
laijiiilxiK
diitl
i.aii-i., v., ;i2!t.
jiriiKM
.f Zi
ixcallolopoclil Ii, a kind of cai<
ii., 4:1
ixiaco,
Mi/tec dialect, iii., 7 111.
la'piiiiii
iii., (12.
Iloli
sat
red ndies. ii., 202: , Tlaxicoliiican (Tlaxi ('oliulicanl, a
rei'ion o
f Mexico, v., 211, 21,H.
771 INDEX.
'ri,i\im;vli)yMii, town, Arirlioaraii, i.,
Tunnoli, Tnanooeli,) tribe of Souial
(177. si'i" Taii^iiimnia.
Inilians, i.. '.'((S-i'J; location, i., :M±
'I'laxoi'liirnacii. Naluia imiiitli, ii.,
Toaiic, \illa;,'c, .Sonoia, i., <i(l7.
:{-J7-.s, xs;i. :.i(», fiis.
'I'oliaeco, varitiiis nsi-s, i., (IS, 7<>.
'I'laxdimiltcc^, ( "i'l'tial Mexican liitii',
i;u, I'.t'.i, -J lit, -js-.', :i'.4, iv.n, mo,
i., (il7-44; locaUiMi, i., (>7-, Ian;,'.,
r)17, .M(». ."iiW, .5.S(», (I.VJ. (i(i7, 7<l(i,
iii., 7I'.».
7.'i!t, 77.'>-<i; ii., 2S7-,S, (ii)l, 7!l">;
Tlaxtli. ii., '2<»7, stv Tiarlitli.
iii.. .S(».
'riayliiiiac, ii., 4.'{(!, m'c 'rianotlac.
Toi.acco IMaiiis, i., :U\.
'I'laylotlal, ii., '.';t(i, sit 'riamdlac.
'I'oltet, iianiu for ('Iiiiii;,'cliiiiii li, iii..
Tia/alan (Tlatzalaii), lofalitv, Mt-x-
Kit;.
ic), v.. '2\)r>, '-".17.
'Totieyo, v., '271, see Toveyo.
'I'la/oalovaii, ('liiapas, anti<i., iv. ,
'I'olioliar, liist man, Los .\ii;,'e!(,s
'•'"*■
lril.es, iii., 84.
Tla/oitcoll ('rcicii, 'I'iai'apan, Tlacl-
'I'oliosos, North Mexii.iii trilie. i..
.' '1 'li. 'I'laco, 'riazolyuliua), Nalina
aTl-'.ll; location, i.. (•I>»-1'2; s|peiiil
^ 1 . , .•{;i{;-7, .">l(!; iii., .■{77-.SI.
inention, i., ."ijti; Ian;.'., iii , 71 1.
'i'la/... ii.. ."ilC. .set; 'riaziillcotl.
Tolircytrota, trihe of Istliiiiians, i ,
'I'Icliiii 1, lord of 'r('|i,'lii'|iaf,
747-iS."); location i., 7'.>(); lanu., iii.,
v.. MA.
7!t4.
Tlcniaco, station, A/lcc niij;ration.
'I'oi'a.s, North Mexican tiiln-, i., .■")71-
v., .•{•24.
!tl; loealioii. i., (ll'2.
'ricniaiti, a I'lMisor. ii., .'{•_'.'t.
Tocaxeiiiial, ( 'akcliii|iiel nioiilh, ii.,
'rictl. calcnilar si;in, ii., .">l(i-17.
7<!(i.
'I'lfviclli. a Ina/ici-, ii., :{-':{.
'I'occy, iii., .'{.■>(). see 'releionan.
'riilco.il/in, 'roitcc kill;:', v., 'idd'.
'rochinteciihtii (Tochiii 'I'ccahlli, 'I'o-
'riiliii('l/|paliii, an (Moiiii ciiicf, v.,
chiiitziii). a 're|iaiiec chief, v., ;{|;;
i:!;t- 1.
,\coiliiia laiiice and lord of lliie-
'J'liilaii, iiaiiic of a tt'iii|ili' in Mexico,
xotla, v., .•i.T2-:{. :«.■..
v.. 441.
'rocliinl/in, a Mexican inince, v.,
'I'lill-iiicaicatl, an order of juiests, ii..
;f74; see also 'rochiiitecnhtli.
•_'(l-'.
'rochiiiilco. town, riiehla, i., ('>7i.
'riiilaiicali|iii. Naluia title, ii., i;W.
Tochos. Nortli Mexican irilie. i.,
'riilipieilialiiiac, \. , '-'."lO. .see Ixtlil-
■*i7l'.tl; location, i., (ild.
('ueclialiiiac.
'rocli]iaiiecatl. lord of Zumpanuo. \.,
'riiliiue t'liaocallaliiiiolt/in, v., '_'.">(».
.•(•211.
see 1 xtlilciierliallliac.
'l"oclite|iee ('rurlite|ie<|iie), locality,
'riille|iec. locality. Mexico, v., 44.'1.
_ \'eia Crii/. v.. '214. 41i!.
'riiiiuilia-iliiiiieli ( 1 •o;:-rilis), tiilie of
'rochlla, town, <'liia|ias, i., (iSj.
'riiiiieli. i.. 1 1 t-.'i7: ioi'alioii. i., 144.
Tochtli, Nalina day and >t'ar, ii ,
'riol|iiiit/iii. iii., -7'.K see Topilt/iii.
.">(».-), .■ill-1-2. .■"ilfl-17; iii., ">7.
'rioi|natcli. i., •_'!t7, see ('layoi|iiots.
Toci, iii.. .•(.■>(). sec Teleionan.
'I'lociiic, name for Toiiacaieolle, iii.,
'roi'ina, i'neiilo dance, i.. ."i,")4.
itn.
'ro.'ilzin, iii., .•|.">il, see 'reteionaii.
'rioi|iie, Mava-(j)iiiilieiliaiect, iii., TtU).
'I'ocivitl, a military dress, ii., .Id.").
'l'loqiiC'Naiiiiai|iie 1 l|ialiieiiioaloni.
'I'ocolco. station, .\ztec iiiiur.it ion,
l|iaineiiioaii, l|ialiieiiioliiialoiii),
v., .•f24.
Naliiia ^;ih|, iii., ."i(i, ISi'-t;, I'.l.'iiv.,
Tocontin, ( inatenialan dance. i.,7ll.'i.
•J.").-'.
'I'oeoy, localitv, ( iiialeinala, v. , ."i."!'.!.
'I'lnlli, Naliiia (li\iii<' iiiessen;;er, iii..
; 'roc|iacxochit/in, |aincessof (j»iialiiia-
.■)S.
! tlapal, v., :!I4.
Tlotliteciilitli.a 'reo-Cliicliiinec cliief.
Toll, (i>uichi'-( iikchiiincl day. ii.,7<'i7.
v., 4",M(,
Tohil, »,>niclie <;o.l, li., (Its'. 7!ll, ii:..
Tlol/iii roclioll, Cliieliimec Iviliu', v.,
' 41I-.-.0, '2(i7, 47<;; v., lM-2, ,"il7.
:{i4'j(i. .•t;t(i-;i.
."il'.t ."il, ."■).■• t, .Vii;-7, .■ii;2, ."iS'2, ."I'.M.
'rohnliil Mountain, name for llaca-
'I'liaina rt.\ iiai. i.. IK!, .see Kenai.
'I'niiils. i., '.■>;(!>. Ttlti. 7«i;i; ii.. 7-1.
vit/ .Mi)Uiilaiii, \., ."i(14.
'I'oaiiilos. i., ;(()'_•, .see 'I'oaiiUoocli.
Tohni'Mi. \., "271. see 'i'oseyo.
'I'oaiilxoocli (Toaiiilos, 'roaiiliooeli.
'I'okalis. i., 1 l.'i, 1 l."». see 'racallies.
'I'oker Point, i.. :<2.
INDHX.
TolctiDs, fcntral ('alifoniian tiilic, Tonioy, rtMifral r,illf<iriiiiiii tiilic, i.,
i., :{i'il-4i)l; lixatiiiii, i.. ;{*;:<, t.'i.'. :{i;i-i>)i; idCMiimi, i., i.vi.
'J'dlcwiilis ( I'alilcwalis, Talawas, 'Till- 'roiiipiras. trilii- nf I'liclilns, i., .")_'(;.
a\\a-i, 'I'lilfwas, 'l'i)lii\vas), Nc.rili ."ii!; Incalion, i., (!(K>.
( 'alifiiniiaii tiiUc, i. , .'i'-'i>-(il ; luca- Tuna, a ;,Miai'iliaii sjiirit, i., flCI '_'.
tiiiii, i., :t'J7, M'); sjicrial liii'iitinn, riiiiai'ai'i;:iia, naiai' t<ir ( 'li.riiiiiciciall,
i., :U8, :r)7, :M\; myth., iii., .")LM;i iii., :t.')2.
laii;,'-, iii'. •"''•'•'• Toiiaiajiilma, iiaiiii- for Cfiilcoil, iii,,
Tdliaii (Tula, Tiilan, Tiilliu, Tiilla, I ^ .Tu).
Tiillaiil. fity, Mcxicii, i.. (i7.'<; ii., ! 'I'oiiacalA'CDtli, iii., 'J7-, m'c Tmiara-
!»S->,t; aiiti<|., iv., Mr, liisl., v., I'l,
isi--.', is(;-7. Hti-'i, •2m. --Ma. '-'i'.»,
'Ji.ssc,, ■2'xi. :f.';{, ;<.".», 47:1, ."..").■}-(;,
,')iii, niM, <;•_':{.
'rollaiiciii;^!! (Tolluiit/llli'ii), v., 11)1,
•_'!.'{, sec Tiilani'iii_'ci.
tcoll.
'I'oiiaiali'i'iilidi ('I'i)iiai'at('riitliK iiaim'
till' 'i'ciiiatiiili ll/ai'iial. i\. , .'i.'i.'i.
Toliaratci.tl (( 'iiiiialiiiiali, Toiiacalc-
CHlli, Tiiiiaialfiii!i','l'c>na(atlc oi li i,
Naliiia •,'.h1, iii., I'.ll, -JiW, •-':•-'. ."CiJ.
'1' 'liiaiiiiai', Naliiia li'iiipli', iii., KI'J. | Tuiiacati'iictl, Nalitia niylliir Idialily,
T".,, .111, i., ti77, see Toliiia. | v., l',i:{-4.
TciloUh-i'is, iianic tor ( 'asa ilol Adi- ; 'I'oiial.i. < 'liia])a.-<, aiitic|. , iv., '.l'>\.
villi), Ixiiial, anlii|.. i\., I'.tJ. I 'I'oiiala, town, .lalisco, i,, (i.'iO; aiitii|.,
Tololollaii, town, .ialisi'o, i., (;7'_'; ! iv., .■)7-; liisl., v., .VIS-i).
aiiiii|., iv., .°>7-''>. ; Tonalaiiiall, Naliiia tlixiiiin^' liook,
Tololollaii i;i\('r, Miclio.icaii, V. , ."i(tS. j iii., ;!>sl.
Toloiii|iaiilc|MMi j, naiiit' lor lloloii- 'loiialan, .stalioii, Aztec iiii;4-.atioii,
( liau Tciicnli, v., (i'-M. \., .'i'-
Toiial|MMilii|iii, Nalnia .sori'crcr, ii.,
•J71. ."ill I, .'it 10.
'i'oii.illiit, ii i'i|iili' lord, v., (lO'.l,
Toiiaiilziii, naiiif for ( liiciiiiiccoatl,
iii., :r>i», :i,v_'.
Tonatai'iii;;a, iiaiiii' for ( 'liiiciiiiccoall,
iii.. XV-'.
'I'onaliiili, Naluiii j;oil, iii., Id'.i, |s;{.
'I'onatiiiii ll/ai'iial, t('iii|il(', .Mrxiin,
aiilitj , iw. ."i.'t.") (!.
Toii;;arM's ('I'oiiLias), i., II.!, xc
Tini;.;a>s.
Toii;;las, lloinlura^, lan.u'., iii., IS'A,
Tolowas, i.. ,"t(ll. >('(• Toli'walis.
Tol|ic'llac, v., .■(■-•.'{, M'l' Tiillcju'tla<-.
'i'o|i|oiji, a ( liiatcnialaii cliict, v. ,;">(>!).
Tolli'iat, iv., .">•_".(, sec Tcoliliiiai'an,
'I'oltci'.itltrciililli, Ti'o-( liirliinuM'
cliicf, v., I'.tO,
'J'oltci'.x, Niiliiia nation, i., (il7-t4;
ii.. i;t;t (iJ'.i; name, i,, (i7(l; ii., l.'tl-
"2; >|ii'cial nientioii. i.. "Jl; ii., '.IS-
101, Mil, I7:i-i, -'i;m I. liii.vd, ;{i;{,
:{7'.i, 4(17, 47s, ."iiKi, .V(4, .V.t7, (iOI,
(Kill, <ii;{; iii., '-*7(t-i; inytli., iii.,
.'i.')-(); Ian;:., iii., 7-4; v., old; ori-
;;iii. v., I'.t-'-'l; lii^t., v., '-'(IS-IS, Toii;^Me I'oiiii, i., ;i(l(i-7.
LM7-;i!l!t, oll'.l, .V-'7-S, ."ill-H, ."iKI, .Vi7- | Toliiclie, i.. (ilK'i, .•<ee Tonil/i.
S, ."i(ll, .")»> 1-7. titii, til l-l'.l. j Toiiila, name for Oeociii;jo, i\., .'(17.
Tohna (Toloraiii, city, Mexico, i., 'I'oiiil/i, low n, Soiioia, i., (1(1(1.
()7(i-7; laiiu., iii., 7i7-^; \., I.'t.'i, Tonios, irilie of .\|iaclns, i., l7.'!-."t-(l;
T)'-'!!. ! loialion. i., 474. .V.l.'i; s|iei ial liiili-
'I'omaliawKs, i., ISS, •-':!:., '-'(IS, .'Ml, I ti i., 411 1-."., ."il 1 . .Mil.
'Ms. I'.HM. ■ronv(4's r.,i\. i., 'JH;!.
Toiiiales (Tamalo, Tamallos, Ta- Tool^ai ikkali^, ti ilie of Slio'-lioiics, i.,
nialaposi, ( 'ciilial < 'alifniiiiaii trilie, I---I-: location, i.. Kil!.
i., ,'t(ll - KM ; loi'atioii. i.. I."i'-. Tooinciloc-^, ( 'cni i;il( 'alifoinian trilie,
Tom.'illaii. !-lal ion, (iiichiiiiec mi;^i'a- i., .'ill I- 101 ; local ion ami name, i.,
tion, v.. •JlL'. 4^7. t.'iCi.
Tomaoleol, Nicaiauiia ;;oil, iii., lit"-'. Toomniis, ( 'cnl ral I 'alifoiniaii liile,
Toinasiii, \ illaLie. ( in.ilemala. i., 7''^H. i i.. Hill - 101 ; localioii ami name, i.,
Tonialoes I j'oiiialb. .Mesican fooil, i., I.'ili.
(i'-'l, (loli; ii., ;i.i(l, 'rooli^las, tiilie of MoM|iiiloH, i.,
Toina/'ola|ian, cilv, Mexico, \.,.|1'J. ; 711-47; location, i., 7111, 7'.ili; .'-pc-
'l'oinli>. antii|., iv.. 17-ls, -illio, ■■<7-- i eial iiiciilioii. i., 711, 71^, 7l!';
,SS, 41'J, 41!», 4'-'-2, 4'JS-HO, 4l7ol.' iaii;,'., iii., 7MI.
4(i."). 474, I'.l.'f, ."•1(1-17. .V.llt, (i'.l'J. ! Too|ieK, i., .M, .-ee '!'o|iek.
Toiiiivaiili, (Moini iniiiccNS, v., Itl'.l. , I'oo ]io|e, i., .M, vce'lo|ick.
77G
INDKX.
Tons, tribe of Ilaidalin, i., Mo- 74; lo- 1 Tosoinitpiz, i., 4.V2, soc Yoscniitca.
CilllOIl, I.
:it2.
ToiitiKi'li, thiiiitle. hinl, Alit iiiytli.,
iii., !M), l,")-_'.
TdotootDii, i., 3'27, 443, see K()<^uc
Itivcr liiiliaiis.
To|)i'k('l'i»'-I'""'*-'*'''''^''"*l'^''^' Toopoto,
'i'lHiak, Tiipiiek), Kskiiiio tent, i.,
'r(il)ia, iiroviuce, North Mexico, i.,
(i(t7. ()1:{-I4; laiij;., iii., 71>S-1'.).
Tojiila Creek, 'i'ainaulii)aM, uiitiii.,
iv.. iV.Mi-7.
To]iil!i Hills, Taiuaiilipas, aiiti(^., iv.,
Tiijiilli, constaltles, ii., 4;?7.
T<i|>ilt/in Criolpiiit/iii, Topil), an or-
der of priests, ii., "JOI, 'M~; iii.,
•-'7!t, 4.S4; v., '24H; Tnllec imperial
title, ii., llOlt; v.. 2^, i>(i(>, •.>7(>,
•-".1!»; see also .\exitl.
Toiiiltziii (^iiet/aleoatl, name for
(^•iietzaleoatl, v., 25.
'i\iiior"i linili/tli, iii., 4*22, see Tox-
itl
T.
oi[ualit (lo(|uart, hxpiatux
trill:
if Nootkas, i., 174-20JS; loeation
i., •2!).")-7.
Toc|netzjil, Teo-Chichiniec chief, v.
