^T^ ^^ ^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 liilM |||Z5 " i^ 1 2.2 ^,'- IIIM III 1.8 1-4 IIIIII.6 m ^a w // o^. S Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ ortant subject, and that tlif ]>lan had been faithfully t'Xtcutcd, I thorouniily br- lirvcd. l)Ut that others would, tt) any iji^roat extent, share my opinion; that the subject would interest so many classes of readers; that mine would be so (|uickly and cordially rccoij;nized by men of seieiice and letters throuiihout the world as a woriv woith doiny and well done; Jind that it wouM be at once vi rilEFAf'E TO VOLUME V I I uecorded a place in literature, I had not dared to hove. The leadinj,^ journals of f:ngland, Franrqjudiced tlian mine, extravagant praise. :\rin()r defects have heen fairly ju.inted out; and in the few mstances where fault has heen ft)und, cither with the J 'Ian or its execution, one critic condemns what an- other approves, so that I am led to helieve no serious error of judgnient has heen connnitted. I cannot here make ])roper acknowledgments to jill to whom they are due; hut let those who have manifested their kind good-will, and those who have not, so long as they feel it, accei)t my grateful thanks. San FuANcisto, November, 1875. COXTEXTS or THIS A^OLUME. CHAPTEIl I. ON THE OllUilN OF THE AMERICANS, I'VOE. S|iirit of Ii)i|iiiry in the Midilli- A;.'ci Inily <>f Ori;;!!! -I'lood Mytlis -Al»ori;:iii;il 'I'raililicuis of (>ri;;iii ('uldirc llcmo f'liina - Ja|>iiii- lliiiiliistiiii 'riirlary 'I'lio K;.'y|>liiui Tlu-ni-y 'I'lir I'lui'iii- I'itiiiH— Votiiii'N Triivfls -Tin' Carllia^'iiiiaiis Tlic llclnfw 'I'lu'dry - -Till' Moriiiiiii Story -The \'isils of llio ScainliiiaviaiiH Celtic «trij,'iii I'lic WcUh Scotch Irish The (ircckn ami Koiuiiiis — The Story of Atlantis — The Autochthuiiic Theory 1 CHAPTER II. INTRODT'CTOUY TO AHOUIlUNAI, IIISTORV. Orij^iii ami I'.arlicst History of the Americans riireconietl The Park Sea of Aiitii[iiity Itoumlary hetwceii Mylii ami History I'riim- tivo Aiiiials of America eoiii]iarcil with those of the Old World - Aiitiiorilies ami Historical Material Traditional Annals and their \aliie Hiero;;lyidiic Uecords of the Mayas ami Nahnas Spanish WritcrH— The CominerorK - 'l"he Missionaries The Historians- Converted Native Chroniclers Secondary Anthorities l'.thnolo;,'y — Arts, Institutions, and llelicfs Lan^jnajjes Material Monu- ments of Anlii(uity— I'so of Authorities ami Method of Ireatin;; the Sultjeet l.'W CHAPTER III. THE PRE-TOI.TEr I'EKIOU 01' AIIORIOINAL HISTORY. Suhdivision of the Sulije<'t—Tzendal Tradition of the \ otanic I'.mpire --A'olan's Itook and its Contents as reporteil liy Nni"ie/. de la Vej;a, Calirera, and Onloue/ Tcsliinoiiy of Manners and Cus- toms, It(di;;ion, I.an^'ua>;es, and Miuiuments of tiic Civili/ed Nations res|iectiii;; the Primitive May.'i I'eoples The (jhiiclu! Iicccird, or I'tipol V\di Civilizing' I'.ll'orts of Cncumatz ami his l''oIl,'ration from Tulan Zui\a, the Seven < aves Meanin;^ «if tho l^uiche Truditiuii ->iahua Truditiuus- Tho Toltccs in via rONTKXTS. r.\f!E. 'raiiioaiiclian ai'citrcliii;,' to Salia;^iin Tlio ('mlcx r|iiiiial|i('a I'rc-'riiltcc NationH in Mexico DIiiicch aiitl Xicalaiiras— 'I'lic (jiiiiiaiiics ( °iiiiliilaannic<'an Ancient Home of tin; Nahuatlacas and AztecH — Primitive Annuls of Yucatan ('oiiclusioiis l.">(> CHAPTER IV. THE TOLTEC PEUIOD. The Nalnia ♦lecnpation of ]M(>.\ico in tlie Sixth and Seventh Teiituries --Condition of Anaiiiia)' 'I'he .Mix<'ohiias and ('liieliimt'r < uilinas —The Tollecs at Tnhincin;.'o and Tollan — Kstahli.shinent of a Monarchy and t'hoice of a Kin^', 710-720 A. T>. Kiii;.'iioms of Ciiliiuacan and t^iiantitilian Tiie Teoamoxtii l'ro|iiii'cics and Deatii of lineman Itirth of (^Mnt/alcoatl Foundation of tiic Kmpire, .S.">(! A. I>. Alliance helwecn Cnlhnacan, (Mom|ian, and 'I'ollan l!ei;;n of To|iiilzin Ceacatl (i>iu't/alcoal I ;it Tollan Kx- ccsses of iluemac II., or Teciiancalt/in Xocliill, the Kinj^'s Mistrc-is I'ullillmcnt of the I'ro]ihct'-i Predictions Tovcyo's Advent arcs lMa;;ucH sent upon the T.dlei's Famine and I'esti- leiu'e -liei>in of Acxitl, or To|iilt/in Uehauchery of Kin^', Noltles, and I'ricsis TokiMis of i)i\ine Wrath Forei;,'n Inva- ders— Final Overthrow of the Toltec Fmpire ■J37 CHAPTER ' THE ciiiciiiMEt; I'Knion. The fhicliimecs in Amai|nemecan Mij,'ration to Anahnae under Xolotl The Invaders at t'hocoyan and Tollan Fonuilalion of Xoloc anil Tenayocan Xolotl II., l''.m]ieror of the t 'liichimecs — Division of Territory 'i'he Toltecs at Culhnacan Knlc of Xiuli- lenioc Mild Nanhyoll III. I'ochotl, Son of Acxitl--('oii(|in'st of Ciilhiiacan Death of Xaidiyotl llnct/in, Kin.^' of t'nlhuacan - Mi^tralioii and Ueception of the Xahnallaca 'i'rilies The Acolhiiiis at Coatlichan and the Tepaiiecs at .\/ca|in/.alco Nonolimicatl, Kin;; of Cnlhnacan IJevoll of N'acanex Deatli of Nojotl 11. — Xo|ialt/in, Kin;,' of Tenayocan, and Finperor of the Cliirliimecs — Uei;;ns of .Vdiitometl and Icxochitlanex at Ciillinacan 'i'eiideii- eies toward Toltec Culture '289 CHAPTER VI. THE CHICHIMEO I'EUIOl). — CONTINt'ED. Migration of tin' A/lecs -Xations of .Vniihuac at Ue^jinuin); of the Thirtt'enth Century -The .\/lecs siilimit to the Teiianecs Heign CONTENTS. «t PAGE. of the Knijioror Tlnt/iii (jMiinant/iii. Kiii^' <»f Tozniro and Chi- rliimir ljn|>«riir TiaiiNliT uf (Ik- ('"[lilal rciiuiifinalt/iii iiMiipH the liii|i(iial Tliiuni! at Ten.- •«•:•. n Tlf rsurpcr (Icfcalfil t>y Tcpai H aixl Mi'xicaiis — Ai-Dliu'.'iiuaca'i l)ri>flaiiiii'il MinixTor— • ihiiiiant/in's Virlnrics IJattlo at rdvaiili'laii l;iiiiiant/iii ajjaiii ljii|it'iiir ■rnllcc Institutions at Tt-wuco Kxentsat Ciiliinacan - ^[I'xicans iiri\cii fnun t'luipultfju'c Alliance lictwccn McxicanH anilCullMias Kcli^rioiis Strife I'linniintion of Mexiro Kri^n of tlie l'.rii|M'n>r Teclidtl ~ I'dlitiea! ('iian;;es tliiin of flic t'nlhini Power 're/ozonioe, Kin;,' of Azcapn/ali-o Separation uf Mexicans anil Tlaleiiiieas Aeaniapielitii II.. Kin;^ of Mexico (^lua<|Uauli- pil/.aliuac, Kin;^ of Tlatelulco .'I'.'l CH.VrTER VII. TFK CMiCHIMKl" I'EniOD COSCT.rDED. Aztec History — Itei^rus of Acaniajii litii II. ami iiaciu;uiliiiitzalinar - Ivcliiiil : I „' of Culliuacan Iliiil/ililiuitI II., Kin;; of Mexic.i - Tlacateot/.in. Kin;; of Tlatelnlco ('liiinalpo|i(>ca Succeeils in Mex- ico I'nneral of Teclioll Ixtlilxocliitl, Mniperor of tlie (liiclii- niecs .Syinptonis of I (iscoTitent l'lan« of Tezo/onioc, the l\'- panee King -Secret ('onncil of Iteliels— Ueli;,'ious 'J'oleration in Tezciu'o ("iin<|iu'st of XaltiK'an and Cnitlahnac ISirtliof Nezaliu- alcoyotl -War lielween Tezcnco and .\/capiizalco \'ictories of Ixtlilxocliitl -Sie;;e and Fall of Azeapnzalco - TrcaclK-ry of Tezo- zomoc -Fall of Tezciico — Fli;,'lit and Death of Ixtlilxocliitl Te- zozonioc pioclainied I'.niperor -Ke-oi';.'ani/atiiMi of the Fnipire .\d- ventures of N'ezalnialcoytl — Death of Tezozomoc- Maxtla usurps the liupeiial Throne Murder of the Mexican Kin;,'s Ne/aliual- coyotl's Nictory Itzcoatl, Kin;; of .Mexico Acollina and .Vztec Alliance I'all of Azcapiizalcu -The Tripartite Alliance, or the New Kni|iire .'{.l!) chapti=:r Yin. THE A/TIX' I'KIUOD. Outline of tlip Period— Itevolt of ('oyiihnacan — Nrzalmalcoyotl on the Throne of Tezi'uco ('on(|uest of (jhiaulilitlaii, Tultillaii. Xo- cliiniiii'o, anil Cuitlahuae '('oiuiuest of (Jiiauhtitlan Destruction of the Uecords -Death of Itzcoatl and .Vccession of .Miuite/uina I. New Temples at Mexico Di'feat of tht^ Chalcas 'I'rouiiles with Tlatelulco ('on([uest of ("oliuixco and .Mazatlan I'lood and Six ^■ ears' I'aiiiine (."on(|iiest of Miztecapan -'J"he Aztecs coiii|uer the Province of Cuethiilitlan and reach the (iiilf ('oast final Defeat of thi' Chalcas Canipai;,'!! in Cuextlan ISirth of Neza- liualiiilli -Improvements in Teiiochtitlan— Kmliassy to Chicumuz- X CONTENTS. I'ACiK. toe — Death of Montoziiiniv T. and A<'p('ssi<>n (tf Axayaiall-liaiil ill Tfhiiaiil('|PiM' -C'liiiiiaIiin|H>ca micccimIs 'l'(iti)i|iiiliiiat/iii mi tlic 'I'liniiic of 'riai'ii|iaii - N('/aliiial|iilli siici'ccils Ni'zaliiialcoytill at 'rozi'iu'o — Hcvolt of Tlati'hilco- CoiKiui-st of Matlalt/im-o — Di-foat by the TarastoH— Death of Axayaeatl 4(K) CHAPTER IX. THE A/.TEf I'EniOU— CONCLrDED. i;('i,L:ii of Tizoe— Nozahnalpilli defeats the Huexotzineas— AhiiitzotI, Kiiijrof ^^exi(•o ('ain|iaij;i)s for Captives Dedication of lliiitzi- li)l"M'litii's Teiiiiiie -Seventy Tliousand Victims Tot(ii|uiliiiatziu II., Kinj^ of Thicopan Mexican < 'on(|uests— Coniinest of Totona- eapan A/.tee Iteverses Successful Revolt of 'reliiiante|icc and Zapotecapan -CoiKiuest of /acatollan -Anecdotes of Ne/almalpilli New A(inedin't, and Inundation of Mexico— Montezuma II. on the 'I'liione Condition of tlu^ I'lmpire Montezuma's Policy I'nsuc- eessful Invasion of 'I'lascala I'aniiue- C(iu(|iu's1 of Mizteeapan — Tyin^-uj) of the Cycle in l."i(l7 < 'mens of comin;^ Hisasier The Spaniards on the Coast of Central America 'I'rouhh' lH'l\vri;;in of the Mizlecs and Zajiotecs Wixipecoidia Kulcrs of (lajaca The lluaves and Mijes l.iiler Kin;;s and History of Oajaca Wars with Mexico is:) CH.VrTKR XI. Tilt', QlTICIIE-OAKCItlgUEL EMl'IltE IN aU.VrEM.\T,A. No Chronido;;y in the South Outline ^'iew .\nthorilles Xhu- laiii|ue at I'tatlaii -The Mi;;raliiui from Tuhui lhilani-(^uit/,u L. CDNTKXTS, rAor:. anil liis rninjiaiiiiiiis — Sacrilicrs to Tuliil — The Ijuiclu's ui<'lie Kmjieror at I'tathui— Chanfies in the (Jovernmeiit -i!ei;,'iis of ("otnha II., 're]ie|iul, ami iztayul II. - <'akehi(im'l History Cominests of (^luieali I. I{e\i(ltof the Aehihah — Disinenilierment of the Kinpire— Cakehiiiuel Cominests - I!ei;:ns of the last ( Inafemalan Kiii','s — Ainiearanee of the Siian- ianls umler Alvarado in \'f2l 540 CHAPTER XII. MISCELLAKF.OIH TIJIUES OP CENTU.XL AMKrilf.X. Seareity of Ilistorieal T)ala The Trilies of Chiajias - The Founders and Heroes of till' Chiapanee Nation Wars with the Aztees The I'l'iijile of the Sontlu'rn Coast They are vaminisl'ed hy the < )1- iiiees Their F.xodiis and Journey They .settle and se|iarate— dnarros' Aeeount of tlie (h'i;4in and later History of the I'ijiile.s-- I'ipile 'I'raditions -The Foundin;,' of Mietlan - (^>ueen Coiniza- limil - Aexitl's lunpire of the Fast The Chohitees — \'arious Trihes of NicaraLrua - Settlements of the l.stlniiuij (I(i;{ CHAPTER XIII. HISTORY OF Till': MAYA.S IN Yl'OATAN. Aliori;^inal Names of Vueatan The Primitive Inhaliitants fnini the Fast and West Zamn.'i the Pontill'-Kinj,' The Itzasat ('hi<'hen— Itules of ( 'td\varf Overthrow of the Tutnl Xins— I'inal Period of Civil Vi'ars (il^ ' ' •At uAnitJtMtHft • Ttfi ».«'///. • H*it'\ . htipti o Ac iilrc *^r,. *. V I 'lit III! hmhi 1111% ^S'r rtlillfuit) TOLLAND W OUAUHTITtANC \ /. . , • I** ti/rttin XA.^OC • /» rl.ihu ,,, ,tt .^' T|NAvOCAN» A ir A^tl{ ALCO* TLACOPAN® |,^i' ( li.i|>ii|tr|i<'i (-' J*" ^" W MEXIC fflTEOTIHUACA o.\' "Ini.iii !>HUt xotla •TEZCUCO OCOATllCMAN II • Xlhtrf, I TmI \( (IN iiliniii .1(1 o CULHUACAN • 7» ihii \ I ,1 It, f,,,- ■^ '"■Mm ih u I Ha n • '■■"" *0 M .llTn'riT.^1 IILCO»V\ , Mu.ijiiii o , Chalco ^ • 11 •IJuDII I oAi ■■•—■''«- »»'*;v*aH-..>i<**'-*'^ , • QUAUHNAHIIAC NATIVE RACES PACIFIC STATUS M.i|. ..| < i:\TIL\L MKXKO TU I UlJI STRATI. PRIwYrjYf; H3ST0RY. \< /nil •>(• f5»^'*'**'*"'^«*V, '•'ti/-^, IT 1 *^, % \-l)llTtlilH9 V. ,/ >Caf-iitl ;i 1 1 :an I J * I / 1 I I'll hi • .itii^ t oroMPAN 5t .\|>.in //l/. 1 > thf'.in \i 'i tt tihtt ftw I '/ iJ l/iiil'ilftiiii if'mii /i i/iii/i/iin I • I tHAlCO I I *tJ'ttHt § n ^0^ oAui- 1 .itin ii i- ' ■■ ^••■^-i_»OM-.. CHOLULAC'*' .\< /nil .»/i :- ♦■ /■. . • (;.\l|l\l I JJ'««(/n/»/»'/i n .' oiHUl XOTZINCO n-Bi-i i i r T ~ ^ - ' ' — — — — ' — — '— ■ / f 9* UiiiiiiJirliiiiauro T "V.^ A' ^^"'^:i.f^^ *'" Tr,, 1,111,1 ' ''^■'^- ."■'■■, '■■^ -— \^ . A. /I" "/••'" ■ ( ^^v • I' I iiiflitn /tfrntlaii * .Shim* ti t/iiii .\|'.iti ih ntiiHtJini » • ' •^'//. /-/•. . 3 tTrttms- lilt, )' nMuf iOT/lMCO H C L U L A @ 1 m ft'" ff fiif"tn f* > f'fti AthXi I* ) ./,>...,„. .//..,//.,/,_••'' I'M. |.. Mill. MIO J'l'|llMl .1 J • f //*# tiitti / ^ .l/iii„//,in^ 'i \v L m '±^ m lUd 1114 104 lUO 1 I ss_ -V f ' '/••m«.-,^a *•>'. T * n A «V '/., 'y^ V ii« h ! il t ' ( *"^V V/ ' fk { \ MU»iTIC$ r/./i. . / /'^ //' iwi ^ 2?rATlVE RACES r* 1 1 II *' |u PACIFIC STATUS s ii(i\viii<_' I he |(M .1 1 itii ( (i| THE CIVILIZED NATIONS Si ill*' i 7 t II It f( Il (I // ; 'iff lilt' m\U* t, ,tii iriih iD ,-,._.,... I , 10* t(>« nn 0« pp 11 ii n A f • ,\ .vV "^ \ ♦.v w' *» h *' *» ' n ITATIVE RACES nl tllc PACIFIC STATJSS sliowiii'j' llic liiciiliuii III' THE CIVILIZED NATIONS Si ill*' I r .1 It • fin llul, r 104 I If; THE NATIVE RACES OF TBI PACIFIC STATES. PRIMITIVE HISTORY. CHAPTER I. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. SPiniT OF IXQL'IRY IN THE MIDDLE AgES— UNITY OF ORIGIN— FLOCD Myths— Aboriginal Tbadi..()Xs of Origin— Cultlre-IIeroes— China— Japan-IIindostan— Tartary— The Egyptian Theory —The IMhenicians— Votan's Travels— The Carthaginians— The Heiikew Theory— The Mormon Story— The Visits of tub Scan DIN avians— Celtic Origin- The Welsh— Scotch — Irish— The tiKEEKS and Komans— The Story of Atlantis— The Au- TociiTHONic Theory. When it first became known to Europe that a new continent had been discovered, the wise men, philos- ophers, and especially the learned ecclesiastics, were sorely perplexed to account for such a discovery. A problem was placed before them, the solution of which was not to be found in the records of the ancients. On the contrary, it looked as if old-time traditions must give way, the infallibility of revealed knowledge must 1)0 called in question, even the holy scriptures must be interpreted anew. Another world, upheaved, as it were, from the depths of the Sea of Darkness, was suddenly placed before them. Strange races, Vol. V. 1 2 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS speakiiiGf stranj^^e torjruos, peopled tlie new land; curi- ous plants covered its surface; animals unknown to science roamed throuj^h its immense forests; vast seas separated it from tlie known world; its boundaries were undefined; its whole character veiled in ob- scurity. Such was the myster}' that, without rule or precedent, they were now required to fathom. And what were their qualifications to grapple witli such a subject? Learning had l)een almost exclusively the pro[>erty of the Church, and although from its fold many able writers and profound thinkers had been evolved, yet the teachings of science and the speculations of [)hilosophy were ever held subordinate to the holy scriptures. Now and then it is true some gleams of im[)ortant truth would flash up in the writings of some philosopher disconnected with the religious orders illuminating the path of intellectual progress, but such writings seldom made any perma- nent impress upon the literature of the age. It is to the [)riesthood ahnost exclusively we have to look for any advancement for many centuries in literature, science, and art. The universally adopted view of the structure of the universe was geocentric, of the world, anthropocentric. To explain such ordinary j)henomena as that of day and night, preposterouo Bchumes were invented, like that of Cosmas Indico- jileustes, who asserted that in the northern parts of the flat earth there is an innnense mountain, behind which the sun pasp js and thus j)rodi. ^es night.^ -^^ij assertion that se( ned to clash with ]ireconceived notions of the tea* lings of holy writ or the writings ' Hti affirms (in a work 'itled Christian Topoijraphij) that, according to the triic ortlutilox system t geography, tlie cartii is a qnadranguLir piano, extending four hundred d; s' journey eaat and west, and exactly half as nuicli north and south ; ths it is inclosed ])y mountjiins, on wliich the sky rests ; that one on the nort.. side, linger than the others, by intercepting the rays of the sun, produces night ; and that the plane of the earth is not set exactly horizontally, but witli a little inclination from the north : hence the Euphrates, Tigris, anil other rivers, nnniing southward, are rapid ; but the l««ile, having to run up-hill, has necessarily a very slow current.' Draj-.et'a Covjlict between JleligioH and /Science, j). 05. SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. i of tlic fatliors was looked upon with douM atid disfavor. Indeed the bible was regarded as the ull- suftieient manual of science, containing all that was necessary to be known, and to inquire further was thought to be prying into the secret things of the njost hiijh.'" The learninj; of the masses consisted not in the acquisition of knowledge, but in the blind and meaningless repetition of prescribed maxinis, in forms of rhetoric, in anything except that which would enlighten the mind and impart l.uc wisdom; it was, in short, a systematic course of leading nn-n as far as possible away from the known, and leaving them lost and bewildered in a labyrinth of uncertainty and doubt.^ When, therefore, the questions arose, whence were these new lands peopled? how came these strange animals and plants to exist on a continent cut off by vast oceans frotn the rest of the world? the wise men of the time unhesitatingly turned to the sacred scrip- tures for an answer. These left them no course but to beliine that all mankind were descended from one ))air. This was a premise that must by no means be dis- j)uted. The original home of the first pair was gen- erally supposed to have been situated in Asia ^[inor; the ancestors of the [)eople found in the New World nmst consequently have originally come from the (Jld World, thouiifh at what time and bv what route was an open question, an answer to which was diligently Ing^ Ing to lalf as Ic sky |ig the at set ce the lit the * In answer to the question: ' Wlint was God doin*? before ho made th^ lieaven and tlie eartli? Tor, if at any particular moment lie he;,'aii to employ -liimscif, that means time, not eternity. In eternity nothing' happens— tiic wliole is i)resent.' St An).'usti e <'ansticiilly remarks: ' I will not answer this (juestion by sayinj; that lie was preparing,' hell for pryers into his mys- teries.' 3 The teaehin};s of the Churcli were heyond eonlroversy, the decisions of the Church were final; and not only in rV!i;;ion hut in le','isIation and iti science 'the i»ervadin>,' prini-iple was a hlind iiidiesitatin<^ credulity.' Sec lUirkl('\f Civilization, vol. i., ji. .WT. The Hishop of Darien once ((uofed Plato in the presence of Las Casas. "Plato," Las Ca.sas replied, "was a Gentile, and is now hurnin^ in hell, and we are only to make u.-^e of his doc- triiui as far as it is consistent with our holy Faith and Ciiristiau customa." Helps' Life of Las Casas, i>. 120. ORIGIX OF THE AMERICANS. soui^'-lit for both in the sacred prophecies and in the historical writings of antiquity.* But if the more modern writers on this subject have been less hampered by unanswerable and im- passable dogmas; if they have been able to believe that there may be some difficult questions ujion whicli tlie Bible throws no light; if tiiey have felt tlieniselves free to discuss, without impiety, the pos- sibiUty of all mankind not having sprung from one ])air, their theories are scarcely less wild, their rea- soniiiinions of certain veritahie hla.sjiiienii-is, more harltarons tiiau tlie Indians, whieii do not even de>erve the name of opinions, l>nt rather of follies: namely, that, peihaps, tiie lirf-t indiiin.s iiii;;ht iiavi; lu'cn j^enerated from the eai>'i. or from its initrefai'tion, aided hy the snn's heat, as (Avieemi aMowiiij; tins prodiietioii to he easy in men) Anihi's Cisaljiino attempted to make eredihie, L'ivin^ them less peifeclimi tiiaii Mmpedoeh's, who said that men iiatl heen norn like the wild aniaranlh, if we helnsve Marrus Varroii. . . .Of the formation of man, tht>n;^h of ,'.lia\/ and mud, the j;ivin,i,' it to lie understood that there may he others liesid(>s the descendaids of Adam, contrary to the teachinj;s of sciiptiire: for which reason 'I'anrcdo feels iuili;j;miiit a;,'aiiist Cisalpiiio, whose attempt would he repreheiisi hie even as a paradox. Not less scandalous was the error of the i^nioranl I'aracelso, accord in;; to Keusnero and Kirchero, who left to posterity an account of the creation of two Adams, one in Asia, and another in the West indies; an iiu'xcusalile fdlly in one who had (tliou;;h corruptly) information of the Catholic doctrine. Not less erroneous is the opinion of Isaac ile ia IV'yrere. who idaci'd ]K'ople on the earth he- fore .Adam was created, fnun whom. In? said, descended the heathen; from Adam, the llcdirews; which folly was punislied with eternal contempt hy l''elipe I'riorio, dnan llautista Morino, Juan llilperto, and others, Dan- liavero j,d\ intuit the linishin;,' stroke hy an epitaph, as Dieterico relates: althou;;!) some of the parties nanu'd stale that l-a I'eyrere hecame repent- ant and acknowled;.>i'd his error, and did penance, which the ( hientals, fnmi whom he look that aitsnrdilv, have not thnu'. These, and others of tliu sanu' nature, may not he ln>ld as opinions, lint as evidences of hiimlnesM jiuhlished hy men of douhtful faith, wise, iu their iiwii esteem, and deceiv- ers of the world, who, with lies and fiaud, oppose llie ilivim' word, as St Clemens Alexandrinns says, closinij; their ears to truth, and hiiudt'oidin;,' themselves witii their vicis, for whom coulcmpi is the hest icward.' ()n(i( n (fr /(*,v lii(f., p. -IS. (Jarcia spent nine years in Peru, dcNotin;;' him-iclf to the study of l,hi\e points: the histiuy of the nati\es hefore tiie arrival of th le Spaniards, the origin of the natiM's, an Ih i|iiestiiMi a-^ to w iicl I ajiosihs preached the gospel in .Vmcrica. .ll't (l.r ( WCt AlIK tiinu. 'd to w rile only upon the second topic, leaving; the others for a fiiliiro SPIRIT or IXQI'IRY. t niv/ inti'rit'r lilitiiri'-. llttlMlllit was tho 1(1, wlio Isiii, ami (lli'iii;:.!! lu'ous i.s II : friiiii mpt i>y Daii- rclaU's: ri'lK'iit- iiIh, t'lllllV In of tlio liiitlm'sn H (Iccciv- l, as St ill'iildiii^; nisclf t>> nival of I'lUT '\W lie I'oll- a IllUll'iJ lisli maxims l)y Avliich any given pro])lem may be solved is no more fsatisfactory. Theories in themselves are good things, for tliey lead us to faets; it is often through tlie doubtful or the false that we attain the truth; as Darwi?i savs: "False faets are highly injurious to the ]»rogress of science, for they often long endure; but false views, if sin)[)orted by some evidence, do little harm, as every one takes a salutary pleasure in j)roving their i'alseness; and when this is done, one path towjirds error is closed, and tlie truth is often at th(; same time opened."'^ B".t the value of inquiry depends much u[)on th(.' spirit in whicli it is made, and tiiere- fore it is that the manner in \vhich most of the writers who have sj>ecula,ted on the origin <>f the Americans have conducted their researches, is grt'atly to be deplored. Their work does not imjtress one as being a steadfast striving to develop unstable postu- lates into [)roven facts, but rather as a reckless rus.i- ing, regardless of all obstacies, to a preconceived con- clusion. Tluy do not ofl'er a theory as a suggestion of what might }»ossibly be, but as a demonstration bounded upon an unassailable basis. Kach imagines that he has hit upon the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.; lu; asserts that t\\o .\/,tecs were of Ik'brew descent -that is settled; to prove this he clutcht's at the lighti'st straws in tlic way of analogies, and if tlie lads obstinately refusi' to lit his tlieo:-',-, then -taut pine8 is, in my opinion, envel(j[)ed in as much obscurity now as it ever was; and when I consider tlie close ])roxiinity of the Uwrth- Avestern and ncn-th-eastern e.vtremities of America to Asia and Europe; the unthounht of and fortuitous circumstances that may at any tune have cast any ])eople upon the American co.-'sts; the mit^hty con- vulsions that may have chai.L;ed the wliole face of the earth during- the uncounted years that man may luive dwelt upon its surface; and lastly, the uncer- tainty, perhaj)s I might say improbability, of the descent of mankind from one ])air; — when 1 thiidc of all these things it seems to me that the pco[)ling of America may have been accomplished in so many Avays that no more ho[)eless task could be conceived than the endeavor to discover the one particular manner i>f it. in the following resumd I wish neither to tear down nor to Ijuild u|), but simply to give an account of what has been thought and wi'itten upon the sub- ject, and tt) show, with as little criticism as possible, the foundation upon which each theory stands. ()[' aiitliors. nmnlioldt wiit("<: 'On nVst pas on droit ilo supimspr dcs coiii- niiiiiiciitiiiii^ |iai'liiiit oil roll troiivc, clit'/ dcs |i('U|il('s h dciiii Ijiiiliaics, lu ciiitc dii soicil, oil I'lisii^'i! do sacr'lici' di's victiiiio liuiiiaiiies.' I'ms, toiii. i., p. '2'u. 'Tlu! iiistaiici's of ciiMtoiiin, iiiiMvly ailiitiarv, foiiiiiioii to (lit! iiilialiilaiits of Itolli lu'iiiiHpliciVH, aic, iiidci'd, no few and so ciiiiivocal, that no tlu'ory coiict'iiiiiiK tlie population of tlu Now World oiijilil to lie toiiiKJcd upon tlit'iii.' Ah ri';iards ndiji'ioiis rites, il'e liiuiiaii mind, excii wlicii' its operations appear iiiohI wild and eapiieimiH, holds a course so i'e;4iilai'. that ill every a;;'e and eoiiiitrv the diniiinion of paitieiihii' passions will he at- temled with similar elleets.' Itn'ii r/^mi'.s- llisl. A nitr. ,\{\\. i., p. '2(t!t. War. den reniiiiks tlmt nations Unowii to he distinet, to have had no inlei'eoiii's(> hii'ed similar enstoius — these, therefore, ^row fnnii physical and iiioiai causes, /{•■i/uir/ns, p, '_•(»."). 'In atteinptintr to trace ndalions hetweeii them and the rest of niiinkiinl, wo cannot expect to discover proofs of their derivation from anv particular trihe or nation of the < lid < 'onlineiit.' I'ric/i- iir./'i Xii/. His/. Man, vol, ii.,|i, P.M. 'To tell an iiic(iiiier who wishes to deduce one po|ailation frmii anolher that certain dislani Irilies a;^ree with the one under discussion in certain pojnisof rescmhlance, is as irrelevant as to tell a lawyer in search of the next of kin to a client deceased, that tlioii^jh vou know of no relations, ymi can liiid a man who is the very pic- ture of him in piu'son a fact >i 1 enough in il'^elf. hat not to the [>ni- p (se.' Liilliidii's Mitii ami Ins Mi'iiuilitus, p|i. 71 ■'•■ ■■'54 01 wa,^ nicMiI n','c I'l thai eiiihiil III ail DESCKNDANT.S OF XOAU. ub- tho ion, vas ; rth- ;a to tons any con- :',o of may ncer- • tho nk of inj4' of many •civod /icular .'C« ) tear unt 1)- 1.1. S\l ISSllMl ,\,.s cdin- hliaii'; U i,s, tiini. II to llui ml. tli;it liiinul'''! Iwlii'if itH liilar, that ill he at. ,(». Wiir. Iliii'iniV'''', 111 i\i(iii>\ lll'tWfl'll \i-i (it tlicil- I'rirh- lies to ith in'li'Viint I, tl>i«t ,.|IMM It' vc tlic I III!" the comparative valiio of the opinions tlio reader mnst 1)0 his own jndge. Of the vahio of this dis- cussion of the subject tlicre is tliis to be said; as a <-uriositv, s]iowinvther with the collateral linht thrown upon the subject of aboriginal Anu'i'ica, if there bo no other advantage in it, will amply repay the in- vestiu'ation. The earliest writers required three propositions to be taken for granted:" First, that the entire human race are descended from one original ]>air, and i'rom Noah through Sliiem, Ham, and Japheth ; second, that America was peo])led from one of three sourcts -Asia, Africa, or Europe; thiril, that all knowledge ai'ises from one of four sources — knowl- edge pui'e and absolute, from a knowledge of causes; opinion more or less uncertain; divine faith, sure and infallihle, based u|)t)n the holy scriptures as intei'- ])retiMl by the Churi'h ; human faith, dependent upon the statements of men. The fiist of these four soui'ces of knowledge throws no light upon the sub- ject ; tl le third IS e.pnUiy useless hen since tl le scripturt's are silent after the time of Noah, though, as we shall pri'sently see, huge I'udeavors have heen made to make them speak; as Ibr the fourth, JMiro- ]>eaiis, even if they conjectured the possible existences I of an undiscovered continent, were ci'rtain that it was not inhaliited," while the Americans wei'e eii- ^ CiMlaiiily niaiiy <>f llio writcvH must liaxc Iicimi ('iliii'i- fools or ilu- iMciitcil, if \M> jiiil;,'!' tlii'iu liy ihrir work ami ar;^uim'iilH, >* a Ornirii (/,' /ov liii/., ]i|i. 7 I- '•• Wlicii I ir ( lama ('•.(aMi^lu'il ilu' ujuliiilar form of tlic carlli liy liis voy- ,','i' rouml till' ( 'a|M' of (i I llo|p(', in 1 I'.i? S, 'ilic iiolitical roiiM'i|iu'm'rM a that at oiicf ciiN iii'il |i| III.' I i|ial ( iiiNcrniiicnt in ii |iosilionol '^\vu\ cmliarra^Mnicnt, Its trailitions ami polii'v foi'lia>l<' it to iiilinil aiiv oilirr llian the Hal li^'iirc of tin' carlli, an ri'vcalcil in llic .'">iii|>tnri's. ' In j.'ijo Ala;4:i'llan ili-<('(t\ crcil llic Nirail wliicli now anil', an of tlie Ihilness of tlio enrth was in-ptricvably ovcr- llirowii.' Jhiipir's Ciiiijlirf, |)|), Ki.S-"). St Aii^iustiii atliriiifil that tlio world licyond tlu' tropic of caiicor wan iiniiiliahitt'd. 'Ka vcro vi'tcruiu Hi'iiteutia, iH'rs|ii('ua atiiim iiiiiicta, vt, ipsis vidfl)atiir, ratioiic iiilli! World licyoiid the l-".i(nalor: At wliii'li, liactantius Dndlin;;, says, wliat, I-'orsootli, here is a lini! Opin- ion liroac'liM indeed; an .\ntipodes! Iiei;iii-dav ! I'eopU- wliosc l''eet tread with ours, and walk l'"ool to Foot with ns; tlieir Meads downwards, anil yet drop not into the SkyI There, yes, very likely, the 'I'rees loaden with l'"ruit ^row downwaids, and it Uaius, Hails, and Snows upwards; the ttoofn and Spires of Cities, tops of Mountains, jioint at tlio Swy lieneath them, anil the Itivers rcversM topsi-turvy, ready to llow into the Air out of their Channels.' ()>/i7/ii/'.i A imriro, pp. (1-7. The aneients helie\('ila !ar;je ])or- tion of the mIoIpi' to Ik- uuiidialiitahio by reason of oxeossivo heat, which must have ;;reatly deterred disnivery. '" Touehiii;^ the i|Mestioii whether the Ainerieans and the peonle oi tho old world are of eoinnion ori;;in, see: Jlrii.smiir i/r Hiiitrlniiini, ilint. Nut. Cii'., toni. i., pp. 1-HI; Ti//iir\\ Aiin/iiKir, p. |(U; ('hinijiro, S/nrin Aiit. i/cl ^fl^.'isil^ll, lorn, iv., ])|». 14 -M; TortiiiniKn/n, MniKin/. Jii-(!; <'iir/i, Ciirhin, pt i., p. l(i; ('/iiniii.\fii>, in J\ii/:i!ti(i'.s I'm/nf/r, vol. ii., pp. 4(l">-(i; I'n'rliird's Ursriirr/ir.t, vol. v,, pp. .')ll (!; Iliinilnililf, I'lir.i, iinw. i., pp. '-'.*, ,'U IniMinieralile other speeulations have lieen niado on this poinl. Iiul in most cases li\ men who were lint poorlv ipnililied to deal with a sniiject reipiirin;; not only learning.', hut a determination to iuvesli- fTiitii fairly and without hias, .\dair's reasonin^r in this eonneetion will »nrve III illiHlrale: 'tlod emjiloyed si\ days, in creating the liea\ens, this I'arlh, and the innuineralile species of crcaliues, wherewith it is so amply funii.ilied. 'I'he work.s of a heiii;,', iidiidlely perfect, must entirely luiswur file tion; "(he: i't till heeiil Iiiali j»or- which 1.1 tl\o I. X'lt- „f. ilil ,. \-M\ I.. -JltO; i.. :is'.i; rliriii.f, IIS l'i»- rij iiil*> tiithiildt, I'll inailt' I toili'ul I iiivfsti- t'nm will CUH, tll'lH HO ainiily V iiiiHWcr •/;■ I of tlio arijutnent is on tlie sldo of tlioso who inaiiitaiii tlio priiuitivo diversity of iiuin. It liappuns that those who arc most earnest in uplioldin*;- the hil)lifal account of the creation, and conse(piently the unity of man, must, to be consistent, also uplioUl the hib- lical system of chronolony, which teaches that man has not existed on the earth for more tiiau six tliou- sand years. This i.s unfortunate, since it is evident that the hi^lier we beheve the anticpiity of man to be, the easier it is for us to aihnit the unity of orii^du of tlie strongly marked varieties that now exist." Tlie lienor of peoi)linu^ America has fre(juently been j.;iven to Noah and his immediate descendants. iJut ex'en were we sure that the tradition recorded in the Jiible of Noah's stranijce doinjj^s is accurate in every respect, the narrative does not throw any detinite li^lit upon liis subse(pient ])roceedinL's, and we nmst invent Avoiiders to add to wonders if we make anvthins"' more out of it. The subject cannot be discussed intelli- f!ii' (li'siirn "f tlicni: liciicc tlicrc could ln> no iicrrssity for a socoml cn'ii- liiiii; oi'tHiil's rn-atin;; iii:iii\' ;iaii's of the liiiinaii racu iliU'orinj^ troiii rack oiliiM', ami liltcil for iliU'ciciit cliniatcs: licrau.sc, thai iiiiplics iiiiiicrfci'tion, ill till' j;raiiil mIii'iiic, or a want of iiowor, in tin' I'Ni'cntioii of it, Had lln'io lii'i'n a |iiicii, or later fonnalicni of any new class of crcatnii's, \\w\ nnist inalcrially ilillfr from llmsc of the six da.\s work; for it is inonisislcnt with •lisinc w i>doni to make a vain, or unniMcssiirv ii'iu'tition of the ^ann' act. Itat tlic American Indians neitlu'r \arv from the rest of mankind, in ih'ir liilernal coirsirnclion, nor cMernal a|i|icarancc, cxceiil in colour; wliicli, as lialli liien shewn, is cilher entirely aecideiiliil, or artilicial. .As the Mosnic tii'i'oiiiit declares a coin|)lel ion oi the manilestation of ( iod's inliiiite wisihnii and jiower Ml creation, williin that space ol lime; it tidlows, iliiit the In- dians have liiieall\' descended lioni .Adam, the lirst, and tli(< eie.it iitnent of all the human species.' Aimr. Jm/., pp. li-l'J. 'I'o the works of thoso iiiodern scientists, sneh as l.\ell, Marwiii, and others, who have treated of the niiilv of the human species at lar^zc, 1 need not refer the reader here, .All excellent ri'siime of the siiliject will, however, ho fouinl in /'«.v/( /'.« rn-iiisi. /{iiirs, pii. :{.'):«-(>7. " ' We liiid on llie earliest Kirvpliaii inonuineiits,' says Sir John laih- hiH'k, 'some of which are certainly as ancieiil as "ildO ii. ( ., two hichi ,\[^. lincl types, the .\rah on llieea->l and west of !•'.'.:> pi, the Neuro on Iho honlh. These distinct types, still predominate in l';:> pt and the iiei;,;hhoni- iii;; countries. Tims, then, says ,Mr. rooji', in this immense interval we do not iiml "the least i han,ue in the Ne;;io or the .\riili; nnd excn the t.\ pe which seems to he intermediiile hctwcen them is \irtnallyas unaltered, Tlio.si> w ho consider that leii;,'lli of time can chan;:e a type of man, will do well to consider the fait that three thoiisiind yciiis '/\\{> no ratio mi whii'h a caliii hit 10,1 could he founded," " ( 'raw fnrd, also says; the niill ions • "of ,\f. ricaii Negroes that liavo diuinj^ three leiituries heeii Iriinsporled to the .New 10 OUUnX OF THE amkimcans. gcMitly, but I will nivo some of tl'j opinions tliat have been held on the subject. Noah's ark, says UUoa, gave rise to a number of such coustrui'tions; and the experience gained dur- iug the patriarch's aimless voyage eiid)oldened his desi'eiidants to seek strauge lauds in the same man- ner. Driven to America and the neighboring islands by winds and currents, they found it difficult to re- turn, and so remained aiul peo})led the land. Ho thinks the custom of eating raw tish at the present day among some American tribes, was ac(juired during these lonu' sea vovanes. That thev came bv sea is evident, for the north, if, indeed, the continent be con- nected with the old world, nnist I)e impassable by rea- son of intense cold.'" I'lloa, although lie wt)uld not for a moment allow that there could have been more than oiie general creation, does not attempt to account lor the ])re.sence of strange animals and ])lants in America; and I may observe here that this diliiculty is similarly avoided by all writers of his class." Les- AVorld nitd Its islatiils, aro the sninc in colour ns tho jiroscnt iii1ial>itaiifs of llii' |i;ii('iil coiiiitrv ol tlu'ir fori-fatliiTs. 'I'lic Cn'olc S|iaiiiaiil.