SEonoN II, 1888. 
 
 Trams. Royal Soc, Can. 
 
 A GRAMMAR 
 
 
 OF THE KWAGIUTL LANGUAGE, 
 
 rj. ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 BY THE 
 
 • ; . ■ .....-■^'., - 
 
 
 
 RED J. 
 
 HALL, 
 
 " ■ ■" - . "-■ ' 
 
 ' ■■• !-:'|#':'-> 
 
 
 
 .-f 
 
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 ;.V FROM THE ■: - •• ■ 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 ■,«^ VOLUME VI, SECTION II, 1888 • ► 
 
 v«.«. 
 
 :■'■-'>■'-' 
 
 MONTHKAL 
 DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS 
 
 1889. 
 
 ^i^ 
 
 •1?*f 
 
 .TW- 
 

 1 
 
 
 ■f 
 
 /''■ 
 
 ".;-' 
 
 
 ■-'■; 
 
 -V 
 4 
 
 /-'.-■'> .4" 
 
 
Skition II, 1SS8. 
 
 'I'ltA.vs. K(iyAi. Sdc., Can. 
 
 i..r 
 
 A GRAMMAR 
 
 OF TUB KWAGILTL LANGUAGE, 
 
 HE\'. ALFIJKD J. JIALL. 
 
 / 
 
 IKOM '11 IK 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCniTV OF CANADA 
 VOLUME VI, SECTION II, 1888. 
 
 M()NTi;i:ai, 
 DAWSON 1'. i.'dT II I'Ks, re lU. I S II Kits 
 
 18811. 
 
'.? 
 
 -, I ^ * ' ; 
 
CONTEXTS. 
 
 59 
 
 Iniropuctory. _ 
 
 The KwAoanr, Pkopmj. " " 
 
 I. HH()N0I,(X5Y. ''" 
 
 I.— Vow EI. Sounds. - - - 
 
 II.— Consonant Sounds. 
 
 11. HAKTS OK SPEECH. <'! 
 
 I.— Noun. - - - - _ 
 
 (1.) Number of Nouns. - 
 
 (2.) Gender of Nouns. ' 
 
 (3) Case of Nouns. - - - - _ 
 
 (4.') Formation of Nouns. 
 
 ..----DO 
 
 II. — Adjectivb. - 66 
 
 (1.) Adjectives of Quality. - ' 67 
 
 (2.) Numeral Adjectives. - - - * 
 
 (3.) Distinguishing Adjectives ^ 
 
 III.— Pronoun. - - - . . _ 
 
 (1.) Personal Pronouns. 
 
 (2.) Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 (;!.) Holative Pronouns. 
 
 (4.) Interrogative Pronouns. - - ^ 
 
 (5.) Indefinite Adjective Prono\ins. 
 
 IV.— Verb. ' . -9 
 
 (1.) Conjugation of Verbs. - - " ------ ^^ 
 
 l.—Miihiii'i : "Strike." - 
 
 (Notes on the Verb. I ^^' 
 
 n. — /'("(iiriVd .• "See." - - - ■ ■ 
 
 (Notes on tl 10 Verb.) *" 
 
 (2.) Examples (.n'rinciinil Tenses of Various Verbs. " ' '_ JJJ 
 
 (;!.) Verbs (lassitied by nmaninjr. - ' 
 
 V. — PRBPOSraON. .._ 
 
 VI.— Advbrh. . - - 102 
 
 (1.) Interrogative Adverbs. J^ 
 
 (2.) Adverbs of Manner. - _ 
 
 (3.) Negative Adverbs. _ _ 
 
 (4.) Adverl)s of Place. - - " _ ^^.^ 
 
 (5.) Temiwral Adverl)S. _ 
 
 Vll.— CON.UINCTION. - - ■ _ _ 
 
 (1.) Copulative Conjunctions. ' - 104 
 
 (2.) Disjunctive Conjunctions. - - " " '.".'. ,05 
 
 ■«■■ 
 
Skc 
 
 
 la 
 ill 
 hi 
 w 
 
 f" 
 
Section II, 1888. 
 
 39 
 
 Trans. Roy. Sor. Canapa 
 
 VI. — A (rrdrnvHir of l/ic Kicagiiit/ Lfivijiuigc, 
 
 l?y 1\'p:v, Ai.krkd.T. Hall, Alert Hnv, HritiHli ('oliunl)iii. 
 
 ( rrcHontcd liy Dr. <l. .M. Dinv.^nii. ^\ny ?,». ISHS.) 
 
 Introductouv. 
 
 This i>Tammar was not orii^inully compiliHl for publiontion. but to assist those uiis- 
 sionarios and teachers who should succeed me, to acquire a knowledge of the Kwfij^iutl 
 language. When I first came amongst these Indians in 1H78. T experienced great dilliculty 
 iu obtaining a knowledge of the idiom of this language, and much that was Iheu learned 
 had subsecjuently to be unlearned. I had perhajis finished ninety pages of manuscript 
 when Dr. Gr. M. Dawson, of the Geological Survey, visited our neighbourhood. Finding 
 that he took a great interest in Indian, I spoke of the work iipon which I was then 
 engaged. He strongly advised me to complete the grammar, and suggested the Transac- 
 tions of the Royal Society of Canada as a medium of publication. 
 
 There are doubtless many inaccuracies which are open to correction, but I trust there 
 is something in my work which will alFord pleasure to the philologist, and I (>aruestly 
 hope it may prove an assistance to those who wish to gain a knowledge of Kwfigiutl, in 
 ordt>r that they may ameliorate the condition of these Indians. 
 
 The KwAoiuTii Peopi,e. 
 
 The KwAgiutl Language is spoken by the Indians who live on the north of Vancouver 
 Island and the adjoining coast of British Columbia. They were once a powerful nation, 
 and the terror of the Haida and Tsimsheans who had to pass their villages on their way 
 south. In 1853 they are said to have numbered 7,000, but the census taken in 1884 
 showed that there were less than 3,000 souls. The mo.st southern village is that of th(> 
 LTkwTtldri/iw at Cape Miidge ; the most northern that of the Gwasila in Smith's Inlet. 
 The distance between these two is about loO miles. Tlien^ is great similarity in the lan- 
 guage spoken by the natives of River's Inlet, Bella Bella, and as far north as Gardiner's 
 Inlet, but I do not include these with the Kwagiutl nation, as they do not form part of 
 Kwilgiutl Indian Agency. There are foirrteen KwMgiutl villages, all of which are on the 
 coast. Commencing from the south and proceeding north they are as follows : — 
 
 A. — IjIKWlTMlA^W. 
 
 1. Wi wokT Cape ifwige. 
 
 2. WTwekiiui and KwiAfi Lovgliliorotigh Inlet. 
 
 li. ATiirimfizTs ^(ilmnn Riirr. 
 
60 
 
 ALFIIKD J. IFATJi : 
 
 B. — KwAdiiiri,. 
 
 4. MrKlUll)! Ilariimmh Chumirl. 
 
 5. I hinakdfU-w Kniijhl'» Met. 
 
 n. Tlfiwitsls 'l\iriiLi- hluiiil. 
 
 7. Mrinirilillkula Viltinjc hlawl. 
 
 8. Nunikls Alirt JUii/. 
 
 i). Zawrida-nifiAw Kinyromlie hilH, 
 
 10. Kwagiutl t'ort Kujint. 
 
 11. KuHknnniiw nnd GwazinuAw Kiiiit.tiiKi SoidkI. 
 
 ]•_'. Nrig\vrikiiri/,w lUimdm llurl.Mr. 
 
 \'A. Klfiklasikwil.i //"/"' W""'. 
 
 14. Uw.'isila *?m7/i'.v hiUi. 
 
 I. 
 
 piio!voro4;Y. 
 
 Thero are twenty letters in the Kwfigiutl alphabet, five vowels and fift an consonants. 
 The vowels are ti, e, i, o, it. The cousonants are h, d, g-, h, fc, /, vi, n, p, a, t, w, x, y/, z. The 
 cousouauts r,/,y, 7, /• and I', are not required. The Indians iind great diiii<!ulty ii pro- 
 nouncir.g ./', r and v. When attempting to say Jloirera they invariably pronounce it 
 "/^lowers" ; in a similar manner, river is pronounced "/iver" ; ///y, "/'ly." and veri/, "6e//y." 
 
 I. — A'owEL Sounds. 
 The vowels most in use are a, i and u, while e and o are seldom required 
 
 a( 
 
 
 VOWELH, 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 U 
 I'l 
 
 au 
 <iw 
 
 ia 
 iu 
 
 ■U 
 
 Kbywohdh. 
 
 
 EXAMI'LEH. 
 
 hat 
 father 
 
 they 
 
 I'm 
 machine 
 
 home 
 
 1 
 } 
 
 bagwanuin {mau) 
 
 ek (good) 
 
 klTsila (mm) 
 
 1)0 (have) 
 
 liUt 
 
 rule 
 
 } 
 
 /.uii uini) [1111/ father) 
 
 audit 
 
 
 
 alleluia 
 
 
 
 view 
 
 
 
 yi (one nyllable) 
 
 
 II. — Consonant Sounds. 
 
 There are six consonants that are often difficult to distinguish as pronounced by the 
 Indians, viz. : b and p ; d and / ; g and k. \i\n\ when they write letters in their own 
 
' 
 
 A KWAGIUTL GRAMMAI?. 
 
 61 
 
 languagi^ they themsclvi'B confound those letters. However, iil'ter the ear has grown 
 accustomed to their sound ihey are distinguishuhh;. I onco spelt ha<'w'itium, man, with a 
 p; duniivi, rope, with a / ; and ginnnum, child, with a Ic. As a rule, the consonant.- pro- 
 nounced by Europeans y/, /, k, are pronounced by the Indians b, d, ^'•. 
 
 7' and D. — I have chosen I as a llnal consonant and il as an initial, e.g gl'ikwit glilk- 
 wldugia ; U'll makes inddgia. 
 
 G always has the sound of ^"^ in the English word gig, and is generally followed by 
 a diphthong, e.g. giukiin ; giitAw. 
 
 II is an aspirate as in lu/i'ni'il (rest) ; n'lhw'i (all). In many words like I'llid'lkii' and 
 mulnt, the /( unites the syllable before it to the one following it, and sounds not unlike 
 It in hue. 
 
 Kis of very frequent occurrence in Kwfigiutl. If occurving in Roman character in 
 an Italic word, or in Italic in a Ivoman word, it is ecjuivalent to rli in " Loch." If in 
 heavy typo Ck) is has the sharp clicking sound of the raven. 
 
 Z is equal to da. 
 
 II. 
 IMKTK OF tiiPKECII. 
 
 There are eight parts of speech in the Kwagiutl language : — 
 
 (1) Noun, as hvdkwnna, (;anoe ; gluA, tree ; gili'i, cinnamon bear. 
 
 (2) AiJJECTlvi:, as z^dla, black; w'dus, great; iiiim, one. 
 
 (3) Pronoun, as yin, I ; wis, mine ; h'lk, him. 
 
 (4) Verh, as dTikvnIin, I see ; di'ikivUlin, I am seen ; kitlilus, you are afraid. 
 
 (5) Preposition, as ulkgll, behind : A/k, to ; nahwillla, near to. 
 (0) AuVERii, as aull, truly ; til'lk, nearly. 
 
 (7) CoN.iUNCTlON, as g/fi, and ; lil-til, but ; k'7/, or ; Av7-7ks, because. 
 
 (8) Inteimection, as kAm"', how beautiful ; (tn'im'i, an exclamation when hurt ; 
 
 ri-kiux-awi'i , splendid. 
 
 I.— NOUN. 
 
 A Noun is the name of any person, place or thing, as Niigezl ; (a person's name, mean- 
 ing a great mountain) Z'lmas, Victoria ; sl/htm, snake ; eguduz'i, goodness. 
 
 (1.) NuMHER OF Nouns. 
 
 There are two numbers, the singular and plural. The singular denotes one object, 
 the plural more than one. The plural is formed either by reduplicating the first syllable 
 of the singular, or by a modified form of it. Thus — 
 
62 
 
 ALFEET) .T. HALL ; 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 English. 
 
 man 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plurai» 
 
 liaftwrinmn 
 
 l)i-lia(:wrinniii 
 
 hnx 
 
 gildos 
 
 gil-flilda^ 
 
 Irmsh 
 
 zabnyii 
 
 zTzribriyu 
 
 had-it 
 
 latriyi 
 
 la-iilfcriyi 
 
 Utlih 
 
 liuiiilulnmltl 
 
 hi-lniiiilulumTtl 
 
 raiioc 
 
 liwakwnna 
 
 liwri-lnvakwuiiaorliwl-liwrikwiina 
 
 tree 
 
 !ilos 
 
 girik-fjlos 
 
 eitrpev 'ir 
 
 fiitTinV,' 
 
 gigitinfii 
 
 fool 
 
 nnnniri 
 
 nlsnunulu 
 
 iiomim 
 
 zidfik 
 
 zidfik 
 
 fhiff 
 
 wi'it*! 
 
 wa-utsi 
 
 The plui'al oi'kiiani'ikw, son or clauglitcr, is sdsum. 
 Thoi'o is no plni'al (orin nsoii for 
 
 0g,tovtli; kw\\s\, piildio; slabnm, Ji«i7; krikru'i, Aw ; miikwihl, »mo)( ,- kifitiln, .««/moji. 
 
 TIio adjective k'mum, inanj-, is genoraliy emiiliiyod with siic.li nouns, or tlie number specitied, e.ij. 
 Inmnn hin'isl, )ilcnty of jiolatdos; mufl-tsum imiUu-ila, two nmntlis. 
 
 (2.) Gender ok Nouns. 
 
 Gender is tho distiiiftion of nouns with regard to sex, and is recognised in the Kwa- 
 giutl language. There are 1\vo modes ol' distinguishing gender. 
 
 (a) By Different Words. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Uwin, uncle 
 krikuaip. grand/atlicr 
 awazawi, .licpfatlur 
 bribi'iKWuni, boji 
 wlsa, infinit ^oii 
 llawuniim, Imnhnml 
 glulT, ne))hcu' 
 frikiuiii, chief 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 alimnp, mother 
 
 anis, iiunt 
 
 kfikfis, grandmnlher 
 
 aba/.awT, Mcpmolher 
 
 /.rizaiL'ikuni, girl 
 
 kuna, infani divyhler 
 
 kumnn, teifr 
 
 trluli-kas, niece 
 
 ^'ikunil nr uma.J'emale chief 
 
 I 
 
 (b) By Prefixin'j;. 
 
 The word hafrw'mum prefixed to nouns is niaseuline, and zidok to nouns feminine, as 
 baginrinum kw'ia, male deer ; zkl'ik fnwas, female deer. 
 
A KWAGIUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 68 
 
 Notes. — (1) Tho noun k generally understood and theielbro seldom inenlioiiod. 
 (2) Certain words are used either for masculine or feminine: — 
 
 kwauukw, eon or daughter. 
 
 ntigw mnp, Jalhn-iit-laio or mothcr-in-km. 
 
 nfila, elder brother or ghtcr. 
 
 jifiya, ijomijer brother or sister. 
 
 wakwH, a tvoman'i brother or o jh«»',« sixlcr. 
 