4!tl».
'riii|iiitnas, tribe of Sboshones, i.
4--'-J-4'_'; location, i., 4(W.
'i'liral, Siianish bishoii in Vncatan, v.
(iiV.I.
'J'orches, nse of, i., ISo-ti, '21:?, X\S,
7l!t; ii., 4'.)!, r)7;{, (US, (Wl-.S; iii.,
Torin, villMj;e, Sonora, i., (!()S.
'I'ornilla, .\paehe food, i., 4S8.
'I'l'iro, villiij,'e, Sonora. i., (iOH.
'I'orom raijni, Opata festival, i., TiSfi.
'J'orose, Central Californian tribe, i.,
lorresiiues, trilie o
.•t(ii-4(ll; location, i.. 4."i:{.
f istlimians, i.,
747-S,"); location, i., 74S.
Toitilla, a species of cake, i., 48!),
.■|4lt, ;
.•«47, .Ta-."),
(i2t;, (i.'i:J, (IDt, 721; ii.
l-J: 111.
Tort
Tori.
oise, svmiiii
:t(;i).
7:m.
■<liell, various uses of, i., 3!);{,
70."i, 717, 72')-(i, 7<ifS; ii., 28 J, 4(K),
7i:t.
Tortnjia Islaml. i., (iO.">.
Torture, of captives, i., I(i4, 2()0, 4X\,
ivSl; ii., (i.'id. 74(i.
Tosawees (Shoshoteas, Tosawitches,
osawwitches, Tosi witches. While
T.
itches, i., 4iil, see Tc
Tfisti? (Teotost), Nicara;,'na j;ii(l, iii.,
402.
Totani|nitla\calIitla(|nelpa<'bolIi, a
s|iecie>
if cake, ii., 17.">, .S.'
Tofec, iii., 411, see Xipe.
Toll iieiih Nonolinalcatl (Toteiianh,
T( epenlii;ne), Tollec kin^r, v.,
2.")l,, 2.")2-.').
Totep>'iili II., Toltec kin;,', v.. 2(i().
Totokomnla, Californian invihic iier-
son, iii., 124-(i.
Totola, Central Californian tril
)e,
:{(il-4(»l; location, i., 4."i:{.
Tot
Mexi.
olapan, province,
:U(>, 412.
Totollan, locality, Piiebla, v., 4!M).
TotolohnitziM'hichiinec-Toltec chief,
v., 48.").
Totolo(|ue, Xalina j,'ame, ii., :{()l.
Totoltepee ( Tototepec), citv, North-
2!»7-8, .•{;{■.-,, 472.
Teo-( hicliimec
I Ml
cas
Totomalotecnhtli,
rhief.
4! to.
Totomihnacan (Totoniinacan), town,
I'nebia, i,, (i7(l-l; v., 4!H». 4!).").
Totonacapaii, proviiue, X'eraCruz, i.,
fw."); v., 41.S, 41.").
Totonacs (Totonai|ues), Xalma na-
tion, i., (!17-44; ii., i:t:{-t;2'.l; loca-
tion anil name i., Ii7.'); ii., Il.'i-I4,
l.'{2; special mention, i., (».■{."); ii.,
278, ."),"i4; mvth., ii., 214; iii., .TiO-l,
4:{:t, 4.S7, 44.'i; laii^'., iii., 7."i'.», 77<>'-!l;
v., 204; hist., v., 2():t-."), 2;W,
441-2, 47(i.
Totoiiicapan, town, Cuatemala, i.,
787-8; v., ■")77, ")8(), (102.
Totonc|iiiatolli, a kind of ^rruel, ii.,
:i.">.").
'I'titopiiste ('I'otoposti), a corn cake,
i., (i,"i:{-4. (i!».").
Toto(|uihnat/in, kin;,' of Tlacojian,
v., :V.)(i, :{!l!t, 410, 42(i.
Totoi|uihuat/iu II., kiii'' of Tlaco-
pan. v.
440-1.
Toll
<i72.
Tl
lorames.
Tototecti. sacrilieial victi
.•W)0.
Tototen (Tototin, 'i'ototutna, Totn-
tiiiie. Totntnno), see lto;,'ne liiver
Indians, i., .'{27. 442-:t.
Tototlan, locality, Mexico, v., 41(!.
Totteii's Inlet, i.', .SOI.
Tot
zapaii, station,
., 2i:i.
Tolt
ee n)i''ration.
Knives), tribe of Shoshones, i.,
422-42; location, i., 4(i!(; special
mention, !., 440.
Totzapaiit/in, a Toltec prince, v., 21 S.
Tonchoii-ta-Kutchin, tribe of Tiiineh,
i., 1 14-;{7; location, i., I iiV
INDEX.
777
Ti)r.s('rk'iiiiiies, i., 4.")0, sec Tawiiloiii- "
nt'H. I
Toiistiliipas, Iiilaiiil Columliiaii
triiic, i., •J.">0-!tl; l..cati.iii, i., .'{i;*.
Tuutduiii, i., ',i'2~, see Kojjiie liiver
lixlians.
Tovarcs, i., (]{)'.), sec Tuliarcs.
Tovt'VD (Tolicvo, 'l'((liutyi(|, name for
Te/iatliiioca. iii., •J4:{-(): v., l'TI-.'?.
Towers, ii., .Viil-T, r>71, 744, 7'.t--.'{;
aiiti<|.. iv., \U-.\ IS7-S, -J.-)*), -.'.U,
•2m, 'M.\ 4».Vti, .-..->•_», .".sd, 7-_':{-'.l, .S(t4.
Towkas, tril)e of .Mosi|iiitos, i., 711-
47; location, i., 71-, 7'.i."{; s|iecial
iiieiitioii, i.. 711, 7-"f, 7.'{-, 7.'it), 74(i;
laiij;., iii., 7^;{.
Towns, see I >\viilin;;s.
Tox, Tzeiiilal ilay. ii., 7'i7; Cliia-
panee hero, v., (!((.">.
Toxas, Irilte of Isliiniians, i., 747-So; '
loeation, i., 7 IS.
Toxcaelioilioloa, Naliiia daiiee, ii.,
1'oxcatl ('l'e|)o|ii)ciiu'!i/.ili), Naliua
iiioiitli, ii., ."lO'.i; iii.. 4l'"_'-.S.
To\ilniol]iilia, Naliiia evele feast,
ii., •-'74; iii., :{!i:i-(;.
Toxpalatl, iianu' of a fouiit-.iii, ii.,
Toxjiaii (Tiix|iaii), station, Toltee
iiiij,'ralion, \-., -\'l, 'Jl(!,
ToxiMili, an .\eoilnia i-liief, v., :i~H.
'J'ovliipet, .Sontii (alifornian trii)e, i.,
i(V_'---''J; local ion. i., 4(i(».
'J'ovoii, .Mentian title for cliicf, i. ,!»•_'.
'l"oy I'i I'tes, trilie of Slio.-liones. i.,
4-'-_'-4i.'; location, i.. 4(i7.
Tozanlla, town, Miclioacan, i., (177.
Tozcne<ue\, an .\ztcc |iiince, \., ;!•.",(.
'l"o/i, iii., .'{(I'.l. see Teteionan.
'I'ozo/tli, Naliiia nioiitli. iii., 7n.
'J'o/o/tontii (Tozcot/intli), ^■llIna
nn)nlli, ii., ;{1.">. .")il'.>; iii.. 4L'(I-I.
1'oz(|iient/.in, name for Atolot/in, \.,
1"(|iiac|nanii>l.. Irilie of Sounii In-
dians, i., •J(i.S-'_''_': location, i., ;{()1.
Traile, s( I' ( 'ouinicrcc.
Trailitions, ii., .•)(17-S, 4-.'7, ."..Vt-fiO,
71(i-17; iv., 101, 7;)<!-l; v., i:t7-4(»;
see aUo history.
1'rak I'oconia, < Inateniala, antii|., \\\,
\:u.
Tran-jik-koo-ehill, Knlchin dialect,
iii., .")S(i.
Traps, i., 01, TJ:?, 1S7, .'Wfi-'.t, 'Ml,
<>.")•_'; ii., 7'-'().
Tratsc-Kntshi, i., 147, see Tath/e\-
Kut>lii.
Treason, puiiishnieiit of, ii., 4."!t, 04"),
(;."•!», 74(1.
Treaties, i., KU, IS'.t, 'JCD^O. 4:!:i-4,
.")(X). ."iSO, (;28, (;:{i;-7. 7-';{: ii..747;
v., SCS, -Ml ■•2, -Ml-W, 414, 44.">.
Trees, i., I7.S, •_'0.")-(;, -J-JO, '-'SS, 7-">7;
ii., :{•_>!»-:«», .V)7, ()!(!, (!li»; iii., .'W.V
1», 4(K», 4.V.).
Trench IJar, California, anti(|., iv.,
707.
Triliiitc, see Taxes.
Trile Kalets, trilie of Chinooks, i.,
2-_'L'-.")0; loeation, i., ;iW>.
Trincheras, sec C'erro tie las 'I'rin-
cheras.
Triniilail, W-vn ("riiz, antii|., iv. 4(!.'{.
Trinidad r>a\' Imlians, Noiih ( 'alifor-
nian trilte, i., .'{'Jtidl; special men-
tion, i., .•{•J!t-:t(», :i;tL'. :{4s. :!.".i.
Trinity, nivth., ii., (i4>S; iii., 4(iJ, 47(>-
7, 4!>'J; v., «7, 047.
Trinity <'ount\-, California, aiitiip,
iv., 707.
Trinity lliver Indians, Norlh ('ali-
fornian trilie, i., ;tL'."i-(ll ; location,
i., 44.'); special nicnlion, i., ;!J7!',
.•W4, ;{4.S, atil; mvlh., iii., 17."i(i;
ian;,'., iii., .V.C', (i4L'.
Tripas Itlancas, North Mexican
trilie, 1., .■)7l-'.tl; location, i.. (iJ-J.
Tiipoli, native place of \ otan, v.,
71.
Troano MS., ii., 771-4.
Troe, Sinaloa dial<'<'t, iii., 7o7.
Trophies, war, i., 1(14, ;{I4, SSO, 4:).'?.
4. ."iSI, (l-_".>; ii., ;itl(), :il(i, ."iJli, 4J'.t,
74(1.
Truckee liiver, i., 4(!(1.
Trnckee \'alley, Calitornia, antii|.,
iv., 707.
Trnmpets, i., 7(;-"); ii., -".>•-'. 7l."t.
'I'rnxillo, tow n, Ilondnras, i,, 7;t.'t; iii.,
4! Id.
Tsakaitsitlin, Inland ( '(iliimliiaii
trilii', i., •J.'iO-'.il ; location, i . ;;i'_'.
Tsamak, Sacramento \ alley dialect,
iii., (;4'.l-."iO.
Tsatsnotin, Tinneh trilie, i., 1 1 t-;{7;
location, i., I l."i.
TNcha;.;('liid': lliver, i., 1 IS.
Tscheriiow-skojes, trilie of .Meats,
i., S7-1I4; location, i.. 111.
Tselii;:niit, i., 14!l, see Cliij^niit.
Tscliilsoloniis, Iidand ( oiiimlii.iu
trilie, i., •_'."iO-'.ll: location, i.. :il I.
Tsclina^fniJMten (Tschna;4Minieni, i.,
141, see ( hna^tmnles.
'I'sehn;fatsclien ( Tchnpitidiili. Teh. t-
ski, Tscli;,'atzi, T>clinjat-^i lies,
'i'sehiipitsciii, 'l'.schn;:al^i, Tschu-
(78
INDKX.
Kiizzi, Tsclmktchi, Tscliiiktschi), i.,
70, 7-', i;t'.», sf(! Clui'iatsrlics.
'rscliii;j;atsk, i., ];{!», st.-i- < 'liiij,'ailmik.
'I'sclalliiiii, i., 17(!, see Clallaiiis.
r.sliikfit.slat, tiil)t' lit' Sound iiiiliaiis,
i., !;(»«-•_"_'; location, i., •_'!!'.».
Tsliiniik, i., S04, st-c ("liii k.
Tsiliailisli, i., ;{U:{, sec- Cliclialis.
'I'silkotiii, 145, SCO Cliilkotiii.
•1
sillancs.
liilaiiil Coluinliian trilti
•-'")()-!tl: location, i., .SI".
Ttsilliiwdawlioots, trilic of Tiiincli, i.
1 14-.'{7; location, i., 14").
si
T.sinisliccans, i., '2'Xi, see <"liinisyan
Tsoi-;;ali, name for Nc/ I'civcs, i.,
•.>,").S.
Tsoniass, tribe of \ootkas, i., 174-
•J(KS; local! i., •2'X't.
Ttattali-Akhal, ('akchicpu'l kinj.', v.,
Tt
.")S4.
vnai.
14S,
Til
'J'uanoii ( Tiianoocli), i., UOv.', sec To-
ankoocli.
Tuliananiii, iiroviiice and trihe of
Istli
niian
'47-8.~>; locati
Tuliares (Tovares), N'orlli Mexican
trilie, i., .")71-'.M; location, i., .")7-,
<)()!>; lan^'., iii., 7I.V1().
Tnltes, various uses, i., 170, (!'J7, 70."),
70!t, 7'J;{, 7('>0-:{; ii., .S.")l; iv., :{l(i,
:{7."), 4.")1.
Tuhisustc, Central Californian trilie,
i., :t(il-Kll; lo.alion, i., 4.").'t.
Tiica, Central Calit'ornian tribe, i.,
.•{(i 1-401; location, i., 4Xi.
'rucannon (Tukanon) Itiver, i., 'M~.
'rncaitacliii, 'I'arasco jiod, iii., 44.").
Tuclii(|uel/.al, name for Cliiconie-
coati, iii., ,■(.')■_'.
'I'ucunicari Creek, !.. .Wl.
'rucumu, Soutli Californian trilie, i.,
40l'-l'l'; location, i., 4.")S.
ini^rration, v., 3'J.T; ancient lionio
of (.)iiiclies, v., Ml; ancient citv,
Central A
iierna« v..
l.V.t, ISI
i>s.">-7, i!H-'j, •->;«, r)."):{-7, otn, (ii'»,
(!•_'.'{; .see also Tollaii.
Tula, California, aniiii., iv. , (i!H).
Tulancin;;o ( Tollancin^'o, ToUantzin-
eo, Tulautzinco), city and jirovinco
Mexico, anti(|., iv., ,~A4; lii>t., v.,
•_m:i, -Jiio, .-{JO, :«."), 41 1, 4.s'.».
Tulan-/.ui\a (Tulanzu, Seven Cavi-s,
/uinal, ancient home iti (,|iiiclics,
iii., 4!l: liisi., v., LSI, KSfS, I'.ll, 1!»7,
'-'(»;{, -.'i ;»-•_' 1, •_'•_»:{, •.'•_'8, ;iL'."), 4-_'l'-4,
."):.'7, ")47, .">(il, .")()."), .")cSO, (l-.M.
Tnlapan, ancient home of 'J'utuI Xi-
ns, v., •J27-H, <i-'4.
Tulares (Tularenos) Central Califor-
nian trilie, i., ;i(il-40l; location, i.
4.")-_', 4.")(); lan^., iii., (l.'iO-l.
!,
i., ;{(;.s, 4.M, 4.1
ulare
antii).
\
illev.
4()0; Calilornia,
(iDO.
Tula Uiver, v., '2A',i, see Moiitczuniii
river,
'i'lile, term for ruslics, i., ■'{.■>(!, .'t(i7,
.•{S-t, 4«;(l; ii., ,S.")7.
'J'ules, trilie of Isthmians, i., 747-S.');
Ian;r., m., ,
!»4-
Tucur
u. \illa"'e,
md trihe, (iuate-
nala. i., 7.SS; v., ,")til.
Tuerto, ti
of I'uelilos,
r)'2(;-")(i:
localion. i.. liOO.
Tulialha. (luatemalan trihe, hist., v.
Tuh
ill!
ahodo of v\/te(' N'enus
iii., :f7
Tuira, Isihuiian ;::od, iii., .")(I0.
Tail Ian, name for (,)uemada, iv.,r)80.
Ti
."110. see Tucannou.
'i'nk-Knih, Kiitchin dialect, iii., 'iSf).
Tukuches, Cmitemalan trihe, hist.,
.i(il
!t(!-7
Tule liiver, i., 4.")t).
Tnlha, <'itv, Cliiaiias, ii., (i.'tli; anti(|.,
iv., .S4(i-7.
Tulija liiver, iv., •2'.)7, .'Vl.'k
Tuliks, trihe of Aleuts, i., 87-04;
location, i., 141.
Tulkays, Central Californian trihe,
i., .siil-401; location, i., .•{(Hi, 4.VJ.
Tulla (Tullaii), iii., -'40-1, -288; v.,
•MA, see Tollan.
TullanatI liiver, v., '2-l',i, see Monte-
zuma Uiver.
Tulomos, i., ,S(il?, see 'i'uolomos.
'I'uloom, citv, \'ucatan, ii
744-
iUltli|.
•_'.")4-<t, -JtiS, •J7
Tultecatl, Nahua jind, iii.. 418; a
lliicxoizinca general, \.,4.'"
riOO-l.
Tulleiiellac iTolpetlac, 'I'liliictlacl,
station, .\zlec mi;;ralion, \.. ;{j;i-4.
Tullitlan. citv, Mexico, v., '-'84, L".l."),
.•{i;0, 40.").
Tiduraios, Central Californian rilie.