<, wlio liavo tor at least as Inn;,' a tiiiic licfii NiMtlcd in tropical America, ue as fair as the |ieii|ile of Arra^'oii ami Amialnsia, witii the same variety of colour in tlie hair anil e>e as their progenitors. The pure l)utcU Creole coltmisis of the Caiie of (innil Hope, after dwelling two centuri«'s iimon^; hIacU failles, anil vcllow Hottentots, do mtt diti'er in coliuir from the people (tf Holland." ' /'n-lli.sf. Tiiiiis, pp. ."iS7-.S. We liiid 'upon K;;Aptian iMonuiuiMits, mostly of the thirlecnih. fourteenth, and tifteenth centuries hefore the Chrisliaii lira, representations of individuals ot numerous tuitions, .African, .Xsiatic, and l'',niopcau, ditl'erin;; in physical characteristics aw widely as any eiiinil numlicr of nations of the present a;j;e that could he f^roiiped to;j;ether; ainouu' thi'se liciu;; iH';;roes of the triu' Ni^'ritiau stamp, depicted with ti lidclity as to cidor and features, harilly to he surpassed liy a modern artist. That such diversities had hcen ]irodu<'(>d hy luitural iiu'aiis iii tho interval lietween that remote a^'c and the time of Noah, prohaldy m» one \erseil in the science of amitomy ami physiology will utuisidor credihle.'' Fii.\/ir\ I'n- Ill's/. Itinrs, p. ,'{,")7. I- Xiifiiiii.s Aiiiiririiiiiis, ])p. ,'t!ll-,">, -It).')-?. On paries 'J,S(i-HI)4, lie hasan ary;ument, hacked hy ;;colo;^ical evidences, to show that America is tho (ddest contilleiit. '• 'Were wc to admit,' say some ethnolo^'ists, ' iv unity of (U'iffin of such stroii;,dy-inarl\ed xaricticsasihe Ne;,'roaiid I'liiropeaii, diU'erin;,' as they do in colour and hodily cinistitutioii, each lilted lor distinct climates, and exhihit- ini;soinc maiUcil peculiarities in their osteolo;;ieal, and even in some detailx of cranial and ceieliral coufiuinalion. as well as in their avera^'e intellectual endow iiieiils. if, in spile of the I'aci that all these attiihnles ha\e Ih'cii faith- fully handed do\\ n unaltered fur huadrodtt of goncrations, we iiie to htdievu tli.'it liow that b.iill J.a N ( » A 1 1'.s I ) i:sc i:n da nts . 11 tiiuts (if II llllVO fair as lour ill iiists (if 1 'atVri's, laml." ' II Kistly iristiaii Asiatic, (Miiial i;^ctlii'r; willi il nm(lcrii IS ill tlio IK) (IllU ivdiltle.*' luiHau 111 is till) (if such ICY ilo ill .•xliiliit- ■ dctails (.Uccliinl '(•II faitli- II lielicvu carlxtt cannot see why "Xoali sliDuld liavo experi- enced any «litficulty in reaeliinij;- America hy sea, when Solomon's ships made voyaj^es histin<»' three years.'"'* ViHaj^iitierre/'' on the contrary, thinks it more ]n'ol)ahk> that Xoah's sons came to America hy land; an opinion also held hy Thompson, who he- lieves, however, that tiie continents weie not dis- connected nntil some time alter the Hood, hy which time America was peo[)led from the Old World.""' ( )rrio remarks that many have supposed that Xoah, in order to he ahle to people the New World as well as the ( )1(1, nuist, during' his tluve hundred and tit'ty years ot" })ost-diluvian lite, have hail more children than are mentioni'd in the hihle; hut in his opinion there was no necessity for more pros^enitors, since (»ne woman can in two hundred and ti'U years het'ome the ancestor of one million six hundred and f'orty-st'ven thousand and eii>hty-six ])ersons. ili> thinks that Ham Avas the father of the .Vmerii'an race." Alontanus con- sideis ittjuite in accordance with Xoah's character and mission that he should have attended to the peoj)linn' of the world during;' his loni;- life."* J^FiStraui^e is of opinion that Shem and his children, who were not amoui^- the hiiilders of liahel, moved gradually east- ward, and were, furthei", forced in that direction even to America, hy the progeny of . I a|)heth.''' We read in one of the Ahlie Domenecli's works,-'" that ()|»hir, «)ne of Xoah's descendants, went to IV'ru and settled there, lliaf, in llio ('(iiiisc (if time, llicv liavc all divcri^cil fniin mic ('iiiiiiiinii slmk, liiiw sliall \vc icnI-I ilic aruuiiii'iil oi tiic traii^iiiiilaliniiisi, win, ciiiiIi'MiU lliat all cliiscly allied N|ici'i('«, (if aiiiiiial> and |ilaiit-* Ii.im' in like iiiaiiiur h,iiiniLr friiin a ((iniiiniii |iari'iila;;(' .' ' Lihll'i An/n/ nf Man, \i\<. i;i;!- 1. 1' 1,1 ■iiiirhiil, II (st. Sum-, l-'rmiri', lili. i., caii, iii. '■' llisl. ('nil'/. //;.», |i|i. 'J.i-S. ^'ruiii/i/i/'/i, i; Isl.'i. 'riiiini|isiin calculates the H|ireadiiiL; nf Nnairs children U|i tn llie liiiie nf l'ele>;-, when llie llilile deilaie-< llie ('arlli In have lii'CM di\iile(|. lie alMi >liipw-, that this di\ i^iini liaii|iened earlier than is ;;('neiallv «ii|i|i(iseil. " llnid, Siihifii,,,, |i. 11, el se,,, 'r(iri|iieniada also liidieves Hunt to liave lieen the father uf the lare. .\h)iiiini. Iiiil., turn, i., jiji. '.'! ,'{() '^ .V/.iuf ir,,, •,/,/. |i. ;17. M • '•' I.' i'slriiiiiii\ A iirrii'iiii'i mi ilcir/.i. «» /A.., c'.v, \ol. i,, ji. •-»)), 'Tlio IVniviaii lanj;iiaye,' wiiles lllna, 'i.i 12 OKKilN OF THE AMEUICANS. ruliiiiJ!" those who went with liiiu. 8i,u'iie]!za and Sis- ter Allies de hi Cruz, conjectured that the Americans were descended from Nai)htuhim, the son of Mizraim and i,n-andson of Ham, whose descendants left Egyjtt for America shortly after the confusion of tonii^ues.'^* Pineda thinks the same.^^ Chivigero considers it proven by the native Hood-mytiis and traditions of ioreiLjn origin that the Americans are descendants of Noah. He quotes the tradition of Votan,'^ who is declared to li^ve been closely connected with the Babel-builcgrs, the originator of that enterprise being his uncle.^* Let us see, now, what these flood-myths arc. This I may say first, however; some of tliem are doubt- less s[)uiious, and few have escaped tlie renovating touch of the Spanish priests and chroniclers, who throughout their writings seem to think it their bounden duty to make the ideas and history of the New World corres})ond to those of the Old. And what tlie old writers have added t)r invented, the modern writers are, in most cases, ready and glad to acce])t as genuine, \vithout d()ul)t or question. "It is impossible," savs Viscount Kinjjfsborouuh, "when I'ead- ing what Mexican ^Mythulogy I'ecords of the war in heaven, and of the fall of Zontemonipie and tlie other rebellious spirits; of the creation of liglit 1)V the word of Tonacatecutli, and of tlie division of the waters; of the sin of Yztlacoliuh<|ui, and his l)liudness and nakedness; of the temptation of Suchi([uei'al, and her disobedience in gathering roses from a tree, and the consequent miseiy and disgrace of herself and all her posterity, — not to recognise Scriptural .uiMlogies. Hut the ^[exican tradition of the Delude is that which smiu'tliinp like tho llolm-w, and Noiih's toii;L,'iie wiix doulitless lli'hrcw.' Xofii'id.s .1 iiirrifiiiiiis, )). ,'{,S4. 81 ('/(iriiirri), StiinK Aiit. ilrl ^fl•ssil'o, toin, iv., ]>. 17. ^'^ III Sar. M(.i\ (Iniil., llii/rf/ii, '-Mil t''|MH'll, loiil. iii., p. It III. *' Sco Mil. iii of tlii.s worU, p. 4.')(>, ct si'i|. " Sfiiriii Aiif. till Mrssirii, toiii. iv., p. l."». llcrciliii y .Siinniciito follows Claviycro. Scniioiim, p. 84, I ABORK ;IXAL FLOOD-MYTHS. 13 to t is eacl- • ill her word tors ; and her the 1 her But hic-h follo\v» bears tlie most unequivocal marks of having been de- rived :Voin a Hel)rew source."" AVe liave seen in a preceding vohimc how, accord- ing to the connnon ver^iiion of the Mexican Hood- niytli, Coxcox and liis wife Xocliiquetzal were the (Mil y human beings who escaped from the great delude which covered the face of the earth in the Age of AVater. How, when the waters went down, the ai k in Avhich they had saved themselves — the liollow trunk of a bald cypress — rested upon the Peak of Cul- huacan ; and how the dumb children that were born t) tlie rescued pair were taught many languages by a dove. We have also read the reputed Tarasco legend of Tezpi, which so closely resembles the bib- lical legend of the deluge that it cannot be discussed as a native tradition at all, but must be regarded sini- ]tly as the invention of some Spanish writer who thought it his mission to show that the Hebrew tra- ditions were famihar to the Americans.**' In Guate- mala, among the ATiztecs, and in Nicaragua thei'e were also ti'aditioiis of great and destructive deluges." The Piipagos tell of a mighty Hood that destroyed all life on the earth, except the hero-god Montezuma and liis friend tlie Coyote who had foretold the del- uge. VjivAi (»f these made for himself an ark, and wlieii tlie waters subsided and they met on the small ]>atch of (by land that first a})[)eared, Montezuma dis- patched the Coyote four tinu's to find out exactly how the sea lay.'-'* X'ery similar is the IMma legend which relates how the prophet who would not heed the tluicu rei)eated warniiii's of the Ea<'le was destroved bv a «■' }fi r. .\i,/io. eoneeniin;.' leliu'ions lielief, l(a|itisiii, eiieiiineision, anil oilier <'liiistiaii-like rites in the New WorM: 7'//A/y'\ A mihiiiir, pp. •J7i'-si); I'risrntl's Ml. I., vol. iii., ]ip. ,S7,S-Sr); Si/iiii)/rril)'/\s Airll., Vol. i., pp. I7-1,S; M'Ciilldh'.s Itrsriirr/ii:^- III! Aiinr., pp 111-411; Lulnihi's limiililn, pp. 2ll5-(i. -"' See vol. iii., pp. (i(»-<», and eomiiieiits in iieeoinpain iii'' notes, «/'/, pp. :•.•-.-). «■' /./., p. 7(i. u ORIGIN OF THE AMEItlCAXS. flood, and how Szeiikha, tlie son of the Creator, saved liiniself by floating on a ball of i^uni or resin.^ Tho Mattoles of California regard Taylor Peak as tlio ]K)int on which their forefathers took refuge from a destructive flood.*' Other Californian tribes liavo a tradition of a delusfe from which the Coyote, with his usual good-fortune, was the onlv living thing that es- cai)ed, if we except an eagle who was miraculously formed from a single feather that floated on the face of the waters.''* Lake Tahoe Avas formed by a flood which destroyed all mankind but a very small rem- nant.^* The Thlinkeets relate that manv i)ersons ^ J- escaped the great deluge by taking refuge in a great floating building, which, when the waters fell, grounded upon a rock and was split in twain. From this moment men spake in various tongues, for there remained in one fragment of tlie divided ark those whose descendants sjjeak tlie Thiinkect language, and in the other those whose descendants emi)l()y a difler- ent idiom.^'* Tlie Chipewyan deluge covered all the earth except tho high mountain- tof)s, upon which many of the people saved themselves.'" The Isthmi- ans believed that the world was peopled by a man who with his wife and children escaped the great ilood. The Peruvians liad several flood-myths. One (if them relates that the whole face of the earth was clianged by a great deluge, attended by an extraor- dinary eclipse of the sun which lasted five days. All living things were destroyed exce}»t t)ne man, a shep- herd, with his family and flocks. It happened in this wise. Some time before the flood this shepherd, while tending his flock of llamas, remarked that the animals a[)peared to be oppressed with sadness, and that they passed the whole night in attentively Wh J' M., pp. 78-9. 3" /y were successl'ul in their search, the trailition does not say; but if not, tlK'ir surj)rise nuist indeed have been agreeable when on returning to the hut which they had built on the mountain, they found food ready prepared for them by unknown hands. Curious to 1 Icnow wlio tl leir benefactor could be, thev took counsel to(|uet. ooimuoii in Soutli America, ami so i-illcd lii'canse it ('(intinnaily rciieats tiie fry nrn, ma. Iicin^s half bird, lialf woman, are as likely to iijiuro in sueii a legend as tiic al>ov(? as not. ISesides, shortly afterwards the narrati\(! speaks of ' les deux oiseaux,' referrinj; to the aras. 36 Koi- hoth of these llood-uiyths see: Jirii.\\rnr y lleeiii^ to the mouutai io|(s. The UHiuutain tribes a.ssert, liowevcr, thai only six porsoii.s escaped this Hood in a balsa. iieH ieni bee] ►Sj)il ins J iar<| tezil Tall .1- 3!4| THE TOWER OF BADEL. 17 tllO The .illy, two f set ut it ■ the [Uitly , and id six .vliose iceiid- 30 at tlui This ' Lord be no y chav- <'tVoni oundcr coni- oni a m the ;lhinea ain, at theii- "Id the one ex- )ac ex- ■$n\sHPur lit"; s a kiii'l t'f •oiitiiHiivUv as Wk^'b- V ufti'i-Nvunls ;', in Ldiiilc, ii., nil'. VI., time of tlK' s osi'iir*-''! ''>' owevor, tluil :o I I claimed to his companions, This is a propitious sign that the earth will not he aj^ain destroyed by water.' ....Proof havinu: been attbrdod in the passage quoted from tlie History of Balboa, that the Peru- vians were ac(piainted with the history of the rain- bow, as given in the ninth chapter of (Genesis, it may be interesting to add, that according to the acc;)iint of an anonymous writer, they believed the rainbow was not only a passive sign that the earth would not be destroyed by a second deluge, but an active in- struuu'ut to prevent the recurrence of such a catas- troplie: the latter curious notion jiroceeded upon the assuiiiption that as tlie water of the sea (which, like the .lews, they believed to encircle the whole earth) would have a tendency to rise after excessive falls of rain, so the pressure of the extremities of the rain- bow upon its surface would prevent its exceeding its projicr level. ""^ ^biiiy of tliese flood-myths are supplemented with an aci'ount of an attempt to ]>rovide against a second dehin'c, bv buiklinti' a tower of refu<»'e, resemblini»" more or less closely the bii)lical legend of the tower of Pabcl. Thus a Cholultec legend relates that all the giants who inhabited the country, save seven, were di'stroyed by a great flood, and adds that when the waters were assuaged, one of these seven began to build an artificial mountain. Put tlie anger (»f the gods was aroused, and they slew many oi' the builders, so the work was stopped.'"^ In like; man- ner, ill the Papago legend to whicli I have re- ferred. ?dontezunia, after he and the (,*oyote liad been saved from tlie flood, so incensed the Oreat S{)irit hy his ingratitude and prt'sumption, that an insect was sent flying to tlio I'ast to Itiiiig the Span- iards, who, when they came, utterly destroyed !Mon- teziima. After the deluge spoken of in the Lake Talioe myth, the few who escai)ed built up a great '" K'ii'i. (W. 18 ORIGIN OF THE AIMKRICANS. tower, tlio stroiin;' niakiii., the weak do tlic work. This, it is distinctly stated, tliey did that they iuii>lit liave a place of refuge in case of another flood. But the (Ireat Spii'it was filled with anger at their pre- sumption, and amidst thunderint>s and liuhtninijfs, and showers of molten metal, he seized the op- pressors and cast them into a cavern. ^"^ These myths have led many writers to believe that tlie Americans had a knowLJge of the tower of Babel, while some think that they are the direct descendants of certain of the builders of that tower, who, alter the confusion of tony'ues, wandered over the earth until they reached ^Vmerica.*" Many of the tribes had traditions through wiiich they claim to have originally come from various direc- tions to their ultimate settling-}>lace in America. It ^vill be readily seen that such traditions, even when genuine, ;ire far too vague and uncertain to be of any value as evidence in any theory of origin. To eacli tribe its own little territory Nvas the one important point in the universe; they had no concej)ti()n of tlu^ real size of the world; most of them su|)posed that after a few days' jourmsy the traveler could if he chose jum|) o(f the (n\)X,s away in that direction. Nevertheless, as these traditions have been thought to support this or that theory, it will be well to briefly review them here." s' S(H' viil. iii,, )>i). 77, SO. <" Acconliii;;' to I xtlilxocliitl, tlio Tulti'c tni(litii)n rolatcs tlnit iiftcr tlio ('(Mifiisidii (if tiiiijiiit'H llic M'vi'u I'aiiiilii's \vlii» s|nik(' Uif 'I'ltltcc lan;j;iia,:.;<' set (lilt fur the New World, wandering' (iiic liiiiidri'il and fdur vcaivs oscr lar;;(; extents (if land and water. l'"inally lliey arrived at llucline 'I'lai'iillan ill the year 'diie llint,' li\t' luiiidreil aiitl Iwcniy years after tiie II I. Itrlii- ciiiiirs, III Kiiiifsliiiriiiiii/i's Mix. .liilii/., Vdl. ix., p. 'A'2'2. See also aiiollier ari'DiiIlt, 1>. AM); Hii/i(n'iii, Croii. .Mi,i\, ]it ii., li)). ") .S; ft(., fi/iii,ii]). Ill-'JT; ]'r>f/i,i. His/. Aitf. .lA./.toni. i., iiji. •->4. H,a 'Jl-.'-l.-J; M,„(fiit,(, lli.^l. F.rhs., Ji. 1 IT); Hint. If Alllitf., \n Soc. t/'.r. (.'ttii/., Itii/i/iii, toill. i., li. 'J.S I ; ./(ao'(V).s', Jlisi. diiid., ({\\n\\. I8.')7^ toiii. ii., y\\. '\'\A\\ Di/ajii/d'.i Aii/n/. Anin\, p. .'U; lhiiiil),i/i/f, ]'iiis, toil), i., )iit. II 1-1. "i; I'ri'-rn/f'.s Mrx., \o\. iii., ii|i, .'(SO I; Ihivls" Aiir. Aiiiir., i>. ;M ; 'li/Zur's Ami/iiKir, n. 'J77.' *' riiey had ulso, us wu liuvo noun in the tliird voluiiio, a great niiuiy eu- OKICIX OF THE TOLTECS. 10 H'tilllt .f tho 1 thill, el lose LTllL'SS. Ill 10 tl ndrrd those • tliiit iftcr t!io illlMII III U. It'hi- iiiiiil licr , Ill'-'T; I/, i'.il's.. :<>; ;tso Imiiy I'U- Tho tradition of tlio Toltocs rcn;'ardin_ijc tlioir travols hot'oro tlioy roachod Huehuo Thipalhui ]ia.s hoeii tho tlioino of lU'U'h .spooulatioii, osjiooially as coniiootod with thoir dosootit from tlio Ijahel l)iiildors. Ixtlil- xochitl v.'rites of tliis trachtioii as follows: Thoy say that the world was created in the year Co 'lee-patl, liinis ideas as (o tlio \vay in wliicli man was crcatcMl, and as in attfiniitinj,' t 1 |iiii\c ilu'ir tliciiiics many writers are apt to draw a.ial(i;ii'N in iliis par- tinitor was a ilni; or a coyote, seem entitled to some symiiatliy fiiiiii tlu^ latest school of iiHMJern pliildsophy, tliou;;li it is true that their ](rocess of dc\clopment was rather alirnpt, and that they dicl not ivi|nir(' very many links in their ihaiii of evidiitioii. J$iit as we ailvaiice far- ther snnlli, the attempts to solvo the prolileiii jfi'ow less simjilc and the direct iiistrnniiMilality of the j.'ods is rei|nired for the formation of man. Till! Aleuts aserilie tiieir orij,'in to tho iiitercoiirse of a do;,' ami a liitdi, or, arcordin;,' to aiMtlier M'l'sioii, of a hitch ami ii certain old man who cami! froni till' north to visit his hrntc-hride. !• r ini tlieiii upran^t two erealnres, male and female, each half man, half fn\; ami fnnii these two the human race is docendcd. Others of the Aleuts iielieve that their canine |iro^-eii- ilor l"ell from heaven. The 'I'lnneh also owe their ori^jiii to a do^'; though they helieve that ail other li\inj;- creatnres were called into existence hy an immense liird. The 'I'hlinkcct account of the creation certainly iloes not iidniit of much ca\ilim,' or dispute concerning' its clironolo;iy, metliod, or general proltaliility, since it nicridy states tliat men were •'placed on the cartli," thmij^h when, or how or l>y whom, it does not presume to relati According' to the 'I'acnllv cosmo^onv, ii innsU-rat formed t drv land. which aflerwards liecanie jieopled, lliou;;h whether hy the a;;i'ney of that indiislrioiis rodent m- not, is not stated. Oarwinism is reversed hv niaiiv of the \\ ashiii;L;tini trihes. who Indd that animals aiel evei are ilesceni led f roni man. Th 1 some ve'^elaiM liunian essence froii 1 w hich the Hist Alll^ were fori 1, was ori'^inally contained in the hodies of animals, who upon heiii;,' suddenly stampeded from their dwellii, ■ < iefl thi'. mvsierious matter ver, tli;'l tliev art lichiud them Some of the .Mils contend, Iiom desccndiinls of a shadowy persoiia.iic named (/nawleaht and thed irect Tlinndcr llird. The Cliiiio' k.. weri! creat a ^fi;^iiitii- i\ a ( ovote, w ho, lio\\e\ci, dli lis wori liaiUv and 'lodiu'cd such iiiiperlcct s|ieciineiis ol hnmanilv, tliat lint f(U' the heiicliceiit iiit"rveiili.i:! ami assistance of ii spiiit called liiiiiiam the ract! must have enileil as soon as it l.ej;aii. Some of ilie Wii'-li- iii,L:lon trihes (ni^inated from the frau'ineiils of a liu;,'e l«aver. which wii-i slain and cut in pieces liy four ;.;iants at the rcqiievi of their sister who wa t piniii;,' away iur some lieaver-fat. The lirst Shaslii was the r.siill of a nnioii hi'iweeii till' d:iii-liter of the (Ileal Spirit and a jji i//lv hear, The t'ahrocs helieve that t'liareva, the Old .Man .Vhove, crealeil tl the lishes and lowe- , iiiials, and lasll developed from (' rid. th V man, 'I'lie I'otovaiites wcrt s. Tlie Hi;; .Mail oi the Mattoles created lirsl the e.irlli, hieak and naked, and ]ilaced hut one man upon it; »lieii, on ii sud- den, in the midst of a mi;.;lity whiilw in.i and thick darkness, liecovered 'lie desolate ;4lohe with all manlier of life and verdure. One of the mMle of Sonthernralifornia attrihntes the I'lealioii of man and the world to two divine heiii;;s. 'riie l,os .\n;;cles trihes helieve their one ''od fjhiai ar I'loii^^hl forth the world from chaos, set it upon tiic ►.luMilders ofseveii ;:'iiiits, ji>mi jded it with the lower foriiLs of aiiimul life, au.l liiially cixi" iied his wuik 20 OllIGIN or THE AMEUICANS. |i 111 aiul tins time until the deluge they call Atonatiuli, wliich means the age of the sun of water, because the world was destroyed by the deluge. It is found in the liistories of t)ie Toltecs that tliis age and first world, as they term it, lasted seven hundred and sixteen years; that man and all the earth were destroyed by great showers and l)y lightnings from heaven, so that nothing remained, and the most loi'ty mountains were covered up and submerged to the depth of eaxtohnolctltli, or fifteen cubits;" and here they add other fables of how men came to multiply again from the few who escaped the destruction in a liy cri'iitiiij; u man and a ■woman (nit of oartli. Still farther soutli, tlic Co- cliiniis liflicvc in a sole creator; tlie I'ericiiis call the maker of all tilings Niparaja, ami say that the heavens are his nii;,'lity f^iids, the male I. ion Snake and tlu! fennile Tiiicr Snake, or of their sons, \N'ind of the Nine Snakes and Wind of the Nine Caves. The Te/cucau story is that the sun cast a dart into tlie earth at a certain s|iot in the land of Aculma. l''rom this hole issueil a man imperfci'tly formed, and after him a wonniu, from which pair mankind are descended. 'I"he Tlascaltccs asserted that the v.orld was the ellecl of chance, while the heavens had always existed. 'J'he most, commini Mexi- can helief was. that the lirst huuuin liein;;s, a hoy and a ^irl, were produced from the hlood-hespiiukled fra;;ments of the lioni- procure(l from hades hy the si.xtcen huudi'cd falh n ;4ods sprung; from the llint-knif(( of which tho j;oddess Cillaliciu' had heeu delixcred. .Vccordin;; to the ( 'hinuilpopoca manuscript the creator produced his work in succcssInc epochs, nnin hein;; made on the seventh day from dust lU' aslu's. In (iuatem.ila there was a helief thai the parents of the human race were cieated out of the earth hy the t wo youuj^cr sous of the divines i'litherand Mollier. The (^hiii'ln'' crea- tion was a very huutilin^ all'air. Three times ami of thret- mateiials was man made hcfore his makers wtM'e satislicd with their work. I'"irst of clay, hut he lackeil iutelliHcnce; next oi wood, hut he was shriveled and use- less; linally of yidlow and while maize, and then he proved 't he u nolihi work. I''inir uh'U were thus made, and al'terwards four women. ■<>! 'This nice au'reenu'iit with the .Mosaic account of the hei;;lit which the waters of the J)elu;.;e attained ahovc the summits of the lii;;hrst, monn- (ains is certainly extraordinary; since we read in the twentieth verse of the seventh chapter of (lenesis: " i'iftmi rnhils ii/iirnr. 'J.">. t ^5 I TilADITlONS OF Qririi::: OIIIGIN. 21 latiuli, ecauso found d tirst d and L were s iron I st loi'ty to the d hero iidtiply on in a 1, tlic Vo- ill! tliin^;s luiliias imy I'onliii;; to linost |ii"r- ; MWiiniinl Tlu'ir liivst , ciimi' fi'ii- iiis I'li'att'il iiii (Ti'iitor .1 witli tlui n it. 'I"li(^ liiii,iiH, iind nil)C tlii'ir kc ami tlid and Wind 111 iiitotlio la kind IsrtlU'i r man Inon Mi'\i- Im'i'd IH'IM liadfs liy Iwliirli till! Inialli«>l","''' Iniun liciu;^ luMi' was IV V' cartli liy Jniilu" I'lva- iM-iaU wiiH ,t of day, Id and nsf- I 111' a nolilii ilit wliiili |»r>t nioun- ll I \('VS(' It 11' walt'iH I". A II III/., foptllpcfhicdli; wliic'l; word very nearly siniiines a closed chest; and how, ai'tur multiplying, the men huilt a uiondi of g'ruat height, a. id hy this is meant a very liiL;h tower, in which to take refuge Avhen the Avorld shoidd ho a second time destroyed. After this thisir tongue hecame confused, and, not undersiaiul- ing each otlier, they went to different j)arts i>l' tiie world. The Toltccs, seven in munher, with their wives, who understood each other's s[)oech, after cro.ssii'n' iifreat lands and seas, and undergoing many har(l.shi[)s, linally arrived in America, which they 'oi Hi' to he a good land, and fit for habitation; and thev ^' that they Witndei'ed one luuidred and four y>'ar.- in diiferent ))arts of the earth before they ar- lived at lluelnie Tiaj)allan, which they did in tho year Co Tecpatl, five hundred and twenty years — or five agjs — after tho fi(H)d.''^ The (^uichc5 traditions speak of a country in tho I'ai' east," to ivach which innneiise tracts of land and M'ater nuist be crossed. 'I'here, they say, they lived a (jiiiet but uncivilized liCe, paying no tribute, and speaking a connnon languago. There they woishij)ed no graven images, but ohservinl with respect the rising stm and pouriul !V>rth their invocations to the morning stai'. 'i he p! ill* io.l names of the families and tril>i's at (haf tin^ w:a , 'I'epeu, Olomaii, Cohah, Quenech, and .\ha! ■*■ Ailerwai'ds, continue the traditions, lh(y left ih'.i! niMiiitive country under the leadership ot certain ch d f many alter a long joiirnev reached a place called Tida. Where this Tida was i- uiiceitain. but lirasseiir de IJourbourg |)laces it on the 'othei- side of tile sea,' and asserts that it was the region from which tlie wanderers came, from time to ■ lliaiscnr dc llonrlioiir;^; Imt lie inii>l citlicr ' in Kii^jli^li till' (liicnt. Ilu' I'liisl, or ninliailii t liini-idl I (« is V TV |iroiu' to do liccaiirx' lie at'tciward^ asM-rlH '«' 'ill' I lie oiluT side of the sea,' I'roni wliicli llic (>iiit'lio iiii'iui what wlliill. liV til.' Ili.il 'i'nla is tl w.iiidi'icis lanii' t'l llii iioilli-\\("»i coast of Ainriica. •' i rns.siiir i A lliiiirliiiiirif. lli^t. Sill, t'ir., toni. i,, mi. ItCi-ti. 22 OUItilN OF TIIK AMERICANS. time, tt) tlio iioi'tli- western odjists of AinoiMca, aiid theiiee .southwards to Aiuiluuu' and Central America. ' The Vueatecs are said to luive liad a tradition that they eanie orij^inally I'roin tlie far east, jiassinij^ throuiL;h the sea, wliii'h (Jod made dry for them.*^ An ( )kana- iian mvth rehites tliat thev were descended from a white eouj)le who liad been sent adrift IVoin an island in tlie eastern ocean, and wlio floated ashore on this land, 'Nvhich has yrown larger since then. Their lonn' exjtosure on the m o.'Ui hron/ed them to the ('t)lor of which their descci s now are/" The Chilians as- sert that their anc. i-s came fro.n the west. 'J'he Chei»ewyans have a tradition that they came from a ilistant land, where a hail i)eoj>le lived, and had to cross a. lai'Lje narrow lake, iilled with islany sea from the east."' The native traditions concerning" the sevi>ral cul- tui e-lieroes o f Ai nerica. have lis.) 1 )ei'n ItroULi'iit forward hy a few writi>rs to show that American civili/ation was exoti-i and r.ot mdi^'enous hut, thcun'h tlu'se trad it ions arc I'ar mon^ woithv of seri- ous considerati(»n, and ])resent a far moi'e fascinating- lieK' foi' study than those! MJiich n'lati' men-iy to thi' origin or travels of the j)i'o|)le themselves, yi't, Ki,rani>'ely enough. they seem to 1 lave exci ted I ess comment and speculation than any of those I'ar- fe(ched and trivial analogies with which all oriL'in- theories ahouiul. 4 *f' Jil, iMi. U!" S, 4H /; I 'ml, ill mill. Hist. Yiir., )). ITS; Miiiiliniiis, Xinnir U'rnr/i/, p. lTiS, .\,h liWIi, I'l' -•s: H. I>, !!)0. I>(iiiiiii(c/i'\ /*(\i/7\, Mil, ii., ]!. I; Srfiiii)liTilfT.l .\vc/i, , \t<\. i, ]•, I'.t. 41 H\iri/iii, liir/H'ir/iis, \t'2\',\. AMEUir.w (M'i/rri!F. nr.itoKS. S3 II, and ovifii. ' n that \ rough )kana- IVdiu a ishiiul HI this ir l()n,L>" oh)r of [ins as- . The from a liad to , whi'Vo ominins ;oa voy- tlian'k- nrrira/"" ito that ral ouU troun'iit uriican l>ut, of si'i'i- •iiiatino- •rrlv to •s, vet, 1(1 h'ss ist' fai'- ori'jiii- i>. •.'.'>s. i , 1-. I a Althoujifli hearii>uf varions nanu>s and a]>poarino' in dillerunt countries, the American culture-heroes all present the same lyeneral characteristics. They arc all described as white, hoarded men, generally <"lad in loniL,*" rohes; appeariuLif suddenly and mysti'riously upon the scene of their labors, they at once set ahout improvinijf the peo|)le hy instructing' them in uset'ul and ornanu'utal arts, yiviiiijf tluMU laws, exhortin'.;- them to jtractici' hrotherly low and other Christian virtu(>s, and introvlucini:^ a milder and hotter form of reliLcioii; haviriij^ accompli. ''<'d their mission, they disa|)jiear as mysteriously and unex|)ecte(lly as thi'V came; and linally, they are apotheosized and heltl in <;reat revt'renct! by a ii;-ratefid ]>osterity. in such H'uiso or on such mission dipear in ("holula, N'otan iu Chiapas, ^Vi\epl>cocha in ( )a jaca, /amn;i, and Cukidi-an with his nineteen disci|»les, in \iicataii, (lucumat/ iu ( JuatvMuala/'"' X'iracocha iu JVru.''' Sume"^ and I'aye-'l'ome''"' iu Ura/il, the mys- ^'^ Till' ii'iiilcr will ici'dllccl llml (lie wliii'v of ciU'li of llii'sc Iiciih's lias liccii tolil III 1i'ii;,m1i iu viil. ill. Ill' tills work. >' Tilt' li'i;i'iiii Id' \ irariu'liii, or 'rirrviiai'iii'tiit, as lii' is siiini'tiini's rallfil, anil Ills MUi'CNsKr, is, ari'iiiiliiiL;' In lli'iicia, as I'uljiiws: '( 'uciilaii laiiiliicn Ins liiiliiis, s('L,'iiii 111 liciii'ii |iii|- liailii'iiiii ill' siis aiilr|iassailiis, v |iart'ri' iini- MIS caiilaii's, i|iu' I'll Mil aiiliuiirilail isluiiU'iiiii niiirlin tii'iii|iii sin vcr Snl, y iiiii' |nii' Ins Lrraiiili's Miliis, V |)|i'^aiias inu- liaziaii a siis ilinsrs, salii'i rl Sol til' la lauiiiia TiliraiM, y ili' la Isla. i|iii' cstil en rlla, i|iii' I's on rl Collan, y i|iit' |iaii'ciii Imi'^ii |Mir la jiaili- ili' iiirilin ilia \ ii in'ilni' lilaiirn ill' ;iiaii niri|iii, y lit' Ni'iii'iaiiila |iit'st'iiiia, i|iu' fia Ian iimlt'iiisK, nut' liaxaiia las sii'iias, iit't'ia Ins \alli's, y siiviiiia I'lii'iili's ili' las pii'ilras, al i|Ual yuv sii ;;iau |in- iliT llaiiiauaii: l'riiifi|iiii ilt- Imlas las nisas iiiailas. y |iailii' ili'l Snl, |iiu'i|iii' i|Ui' nliiaiiiin I'stas intiiauillas, I'm' ilf laiun lia/ia rl Nmii', y ili' laiiiiiin > iia ilaiiiln nrili'ii ili' \ iii'u. i|iii' jiassailns al^iiiins |ii'iii|ins nM'inii tli'/ir li siis niinnri's, i|iii> |iaii'iii( nlio liiailiii' si'iiirjaiili' al it'lViiiln, i|iii' saiiana Ins I'lil't'iums, ilaiia \is(a a Ins ru'^;ns, y i|Ui' fii li |u'niiiuria ili' Ins ( '.n'la-i. i|Ui'rii'niln Inraiiu'iili' a|u'iiir,iili', I I xii'lnll llilK'.iiln ill' inillllas, aii'ailas las luailns ,il I ii'jn, inilnrauiln rl ilillinn I'ailnr, y ijiii' parrfiil \ ll I'lli'^n ilfl Cii'ln ijiU' Ins i's|iailln lailln, HUi' fnll ;;iaililt's ;iiilns, y I'lailinl't's li' |M'iliau, i|lli' Ins liiiia--si' ilc II |Ui'l iii'li^in, |Mii's las M'liia aijiii'l i'asii;^n |iiii' rl iirrailn, ijiii' auiaii rnliicliiln, y i|i|i' Iiu'mh i'cssi'i cI flli'ud, i|lli'iiauiin aluilsalas las pii'illas, V ii.\ ilia SI' M'li i{iii'iiiailas. \ laii liiiianas, i|Ui' aiiiii|ui' maaili's sn li'uanlaii tniiin rnivlin, y ili/i'll. i|IU' ills,!,, alii si- till' a la lliai', V I'llliaUilii III I'ila Hiilih' sii liiailln li'liilliln lilllna liias SI' \ in, |ini' In >|i|,il Ir Ijailiainn \\. 24 OUKilN OF Tin: AMEKICAXS. terior.s aposdo inoiitioned by Rowales, in Cliili,'"'" and Bocliica in Cclnnil)ia." Peruvian legends speak of a nation of <«iants who came bv sea, \vay:ed war with the natives, and erected splendid edifices, the ruins of many of wliich still remain. ^^ Besides these, there are numerous va,ijfue traditions of settlements or na- tions of wliite men, who lived a[)art from the other peoi)le of the country, and w-ere possessed of an ad- vanced civilization. The most celebrated of the?e are Quetzalcoatl and Yotan. The speculations which have been indulged rnroclia, fjiio (|uicre ;!i'/ir espnina de la mar, iiobrc (luc dosimcs imtdA si;;riili(iit'i(tii, y (|iu' ltu';,'ii lo hi/icritii vii 'romjilo, en el ]mclili> dc < 'aclia, y al^iUiKis ("astclliiims solo jior sii discursK liaii diclio, ((ue t'stc di'iiia do scr al^'iiii A|instiil: ]ion> I is mas ciu'rdos In tiiMicii por vanidad, iHiniiu' cii lodiis ostiiH Ti'iiiplos M' sai rit'u'aua .li tlciiioniii, y liasta (|iu,' los ('asli'lliinns ciitra- rmi I'M Ids licyiins did I'inl, no fiic o'ldii, iii prt'dicadit el saiitu lliiannLdio, iii vista la Saiitissima scfial do la Cni/.' Hist. Ucii., dot', v., lili. lii., cap, vi. ; Arii.i/i(, llinl. (Ir Ins Viid., ]i. S'J, ''* Siiiiii' was a wliito man witli a tliick lirard, wlio came acniss flic ocean from tin- diiccliou of tiie visiiii,' sun. He had |io\ver omi' the ele- ments, and eoidd eonimand the tenijiest. At a word from him tiie trees of the densest forest, receded from their places to niaki^ a path for liini, the most terocions aninuils eroncluMl snhmissive at his feet; tiie tieai herons surface of lake and river presented a solid footin;,' to his tread, lie tau.uht the people a;:ri<'nlture, ami t' ' use of mai/e. 'V\w Cahoclos, a Kra/iliun nation, ri-fuseil to listen to his divine teachin;^s, and e\('n souulit to kill him with their arrows, lint he turned their own weapons ai;iiin^t them. 'I'liii persecuted apostle then retired to the hanks of a river, and linally left the country entirely. 'I"he tradition adds that the prints of his feet anj still to he seen on the rocks and in the sand of the toast. Warden, Hi- r/iiri'/iis, p. IS',). ■'" I'aye-tome w;is another white apostle. Tlis histiuy so clostdy ro- senihles that of .Sunn'' that it is prohahle they ari? the same person. iJ. ■'"' 'In foruu'r tiuu's, as they (the Chilians) hail heard their fathers say, a wonderful man hail ciune to that country, wcarinj,' a louj;' heard, with ^illle>. auil a mantle such as the Indians carry on then' shoulders, who |iei- fiirmed many miracles, cured the sick with water, ciinsed it to lain, and ■r crops and y:iaiu to i^r.iw, kindled lire at a hreatli, and wroii;.;lit other iMiiivels, liealinLf at once tiie sick, and ^i\ in;,^ si;;ht to the hiind,' iind so on. 'NS'heiice it may he inferred that this man was some ajioslle wlio>e naiiK; they do not know.' li'iioted from itosales' ineditcd j/is/ori/ of Chili, in Kiii'ii'iiiriiiiiili'y Mi.r. .lii/ii/., vol. vi., p. (It). ■i' llocliica, the ;j;reat. Ia\\-j.dver of the .Mnyseas, and son of the sun, a white man, lieurded, and wearin;^ lon^r rohes, appeared suddenly ill the iieople's midst while they were dismitiii}; coucerniii;,' the choice of a kiiiL,'. lie advised llieni to appoint lluiicanna, which they immediattdy did. He it was who iiivenled tiie calendar and rej^Milated the festivals, .\fler living; amoii^j; the Mnyscas for two thousand years, he vanished on a sudden near the town of lliincii. U'linlni, It ilnnliis, p. 1S7; K/iiiini, Ciillnr-disrliiililc, torn, v., p. 17 I, ipnitiiiu' S/rmismi's Trnnls in Smtlli Aiiivrifii, vol i., p. H',17. ■>'* Tiiri/iiiiiiiii/ii, Miiiiiir/. Im/., loin, i., p. .'{."i; Aais/tl, lli.sl. ib Ids Vud., li|i. 07 S; Mdit/iiiiiis, Xicuur W'urild, p. 13, CHRISTIANITY IN AMF.HICA. 26 i ,•''■' and ik of a ir with i ruins ), there or na- l3 i)thor an ad- iitl and idulgod IK'S nintlA I' Ciicha, y .Miiji lie ser If I'll lodiis uni> eiitra- l'!iiaii,u;i-'lit>, ). lii., cap. a<'i(iss the ir till" du- ll !■ troes of r limi, fliij 11M( llCldUS lie tairjit I I'lia/iliiiii il lo kill -t tllClll. iiially U-ft feci, alt! nhii, Jii- 10- iloscly 1. //. iJM'is say, ■anl, willi \\ lid ]ii'i- mill, anil ij:lil (illur mil sii on. iiix' nanii! <'/iili, iu till' ^iin, II il.