 (3.) Case ok Nouns. 
 
 Case shows the relation ol' a noun to other parts of the seuteuce. There are but two 
 cases, viz., (1) a case that stands for Nominative, the subject, and Objective, the object of 
 the sentence ; (2) the Possessive Case, denoting the relation of property or possession 
 This is formed by the preposition of, e.g. " This is Henry's house" is literally in Kwagiutl, 
 " this is the house of Henry," gia um gin/av's Henri/. The apostrophe shows that a letter 
 has been elided : written fully it would be ginkw as Henry. 
 
 Examples, 
 
 i!mon. 
 
 ber spefifiod, e.i,'. 
 
 wini giukwas Henry, 
 gia um liwAkwuna sin finip, 
 killiw!i klin k\hk kwakwuno's aiii< 
 kllats Kiwfiyau sin unip, 
 zihkl ^'wauukwusa mamatl-a, 
 
 Where is llie house of Henry / 
 Tins is the canoe of my failier. 
 I irill liuji the canoe of your father, 
 Jirinij me the puddle of my father. 
 The sou of tlie ichite man is sick. 
 
 d in the Kwa- 
 
 (4.) Formation of Nouns. 
 
 Most of the Kwagiutl nouns are formed from verbs, e.g. Idkula is the verb " to work," 
 and from this verb we get the following nouns : — 
 
 (1) ifitulayu, a tool (wizin laAulayau ? vhere it my tool f) 
 
 (2) TaAula-InrU', a labourer or one skilled in labour. (iaiula-Infi^'wl ' aus. lour father is a labourer.) 
 
 (3) ifiAulilgis, a servant, (widis iaiulilgisa V ' Where is your servant f) 
 
 (4) \i\k\\\\\t, fellow workman, (la klin fde-kl knti iaiulfit. 7 iiill go and look fur my co-ieorker.) 
 (.')) uikuMumm, v:ag( s QT what is gained by work, (kiyosin ia/iulanum. I hare earned nothing.) 
 (()) u\ku]as, place of work. (\vl dis iafciilasa? Where are yoxi working f) 
 
 (7) iaiulazi, vorksliop. (lias ut-it ^nn munyfiyau Ifika Ta/ulazl. Fetch my ruler from the uvrksliop.) 
 
 The following if a list of nouns formed from their several verbs : — 
 
 l.—A YU OR Tool Nouns. 
 
 feminine, as 
 
 Nouns. 
 
 ligiayu, hamuiiT. 
 
 munySyu, measure. 
 
 kunayu, needle. 
 
 siibayu, axe. 
 
 hyildayu, saw. 
 
 kigiayii, our. 
 
 Veuus. 
 
 likiun, 
 
 I strike:' 
 
 munsm, 
 
 I meamre,' 
 
 kunun, 
 
 I sew. 
 
 supun. 
 
 I chop. 
 
 liyiltin 
 
 I saw. 
 
 kikyin, 
 
 I row. 
 
 I The anal letters i und « need some explanation. The rormerC?) is pak of tln> verb "to be." The letter (") is the sign of the 
 interrogative. 
 
 ' The first Person Singular is im when it follows k, k, m, n, ji, n; and m when it follows il, ii, I, «, (, ii. 
 
1m 
 
 I 
 
 64 
 
 ALFRED J. HALL : 
 
 2.—INUK on Skill Nouns. 
 
 Nouns. 
 
 likiiii'U', 
 
 uiunyTnui, 
 
 kuninii^', 
 
 sfipniu^, 
 
 liyiltiiiui-, 
 
 inuninut, 
 
 hhtckiimilh. 
 mrvei/nr. 
 mimftress. 
 axeman. 
 
 B((»7/(T. 
 
 drummer. 
 
 lik'iiin, 
 
 inungiii, 
 
 kuuun, 
 
 supun, 
 
 hyiltin, 
 
 muliyiii, 
 
 Vkkhs. 
 
 1 hummer. 
 I meamirc. 
 I few. 
 I chop. 
 I saw. 
 I strike. 
 
 Note, — The affix Innk moiins "skilful," and added to the root of the verb forma a noun meaning 
 "one skilful" in ilie action exjirosscd by the verb, e.g. mun'ififik. The Indians strike thoirdi'ums with goii 
 that part of the fist near the little linger, and a Canadian drummoi' would not bo a mun'muk. go 
 
 3.—ILGIS OR Agent Nouns. 
 
 kiitlililgis, 
 
 liatlakulilgiK, 
 
 liuniiksilil^lB, 
 
 tsiyilgis, 
 
 supilgis, 
 
 hyiltilgis. 
 
 nurse. 
 
 voUector aj tnoruii. 
 
 cook. 
 
 one vl(0 dniies icaler. 
 
 voo'l chopper. 
 
 sau-yer. 
 
 kutlilin, 
 
 / nurse. 
 
 liatlakuu, 
 
 I pay. 
 
 hrnniksilin, 
 
 I cook. 
 
 tsiyin, 
 
 I draw wale) 
 
 siipun, 
 
 1 chop. 
 
 hyiltin, 
 
 1 saw. 
 
 4.— UT OB Fbllow-Aobst Nouns. 
 
 umtlwut, 
 
 ki'iswut, 
 
 kakuklut, 
 
 hum fit, 
 
 lifinakliit, 
 
 lastut. 
 
 phiyfellow. 
 nxdkiny cnmpanicii. 
 felloir scholar, 
 dining companion, 
 huntinij companion, 
 fellow batltcr. 
 
 unitlin, 
 
 1 play. 
 
 ki'isiii. 
 
 Invlk. 
 
 kfikfiklin. 
 
 I learn. 
 
 Inunfipun, 
 
 leal. 
 
 hrinaklin. 
 
 I hunt. 
 
 lastiii. 
 
 I bathe 
 
 5.—NUM on Act Nouns. 
 
 t 
 
 •i 
 
 t I 
 
 Innuyfinum, 
 
 klglrmuin, 
 
 unikanuni, 
 
 dl<irinuui, 
 
 l.dwanuni, 
 
 kwonuin. 
 
 berries picked. 
 Jislies netted, 
 firewood obtained, 
 tlimij borrowed, 
 thing bought, 
 prodvee of labour. 
 
 ii.—AiS oit Place Noun.s. 
 
 isiipas, 
 
 hyiltiis, 
 
 luas, 
 
 niTfc'iH, 
 
 k ay lis, 
 
 uAas, 
 
 chopping place. 
 
 •sawing place. 
 
 phice he has gone to. 
 
 sletping place. 
 
 place of walking, a path. 
 
 place wliere he stops. 
 
 Immsin, 
 
 I pick berries. 
 
 kiklin. 
 
 I fish uith a net. 
 
 unlkun, 
 
 I am^etting Jireiimd 
 
 didin, 
 
 I borrow. 
 
 kilhwun, 
 
 I buy. 
 
 kwigTIiisin, 
 
 I work. 
 
 7.—AZI oil HovBB Nouns. 
 
 huwaA-ulazT, 
 
 niulazl, 
 
 iirmiyaz?, 
 
 hamlksilazl, 
 
 kiadugwazi, 
 
 talya-wazl, 
 
 prayer house, church, 
 playroom- 
 goat tiousc. 
 kitcluii. 
 library, 
 pincushion. 
 
 8. — ILAS OR Building Nouns. 
 
 gudanllns, stable, from grulaii, (( horse, 
 
 kilwilas, store, " kilhwa, to buy. 
 
 gia-tlas, .sleiping apartment. 
 
 kwa-ilas, sitting room. 
 
 9,—MUT Nouns (worthless things.) 
 
 Bfiyaprnfit, 
 hyilhyatmut, 
 haainnt, 
 zizakmut, 
 
 chips. 
 
 sawdust. 
 
 crumbs. 
 
 shells of cockles, it-c. 
 
A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAR 
 
 63 
 
 iO.—OIArL AND ALA, Sound Nouns. 
 
 tniiiir. 
 f'furi\ 
 
 |''iM a noun 
 r'ce thoirdr 
 I" munhuik. 
 
 kwe. 
 
 Iiuiikli, 
 
 lAkwi, 
 
 liiki, 
 
 (ItiiiiT, 
 
 <abali 
 
 giall ur yiila. 
 
 noiHc oj cnjmij. 
 
 nport of a gun, 
 
 kIiouI. 
 
 noifi'. 
 
 nmtml of (I bill. 
 
 nuisc made hi/ tin Indiana wlun loading or uidonding ti'dr ctinuis. 
 
 moaning 
 ums with '^■ 
 
 Tliim wo hiivc liwc-ijiiitl or UirCijjida, hinkU-yii'itl or lam-hliila. The furincM' in oniployed wlion tlio 
 ound JH hoaid once, the hitter when il is continuous. The word for " Indian language " is literuliy tlio 
 und that the Indian niaketi. Kwakicfda niciinn tiic KwagiutI iunguiige, Mamutl-fi-Uinlu, the white 
 an's language and Tsin-kiUla tlie Chinese liinguiiye. 
 
 u-uta: 
 
 n.—DUM ANij UND, TiMU NouNH. 
 
 irUuIah-duni, nvrking lime. 
 
 hawriAulfili-duni, lime nf jiraycT. 
 
 lirinifip-dum, dinner hour. 
 
 zawuni", vAnler. 
 
 laAuIfi-nii/.', 
 
 irorkitig Heiinon 
 
 inid-uii/.', 
 
 plaijiiig seasun. 
 
 kwilini/.-, 
 
 feasting season. 
 
 hiun/-, 
 
 summer. 
 
 II. -ADJECTIVE. 
 
 ncs. 
 
 i a net. 
 
 ^'Ofirevood. 
 
 Adjectives are words added to nouns, in order to distinguish them more accuiatoly 
 or to limit the extent of their significance. They may be divided into three kinds: — 
 
 (1) Ad.ikctives of Quamtv, as vx'ilax, Large. 
 
 (2) Adjectives of Quantity, as nukokiv, inn (men). 
 
 {■?,) DiSTiNOUiSHiNU Ad.tectives, as k'7, the ; giada, this. 
 The KwagiutI adjective is modified by Jiumber, but does not vary in respect to gender 
 or case. 
 
 Instances. 
 
 NS. 
 
 ', church.. 
 
 HINos.) 
 
 it-C. 
 
 Had, 
 
 Ulaek (man), 
 
 Short [man), 
 
 Great, 
 
 iSmall, 
 
 A good man, 
 
 Good men, 
 
 A good hoy, 
 
 A good girl. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 yfiksuni, 
 
 /.fitla, 
 
 zukwutsdi, 
 
 wi'das, 
 
 umnyl, 
 
 ek bagwanuin. 
 
 esuk bl bagwanum. 
 
 ek bAbngwum. 
 
 ek ZMzridrd^uni. 
 
 l'uir..\i.. 
 
 yaiksuni. 
 
 zfizathim. 
 
 zntl/.aliwiiisdi 
 
 awo. 
 
 um-iiiuayl. 
 
 Note. — Ekl bagwanum means " lie is a good man," and emkl hi-bwjaumum, " they are good men." 
 Hero the letter i, which is part of the verb " to be," is joined to tiie adjective. Again, there arc cer- 
 tain letters aflSxed to nouns, adjectives and verbs, in this language, hj- which you can undorstand the 
 local position of Iho subject of the sentence. ^ 
 
 I, the person spoken of is not present. 
 
 i'^, (this i/ is from the distinguishing adjective (/(WiJ, this) the jjoison spoken of is present and 
 nearer the speaker than the person spoken to. 
 
 Sec. II, 1888. V). 
 

 66 ALFRED J. HALL : 
 
 Ilk, ihe person H|i()lvcn of is prosont, but iiuarei- Id Iho person )t)kon to than to iho speaker. 
 
 k, if speaking of a phicc in which you are residing at the time, or the day on which you spt'iilWOil 
 
 W 
 
 eki gikurai, 
 
 yriksfiini fillip, 
 uauk.'idl bi'.ijwaiiuiii, 
 
 //( in a ijoud chiif. 1 
 
 lie h' a hml faltur. i. not 
 
 He is a tnsc viuii, iireseut. 
 
 I ekig gikunii, 
 yriksfimlg gikuini 
 
 He if a good chief "| 
 
 n ! 
 
 I 
 
 //(■ IS (( had chief, or 1 iieai 
 This ii> a hid chief. \ spoaki 
 naukndig bagwanum, This is a wise man. 
 
 Tik 
 
 ekyiifc gikumi. He is a yood chief. 
 
 yal-.samui' gikiinii, Ife h ii hml eh 
 
 wudala, cold ; wiulfAul.; It it cold- 
 
 naukfidfiA' bagwanum. He it a u-iie imnt. 
 
 hief. ] 
 ief. 
 
 noar 
 
 [lerson 
 
 spoken to. 
 
 YalisU- / •"' 
 
 f Sjieaker not there. 
 '■' ''""•' I Sioakor tliero. 
 ckyTiA' YalisU', Alert liai/ i.i<t good place 
 
 wudrdiUwa iifiliU-, /( is cold to-day. 
 
 whcr. 
 
 spoali( 
 
 lives. 
 
 (1) Adjectives of Quality. 
 
 There are three usual degrees of Comparison, the comparative ending in kdwl and tli 
 superlative in /d. Thus, ek, good ; ehiabnul, better ; eldukl, best. The last syllable of tli 
 superlative gives the idea " among," "best among all" or " best of all." This will be sei! 
 by comparison Avith the following Avords : dw.'ikl, 'v.side of any substance; glgilkl, walk 
 ing among ; g'lgiukl, there among. 
 
 
 Positive. 
 
 CoMl'ARATIVa 
 
 SUI'BRLATIVB. 
 
 Good, 
 
 ek. 
 
 ekiakawT, 
 
 okiakl. 
 
 Bad, 
 
 yaksum, 
 
 yakiakawT, 
 
 yakiakT 
 
 Tall {jierson). 
 
 giltuAat, 
 
 giltuisdakfiwl. 
 
 giltufedaki 
 
 Tall {tree). 
 
 giltn, 
 
 giltakawl, 
 
 giltaki. 
 
 Black, 
 
 /Otla, 
 
 Kutlakawl, 
 
 zuwilki. 
 
 Near, 
 
 nalnvatla. 
 
 nahwatlakawT, 
 
 naliwatlaki. 
 
 Old (person). 
 
 kwilyukw, 
 
 kwilyakwakawT, 
 
 Uwilyakwaki 
 
 Old (man), 
 
 ni'iinas. 
 
 nuniasakawl, 
 
 nuinazaki. 
 
 Long {time), 
 
 kitla, 
 
 kitlakfiwT, 
 
 kTtlaki. 
 
 Late, 
 
 atl-id, 
 
 atl-Tilakawi, 
 
 atl-ulakl. 
 
 Mvch, 
 
 km inn, 
 
 kikfiwl, 
 
 kiki. 
 
 White, 
 
 mula, 
 
 inulakawi, 
 
 mulki. 
 