{(!l-40l; .special mention
'ulvahualco,
«1
Mexico, anti(
|., i\
.11)0.
umalelinias
Central Califorinaii
trihe, i., .■((11-401; l.ication, i., 4l!».
Tula iTalaii, 'I'nllia, Twlla, Tullanl. Tuma!>acaues. North Mexican tril
aucu'n
t citv, .Mexi(
1 , (i7.'i; aii-
1., •)(
71-01; location, i., tli;{.
li^l. , iv., .■)47-'.l; station, Aztec
INDKX.
J70
Tmiac-rpl, name fur ITunac Eel, v.,
(I.Mti.
'I'lific Clia \'allcv, i., r,>M\.
Tiiii;,'a>s ('l"ciii;a kiv. 'ruiijra-*, 'I'liii
(iliaasc, 'l'mi;;lMs(i, triln- oi 'I'liliii-
kfcts, i., '.I(i-I 14; Imatioii, i., IMi,
I4.'{; laii^r., iii., r)7!».
'rim;,'as.-s Island, i., 14U.
'I'liiikiil. niiisifal iiistniiiitMit, i., (>'>(>,
(i(;4; ii., 71-*; v.. <)."W.
TudIoiikis ('i'lilmiKisi, Cciifral Cali-
foniiaii trilic, i., .■{(il-4(»l; location.
i., ;{(;:<, 4.'.:}.
Tnoliiinnc County, i., 4."); Ian;,',, iii.,
().')(»; anti(|.. iv.", ()',i,S-7(>;{.
TnoluMine Itiver, i. , i'>,')-C>; Ian;,'., iii.,
(i,-.l.
Tiiparan, I'l'i'icni evil .spirit, iii.,.VJ!).
'I'Mpiitaro, Kininajnato, antifj., iv.,
.">77.
Tillies, i., ,")!)2. sec .hi]H's.
'I'upoiMiyos, North .Mexican tribe, i.,
")71-!ti ; location, i., ()07.
Tuiipck. i., .")>, see 'i'opeU.
'i'nppkak, .Ma.va feast, ii., (!!M-'2.
'J'npnic, Central Caiifornian trilie, i.,
;{(;i-l()l; location, i., 4."):{.
'I'npninte, Central Caiifornian trilie,
i., .■<(;i-4(»l; location, i., 4."):',.
'J'upiiNancliuen, ; caiilv, Mielioacan,
v., r>->:\.
Tnciuesa Itiver, i., "i'Ml
'J'liranii, Central Caiifornian trilie, i.,
;{*il-4(»i; location, i., 4.")4.
Turiio, locality, Darieii, i., 707.
'J'urealenines, i., 4ri(», see 'I'awaleiii-
iies.
Tnriallia \'allev, Costa liiea, antiii.,
iv., -Jl.
Tnrk<'ys. !., 7-';t; ii., 7(t.'{, 7-'l.
Turlitepeiine, v.. 'JI4. see Toclitcpec.
Tnic(noise, i., ,'(4."), ."iS.'t; ii., 17.'), ;t7(i-
7, tittil.
Tnrrets, see Towers.
'I'nrlie. i., .Vil, .".(i;{, ."(i 7, (J'm, <>'M,
7i.'il, 7-'.")<!. 7."i'.t; ii., 7-'l.
Tusanes, Noiili .Mexiraii tiilie, i.,
.'i7l-!M; location, i.. (;{•_'.
'J'usapan, \'era ( rii/, anti^., iv.,
4.")(;-S.
Tnsayan, New .Mexico, ,imi ii|.. i\. .(i74.
'J'uslu'paws ( Tnssliepau si, InlaNil Co-
laniliian trilie, i., '2oil-!i|; location,
i.. ,'{|l-l'_'; s]iecial nu'ntion, i., 'J.V.t,
'274.
'i'aski. i., i;i!), see Clia^'atsclies.
'I"ns(|iiiii, .Xjiaclu' kettle, i., 4Sil.
Tntacliro, Sontli Caiifornian trilie,
i., 4i)_'-'J'J; location, !., 4."i.S.
Tiitaliaco, I'ueiilo proviin'e, i., .V_'7.
Tutclume K'utcliin ((iens dc I'on.x),
trilie of Tinneli, i., ll4-.'{7; lo<'a-
tion, i., I l"i, 147; lani,'., iii., ."i.s7.
Tutecot/.emit, I'ipilf kin.u;, v., (i(l,S-!).
'I'ntoten, i., 44.'1, see Ho;,fne Kiver
Imlians.
TutuI Xins, Maya nation, ii., (i.'Jtl-
(St);{; special mention, ii.. llN-"_'(t,
!.•{•_', <*:(;{, ti4<,», 7-2<l; hist., v., ■Jl'7-H,
tr-'l-;U.
Tiitnnahs (Connins), North Caiifor-
nian trilie, i., .'i'-'li-(il ; location, i.,
44;}.
Tiitulaniy, i., 327, see l!(i;;ne Hiver
Imlians.
Tntutepee, city, <>ajaca, i., (i7'S;
antii|., iv., .S74; hist., v., 4(il',
47'-'-:{, .".,'{ I.
Tuvai-es, North Mexican trilie, i.,
r)71-'.M; lociition, i., ."i7i.', (;i»7.
Tnwanalis, Central Caiifornian tribe,
i., :{(il-4(ll; location, i., 44!».
Tnxpaii, v., 2I(!, see 'I'oxpan.
Tiix|iaii Itiver, VeruCniz, anii(|., iv.,
4riS.
Tuxtepec, Oajaca, antiip, iv. , 421.
Tnxtia, \'era Crnz, antiip, iv.. 42(!-7.
'I'u/aniapa, \'eru Cniz, aiiliip, iv.,
4;!<.t.
Tn/sint, Central Caiifornian tribe,
i., :{(il-4(il; locition, i., 4."i.'>.
Twaka Kiver, i.. 7'.>:t.
T\vi;4s, \arious Uses, i., I'.M). 217, o7'i;
iii., :i.s:i.
Twociiii. name for San Mi-tu'l island,
i., KI2.
Tvee (Tavs), Nootka title of chief,
"i., l'.»4. ■
Tyichs (Tyicks), Inland (dliimbiaii
'tribe, i.,' 2."iO-!»l; location, i., liHi,
:t2lt.
Tyich N'alley. i., :{20.
Tykothee-dinneh, name for Kutcli-
ins, i., I l."i.
'I'ypoxi, iii., (i.'iO. see Siyant(>.
Tyu;^as. ('ential < 'aliioi iii.iii trilie,
"i., ;{(;i-lill; loi'ation. i., ;it;2. 4.il.
Tzac;.|c,itl (Tzacatecati), v., 2,'il», .-co
I xllilcuechahuai'.
TzacatI, Naliua 'lid'. v.. 24;{.
Tzaina, a .Mexican liird, iii., .■!74.
Tzapntlatena, Nalina ;40(ldess, iii.,
4(1! I.
Tzalzapaltamale, ainarauth cakes,
ii., :ui;.
'I'zatzitepetl Moniitain, .Mexico, iii.,
211.
Tzaiilitli, a .siiecies of tree, ii., 4.S7,
4S'.I.
780
INDEX.
Tzi
ivai|iio(as. Central Mexican tribe,
(il7-14; locatii
iva iiioii
til, i
1., l-U.
'I'zL'ftzaiaiv Crzect-t/aialv), ilailtzuli
.sorcoicr, i., 170, l!()4.
'IV.eii'ii Kill, aftei'iiiMtii, ii., 755.
Tzeiidalfs (Ccltalus, Zeldalus), Maya
iiatiiiM, i., ()44-70; ii., (WO-SU.'J; lora-
tioii, i., ()45, (Wl; ii., 120; sjietial
nientidii,
i., ()5-_>; li
ill;
120;
II
7()0 ;{; lii.-it., iii., 452-.'{: v., 5'.»;},
(io;i.*, c.ii).
zciiticpac, i., (i72, see
Zciiti
TzLMiiiil, (own, Centnil America, v.,
»!!»-70, 1(11.
Tzci|iii]cs, conipanioii^ uf Votaii, iii.,
452; v.. KW, I,S7.
Tze Vaxlviii, ii., 757, .see Yaxkiii.
Tziaiiiiciiliiiac, ja'dviiice, Vera I'ruz,
420.
1
111), (^Miiclic iiKiiitli, ii., 70')
'J'ziciiii .Miiuiitaiiis, v., 510.
Tziliiiaciiiiiiat I ('rcziiiuaccoaliiitl, Tzi-
]iua(''('i)iiiiatl, Tziiilicoatl), Nahua
chief, v., 24;{.
Tzilniaii;:a, v., .525, see Z\van<^a.
'J'ziiiiiiicliac, ltza;;()(l, iii., 4.S:{.
aiilcpec, a city of .Matialt-
Tznlola, a (iuateniaian lonl.sl:
<\ V.
'!»7
T:
Yni'atan iloi^s, ii.
1.
rzonipaliiiacaii, locality, .Miciioacaii,
i., 077; v., 412.
'i'zom]iaiicc) I'lV.Kiiiiiaiil, locality, .Mex-
ico, ii., 473; v., :{2.'}-4, :{2!t, m'c /uiii-
Tzo
'11
iscaltcc chief, v.
4!t7-8.
Tzoiii|iaiitli. |ilace of .-iliiilN, Mexico,
ii., ;{20, :i2'.t, .'iS-l
4(;:i.
Tzoiitecoiiia, ail Acolhiia chief, v.
.ms, .SI 0-11.
Tzoiioaiico, v., .S2.'J-4, see Ziim)iMii''o
'rzoiitenioc, name lor .Mictlaiileciitii,
iii., :«»(;. 401; v., !M», 10.1
Tzotzilia Ciiaiiialcan, name for Clia-
iiialcan, v.
, 54!).
O.Sl, see Zotzile.t.
in.
izinac
4:i;i.
Tziiiacantia iTzinaeantlan
zina-
cantaii), town, Chia|)as, i., (isl; v.,
.5(;i, (105.
Tziiicaiioztoc, locality, Mexico, v.,
.•i7S.
Tzinteotl (Tziiitentl), iii., :{50, 3.54,
see Ceiiteotl.
Tzintziintzan, city, Michoacai
l(t7;
aiiliii
5(10-70; V.
I, II.,
5tKS.
51.5-18, ,524-.5.
Tziiiiiin, (iMiiche-('akc]ii([iieI day, ii.,
707; Chiapanec hero, v., (!05.
Tzii|iiinalia, (Quiche palace, ii., ()44;
( liiali'inalan trilie, hist., v.
>r,
)l!l.
i:{.
'I'zii|niii (till, tJiiiche-Cakehiqnel
IIIOMlll. II.
7IHI
'r/ii/iiiiitk's, Nahiiaevil spirits, iii.
:i!»l.
'I'/itzol, trilie of (Jnatemalans, i.
(;Sfi-711;
ziiihcoatl
stion, I., 7cS7.
24:t, see Tzili
'I'/iulitccatl, I'lilhiia king, v., 257,
:i:<o-l.
Tzizi l,M,L(aii. (iliiiclu' month, ii., 7(ii!.
'rzoalli (Tzoali), ilou;;li mixed with
honey, ii.. .•{21, :tO(i; iii., .TJ.'l.
TzocoNciti, cakes of lloiir and lione\',
ii., '270.
Tzoiohche, ancient city, tiiiateiiiala,
V,, 5S7,
'i'zotzilc!
Tzotzolan. city, Oajaca, v., 4(!1.
Tzotzomatzin, lord of ('oviihiiac
V. , 4.5:1,
Tz()tzo|iaztli, a knife used in weaving,
iii., :i47.
Tzoz (Zoc, Zotz), Mava month, ii.,
_ _ (iO'.t, 757,
Tziimpaiico, v., .^2.*?, see Znmpango,
Tziin, name of month, Chiafias, ii,.
Mayapan lord, v., (i'2().
Tziinnniha ('rzmiiiiii-iia), <,>iiii'h('
7(iO.
Tziinti
third
ited
Woman, in., 48;
trihe of Ilocah, v., ,V)5,
Tziirnva, (Inatemala, aiilii|., iv.. \'M.
Tzntiiiia, a (inateiualan sailed >toiie,
v., 5.V,t.
Tzntiim, (Jiiatemahi, anlii|., iv.
Tzy, (.i>iii(he-( akchinncl day, ii.
U:
i:!l.
707.
V, INIava month, ii., 75fi.
I'allik'Kivcr, i., 140.
I'avah, Mava iiitercalarv ilavs, ii
75!t.
ri)akliea'<. Central < 'aIiloinia)i triln
i.. .S(ll-40l ; location, i., 151,
rims, i., 4.50,
^"
I' ("ah J.igin (Ja, <,i>iiiclie month, ii.
TOO.
r ('ill) Mam. t.>iiicl
r Cal) i'ach, (.iiiii'l
ic month, n.
roo.
IK'Mi' IllilUtil, II., |ll().
i!) Tzili, (.iiiiilic moiiih, ii., 7t<ti.
r ('
ICaltas,
I'cas, i., 447
I., 20(1, sec
Iclel
Vnkas.
I'chahaha, (inalemalan tiilic, liist.
v., .54(i, .'ifll.
I'chidii, iii.. 087, see Uchitis.
ixi)e:l
781
Ufliitis (rrhidio. T'cliitns, T'cliiti,
I rliitics, UtscliitaH, Itr^liiti, N'l'hi-
ticN, N't'liitis), Lower < aliforiiiaii
ti-ilif, i., "M»i-71; location, i., ()();{-4;
lai
I''., iii., »)87-!i:{.
I'cliiiiiii, Central Califoriiiaii tril)e,
i.. :{(;i-40l; locatioti, i., 4.';{.
T'cliiii-Ji Caiiilm, (/uii'lu' titlf, ii.,(!44.
T'cliiilta, i.. •-'!«;, see
Irleti
7(!<!.
I'cliiMii, ('ak('liii{nel month,
Velenns, trilte ol Nootkas, i., 174-
*_'0H; location i., •-'!»(;.
I'cletas (I'caltas, rclinltii, Ueletalis,
I'cultas, ^'on;,'leta.s, Von^'letats,
Yndetalis, ^'nkletas), trilie of
Nootkan, i., 174-'_'U)S; lix'ation, i.,
17">, ••!'.>.)-(!; s|)ei'ial mention, i., "JOS.
ciir''an
ti i:i\
!»().
1
I'},'alaclimiuti. i., '.Mi, .see I'j^alenzes.
l'j,'alen/»'.H (r;;alaclimiiiti, I'j^alen/i,
r;,'al jai'linijnte
II,
r
I j^alnkmntes.
ilvaclinuitzi), tnlie o
f Tl
eets. i.,<.t4-114; location, i., W>, H±
Uj,'aljai'linijnteii (l^faiiikmutes,
r;;alyaclimutzi), i., 00, see I'gal-
enzes.
I'giiasiks, trihe of Alents, i., 87-94;
location, 1., 141.
Uliile Collection, of Mexican aiitiq.,
iv., ."».")>").
I'inal, Maya month, ii., 7'tCt.
Vintalis (linfa I'tes. linta Yutas,
I'wintys), i., 4<i4. 4(!!l, see Kwintes.
T'iiitah ('linta) Valley, i., 4()4, WX
I'itzes, Mava nation, hist., v., ()•_'(>,
(;-2!). (V.V.\.
Vk
i., 447, sec Ynkas.
I'kiah, town, Central California, i.,
•Mil
Ukialis (Ukia!^, Yokias, Ynkai), Cen-
tral Californian trilie, i., .■{(il-4(»l;
location, i., Sti'J, 4tS; myth., iii.,
r)-24: lanj,'., iii., (;4;{-4.
T'lahail, localitv. (Jualemala, v., r-iS'.i.
I'll
iai|ii
Ch
,k <!•
nions, HI., ',).').
I'lil, king of l/amal. v., (iL'(!.
Vllaa, I'ox Island dwellings, i., Sil.
nii
lii.l
la-rnoiier.
I'lluiatas, Central Calilornian triln
:!i;i-4()l: locati
i., ,S(i:<. 4.')2.
rimeiatl, Nahna chief, v., "JUH.
r
niecs. 111.
Ol
mecs.
rimil, llza king. v.. (I-JH. (;:il.
I'lol, name of month, Chiajias, ii.,
7(i().
I'Iseahs, i., .S07, see Alseas.
ritetcn, Iinlia-rnhlier idols, iii., .140.
I'lua, Central America, lang., iii.,
7(;i».
Uhicas (I'luka). Central Californian
trihc, i., SfiMOl; location, i., 3(i3,
4.TJ
mg., III., »!.")<).
llnlato, <'t.ntral Californian trihe,
i., .•{f)l-401; locution, i., 4."):{.
riling. .Mosi|iiito drink, i.. 7.'{I*.
I' Liimnil Cut/, I' l.uumil Celi (I'ln-
niil Cn/, KliielCeh), ancient name
of ^■ncatall, v., (il4.
riiiatilla (Iniat.illow) Kiver, i.. 'M'X
I'matiilas (I'tillas), Inland Coliiii
1>
trihi
.SI!); .s[)eeial mention.
-'.*)(»-!»!: location, i.
i."), 'JCO,
rmetechtecomaiotilmutli, ii court
mantle, ii., :{74.
I'miak. i., (iO-l, see (lomiak.
I'mkwas, i., 24!t, see rm|M|uas.
Umiiak Island, i., 141; lang., iii.,
57!>.
l'ni]iin. Central Californian tiilie, i.,
:{(il-4()l; location, i., 4.'):{.
I'miHiua .Mountains, i., •_'•_>•_•. .'{OH.