\ ill tiio nt' a kiiij;. .li.i. Il<> tier li\ in.L! iilili II ncai' I'l .v/iif/l/i', i., p. ;»',t7. A/v YiiiL, i I in rc^-ardin^- tlie identity of these mysterious pcrson- a^jes, are wild in the extreme. Thus Quetzalcoatl has been identified hy some with St Tlionias, l)y others Avith the ^[ossiah. Carlos de 8igUenza y f Jono-ora"'^ and Luis Becerra Tanco,'* in supi)ort of their opinion that lie was no otlier than tlie apostle, allei;;e that the hero-i^od's proper name Topiltzin Quetzaleoatl closely re.senil»l(js in sound and sitjfniHcation that of 'I'honias, surnaiued l)idynuis; for to in the Mexican name, is an ahhreviation of Thomas, to which pilciii, moaning- 'son' or 'disciple,' is added; while the meanin<4' of (Quetzalcoatl is exactly the same as that t)f the (Jreek name ])i(ly!nus, 'a twin,' beinn' compounded of t/uct- znf/i a plume of i^reen leathers, metaphorically sit;ni- iyiny anythinn" ])reci()us, and cinif/, a serpent, meta- jihorically meaning- one of two twins. IJuturini tells us that he ])ossessed certain historical memoranda con- cerniiiL;' the preaching of the in'o.spel in America hy the '"glorious api)stle' St Thomas. Another proof in his ]H)ssessi()ii was a paintini^' of a cross which he dis- covered near the hill of TianL>'uiztei)etl, which cross was ahout a cuhit in size and painted hy the hands of aiiL^els a heautii'ul hlue coK.r, with various devices, amoiiL;" which weri> live white halls on an azure shield, 'without douht emhlems of the live ])recioiis wounds of our Savior;' and, what is more mai'vellous, althouij^h this relic had stood in an exposed position from the days of heathenism up to the time when it was dis- covt'red, yet the inclemencies of the weather had not heeii ahle to allei-t its i^'or^'eoiis hiu's in the K'ast. J Jut this is not all. iJoturini also ])ossessed a jiaiiitiii';- of another cross, which was drawn, hy means of a ma- chine made expressly for the purpose, out of an inai*- ce.ssihje cave in Lower Mizteca, where it had heeii deposited in the paL^an times. 1 ts hidinLi'-l>lace was (lisco\ered hy angelic music whii-li issued from the mouth of the cave on every \'vj!;i[ of the holy apostle. M in a work t'litillcd I'l ill I Oni'ilnifr CI l',/i;i/i„/ i/i M,j., .Mc\. Ids:), fol. Tm. 26 ORIGIN OF THE AMEUICANS. Besides this, the saint has left the tracks of his holy feet in many parts of New Spain. There is also a tradition that at the time of his departure he left a ])rophecy tliat in a certain year his sons would come from the east to preach amonj'' the natives; which proi)hecy, Boturini, followinof the track of the native calendars, discovered to have heen 'verified to the let- ter.'"^ After this who can doubt that St Thomas preached the gospel in America? Foremost— as being most modern — among those who have thought it possible to identify Quetzalcoatl with the jMessiah, stands Lord Kingsboroiigh, a writer and enthusiast of whom 1 shall speak further wlien I come to the suj)i)osed Hebraic origin of the Americans. To this point he has devoted an incredi- ble amount of labor and research, to give any ade- quate idea of which would require at least more space than I think, as a question of fact, it deserves. In the first place it is founded mainly u])on t)bscuro ])assages in the Prophet and other parts of Holy Writ, as compared with the eijually ol)scure meanings of American names, religious rites, ancient prophecies, conce[)tions of divinity, etc. Now, the day is past when the earnest seeker after facts need be eitiier afraid or ashamed to assert that he cannot accei)t f'l lioturlni, Catiiloqo, in Idea, pp. 4.3, 50-2. Altliouy;li tlie opinion that (Jut't/iilcoiitl WHS St 'i'lionuiH, 'appears to ho, ratlu;r lia/ardons, yi't one t-an- ni)t help Ix'inj,' astonislieil at tlie extent of the rc^jions tiaversi'il hy St. 'I'honias; it is trne that Home writers (h> not allow of his havinfj;jro'ie l>eyon(Mi unto Central Anieriea.' J>(>mfiiir/i's Jtrsrr/.s, vol. i., p. .50. ' Apnd laiaoha' In- dos in Oct'iilenti tradila per avos vi.i;et inenntria S. .\|)ostoli Thonia', ijuani rclinenta transitu ejus ]ter ilhis plaj,'as, enjnH non levia extant indicia; prie- ('i|iiie cina'dain seniita in illis solitndinihtis hactenns perseverat, in i|na non orilnr tiiM'lia nisi valde hnniilis et parvnla, enin nlriinii|in! latus herhescat ultra niixluni; eo itinere diennt Apostolnni ineessisse, et inde profectnni in Peruana re;jna. Apnd Hrasilienses (pu>i|ne traditio est, ihi pru'ilieasse. Apnd alios itarharos, etiani in rej.(ionein I'araLjuay venisse, ]iost(|uain des- eendit per llnviuin l;riia/.n, delude in Parainini per Araeainiu, nhi tihserva- tnr loens in (pio sedit defessns Apostolus, et fertur pra'(lixisse, ut a uuijori- luis accept nni est, ])ost se illne advent nros homines ijni posteris eornm tinnnnliarent lldem veri Dei, (MuhI non leve solatium et aniuM>s facit iios- tr.e reli;;itMiis pra'dicatorihns, iuj;'eules lahores inter illos hurliaros pro dihi- tione i'lcciesiie perpetieutihns.' Xiciriii!)vr(j, llistoriw Xuturtv, lih. xiv.^ ca]i. exvii. .f it- lis holy also a ) left a d coiiio ; which ! native the let- Thomas (r those zalcoatl juoh, a further 1 of the incredi- ny ade- it more [eserves. obscure .f Holy leaniiiijfs )hecics, is past either accept iiiioii that t one rau- .s.'.l hy St. 10 lu'voiul sscrt that .i ohMi'Vva- t a iiiajori- ris eoniiii facit Hos- ts j)i'o (lila- lih. xiv.. VOTAX THE CULTUilE-HERO. 27 tlie scriptures as an infallible authority upon the many burning questions which continually thrust theiiiselves, as it were, upon tlie present generation for immediate and fsiir consideration; nor need his respect for traditions and opinions long held sacred be lessened one iota by such an assertion. It is needl»,'ss to state that the analogies which Lord Kiiigsborough tinds in America in support of his theory are based upon no sounder foundation. "'- Votan, another mysterious personage, closely re- sembling Quetzalcoatl in many points, was the sup- ])osed founder of tlie Maya civilization. He is said to have been a descendant of Noah and to have as- sisted at the building of the Tower of Babel. After the confusion of tongues he led a portion of the dis- s' Followiiiji arc a fow jioints of Lord Kiii^ishoronKh'.s chihorato nr<;;n- iiieiit: 'How tnilv snr|iiisiii,L:' it is to liml that tiie Mexicans, who sctMii to liavc hcen ((iiitc niiacMuaiiitcd witli the (h)ctriiics of tiic iiiij;rati(tii of tlio soul and tiic inclcnipsychosis, siioiiid have liclii'ved "n the iix'aniation of \\h) oiiii/ son of tlicir sii|ircnie \lioin lie disjiatclicd to inforiii lier that she should conceive a son,) it must he )ircsiiiiicd that (^iiccahoatle was his only son. <.)lher ar;,'iiments nii>;iit he adduced to show, that the Mexicans helieved that t^uccaleoatle was hotli pid ami mail, that he hail jircvionsly to ids incarnation existed from all eternity, that he had created hoth the world and man, that he descended from heaven to reform tin- world hy penance, that he was horn with the jicri'ect use of reason, that he preached a new law, and, hein;r kiiij;' of Tula, was ciiicilii'd for tlic of mankind, as is ohsciirelv insinuated hv the in- t.rpretcr of the N'atii'aii <'oilcx, plainly declan'd in th(> traditions of N'ueii- tan, and mysteriously represented in the .Mexican iiaiiitinjis.' If tho jiromisc of tlie an;;cl (ialiiiel to the \'ir^rin Mary, 'i'lie Holy (lliost shall come iiiioii thee, ami tiic power of the lli,i:hcst slia overshadow th therefore also that Imlv (liinu' " liicli shall lie lioni of thee shall lii' called ih Son of (iod li d in the lanu'iia;;!' of ancient prophecy, 'it is not iniprohahle that the head of the dragon which forms the crest of three of the female liu'urcs(iii one of (lie Mexican pieces of sciilpturel, as it may also ed il ilid of the fourth when entire, (if it lie not a svmlxil which ('himalman hoi rowed from her son's ;/ro//<', ) was intended to denote that she had hcen oveisliailnw eel liy the power of lluilzilopnchtii, whose device, as we are informed liv Sahauiin in the first chapter of the first hook of liis ilistorv of New Sill as the head of a di iiu'on. 1 iiii/slmrdiiii/i's .Uc Aiitii/.. vol. \i., pp. ."iilT-S. See, more especially, his (daliorate discussion of (jhietzalcoatrs ciiicili\ion and iileiitity with tlie Messiah, vol. viii., jip. ri-,")!. .\h we ha\i' seen in a |irecediuj.' volume, c in favor of coniniuiiicution l)v Rc- riiijf Siriiil, vi't tlie iilu'iionioiia m tlio iiresciit stale of our kiio\vKMl<,'c>, favors (111' AiiMitiaii route, J.iit/unii'.s ('oiiiji. I'liil., p. .'{St. Tlie Aleutian ari'liipi'la;,'o is 'prolialily the main route by wlileli the old continent must have peopled the new. IJelirin;.;'H Straits, tlioujili . . . . tliey were (louhtless one elianuel of eoinmunieation, just as certainly as if tlicir place had lieeii o'cuiiieil \\\ solid laud, were yet, in all liUeliliood, only ol suhor- dinate utilitv lu the premises, when compared with tl i i • i; .' i...:.i.-.. i I. .1 1. ' !-■ ■ '.. le more accessioie ant commoilious Itrid io towards the soi III "I I lllllXIUI s p. •- There is no iuipndiahilily that the early Asiatics reached the western sliores o f A nuM'ica tl 'h tl 11^ Islands ot the icilic 'I'lie trace of tin progress of the red anil partially civilized man from Oriental Asia was left I DIFFUSION OF ANIMALS. 29 cl the , with )riicti- ^vhioh satis- it tho II only, Chuia, inclpal conic, s, and upends lus the orth of !se may Jeutian itinent. advo- nunioa- er any is iVe- iis cer- rcourse vv side at they rs, how- [u()\vliHl<,'e, Ali'iitiiiu coiitimMit Itlit-y wt'io llu'ir iiliii'u (if sul)t>r- ■^sililf and Wt'sti'Vll ■ini'i' tif tlu! But tliero is a prohlem which the possihillty of neither of these routes will help to solve: How did the animals reach America? It is not to be sup- posed that ferocious heasts and venomous reptiles were lirou^-ht over hy the innnile tliat they swam across the ocean. Of course such a (piestion is raised only by those who believe that all livinsTc creatures are direct descendants of the animals saved from the Hood in Noah's ark; but such is the belief of the great majority of our authors. The easiest way to account for this diffusion of ani- mals is to believe that the continents were at one time united, though this is also asserted, with j^reat show of probability, by autliors who do not think it neces- sary to lintl a solid roadway in order to account for the presence of animals in Amei'ica, or even to be- lieve that the fauna of the New World need ever in any way have come from the ( )ld World. Again, some wi-iters are inclined to wonder how the tro})ical animals i'ound in America could have reached the con- tinent via the polar regit)ns, and find it necessary to connect America and Africa to account for this.'"' on tlit'so islaiid.s. IVt'llsDii'.i Anirr. Ili'sf., pp. OS-.*]. Tlie first discovories wore iiiaili' aloiij; tlio coast and from island to island; tlio American ininii^^n-ants wonlil have coino liy tlie .Vloutiaii Isles. Itvusscnr ilc liiiitrhouni, lli.sl. \y AU'iilian ishuuls nrcsenfs not nearly so jireat a ditlienlty as tin; niijjjrations anionj,' I'aciiie Islantls. I'rcsroff's Xfcr., vol. iii., ]). 'M4. linnii;,'ration from Asia 'appears to have taken jjlaco mostly l)y the .Meutliian islands.' Siiiif/i's Uiniuni S/irrirx, p. 'JUS. t*' Some of the early writers were of eoiirse ij;'norant of the exist enec of any strait separatinjf .Vn'crica from /isia; thns .\eosta — who dares not assume, ill opposition to the llilile, tliat the Hood did not extend to Ameriea, or that a new creation fooU place there —accounts for the j,'reat variety of animals 1»y supposin;; that the new continent is in close proximity to if not actually connected with the Old World at its northern and southern ends, and that the people and animals saved in the ark spread j^radually hy these routes over the whole land. Ili.'it. (/<■ /us Yiid., pp. ().S-7.'{, Si'; West inal Ost Jndisr/nr Liis/i/iir/, jit i., pp. S-0, See also Miiii/mixs, Xiriiirr ll'irrr/i/, ]>n. ;{S-fJ; Ciiilfrinll, Xr,rr Will, \).\; Villaiiii/irrn; llisl. Ciiiiq. ll-n, pp. "Jd-S. Clavi^ero jiroiluccs instances to show that u])heavals, en^rulf- in<;s, and separations of laml have heen ipiite eoiumon, and thinks that American traditions of dc-tructions refer to such disasters. lie also shows that certain animals couhl have pas.sed (udy l>v a tropic, others oidy hy an arctic road, lie accordin;;ly supposes that .\nu'rica was formerly eon- lio<'tcd vitli .Africa at the latitude of the ('a[ie N'crde islands, with Asiiv in the north, ami perhaps with Furope hy (ireenliunl. SInviu AnI. ilil Mcisiiij, torn, iv, , pp. "JT-M. The yreat ohjeclion to ii migration by way 30 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. The theory that America was peopled, or, at least partly peopled, from eastern Asia, is certainly more widely advocated than any other, and, in my opinion, is moreover based upon a more reasonable and loiu^ical foundation than any other. It is true, the Old World may have been originally peopled from the New, and it is also true that the Americajis may have had an autochthonic origin, but, if we must suppose that they have originated on another conti- nent, then it is to Asia +hat we must first look for proofs of such an origin, at least as far as the peo- ple of north-western America are concerned. "It {i]>pears most evident to me," says the learned Humboldt, "that the monuments, methods of com- puting time, systems of cosmogony, and many myths of America, offer strikini^ analosjies with the ideas of eastern Asia— analogies which indicate an ancient connnunication, and are not simply the result of that uniform condition in W'hich all nations are found in the dawn of civilization.""^ Prescotts conclusions are, first: "That the coincidences are sufKciently strong to authorize a belief, that the civilization of Anahuac was, in some degree, influenced by that of Eastern Asia. And, secondly, that the discrepancies of the cold latitude of Rerinj? Strait, says a writer in tlic ITfsfnn'rnl Mnqn- zinc, vol. i., I). '28.'), is that tropic aiiiinuis never eoiihl have [)asse(l that way. He ai)|)areMtly rejeft.s or lias never iieard of tiie tlieory of ehan;;e in zones. See I'arlher, eoncernin;,' joininjj of continents, and coninuinieation hy Bering Strait: IWouli'ii, Itcrhvrrhrti, |ip. '202, '2"21; lliuiilxililt, E.raui. Crit., toni. ii., p. (!8, et se([.; Siioirtlrii'/i Ifist. iV. atnl S. Aiiirr., ]). 108; Tiii/fni; ill Ci(/. Faniwr, Sept. 1*2, 18(52; I'ricsVs Ainrr. Aiitiif.. ]t]\ ()2-3. 82-.S;' I'tifois, Mi\n':/iic, p. li)7; Addir's Am-r. IikL, jt. '21!(. Bradford denies enijiliat- ii'aliy that there ever was any connection between .America and .Asia. ' It h.is been supposed,' he writes, 'that a vast tract of land, now suhnier^^ed iKMieatii the waters of tlie Patnlic (Jcean, once connected Asia and Anu'rica, The arf^unicnt.s in favor of tiiis opinion are ]iredicated upon tliat |)ortioii of tile Scriptures, relatiuj^ to tlie "division" of the earth in tlic days of I'elei,', whicli is thou,u;ht to intlicate a physical division, — upon the ainil- o;^ics hetweon tlie I'eruvians, Mexicans and I'dlynesians. .. .and upon the dilliculty of accoiintinji in any other manner for tlie presence of some kinds of animals in America.' After del lolishiii}; tiiesc three bases of o])inion, he adds: 'this conjectured terrestrial comninniciition never existed, a eon* elusion substantiated, in some measure, i>y ;;coIo,i,dcal testimony.' Aiiirr Aiitiij., pp. '2'22-8. Air llradford's arfrument, in aildition to beinj,' thouiiiioii, ,« 11 eoii- M A liter ja| lOllJjllt- ■M iisal. "^E are such as to carry back tho eoiiinumicatlon to a very remote period; so remote, that this forei<>-u inliueiico has hceu too feeble to interfere materially with the oTowth of what may be re,i>'arded, in its essential features, as a peculiar and indiu'enous civilization.""^ "If, as I believe," writes Dr Wilson, "the continent was ])e()pled fi'oin Asia, it was necessarily by youn_o-(jr nations. JBut its civilization was of native growth, and so was far youn^'er than that of Egypt.""* That "immigration was continuous for ages from tho east of Asia," is thought by Col. Smith to be "sufficiently indicated by the })ressure of nations, so far as it is known in America, bein<>- always from the north-west coasts, eastward and southward, to the beginning of the thirteenth century."''* "That America was peo- 'lied from Asia, the cradle of the human race, can no •iiger be doubted," says Dupaix; "but how and when they came is a problem that cannot bo solved."^" iMuigration from eastern Asia, of which there can be no doubt, only "took })lace," says Tschudi, "in the latter ])art of the fifth century of the Christian era; and while it explains m any facts in America which long perplexed our arclueologists, it by no means aids us in determining the origin of our earli- est poi .If'-,-; ulation. dv iltter uuiKing every proper allow- r alk p. 418. 1). (il"). '••^ l'rrl,i.,t. Mn •''■' Ihiiiiiiii Sjiirirs, ]i. '2'iS. 71 /: i/ird., \). 'JS. liitii/., ]). '24. America was ])roli:il>ly lirst iteojiloil from Asia. liu( llii! meiiiorv of tliut anciuiit iiii'nalio osl. \sia wa.-* ut- ti'ily uiiliiiown to tlic aiiciiMit Mexicans. 'Die orit^inal seats of tlie ("iiidii- nieis were as tliev tiionyiit, not far to tiie north ly came from .Asia soon after the dispersion and coiifnsion of tongues; lint there has lieen found no clear notice ainoiif^ tiiem of .\sia. or of tiieir passage to this coiUinent. Nor in .Asia of any sMcli migration. 'I'lie .Mexican histories do not prohahly go so far liacU. \'tiniins, S'ntirid ilr In t'ni., toin. i., ]ip.7--.'{. If a congregation of tweho represeiilatives from Malacca, ("liina, tla])aii, Mongidia, Sandwich islands, Cliili, rcrii. Ilra/ii. Chickasaws, Coinanchcs, \c were dressei i\ aliK e, or nndre.'-.scd and unshaven, tho most skilliul unatomist could not from their 32 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN'S. ance," says Gallatin, " I cannot see any possible rea- son that sliould have prevented those, who after the dispersion of mankind moved t( wards the east and northeast, from having- reached the extremities of Asia, and passed over to America, within live hun- dred years after the Hood. However small may have been the number of those first emiii^rants, an equal number <^f years would have been more than sufficient to occui)y, in their own way, every part of America."''^ There are, however, writers who find grave objections to an Asiatic origin, the principal of which are the absence of the horse, the "paucity and the poverty of the lactiferous animals, and tlie conse- quent absence of pastoral nations in the New World." appeavaiicn sppavatc tlioiu. Foiifriiiir's Ifmr the Wnrhl was Prnp/ril, ])]>. 147-0, 'J4-4-"). 'I'Ih' ]i Millie (if .\sia sceiii to liavt' lii'cii tlic (iiilv iiicii wlui cimlil ti'acli the Mexicans and Peruvians lo inalvo Inoii/e, aii(\ (■mild not leach them to smelt iuid work ii'on, oiie thousand or one thousand Tno lMindve(l years liefor(! the Siianish ('oni|U('st. Ti/inr's J't .srarc/irs, ]i, v'O',). It is almost iiroved tliat Ion;; hefore ('(dnniliiis, Northern India, China. Corea, and 'larlarv, had eommunieation with Anieiiea. C/idfi iiiilin'iiin/, Lrtfrr mir A nlnir.t, |i. 87. -See also: S/iiit/i,si)iiiiiii Ript., IStid, )i, ,'{4."); i'ri/tiif, llisf. Ant. MJ., t(nn. i., ji. 20; ]tr'•,''/., lS(»i», p. .V.tO; U'/ii/iii/irr.^ A^.i.s/,11, pp. •J7S-S.-i; I'rirfiiinrs Kilt. Hist. Mi(,\ vol. ii., p, .")l'.); Mitr/ti//, hi Aniii: Aiilii/. Sm'., Tninniirt., vol. i., pp. ;•)'_*.')- ',V1; I'it/iii'.'i Triirr/.i, vol. ii., p. ',\\\; Lul/inin's .Mini iiuil liis .Mi'jrnlioii.'i, ]i. \'22\ Sinn/is'iii, in ifi.it. Miuj.. vol. v,, p. '1\',\. Ui''!i.a wf a color similar to tl' ise of the politer natiens of l'",urope, lliey must he of Asiatic ori^MU; tlnit it is unreasouahle ti; slip- ]iose (hem fo have lieen driven thither liy stress of weatiier; that the ini- tives for a Ion;; tiun- had ao kin;;, therefor(! no histori(i;;rapher, therefore they .ire nut f;i he lielieved in (his stat'inent, or in any other. 'i'Jie clear eoiieiiisions drawn from thesis iiointed ar;L;umeiits is, that tiie Indian raci- descended from men who reached ,\merica hy the iiearnoss of the laiiil. 'Vasi DIMS veriHimilmeiite se concjiiye i|ni> la i^ciieracion, y pohiiiiioii de los Indios, ha pro('t>dido de liomhres (pie passaron a las Indias Ocideiil- ales, por la \e/indad de la tierra, y ;- Miijrnliinis, ist. Aiiirr,, Siriittiiii's l.tJ, I'lH- rrr'n Tl'ii"., Xi ir Kii'i. ; i; I as tlicp.-. ilii' Illllii'iH Mr t'.i .■^llp- lial lilt" im- r, llicri'fiiic 'I'lio dear iidiaii rail! if the laiul. iiililariiiii il(! as ( trident • Ii lien a ]iii('ii; tiiii(Pj,n'apln.r For, adds a writer in tlie Quarterhj Revictr, "wo can liardlv .sin)i)oso that any of the pastoral hordes of Tartars woiiUl enii,i>-rato across the strait of Behrinn^ or tin; Alentian Islands witliout carrying' with t^>eni a supiilv of those cattle on which their whole suh- sisteiK'e depended. "^^ The theory that western America was orig-inally ]>e(»]th'(l hy the Chinese, or at least tluit the greater ])art of the New World civilization may he attrihuted to this people, is founded mainly on a })assan"e in the work riest), nanu'd Hoei chin, arrivt'(i at Kini^- ti-hciai from the country of Fusan^'; "'^ (Jiiiir.'n-/)/ Itrrinr, vol. x\i., jip. ,Tll-.". The (■oniiiniiiii-atioii Itetweeii Aiuiluiae ami tlie Asiatic edatineiit was piei'ely the emitact of smiie few isiilated .\siaties wiiii had lost their way, ami from whom the Mi'xicaiis ilrew some iioiioiisof seiem-e, astrology, and some eosmov'onic traditions; and these A-iaties diil not felnrn home, t'/tcru/itr, .]h .n'ljur, pp. T)',), .">()-S; Viiillrl-I: -I hii\ \\\ C'liiriiiii/, liuiiiin Aiiiir., i>p. .S7-',t; Fus.-nii, .]li.n'i/iii\ pp. l'J(l-l; J)i\iiiirrii/ir I'fni ir, vol. xi,, p. (UT; /.nfiiiii/, I'lii/mirs, p. l.'i.'t. '* l)e;;iii;;nes writes: ' |,es Cliinois ont piiietri' dans les pa,\ s tres(''|oit;ni s (III cot.' lie I'orieiit; j'ai examim'' lenr me-nres, el eiles in"ont eondnit Mms les cotes di' la Califoniie; j'ai conelii de lii cpi'ih aveieiit connn IWni.riijuu I'an -l.-i.S .1. ('.' lie also attrilmles rernvian eivili/a'inn to the ('liineve. Jii'/rrrlr i snr /r.i .Wiriifii/inii.i i/is Cliiiiuis ilii roli- ilf i"Aiiiini'!,t, in Mi- niiin'rs i/r /' Ai'iii/riiiir i/is I iiscri/ifiniis', toni. xvii. I'aiiiM'V, in ISIl, at- tempted i.i |iro,o that the province of p'oiisan;,' was >le\ieo. hiiiiiriinli'H prsrrfs. \,\. i., |i. ,".1, 'hi Cliiiie-e hisinrv we lind descriptions of a vast coiiiilr> .i.il.Mt le to the eastward across the i^reat ocean, which, from tlio di'scripli'Ci ;4i\t'n, mnst he I'alifornia and Mexiio.' Tni/Ziii; in <'ii/. {•'iniinr. Sept, I'J, I I'-, 'l/histoire posti'rieiire des Chinois doiine t'l peiisi'r iiiTiU ont eitii iliel'ois (les llottes ipii .n! pii passer an Mcxiipie par les i'hilliii- piiies." /' 'V, PiKrinirs, p. I!i, in Aii/i'i. Mix., toni, i., dis. i, VnL, V. a 31 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. of tills Liiid; he says: Fusanj^ is situated twenty tliousaiid //'"' to the east of the country of Tahan, and an eijual distance to tlie east of Ciiina. In tliis phice are many trees called /nsitii;/,'"'' whose leaves reseni- l)le those of the Thontitj (Bignonia tonient«)sa), and the tirst sprouts those of the haniboo. These serve the people of the country for food. The fruit is red and slnqjcd like a jiear. The hark is prepared in the same manner as hem]), and manufactured into cloth and flowered stuffs. The wood serves for the con- struction of houses, for in this country there are neither towns nor walled hahitations. The inhabit- ants have a system of writiniir and make paper from the hark of tlie fusang. They possess neither arms nor troojis and they never wage war. At. 'ording to the laws of the kingdom, there are two prisons, oi'.e in the north, the other in the south; those who have committed trifling faults are sent to the latter, those guilty of graver crimes to the former, and de- tained there until hy mitigation of their sentence tlioy are removed to the south." The male and frimale i)risoiiei-s are allowed tt) marrv with each other and their children are sokl as slaves, the hovs when they ai'e eight years of age, the girls when they are nine. The prisoners never go forth from their jail alive. When a man of su])erior mark ct)nnnits a crime, the '■' A Cliini'sc li is iiltont niit> tliiid of a mile. '•i ' Fail siiiiti. II cliiiniis ot st'lini In |>ri)ii(iiiciiitii>n jnpotiiiiso Faiifn .sv)/-, est I'arlti'issi'iUi <|Ui' nous iiiiiiinitiiis /li/ii.\<'iis rirsii r/n'uni.si.'i ^ K/nnnit/i, 7i'('. r/irrr/ii .■i mir ff jiiti/s (ic /•'mi Saiiif, ill Aniirrl/is Ainid/fi t/is luff., ISItl, loin. 11., ji, .'>."», nolo. Others siiipposo tlic fiisniij; to bo llif nia^Mii y, iiml, iiiilci'il, it \viis nscii for niui'li llic same |uir|iosis. I( wi.s, liowcvoi', most. IM'ohalily, tlic innllH'riy; fii-sa/i, llic .laiiancNC ciiiiivaltMit for llic ('liiiici-o l'iian,L,' was iiinlialily Miir.atcd. Mr ItrooUs, .lapancsc ('oiismI in San iMiincisco, also tells me timt I'li San^; is a name used ill ( liiiiese |ioeli'y to mean •lapan. In .la|iau it is also IIiiih nsed, and also Used ill tiade 'iiaiks, as 'lirst ([iiality of I'u Si'.ay isilk ('(U'ooiis," mean- ini,' >lanaiiese coeooiiH. "' I ftdlow Deyni^iies in tills seiilenee; Klaprotli lias it : 't'enx(|ni |ieuv- ent recevoir leiir jiiace sunt eii\oyi''s ii la pi'emii'ie (loeridiouale). eeiix an eiiiitniire auM|iiels on ne vent pas I'lieeordei' soul ili'teniiM dans la prison dii iiord.' llic/icrv/u-ii, \\i Auiorl/ta Amiithn dcs i'aj/., ISHi, tiU.i. li., p. .V). # 1 twenty hau, and lii.s place ^ rcsem- '«a), and -'su sorvo it i.s red d ill tlio ito clotli tlio eon- lere ai'o inlialiit- lor from er ariihs dinnj- to U118, one >se who a latter, and de- co they /';niiile ler and n they nine, alive. le, the •"Ih, li'r, i.s;ti, iilid, •I'. Iliiist hi IIIICX) II lll'C in't'li lias lit MM llu! lOlllxS. Ill IIIIIIIK In lll;i illoiiii. |i pt'liv- 'ii\ iiil ["^Ml (III I))'), t::i: corNTiiv of fusang. 85 peojile assemhlo in t^n'eat lunnhers, scat themselves i)jip,)site tlie criminal, who is placed in a ditch, par- take i>t" a l)anquet, and take leave of the condemned ])erson as of one who is abont to die. Cinders are then heapcMl about the iloonied man. For slight iaults, tlie criminal alone is [amished, but for a i>reat crime his children and n'nmdcliildren suffer with him; in some extraordinary cases his sin is visited upon his descendants to the seventh ovneration. The name of the kini^" of this country is Yit klii; the nobles of the first rank are called Toui lou; those of the sect)nd, 'little' Toui lou; and those of the third, Na tu cha. When the kinjjf goes out, he is accomj)anied by tainb(;urs and horns. He changes the color of his di'ess at certain times; in the years ol' the cycle kid and //, it is blue; in the years j»h;/ and ti'iH/, it is red; in the years od and li, it is yel- low; in tlie years kcitf/ and sin, it is white; and lastly, in those years which have the characters jiii ant! ki>Hi'i, it is black. The cattle ha\e long horns, and carry burdens, some as nnich as one hundred and twenty Cniinese })ounds. N'chicles, 111 this country, are drawn by oxen, lu)rses, or tleer. The di'cr are raised in the same manner tliat cattle are raised in China, and cheese is made from the milk of thtf females.'" A kind of red pear is found there which is good at all sea.sons of the vi'ar. (Jrape-vines ire also plentiful.'''' Tlirri^ is no iron, but cop[)er is met with. (!old and silvci- are not vahuMl. ConinicnH^ is free, and the people are not given to haggling about prices. This is the manner of their marriai't;\iij,ni('s triidiiit: ' I'ciitliiul Icur.s prii'i'tw iln (>x|i«Ht>iit riiiiMu'o ill ili''fiinl.' lit' tcxtc |iail(' (Ic vhiii oii p'liics ct. noli iiiis 'Ii'h amcs dis aiiiilonii' ('iiriciisc iiu'dnVt' If jhivm h vi^ncM il(> l''(iiisan; (IWiiu'riciiic cliiimisc ilr l>cj,nii;^n('s) avi'c Ir N'iiilanil di's )nrinii'rrs ili't'ini vcili'H Hraiiilinavt'M siir It.'n cOU'm orioiitalt'M ile r.Uiii'iiiiiU'." Kuniii. Cril. tiiiM. ii., ]>. (I.'l, ludo. I nilNESK KXPEDITION TO AMERICA. 37 bill just evening" ]io con- of that to tlu'ir it if hIiu jreiiioiiy iia. Oil fast ior )y a fast of throe e (load'''' to inoni- ot worn. govern - : tliroiie. was iiii- lie years e Sounn' ■ioiiai'ies, lul tliero th them 10 ritual, y these le. ^ Li yaii his eri- knowu e monk aws and lai)an, Viidand was not lies (li's (Ic- |(> l''i>us;\n;; li'irs (Kcoll- [mil, Cril,, Xanu']iatk:i hut the island of Tarakai, wron^-ly named on our mai)s, Sai^dialion. The eireumstaneo tliat tlu'i'e were n-nipe-vines and liorses in the discov- eit'd country is alone sufHeient, he says, to show that it was not situated on the Amerioan continent, since hoth (hose ohjects were L''iveu to the New A\'orld hy the S[)aniards. M. Chiuhil also contradicts J)e- j^-iii^'ues' theory. " De^'uij^Mies' pa{)er," hi! writes to one of his confreres in Paris, "ju'oves nothing'; hy a similar course of roasonini;- it mi^'ht he shown that the Chinese reached France, Italy, or l\)land."^' Certain allusions to a (Chinese colony, made hy !^^arco I'olo and Gtnizalo .^leiidoza, led I lorn, Forster, and otht>r writers to suppose that the Chinese, driven iVom their country hy the Tartars about the year 1-170, embarked to the number of one hundred thou- sand ill a ih'ot of one thousand vessels, and havin*^' arrived on the; coast of America, there Ibumled the ]\[o.\ican empire. As Warden justly remarks, how- ever, it is not ))robable that an event of such import- ani'o would be [)assed over in silence by the ( 'hinese historians, who rendered a circumstantial account of the dcstitictioii of their ileet by the Tartars about the yoai' l'J7>S (»f our era, as well as of the redui.-tion of their country by the same jjeojde.*^* Tho strongest pi-oof ui»oii which the ( 'hinese theory I'csts, is th;it of physij'al resemblance, which, on the oxti'cme north-wc'.tern coast of America, is certainly Very Strom.;'.*'''' 1 think there can be iu> doubt of the M .V,,,,,.. Jniir. Asitifitjiir, IS.TJ, J). IV.\'\ (iiKilcd liy II imiliulilt, ExKin. Cril., Iiiiii. ii,, |m, (i,*i-(!. ^' Wiinliii, hrr/in-rlir^; ]i. l'j;l. '■•'^ It is ciioii;;!! (i) IiidU lit III) Aleut to n'('n;;iii/(' tlu' Moii;,'iil. Wrdiiijrl, in Xiiiinlli-s AtiKiilr.s (Ir.s ]'(>;/., 1S.");{, tuni. cxxwii.. |i. L'l.'t. 'Tlic rcsi'iii- liliiiiri' lictuccii iiintli-wcst niiist Imliaiis ninl ('liiiicM- is nitlirr rcniiirk- iildi'.' Ilrnii.i' llii^iiiiiifi ill I!, ('ill., Ms, •! Iiiivi- l('|n'illt'illv seen ill-tilliccs, li.illi iiicii and woiiii'ii. wliK in Snii Enini'lsco cimiIiI iciilily he inistakcii fur CliiiK'si' llicir almoiiil-sliiiin'il cyi's, li^lit ('iniiplcxinii ami Ion;,' liraidcil Idack liair ^'iviii^ tlicm a niiiilMd similarity. ... An • Niicricnci' of nearly nine years amoiin; the eoast Irilies, wiili a close oli.servation ami study of tlicir eliaraeterislics, lias led me to tlie eonelusioii tlial llie>e iiorllieiii Irilies I it. Cid. and siirroumlin^' re;.'ion) are tlie only evidence of any exodus from the Asiatic shore v'ver hu\in},' reuched our horder.s.' Tui}- 38 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. ])re.sonce of Mongol Mood in the veins of chc in- li;i!)it;ints of that region, though it is prohahly Tartar or Japanese rather than Cliinese. Indeed, when wo considei' that the distance across l^erinij Strait is all that intervenes between the two continents, that this is at times completely frozen over, thus practically coimectiii'jf America an faic, and the cyi's,' and lie wants many of tlic manly cliaracti'iistics nf the llaslcni Indians. Mort'Jct, I i>,i/ii;/i', loni. i., [i. MS, says of tlio N'ucatan Indians, 'Icur tciiit ciiivn'' ot (jnelciin'fois jaunaln! ]piTsi'nti' nii rnsi'iuUio dc carai'li'ii's i|iii i'a|i|ii'o('lu> siiiLinlii'ifini'iit Iciir race dc cclle dt's triliiis d'orinini' mon;^ok'.' 'J'liis jioinl of physical n'scinlilaiici' is, liowcvci', denied iiy several writers; (liiis KneelamI, Wmidrrs, p. b',\, says that tiion^^h Americans have j^'eiierally Iieen acceptetl as Mongolians, yet if placed side hy side with Chinese, hardly any resemhlaiice will he fonml in ])liysical character, except in the ticneral eontiair of their fai'es and in their slrai;L;lit lilacU hair; their mental characteristics are en- liridy opposite. Adair writes: 'Some have siipiiosed the .Vmericans to he desci'iided from the I'liinrsr: hnt neither their reli;^ion, laws, cnslonis, \c., a^ree in tin' least with those . the theory of iIk' Mimyol ori;,'iii of the lied-meii wonlil soon he nnnihereil amoii!,' exploded hypotheses, Xull (iiiif (!//(/etite. lis out le front plus lar^e, les levies plus tines, el en ^^I'lii'ial les (raits |iliis dtdicals et ]ilns doiix ijue cenx des sanva,:j('s de r.\niciii|ne. CepemlanI, en coiisidi'rant la conforma- tion de lenr tete, ijiii n'est p.is (dilon;rne, mais an.i;'nlaii'e, et pinlol pointing leiir crane larue, les sinus fronlanx proemiuents. le front lias, les os des join's iri's saillauls, leiirs yeiix pelils et olilicjues, le ne/ proportiiuinelle- meiit pi'til el epali'. le |ieu de polls pirnissaiit lenr meiiton el li>s antics liarlics llllllX IIIU: iiifiin ■|| |iointiu>, Cs (IS (Ics krliiimicllc- l( s aiitrcH h- ji'iiiiatn! lllllllis MUX Itaiiily a])- I'ssciilial rol liiaiicli, flii'iii thus MONGOLIAN ANALOCIKS. 89 than its presence. Tn spite of what may he said to the I'ontrary, there can be no doul)t that the ^[on^'o- han type L>rows less and less distinct as we ^^o sonth from Alaska, thouij^h, once grant the Mongols a foot- ing on the continent, and the influence of their religion, langn.iges, or customs may, for all we know, have ex- tended even to Cape Horn. Analogies have been found, or thought to exist, between the languages of several of the American tribes, and that of the Chinese. But it is to Mexico, ( 'entral .Vnierica, and, as M'e shall hereafter see, to ]\'ru, that we must look for these linguistic afhiiities, iuid not to tlie north-western coasts, wlu're we should natui'ally ex{)ect to find them most evident.**" The similarity between the Otomi and Chinese has been remarked by sevei'al writers." A few customs are *•'' 'riii> will lie licst slidwii liyrcfcrTiii;; tii Warden's coiniiarisdii (if Anier- icaii. t'jiiiiese, aiiil 'I'arliii' Wdiils, llirlurtlics, |i|i. |-J,"i-(i. '1 lie llaiiialis, are said, lldwevcr, to have used words klldwii In llie Cliiiicsc. Imnis' Ji'i uiiiiiis' ill 11. ('ill., MS, .Mr Taylor writes: 'The ('liiiu'sc aeeeiit can lie traced tlirdii;:lidiit the Indian (Oi.L'^zcr) lan;,'iia,uc,' and illustrates liis asscrtidU with a ioni|iaiMti\(' vocaliiilary (if liidijin and Chinese, Cnl. I'livmn; Sept, VI. l>ti"J, I'lie Chineso in California 'are known to lie aide to coii- veiNc with llieni (the Indians) in their res|(ective lan;,'inij;('s.'l ('rmiisr'.i III! 1 1 \\i ;ti. (lian JA,r, liirhrrrlu-f, \\\). l'J7-!', fiives ji Ida;; list of these resen ilso .1/ 7" /• '■;( .1/ toiii, ii.. II. ;i01; /'iY.trn/t\i ■■. vol. iii., |i. .'V.ICi; Fii/iis, h'/iu/is lll.^t. siir /r.i <'iriii.'iii/ii)n.f, toni |i|i. ;!sil I. .Mdlina fdund (in Chili?) inscri|iti(ins resemldiu},' Chi nesc. M'( iilliih'.t Jii.'iiiur/i |i. 171 lid iiiiilarily lietweeii the lan;,'na,i,'e of the Siitihe/ of I Chiiu'si'. .\i,iiri(iii.r l'iii/iii/i\i ini.r Jni/r.t (Inii/iii/ii/is. toni. i,, ciled liy ll'iin/rii, liir/,,rr/ir.i, p. I'Jl, The last mentioned aulhor als.i (|aot(s a lon,u list of •malouies lietween the writleu laiiunauc of the ciii- dssn tdUMil some .oiiisiana, and tiie let. xviii. iies(< an I the ''estiir( iM:.;iia,i;e of the northern Indian Ironi a letter 11(1 Mrilteii hy Wni Diniliartd the l'hildsd|ihiial Socicly of i'liihidclphla, a (iliniicals thereon. Ivrlnrrlir.s. |i. ITU. (If Ihevaliieof these phif ' ' Jirdiifs the reader may jnd.^e liy the follow in- tail' sani|i' Illogical unuii; and the Nam dWC-SIC li he ( liilK iilL;iiaL;e fi'im I leir little mtercdiirse with the laiidiieiiiis is ilic least coriiii 'ed, term a siimi'rn -h. The f t-w,t\ the la'ter call (heir t rmer deiidmiiiate omc s|ieci('s nf t! oiiacco. siidiisasNau. Tl sireiiuih df ceitain simiiaritirsnf winds. Inn \'ai (in Tl • ea, siion le sii|i|id-~iiidn of .