 Red, 
 
 klakwa. 
 
 klakwakawT, 
 
 klfikwaki. 
 
 Blue, 
 
 zasa, 
 
 zasakawl, 
 
 zazaki. 
 
 Far off. 
 
 kwisrila, 
 
 kwisrdakawi. 
 
 kwisalakl. 
 
 Great, 
 
 walas. 
 
 walasfikriwi, 
 
 wala/.aki. 
 
 First, 
 
 giall, 
 
 trialakawT, 
 
 gialakl. 
 
 Every Adjeetive has a second Conipai'ative to wliieli tiio verb " to ho" is attached. 
 
 k 
 
 hi, 
 
 h 
 
 r 
 
 !i 
 
 ExAMI'l-IiS. 
 
 Good, ek ; lietter, aekiatla. 
 
 Let it lie done hitter (thing not neiir), aekiatla la li.vT. 
 
 7,11 i'( he done heller (thing near), aekiatla la hy\\k. 
 
 Black, zfitla ; a trifle hlacler, za/.ritlfitla. 
 
 He is hlacker, zazi'itlatla Qierson not prisent). 
 
 He is blacker, zazritlatlriA' (Ihini/ spoken of present.) 
 
 High, ikifila ; go a little higher, aiklstala. 
 
A KWACrlUTL aRAMMAR. 
 
 67 
 
 J lan to tho spoakei-. ■SSomotimeH tho sign of the Coinpariitivo kawl ' is adiiotl, as bdbari'Ulakdwl In hijnk, put it a triflo 
 hy on which you HpL.,.,|J|r ; fickiatlalmirl la hi/nU, do il a littlo lietter. 
 
 Vkhiiai. 1'"ohm ok CoMI'ARIKON. 
 
 '" a good chiff 
 \<\<' Imd chief, or , ,„,„ 
 r^'' a had chief. [ s,«ak> 
 Wis u „ u-isc mav. 
 
 hr not tliero. 
 
 I^ei- (hero. 
 
 y/'siigoodphic: 
 \l to-day. 
 
 WllIT, 
 
 spoak( 
 lives. 
 
 ding ill k<lio7 and (1, 
 e last syllable ofth 
 
 'T'l'S Avill bo S(.,., 
 
 an CO 
 
 g^'g-/" 
 
 V17\i.], 
 
 dakf. 
 
 lalvi. 
 
 «akr. 
 
 ki. 
 
 Laic, 
 
 Much, 
 
 While, 
 
 Far, 
 
 Red, 
 
 I'dSlTIVK. 
 
 nfnnafl, 
 
 .'iti-It, 
 
 kTnum, 
 
 mulfi 
 
 kwisi'ila, 
 
 klrikwi'i, 
 
 CiiMi'AIUTivi:. 
 
 nfiniiinaaritla. 
 
 aral-Tdfitla. 
 
 kfikitla. 
 
 mrimulfitlft. 
 
 kwriUwIsfitla. 
 
 klAklrikwatla, &.C.. 
 
 SlSXTBXtBS ON Tnu Ad.iectiveh. 
 
 This is good, 
 
 This is Ihe heller, 
 
 This is the hest, 
 
 James is slronrier than Charles, 
 
 James is more plaijfid llum Charlis, 
 
 I am tall hulijnu arc taller, 
 
 It is colder thin viiitir than hist, 
 
 The sun is hriylder ttmn the mnoii, 
 
 He is bitter to-daij. 
 
 This (canoe) urrired he/ore the rest. 
 
 He is below [in position) hisfeltoicmei), 
 
 He is beneath his companions. 
 
 gia um ek. 
 
 gitt uni ekifikawi. 
 
 giauin ekiaki. 
 
 tlokwrikawAyT James fas Charles. 
 
 uniunitlbusakrovnyl .Tames sas Charles, 
 
 gikhiA-sdin kl gla tas iiildii/L'sdrikriwaya. 
 
 wudrdrikriwAyfiA' da za\vun/.-rLis zawim/.-wiitlrifc. 
 
 yi/.M kllsila kwiikfilla kfiwi sa miikwila. 
 
 MekidAtla A'wfi nfda. 
 
 gialapwT gia. 
 
 bunfikawT sTs bahwit. 
 
 bnnakawT sis wafikw. 
 
 PjXami'i.ks of tub SuPBRLATiva 
 
 He is the lowest of all, 
 
 This is the largest house of all. 
 
 This tree is the tidiest tree I hare seen. 
 
 bunali'iki sa nrdnvii. 
 
 gia um walazaki giukw. 
 
 gia um giltakl glosin dukwitl. 
 
 Tho Suporliitivo is also oxpresiscd by adding- the atlverb.s kunldiia, very, aul, truly, and h'miima, 
 very, to tho adjective. KunldHa is used in a bad sonso, e.g., to say "very good" you must not employ 
 kun/cllln, but aul, writing aul eh. 
 
 EXAMI'I.BS 
 
 led. 
 
 A very bad (man), 
 A very good man. 
 
 He is very sicl; 
 
 Very great, 
 
 He is very clever. 
 
 ^■unklilii yaksum 
 aul ek bagwanum. 
 
 I tunklila [sicl; understod), 
 
 I aiili zilikfi [not present). 
 
 I aulig zibk.'i (near speaker). 
 
 [auliU' zihka (mar the per mn spoken to). 
 hinaraa wfdas- 
 luunma egihvat. 
 
 1 . num. 
 
 2. mntl. 
 
 3. yiidfduv. 
 
 12) Nu>rEB.4.Ii AD.IEOTIVE.S 
 A. — Cardinal Numbers. 
 
 4. mfi. 
 •'i. sikia. 
 (i. kukla. 
 
 ' kiiuiiiv'i ftaii kiiw'iyn are longlhcnod forms of Viiwl. 
 
08 
 
 ALFRED .T. HALL : 
 
 it 
 
 , 
 
 
 7. 
 
 rglabu. 
 
 S. 
 
 iin'itltrwiinritl. 
 
 '.). 
 
 lir:]llllllM, 
 
 .1(1. 
 
 lil.Stfl. 
 
 11. 
 
 niima'ATyii. 
 
 ]2. 
 
 iiifitliijiiyi'i. 
 
 l,",. 
 
 yridrili\vn^;iyri 
 
 14. 
 
 liirui);iyri. 
 
 16. 
 
 sikiri^'Iyn. 
 
 10. 
 
 kiiklrigiyfi. 
 
 17. 
 
 aglaburti-'Iyri. 
 
 18. matljiwaiiatlagiy". 
 
 10. nrinuniii^'lyvi. 
 
 liO. iii.'itllHiirmriMstau. 
 
 -1. naiuiuikuuhi. 
 
 22. Immatliiiila. 
 
 23. liayfiiluliyaula, i*i<'- 
 .'iO. yu(lrili\v.suiii>;iri»tau. 
 
 100. lakiiul (ir lUiinpnnyilnT. 
 
 2110. iiiritlpunyMj^i, Ac. 
 
 1,(100. iri/.siiiiiliid {rowid or complete). 
 
 1,000,000. tlinlii ((I imiiihir iiliicli cannot he (ounti'd) 
 
 The number 31 \n expveni^edly i/fidrihivsuntgiristau hm'isa lutm (tliii'ty iinil one), and so on to :i;. 
 which i.s j/iid'ilKCsuingiiiftaii lum'isa sih-i<i. Hut for 'M, because it is nearer 40 than 150, it is usiuil to s;i 
 vidtnrifhumgindaula mi knkkt, ami for li" nidmuskum'jiiislauln sd aglabn. In tlio same manner 4(i i 
 sisikiiiskunuji nstatihi m kuklfi. 
 
 Wiienevcr tiie Indians count their tisii, or ti'inkots, they nay nuw, inutl. and so on up to 10 
 Tiicn tiiey lioijin airain and [!;o over tlie sani<> ijrounil till tliey get to fef", 10, when thoy say mntltami. 
 (jii'isfaii, 20. 
 
 The terminations ofllieir numci'als var^' according' to the shapo of the article I'eCorred to. Thib 
 one (man) ««») "/,(/• ,■ one dollar (because round), num&kuiii ; one pencil (because lontj), nnnuuk ; oin 
 c'lji, nitni'ik kla ; one blanket (because s(iuare), nuiiiktia. 
 
 
 1 . numnkw, 
 
 2. unllukw. 
 ;i. yiulrikw. 
 4. niTikw, 
 r>. .sikiokw. 
 (>. kuklokw. 
 7. a'-'lidiilkw . 
 
 ('() Persons, 
 
 .s. nifitlirwannlrikw. 
 
 II. nrmiimfikw, 
 
 10. nukokw. 
 
 11. iiunifijiwafriyri, 
 
 12. nifilrijtwairTyri. 
 -0. iiiatltsuiii<_'iri,>jtiin. 
 
 21 , mrilltsiimjiiuslau liTnilsa ninmlkw. 
 
 KxAMCl.l'X 
 
 
 ft 
 
 'J'hi'n (ire .W.r af im (jiii.'<iiii ndilnsscd nal iiirtndid). 
 77n'iv (()•(' sij: of 11 O'O'.-'f' ■ iiddrinmil luclndid), 
 How manij men nime'' 
 
 [ leiliil Inn nil n [III iriirh). 
 
 kuklokwunfdiw. 
 
 knklcikwunts. 
 
 uiiirdavn nia/.'? Two, nifdfikw. 
 
 u/.i/.S(liii kM/.- ni.'dilkw. 
 
 CO DciUars, nr anytliini; Knnnd, such as V'niit or I'linvls. 
 
 ninii-sku]ii. 
 
 ni'itl-tsiMii. 
 
 yfiduhw-sum. 
 
 mriskuni, 
 
 sikin-skuiu. 
 
 kukla-skiiin. 
 
 ajjlabu-skinn. 
 
 .s . nifitlgwanntl-f.suni. 
 
 I), iirniiuun-skum, 
 
 10. nukfi-skinn, 
 
 11 . nuiii-.ikiMniij;Iyri, 
 
 12, mritl-t-^iiinii iyfi, 
 
 20. iiiatl-tScnii.L'iuslan, 
 
 21 , naiinmskiwnkaula. 
 
 Oire me gi.v dollurs, 
 
 Where are nvi liio dnlliirn : 
 
 I leant one. dollar a dai/, 
 
 .Vi'tic liorrels, 
 
 Nine liiixen, 
 
 I turn' ten applen, 
 
 KXAMPLKS. 
 
 /aw la liyin kukla-.~knma dfda. 
 
 widi liii ni'itl-lstiina dfilaV 
 
 ii/,i/,sdin klfi/.- nuMiskiniia drda kh iifda. 
 
 ii.'uiuniriskiini (or nrimniiskuma) kw,"ikwoltl-l.suiii. 
 
 nrinuni^kuma jiiMa.s. 
 
 nukfi-skuni gin apples. 
 
A KWArrlUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 69 
 
 1 . nnm-ziik. 
 
 L'. inAll-zrik. 
 
 :l. jnitfiluv-zrik. 
 
 4. inu-zrik. 
 
 ."). sikii'i-zfik. 
 
 (). knklii-zrik. 
 
 7. iigliibn-zAk. 
 
 (c) Logs, Canoes, Pencils, Ac. 
 
 H. mritlj;waniUl-zrik. 
 
 il. iirnuiniri-zak. 
 
 Id. iiuUfi-zak' 
 
 11. nuiii-zrikaglyfi. 
 
 1". nii'itl-zrikngiyri. 
 
 20. niritltsimiirii.stan. 
 
 21 . iiaiiuiiizrikaiila. 
 
 PimLd). 
 
 f"o). llll.l S: 
 
 EXAMI'I.ES. 
 
 Tlurr an- six [loga) on llic hmch, ktikla-zfikri/.' I'li-wA klaniriTs. 
 
 Ilwc munij pencih linre yonf f^in zaki'is kiudi'iyaii kfis? Firr, sikia-zAk. 
 
 I liiirc two amais, mfitl-zakun hwAkwuna. 
 
 so on tr);j,;i 
 I"' -^O. if i.s UH.,,,1 to sa,.] 
 N'lino nijiniiei- 4(j 
 
 ,„, Tlio liour is t'xprcHbed in tiiis nianncr from tlio ideiv of the strokes on tiu' face of tiio ciocU, e.g., 
 " so on uj) fy 1(^1 "one o'clock" in Kwajfiiitl means tiiat tlio cloclv has made or completed one mark; " two o'clork," it 
 ""' '^^^y ^'^y »>''tltmi, hn-* >>>y<li' two marks. 
 
 '« '•o(br,.e,| to. T/,„ ;■ 
 
 It i.t si.f o'clock, 
 ^y|tat o'clock 1.1 il : 
 Fiiv ttrloc.k, 
 
 Ifi kukl.a-zAkila. 
 \\\ j;in zAkila? 
 siklA zfiklla. 
 
 (d) Cups or any Vessels containinj: Liiiiiids. 
 
 nnml/.' kla. 
 niAtl 1]/.- kla. 
 yfidfdiwtiA- kla, 
 nifiwU- kla. 
 sikie/.' kla. 
 kukleil- kla. 
 
 7. aglabriwTt kla. 
 
 S. niAtlgwaiiAtl nl: kla. 
 
 !l. nAmnuTA: kla. 
 
 10. nukei kla. 
 
 1 1 . iiuuii/.' kla giyfi. 
 
 12. niAtl-ii/,' kla giyu. 
 
 MiA)riJi,v 
 
 .S'u; cupn, 
 
 Hon- muni/ ciipn hare yon :' 
 Tdki' thne KpoonfiUi' diiUij, 
 I (mill hud one ylimn, 
 
 KxAMn.RS. 
 
 knklei' klA kwAsta. 
 
 gin noi- kills kwAstek? Fire, sikie/' kla. 
 yriduhwuk kla kis /.A kiazannk kii muuk sa nAla. 
 niniii/.' kla kis niu. 
 
 refers lo whatever enters the mouth. 
 
 0) Day.s, or anvlliing Square such as Blaid;ots or Tobaeco-l'Ings. 
 
 (i 
 
 1. num/.-sa. 
 
 2. niAtlu/,-sa. 
 
 '■'>. yri(h'di\vu/.-sa. 
 
 A. niiU-sa. 
 
 ."i. sikiAA--sa. 
 
 kuklu/.-sa. 
 7. aglabO/.-sa. 
 •S . niAtlgwauAtluAxsa. 
 !t. uAnuinA/.-sa. 
 10. nnkai-sa. 
 
 ExAMrl.KS. 
 
 Another day has passed aHuy, 
 You niiY mr thrci- pairs {lilunkils), 
 (Literally, Ijiiit three pairs on you), 
 There are four plugs of toljaccofor a quarlir, 
 
 la Min /-A T lioyAki da nuni/--sa nAla. 
 j-yudnlnvui'sin gietla iikl. 
 niu/'si da kinkwi kA i <la nuniskum quarter. 
 
