IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 |5o "^^ MI^H •UUU II l^ |U III 1.6 m ^i ^V^ y ^^^^^ 1. ' Miiffiictite in lit'iia ami veins; criiptlvf origin of ningni'titi'i* B ( (riniu of .Hi'iliiui'iitiiry nm(?notitci : curious (Icportnu'nt of bog ore 7 ticiiiiiliiiiivian rock-) contiiiiiiinj lii'posita of ningmilili; ; cxniniilrs of rocks eontaiiiiiii,' iiiagiiclitc in Canacbi 7 llcniark.f upuri Uiurilc f* Anttlysi:) of felilspar from llio Fournier mine; frcqiii-nt occurrence of dciiosits of nuinnctito near the junction of limestone with other rocks) !» Tlin niinorals associalcil willi Laurcntian ami Huronian niagnttitos... 10 Mode ok (•cci.'iiuknck and Minkhai, Ashociation.s ok MAnxKTiTK.s mohk IIKCKNT THAN THE IIlBoNIAN \C,-l>i No (leiiosita bcinfc worked in tlio Eastern Townsliipt); ningnetitc in dolomilic, cliloriiic, and talco.sc rocks; Leeds), .Mcfrantic lO Invernesa; mixture of uutpnetiie ami ilmcniic fnmi St. Francis, Heiiucc ; Upiicr Siluiinii niagucliic in N'ova Scotia, New liriin?- wick,aud Brili.sli Columbia 17 Absence of magnetite from the Carboniferous rocks ; veins in Tria.saic trap; iron sand 1*^ Composition ok .MAfi.sKric (tuns 19-23 Analysis of ore from Bristol township li> Analysis of ore from LQudi (Megantic) 20 Analyses of ores from Inverness, Xictaux, and Christie's Lake 21 Table of analyses of raiignetites from various localities 2 Hematite ok Anhvduou.s I'khoxidk of Iron 23-38 Varieties and geological uge of hematite 23 Mode of OucniuEscE and Mini;hai, As.sociaiions of IIk-matitk 23-34 Beds and veins ; exaniides illustrating the varied character of the rocks contaiumg hematite, beginning with the Laurentian ]I\ironian ores -'^ l>ot.->dam Sandstone ; Quebec group ; Lower Silurian ; Upper Silurian. 25 Devonian and Carboniferous hematites 29 Triassic hematite and modern red ochres; mineral associations of hematite ^ Analyses and Assays of IIkmatitks 34-28 Analy::cs of ores from I'ictou ('ouuty. Nova Scotia 34 Analyses of ores from the Peter Totten lot and Cook's Brook, Lon- donderry •" Ores from East River, N.S. ; Elmsley and the Dalhousie mine, Ontario ; Lake Nipigon ; the Wliykokomagh mines, Capo Breton. 30 Table of analyses of hematites from various localities ft 34 CONTENTS. Titanic Ihon Ohk oit Ilueniti 38-19 Ueologiriil ngu of titanic iron orei ; oceiinvnce of tnngnetitp nnd il- mcuito tugi'thci ; liniilj'iiui of iiiuvuitct fruin Hay St. I'nul, Ht. Jcruun', HDil St. .Iiilien 38 llnj of Si'von iHliiiidi i KiiBterii Towiuhipi— Siittoii nnd lironie 30 LiMONiTt OR IIVDHATti) I'kiioxiui ur Iron 39-45 Diitinction liutwceii linionite and bog urc 39 Agv of CnnHiliikn liniuuitc!) ; the l.iiniloiiilcrry vein; Pictou County.. 40 Krookticlil, Cliftiiii ami tliu mouth of tlio Siiiil)enncndio ; niinornli ao- company Ing linionite 42 CoMHOMITIOII <»• I.IM'i!«|TK^ 42-15 AnalrBcg of l.iinUonderry ore* 42 Aimlysi-i) oforos from I'ictou County 4t Boo Ikon Ohk I.V4H Age auy Dr. T. Slcrry iluut 4H Bpathio Ikon Our 48-30 Agu of spatliio ore 4H Siialhic ore of Suliii'rbind'^ Kiver, N.M 40 Analyse^' of the >:Juthurluud'i liiver ore 30 Clay Iron-htoni 50-53 CImracfcr* and age of clay iron-<'tonos ; Not« Scotia 50 New Kniiiswiclv ; Vmn'oiivor Island; l,Miei'ii Charlotte Idlaud^; Ter- tiary iron-stoiicM of the North-West 51 AnalvRe^ of clay iron-stones 32 Assay.sof clay iron-stones....- 63 Economic Co.v.sidkhations 53-H8 Co.^t of labor :t3 Cost of mining 5t ('i)9t of transportation 50 Smkltino op Ihon Oiibh f'l'-O; List of hliist furnaces M Madoc ; Marmora; b'uruace Fulls; Xormandale 57 St. Maurice Forges 58 L'lalct; iiatiscaii ; Riviere niix Vaulies 6ctaiii>(irni ' ° ^ ' crystals ot often more than an inch in length ; these crystals are somewhat rude, but '""b'"-'"'*-". their surfaces are covered with smaller ones which though minute are well formed. In the undoubted beds, the magnetite, so far as I hare observed, is generally granular or in cleavable masses, but does not occur m large crystals of definite form. The mere occurrence of crystals, however, would in itself be no proof of the deposit being a vein. Again, on lot G, range 8, of Marmora, near the " marsh ore-bed," an opening has been made in a deposit of magnetite ; the opening is too small to give any idea of the true nature of the deposit, but the associa- tion of minerals is such as is usually found in veins rather than in beds, supposed vein. The minerals are calc-spar, fluor-spar, feldspar, hornblende, sjmthic iron, cubic pyrites, magnetic pyrites, copper pyrites. Sir William Logan mentions the occurrence of veins of macrnetite in Vom? in kom the crystalline limestone of Ross, opposite Portage du Fort, (Geol. ofiiam. Can., 1863, p. 37), and also a vein in Buckingham composed of large cleavable masses of feldspar and magnetite (Ibid. p. 20.). In the Report of the Geological Survey of New Jersey for 1873, p. 27, ..^ ^^.^. " a coarse crystalline granitic dyke " is m.entioncd, and stated to be com-^y|.'e" in New posed of feldspar, quartz and magnetite. It may be, however, that this is in reality a segregated vein and not a dyke. The magnetic ores of New Jersey in many respects resemble our own. The workable deposits are now regarded as of sedimentary origin, though formerly believed to be eruptive.* The latter view was also taken bj SirEruptn-e oiig Roderick Murchison as to the origin of some of the rich deposits of magne-°^ deposits, tite in the Urals f ; and many of the deposits of magnetite in Norway and * Geology of Ne^\ Jersey, 1868, p. 533, and also Report for 1873, p. 18. t Geology of Russia, pp. 372 aud 3j0. ' 1 6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Origin ol sedi- mtMitarymnguc titex. Ciiriouf doport' ment ol bog ore Sweden have been considered as eruptive by Durocher and others. None of the Canadian magnetites, so far as I am aware, have ever been regarded as eruptive, at least by the officers of the Geological Survey. Concerning the origin of our sedimentary magnetites, the question arises as to whether they were originally deposited as such, or in some other form, and afterwards altered to magnetite. It seems possible that, in some cases, beds may have been formed by the accumulation of iron sands, just as they are forming in the Gulf of St. Lawren«e to-day, the material being derived from the disintegration of pre-existing crystalline rocks. Such beds we should expect to contain not only magnetite, but ilmoute, and it is well known that in many cases ores on being pulverised may be more or less completely separated into a magnetic portion containing little or no titanic acid, and a non-magnetic portion consisting essentially of ilmenite. It seems, liowcver, probable that in general their origin has been similar to tliat of the modern bog and lake ores. Deposits of magne- tite, as a rule, do not continue of uniform thickness for any great distance like the enclosing rocks, and this is just what might be expected if we sup- pose them to have originally occurred as bog or lake ores which accumu- lated in local hollows or depressions. No ore, moreover, would be more readily converted into magnetite than bog ore, on account of the consider- able proportion of organic matter which the latter contains. In this connection may be dcscribctl a very simple but interesting experiment tried with a specimen of bog ore from L'Islet, containing about 22 per cent, of water and organic matter. The pulverized ore vras placed in a platinum crucible, and heated for an hour at a temperature of 190'^ F. At the end of that time it had parted with its combined water, or at any rate with sufficient to cause the colour to change from brown to bright red. It still, however, retained organic matter, and on heating for a few minutes in a tightly closed crucible, and at a temperature consi- derably below redness, a reduction of the peroxide ensued, and a black strongly magnetic powder was obtained, apparently consisting of magnetic oxide, and not of metallic iron, as it occasioned no precipitation of metallic copper in a solution of the sulphate. The cover was now remo\ ed from the crucible and a red heat given, when in a short time the powder again be- came red, or rather purplish-red, and non-magnetic. Finally, the heat was raised a little higher (to bright redness), and soon the powder became black and strongly magnetic, having apparently parted with a portion of its oxygen. These changes are instructive, for while brought about in the laboratory they might take place in nature. They shew, too, that in some cases magnetites may have been formed from such ores as bog ore at comparatively low temperatures, the reduction being due to the organic matter of the ore. That a magnetic oxide should be converted into a non-magnetic oxide,. REPORT BY MR. B. J. nARRINQTOiV. J as clcscribeil above, is a curious fact. It is generally stated also that per- oxide of iron requires a white heat to convert it into magnetic oxide, but the heat of an ordinary Bunson burner has been found, to readily convert limonites, even when free from organic matter, into magnetic oxide. Durochcr, speaking of the Scandinavian ores, says: "The deposits ofRemark«by magnetic iron ore occur in rocks of very varied character, and it does not tia. rocks or appear that their richness is influenced by the nature of these rocks ; someoonuining are enclosed in ordinary gneiss, others in quartzose, micaceous or horn- oro. blendic schists, or else in calcareous beds ; others are found at the line of contact of granite and gnaiss, rarely in the granite itself; there are some which form part of dioritic or hornblendic masses enclosed in the gneiss." Most of what Durochcr states here might be said with equal truth of our ?^""^j',f^^°'J,'j?^'^'' deposits, as will be seen from i,he examples which follow : '" *^""*''*' At the well known Hull mines the magnetite occurs in crystalline lime- Huii. stone containing graphite, mica, and, more rarely, pyroxene. At Blairton in Belmont (the big ore-bed) the ore is interstratified with Big o»e-bed. diabase, greenish epidotic and chloritic rocks, and crysta'line limestone. At the Seymour ore-bed in Madoc the ore is underlaid by a thin band ^^J™""' "^ of soft mica-schist, and overlaid by reddish-grey, highly feldspathic rocks, in places porphyritic, and occasionally passing into syenite or syenitic gneiss. On the run of the bed to the eastward also, dark grey hornbhndic rocks occupy the surface at times, as well as the feldspathic rocks just alluded to. Daubr<5o mentions the occurrence of a petro-sili- ceous rock at Danneraora which would appear to resemble somewhat the feldspathic rock near the Seymour ore-bed. It is known to the miners as hallefiinta, and is here and there porphyritic. (Ann. des Mines [4], iv. p. 223.) At the Chaftey mine, in South Crosby, the ore occurs in coarsely crys- cimiroy mine, talline gneiss, containing both mica and hornblende. The gneiss adjoins a band of crystalline limestone. On the west half of lot six, in the third concession of Bedford, the „ ^, , ' . ' Bedford. country rock is of exceedingly varied character. Among my specimens there is one consisting of an aggregate of black hornblende and greenish white feldspar ; another consisting almost entirely of green translucent crystalline pyroxene ; others are made up of similar green pyroxene, together with a little black hornblende, grains of magnetite, and in some instances a considerable proportion of calcite. Though the ore is more directly associated with these hornblendic and pyroxenic rocks, it is removed but a very short distance from a band of white crystalline lime- stone. During the winter of 1872-73 several openings were made in deposits of magnetic ore on lots twenty-one and twenty-two of the second range of Bristol, Pontiac county, Quebec. The ore here forms a series of beds, Brutoi. Ci GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP-CANADA. interstratified with reddish syonitic gneiss and glistening micaceous and hornblondic scliista. The thickness of wliat appeared to be the most important and the uppermost bed couhl not be ascertained at the time of mj visit in July last, as the opening upon it was nearly full of water ; judging, however, from the ([uaiitity of ore takcu out, the thickness must bo considerable. Besides this bed, three others had been exposed by stripping; one of them was two feet thick, another only a few inches, but underlaid by occasional small lenticular patches of ore, Avhile the fourth appeared to be about nine or ten feet thick, so far as the small amount of work done enabled one to judge. The micaceous and hornblendic schists in which the last mentioned bed occurs strike approximately east and Avest, dipping northward at an angle of only 35''. The general strike of the rocks as observed in the country for several miles east of the mines varies between E. and W. and E. 30"^ N., the angle of dip being usually high. In the Report of Progress for 1872-73, p. 131, Mr. McOuat mentions the occurrence of magnetite interstratifiod with quartzite on the eighvli ihe," Quinze." portage of the Quinze. The ore forms " layers from the thickness of paper to about an inch, and is interlaminated with similar layers of whitish- grey and dull red, fine-grained quartzite. The iron ore constitutes pro- bably from a fourth to a third of the whole, and, as the thickness of the whole band is about thirty feet, tho total thicknes of the layers of iron would probably not be less than eight feet." Some of the Michigan ores occur in an analogous manner, and are, I believe, considered to be of Iluronian age. Examples of a similar mode of occurrence are also to Eiievir. be found in Scandinavia. On the third lot of the fifth range of Elzevir magnetic ore is said by Mr. Macfarlane to occur in a talcose or steatitic rock. In speaking of the Foley mine, on page 5, I have incidentally referred DioritG to the ore occurring in diorite. This rock forms extensive beds in the Laurentian as well as in the Iluronian series. I say beds, although in many places it is quite impossible to distinguish the rock from diorites of igneous origin. It, however, appears in general to follow the sinuosities of the beds on either side of it, and is sometimes seen to graduate into hornblendic and micaceous schists. iMany of the so-called Laurentian granites though locally shewing no parallelism in the arrangement of the constituent minerals, in like manner pass gradually into unmistakable gneisses. The term diorite strictly speaking belongs to an igneous rock, and there seems to be no good name for a similar aggregate of sedimentary origl.i. Such an aggregate is sometimes called " hornblende rock ;" but this is certainly an erroneous name for a rock which is at times half made up of feldspar. Hornblende rock, strictly speaking, consists RErOUT BY MU. B. J. IIARRINOTON. 9 mainly of hornllonde ; but according to Zirkol, by the addition of oligoclase, it passes now and then into diorite. * Cotta also says that the addition of feldspar to hornblende rock causes a transition into diorite. In using the term diorite in this way we make the name depend ujion the mineral constituents of the rock, ignoring altogether the ,ViJ|','',!'j;|i!^"^,j What is needed is a term bearing the same relation to diorite *hat !l',Ijinieuiary" origni. oi'l),nii. gneiss bears to granite. At many places in Hastings and Addington counties, and elsewhere in Ontario, fine-grained diorites occur ; those, however, which are associated Avith magnetic iron ore in the townsliips of Bathurst and South Sher- brooke are generally coarse-grained. The latter, in addition to black or dark green hornblende, and white, greyish or greenish feldspar, often con- tain scales of dark brown mica, grains of magnetic iron ore, and small •iiuantitios of quartz. f The feldspar was as carefully separated as possible from a specimen of |>"»'y*if "f the coarsely crystalline variety occurring at the Fournier mine. It was white to pale grey, in colour, and in places shewed the striations character- istic of triclinic feldspars. The specific gravity was 2.Gi5-2.G4 and hard- ness about G. Before the blowpipe it fused at about 4 to a whito enamel. An analysis gave the following results : f-'ilica ,';8..")8 Aluiiiiua '-'4.78 Peroxide of iron traces Lime 4.8-1 Magnesia 0.20 Soda COS PoUisli 2.15 Water 1.85 99.03 It may accordingly be referred to th.e species oligoclase, although in some respects resembling andcsite. The latter species, however, so far as I am aware, has not been noticed as a constituent of diorite. Besides the dark green hornblende associated with it, there were tolerably abundant scales of dark brown mica, and more rarely grains of quartz. The examples given suffice to illustrate the variable character of the I'ocks containing deposits of magnetite in our old crystalline series. It should be remarked here that, while it is exceptional to find such deposits t • Lehrbuch der Petrograpbie, Band I. S. 304 tGesner in his "Third Report on the Geological Survey of New Brunawick" mentions the occurrence of magnetic ore near Pull Moose Hill in the Parish of Springfield, in rocks which, judging from his description, appear to be somewhat similar to the coarse dioritic rocks of Batliurst and South Sherbooke, although he speaks of them as syenite. 10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Proximity of iiiafrnptltcit to limrit().