\siatic derivation is assnmed lis Smith Marl ., II •-'! I. on (111 the )iarii,il mi-rat iiiiiH. .Mn/d -llrn.i. I' er remarUs, iIu'm' pimc (inly /(■ /ii (!i inf., tdiii. vi nil. •Olitl whdie, nidic aiiaidLries (etynml.l ha\c liccii foii'iid with the idioms of Asia lan ol an\dtlicr(|iiarter. I!nt their anidinil is i ic d|i|id^ite ('III K lllsii oil iii('oiisi(h'raliic to lialaiico m inferred hy a total dis^imil.iritv of strii \y .•tltli. Ilarldii, Sm- I el lire /' es a c(im|iarali\(' vocali- nlarlv to sh.nv that .\si:ilic liaces have lieeii discdvcifd in ihe lan"na"-es .if .Sdiiihas\\..llasNdrtli .\h:erica, i.alham, Mun miil l/i.s .\l iirn/nnl-i, u. \s:> 40 OIIKJIN or THE AMEIIICAXS. mentionotl as beiiiii' common to both Chinese and Anierican.s, but they show absohitely nothing, and are scarcely worth recounting. For instance, Bos- su, speaking of the Natcbt^z, says, "they never l)are their finger nails, and it is well known tbat in China long nails on the right hand are a mark of nobility."'*'^ "It appears plainly" tt) ]\[r Carver "that a great similarity between tlie Indian and Cbinese is conspicuous in that ])articu- lar custom of shaving or ])lucking off the hair, and leaving only a small tuft on the crown of the liead."'^''' ^r. du Pratz has "good grounds to believe" that the IMexicans came originally I'rom Cliina or Japan, especially when he considers "their reserved and uncomnumicative disposition, which to tbis day })revails among the peo})le of the eastern ])arts ot Asia."™ Architectural analogy tbeiv is none."^ Tlie mythological evidence ujion wliich tbis and other east- Asiatic theories of origin rest, is tbe simi- larity between tlie n»oi"e advanced religions of Anier- iea and Jbiddhism, Itumboldt thinks he see^ bi the snake cut in i)ieces the famous serjient Kaliya or Ka- linaga, ct)n(piered by Vishnu, when he took tlrj form lias jiroofs tliiit 'llio KaiiiHkadalc, tlic Koriak, tlio Aino-.Tnpancso, nml tlic Kdi'iMii ai'i' the Asiatic laiij;iia;,'('s most liivc those of Aiucrii'a.' 'Dans (|iiatru-vin.L,'l-trois laii^ut's aiiu'rifaiiics cxainiiu'cs ]iai' MM. I'aiton vt \'ati'i', on t'li a ii'i'oiiiiii ouviniii rent soixaiilc-dix iloiit. Ics laiiiics scin- lili'iii ("'tiv It's nitMiu's; (!t il est fa<'ii(' ilc sc foiixaiiicrc (|iu' cciic aiialo;;it' n'l'st pas ai'i'iili'iitcllc, <|u\'lli' no ri'imsc i)aN sini|il('nu'iil siir i'lianiinMit' imi- tative, on snr ci'ltc ('';^alili' dc confoi'malion dans Irs orjiani's, cjiii vciid- ](;('>i|iu' iiK'nlii|ii('s Ics premiers sons artii'nlcs par Ics cnlMns. Suv cent soixaiil('-di\ mots <|ui ont dcs rapports cntrc cux, il v en a tiois rin(|nii'm(s i|ui rapprilcnt Ic manti'lion, h< tnnuoiisc, Ic nion^ol ct Ic sanioji'dc ct d(Mi\ (•iiii|iiii'iiirs (|tii lappi'licnt Ic'M lau;i;iM's ('('lti(|U(' ct tsclioinlc. Ic liasinu', Ic CDpIc cl h- conuo," lliimhiildl , I'/zcv, 'oni. i., pp. 'JT-S. i'licliard. A'*//, llisl. Mini, \(d. ii., pp. oPJ-IU, tliiidcs tliat tin- Olonii moiiosyllaliii lanjiini;;!' may licloni; to Cliiiicsc and linlo-t 'liincsc idioms; l)ut Latliam, \'iiriil\rs nf .\f((ii, p. ^OS. donlits its isolation fioni other .Vnu-rican tonjiiics, and thiid no rcscnihlaiu'e wluitever to these unknown ruins.' (.'nit. Aiiirr., vol. ii., p. 4\\H. icso and iiig, and ce, BoH- y never known land are liiily" to •ecu the particu- liiir, and of tlie believe" Cliiiui or reserved til is day ])arts ot ,e.'-'^ this and the simi- t' Anier- L'rs Ml the a or Ka- th ': I'orni u'so, and the iiii.' 'I)aiis liiirtdn »'t, aciiu's t*iMii- ■itr aiuilo;;it' iiriiiKiiii' iiiii • <|lli ii'iul- iN. Siir t'l'iit s ciiiiiiiii'iiics ji'dc. Ct (1»MI\ |(> haMiiif, If .\„l. Ill's/. hii laii!^iia;;t' '(iriiiU.s (//' s, anil thinks will. Citiil ia\>: 'if llu'if (li'rii. it Ix'iii^ ., vol. ii., 1'. BUDDHISM IN THE NEW WORLD. 41 of Krishna, and in the ^texiean Tonatiuh, the Hindu Krishna, sung of in the Bhagavata-Purana.^'^ Count Stolherg,'-'^ is of oi)inion that the two great religious sects of'^India, the worshipers of Vishnu and those of Siva, have spread over America, and that the Peru- vian cult is that of Vishnu when he ai)pears in the form of Krishna, or the sun, while the sanguinary re- ligion o{' the Mexicans is analogous to that of Siva, iirthe charat'ter of the Stygian Jnpiter. The wife of Siva, the hlack goddess Kali or Bhavani, syndiol of death and destruction, wears, according to Hindu statues and j)ictures, a necklace of human skulls. The Vedas ordain human sacrilices in her honor. The ancient cult of Kali, continues Hund)oldt, presents, without douht, a marked resemhlance to that of Mict- l.inciliuatl, the ]\[exlcan goddess of hell; "hut in studving the history of the peoples of Anahuac, one is tempted to regtird these coincidences as })urely ac- cidental. One is not justified in sup[>osing that there must have heen communication hetween all semi har- hai'ous nations who worship the sun, or oft'er up hu- man l)em<»'8 in sacririce. ^- IffiJii'in/if/, ]'iir.\\ toiii. i., ]). '2;i(>. S|toakiii;.; of tlio Pojjol Vuh, Vinl- li'l-li'-l hie says: '("crtaiiis passaLrcs (1(> co livrt^ mil avcc los liistoircs Ir'to- 1 |!U's lit! riiiilt' iiiR' siiiLriilii'it' aiialoLtit'.' In ('ImriKni, I'liims Amir., \t. •!(). St'c alsK, llrii.s.sriif (/r liiiiirhiiiini, (,hiiifrr Li't/ris, ]i|i. •J12-1.1, •JH(!— I'J. ■'i (!' ^(/lir/ilf ilrr llliijii,,! Jr.su Cliri.sli, toiii. i., p. 4- ol till' sanruiiiarv and iniplaealili Kal I ; as ill) eiinallv t he le/eml till iMe\ii'ail ili\ iiiily 'i'eayaniii|ni with the foriiildahle lUiavaiii; hotli these In- dian deil ies were wives of Si\a-l!udra. Not less siirprisin;,' is the iharae- teri-^tie likeness wlliih exi ■str!ict Ciod. Eiiiially will tlic study of wnrsliij) in tlio two lii'mis|)lion's siiow iiitiinato ('(niiii'i'tioii hctwci'ii tin,' I'xi.sti'iici' aiif Thiliet, the doctrine of Jhr/nilafsr/u'inniiiii nu\i)U'^ the Mouudls and Calnmcs; as well as the worslii|) of Qintzitlfoutl, in Mex- i.'o, and ol Mitnijd-Vitjnir, in Pern, are hut so many liranclies of the samo trunk; wliose root the lai>ors df archa'olojj;y and moilern jdiilosophy have not liecn able to determine with certainty, notwitlistandinj^ all the di.scns- sion, |icrseverance, sa;,'acity, and lioldnessof iiyiiotiiesis, ammifi tlic learned nuMi wiio have heen occupied in invi'sti;;atinjj; the snhject.' After reumrk- 'u\)i upon the marvelous analo^'y between ("hristianity and ISnddhism as f.iund to exist liy the first missionaries to Thihet, he j^oes on: 'Not less, however, was the surprise of the llrst S])anish ecclesiastics, who found, on i-ea<'liin^c Mexico, a priesthood as re;,'nlarly oruaui/eil as that of the most civili/ed countiies. ("lothi'd with a j)o\verlnl and etleetive authority \thiuet/aleoatl nniy be recoj,'nizcd out? of the austere her- mits of the (■> 'II est tres-remar(iuablc> aussi que ])armi les liieroijjlyphes mei^icains on ne tleconvre absolnment rien <|ui aunoiu'e le symboie de la f(n-ce },'encra- trice, on le culte du /imiinii, ipii est rcpandu m. i., p. '21>). Uii li ''hrirlir.s Asiiitiqin's, tom. !., p. "215, PHALLIC RELICS. 48 ho belief Aineru'.a for tlie ) j)liiiUic t ill the ;^^. Lan- uam, or iihlem of i of Siva "May e Budd- I in llic two iidattriliiiti's 111 virgins of lint of spiico tic religions, ii)iii)-( 'itiUiiii, iiiiiiii among lilt/, in Mcx- of till' saint! oso])liy liavo 1 the (liscus- r the learned fter reniark- inildliisni as 'Not less, found, on >f tl le most liority ^* ft ages o hieli f liis 10 I)i\iiiity; |ty, tliev lii- aiiee ot tlio Juarriage •y d ' Filially, il.'oatl >r lliiildlia, Donieiieeh, me same as jeic is 'a re- le Kiidiiliisni 1/ S.'ini laiistere liei lirai'lii'iM iiirr. 'lilVil, li I l.v Ian sacrinee. Is nujxicaiiis lorce gi'mra- laniii touli's II, 1., p. ;<;>. liists exiled t') the north-east of Asia, tliero was also a sect that rejected the phallic cult, and that it is this piiritied iUiddhisni of which we find some sli^dit traces anioni;' the American i)eo})les."'"'^ I think F have succeeded in showing, however, in a previous volume that very distinct traces of phallic worship have been foiuid in America."^ An ornament hear- ing some i'escnd)lance to an elephant's trunk, i'ound on some of the ruined buildings and in)ages in America, eliiefly at Uxmal, has been thought by some writers to support the theory of a south-Asiatic origin. Others have thought that this hook repre- sents the elongated snout of the tapir, an animal common in Central America, and held sacred in some ])arts. The resemblance to either trunk or snout can be traced, however, t)idy with the aid of a very lively imagination, and the ])oint seems to me nnwortliy of serious discussion.'"-* The same must be said of at- '" I'liis. toni. i., ]). '_'7i). '•'■' .See Vol. ill., ji. ."idl, et sele of till' t talceil place m tnniier wo neinisiineii" we caiiiio I hut tl that Ilk C1IC--S til the he.iil of a rhinoceros, in the thirtv-si\th pa'.:c of Mexican painting prcscrvt'.l in the collect iiui of Sir Tl the li ]iaiiitiu,:. Irunk re-cnililing that of an eh'phant. iiodh plhcr Mexi lid llir fact, recnided hv Simon, that wh.it resenihlcd the rih of I camel (la cnslill.i de nil caiiiello) was kept for many lu'ld III great re\ei-eucc, in one f th d le provinces ol Imgola, iire deserving 'On eroit re- groups reiire- of attention. Kiiois'ianiiiiili's Mx. Ajih'i/., vol. viii,, [ _. eoiiuiijlie, dans le inasipie dii sacrirK'ateiir (in (uie of tjie HiMiled in (he I'mli-.r Jluriiiiinii>i) la troinpe d'liii iMcphant on de iiuel'iiiu; jiacliyderine (pii syii rappidche par la eon;iguia!ioii de la tete, inaisdont I I ni;'i 'lioire s;i;M'iieure est gariiie de dents inci.sives. I.e groin du tapir m' liroloiigc sans doiite nn jieu jilus ijne le iiiuseuu de iios coi'hmis; ma!s 11 \ ji u OIIICIN OF TIIF- AMKUICANS. tcini)ts to traoo tlic ni;niiuI-l)uil(K'rs to I rindiistan,™ not liocaiise coiuniuiiifutioii hctwci'ii America and .s;)iitlicru Aisia is inipoHsiUlo, but hecausc sonu'tliiui^ luoiv is iieetled to base a theory of sucli couinuinica- tion upon than the bare tact that there were moiuuls ill or.e countiy and mounds in the otiier. It is very jtositively assertetl l)y several autliors tliat tlie civilization of Peru was of ]\[onL>-olian origin."" It is not, liowever, supposed to liave been brouglit from the north-western coasts of America, or to liave come to this continent by any of tlie more practica- ble routes of oonununlcatit)n, such as IJerinu;' Strait or the Aleutian Islands. In this instance the in- troduction of foreiiifu culture was the result of disas- trous accident. In the thirteenth century, the ^NFonool cmporor, Tvublai Khan, sent a formidable armament against .Ja])aii. The expedition faik'd, and the rieet was scat- tered by a violent temi)est. Some of (he shij)s, it is said, were cast ii'pou the coast of IV'ru, and their crews are sup[)osed to have founded the niinhty innpire of the Incas, conquered three centuries later by Pizarro. ]\[r John Uankiuii;', Avho leads the van of theorists in tliis direction, has written a goodly volume u})on this liiiMi loin do co '^vo\n du t;ii)ir ii l:v tvoiiiiK" fij^'uiro ilaiis Iv f'm/r.r Borr/itDii's. Ia's lu'iiplos irA/tlan, iiiin'inairos d'Asic, avoii'iit-ils coiiscrvi' (Hii'li|ii('s iio- tiiiiis va;iii's siir It's i''lt'|iliaiis, on, cc (|iii iiio |iai(>it hicii iikmms pioliahlf, li'urs tiaililiiiiis iciiioiitiiii'iit-i'lli's jiisiiu'a l\''ii(ii|iu' oil rAiii('ri(|Ui' c'loit o'.icoio ;m'U|)1i'1' dc (■<'s aiiiuiaux .ui>:aiili'Miiu's, doiit Ics sinu'lcttt's pi'trirus SI' trouvciit iMifoiiis dans Ics tonaiiis iiianu'UX, sur k' dos mt-iiu' dcs Ctir- dillt'ios iiicxifuiii'sV IViil-i'trt- aiissi cxiste-t-il, dans la iiartic iioid-oiicst du nouveau roiitiiicMit, dans dcs contn'cs (nii u'ont cic visitccs iii par Ileal lie, iii jiar Maekciisio, ni par Lewis, iin paidiyderiiie iiieoiiiiii, i|ui, par la eoiilinuialioii de sa troiiipe. tieiit lo iiiilou eiitie reU'plianl et le tai ''• ' II itiiiliiildt, I'lifs, torn, i., I'p. '2.") I 5. '"" S/iiirrs UbsrrniliiHis iiii Mintiiirx of I)r Z<'f/('niiti>iii, in .1///' / Sor., Trinisarf., April, 1851; Atindcr, in Anirr. Aiitiq. Sue, Tn„ ■I'l., vid. i.. pp. mm; •2(u. "" 111 this, as in all other tlieories, lnit little distinction is made lielwceii the introiliu'lioii of foreij,'n eiiltnre, and the aitnal ori.u'in of the people. It would lie alisnril, however, to suppose that a fcM' ships" crews, almost, if not (inite, without women, cast accidentally ashore in Peru in the thirteenth century, should in the fifteenth lie found tii have increased to a mighty na- tion, possessed of a civilization ijiiite advanced, yet ri'semlilin;,' that of their mother eouiitiy so sliyhtly as to ad'ord only the most faint and far-fetched iiiuiloiiies. MONGOL (CIVILIZATION IN rLIJU. 45 .liistan/"" ;ru-;i iind (nm'tliini^ lunun'u'ii- mounds 1 authors I orio-i,,.'"' I l)n)U^lit )r to have ; practioa- nir Strait c the in- t of disas- cuiporor, lit against 5 was scat- Kliips, it is heir crows empire of )V Pizarro. heorists m upon this 'i:r liiirff 1(1)1 IIS. It' (|U('ll|IU'S llil- lidins ]iriili:ilili', iiu't'kiih' I'tiiil Irltcs IM'tl-ilirs icnie niinl-iiiu'sl isiti'i's iii liiti- cimiii, d 'ships were driven u)>on the coast of ]\tu can he hut mere conjecture, since no news of such an arrival ever reai lied Asia., and, what is more important, no record of the deliverance of their fathers, no memories of tlu> old uiother-country from which tluy had heen cut ofi' so suddenly, seem- ingly no knowledi^i', even, of Asia, were preserved hy the Peruvians. (Jranted that the crews of the wrecked s;,ij)s were hut a handful compared with the ahori'^'nn! jiopulation tluy came amon:n", that they only taught what they knew and did not })eople the countiy, still, the sole foundation of the theory is fornnil of analoi;"ous customs and ])hysical appearance, showiiin' that their intiuence and infusion of hlood must have heen very widt'ly extended. If, when they arrived, they found the natives in a sava^'o condition, as has heen stated, this influence must, indeed, have teen a I )erva(lin<» aiu 1 it is ridiculous to suppose that the Monyol father imparted to his children a knowledn'e of the arts a'.id customs of Asia, without •essiiiu^ u)H)n their minds the story of his siiij)- w reck and the history of his native country, ahout wli' II a. 11 M on,i>'ols are so ])recise i'>it our theorists scorn to assij^n the ])arts of teach- ers to the wrecked ^[ono'olians. Immediately after their arrival they i;ave kings to the country, and es- tahlished law Kanking narrates the iiersonal his- tory and expK)its of all these kings, or Incas, and even goes so far as to give a steel-engraved })ortrait of each; hut then he also gives a "description of two 46 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. livlni^ unicorns in Africa." The name of the first Inca was Mani^o, or Manci% which, says Kankini'', was also tlio name of tlie brother and ])re(Lces:^or of Kuhlai Klian, he who sent out the expedition against Japan. The first Tnca of Peru, he behoves was tlie son of Kublai Klian, and refers the reader to liis "portrait of Manco Capac,'"'^ that he may conijiare it with tlie description of Kublai," o-iven by Marco Polo. The wife of Manco Capac was named (Joya ISIama Oelhi Huaco; she was also called ]\[amanu-hic, "as the motlier of her relations and subjects." ]*urchas men- tions a (jueen in the country of Shci'omoyula whose name was Manchika.™ Thus, ])uttint^' two and two toii^ether, llankins^ arrives at the condiisidn that "the names of MauL^o and his wife are s.) like tliose in jMonu^olia, that we may fairly presume tliem to be the same."*"* Let us now briefly review some other analojjfies dis- covered by this writer. The natives of South Amer- ica liad little or no beard, the JVCons^ols had also little hair on the face. The IJatu, or head-divss of tlie In- cas had the ai>pearance of a t>'ai'land, tlu; front bcitiij^ dc3corated with a flesh-coloi'cd tuft oi' tassel, and that of the hereditary prince beiui,'" yellow; it was sur- mounted by twc feathers taken from a sacred bird. Here aL,^ain we arc referred to the ])ortraits of the in- cas and to those of 'I'anierlani! and 'l\'hanL(hir, two Asiatic pi'inces, "both descen(K>d from (Jeni^his Khan." The simlarity between the head-dresses, is, we are told, "striking, if allowance be made Ibr thedifiiculty the Incas would exjU'rience in jU'ocurinu;' suitable mus- lin for tlu! turban." Tlie |thimt's art; supposed to be in snuie way connt'cted with the saci'cd owl of the Moni4(»ls, and y^dlow is th.3 color of the imj)erial lamily "'■■' Miilico '(iftcrwiinN received from liis siilijerH tlu' title of "('ii|mi'," vliicli nu'iiiiH sole r.iiiiieiKi'. spleiiiliil, rieii in virtue." li mkiiiti's llisl. h'r- K iirr/i'S, |), .")(!. lleeiti'M fur lllis, (liirrllu.ssn tlioso in to bo tho lojj^ios (lis- itii Anu'v- iilso httlo of tho In- lont hoini;' and that Avas '!•('( snr I l)ird. )ftlio In- liLi'hir, two IS Khni s. we aro (II rtlculty ihio mus- <('( ha 1 to ht ol' th( I I'iunih if "('ii|mi', lif's His/. Hi iMilv I., cliap nn to Catiiii, in Cliina. Tho snn was hold an os])ecial ohjoct of adoration, as it "Jias l)oon tho poouhar i^od of tlio Mo- guls, from tho oarHost timot,." Tho JVruvians re- garded Pachaeamac as tho Soverei_i;'n Croat(-)r; Camao- llya was the name of a Hituhi ^-oddess; Jiaijlli w;is thi; harden of every verso of tho sonos composed in j)raise of the Snn and the Incas. "Ooii;^, (Jlionois' anc'ostor, at one year of a,_i;o, miracnlonsly prononnoud tho word vMlah' Allah I whicli was tho immodiato work of (lod, who was jtloased that his name shonld ho i>loriHod hy tho mouth of this tender infant."^"^ 1'hus ^Ir liankino" thinks "it is hii^hly [)roi)aliit! that this {JinijUi) is tlui same as tho woU-known llallAw- jah." Uesomhlaneos are i'ound to exist hetwoen tho JVriivian fi;ast of the sun, and other similar Asiatii; I'estivals. \\\ J?ei'U, huntei's foi'nied a circlo round tho <|uariv, in tin; country of ( Joni^his they did the same. 'J'he organization of t!ie army was nnich tho same in ]Vi'u as in the country of tho Ivhans; tho wea])ons and musit-al instruments were also very similar, in the city of Cu/co, not far iVom the hill where the citadel sto(Kl, \\as ;i portion ol" land called co/cam- ■jxtfd, which none were j»ermiLted to cultivate t!X- ee|it tht)se of I'oyal hlood. At certain seasons tho Incas turned up tho sod lu-ro, amid much rejoiein<4' a:i(l manv cereinouh's. fi'eat Ol n (lu .\(|ua- rius. The emperor, accordinn' to the custom of tht, ancient founders of tho (,'hinese monarch se m so lemri maime r to I ,L;'<»es hini- >|oul;'1i a lew ; id^'es ol' land. Twelve illustrious persi>ns attend and |>iounI In l\'i"U\ian as in ( 'hinese architi'ct- alter luni. nre, It is notici'ahlo that ureat care is taken t the o render Jt)ints hetweeii the stones as nearly imju'rcopti- '"■' (,)iin(( ,1 liy I!llllkil|.r, /^'^^ A'- Imiliir. /// iri/ iif till' Turks, M/' C/iiiiii, Vdl. i., |i. •.'7,-|. (^>u(itc,l liy llaiiUiii;,', "^m ■m OKKilX OF THK AMEUICAXS. l)lo as j)Ois.sil)lo. A siuiilurity is ulso said to exist ])C- twueii tlic docoraticjiis on the ])alaces of the Jncas and those of the Khans. The cycle of sixty yeai's vas ill use anions" most of tlie nations of eastern Asia,, and anions' the ^Tii3\scas of tlie elevated j)lains of 13on'(jta. The (/Ktpii, or knotted reckoning" cord was in use in ]?eru, as in Cliina. Some other anal- oL^-ies miuht he cited, l»ut these are sulKcient to show u[)on Avliat foundation this theory I'ests. 1 may men- tion here that the Incas })ossessed a cross of Hue mar- hie, or jasper, highly polished, and all of one jiiece. It was three fourths of an ell in length and three fing-ei's in ihickness, and was kej)t in a saci'ed cham- hor oi' the i)alace and held in great veneration. The S[)aniar(ls enriched this s-ross with gold and jewels and ])laced it in the cathedral at t'uzco; had it been of })lain wood they would })rohal»ly have huiMit it with curses on the enihlem of 'devil-worshiji.' To acount for this discoNery, Mr Rankin;'- savs: There were manv Nestorians in the thirteenth century in the service of tlu' ^longols. The con(|ueror of (he king of eastern Ijenn'al, A. 1). J*J7i*, was a, ( 'hristian. The ^Mongols, who were deists, treate(l all I'eJigions with res])ect, till they hecame .MohamuKtlans. it is very i)r(»I»ai)l(! that a jtart of the militaiy sent to con(|uei' Japan, were commanded \)\ Nestoriaii olliceis. The mother of the (jlrand Khan ^^angu, who was ln'other to l\uhlai, and ])ossil»ly uncK; to Manco ("apac, I Ik; fii'st Inca, was a ( 'hrlstian, and had in her service William JJouchiei'. a goldsmith, and iJasilicus, the son of an JMiglishmaM horn in llungary. It is thi'rel'oi'e highlv [)rohaM' that this ci'oss accompanied Manco ('apac.'"' I'" <'i)iiccrniii>,' llic Miiii;.,'iiliaii i)ri;,'iii of llic I'criniim.H, wo: Udnklinj^ Hist. Ui'.si'iiir/n.s. AIniipst iill iitlicr wiilcrM wliii liiivc Imiclinl on this n'.ili- jci't, ui'c iiidclitcil to Mr I'aiikin^' for llicir iiifoitaiilioii mid ideas. Sio ti\s{) Ihiiit/in/id, Krniii. fV//., loin, ii., p. (IT, el m'i|.; Mii//c-llniii, I'n ■'^ f/i Ik iitiitj., toni. vi., |>|i. 'J',i;t I, I'lirslrrs Vm/nifr Itmonl l/ir H'oc'''. (lioliiis lliinlis lliat till- I'diiNians imist lie distinct from otiu'i' .Xincriran )iro|d(', since lliev are so acnie, and lielie\e-< tliein, tlierefore, to ^c desi'eniled from tlie ('liiiM>|., Wrecks of Cliiiiese Junius have lieen ftuiiil on llie ciuiMt. Itolh adore the sim, and call the Kin;; tlie 'son of i'>i<' sail.' I'.i'lh Use hiero;;Iy[i|iics wiiiih are read from ahove doNNiiwaiU. rEIlT^VIAN GIANTS. 49 ) exist l^e- tl\e Incas xty years [){' eastoni ted [)laiiis uiing" cord itlier anal- ut to show may nien- if Hue mar- one piece, aiul three n-cd ehain- ition. The atid jewels luid it he^'ii init it with To ac'.-oimt ) were many je service ol of viisteru > Mon.H'ols, ;espeet, till .])al)U! that aiian, were .ther of the \uhlai, ait'l lira, was ;i 1 (OiU'hier, Miu'lishinaii V probaM' 107 sec; Uiiiil:ii>',i'^ ■l,,.,! (HI lliis s'lii- mill 'uU'Hr*. S'l' „/lr-l'.rini, /''•'; innf III'' 11'"'''' oiluT Aiui'nciui tlii'irl'iiir. t» "' iiiivc liiM'll fiiiinl llic 'hum tlf I'"' a' iliiwiiwu!!- -IT 1 liave stated above that the Peruvians preserved ro n;-(»rd of liavin,L>- come originally irom China. 'I'hey had a tradition, however, concerning certain i'oreigners who came l)y sea to their country, which mav ho worth repeating; Carcilasso do la Vega givVs this tradition as ho himself heard it in Peru.^ Tiny allirni, h< ays, in all Peru, that certain giants (■.imc hv- sea to the cai)e now called 8t Helen's, in large harks made of rushes. These giants were so enormously tall that ordinary men reached no higher than their knees, their long, disheveled hair covered .M:iiiio CaiKic wjiH a rhiiiiiiiiiiii wlio f;iive tlie>t' I.iict, rc|ilviii,vc to tlu'sc ar;,nmi('iils, coiisiilci's tliiit tlic iiciitcncss of lli(^ l'inu\iaiiN (lot's not ii|i|)roiuli that of tin- CliiiiL'SL'. Nowlu'reiii I'orii l.avc (lie ciniiiinj; and aiti>lic works of Cliiuoi! artiliicis ln'cii seen. 'J'lic ('liiiicM> junks wiTL' too frail to withstand a storm tliat conld drivii Ihcni a]>. 'X]-[. Sir Croiiise, in his Xa/- ■iiikI W'.itHli iif Ciilifitnnii, p. '-'S, et seii., is nmre positivi^ on tiiis suh- ji'ct llian any writer I Iiave yet encountered. I am at a loss to kimw why l!iis --hoiiid lie, lu'cause I have hefore me \\w works thai he ((Uisnlied, and I cerlaiiily lind iioliiin;,' to warrant his very slron;; a-serlions. I t|Uolo a f.'W passaui's fi-oin his wdik. 'The invest iLial ions of eihnolo-ists and plii- Inloi^ists w ho have >ludieil the Hindoo, ( 'hinese, and da {lanesc annals durini^ the |iresenl cenlury, tnnc lirouuriit to li^hl such a chain of evidence as to place heyond ilouhl that ihe ininiliilanl- of Mexico and ( 'alifornia, di>co\ - ered hy ihe Spaniards, were of Mon;,'olian oriLiin.' Hindoo, Chinese, and .lap.ine^e annals all auree th.il tin; lleel of Kulilai Khan, son of (ien;,diis Kliin, was w recked on the coast of .\merica. 'Theic are proofs clear and (1 I lain, that .Maii;;i) Cinac, the founder of the I'eiin iaii nation, was the s(Mi il Knlijiii Khan. .. .and that the ancestors of .Monle/nma, of .Mexico, wle) Wire from .\>sani, arri\i'd ahout the sann' time. . . . I'.Ncry cusioin of tins .Mixican>, descrihetl hy theirSpanish compierors, ]iro\es their Asiatic ori;,'in. ...The siran;^!' hiero/lypiiics fmind in so many |ilaces in Mexico, ami frmn California I'l Canada, are all of .Mon;:olian ori;:in'. . . . ' Ihnnholdt, many years (i;;ii, i'(ni jeclured that these hieroL;l\ phics were of 'I'arlar ori;,'iu. It is now posiii\cl\ known that they are. . . .The armor hi'lon;,dn;j; to ^lon- t"/uma, which was ol'tained hy Corle/.and is now in tUi' museum at Mil- diid. is know n to he of Asiatic inannfactm'c, and to have helon;^ed lo oan of Kuhlai Klian"s ;jt'nerals.' It is unnecessiuy to multiplv unotations, or to further criticise a work so jrrossly misleailin;:. The fidlowin- nnii|ue :i> I'lMin- from Lower California, isaword of Mon;'iilian ori;,nn, siuiiifyinj,' "eold."' 'I'he imisl 'Uperlicial knowled;;!' of Spanish or of the lii-imv of Cnlifoniia, wouM ha\e lol 1 Mr Croni>e ihal 'alia' simply means 'hi;;li,' or ' upper,' ami that the name was applied to what was originally tei'ined 'New' Cjilifoniiii, ill t oiiiia I; lia 'li 111 lo 'liaja'or 'Lowi'f' California. Vol,, V, 4 60 OKKilN OF THE AMERICANS. tlie.r shoulders; tlicir eyes were as big as saucers, and tlic other parts of tlieir bodies were of corre- spondingly colossal projiortions. 'I'hey were beard- less; some of tlieni were naked, others were clothed in the skins of wild l)easts; there were no women with them. Having landed at the ca])e, they estab- lished tliemselves at a sjiot in the desert, and dug deep wells in the rock, which at this day continue to attbrd excellent water. They lived by ra})ine, and soon desolated the whole country. Their a})petites and gluttony were sucli that it is said one of them would eat as nuicli as fifty orilinary })ers()ns. Tliey massacred the men of the neighboring jnirts without mercy, and killed the women by their brutal viola- tions. At last, after having for a long time tyran- nized over the country and connnitted all manner of enormities, they were suddenly destroyed by fire from heaven, and an angel armed with a Haniing sword. As an eternal monument of divine vengeance, their bones remained unconsumed, and may be seen at the ])iesent day. As for the rest, it is not known from what ])lace they came, nor by what route they ar- rived.^»« There is also a native account of the arrival of Ma'ico Capac, in which he figures simply a culture- hero. The story closely resembles those told of the appearance and acts of tlie apostles Tuknlcan, Wixe- pecocha, and otliers, and need not be re[)eated here.'"* ""^TIiIh relation, snys I{iuikinjr, 'lum iiatiiinlly cikhi;,'!! Ih-imi (•(insidcivil hy Itolici'tHoii tiiiil others a« a riilii'tiloiis t'alili", iiini aii\' reinler wniilil lie iiieliiieil to treat, it aw nueli, vvere it not aceouiileil lor liy tlie invasinn of •lajian, ami tiie very nunieroUM anil er.nvinein;; jiroot'.s of the iilentilv of the .Mon^;ols and tlie Ineas.' ///>/. Jirsiinr/ifs, |i. ."i,"). lie thiiilvH that tlie ;^ianlH \\ei'e tlu> M(iii;^'oliaii iiivaihM's, nioiiiKeil iijioii the el(>|iliiiiilH wliiili tiiey ltroii;;lit with them. 'The elephanls,' he says, 'would, no (loul)t, he defended hy their usual armor on such an e.xiraordinarv oeeusioii, and the spaee for the eyes would apiieiir iiioiislrous. The remark ahuut the lieards, \'e., shows that the man and the ide|iliaiit were etuisideied asone person, It is a new and enrioiis fo/io eilition of the Cen'iinrs and l.a)iilha'; and we eiiii- not wonder that, on siieh a iio\(d oeeasion, I'aia.' St. Helen's »iid not jiri)- tinee iin .\meriean Theseus.' /(/. , |i|i, Mi. ""•See liaiikuit/n Hint, lli.'tcdri/ii.t, ji. atl, el se(|.; ]Vitri/iii, Itrchrrcfitis, lip. 187-U. THE CHINESE FROM PERU. 51 ; saucers, of corre- re beard- e clothed lo A-(Miieii ley estab- aiid dw^ Mitiuue to ,})ine, and appetites 3 of tliein lis. They ts witliout ital viola- lue tyraii- nianner of Y fire from no- sword, nice, their eeii at the lowii from they ar- arrival of a eulture- ihl of tlie II, Wixe- ,ed here.i"" ^Ir C'liarles Wok'ott Brooks, Jai)aneso consul in San Fraiu-isi'o, a most learned gentleman, and espe- cially Avell versed in (Oriental lore, has kindly j)re- sented me with a MS. prepared by himself, in whith are condensed the results of twenty-five years' .study of the history of the eastern Asiatic nations, and their possii)le communication with American conti- nent."" He recoi^qiizes many striking analogies he- tween the Chinese and the Peruvians, but arrives at a conclusion respecting the relation between the two nations, the exact rever.se of that dis('u.s.sed in the preceding jiaragraphs. His theory is that the Chi- nese came originally from IVu'u, and not the Peruvi- ans from China. He uses, to support his argument, many of tlie re.>emi»lances in customs, etc., of which Ranking and othei,- liave availed themselves to prove ill exactly ojtposite theory, and adds that, as in those early tinu's the passage of the I'acific could only have been made under tlie most favorable circum- stances and with tlie assistance of fair winds, it Mould be ini])ossil»k', owing to the action of the SE. and XE. trade-winds for such a pa.s.sagc to have been made, either intciitioiially or accidentally^ from China to IVru, wliile on the otlusr hand, if a hirge craft were placed hcforc the wind and .sot adrift from the Peruvian coast, there is a, strong jiroliahility that it would drive straight on to the southern coast of China.'" n roiisi(loiT(l Icr woiilil lif ■ iiivnsioii (if ('III it V 1)1' tlic IvH ilial the iliiiiils wliidi no (Idiilil, lie sidii, and llio lit llic iicaids, ll« IMTSOll. It iiikI wc can- liil not. inii- II, Uirhrrc/ixs, A Japant^st' origin or at least a strong infusion of .lapanesc hlood, has bei'U attributed to tlie trilu's of the nortli-wcst coasts. There is nothing inijirobahle in this; indeed, there is every reason to lu'lieve that on various o(,'casions small ]»arties of .lajtanest) have reached tiie American continent, have niiirried the ""y >/•/(//,■) lif l/ic Jii/iiiiicsr Ji'iiri; niiif thvir lultifioii In the Amirii'ini Ciiiifiiinif, Ms. 'I' Sec rc|M(it (if a Iccdiic read li.v ( 'liailcs Wdlcult UionkM licfoic tlm <]alif(iiiiia Acadciiiv (if Si iciicc in Ihn/,/ A/(u Culijuniiu, May 4, 15175; .^(J/i trnnnscit Ei-inimj Itiilhtiii, tuxww date. UllRlIN OF THE AMEKICAXS. II ii il AVDinon of the countiy, and necessarily left the im- jiress of tlieir ideas and jjliysical peculiarities upon (heir descendants. Probably these visits Avere all, Avithout exce})tion, accidental; but that they have oc- (lirred in gveiit numbers is certain. There have been a s^i-reat many instances of Japanese junks di'ifting" iip(.)n the American coast, many of them after liav- \:\le. There is a cur- rent of cold water setting from the Arcti'* ocean south .dong the east coast of Asia, which dri\es all the Chi- nese wrecks south. The Kuro 8iwo, or 'black stream,' commonly known as the Japan current, runs north- wards ])ast ilie eastern coast of the Jaj)an islands, tlu'U cur\es round to the east and south, swee[)ing the whole west coast of North America, a l)ranch, or ''11'; i I "'-' Sec I'l'iuirt of iiii|M'r siilmiitti'il liy ^^^ Hrooks to llio Ciilifoiiiiii Acil- ciiiy III' Scii'iici's, ill ,s'. In iIiIm n'lMirl the dciiiilM ami iliilo of carli wicrk arc j^ixcii. 'I'lic atitliur of tliu KiiuT assmvs nil' tlial lie lias ircords of omt iinc IhuhIiimI mkIi ilisanliTs. livi'i'y ciiic of tlii'^t' wrecks, when exaniiiied, iiniM'd to lie .Ia|ianosc, ami ihit, line ("liincsc. Sec iiIhii Irvim/s linn mr I lie's .It/rcii., ji. 4-7; Sinilli'i Ihiiiiini S/irriis, |i. 'J.'J'.t; Jidi/infriiil, in .Xniirillis uiniintr.s (/cv It///., lS'2'i, t nil. wiii., pii. 'JlS-i); Aiitlrrsnii, ill l/isf. Mmj., vul. vii., Pit. 80-1; /,(^v.^r- ji.is, lliijit ('ill., |i|i. '!.")-(!. 'I' Ih. L'lril's X'l/., vol. ii., ii|i. 'JU)-7. ' I/oolviiiK "»iily at liic'yor//(.s' ami endiii;L;s (if llie words, their nii;i ,.,;■! •iiniiiils when nttcred, we could not liMl milice tlie sliikiii;;- siiiiiliirilN , in these respects, lictween the ]iiopcr II, lilies as found on tiie hia|i of •laiuin, ami many of the iianies ;ii\eii to pi, ices, rivers, etc, in this counlry. (America.) Uinhnrll, in Hist. Maij., n. .s., vol. iii., p, 1 II, JAl'ANKSi: WIJECKS ON TIIK AMKlilCAX COAST. the iin- es upon vera all, havo oc- ivc l)ceii driltiii*^- ter hav- hs. :sii- of such f -whith )le lunn- the sur- hcro the ecord in n saved Is are to ,'ases al)- ce, while siniihir."'^ I the ah- a cur- iiii south the Chi- stivaui,' north- ishuuls, )in,t;' the inch, or iniia AtM'l- 1S7.">. In itlmiof (lie ilisilstlTs. imi'so, iniil •JT; S, III Ill's I -.//., i.v2:t, fnniis iiinl Cdulil lint till' inniicr ;ii\('n ti) lis/. Mi'j., ■i ed'lv, UKiviuL;' towards tlio Saiidwicli Ishuids. A (h-ittiiiL;' wreck wuukl l»e carried towards tlie American c(.ast at an averajj^e rate of ten miles a day hy this cuii'ent. To explain the frequent occui'rence <^»f these wrecks ^fr Brooks lefers to an old Jajianese law. Ahout the year 1080, the Japanese jn'overnniei.r adojited its deliherate policy of .exclusion of forei<>-ners and seclusion of its own people. To keep the lattt r from visitiuu^ foreign countries, and to coniiiie their voyai^'cs to smooth water antl the coastiiiL;' trade, a law was passed orderini;' all junks to he huilt with open sterns and larL;-e s(juare rudders unfit to stand any luavv sea. The January monsot)ns from the nortli- east are apt io hlow any unlucky coaster which hap- ]»ens to he out sti'ain'ht into the Kuro Siwo, the hu^e rudders are soon waslied away, anrl the vessels, falliii'.;' iiito tile trou^'h of the sea, roll their masts overheard. I^N'eiy January there are mnnliers (tf these disasters of which no record is ke[>t. .Vlxait one third of these Vessels, it seems, dril't to the Sandwich Islands, the remainder to North Amei'ica, wliere tliey scatter alon^' the coast from Alaska to California. How many years this has heeii m'oinj^ on can only he left to con- jecture. 'I'lu' information n'iveii hy AFr Ijrooks is (.f ,L;reat value, owini;- to his thorough actjuaintance with the suhject, the intelligent study of which has luun a lahor of lo\e with him for so many yeai's. .And his theory with regard to the .Japanese carries all the moi'e weight, in my opinion, in tliat he does not at- teui|»t to ac<'ount tor the similaritii-s that exist li(,'tween that pi'ople and the .\mericaiis hy an immi;.;i'ation » u masse, hut hy a constant infusion of .Japanese hlood and customs through a serii's of years, siillicieiit to mo lify the original stock, whereNci- that came from. I ha\e already statt'tl that traces of the .lapane>e lan'.^uan'e liavi' heeii Ihund aiuonn' the coast trihes. There is also some physical resemhlance.'" A'iollet- J" 'I'licic well' in_ Ciilil'ciniiii nt tlic lime nf llic Ciiiniiicst. liiiliiMis of viiiiMii, riuos, .siimi- of tlic .)a)iiiiu'.M' t,viie, I'dl/ijn, IL.^t. Ca/., .MS., tmii. J 54 OrJGIN OF THE AMERICANS. Ic-Duc points out some striking reseniLlaiiocs l^etween the temples of Japan and Central America."' It is asserted that the jjoople of Ja})an had a knowledge of the Amcriean continent and that it was marked down on their maps. Montanus tells us that three shi})- captains named Henrik Corneliszoon, Schaep, and Wilhehn Byleveld, were taken prisoners hy the Jap- anese and carried to Jeddo, where they were shown a sea chart, on which America was drawn as a mcnrnt- ainous country adjoining Tartary on the north."" Of course the natives have the usual tradition that stran- gers came amonij them lon<>- before the advent of the Europeans."'' The theory that America, or at least the nortli- western part of it, was peopled by the 'Tartars' or tribes of north-western Asia, is supported l)y many jiuthors. There certainly ii no reason why they should not have crossed Bering Strait from Asia, the passage is easy enough ; nor is there any reason why they should not have crossed by the same route to Asia, and peopled the noi'th-western part of that continent. The customs, manner of life, and phys- ical a})pearanct! of the natives on both sides of the stiaits are almost identical, as a multitude of wit- nesses testify, and it seems absurd to argue the ques- tion from any point. Of course, Bering Strait may ]\i\\c served to admit other nations besides the ])eople inhabiting its shores into America, and in such cases there is more room for discussion."