 It is more usual to say num pun hwds for one day ; mutt pun hwi'is, two days, tea. ; pun, time, e.g., 
 I have been three times to see you, lin yiidnhw puna wilh dukii-nkl. (^Wnh implies failure.) How 
 many days have you been here? las yins pun hwds ICiho ' Si.\ days, kuklapun hwns. 
 
^1 
 
 
 70 
 
 ALFEKD J. HALL 
 
 !lf 
 
 B. — Mulliplimlives. . 
 
 Although thfso arc advcibs and not adjtM^tives 1 havo, lor conveniem^e sako, phu 
 thoni after the Cardinal Niinibors which J huA'c classed as Adjoctivos of Quantity. 
 
 '■', 
 
 k\ 
 
 Onn, 
 
 Twice, 
 
 TImce, 
 
 Four time>, 
 
 J'h'e limt'n, 
 
 Ten limi's, 
 
 Oite hundred titms, 
 
 One llimmtrul limen, 
 
 Mtimj limm, 
 
 'J line tinusfiiur, 
 
 Four timen Ihrei, 
 
 luiin puna, 
 mfitl puna, 
 ynilt'iliw puna, 
 nii'i punu. 
 flikia [mna. 
 nukfi puna. 
 laUind ]>una, 
 IriiHUiiih-M puna, 
 kl puna. 
 
 yndrilnv puna niu. 
 mfi puna yuilrihw. 
 
 ii'l 
 
 KXAMPI.KS. 
 
 JhiirelieenJirelmeKlo Vicloriii^ hul mi/ futlur 
 
 lian been .vi'ivii limen, 
 Althoiiijk I Imre manij timi n forhiddi n iioii, 
 Three timenfoiir arc tn-dvi, 
 
 lin sikia puna In \i\l; \'ii'torin, I'l tin fimpi la 
 
 anliibfi puna. 
 Hfili nam kl i)una bulfikl. 
 yuduhw puna nu'i niritlaglyi'i. 
 
 I 
 
 C. — Dhtrihidive Numbers. 
 
 («) Persons. 
 
 One liy one, or 1 each, 
 Tiro hi) iuo, or 2 each, 
 Tliree Inj three, or 3 each, 
 Four III/ four, or 4 each, 
 Fire Iii/Jlre, i,r ."i each, 
 
 natl numiikw. 
 Uia i mfilfikw. 
 ya I yiulrikw. 
 mil I nu'ikw. 
 si sikiokw. 
 
 to each. 
 
 (h) Dollars, &c. 
 
 natl num-sknm. 
 
 nia-T ui'itl-tsuni, i*ir. 
 
 10 
 
 • to each. 
 
 (f) Pencils, &c. 
 
 kr-kuklfi-zak. 
 
 ijrlabu-zfik. 
 
 nia-I mritlgwanatl-zfik. 
 
 nl-nanuinri-zAk. 
 
 na-unkfi-zak. 
 
 : 1 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 ('0 Blankets, &c. 
 
 11 
 
 
 nntl nuiiiAsa-gTyn, 
 
 U' 
 
 
 nia-T nirLtlu/.sa-f.'iyri. 
 
 i:! 
 
 ■ /KiirK In Kirli. 
 
 y a tl-y ful I'l /,'w.sa-n 1 y " 
 
 14 
 
 
 nia-I niri/,w>;a-}|!iyri. 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 si-sikiaAsa-giyii. 
 
'^ 
 
 A KWAfirUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 71 
 
 *' "iUilllfity. 
 
 EXAMI",1!«. 
 
 Till ilifcijiltf uriil mil tiro III/ tiro, 
 
 (lilt Hum our {(i)ililr) inch, 
 
 Thrij inch liroiiijlit m'x logn, 
 
 Tlitij riich hate time Imgn of Hour, 
 
 Each man hail twelve pairs of blanhls^ 
 
 There were twenty men in each boat, 
 
 iiiM i mriliikw iiiiiulii (la (llHciplef. 
 
 mvw Inta iirii! luiiii.skiimii ImIi diUwuk. 
 
 ki-kiiklii-Zill; 'rii/yiui no, liibavwi'iiuiiii. 
 
 vAtl yiiiluliw smnT kwu/.A/os. 
 
 ina-I mritliUsu glyi'i gwatn. 
 
 niH-i nifitl tsum giustau la'a na'.iwu sakiis. 
 
 D. — Ordinal Numbers. 
 
 Fir at, 
 
 Folloimiij (Kcond), 
 
 La ft. 
 
 makila. 
 
 atli/.'sdi or iil/.-t'li. 
 
 "1 Minj)? la 
 
 We Ciiiiiiot huy " (his is the second day of tliu iiionth," but, " this is two duyh of tlio moiilli ; " 
 infill pun htvasu inu/ciriln. 
 
 E. — Misvellanemis Numbers. 
 
 (a) Niimbors expressiiiji Bulk. 
 
 Three roiis of soldiers or Ihree ijnmjis. 
 Three jyilrx of hooks, 
 Three heaps of potatoes, 
 The leii commandments, 
 
 Tlio divisions of a sermon or Icctm'e would bo, 
 
 yriilfiliwtdatla aoliliers. 
 yi'idriliwulatlii kiadukw. 
 yfulriliwiilatla kwOsi. 
 nukfilildatla wralduni. 
 
 I . numli-idatla- 
 II. niiUl-ulathi. 
 III. yudrdnvidatla. 
 
 (/)) Nunibors expressing IMeusuronieiil- 
 
 Thiiinh and forijinyer extended, i.e. one nuas- 
 
 urenient of the short hand. 
 Thumb and second Jimier extended, i.e. one ima- 
 
 Diiremeut of the lung hand, 
 Tiro arms exinidid {falliom), 
 J'Vom centre oj breast to ind of ixlended arm, 
 
 iiuuiimnk hl::\ /.uk-zfinfiyi 
 
 luiiupiink Im/.m }.'il-zfinriyi. 
 luinipunk I.i/.m l)rd<la. 
 luikabfuli \va,skuinasaH. 
 
 I ""i ( numpuiik 
 
 .' ]- Juithotiis {or anil measure ;/int mail be usiiig). ^ inatlpunk. 
 
 I J One fathom and a half, 
 
 (_ yiididnvpunk, cV:t'. 
 numpunk liimisa nukabudi. 
 
 {<:) Numeral Verbs. 
 
 / am one, or alone. 
 
 You arc alone, 
 
 Jli is alone (person seen). 
 
 He is alone (thcfurson not seen). 
 
 Two of us {person addressed not included). 
 
 Two of us { person addressed included). 
 
 Tlirij are two, or there are two of them. 
 
 HV arc three, or there are three of w. 
 
 We are four, or there are four of us. 
 
 uumukw iniui. 
 
 " urns. 
 
 " uni. 
 
 '• nil. 
 mrdrikwunrikw. 
 iiirdfikwunls. 
 inalrikw (liUw. 
 
 yudfikwuurihw or yfidfikwunts. 
 mukwunCilnv or mukwunts. 
 
 \. 
 
72 
 
 ALKRKl) J. HALL: 
 
 (8) DlHTINOUISHINO AWEfrrlVEfl. 
 
 K'7, thi-; gimla or >/ik fJitnda, l\uH ; kridii or nih'i-dii, liU or i/ikrihla, that. The Pin 
 "those," " thosi"," has the .Siiiguliir i'orin, except I'or persons, wlien 'WAfkw," the sinn 
 verb plural is added. To say " these chairs," use the plural I'oriu of the noun, e.g., i, 
 
 j^iadu kw'ilaodhdum'dlig . 
 
 KXAMI'l.HH. 
 
 Till iriiid, 
 Till hnu»c, 
 Go lo llir Aoi/ci , 
 
 1. — I'or near olyorts. 
 Thn in the he/I, 
 
 In tmnmr In " Wliicli i> tin' Inul " .' Thin in, 
 nh if nil) pni, 
 
 J. — I'or ilistiint objoctn. 
 Thnl 1.1 till' hint, 
 
 Anmvtr to " Which in thi Ust .' " Tliut in, 
 That 18 my hook, 
 Do you mum this uiu- f 
 No, ki ; thai one, 
 
 ;;.— ( ir if tlio object is still i'artlier oil ijiki'i ilo. 
 Thin in a i/ooil chihl, 
 
 I'l.lIUAl.- 
 
 Thin it II yood child, 
 
 TheKC (mm). 
 Those {mm), 
 
 /il yaiila. 
 ki't jiiiikw. 
 liMjria Ifi /'fi giiiUw. 
 
 ^'ia inn ek iziada. 
 
 ^ia mi ^iaila. 
 
 gia iiiuii kiatliiy'i'^w. 
 
 hit oki (la. 
 
 Ill (II (la. 
 
 Iii din kia(.lriU\vi. 
 
 y'lk (jiadaV 
 
 y'lkuk (la. 
 
 (.'kin j-'infinuni (m'/c Ihf ■•'jHiikir vim puixln lo it- 
 
 Ihf ji'iid j; in iin ahlinriatiuu nf yiada.) 
 okyiH' giiifinuni (ncur pirnoit uddrctscd). 
 
 y\k diUw gwa du. 
 y\k dakw ka da. 
 
 ThI 
 uni 
 
 III.— PRONOUN. 
 
 A Pronoun is a word u.sed instead of a noun lo pnn'eut th»! too freiiueut repetition ot 
 the same word. Pronouns may he classified under the following heads : Personal, Pos- 
 sessive, Relative, Interrogative and Indefinite Adjective. 
 
 BlXGl'LAU: — 
 
 1st Vers., I, me, 
 2n(l Pers., You, 
 lird Pers., Noni., IL', nhe, il, 
 Olij., Him, her, it, 
 Pi.ntAi. : — 
 
 Isl P(31'S., «■(, K.S, 
 
 L'nd Pers., Noni., yim, 
 Obj., you, 
 
 llrd Pers., Mom , they, 
 Obj., them. 
 
 (1.) Personal Pronouns. 
 
 niigwa mil, in, uni 
 ukl, su urn, lis. 
 i, I'l/,-, ij.', fis. 
 ik, fik. Ilk. 
 
 ints, nnts, unfiliw. 
 
 si'ihdaAw. 
 
 diUwukl. 
 
 IrdidiUw. 
 
 dri/.wuk. 
 
 tfmammm 
 
P ""It. Tho PI 
 I"' iho uona, e.g., ^,. 
 
 A KWAOIUTL (iRAMMAU. 
 
 EXAMI-I.KH. 
 (1.) 
 
 73 
 
 'Isr Tkiin. Sin<i. : — 
 
 / (()!(/ (Ai fiillur iifi one, 
 
 /» (inmiir In " ll'/io i/iW iV ,'" I il'nl, 
 
 It it 1, be not ajrtdii, 
 
 All ! friend, it in yov, 
 
 ft is I, 
 
 liklun {iriik a Itummir). 
 
 liyilti'i/ {iiitli a niii), 
 
 yiv iihi wi ilii uiiip iitiiinikw niiiiiiiliw. 
 
 niiijua urn, 
 
 nfiijuxi urn, kwalfi kitlil. 
 
 8au I gla lulo. 
 
 nCigwa um. 
 
 (lirikiin in llic Objoctivo (/'a»o, IhI Person Singulftr, " nic " ; llio I'lural is i/iiikunt.s iiiui ijirikuniihw, 
 tiist Mailable of ginkiiii is lh(! vcib "conic," but, used as llic t)bicclivo, it oxpicsscs iiiotiDn towards ; 
 M$.\» also till) Noniinntivo, but tlioro it in iievor [jrctixod by <tirik. 
 
 
 Come to me, 
 Do you Ion' me . 
 
 kilas Ki."i''iiii- 
 
 llalnvila in'ikw iiia» in a'. 
 
 N.B. — TluM final n is tlio sign of I bo Intonogative. 
 
 ' KiatlaJ 
 fscil). 
 
 L'NI> I'EHS. SlNd. ;— 
 
 Yiiii my yi iijili, 
 
 You my cliitilrai. 
 
 I vlll ylvt' it you (lliinij jirc.ieul), 
 
 I uill yire il ymi [ijift vol jiriniul)! 
 
 I cunu lo you, 
 
 You an the one mianl, 
 
 You arc wanted, 
 
 yfikl >;iakH ili'it. 
 
 Juki srisnin. 
 
 la imin zinv kllsi'iA- li'ikl. 
 
 la iniiii /aw kllHi li'ikl. 
 
 g\i\k 111! li'ikl. 
 
 sfi uiii kwuyaiis. 
 
 uA'Usda BUS. 
 
 «»t repetition of 
 ■ Personal, Pos- 
 
 ;lKI) I'HBH. SjNC. : — 
 
 He will go, 
 
 lie will go, 
 
 He vill go. 
 
 When he v:((n guiiiy diiwii, 
 
 He Ik uvnled hy William, 
 
 John said to him. 
 
 And then John -taid lo him. 
 
 I want it, 
 
 h would jierhajix he leell lo gin h'lni .•'Ome, 
 
 (H.) 
 
 Ifikli (not present, nearly Tjtiin illc.) 
 
 Ifi kin/,' (priHiit iinil mar Ihe perxuu spoken to, Latin isle.) 
 
 I'l kli^r (near the sjnaker, Latin liic.) 
 
 yiAs In i biinntlila. 
 
 iiti^-sda sfis William. 
 
 niki .loliii Mi. * 
 
 IT .John nik yik. 
 
 lUUsdin klTik. 
 
 Is nifi I gla cU ki'i /,a'vlri/.id<. 
 
 IsT Pehb. Pu'k-:- 
 
 We imll yo, 
 
 We uill go. 
 
 When lee see him or if cr see him, 
 
 Oire it to us. 
 
 (40 
 
 la munts lA-kl {person addressed included). 
 
 la niunrdiw iH-kl ( person addressed not included). 
 
 fiW niT Hints dukwilak. 
 
 zaw tsi'i^ giaiminrdiw, or kHaiik giaAunfdiw. 
 
 N.B. — Ki is from kila come; literally, " como it to us." 
 
 Jle is going with us. 
 
 in klfiA- gia^tints oif la klfii jila wunts 
 Sec. II, 188S. 10. 
 
r**"'i 
 
 m 
 
 74 
 
 AFiKUKI) .1. IIAriL 
 
 L'nii I'hhh. ruMi. :— 
 
 ) OH « (• III il, 
 
 I rnrni: In i/iiu, 
 
 I iiill lid,- il (mill ijiiii, 
 
 (B.) 
 
 HnliiliU'w iiiiiii (liikMiilhik. 
 ((iri^iiil liilidiUwi'ikl. 
 \\k-\i\ klin liiliilM^'wiikl. 
 
 tii 
 
 ;iUI> I'KIUt. I'l.lK. ;— 
 
 'llinj (imi miiiiiii In Inm, 
 Tliiij ituhd him, 
 III' ininiinil llii III, 
 Ami mill iitilii Ihiin, 
 
 («.) 
 
 I.iIhIiU'w wiiklnk. 
 
 lii nrnnU'iiii hiliilji^niik. 
 
 k.iH niki h'iliil:i/'»iik. 
 