\i(U' of nmiigaiic'.se trace. Lime ll.or) Ma^iifHia i;i.49 l"otHi to «ltfri4- . . . tionwiimiii like the mica schist at the Bristol mine. The cnclosinK rocks, also, fre- (|ucntly present a rusty appearance. In some cases the origin of the limonite is })robably the decomposition of pyrites associated with the magnetite rather than an alteration of the magnetite itself MalachUe. — This was observed in only one iiirftance, at the Seymour ore-bed, and then only in sufficient f(uantity to say that it did exist. Mica. — The mica found associated with the magnetites of this group probably belongs to several species, which, however, have not been determined. In general it is dark brown or brownish-black in colour ; but occasionally of lighter colours. At the Bristol mine much of the mica is of a pale silvery-grey colour. There is no more frequent asso- ciate uf magnetite. {JJpnoe o' Pyrite or Pyrites. — The occurrence of this mineral is more frequent tlian desirable. Occasionally it is well crystallized ; sometimes masses of consider- able size are found here and there em')edded in the magnetite ; but more frequently it occurs in minute grains scattered through the ore, or in little strings or veins. At the Bristol mine it occurs in such quantity as to greatly lessen the value of the ore ; at Hull, the ore from the Baldwin mine seems to bo pretty free from it, but it may be noticed in much of the ore at the Forsyth mine, both in disseminated grains and little veins ; at the Foley mine, as well as at the openings on the adjoining properties, the ore seen was very free from it ; at the Fournier mine it occurs in small quantity, but generally associated with the hornblende rather than with the magnetite ; at the Yankee or Mathews' mine it is almost impossible to find a specimen of the ore not shewing pyrites either in thin strings or disseminated grains. It also is common in the ore at the Chaffey mine. In Avhat was supposed to be an average sample of the ore from the latter locality Dr. Hunt found 1.52 per cent, of sulphur, which, calculated aa pyrites, gives 2.85 per cent. At the Christie's Lake mine a good deal was observed, not, however, generally disseminated through the ore, but in veins which would be readily separable. It sometimes occurs at this locahty in well-defined cubes. Fine magneute. The magnetite of the Seymour ore-bed is unusually free from pyrites, and is undoubtedly one of the finest ores in the country. The ore of the marsh ore-bed, and other openings near it, coutaius large quantities of it to be ihe ti Townships ; I two miiiorals differcuco in partial altor- This appears jliistoso strata cks, also, fro- origin of the itcd with tho the Seymour (1 exist, of tliis group ivo not been ck in colour ; much of tho Vo(|uont asso- frcfiucnt than osof considor- te ; but more re, or in littlo ijuantity as to the BaUlwiii mucli of the ttle veins ; at roperties, the curs in small ler than with ast impossible bin strings or haflfey mine. om the latter calculated as not, however, uld be readily efined cubes. a pyrites, and le ore of the quantities of KEPOKT IIY MK. IJ. J. HARRINGTON. 16 I pyrites. Tlio big ore-bod in Ilolinont in portions of its thickness contains a good deal, while c 1it portions contain but littlo; curious concretions occur '\t this mine, consisting of alternate layers of pyrites and hematite. Ores containing much pyrites should always bo roasted before sinelting, by *'^»'i',lf '*"" which means much of tho sulphur is got rid of. Tho effect of sul|)hur upon iron, as is well known, is to make it n-d-nhort, or brittle when hot. J'l/rorene. — This is a frocpiont associate of the magnotitos of this group, though by no means so common as hornblende. At the Hull mines Mie limestone adjoining the magnetite contains crytals of pyroxene some of which are green, and others greenish-yellow and transparent ; these, like tho crystals of apatite in many Laurentian limestones, are often curiously t^^Jj^JiyiifxeiK' rounded. One of tho rocks associatod with the magnetite of the big orc-bod is described in tho Geology of Canada as a diabase, and, therefore, contains pyroxene as one of its constituents. At this locality, also, a palo green coccolite is occasionally mixed with the magnetite. On lot six, concession three, of Bedford, there occurs with tho magnetite a rock which in some places is almost entirely mado up of a green, crystalline, trans- lucent pyroxene with a specific gravity of 3. .30, and in others contains, in addition to the pyroxene, grains of magnetite, as well as brilliant black hornblende antl white calcite. Pi/rrhotine. — This mineral occurs associated wit!" tho magnetite of the marsh ore-bed, and its presei\ce is, of course, objectionable. It was ' not observed in other localities. Quartz. — Of this species little need be said. It frequently accompanies magnetite in the form of disseminated grains, or in little veins. In some localities, as already mentioned, it constitutes tho rock with which the magnetite is interstratifiod. When present it requires in smelting the addition of lime or other basic substances m larger quantities than would otherwise be necessary. Serpentine. — The best examples of the occurrence of this mineral are to oonci fxampios of tllCOCClIf* be found at the big ore-bod, Belmont, where it is found massive, foliated r>'iico of serpen- . tlno. and fibrous. Some of the massive variety is of a dark green colour and some yellowish-green and translucent. The latter passes into foliated and fibrous varieties, niarmolite and chrysotile, which are pale green or greenish white. The fibrous serpentine is sometimes mistaken for asbestus, a variety of hornblende. Siderite or Spathic Iron. This mineral was observed associated with magnetite in only one instance ; namely, on lot six range eight of Marmora. It was well crystallizedj but in small quantity, and accompanied by a num- ber of other minerals enumerated on page 5. The siderite is probably of more recent age than the magnetite, and formed from the alteration of the siderite from , ., o / tlteratloii of Jatter. magoeUtc. Talc. — Among the specimens collected at Hull and also at the Sey- 10 oKor.odicAr, muuvey of oanada. I ! I ArtlnolliP •lllTCll tu ■Ivalilc. I'rnn-oi'lirt' mour oro-ho(l, aro sevcrftl sIiowiii;;«mnII (|uaiititi('s apparently of stontito, tlio onrtliy vftricty of tnlc, nHsoi-iutod with mnKnetite. In tho Inttor cane it appears to bo tlio rosult of the alteration of actiiiolito. Tlio oeciirronco of magnetic iroji ore in a '* talcose or stoatitic Hubstanco" on tlio tliird lot of tlic fifth ran^e of Klzovir has alrcatly boon referred to. i/rrt«W(rt!.— The occurrence of tliis mineral at tho Seymour ore-bo'l is mentioned by Dr. Hunt in tho (ieol();,'y of (Janadii (IHtl;]). It forms a Icuion-yellow coating or crust upon the walls of fissures in tho magnotit(?. nciitiv oiin'rv. l^ute rcceiitly 1 rolessor < liapman has noticeil its ocourronco with maune- Vi{ hy Profi'^Hor . ■' ciiiiiiiiuii tito on lot twenty, range ono, of Snowdon townshi|», Peterboro' county. AIODK OF OCCIRUENOK AND .MINKU.M. AS.-!(il'IATIo.\S 01' MAliNlcmii.S MOUK Ui;t!KNT THA.\ Tlir. lUltO.VIAN. Tho metnniorphic rocks of tho Eastern Towiihhips, which arc rc;;anled by Sir W. E. Logan as of Lower Siluriatj ago, occasionally contain de- posits of ninguetic iron oro. Fow of thein, however, appear to bo of much economic importance, and none, so far ixa I can learn, are I)eing worked at present. As yet I have had no ojiportunity of visiting tiieni. Some of the dolomitic and chloritic schists of this region contain con- siderable (|uantitios of magnetite in disseminated octahedral crystals. In a specimen from the ninth lot of tho ninth range of Sutton, consisting of dolomite and mag!ietitc, Dr. Hunt found the latter mineral to erjual fii'tv- six per cent, of the mass. Miinitc cry.stals of magnetite were al.-^o found to constitute more than half tho weight of a chloritic rock from tho second lot of tho fourtecntii range of Jiolton (Geol. of Can., ISiio, p. «77). In 1872, also, specimens of chloritic and talcoso schists, containing dis- seminated octahedral crystals of magnetite, were brought by Mr. W. McOuat, of tho Geological Survey, from Lake Opasatika, which closely resemble somo of those from tho Eastern TownshijjS, and aro possibly of the same age. According to Dana chloritic slates with octahedral crystals of mag- netite occur in Corsica, and also at Fahluu in Sweden. In the Geology of Canada, 18G3, pago 077, largo loose fragments of magnetic iron ore aro spoken of as occurring near a band of serpentine on KnUs, Megan, the second lot of the tenth range of Leeds (Mogantic). Since then the ore has been discovered in situ on the seventh lot of the fifth range. Mr. Charles llobb, who visited the locality last spring, tells mo that the strata had been exposed by stripping for a distance of forty yards in the direction of tho strike, and sixteen yards across it. In the latter distance three tolerably regular beds of ore were seen, respectively six, four, and three feet thick, and all dipping to the north-west at an angle of 50°. The beds are separated by bands of chloritic slate containing quartz and calc-spar. No tti'po.ltii U'lufi wiirki'il 111 Mil- Kii.-tpru rowiisliliiH. Mainiftiti' ill iloloniitic. I'ljlurilii' unci Iftlcutv rockn. I ! 1 ' ! ly of 8tofttito» J Iftttor cant' it occurronco of 1)0 third lot of ;mo\ir orc-l»C'l I. It t'onns a ;lic nmj^notite, ■0 with mayne- rboro' county. • MAONETI'lliS J arc rc^ardo'l ly contain posit occurring in Leeds. In the Seigniory of St. Francis, Ib-auco, a bed of granular iron ore, forty-live ieot wiile, occurs in serpentine. It was found by |)r. Hunt to consist of a mixture of nitout two thirds magnetite and one-third ihnenitc. j,|^,y^, ,,, ((ieology of Canada, IHi}:), p. '.Ol .) IKrit.'!" ""' In the Upper Silurian slates and ipiartzites of Nova Scotia, mngnotlto occurs in veins associated with specular or micaceous ores at London- derry, and also near the Mast Uiver, Pictou county. The proportion of magnetite, iiowever, is usually small. A mixture of this kind from the East lliver is locally known as '• specular magnetic." While in Truro, in September last, specimens of mngnetito wore given' me which were said to be from abed six feet thick and about twelve miles n,.po«if no»r west of Truro, but whether the deposit is really one of importance I can- '"'"' not say. The fos.siliferous hcnuitites of the Devonian slates on the south side of Annapolis Valley have in many cases been more or less completely MaumMito of altered to magnetite, which still, however, holds numerous fossils of *^'^ ""''""'''"• Lower Devonian age. Tliis metamorphism, according to Dr. Dawson,* has taken place chiefly at Moose lliver, to tlie south of the great mass of granite in Aimapolis county. A short time since, however, a massive, fnie-grained magnetite, resembling some of the Laurentian ores, was sent to the laboratory of the Geological Survey for examination, and said to bo from Nictaux lliver. It held no fossils whatever, but, like the fossilifo- rous ores of the district contained a largo (piantity of phosphorus. Pro- bably it was taken from near the granite, which would account for its highly metamorphosed condition. Magnetic iron ore of Devonian age also occurs on Deer Island in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick. According to Mr. Richardson, deposits of magnetite occur on Texada Island, British Columbia, associated with dioritic rocks and limestones holding Devonian fossils ; but little is as yet known of their extent.f • See Acailiiin Geology, p|>. t'jM-rjiil. + Mr. Hiclmrdsun I'us iilactnl in my liands several specimens of magnetite (age unknown) given to him by gontli'men iu liritish Columbia. The specimens are accompanied by the following memorandum :— ■iVo. 1,— From "lO yaids buck from tiic (^ariboo and Yale waggon road, up n ravine half a Diile below Nicoameen, Lyilon District. Hcd 8 feet thick. Specimen given by Joseph William McKay, Esc]., Factor il. I!, Co. Service, Victoria. A't). '.i.— Ore from one mile up the river at the head of Knight's Inlet. Given by Alexan- der Donald.^ion, Ksci., of Victoria. ii'o. .'!.— From Mountain, south side of Lake Howsc, about 10 miles from Hope, Hope and Similkameen trail. Given by J. W. McKay, Esq. 18 QEOLOQICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. AbKonce of Magnetite is wanting in rocks of Carboniferous age ; but passing on to the ca^'b"o*niterou^ '^^''^^^ "^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^*' occurs in veins in the great ridge of trap bordering rocks. the south-eastern side of the Bay of Fundy. These veins can scarcciv Volns in Trias- i i r • • l 1110 , sic trap. be regarded as oi economic importance, although a tow attempts to work them have been made. Thus at North Mountain, in Annapolis county, two miles from Middlctown Station, on a farm owned by Mr. John Dodge, there is a vein in the trap, said to bo from six to nine inches thick, from which about one hundred and fifty tons of ore Avcre taken in 1871 and carried to the furnace at Londonderry. IMuuh of it is well crystallised in dodecahedra and combinations of the octahedron and dodecahedron. Some of the specimens lying near the furnace at Londonderry were asso- ciated with calcito, and others with colourless and amethystine quartz. Iron sand. Many of our old crystalline rocks contain disseminated grains and crystals of magnetite and ilmenite, which, on the disintegration of the rocks, are gathered together and form deposits of Avhat is known as " iron sand." This iron sand is always more or less mixed with siliceous sand, so that artificial processes of concentration have generally to be employed before it can be utilized for the manufacture of iron. Grains of garnet are also fre(iuently present, but generally in small (piantity. The most important deposits of iron sand in Canada are those along the north coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at Moisie, Bersimis, Mingan, &c., &c. ; but they are also found in places along the shores of the great lakes of the interior. As regards the ago of the gulf deposits, some are modern, indeed are being formed at the present moment, but others belong to the Post-plioce'>e age, when the elevation of the laud was much less than it is at present. In some places they are found as high as 100 and even 200 feet above tide-level.* • Full information concerning the iron sands of the Gulf may be found iu Dr. Hunt's Report in the volume published by the Geological Survey for ISOG-G'J. assing on to the ' trap bordering as can scarcely ;tempts to work napolis county, I by Mr. John lie inches thick, taken in 1871 well crystallised I dodecahedron, lorry were asso- 3tinc quai'tz. xted grains and tegration of the known as " iron 1 with siliceous generally to bo )f iron. Grains lall (juantity. are those along ersimis, Mingan, )ros of the great f deposits, some ment, but others 3 land was much jund as high as found iu Dr. Hunt's I REPORT BY MR. B. J. HARRINGTON. COMPOSITION OF MAGNETIC ORES. 19 Briiitul ure. Analyses of samples of the magnetic ores from a number of the more important deposits in the country have already been published in the Reports of the Geological Survey, and some of them will bo repeated here for the sake of comparison. A few, however, which have been recently made will be given first. Bristol. — The deposits occurring on the twenty-first and twenty-second lots of the second range ol' Hristol have been described on pages 7 and 8. The ore, though gonLially called magnetic iron ore, is really a mix- nrutoi ore, a turc of crystalline magnctit*.' and hematite, with a streak ranging in colour Inn^',u.ma'ana from reddish to black. The specimen selected for analysis, and regarded '""'""""'''■ as representing the average of what had been taken from the largest exca- vation up to July last, was rather finely granular, of a dark steel-grey colour, and readily attracted by the magnet. The streak varied from red- dish-brown to black in places. Scattered here and there through the mass were nests of pyrites, some of them nearly a quarter of an inch in diame- ter, and with the glass disseminated grains of quartz and calcite could be seen. The specific gravity was 4.32, and the results of an analysis as AnaiysUof follows : Peroxiilo of iron cCiAi Protoxi le of iron 14.r)0 iSisiilplii'lo of iron 2.74 I'rotoxiiic of Mangiinese o.l I Alumina 0.(10 Lime 3.00 Mflgnesia 0.45 Silica 11.45 Carbonic acid I. (14 Piio.s|ilionc acid traces Titanic acid none Water 0.14 lOO.U" Iron as i)eroxide 45.81 Iron a: ituxide 11. 2S Iron as bisulpliide 1.28 Total metallic iron 58.37 Sulphur 1.46 Combining a sufficient quantity of the peroxide of iron with the pro- toxide to form magnetic oxide, we find the ore to be a mixture of mag- netite and hematite, in the proportion of 46.72 of the former to 33.22 of the latter (1.40 : 1). Annlyfi* ot JLeeda ore. Variable pro. liortion." of phosphorus. 20 OEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Leeds.— On page 16 a short description has been yiven of the deposit of ore occurring on lot seven, range five of the township of Leeds (Megantic). The schistose variety consists of a mixture of micaceous iron ore and magnetite, the latter often in minute octahedral crystals. Mr. Hoffmann has analysed a specimen of this kind, containing a large pro- portion of the micaceous ore, but still strongly magnetic. The colour was iron-black or in places reddish, and the streak black with a reddish tinge. Through the ore were dissouiinated small nodules of a mineral with a glassy lustre, apparently orthoclase, with which niinoral they wore found to "agree in hardness and fusibility. The specific gravity was 5.041, and an amily- sis gave : Peroxide of iron 80.758 I'rotoxide of'iruii ]■{ .-,f^y Vrotoxide of.Miiii}.^iiiH'se o.()5(j Silica (in solution) o.012 Aluuiiua 0.713 Lime l.o Combined water 0.1 G7 Organic uialter 0M[ Insoluble matter 2.7-18 100.400 Iron as jieroxide iJO.'i'M Iron as protoxide lo..'JG8 Total metallic iron 07.099 I'liosphorus 0.2o(i yu'l'l'Lii' o.o:i8 The insoluble residue Avas also analysed and found to contain : Silica 2.420 Alumina o.270 Lime 0.014 Magnesia oo]^ I'otash O.OTiJ 2.792 The ore appears to vary considerably in the quantity of phosphorus •which it contains. Thus, a specimen of the massive magnetite containin'^ 66.33 per cent, of iron gave me 0.335 per cent, of phosphorus. Equal quantities of seven specimens also, broken from loose masses on the sur- face at interval? along a line of three-quarters of a mile, were mixed together, and the mixtiu-e found to contain only 0.025 per cent. The average quantity of phosphorus deduced from the three determinations just giv€ examinee Invcr. ago to i\ Montreal ■^vith a spi It conta a deposit c Nictaux nian magnt breaking w oxide it cor Christie^ mine (lot li metallic lust Other coni more especial phoric or titi en of the deposit vnship of Leeds ire of micaceous taliedral crystals, ining a large pro- The colour was 1 a reddish tinge, oral with a glassy re found to agree 41, and an analy- REPORT BY MR. B. J, UARRINQTOX, £1 just given is 0.188 per cent. Another specimen of the massive variety exammed only for iron, gave G4.78 per cent. ^' Invcmcss.