*' i., p. 3; Vullrji), linnin. Ciih, ATS., ]). fi. Tlif Alciitiini Islamlors resciiihle till' .lii|)niu's(? in Viiiious irs]K'i'ts. Sini/itnin's .V(*/., vul, ii., |i. "J'J.S. I'licst, Aiiin: Aii/ii/., p. 'ill, tliiiiks tliat (jhictziilciiall may lie loytirded us u Jap- iiiH'st', as (•(iniiiurativi'ly wliitc ami licaidiMl. "' liitriiiliictiiiii to ('/iiiniiiy, liitiiii.s Aniiv., jip. 'iS-.'U. "fi Mriiirr Wvnrhl, ii. ;«». ' in /,,„v/'.v X,il., vol. li., ]i. '217. '"* Si'c: AiiiiH^rr, Prom, ni Aiiirr., turn, ii., \>y. ItO()-4; A/imfrr, in Amir. All/ill. Sor., i'rilllxKcf., vol. 1., ]i]>. 'Jll'l 1, Jt.'tS I'J; Maiildinis, Xiriiirr Winrhl, jii). .'IS— I'J; I'n'f.sr.s- Amir. Anlii/., pp. "iS-!); IlillijiuiiH dr. iniil Cii.sf., \o\. lii., pp. -I-Kt; h'iiliir/.-ii)ii\i ///.s7. .b/zc/., vol. i., ]ip. 1277 HI ; I'iiiiir'^ Triirch, vol. ii., jip. ;}7-S; diKjr.s us'iir Snrrnj, \\. Kl'J; lliimniii'h'.s I>isirl.'< \ol. 1 •; irfij. Jh.sriiiir.s', in An/ii/. Mr.v., fom. i., div. i. Jliim(joli/t, J:\s.^<(i I'lJ., lom. i., pp. 7'.KS0; Atiau origin, or, at least, to have derived their arts and cult- ure from Egypt. This supposition is based mainly on cei'tain analogies which have been thought to exist between the architecture, hieroglyphics, meth- ods of conii)uting time, and, to a less extent, cus- toms, of tlie two countries. Few of these analogies will, however, bear close investigation, and even wliere they will, they can hardly be said to prove anything. I tind no writer who goes so far as to athrm that the New World "was actually peopled from Egyi)t; we shall, therefore, have to regard this merely as a culture-theory, the original intro- duction of human life into the continent in no way depending uj)on its truth or fallacy. The architectural feature which has attracted most attention is the p^'ramid, which to some writers is of it.self conclusive ])roof of an Egyptian origin. The j)oints of resemblance, as given by those in favor of this thoorv, arc; worth studying. Garcia v Cubas claims the following analogies between Teotihuacan and the Egyi)tian })yramids: the site chosen is the ;i same; the structures are oriented ^vith slight varia- tion; the line through the centre of the })yramiils is ill the 'astronomical meridian;' the construction in grades and ste])s is tlu> uime; in both cases the larger ])yramids are dedicated to the sun; the Nile has a 'valley of the dearro//:iriiii I/. \i\). 1. "),')-( lit, citud in tnni. vi., )i. \'\{\ litniisiiii s II iiiiil)iilill, I'lirs, foni. i., ]i. 17.">; Liltihirr, Vifciim Wiirilrii, Uiclinrliis, |i|i. "Jdl-'J; .liis/iili/ii's Tim Vu/fai/rs; /('/// .irrrii/iiins nil C/iiiiiiti-, UiH\i Aiitii/. ii/' Aiinr.; /.r/Ii/.mijiifl, Jii/, Kiiiil.sli,riiii>i/i\s Mi.r. Aiitlii., vol. ix"., yy. '.V.Yl W, -l.")0; Foxlir'.i J'nl/i.st, 01,. iifiiiiirs, m |i|i. IWI-"); I'li/iii ifs i'inr; I \, r ]'iii/.; Sfii//i/'s / Ill/it J,''Siiirr/,,.s\ ('iirrir\i Trnr., pp. IST-'.tO, 'JdS-llt; Fmitiiiiu'x Umr tlir ]\'t,r/if I'Vf.v I'lii/i/iff, |)|i. '241 Ti; Lii.i ('iisii.f. Ill's/. A/iii/iii/iiini, ciiii. ciix., (luulcd in l\iiiii\liiinnujli\s Mix. Ant .1/ MniKlli Pli. i;»-l(»»: Miif/i'-ll. 11/. I vol. viii., |)|). ;{!tS-il; Diliijirlil'.'i Ah/h/. ill' A I ( '1111,1., loin. VI., |i|i !t,S-l: -V. n Aiifii/. Mi.i'., toni, i., div. !., (i. (iO; Jlii/li/ii'n Cusniwj., \\. D-l uriiitiii 6' luiinbUn in i «c., p. 171 50 OKIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. liave the nature of fortifications; the smaller mounds arc of the same nature and for the same purpose; l)oth pyramids have a small mound joined to one of their faces; the openinj^s discovered in the IVi'amid of the Moon are also found in some Egy})tian ]>yra- mids; the interior arrangement of the pyramids is aiudogous."" ,, The two great pyramids of Teotihuacan, dedi- cated to the sun and moon, are surroun()se; I to one of 3 Pyramid tian ]>yra- y ram ids in can, dc'di- lunded I'V ])."lafierd in Ko-yiit, ', in rc'gu- i<»-cmcnt to m of tliuse ind tliat of lara, Avhich i*ocock, is a red on the w instances rican ])yi'a- to convey t expressly yi)t. It is lid lias yet II any way hat a uTcat alK'ries and so])ulchres. ill lscovere( 1 loor, ami m lirthen-waic li mc S( at- id stoiio tlu'iu [einijf nearly ai lie oi h bac k ut E(;yptiax and ameiucax rvRA^riDS. 67 :he head symmetrically perforated hy holes; the ^vhole of most ex(|nisite workmanship, and cut ()r cast from a tine stone co\'ered with green enamel."^'" In the great pyramid of Cholnla, also, an excavation made in huildnig the Puehla road, ^vhich cut off u corner of the lower terrace, not only disclosed to view the interior construction of the pyramid, Init also laid hare a tomi) containing two skeletons and two idols of hasalt, a collection of pottery, and other relics. The sepulchre was square, with stone walls, supported with cypress heams. The diiiiensii.ns are not given, hut no traces of any outlet were found. ^-'^ There are, hesides, traditions among the natives of the existence of interior galleries and apartments of great extent witliin this mound. Thus we see that in som(! instances the dead were deposited in l»yra- mids, though there is not sufficient evidence to show- that these structures were originally huilt for this }»ur|)ose. Herodotus tells us that in his time the great pyra- 122 Sec v(il. iv., j)|). 8S, O.VO, for further (li'srrii>ti(in, also ]>laii of ("opMii niius, \). sn, f,ii- Incatiou of vimlt. .loiics, roimiii'iitin;,' on tlii' aUovt-, re- marks: 'Tliis last si'iitcnce liriii;;s tis to a sjn'ciiiicii of (iciii ciin'iax in;;-, llii; most aiuiciit of all tlii' autiiuu' works of Art. Not only is i lie ilcatli "Cliain- licr'' iili'iitical uitti that of f'lj;'.viit, hut also the very way of rt'ailiiii;; it vl/., lirst, Ity asrciidiii;,' the |iyramiclal liase, and then descemlin;^, and so enler- iaj;' the Se|inichrel 'I'liis could not he aeeidi'ntal, llie Imilders of tiiat p>ramidai Se|iniehre must have had a know led^^v of l'",;;y|it.' ///v/. Am'. Aiiirr.. |)|i. ll(!-17. Ste|ihens, who in his lirst volume of travels in Cen- tral America, p. Ill, descrilies this vault, writes in vol. ii., |i|i. t;{'.)-K): ''I'iio jivramids of hj,'yiit are known to liavc interior chanil . i i . their other uses, to have l)een intended mil usei (Ainer can ]ivram rl ids on til e ciinlrarv, are ot solid I'arlli am sepu anil Icliics d >I. .hat. Th N. interior cliamoers have ever been discoverei il, am Mr lones I riticises .Mr Steiihens verv sevi'i' |irohalpi,\' none exist. tion, hut it is cnsloiiiarv with Mr .li ly tor this apjiari'ul eontradic- to tilt hiindlvat wliah ,l,st rucl.s his theories. Stejiliens douhtless refers in tliis |ias-.a,i:c to such cliMmliers ould lead one to sujij'tse that the jty raniiil was omit as a t oUeii o their |ii<'scme. J,(iwenstern is very ]iositi\e that tlie MeNU'an was no I intended f or sep'ili hral I' .lA of the same opinicui; 'i|iielli de;;!i I''.;:!/) eraili iXr/lir, |). ■J71. (h niucro IS MoNicani massiccj; ouesti servi\ano di hasi a' loro Saiiliiari; iMielli di v: o jilll \ noli; i|llelll I' K S/iiriii Ant. ill I .1/, toin. n. the o'.jicr h;ind, writer I'l' ',1 '-'(1. I'oM 'i'here are those who, in the truncated |i\iami er, oil see evidences of Ku'V|itiaii origin. The ]iyraniiils, \\\y[)tian theory have not failed to avail themselves.^'"* It is nevertheless probable that many of the Amer- ican i)yraraids had originally smooth sides, though, at the i)resent day, time and the growth of dense tropical vegetation have rendered the very shape of the struc- tures scarcely recognizable.^^' It is further objected that while the American pyramids exhibit various forms, all are truncated, and were erected merely to serve as foundations for other buildings, those of Egypt are of uniform shape, "rising and diminishing until they come to a point,"^""' and are not known to have ever served as a base for tei.M})le or palace. 1 1 is, however, not certain, judging from facts visible at the present day, that all the Egyptian pyramids did rise to a point. Again, it is almost certain that the American pyramid was not always used as a founda- tion for a su[)erimposed luiilding, but that it was fre- (juently com[)lete in itself. In many of the ruined cities of Yucatan one or more ])yramids have been fV)un(l upon the sunnnit of which no traces of any building could bo discovei'ed, although u})on the pyra- mids by which these were sui'rounded portions of superimposed edifices still remained. There is, also, some reason to believe that perfect pyramids wen- constructed in America. As has been seen in the preceding volume, Waldeck found near Palen(|ue two ])yramids, which he describes as having been at the tiuiO in a state of perfect preservation, scpiare at the base, })ointed at the t(»p, and thirty-one feet high, •'•iJ S/,'/>/i<'iis' Cent. A Din:, vol. ii., ji. 440. '•''' The ivadiT ciiii rompan! the varimiM accoaiits of ])vrainiilal striu'turcs glvoii ill vol. iv. on tliis imiiit. See licailin^; ' iiyrainicl," in Index. '''■ Slrjthciia' t'cul. Aiiur., vol. ii., ji. -WVJ. ^ ARCHITECTURAL ANALOGIES. 69 stono, ill •face oil all .ip[)er part ones have day. No s yet been reject the )iii.selves.^'"* the Anier- thou^h, at ise tro})ical ' the striK'- !r objected At various merely to , those of [iiiiiuishiuiL*' , known to lalace. 1 t visible at •am ids did 1 that the a founda- it was fre- he ruined lave been es of any the pyra- >ortions of e is, also, lids were oen in the em|ue two Den at the ire at the feet high, idal structures iilc.v. their sides forniin,L>' ecpiilateral triangles. Delafield"'' remarks that a simple mound wouM tirst suggest the l)yramid, and that from this the more finished and pciinaiient structure would grow; which is true enough. But if we are to believe, as is stated, that the American pyramids grew from such beginnings as tlie Mississip[)i mounds, then what reason can there be in coniiiaring the pyramids of Teotihuacan with thnse of (Jizeh in Egypt. For if the Egyi)tian colo- nists, at the time of their emigration to America, had advanced no further toward the perfect pyramid than tlie moiuid-building stage, would it not be the merest coincidence if tlie finished pyramidal structures in one country, the result of centuries of imi)rovenient, gliDuld resemble those of the other country in any but the most general features? Finally, i)yramidal edi- fices were conunon in Asia as well as in Northern Afiica, and it may be said that the American pyra- mids nre as much like the former as they are like the latter.'-" In its general features, American architecture does not oiler any strong resemblances to the Egyptian. sTlie uphoklers of the tlieoiy find traces of the latter ])t'ople in certain round ct)hnnns found at Uxmal, ]\[itla, Queniada, and other })laces; in the general mas- siveness of the structures; and in the fact that the vermilion (\ye on many of the ruins was a favorite coh)r ill Egvjit.'-' Humboldt, speaking of a ruined '•' .1 iil/'ij. Amir., y. .5(5. '-'■' lliiiiilxilili iH'vii'us the iioiiits of ri'si'iuliliiin'o und enmns to the con- clusion lli.it tlu'.v iiU'onl no foundation ujion wliicli to liasc a llu'ory of l".;.'y|ilian orij^in. I'ms. toni. !.. |i|i. r_MI-t. ''I'liorc is niudi in the siia|i(', jiro- |iiiil ions and scnl|itnrcs of liiis pyramid (Xodiicalco) to connect itsaicliitects with the I'.^yiPtians.' Minirr's .)/- ,c. iis It W'lis, |). IS(). Iliadfoid liiids that some 'of tile l".;,'y|itian jiyrainids, and linise wliicli witli sonu' reason it has heeii sn|i|Miseil are tin' most ancient, are |(recis(dy similar to tiu" Mexican 'I'cdcalli.' lint he only sees I".My|itiaii /runs in this; he shows that similar nvramidai strucinres inive lieen found in yrry nnuiy paits of the world; ami lie lielicNcs the Americans to inive (ni;;iinited fioni many smirees ami stocks. See Aiiirr. Aii/ii/., ]t.4'I'.). I "' See vol. iv., chap. v.. vii.. and \. (^>uotin^f from Molina. His/, f/i/'/i, <"in. i tes, p. IC.!), M'CuUoh writes: 'iictwcen the hills of Mendo/a and l.a I'linta. ujion a low rani^c of hills, is a pillar of stone one hnndreil and litly I'ect hinli, and twelve in diameter.' ' This,' he adds, 'very much re- ■t i \ GO OrJGIX or THE A^.'^rJCANS. structure at ^fltln, .says: '"'tho distribution of t]\v ai)artiiu'iits of tiii.s siuL'ular cdiHco, boars a strikiiin' aualo'>'V to NViiut has bvsou rcniark<;(l in tlio luoiui- incuts of Upper Egypt, drawn l)y ^[. Deuou, and the savans who compose the institute of Cairo.'"' Between American and Ei^yptian sc'ul})tui'e, there is, at fii'st sight, a very sti'iking generai i-esendilanee. 'J'his, however, almost entirely disappears upon cIom' examination and coinj)arison. JBotli peo})les re[»i'i'- senti'd the human ligure in })rotile, the Kgv}>tians in- variably, the Americans generally; in the sculpture' of both, nmcli the same attitudes of tin IkkIv predian- inate, and these are but awkwardlv desiniK'd ; ther>' is a general resemblance between the lofty head- dresses woi'ii bv the vai'ious figures, thounh in dftail there is little agreement.'''^ These are the points oT iiiiiiils lis 111" till' |iill;n' imd ciliclisks of iiiii'ipiit Iv^yjit.' Hr.-^rarr/h ■\, ]•]•. 171 ■-'. .luiit's, llisf. Aiir. Aiinr.. lip, r_''_'-H, is very coiiliilciit iiImiuI till' (ilifii>k. 11 asUs: 'What arc tin" < Hiclisks nf I'lu'vpt? Aic tlicy uot si|iiaif ((iliiiiiiis I'l lilt' t'ariliiy of Sculiitiiii''.' Ami of what form arc ihc isoiati'il foliiiiiiis at ( '• )ia:i '.' Arc they not si|iiar(', ami for the same iiiir|Misi' of facility in Si'm1|i1iii with which I hoy arc covered, ami wilii \vorUiiiaii.slii|( "as line as that i l'.;,'\ 111 ;'. . . .The colmnns of ("o|iaii slaml (h'lachcil ami solitaiv, ih OUclisks of M'jyjit lio the same, ami iii:''' :;vc siniare (or foiir-sliicil) aihl ccvercil wilii Ihc CI I of the Sciil|ilnr. 'I'hc aiialo.uy of liciii;^' ilcrivcil finni liie Nile is perfect, for in wiiat other Itnins Init those of ]'.;;> pi, nvA Ancient America, is the si|iiare scnlpdivcil ('ulniiin lo he fonml'.'" '•'I J'J.\.\-iii I'll/., loni. !., p. '_'(■)."). NotwilletamiiiiLi' certain points of icsciu- 'ijance , says I'rescott, 'the l'iilen(|iie iiicliilecl lire has lillh' to icmiii'l i; of the Duyplian, oi- of the (Irientai. It i~. iiiilceil, imu'c eonformaiile. i;i the iierpemliciilar i'c\,iiion of the walls the nuitleiale size of tlu' stom -, anil ilii' j:eneral ariaiejeineiit of the posts, to the l'.iiio,icaii. It niiisi 'u ailiiiitteii. lio\>ever, to lia\i! ii I'haractcr of oriir nality jicciiliai' to itsrli.' Mi.i\, vol. iii , pp. HIT s, "'There is a pi. id' showiii;:' an A/t'c priestess in HclalicM's .l„r; Auirr. i>. (11, which, if corrccilv ilraw n, certainly pri^sents a he, l-dii ■ sirikiii:;ly I'l-yptiau. The same iiii;.:ht aiimist he said of a cut in ol. i,. of (his Work, p. ."ilij, mill, indeed, of .severiil other cuts in the san liiiii' .Mr Stephens, I'rnf. .l/;/cr,, vol. ii.. |i. 411, jiives, foi' the sake ><( c iiip:;i!- so.i, a plate represent iiijj; (wo M|ieciiiieiiM of I'lvyptian si'iilpiuri' ; n ^ i'|m i (lie side of the '^reat iiionnnient at Thehes known as tlu- N'ocal .\ r'niii" i, ami (In- other from the top of (lie fallen ohelisk alCariiac. '1 ihi k.', In writes, ' liy ciiiiijiMri.soii w i(h (he eii;;raviiiu's hcforc presen(cil. it will '•.■ found that there is no n'scmhliuice whatever. If there he anv at all sdi'. in;,', it is only that the liunrcs are in prolile, and this is ei|iia'l\ line of .1 ;:;ooil sculpture in has relief." i'e happens, liowcver, here, to have sclei I 1 two l'",';yplian f.nlijei Is which almost llnd their connterparls in .\meii.i i'l the iirecedin;,' voliinie of this work, p. 'A'Xi, is ^^ivcn a cut of what • called llie 'lahlet of the cross' at l'aleni|ne. In lliis we see a cross, a:id pci-clied upon it a hird, to which lor to the crossi two hniiian lijrnre- in pM- iilc, apparciids priests, arc makiii;; an oU'riin;., In Mr Stephens" icpio- ai ti o i scrLPTi'iM-: AND iiir.KocLvriircs. (51 ion of tliL' ;i strikiiiH" the inoiiu- leiioii, and lin..'^"' turo, tliorc semltlaiK'c. upon cloM' »k'.s ropro- y'ptian.s in- > SCulptlll't.' ly ])rL'iloni- iicd; there ot'ty lu'ad- 1 ill (li'talt lO points (it r7(..>. j.i;. 171 •-'. lie (iliclislv. Ill' nc ctilmuns t'nr niliiinnsiil < 'o- l\ ill Si'Ml|ilMri' line ;is lliiil nf Miiitarv, ill'' '(ini--iil('ci) iiii'l iji'i-ivcil t'liiiii It l■'.^'M't. ■ 1 lints (it ri'-ciii- til rciiiiii'l :: Imit'di'iiiMlilc. i:i il' till' stmii -, It liiil>l ''.■ llliMI' til it^r',!.' ■A \u. i-.lli ■111 ill 111 1' ami' • iliilii' ut r ■iii|i;ui lull' ; II I' 111! .1 •Mill" I. I tl It will '.1' |i\ at all -tri\- l\ liiir 111' ,,'l -I,.. 1 '1 ill AiiK'ii' ,1 |lll 111' wliiii > ;i ri'ii.s, aM'l liasi' M analo^'v and tlu'v are sufnciontly ])ronur.('nt to account for till' idea of rcsuiublaiicc wliicli lias been so often and so stren^'ly expressed. But while sculpture in Eu'V'pt is for the most ]tart in Intao'lio, in America it is ii-ii,ill\' in i'eliet'. In the former country, the laces are e\[iiessioiiless, always of the same tyi»e, and, thoiiL;h executed in protile, the I'ull eye is })laced on tile side of the liead; in the Xew Woiid, on the con- trary, wf nieit with many types of countenance, soi n^ of \\ hieli are hy no moans lacking' in expression. If till re Were' any liojie of evidence that the civ- ili/.i'd iieo|il('s of Ameriea ^\^vrc deseeiidants, or de- ri\id any of t!ioir culrure from the ancient Kyyjitians, "sve iiii'^ht surely lo.ik tbi' Mirh pi'oof in their hiero- glyphics. \v{ We look in \ain. To the nio.st expert deci[ijicr.'r of K^yjKiati liierou'lyi'hics, tlie inscri|t- tions ;tt I'.tkiiijUe are a hlank and unreadahle mys- tery, and lluy will pi rhajis ever '•eiua.iu so. l;rj ■Biitatiiiii fi'iiiii tlio Viicil >fi'iniiiiii vc (iinl iiliiiKst llu* smiio tliiii'j'. the dif- fcl'i'lirt'^ lii'ill^, timt ill>ti'ilil nf Mil i<'lllt'il I, ill ill crnss, we lia\r liclc il etiir rtt,iiii)i\.\ii. Ill- jiii/i/,n/i(/it; that ili-li'ail nf nlic liiiil lliiTc ni'l' t«n, lint on llu'rrn-> hut iiiiiiU'c'iatcly iih.ivc il; ami that llm li;;iii'cs, tliiiii;^li in pi'n- Hh' ami linhiiiiM- tlic saiiii.' ;.ft'iM'iiil imsiliniis, arc iln il ill a (lit I'll'lll IIKIll- 1^1 111. Ml'., aiiil an- aiinai'i'ii; l> hiiiliii;,' iIm^ cinss with the Iniiis iii>itail ni' ma nil nH'clili;.;- tn it; in Mf Sti'iiht'ii-*' iTprcsciitatiKii finiii thi' nhclisk nf Car- liai', Imum'mt, a [iriiwi i^t ex ii'i.-iitl.v iiiakiu- an nirfriim' tn a laruv hinl Jul lic'il iijiiiii an altar, ivwil lifT.-. a;iaiii, tlii- liiimaii ii ..ii'cs nri'iipy t!n'.-aiiii' ]>ii-iiiiiii. 'I'lii' liii'iiiL'iyiihM, thiMi'.ih the rliiir.icu'r.s an- nf coni'si' ilill'i'ii'iit, liii . it will he iHdiri'il, lt' (• lit Stf|.!ii'||H" I'i'iif. Ann \i>\. II ilCNii'ilii'd nil :t.i ITini'si'iiis the talilct nil ihi' h.'irU wall nf tlic.iltar, niMi Nn. ;t, at I'alt'iniiM'. lii'i(> arc iwn jiricMs clad in all the clalmialc in«i-iiia "f tlni<- n;!iii'. >lalii liiiu' line nil cillicj; xirlc nf a talile .1 e. 111- allar, iii^mii w hii'i I arc eii'itcil twi. liatniiM. crnsM-il in siicli a inaiiner as tn fnini a r,-"/- ilifus.inln, II 1 -iiii|iiiiiin';- a liiijeniis iiuislv. Tn thi ; cnililciii ilicv are each iimkiii>' an 111;. '-' llelalicl'l, it is true, (lisccrns a di'^tiiict aiiahyN' 'is nf I''. A 111 ami .\iiiiMi 'a. .\ml the evidence li lii'tWicii the lilclii- ddilcc- is alisiird ' llicin',.dy|iliic wriiinns,' lie says, 'are necessarily of three 1. •iii'iie, liunrative, ami hvinlmliial,' lie then Kiml >, ine?. nil tn sllnW at Icii'ilh. thil! hnth in F.-V|it illnl ill .\liierica ail liiree nf |he>c ,'«-,st jVi IV ii>cil; hence, the rcseinhla'ice. Aiifnj. .ly I'll. I'. elll:- .1 inniiii- il>-<'llt |ii 111 i'al.'iii|llc iiii'sciitelit di's iiiscriiitinl s liii''rir.lv|iliii|ues niii lie i t .....^^ .Cil'. I.. . 1.: •.. ...1... 1 1.1' : •I'l'l ■>..', I dii IS ilillel'er 1 Ics 1 iii'inj:ly|ilics lie I am iciine I'll i/'n,//i;i.c, |i, .'17, Jinnai'd |ilniina'.lC(M an illscii|il.nu fnlllld at (ira\'e ( 'reeU It 1 he l.yhiiiii, h',„inui-l,\s /liv i>s,\,,\. i., |i,i. Ijl-I'.'. Savs M'Cnllnh: ' 'I'he \f;i,., •if/.'n I7i/i ri'i l'..:Vlit, I ' linticc ill thiH iila^e, as M. itcnmi in the |il;i!e-. In li liis -iM'ii the ciijiy 111 s line li;;iiic:. taken I'rniii i!ic ll'lls |C Iti.iu liirri>,;l\|iliic!v.s, which havo cvury aii[ioiuuia'o wf a uimiiar dc lilli lUiii IF' J ORICIX OF THE AMEUICANS. KoscinMiinccs have boon found Ix'twcen the oal- cncl;ir systems of Eijfyiit and Anieric-ji, Uasud cliictly upon tlie lenLjtli and di\ision of tlii> year, and tlu! ntiniI)or of intercalary and conipK'nientary day-^. This, however, is too len^-tliy a ->id)joct to l)e fully discussed liere. In a pi'cvious volume 1 lia\(' n'ivcu a full account of the American systems, and nuisf perforce leave it to the reader to compai'e them with the K^y[»tian system. '■'^' this ^Tcxii'aii ainiisciiiciit t(iiinii. nr I*ali'iii|iu': the win. I, stati'iiiciit is, howcvor, tmi ajiiii-ry]ihal to lie Murliiy nf tuithiT iiotifc. Si c almi. ii hmj,' letter fnmi I'rof. Iialiiiesiiue tn < 'iiaiiipullinn, 'mi the (iraiiiiii Systems (if Aiiieriea .iiid the (ily|ilis(if Otuliim, or i'aleiKiiie, in ('enliiil Aineriea.' in li/., \)\>. i'J.'{ 0. 'J'iie liieni;,'i\ |»hi< s of l'aleiii|ne and 'I'ula in eiinrau'e the idea that fliev were fmimled liv an MjiViitiaii iiiliin\'. Jikii-i'- Jl/.sf.'(;ii(if., ]}. J<». ' iniaiil, ijnoted hy Pelalieid. we read: '1 have al eiij:Mi/ed ill your meimtir on the di\isiiiii nf time anion;; ihe Mexin 111 a letter l>v .rmiiaid lei'KUiii/.eii Ml >iiiir iiieiiioii on iiic iinisnui m nine uiiiimi;^ i lie .>ie.\ir,ii nations, eoni|iar('d with those of Asia, some very strikin;,' analn/ies lu' tweeii tlie 'i'oltc hanieti'is and institntii)::s oliserveil on the hanks n the Nile. Anion;; liie^e s. i'(|nally eiii )iloye(l .It 'I'liehes and .Mexico, a distame of three thousand iea;;nes. It !■ true lli.il llie l'",;.'y|itiaiis had no iiiieicaiation, while the Mexicans iniii c, dated ihiileen daxs every lifty-tw" years. Still faitlu'r: intercalation \\;i- liroscrilieil in l'',;u'y|it, (u such a jioint iliat the l hiiiiiiiis<'s the duration of the s ■ ,ir to lie ih/ce hiindicd coiiseijueni ly hii|i|ioses iiic oiiraiioii i»i iiic \i.n to in' in/ce iiiimiico ,i bi.xtN tisedaSM, nix hoiirx. Saw Hiieli w;«s the I' ii;/tli of the year aiiin (he Kx 'jiliaiiM, since flic nofliic |Kfiod ^;(iasoiu Mini fell'. aU to tin' ►•Hme p' int of the v/^ir. after liaMii? niiidi i '..141^ I ... i .1 > II i^ . I... ims.s ««)< iTssively (hroiij^h fvery poinl w'liii I' .'fused the inferi iiliiK'/'n in lie naiii' ' the K;(yj>liiins for foreij^n iiet. the ^aJw♦ "rfiir year )^ fliri'i) liniidrid iiiidoKMedly one III the I, 1)11 [{':■-■ than Ihe !■ Mow it is rem irKidili iiiel sixi '. Dm' d.iv.- I«>r l«ni ^n IIIIK-f; iiiMr'if«'l nifi «| a i . iiti ini>.-«. ■ t. H loplid " < tioiis SO diHVY/'rif, Hiid ixrliaps ..<»ill more icniofi m iti. i of c 'i.in ill till r /-! tary »l:iy^. to Ik! iuUy have ^ivfii , and ninst I tliciii with f (U>vic(< will 1"' the (Ixiii- I'li"'' I'rii'st, .l/c" •tcvs, ami "lli't-^. •iiiiuc: till' ^^1'"'" her iidtift'. ^> ' ■oil till' (iriii'lm luiuc, ill J'l'iilial iliu- and 'I'lilii 111- ,'(.l((iiy. Jiiui-i" „h I liavf al'" ,!!•; ilu' Mfviiii" in;;- aiialii/ifs 1"- loll till' l'aiil<- "I ,itli> of aliiiv sixt\ li\i' 'la\^ \ s. iMiiiallv fill' Icaj^'iu's. It i-^ M.xiiaiiK iiili'i- Icn'alatioii \\;i- oii ilirir at'ii - Nutw ii' -tail'': l,.n-ili •»' ll"' ,f llic Mf\i' I' ,cs to till' f-'"' I'.mr year-, in' ,'0 lm'inli', > 1" not', ii . I Til.' I.K I yell', that I mil a (|"'""' i.ii«, ift Uiut 111 III Of course a similarity of cnstoins lias to 1)0 foniid to s\ii)i)ort this theory, as in the case of others. ( 'oiisenuentlv oiir attention is drawn to eTniialinnient, circunieision, and the division of tlu; ])eo|»le into castes, which is not (|uite true of the Americans; some resemhlaiKH; is tound, moreover, hetweeii the ivlioiens of KLrvjit and America, for instance, ci'rtain animals were hi'ld sacred in hoth countries; hut all such analo'^ies are far too slender to he worth any- thiiiL;' as evidence; there is scarcely one of them that would not a))|)lv to several other nations ecjually as Well as to the l\n\ [»tiiins. Turniniif now to Wc>stern Asia, wo find tlu^ honor (/ tirst settliiiL;- Anu'rica i;-iven to the adventurous I*hliilet iiselcHs, *liereH" the l"'.>r\ ptiaiis cclclirated. diiriiiL;; tliat e[MM||, the festival of the hiith ol llieii ^•ods, as attested liy IMiilaicJi '!■■ I'Vidc, ami Osiride I'pon the other hand it i^ asserted, that tlion;,'l( till' \l\e monilisof thirty days; Init to support this ii-.--crtioii ini attci.(i»t Ims lieen made to ascerlain the cause w li\ tlii-- leethod \a- laid asidi'. 'file analojiy lictweeii the Mexican and tin I'yyptian cal- ciiilai~i llins asHiimcil to lie nndenialile. Mesidi's w li.il has liecii heic in. 'loilmcil, tin- same is attempted to he proved iii iniiiiy ollo-i -lorKs which I I I--S over to avoid prollNifx' iiml therefore only mention i 'hey may ho toiiiid ill Rotnriiii, in / .. idea del rniverso. hy the ahhi . I dieii/u do llcrvas, piililishcd ill the Italian lan}.'iia;i(', ill I "lav i;^ero'N di---cilations, ami I letter addressed to him liv IJcrvas, which he added to the end of lii.-i - I volnimv' C'l/iri'i'f' Tfiiho, in /I'/n'.v Ihwrn'/iliun, pp. ItCi ,"i, See ll>i„ilii'/i//, \'"'f. toll) I , pp. ;i4l, ;UN; I'/iiriiiini, Shin'ii Aiif iht 1/ »3iio, tmu iv , p, vt, Sfiilh flriiii, rr&tn Ui In O'lwj., torn \i., p. 'JOS. t liiiil ••k- .' 1 !: -•i:/l ' i III III lif I I III'! .J "■ill 'iillHi illi Tl " I I (U OUICIN OF TIIK AMKRUANS. ])()so(l l>y some wi'lters to liavo first reaclit'd tliu New AVorlil, l)iit ;is tlio (jx])l()it.s of coldiiy Jind inotlKT- t'oiiiitiT ;ii'i' s|)t)koii of l)y most Avi'itui's in the same' l.roatli, it will bo tlio simplest |»lun to oombitio the two tliroi-ics luTo. TIk-'V arc l)asc(l u})ou the lame of llu'se ])e(»j»lo as coloiii/ino- navi^'ators more than u])oii any ai'tual rosomhlancos that have boon foiiiul to exist between them and the ^Vnu'i-ieans. It is argued that their ships sailed beyond tl;e Pillars of IliTcules to the ('anaiy Islands, and that such advtinturons ex- |)loi'ers havinnf reached that ])oint would bo sui'o to seek I'arthei'. The I'ecords of their voyau'es and cer- tain ])assaL;es in the woi'ks of several of the writers of aiiti(|nity ai'e su])])osed to show that the ancients knew of a land lyin.n' in the far west.^^ The I 'ho'nieians were employi'd about a thousand years before the ("hristian era, by Solomon, kin^' of the .lews, and lliram, kinn" of Tyre, to na\in'ate tlu'ir lleets to njihii' and 'J'arshish. They returneil, by way of Ihi' Mi'ditcjri'anoan, to the ])ort of .loppa, after a three-years' voya<4'e, laden with gold, silvei', ])i"e- (ions stones, i\()iy, ci^dar, apes, and ])eacocks. Sev- eral authoi's ha\t' believed that they had two distinct lleets, one of which went to the lan.d since known as America, and tlu' other to India. ]luet, bishop of Axraiiehes,'''' and other authors, are ])ersuade(l that ()phir was the modern Sofala, situated about 1.' I S. lab, and that Tarshish comjirisi'd all (he western coast of Africa and Spain, but |)ar(icularly the jiart l\'in!^' about the mouth o\' the inetis or (Juadal ijuiNir. Accoi'dim;- to Arius ^b>ntanus, ( ienebrardu^, \'alal>le, and other writers, ()phir is the island o|' ilispaniola. It is said that. ( 'hristojdier ('ohimbii^ was induced to adopt, this idea by the inunen^i caverns which he found there, iVom which he sup posed that Solomon must have obtained his o'old. I 'I I follow, I'liii'lly, M. Wiirilcn's ri'smiK' of tlicsi' aiioiints, as licii ;; I 111' lullr^l aiiil cii'an'Mt. Uvrlirrrlu a, \\. 1(1(1, i-t .simj. I'll lli.st. i/ii t'ljiiiiiurci, cap. \iii. V(»va(;f.s or tifi; riKKNiciAxs. G5 thu Now motln.'!'- tlio saiiu.' il)iiu' the e lame of iian uj)t)n cl to exist 4iu'(l that ■rculcs to iirous ox- u sure to and cor- [V writers ; atu'icllts thousand 1, i]i|»a, al'toi' 'ver, ]>1\'- \S. Sov- ) distim't aitiwu as hisho|) *il ided that hniit "J I NVl stlTll the jiart Ouadal ohrarihi-. ishiud I'i ( 'tihiiiihii- imiiioiiM' 1 ho sup his _t;(il(l. lis, as ln'ii ;: ]'o-t(l and othoi-s liavo ])oht'\i(l (hat (lie land of Ojihii' was I'orii.'"' Iloi'ii''' claiins that the Ph(o- inciaiis luado throe I'oiiiarkahlo Novan'os to Ainorica; the lirst, uiidor the difoctioii of .\tlas, son ol" Nep- tune; the se^'ond, when thi'V wei'o ih'iven \)\ a toni- ]»fst iViiiii (he coast ^A' vVtVioa to the most I'lMuoto jiarts 111" the Atlantii' oeoaii, and arrived at a lai-L;e island to the west of Lihva ; and the third, in the time (if Solomon, when the 'IVrians wont to Ojihir to >cok foi' ,L;old. Aeoordiiii;' to those who hclicxt^ thai there were (Wo distinct Hoots, that of Solomon and that of lliram, the lirst set out from Kzion^ehor, sailed down tlu' Ived Sea, doul)led Cape C'omorin, and went to Taprohan (( 'evlon), or some other jtart of India; (his voyai^'o occupit'd one year. The other ilet'( |iassod throU'^h (hi' Meiiitorranoan, sto])j>inn' at the \arions por(s aionn' (Ik; coasts of iMirope and .Africa, and linally, passing' out through (ho straits of (Jades, continued its AoyaLje as far as America, and returned after throe years to its .startino-i)|;u-e, laden with ,L;old. '"' Ai'iKl.i rciiii|i,in's tlic ;,'iil,l (if ( t]iliir Willi tli;i1 of Iiis|inMioIa. llcni- 1i'|-I:iui> llu' ii|iiiiiiiii tliiil 'i'iiisliisli iiinl < >|iliir ;iit' ili>l:iiil iiiiii^iiiMl y |i1m(i'h .Mill imi ilistiiici (• mil'-., Iiiil iiiiii^iiii's ilinii III 111- Miiiii'ulicrc ill tlu' liiisi, lii.lii'-. '('ill- Miilciii ill Oiiriiiiili iMiUiw hnliti iiiiiiiii ill luic ( (ccidi iii:ili 0|,liir fiii»,. i'\isiiiii,.||i, iliiid ii inl iiiiNii'iiiii I'lTii null nisi iiiliiiiid ciiviiiiii iiiiii Inilia Oiinitiili \ Siiiiiiiini r(';4;inn(' ciiiiui-alii SmIu- nioiii.i rlii>is |ii'iuciiiii! |)(p(ciiii', ' I), Xiin tl,-/iis, |i. ;tti. Opliir i.s Mi|i- |iiis,',l 1,1 l,,' in Indiii or Afiiia. Ilnh, , Ismi's Hisl. Aimr.. Mil. i., p, 7. < ri)\M'. r,/,/. .!//((/■., |i. (m, (iiiisiilcis (III' iiKili.iliiliiy (if (>iiliir iiiiil 'I'ai-- .sliisji lii'iiiM ,111 ilic west ciiasldf Aniciii'a, 'I'lic I'lni'iiiciiKi 'lif,/,ii; iw Df,,,- Nvhiili iiiraiis, ill (licir aiificiil lan^iia-c, tin- W'stmi i;,iiiilri/, was Mcxicii and Cciilral Ainciica, the land tif ;iold." Ftni>ii,,n\ ll,,,rlli, \\',,ilil imx I'l'i,. pi'il. [Ill, 'J,".;! (ill. (Ill 11, It'iL', lie says tlnil llic licsi aiitlioiiiics, N'oliicv, llu- rliaii, Miihaj lis, and r'tn^lcr, sii|i|i(isc 0|diir (n Iiunc Ik-cii sitiialiii im the I'l'ii'iii 'iiill' 'I'lu' I'lici'iiiciaii Opliiiwas ll.ivU. fm- ( 'nliiniluis tliiiii;;lit llial he I'liiilil trarc (lie fiiiiiaccs in \\liirli llicoold luid |„.,'ii ivrmcl, r,fr- '■;/•'.>• Triti\, |i. III'J. Kiimshur.Mi'ili, .l/.,r. J,l^7, \i.|. \i., |.|.. \s\ ."i, nni- siiliTs the |Misiiiuii of (ipliir, liiit is iiiidrciilcd as to its jHi.itiiin. I'.ns. II'. ^/ iiiul (is/ liiiliailiii- I. list, 1,1,1, |>|. ■". -s, disa;.'it'ciii;; wild \ alaMiis ami sir|iliaiiiis, can jlnd im n'scniMaiirr t.>it|i|iir in llavli i.r I'.'iii, and ics I p III.' .•iincliiMnii that (tpliii lay s„mi,'« ii.'iv m ih,' OM Wuijd, nmsl likely * I'I 'Ik' '•'•"sI iMiJics. 'I'liis scciiis I.,* Ii,' a i•«/«, 111 1. II,, cap. \ 1.. Ml.. \ III. ! 1 '■:Ti'l , iri! - j 1;; |:. L 1" * 66 OIIIGIX OF THE AMERICANS. The Pcn'iJ/fs of Hnnno, a Carthaginian navigator of niu'ortain date, contains an account of a voyage Avlncli lie made bevond tlie Pillars of Hercules, Avith a Heet of sixty ships and thirty thousand men, for tac purjHJse of founding the Lihy-Phcrnician towns. He relates that setting out from Gadcs, he sailed southwards. The first city lie founded was Thumia- terion,^^** near the Pillars of Hercules, })rohal)ly in the rieighborhood of Marmora. He then dovd)le(l the ])rom()ntory of JSoloeis,^^' which Kennel considers to be th(j same as Cape Cantin, l)ut other connueiita- tors to be the same as Cape Blanco, in 3;)" N. lati- tude. A little to tlie south of this promontory tivo more cities were founded. After i)assing the mouth of the river Lixus, supposed by ilennel to be the modern St Cyprian, he sailed for two days along a desolate coast, and on tlie third day <.>nteivd a gulf in wliich was situated a small island, Avhich lie named Kerne, and colonizctl. After continuing his voyage for some days, and meeting with various atlventures, he returned to Kerne, whence he once more directed his Course southward, and sailed along the coast for twelve days. Two days n.oie he spent in doubling a cape, and five more in sailing about a large gulf He then continued his voyage for a few days, and was finallv obliged to return from want of provisions. The authenticity of the J\'riphis has been doubted by many critics, but it apjiears jirobable from the testimony of several ancient authors that the voyage was actually ]H>rformed. Jhit be the account true or false, I certainlv can discover in it no ground for believing that Hanno did more than coast along the western shore of .\frii'a, sailing perhaps as far south as Sierra Leone."'* '^^ 'Siir Ic vi\]) Molliilmt, jiii pied diKincl on ii liAti cnsuiti' Ic vii-iix Tun- gor' f)(i.\.sf/iii, cited liv Wiinlcn, L'- i/inr/irs, u. 1(17, luttf S. 1^" 'l-u Clip Spiirtd, i|iii 11)11111^ IVxtroinitu oiTidciitiilo dii di'tniit.' Ii . noti' 0. '♦"The (ircck icxt (»f llic /^T/////^v is iniiitcd in Ifinfsiiii'i (,'rii()rii/i/ii'i vcti'i'tn S<'rij)liinii (Jiari Miuuns. It was hImi imliliNlicd liy I'alcinicr, \\\\\\ fi f .Ji m VOYAGES OF THE PIKENICIANS. 67 11 navi<»"ator if a V()3'ai:;t' rcules, witli id men, for c'iaii towns. ■i, J 10 sailed as Thuiiiia- probahly in en doubled el considers ooHinieTita- 3:r^ N. luti- loiitory five the inoiitli to 1)0 the ITS alcjiiq" a xl a g'uU' in he named his voyage adventures, >re (lirected o coast for 1 douhlini;' aryo milf. days, and n'ovisioiis. 1 diiuhtcd from the lie voyan'f oimt true ground I'oi alono- till' I'ar south li' \i('UX 'l"an 1 ih'tioit.' /. '■'alciiiu'i', w iili Diodorus Siculus rehites that tho Phoenicians dis- covered a large island in tho Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars oT Hercules, several days' journey from the coast of Africa. This ishind abounded in all manner of riches. Tho soil was exceedingly fertile; the scenery was diversified by rivers, mountains, and forests. It was tho custom of tlie inhabitants to retire during tho summer to magnificent country liousi's, which stood in the midst of l)eautiful gardens. Fish and game were found in great abundance. Tho climate was delicious, and tho trees bore fruit at all seasons of tho yoar. The Ph(jenicians discovered this fortunate island by accident, being driven on its coast by contrary winds. On their return they gave glow- ino- accounts of its beautv and fertility, and tho Tvrians, who were also noted sailors, desired to colo- nize it. l)ut tho senate of Carthage opposed their ]>lan, eitlior through jealousy, and a wish to keep any commercial benefit that might bo derived from it for tlitiiischos, or, as Diodorus relates, because thev \\islied to use it as a place of refuge in case of ne- cessity. Several authors, says Warden, have believed that tliis island was America, among others, If net, bishop dl' Avranclus. "The statement of Diodorus," ho writes, "that those who disrovored this island wore cast upon its shores by a tempest, is worthy of atten- tiiin; as tlu~ east wind blows almost continually iii tlii toi-rid zone, it might moU happen that ('artlia- ■^iiiian vessels, surprised by this wind, should be cii'ricd against their \\\\\ to tlu' western i--lands," Aristotle tells the ^aiue story, llonu'i', IMutarch, ;iiid other anciout writers, mention islands situated in the Atlantic, svvoml thousand stadia from the Pilltrs ;in I'lij^lish tivoislntion ami many imtps Svo., Kniul. IT'.