 N.n. In (irdiiiary cnhvcr^MtiDii iIk- IiiiliiiiiN i^ciu'i'iilly cmiiloy llic Siiif^iilar wlicn^ Wf 
 ox|H'iU. tlio I'liiiiil lorin; v. g., 'I'vll llicin, luli lulur. 
 
 Ci) POHSKSSIVE I'RONOUNS. 
 
 ii* 
 
 I ■■: 
 
 % 
 
 htiiii, 
 
 I'ourc, 
 
 (IniB, 
 It 
 
 Yimri', 
 Tliiim, 
 
 IIIIH. 
 Ill'lH. 
 
 Imtt. 
 
 niiH iiiiiiilK' 
 
 litis iiuiiu'iliw. 
 
 lius (li'iAw, 
 
 Mil, 
 
 Yinir, 
 
 IHk, 
 
 )'(>iir, 
 Tliiir, 
 
 Mil, 111. 
 
 iiiiiN, iH, na. 
 iiiu, i, 08. 
 
 iM (luitw. 
 dri<:waj)> 
 
 lOxAMl'IKH. 
 
 '"'u 
 
 
 Il il niiiii, 
 
 II ix ynurf, 
 
 II i.1 liin, 
 
 Il in ours (iiidmliiiij njirihir), 
 
 Il id ours ((HdjiuIc imjiliid), 
 
 " {no clix]iuli'), 
 It is ijuurn, 
 llieij are theirn, 
 
 This tit my ho 
 
 ».<(•, 
 
 (1 
 
 i/oiir 
 A 1,1 
 
 
 u 
 
 otic 
 
 
 It 
 
 do. 
 
 ijour 
 
 
 II 
 
 lluir 
 
 
 TInit 
 
 is mil 
 
 Iiiiusi; 
 
 a 
 
 your 
 
 11 
 
 41 
 
 liin, liii 
 
 II 
 
 TIai 
 
 t is our house, 
 
 ' 
 
 ' j/onr 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 Iheir 
 
 It 
 
 rids 
 
 hovM is 
 
 mini', 
 
 H 
 
 " is 
 
 iionrs. 
 
 II 
 
 " is 
 
 h is. 
 
 " 
 
 " is ours. 
 
 II 
 
 " is 
 
 ijours. 
 
 U 
 
 " is 
 
 tliiirs. 
 
 inisu/.'. 
 
 Iimhiiim/' ; linHiiii ((;' Ihiiii/ njirnd In iml lisilili), 
 
 hllHuA'. 
 
 nt'iH niiint.s Tik. 
 HUH innnnliwiik. 
 mis unriliwrik. 
 lu'is iliHw nml,: 
 Ims (liUwfi k:i. 
 
 ),'ia mun );iukwik. 
 
 gia unis jjiiv.wa. 
 
 gia mil jiiukw si yik. 
 
 j:ia imint.s giiikwik. 
 
 ji\a iiHinrilnv dci. 
 
 j;ia iiins jxiiikw ilfi/.-w gwfi. 
 
 gin iiiu Hiukw (liUw si yik. 
 
 yfi iiiiin giukwuA-, 
 VM iitiiM iiiiikwfi/.'. 
 yn nni iriukw si. 
 
 >ri imuita }.'iukwriA-. 
 yu mils giukw diUwuA'. 
 yfi uiii giukw datwsl. 
 
 iius lU' giukwa- 
 lifis iV,' giukwa. 
 liiisiUwrdi giukwa. 
 ufisiiitsrikw giukwa. 
 lifis dri^wfii- giukwa- 
 liiia dri^-wii/.-wfik giukwa. 
 
 gw 
 
A KWA(iIUTL GHAMMAU. 
 
 76 
 
 ,'lll;i/' w|„.,.,. 
 
 Wo nIh 
 
 I'll, ill. 
 """', IK, lis. 
 
 
 '" ""I li.wi/,t,). 
 
 lirinij m>f hatt 
 
 *' 
 
 your liiit, 
 
 tt 
 
 hit hill, 
 
 (t 
 
 our lialu, 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 ijiiur hiiU, 
 
 14 
 
 Ihrir hiitu, 
 
 »■/»,• 
 
 • in 7/11/ 11.11 .* 
 
 " 
 
 in your 11.11' 1 
 
 tt 
 
 in hin (Ur f 
 
 14 
 11 
 
 in miv iixf t 
 u 
 
 " 
 
 in ijiiiir ii.ir f 
 
 (t 
 
 in Ihiii- 11.11' .' 
 
 / // ;// 
 
 ijii Id mil fnlliir, 
 
 • 
 
 III finiir falhir, 
 
 " 
 
 III hin fiilhir, 
 
 It 
 
 III iiiir/iilhi i; 
 
 " 
 
 III iiunr (iillii i\ 
 
 '■ 
 
 III Ihi ir I'liltii r, 
 
 This in viii chiltf, 
 
 " 
 
 " mil, 
 
 " 
 
 " iTli, 
 
 " 
 
 " nlin'p. 
 
 " 
 
 " //(//, 
 
 (1 
 
 piiilillr. 
 
 kiU iNiii klutiiintl. 
 
 kiln InIh kliitiiintl-ria. 
 
 kilulH klutiuiitl-iiH, 
 
 kila iHintM kli-klatiuiill. 
 
 kilu iHiiiuliw kll-kluMinitl. 
 
 kilAli iliUw III tniN kli-kliililiiill-rm. 
 
 kiliitx kli-klaliiiiill (lUwii^. 
 
 wi/.iii Mnb'iyri '.' 
 wTillM Hi'iliriyrm'.' 
 Willi tfiljiiyaui'.' 
 \\ iilllils Miibfiyri ? 
 « iiliimiliw .siilifiyu '.' 
 wiilin srilPMyuli ilrUwii? 
 w'i (li sfiliiiyuh iliiA'WUH'.' 
 
 I;l lilllli la-kl Ifi /.nil riiil|>;l. 
 Ill inllll lli-kl l:i/. HIIMt, 
 III lllllll l:i-kl Im/.' rtlll|lllH. 
 
 Ill lllllll ifi-kl Im /lints rnn]iil. 
 hi iiinn l;i-kl l;i/iinrili\v riniim. 
 Ill iMiin lli-kl lA/.' iiiiK ilii^wii. 
 Ill Minn Ifi-kl 111/' riiiip ilfi/wiiM. 
 
 u'lu lllllll L'inriiiuiii;:. 
 (.'ill lllllll /HiiiinkHin. 
 ).'iii lllllll u'IonI;.'. 
 ({in lllllll IrniiiiiliV'W. 
 ^ia lllllll kiikru'iijw. 
 \i\a lllllll lMlttriyriv;w. 
 
 N.iTK. 
 
 oailii ■ 
 
 -Tlio linn! ij is from ;//« "lliis''; wrillcii rtiily, llio lust .-.onli'iU'O winilci lie, (//(( iinin iKi'ili/'i 
 
 'riiin ix iiiji J'lilhi i; 
 'I hill ii iiiij rliilil, mill ov iliiiiiihli I', 
 " Irii; 
 " " nhiri>, 
 
 (I'li III /lis huiinr, 
 
 (in mill mt'iiil ijiiiii' iii'l, 
 
 Miniliiiij hin 111 I, 
 
 Mi'iidiiuj llicir vein, 
 
 Tlii'ij I nlrmli'il him In Imrr Onir iiniiilrii. 
 
 il'm lllllll riiiip i;iiiilii. 
 yii iiiuii /wumikwu/,'. 
 yfi iiiuii j;l(j.sri/. 
 yi'i iniiii irniirulii-wii/,. 
 
 Inigia liiA' (riiikwas. 
 
 li:lL'iii kiiiiHiiln/.s kinlMyfi. 
 
 kniiafi /.Th kigliiyii. 
 
 kiiiiK:ili (Ifi/'W Ais ki-kighlyri, 
 
 kill iki/\v liuwri/'-iilrik kfi liowd sis awiiiiijrwis iIm/wiis. 
 
 (3) TIeiative Pronot'Ns. 
 
 Who, vhiim, Ihnl, irjricli. 
 
 vi/i lia or /T ila. 
 
 FAAMri.I->'. 
 
 Thin in he of wliom I njiiil,'i;, 
 
 III' who helteriih not, 
 
 III' who iloin what in riijlit, 
 
 III who mm irith ifon, 
 
 III' inhnm IhoH lovi'nl in nick. 
 
 yi'i niiin kwayii wii/.- yi/.- gin iiikij; 
 
 yi/i (la kiMa likwiHii. 
 
 yii'i ila uki\ /fi aula. 
 
 yi/I <la iiuiiirigwis da yiis. 
 
 /.T (la tlnhwila yiis zilikA. 
 
76 
 
 ALFRED .1. TTALL: 
 
 i ,;!:'i' 
 
 ilhi 
 
 M 
 
 In l-lio fiillowiiiij; soiilciices llic IJi'liUivc docs not :i|)i)e;ii' 
 
 U'/i.Ti' ix till chilli iilii) ntulf mil lull ' 
 117/, 17 is III. hnol.- Hint I hut:' 
 
 \\T 111 il:i jjiiiMiiiim a fiilfitl-id /.tin klatiinitl '.' 
 ui ni il;', KiiiiliiUwri un livisA inatHiiwu? 
 
 4) lNTi:iii;(i(iA'ri\K l'l;oN()UN^ 
 
 17,.- . 
 
 117,0 iirf ijoii / 
 117,,) IdIiI lion .' 
 Wliii-li ilii !/'iii ilisir, .' 
 Wlml 'III iimi »<i„,' / 
 
 iiiij;\vi 
 
 Which/ iihiit.' 
 
 I'aAMI'I.KS. 
 
 iinjiWM.s .' 
 iiiiiiwi nikiii ukl " 
 \vi (lis ii/,i/.siliisii\va ' 
 iiiMsis ri/,-I/.siIasaw!i \ 
 Til iilmiii sh-ill „v ,;o .' 
 
 H7,(,( lire i/iiii iluiiiij .' 
 W'liiil liiiir jiiiafiiiiiiil .' 
 W'liiil in the iiiiinf 
 What ,()■,' ijiiii ilvinii .' 
 kfi iiiiLiwi siinnliw hi fi s:i ? 
 
 ve 
 all 
 
 m.'i zaus . 
 nifisris Itik '.' 
 mrisa zikialuiii a? 
 nifisis ii/'sfikw <li1/.u;r 
 
 N'li'i'K,- -( ioncrally all -rntfiii'i's llial ask i|iu'sli'iiis oiiil in ,(. 
 
 (."i) Tniiki-initf. AlUK('TI^•l•: riiONox'Ns. 
 
 .Vrxic, not aiiii. 
 Uao no dill' arrlnd .' 
 Hnri' jioi: mill iijifilif ' 
 
 kiyiis 
 
 Ulyos ;na !.'iri/.a n '.' 
 
 kiviis as Tihiils '.' ,ir mIhiIs iifikw mas '.' 
 
 Ndl'K. — Tlio laller x'liU'iirc iiioans. •■ If y.ui liaw noni", I will i;ivt' ymi sdinc.'' ft is riiiio to 
 ku/as, '■ I liavc noiio,' in I'cplv id an aiipoal. J{alln'i' say, " Wlu'iu'O siiall 1 irel it ?'' kl/« irlzi.^l I 
 (>r, " Wiiero shall il I'linir tVdin ? ' ki'i ii'isJ iich-'iili. 
 
 K\ \MI'I.K,S. 
 
 ■ J 
 
 ■ ■ I 
 1 ifli 
 I Mi 
 
 nfiliwa- 
 
 disciples silri/.' iifdiwri tilkwalTiklaya. 
 
 la ilia Im/.j nriliwri L.'iiik\v. 
 
 ua-ukw. 
 
 uiiL'w un wa-nkw '.' 
 
 .1//, 
 
 Miihi ilifi-ijil, .1 III nil iiiiliiiiis. 
 
 On illlll il'l I'll llOllfC. 
 
 X„m- , 
 
 117,,) ,')■, nil mil niili- .' 
 .Siiiiic siiji (Illlll lliuii iirDJiiliii till /',i;)/,'.«/, .«■),/„■ iiiki ila wa-nkw .Inli.i h'l Baptist, nik li ila wa-fikiv Kli;i 
 
 EliiiK. mill othir< Ji rnniiili. wa nik ti da wa-fikw .liTcniiali. 
 
 7)i,v )'.«,, fijrwila. 
 
 / /,(,,-,■ t!,i ,)//„r, kiyosiii ut:wila- 
 
 (illur, num. 
 
 H7„iv ,'•, (/,, nllur ' wi ni da nnin 
 
 Such, siinihtr, lii kwix, nmnrihyis 
 
 1 III irr xiiir such n innn hifm-i, lii mini iilli niim pun ilrikwilM^- liairwrniiini a In kwix. 
 
 /( in lint Ukl il, kis nMiiiilhviK. 
 
A KWAGIUTL (iRAMMAR. 
 
 77 
 
 I"" kliUiinid 
 
 |l!l(,s;i\\a'.' 
 
 injs '.' 
 
 '"•^ ZJIIIS? 
 
 "'■'«iizikialiiiiia'.' 
 
 IV.— VEin}. 
 
 A vorl) is used, lor the most part, lo aliirm some kiud ol' iiction. Actions take place 
 under a great variety of eireumslaiiees ; particularly in rel'erence to the time at which 
 they occur. Hence there is a great numher ol' relations which we have to express hy tlie 
 verb. For this reason in every language it has hy I'ur the greatest variety ol' inllexion ol' 
 all the dillerent parts of speech. 
 
 Voice. — 11' we consider an action on the one hand as expressing what anything does 
 or on the other hand as expressing what is done to it, we indicate these dili'ercnces hy 
 the Active and Passive Voices, as ; — 
 
 ■ iii' AciivK. — I slrikc, iiitihl(l!ii \ 
 
 P.\sMVi;. — 1 Mill slnirU, iiiiiluillminni. 
 
 
 Mood. — 11' we considi'r the mode or manner in whicli an action is done, we nu»y 
 consider it either as an actual reality, or as a possibility, or as a command. Tlie expression 
 of these dillerent circumstan(^es gives rise to what are <ailed "moods" 'Die Kwauiull 
 verbs have I'our moods. 
 
 (1.) Indicative Moon, — This simply aliirms or denies. Tie will go, A7 k/7 ; he will 
 not go, k/.'i k/' /(7-k/. 
 
 (2.) SuHiUNCTiVE Mood. — Verbs in this mood form part ol" a dependent sentence and 
 ar(^ preceded by a conjumtion, such as, "in order that,'' "that." "it" ; they are jireceded 
 or followed by another verb not in the subjunctive. 
 
 Iaami'I.ks. 
 
 That I WKi;/ Wi'dv il, 
 
 I lidvi' rntiif III litor iioii, Dull I imui hiliiii' il, 
 
 Tlmt ijiiu Hill II In I'll ri nil'. 
 