-A specimen of ore from this township was sent a short tim. S a l.-fi . fi"^;3;-Smnular magnetite of an iron-black colour and An«-y.. o, ^Mth a specific gravity of 4.77. An analysis gave : ^''''""''' '^'°- Magnetic oxMeonmn ,,,3,, I rotuxide ot nmnguuese. ., ,-- Lime "-l"' Magnesia ^•"■*'* I'liospboiicacid '. ™f" suipiiur ; i'^^: Insoluble residue ,;'?°'' o..)00 100.523 Metallic iron „, ,_ p'-'"-- ::::::::::: aS It contained no titanic acid whatever WhpfJin^ fi.„ • • . a deposit of importance is not ylt known. " '''""'" '^ ^^"^"^ yictaux.-A partial analysis has been made of the specimen of Devo- man magnetite mentioned on page 17. It was very fine-drained and tou.l breakmg with a sub-conchoidal fracture. CalculatL the hnn 1 °>Anai,,isof oxide it contained : calculating the iron as magnetic Wctaiux ore. on tain ; 4 Magnetic oxide of iron p„ ,- Pbospliorio acid '.]''_"" Ij ' Sulpbur ;; Insoluble matter .,... .^"^^ 18.94 .Metallic iron Pbospborus ^"'"^ 0.79 Chnstle^sLaJce 3Ih^c.-A specimen of compact magnetite from this nime lot 18, range -3, South Sherbrooke) of an iron-bhck co Z !^-'r«'-f ore tnetallic lustre was found to contain : ^ ''''"' '"^ ^Z ^'''' y of phosphorus ;netite containing sphorus. Equal sses on the sur- lile, were mixed per cent. The e determinations Magnetic oxide of iron „„ „, Titanic acid ^"''^^ Pbosphoric acid " Metallic iron ^''^^ 65,62 Mi 22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. TABLE OF ANALYSES OV MAGNETITES. Conslilueiils. I. n. III. IV. V. VL I*eroxidc of iron | l*rotoxidc* of iron J O.xide of manganese ... Alumina 73.90 none. o.Gl non(>. 1.88 0.027 0.085 93.82 0.12 0.70 0.45 (1.94 0.08 0.11 (i(),20 17.78 traced. ' "i'85 0.18 0.015 0.28 1.17 11.11 uone. 0.71 09.77 90.14 traces, 1 .33 0.82 0.84 0.0O7 0.12 72.80 5.05 l^inie 1 09 Magnesia 4.50 0.085 1.52 0.80 IMiospliorus 0.03.^ Sulpluir 0.027 Carbonic acid 1 50 20.27 none. 3.75 7.10 9.80 Titanic acid 1.03 AVater 3.27 2.45 3.5(1 Insuluble matter . 5.25 14.73 100.042 100.00 99.295 100.875 99.537 101.142 Metallic iron .53.51 67.94 (10.17 50.52 G5.27 52.72 Constituents. ' VII. Peroxide of iron ) Protoxide of iron j Oxide of manganese ... Alumina Lime Slagncsia Phosphorus Sulphur Carbonic acid Silica j . Titanic acid i . AVater ! . Organic matter i Insoluble matter j Metallic iron j G4.61 89.22 none. none. ""(i!oi2 0.073 10.42 99.725 VIII. 58.35 24.87 0.13 0.42 1.43 2.5G 0.07 0.04 'i'r.1'7 0.73 IX. 59.39 20.93 traces. O.lM 0.33 0.82 traces. 0.07 3.23 8.38* 99.77 00.19 99.82 02.52 X. 80.70 13.59 O.oG 0.71 1.30 0.45 0.21 0.04 o.oi Done. 0.22 0.04 2.75 100.14 XI. 05.44 ) 14.50 I 0.11 O.GO 3.90 0.45 traces. 2.74t 1.04 11.45 none. 0.14 100.97 07.10 I 58.37 XII 90.30 0.17 ""i'M traces. 0.19 0.005 G..)0 100.205 65.43 I Analysts. The above table is compiled from different sources. With the excep- tion of number II, tlie first seven analyses are from the Report of Pro- gress for 1860-69, and are by Dr. T. Storry Hunt. II is by Professor Chandler, of the Columbia School of Mines, New York, and A^III and IX by Professor Chapman, of Toronto. The three last are from the preceding pages, but are repeated to facilitate comparison. The localities from which the specimens were taken are as follows : I.— Hull. "Black ore." II. — " " " A picked specimen. III. — " The so-called rod ore, a mixture of magnetite and hematite. IV. — Ohaffey mine, South Crosby. V. — North Crosby ; from a deposit on land belonging to Hon. George W. Allan, ot Toronto. -lii- * Silica and insoluble rock matter, t Bisulphide of iron. V. VI. 90.14 traces. 1 33 72.80 0.82 0.84 O.0O7 0.12 l.G!> G.Hii o.n3ri 0.027 1.50 1 03 3.50 :i.2,-) 14.73 99..-)37 101.M2 65.27 52.72 XI. G--..44 ) 14.,50 J 0.11 o.oo 3.90 0.45 traces. 2.74t 1.G4 none. XI [. 90.30 0.17 3.04 trace?. 0.19 0.005 none. G.50 100.97 100.205 i 65.43 With the excep- le Report of Pro- I is by Professor and VIII and IX i.st are from the Ion. The localities eniatite. George W. Allan, ot REPOKT BY Mil. B. J. HARRINGTON. 28 VI. -Bliiirton mines, sand-pit bed, Bi;lmont. Vil. — Hovinoiir ore.lied, Miidoc. VIII.— Lot twenty, concession one, of Snowdon, Peterboro' county. (Sp. gr. 4.22.) IX.— Lot twenty-nine or thirty of tie tirst concession of Bedford, Ont. (near Eagle L;ilrown colour from tlio Peter Totten h)t, apparently produced by the alteration of spathic ore holdin;^ little veins of calcito, was found to contain (5!i.8() per cent, of peroxide of iron and 0.74 of combined water. On tho west side of Cumberland l^rook, a little over two and a half miles in a straij;ht lino west of tlio Londonderry furnace, an earthy red ore is being mined at present, and apparently exists in largo (piantity. The siliceous bediled hematite, mentioned on page 2'), occurs in rocks which arc referreil by Dr. Dawson to tho Lower llelderberg (Ludlow of Great Britain) and regarded by him as more recent than those containing thnrncfcr or tlio spocular orc of the region. They arc coarser-grained and much more contorted and faulted, but, like thom, consist of slates and cpiartzites, tho former being of difteront shades of grey, greenish-grey and black, and the latter grey, brownish-grey, and red or reddish where ferruginous. Occa- sional calcareous bands holding fossils also occur. The ore consists of little siliceous grains enveloped with peroxide of iron. It is sometimes earthy but more frequently hard and compact, tho latter kind often hav- ing a somewhat schistose or slaty structure. Li portions of its course tho bed holds fossils, while in others none can bo detected, homnuio'n" "' '^"''^ principal developments of this orc, so far as known, arc near tho rictou County, oast branch of tho East River of Pictou County, and on tho upper part of Sutherland's River, and apparently belong to two lines of outcrop of the saoic bed on opposite sides of an anticlinal. On the northern side of tho anticlinal it has, according to Dr. Dawson, been traced completely icross area 101 of the government plan, and it is thought that it will bo found to continue across area 40 and to connect with exposures known on 48. Exploratory work undertaken under the direction of ^L•. G. M. Dawson, in 1872, shewed the thickness of workable ore to range from 10 to over 20 feet. Tho surface thickness of the bod in several places where I measured it was from 27 to 30 feet, and this with a high angle of dip. All the ore observed on this side of the anticlinal was free from fossils. On the south side of tlio anticlinal traces of the ore are found across the northern corner of area 102, and in the southern corner of 45 exten- sive exposures occur ; tho band then curves round, and passing through the eastern corner of area 46 enters 108, which it partly crosses, with a course a little east of south, or nearly at right angles to its course on 102. The only exposure on this side of the anticlinal which I visited was on area 45 (Blanchard'a). Hero the bed forms a ridge projecting several feet n!| could I silirerol i'^ ' L (lOllI River, exposei at tho to abi)| little \A In til OiitariJ depositj Acci. Nova H thickne a Spir{ Kictau> noticed tite. (former mixture quantiti appear i veins in age. I made oi !!l I f UKl'OUr UY MK. II. .1. llAllUINtlTON. •J!) lie iron ami ftnko- < characteristic of \y convorted into onsist of varying A specimen of a 'ntly iirodiicod hy loite, waa foiuitl to (.74 of combined ir two and a lialf CO, an earthy red argo quantity . "), occurs in rocks rberg (Ludlow of in tliosc containing od and in\jch moro md quartzites, tlie ;ind black, and tlie rruginous. Occa- 'hc ore consists of It is sometimes er kind often liav- 13 of its course the own, arc near the :i tlie upper part of of outcrop of the Irthern side of the omplctely icross t will be found to les known on 48. G. M, Dawson, |c from 10 to over places where I ngle of dip. All ■om fossils. are found across ner of 45 cxten- passing through crosses, with a :s course on 102. Il visited was on Irojecting several feet above the general surface of the ground, and largo (juantitii s of ore could easily be obtained from it ; but unfortunately much of it is very fo.-t- siliferous. Going northward again we find tho oro bed repeated on Sutherland's River, at a distance of between two and throo miles from where it is exposed on area 101. It has here a southerly dip, and appears to occur at the northern side of a synclinal corresponding to the anticlinal referred to above. Of tho extent or importance of this portion of the d'.'posit little is as yet known. In tho Geology of Canada, p. i'>*^'3, the occurrence of red hematite iin ^'lir su "nnu . . 1 • il 111' L f L- • i- 1 MM licr' ill (diturlo Ontario, in rocks belonging to tho tlinton lurniation, is nientioned. llic deposits, however, are not known to be of any economic importance. According to Dr. Dawson, * tlie D-vonian slates of Nictaux River, J/;;;;;^;',''^ Nova Scotia, contain a bed of highly fossiliferous red hematite, having a thickness of from l3i to 4 feet. The fossils — the most abundant of which is a Svii'ifer (»S'. Niditofims') — " sccin to give indubitable evidence that tho Nictaux iron ore is of Lower Devonian age." At Moose River, as already noticed, the ore of similar age exists largely in the condition of niagiie- tite. Passing now to the Carboniferous wo find in Nova Scotia, near Clifton,, '!;";SJ',J|,';,"y*u, (formerly < Md Barns) and the mouth of the Shubonacadie, ores which arc "**"• mixtures of red heniatite, red ochre, limonito, giithite, and considerable (piantities of earthy impurities. The deposits visited, however, did not appear to bo of much econouiic importance. They occur in the form ot veins in the sandstones and laminated limestones of Lower Carboniferous age. Near " Black Rock," on the Shubcnacadie, openings have been made on several of these veins, but the m.iterial extracted so far is of very poor ([uality. Near Clifton, also, a shaft has been sunk to a depth of ;55 ' feet on a vein in coarse red sandstone holding concretions of clay. Tiie vein is said to be about G feet thick, but could not be seen at the time of my visit as the shaft Avas nearly full of water. In sinking, a considerable (piantity of ore had been taken out, but was of inferior . have already been noticed incidontaily, but a lew ailaitional laets con- cerning them may not be out of place here. The followiii;^ list piobably iiicluilcs most ol" those which have been ol>served : Ankprlte. Huryti's. (.'iilciio. Clmlcocite. Clinlcopyiite. Chlorite. Duluiuilu. Kpidote. Fuldspur. Fluor-.'iim.r. Ua'lliite. (ini|iliik'. lloriilili'iitlo. Litniiiiltc. Mii{;netiti>. Muiuclillu, Micft. I'yrlti-'. I'yroM'iie. Ijuui'tz. Siilrritc. Talc. Moat of these, it will be noticed, arc tho same as those occurrin;^ with magnetite, and several are rather constituents of the rocks in which the hematite occurs than mineral associates, strictly speaking, of the latter. Aiilccritc. — This mineral may be regarded as dolomite in which part of tho magnesia is replaced by protoxide of iron, and generally also by pro- toxide of manganese. As already stated, it is found at the Acadia mines, AnkoHte u^cd Londonderry, and also in Pictou County. At the former locality it has long been mined as a flux for the blast furnace. Before exposure to the weather it is white or greyish-white in colour, but the protoxide of iron readily becomes converted into hydrous and anhydrous peroxide, causing it to assume yellowish, reddish and brownish colours. This change in the condition of oxidation of the iron, together with the loss of carbonates of lime and magnesia and tho taking up of water, has resulted in the pro- ad u Uu.\. ! H luotion aiiki-riti Cnrho I'hi'Iio riirim ('nrl)o .Hiliccc I.-W II. -Vi I id)- 1) Temple in whici bcautif'u a vein. In N. specular with the ter pluci • an inch 1 ... stone. ? velvety < The f I seated 01 contain 1 Ca/rif been reft the hema Haycock trated in from a s rhombic .sparingly at Loiido form of d the I'etei I die, at tin 1; occurs cr with pero Curious fi also foun( (J/utlco Chalco occasional also in the 4 RKPOUT IIY MR. n. J. MAKRINnTON. ni timny of which, as vn upon tlio beach, hico.s, luul Hoino of ty of ore, liowovor, 1 to bo rejjimlcil as !ur in rocks of Car- ny reliable detaiU ;cr» sitlo of the Hay >\vliere known to bo tiiinportaut. They I ilio onliiiury liog arioties uf hematite iMitioiial i'uet,s con- lowiii;^ li.'^t piolably lose oecurrin.^ with rocks in which the in;^, of tlio latter, lite in which part of nerally O-ho by pro- it the Acadia mines, rmcr locality it has ore exjtosure to the le protoxide of iron LIS peroxide, causing This change in the OSS of carbonates of resulted in the pro- 1. II. III. IV. ft4.0o 4:i.M0 .10.80 •>x\'< ) O.Hd )■ O.lu ■t!».'.'0 llH.'jO ■j().;io ,11. 01 'JS IIO ll».,'.l) no 0.13 !l!t.7ll 0!),-i1 ','M,:i:. i)i».ii:i luction of Inruo (jiiantities of iiinunite, Ihe foliowm;' an' annlvsos ofAimh«o«uf aiikonto from Londondorry : riirlioMiltu iiflltia* Ciii'liiiiiiili' (it iim^iii'«iit... ( 'iirliiiiiiUi* lit iriiii CiirlKiMitti' of iiiaiii;aii6ii .<^liici>Ulld ^llllli I —Wiiiic vnrUiiy, liy Uuwdon. III.— ilruwii vuricty, Ity C. J. Jnfk«on. II. — Vclhiw " " C. J. Jiii'kJoii. I\'.- •' " •• il. How. Jtifri/lis or J!i(iii/'S)iiii'. — Thi.s species occurs at the lliiycuck mine in Tenipleton, but was cibservcd in <>ne spot only. Spucimen.s wore- obtained in which crystals of baryte.^ wore a.s8ociated with specular iron, calcito, |,|„y,„ „.iiii beautiful ;;reen fliior-.spar, and reddiih t'e!d.^Ilar. l'«is.sibly these were from *.i;ieit!.'.'\ili''".' -pir UUil ti'lil' a vein. ,j,„r. In Nova Scotia barytes is sometimes associated in snu.ll •|uantiiy wiih "[locular ore and ankerite at the Acadia imn mines, and is very eonunon ^\ith the ores of Clifton and the mouth of tho k^hubenacadie. At the lat- ter place it often occurs in white and reddish crystals, about a • 1 i> ■ 1 n .1 I .1 • ,. 1 1 cite with round" witli peroxide ot iron, and some ot them have tlieir faces much curved, cd laaa. Curious aggregations of rhombohedral crystals piled one upon another are also found here. Cliulcocife or Coppcr-GJnnce. — See under Dolomite and Feldspar. Cfiakojiyrite. — Small quantities of chalcopyrite or copper pyrites are occasionally met with in the specular ore of Londonderry, and sometimes also in the red ore. 82 (ii:OLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. I ! ill .' fi I I ! 'I! iii Chlorite. — The specular schists of the Eastern Townships are said to frequently contain disseminatctl scales of chlorite. The only chloritic ores from this region which I have seen are titanic iron ores. According to Mr. iNlacfarlano chlorite occurs in a vein of earthy hematite at Marmora. DnJoiiiifr. — Specular schists ^re stated in the Geology of Canada to be iuterstratified with dolomite in vhe Eastern Townships, and specular ore, copper-glance, feldspar and doloniite to occur together in the township of Leeds. Epidotc. — This mineral is said to be associated with specular oi'c in the Eastern Townships. In New Brunswick als), small veins of specular ore are fouml in epidotic rocks supposed to bo of Iluronian age. Fehhpar. — Under this general term several species may perhaps be included, but their true nature has not been investigated. At the Ilay- oriiiociiiso at c<"ick mine reddish orthoclase is the most freriujut association of the spec- luiuo. ular ore, not only tormnig tlie prniciial constituent ot tl;;; cnclosmg rock, but masses of it being embedded in the ore. In Leeds (Megantic) tabu- lar plates of hematite are associated with feldspar, copper-glance and dolomite (Geol. of Can., p. 610.) Fluor-spar. — As already mentioned, beautiful green fluor-spar occ\irs at the Haycock mine associated with spfcvtiar ore, heavy-spar, calcite and feldspar. This is the only locality in which it was observed. Gofhite. — This hydrated oxide of iron occurs associated with the hema- tite and limonite of Clifton and the mouth of the Shubenacadie, Nova Neeiiieirou ore. Scotia, ofteu being fouud in the form known as nadeleisenstein or needle iron ore. Veins of it associated with black oxide of manganese and calcite also cut the lamellar Lower CarLoniferous limestones at Black Rock near the mouth of the Shubenavc ... A specimen before me from this locality consists of beautiful radiating needles with adamantine lustre, the ends of which are capped with rhombohedral crystals of calcite. Graphite. — The hematite of the AVoodstock mines. New Brunswick, is stated by Professor Hind to be often seamed with thin layers of graphite ; and the mixture of magnetite and hematite at the Hull mines known as red ore frequently contains scales of graphite. According to Professor Chap- man ii is also present in the specular ore of the Haycock mine, Templeton. UorlMende. — This mineral, which is so frequently associated with mag- netite, I have nowhere noticed in deposits of hematite, although it some- times forms an important constituent of the containing rock. Limonite. — The red ores of Londonderry are frequently associated with limonite ; they often contain a considerable proportion of water themselves. Mixtures of .in- ^"^ ^^J ^hen bc regarded as mixtures of hematite and limonite. The ilydroul oxtdob Same is probably true of the red ores in many other localities. The specular ore of Londonderry is also frequently accompanied by limonite. The ores ^f Clifton and the mouth of the Shubenacadie have already been described of iron. asmixti , ing mas ; limonite I Mala ' ore also coated w pyrites r 3Iagn frequent Londond often CO is the cj autumn iferous ] have also may b:- ; to strong; tion is pr of organi Mica.- «ver, are i l^ito probi compositic iron ores i Pyritei to be muc At the Di trial hole i •was expec is said to 1; tlie result cock mine and it is ci the eye. -of Bachewi ihe museui •ore of Lont is very pur been mined Pyroxm At the Ha3 ^reen pyro; ihough oftei I iiii REPORT BY MR. B. J. HARRINGTON. 