I'miMjiia liiver, i., 150, ;{07-H, 44J;
lang., iii.. oiCJ.
rni|iiiuas (I'lnkwas), triho of Chi
■')(); location.
•-'•_•:!,
.S()7-8, 442; siiecial mention, i.,
•.'.•{4, •_>4<t, H44; laiij,'., iii.. r).S4, M±
r iia haal), Mava iiitercalarv da\s,
ii.. 7.')!>.
rnakatana.s(Vuiiakakhotaiias), trihi;
of 'riniieh, i., ll4-."{7: location, i..
I. •{.'{, 147
rial mention, i., 1:{;{.
Cnalaklik Uiver, i., 141.
riialasdikaer, i.,141, .sei! I'nalaskaiis.
I'iialaska Islanil (Nagiin-alayeksa,
Oonalashka, Ooiialaska. Oiiiialas-
ka. I'lialaschka, I'naiashka), i.,
.S7. 141.
I'lialaskans (I'nalaschkiier), trihe of
.\leuts, i., iS7-!l4; location i.. 87.
141; .sjH'cial mention, i., (>1, 1)0;
king, iii., .")77-0.
I'lial'M Island, i., 141.
iigas,
ocation.
Lnal
1
I'lidam
Cn-ii
lug'
I'liiii
trihe of Aleuts, i., 87-01;
141.
■o, citv.
1.
Mid
141
loacan, v.
ill ^:
I ins. i., 4(;8.
ik I-
41.
eace i;iv
l'iiji;:ali Uiver, name for I
er, i.. 14.").
rnkriliikun, Mosijuito eve-disease,
I'o ( N'oo, Woo), Maya month, ii.,
(i'.Hl. 7")7.
I'paiiL'uavmjis, North
M
e\ica;i
trilie, i., .'>71-0I; location, i., (iOo.
r|iant/iii, Otoiiii king, v., .'ilO.
Ijiar, luovince, Darieii, i., 70().
782
INDEX.
Ujiatsosatucli (Upatsc Satucli), trilio
of Nodtkax, i., ITi-'-JOS; Incatioii,
., L'!»5. i.'!».S.
T'^ilo;,'iilis, North ("alifi>niiaii tribe,
1., .'{l*()-(!l; loi'atioii, i., 445.
l'i|lii.\Iatucli, tribe <»f NootkaH, i.,
_17J-'-'ilH; location, i., 29."..
I'ljiiincat, city, (jJuateiiuila, i., 780;
v., ").')."), 57.'1.
I'<|iiitiiiac, Central Californian tribe,
i., 3(J1-401; location, i., 4.".;}.
Unibii, jtrovince and tribe of Istli-
niians, i., 747-8."); location, i., l'X\
7'.t7; Hpeciai mention, i., IGl, 7(>'>,
78.-..
>:raba(inlf, i., 707.
I'rari, i., 7(J3, see ("urari.
Urebure, Central Californian tribe,
i., 3(>l-t<)l; location, i., 4.-i:{.
I'rcs, vilia^je and river, Sonora, i.,
Irine, \ises of, i., 41), 8.3, 235, 559;
ii., 599.
T'rns, .see Va.sea.
I'rran, locality, Ouateniala, i., 788.
Tsal Creek, i.,' 3(!-_», 448.
Ts;i1h, i., 448, see Cainalel I'onios.
I'sap, a ]ioisononH lierb, i., .">4l.
I'scapenies, North Mcxi<'an tribe,
i., 5: '-91; hxation, i., (11.3.
T'sUeenii, i., 41, set? Kskinios.
I'spantan, tiiiateniala, anti(i., iv.,
131.
'l's(|uiMno\vs, i., lie, see Kskiinos.
Usscte, Central Californian tribe, i.,
.3(!l-40l; location, i., 4.".3.
Vstiis, Central Californian tribe,!.,
3(;i-401; location, i.. 4.")().
T'snniasinta (I'snniacinta) Kiver, i.,
(i8.3, 78(J; v., J(>8-9. 18(5, -SM.
Utah, tribes described, i., 422-4'2; lo-
cation, i., 4(iO-70; anti'i., iv., 714-
IS, 729-34.
Itali Lake, i,, 423, 4(;l.
Ctah Monntains, i., 4(i."..
l'tahs(Kutahs, Kiilaws, Ctaws, I'tos,
Voutas, Vntalis, ^'iitasj, tribe
of Shoshones, i., 422-42; location,
i., 422, 4(i3-5; special mention,
i., 423-4, 4.30-2, 434. 440-1; mvih.,
iii., 170; lan^'., iii., (;(!0-2, (i70-2.
Vlalla Uiver, i., 319.
I'talliam, Central Californian tribe,
i., .3(il-401; location, i., 4."4.
I'tatl, a merchant's stall", iii., 41(!.
Italian ((Siimarcaah), city, (Jiiate-
inala, ii., 121, (i37, 744, 788-9; an-
tiii., iv., 124-8; hist., v., 180, 18(;,
r.H, ;>44, 5(10, 5(13-7, 573, 57(>, 579-
84, 587-90, 599, ()01-2.
Utaws, i., 4(i4, see I'talis.
I'tensils, see iin|)lcnients.
I'thlecan, i., 214. see lailachon.
I'tillas, i., 319, see Iniatillas.
Ctin, a mythic persomi;.'e, v., 182-4.
I'tletecas, i. , 788, see C,>niches.
I't.schini, Central Californian tribe,
i., 3(!l-401; location, i., 45."
Utschitas (Utshiti), iii., 087, see
I'l'hitis.
I' tnrpe, Central Californian tribe, 1.,
.3(il-40l; location, i.. 453.
U tnz kin, Maya intercalary days,
ii., 759.
rt/am-.Vehih, (Quiche title, v., 589.
Iwintys, i., 404, see Ewintes.
I'xab, name for I'okomams, i. , 788.
I'xnial, city, Ymatan, ii.,(i.33; antic).,
iv., 149-200,207-77, 285; hist., v.,
59, 0.30-4.
U vail liaab, Maya iiiterealary days,
ii., 759.
U yail kin, Mava intercalary days,
ii., 759.
Uzilojinchtli, iii., 57, 195, see Ilnit-
/ilopochtli.
I'/panteca, Guatemala, lang., iii.,
700.
Vacore^riios, North Mexican tribe, i.,
571-91; location, i., 008; lanj,'., iii.,
7(t7.
N'a^'crpe, Central Californian tribe,
i., 301-401; location, i., 4."..t.
\'ahxaki-Caani, l^>uiche king, v.,
.■.0(i, .".94.
Vairubi, Sinaloan tirst man, iii., 83;
v.. 20.
Vabies Island, i., 181, 184, 200, 298.
\"alienli's, trilie of Isthmians, i.,
747-85; location, i., 748, 794-5;
special mention, i., 784; Ian;,'., iii.,
78.3, 793.
\'allecito, Califo'-iiia, anti(|., iv., 70-1.
\allede San ]>artboloine, Chihiialiua,
i.. OlO.
Vallede las ^'iejas, South California,
i.,4.".8.
^'alley of Taos, New Mexico, i., 597.
X'aiiim ^■otan, locality connected with
Votan, v.. (Ht.
N'alverdc, New .Mexico, anticj., iv.,
0(i.3.
N'anaceos, v.. 511, see Wanacaces.
Vancoh, tribe of (iuatemalans, i.,
080-711; location, i., 789.
Vuiicouvcr Island, tiibea described,
INDEX.
m
i., 17t--ftS; names and IncMtiiiii nf im-iitioii, i.. filS, ()"J4, (\'{1. Ci.T), (MS:
tnlics, I.
iiu'iitiiin, i.
|.")1. -JiCi, •_".».")- H; s|i(
ii., (L".»; laiii'. iii.
\;
ITS. i-
IS4;
•_'(>:
antic
(•47. / •'.•. I id
4l'.')-(;;{: lii>t.
iivili., iii.. l:f(i: laii''., iii., (iOT-l-, i v., •Jo:!, •_'()7-.s. SM, -l-JJ. C.-JI.
(>:!l ; aiitii|., i\ .. 7-'
iiKlalisiii, M'c Iciiiiiii lasiii
\'aii Diiscn's l''(iiU, l<>:alilv, Cfiitriil
('alifi
aiiijiii't
, 1., 4Ki.
a < 'alitoriiiaii ti'iiii
4(ri; iii., i(;(;-7.
\'aiila-Kutcliiii (\'aiitalil<iHi-rliiii,
Wiiita-Kiitsliii, tiiiir of 'I'imicli, i.,
114-:{7; location, i., ll.'i, 14(i; laiij,'.,
iii., .")S(!.
A'aiiiicios, trilic of .\|)acli('s, i., 473-
.">2(); location, i., 474.
A'ai-()j;icis, North .Mexican tiil>e, i.,
57 1 -'.M; location, i., (iO'.l; lanL'. ,iii..
r'er.i^'ua. iirovince, llarien, i., 7"><1
,(l'.t, ,S4, (ltd; antii
i:.. n
I'az. 1
10, 7MJ-S: II., i;
i era
(;,s-i-;{,
(i7l-7; Ian;;., iii.,
i;{0'-': liisi., v.,
.M(i-8, .")(il--.', (;!•_>.
iroviiicc, (iiiateiiiala, i.
il. (;.").>-(■.
rCO; antM
•M'.K 47-':i, .".44,
707
■|()-11
Vas-niailes. Nortli Mexican trilte, i.
•I
.)71-!>1;
asi's, ii.
itioii, i., (ii I.
:{, 7.".(»-l, 7.S7
iii., .•{.■>•_•;
X'erniin, i., ISS, ;i77, .")7'>, (>.">4, 7-1,
74.S; ii., •.'.•{4-5.
VcMiiacks (W'sjiaiiaeks), Ceiitrai I'al-
iforiiian tiihe, !., .'<t)l-40l; loca-
tion, i., 4.">(».
N'estals, ii., '24't, f!47; iii., 47;i.
X'etzinco, iii., "248, sec ('liaiiiille|ie-
ciiitiaiiilco.
X'cntelolotli, (loiij^'li otl'eriii;,'s, iii.,
.'Ud.
17-
nti<[., iv., '2.")-7, <>0, 7-, 1 •_".»-.■{:(, j ^'evelJllalllltitlan, locality, Mexico,
•2;ii;-!», ^.l\^■r,, :i7-2, 4iS-()47 i-assiin, iii. "'"
78(1, 7W-t).
Vasiion's (N'aston's) Island, i., .;ol.
Vaults, see lliirial.
\'aui|iiitainali[iiali/.tli, Naliiia fea.st,
iii.. :VM.
V<'liities. i., (104, see I'cliitis.
VelK'tlateca, Central America, liuig.,
iii., 7()0.
A'ectac.-i, Central Califoniian tritie,
i., :{(;i-40l; location, i., |."i;{.
ecu
la, N
iliua ilaiice
II., .'t.-iS.
X'evetl, a kottlcdnim, iii., (!.'{.
\'iceitas, trilie of Isthmians,
H.'t; location, i., ~'X).
\'icliiIo|)iichitl, iii., '.i-2'A, ste lliiilzi-
1.
itii
Vicila|ian, locality, Pnelila, i., ()71.
Viiioria, town, liritisli Coinniliia, i..
I(i7, •-".•7
Villi
l''es, se(
Dweliiii'^s.
iliai<-l>ain, (.Miiche iprince
•)("
Vii.ill
V
I'liii,
A'eeards, North Californian triho, i.,
.■{•2()-(il; location, i., 44()'; special
mention, i., .•{:{(i-7, .■{4--', ;{4."), XV_'.
Ve-etal.les, i., !()•_>, L'l4, •-':{4, 4:{(),
4S7-!I. r>77-H, *i'24-."), (i.">-'-.S, (m8; ii.,
.S47, 7 lit.
Veil, name of month, Cliiajias, ii.,
7()(>.
Vehitis, i., 't'yH, see I'cliitis.
Veitioacan, name for 'reotihnacan,
iv., .VJi).
Veito/.oztli, iii., 4lM, see Hnevtoz- I v., •JO
Vinlaml, name fur .\ortli-cast .\iiicr-
ica. v., I07-.S.
Vinni ettineiiiie, .\|iachc triiiai name,
i., 474; iii., .V.I4.
(mO,
II
nijiil
oztli.
enado, si
'C I 'erro del \'cnadi
enaih
IS, Norili .Mexican trilie, i.
rlia ( ricenirai-oijia, 'I'icevira-
eocha). Peruvian ^'od, \-., '_','>.
ViiL'eii Uiver, i.. 4(14, 4(i.S.
\'ii;;inia cit\ , -Nexada, i., 4(i''.l.
\'ir;;inity, marria^'e, i.,()."i'_'; ii., •_'(iO-I,
(170.
Virise\a, Sinaloan jjoddcss, iii., 8.'{:
i., CS, ,S4, IC'.),
■1-!M; location, i., (ii;!.
i enereal
I)
isease, i.
:r.4, ;{H4, 4 lit, 4;!'.»,
N'isits. of ceremony,
.".lit, 70S.
\'italata. town, (liierrcro. i., (ii
\'itziii|mtzli ( \ itziiopiK lilii i, ii.
S(I, •204, •21fi, iii.. '-'SS, see lliiilzilo|Hiciiili.
i4. .".(is, \'
ixachtlan
(II
uixachtlal, localitv
(i(i:!;
r.ss, (i.'js, 77S; ii,, rm, niiit, 7'.i4-.">,
exico, III
eiiison, sec
l)e(
.M
'ivti.cioatl
alma i.'iiddess. i
A'cinis, Nahna worshij) of, li., aS,")- \'ixt<.ti, Central .Mexican tr
ii.. .•{(i!).
ii.e, i.,
iii., li:i.
(.17-44; location, i,, (!7
Vera Criiz, tril.es descril.ed, i., (il7- \'izilipiiztli, iii., 1!(2, see Iluitzi
44; ii., i;{;{-(;^2<»: location ami [ j.ochtli.
names, i., G7'l-(j; ii., lltJ; special I
r84
INDEX,
Vizliputzli, iii. , 30(5, see Huitzilopoch-
tli.
A'oe, messenger of Hurakaii, v., 174,
177.
Voearr.is, North Mexican tribe, i.,
571-91; location, i., fil2.
Volvon {IJoUion, Bulhon), Central
Californiiii) tribe, L, 3G1-401; loca-
tion, i., 4r)3.
Voo. ii.. 7'")7, sec Uo.
Votan, Mava^'otl, ii., 117,631-2,638,
647, 716,' 770; iii.. 450-4; v., 27-8,
09-70, 159-65, 225, 231, 604-5, 618-9.
Votan, Tzondal day, ii., 767.
Vows, Nalunw, ii., 309, 431-2.
Voyajrcs, to America by I'lioMiicians,
v., C5-S; by Northmen, v., 102-15;
by Welshmen, v., 116-8; see albo
Ex; loration.
Vucubatz, Cakchiqucl king, v., 592-3.
A'ucub-Noh v.. 595, 599, see Vukub-
r:..i,
Vnkab If iin Ahpu (Vucnb Hunahjin,
Vnkiil) tlunahjiu), Qniciie god, iii.,
478-80; v., 174-80, 544.
Vukub-Ah, (Quiche prince, v., 5(57.
Vukub ( 'akix. (Quiche god and Xibal-
ban king, iii., 480; v., 172, 184,
187.
Vnkub Came, Xibalban king, v., 175-
80, 184.
Vukiib-Xoii (Vncnb-Noh), Quiche
king, v., 5(i(i, 595, 599.
Vnle I'uyas, i., 310, .see (^ahipooyas.
Vulture, myth., iii., 67, 129.
w
Waad'li, i., 302, see Noah Rav.
^Vaakiacums (Waakicums), i., 304,
307, see Wakiakums.
Wabi, i., (i80, see Hnaves.
AVac, name for 'ruparan, iii., 169.
Wacaiaiiius, tribe of '"hinooks, i..
222-50; location, i., 304; lang. , iii.,
(i26.
Waclu'H N.)too\vthas, i., 456, see
Watclics.
Wa<'omciipps, tribe of (^hii.ooks, i.,
222-5(1; locution, i., 309.
WalulciialiM, tribe of Chinooks, i.,
222-50; locution, i., .306.
Waiikiacums(\Vahkiakume, Wahky-
ekuin). i., 304, .307, see Wakia-
kums.
Wahoma, village. South California,
i.. 4(i0.
WahowpuniH, Inland Columbian
tribe, i., 2;50-91; location, i., 319;
s])ecial mention, i., 281.
Wahsatch Mountains, i., .32.3.
Wahslicrrs, North Californian tribe,
i., 32ti-61; locaiion, i., 444.
Waicuros, iii., ()'87, see Guaicuris.
Waiilat])us ( Waiilaptus, Willetpoos),
Inland Columbian tribe, i., 250-91;
location, i., 316, 319; lang., iii.,
625.
Waiknas, tril>e of Mosquitos, i.,
712-47; location, i., 713.
Waiknr, iii., (!87, si-e (luaicuri.
Waisko-dusa, Mo.snuito Harpoon, i.,
719.
Waiuomnes, i.,4.'>0, Ki-e Wapoomnes.
Wakalla, Central Calit'.Tnian tribe,
i., 3()'1-401; location, i., 45.">.
Wakahmiv, Central Californian tribe,
i.. .■»(il-401; location, i., 4.V).
Wakalumytidi, Central Califorjiian
tribe, i., 361-401; location, i., 456.
Wjikamass, tribe of Chinooks, i.,
222 ,")0; location, i., .30(1.