 If I yi) //iti'i , 
 
 // I liiiil ijmr llnr, , 
 
 liiiii rik\vi.sik. 
 
 jriaA-iiiiiii lifiUlilnkl kun ukuisik. 
 
 kfis illswisa fi.s iiia/iiii. 
 
 kuiiklri la IriU. 
 
 i.'il inn l:'i/s ilin la lak- 
 
 '' 'la Ha-fikiv I.;ii.,>, 
 
 (;i.) CoNlirrioNAi, Ol! PoTENTUl, Mooi). — Tills imidics the possibility of an action 
 under a certain condition, expressed by another verb in tiu' subjunctive, as, 1 may go, 
 la /nil /ilkiiii. The signs of this mood are li'i/: and li'iks. 
 
 Kx \Mri.Ks 
 
 ""'•'Im kHlv. 
 
 
 I mail j/ii if iiii/fiillur ijiim, 
 
 I mil/Ill linrr liii ii liiiii. 
 
 If I liiiil gone IIii:ti\ I iniijlil luiir Imii injiiri'il, 
 
 III lllllll lIllVO', 
 Il mivi ruin, 
 Il miijlil linn rnivul, 
 Il limkn likr ruin, 
 Il iiill jurliiiiin mill, 
 
 la mil la/,un, ki'i la Iritiin riiii|ia. 
 
 1:1 lri/,s dm yilkwa or la liyis la^tiliil vilkwa. 
 
 ^'il mil la/s ilili la l.'ik, Ifi IfiAs iliii yilkwa lak. 
 
 ylA'Wa Uik. 
 yfitrwa la/,', 
 yfigw.a la/\S(li. 
 yrinwa liyis \:ik\ 
 yfigwa triaiiiiui kll. 
 
§ 
 
 78 ATiFRHB J. IIATX : 
 
 Here we have the iudicative with an adverb : — 
 
 lean go (if the poiiyr lo r/o nas dniiid). La inn la/uii, 
 
 I con iinprimn i/ou, wiilfi LUun klnkl. 
 
 iJo iiuu kiioir that I ciii iinjiriidu itnu .' kaiiklila /.:ui iiuisl/; f.'iii Willi Ifi/,- ^ukla? 
 
 J)u iiiiti Liiuirtlidt I l,i(i-e jKiini' t'l kill ijiiii > kaiiklil;i /.an iMa>I/,' i.'in llil;1 iiia.sT in/- iifikla '. 
 
 Note. — Tlic >ylhililc :au oxjii'ossos anncr ami imiiaticncy. 
 
 (4.) Impkrativk Mdol). — This is used when ;i comiiiund is expressed. 
 
 I'AAMl'l ICh. 
 
 Speak lo him, 
 'I'ol-i ifodiiil, 
 
 yakiiiitalrila. 
 yfikuiitiil.i Mk. 
 ll/.■llla^:i;"lku• "(• u/.Tdnkw. 
 
 
 Pauticii'I.ks. — A pniticiplc is :i i)MVt of the verb Mid receives its name from the i'a<i 
 tliat it i);ntiiii)ates in tlie nature oltlie adjective and the nonn. hi'li/'i is the sign ol' tlic 
 Kwaiiintl participle. (Jo. I'l : going, h'l-'uK'iif. It is sonutinies added to tlu^ negativi' 
 adverb instead of the verl). Tims. " lor his not going home,' would be : " for his notiiit; 
 go home," Aw T.s' Iz'n'ii/'i h'l mnnlnr. lii'iifi is often added to a noun and then it is equivalent 
 to "kind ot," e.g., Which child ' iif'ts'i <iiii'ii/iim 'iii'iyiiaf 
 
 Tensks — Tf we take into consideration the time at which an action is performed, 
 and express it, this gives rise to the employment of what are called " tenses," which help 
 us to point out any action as being either Present, Past or Future, as ; T strike, niiilni/iii or 
 miihiiin: I struck, ntiik'nlikiliii : I will strike, nivh'id-kliii. Kd is the sign of the Past Indic:)- 
 tive, and ksd of the Past Subjumtive and Conditional ; /.•/ is always the sign of the Future 
 (/./ is also the termination of the personal pronoun, ■2nd person singular). The Preseni 
 tense is often iised for the Past if the action is recent, e.g., " he struck me to-day," miilih/i 
 oi'iukiiH kh't k»'-7 H'lln. Most tenses have two forms, the ordinary and the emphatic, e.g. 
 " 1 have been," I'tkdiii : but if this is denied or you wish to state the fact stronger, In 
 umkdiu, " I did go," oi', ■but I have been." In the same manner, " 1 will go.'' Id klin or In 
 am klin. 
 
 ■:i (!' 
 
 NUMHi;it AND PliRSON. — The numbers ar»' two in every tense and mood, the Singuhir 
 and the Plural. Each number has three pensons ; the 1st person is the jx'r.son speaking; 
 the 2nd is the person spoken to; and the ;ird is the person spoken of The subjects 
 of verbs are nouns or pronouns. Most of the personal pronouns are allixed to the verb. 
 They sometimes both precede and follow the verb, but then they form .separate words, 
 e.g., "that I may come to you," kmi oiu\Ci li'kl. 
 
 r- 
 
A IvWAGlUTL GRAMMAR 
 
 79 
 
 -'Ilk la? 
 
 (1.) Conjugation of Verbs. 
 
 The conjugation olu verl) is a written display ov recital olilb (liUcrcMt voices, moods, 
 teuscs, piuliciples, nuniberb and persons. 1 shall now proceed to cunjuyate the verb to 
 "strike," muhyu. 
 
 iVoT?;. — A.\'Wv tlie (ii'st toiiso tlio iMijrli.sh i'i|iiivalchl of (lie loii.se will only bo given once, tlie 
 difibrcnco of person in llin lenses lieiiii;- indicMlcil liy llic nnnibois 1, 2, ;i. The nolCH in brueUotb 
 (1), (2), kc, rcl'er to llio " Motes on the Veib " at the onil of the eonjugation, (j)p. S6, 87.) 
 
 nun." IVom tW ];„ i 
 
 ' 'o "'"' neo,,tiv„ 
 " W |)i.s notii,„ 
 
 '» '■' '■« <'fiuivalen( 
 
 o» i« porforn,,.,!, 
 •^<^s." which help 
 '*<'''Ivo, rnuhl,/,;,. or 
 "i^' Pus( liuii,.,,,. 
 ^•»o''theFu,,„,,. 
 
 ■'•• 'i^Jl'' PlV.S,.,|| 
 
 ' *^»ipJiatie, ,..o . 
 '•■t .s(roi,„.y,.^ /„ 
 
 I'o/' /'' /.//■« or A/ 
 
 I the Siiignl.,,. 
 ^on spcjikiiii,.; 
 'I'he subjects 
 J to the verb. 
 >arate words. 
 
 (ioiijiiKiitioii I. 
 
 TliE VEK15 Miiluri : .Strike. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 1 N i) I (A T I V !•; .M ()(» 1) . 
 
 l'i!i:sB^T Tknsk. 
 
 / Klrikc (many times)- 
 
 •J. Than xlrlLut, Miilo' 
 
 (I.) 
 
 1= 
 
 I'l.lUAl 
 
 1. WrsiriLc, 
 
 L'. I'OM .t<ri<(', 
 :i. 'I'luy 4rih; 
 
 C iiits oi' im'i'iw 
 Miiliy - \ fill .iri/,ws 
 
 (Mlnla/,\vi 
 
 l'.\sr 'rUNSES. 
 
 / .'.7)v7.i or flrucl,' (once, no jmrliriilar time). (') 
 
 8is<.. 1. 
 
 ri.ii!. 1. 
 
 Mnliid • 
 
 in 
 is 
 
 ( inls iir 1 
 
 do. } ill dfi/.'W; 
 
 ( ill dafrw 
 
 inls iir infilnv 
 
 s 
 
 Sl.Mi. I. 
 
 (3.) 
 / s(rwl,' liiiu (t<i-day). 
 
 lin klrik 
 Mnliidik - .^ di.s !k 
 dik 
 
 I'l ii:. 1. .Miihldikdintstik ('!■ diiirdiwfik, i^c. 
 
 (5.) 
 I utrnck (two weeks or niniitliH a^o) 
 
 SiNll. 1. 
 
 I'l.rii. 1. 
 
 ( Tdii 
 Muliidili - -; Idii- 
 
 lin 
 
 III! 
 
 C idints nr idiiuiliw 
 to. < diUwidis 
 (_ diU HI 
 
 (■^■) 
 
 Hilt J ilid flriki him (emphatic I'oriii). 
 SiNi^ 1. ( daiuun klrdi 
 
 2. MuliT •< isik 
 
 ( dai 
 i - i isil 
 (ik 
 
 I'l.uu. 1. Muhid-inlsrik or imihwak 
 
 (4.) 
 
 Hill I iliil ■•ti-ihc liiiii (eniplialic form). (') 
 SiNc I. C din klak 
 
 2. Muhida-umk - } disik 
 
 3. ( dik 
 
 t'l.iH. 1. Miilikla-iimk - diiilsilk or dinTiliwrik, Ac 
 
 (6.) 
 
 Hill I ilid ftrikc (enipliatie form, 2 weeks or even 
 () months ajio). 
 
 Si Mi. 1. 
 
 2. Muliidihida ■ 
 
 it. 
 
 ri.in. 1. 
 
 do. 
 
 C mnn 
 
 I - i iinis 
 
 (_ niT or nm (') 
 
 ^ miint.s 
 !_ nnuiiihw 
 
80 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 :i!i^ 
 
 :;| 
 
 ALFEED J. HALL: 
 
 Mvhyd: Strike. 
 ACTIVE. {Conlimml.) INDU'ATIVK. (Con(mu.(/.) 
 
 I'asi THNSEiJ. (Con(mu(v/.) 
 
 (7.) 
 /liK? thm I striicl: him (used in narration'). 
 
 (8.) 
 
 SiNt 
 
 SlMi. 
 
 1. 
 
 Lin 
 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Las 
 
 
 • niuliiduli 
 
 
 15. 
 
 LI 
 
 
 ri.Lii 
 
 1. 
 
 Lints 
 
 or lini'diw 
 
 ) 
 
 
 2_ 
 
 Lrihd, 
 
 liws 
 
 ■ do. 
 
 
 a. 
 
 Lali t 
 
 a/,\vi 
 
 ('■'.) 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 / j/ri), 
 
 /; liiiii (yeste 
 
 rday). (') 
 
 Si Ml. 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 r inl<lM; 
 
 
 -■ 
 
 
 .Muliidutl 
 
 - } t.sil; 
 [ik 
 
 I'l.i'n 
 
 . 1. 
 
 
 
 C int.s'iU III' im'diwak 
 
 
 ■ > 
 
 
 do. 
 
 } tsTk 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 (11.) 
 
 (^ dfi/.wutlik 
 
 
 W 
 
 itli varied ulijoi't. (He KlrncL—.) 
 
 SlMI. 
 
 77,.,, 
 Illm 
 
 
 .Mnliidiitl 
 
 ( liikl 
 
 lYii, 
 
 . 1 >, 
 
 
 
 f gia/ttints 
 
 
 ]■»», 
 
 
 do. 
 
 J ^:iri/,unrdi\v 
 ■ Ifdi dAA-wnUl 
 
 
 Tin lit, 
 
 
 
 lah diUwnk 
 
 Anil then I I'll- nek Aim (used in narration). (') 
 SiMi. I. r sin ") 
 
 •J. L;i mi } si.s >• niuliiduk 
 
 :;. ( si \ 
 
 ri.i!!. 1. Lii mi sint.s niuliiduk, &('. 
 
 (Id.) 
 / ,//,' Kirihi him (yesterday). ('') 
 (Eniiiliatic I'onii.) 
 SiMi. 1. La miitlin uuiliiduk,itc. 
 
 (12.) 
 ^alne tense some time af.'o. (//, utruck — .) 
 
 SiNc:- .V,-, r (^ifi^-un 
 
 Tha; Muludilii<lT - ] lukl 
 
 Him, 
 
 I'l.i II. I'k, 
 
 You, 
 Them, 
 
 do. 
 
 giriiunls 
 
 jiinA'uiirdiw 
 
 irdi (Iri/.wnkl 
 t irdi dfiA'wuk 
 
 BlNI 
 
 I'Ll 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 
 i=TII 
 
 Sixi:. 1- Lfi klin 
 •-'. Lfi kli.s 
 ;•.. La kli 
 
 (13.) 
 / "I's/i 7 /,„(; slrncV him. 
 f^iM- L C - Iiyin kink or klriki,)r klfikw 
 
 ALiln.likdalr, - i {,ht,oii pn.^enl) 
 
 - liyiis rdv ' 
 
 - Iiylk, iVc. 
 
 
 
 
 FCTIIM 
 
 TkNSIvS. 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1.) 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 will 
 
 Irikc him- 
 
 
 .'■llM . \. 
 
 
 
 r klin klak 
 
 SlN(i. 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^\ 
 
 uliid - \ kli.s ik 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 (klik 
 
 
 I'l.iii. i. 
 
 
 
 , klinlSi'ik orkliiu"di\vrd< 
 
 
 '» 
 
 
 
 do. dil/'w klisik 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 1 " klik 
 
 
 (2.) 
 />'«/ / «,7/ flr\];e him (cnililialie form). 
 
 :lk 
 
 r klin kliili 
 Muhida um - X kli.xik 
 
 ( klik, itc. 
 
 (3.) 
 
 / \e\ll ijo ((»'/, or iim (joinii to, ulrike him. 
 ^ Pl.Llt. 1. Lm klints or la 
 
 '- .Mulnii klak kliniiliw 
 
 2. Lrdi daiw kli8 
 li. Lrdi daJ'W klT 
 
 ' Another way of saying " t wish you had struck him " would bo mMdikdalnk, 
 
 Muhid klak 
 
^' 
 
 (Conlinn,;!.) 
 
 ) 
 
 ise.l ill narration), o 
 
 y iniilildiik 
 
 uk, &c. 
 
 I 
 
 t'Storday). («) 
 brni.) 
 
 Muliklikl 
 
 1 i,-.i.i 
 
 A KWA(UUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 ViiTiiitw Tkn-sek. (Conlinml.) 
 
 (4.) 
 Willi v.ariod oUjert. (//f mil xlriLr-—) 
 knn Vn". ('.V, 
 
 Mid »■""• 
 
 I. Tlinii, 
 
 81 
 
 IMI'KRATIVK MOOD. 
 
 (1.) 
 SlKO. Muliynla, .v(ri/.v. 
 
 MnhidfiUw ' or niuliitlaKiriUw,' .v'riAv /I'l-t. 
 
 Muhidrihyu/.', W /lim «triki: 
 Pmjk. MiihUlnliyintfirik, M "•-< ."'W'' ''""• 
 
 Muhidili d,Uw lAhyfdnvrik, Id Hum drikc hrm. 
 
 (2-: 
 
 >,'in/,-iintsurniri/,iiuMliw 
 irdi dfikwukl 
 irdi dfiAwuk 
 
 Miilndiiniri/.iin, .•<'n7,ri»-'. 
 Midiida siiraniu'diw, aliib («. (') 
 
 '"• {fr, struck—.) 
 ri;U-na 
 
 jriri/imtN 
 Kin/.iinrili\v 
 
 inii (in/.wfiki 
 
 I l:"di diU'wuk 
 
 liiiticfdi-iii). 
 [■kiln kl.lk 
 
 kliwlk 
 . I<lik, &c. 
 
 lid klak 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOO D. 
 