*"- Many ifinaiku iij'"ii HanuiiK \iiya;;p (Ut' iiiudo liy ( 'iini]i(iinim<'.H, Aiiliiiuiiltni Mun/iiint 'i' !ii liipiilildvii iff i'iiiftioii. Maili'itI 17.")(); li(m;4iiin\ lilt', Mrmoinn il,', /Widi/iiiiirdfH Iii.in'ifttioii^. (oni, xwi., .\x\iii. ; (iosMclin, liir.'ii n/irssiir In (!• 'iijriipliir ilr.i .[lui'iis. Itcii'icll, i/roiini/ilii/ iif lli ri't/(i/n\. vol, ii., i)|», Hni i;t, Hvii.; and lifi'icu, iii.veo-c/Hv oil l/ii- Aiirt\nl Sn/iuns uf A/run, Mil i., |iji, VJ-2 M\. G8 ORIGIN OF THE AMEKICANS. of Hercules, Init such occounts are too vague and mythical to prove tliat they knew of any land wcNt of tlie (yanary Islands. ()f course they surmised that there was land heyond the farthest limits of their discoveiy; they saw that the sea stretched smoothly away to the horizon, uncut hv their clumsv l)i'()ws, no matter how far they went; they peopled tlie Sea of Darkness with terrois, hut thev hazarded .ill mannt'r of oiiesses at the nature of the treasuix; which those ten'ors jjj'uarded. Is it not foolish ti iuv. lit a meaninjjj and a I'uhilhnent to tit the vaouo surmises of these ancient minds? Are we to helievc that Seiic'ca w;is inspired by a sj)ii'it of ]U"o])hecy he- r;)use we read these lines in the second act of his " N'ciiiciit ;iiiiiis Sn'iMila sciis, i|iul)us ()('c:iniis \ miciiIm rcniTii l,i\t't, ct iii^viis I'iitt'.il tclliis, 'riiftys(|ii('"' imvds Octi'i^Mt iirlx's; iicc isit tt'iris L Itiiiiii 'i'liiilo." < )r tliat Silemis knew of the continent of Ameriia hei-ause ^Ehamis makes him tell Midas, the J'hrv- '^ian, that there was anotlier continent besides Eu- rope,', Asia, and Africa^ A continent whose inhahit- aiits are larger and \'\\v loiio-er than ordinary people, and have diiferent laws and customs. ,^V countrv where o'old and siher are so ])lentiful that they aiv esteemed no more than we esteem iron. Are we ti suppose that St Clement had visited America wluii he wrote, in his cehd)rated epistle to the Corinthiaih that thi're were otiier worlds heyond tlie oceiiii. Mi^ht we not as well ai\n'ue that Anie:ica was ci r- litinly ui>f known to the ancients, or Ta^dtus woidil never h;:\e written: "Trans Sueones al'.ud nuirr, pii^rum M ' pi'ope immotum ejus ciui>;i cludi^uie tn r.uiiin. oi-hem hinc fidi-s." Would the theol^x^i' al view of th(! flat structure of the earth have ii'aiiM ' ' i<'dence for a moment, had antipodes l»eeu discii\ eriid and believed in { '*' ' *!■ Tilth ij-iijiti:. VOTAN-S TRAVELS. GO laud wol y sumiisL'il it liiuitH ot a stretched heir cluiusy ley peo{)U:(l uy liazarckil :he treasuR! t foolish t'l t the va.n'uu re to helievi; )roj)hecy hc- 1 act oi" hi.-j of Anieri<;i ,, tlie Phry- heskles Eu- lose inhahit- iiiary peoplv, A country hat they tuv Are Nve t' uierica. \vlu'ii ('oruithiaih le ocean tl •ica. was cci a.'itus Nvoiil alau I Ui:ir»' \ulivUie b tl \ooi-»';'i' uive ii'aUH I »oi ,«U (l\SCn\- Tile mysterious traveler, Yotaii, is oiico more uiade to do service for tlie theorist liere. Ju his somewhat douhtful uianuscript, ciititled "Proof that 1 am a Seipeiit." N'dtau asserts that he is a descendant of Imox, (if tlie rac(^ ef Chan, and derives his origin from Chivini. "lie states that he conducted seven families from A'aliun Votan to this eoutinent and as- signed lands to them; that he is the third of the A^o- taiis: tliat, having determined to ti'avel until he arri\('d at the root of heaven, in order to discover his relations the (,'ulel)ras (Ser[)ents), and make himscdf known to them, lie made four vo\'a'j'es to (,'liivim ;'^'"' tliat he arrived in Spain, and that he went to Ronu'; that he saw the gi-eat house of (!od huilding;'*'' that he went hy tin; road whi(di his hri'thren the (Adehras had hored; that he marked it, and that he passed hy the house's of the thirteen Culehras. lie rulati's that in returning fi'om one of his \()yages, ho found Beven other families of the Tzetjuil nation, who had "-' ' Wliicli is (>\|ir('ss(Ml hy repeat in;,' four timon fniin Vjilmn-Votan r-i Valuiii-Cliiviin, fnmi \'aluiii(;|iiviin to \'aliiin-\'otan.' Ciiliirrn, Tctlin, ill Hill's III srriiiHiiii. II. \\\. ' \ aliiiii-X (ilaii, mi Terie do \'(itaii, serait Biiixaiit Onlofie/ I'ile ile Ciilia. Mais dans iiioii dernier voya;;e, en eon- touriiaiit les nioiita;,Mies i|iii enviroiinent le jilateaii eleve oil est sitae Cii'- l/r(7-A'i'// de I hiaiias. j'ai visiti' de ;:randes mines (|iii |Mirtent le noiii de V'ilinii-]'iiliiii, a deux lieiies environ dii \illa;^(' de '/'in/n'yrn, sitlli' a 7 i. d • jfaidad-lieal. et oil Nin'ie/ de la Veija dit avoir encore troini', en Id'.K!. !( s -,*faiiiilles dii noiii de \'olaii.' llrn.isi'iir ilc lUnirliuiirij, I'li/iu/ ]'ii/i, |). Iwwiii. '4 '" llrassciir's aecoMiit. wliieliis, lie savs, taken frm rtain |)re-er\(',l tra -'iiieiils of ((rdone/' Hi.sf. ilrl ('ir/n, (lilleis at this ]ioiiil; it read.-: 'il lllla a \'alniii('iu\iiii. d'oii il passa ii la ;;raiide \ilie, ciii il \it la niaisou d ( 70 orjGix OF THE a:meuicans. joined tlic fii'st iiiliahitants, and recognized in tlieiii the same origin as Jiis own, that i.s, of the Cnlehras. He speaks of tlie })laoe wliere they hnilt their tirst town, Avliifli, from its fonnders, received tlie name of 'rze(|nil; he aliirms tlie haviii;^ taught them refine- ment of manners in tlie use of tlie tal)le, tahle-cloth, tlishes, basins, cups, and napkins; tliat, in return for these, they taught liim the knowledge of God and of liis worsliip; his fii'st ideas of a king and ohedi- ence to liim; and tliat lie was chosen captain of all these united families.""* Cabrera sup})oses Cliivim to be tlio same as Hivini or (Jivim, which was the name of the country I'roni which the Hivites, descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, were ex])elle(l by the Philistines some yeais befoi'o the departure of the Hebrews from Egypt. Some of these settled about the base of ^Mount Her- mon, and to them belonged Cadnuis and his wife ]T;ii-monia. Jt is probably owing to the fable of their transformation into snakes, relatctl by Ovid in his ^Ietamor[)hoses, that the word (Jivim in the I^htLMiician laniruan'o siijfiiities a snake.'*^ Tripoli ot' ^^^ Cfihrrrii, Tcd/rn, in Riii'.t Drurriitfliiu, \t. 31. I liiivo fidlnwcd (n- bri'iii's acciiiiiit iK'Ciuise, mifurliiiiiilcly, Onloiii'z' work is not to lio luul. lini-isi'iir <^'ivi's ii fuller iicfiiiiiit of Viitiin's advi'iitiircs tliaii ("ahrcra, Imt lie protc.ssi'.s to ilraw lii.s iufoririation from fra^uiciits of Ordoricz' writiii;.;-. iiiid it, is iiiiiKissililc to tell wlictliur his extra iiil'oniialioii is tlie result nf Ills own iuiaiiination or of tiial, of his cM|ually eiitliusiastie ori;,'iiial. 'I'lic l.-arued .\lil)e relates that the men with wiiom N'otan conversed eoneerniiiu the tower of Mahel, assured him '<|Ueeet ediliee elait le liiu oil Dieu a\,iil donni' ii ehaipie famille un lani^na/c iiarticulier. II allirme (|u'^ sou retoiir di' la villi' (In temiile de Dieu, il retourna une premii're el line seeoiide fni^ !i examiner t uis les sontei'rains par oil il a\ail dejii pas^e. et les si;;iies c|' i s'y troiixaient. 11 dit <|u'on le lit passer par un ehemin souterrain ipii tr.i versait la terre et se terminait ii la racine du eiel. A Te^^ard de eelle i ir e lusiani'e, il ajoute iiue ee ehemin n'('tait autre (|triin trou de serpent o;i il enira parce ipi "il etait iin ser|ieiit.' I'upul Vitli, [i. Ixxxix, See farllur, enieei iiiuj^ \'olan' I'lirlin/d/ K.s/iinouc, llis/. .lA'.i'., tom. i., ]). \i>'); Jnm- ;v;.v, Hint, limit., ]>. 'JOS; C/d n'l/rni, Sfurin Ant. iht Missim, tom. i., I'll l."i()-l; lliitiiriiii, Iilrii, ]». llo; l.ci^ji, Xii'(trifi/ii(i, p. 4; '/'■■(iiii''iii'rli\s hi.'^rrt.i, \'i\. i ., pp. It) 7. 'I'his last is inendy a literal eojiy of 'I'schudi, to wlioMi, \\ii\'.- ever, no credit is j;iven. '<"> 'Ordofn'z tire iin ar;,Mimeiit du mot r/u'rhii, (pril ecrit anssi fi/r,,.. jionr rappider le c'/ /(•///( du pa>s des Ili'vc'cns de la Palestine, d'oii il i,i:: .s.)rtir les aiicctres lie N'otan. Uuiis hi hinyue t/.endale, tjui etait cellc 'l^ 4 t I ^ il in tliciii Culel)ras. their tirst 10 name of em refine- ,al)lo-el()th, return fur :' (Jod and and ()l)edi- )tain of all } as Hivini nntry from til, «on of some yeai's om E_!^vi»t. [onnt llei- d his wifr 10 fahle of hy Ovid in im in th Tripol ll ol followi'il (' it to lie li:i Cnl ihrcra, Iml liincz \vntm;:~ IS tl ic result III (iri;;ili;il. I In' ■-(■ll (•((lU'eriiinj 1)11 I) leii snail u il Hdii retiMir |ne seeiiiiile tui- Ics sillies i|'.i lenaiii i|iii tra- il! (It: celle eli- de sei'|ieiit o;i fiirlli ]). Km; •'), tiMll. ,1c 11 Ih Id whom, Illic- it ilUSSl pie, il'dii 1 (■tail eel 1 fait THE TZENDAL TUADITIONS. 71 Syria, a town In the kinL,^dom of Tyre, wa.s anciently called Chiviui. "Under this «ui»})osition, Avhen Vo- tan says he is Culehra, because he is Chivim, ho ; clearly shows, that he is a lli\ ite ori|i(isi'd I'lueiiieiaii deseciit iif |ln' Aiiierieaiis 1 (lie t\iaiiiiy tlieir iiiii(|Ueriirs exereisi'd ii\er tliem. 'Cursed lie Caiiaai lid Niiali. 'A si'i-saiit iif ser\aiils shall lie tie unto liis lucllireii.' Mii laiiiis s-iys that it is a mistake tn term the I'll L'aiiaaii, I'tir tliey are a Sei ^ ^ % / /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N Y )4S«0 (716) •79-4503 # iV \\ ;.<• jS o^ <- #? ^ ///// f/. i OllKUN OF TUE AMIMIKANS. B.C. .Tn2, a remnant of tlio inhabitants csr.ipud In' si'a to the Fortunate Islands, and thence to Anidicii, The author does not preti'nd tluit tliey liad any posi- tive l()ri!k»io\vlediL(o of the existence of a western <'ontinent; tlioui^h he believes "that from their knowlfdL^^ of astronomy, thev mav have hiid (he su]n>osition that such miucht he the case, fr >m the then known j^lohular chaiaeter of the earth." Ihit they were mainly indehted for the success of their voya<>e to the favoiinijf east winds which hore them, in the s|)ace of a nionth straight to the coast of Florida.'" "There ari'ived in joyous ijhulness, and welcomed hy all the ijifts of nature, — like an heir ^uddtMJ fortune, uncertain wherj to rest, —the to a TyriaJis left the shore of Florida and ceasted tin; _t;ulf of Nlexico, and so around th(! ptMiinsula of Yucatan and into the Bay of Ifonduras; they thence ascended a river of shelter and safely, and al)ov(> tlu^ rapids of hich they selected the site of their first city, now 'cuj)ied hy the ruins, altars, idols, and walls of 'opan!" The more effectually to presiTve the secret of their discoveiy and phu-e of refuse, they suhscMpiently tlestroyed their j^allcys and passed a, law that no w 0( ( others should he huilt. At least, this is Mr .lones' helit'f — a helief which, to hini, makes the cause "in- stantly ap]>arent" why the new-found continent was for so many centuries unknown to Asiatics or Kuro- I leans. t IS pOSSl hie. h lowever, the same ingenious author thinks, that, ujion a final lau^lin^•, they burned '"' 'Till- vtvciii!,' (Jiilli'VK, witli '*t\\U iin.ii ii'ii null's nil iiiw CIS. si\ null's iin Imur, iiiiil, ri|inillv iliviilin;; tlic t wrnly-finir liniirs, wdiiIiI nwikf ii run nf 1*1.' iiiilcM piT il;i\ . Nanliciil |iiti >fs will slmw lluit in (lie ii1m>\c I'lilciilnli'in till' piiwiT III' till- 'riiii|i'\S'iiii|s |/, c. till' l'".iist-\\'ini|s| lire mn/i rmh i/. Tin' liistiiiii'i' fi'iini 'I'l'iii'ilH'i' III I'Miiriilii is nlinnl ;i,'l(»i( mill's, wliiili hy tin' I'mi'- jiMiic iliitii tlii'V wniil 1 tniM'i'sc ill Hi'vciitci'ii mill n i|n,ii'lt'r liii.vs. 'I'lir N'ny- ii^jt' iiiiiN' llii'ii'i'iiii' wiili siifrly III' Mjiiil to liiivi' lii'i'ii iiri'iiiii|ilislii'i| ilniiii;{ iin cntn'c iiinntli, iiinl tliMt, ri)iisi'.|ni>iii|y ihi- liisi iMiiiliii;^' nf a liriiinli nf till* linniiin family in Ani'ii'iil Amrrira wnnlil In- in tin- last iinintli <<< .Vnliiinn, tiiiri' liiimli'i'il ami I liiit v-two M'ai's lii'fmi' (lie t'lirisiian I'.ia.' MIt JONT.S' ItKASONINC. 78 d by .irira. posi- sterii tlu'ir I tltc But tlu'ir ln'IM, st of and lu'ir — tho } sjfulf (•■•itaii iidcd ids of now Is of OIK'S ill- was iiiro- nious inu'd (' CUM- li's ail liiiiir, I' l!i.' ■I'll.' flllC- \My- liiriii;! Iicll 111 iitli III' .lii.' ilit'ir slii|>s as a sacritice to A[>ollo, "and liaviiii^ made that sacritico to AjjoHo, laiiatical zeal may liave led tlit'in to ahlior tliu future use of means, wliicli, as ii tifratoful oH'erinuf, liad beun <'ivcn in tlicir dcitv. Til 'iico may l)u traced the ynuhial loss of nautical juactice, on an enlarged scale; and tin; lireat conti- in'iit now [)ossessed hy them, would also y (lct;'rees tho ossc uses .1. of naviiiatioii. d 'U8 ones inneniousiy makes use ot the siini f th ilarit les which hav(! heeii thoiiij^ht to exist iK'tweeii the Amer- ican and l^^nyptian pyramids, anil architecture i;-eii- crallv, to ]>rove his 'Pvriaii the(»rv. The wneral character of tho American architecture is undonht- cilly Knyptian, ho ari^ues; hut tho n'seiiililaiice is not close onoii^h in detail to allow of its heino- nctually the \vork of Kiicyptiaii hands; the ancient cities of America wt^ro therefore huilt hy a |teo|tl(' who had a hni>irl('i)iiie of tho ruins are (Jreek in styk' ; the mysterious people must also liavi! Iu'en familiar with (ireek .irchitecture. NN'hero shall we find such a jieople^ The <'ap exactly tits tho Tyrians, says Mr Jones, let tliem wear it. rnfortunatelv, h owe\er M r Jones iiiaimfactures the caj) himself and knows the exact >i/e of the head he wishes to place it on. lie next j4'oes o II t o l)rove almost to demonstration (hat (!n cian artists wi>re authors of the sculpture, Tyrians I lie architects of the entiri^ edilli'es, wliih' th(»se of I'i^ypt Were aiitliors of tlu; architectural hases." The tortoise; is found sculptured on some of the ruins Ml. I "■'ll wciiiiil lie iiiiiiiwsihli' to ni\(> lii-rc llic cnlin' ex iiiftnc willi wliiili iiin'-( >ii|i|i(irls h\* llii'iiiy SiiU'ir)' it III SUV lliiit till' ana! Ill' ail- ii'CH arc fiir-frirlu'il in ilic cxtii iiic, ainl lliiil lii» |iiriiii^i's iiif let a ^ri'cal 'Xli'iil ;:iiiMnili'il ii|Mih crrtain \ayni' ntlcianrcsnf l-aiali llic |iiM|iiii'l. Hit iiiiliiiiiiiilril ilK^iinaliHiii, xM'ii' it lr»H HliiinL.'l\ niaikri \\ii nf lli I k lliaii li\ n^tin"iii-lit'il Ann riniiiisli jtr MiiUi'i'; 'I •an/ iiliiii ll Wcrlli soil ilir in l.iiiniiin |si;i cixi'liii'iu'iic Scliiiri rinr-i I'.n;.'- Iill|lll'l'^<, dl'lll'^ri' .liina->, il A, III nLiiiiixi'liv Cni lii/t'ii ilir I' I'liii'lilc ilc" alien Aiiicriiii M'in «■ 74 OKUilN OF TllK A.MKUiCANS. iit l^xiiiiil; it was jiVso staiuiUMl u]»<»n tlic ('dins of (iii'fian Tliohus and yK^iiia. From thin (act it is hrotiLjht liomu at unou to tliu Tyriaiis, lKn*ausu tlio IMHi'iiiciau cliiof Cadmus, wlio louiidcd 'riiehcs, and introdiUH'd letters into Cireece, without doul>t se- lected tlie symiujls of his native land to represent the coin of his new city. The tortoise is, therefore, a I vrian einhlem 1)K 119 The A;nerican ruins in some places hear inscrip- tions written in vermilion j>aint; the Tvrians were «u;lehrateems have l)«'cn I'ound in American tomhs; the 'J'yrians were also aci uainted with nem-carvin;^. The door-posts and pillars of Solomon's temple were s(piare;''" sipiaro ohelisks and cohinms may also he found at PaleiKpie. J hit it is useless to multiply «jUotati«)ns; the ah- sun lity of sui'h reasonnii>: is hh izoned ui)on o f It. 1> the f ice \\ At Dii^f^hton, on the hay of Narrayanset, is, or as, an inscription cut in the rock, which has hi-en conlidcntly asserted to he Ph(rnician. ('oj>ii's (»f this inscription have heen frequeiitly made, hul they dilfer so mateiiMlly that no two of them wouUl appear to he intended for the same desiirn."^' i<« ./r. U5S-7 \('t'(ii'tliii;{ to .Ml' iloiiuH, SoIiiiiiou'h tL>ui|ilt> wiiM littilt liy Tyriati wmk- IllCli. '"' (Jclii'lin iilliniiM I'lilliiiMiiiMlifitllv 'i|iii> ccttc iMNi'ri|ilioii viciit tl'iir river liHil i'\|iii'n(1u nuinfuii inoiiilc, |H»iir ciinliiiiu'r wr* iilci's wiir l'iiri;^iiu' ill's |ii'ii|ili's, ct iiiir I'liii y viiil, i/'tiiif iiitiiiii rr iru/iiitr, nil luiiiimiM'iit plii'iiirii'ii, nil talilfiiii i|iii, Hiir Ic ili'vaiil, ili'.sj;;n<< niii> alliiiiicc ciilif it-s |icn|i|i"< iinii'i'iraiiiM ct la niilimi (>li'anp'rt>, iiiriMiiil, jiar ilc^ inilsihi nun/, il'mi |ia\s rirlif ft iiiiliiMlrit'iix." ' llniiilinlill, linwi'vcr. ciMMinriitiii;.' ii|iiin ll MS, \vnli"»: ill' I li-tti iinntiin ■ I' l:i\ II cxaniiiic avn* Hoiii Ii'm i|iiati'i' iIi's^s, jc ii y mmh i|u iiii iIchsih a |i('inc I'itanriii', ct aiialii;;'nc t'l ccnx i|ni' I'nii a Ironvi's niir Ics loriicrs ill- la Niirwi'y^c' l//>.v, toni. i., pp. IS!-'.*. ''I'lic liiHtnry «>f tlii'^ iiiMiiip- tiiiii is Hcaircly snrpasm>i|, in tlic interest it lias escitcil. or ilie iinvri phases it lias e\liiltitei| at NiieecsHivc I'ltoelis of tlieorelieal speciiialion, li\ aiiv ri'iilsiiiian, l''.il;;ill)iiie, or Nilotic riilille. When llie taste of Aliieiieall aiiti>|Marics ini'liiieil towarils I'lnenieian relies, llic |lii;litoii inseriplimi enn fiiiiiieil III their opinions; ami with chaii^in;.' tastes it has prnveil ei|uallN oinpliant. In ITH.'t the lii'v. K/ra Stiles, M. !>.. It SL'- roscnt rot'oio, iirtcriit- s wore e luHii •u alsi) ts Jiml leiHiuo. lie ill>- lio t'aeo , i>^, «»»" IS lulMl 1' this H'ar to liaii wttrk- ncnt tl'iir- IlliiUIIIIII'Ilt tiiln' U* .s illl iilil'll. Mill;; ii|i>rriii- Jlllf lUlVll Aiiirrii'im ||iti ('aura, in 7^ hit., Father Uamon liueno found a hiock of u^ranite on which were cut several groups of (liaiactei's, in which lluml>oKlt sees some rcsuni- hlance to the Phienician, though he douhts tliat the wnitliy i>riest whose copy he saw performed his work very carefully."'* '{'he inscrihed stone discovered at Crave Creek Mound has excited much comment, and has done ixciHent service, if we jud>i^e hy the numher of theories it has been held to elucidate. Of the twiiity-two characters which are confessedly alpha- hetic, inscrihi'd upon this stone, ten are saitl to cor- respond, with ]neneral exactness, with the IMueiiician, fifteen with the Celtiheric, fourteen with the old riiMiiii'ian cliaracfcr ami Iaiij;iia;;i': in jiroof that llic IiiiliaiM wcro (if llio ai'i'iii'si'il si'fil of Canaan, anil smti* tii lie (lis|i!ari'il atul ruiitt'il nut by tint l'.iiiii|praii ilcsi'i'iiiiaiitM iif laiilict !. . . .Sii rarlv as Iti.Sit I>r. Danlortli I'Xi-- I'lilnl wliat lir rliaiarlci'i/ril as "a faitlifnl ami arciiratc ri'iursciitatiiin of till' iiis('i'j|itii)n " nil |li),'litnn Knck. hi 171- tiic t'cicliraliMl Dr. ('nttnii MiilliiT iirni'iircil ili'aw in;;s nf tlit- sanif, ami traiismiitcil tiinii tn tlu> Set-- litaiX nf llic linyal SncirtV nf Lnliiliill, wIlll a ilrsi'|-i|i| inll, |ilililcil ill llif i'/ii/iiMti/i/niii/ Triiii.iiiitiinis for 17ll, rcfciiin;; tn it as "an iiis('ri|itinii in wliiili an- scM'ii nr (■i''lit lines, aliniit seven nr i'i''ii( feet luii'', ami aliniil a fixii wiile, each nf tlieiii en;;i'aveii willi iiiiai'eniiiitalii<> ehararter- >t /i/,, .11 /, iiiiirii cliiiriiili I In I7.'«l, l>i'. Isaae (ineiiwiMMl, llnjlisiaii I'rn- fc's^nr at t'aiiilitiil;,'e, New l''.ii;;laml, eniiimiiiiirateil tn tlie Sncietv nf Aiiti- i|iiai'ies nf Lniiilnn a iliiiwiii;; nf tlie same iiisi'i'i|)tinii, aecnmiiaiiieil willi a i|>linli wliieii |ii'n\es tlie threat care with wliirli liis en|iy wan eseriiteil 1. 1 ITliS, Mr. Sleiiliell Sewall, l'rnfex-.ni' nf (liielilal l,ail;;lia at < aiii- iiiiil;;e, New l',ii;;laml, tnnk u earefiil in|i\, liie si/e nf llie nii;^iiial, ami ill |iii>iii'il it in tlie .Miiseiini of llai'\aril CniMTsiiy; ami a traiiMiipt nf till-, was I'm wai'ileil tn tlie llnval Sneiely nf l.iimlnii, >i\ _\eais liiici', iiy Mr. •lames Wiiillirn|t. Ilnilisiaii l*rnfe»nr nf .Maliiematies. In i7Mi the lie\. .Miiliael LnrI, l).l>., nlie nf tlie \'ii e-l're-.ii|eills nf the SniielN nf Ami if l.nmlmi l.ili'il illiixtratinlis, liefnre a;:aili hrnui^lil the siilije it, with all its ai'i'iimii- that eariieil sneleiN ; ami < nlnlle Vail elli'V Illl- ill riiink In |ii'o\e that the iiisn'i|>linn W i neither I'llieliii'iail llnl I'lllli li:it Silteriaii. Suhsei|nentlv, Jinl;:)' Wintlirn|is exeenteil a iliawin;; in \'S'>; ami a;;ain wo have otliers hy Jinl;,'!' Itaylies ami Mr. .Insejih Inmil- ill:; ill I7li*>. hy Ml'. Jnli liai'iliier ill lsl'_'; ami linally, in is.'tii, li\ a t'nm- mi^^imi ai>|iniiileil hy the Ithmle Islainl llislnrieal Sneirtv, ami inminiini- laleil In the .\iil ii|miries nf ( 'n|ienhap'ii \\itli elalmrate ileseriplinns: whirli • Inly a|i|iear in their Aiitiiiiiilntrs Ann rirmnr, in |irniif nf imvi'l ami \eiy reiiiarkalile ileilmlinns l'll/(l, nil's Trill/., |l. •_'((. Wil.sDii'n I'nUist, Mm |i|i. •I((;i-,'t. Sei\ al-n II est asse/. reiiiari|nahh> i|ne, siir sept eariieteres, amnn lie s'y liMilve ri'lu'le |ill|sieiirs fnis.' I'llis, Inlil. i., |'li, l.S.'l-l, with eilt nf (lail nf ill->ri'ijitinii. 7G OUIOIN OF THE AMEKICANS. Britlsli, Aii^lo Saxon or Bardie, five witli the old northcni, or lluiiic itrojier, four with the Etrus- can, six with tho ancient (JalHc, four with tho ancient Greek, and seven with tlie old Erse."' An inscrihed monument su[>posed to ]»e Plmni- cian was discovered by one Jt)a(|uin de Costa, on his estate in New Granada, some time since,'"* 'I'lie cross, the ser[)ent, and the various other symlols found amoni'' the American ruins, have all l)een re Li^arded l>y (htferent authors as tending;* to conHiin the J^lKeniciaii theory; chieHy because similar emhlems liave been found in Eiifvpt, and the Phccniciaiis are known to have been familiar with Egyptian arts and ideas.''"'^ Mel,|i,^ar, who thinks there can be no doult that the PlKenicians built Palenque, su)>|)o.scs the s!)-call('d PaleiKiue medal'"" to re[)resent llercidcs in the Garden of the Hes|)erides, attacked by tho drai^oii. Two thousand three hundred years before the worship of Hei'cules was known in (Jreece, it obtained in Pluenicia. whither it was brought iVom Ejfvpt, where it had flourished for over seventeen thousand years.'" 1''' Sec Sr/ioii/iriiff, in Amrv. Fffnw. ,'^nr., Trnnmrf., vol. !., pp. HSCi-'C, for lull iH'i'iiiiiit (if this Mtmic, with cul.s. Sih- also }ntsoii'.s l'ri/ii.\f. Mmi, \)\\. 4(IS, el Hci|, '''< l''i)r lliis stiitt'iiKMit \ liiivc only ntnvspiiitcr iiiitliorlty, liowcvcr. 'nic "Ain('riUa,"t'in in lto;;i»tji, Ncu (lianaila, ci'scliicni-ncM.lonnnil, kiin(li;;t cine Entilriknnu an. ilic so scltsani ist. on .loaiininMlt' Costa soil danacli ; af oiin'Oi sciiii'i' (iiiliT )>in stcint'i'nrs MunnnH'iit futilcckt lialicn, ilas \on cincr kiciurn Colonic IMnini/icr aus Siilonia ini .lalirc {) oiler 10 ilcr Itc^^icini:;^ liiranus, cincs Zcit^cnosscn Salomons, nn;:'cfalii' zdui .lalirliiinilcitc \or «lcr cliristliclicn Acra crriclitct wnnlc. I>cr lHock \m'. cine Inscliiil't m>ii iiclit l.inicn, ilic in sclioncn Itnclistalicn, alter oline 'rrcnnnn;^ ilcr Wioto oiler l'nneta*ion ^'eselirielien siml. In iler l'elierset/un}r soil er stein soil, wie cs heisst, ilic N'amen tier IteiM'iidi ii lra,i.'eii.' Iliniiliiivij li'/nriii, (»rt. "Jl, 1H7M. See farther, eonecrnin;,' insiiip- tions! Tiii'iiiinilililil, .Mniiiliil. fill/., toni. i., p. 'i'.t; S/rnftini'.s Mnllnil- Jtili/Jirs. MS., p. l;»; /'/•/- s7',, .I,//,,', .infill., p. I'JI. 1^' See partii'iilarly Mlijiir, in N'c'. MiX. (iimf., I'nlrlin, 'Jila I'poea, toni. iii., p. II'J, et si'i|.; anil .fnm.s' Hist. Am-. Annr., p. l.'ij, el sei|., /; ilil \«, Sv A, .f tl pp. is.-i-d. IIS work. M IIS. Mlijiir, in Sur. Mi.r, (.''««/., JJuliliii, '.Ma t'poea, loin, iii., pji. 110-11. m- THE CAKTIIA(;iNIAX TIIF.OUY. 77 tlio «>l»l Ktrus- •ith the Phd'ni- i\, on bis .»•'■* The syml.ols heon re urtrin the i-mhlc'ins ciiuits iue I arts iuul no douht posts the LM'i'uU's in I hy the urs hci'on^ (Jreeee, it lu-ht Iron I suvcnteen „ YY>. 380 -07. I'n/ii-il. Mini, wcvcr. nif larf, flu- iiiK" ell ; Mif I'iiicm IllH voii ciiuT ,.!• l!<';;ifniii;jC liuiHlfrti- vor Inscliiil'l vitu ,o ,l,.v Wi.vlo (lif IllMlllil't ilVii Aiiioii;:'*- Uiil villi ili'iii [cuiiviniiiil i» liiiiiiH' iiisiiip- Miiiii I, 'Jtla ('•iiiii'ii, l.'iJ, ft x'H ; 1.11. 110-11. (Jarci'a quotes a numhur of aiialos^ies, jj^ivinij;', aftir liis t"a.shion, the ohjuctions to each l)y the Sj>aniairaplie{l l>y means ol tires, decked tliemselves in all their finery on jU'oini;- to war, liuisoned their arrows, offered peace before beuinniiiL'' Icittie, used drums, shouted in battle, were similar in .stratayems and exerci.sed ^reat cruelty to the van- (jiiished. The objections are that the lanmiiin'e of llu' Indi.ins is not corrupt (.'arthayinian ; that they have many lani^uaufcs, and could not have spruiii^ from any one nation; Satan prompted the Indians to learn various lamjcuaiifes in onU-r to pievt;nt the extension of the true faith. But why are the Ind iaiis beardless if they descended from the (artha- '•inians? Their beards have been lost by the action Ill" the climate as the Africans were chan,:;c'd in color. Then why do they not lose their hair as well, and why do not the Spaniards lose their beard t 'fhey ni.iv in time. And .so he e after jianv 1.58 The theory that the Americans are of .Jewish ilescent has been discussed more minutely and at greater length than any other. Its advocates, or at ''■^St'c fjirtluT. cmiccniiiij; IMniMiiriaii ami < 'arilia;;iiiiaii llirmii's: 7''>/•• ■/i"iiiiii/it, Miiiiiiri/. lull., tmii. i., |i|i '1S~'.\, •.'.i.'i; llill i .iniii/. Aimr; Ml/- [I'lr, ill Siii\ .1/ ,iv (liinj., Hull till, "Jiia ('imca, Inlll. iii., |i. Ill; l.ixriirhnt, llixt, Siiiii; Frniirr; /hillif, Ji iiis hiiiii/., |i|i. .'), .S; Jiiliijiiins <'ir. ilinl '"■•it., Vol. iii., |i|t. H— 1; hitiiii III ill's I)i\ir/s, vol. i., |iii. ',1 I'l; liijui's I'nirils, \i>l. ii., |i|i. •11-50; ,S/irliliiii, iu Aiii. Aiitii/. Sor., Trini.Miit „ \I; l.ii;l, .\ /<•• ■ n-iiiimi, |i|i. 1(1, 'JOH; l\itiiiiili/'.s I'niliiililr Orii/hi; lUililii'iii's .(,/<■. Aiini:, |'|i 171-1. 'J(H». '20'; /hi I'liitt, Hill. I.iiiiisiiiiii-. loin. iii.. pii 7"i SO; t'/iii- I' iiihiiiiiiil, 1,1 lln iiii.r .liifiiir.s; \>. H7; S/rnlfnii's Mniiin/- /linlili rs. MS; > iirrir's Trill'., |i|i. IHH. I'.tl 'J; Moiitiunm, Siiiiiir Wnnlil, y\\. I(i-'_''J, '1', -X; h< f'li.slii, I'lT-CiiliiiiihnUi Iti.sr. Alliil'., |>. xiv.; It'i/ii.t Aiiliiiniis, ill l\iiiil.s- ii'iiviij/i'i M X. Aiitiij., vol. i.\., Jt. lOj liciiu Aiim:, toiii. i., ji. ."I, Funif, 78 ORIGIN OF THE AMEUICAXS. least those of tliom •wlio have iiiado oriLjiniil iv- suaivlios, are comparatively tew; lait the extent of their investigations and the multitude of parallelisms they adduce in support »>f their hypothesis, exceed by far anythiuji^ we have yet encountered. Of the earlier writers on this subject, Garcia is the most voluminous. Of modern theorists Lord Kin!]fsl)orou«^h stands preeminently first, as far as bulky volumes are concerned, thouj^h Adair, who devotes half of a thick quarto to the subject, is by no means second to him in enthusiasm — or rather fanaticism — and wild speculation. Mrs Simon's vol- ume, thoui^h pretentious enough to be original, is neither m<»re nor less than a re-hash of Kinj»sl)or- ough's lal)ors. Garcia,"* who affirms that he devoted more atten- tion to this subject than to all the rest of his work,*** deals with the Hebrew theory by the same sys- tematic arrangement of '<»pinit>ns,' 'solutions,' 't»b- jections,' 'replies,' etc., that is found all through his book. A condensed resume of his argument will be necessary. Tlie opinion that the Americans are descended from the ten lost tribes of Israel, he says, is com- monly received by the unlettered multitude, but iK)t by the learned; there are, however, some excepti(iit,'\\]>. 2.')4-«l. 1'' (hiiini tie lo.t Iiid., pp. 7".»-128. "w ■ \u liico jjniniU' dilipMiciii ni averipuir osta vcrilnil, v pnpiloalinnnr, <|U(' lie traltajado inax i-n olio, miic <ii tixla la Oiira; i ani a<'«>rca tali>N fuiulaiiHMito.s al <>(liti<'iii, i niai|iiiiia du vhUi tMjiituiiciii, i opiiiiuii, iiiiu piieilaii iiiui ItiiMi Hufrir nti pcmi.' Jd., p. 71). |1." TEX LOST TRIIIES OF ISRAEL. 79 lived, tliron<,'h whitli tlioy journoycd for a year and ii half, until tlu-y caino to a land wliiili tiifv callod Arsareth, whcro they settled and have dwelt ever since. The most difficult que.stion is: how did thoy lyet to America? to which the most rea.sonahle an.swer seems to he, that they fj^radually cro-ssed northern Asia until thev came to the straits of Anian/'' o>er wiiich they j)assed into the land of Anian, whence tiiey journeyed .southward hy land throuiifh New ^Toxieo into ALexico and Peru."" That they were al)le to make such a lonuf journey is amply attested l»y parallel undcrtakinijfs, of which we have historical proof. It is argued that they would not travel so far and throuufh so manv inhahited countries witliout fiudinuf a restiui^-place; hut we read in the Scriptures that when they left the country of the Medt's, whither they had heen carried hy *Salnianassar, they determined to journey heycMul all the j^-entile nations until they came to an uninhahited land. It is true s(>m(> learneil men assert that they are still to ho fnuml in the citii-s of the Medes, hut a statement thiit disamves with the hook of Esdras is unworthy of helief; though of course stune of them may have rtiiiained; hesidcs, nnist not Mexico he included ill tile direct declaration of CJod that ho would scatter the Jews over all the earth? The opinion that the Americans are of ITehrew orijjfin is further supported hy similarities in character, dress, reliL;ieculiarities, condition, and customs. The Americans are at heart cowardly, and ao are the "■'' Anian wns flic nanio pivon to tlu» strnit whicli wna snppoRcil to liif lictwocn Asia iinti Anii'iicii, and whirii, afti-r its ai'tnai diMcovcry, wan iiiiiiM'd IliM-iu)^ Strait. Tliu iiiikiiowii nurthorii rt>);ii>nH of Aniorica wero aUii <'aliod Anian. '"* 'I'iio worthy Fatlicr'n p'ogmphipnl kno\vlcdj?o was sonx-wiiat vanuc; llms in tlu> nt'xt Hi'ction lii< writcM: 'Taniliion imdicron ir Iuh dici! Trilins •lisdf la Ticrra, t\\w tlict' EHdras, i\ la t'liina. . . . He la China pudirntn ir )iiiiMar II la Tiorra d<> Nuova-Kxpafta, para donde no (>s niiii larj^'a la navc- ;.'a(iiin, vinicndo por ol Kstrt'cho, o Canal, i\\w t'Hth cnfre la China, i cl lUino dc .Vniiian, i de ijuiviru.' Oinjcn i/t /«« Intl., p. 81. m OIJKHN OF TlIK A.Mi:i:i( ANS. Ji'Wh; tlio lii.t(»rv<>r Imth iiatioiiH jirovts tlii.s."''^^' Tlir Jl'Ws did not lu'liovo in tin; mi rack's of Cliiist, and lor tlit'ir uiikcliof were Houttert'd over the laie of tlu' earth, and dispised of all men; in liki' maniiei- the pi-opli! of the New World did not, readily reeeixc the true I'aitli a.s preaehed Ity Christ's catholie disciples, and are therefore j)erseeuted and heinjL^ ia|»idly ex- terminated. Another analogy presents itself in tiic; iiijuratitiule of the Jews for the many lilessinL;s and s|>e<'ial favors bestowed on them hy (mkI, and the ingratitude shown by the Americans in nturn fic- tile L,M-eat kindness of the Spaniards. Uoth Jews and .Xnicricans are noted for their want of ehaiity and kindness to the poor, sick, antl unlbrtuiiJite; both are natmaiiv uiven to idolatry; manv cnst»»ins are common to both, such as raisin' \enian en su se;,'uiiiiien((i, i tie enlianles se linlxiesen ii l"'.;,'i|ili>.' Witii ir ;raiil to llie enwanliee of tlie Anieiieans, In- wiiies; 'Cnenla la llistmiii (lue entii) Cortes, en la ('oni|iiista ile Nneva-Ksiiana eon "i.'iK lis|iarMi|e>, i (le esfiis eraii los .'tO Marineros: i en Mexico tiivo, (inando lo ;.'auo, IH' * l'',H|parioies. ■JttO.lMH) linlios, HIM 'aliallos: ninrieron de los Nneslros ."iit, i .1 ■ los < 'aliaiios Ii. I'.nlro I'it^arro en el IVrii eon poeos mas tie 'JIN* i'lsiianoli -. eon los i|uales, i eon tiO ('a)iallos liivo \'ietoriti eontra el Itei Atanual|ia Not only at. tlie lime of the ('onipieKt, lie lulils, tliil the Ainerieaiis sintN r ami run on the disehar^re of a musket, hiit even at the present dav, \\\u i lhe\ are familiar with ilrearnis, they do the Hame. (Jiii/i n t/r Ins Jml., pi S,") Ii. "•* Immediately ufterwardM lie says that the Jcwn uiitl Aliii'iiciilK) >veio aliUe, heiause tlie.v Ituth bttthoil fretiuoiitly. THi: Ji:WS IN A.MKKICA. 81 Icowaitlif*' "f lari'i'iiiiii'iilo. of the IltliioNVs was ill many itoints liko tliat of the Am« ricais. IJotli an; Ht oiilv lor the lowest kind of lahor. 'I'he .lews preferred the flesh-j)ot.s of Ei,'y|)t ami a life of Iumda<,'o to heavenly manna and the promised land; the Americans liked a life of freedom and a od fiiod,"" The Jews were famous for fine work in stone, as is shown l»y the inecilie distinethtn, and that in men is only indi- vidual, or ai'cidcntnl and common; the Afost Hi^h desired that this variety and coiiimoii difTcrenec should exist in the human sjieeiesi, as there could lie none specific and essential, so that there Hliould he u resemhlanee in Ihi" lietween nuin and the other ereatt-d lieiuf^s: of which the Creator hini- seit wished that the mitural cause should l)e the arran^rement of the earth, tin' re^rioti of the air, inlluem'c of the sky, waterB, and etiihies, Hy which the reailiT will not fail to he convinced that it was possihie for tlu' Indiana to obtain and ac(|uire a ditl'erence of mental faculties, and of c(dor of face and uf features, suvh as the Jews had not.' Orijen ilc Ivn Iml., p. 105. JEWISH ANALOGIES. 83 their temples into the char^jo of priesli, ■ " ".ed in- tense, anointed the body, practiced circumcision,*'^ kept per])etual fires on their altars, forbade women to Liiter the temples immediately after giving birth, and juisbands to sleep with their wives for seven days (luring the period of menstruation, prohibited mar- riage or sexual intercourse between relatives within the secontl degree, made fornication with a slave )»unishable, slew the adulterer, made it unlawful for a man to dress like a woman, or a woman like a man, put away their brides if they proved to have lost their virginity, and kept the ten commandments. Another objection is, that the Americans do not speak Hebrew. But liie reason for this is that the language has gradually changed, as has been the case with all tongues. Witness the Hebrew spoken by the Jews at the present time, which is much cor- rupted, and very different from what it originally wa.s. There do actually exist, besides, many Hebraic traces in the American languaires.'** And even if this were not so, may we not suppose that the Devil ]>ronij>ted the Americans to learn new and various languages, that they might be prevented in after years from hearing the Catholic faith? though fortu- nately the missionaries learned all the.se strange tongues, and thus cheated the Evil One. Acosta questions the authority of Esdras, but, answers Garcfa, although the book of E.sdras is eer- t;iiiily apocryphal, it is nevertheless regarded by the C'liurch as a higher authority than the ])octors, Acosta urges, inor«)over, that Esdras, even if reliable, states distinctly that the ten tribes fled from the "■• 'V finalmonto, m nos ilixcren, qne boIor nquc1Inr< siotc f^oncros ile fieufi'M, niii' lie iioinhrado, 4111' moii ("(iIcok, Ej;yiK'i»» ]'>> MatTiiiii-s fueniii los que vsaniit lmi el Mundo la circiiiicisioii. . . .A Hern. ilotii, i a Ins (lue alegareii lu referido, ho rcHpoiule, 'ne as tlie vaLJUest, vet J^ord Kingsborough cannot be classed with such writers as Jones, Hanking, C'abri'ra, Adair, and the host of other dounuitists who have fought tootli ami nail, eacli for his particular hobby. Kingsl)orough was an entluisiast — a fanatic, if you choose — but his en- tliusiasm is never ofl'ensive. I'here is a scholarly dignity about his work wiiich has never been attained by those who have jeered and railed at him; and thouL'h wo may smile at his credulity, and reurct that such strong zeal waa so strangely misplaced, yet ■we should speak and thitdv with respect of one who ppent his lifetime and his fortiuie, it" not his reason, in an honest c^ndeavor to cast light u])on one of the most obsi'ure spots in the history of man. The more ]irominent of the analogies adduced by be brietlv enumerated as liOi'd Kingsborough m; ly oiiows; The reliu'ion of the ^lexi cans s that of the J ews, m many mnior i trongl letaih v rest'mblc( as will It ])resently seen, and the two were practically alike, t> KIN'OSBOROUOirS AROl'MENTS. 