Wakiakums (Waakiaciim, Waaki-
cuni, Wahkiacum, Wahkiakunie,
Wahkyekum, Wakaiakum, AVa-
kaikum, Wakaikam), tribe of
Chinooks, i., 222-.")0; location, i.,
22.3, .304, .307; lang., iii., G2(>.
Walagumiies (Walacnmnies), Central
Californian tribe, i., 361-401; loca-
tion, i., 4.">0; lang., iii., (!49.
Walawaltz, i., 318, see SValla Wal-
las.
Walckhe, grave at San Luis (Jbisjw,
California, anti(i., iv., (i92.
Walhalla, i., 3()2, see (Jnalala.
Walhaniett", >., 305, see Willamette.
Walker Lake i., 4(i(>.
Walker Hiver, i., 4(i4, 46().
Wallalla, i., 449, see (iualaln.
W.illamat (Wallamette), i., 224, 309,
sec Willamette.
W.iiiiiiiiiiai, Central Californian tribe,
i . 3(il-4()i; locaiion, i., 454.
Wallas. Centra! Californian tribe, i.,
361-401; loca'ion, i., 4.">5; special
mention, i.. .393. .398.
Wallasbinii'.ez, Central Califi>rniau
tribe, i., .361-401; location, i., 455.
Wallaunnit, i., 3(«». sec WiUanicttc.
Walla Wallas (Onalla-Onllas, Wala-
waltz, Wallah Wallahs, Wi.lla-
wallalis, Walla Wallapums, Walla
Wallc,Wollaolla,Wollawalla,Wol.
law Wollahs), Inland ('(dumbian
tribe, i., 2r)0-91; location, i., 2.")3,
31H-l!t; special iMchtion, i., 2.V)-8,
260, 202, 266, 271-4 278-81, 287-9;
INDEX.
785
rnvtli., iiL, 95, 156; laiig., iii.,
Walhi Walla River, i., 258, 318-19.
Walla Walla \ alley, i., 319.
Walia Walloo, i., 327, 44G, see Wee-
yots.
Wallies (Wallas), North Californian
tribe, i., 32(;-(il; location, i., 327,
44(), 455; siiccial iiieution, i., 328,
343.
Wall]iavs, i., 478, sec Hiialapais.
Waini.s' i., 50, 59.
Waiiacaces (Vaiiaceos), Cliiciiiinec
iiivatlers of Michoacau, lii«t., v.,
511-l(i.
Wankaiia^^a, Slioslione god, iii., 94.
Wankees, tribe of Mosi|iiitos, i.,
711-47; siiecial mention, i., 726.
Wanks (Wanx) River, i., 79.3-4.
Waiilisli, tiihe of Nootkas, i., 174-
208; loi:iti«in, i., 29(».
Wanuswegock, evil spirit, Trii<ity
Kiver fril)i'.-i, iii., 17(>.
Wanwainvis, nai.ic for De.s Chutes,
i., 319.
Wanx, i., 794, -ce Wanks.
Wajiato, root nseil as food, i., 234.
Wapeaiii, a Chii'hiinei; Wananu'c
ruler, v., 515, 518-22.
Wapoiinini's ( W.-ijuonmes), Central
Ciiliforiiian trilje, i., 3()I-401; loca-
tion, i., 4.">0.
Wapos, Central Californian tribe, i.,
;n;i 401; loratiou, i., 3(J2, 452;
lang., iii., f>48.
Wappt'i'kinnriow, god of Trinity
Kiver tviiie.-. iii., 175-().
Wi^pt"- iii'ocs Kiver, i., 317.
"W;;,-, Hviierliureans, i., 91, 105-f),
113, ll'il-.'lO; Columbians, i., l(i(»,
l!)4, ISO-I, 1S8-;K), 194, 21.5, 2:{5-«;,
2(iS-7(», 275; Californians, i., 34,3-4,
381. 407, 43:!-4; New .Mexicans, i.,
49(;-500, 542-3, 5(12-3, 579-82, 5,S(i;
Mexicans, i.. (i2S-9, (1.55; ii., .3!I9-
432. (il(i-l8; iii., 20(i-10, 3(i4, .399,
532-3; v., 2.'>l». 2(;3, 27!l-84, 2!H) 4,
302-535 ]ia-<sim; Central Anicri-
ean.s, i.. (;9(1.7. 723, 7<i3 5; ii., (!45,
(154, li(!2. 707 8, 734, 739-47; iii.,
.53; V. r>51-(il3 passim.
Wararereek- , tribe of Slioslioncj,
i., 422-42; special nienlion, i. 4.'{i.
Wasakslics, Ccnu.ilf '.liituniian tribe,
i., 3()l-4(ll; location, i., 45(!.
Wascopam, name of Wasco country,
i., 319.
Wascos ( Wascopams), Inland Colum-
bian tribe, i., 2.50-91; location and
Vou V. 50
name; i., 254, 319-20; special men-
tion, i.,258, 271, 287. 289, 2!ll.
Wasliakeeks, tribe of Slnishones, i.,
422-42; location, i., 4()3.
Washington County, ^lississippi
N'alley, anticp, iv., 770.
Wasliington Territory, tribes de-
scribed, i., 208-91; location, i.,
298-321; myth., iii., 94-8, l.-)3-7,
519-20; lang., iii., ()15-34; antiij.,
iv. , 735-(!.
Washoe, city, Nevada, i., 4()9.
Washoes, tribe of Shoshom's, i., 422-
42; location, i., 422, 4t)8-9; special
mention, i., 440-1; lang., iii., (Jtil.
Wasoricuare, Michoacan god, v.,
512.
Was|is, as allies of Quiches, v., 551.
Watarecha, Tarasco priests, iii., 447.
Watc'u'H ( Waches Notoowtbasi, Cen-
tral Californian tribe, i., 3(>l-401;
location, i., 455-().
Water, various uses, etc, i., 103,
172, 188, 190, 204, 21(i, 70S; ii.,
<)(»1, (i04, (ill, (114; iii., 80, 101-3,
119-20, 129, 171, .3(;7-7(i.
W».ter-fo\vl, see Wild-fowl.
Watlalas, tribe of Cliiuooks. i., 222-
50; location, i., 22.3, 3(14-5.
Watsiihewalis ( Wat.>>aliewas), North
Californian tribe, i., 32()-()l; loca-
tion, i., 447; lang., iii., ((42.
Wattokes, Central Californian tribe,
i., .3()l-401; location, i., 4.5,5.
Waiiliteccj, village. North Cnlifor
nia, i., 444.
Wawa Uiver, i., 794
Wayameo, capital of Cliichimec
Wanacaces, v., 514.
Wayleeway Uiver, i., 317, 319.
Wiivvampas, Inland Cidiiml'ian
triin, i., 2.')0-91; location, i., 317.
We.dtli, see I'ropcrty.
\\'eap'(ns, 11 vperborciins. i., 5S-i), 7!1,
8ti. 9(», 1(11-5, 110; Ci)binilii,iM>, i.,
|(!4, I.SS, 2.35, 2(18; Calil(irni;iiis, i,,
3ll-:t, 377-9, 4(17, 431-3; New .Mex-
icans, i., 49;i(;, 511-2, 5(12, 57S-0;
iii., 180- Mexjians, i., (127 S, (;.V);
ii., 40(1-11, 475, (IIS (122; iii., -Kll;
iv.. '<72; Central . i.iicricans, i., (i'K!,
722-3, 7(;(»-3; ii., 7ll-:i; iv., IS.2(»,
,5S-t!0, 127,278; .Mississippi \ alley,
antii|., iv., 781.
We.'iving, i., 1(15, ,502-4. (m7. COH-O,
724, 7(i(:-7; ii., 215, 4S4-5, 7.V2.
Welier I'tes, tribe of Sbnsliones, i,,
422-42; location, i., 4(19; special
nil' iliiin, i., 441.
Wv''' r \ alley, i., 409.
rHo
INDEX.
AVi'diiimiuios, Coiitriil Californimi 1 Wliiskkalis, tribe of Sound liK'.iiins,
tiilx', i., ;{(il-40l; locution, i., 4'>"). i., 2(),S-'22; lociilioii. i., .'tiCt.
^\'^'tlllillJ,^ Noe .Maniii''!'. WiiiHties, i., 'M'.i, 774; ii., U'.l-, 71.'i,
Wi'.infs, i., 18'-', 184; 180, 'Jll, '270, 7H7; iv., I!).
■i:{4. Whitliv'H (Wliitlhev) Isliind, i., l.»()8,
Wt'okfiiiocli, irilte of lliiidiilis, 1.,
l.V>-74; location, i., 'J!M.
Wccllctocii, i., 'JIM. M'f Woitiotodi.
WfcyotH (\Valla-N\'allooM, Wcyots),
North Califoi'uian li-iiie, i., .S'2(!-(«l;
location, i., '.i'27, -IK)'; special nion-
tiou. i., :<•_'<.»-;«), . •{.")]; larij,'., iii., (i42.
^Vcllt'l(|lUls, Nortli Calit'oi'nian trii)c,
i., :V.'tt-(;i; location, i., 444.
AVci;;lits, Nalina coninicrcc, ii., .'{S'J-.'J.
Weils, lor lishiii;,', i., VM, l(i2, 1(18,
•_'(;•_', -AM-:), 4±), I'M.
AVcitlclochs (Wcctlctochs), trilio of
llaidalis, i., I.m-74; location, i.,
'J!»4.
WcitsjickM (Witsjiuks), North Cali-
fornian triiic, i., .'{L'd'-OI; location,
i., 444-5; Ian;;., iii., (M'J.
Wells, HC(( iicscrvoirs.
Welsh, lan^na^e traces, iii., 705;
.\nierican ori;,'in traces, v., Il(i-'JI.
Wenienudie ( Weniinnche) Ules, i.,
470, see Wininicnnciies.
Wenass Kiver, i., ',i'2{).
Weoliows, i., •l-((i, see Shastas.
WcsseiowsUojes, trilte of Aleuts, i.,
87-!»4: loiaiion, i., 141.
^^'e\\arUka. Irilie of Noolkat, i., 174-
'-'(18; location, i., 'Mo.
AVewarkkuni, trihe of Nootkas, i.,
I7I--'(I8; location, i,, 'J!!.").
Weyehlioos, Inland ( 'otnnihian trilie,
i.", 'JoO-'.tl; location, i., .'i'-'l.
Wi-yots, i., 4 Iti, see Weeyots.
^^'haillahay, Navajo m;,iiI, iii., 171.
\\'liales, various uses, etc.. i., 40, 51,
51 a, (lO-'J, 7.'t-(!, 70, 00, IO;t, Kit!,
170-SI, IS5-8, '.'Kt-M, 'J.TI, :i7(!, 405.
Whale's Head, locality, North Cali-
fornia, i., Il.'l,
Wliarhools, trilie of Chinooks, i.,
'_"J'J -50; locatiini, i.. '.W.'t.
Whatcom Lake, i., 'J!IO.
Wheat, i., 5.'t8. oSd". (i5-2.
Wheclcutlas, North Californiantrihe,
i., .'t'Jil'tii ; location, i., 44li; Ian;;.,
iii.,tii:i.
Wlieel|Mi, i., ;tl.'l, see ( 'liaudii'reH.
Whiill.ry Island, i., '.•08. '21'2, 'JOO.
see NN'hithy's Island.
Wliine;;as, Irilie of 'rhiinkeets, i.,
01 114; location, i., \\'2.
Whiskers, see Heard.
Whisky, i., 100, 188.
Whithv's'lWhidhev) Island, i., l.»08,
'.'l-J, "'JOti, '200.
White Knives, i., 4(i0, see Tosawees.
While .Man's Island, iii., 15U, .sec
Sainahtundwhoolah.
While .Mountains, i., 404, 50.'1.
Whit* Kiver, i., :i(MI. 404.
Whulwhypunis, i.,;t'JI, see Kliketats.
Whyelkine, food of Inlainl Coluni-
liiaii trilies, i., '20.5.
Wicananisli, i ,'205, see Wickinninish.
Wichaana, Za|iolec ;;od, iii., 440.
Wickanninish, i., '2'.((!, see \\'iikin-
ninish.
Wickinninish (Wicananisli, Wickan-
ninish), trihe of Nootkas, i., 174-
208; location, i., 207; special nieii-
lion, i., 178.
Wickinninish Islainls, i., 2'.t(!.
Widows, i., l'25-(:, hlO, 17;{, '277-8,
;r)7, .TS."), 515, 5.")."), 7.10-1, 7 14, 7.S!-:!;
ii., '251, 4(i(i, (;(18, (;71; iii., 154.
Wihinashts, trihe of Sho:.hones, i.,
42-2-42; location, i., 4(12; Ian;;.,
iii., (itiO-.'J, 07'2.
Wihwin, Mosipiito evil spirit, iii.,
4!t7.
Wikachuninis, Central Californiaii
trihe, i., :Slil-40l; location, i., 4.5(i.
Wi-I,ackees (Wye I.akees, Wylaks),
Central Californian trilie, i., ,'UiI-
401; location, i., 412, 451.
Wilapah (Whilapah) Uiver, i., ;iO:i,
•M)-K
Wilapahs (Whilapahs, Willopahs),
trilie of Sound Indians, i., •208-22;
location, i., ;io:{, :{05.
Wil.l fowl, i., M, •2;t:{-4, '204. •Mil,
.•(75, 400.
Willanietli Uiver (Walhanielle. Wal-
Inniat, Wallanu'tt-, Wallauniut,
Willanielteel, i., •22:t, '2'27, '^-.U, .'lOO-
10; Ian;;., iii., 0:«».
Williiinette N'allev. i., 2'2:\, '2'2.5-(5, '2a'2,
•240, .•t08-ll, ;i'20.
Willelpoos, i., ;M0, see Waiilat])us.
Willewidi Wiver, i,, .'{lit,
Willewidis, Inland Coluinhian trihe,
i., '2."iO!tl' .icalion. i., 010.
William Lake, iii., 010.
Willopi.hs, i., ,'M).5, see Wilapahs.
Willow, various uses, i., 51, 7!', I.'H),
'215, '2.V.l<iO, '270, .'»:i7, .M7I, ;«8'2,
42!t, 4;{4, 481. 404, 517, 5;t;», 341,
r)VA, M\); ii., 14.5.
Winnnenuches (NN'emennche, We-
IXDKX.
'87
ininiicho Ft('-(, Wompmmclit'l, trilio \Vi)iia;^iin, i., -Oi;, src Honagiian.
of Sliiislioiics, i., -l-'l'-l-; loiatiiiii, Who, ii., 7">7. f*t'i' I o.
i., 4i)l(-70. I Wood, various usi-h of, i., oJ, SS,
M'iiiiiiis, tiilio of Slioshoiios, i., 4--'-_'- j HI, Ktfi. .TU, HCHA), <i:{|, (M'.t, 717,
-I'J; location, i., 4(!;{. j "•-'•-', 7ti(;; ii., 407-S. 48--', 742, 7.">(l-l:
AN'iiitiioiis, Nortli ( 'aiiforiiiaii Irilio, , i\ ., '2(>ll-7t>.
i., ."I'ili-Gl; loi-atiou and Ian;,'., iii., j Woodiu'i-kiT, i., 'XU, 'Ml, .'{(IS.
'■'■"' Woods Civok, California, aniici..
(i «»■ I
Wiriu (^uarainpi'jo, forest, Million-
can, v., ")l I.
Wisconsin, .Mississippi Valley, iintiii.,
iv., 770.
Wishliatns ( Wisswliams), Iiilaiiil <'o-
Inuiliian tril)f, i., '_'.■)( )-!M ; locution,
i., ;t2().
Wisliosk, N'ordi Californian trilic, i.,
.'{'-'(i(>l ; location and name, i., .'t'27,
4Ki; Ian;,'., iii., M-J.
Wislitcnatins ( Wishtanatans), \orlli
Californian (rilH-, i., .'{'Jti-lil; loca-
tion, i., 44'_' :«.
Wisscopanis, Inland i 'oinnihian trilie,
i., '-'."iO-ltl; location, i.. .•{I7.
Wisswliams, i., ;n7, set- Wisliliaiiis.
Witches, see Sorcerers.
NVilcliiia Mountains, i., .'I'.ti!.
Witnesses, ;,'overniiiont, ii., 4i;>-5,
4(1 lo, (;,')().
Witspuks, i.,44.">, see Weitspeks.
Wives, Si'o Marria.;;e anil Women.
Wi.\i'|ieci)clia ( Wixipecoclial, /.Jipo-
!ec apostle, ii., 'JOlt-KI; iii., 4.m;
iv., .•<7'-'; v., '_':», ;V_'S.!».
Wivaiia, order of priests, ii., i21'J.
Wiyalao (lliiijatoo), /apolec poiiliH',
ii"., 14;J, •_•(»'.•• v., .VJit.
Wizaeclii, order of priests, ii., •_*!'_'.
Wizards, see Sorcerers.
Woeiis, an aipiatic plant, i., HM.
Wolves, i., 1(»',>, \S2, '-'.'.S, -JSI, ;i;{o,
4'J»; iii., «(».
Woilaolla (Wollawaila, Wollaw
Wollali), i., ;tl.S, ,sec Walla-Wal-
las.
Women, II vpcrlioreaiis, i,, (i.'i-ti, ,SI-
;», !l'_>, Kt'.i II, 1 17- IS, I'.'l, I-.';), I. '11
iv., 7<»1.
Woiikaok, .Mi-'rzii|uineliayi ruler,
v., .V,»(i, .">!),S !».
Wind, various uses, i., KM), I(»7, I'.H,
.'>0'2-4, r)44. (I-JO-I, (i:t(», (MS.