 PUESENT TuNfiK. 
 
 (I.) 
 
 That 1 limn I'Iriki him. 
 BiMi. 1. Knn nnilndikw 
 
 2. Kfis niuliida fisfdiW 
 
 3. Kfi muliidi .sikw 
 
 Plur. 1. Kiints muhulikw 
 
 •2. Kas niiiliTdili dfiAwa Tiafikw 
 ;;. Ku muliidih diUwi sik 
 
 L, si 1 should "Iviki: liiiii. 
 
 SiNii. 1. Tikliu 
 
 2. fiklas 
 
 3. Akli 
 
 I'l.uii. 1. fiklinuliw 
 
 2. i'lklrdi di'ifcwas 
 
 3. i'lklrdi dfifcw 
 
 , uiuliidaliUukw 
 
 (3.) 
 JJ 1 strike him. 
 
 SiNc. 1. Kunklii 
 
 2. Krisii 
 
 3. Ku 
 
 ri.VK. 1. KuntsCi 
 
 2. Kfdi dfiA'WBfi 
 3 Kfihdrifcwu 
 
 niuludalriA'iik 
 
 Past Tessis. 
 
 SiNC. 1. Kunklu 
 
 2. Kfisii 
 
 3. Ku 
 Pix'U. 1. Kuntsu 
 
 If I lunl dnwk him. 
 
 I muluda lafcuk 
 
 Or, 
 
 o , 1 f din ^ 
 
 Siso. 1. 
 
 2 (ill uni kU-8 "'8 
 
 3. 1 ^>' 
 
 P.XB. 1. I <i'"'« 
 
 iiiuluJilk 
 
 (2.) 
 When I had strm:k him. 
 
 SiNfl. 1. f "'"» 
 
 2. GilludaJ ""IS 
 
 3 I um or mi 
 
 Plir. 1 t niuni-iliw 
 
 9 , ( inns 
 
 ^. . t Ml. 1 7 ;.«. T.li» J 
 
 im or mi 
 
 inuliidiik 
 
 9 , ( >"i 
 
 ^- Gilli ilriAw iJa I jjj 
 
 . ,n added because potion to be struck present. 
 
 Sec. 11, 1888. 11. 
 
■ -''-m 
 
 82 
 
 f 
 
 ('I 
 
 Sim;, i. 
 3, 
 
 AVTIVK. {Cnvlniwd. 
 
 ^L¥Rm^ i, HALL: 
 Mvhyd: Strike. 
 
 I'Asr TKN.SK.S (Vimlhiii,;!:, 
 CI) 
 
 .SUJUl'NCTIVK. (r„„„„„„/.- 
 
 Will, variiMl ul,j,,,-t. (lhmh,l,il,n,rMr„H 
 Me, 
 Tliee, 
 Him, 
 Ux, 
 
 Miilikli- J '•'k«(if lukl 
 I M/-,s.lik 
 
 [iiiiiliKlii hi/ 111, 
 
 Ki'ti'rkTknsh. 
 
 /.'/"(// /I'lir xiriicl,- III 
 ■^INi— 1. I/i l,Uim ^ 
 
 -'• l-fi l.Us I 
 
 I'm I!.— Ln liUiimikw 
 
 <-'ON])ITI0XAL l\10()j,. 
 
 I'KBSE.NT Ti:N>iKS. 
 
 (1.) 
 
 7 11(111/ slrilY hi, II. 
 
 In/ 1111 lilrik 
 Muliida- ^ l,i/,s;k 
 In/Tk 
 
 (3.) 
 
 i. J/c, 
 
 2. 77«.f, 
 
 .'). Hitn, 
 
 1. tl?, 
 
 J^IM.. I. 
 
 ^\'ith varied olijert. (//,- ,„„,^ ,,r,7,,,_ 
 
 f jjiiU'iiH 
 J Ifikl 
 ^Jlilndil li'i/ - j ik 
 
 lgi:Uiml'j 
 
 (10 
 
 / iii![/lit hdir ulriivk hhii. 
 \ Jn/sdfk 
 liU-sdis sik 
 
 (2.) 
 I >na:/ ,.7n7v /„■„, (empliatic lorni.) 
 
 felN<.. 1. r,, 
 
 ., i la/'im kl.ik 
 
 -• Midiida mil - J l,u-sik 
 
 ( IiU-ik 
 i'l IH. 1. Mulnda mil hl/iiniiliwnk 
 
 (4.) 
 / mill/ ptrhiipH atrik, him. 
 
 SlNC. ]. 
 
 Ai . -J . r ''' ''''" ^^'' kr 
 
 -• -Uuhida gianuins - j fc-,kl tsT ki 
 
 „ ■'■ (wkliki 
 
 iui;. J. MnliidagiHnmi.8t;1klinrd,wak;. 
 
 Past 'J'knsks. 
 
 3. 
 
 .^IM.. 1. 
 
 In/'S dints ak 
 
 muiifdil, du/tt„iii];Usdrk. 
 
 f ""I'j ,„ /■hopi, hai: ytnich liini. 
 wisin ) 
 '«giam,ma^ wlsi« f muhidiliyda 
 "fsi J 
 
 mil k 
 
 ^^Wul, v„,.i«, „bj,,„,_ (,,,, .^.^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^_^^ 
 77,,'.^, Nil/'sdi uia^im 
 
 mm, Muiiidu. : l^M' ''''^' 
 
 f^ ':i/-8dik 
 
 I 'ii/'sdl giiUuiitH 
 
 
l5g««'- 
 
 A KWAGIUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 83 
 
 (('niilitiuii/.' 
 
 I'UTl'KB TbNRB. 
 
 1 ehill have dnwl: him. 
 HisG. 1. Lii lii^un ^ 
 
 2. Lalfifa I ,,,.,, 
 
 3. LaWT j.ranl.HlivUnk. 
 
 Pi.ri!. 1. Ui irifcunuhw | 
 
 I N !• 1 N I T I V K n O D. 
 Yf.ksanu .la i.mliyn. /( ■'•-• ^"rowj to »l>-dr 
 
 1> A B T I (' I P L K. 
 Mubiari-inriyT. Sirihiv,!. 
 
 PASSIVE voici:. 
 
 INDICATTVK M U O D. 
 
 .« 
 
 lialiclorin.) 
 liU-un kl;lk 
 IiU-sIk 
 liU-ik 
 
 Ak 
 
 (■' him. 
 C M klin kla ki 
 j fcikl tsT kl 
 ( t;i kit kf 
 
 ii'iliWi'i kl. 
 
 tick liiiil. 
 
 'imihlcliliidaiiiii 
 
 Vlil'.SBNT TuNfKS. 
 
 Jam ^Irvcl (action iiul expede.lj. 
 
 ri.\ II. 1. 
 
 SlSG. 1. 
 
 8. 
 
 PH H. 1. 
 
 MiiliM 
 
 tsCis 
 ts;i wi 
 
 tsa "iinls 
 / tsiis or 
 I tsfili Ji'ltW 
 Vtsi'ili (Ifi/.wi 
 
 (2-) 
 
 7 „m *">«> sfmKacti.jn oxpe.'l.-.l). 
 
 SiNc. !■ l.anuin 
 
 o_ La urns 
 
 (' mi' 
 ?,. I-a } 111"' 
 
 Pi.rii. 1. 
 3. 
 
 (_ un'i'.''' 
 T.a luunts 
 
 T.a } '1'" 
 
 I 11 in/, 
 
 ( 
 
 miihiil Isa wa 
 
 (3.) 
 
 ; nm alritrl- liii .ramc!:- 
 
 j tsn Willi Ulas .lames 
 
 I tsu bTs .lames | "• 
 
 \i 1 -1 -! 'si'is .lames I ' " 
 
 1 t^a wuiiubwas .lames j 
 I isuli ilfiA-wis .lanios 
 
 (4.) 
 
 SiNO ,u.a Willi klasiii mill. /''"M /'".'/ ^ 
 
 I Miihi.l t isr, MS aus yo'^;'r,Utru.ly,,nr 
 
 '".I \ mil I 
 \iiiiiir, 
 
 It-a wisin uini 
 tta wis ' alls 
 
 //, ix 1 
 
 SiN.i. 2. 
 PI.UR. 1. 
 
 (5.) 
 VoJt arc nidik to sirih: 
 
 f sfis 
 ISIiiliida mad } sa wi 
 
 ( sa wants 
 
 If tlie cpenkcr docs not see those stvuok. 
 
 If the s„c,iker seos th^m bat thoy arc not near. 
 
 ■■< If tliose flraok arc stuialing near the .speaker. 
 . Written fully this wuul.l be hul „n <c> vv, m... 
 
,' '-n 
 
 i 
 
 I I 
 
 fi 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 - 1-.' 
 1 ■ 
 
 
 
 If' 
 
 
 1 
 
 .'1 
 
 
 |: 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 :l 
 
 \ 
 
 
 III 
 
 84 
 
 ALFRED J. HALL : 
 
 Muhya: Strike. 
 
 PASSIVE. {Conlhnied.) 
 
 (1-) 
 
 Past Thnbeh. 
 
 IvvsHinwk (action occnrrc<l to-dnv). 
 
 INDICATIVE. (Cmtinwd.) 
 
 (2.) 
 
 I'l.rii. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 MllhTd tsnU 
 
 (lis 
 (1i 
 
 i 
 
 (iunulnv 
 ilaiw (lis 
 
 - (liUw (il 
 
 I SlN<i. 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 ri.i'H. 1. 
 
 I was struck (action 1 .i.iys or 4 months niio 
 r dill 
 
 (3.) 
 
 Ivnx s/nir/: (nrti,,,, yesterday or lon^r ,v'o). 
 
 '^'^■'- 1- ( wntlin 
 
 o 
 
 " wutlis 
 
 •'!• Mnliul tan \ wntlr 
 
 '■"■"• '• 1 wutlints 
 
 -'. :\IiiIm<1 (smU .|r,/w MutlF. 
 
 01.) 
 
 MllhTd tail liwi 
 
 <\'m 
 di 
 
 ^ dints 
 
 (4.) 
 f loan slntck tnj Jami'R, 
 ''^'^''■•'- rtsii wfitlinor I, , , 
 
 MnliT.I j tani< din P''W''amas 
 
 ~ (. tsril< dislds Juines 
 
 "dTs .Fiiiiio.s 
 Mnlild tsi'ik . 
 I'm li. I 
 
 dintsaa Juines 
 (6.) 
 
 y W ^.n» .,,n,rM,Mr,7/«„„ (a,aion notex,K.rted b,,, 
 
 recent). ' " '' '"" ' '""' ""»• '"v,- s/rxrf (action exDoctedl 
 
 ■SiNC. 1, - -- 
 
 SlNfl. ]. 
 
 I'l ii;. 1. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Pi.n:. 1. 
 
 3. 
 
 f 
 
 I.SM 
 
 :\iiiind -! 
 
 ( zin klas Will in 
 
 I sis f 
 
 t ,..:.. Willi; 
 
 r din ) 
 I.a niiik ; dis [ mnhid tsa wu 
 (. d; 3 
 
 « f Mis "i "'I'l'tni 
 
 l«:i j _ f l"i>''' nov hem Mnu-k ),ii Chorhn. 
 
 I ( "tiiniluvas Williiiiii ''''^''" '• (' din 
 
 -'. LanniUJ dis J- innhMtsu.s Cliarl,.. 
 
 •'• ( (IT 
 
 Sin.,. 1. |,i„ 
 
 (7.) 
 Ami Ihrn r was utrvfh. 
 
 I 
 
 ^'' )■ iiinliTd tsa wa 
 •'" I'. '• Mills J 
 '''■'■'""'''H.ns.'harles. .1-./ M,W „,..„.,„,.;„ .,„„. 
 l''l'ITIilO 'I'kn.sks. 
 
 I shall l„ firncK. (2-) 
 
 ^Iiihid tsil .' 
 
 f klin 
 I klis 
 i klF 
 
 klint.s 
 dn/,w klis 
 um/w kli 
 
 SlNfi. 1. 
 
 I'l.l'li. 1. 
 
 fklin klas James 
 
 Mnhi.l tsu \ 11" ) 
 
 ''■is [■ James 
 
 I lilintsas ) 
 
 
 * !i-' 
 
 Gi.) 
 
 ''^'"^■^■/"'« /"•.'/-•«,•/,• (emphatic form) 
 
 y Mnhid tsu nni / '^'"' 
 
 I kli 
 
 I: :•■■ 
 
 
{dmlhrnd.) 
 
 >'sor4 ninntlis ai;i>). 
 liii 
 
 liH 
 
 IT 
 ^ "lintM 
 
 'I Jitmen. 
 n or 
 
 jklaaJiiini 
 
 Is Jtiiiie.s 
 
 I <l:tiii».s 
 
 itsilS .lillllPS 
 
 iction ex|>p(tp(l). 
 
 iiinliul Lsii wa 
 '' liy Cliiirhn. 
 
 iniilihl tsfis CliiiHi' 
 
 James. 
 
 1 klas James 
 
 itsas ) 
 
 Tames 
 
 A KWAGIl'TL ORAM MAR. 
 I M I'KBAT I VK MOOI>. 
 
 8S 
 
 8mo. 2. f nn—Ik Klrwk {ihun) 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 <(rt(c/.' 
 I tsuli dfi/, w la— iii »ir-i/f/.' (ijou) 
 
 SUB,niNCTlVR MOOD. 
 
 I,a Ifi liyiu kuii niulilil tsa wi IfiU 
 Let me go that I may lie struck. 
 
 Thai I man '«' ■'''■"'''■ (I'ositivo form). 
 SiNQ. 1. Kun 1 f'^f. 
 
 Pi.ru 1. Kimtsor Kimfihw j L'"* 
 
 (2.) 
 That I he )!(>( .ifwr/.' (negative form'). 
 
 SiNfi. I. Kun UTsi 1 
 
 ■2. Kris Uisa "s , ,i,„i|i,i ia:i \va. 
 
 H. Km KTsis 
 Pi.ini. 1. Kiinta Wm 
 
 (4.) 
 
 Tcaiinol moid heniij sirurl:. 
 
 SiNfi. 1 . Kun isi ) 
 
 2. Kns Tsa MS \ "'"l'''! "'•i "■' 
 
 ;! Kfi Tsis J 
 
 (6.) 
 7/ / am sfruc/. 
 Sing. 1. KunUlu mnliTdtsu in/.] 
 2. Kusfi 
 I!. Kfi 
 Pwin. 1. Kunnliwu 
 
 2. KM I (lri/,w Hu 
 :;. Kfili (iri/.u-Ti 
 
 (3.) 
 
 Thai I man iinl h. Klriwh. 
 