85 a certain extent, in tlicir very toundatioti; for, as the Jews acknowledged a multitude of angels, areli- aiiLi'els, prini'ipalities, tl)rones, doniiiuons, anf Tczcatlijtoca, and at thi? same time worship a g-reat numl)er of other ima^nnary heini^s. Doth hulieved in a }>lurality of devils suhordinatc tt) one head, who was called hy the ^Texicans Mictl m- tecutli, and l)y the Jews Satan. Indeed, it seems tliat the Jews actually worshi[)e(l and matle otferini;s to Satan as the ^Fexicans did to their 'god of hell.' It is prohahle that the Toltecs were ac(juainted with the sin of the tirst man, connnitted at the suggestion of the woman, herst'lf deceived hy the serpent, who tempted her with the fruit of the forhidden tree, A\lio was the ori'>'in of all our calamities, and hy whom death came into the Morld."''^ Wo have seen in tliis chapter that Kingshorough su])poses the ^Feirisiah and his story to have heen familiar to the ^[exicans. There is reason to helieve that the ^Fex- icans, like the Jews, offered meat and driidv offerings to stones ITi) Tl lere are s triking snnuarities het ween the iJahel, Hood, and creation mvths of the llehrew niH ws and M e\ieaii^4 Wel 1 the Anierit-ans."^ Both .le e fond of aj)pealing in their adjurations to the I weiv e\treu)ely super 1th luave'U and tlie earth IT'J r.oti stitious, and tirm hi'lii'vers in prodigies.''^ The char- aitrr and history of Christ and lluit/ilojiorhtli |)ie sent certain analogies.'"* It is very prohaMe that tile Sahliath of the seventh day was known in some ]Mrts of America. ''■"' 'X\\(\ ^Fexicans ap|)lie(! the hlood "f sacrillces to the same uses as tiie .lews; they ji'iured it ujion the earth, they si)rinkled it, they '" /v*/(i7.s7)r)>v)"i//(',v .V'.c. Aitli'j., vol. viii., [ip. lO-'JO, vol. vi., p, ■';!(). I'l' ii.. p. '2[, :tit. I. .')S, '■' /'/., pp. r.7, 'JlS-l'.), '210. '*'y./.,p. i.-j.-). 86 OIUGIN OF THE AMbKICAXS. iiijirkocl persons with it, and they smeared it upon Avails and other inaninuito things.*'" No one hut the Jewish high-priest might enter the Holy of Holies. A similar custom ohtained in Peru.*" Both Mexi- cans and Jews regarded certain animals as unclean and unfit for food."* Stnne of the Americans he- lieved with some of the Talmudists in a plurality of smds."" That man was created in the image of God was a part of the Mexican belief*'* It was cus- tomary among the Mexicans to eat the flesh of sac- rifices of atonement.*'^* There are many points of resenil)lanco between Tezcatlipoca and Jehovah.'*^ Ablutions formed an essential i)art of the ceremonial law of the Jews and Mexicans.**^ The o])inions of the Mexicans with regard to the resurrection of the body, accorded with tliose of the .lews.*'** The Mex- ican temple, like the Jewish, faced the east.**'' "As amongst the Jews the ark was a sort of portable tenn)le in which the Deity was supposed to be con- tinually present, and which was accordingly borne on the shoulders of the 2)riests as a sure refuge and defence from their enemies, so amongst the ^Mexicans and the Indians of Michoacan and Honduras an ark Avas held in the highest veneration, and was con- sidered an object too sacred to be touched by any but the priests. The same religious reverence for the ark is stated by Adair to have existed among the Cherokee and other Indian tribes iidiabiting the b:mks of the Mississip})i, and his testimony is cor- roborated by the accounts of Spanish authors of the 170 hi., j>. ir.4. '" 'V el Vii;,'a Yn]miif;riio piitraltiv solo, y tM inisnin ])or hm iniino »< licaliii las ovcjas y conlcioH.' Iliimizos, l/isfan'o ilv Ins Iiiiftts, lil). i,, \i., ([iioli'il ill Kiiii/slKiiiiiiiih's ,1A(M'. Aiifi'i/., vol. vili,, p. 150. "^ III., lip. 157, 'J.'Jti, JJSlt, vol. vi., pp. •Mli ry. "" /(I., vol. viii., p. KiO. '"O Ai'., p. 174. "" /(/., p. I7r.. ""A/., pp, 174-S'_>. ir.' pnwnts jioiiit. See also vol. vi., pp. ol'J, O'JIJ, i«i 1,1., vol. viii., p.'.';}8. '"< /'/., p. '-MS. "*^ /(('., p. -JoT. lirri- cap. 11 most clabonilo disi-ussiou of tliin HEBREW AND AMEllICAN ANALOGIES. 87 upon lit the rlolies. Mcxi- lueleaii ins be- alitv of of God as ciis- of sac-^ nuts of iovah.^«^ oinonial ru)ns ot u of the 10 McN.- 185 «<^\s portaljlo bo coii- borne on 'line aiul ^loxicaiis IS au avk ,vas cou- l)y any oiu'o fov jiion*;' the ting the is ooi- irs of the greatest voracity. The naturo and use of the ark liavinjjf 1)0011 explained, it is needless to observe that its form nii^ht have been various, althou<^li Scripture declares that the Hol)re\v ark was of the simplest construction." And as^ain: "it would appear from many j)assages of the Old Testament, that the Jews believed in the iral presence of (jfod in the ark, as the lloman Catholics believo in the real j)resonce of Christ in the sacrament, from whom it is probable the ^lexicans borrowed the notion that He, whom the heaven of heavens cannot contain, and whoso glory fills all s})ace, could be contined within the pre- cincts of a narrow ark and be borne by a sot of weak and frail priests. If the belief of the ^Eoxi- cans had not been analogous to that of the ancient Jews, the early Spanish missionaries would certainly have expressed their indignation of the absurd cre- dulity of those who believed that their oiiutljn'cscut god t[uitzilopochtli was carried in an ark on priests' shoulders; but of the ark of the Mexicans they say hut little, fearing, as it would a|)[)ear, to tread too holdly on the Imrning ashes of ^Tount Sinai."'**" The Yucatec conce})tion of a Trinity resembles the Hobrow.'*^^ Jt is ])robal)le that Qiiotzalcoatl, whof^o j)i()por name signitios 'feathorod sorpo'it,' was ho ciillod after the brazen serpent which Moses lifti.il up ill the wilderness, the feathers perhaps alluding to the rabbinical tradition that the tiery sor|)onts which god sent against the Israelites wore of a winjuod ^l»ocios.'*"' |iuai\i> Hiii'Vi- 111), i., iiip. Lsiou of till* I'^'i AA, ]). 2r)S. vol. vi., p. 2.10. '•>' /'/., i)i>. l(l4-(). '"'* li/., II. 'JdS. 'l{ol)rcsLMiltitioiiHof llu! lifting,' iijxtf Horitpiits fivijiiently "I'i'iir ill Nlcxiijiii )>uiiitiiij;s: ami tln( iila;iucs wliicli Muscm calli'il ilowii U|iiiii thr l'".;^viitiiiiis liv liftiii)^ uii liis roil, which licciinic u si'i|n'nt, ait' t-vi- tli'iilly rcl'i'ii'.Ml tti ill tlie eli'voiitli and twelfth paycs of tin- lluri/iini Mann- Hfii'iit. All aUiHion to the |iassaj,'c of the Ucd Sea. . . .hcciiis also to Im I'liMiiiiiicd ill tlu' si'vciity-iiist |ia^;«( of lilt' /.ismr Vittiniti MS.-, aiitl tlio tl('>lnii'titin t»f I'haiatili aiitl his host, ami tlif thaiikM;;i\ iii^ of MoHfs, may l'i'iliii|is ht' si;,'iiitit'il hy tilt- liniirt' tin tlu' Ifft, in tin- sami' • :;;t', tif a man I illiiiu: into a ^lit tir gulf, ami hy ihu liaml on tlitj right i .tchutl tiul tu iirL'i\L' an ollfniiu.' 88 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. 1 ilHi „;ih lltr« The Mexicans, like the Jews, saluted the four cardinal i)()ints, in their worship). '*"•* There was much in connection with sacrifices that was common to Mexicans and Jews.*'-*" It is possihle that the jnyth relatiuLi;' to Quetzalcoatl's disappearance in the sea, indicates a knowledge of the book of the prophet Jonah.^'^i The Mexicans say that they wrestled at times with Quetzalcoatl, even as Jacob wrestled with Ood.^^- In various relijj^ious rites and observances, such as circumcision,*"^ confession,*''* and connnunion,"' there was much similarity. Salt was an article hi^'hly esteemed by the Mexicans, and the Jews always ottered it in their olilaticnis.*"*' Ajuoul^ the Jews, the firstlin*^ of an ass 'lad to be redeemed with a land), or if unredeemed, its neck was bi'oken. This command of Moses «hould be considered in reference to the custom of sacrificinD^ children which existed in Mexico and Peru.*''^ The spectacle of a kin^" per- forming^ a dance as an act of relioion was witnessed by the Jews as well as by Mexicans.*'"* As the Israelites were conducted from Eyvpt bv ^VFoses and Aaron who were accompanied by their sister Mii'iam, so the Aztecs departed from Aztlau under the guid- ance of Huitziton and Tecpatzin, the former of whom is named by Acosta and llerrera, !Mexi, attended like- wise by their sister Quilaztli, oi', as she is otherwise named Chimahnan or Malinalli, both of which latter names have some resend)lance to Miriam, as ^lexi has to Moses.*'''" In the Mexican language loixt.vtli m nm jmiiit. nil l!i2 i;ri lui mil f-I; vtil. viii., p. 1U7. /(/., viil. vi., p. ■''WH, vol. viii,, p. 18. hi, vol. vi., ii. 125. /'/. , ]). li"). /./.. p. 142. hi., p. 24U. Durau Mii»tiiiiis the thiMuy that tiio Iiuliauis are tliu HEr.UEW OUIOIN OF THE AMERirAXS. sin'iiifu's liii'jcs or Ixilruslios, tlio derivation of wliifli name, from nfJ, water, and nio.i'f/i, inii^lit allude to the ilan's ill wliieh ^Eoses had been j)re.sei'Ved.'-*' The jtaiiitiiiL*" of J3oturiiii .^eems actually to re]>i'esent Jliiitzilopochtli a})pearliiter of Joshua of the .Jordan overtlowini'' its banks and dividing to let the priests who bore the ark pass through.'^"" As ^Foses witliout reaching md Teopatzin died and Aaron died in the wilderness the land of Canaan, so Huitziton (k'siTiiilants of tlio lost ten tribes of Ihi-iicI. After j,'iviii^ scvcriil rcasuiis foiMitli'il oil tlio Script iircs, lie refers to tlic^ triulitioiis olitaiiieil l(> iiiiii lum tlir "III |)eo]ile of tlie eouiitrv. 'I'liey relatetl tiiat lln'ir ancestors, wlijlst MiU'eriii;,' many liarclslii|iM aucl ju-rserutions, were iirevaileil u|Hin liy a ;;reat n.MM, who lieeanie tiieir eliief, to llee from tliat lamt into anuther, wlieic tiiey nii;rlit liave rest; they arriveil at tlic sea-sliore, and the ehief slnii'k the waters with a rod lie had in iiis iiands; tlie sea oiiened, and tiie chief mid his fidlowers man hed hnr weri' soon jinrsin'd liy tlu'ir enenues; they crossed over in safety, and tiicir enemies were swalloued nr hv tl sea: at any rate, their ancestors lu'vei )ie|seciitors. d Another tradition transmit lid reciinieil in pietores, is, that (1 id auy further accmint of tiieir om )^eiieratioii to ;;eiicial ion, wliil(! lior; llisf ancestors were on their jouiiicN to tlie |iroiiiiseil hmd, they tarried in the \ iciiiit \ nf eeilaiii lii.uh liilis; here a terrilde eailhoiiake occiirreil, and some w icked |ieo|iie w iio w cro wi.li tiieiii were swallowed ii|i hy tile earth o|ieiiili;!: under their feet. 'I'lio same iiictiire that l''alher Uiiran saw, showed that the ancestors of the) Mexii'an ]ieo|do transmitted a tradition, relatiii:,' tiiat diiriii;^' their journey u kind ot sand (or liail) rained upon tiiem. l-'athcr iiiiran faitlirr ci\(.H nil aci'oiiiit fiiriiislied him hy an old linliaii of ('luiliila (some loil year^ chl) coiicernin^r tlie creation of tlie world; Tln^ liist men were jjiaiilH wild, desirous of seeiii;,' the home of the siin, diyided theiiisehcs into two parties, one of \yliicli journeyed to the west, and the other to the east, until they were stopped h,\' the sea; they then coiicliided to return to the lace they started from, called Wliirrnlriitjiiiiitiiiiiiii; lindiii;,' no way to Illy aiimiieii til eV ( Icter- 'I'licN liiiiit a lower; reach the sun, whose li;,dit and hciiuty they hi; milled to huild a tower that slnuild reach the liea\ hill the Lord liecame aiiury at their presumplioii, and the dwellers uf lieuM'ii descended like ihnnderholls and destroyed the edilice; the ;:iaiits (111 sceiii;,' their Work destroyed, were much friy:litciied, and scattered Ihem- i"'-' Ji/., p. 'J.VJ. 90 OUIGIX OF THE AMERICANS. l)efoi'c the Mexicans arrived in tlie land of Analuiac.-"^ The Mexicans luinjj^ up the heads of tlieir sacriticed enemies; and this also appears to have been a Jewish practice, as the following quotation from the twenty- fifth chapter of Nunihers will show: "And the Lord said unto INIosas, Take all the heads of the pcoi)le, and limuj thcni up before the Lord (Ujainst the sun, that the fierce anj]cer of the Lord may he turned away from I srM,el. "•'''* In a Mexican painting in the Bodleian li'^iary at Oxford is a symhol very strongly resembling the jaw-bone of an ass from the side of which water seems to flow forth, which might allude to the story of Samson slaying a thousand of the Philistines with such a bone, which remained miracu- lously unbroken in his hands, and I'rom which lie afterwards (pienched his thirst. '^'^^ They were Ibiid of wearing dresses of scarlet and of showy colors, as were also the Jews. The exclamation of the proi)het, **Who is this that cometh from Bozrah?" and many other passages of the Old Testament might be cited to show that the Jews entertained a great predi- lection for scarlet.^'"' It is impossible, on reading what Mexican mythology records of the war in heaven and of the I'all of Tzontemoc and the other rebellious spirits; of the creation of light by the word of Tonacatecutli, and of the division of the waters; of the sin of Ytztlacoliuh(pii, and his blind- ness and nakedness of the temptation of Suchi- quecal, and her disobedience in gathering roses from a tree, and tlie consequent misery and disgrace of herself and ail her posterity, — not to recognize Scrip- tural analogies.""^ Other Hebrew analogies Lord Kingsborough finds in America, in the dress, in- signia, and duties of priests; in innumerable super- stitions concerning dreams, apparitions, eclipses, and »»3 /,/., p. 2.-) 4. SM/r/., p. .-UiJ. «o5 r. 101. B ,1 ?! KINGSBOROUGH'S JEWSII ANALOGIKS 91 •riticutl Jewish wonty- Lord people, he sail, turned r in the itron,u;ly side of t alhide L of the luiracu- hich ho J Ibiid of jlors, as prophet, id many 1 he cited it predi- rcadin;^ war in ic otlier hy the of the IS hhnd- Suchi- ises froni^ ijfraco ot zo Scrip- US Lord ress, in- o super- )ses, and other more coniinon-})lace t vents; in certain festivals for rain; in hnrial and mourning ceremoii'es; in the diseases most common among the peo})le; in cer- tain regularly ohserved festivals; in the dress of certain nations; in estahlished laws; iu physical I'eatnres; in architecture; in various minor ohserv- iiiues, such as ottering water to a stranger that he might wash his feet, eating dust in token of humility, anointing with oil, and so forth; in the sacrifice of prisoners; in manner and style of oratory; in the stories of giants; in the res[)ect paid to Cod's name; iu games of chance; in marriage relations; in child- hirth ceremonies; in religious ideas of all sorts; in respect paid to kings; in uses of metals; in treat- ment of criminals, and punishment of crimes; in tharitahle i)ractices; in social customs; and in a vast number of other particulars.^"* '"^ To outer into ilotails on all those Bulijorts would rcnuirn volunioH ii-i l.ii'L,'!'. and I may ailil, as unr(Nulal>le, as tliosi; of I^onl Kinjrsliorou^rli- 'I'lic rcadt'i- who wislics to invL'sti;;ute niorc tdoselv, will lind all llu! jioints til wiiich I liavt! rt'ffnvd iu volnuies vi. auil viii. ot the nolilo wiiicr's svork, M'.iiriiii- Aiitii/iiitiis. Mr .lames Adair, 'a trader with the Indians, and re ident in their eouutrv for forty vears,' very warndy advocates the lie' I. til eiirv. As his intercourse with tin? Americans was cunlineil to the wild tiilics, the genuine 'red men' inhahitin}; the south-eastern slates tif Nipitli America, his ar;;uuu;nt and analo;;ies dill'er iu nuuiy noints from II if Ki in''siiorouif|i ami tiarcia, w I An lerican Indi irshiped a jdnralily IV their religious devoir to I, oak Islitolioollo .Mia, The (Ireat IJeneliceiit .Snnreme llolv Siiiritof Fin. They 'I'i lo Mot |iay the least lu'reeptihle ailoration to images. Their ceremonies in ' ' '■ ions worship accord more nearly with the Mosaic instilntions, il' tllCII Aviiich coidd not he if they were of luMithen descent. The American In iliaiis allirm, that there is a certain fixed time and ]ilace, when and whcii every one must die. without the possihility of averting it; sncli was the helief also of the ancient Greeks and Kmnaiis, who were mu<'h addiited to I'opying the rites and customs of the .lews. Their o|iinion licit God cliosi' |||(>iii nut of all the rest of mankind as his peculiar and lieioved peo- ple, tills both the white Jew uud thu red Aiuuricuu, with tliut steady hatred 92 ORIGIN OF THE AMEUK'ANS. I'll I', h Ttolics iinmistakealdy Hebrew have been very rarely found in America, I know of only two in- stances of such a discovery, and in neither of these cases is it certain or even probable that the relic a^jainst all the world, which renders them hated and despised hy all. We have al>iiiulant evidence of the Jews l)ehevin;,' in the niinistratinn of aTi;.'('ls, dnriu",' the t)ld Testament disj>ensation, their frequent a|i|peaiani'es and tiieir services on earth, are recorded in the oracles, which the Jews tlicui- selves receive as K'^'i'" hy divine inspiration, and St I'aul in his episilc addressed to the Heltrews sjteaksof it as their ;;eneral opinion that "anucis are ministering^ spirits to the <;ood and riirhteons on earth." Tiie Indian sentiments and traditions are the same. I'iiev lielie«e the hi;,'Iier n';.'ioiis to he iidiahited hy nnoiX spirits, relations to tiie (ircat Holy One, and tiiat these spirits attend and favor tiie virtuons. The Indian hwi;4ua;;e and dia- lects appear to have the very idiom and ^renins of the Ilehrew. Their wtinls and sentences are expressive, concise, emphatical, sonorons, and hold, and often hoth in letters and si>;nilication synonymous with tiie lle- lirew lan,i;uaj;e. They count time after the nuinner of the Hehrews, reck- oning years i>y lunar nutnths like the Israelites who counted hy moons. The reli;4ioiis ceremonies of the Indian Americans are in conformity witli tiiose of the .lews, they having their Prophets, Ili^h Priests, and others of reiif^ious order. As the Jews iiail a siii.'tum sanctorum or most iioiy jiiace, Ki> haveall the Indian nations. The dress alsoof their lli^^h Priests is simi- lar in character to that of the Hehrews. The festivals, feasts, and reli^^ioiis rites of tiie Indian Americans iiave also a great rcsemhlance to that of tiie Heiirews. Tiie Indian imitates the Israelite in his religions oll'eriiigs. Tiie Ilelirews had various ahlutioiis and anointings accortling to the .MoMiic ritual—and all the Indian nations constantly oh.serve similar customs from religious motives. Tiieir fre(|ueiit hathing, or di]iping themselves ami their children in rivers, even in the severest weather, seems to he as truly tlewish as tiie other rites and ceremonies which have heen mentioned. Tlie Indian laws of uucieanness ami purification, and also the aiislainiiig from tilings deemed unclean are the same as those of the Ilelirews. The Indian marriages, divorces and punishments of adultery, still retain a strong likeness to the Jewish laws and cnstoms on these points. Many of the Indian iiunishments resemhie those of the Jews. Whoever attentively views tlie features of the Indian, and his eye, and reilccts on his lickle, oh- stinate, and cruel disposition will naturally think of the Jews. The cere- monies performed hy the Indians hefore going to war, such as ]iurilication and fasting, are similar to those of the llehrew nation. The Israelites were fond of wearing heads and other ornaments, even as early as the liatriarclial age, and in rcseiulilance to the.se customs the Indian females coiitinnally wear the same, helieving it to he a jireventive against many evils. Tiie Indian manner of curing the sick is very similar to that of tlie Jews. Like the Ilelirews, they lirnily helieve that diseases and wonmls are occasioned hy divine anger, in proiiortion to some violation of the old lieloved speech. The Hehrews earefiillv hiiried their dead, so on any aci\. dent they gathered their hones, and laid them in the? tomhs of their fore- fathers: thus, all the numerous nations of Indians perform the like friendly ollice to every deceased person of their resnective trilie. The Jewisli records tell us that the women mourned for tlie loss of their de- ceased husliands, ami were reckoned vile hy the civil law if they married in the space of at least ten months after their death. In the same mamicr all the Indian widows, hy an estahlished strict jienal law, mourn for the loss of their deceased hiishands; and anion<; some trihes for the space of three or four years. The surviving hrother hy the Mosaic law, was to raise beed to a deceased hrother, who left a widow childless to per|ietiiate hi.t iiLBUEW i:i:lics. very wo m- tliese } relic Ill Ives iiml as truly iitioiioil. islainiiij,' Tlu- retain a Many "f cntivi'lv kli-, oK- "lie fvw- iticatitiii sraciiti's ,• as till' fi'iiiak's st many It (if the wounils f tilt' iiM my ai'i^' icir fine- the liko 1.0. Till' tlu'ir tlc- ; nmrrii'il (' inaiiiior I for tilt' sjiat'c nie ground under and near an old wood-shed, standin*^ on a ])lace of his, situated on Indian Hill. He ploughetl and niiiveyed away old chips and earth, to some depth. After the work was done, walking- over the place, lie discovered, near where the earth had been dug' the dee[)est, a black strap, as it aj)peared, about si.x inelies in lenufth, and one and a half in breadth, and ultoiit the thickness of a leather trace to a harness. ][e perceived it had, at each end, a loop, of some hiird substance, |)robably for the pur|)0se of carrying it. ICe conveved it to his house, and threw it into an old tool box. He afterwards found it thrown out at the door, and again conveyed it to the Iwx. '* After some time, he thought he would examine it; l)ut in attem})ting to cut it, found it as hard as bone; he succeeded, however, in getting it o})en, and found it was formed of two pieces of thick raw-hide, sowed and made water tight with the sinews of some aniniiil, and gummed over; and in the fold was con- tained fonr folded })ieces of parchment. They were of a dark yellow hue, and contained some kind of writing. The nei<;hbors comiuijf in to see the strano-e discovery, tore one of the ])ieces to atoms, in the true Hun and V^andal style. The other three ])ieces ^Ir. NFcrrick saved, and sent them to Cambridge, where tluy were examined, and discovered to have been written with a pen, in Jfchirir, plain and legible. The writing on the three remaining ])ieces of parch- nkiit, v/as quotations from the Old Testament."-''^ 11.11111' anil family. Tlio American law onft)n'es llic same rule. Wlieii the lM;irlites ;,ra\(' iiaiiie.s U> their ehildieii »r titliur.t they ehtise such a|i|iella- ti\f> as sniletl licst their cireuiustaiices aiitl the times. TIum ciistum is ii staii'hii;,' rule with the liuliaiis. Am<;r. Intl. ■■' AiiiLf. A II till; I'l'' l>S-70. M ORIGIN OF THE AMEIIICAXS. I' The other discovery was made in (^hio, and was seen by my f'atlier, Mr A. A. Bancroft, av1)o thus describ'^s it: "About eight miles south-east of Newark there was formerly a large mound composed of masses of free-stone, which had been brought from some distance and thrown into a heap without much placing or care. In early days, stone being scarce in that region, the settlers carried away the mound piece by piece to use for b illding- ])urposes, so that in a few years there was little more than a large flattened heap of rubbish remaining. Some fifteen years ago, the county surveyor (I have forgotten his name), who had for some time been searching ancient works, turned his atttintion to this particular pile. He employed a number of men and proceeded at once to open it. Before long he was rewarded by finding in the centre and near the surface a bed of the tough clay generally known as pipe-clay, which nuist have '»een brought from a distance of some twelve miles. Imbedded in the clay was a coflfin, dug out of a burr-oak log, and in a j>retty good state of preservation. In the coffin was a skeleton, with quite a number of stone ornaments and emblems, and some open brass rings, suitable for l>racelets or anklets. These being removed, they dug down deejier, and soon discovered a stone dressed to an oblong shape, about eighteen inches long and twelve wide, which jDroved to be a casket, neatly fitted and completely water-tight, containing a slal) of stone of hard and fine quality, an inch and a half thick, eight inches long, four inches and a half wide at one end, and tapering to three inches at the other. Upon the face of the slab was the figure of a man, ^lo 'Sec Dent., chap, vi., from 4th to 9th verse, inohisivc; nlso, chaj). xi., verse 13 to 21, inclusive; and Exodus, cliaj). xiii., II to 1(), inclusivi', to wliich tiie reader cau refer, if he ln.s the curiosity to read this most in- teresting discovery It is said hy t'alniet, that the ahove texts are tlie very passa^^es of Scrinture wliich tiic Jews used to write on tiie leaves nf their phylacteries, riieae pliylacteries were little rolls liis feet. Over liis head was a curved line of characters, and npon the edges and hack of the stone were closely and neatly carved let- ters. The slab, which I saw myself, was shown to tiie episcopalian clergyman of Newark, and he pro- nounced the writing to be the ten Commandments in ancient Hebrew.""^ i 2" AiifiiiuHii"i of r.irkitiff Connttj, Ohio, MS. HrusstMir (le Hmirhoiiis;, although lu- rejei-ts Kinf^shoron^tli's theory, thinks tliat Koine .Jews nuiy have reuehcd Ainerien; he rei'o;;iii/.eM a .lewish ty|(e«ii certain ruins. anerfectly .lewisli dress of tlie women at I'aliii and on tlie sliores of Lake Aniatitlan. Ui.sl. Sut. Cir , tiiMi. i., ]>. 17. (.'ustonis and relies seem to sliow tliat the .Americans are of Huhrew descent, and that tliev eunie hy way of the t'alifoi'iiias. (lior- ihiii, Ti Iniiiiili'jH'c, i». 57. The llieory of descent from the ten triltes is not to l>e des|iised. On the nortli-west there are many Itcliefs and rites wliich rt'>eiii))le the Jewish; circumcision o)>tuins in Central America, and woiiu-ii ucar .lewisli costumes. Father Kicci has seen Israelites in Ciiina livinjj ai't'ordiu}; to .Moses' laws, anil Father Adam Schtill knew !'■ elites who had kept the Old Testament laws, and who knew nothin;; of tne death of tlic Savior. This shows that the ten trihes took this ilirection, and as an cmiiiration from .\sia to America is itcrfectly adniissihle, it is likely that till' .lews were anion;; the nunilier wlio crossed, lu'ohahiy hy the Aleutian islands. littsui, Simmihs, \>]i. '27<)-7. Jones, a.s niij^ht 1m; expected, "will nut yield to any man in the lirni Indief that the Altori^tines of \orlh Anier- iiM [lull Xnrf/i Aim-ririt oitl if) i\.w\ the ancient Israelites are identical, unless cniitroverled hy the stern authority of Ruperior historiial deductions,' Hist. Am-. Aiii'-r., pji. 2, ll-'2t), lS8-!)((. Parker diH's not accept the .Jewish theory, cliictly because of the ;;reat variety of distinct lan;.tua;,'es in .America, hut ho ]iiiiiils out several resemhlances lietweeii north-west trihesand Jews. Exfilor. T'l'ir, pi>. l!M--8. Meyer tinds many rea.sons for rc;;arilinj; the wild tribes i«f the north as Jews; such a» ])liysieal iieculiarities; nuinerons cust>ion Hallelujah Yoliewah, are jiroofs of .lewisli tle- si'ent; Heal])ini^ in mentioned in Hihle (OStli I'salni, ver. '21). Vniirfoi-d'.i Kamiif. Accordinj^ to various nianuscri|)ts the Toltees are of .Jewish de- scent. Havin;^ crossed the Ued Sea, they ahandonecl themselves to idola- try, and feariiiLf Moses' reprimand, thev separated from the rest and erosseil the oi-ean to llu; Seven Caves, and tliere fonniled Tula. Jiuirrns, Jli.sf. didil., toni. ii., ]ip. 7-8. Juarez, Mnniciitnliihitl dc Leon, p. 1(», slates that l.eon de Conlova is of the same o|iini(ni. Km. de Moraez, a I'ortii- j;ue>e, in his History of ISra/il, thinks notliin<; hut eireumeision wantini; to form a perfect resemlilanee l)et\veen the Jews and ISra/iliaiis. He thinks that America was wholly i)eopled hy Jews and <'artha;,'inians. Ciirnr's Trin\, ]>]). lS.S-!». ("atlin ttiinKs the North Americans are a mixed race, who have Jewish hlood in them. The mixture is sliown hy their skulls, while inanv customs are decidedly Jewish. I'rohahly jiart of triiies scat- tered hy (inistians have come over and intermarried. He j;ives analo;,'ies in monotheism, sanctuaries, triheshii», cho.seu iteo])le helief, marriage hy gifts, war, hurial, ahlutions, feasts, .sacrilices, and other customs. Any l)hilolngical similarity is unnecessary and sui)erHuous. The Jew element was too fei;hle to inlluence language. Cat/in a X. Aiticr. Iiid., vol. ii., jip. ilU-o. Meigar gives a list of the Chia]ia)iec calendar names, and iinds fiurteen agree with suitahle Hehrew wonls. He concludes, therefore, that ancient intercourse with the Old World is jiroven. Soc. Mex. (icon., Jioli/iu, '2da epoca, torn, iii., ii. 108. Jarvis, Uiliifiou Ind. N. Aiiicr., j>p. 71 -S7, coninares words in llehrew and American languages. Kthan Smith, Vifirs of till' JJrliirir.i, |)resents eleven arguments in favor of the Jewish theory. Heatty, Jo'inml of Tint Moiifhs' Tour in Aittirica, gives a numher ' they l>uilt large cities and developed into flourishing and hi-'hlv civilized nations. But their descendants (lid evil before the Lord, in spite of repeated i)ro- plietic warnings, and were finally destroyed for their wiikedness, about fifteen hundred vears after their arrival, and six hundred before the birth of Christ. These first inhabitants of Anierica were replaced 1)V an emiy famine, Itut that of the Anierioans was a ro<;uhir institution. Till- arpMiiiMit that tlie Americans are Jews heeiiuse tliey have not tlio ;.'ii-.|K-i, i> worthy only of ridicule, seein;; that millions of other ])agaiis are in tiie same condition. Of the Helirew theory liahhvin, who devote.s nearly twn j>ajrcs to it, writes: 'this wild notion, called a theory, scarcely di'-tr\c-< .-o much attention. It is a lunatic fancy, jiossihle only to men of a I'lTtain class, wliii-h in our time does not multiply.' Auc. Ainer., j). UYi. T>cliudi rej:ards the arguments in favor of the Jewish theory as unsound. I\riiri,iu Aiitiq.. i>. 11. Acosta thinks that the Jews would have i)re- stTvcil their lan;ruat,'e, cu.stonis, and records, in America as well as in other j>lai c>. Hist. (/<• /li trilte^, ami raises oiijections to nearly every point that has been aiMuceil in favor of a Hebrew origin. Nirinir VVirrchl, j). 2(5, et sen. Tor- iiui'iiiada gives Las (_"a.s{i.s' reasons for believing that the .Vmericans are of .le\virtnriiig. cannibalism, painting bodies and going naked, are not Jewish in the lea.-i: that the Amerieau languages are not like Hebrew. Priest's Aimr. Aiili'/., ji]». ~{J-9. '•- I translate freely from Bcrtrand, Miinoircs, p. 32, et acq., for this account. Vol. V. 7 m 08 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. lously brought from Jerusalem in the first year of the rei. Although a j^a-eat j)art of the eviilence upon which this belief rests, is unsatisfactory and mixed up with nuich that is vaguo and undoubtedly falndous, yet it HCems to be not entirely destitute of historical i)rooi'. isor is there any improbability that sucli daring- navio'ators as the Northmen may have visited and colonized the coasts of Greeidand, Labrador, and Newfoundland. I find in this opinion an almost exact parallel to the so-called 'Tartar theory.' It is true the distance between Europe and noi'th-easterii America is much greater than that between Asia ^''' Till' iliscovory was in tliis wiso: 'Pros dii villiijjo dc Mmiclu'stci', (liiiis Ic iMiiiiU' (rOhtario, Ktat tie Now Vmk, ho truuvo nno oiiiiiioiR'o plus (■(iiisidtM'ahlt' (|iio cello tlos onviroiis, ot (|ui on! (1o\oiuio colohi'o dans los faults do la iiouvidio K;jliso stuis lu iioiu do ('iiiiuirali. Siir lo llano oooidoiital do oollo oidliiio. iiiin Itiiii do son soiiiiiiol, ot souh iiiio piorro d'uiio ^'I'amlo diiiionsiiin. di's lainos d'or ho truuvaioiit doposi'os (laii.s nil oodVo do pioiri'. ],o ciiuvorolo on (''tail liniiiioi vors hos liords, ot rolovo an niiliou on fonno lU'. 1mi\i1o. ApioH avoir ili'^a;j6 la toni', .losoidi (Smith) nonlova lo oduvorclc ii I'aido d'nn lovior, ot Ininva Ioh ida(|uoH, rrrini-'I'lininniini, ot lo |ioo((ii',il. J,o oitllVo otait fonno do piorroM rolioos oniro olios anx anj;los jiar dn oiinonl. An I'ond so trinivaiout donx pioiros platos plaooos on oroix, ot mir oos pin- ii's IcH lanu's d'or ot los antros olijols, .losoph vonlait los tnilovor, iiiiii;- il •■n I'nl onipoolio ]iar I'onvoyi^ divin, <'■, of |MU(ions of the New World, he has generally found them ' ..ill' 'inl dcductiouH drawn fnun very vague ami i|nestionablc facts. JA ui ■'(':! (uon d. > too [iroue to give substaiu'e to mere shadows, when they assi.si bi)nn; in ■> Hircivcd theorv. Most of these accounts, when di- vested of the erudite c(mimeiits of tlieir editors, have jiroved little better than the traditionary fables, uoticiMl in another jiart of this work, resiiect- ing the imaginary islands of St. Horoiidoii, and of the Seven Cities. Cn- Itiiiifni.i, vol, iii.. p. 4.'U. All of which would certainly be true eiuiugli of most ibcoiics, but that it was ernmeoiis as far as the Northmen's visits are concerned, has, 1 think, been conclusively shown in later years. THE ICELANDIC SAGAS. 105 America is found in the celebrated Codex Flatoiensis a work that was finished in the year 1387, or 1395 at the latest. This collection, made with great care, and executed in the highest style of art, is now pre- served in its integrity in the archives of Copenlia- gcn. These manuscripts were for a time supposed to he lost, but were ultimately found safely lodged in their repository in the monastery library of the island of Flato, from whence they were transferred to Co- ])enhagcn with a large quantity of other literary ma- terial collected from various localities. If these Sagas which refer to America were interpolations, it would have early become apparent, as abundant means exist for detecting frauds; yet those who have examined tlic wliole question do not find any evidence that in- validates their historical statements. In the absence, therefn'o, of respectable testimony to the contrary, we accept it as a fact that the Sagas relating to America are the productions of men who gave them iu their present form nearly, if not quite, an entire century before the age of Columbus. "^^^ The accounts of the voyages as given in tlio origi- nal manuscripts are too numerous and prolix to l)e re})r()duced in their entirety here; but 1 will en- deavor to give a resume of them, following, to a *'6 'It mi;;lit also ho nrpicd, if it wcio nt nil iicrpssurv. tliat, if lliosip Sii;,'iis wi-rt' iM)st-("iiluMil)iiui coiiipoMitiniis drawn up li\ Icclaiiiici-H wIk) were ji'iiliiiis (if ido funic of tlio (ieiioese navijiafor, wp sIhmiM ci'itaiiilv l>t' aide to point out souu'tliinK cither in their structure, heariu;,', or style, )iy which it Would l>c indicated. Yet such is nut the case. Tlie.se writin;;s reveal 110 anxiety to show the C(Minecti<)n of the Northmen >\ itii the ;;reat land lyin^' at the west. The authors do not sec anythin;,' at ail rcniarkalilc or iiiciitorious in the explorations, which were conducted sinijdy fiu' tiie pur- imsc of ;,'ain. Those nnirks which would certaiidy have liecn inipressfd l)y II more modern writer for<;int( a historical composition desi;,'iied to show nil occupation of the country Tietorc the time of ('(dumlius, are >\liolly waiitiu;,'. There is no sixM-ial nleadin;,' or rivalry, and i:i> desire to show iirior aiiil superior kno\vled;ree; each of these accord- iu^ily e(|ual (o four Imil^HsIi sea-miles). Knun the island of Ilelluland, afti'rwards called Little Hellulaud, Biarne sailed to Heriulfsnes (lkij;eit) in (iri'cnland, with stronj^ smith-westerly j^aies, in four days. The distant-c hetwci'u that cape and Xrir/uundluiKl is about lolt ndles, which will cor- resjini'd, when we tak(! into consideration the stron;r ^ah's. In modern descriptions it is stated tlnit this land ])artly consists of miUed, rocky tlat^, where no tree, not even a shrub, can grow, and which arc therefore usually ,11' >■ VOYAGES OF THE NORTHMEN. 