33 aiships are saul to 3 only cliloritic orea ' ■08. According to ; latito at Marmora. gy of Canada to be 1, and specular ore, in the township of I specular ore in the ■fins of specular ore II age. es may perhaps be [ited. At the Ilay- ociation of the spec- tl;:; enclosing rock, Is (Mcgantic) tabu- copper-glance and :cn fluor-spar occurs ivy-spar, calcite and )scrvcd. iated with the hema- shubonacadie. Nova leisemtcin or needle angancse and calcite les at Black Rock jcfore me from this amantine lustre, the of calcite. New Brunswick, is layers of graphite ; mines known as red g to Professor Chap- mine, Templeton. associated with mag- e, although it some- ing rock. ntly associated with of water themselves, and limonite. The alities. The specular Umonite. The ores ■eady been described as mixtures of red hematite, red ochre, limonite, &c. Sometimes radiat- ing masses may be obtained shewing alternate layers of red hematite and limonite. Malachite. — In places the veins at Londonderry containing specular ore also hold very minute quantities of copper pyrites which is generally coated with malachite. In the red ore of the Peter Totten lot also, copper pyrites and malachite may occasionally be noticed. Maqnetite. — The occurrence of magnetite and hematite together is very Mixtures or ho- 111 .-1 1 .• • , V / matitoanamag. frequent, and has been noticed several tunes in the preceding pages. Atnetite. Londonderry and on tlie Fa,-t River of Pictou County the specular ores often contain a considcrab! • proportiun of magnetic oxide. The same is the case with specimens uf ore brought by Mr. Charles Robb last autumn from the Whykokogomagh mines. Cape Breton. The fossil- iferous Devonian hematites of the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, have also in many cases been altered to magnetite, and every gradation may b:- observed from normal non-magnetic hematite with a red streak, to strongly magnetic ores with dark brown or black streak. The altera- tion is probably due to the neighboring igneous rocks, and the presence of organic matter. Mica. — Under this term may be comprised several species, which, how- -ever, are not easily distinguished without analysis. jMuscovite and phlogo- pitc probably both occur, and hydrous micas of somewhat variable composition are frecjueiitly found associated Avith specular and micaceous iron ores in tbc Eastei:i Townships. Pijrites. — The Laur^atian and Ilnronian hematites appear in general iirmRtifPs freer to bo much freer from pvrites than the nia Protoxide of iron 3'M 29.57 Alumina 4.00 Lime l.UO Magnesia 3.60 3.17 Titanic acid 48.60 40.00 Silica 1.91 99.68 100.00 Metallic iron 36.12 37.24 According to Dr. Penny the ore contains no manganese, phosphorus or sulphur. A specimen of titanic iron ore from St. Jerome, recently examined, St. Jerome. ^^^ f^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^j^^ Metallic iron 24.65 Titanic acid 32.36 Another from St. Julien, six miles from St. Lin, (from a property fit, juiien. belonging to Joseph Barsalou, Esq., of Montreal) gave, Metallic iron 38.27 Titanic acid 33.67 * See Geol. of Can., 1863, pp. 501 and 754 ; also this Report, p. 60. Large deposits of ilmenite, associated with labradorite rocks, have been observed on the Saguenay River and on the shores of Lake Eenogami. i ever, iiil! J By Stevenson Mac- Also by MncniliMii. T. K. Thorpe, of the I'e especially in the lerable niagnitiulc. Juobcc group, also n twenty to thirty acid found in the of the constituents escnce ofilmcnite )le of a mixture of tern Townships has 1 also be produced s that at Bay St, ic feldspar, and is aa to Dr. Hunt the triclinia feldspar, parent titanic acid, late Dr. Frederick ir. 20.3r) 29.57 4.00 1.00 3.17 40.00 1.91 100.00 37.24 lese, phosphorus or recently examined, 24.65 32. 3G (from a property 38.27 33.67 30. Large deposits of II the Saguennj" River KEPOUT UY MU. 15. J. lIAiaaNUTON. 89 This specimen was much weathered, but the gangiio apparently consisted of a partially decomposed feldspar. In the proportions uf iron and titanic acid it comes very close to the titanic ore from the Bay of Seven Islands, iiny of Seven *' . . l.'tlumls. which gave Dr. Hunt !>8.70 per cent, of metallic iron and 34. uO of titanic acid. (Report of Progress, 18GU-09, p. titiO;. The Bay of Seven Islands ilmenite occurs in labradorite rock, and is said to form a very extensive deposit. Dr. Hunt alludes to its being " pretty strongly magnetic," and this is also the case with the ore from St. Julien. In the Geology of Canada, page aOl, some of the ores in the metamorphic Titanioironoros rocks of Brome and Sutton are said to contain one or two hundredths ofTowii^iiii'ij."*'^* titanic acid. This amount would of course not detract from their value ; but it must be borne in mind that in this same region there are also deposits which on account of their large proportion of titanic acid should be classed as titanic iron ores. Thus a finely granular ore of a dark irou- grey colour from the ninth lot of the eleventh range of Sutton gave, ruup-'ii''^' "' Metallic iron 40..S7 Titanic acid 27.20 With the glass it shewed numerous grains of silica, and occasional scales of mica or perhaps chlorite. It was but slightly affected by the magnet and gave a brown streak. A similar ore from the eighth lot of the ninth Sutton, lot s, range of Sutton (Lee's lot) gave, Metallic iron 39.14 Titanic acid 20.86 Brome, lot 1, Another from the first lot of the third range of Brome contained, ''*"*'* '^• Metallic iron 41,46 Titanic acid 24.16 Like the others it gave a brown streak, and was but very slightly affected by the magnet. It contained a little vein of quartz holding small quanti- ties of carbonate of copper. LIMONITE. This ore, which in some of its forms is often called brown hematite, con- sists essentially (of peroxide of iron combined with water, the theoretical proportions being 85.6 of the former to 14.4 of the latter. The term limonite is generally made to include bog ores, which, how-?oR o^cs consi- ever, will be considered separately here, as a distinction seems necessary, "^teiy. or at least convenient.* The ores to be described as limonite usually occur in veins, bemg the result of the alteration, generally in situ, of other ores of iron or of such minerals as ankerite j if they contain organic matter at all, it is, so far as known, in very small quantity. The bog ores, on the other^hand, appear generally to contain a considerable quantity of organic * The name^limonite, being {tom~?.eifi('.v, a meadow, is, strictly speaking, especially ap- plicable to bog ores, but could not well be restricted to them now. 40 GEOLOGICAL SUKVEV OF CANADA. A;r<' o( Cmiii- (iittll liuiuuitc'H Tlic l.midon' dcrry vuiu. ! M matter ; they occur, inoroover, as patches or beds in low grounds, and are not the result of the alteration of pre-cxi9tin;» ores in situ. No imiiortiiiit deposits of litnonite are known to occur in Canada in rocks older than the Middle or Upper Silurian, or newer than the Lower Carboniferous.* Those occurring in these rocks are chiefly in the Province of Nova Scotia, In the Middle or U[)per Silurian of this Province the prin- cipal deposits are the result of the alteration of the spathic ore and anke- rite of the great Londonderry vein, which, together with its country rock, has already been partly described under liematite, and which, extends for a distance of many miles. The alteration has not boon continuous along the entire vein, but only local, and frecjuently, instead of limonite, earthy red hematite, or mixtures of red and brown hematite occur. The depth to which the alteration has extended is also variable, sometimes reaching only a few feet from the surface, while at the Martin's Brook workings, in September last, it was being rained at a depth of two hundred feet. The limonite of this vein varies much in texture, sometimes occurring in botry- oidal and stalactitic masses with lustrous surface, as at Ross' Farm ; at others fibrous and with a beautiful silky lustre, as on the hill on the east side of Cumberland Brook ; in other cases compact and lustreless, or earthy and porous. At Martin's Brook much of the oro consists of honey-combed masses with reticulating walls of compact limonite and cavities containing earthy or ochreous ore of a brownish-yellow colour : this ore has probably been produced from ankcritc, and frequently contains nests and strings of specular ore which originally had the ankerite as a veinstone. On going eastward we again find limonite, probably of the same age as rictou County, that at Londonderry, in Pictou County, on area 105 (Cullen's, near the W est Branch of the East River), Here, in the banks of a small stream, a band of quartzite is exposed which has been much broken up or shattered, and has the cracks filled with numerous veins of limonite. The largest of these observed was about a foot thick, and it would be difficult to obtain ore in quantity sufficiently free from gangne for smelting. It is, however, possible that on tracing the deposit it will be found that the rocks have in places been less fissured, and that the numerous small reticulating veins are there represented by single veins of greater thickness. At all events masses of ore too large to have come from such veins as those exposed are scattered about on the surface for a considerable distance from the stream. Should large deposits be discovered here they Avould bo especially valua- ble on account of their proximity to the Provincial Railway. I area liO, I .1 ' J t'" ' * Limonite is said to occur at the Jacksontown mines near Woodstock, N,B., in rocks of Lower Silurian age ; but the only specimen which I have seen should be classed as hema- tite. According to Gesner (First Report, p. 72) an important deposit of ore, consisting of the hydrate of iron, argillaceous oxide of iron, and hematite occurs on the Nereiiis road, near Coot Hill, N.B., in argillaceous slate which is older than the Carboniferous. Furthc limonite i descriptic in place. number o the prece ferous, " and varic richest Of black mar forms one sometimes large size ore.' In crystalline areas on numbers ■ place, lar^ scattered i tlie time o accessible, area take; exposed cl of very fii taining sm j)ortion of him in th( Close to th M, Dawsoi to be no h loose concr the more S( posed of so A short shaft has b cross-cuttin thick, Sil vein, and oi being separ ville, in an( vein is repo * Dr. DawsQ HI ..liU; I'l; I low groumls, and ill situ. )ccur in Canada in 'cv tlian tho Lower icily in the Province i Province the prin- [ithic ore and ankc- th its country rock, wliicli, extends for n continuous along of limonite, earthy occur. The depth sometimes reaching 3 Brook workings, hundred feet. The occurring in botry- at Ross' Farm ; at the hill on the east lustreless, or earthy !ts of honey-combed I cavities containing Ids ore has probably nosta and strings of nstone. of the same age as (Cullen's, near the of a small stream, a cen up or shattered, ite. The largest of )e difficult to obtain ig. It is, however, it the rocks have in .11 reticulating veins less. At all events ,3 those exposed are ice from the stream, be especially valua- ilway. dstock, N.B., in rocks ot uld be classed as bema- jsit of ore, consisting of )n tlie Nereiiis road, near uiferous. I REPORT IIY MR. R, J. IIARRINtlTON. 41, Further to tho cast, on area 100, according to Dr. Dawson, masses of,',rV^,*"J!x,''°"''*''' limonite arc found in the vicinity of the vein of specular ore, of which a description has already been given, but the ore has not been discovered ui place. On crossing the Last liranoh ol tho Last lliver, however, a i:,i.t iinuioii of number of openings liavc been made on a vein of limonite which, unlike the preceding, occurs at the line of junction of tho Silurian and Carboni- ferous. " The vein follows the sinuosities of the margin of the older rocks, and varies in thickness and quality in diflTercnt places; being apparently richest opposite tho sjfter slates ami where these are in contact with a black mangane^ian limestone, which here, aa in many parts of Nova Scotia, forms one of tlie lowest members of the Carboniferous series. The ore is sometimes massive, but more frciiuently in fibrous concretionary balls of large size, associated with (piantitics of smaller concretionary or ' gravel ore.' In some places the ore of iron is associated with concretions or crystalline masses of Pyrolusite and Manganite." * The rightof-search areas on which the limonite referred to by Dr. Dawson occurs are numbers 40 and 48 of the Government plan. Besides the ore found in place, large quantities of loose masses, sometimes of considerable size, are scattered about on the surface, or buried in the drift. Unfortunately at the time of my visit in Seriteraber, none of the openings on the vein were accessible, but on what is known as tho Fraser Saddler area (a mining area taken out on the right-of- search areas 40 and 48) the oro was exposed close to a small brook, and showed a thickness of about eight feet viaf"'"**°'^"'° of very fine, compact, botryoidal and fibrous Umonite, occasionally con- taining small quantities of sulphate of baryta (see p. 44). This is the ]iortion of the vein discovered by Mr. Hartley in 1808, and described by him in the Report of the Geological Survey for 1800-09, page 440. Close to the spot where the ore was uncovered by this gentleman, Mr. G. M. Dawson has since (in 1872) made an excavation and found the vein to be no less than fifteen feet thick, two feet eight inches consisting of loose concretionary limonite known as " ore gravel," and the remainder of the more solid varieties mentioned above. One wall of the vein was com- posed of solid slate, and the other of stiif red and white clay. A short distance further down the river, or nearer to Springville, a shaft has been sunk by Mr. David Fraser to a depth of 42 feet, and on cross-cutting the vein reached and found to be twenty-two feet six inches thick. Silurian slates, Dr. Dawson tells me, occurred on one side of the vein, and on the other Lower Carboniferous limestone ; the latter,however, being separated from the ore by a selvage of clay. Still nearer to Spring- ville, in another opening made close to the roadside by Mr. Gilpin, the vein is reported to have a thickness of twenty-three feet. Frn.^cr Snddlor urea. • Dr. Dawson,— Can. Nat., now Ser,, toI. vii., p. 137. 42 (lEOLOGICAL SlUtVEY oF CANADA. I iirookUcid.N.s. At Bcookfiold ucar tho litio of the railway botweon Halifax and Truro, lar^'c masses of limonitc are said to occur .scattered over the sur- .» i r . . ,• ..I. Ill n • »• c ti Much of I lace, and, accordni;^ to Dr. Dawson, probably near the junction ot the Lower Carboniferous with older rocks. Tho occurrence of important •"*^^" "^y' veins in tltu has, however, so far as I can learn, not yet been proved. ^ Clifton aiKi ijiH 'f he ores of Lower Carboniferous a^'o at Clifton and the mouth of the inonlh 111 llio " Biiubi'imutidii'. Shubcnacadie have been described under hematite (p. -"J), though con- sisting of both hydrous and anhydrotis oxides of iron. MinrrnUiKconi- Tlio moro important minerals accompanying limonite have already been Ite. noticed ; they are ankente, barite, calcite, guthite, hematite, manganite pyrolusitc, and siderite. COMPOSITION 01' LIMONllES, I Several analyses of Nova Scotia limonites have been made in the labora- tory of the Geological Survey. Four of the specimens examined were from the Acadia mines, Londonderry, one from the West Branch of the East River (Cullen's area), and one from the East Branch of the East Anaiy^fHof Rivcr (Frascr Saddler area). The analyses of the Londonderry spcci- Iheinsolu LoMdondcriy mens will be given first and then those of the East River specimens. Jlo88^ Farm, Acadia Mines. ^ The ore at this locality occurs mostly in the form of lustrous botryoidal ^^^.^^ or mammillary and stalactitic masses of a dark brown colour and exhibiting ^^^^^^^ -h a fibrous structure when broken. An analysis of a specimen with a specific ^^^^ .^^^^ ^^^ gravity of 3.98 gave Mr. Ilofimann as follows: j— m I'oroxiile of iron 84.73 Protoxide of iron traces. TluS Speci: Protoxide oruianguuese l>-23 without lustr Alumina 0.23 Lime 0.14 «»fic gravity Magnesia 0.14 Phospboric acid 0.1'J Sulphuric acid 0.0 1 ix'„t„-f hygroscopic 0.33 ^^'^^'^i combined 11.07 Insoluble residue 2.07 ( I! 99.74 Metallic iron - 59.311 Phosphorus 0,083 Sulphur 0.004 The insoluble residue consisted of, !|i!v Silica 2.54 !;. Alumina with traces of peroxide of iron 09 P' ipr 2.63 t;:!ii'ili REPORT IIY MH. U. J. UAllUINUXON. 48 tweon Halifax and 1 Martin'» Brook, Acadia Min,'H. ttcrod over tiic sur™ iL ., . .. „«. .1 ? Much of the ore at this locality ia oclircous, but it also occurs in (lark the junction of the ; . , ,., ... . <. , e • „ .„.^. wrown botryoidai masses with fibrous structure within. A flpecimcn of tiic rrcnco ol important " . •' . , .„ • ,. , . ,t tt J yet been proved. *^^'''' ^^"^''^ "■'^'' " «pceihc gravity ot a.'Jl gave Mr. Iloftmann : id the mouth of the IVroxi.lcof iron H2.0,-i p,, , , Protoxide of iron trftcea. \). -J), tUougU con- Protoxide of mBnganwe O.-'n Aluniiim 0..")i! ,e have already been ''''"^ '^■^'' , . . Miigiiesiii 0,10 hematite, mangamte Phosphoric add o,;i8 ttiiilpluiric acid O.O'J Water! 'lyKroscopic I n,:u "•^^''l coii)l)incd 10.51 Insuliiljlo resldiiu 4,T'J 1 made in the labora- iien3 examined were Mftaiiiciron ST.ssr) ,,r , Tt 1 r i.1 PliospJKiriis O.ICO West Branch of the ,,,^,;,,^ ; ^^^^ Branch of the East Londonderry speci- -^^'^ insoluble residue was fuund to consist of, iver specimens. Silica isi Alumina with traces of peroxide of iron 0.28 4.79 1 ,.{.,. Large quantities of this ore have been smelted at Londonderry, the colour and exhibiting • ^^ ■ ^i c i • i -a . * , p., .° average yield in the turnace being nearly oO per cent. A sample of thei'hospiioru» lu cimen with a spccmc ^^ .^,^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ .^ contained only 0.018 per cent, of phosphorus. ""' ""'' y4 73 ^ Cumberland Brook, North Vein, Acadia Mines. 'fees. This specimen was a hard compact limonite of a dark brown colour and ^■^3 without lustre, except on the surfaces of occasional cavities. It had a spe- 0.14 <5ific gravity of 3.77, and yielded on analysis : 014 ..