Woolsaw, iii., 4'.(7, see Wulaslia.
\\ oolwas, trilie of Mos.|uitos, i.,'
711-47; location, i., 7I-; special
mention, i., 714-1."), 7--, 7.'ll--,
7.'t7, 741, 74."i; laii;,'. . iii., 7S."t.
Woorali, Istlimian poison, i., 7ti.'t.
Woowells, Central Californian Irilie,
i., .•{(il-4(»l; location, i., ."{il.'t, l.V).
Worms, use of, i., ;{74, 4S,S, .">(i(»-l,
r.7(!, (i:{S, 74'_'; ii., (KM*, 7'.l.">.
Wounds, cure e.f, !., iVJl, ."iSS-'.t, (iltS;
ii., ;V.I!M;(K», I'.Ki.
Wri-lit Lake, i., 444.
Writiii;,', see ilieio;;ly[diics.
Wnlasha (< )nlasser, \\oolsa\v), Mos-
i|uito evil spirit, i., 74(»; iii.,4!t7.
Wyampams, trihe of Cliiiiooks, i.,
i"-'--'-."i(); location, i,, ItOC.
Wyatdi itiver, i., :{(i:{.
Wvclius Creek, ()re;,'oii, aiitiip, iv.,
7;<4.
W\eilats, i., 'J.'il, see Caynse.
Wynooclies, trilie of Sound Indians,
i'., l.'OS-2-J; location, i., :{(i;{.
.\ac\ain, a speeii-s of pjilni, ii,, 7--.
.\a;,'ua, a dye iilant, ii., .'171.
.\alauai, Soutli Californian trilie, i.,
41 »•.'•_>•.'; location, i., 4."i'.t.
.Xal.'idaulicii. I i(y, .Matialt/.inco, i..
;t; C.dnmliians, i., i(;;t, li;7-'.t, 177-1 (177; v., i;t;t.
8, ISl-;t, IS(!, |S!I, lil,-) S, -JlS-IK, .Xalisco, station, 'I'oltec iiii;:ia;ii>n,
•J4I :(, •J77-;i; Californiaiis, i., .'J-JS- v., •Jl'.'; s^-e also .lalisc...
Xallileuctli, a Cliicliiniec leader, w,
'2S(I.
.\aiou. South Californian trilie, i.,
I (fj •-'•_'; location, i., I.'ilt.
It. ;m;!, .'MT, .'tii» ."ii, ;t.vi, ;ts,-., ,ms-
!»;t, 4;i(i-7; iii.. \'>\>; Neu Me\icans,
i. , ."il I - 1 ."i, .VI7-!», ."id.iCi, ."iS4-(i; iii. . 7S;
.Mexicans, !., (l.TJ-.'i, (Itll-l; ii., L'4."i-
7, •-'lid-SI, ;t.")l. 4(1(1-1, (11(1; iii,, .'»!»■
(10, (lit, :t.v,», ;{(i"_»-7, :t!i4, 4;t.V(i, .v<;t;
Central .Americans, i., 70'_'--l, 7'-".t-
.'U, 77i.'-4; ii., (i;),-., tldl-sd. 7ll-i;t,
7v!s.:io, 7;t;<, 7;t7, stfj-.-i; iii.. 4s, 74.
Womcnnni'lies, !., 4(i(i, see Wim-
inenuelies.
.\alpaii, locality, N'era Cruz, v., 4'.fJ.
Xaljian y I'ontepee, 'I'otonac dialect,
iii., 777.
.Xallaiiiminizco, locality, Mexico, v.,
471'.
Xulliduico, v., .'irt7, sei! Tliitelulco.
788
INDEX.
Xaltenioc, lord of Quaiilititlan, v., | Xexnlpltuc, Sontli Ciilifornian tribe,
;«)!>. 372. j i., 4()-2-'2L»; lixation, i, 4.")i).
X;ilto|HM:, Miztec dialect, iii., 749; XiicinliolH'l-.Moyos, iiaiiie for I'alcn-
Mijc fity, v., 5;«,
Xaltcpetiaitaii, locality, I'uehla, v.,
4! to.
Xaitcpozauliran, station, Aztec iiii-
t,'nitioii, v., 3'24.
Xaitocaii, citv, Mexico, ii., 104; v.,
•2S4, 2!)4, 3il, 320, 323, 331, 334,
347-8.
Xampoii, Yucatan, antiii., iv., 211-12.
.\an, a mythical animal, v., 178.
Xaiianilires, North Mexican trilie,
571-!tl; location, i., 572.
Xaoali|uauliiotilniatliteni.sio, a court
mantle, ii. , 374.
Xaracucro, i.sland, Michoacan, v.,
i")!!), 522.
Xaratan;j:a, Tarasco goddcw.s, iii.,
445-(i; v., 517.
Xaseuin, Central Californiaii tribe,
i., .3(;i-401; location, i., 454.
Xaviicamaclian (.Xayacainacliantzom-
paiie), a 'J'lascaltec nohle, v., 41I7-8,
Xhakivalo, tiuiclie goddesn, iii., 471);
v., 174.
XltalaiKine, (Juiclie },'0(1, iii., 470;
v., 172-80, 184-7, 544-0, .5(10.
Xcancliakan, Yucatan, antitj., iv.,
240.
Xclianil>alvin(|nil, mime of month,
("iiiapiiH, ii., 7<)'!.
Xchilialvin<|nil, name of month, Clii-
apiis. ii., 7<i().
.Xchmi'l, (iiiat(Mnalan j;od, iii., 74.
Xccn'h, ])vramid, Yucatan, anticj. ,
iv., 201.'
Xco.>poo|), ruins at Kahah, Yucatan,
ant 1(1., iv., 20(i'.
Xehalax, ancient city, (Jiuitenuila,
v., 580.
Xecainac, ancient citv, (luatcmala,
v., 5S0.
Xecotcovach, l^niche mytliic hinl,
iii., 47.
Xi'luhnh, ancient city, (inatemala,
nntii[., iv., 124; v.,' .585, 587, 501,
(;02.
Xelhna, a Icyicmliirv (,'iant iiml Na-
hna chief, iii., (i'7-8; v., 2(K), 223,
484.
Xclitia, locality, Mexico, i., ()75.
Xeocok (.\ocok), (iuatcinala, antit].,
iv., 131,
Xerez de ("holuteca, locality, (Jmit-
emiila, lan^., iii., 7<>0.
Xct, an i\li(inehayi ciiicf, v., .M)4.
Xetaco, a Cli'chinu'c Waiiiicnce
jirince, v., 522.
<jiu;, iv., 205.
Xiliaiha, Maya evil si)irit, iii., 4t)7;
t^uiche hell, iii., 542; ancient
Central American empire, iii.,
478-0; iv., 205; hist., v., 171-88,
231, 530, 543-7, 555, 5(10-2, 5S1-2,
(iis-io,r)2i, (;2:'.
Xicalancas, Nahna nation, i., (!17-71,
ii., 133-(120; location ami name,
i., (!71; ii., 112, 1.32; special men-
tion, ii., 31.3, .370; Ian;,'., iii., 721;
hist., v., 10,5-202, 230, 488, 527,
CIO, ()21, 0.32.
Xicalancatl, Xicalauco ruler, v., ^W>,
223.
Xicalauco, town, ^'era Cruz, i., O'jl;
aiitii]., iv., 4.34; v., 10(1.
Xicales (Xicalli), cupsor vesselsniado
of ;,'onr(ls, ii., 177, 484.
Xicapoya (.Xipacoya. Xinh]iacoya),
locality, .Mexico,' iii.. 241, 2,">(;. '
Xicaiiiies, trilie of Mos((uitos, i.,
711-47; location, i., 712, 702-3;
special mention, i., 715, 720, 722,
728, 74().
Xicarillas (.licarillas, .licorillas),
trihe of Ajiaches, i., 473-52(); loca-
tion, i., .501-5; Hi)ccial mention, i.,
400, 504-5. 511.
Xicayan, town, Oajaca, i., (i77.
Xico Island, Lake Chaico, Mexico,
anti«|.. iv., .500; hist., v., 284.
Xicochimalco, v., 402, see Xochi-
milco.
Xicocc.^cs, North Mexican trihe, i.,
5ri-01; location, i., (ill.
Xicolli, priest's ba.l^ic, ii., 207; iii.,
33.5.
Xicofencatl. a 'I'lascaltec noble, v.,
414-1.5, 408, 503.
Xicotepec, loc.ilily, I'uebla, ii.,411;
antii|., iv., 470.
Xicuintia, Vera Cruz, antiip, iv.,
445.
Xihnilpopoca, ]i'>\\ of /acatian, v.,
.340.
Xihuiltemoc, Cnlhna kin;jr, v., 330-1,
3:t.S-0; lord of Xocliiiniico, v., 4.32.
XihnitI, Mexican year, ii., .504-5,
510.
Xijames, i., (ill, wo Xiximcs.
-Xila, i., (i(H, see (iila,
.Xili't"ios, iii., (iS5, see (iilenos.
.Xilomanaliztli. Nahur. month, ii.,
.500; iii., 410-20.
.Xiliiiien, mime for CeideotI, ii., ;i2(i;
iii., ;r)0, 350.
IXDEX.
789
Xiloqiictzin, a Cirnnalpnuec chief,
v., 3.'«.
Xiliil(.Mic(^ (Xil()tcpc<iuc), i.,(>73, 787,
sec .)il(ill('|)oc.
XilofI, iiu ear of <Mirii, ii.. 32fi.
Xiliit/iii, ii 'I'oltee jiriiice, v., '2S,").
Xiloxuehitlii, loeiilitv, Tlitseala, i.,
(;71; v., ">04.
Xipaeoya, iii., '2-11, sec Xirapoya.
Xijie (Tdtec, Xipetotec). Naliua ;;0(1,
ii., :mi-l-2, 4:>7, 47S; iii., 41 l-lo.
Xi peine, Hayed saeriticiul vietiins, ii.,
ao!».
Xipetotee, iii., 411, sec; Xipe.
Xi<|iiipilas, Cliiapas, aiitii)., iv., li'tX
Xii|iiipilco (Xiij^iiil))!)), a eity of
Matlaltziiico, i., (i7."{-4; hist., v.,
4:w.
Xiiiiiipilli, term to express SOOO, ii.,
:{SL'. 4L'.-».
Xii|uitz il, a <'ak('lii(iiicl iiiii;,', v., 590.
Xii'ipa, villajie, Sojiora, i., (>(•(».
Xitavul-llax, name for I/tavuI II.,
v.,'r)8;}.
Xit/in (Keitin), a Toltec ehief, v.,
•J!)7.
Xiui'litiniati, v., 20!1, see Xiiiliteinoe.
Xiiiii;,iualt/in, a'l'lascaltei' iiolile, v.,
4!»7.
Xiuiiniolpilli (Xiuhmolpia, Xiulitlal-
liilii), Niiiiiia evile, ii., 14(1, ;t4l,
r)0r)-7; iii., ;<!«. "
Xiiihiiel, Toltec i<in^', v., '242, '240.
Xiulmeneti, hantisnial name, ii., 2, \
Xiiihpacoya, iii., 2.'>ti, see Xicajioya.
Xiiilipopoca, a Toltec |irince, v., •_",I7.
Xiiilii|iient/in, v., "JtJ."), kc(? Xiulitlal-
t/in.
Xiiiluinefzalt/in, an Acolliiia prince,
V. , X{2. 4".t<i.
Xiuli'|iiilitl (.\iiilii|nilipil/aliuac), a
(1\(' plant, ii., .'{70, t.S(i.
Xinlilei iitli lilneliiietcoll, Xiiiliteuc-
volniaK Nalina ^od, ii., 2S't, '.i2\)-
M), :as. oKi; iii., 114, .•ts.-)-'.ti.
Xinlitenial (•linlitcnial. .liMtenial),
t/iiiclie kill;,', v.. r>(!(I, .")77-'.t.
Xiiilitemoc (XiuclitiniatI, .Xinlitlie-
nial), a Toltec nnhle, v., 'JSC. •_>!»',•-
:{(H); kin;,' of Cuilmacan, v., .•(44,
4 •.)().
Xinlitennx'tzin, Toltec kin;,', v., '2.")7,
:t:M.
Xiuliten,Mncalt/in (\inli(enaii),a Tol-
tei' iiohle, v., 'J7'2, '277.
Xinlitepee. city, .Mexico, v., 4()<!.
Xinlitlieniai, v.,'2!t'.t, see Xinlitenioc.
Xinlitilmatii, a conrt mantle, ii., .'<74.
Xiiilitlalpilli, ;,'irilles, ii., ;<!)li'.
Xiuhtlaltziii (Xiiili4ueut/in, Xiuht-
zjiltzin, Xinliz illzin, Xinli(iuent-
zin), Toltec (incen, \. , 2().">.
Xiulitl.ijiohnalli, year circle, ii.,n()8.
Xinhtlelini, Huexotziiieo prince, v.,
4'. 12.
Xinlitonioltetl, a medicinal Ntone, ii.,
(HH).
Xinlitototl, a mythic hird, iii., 241.
Xinlitzalt/in (.Xinhzaltziii), v., 2t).'>,
see Xinlitlaltzin.
Xinliipientzin, v., 2fi5, sec Xinlitlal-
tzin.
.Xixinies (Xijanies), Norlli ]SIcxicati
trilie, i., r>71-'Jl; hication, i., 572,
()I4; lan^'., iii., 718.
Xixi(|nijiilihui, name for Chalchiiini-
tliciu', iii., .'{(!7.
Xma Kalia Ivin, Maya intercalary
days, ii., 751(.
Xinncane, (j>ni('lie (.'oddess, ii., 717,
7'2.'t; iii., 474; v., 17<», 174-80.
Xocen, N'ncatan, antiip, iv., '2'Mi.
XMchctei'atl, sacrilicc to Tlaloc, iii.,
;{4.-).
Xocliicalco, Mexico, aiiticj., iv., 48.'}-
•M; v., •2().l
Xochilliuitl, llower festival, iii., 407.
Xoi'liiman([ui (Socliinian(|ue, X(M'h-
iniaii(|nes), llower dealers, ii., yi5;
iii., 4'2().
Xochimilcas (.Snchimilcos), Nahna
nation, i., (;i7-44; ii., l.'W-tW.t; lo-
cation, i., ()7.");namp, li., I.'{2; Ian;:.,
ill., 72."); hist., v., :j07-i), ;{ll -2,
4(l.">-(i, 4!t2.
Xocliiniiico (.Xicochimalco), Mexico,
anti(|., iv., 4!t7-!t; hist., v., a07-!»,
:U\-2, 40.V(i, 4<»'2.
Xiicliiocotzotl, lii|nid amlier, ii., 287.
Xochipalli, a dye ]ilant, ii., 4S7.
Xodiipantzin (Texocliipant/in), a
'I'ollcc princess, v., ,'{01.
Xo(lii(|netzal, Tlasculan ;,'r,(ldess; ii.,
.•W(i-7; iii., <i<>H, ;t77; v., l:{; a
Cliicliimec prince, v., 4.-jOI .
Xoiliilecatl, Tlasialan ;:n(ld('ss, ii.,
.'{.■i(i-7; anti<|., iv., 477.
Xodiitl, Nalnia day, ii., r^\2. 5l(i-17;
a Mexican ;,'encral, v., ITti.
Xochili ((,lnel/.alxochjl/iii), a Toltec
prini'css, v., '2(;!l-70, '2S;i 4.
.Xocliilla, locality. Mexico, iii., 24S.
.Xochillalpan, to\\ n, Mexico, v., 2s4.
Xocliitlv cacan, al;ode of Aztec \'c-
nus, iii., ;{77.
.Xochitzin, a Toltec iirincess, v., '250.
XocoU, iv., l.'ll, see Xeocok.
Xoconochco, i., (ISO, .see Siiconnseo.
Xocotanndii, small pies, iii., ,'t(iO.
Xoeotitlan (Xocotlun), sulinrb of
790
INDKX.
^Icxico city, i., fi7(>; ii., fidO;
railv Tolti'c'wcttk'iiit'iit, v., '24;i.
Xiifotl, a It'stival tree, iii., .'W(>.
Xiii-(itlliii('t/iii, Naliiia iiionth, ii.,
;i_';t, .")!(), ()KH; iii.,r)(>,S-<).
Xoc'iiilvotzi, Xiihiia n^lij^'imis feuHt,
iii., ."WtJ.
Xocotoc (CdJo, Cojotoc), South Cali-
foriiiau trilie, i., 4()'_'--2; location,
i., 4r)8.
Xoi'iiaiiiitli (Xo(iuauclitli), a festival
character, iii., ;{.")!.
Xoluialatoiiac, v., .'{.'il, see Vohualla-
toiiac.
Xolahah, i., 78!), see Xoyahah.
Xolaciil, (iiiatcMiiala, aiitiij., iv., 131.
Xoloc (Xololl), citv, .Mexico, v., 1.'<.I4.
Xolotl, N'ahiia^ott, iii., T)",), (il; Chi-
chiincc kiiiK, v., 21i), '2S[)-'Mi; .see
also Xoloc.
Xolotl M., Chicliiincc kin-;, v., '2{W-
:U!t.
Xolotlaii, locality, Nicaraj^nia, i., 70-.
Xuiiiociiil, Naliiia pill, iii., 41(i.
Xoiiacatejiei", Mexico, antii|., iv.,
4<.),-..
Xoiij,'o]iavi. i., (!()1, see Xont^jopavi.
Xoi|iiaiichtli. iii., .'S.Vt.sce .Xocuaiihtli.