107 jvidence inaviaiis of the a i grated Dtlement Bardson, it on a eturn to ^ winter, ' and to [T to the b neither ed these weather lit of a . After md once lays, saw I island. ' sailing lie Red, jhis ship, set out rst land en last; t to sea I the several t \Vl). lich moy lie XCti/iiiiihlcit jier aiK'ietit |i tlay'n sail- iiiios ((il'l- lese Hccind- lllclliilaiiii, llUii^eit) in lie (listaiHO I'll will <'t'i- |lii iiiodt'iu tu'ky Hat'*, jru usually and soon came to another land, which they named ;Marklaiid.^ Again they stood out to sea, and after two days came to an island. They then sailed west- ward, and afterwards went on shore at a place where a river, issuing frt)m a lake, fell into the sea. Bring- ing their siiip up the river, they anchored in the lake. Here they settled for a time, and finding vines in the country, they named it Vinland.'^" In the spring tliov returned to Greenland. This expedition to Vinland was much talked of, and Thorwald, Leif's brother, thought that the new country had not been thoroughly enough explored. Then Leif lent his ship to Thorwald, who set out fur Vinland about the year 1002. There he and his crew wintered, and about the year 1004 they set sail to tlie eastward. On this voyage Thorwald was killed by the natives. At his request his followers returned to Vinland and buried his remains there. In 1005 they sailed again to Greenland, bearing the sad news of his brother's death to Leif Thorstein, Eric's third son, soon afterwards set out ill the same ship for Vinland, to fetch his brotlier's l)o(ly. He was accompanied by his wife Gudrida, and twenty-five strong men, but after tossing about on the ocean during the whole summer, they finally landed again on the Greenland coast, where Thor- stein died during the winter. (•all('(l n((rrriis; thus answering comjiletely to tlie fidlur of the ancient Niiitliiiicn, from whii'li tliey named the country.' Abstract of Hist. Evid., ill /.((//(/. (li'iKj. S<)i\, Joiir., vol. viii., p. Vl'A. '-•'" 'Markhunl was situate to tlie south-west of llelhilanil, distant aliout tluic days' sail, or about from eigiity to ninety miles, it is therefore Xiint, S'''iH(i, of wiiicii the descriptions jfiven hy later writers answer to that t;ivi'n l)y the ancient Northmen of Markland.' ll>. ''■^ 'N'iniand was situate at tlie distance of two days' sail, consequently ii'iiiut from lifty-four to sixty miles, in a south-westerly direction from Marivlaiid. Tlu' ilistanee frmn Capo Sahle to Vn\)c Coil is stated in nau- tical works as l)eiii;; W. hv S. about seventy leagues, that is, about lifty- twii miles, lliarne's description of the coasts is very ai'curale, and in the island situate to the eastward (between which and the promontory that strctrlics to eastward and northward Ijcif sailed) we recogni/e Nantucket. Till' .uicient Northmen found there many shallows {iindiiisir fni inihil); iiidiiciii ii.ivigators make mention at tlu; .same p 'e "of nunuM'ons rill's ami ellur shoals," ami say "that the whole preseut.s an aspect of drowned 108 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. The next voyage to Vinland was made by one Thorfinn Karlsefne, a man of noble lineage, who occupied his time in merchant voyages and Avas thought a good trader. In the summer of lOOG he fitted out his ship in Iceland for a voyage to Green- land, attended by one Snorre Thorbrandson and a crew of forty men. At the same time another ship was fitted out for the same destination by Biarne Grimolfson and Thorhall Gamlason, and manned with a crew of forty men also. All being ready, the two ships put out to sea, and both arrived safely at Ericsfiord in Greenland, where Leif and Gudrida, the widow of Leif's late brother, Thorstein, dwelt. Here Thorfinn fell in love with the fair Gudrida, and with Leif's consent, married her that winter. The discovery of Vinland was much talked of among the settlers, for they all believed that it was a good country, and that a voyage there would bo very profitable; and Thorfinn was urged and at length persuaded to undertake the adventure. Ac- cordingly, in the spring of 1007 he fitted out his ship, and Biarne Grimolfson and Thorhall Ganilast>n did the same with theirs. A third ship, commanded by one Thorward, also joined the expedition. And on Thorward's sliip a man named Thorhall, 'commonly called the hunter,' who had been the huntsman of Eric in the summer, and his steward in the winter, also went. As this is probably the most important of all the Northmen's voyages to America, I will give it in full: "They sailed first to the Westerbygd, and afterwards to Biarncy. From thence they sailed in a southerly direction to Helluland, where they found land."' Id., pp. 121-2. 'The leading evidonocn Bcrvc to attest that Vin- land was the present very marked seaboard area of New Kn;,'land. The iiantieal facts have been earefnlly examined by Professors Uafn anil Ma^'- nusen, and the liistorieal duta adapted to the conliKuration of the coast wliieh has Cape Cod as its distinguishinf.; trait. All this seems to iia\o been done with snrprising accnracy, and is illnstrated by the i)vesent hi^'ii state of the arts iu Denmark and Germany.' Sfhuulcnift's Arvh., vol. i., p. 111. W ' VOYAGES OF THE NORTHMEN. 108 many foxes. From thence they sailed again two (lavs in a southerly direction to Alarkland, a country overgrown with wood, and plentifully stocked with animals. Leaving this, they continued sailing in a S.W. direction for a long time, having the land to starboard, until they at length came to Kialarnes,'^^'' where there were trackless deserts and lonof beaches and sands, called by them Furdustrandir. When tliey had past these, the land began to be indented by inlets. They had two Scots with them. Hake and Hokia, whom Leif had formerly received from the Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason, and who were very swift of foot. They put them on shore, recom- mending them to proceed in a S.W. direction, and exjilore the country. After the lapse of three days they returned bringing with them some grapes and some ears of wheat, which grew wild in that region. They continued their course until they came to a jilaee where a firth penetrated far into the country. Ort" the mouth of it was an island past which there lan strong currents, which was also the case farther \\\) the firtii. On the island there were an inmienso number of eyderducks, so that it was scarcely possi- Ido to walk without treading on their eggs. They called the island Straumey (Stream-Tsle), and the firth Straumf]()rdr (Stream-Firth). '^^^ They landed on the sliore of this firth, and made preparations for their winter residence. The country was extremely beautiful. They confined their operations to ex])lor- iug the country. Thorhall afterwards wished to proceed in a N. direction in quest of Vineland. '^ 'Kiiilnrnes (from Kiiilr, a keel, and 7ies, a cape, most likely bo named on lu'ciiuiit of itfs Htrikiny resemblance to tlie keel of a ship, imrticiilarly of one of tlu' lon^f «hi|>8 of tlie ancient Northmen) niust consciinently lie Cii/ii' Coil, the Nauset of the Iiulians, which modern ueofxraiilicrH Imve soimtinics likened to a horn, and sometimes to a sickle or svtiie.' Id., ]>. ]•->•.'. '*' 'The Sfranmfiordr of the ancient Northmen is snpposed to he Buz- C'(iv/'\ liny, and Straumey, Martini's Vineyard; althouKli the account of till' many cji}j;s found there would seem more precisely to correspond to the i'-laiid wliicli lies off the entrance of Vineyard Sound, and which at this day is for the same reason called Erly wind, and came to Markland, where they nut with five Skrellings. They caught two of them (two buys), whcm they carried away along with them, and taught them the Nt)rse language, and l)aptised them; these children said that their mother Avas called Vc- thilldi and their father Uvajge; they said that tlio Skrellings were ruled by chieftains (kings), one dt' whom was called Avalldamon, and the other Valdi- dida; that there were no houses in the countiy, Ii"*^ that the ])eople dwelled in holes and caverns. Jjiarin; (Irimolfst)n was driven into the Irish ( K-ean, and came into waters that were so infested by worms, that their slrp was in consequence reduced to a sink- ing state. Some of the crew, however, were savrd in the boat, as it had been smeared with seal-oil tar, ■■%■ VOYAGES OF THE NORTHMEN. 113 ■wlilch is a prcvontlvo against the attack of Avorins. Kiulscf'iio cuiitinued his voyage to Greeiihmd, and arrived at EricsKord." During tlie same summer that Karlsefne returned Irom A'inland, a ship arrived at Greenhmd from Nor- Avav, commanded by two brothers, Helge and Finn- liogo. And Freydisa, she who had friglitened the Skiellings, W(^nt to them and proposed tliey shouUl make a voyage to Vinhmd, and she offered to go with them on condition that an equal share of what tliLy obtained there shouhl be hers; and they agreed to tiiis. It was arranged between the brotliers and Freydisa that each sliould have thirty fighting men, ))esides women. But Freydisa secretly brought away live men more than the allotted number. They reached Vinland and spent tlie winter there. During tlitir stay Freydisa })revailed on her husV)and to slay tlie two l)rothers and their followers; the women that were with tliem she killed with her own liand. Jn the spring of the next year they returned to Green- land.-'^' in the latter part of the tenth century j'^^" one Are ^farson, of Iceland, Mas driven by storms to Hvitra- niannaland, or Land of the Whitemen, This country, which was also called (jlreat Ireland, has l)een thought to he "probably that part of tlie Coast of North America wliich extends southwards fr'-rii C'hesa] «;dv Day, including North and Soutli Carolina, (Jeorgia, and Klorida."''^" Here, also, one Diorn Asbrandson is said to have ended his days.'^'' ?'' Sen Ahstrni'l of Hist. Ei'ld., in Loud. n<-oij. Sor., Jour., vol. \m., ]>, HI, I'l scii., iiiicl l)r Citstd's l'rr-L'(diiiiil)i,") Do Cii.stii iimkci il '."'JS. I'lr-i'nliniilif'iii. /'/.M'. .1 iinr., ]i. ,S(1. I'liilVsMii' llafn in, wli.it spiMnw to tin- iiiillicir, his nrcdIcsH tiixii'ly til li\ llii' lociilily of llic Wliiti'-iniurs liiiiil ill Aiiicricii, siivs tliat. iis ||ii-i li.llt nf liic iimiiiiscri|it is ilillirnlt to tlt'ciiilicr, (lie (ili;;iiial Icltcis / i.iif Iimm' ;.'iit iiiaiin|i(i, anil vi iiiwci-tcil inslcaii of .\x, or xi, wliiili iiiiiiicials would iilt'oril liiiii! for the voyii^fcr to rcucii tlic coast of .Viiicrica, in tlii' vicinity "I I'loiiila. Sinitli ill iiis lini/iii/iii.s, lias rvcn hihic so far as to sii/iiiri.\s lin' liriii .s/.c alto;,'('tliL'f, ami siili.'ititulus, "Ity ii nuiulior of day.s Hail un- VoL. V. 8 114 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS, 1 'I i-ii :1 T do not propose to give here all that has been said about those voyages, as it .vould not be perti- nent to the question which wo are reviewing, namely, the orinfin of the Americans. Indeed, the entire subject of the Northmen's voyages and colonization, might almost be said to be without our province, as it is not asserted that they were actually the fir.st inhabitants of the New World. The relics that have been thought to prove their former presence in the continent, are neither numer- ous nor important. One of these is the Dightou Rock, of which I liave had occasion to speak before, in connection with the Phoinician theory.'^^^ In 1824, a stone encfraved with ilunic characters was found on the island of Ki ngiktorsoak, on the western coast of Ureenland.'*'^^ Priest is strongly inclined to believe that a glass known." Tliia is simply trifling with the suhjoct. In CniiilniHf's ///.<• (oriskr ^fill(/(■fllll<^;^•/,^(■r, cliielly thi! work of I''iiin Mii^mihsmmi, no (jui'slum is raist'd on tiiis point. Tiie various vursions nil >/i\t.; tin; nnnilxM' six, wiiicii limits tlio voya;,'t' to llie vicinity of tlic Azores. Sclionin^', to wIkhii wo arc .so Iiir;,'clv indebted for the best edition of ileiinsUriiij^la, lays (lie Hccnc of .Marsoii*s adventiire at those islands, and snu';;'csts that they may lit that time iiavo covered a Jiiv;;;cr extent of tcrril'rv than tlie |iresunt. ami that tliey nuiy have Hullered from eartlninakes an ' fhiods, addin;;, "It ii likidv, and all circnnistanees show, that the saitl land has been a piece nf Nortli .\nicrica." This is a hold, though mit very niireasonahle hy|tothcsis, cspeciiiliy as ilie volcanic character of the islands is well known. In l.sdS, n volcano rose to the heij^ht of H,r)(M) feet. Vet Schonin;,''s su;j;;;i'stioM is not lU'cdcd. The fact that the islands were not inhahited when discovcrnl Ity the l'ortn;^uese does init, however, setth' anythin;; a{,'aiiist Scliouin;:, lie- cause in the course of live hundred years, the people nii;.;lit either have jiii;irate(l, or hcen swept away hy pestilence. (IfiiiilniKPs llistariskr Mm- .!<\siiiin-hrr, (vol. i, ;i. 150), says simply, that "It \h t/uuin/if that he (.\ii' Marson) ended his u \\n in Ann'rii'a, or a* all events in one of the liu^icr islands of the west. Honu' think that it was ont^ of the Azore islands. "' J)(' I'lisfii's l'ir-('ii!itiii/ii(()i />/.v''. Aiiirr., p. iS7. 2^7 Ahstrin'f iif Hist. Kriil., in I.diiiI. diti;/. Sor., Joitr., vol. viil., p. 1'.'."; J)e ('(js/ii's I'lr-Ciihiiiiltidii Ih'sc. Aiiirr., )>. Hit, et seip ^*|* See Sf/iiiti/fnijTn Arv/i., v(d. i., pp. 110, et wcp, for jdatc and dis- cussion of !)iK'hlou Uock. *'^'' It hore the followiut; inscriiititui: Ellhiv. Si(ii'ints: sun: >•. „/,•, Jtinintr. (jriijii /■; Eiirini. ussoii: Iniiititrihuj, in: f'l/rir iii(iiiiil luvvc notii'cil the discovery of a place called Estotiland, sup- ]iiwi'(l to lie Novii Scotia, in \'^!^■^, the iiilnihitaiit.sof wliicli were Europeans, will) I'ultivati'd ^rain, lived in stone houses, and inannfat'tnnMl ficn; as iii l'.uro|n' at that day. Now, from the year 1.354, till tlii^ time of the tirst ^'•^ll'lm'llts made in Onondat^'a coiintv, hy the present inhahitants, is ahoiit inn yi'.'us. is it i 'it ]n>ssililt', therefore, that this ylass bottle, with smin' kind of lii|iior in it, may have lieeii ih'rivcd from this Estotiland, haviii:^ lull! originally hrmiKlit from Kiiro]ic, as }j;las' liad lieen in use there, moio or loss, friim the year l)(i4, till the Scamliiifi ians colonized Ifeland, Green- liiinl. and I'lstotilaud, or Newfoundland.' /' 'c.v.'V Amir, Aiifii/., pp. 'J(i()-I. ^" '.MaJojri' les reclamations oiiv' mcs ,^;jt[i()-i; nw sonlevereiit de divers roll's ct li's sonrircs incrcdulesi|U ell.'s i-)p', '• i"i;i my,- Ics levies de ]ilnsii'iivs lie rios savants dont je respecte et IioiM.! > K • <;.n.iiiMsai'''cs, je ]iersiste ]i1iim (jiii' jamais dans ropiiiioii que j'expiiiivds ;il >',s; pins j'avaii ;' dans mes I'liiiK's anu'ricaiiics plus je (Icmeure con ai.'cu is v Mtioiis ipii exisl^r('!lt, iiiilorii'iircincnt ii Christophe ('olotnh, entre le i\ci,, vran-.Munde ct Ics con- trii's sitiii'cs a rorient di! raulre cote de Toccaii AllaMtii|uc, ct plus jc suls |M'isnaili' (|uc li's Scandiiuncs out drt, ii line iicriodc incmc plus rciulcc ipie I'lllc diiiit viis (I'l'of. Ilafn's) intcrcssants iiH'iiiiiires rapiiortcnl le soincnir, t'lMiiiior vers le continent aini!'ricain.' JSnm.snir tfc Jioiirhonrij, in ^imiril/is Ainii(/fs i/rs Villi., IS.'iS, tom. cl\., |ip. '2(il-!)'J. *''' ' II est impossihle de n'> |ioint f'tre frappc de ranalooic (pii existc cii- III' li's idi'cs lirainanii|iies s'.tr la divinilc et Ics passaocs dii J'u/iu/- Viih rid s I'liis iiaiil. Mais si nuns cdiisultons Ics traditions licuicunp |'lus rccciitc: iiscrvccs mcme njircs IVtali trouvcniiis encore, cnlrc Ics I'liutuipi loiitir'cs ct cidlcs ijui nous sunt ret i i'ii]i;ioi|.' \'iullrl-li-l)ih\ ill ('/iiirmn/, J> dii ciiristianisme en Siicdc, nuns ifjicUH's (Ics iioiiulations de ci s d.iiis le I'll/Ill'-]' >i/i, jiliis d'lin iinr. 11)1 41- fartl irtlicr I' nirirnin;; cmioration lo .'Xmcrica from ti.-,: li-weK'.crn I'.unipc: Milrhill, in Aiiti Trinisitvt., vol. i., p. .Til, et scip ■, I'riis/'s Aiiin A nil '/■ M'iitlercd uolices, pp. i>8-ll, 1131 -3'JU; JiubcrUon'n Jlint. Amci:, vol. i., pi 111". OllIGIN OF THE AMEUICAN.S. We come now to the theory that tlie Americans, or at least part of tliem, are of Celtic origin. In the old Welsh annals there is an account of a vo3'ago made in the latter lialf of the twelfth century,^'*'* l)y one Madoc, a son of Owen Gwynedd, prince of North Wales. The story goes, that after the death of (jwynedd, his sons contended violently for the sov- ereig'nty. Madoc, who was the only peaceahle one among them, determined to leave his distur1)e(l country and sail in search of • iine unknown land where ho might dwell in peace. ■ 'ordiugly pio- cured an ahundance of provisions i a few ships and emharked with his friends and lollowers. For many months they sailed westward witliout findill^■ a resting-place; but at length they came to a largo and fertile country, wliere, after sailing for some dis- tance along the coast in search of a convenient land- ing-place, they disemharked, and permanently settled. Alter a time Mador, with part of his company, I'e- turned to Wales, where he fitted out ten ships witli all manner of sup})lies, prevailed on a large numher of his countrymen to join him, and once more set •J7S-8(); Sc/innfrmfrs Arch., vol. i., i)ji. 110 11, l'20-4; Prnssrui- (h- llonr- lioiinj. ill Xitiirrl/rs Ainifilcs (fen I'oy., 18.")."), toiii. cxlvii., ]i|i. 1")7-S; Vinllil- h-lhir, ill C/iiiriKn/, lliiiiirs Amir., j)]). 11, IH-I«», '_>:}-l, r.'-.S; Wonh,,, J'' r/ii ir/iin, pii, I lfi-.")4; lUiiiitiiiiiis, iViiinir ll'iin/if, \>\t. '2S-'M), 117; Txf/m- t/i's /'iriiriiiii Aiifii/., pp. .'i-7, 'il-'J; Miiltv-liniii, I'rrri.s (/< In (li ■iij. , \n\n. i., pp. li)7-)S; J>itris IHsntrrrji of New Eitiilmul liij t/ir Xnrllniii n; Jinhl- fill's Am'. Aiiiir., y\t. '27'.t-N.'); l)iin\'<' An'r. Aimr., pp. l.'l ;n; '/'///nr'.s Aim- l'iiti\ pp. 'J7'S-',); m'CiiIIiiIi's Itisriiri'hes oil Aiiifr.,Y\\.'l\-l\ l!iiiiloii\s A/i/n' Jliii.s.snir, ill Li/i/iiiiro/t'.s Mil/., viil. i., |). "!•, ft mimi.; Siiii//i'.s Jliiiinni S/n- ci'i'.i, p. '2H7; h'lihif, (ii'srhirlilv i/i'r Sr/ii//'/'ii/irf; llmiiis, Entili(kiuiii nn Aiiirr., 1)1). l-l:U; Fii.sI>t\i I'lr-lli.st. JinWs, pii. .'{•IS) 4(10; /lill'n Aiiili). "J A inn:; U'i/soii'.'i I'ir/ii.if. Mnii, pp. ;im-4-(t; Krmiir.i Hinrnv. Aiiin:, ]'\i. I -I.S4; J)n„iniri'/i\s />isrr/.s, vol. i., pp. t\:i-{\\, 404, '411-1-J; Jlniii/ni/'.'i lA ,i'. l//ii.\>r., \>.',V2'2; nrn.s.irnr i/r /Iniirlioiirif, Hist. Niil. (Vc. , foiii. i.. pp. IS-'J-; J'l., I'lifiol \'iili, pp. li.-liv,, lxxxix.-.\tii. ; ///.sV. .1/".'/., vol. ix., pp. IKil .">; (i'liiifrii, ill I'lisrii/f, llisl. CitiHi. Mx., toiii. iii., ]). 1"); Hiiiiilni/i't'.s K.inm. I'rif., torn, ii., pp. H;<-iOi, |0.")-'.'0; Ifriiii/s <'nl iinilms, vol. iii., pp. 4;{"-*-lil; llniii/iii/i//, ]'iii\i, loiM. i., p. 'JU'.t; K/iiiiiii, ('iilliir-dr.ivliiihir, toiii. v., )i|i. ]<)4 71; h'ii/iiii\ii/iii', Till' Aiiiiviriiii Xiiliiuiti; llnt.s.snir ilr Itniirliinirii, (>iiiilr'' l.ith'iH, |). 17; W'illiiiiiisini'.'i Ohniri'iitiiiiis on ('lliiinlv; Xistirniuii'n I'uln- iiixiilioii iif A iiirrii'ii III/ Xiir/liifi's/irii Eiirii/n'iiiis; Fnii'i/, hi.trmiri, in .■\ii/,'i. J/'.i'., toin. i., (liv. i., p|). 4.S !l; Snn/i.tim's Xnr., \). \i)\); ScliuuUriiJ'/, iii Aiiin\ I'JiliiKi. Siir., Traiisarf., vol. !., pp, .'U(l-(5. >!J> About Ulil)-70. A WELSH COLONY IN AMRIJICA. 117 igiu. li> a voyai;\! Mvyr I'y of North^ death of the sov- ■uablc one distiu'l)c'■/" itilnh-llllil '•" l//(7/".v -I »'''■';■ ' J I ill I II full'" |in. i.'. IM' .U. IX. \'l' IS ihniiirs /•;.'■"-/■. pii.. ,,,.. 4:Vi-l(»; Lc, titiii. v., VI'' (.hiiih'' (■„lu. Aiiiii- ill hiiiint till r.ftirillllll'x isriiiil". III SvliDiili-rdJI, sail ^'>r the new colony, Avliieh, though we hear no more about him or his settlement, ho is supposed to liave reached safely.^^ The exact location of Madoc's colon v has oidv lioeii guessed at. Baldwin says it is supposed that lie settled 'somewhere in the Carolinas.' ( aradoc, in liis history of Wales,^'** has no douht that tlie country Avhere ^ladoc established his colony was ]\re.\ico; this lie thinks is shown by three facts: first, the ^[exicaus believ'ed that tlieir ancestors c;;'ne from a hcuutiful country afar off, inhabited l>y whin, peo- ple; secondly, they adored the cross; and thirdly, sivcral Welsh names are found in Mexico. Puter ]\rartyr affirms that the aborigines of Virginia, as well as those of (Juatemala, celebrate the memory of an ancient and illustrious hero, named ]\Iadoc. Har- (ouit, in the preface to the acc(junt of his voyage to (iiiiana,^" says that that part of America was dis- "■' 'Ml tIii-< is rclatod in old Welsh annals iircsorvcd in the alihi-ys (if Cuiiwiiv and Strat l'"liir. . . .'riii.s cinijiration of I'rini'c Mado;,' is mcii- limii'il ill the ]Pii'sfrvt'il works (if scvi'ial Welsh liards who lived liet'oie tiie time (if ('(iliiiiilius. It is nientioned liv liaUlnyt, who had his account of it fiiiiii wiitiiiii's of the hard (Jiiltiiii Owen. As the Nortlinieii had heeii ill wen New I'.iiulaiid over one hundred and lifty years \>lK'n Prince Mado;j; t fiirtli III select a place fin' his settlement, he knew very well there tlii'i a ciintinent on the other side of the .Vtlantie, for he had knowliMluc of r voyajres to America; and knowle(l;re of them was also |irevalciit in (1. Mis eini''ralioii took iilace when iieiirv II. waskin^nf l';ii;;lai III It ill that aue the I'liiHiish knew little or nothing of Welsh alt'airs in nil a way as to coiuieet them with l'',ii;;iish history very closely.' tliilil- Ai Aiiirr. y •-'sr. See also lliuiihulili, hxam. Crit., tom. ii. It. ll'.!-!t; Fkiy,/, I), isriiiirs, in Anfi Ml tom. 1. div. !., ]> •lit -50. 'Iii'fiiic wee jiassed these ilands, nmh-r the lee of the hi;^j;er ilaiid, we iiiiclKired, the wind heinj; a( north-east, with intent to refresh oiiiscIm's \i nil the towles o f tl lese ilands Th iLz'wins, wilde diicke! lev are ot dncis sorts, and in irreat • 11 ill kes, <,'nl!es, and ;;aiincts; ot tli(> iinii(i| n iiiaUe |iid\isions, an il tl I'li'iilic, as |ici ui' |iiii|iiise(l t _ . Wi'Mi, as 1 have heeiie enfoinied, sinnilieth a white licad. I'roi (Iriiv.iiidii, :inil many other WcNh deiiominatioiis ^;i\('i Ihrir lore were the |icn;;Wins; w liicli m I which I liy tiie Indians, (ip |iic(leccssors, some doe infcrre that .Xniericii was liist iicoplcd with i-ii-iiicn, ,111(1 .Mont e/aiina, \<\\v', o ir ralli er eiiijicidiir o f .M ( 'iiiii iiiiio till' S|iiiniards, at their lust coniiiiin;^', tli.il Ins aiince-.tiiis r tiiiiii ,1 I'arre conntrie, and wen? ('Mill, (IKt ic- lliie white |ieo|i e. Which, conft • I with an iiiiiiciciit ci'oiiicle, thai I iiaM> read many yeares since, may he conjectured III lii'c a prince of Wah's, who many hiiiidrcth yeares siiu'e, with ceilaine il|.|,c. savlcd to the w(>st wards, with intent I o iiiaivc new (Ii.kcomtu's, never after heard of.' Iliiii-hiii.s' I'li)/., in IhiUuif/ Sm-., p, 111. Written in Welsh, translated into Kn;,dish liv llnmphrev Llwvd, I .111.1 |ii|lili>liei| hy Or l»a\id I'owel in l.VSI. I'ciiiiatcd to Prince I'harles, and puhlisliud in ItllH. 118 OIIIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. covered and possessed by tlic AVelssli priiico, Mfidoo. Herbert, according to Martyr, says that the hind discovered by the prince Avas Fk)rida or Virginia.'-'" Catlin is inclined to believe that Madoc enteivd the Mississijjpi at Balizo and made his way up the river, or that lie landed somewhere on the Florida coast. He thinks the colonists pushed into the interior and finally settled on the Ohio river: afterwards, bein*'' driven from that position by the aboriginal tribes, they advanced up the INtissouri river to the place where they have been known for many years by tlio name of Mandans, "a corruption or abbreviation, perhaps, of Madawgwys, the name applied by the Welsh to the followers of Madawc." The canoes ot the Mandans, jNFr Catlin tells lu, which are alto- gether different from those of all other tribes, cor- respond exactly to th') Welsh coraclcf'^ the i)eculi- arity of their i)hysical api)earance was such that when he first saw them he "was under the instant conviction that they were an amalgam of a nativo, with some civilized race," and the resemblance tliat exists between their language and Welsh, is, in his 'piin'on, very striking.™ There have been several ie[)oi'ts that traces of the Welsh colony and of tlu.ir huiguage have been discovered among the natiw tribes, but none of them seem entitled to full credit. The best known report of this kind, and the one that claims, »)orhaps, the most respectful consideration, is that of I.. -J Ivev. Morgan Jones, written in KIHG, ami ])ul>nshed in the (iciith'DKin's Minjazlnv for the year 1740. In lOGO the reverend gentleman, with llvr companions, was taken prisoner by the Tuscarora tribe, who were about to put him to death when he «" Sco Wiirtlni, Rrrhrrr/irs, pp. mt-T. SIS '|'||,.y jiiv 'inadc III' nnr-Ziii/rs, tlir skins of 1)1i(T;i1oom, .itirtcliod tiiiilcr- iiciitli a frami' iiiadf nf willowH or dflicr lmii;:lis, ami siia|it'(i iicaiiv niinul, lilxc a tuli; wiiicli tlio wiiinan carrii'H on licr iii'iui from iicr w i;,'\vaiii to tin' iter's fi\'^i\ ami liavin;,' Hli'iipnl into it, stands in fiont, and propels it I'V drippin;,' lier paddle ,/ iirirnrii, a liy (lie side,' Ciif/iii's Aiiur. Jiu/., vol. ii,, p, '»'01 nd tiniiriiiif il III /in; instead of padcjliii m s,' companitivo voealmiary. 10 THE A.MEKICANS OF WELSH OllIGIN. 119 soliloquized aloud in Welsh; whereupon they spared him and his comi)anions, and treated them very civilly. xVfter this Mr Jones stayed among them for four months, during which time he conversed with them lamiliarlv in the Welsh laniruaye, "and did preach to them in the same language three times a week, -'" A certain Lieutenant Roberts states that in 1801 he mot an Indian chief at Washington, who spoke "Welsh "as fluently as if ho had been born and brought up in the vicinity of Snowdon." He said it was the language of his nation, the Asguaws, who TuscavoiM th when ho 2'" As a <,'()0(1 (leal of iin])ortancc litis hecn fittarheil to it, it will lie as well to ;.'ivc .Icpiifs' sliitoini'iit in full; it is as fiillows: ''I'Ik'si' ]ii'i'.st'iits ccrlilv all ipcisniis wlialovi-r, that in the year l()ti(), lioini,' an iniialiitaiit of I, iiiiil cliaiilain to Major (ieiieral MiMini't, of Maiisoinan ('(iiinty, tho said Major (iciH'ral Henni't and Kir William Korkelev sent two siiips to I'tirl )!oyal. now calletl Sonth Carolina, wliii'ii is sixty li'aj,'ues sontliwaril (if Cai"' I'air, ami 1 was sent tliLMTwith to lie their minister. Tjion the 8th iif .\|iiil we set ont from Vir;;inia, iind arrived at the harlior's mouth of I'ort i!o\al the Hit h of tlie same month, where we waited for tiie rest of the Meet that was to sail from liarliadoes ami lierinnda w itli one Mr. AN'est, ■wild was to he deimty jfovernor from tlie Old Uritons). and took mc up hy the middle, and lidd nie in the Itritish |\\'elsli| tongue I should not die, and thci('U|i(in Went to the emperor of 'ruscarora, and ai;reed for my ansom a lid tlu> men tliat were with me. They (the l»oej;s) then wclconied ns to their town, mid ciitcrtaiiicd ns very civilly and cordially f linn Irilisli months, duiiiiu' ^^ hicli I hail the opportunity of eonversin;,' with them faniiliarlv ill the |\v anuua''e, a lid did ])reach to them in the same laii^ lliivc liiuoa week, and they wiiiild confer with me alioiit any tiling' that was diniciili therein, and at our departure they ahiindantly suiiplicd us with ulialcver was necessary to our support and wtdl doiiij;'. I'liey art' M'lilcd iipiiu I'diili;.;!! Iliver.'not far from Cape At ros. This is a hrief re- litiil el my travels anioni; the I )oejr Indians. Miii!(;\N .I(im:s, sou of .lohn iloiies, (it Uasatc'', near Ncwjioit, in the Coiintv 111 of M to the ciuinliv. oiinioul I am rem 1\ t( I'w Wnk, .March Huh, UiS."i t)." (Iniflr iidiicl any \\'(d •ii\s Mil'/., 1710. imun or others 120 ORIGIN OF THE AMEKlC.vNS. I "I lived ciglit hundred miles north-west of Philadelphia. He knew nothini^ of Wales, but stated that his people had a tradition that their ancestors came to America from a distant country, which lay far to the east, over the great waters. Amongst other ed and sueceedcd in reachinix Vir<>'inia.^*'^ There are many otlier re- «ii (Vmmfh'rs'' Jniir., vol. vi., p. 411. «r. W. O. Pii^^lic, wlio, to,:_'rtli('r with i'liiwaril Williams (tiic lianl of (iiaiiioi'^faii), iiiaili" ilili- p'lit iMiiiiirics ill Aiiiorica alioiit forty years a.u'o, when tliey eollecteil ii|i- wards of one liiindreil diU'ereiit aeeonnts of the Widsji Indians.' J/i. 'ii i' n'|iorteil l>y travellers in tiie west, tiiat on the l!ed Itiver. ... very far t^i the sonthwest, a trihe of Indians lias lieeii found, whose manners, in m'\- eral resiieets, resemlde the Wideli . . . .Tliey eall llieiiiselvi's the ,Me(Vciiit trilie. wliieli having llie .Me or .Mae attached to their name. |H)iiil« e\i- oken opinion of Mr Fisko, that "Welch Indians are creatures of the imagination."^" Lord Monboddo, a Scotchman, who wrote in the .seventeenth century, quotes .several instances to show that the lanL,aiage of the native Hiii-hlanders was spoken in America. In one of the English expedi- tions to discover the North Pole, he relates, there were an Eskimo and a Scotchman, who, after a few (lavs i)ractice, were able to converse too-cther readily. He also states "that the Celtic language was s[)oken by many of the tribes of Florida, which is situated at the north end of the gulf of Mexico; and that he was well acquainted with a gentleman from the Highlands of Scotland, wlio was several years in Florida, in a public character, and who stated that many of the tribes with whom he had I.ecome ac- ([iiaiiited, had the greatest affinity with the Celtic in their language."'^" Claims ha\e also l)een put in for an Irish dis- covery of the New World; St Patrick is said to ]ia\e sent missionaries to the Msles of America, '^^^ and c^arly writers liave gravely discussod the proba- luiitiicky. (111(1 tlioy wore i>iililislio(l in 1S04, 1)V ^Ir ITonry Toiilniin, oiio (if tlic .liiduDs of tli(' ttMi'itory of .Missis,si]i|ii. Sec Slmlilnril's Shtvlns nf l.'iin'.sidiiii, [). -IT."); I'/iil(i(li/j)/tia Ma/iad (ind J'/u/xicdl Juarnul, vol. i., ISd.'). 2H Aiiii'i: Aiiliij. Sill'., Tniiisitrt., vol. i., ]). 305. 2'' We read fartlicr: 'Rut wliat is ntill iiioro nMiiarkaldc, in tlicir war sdiij; lit' (li.s('()V(!r('(l, not only tlie Mcntinit'nfs, hiit several lines, ilio very saiiu' Wolds uH used in (l.w/nii's ci'li'liratcMl niajcsic jiocni of the wars of liis ancestors, who lion islied alioiit thirteen hnndred years a^o. The In- dian iianies of several of the streams, hr()(d. Ii i- this heinif a 'lirm liidiever' in a j^iven theory that makes s(» many lliiii;:s |iateiit io ihe enthusiast which are invisihle to ordinar.v men. *!'' MiiHiislil:i)ii Uriliiinn'rinii, \>\>. I.'U 'J, 1S7 H, eite(l in l)c<'iisthiu />/«', Aiiur., i>. xviii. 122 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. m bility of Qiietzalcoatl haviiii^ been an Irishman. There is no g'reat im[)robabihty that the natives of Ireland may have reached, by accident or other- wise, the north-eastern coasts of the new continent, in very early times, but there is certainly no evi- dence to prove that they did.^" The nations of southern Europe have not been entirely foriijotten by the theorists on the question of origin. Those who have claimed for them the honor of first settlinjj or civilizinjjf America, are not manv, however; nor is the evidence they adduce of a very imposing nature. Lafitau supposes the Americans to be descended from the ancient inhabitants of the Grecian archi- pelago, wlio were driven from their country by the subjects of Og, King of Baslian. In every partic- ular, he says, the people of the New World resemble the Hellenes and Pelagians. Both were idolaters; used sacred fire; indulged in Bacchanalian revels; held formal councils; strong resemblances are to bo found in their marriage customs, system of education, manner of hunting, fishing, and making war, in their games and sports, in their mourning and burial cus- toms, and in their manner of treating the sick.''^'^ Garcia knew a man in Peru who knew of a rock on wliicli was what looked very much like a C J reek in- scrij)tion. The same writer says that the Athenians waged war with the inhabitants of Atlantis, and might therefore have heard of America. That the Greeks were navigators in very early ^Inies is shown by Jason's voyage in search of the Golden Fleece. Both ( I reeks and Americans bored their oars and sang the deeds of their ancestors; besides whicli, many words are connnon to both ])eoples.''"''' Liki' 2" S(M> /\iiHfs/)nri>ii;)h\s Mr.r. Aiifii/., vol. vi., pp. 188-00; Dr Cns/ii\< Pri'-Ciihidiii' Di.s A I IM 11). xvm.-xx. 2H M.riir.i f/cv Sinirai/rs A iiiiriiiiKiiii.s CoDijniirca ((ii.f M(Vi(t\s (hs J' mirrs ■n III/)- I'.iiis, 1724. s^'J Gai-ri,(, Ori'/cii dc los IniL, pp. 181M)2. THE ANCIENT ATLANTIS. 123 Garcia, ^Ir PlJj^eon also know a man — a fiirnior of ]\[(>iitcvidco, in Brazil — who in 1827 discovcrod in one of lii.s ticlds a flat stone, upon which was en- graven a Greek inscription, which, as far as it was leLi'iMe, read as follows: "During the dominion of Alexander, the son of Philip, King of Macedon, in the sixty-third Olympiad, Ptoleniaios." Deposited heneatli the stone were found two ancient swords, a liehnet, and a shield. On the handle of one of the hi words was a portrait of Alexander; on the helmet was a beautiful design representing Achilles drag- ging the corpse of Hector round the walls of Troy. "From this discovery, it is evident" — to Mr Pidgeon — "that the soil of Brazil was formerly broken by Ptoleniaios, more than a thousand years before the discovery by Columljus."^^ Brasseur de Bourbourg seeks to identify certain of the American gods with Gieek deities.-^^ Jones finds chat the sculi)ture at Uxinal very closely resembles the Greek style. '-'''^ The vastness of some of the cities built by the eivilized Americans, the fine roads they constructed, their fondness for gladiatorial combats, and a few un- rehable accounts that lloinan coins have been found on the continent, constitute about all the evidence that is t)flered to show that the Komans ever visited America. '^^^ The story of Atlantis, that is, of a sulimorged, lost land that once lay to the west of Euro})e, is very old. It was communicated to Solon, according to IMu- tarcli, by the Egyptian priests of Psenophis, Sonchis, «•'" I'iJijroii's Tr. 10. *'• l.ilHi/il, Jii/iiri,)li, pp. IXX.-IXXX. 2'- II, s/. Am: Aiiirr., \t. 107. In tlic Grocka of Ildincr I fiiul (ho ciis- tniii>;. (lisci)urs(', and nuimii'i's of tlif li'0(|iiois, Di'lawaics, ami Miaiiiis. 'i'lii' liaL;('(li('s of Sii|)lii)('li.'.s and lMii'i|)idi'M paint to iiic alniosl lilcially the si'iiliiiit'iits of till' rrd-iiini, ri'sju'ctinj;' nofi'ssity, fatality, llic niisfrics nf liuiiiaii lil'c. and tlic liiioiir of liliiid destiny. I'n/iifi/'.i ]'lnf nf lln- Vliniittc Uiiil Snil nf thi' I'liilnlStillrsofAimririi. i.iiiidoii, ISOl. -'■' Soe Pviisfs A iiirv, Aiiliij., pp. ;?S.")-!)(); Tdii/iiiiiiih/ii, Mdiiiiri/. Iml., toni. i.. ]i. 'i.M; Smtfs ill Jiniki/ .lA/.v., jtp. 1 '.»;•--( )'_'; ]'i//iii/ii/ii rrr, Jlist. Cijii'/. Jlr.d, \\. li; KiiitjsljoruKijh'ii Alr.v. Aiitiij^., \o\. vi., pp. 184, 5-7-8, 124 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS. Heliopolis, and Sais; and if wc may believe Plato, Solon did not hear of the events until nine thousand Egyi)tian years after their occurrence. Plato's ver- sion is as follows: "Among the great deeds of Athens, of which recollection is preserved in our books, there is