„ T^ .. ,. „ ., gUl Peroxide of iron 82.13 q'q. ^B Protoxide of iron 1.00 jj'gg ^B Protoxide of manganese 0.72 11.07 ^1 Alumina O.GG 2.67 I Lime 0.88 Magnesia 0.23 99''-l ^ Silica „ 1.93 gggj^ ^H Pliosphoric acid „ 0.86 QQgj |H Suljihuric acid 0.04 0*004 H Water I ''>'^''°'^''°'"'^ O''^ 0.004 ^ *^ ''**' 1 combined 11.07 99.98 Metallic iron 58.27 2.54 ^H Phosphorua 0.37 .09 H Sulphur 0.016 __ . Insoluble residue 2.05 44 OEOLOniCAL BlIRVKY OF CANADA. VumlxrUvvl Jiroo/c, iSouth rein, AcaJia Mim's. Tlic f«aini>k' of ore from tlii.s iiluoo ftuiiiysod was an ocliroous limouito of a vollowisli brown colour luid liaviiii? a spocific gravity of 3.31. It coH' tuincil : I'lTOxlilc of iron 70.*18 I'roloxidu of iron tmui'. Protoxide of iimn({iinciu '•2"^' Aliimiim ''•*'•* Uxm <»" MiiUtiesia "••'* Silica ^'••"^ Pluisplioric iiiiil **•'■' Suliihiiric iicld "•'_[' ,,, . ( llVKl'Odtoliic 07h ^^ '^'^■' i couibi.aMl ._U.<)5 oo.ou Motfillic iron '•''•'''"5 lMi(i«i.liorus ^••'''^ Siilpliur 0.004 Inaoliiblc residue '•■^'''0 Fmscr SaMhr Area, East liirn; VktoH Count ij. Aimi>>c. of 0,(9 The specimen was a beautiful fibrous limouito of a liglit brown colour, itiv"r.'iivtiu''fin(l specific -ravity of 3.81. It contained but little sulphur or manga- '■*'"'"^" nese, although heavy-spar, manganito, and {.yroluaitc are all found occa- sionally associated with the ore in parts of the vein. An analysis gave : Poroxidc of iron ^-"'01 Protoxide of iron lonu. Protoxide uf manganese 0.:t8 Aliiminii "■^''•* I.ime "-l!* Mftgnesin '*•"' Piiosidioric acid traces. Huiidiurie acid OMU^ M- . ( liyKroscoiiic "••^'^ ^^ '*'«"• } citnlmied i;'-77 Insoluble residue '^•^'^ Organic matter traces. 100.085 Metallic iron ''^•'■l Sulphur ^-0-2 The insoluble residue was found to consist of, Silica : ^''^8 Alumina, with traces of peroxide of iron 18 Lime ;^'*_^- 2.16 REl'OUT BY Mil. U. J. IIAIIUINUTON. 46 Area 105 (^Cullcn's), W'st Dranrh of the Fast Itlvn; Tictou Count tj. A specimen (looao) of the ore from tliia locality with a specific gravity of 8.965 has been examiiKMl by Mr. IlulViiiaini. It was a compact limoniti* of a dark brown colour and contuincd : I'oruxiilo of inin 71.030 Protoxidi! of iron 4.1)72 I'rutoxiilu uf miiiiguncso (i.i)OS Alumina MMU Liiiu' o.;u:i MftKiioala ').(i:).> Silica r.Xlii i'lioHiihoricaciil "•'•"'f> Siilplairlc ftcid 0.1 11 ■II' . f liyftro.scopic 0.175 ^^"'"Imnbi.J O.liM- Orgaiiic niuttpr 'MHO 00 1)3.") Mftiillic iron 57.718 I'liosphorud 0.4:11 Hih.ihiir 0.04(3 Insulublo residue o.;!50 The amount of water indicated by all those analyse.^ is less than that water in iimon. required theoretically to form limonito, the average deficiency being about three per cent. ; at the same time it is greater than in giithite, so that the ores may bo regarded as mixtures of limonito with o.\idc3 of lower degrees of hydration, or of limonite with anhydrous peroxide. The amount of phosphorus is not high for ores of the class ; ranging riio^piiorus. from mere traces in the ore from the Fraser Saddler area to 0.4ol per cent, in that from the Cidlen area, or an average of 0.207 per cent. The average percentage of sulphur is very low, being only O.OIG. BOG IROX ORE. Descriptions of the principal deposits of this ore known in the ncuntry were published in the G-eoloyij of Canada, in 1803, and smo that timo but few additional facts have been developed Bog ores arc mainly of recent age, occurring at or near the surface, ^go a,„i ,i,ar. and generally in sandy regions, ferruginous sands often being the source 5J[,';'' "' ^°^ of the iron. Sometimes they arc found in a pulverulent condition, and then known as ochres and better adapted for pigments than for smelting. The colour of these ochres is generally yellowish or reddish-brown, though when freshly exposed they often present other tints owing to portions of the iron having been reduced to the condition of protoxide by organic matter. The variety employed for smelting occurs in concretionary 46 GliOLOaiCAL SUUVEV OF CAXAUA. I'rotoxiile o< iron, Yichl of bog (ii-fs in tlu> I'urDnce. Organic matter «" 11 rcduiiog ageut. While .111(1 mottled irone. Wrougbt-iron from bog ores not always cold-ebort. Localities visited. lumps or masses often showing a ctirioiH cavernous structure, and cither dull and earthy, or at times hi;^hly lustrous when fractured. The colour is usually yellowish or reddish-brown, and dark hrown or black when much manganese is present. The concretions are either scattered through the soil, or else form continuous layers, generally only a few inches in thick- ness, though sometimes several foot — in one instance, in Cote St. Charles, Vaudrcuil, no less than eight feet ! * Though the iron in Canadian bog ores occurs chiefly as peroxide, in combination with water, and generally also with organic acids, protoxide of iron is very commonly present, often, apparently, in combination \Yith siHca, which separates in a gelatinous coiuli.lon on troiuiiig the ore with hydrochloric acid. O.'cides of manganese are freijuently present, though in variable quantity, ranging from mere traces up to nearly thirty per cent. The proportion of iron obtained on analysis is likewise variable, averaging about fifty per cent. In the blast furnace, however, the yield has usually been only from 30 to 40 per cent., as the ores often contain a considerable proportion of silica, in the form of sand, which is not easily removed even by washing. When sulphur is present, it is, so far as known, only in very small quantity. The amount of phosphoric acid ranges from mere traces to nearly two per cent. The volatile matter (water and organic matter) averages about twenty per cent. (19.92 as deduced from ten analyses). In an ochre from Sto. Anne, jMontmorenci, Dr. Hunt obtained as high as 30.15 per cent, of volatile matter. No ore is more eah'ly reduced than bog ore ; for not only is it porous and readily permeable by reducing gases, but the organic matter undoubt- edly aids in its reduction. The conversion of bog ore into magnetic oxide by the reducing action of the organic matter has been described on page 0, and Dr. Hunt found that the ochre from Stc Anne, when heated to redness in a closed vessel, evolved inflammable gases and was converted into a mixture of pyrophoric metallic iron and charcoal. A large proportion of the pig iron made from bog ores is generally white or mottled, this, no doubt, being duo to manganese and phosphorus During the time that the St. Francis furnace was in blast, over fifty per cent, of the iron produced was white and mottled. Though it is generally stated that the wrought-iroti made from bo^ ores is cold-short, such is not always the case, and bar iron produced in an old-fashioned heartli-fimrij was seen at the St. Maurice Forges which was not all cold-short, and which, on analysis, shewed only traces of phosphorus. The only localities in which I have had an opportunity of seeing deposit<5 of bog ore are in the Seigniory of Vaudreuil and in the vicinity of the St. Maurice Forges. In Vaudreuil the ores are of ver ■ variable charac- • See Geol. of Can., 18G3., p. 683. , ,nd cither e colour is lion much rough the 3 in thick- t. Charles, croxirle, in fotoxido of lation with ore with y present, nrly thirty e variable, ', the yield en contain 1 not easily so far as horic acic^ ;ile matter (19.92 as ntraorenoi, 3 it porous cr undoubt- magnetic 3scribed on fhen heated s converted s generally phosphorus ^er fifty per is generally , such is not eartli-finery [-short, and ing deposits inity of the able charac- RF.rORT BY MR. B. .T. nARRINQTOX. 47 tor ; in Cote St. Charles the ordinary yellowish or reddish-brown concretionary variety is found, and sometimes forms ridges or lenticular patches with intervening hollows. The ridges appear to have been formed by the accumulation of the ore in what were once hollows or basins ; the intervening sand was then washed away and a second set of basins formed in which ore lias since been accumulating. In Ste. Angelique, on what is known as the McGilfH property, and also in Ste, Elizabeth, a black 6v brownish-black concretionary ore containing a large proportion of oxide of manganese occurs. The concretions average probably not more than three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and arc usually free from intermixed sand. A sample from the McUillis property, close to the brook, and a Analysis of ore . , tvom Sto. Ange- few hundred yards above the site of the old mill, was selected for analysis, iwun vau- and gave the foUownig results : Peroxide ofiron 40.90 Oxide of niangnnese 2G.31 Lime 1.48 Magnesia traces. I'iiogplioric acid O.fjo Sulpluiric acid traces. Insoluble matter and soluble silica 12.08 Water and organic matter 17.97 99.13 Meiallic iron 28.67 When treated with hydrochloric acid chlorine is evolved and a consi- derable quantity of silica separates in the gelatinous condition ; the latter is probably combined with protoxide of iron, the amount of which could not readily be determined, as the chlorine given off at once converts it into peroxide. The manganese in the above analysis is calcidated as protoxide, although a portion of it at least must bo present in a higher state of oxidation, judging from the evolution of chlorine. Tlie ore of similar character in Ste. Elizabeth could probably be obtained in considerable ,sty. Kiizabetu. quantity, and although not rich in iron woidd be valuable for mixing with other ores, on account of the large proportion of manganese which it con- tains. In the vicinity of the St. Maurice Forges several varieties of bog ore also occur, but nothing was observed exactly corresponding to the highly manganesian ore of Vaudreuil. When at the L'Islet Forge a specimen was selected from a pile which had been taken from a bed two feet thick and underlying three feet of peat. The results of an analysis shew it to Analysis of ore be an exceedingly pure ;'e. It contained, ^°^ Peroxide of iron G9.C4 Protoxide ofiron 7.25 Protoxide of manganese 0,05 48 QEOLOaiOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Alumina O.O" Lime 0.53 Magnesia traces. Phosphoric acid traces. Sulphuric ncid 0.05 Silica l-O:'- Water and organic mutter 22.04 102.30 Metallic iron 5-137 The ore was partly cerapact, partly ochreous, and of a dark brown colour. It was examined for phosphorus by both the molybdite of ammo- nia and tartaric acid processes, but in neither case could more than traces be detected. Dr uunf^ For the sake of comparison Dr. Hunt's analyses ci bog ores, published anaiyse"ofboK j^^ ^j^^, Goology of Canada, page 511, are repeated hero in the following table. The iron is given as peroxide, although Dr. Hunt states that in some cases it was present in part as protoxide. ANALYSES OF BOO 0UE3. By Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. 1 Constituents. I. 74.50 Ila. ! lib. 7G.05 i III. 57.15 TV. 77 SO V. VI. VII. 77.60; 74.30 O.30 traces. 1 G4.80 5.50 o.:)o 7.10 l.C.O 21.1)1) "18.85 90.20 40.0(p Alumina Silica 1.50. 5.43 ' 1.52 I.TD 0.0 1 10.50 5.401 3.60 1.81! 1.80 17.23; 22.20 4.80 uudet. Volatile matters 18.05 10.80 10.70 23.05 100.85 52.15 90.05 90.07 54.40 102.30 101.00 98.75 >Ietallic iron '>3M' 54.321 52.01 45.36 I.— From Petite Cote, Vaudrcuil. II. a. and b.— From Cote St. Churlcs, Vaudrouil. III.— From Upper Rocky Point, Eardloy. I IV.— From Bastard, twentieth lot, second concession, v., VI. and VII.— St. Maurice Forges. SPATHIC IKON ORE. This ore, which is composed of crystalline carbonate of iron, may be re<-arded as the least important of all the iron ores of the Dominion, only one deposit' being known which gives any prospect of being of economic value. In New Brunswick it is found in rocks referred by Professor Bailey and Mr. Matthew to the Iluronian, sometimes in the form of veins, Age of spathic ^^^ t^iidjest of which, however, are only about four inches. Its occur- rence iix small quantity in rocks of the St. John group, as well as in slates , of Devonian age, is also mentioned by the same writers (Report of Pro- KEPORT BY MR. B, J. HARRINGTON. 49 I. VII. :m) G4.>!0 :e3. j.oO i.Gu 4.80 .SO iitiJet. i.-jo 23X>:> .90 08.75 i.Ol -15.30 gress, 1872-73, p. 227.) The depoait alluded to above as probably of economic importance occurs near Sutherland's River, in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, and was described by Mr. Edward Hartley in the Report of Progress for 1868-09, page 4-11. It appears to be a bed, the rocks above and bel;iv being sandstones of the Millstone-grit formation. Since Mr. Hartley's visit, further explorations have been carried on by Mr. G. M. Dawson, from whose report tho following is extracted : " The surface of the counti-.- is verv deeply and uniformly covered by Entmct from a , .„ . , , , . ' ,, ' ,1 1 ■ ■ , report by Mr. Jrift-material, and exploration- on the area have been attended with con. u. m, Dawson • 1 1 1 i-m 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 1 . on tlio spathic siderable dimculty, it liaving been necessary to snik and cross-cut m theoreofSuthtT- enclosing rocks. The ore is very well exposed in the bank of a brook, ^s- At this point, and near the level of the brook, a shaft 14 ft. deep has been made, and the ore proven to that depth, and its general character more clearly defined. It is evidently somewhat nodular in structure, being softer and harder in some places, and its junction with the over- lying and underlying rocks having an undulating character. At the brook level the bed has a thickness of 10 ft. G in. At the bottom of the shaft this has decreased to 6 ft. in., and it is probable that the ore, as followed, will continue thinning and thickening alternately. The dip of the ore and surrounding: rocks is about S. 25'^ E., at an angle of 60®, and underlying the luaiu aed of ore about 4 ft. was a small ore bed 6 in. in thickness. A shaft wn-^ sunk both east and west of the brook expo- sure, and at distances from it of 941 and 215 ft. respectively. The measures have been cross-cut several feet north and south in each, but as yet without discovering the ore bed. Small strings and layers of carbon- nate of iron contained in reddish clayey sandstone were passed through in both places, showing that the bed Avas not far off; and in the north level from the west shaft, when we were obliged to suspend operations, the prospects seemed very good." None of the openings were accessible at the time of my visit, so that the only place in which the bed could be seen was in the bank of the brook, where, as stated by Mr. Dawson, it has a thickness of between ten Tiucknoss ot and eleven feet. Before its real extent and value can be determined sutiWiand's further explorations will be necessary. Dr. Dawson has called attention to the fact of its being at no great ver- tical distance from a bed of gypsum, and to its being somewhat similar in mode of occurrence to the non-fossiliferous sub-crystalline limestones which occur in some parts of the Lower Carboniferous scries associated with the gypsum.* The ore when it has not been weathered is highly crystalline and of a grey or brownish-grey colour. On exposure the protoxides of iron and * Can. Nat. new 3er, VII. 3, p. 132. D 60 GEOLOGICAL PURVEY OF CANADA. manganese pass to a liiglier state of oxidation and the ore a.ssumesa mucK darker colour. Some of it is a good deal mixed with limestone, and much of the material which has been extracted from the largest opening east of u inin'*°c*' st"i?fl ^^'^ ^''^"^ ^''"^'^*'^ °^ ^ porous or ccllular grey limestone with scattered of srathic iron, crystals of carbonate of iron. This, though probably not rich enough iu iron to be smelted as an ore, would make an exceedingly valuable flux. The following analy.se3 shew the ore to be of very fine (juality: ANALYSES OP SPATHIC ORE FROM SUTHERLAND'S RIVER, NJ. ('Dnstituents. Scequiuxiiie of iioii (Jarliiniate of iron Carhomite of iniuigniioae. Carboiiiilo of lime Ciirboiiiite of iiuijpiesia ... Silica llyRroscoiiic moisture iSul|)liiir Pliosplionis Organic matter Metallic iron. I. II. 211.52 57.40 8.2tl 4.02 S.flO 2.38 1.43 undet. (( none. IU. IV. i(;.08 65.1; I 7.118 ' 2.(i7 3.2;! 3.7U .70 none. .013 traces. 88.48 1.85 2.34 5.82 1.51 88.59 2.85 1.53 3.48 2.70 ,55t none. ... ... 101.003 99.70 ,00.00 99.70 43.5t5 42.07 42.71 42.7G 1. and II. were made by Mr. Gordon Broome in the laboratory of the Survey ; the first specimen was from the outcrop on Sutherland's Brook, the second from a costeaning pit about 75 foot farther westward. (Report of Progress, 180G-G9, p. 442.) III. is by Dr. Stevenson Macadam, of Edinburgh, and IV. by Dr. T. E. Thorpe, of the Andersonian University, Glasgow. CLAY IRON-STONE. Character! ot This is a compact earthy ore varying in colour from light brown or grey '^'"^"'""■*'°''*' to' black, the different shades often dependingupon the presence of organic or coaly matter, or upon the peroxidation of the iron when the ore has been exposed to atmospheric action. It consists of carbonate of iron mixed with clay and other impurities, and though not rich in iron has been the chief source of that metal in England. In Canada it is found in rocks of Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary age. The Devonian iron-stones occur in layers and nodules in the shales which are interstratified with the Gaspd sand- stones. They will probably never be of much importance as a source of iron. In Nova Scotia they occur in the Carboniferous shales of the Cape Breton, Pictou, and Cumberland coal-fields, though very little is really known of the thickness or quality of the deposits. Many years ago Ape of clay iron-stoues. KoTa Scotia. Insoluble matter, f Sulphate of lime. HEPORT BY. MR. U, J. jrAHIUNOTON. 