XoiiL;ii|ia\ i (.loiij^iiapi, Slmn;;o|ia\ve,
Xon;;o|)avi), .Moinii villai;e, i.,
(>l)() I.
Xovahah (Xolahah) Mountains, i.,
T's'.t.
Xo/intiin, (iuiitoniala, antiq., iv.,
i;!l.
Xpivacoc, (Jniche },'0(1, iii., 474; v.,
170, 174.
X|iiich, a (iuatenialan princess, v.,
.ViDl.
Xijuii], (j)nichi' jirincess, iii., 478-!t;
v., IT.'i-d, r)4."i.
Xtali, a (iuatenialan princess, v.,
."),")()- 1.
Xtaynh, (j)uiche Uiuir, v., .■>(;(!.
Xtiiiana, (inateniala;t jiriricess, iii,,
74.
Xltauicr-Zatiuentol,('akchi(|uel kiii^;,
v., TiS.S.
Xnhahal. (inatcuiala, anti(|., iv., Ktl.
Xuliiitciiani, city, (Juateiiiala, i., 7>S7.
Xuchicalli, Nal'ina hath, ii., '-'liH.
Xuchicalt/in, Naiiiia ;;(m1, ii,, '.'(iS.
Xuchicatiaca, u Naliuii projihct, v.,
I'.M).
Xnchiltepec, iirovinct', (iuateniala,
v., 447.
Xni'hillepees, (iuaten/alan tnhe, hist.,
v.. (;(M;-7, til'J.
Xu<'hipilas, North Mexican trihe, i.,
i., .")71-ltl; lanj;., iii., 71l>.
Xuchipiltepctl, Jalisco, antici., iv.,
•'u'l.
Xuchitei)oc, town, Mexico, v., 42!*,
471.
Xui'hn-Cuel (Xnch-ucuct), u Maya-
jian lord, v., (iL'ti.
Xiicotsi, name for Tlazoltcotl, iii.,
;tso.
Xncu (Kliiicu), South Californiaii
trihe, i., 4(»-' 2'-'; location, i., 4")S.
Xul, .Maya month, ii., (i'.tit, I'u.
Xul, villa<;e, \'ncatan, antiij., iv.,
'.'1,S.|!>.
.Knlos, Nicara^fuan do^'s, ii., 7-1.
Xnlpiti, localilv. South-east Mexico,
v., r.(;'.».
Xuhi, (,>nich.^ ;;o(l, v., 170.
Xumiltepec, ancient Toltoc capital,
v., 11)0.
Vaat, an herli u.s(!(l to allav huu':er,
ii., 7'-'->, 74.-..
'S'ahacoh, Irilie of (iuateinalans, i..
tlS7-7II; location, i., 78!).
^'allalan (Vahalan), Chiapanec ;j;oil,
iii., 4r)S.
^'ahipais, i.. 47"), see Vanipais.
\'acai'oliuhi|ui, iii., 4I(), set' lyaca-
tcciihlli.
Vacaliualiu([ui, Nahua hreech-cloth,
ii., .•{7.K
Vacancx (Ixca/ozolot, Yacatzolzoloc,
\'acazo/.oIoll, \'aiu'x), a Chiclii-
nicc uohle, \-., .'{17-18.
^■acapichtl■l. citv. South-west Mcx-
ii-o, v.. II-'.
^'acapitzaoac, Nahua }:;oil, iii., 41i!.
^'acaiecul Ii, ii., .'{.'{8, see Ivacatc-
cnhtli.
Vacatzotzoloc, v., .'UT, see ^'acane\.
N'aca/.iizololl, v., .'{17. see ^'al■auc\.
^ acini, iv., I.'M, see \axhaa.
\'acli.'ichumnes(\'achichumnes),( 'en-
tral ( 'alifiirniaii trihe, i., .'{('l-IOI;
lociiion, i., ;i(i:{, 4.-i(). 4.V_'.
\'acliimcM's, Central California;!
triiie, i., .'K.'l - (1)1 ; location, i., 4.'..'.
^'ackama^s, i,, JVJt), see ^'akinias.
\'acuiui (^',•(comui), Central Cali-
forniaii trihe, i., :{l!l-40l; location,
i., 4.V1.
\tuo] .\tani, (^liche title, ii.. (i44.
N'acoinui, i., 4."i,'t, see ^'acnlui.
Nacsuiiiiies, i., 4.")0, see \'osuiiinis.
\'a'j;ualica, i., 117-, (>7."), see Valiua-
li.a.
INDEX.
m
Ya;?iiar!it(), Mi.'lioaran, nntiq., iv.,
YaliiilMii, iii., 4.")8, sec ^'iilialan.
Yaliaii Kiiiia, Maya ti'injtli*, iii.,
4(!7. •
Yaiislmlos (^'all Sliut('s\ N.irtli Cal-
il'tiniian (rilii', i., ."{•-'(i-fil ; li)catic)!i.
i., 4 »_'-:{.
Yaimalica ( Ya^Mialii-a, ^'allllalillil-
caiil. locality, Mcxicn, i., ()'7'J, (!7'>;
ii., ()!"; aii(ii|., iv., I'.t.'i.
Yajiiiniii, <'fiitral ('alifuniian tril>o,
i.. :!iil-40i; lo.atidii, i.. iXi.
Yaivaiiias, i., '_'.">I{, ■SK), si'i; ^'akiIllaM.
^'akat/.ili, ^'iirataii, aiili(|., iv., '27>'X
YakiiiiMs ( I'l'yackiiiiaiis, J'lyakciiias,
Yackaiiiaiis, S'akaiiias, Vonkoo-
inan>|, Inlaixl ( 'oiiiinliiaii trilic,
i., '-Vid-'.li; location ami iiamo, i.,
2"),'!- 1, .■{i7--(>; win't'ial innition, i.,
'2'J7, •-'(14. '2--2-4, 'JSO, •J.S7-SK); iiiytL,
iii., ',)7-S; laiij;., iii.. C'JO-l.
Yakima Uivcr, i., .'{I'O; aiiti(i., iv.,
TM.
Yakima \'all('v (I'-vakcma, \'aki-
luaw), i., '2.'>\, 'JS( ),";(•_'(».
Yakoiii's (.lakoiis, N'ouicoiics, \ttn-
koiH's), liiln' of Cliiiiooks, i., 'J'J'J-
50; location, i., .'{07; lang., iii.,
()4().
Yakutals, trilic of Tlilinkccts, i.,
!»4-lll; location, i.. !t(i. \4'2; sjie-
cial mention, i., KM), lO.S.
A'alaliao, ^ iicatan, antii|., iv., '2(>1.
Yalclicclnncs (.laii'lii'ihincs, Talclio-
ilnncs), liilte of Apaclics, i.. 47.'t-
r>'_'(!; location, i., 47o, o'.W; lanj;.,
iii., (iS4.
Yale, town, iiritish ('olnml)ia, i.,
i.»!»S; Ian;;-., iii., (li:{.
YalcsumiH's ( N'alcynnincs, ^'lllc\ nm-
ncs), (cntial Cilifninian Irilic,
i., .'{lll-4itl; locati i,,4.")0; Ian;;.,
iii., (;i'.l-,")().
Yalisco, i., (lis, sec .Falisco.
Yaniajalis|( 'osiiinas.l 'iies:iinas,( 'nis-
nicr, ( 'ulisiiisnas, ( 'iili^iuirs, tlaiii-
ajalis, 'lamajalis), trilieof .\|iaclies,
i.'. 47."t-.V_'(i; 'location, i.. 47'), -VKS;
Hjiecial mention, i., .VJ.'i; Ian;,'.,
iii., (IN Id.
Yanikallies, tiilx! of Cliinooks, i..
'J'J-'-od; location, i., ;il»l); lan.L,'.,
iii., (i:i(». .
Yamlocklocks, i., 400, see Tanilock-
locks.
YaiM I'ali I'tcH (.\niiiayonls), trilte
(if Slioslioncs, i., 4'J--i'_'; location,
i., 4(i'.t; H|iei'ial mention, i., 441.
Yunijiai.i (^'allilpais, \'ani|iaoH, Vavi-
jiais), ir'iho of Aiiaclies, i.. 47^-
r)2(i; location, i., 47">. ^V.IS; siiecial
Mien.tion, i., 478, 'AU, .'ilit; Ian;;.,
iii., (;84-(i.
^'am|lai X'allcy, i., t\[)7.
Vain|ia|ia.s, trilie of Slioshoiii's, i.,
4--"-'-4l*; locati i.. 4(;:{.
Vam|iarack.s (N'amparieaH, Vanijiax-
icas), trilx' of .Aitaclies, i., 47.'i-">'J(i;
l<ieation, i., 47'!.
Yam|ias, Central ( "alifortiian tiilie,
i., .'idl^Ol; location, i., 4.".t.
Vampatickara, tiilie of Sliosliones,
i., 4-_''.'-4'_'; location, i., tCI.
\'am|ia\ica>', i., .">!)"_•, sec N'am|)iir;icks.
Yam]ink, (iitatenKilaii lonlslii|), v.,
.V.»7.
Yanalxipos, North Mexican frilie, i.,
.')71-!»l; locati i., (ill.
Yancuitlalitail, localitv, I*nehla, v.,
_4S7.
A'anex, v., .'{17, see \'acane\.
Yan^rnillan, vallev, .Miclioacan, v.,
.')-_'8.
Yaii;;nitlan (Yaii;,'nistlan). town, ( »ii-
jaca, Ian;;., iii., 74!l-.")l; aiiti(i., iv.,
4Jj-:{.
Yan;;na, Sontli Californiau trilie, i.,
40'_'-'_''i; location, i., 4(!0.
Yanostas, Central Californian trihe,
i., :<(;i-4()l; location, i., 4.">1.
Yantnckets (^'atncki'ts), Norili Cali-
fornian trilie, i., .'(•J(i-(il; hrcation,
i. , 4 IJ, 44."i.
Yannati, a cliiM's collar, iii.. -I.'td'.
N'iiotI, a Naliua mvtliii: iierson, iii.,
:t7S-S0.
^'aotlalli, Xalina war lands, ii., •_••_'.">.
\'a|iaine.s, trilie of .ApaclLcs, i., 47.'t-
.V_'(!; location, i., "i!t"_'.
Yaparelicas, trilie of .Njiacln's, i.,
47:{-."r2(i; location i., .'I'.t-'.
\'a|iico, N';iluia temple, iii., 1-1.
\'appan. a Nalina mvtliic person, iii.,
.•{7S-S0.
Va(|iii Itiver. i., (lOI, (iOS.
\ai|iiis (ljiai|nis|, North Mexican
trilie, i., ."i7l-'.H; location, i., ."i7-',
liOS; special mention, i.. ."171"^,
"iS-_>-4, ."iS7, .-i.S'.t.'.il; lan^'., iii., (iCT,
707-l(l; <i>nich('' name for .Mexicans,
v., IS7-S, ."i47. .V,l7.
N'arnnu'la, lloiidnras, antiip, iv., 71 ■-.
N'asja, iv., IIU, see N'axhaa.
\'asnmnes. Central ('alifornian tril e,
i., :jiil-40l; location, i., 4."i(l; Ian-.,
iii., (M'.t.
^'atnckels, i., 14"_'. see ^'antncl^ets.
Yanhtepec, town. Suuth-wcsl .Mexico,
v., 4I'J.
792
INDEX.
Yaulitlalli (Jaotlalli, Qiiiiihtlale), lo-
cality ivscrviMl for battle, ii., 425.
Yaiilitii, a inediciiie, ii.. CM.
Yautcrrlis, Nortli Califoriiian tribe,
i., .S2(>-()1; location, i., 444.
Yaiitl, name for Tezcatlipoca, iii.,
1!)!).
Yautlnecociautlnionenequi, name for
'rczcatli|)oca, iii., 20(!.
Yavipais, iii., (i84, see Yanipai-s.
Yavi.sa. town, Darien, i., 79(5.
Yax (Yaax), Maya month, ii., 690,
757-8.
Yaxcocahmut, name for Zanm.i, iii.,
4()-.>.
Yaxliaa Lake (Yachd, Yasja), Guate-
niaia, antiq., iv., 134-5.
Yaxkin (l)zc-Yaxkin, Tze Yaxkin),
.Mava inontli, ii., 700, 757.
Yax([iiin, name of month in Chia-
])as, ii., 71)1).
Yaxtaxitaxitannc, Apache god, iii.,
170.
Ycaiut, Acagchemcm god, iii., Ifi5.
Ychal-AmoUac, Akahale ruler, v.,
5!)i;.
Yciiexoan, Nahua devotees, iii., 357.
Yceatlis, Central Califoniiaii tribe,
i., .•{iil-401; location, i., 448.
Yeliahs, Inland Columliiau tribe, i.,
25(»-!>l: Iocatio\i, i., 317.
Yehl (Vetlil), Thlinkeet god, iii., 98-
103, 145-(;, 149.
Yej-ak-oun8, Inland Columbian tribe,
i'., •250-91; location, i., 314.
Yek. Tiilinkeet spirit.s, iii., 148.
Yekas, i., 447, nee Yrekas.
Yelamii, Central Californian tribe,
i., 3(11-401; location, i., 453.
Yelct|ioo, Inland Columbian tribe,
i., 250-91; location, i., 317.
Yellow-ciiin, Makali chief, i., 217.
"N'cnu'', 'I'amauIipaH, lang., iii., 744.
"N'cnijliics Iviver, i., 317.
Ycilia IJiiena, locality. Central Cali-
foniia, i., 303.
Yetan (Ve(aM), i., 592; iii., COO, see
ComaiicheK.
Yelhl, iii., 149, see Yehl.
Yetl, t(.liacco, ii., 287.
Yemialia, Centnil Californian tribe,
i., 3iil-4(»l; location, i., 454.
YiMinata. Central <"alifornian tribe,
i., 3iil-40l; location, i., 454.
Yeunator, Central Californian tribe,
i., .31)1-401; location, i., 454.
Yew. bows, etc. made of, i., 188,
214. .'{41. 494.
"N"u'l>. ii., 707, Hce Igli.
'Shnixoch, v., 299, sec Ixmixuch.
Yhyoznchtl, v., S:99, see Ixmixuch.
Yiacatecutli, iii., 416, see lyacate-
cuhtli.
Yiauh<ineme Mountain, a jilace of
sacritiee, Mexico, iii., 331^.
Yiauhtli, an herb, ii., 330; iii., 339,
387.
Yiaulatecatl, Nahua god, iii., 418.
Yinkaceons, Inland Columbian tribe,
i., 250-91; location, i., 314.
Yiuhtas, i., 592, see Xoconi.
Yiz (Itz), Quiche-Cakchiciuel day,
ii., 707.
Ylackas (Ylakas), North Californian
tribe, i., 326-61; location, i., 442,
447.
Ymitches, Central Californian tribe,
i., 361-401; location, i., 4.')().
Yinix, Maya day, ii., 75(!, 7(iO.
Ymunai'ani.C 'entral ( "alifornian tribe,
i. , 361-401; location, i., 4.55.
Ynvaomaxaliuhqui, a breech-cloth,
ii., .375.
Yoallicheeatl, name for Tezcatlipoca,
iii., 2()7, 381.
Yoaltecatl, a place of Racriiice, Mex-
ico, iii., 333.
Yoaltecutli, Nahua god, ii., 275.
Yoalticitl, Nahua goddess, ii., 268-9;
iii., 363.
Yobaa, iv., 389, see Liobaa.
Yocolles, Central Californian tribe,
i., 361-401; location, i,, 4,")(i.
Yocut, Central Californian tribe, i.,
3()l-4(ll; location, i., 457; lani;'.,
iii., 651-2.
Y<dinallatonac (Xidiualatonac), Cul-
hna king, v., 251, 2.")7, 2()1, 2(i3,
.331; Teo-Chichiniv'c chief, v., 490.
Yohuatl Chichimecatzin, lord of
Coatepee, v., .349.
Yoiontzin, a Chichimec prince, v.,
475.
Yoke, sacrificial, iii., -113; iv., 4.30.
Yokias, i., 362, .see Ckiahs.
Yolanchas. Central Calit'oniian tribe,
i., 361-401; location, i., 45(1.
Yolays, i., 3(i2, Yolos.
Yolcnat, name for CjUietzalcoatl, iii.,
267.
Yoleuat Quitzalcuat, name for Tohil,
v., 182, 188.
Yolhios. i., 452, see I'etalumas.
Y(do County, California, i., 450.
Yolos (Yolays), Central Californian
tril)e, i., 3()1-401; location and
name, i., .302, 450.
Yol<|ui, Tezcucan title, ii., 189; v.,
350.
Yonglctat.s, i., 298, see Ueletas.
INDEX.
m
Yonio, Central California, lang., iii.,
()43-4.
Yonsal Poinos, Central California
tril)e, i., 3(il-40I; location, i., 448.
Yookoonians, i., 320, see Vakiinas.
Yopaa, iv., .'WO; v., 328, see I-iobaa.
Yoiies (Yopiines, Yopis), i., ()77, see
'L Japanees.
Yoi>ieatl Atonal, king of Zacatollan,
v., 448.
Yopitzineas, tribe of Nahuas, hist.,
v., 471.
Yopitzineo, locality, Guerrero, v.,
471.
Yoro, locality, Honduras, i., 700, 7ft.'?.
Yoseinites ('ri)seniiteiz), Central Cai-
iforniaii trilie, i. ,361-401; location,
i.,452.
Yoseinite Yalley, i., 452.
Yosuiniiis ( Yaesuuiiies, Ynsunines),
Central Caiifornian tribe, i., 301-
401; location, i., 4.')0.