61 much ■ast of ittcrotl igh ill ; tlux. .3 i5 r^ 48 10 fi5t le. .70 .70 J of the s Brook. (Report idam, of liversity, n or grey )f organic 3 ore has 3 of iron iron has Jurassic, in layers !p6 sand- source of the Cape is really jrears ago attempt? were made to smelt the ore from beneath the main scam at the Albion mines, but were not attended with success. Clay iron-stones also occur in the Carboniferous of New Brunswick, but Nfw.Brani- . wick. whether they arc widely distributed I cannot say. Judging from the return of borings published in Gesner's 3rd Report to the Legislature of New Brunswick in 1840, the quantity at the Salmon River coal-field must be very considerable, as no less than about one-sixth of the 402 feet 9 inches bored through consisted of cl.ay iron-stone. Gesner, however, says notliing as to its quality. Tlic coal-bearing rocks of Cretaceous age in Vancouver Island often Vancouver . . . Island. contain iron-stones, though little is yet known as to tlio (piantity. At the Bayne's Sound Minos the nodules are of large size ; some of them Ijoing flat or lenticular, arid others round ; the former vary in length from six inches to four or five feet, and in thickness from si.x to eighteen inches, and the latter are often as much as eighteen inches in diameter. (Report of Progress, 1872-73, p. 43). Mr. Richardson thinks that at this locality sufficient could be obtained for the supply of a blast-furnace. East of the Rocky Mountains Cretaceous iron-stones again occur, but little can be said as to the quantity until furtlier explorations have been made. The Juras.sic ironstones are found on the Queen Charlotte Islands in Qupp" cimr- lotto Islands. the shales associated with tlie anthracite. Ihey are not known to be of economic importance. Those of Tertiary age occur in the lignite-bearing strata west of Red xortiary iron- River, in the vicinity of the 49th parallel, where they have been observed^'""''*' l)y Hector, Professor Dell, Mr. G- M. Dawson and others. From the recently published report of the last named gentleman I quote the follow- ing : " The ironstones of this formation, though occurring very frefjuently in the same sections, and in close proximity to the coals, have not been observed in any place to attain a considerable thickness. They generally run in nodular sheets of only a few inches thick, through the clays and argillaceous sands. Externally they weather to various shades of choco- late-brown and reddish-brown, but are hard and compact in structure and ■within preserve their original bluish or yellowish- grey colour. They ring beneath the hammer, and break off in conchoidal chips. Considerable quantities of this material might be gathered from the surface in some localities, and it is probable that further search miglit bring to light localities in which so many layers of ironstone occur in the same section as to I'ender it profitable to work over the entire bank. Should these ores ever come to bo worked, limestone for use as a flux could be obtained in considerable (piantities from the boulders of Silurian age which strew the plains in many places." " * Report on the Tertiary Lignite Forniatiou in the Vicinity of tiie Forty-ninth Parallel. By G. M. Dawson, Assoc. R. S. M. 52 OKOLOOICAL iURVEY OF CANADA. Analyse, by Mr But fcw of the CanP.-lian iron-stones, so far as I am aware, have yet u. M. u«w«ou. ^^^^ analysed. The two following partial analyses of iron-stones ot ier- tiary age are given by Mr. G. M. Dawson (l c-, p. 30) ;— I. u. Protoxide ufirou 49.00 40.72 Water lost at 11 -.^U ^-'^^ ^'-^^ Carbonic acid lo3t on ignition 28.57 21.23 Siliceous matter insol. in HUl 17.04 8.72 iSulphurie acid •'•2'^ 0"^° Phosphorus t>'«eo- Pero.Kideotiron ^^^ Protoxide of manganese '• '' 2.300 ^'"'""^'^ ... 1.140 ^^^■" :::":::::::: co^o ^I'^gQCsia ^^^,^^, f'''^'^"." :.' ". 31.850 Carbonic ucd... ^^^^ Phosiihoric .acid Hulphuricacid .^^ Biiiulphide of iron • . Abater jS«^3;-;;;;;::;;:::;::;;:;r;::;:;: 0.534 Organic matter ' "^ 99.829 „. . 4).48G Metallic iron ^^^„^ pi^osv^ovns ;••; o'ogg aulphur It Will be noticed that the largest part of the sulphur is present in com- aiT- J^Z with iron, which is generally the case in iron-stones. Mr. Daw- "^'"' on twev , sU that in the specimens examined by him the sulphur ZvrlLl "entirely as sulphuric acid and m combination with lime." REPORT BV MIt. B. J, IIARRINOTON. 53 In tho following table arc given the percentages of mctalliciron in eight A^ays of iron, samples of clay iron-stone from different localities :— '"""'''*• Locality. 1.— Pictoii County, X.S., north of Xew Glasgow conglumenitc. 2.— HiiiTasois, Cnjie Breton 3.— Biiyuea' Sound mines, V.I.... 4. " i< II II 5.— Scisaorg Creek, nbout 30 miies west of Fort Kllico 6.— Si'cond Kill Woody Mountains 7.— First Hill, " a 8._345-Mile Valley I'.C.qflron. Aye. 30.55 27.84 3«.83 29.78 23,72 3'J.4i; 4l.(i,'i 37.95 Carboniferous. II Cretaceous. ■I Tertiary, Specimen No. 1 was a nodule collected by Dr. Dawson. On breaking it open it was found to contain zinc blende, a mineral otherwise unknown in the Carboniferous of Nova Scotia.-- No. 2, collected by Mr. Charles Robb. Nos. 8 and 4, collected by Mr. Richardson and assayed by Mr. Hoff- mann. Nos. 5, 6, and 7, collected by Professor Bell. No. 8, collected and assayed by Mr. G. M. Dawson. The average percentage of iron is 33.40. ECOXOMIC CONSIDERATIONS, Under this head a few notes will now be given on the cost of labour, cost of mining iron ores, cost of shipment, of smelting, and other kindred subjects. Cost op Labour,— The prices paid for labour in connection with tho iron mines vary somewhat in different parts of the country. In general miners get from 11,25 to $1.40 per day, although the price sometimes runs below the former or above the latter figures. This will be best illustrated by a few examples from mines which were being worked in the Example^ oj past summer: At the Haycock location in Templeton and Hull, the aver- I'lTour' "" age price paid for labour was about 11.30 per day. At the Bristol mine (Bristol, lot twenty-one, range two) the miners received S1.50 per day, this high price possibly being due to the demand for labour in connection with the Arnprior lumber mills. At the Dalhousie mine $1.25 was paid when the men boarded themselves, but only 80 to 90 cents when board was supplied. At the Blairton mines (Belmont) 150 men were bein^ employed, receiving from 11.20 to 11.30 per day, according to the special kmd of work in which they were engaged. They were furnished with cottages at the rate of |1.50 per month. At the Chaffey and Yankee • Since the above was written Mr. Hofifmann has detected blende in a specimeH of coal from Cape Breton. 54 QEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Cost of labour in Sweili'u. Epduction in the cost ol mining, mines in Soutii Crosby tlio men were being paid by the inontli, .getting from 1*20.00 to ii«26.00 besides their board. This, aMowing 2t; working days to the month, would l)e at the rate of from 77 cents to •"i'l.OO per day, besides board. The men employed in connection with the St. Francis (Riviere aux Vaclics) furnace and charring ovens, received hast year an average of )j'l,25 per day, without board. About the same price was also paid to the men «ngaged in collecting ore. At the St. Maurice Forges wages were vei-y low, an ordinary labourer getting in some cases as low as 70 cents a day and boarding himself. Tiio men engaged in collecting bog-ore were being paid 30 cents for every harriqiie* of ore taken out. The furnace-keeper and charger received 828.00 per month and the other men employed in connection with the the furnace !5!22.0U. At the Acadia mines, Londonderry, ordinary labourers received from ■$1.00 to >^1.30, and miners #1.50 per day. The latter, however, were generally paid by the ton of ore extracted, and were making from 840.00 to 845.00 a month. The men employed in connection with the furnace were paid by the ton of pig iron produced, the keeper getting 25 cents and the others 20 cents per ton. This allowing the furnace to produce about Ih tons per day would be 81.83 per day for the keeper and 81.47 for those under him. In British Columbia no iron mines arc, I believe, being worked ; the prices paid coal miners at the mines on Vancouver Island, however, ranged in 1872 from 83.00 to •'is4.00 per day. Ordinary labourers received from 81.75 to 82.00.1 In the Swedish iron mines the miners get about 80 cents a day, or about half a dollar less than our iron miners on the Atlantic side of the continent. Cost of Mining. — The cost of mining (getting and bringing to bank) a ton of ore of course depends upon the character of the ore and the enclosing rock, tho position of the mine, depth of the workings, necessity of pumping or otherwise, cost of labour, and numerous other contingon- cies. In prospectuses it is often put down at 75 cents, but it would be difficult, if not impossible, to find a single instance in tho whole country where ore requiring blasting is being mined for less than fl.OO per ton, even under the most favourable circumstances. There is, however, no doubt that in many cases the cost might be materially reduced by careful management and the use of steam drills and (with proper precautions) of such explosives as dynamite and dualin. At present many of the miners are inexperienced, and in drilling holes for blasting seem to be quite • C bushels, French measure. The barrique of ore weighs from G00-8"0 lbs., according to the quality of the ore. 13. t Report of the Hon. H. L. Langevin, C.B., Minister of Public Works, (Ottawa, 1372) p. j KKPOllT BY MR. li. J. I(AURTN(}TON. 65 I, getting working !l.00 per t. Francis last year price was . Maurice ,orac caso3 iigageil in le* of ore per mouth $22.00. eiveil from ever, were om S-IO.OO lie furnace ig 25 cent3 to produce • and ^\A1 'orked ; the I, however, y labourers ts a day, or side of the ring to bank) ore and the igg, necessity !r contingon- t it would be vhole country 1.00 per ton, , however, no ;ed by careful rccautions) of of the miners a to be quite lbs., according to (Ottawa, 1872) \\ unconscious of such a thing as a line of least n'sistancc. By placing the liolo in a wrong position a largo proportion of the useful efTuct of the shot 18 lost and unnecessary expense involved. In nearly all cases the ore is obtained from open cuttings, there being only two or tliroe iron mines in the whole country where underground mining is or has been carried on. Underground workings would, however, in many cases be advantageous, workiliKiH""'"' especially where operations are carried on during tlio winter, in which season, owing to the cold, snow, and ice, the cost of mining han in some instances been nearly double the coyt in sunuuor. A few examples of the '*;'"'"'i'''^'^ ,."'' • ' 1 till' COKt Ot cost of mining in ditlerent localities may be of interest. At tlio Haycock "''"'"8- location the ore, delivered at the end of the tramway on the bunk of the Gatineau River, costs 'SI. 70 per ton. The lor.gth of the tram^vay is Of miles. At the Dalhousie mine the cost of mining for the year ending February, l^iTl, was )j>1.25 per ton, not including outlay for [)iant, and including outlay for plant $1.40. From that date up to February, 1873, the cost was but slightly increased. A portion of the workings are underground. Quito recently operations at this mine have been suspended At the Yankee and Chaifcy mines in South Crosby the cost is only 81.00 per ton, but the conditions for nnning are very favourable. Tiie (Jhaftey mine, which is situated on an island in Mud Lake, on the llideau Canal, is so close to the water's edge that the ore is raised by moans of a crane and dumped directly into the barges. At the Blairton mine (Belmont) the ore costs $1.25 loaded on the cars which take it to Rice Lake. Much of it is raised from a depth of about 120 feet by an engine of 20 horse-power. Percassion steam drills are employed, the holes drilled being from two to three inches in diameter. A twelve horse-power engine is used for pumping the water which accumulates in the main opening. At the Acadia iron mines, most of the ore (limonite) which has been smelted for some years has been obtained from the Martin's Brook workings about 2>V miles from the furnace. The vein is here of somewhat irregular character, thickening and thinning alternately and often containing "horses." A good deal of " dead work " has accord- ingly to be done, increasing the cost of winning the ore. Exclusive of dead work the ores cost about $1.00 per ton at the mouth of the level, while if the dead work is included it increases the cost to from $1.90 to $2.00 per ton. Delivered at the furnace the ore costs $2.50 per ton. In the vicinity of the St. Maurice Forges the bog ore costs 30 cents a barrique, or from 81 cents to $1.12 per ton. It has, however, to be drawn from 4 to 9 miles, so that the cost at the furnace is more than double the latter figure. In Sweden the mining of the magnetic ores costs from 55 cents up to cost of mining $3.00, but the ore has often to be raised from depths of several hundred" jards. fid OEOLOyiCAL SUKVKY OF CANADA. Cost of Transi'OHTATIOn. — Moat of the ores which nro iniiu>iciiot the smallest renmneration given anywhere has been at the Dalhousie till' COKt of . tran>j)urt»t'on. mine, from which to Perth, a distance of 12 miles, the ore was drawn, l)y contract, during the winter of 187*J-7:{ at the rate of •'J 1. 00 per ton. From I'erth to the point of shipment on the llideau Canal, 7 miles, the price paid was 00 cents. Kur the whole distance of 10 miles, then, the cost for carriage was only •'5<1,00 per ton, or a little less than Hi cents per mile. " The average weight of loads of ore hauled from the Dalhousie mine, by contract, to Perth in 1870-71 was 4 tons— ;5. 90; in 1871 72 it was 4i tons— 1.248 ; hi 1872-73 it was oi tons— 3.74. The ton of 2240 lbs. is always used. The loads vary from 0,000 to 12,000 lbs., and sometimes run up to 14,000 lbs."* It must bo borne in mind that most of the road is horizontal or in places down-hill. Were it up-hill, such large loads could not be carried. During the winter of 1872-73 ore was hauled from the llowso and ChatVey mines in Bedford to Westport on the llideau Canal, a distance of 17 miles, for V2.40 per ton, or at the rate of 14 cents a mile. The road here is more hilly tlian that from tlie Dal- housie mine. At the same time ore was drawn from the Hull mines to the River (.latineau, a distance of about 2 miles, for 'M cents per ton, or 15 cents per mile. The roud is horizontal or dt)wn-hill all tlie way, and as much as 5 or tons were sometimes taken in a single load. At the Acadia iron mines, wliere most of the ore is drawn about 2 miles, the price per ton is from 50 to 00 cents, or 25 to 30 cents per mile ; from the Cumberland Brook workings, a distance of about three miles, it is 85 cents. The amount hauled from the Martin's Brook workings to the furnace in a day by a pair of horses is only about 5i tons. The ore of the Hull mines is chiefly shipped to Cleveland and by way of the Ridcau Canal. The cost of sliipment is said to have been only Jj'2.50 per ton in 1872, but must be much higher now— probably ■'ij'3.00- 83.50. From the Chaffey and Yankee mines, tlie ore is carried in barges to Kingston, a distance of 44 miles, for 81.00. From Kingston to Cleve- land the cost for these as well as for other ores is ij)1.25 to §1.50. The Dalhousie ore is carried from the point of shipment on the Rideau to Kingston, about 00 miles, for from !jl.25 to $1.50 (including loading). * Infurmntion kindly seut mo by Mr. Gerald C. Brown, Manager of the Dalliousic mine. il in Cftn- 10 mined, lilway or rses. The rtncrH aro (I booauso 'lio prices Probably l)all\ouHie drawn, by lO per ton. miles, the , then, the i cents per I Dalhonsio I 18T; 72 The ton of )0 lbs., anil 1 that most ip-hill, such ■l.\ ore was :port on the the rate of ui the Dal- ull mines to i per ton, or le way, and id. At the 2 miles, the ; from the is 80 cents, furnace in a and by way ,'0 been only )ably 83.00- ied in barges ton to Cleve- 81.50. The 10 llideau to ing loading). Dttlhousie mine. UKPOKT nV MR. n. .1. IIAIIIIINUTOV. 57 From the Blairton mine to Pittsburg the cost of transportation is said to be about i?4.00. Ilesides the ores which are carried to Cleveland, small quantities are sometimes shipped to Charlotte in Now York state. SMi;i;riN(} oi' Ikon Okks. — The history of iron smeltin;..; in this coun- try is neither a long one nor a brilliant one. The list of failures is greator than tho list of successes ; but such is always likely to bo the case, for a time at least, in countries like our own, whore enterprises aro too often undertaken by persons of little or no oxperience. No less than seventeen blast furnaces have been erected at difli-ront •^|'|.'[J|^^*J^,J^'^!*j' times in four provinces of what is now the Dominion, and in tho follow-"'- ing localities : On TAUio. (.'UKRKc. Nkw BkC'NHWU'K. Nova Sioii.v. Miidoc. Miit'iiiiii'ii. Fuiiiiui' I'lills or l,viidliiirst. Noriiliiuiliklo. St. .Maurice ForKt'-^- I.'lsUt. Hiili.-ioun. KiviiTo mix Viiclu'd. Hiiv Si. I'iiiil (J). lltiU. Wooilstock. Alliiim Mines. l.iiMiliiiiili'rrv, ("ll'llH'llUpillt. Niflaux (J; I'liOVINCE OF il.NTAUIO. Maihc. — The Madoc furnace was built in 1837, but was in bla-^u oidy a short time when it was abandoned, one of the proprietors havin..; been killed in tho mine, and tho other not having suiHoient moans to carry on the operations. The ore smelted was from the ISoymour uro-bod in tlio eleventh lot of the fifth range of Madoc, and is said to have produced iron of very superior rpiality. For a short time wood was employed as fiu'l. \voo.i as i\i»i. Marmora. — The Marmora furnace is still standing, though in a dilapi- dated condition. It was erected before the one at Madoc. Several attempts liave been made by ditVorent companies to smelt the ore of the big ore bed in it, but have been failures, owing, apparently, to distance from a port of ,.j,„.„ „, sliipment, inattention to tho proper sorting of tho ore and tho nature of ^''""'''^' the required flu.K, and also to want of capital.* Furnace Falls or LumVmrst. — A blast furnace was erected hero many years ago to smelt the red hematite occurring in the Potsdam rocks of tho Township of Uastard, but the sup]>ly of ore was found to be inadequate, and the furnace was soon abandoned. Its ruins are still visible. Normandale. — Many years ago a blast furnace was built here (near Lake Erie, 11 miles from Simcoe) to smelt tho bog-oro of the township * For fuller infonnatHiii eonccrniinj tlio Marmora and Mailoc t'uruaces see "Report on Hastings" by Mr. Mact'arlane, in tieol. of Can., IStJO. M tllvOI.OUICAL SI UVi:V OF CANADA. of Ch.iilottovillc. No iiiforinatieii lin.s been ubiainnl coiin-ininj^ it boyonil what U sLitud in tlio (ioolo';y of Cu'itvla, lS(Jo, j)Uijo OS.j ; but it hns i)r(tbal)ly boon abandoui-d. I'llOVINCK UK Ql l:lIKl'. «SV. Mauriiw Fori/fH — The St. Mauri(;o furnaci' 's .situated nrar llio llivcr St. Maurice, eight miles distant from Thifo Uivci-'. It waa built as early as prUcf *"'"^* 1"S7, and is interesting as a niommient to the enterprise of tho early set- tlers of the region, and from the fact that it is still iii blast. The present l»ro|»riotors are tlio Messrs. MacDougall of Three llivers. The internal uinicnsions of this furnai.'o are, Hcijjlil 311 foot. Diameter at hearth '.'i " " " lioshod 7 " " " thruiit :ii " There arc two twyors, and the blast which is produced by water power is cold and has a pressure of about a poiuid to the square inch. At the time of my visit iu October last the cliarge consisted of, iiog ore COO lbs. LiiiR'Stoiic 4r> " Chiirconl 10 bnshfla (Krciich).* About 4o charges were made in the 24 hours, and the furnace tnopO't at intervals of from 12 to 18 hours. The daily production avci-a^jed 4 tons, of which 10 per cent, was white and 10 per cent, mottled iron. Tho charcoal is made chiclly from soft wood, and is burned both in heaps in the woods, and in charring ovens or kilns near the furnace. When cliar« Yipuu.r eiiiir. i'C*l '" heaps 3 J cords f of wood are recjuired to make ItJU bushels of "■"'''• charcoal, but only two cords when tho charring is performed in ovens. In the first case the volume of the charcoal would bo only 34.32 per cent, of the volume of the wood, an unusually small yield, although the wood employed is of very inferior quality. The yield in the ovens e(iuals 00.1 per cent, of the volume of tho wood, an amount only a little below tho average obtained in Sweden. Tho average weight of the charcoal is 11 to 12 lbs. to tlie bushel, and that prepared in heaps is considered better than that produced in ovens. About 180 bushels are required to make a ton of iron. The average cost is G cents per bushel, ciiarriugovt-ns. 'fho ovcns arc built of ordinary red brick, and tho dimensions of one of the largest arc, Length 50 feet. Width U " HeJKht to top of arch 10 " Thickuess of walls IJ " • The 7/iiHO<=22.')0 cub. lii. t The cord generally employed in tho Province of Quebec contains only 108.375 cub, ft The wood is cut three feet in length, and the piles are 8 ft. long and 4j ft, high' luirii;; it i". ; but it the llivev n onrly as cavly sot- ic present \tcr power At tho 'lench).* aco tanpiv^ [avc,i'a;^eil -t iron. Tho in lieaps in ^Vhcu cliar* busliol.s of 1 ovens. In per cent, of 1 the wood als GO.l per the average .1 to 12 lbs. [• than that :c a ton of as of one of RT-'OllT UY Mil. II. .1. IIAlt; [SdiO.V. CO The fire smelted is* entirely tlio bo;^ ore of ilio ri';j;ion, (iml has now to bo drawn for di.^tiincoi of from 4-0 milen, tho suiiply in tiio iininediate vieinity of tho furnace hiiviii;^ been to n i^reat extent oxhiiusted. In the furnace it yield.-t from 'M to •\'> per cent, of iron. Tlie co^t of tho ore delivered^'"''' "fof"*' nt tho furnace is uljoiit &2.M per ton, or Monietiines hi;:;Iier. The lime, stone (Trentonj iia.s also to bo carried several nuled, and at tho furnace costa 2') cents a fxtrriijiieov 93 cents a ton. The furnace is yienorally in blast for from 10 to IH months at a time. '''"■"*"'" "' Nearly ail tho iron prodiicod is sent to Montreal and there manufac- tured into car wheels, althou;^h formerly it was made into castings on tho spot. The pig was worth about •ii'40.00 per ton in Montreal last summer. A small ((uantity of wrought iron is al8i> made in an old-fashioned hearth- Jini'ri/* and used in tho manufacture of axes of which 10 j;"''>«'"f'"^''" duced diily. These axes are said to have obtained (piito a reputation among lumbermen, although it is only a short time since their nmnulacture was commenced, and orders arc receivetl far exceeding tho production. The manufacture of cast iron stoves has boon discontinued. An analysis of a specimen of grey pig iron made at St. Maurice, i" jVau,-kvin,ni,y lbtJ8, gave Dr. Hunt the folhnving results : '^'' """'■ Iron iiiiilci, (impliiiu 2.SJI) Carbon, coinbiuPil 1.100 ^^lll^)lull• (12.1 Pliosphortis l;")!) Milieu Hy 2 feet 2 in. Depth of lieiuth 1 " Sin. Clinrge. There are two twyers placed horizontally, the blast is cold, has a pressure of from one to two inches of mercury and is produced by water power, the wheel having a diameter of 24: feet, Thc charge which has been found to work best consisted of, Hog ore COO lbs. Limestone h Ini. Charcoal 18 " Yield of ore. Total procUic- tiou. The ore has yielded on an average SG per cent, of iron, of which from 3 tons 4 cwts. to 4 tons 2 cwts. were produced daily, over 50 per cent, consisting of white and mottled iron. Ihe total production from the first blowing in, in April, 18(39, up to Jime, 1873, was 5,520 tons of pig. This was sent to Montreal, thc port of shipment being Yamaska on the Yamaska River, 8 miles from thc furnace. The cost of hauling to Yamaska was tj^LSO per ton of pig. The charcoal was made in ovens 50 feet long, 16 cliareo.il. feet wide, and 12 feet high, and intended to hold 75 cords of wood. The wood was both hard and soft Tabout ^ of the former to § of the latter), consisting of maple, birch, hemlock, spruce, larch, pine, and balsam. A cord of wood, provided it was dry, gave from 50 to GO bushels of charcoal weighing from 12 to 13 lbs. to the bushel. This would be equal to from 60.1 to 72.1 per cent, of the volume of thc wood employed. According to Mr. Richer, the late manager of the furnace, to whom I am indebted for most of these details, the soft wood looses less in volume by Number of men charring than the hard wood. From about the 20th of May till the 1st and horses em- '^ '' jjioyod. of December, 25 men were employed in collecting ore ; and from Decem- ber to March, 30 carters with GO horses in dra-ving it to the furnace. From thc first of December to the first of April, 50 wood-cutters were employed in cutting wood, and G carters with G horses in drawing it to the charring ovens. Besides the manager, 7 men were empl )yed in connection with the furnace and 7 at the kilns. Bai/ St. Paul. — Two blast furnaces were completed in November last by the " Canadian Titanic Iron Company " near Bay St. Paul, for the Manufacture ot purposc of smelting the titanic iron ore of the region. They have been titanic iron ore in blast during the Avinter, but, although good pig iron has been made, its production, as might have been expected, has not been attended with profit, on account of the large amount of charcoal consumed. REPORT BY MR. B. J. IIARRINOTON. •61 livers from ans are, 'cet 2 in. lold, has a I by water which has vhich from I per cent. 3m the first pig. This D Yamaska iTiaska was 3t long, 16 'ood. The he latter), ilsam. bushels of d be equal employed, yhom I am volume by till the 1st om Deceni- lie furnace, itters were ag it to the . connection /ember last lul, for the have been m made, its ended with The dimensions of the furnaces are. Height 40 feet. Uianieter at hearth 4 " '■ " boshes 14 " " " throat 8 " Each furnace has three twyers and is closed at the throat by the ordinary cup and cone, in order to obtain the waste gases for heating the blast. For the production of the latter there are two blowing engines of 30 horse- power each. The fuel has been exclusively charcoal, made partly from white birch (less than half), partly from different kinds of soft wood, and weighing about 16 lbs. to the bushel of 2,675 cubic inches. The wood is charred in kilns, and a cord (^128 cub. feet) produces on an average about 60 of the above bushels of cliarcoal. From 1 90-237 bushels of Amount of olinrcoal con. charcoal were, under the most favourable circumstances, required tosumed. make a ton of pig iron, and towards t}ie spring, when the ore and limestone had become wet or covered with ice, as much as 400 bushels were sometimes necessary. Limestone was employed as a flux, and was obtained in the vicinity. The pig iron produced was entirely white. Generally speaking only from 4 to 5 tons were made in 24 hours by one furnace, but occasionally as much as 6 tons.* The following are two analyses of the pig iron by Riley : — Analyses of pig Irou. I II Carbou :i.!)ijr, 3.97G SiHcium O.dSG 0.081 Sulphur 0.030 0.048 Phosphorus O.lijS 0.258 Iron 05 245 95.440 Chromium 0'G89 0.43G Manganese minute trneos minute traces Titanium ? 7 100. 1269 100.239 The considerable proportion of cliromium is a point of interest. With regard to the smelting of titanic iron ores, the question is not whether they can be smelted, for of this there is no doubt, but whether, with the large amount of fuel required, they can be smelted profitably. It is said that in Sweden, where titaniferous ores are smelted, as much as charcoal ro- 45 cwt. of charcoal are in some cases required to produce a ton of pig iron, swodcu" this bein^ considerably more than double the amount necessary in smelting the magnetic ores. It is needless to say that with such a consumption of fuel iron could not be profitably made .in this country. Though so much has been said by Mushet and others about the beneficial effect of titanium upon iron, the question appears to be one requiring further investigation. * Fcr those facts I am indebted to Mr. McColquohar, the rannager at Bay St. Paul G: av.OhoaicAL .siirvky op c,\nada. Jlixiiift ot titaiiii' witli ollit'i' uivs. As these points are osnecially itn;'i>rtaiit iu Canada on account of the numerous and oxLcuisive deposits of titanic ore wliicli occur, I ta'.;e the liberty of quoting from a letter bearing upon thera which was kindly sent me, at my re(iuest,in February last by Dr. Percy, the highest autho- jvrey'^''''''^^'''^'*^^ *'" metallurgical subjects. Dr. Percy says, "Experience here (in England) has shewn that no advantage is derived from the presence of titanium in iron ores. Good iron may be made from such ores, not on account, but in spite, of the presence of titanium. The titanium is worthless stufiF and causes increase of fuel, because it must be made to pass into the slag ; and tJds vieaus loss of heat ." If titanic iron ore is to be utilizi'd by the ordinary processes of smelting it must Ijo by mixing it Avith other ores, so as sudiciently to reduce the pro- portion of titanic acid and the consumption of fuel. So long, however, as other ores can be obtained in abundance the demand for the highly titan- iferous ores camiot be great. In some cases the addition of titaniferous ore to the charge is said to prevent the cutting of the furnace. HhU. — Details concerning the Hull furnace were given by Dr. Hunt in the Report of Progress for 18(56-09, and since 1868 the furnace has not been in blast. Though still standing, it would require a very considerable expenditure to put it into proper condition for smelting, as it Avas much injured by the forest fires which devastated the surrounding country DimfiiiMoiisot several years ago. The dimensions as given by Dr. Hunt are, height 08 feet, boshes 10 feet 6 inches, and throat 4 feet /i inches. At the time of Dr. Hunt's visit in August, 1868, no less than 170 bushels of hard-wood charcoal, weighing from 22 to 23 pounds to the bushel, were being used in making a ton of grey pig iron. Province of New Brdkswick. His(o,-v of . AVoi>4st'jck)'ur- J)iiiii.n3iOD3. Woodstock. — As early as 1818 a blast furnace was erected at Woodstock *■'> smelt the hematites of Jacksontown. It was kept in blast, at intervals, until 1862, when it passed into the hands of William E. Smith, Esq., of Sheffield, England. In 1863 it was again blown in and kept in blast, at in- tervals, for several years. The whole time during which the furnace was actually in blast was only about eight years. Mr. Smith also erected a small cupola furnace in 1866, which, however, was only used for about a year. The blast furnace, which is still standing and said to be in good condition, is (according to measurements published by Profossor Bailey in 186-1) 39 feet high and 9 J feet in diameter at the boshes. When it was running a hot blast was most of the time employed, and was produced by steam , power, the waste gas from the furnace being utilized for generating the steam as well as for heating the blast. A red sandstone from Gulquac on the Tobique River, Victoria county, is said to have proved an excellent an du an ye Cf i ount of tlic 11-, I tal;G wa3 kindly ;lie3t autlio- !e here {\n presence of res, not on titanium is bo made to 3 of smelting luec the pro- howevor, as hijrhly titan- if titaniferous ie. Dr. Hunt in rnaoe has not considerable it was much ding country re, height 38 \.t the time of of hard-wood re being used I at Woodstock st, at intervals. Smith, Esq., of t in blast, at in- ;iie furnace was erected a small r about a year, good condition, ey in 1864) 39 was running a luced by steam srating the steam Gulquac on the ed an excellent I.JI'ORT i!Y MR. r.. J. lIARRINflTOX. 68 material for hearths. Chnrcoal, made chiefly from mapio, birch, and beech woods, was employed altogether as fuel, the chiirring being performed in brick ovens. Limestone for a flux was obtained from llcccaguiiuic, seven miles from the furnace. The follnving arc the constituv.'nt8 of the charge, cimrgc as given by Professor Baily in lbi)4 : Ore 13.M) lbs. Liniostone To '' Charcoal 20 bu. The burden must subsequently have been reduced, as Professor Hind, writing in 1865, states that the charge then consisted of. Ore :iso \hs. Limestotip ("O " Cliaic'oal 20 bu. According to the latter authority, 3.33 tons of ore and 12(3 bushels (if charcoal wore required to make a ton of pig iron. The charcoal at that time cost seven cents a bushel ; allowing that it weighed 20 lbs to the bushel, the quantity by weight required to make a ton of iron was 22 i cwt. The daily production of pig iron from one furnace was about Gl Q;''''''7"''iro» tons. Much has been said about its fine quality and its suitability for the manufacture of armour and boiler plate, as ivell as for steel. The analyses of the ores which have been published, however, inculcate such a large pi-oportion of phos])horic acid, that the fine (juality of the steel, at least, seems doubtful. The above details are mostly from Professor Bailey's Report on the Mines and Mine7'als of Hew Brunswick, published in 1804, and Profes- sor Hii..''s Preljniinarij Report on the Creology of Neiv Brunswick, published in 1865 Pbovince of Nova Scotia. Albion Blines. — A furnace was many years ago built near the Albion mines in Pictou County, but Avas in blast only a short time when it was abandoned. Some of the ore smelted was from a fossiliferous portion of the great Lower Helderberg bed of hematite described on page 28, and is said to have produced iron which, on account of the phosphorus, no doubt, ^^^^ „,crtfor was " exceedingly hard." Some of this iron has since been manufactured ^"""P"^"'^''*' into stamp-heads which were found to wear longer than those made from any other kind of iron. Londonderry. — The only blast furnace in Nova Scotia which has pro- duced much iron is the one at Londonderry, which was completed in 1853, and lias, at short intervals, been in blast ever since. During the three years previous to 1853 a small quantity of iron had been made in a Catalan forgo Catalan forge, which was abandoned on the completion of the blast *'^''°'*''"'^®"' H7T 64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CAXADA. Doscription of fumacG. The latter is 35 feet high, 9 feet in diameter at the boshes, lu^rnac".'^"'''' and 4^ feet at the throat. The stack is built of fire-bricV and cased with iron. The hearth is lined with a mixture of fire-clay and pounded quartz (1 part of the former to 2 of the latter), the mixture being pounded in behind an iron cylinder which is afterwards removed. This lining is found to be very durable. The blast is cold and produced by water-power, the wheel, which is an overshot one, being 20 feet in diameter and 5 feet chaipo, ^^.j,|e_ j^^ ^\^Q time of my visit in Septeml)er, 1873, the charge consisted of, Ore (Linionite) 550 11)3. Flux (Ankerile) !"• " Charcoal I'J bu. The number of charges in 24 hours was 59 or 60. For the 9 days pre- rroductiou of vious to the 11th of September the production of pig-iron was 70.75 tons, or 7.86 tons a day, an amount slightly above the average. The following figures were kindly given me by Mr. Romans, manager of the works, and AuguJi^isfa. re°present the amounts of ore," fuel, and flux employed in the month of August, 1873, and the corresponding production of pig iron : Ore (Limonite) 431 tons c^yt. 1 qv. (421.3125 ton.?). Flux (Ankerite) 08 "15 " 2 " 24 lbs. (08.775 tons). Charcoal 32,471 bushels. Pig iron iiroduced 221 tons or 7.13 tons per day. The monthly production is often higher than this, but these figures were chosen as being a fair average. If the ankerite is not taken into consider- Yieidofthoore.^^^jQj^^ ^j^^ ^j^j^j ^f ^j^g ^^.q i^ the fumace, as calculated from the above figures, is 52.45 per cent. Allowing, however, that the ankerite gives about 10 per cent, of iron, the yield of the ore is reduced to 50.81 per cent., or, in round numbers, 2 tons of ore are required to make a ton of Charcoal. pig iron. The charcoal is made from maple, birch, and beech, and accord- ing to Mr. Romans the bushel weighs about 20 lbs. The amount required to°make a ton of pig iron in August, 1873, was 146.93 bushels, or about 26i cwt. Occasionally, however, it has been as low as 135 bushels, and many years ago as much as 160 busheh are said to have been required. It is burned in heaps by the farmers in the vicinity, and costs, delivered at the furnace, 7i cents a bushel.* On page 58 it was stated that at the St. Maurice iron works as much as 180 bushels of charcoal are required to make a ton of iron from the bog ores ; but there the charcoal is of very inferior quality, weighing only 11 or 12 lbs. per bushel of 2,250 cubic inches ; and if a comparison by * The bushel I suppose to be the Imperial bushel of 2218.192 cubic inches, or the same ai was in use, according to How, in 1801. 1 li, ;he boshes, cased with ided quartz pounded in ng is found -power, the and 5 feet c consisted ) days pre- 70.75 tons, e following works, and 3 month of ons). giu'cs were to consider- 1 the above ;erite gives . 