Youahnoe, tribe of liaidalis, i., 15,')-
74; location, i., 202.
Youclulalit, tribe of Nootkas, i., 174-
208; location, i., 205.
Youcooluninies(YoucoiiIunines), Cen-
tral Caiifornian tribe, i., 3()1-401;
location, i., 4.jO.
You^jletats, i., 208, sec T^clctas.
Youicones, i,, .307, see Yakones.
Youitts, tribe of Cliinooks, i., 222-50;
location, i. , 307.
Youkones, i., .'107, sec Yakones.
Youniatallas, Iiilanil ( "ohnnliiaiitribc,
i., 2.")0-01; location, i., 317.
Younj^'s Itiver, i., .■{05.
Yourt (Vurt), Eskimo dwelling, i.,
54.
Youruk, Klaniatli name, i., 327, 44.5.
Youtas, i,, 4(i4, see I'tabs.
Yoxibalvin(|uil, name of month,
Ciiia|ias, li., 7(>(>.
Yovontziu, name for Nezahualcoyotl,
Ypalnemoaloni. Naliua god, iii., 103.
Yjiuc, Soiitii Caiifornian tribe, i.,
402-22; location, i., 4.V.t.
Yreka, California, anti(|.. iv., 707.
Yrekas (llotcday, Yckas), North
Caiifornian tribe, i., 32(' •; loca-
tion, i., 447; lang., iii., (140.
Yfsimitte, Yncaliiu, anlii]., iv., 248 0.
Ytzalniazalmaxtiatl, a breech-clotli,
ii., 375.
Ytzammi, iii., 4()2; v., G17-10, fi21,
see /ammi.
YtZ(Miat, a Mayapan lord, v., fi2(5.
Ytzmul, name for Izamai, v., (i'M.
Ytztencyohiia, Nahua calendar sign,
ii,, 51().
Ytztlacolinhqiii, a ])riest's hood, iii.,
•S-VJ; Nahua mythic per-son, v,, 00.
Yuba Kiver, i., 451; anti<|., iv., 707.
Yuba.s (Viivas), Central Caiifornian
tril)e, i., 3()1-401; location, i., 451;
lang., iii., (i48.
Yucals, Central Caiifornian tribe, i.,
3()1-»01; location, i., 451.
Yucatan, tribes described, i., (545-
747; ii., 0.30-803; myth., iii., 4('.l-7.'»,
541-2; v., 87; lang., iii., 558, ,571,
7'24, 7.50-02, 773-0; anti(|., iii., 118;
iv., 143-285, 355-0; v., 58; name,
v., 014-15, G26; hist., v., 223-30,
fil4-.34.
Yiu-ca, a plant used for food, i., 734,
7.50; ii., .357.
Ynidetahs, i., 208, see Ucleta.s.
Yucuatl, name for \'ancouver Island
tribes, i., 200.
Yne, Tamaulipas, lang., iii., 744.
Ynkai, )., 448, see I'kiahs.
Yukas (I'cas, I'kiis, ^'ukehs, Yu-
ques), North Californi.-m tril)e, i.,
.'120-01; h)cation, i., 447; siieci.-il
mention, i., 301, 300, 308; lang.,
iii., 043, 048.
Yuklet.as, i., 205, sec Ucletas.
Yukon liiver, i,, 115, 140-8; lang.,
iii., .580-7.
Yukon Valley, i., 140.
Yukulmes, Central Caiifornian tribe,
i., .'101-401; location, i., 4.50.
Ynkutli Kulchins, tribe of Tinneli,
i., 1 14-37; location, i., 1 15.
Yukutneys, Cciituii Caiifornian tribe,
i., 3(il-4'<l; location, i., 'Ih).
Yuleynirnes, i., 4.50, see Valesnmes.
Ytili'mces, Central Caiifornian tril)e,
i., 3(il-40l; location, i.,4.")0.
Ynlns. Central Caiifornian tribe, i.,
301-401; locati(Hi, i., 450.
Yumagatocks, Central Californiiiii
tribe, i., 3()1-401; location, i., 45(».
Yumas (Chirunnis, Cucbans), trilie
of .\paclies i., 47.'l-520; location
antl name, i., 475, 507-8; special
mention, i., 477-8. 480, 487, 480,
404, 504-5, 510-11, 5Mi, .510, 521-3;
myth., iii., 527; lang., iii., 084-0.
Yunakakhotanas, i., 147, see Unaka-
•iinas.
Ynncemil, Maya god, iii., 407.
Yn(|uaches. North Caiifornian tribe,
i.. .■120-(il; location, i., 44;i.
Yu(|iu's, i., 447, see Yukas.
Yui|ue-Yun(iue, I'ueblo province, i..
73-i
INDEX.
YurfTuitncs, North Mexican tribe, i.,
o71-'.tl; loiatioii, ' (ill.
Yiirt, i., 54, sec Voi it.
YiiHiuiiue.s, i., 4r)0, nee Yosumnis.
Yutiis, i., 440, .see Utaliw.
Yiitalikali, name for Navajos, i., 475.
Yutajciiue, Ai>iiche tribal iiuiiic, i.,
474.
Yiivas, 1., 4.">1. sec Yu1)aH.
Y.\, Maya calendar si^tn, ii. , 70.*}.
Yxaulo, South Califoniiaii tribe, i.,
402-'_'_'; location, i., 4.")!).
Yxchebclvax, Maya j^oililess, ii., 752;
iii.. 4()7.
Y.vcuina, r.anie for Tlazolteotl, iii.,
.380
"\'xcui>i, Cinatenuihi, antiq., iv., 138.
"S'xillantonan, locality, Mexico, iii.,
40,").
Yxteucalli, Nuhua vice-f,'0(l, iii.,4i7.
Yxtllioii (Ixtliltuu), Naliua god, iii.,
40!).
Yxtiitz. (Jiiatcniala, antiq., iv., 138.
Yzaes, i., (kS3, see Itzas.
Yzaiiuia, ii., ()!)1, sec Zanind.
Yzcaili, Naliua month, iii., 3!)0-.3.
Yzi)untc(iue, Naliua yod, iii., 3'J(J.
Yzquitecatl, Naliua god, iii., 405,
418.
Yztaccaltzin, v., 207, see Hueniac TI.
Yztaccuixtli, a mytliic l)ird, iii., '247.
Yztacbucxiiclia, station, Toltec mi-
gration, v., 213,
Zaachilla, Za))otec dialect, iii., 754-5,
/aacbiila I., Zapotcc king, v., 532.
Zaachilla, 111., Zapotec king, v.,534.
Zaachilla Yolio, name for Teotza-
potlan, v., 530.
Zabacilthan, Maya feast, ii., ()94.
Zuc (/ak) Maya month, ii., 091,
757-8.
Zaca, Itza drink, ii., 723; Naliua
chief, v., 243.
Zacabalia, ancient city, Guatemala,
v., 5S7.
Zacali, Maya incense, ii., 702.
Zacalia. (itiatemalan tribe, hist., v.,
547, 501.
Zacal llacalc, Mava god, iii., 4()G.
Zaca])aMtzin, a Toltec hero, v., 21.3.
Zacapulas (Sacapulus), town, (.iuate-
inala, i., 7S8.
Zacatcras, antii|., iv., 578-93.
Zacalcc((s(Zacatccas,Zacatecs), North
Mexican tribe, i., 571-91; location.
i., 014; special mention, i., 577;
laiig., iii., 719; hist., v., .")().3, 5.37.
Zacatcpec, i., 7<S7. see .Sacatei)C([iie.
Zacapetec ^lountain, Mexico, iii.,
247.
Zacatlan, name for Chiapas, i., 81;
station, Toltec migratii)i!, ■"., "3;
town, Puebla, v.. 2'.t8, 314, 4'.M).
Zacatollan, ])rovince, (iuerrero, ii.,
109, 473; hist., v., 448, 473, .508-9.
Zacatula, town, (Jucrrcro, ii., 109.
Zacatnla Itiver, I'liebla, antiq., iv.,
4{)7.
Zaciitzontli, Naliua god, ii., .389.
Zacbila, (Jajaca, antiii. , iv. , 384-8.
Zactecauh, Cakchi([uel chief, v., 5(i2,
509-70.
Zactzuv, localitv, (iuatemala, i.,788;
v., 504.
Zacualco, town, Jalisco, i., 022.
Zacualpa, citv, (.iuatcinala, v., .587.
Zacualpan, ^iexico, auticj., iv. , 480.
Zacuaiti|>an, town, Mexico, i., 075;
antiq., iv., .545.
Zaciiapan, Yera Cruz, antiq., iv., 4-17.
Zak. ii., 70(), see Zac.
Zakltim, a (iuatenialan chief, v. ,503.
Zakcab, Zntugil, city, v., 5|)S.
Zakik, u t^tuiche noble family, ii.,
048; v., 580, 582.
Zaki Nim .\k, <i*tiiclie god, v., 173.
Zaki Niina Tzyiz, Quiche goddess,
v., 170, 173. '
Zaki([ali<)l, city, (Juatemala, v., 584.
Zakiqoxol, (.^)uiclie invtbical jterson,
v., 509.
Zakitzuuun, a Cakehiquel chief., v.,
570.
Zaklohpakap, name for Manic lang. ,
iii., 700.
Zakulda (Socoleo). ancient city,
(Guatemala, i., 7j7; anti(j.,iv., 128-
30; hist., v., 587, 591.
Zalaias, North Mexican tribe, i., 571-
91; location, i., 012.
Zalziin, a magic crystal, i., 007.
Zamaiieb(Zaniencb),city, tjuateniala,
i., 789; anti(i.. iv., 131.
Zama Uiver, i., (iOO.
Zaiuna(Vtzaiiina,'S'zamniiK Mava god,
ii., 117, 127, 0.32, t!47; iii.,' -;!i2-5;
iv., 247; v., 23, 224-5, 017-19, 021-
2, (;30.
Zamoria, Naliua food, ii., 278.
Zaucopiiico, a suburb of Mexico
City, ii.. 500.
Zandia (Sandia). village ami tribe of
I'ueblos, i., 52(!-50; location, i.,
(."00; lang.. iii., OSl.
Zapateiiec, locality, Mexico, iii., 405.
INDEX.
705
Zajuitcro Island, Niciira;,'iia, autiii.,
iv., .SO, .3<»-47, ."jS-i;-.'.
Zape, I)iiraii;;o, antin., iv., (JOO.
Zaiiotccaiian. a Oaiacaii kiii;,'ilnin,
v., 44.S-7, ")2()-.S'I; M'f also Zaiiotecs.
Zapotccs, Naliua nation, i., (i-W-TD;
ii., I.'t:{-(>'2il; loi'atioii iiiiil iiaiiic, !.,
(i4i"), (i7ll; ii., l'A'2; sjiorial iiuMilioii,
i., «;k;, MS, ().">! -3. (;.")(.•-() I, (JliT-'.t;
ii.. 100-10, 14'_»-:?, '2-2H. 'JTT-S, :}(i.S,
37!>, 410. .")22, ()l24. C-'K; iiivtli., ii.,
20'.»-.'?, .308; iii., 73-4, -JtlS, 44>S-C)0,
541; laiij^., iii.. 7")4-(); v., r)'_'7;
hist., v., 206-7, '-'Sy, 443-7, 473, 52(J-
.3(>, CU).
Zajiotcros, North Me.xifau tribe, i.,
r)7i!H; loratioii, i., (il3.
Za]»itithin, locality, tUiateinala, v.,
;■)«(;.
Zaiiotlaii, Jalisco, autiq., iv., 574;
hist., v., 41(;.
Za(|tian, a mythic bird, iii., 241.
Zarahoiiila, name of Hclirew colony
in .\nifrica, v., 0!>.
Zavi, Yucatan, antiq., iv., 211-15,
270.
Zayollan, ])rovince. Mexico, v., 346.
Zccc, ii., 757, sec T/cc.
Zt'ctopaa, city, Oajaca, v., 5,32.
Zciliisiiua, Itcllat la h.-iskots, i., 100.
Zcka-tliaka (Ziunka-kutshi), trilio of
Tinricii, i., 114-37; location, i., 147.
Zckilna, Yucatan, antii|., iv., 212.
Zeldalcs, i., 681, sec 'I'zondalcs.
Zcldal-f^uelen, C'hiai)as dialect, iii.,
760.
Zemi;nah)uica Tlatoani, Mexican im-
jicrial title, v., 471.
Zentipac (Tzenticpac), town, Jalisco,
i., 672; v., 50'.).
Zia, I'nchlo ■ ilhij^e, i., 6i)0.
Ziliilnocac, Yucatan, antiij., iv., 2.52.
Zihoios, North Mexican tribe, i.,
.571-'.tl; location, i., (ill.
Zichajucuero, hjcalitv, Michoacan,
v., '51.3.
Zichu, locality, Mexico, v., 524.
Zihil, Maya bajUismal rite, ii., 682.
Zima, North Mexican trilie. i., 571-
5)1; location, i., 612.
Zin;i()meiu's, Inland Columbian tribe,
i., 2.-)0-!tl; location, i., 314.
Zintzicha, name for Tanj;axoan, v.,
51 1;.
Zip (<"ijp), Maya nimith. ii.. 696, 757.
Zipacapan, town, (Juatein.ila, i., 787.
Zijiacna, (^iniche j;(id. v., 172-3, a pre-
Tcdtei' ruler, v., 184.
Zipattoval, iii., 4!)1, see Cipattonal.
Ziranziran rf..naro, Michoacan cliief,
v., 511.
Zirunil)o, a Michoacan kingdom, v.,
523.
Zitacuarcncuaro, Matlaltzinca festi-
val, iii., 446.
ZitzimitI, name for Mictlaiitecutli,
iii., 3!)(;.
ZiuhcohuatI, a Toltec prince, v.,
212-13.
Ziunka-kutshi, i., 147, sec Zfckii-
thaka.
Zivenaritzcatl, birth-place of Qnetz-
alcoatl, iii., 271.
Zivan-caan, name for Bacalar, v.,
624.
Ziziz Pandacuare, Tarasco king, v.,
524-5.
Zoc, ii., 757, see Tzoz.
Zococ AztahmiTlacaztalli, a Tla.scal-
tec chief, v., 4!)8.
Zoes, North Mexican tribe, i.,, 571-
91; location, i., 60!); lang., iii., 707.
Zolte[)ec, locality, .Mexico, i., 677.
Zolton, a Toltec nolile, v., 254.
Zomiomi, Central Californian tribe,
i., ,361-401; location, i., 4.-).3.
Zonzonate, i., 7!M(, see Sonson.ite.
Zo(do;:ical collection, Montezunui's,
ii., 163-6.
Zoot, musical instrument, Yucatan,
v., 632.
Zopilotes, North Mexican tribe, i.,
571-01; location, i., (!1 1.
Zotpics (So(|ues), South Mexican
tribe, i., 645-70; location, i., (i82;
special mention, i., (!4(i-7, 640,
6.")2, ()57-8, (i68; lan;r., iii., 760,
7()3; hist., v., (i03-4, 60().
Zoipiitlan, Mije town, v., 5,32.
Zotuta, ])rovince, Yucatan, v., 6.32.
Zotz, ii., 757, see Tzoz.
Zotziles (Tzotziles), South Mexican
tiibe, i., 644-70; liM.itiou and
name, i., (i4,'), 6SI; ii.. 1.32; v.
561-2; lang., iii., 76(t, 764; hist.
v., .547-8, 561, 570, 500, .503, .'Mi,
60.3-4.
Zotzilha, name for Tzinacaiitlan, i.,
681.
Zotzilen-Tuknches,<.ii;;t: ■mala 11 tribe,
hist., v.. .")62, 5(i0. .574-5, .500.
Z(|uiiia, locality, (liiatcmala, v. ,550.
Ztayiil, Nibaib ]iriiice, v., 5(i7.
Ziia(|iies, North Mexican tribe, i.,
571-01; location, i., 572, 608; lang.,
iii., 707.
Zucigen. Central Californian tribe,
i., 361-401; location, i., 453,
796
INDEX.
'/aiucw (Ziivcn), South Mexican nmn-
tle, i., <>50; ii., T27.
Zuliiiy Zipi, Muyagixl, ii., fiflS.
Ziiiiia, v., ()'24, see Tu'au Zuivii.
Zukli iHlaixi, i., l.'V.).
Ziiiiipiin^'o (Tz()iii|iiin, Tzoinpanco,
Tz()iii)anco, Tzuiii|ianc<), Ziiiii|iaii-
<!()), loeality, (iiiatemala, i., 789;
Kfatioii, Aztec iiii};ration, v., 323-
4, 329, 476.
Ziifii, town, New Mexico, i., 527,
()()0; antit]., iv., 645-(), 663, 667,
674.
Zufliliivcr,!., 600; antiq., iv., 644-50.
Zufiis, trihe of ruchlos, i., ')26-.")6;
location, i., 600; special mention,
i., 545; myth., iii., 120-1, i:{2;
lang., iii., 681-3.
Zntuyilebpop, Zntuj,'il kinj;, v.,5S4-5.
Zutuj^ils (Zutuhiles), Mava nation,
i., 687-711; ii., 6;W-803; location,
i., 789; H|)ecial mention, ii., 732;
lang., iii., 760, 762, 772; liist.,
v., 561, 666-7, 570-2, 575-8, 584-(!,
593, 598-9, 602.
Zuyen, ii., 727, see Zujfen.
Zwan;;a ('r»ihiianga), Tarasco king,
v., 516, 525.
END OF TUB FIFTH VOLUME.
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