50.81 per ie a ton of iind accord- ,nt required s, or about ushels, and a required. 3, delivered cs as much n from the lighing only iparison by }r the samo ai RKl'ORT BY MR. B. J. II.\RRINGTON. 65 weight bo made, it will be found that while over 26 cwt. are required at Londonderry only 18i are used at St. Maurice. The Londonderry furnace is in blast only six or seven months at a time, pnrationof It is run by night and day shifts, and tapped about once every six hours. """'' During the day six furnace-men are required, besides a blacksmith, *'«™8oe-n>en. during the night only four. They are paid by the ton of iron produced, getting from 20 to 25 cents. The cost of production of a ton of pig iron may be estimated as follows : *'*'»' "' *''°"- 2 tons of ore ^ $2.50 $500 J ton of iinkerite /® $1.10 .35 147 biishols of charcoal ^ 7J cents 11.02 Labour and manager's salary 2.8O General expenses 150 ' '^ $20.68 The 3sl.50 for general expenses is my own estimate, but is probably a fair one. Close to the blast furnace there is a forge where a considerable quantity Forge, of wrought iron has been produced. The building is 180 feet long and ' ; ■•; 60 feet in width, and contains five puddling furnaces and one reheating furnace, a 25-cwt. steam hammer, rolls, and other appliances. The castinJ^'S""*-''""" I, J 1. 1 1 ., . , , ^'- fe and steel worki house and steel works are situated about a quarter of a mile from the furnace, and are large and commodious buildings. The casting house contains two furnaces with the necessary accessories for the manufacture of castings, which have been chiefly car wheels. The building containing the steelworks is 250 feet long and 40 wide, and contains a smelting *;-'■•: furnace, a converting furnace, three reheating furnaces, two steam ham- mers and other appliances. Since the completion of the blast furnace in 1853 over 30,000 tons ofE^o""""'""*' pig iron have been produced, and, according to Professor How, the pj.^. ''""'"=** ^^■ duction of pig iron from 1862 to 1867 was as follows :* Pig iron. 1862 1150 tons 1863 1251 " 18G4 1663 " 1865 1784 " 1866 2124 '< 1867 2068 " Bar iron. 945 tons. 911 " 1198 " 1633 « 1093 " 421 '' The quality of the iron is known to be excellent, and Fairbairn says :t Qaaiity )f ir<,n. '' Several specimens of iron from these mines have been submitted t direct experiment, and the results prove its high powers of resistance to * Mineralogy of Xova Scotia, 1868, p. 89. t Iron manufacture, 3d. Ed., p. 35, . , 66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. strain, ductility, and adaptation to all those processes by which the finest descriptions of iron and steel are manufactured." AnHiyHOR by The following analyses of Acadia pig-iron by Tookoy were published ""'"^' by Dr. Percy in 1864 : * Carbon 3.50 3.27 Silicon 0.84 0.67 Sulphur 0.02 0.01 Phosphorus 0.19 0.28 Manganese 0.44 0.37 Iron 94.85 95,70 99.84 100.30 The manganese contained a sensible amount of cobalt. Clementsport. — At Clementsport, in Annapolis county, a blast furnace was erected as early as 1831, to smelt the magnetic ores (Devonian) of the vicinity. For the past thirty years, however, it has only now and then been in blast, and but for a few months at a time. Part of the ore smelted recently is from the " Potter mine," about two and a half miles from Cle- Vroprietom ot mentsDort. Both the furnace and the mine are owned by Dr. E. C. Drew mine and fur- ^ ' . na^c. and 0. Underwood, Esq., of Boston, but were leased to the " Annapohs Iron Company," Clementsport, in August, for $1.50 for every ton of pig iron produced. The furnace was blown in in December last, and kept in blast for two months, during which time about 200 tons of pig iron were made. The mine and furnace are under the management of Col. David Lamed, to whom I am indebted for the following details : De»crir'ion-of The fumace is built of stone, and is 35 feet high, 4 feet in diameter at the hearth, 9^ feet at the boshes, and 7 feet at the throat. There are three twyers, and the blast, which is hot and has an average pressure of from If to 2 lbs. to the square inch, is produced by water power, the wheel — a • breast-wheel — being 30 feet in diameter. The blowing cylinders, three in number, are of cast iron, 4 feet in diameter and 5 feet stroke of piston. The blast is heated by burning the waste gases from the furnace in a hot blast oven containing 17 siphon pipes through which the air is made to pass. The oven is on a level with the top of the furnace, and is built of brick and bound with iron. Ore, flux, and The ore from the Potter mine is locally known as "grey magnetic." In the furnace it yields as high as 45 per cent, of pig iron. When used alone, it produces white iron of poor quality, but when mixed with an equal weight of Bloomfield bog ore, the quality is improved. The latter ore does not yield over 26 per cent, of metal. The limestone employed as flux is brought from St. John, New Brunswick. The fuel is entirely charcoal, and is made principally from white birch. About 130 bushels • Percy's Metallurgy, p. 54C fu«U It h the finest ) puUisbod REPOBT BY MR. B. J. HARRINOTON. 67 last furnace >evonian) of ow and then ore smelted es from Cle- E. C. Drew anapolis Iron 1 of pig iron kept in blast , were made, d Lamed, to diameter at There are ssure of from he wheel — a lers, three in ke of piston, lace in a hot r is made to nd is built of agnetic." In When used ixed with an The latter ne employed el is entirely 180 bushela (Winchester) are required to make a ton of grey pig iron from the mix- ture of equal weights of magnetic and bog ore. The charge consists ol ch»rge. from 750 to 800 lbs. of ore, 120 lbs. of limestone, or sometimes less, and 16 bushels of charcoal. The number of charges in 24 hours, when the fur- nace is working well, varies from 40 to 62. The Potter mine, alluded to above, was first opened as early as 1824.Th^^P''"«' It is simply an open cutting or trench on a bed of ore said to be about 30 inches thick. The trench is about a quarter of a mile long, and 16 feet wide, the greatest d-pth being 30 feet. ' Nictaux. — Two furnaces were many years ago (one of them in 1856) built at Nictaux, 37 miles from Clementsport, to smelt the fossiliferous he- matite of Nictaux River. They did not, however, remain long in blast, and the ..on produced is said to have been of poor quality, no doubt on account of the phosphorus in the ores. According to Mr. Romans, of Londonderry, one of these furnaces was 35 feet high, 9 feet in diameter at the boshes, Dimemiors ot, and 4i feet at the throat. The other wa? 38 feet high and 9 feet in dia- ""cea. meter at the boshes. They are now in ruins, having been partly torn down by the people in the neighbourhood in order to obtain the bricks. Manufacture of Steel at Quebec. — In the month of June last, I had an opportunity of visiting the steel works erected at Quebec for the purpose of manufacturing steel directly from the purified iron sands of the gulf. Since the death of Mr. Labreche Viger the works have passed into the hands of a new company, the president of which is Mr. Chmic, hardware merchant, of Quebec. The enterprise, so far as I could learn, has not been successful, and at the time of my visit nothing whatever was being done. The furnace is a well constructed Siemens regenerating furnace, with five gas producers, and except in the construction of the hearth, which is perfectly flat, and in one or two other minor details, resembles the one employed by the Messrs. Cooper & Hewitt at Trenton New Jersey, in the manufacture of steel according to the Siemens-Martin process. In making steel, the sand, which had been purified by Dr. La Rue's Pmcoas of m» ,. . , . , 111 1 • 1 Injatepllrom magnetic machine, was mixed with tar and charcoal powder in a box con- irm aanda. taining revolving knives or beaters, and the mixture then pressed into square blocks by means of a powerful hydraulic press. The blocks were then piled upon the furnace hearth and melted down to steel, which ^ya3 finally tapped off into ingot moulds containing about 200 lbs. The cause of failure I was not told, but diSiculty was probably expe- rienced in obtaining a regular and homogeneous product. In the event of • Since writing the above I have sefin Mr. Chinic, who states that further and rather more successful experiments have lately been made with the furnace, and ten or twelve tons of steel produced. A good deal of diflSculty was experienced in pouring, and the ingots were frequently honey-combed, and after forging were liable to contain flaws. Not more than 500 lbs. of steel were produced at a melting, which requl:'ed six bourj. 1 ' C8 OEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Draw'mckn. Shi) ment ot or<'«.| Btalrtou n.ine. yankpe and Cliafll'y mini'P, thia {irooesa being abandoned, the furnace could readily be adapted to the manufacture of flteel according to the Sieraens-Martin process. General Remarks. — From what has been said it is evident that exceedingly little has been, or is being, done in the way of iron smelting in Canada ; nor is there any prospect of an immediate increase in this impor- tant industry, except in the Province of Nova Scotia. This is duo to a variety of causes, and among them, in some instances, to scarcity' of fuel, in others to difficulty and cost of transportation, or to cost of labour. Not- withstanding such drawbacks, however, there seems little doubt that, Avith proper management, iron might bo profitably made in many localities.* The owners of iron mines, instead of smoking their ores on the spot, are more and more turning their attention to shipping them to the United States, as this has been found, in most instances, to yield a fair profit. During the past year they were worth from 80.00 to -$9.00 a ton in Cleveland.! According to official returns published by the Customs Department at Ottawa, 15,232 tons of iron ore were shipped from the Dominion during the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1870. From that date to June 80th, 1871, the amount was 26,825 tons, or 11,593 tons more than in the preceding year. The next year there was a slight falling off, the amount shipped being 26,175 tons ; but in the year ending June 30th^ 1873, there was a large increase, no less than 47,200 tons having been shipped. In addition to this exportation of 47,200 tons, an amount which may be estimated at about 12,000 tons was raised, but not shipped, part of it being smelted in the country. The total production of iron ore in the year ending June 30th, 1873, was, therefore, in round numbers, about 60,000 :ons, — a quantity exceedingly small, though far ahead of previous years. Nearly the whole of the ore shipped has been from four or five mines. The production of the Blairton mine, Belmont, is now greater than that of any other in the country, and in the last fiscal year is said to have amounted to nearly 30,000 tons. In July last it was being shipped to Pittsburg at the rate of from 300 to 400 tons a day. The annual production of the Yankee and Chaffey mines together, for several years, has been between 7,000 and 8,000 tons. Were the demand • It is possible that peat, or the charcoal made from it, might in some cases bo advan- tageously employed in the manufacture of iron in Canada. Peat charcoal is largely em- ployed in some parts of Europe, and, it is said, with satisfactory results. It is, however, generally very friable, and therefore unfit for distant transportation, or to resist the pres- sure in a blast furnace. It is also liable to contain a very large proportion of ashes, the whole amount in tbe peat being concentrated in the charcoal. Thus, if we suppose a peat to contain 10 per cent, of ashes and to yield 30 per cent, of charcoal or coke, the latter will contain no less than 33J per cent of ash'^9. t The duty upon iron ores going into the United States is at present 20 per cent, ad valo- jLsm, and upon pig iron $G.30 (gold) per ton of 2,000 lbs. iptod to the vidcnt that smelting in I this itnpor- is duo to a city of fuel, )onr. Not- t tliat, with cahtics,* \\o spot, are the United I fair profit. a ton in le Customa id from tho m that date tons more t falling off, June 80th^ laving been lount which »cd, part of in the year out 60,000 0U3 years. ir or five r than that lid to have shipped to gcthcr, for ;he demand OS l)c advan- largely eui- is, however, aist the pres- of ashes, tho ppose a peat e, the latter ent. ad valo- KEPORT BY MR. B. J. UARRINOTON. 69 for titaniforous ores greater, tho production of these two mines could readily be increased. From tho Cowan, or Dalhousio mine, from 3,000 to 4,000 tons havCp^,,,^^,,^^,^,^ been annually raised and shipped for several years. Owing, it is said, to the dullness of the market, work has recently been stopped at this mine, although tho ore is one of the finest in tho country. The production of the Hull mines for tho year ending June, 1873, wasuuiiminei. about 15,000 tons, which has since been shipped. No more ore has been mined here since the above date, and it is stated that there is a prospect of tho mines passing into the hands of an English company. According to a gentleman in Cleveland who is Avell acquainted with Canadian ores, that from Hull yields from 60 to 62 p. c. of iron in the furnace, and is valuable for mixing with Lake Superior ores. Since tho opening of the Haycock mine in the winter of 1872-73 about jj^j.^gjij „,,„g_ 5,000 tons of ore have been raised, but none shipped, the intention being to erect furnaces near the Gatineau River for smelting it. The point chosen for this purpose is 6i miles from the mines, with which it is con- nected by a well built 3-feet-gauge tramway. At the mines there is a 20-horse-power steam sawmill, a boarding house, manager's house, store- house, and blacksmith's shop. The Bristol mine (see pages 7 and 19) is owned by Messrs. u^istoi mine. Taylor and Burns of Pittsburg, U.S. It was first opened in January, 1873, and work continued with 8 or 9 men until September. The ore raised during that time amounts to about 4,000 tons, and still lies at the mine awaiting shipment. At the time of my visit in July, the largest opening which had been made was 35 feet long, 24 feet wide, and about 20 feet deep, and from it ab-^ ^. ■• ,50C tons (estimated) of ore had been extracted. At the Fournier mine in South Sherbrooke, several hundred tons of very _ , , . . n ,r, •-. nr. 1 11 • Fournier mine. tine ore were taken out durmg the wmter of 18. 2-73, and work has smce been continued, although the prospects did not appear promising in July last. The ore (magnetite) occurs in thin irregular veins or beds, and is associated chiefly with hornblende and white or green feldspar. At the Howse, ChafFey (13 Island Lake), and Christie's Lake mines in jj.^^^ in Bed- Bedford, the Seymour ore bed in JNIadoc, and a number of other localities '"rd township in Ontario, a small amount of work has been done during the past year, more especially for the purpose of determining the extent of the deposits of ore ; and from lot three, range five, of Grenville, Quebec, several hundred crenviue. tons of ore are said to have been extracted and shipped to Cleveland, Ohio, for trial. In Nova Scotia, the Acadia mines have since 1839 produced between ^j^^,, ^„g, 60,000 and 70,000 tons of ore, which has been smelted at Londonderry. The mines and works have recently passed into the hands of a new com- 70 OEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. I'iotou Cou.ty M.S. pany with a capital of jCoOO,000 sterling, and operations will no doubt be carried on on a larger scale and more systematically than heretofore. The company is entitled the " Steel Company of Canada (Limited)," and the following are the names of the Directors. 0. W. Siemens, Esq., D.C.L., F.ll.S., C.E., London Chairman. Charles Tennant, Esq., St. llollox, Glasgow. Archibald S. Schaw, Esq., Glasgow. William Tennant, Esq., 9 Mincing Lane, London. Edward Budd, Esq., Copper Office, Bond Court, London. Graham Menzies, Esq., London. Archibald Orr Ewing, Esq., M.P. Glasgow. George Stephen, Esq., Montreal. Donald Mclnnea, Esq., Hamilton, Ontario. According to the prospectus, the Company has acquired no less than *' 33,000 acres, or 61 scjuaro miles of freehold land, together with the mines thereunder, and the work and buildings thereon, and including a pre-emptive right at 40 cents an acre to about 15,000 acres of adjoining land, and a working license at a royalty of 10 cents per ton of coal over one square mile of area No. 42 in the Spring Ilill Coal Field." The Company has also '« acquired from Dr. Siemens, at a cost of £8,000, the right to use free of royalty, his patent processes for the production of iron and steel and their subsequent working into merchantable form." Considering the extent of the ore deposits, the facility with which both charcoal and mineral coal may be obtained, the proximity of the Interco- lonial Railway, and of a shipping port on the Bay of Fundy. there is every reason to believe that, with proper management, this enterprise will be attended with success. , It is to be hoped also that something will soon be done towards devel- oping the valuable deposits of iron ore in Pictou County. Here the ores are abundant and of varied character, they are near to the Pictou coal- field, whence coal suitable for the manufacture of coke could be obtained from a number of mines now in active operation. Limestone suitable for a flux occurs abundantly in the valley of the East River, the Provincial Railway passes through the coal-fields and within a few miles of the ore deposits, and the harbour of Pictou affords an excellent port of shipment during six months of the year. , '■ :»:• 7 1 no doubt be m heretofore, limited)," and n Chairman. Schaw, Esq., Ion. Edward klenzies, Esq., )rgo Stephen, , no less than ither with the id including a !3 of adjoining coal over one I Company has ^ht to use free and steel and th which both )f the Interco- there is every jrprise will be iowards devel- Ilere the ores le Pictou coal- d be obtained I suitable for a ;he Provincial les of the ore [•t of shipment