 SiNti. 1. Kun liisl lri/.iii> I 
 
 2. Kfis ilo. \id-a» 1. niuluil tsn IfJ.- 
 
 ;! Kfi do. liU.« 
 ri.rii. 1. Kuuls kii'T lii/> 
 
 (5.) 
 Or I nhall he Klniel:. 
 SiNd. 1. Ti-klin J 
 
 2. fi-klas 
 
 ;!. ri-klT I 
 
 I'Mii. 1. fi-klinuhw J 
 
 nniliid Isfi \'d-. 
 
 \m»hu\ (SM In/.' 
 
 (T.) 
 ;/ A /id'/ '"'■» ■'''■'"-■'■■• 
 
 SiNfi. 1. Kuukln 
 
 2. Krisn 
 
 3. Ku 
 I'uni. 1. KuntsiMirUunriliwri J 
 
 l.;illi'ihn-« thilt licis nol. 
 
 ■ niuhul tsn IfiJsil 
 
 Sisii. 1. 
 
 Gil um 
 
 (8.) 
 If I had h,en Klrnci: 
 r lrJ,sdiu j 
 
 ) iri/.-siiis I 
 
 I'UT!. 1. 
 
 'j ira-sdi j 
 1^ iriAsdints J 
 
 , uuiliid Isa w.T 
 
 CON 1) IT TON At, MO on. 
 
 PitKSliNT THN>K.S. 
 
 ^;|n<f>.l. 
 «»*; 2. 
 
 '-ipLin. 1. 
 
 0-) 
 
 / may fte struck. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 Muliid tsn uui 
 
 KiUin 
 
 ira-s 
 
 SlN(i. 1. 
 
 T maij he i^truck hij th,- litdiavs. 
 f fm oiiiiltoil. stiitemont luil iis -IroiiK.I 
 ]\Iuliid tsfi IfiAun UUi sa bfdiwniu 
 MuhTd tsfi lA/,' sit< bfikwum 
 
 riAiints 
 Muhid tsi'di dfiwk uni IrJ.i 
 
 Pi.VK. 1. 
 
 ( \i\k\ sabrdiwuni 
 Muhid tsu I i,-,/,„ntsa sa Imkwuni 
 
 ., .. ( \i,k sitsa Imkwui 
 
 ,'' I Muhid tsfdi diii-w | |.-j.| g,^ l,;-,Uwuni 
 
86 
 
 ALFT?RD .1. HALL: 
 
 im 
 
 <i i 
 
 ;!? 
 
 
 iii 
 
 Mnhi/d: Strike 
 PASSIVK. (Vnuiinvfil.) fONPI'l'IONAI,. (On.tn,ii,.l. 
 
 I'llBsKNI' TlSXKKS. {Owtitlllill.) 
 
 SiNC. 1. 
 
 Pirn. 1. 
 
 (1.) 
 
 / iiiiyht he Mruck. 
 MiiliTd Im'i liwisT 1A<- niii 
 
 (3.) 
 
 
 ImiiiiperliapK he .itrtid: 
 
 
 ' klin 
 
 
 kliH 
 
 MiiliTtl tsi'i gianniiiH tn - 
 
 kli 
 
 
 kliiifiliw 
 
 Miihiil tsfili (lUw Kiaiimiia tfi klis 
 
 r.vsT Thnshh. 
 
 (2.) 
 / nhoM hiivf hi ft) striwk. 
 Miiliiil ian \iin la/'Niliii 
 Miiliid tsTi inn I'l/silis 
 
 l''i TiitK Thnkr. 
 
 / .«/»(// hr i^ti-iirk. 
 [^1N(;. 1. I.fi iri /,un ") 
 
 •>. iM Im/.s j-iiiuliiil tsn Ink 
 
 ;i. u 1m/.-; 3 
 
 I N ]•• I N IT I V K M (>()I>. 
 
 liisiinrihw iiiU kmiMliw iiiiiliiil Isa \va 
 ir. (In mil ii-inh lu he slriirh. 
 
 NdTES ON THE VeRH Mulll/d. 
 
 (7.) 
 ilieatly 
 ,hc term 
 »ioi\aUy 
 Let me ' 
 shows tl 
 latter i8 
 
 (8. 
 
 Di'ihuliik 
 Knn Ui 
 Kim iH' 
 
 (III' 
 
 Niki k\ 
 
 loU 
 
 Nikt k\ 
 
 Ii 
 
 Niki h 
 
 yo 
 
 ( 
 
 Lafc-» 
 
 Muhi 
 
 Mull 
 I 
 
 hav 
 
 feun 
 
 (1.) This tense is tlio I'resoiit lonii. iiiid is siiniliir to llie iiiijierutivo inDod, imt it in gciicr;! 
 einpio\'ed (o narrate an aeliim jiisl past. 
 
 //(■ struck iiu:. muliTdi giiUiin. Ifi xlnirk him, iiiiiliidl/.-. 
 
 //( xirnck H.« (pirsonn inlilnsscil 'nuimliil). nmliTdi III ulntck ii.i {jursaii ntliln'ni'iil tinl iiiclinhil), iiiri 
 
 j.'ia/.inita. ga/.iinfdiw. 
 
 Wi slriki him, ninliyrnirdiwrd;. ilV alrnck him, iinilildiiirdiw.'ik. 
 
 (2.) The emphatic loini of tlic Past tense is also ii>ed when a ])erscin, huvintc been sent to An 
 another, reiiirns stiying', '■ 1 have struck him." 
 
 (;i.) ill variety- (4) of liie Past teiiso, tiie 3i(l jiei'son singular has two toiiiiti, muh'idihida-mi m 
 -urn. The former is used if the one who siruelf the blow is unseen ; if seen, the latter is used. 
 
 (4.) There are many varieties ol' form, lie told me to striice him and I struck him, n'k /.' 
 iiiuh'idi/c, la mi t>in 7inihiduk. Lin is sometimes used for " 1 luive " or '• I had." Lin nu'ifl pxinahi V 
 Victoria, " I have been twice to Victoria." JAn tmitl unkil/i hlk ijalis Ins mil 1 gifikl William, "I \» 
 been two seasons at Alert Ray before William came." 
 
 (5.) Whenever an action expressed by the vorli occurred yesterday or a very long time ago, tli 
 letters Stl appear before the pronoun. 
 
 A 
 tl 
 
 y I 
 
 ^k. 
 
 M 
 
A K\VA(ilUTri (i I! A MM A It. 
 
 87 
 
 {''"iitiiiii,,/. 
 
 •» ulrvrl; 
 
 Ik (^O II >"ii wi><li acdmlly to -ay tlu' wonl •' yo!<lonliiy," lulil I lie wuril tlimn-nll. 
 
 (7.) Tn lliis IfiiM? of till- lm|n'ialivc tlicro can lio im (•ccoimI foiiii In llic !:«( pciHon |pliiral. I liavc 
 tlready BtaUMi Ihat \\w luiiiiiiialiuii unt» or ints xIiowh thai tlif jiimhoii ailili'<.>M'(i \n inc'liidcd, and llial 
 -ho tormitialioii in/'ihu- or uitfihiv that he i-* nol. I Hhnll iiol in IiiImii* ^ivc holh Ibrnis, and only occa- 
 lionally tlio 2ti(l or ;!rd ])orM)nH plural. The (■inj^idar t'orm in nearly alway> crnidoyed in convorhalion. 
 Let me lieie stale that there are ^e^•oral lernunationM ot'lhe Hrd person singular, o.^., iiiii and im ; uin 
 shows that ll)t^ doei' of the aelion in viHiliht, iiu thai he is far oil' and nol in si^iil, ho also j and iiU, the 
 latter is n.-ed when Ihe acloi' is present. So also the .'!id person jiliiriil ildkiv if Iho sul)jecl is visihle, 
 (liihw'i if he is not. 
 
 (8.) KxMm|ilos of the Siibjunetivc mood ; — 
 
 Dilhidfikw Una triuhidikw, hold liim (hnl I vuiij ulrih him. 
 Kan kisi niuliichikw, Ihiil 1 111(11/ nol ulrikr him, 
 Kun tel nuiliidnkw, hov fan T hdp xlrihxng him 
 Utldfikw kfiH l"i fisiw I'l/', i'lklin niuliidiilri/.iikw, l'il.i him 
 
 mimy or I inll Mrihr hivi. 
 Nik! kun wwia kn'in liyinn ninsi gia liiii]).diinik dus, /i< 
 
 told my father that I lout hit gun. 
 Nik! ibun nmpA /,t;in ninhidl \:^uV, he lahl mij fullur lliul 
 
 ItirucI: him. 
 Niki tun niiipriAs sm niA \h inuhidnk, /ic told mil father that 
 
 you ttrvek him. 
 
 Niki huw inniiM/ (rints inidn'di niiik, hi l"lil vii/julhir tlinl 
 
 we flruck him. 
 Kiniklfi nndiida Ifi/ I'lkl, if I alrilr ijoti. 
 KasM mnliiilii la/ j-'ia/inn'iliw, if ijmi ulrib im. 
 Kii innliida lil/.'.st ^'iri/uii, if In hud ulrnel; mi . 
 \\n niidiida lA/adfikl, if lie had Hlruek i/ou. 
 Gil iini Ifi^H dis iindiid giiU'iui, if you had ttriwk me. 
 " di " ffiiU-unls, if he hud utrwk w. 
 (•iiliiihl inun imiliidnkl, ii-hm I had ulrnek ymi. 
 Uilliida iini (or mi) mnhid giAAunrdiw, when he had 
 
 utruek M. 
 
 (9.) The foilowini^ are examjiles of tiio Conditional mood: — 
 
 LaA>snim iri/iin, / may lie put on board. 
 Lai-20m lii/.sdin, / miijhl Imre been put on lioard. 
 Mubida urn IfiAs din lilnk, kfisn kis lu/,'8t bulA niii/.tni, / 
 
 might liare ftruek him if yon had nol forliiddni me. 
 Muhida (^iiimim li"',ri wisin kink kunkli'i Ifi la/,- Ifi/ri, / 
 
 might not perhaps xiriki him if 1 go I hi r. . 
 
 Kis la/sdin dri/wfiklilriki, kfisi'i os lri/.'8d we/.ul ^'iii/.iin, / 
 iiiiilht not hare Keen her if yon had iiotcommandid me {lo 
 go lo her niick'r.stooil). 
 
 |iri/,»riklilM uianuin Ifi/a wisiki, ka lil IfiA' li'ik, /k may not 
 pi rliapK nee her if he yoen there. 
 
 Lin nilnuniilk iinkilu tlnluoUa sin kuniim, " [ 
 
 (10.) Somotimos lin is equivalent to ' 1 have huen.' 
 have been loved by my wife nine seasons.'' 
 
 (11.) AVhen a boy, who Icnows he has done wrong, m told that he will bo puniwhed, ho roplioo, 
 kun l5< tois hisii sn, " I cannot oseapi^ being beaten,' or " L ought to bo beaten." 
 
 I. iMit il 
 
 '••^ gl'lll'tt 
 
 CuiijiiKntioii II. 
 
 '' ""/ ■imliidid). 
 
 : been sen I i,, . 
 
 tn 
 
 , muhidilada-m; m 
 'for is usod. 
 'tnick him, «;ic/. 
 ^^in miltl punalr, r 
 <' William, "I |i;i 
 
 long time ayo, iji 
 
 The vi'rl).s Ix'ldiiiiinii' lo Iliis roujuuatioii do not (liU'cr iVoin the iircvious verb in tlic 
 Active voice, bnt are quite diU'creiit in (he I'assive. The lollowing is a list of some of 
 them ; — 
 
 AcnvK. 
 
 Diikwiliii I 
 
 Duhvnklilin P'"'' 
 Wfiklilin, //».'"r 
 Plhwilin, I ieii 
 Kaukliliii, / knom 
 Elnvilin, 1 desire 
 KlJsilin, / hate 
 ^lulkwilin, f remembir 
 
 PAS-SIVi). 
 
 I'likwitlin ) 
 
 Di'ikwriglitlin j 
 
 1 am teen 
 
 Wfiglitlin, I am heard 
 PiOtlin, I am felt 
 Kauiilitlin, fam knmni 
 Ayfitlin, Fam demred 
 Kn/itlin, / am lialid 
 Mulgwitlin, lam remendnred 
 
 It will be observed that most of these are verbs of pereeption. The verb " to lovo " 
 
SSf^ 
 
 !lll 
 
 88 
 
 ALKRKF) J. IlAIiri: 
 
 n 
 
 Ih irrcj;"iiliir ; lldhinili\.-)i'ikii'iim, I lovf ; lldhu'din, 1 iim lovi'fl. II oinilH ni'ikw Ihioii;' 
 
 I x\u\\\ now fiiiijiiiiiili' I 111' vrrl> " In M'l'," lull iif* iln positive lonn in the Aclivi" 
 in Kiiiiiliiv lo niitlii/'i iilmnly ui\ rii, I >li;ill only roiijuji-nic its iii'j4'a1ivi' lonn iiiiii smo. l 
 vfiirh till' I'lisNivc \(iin'. * 
 
 TIk' vt'rl) " lo hcc " li:is l\\(i loiiiis, i/ii/,iril(i :iM(l iliikiril,lilti. Tfit'y iirc lound in. 
 nioo(I ;iih1 in IkmIi voices. Tlir hilter lunii, (lii\iii'il{lilu, is used if the ol)jeet Meen qui 
 (lis!ipi)enrs, or it' it is seen i'or tin' jiist lime. Diikwiln is the proper word lor ininio\v. 
 ohjeets, sueh as a tree ; \)\\\ ilii]^wiklilit i'or a passing' sleainshij). 
 
 I 
 
 '%t' 
 
 n. 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 I'll m ^■ 
 
 Till'] VKW15 Dhkirihi: See 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 I N I ) I V A T 1 V K MOOD. 
 
 I'hehbnt Tknhks, 
 
 {Netftttivo I'onii) 
 / ilo vdt «iv him. 
 
 Si NO. 1. Kisiii T 
 
 2. liisis 
 :;. liisi 
 
 I'l.i'i!. 1. Itisint.s or Kisuiiiiliw 
 L*. Itis (liU'ws 
 
 3. Kis (IfiAwT 
 
 (hikwilnUi 
 
 (XdTK.— /)r(kim<7iM/-i can be siibstitiiled for (/ruli(ii7''/l-i). 
 
 Part Tbnses. 
 
 irikwilak. 
 
 (}■) 
 I (Hd not .•'((' (yosterdiiy iir lonsj; ajro). 
 Sing. 1. Kis wutlin 
 
 2. Mis wfitl-ts 
 
 3. Mis wfitli 
 I'l.VH. 1. MIk wntliiiriliw I 
 
 Mis wutlin ilfikwilrikl, J iliil nut see ijaii. 
 
 (3.) 
 
 / have not or ilid not fee Jn>n (long time agoj 
 
 SiNO. 1. Mis idin i ... .,., 
 >iliik\viliik 
 
 -'. Mis idis 
 
 (5.) 
 
 Witli varied olyect (.He did not .ice—.) 
 (Yesterday or long ago.) 
 Ml' " I dfikwila gia/ann 
 
 2''"'« .^- -.,-. , I dfikwilii Inkl 
 
 Him r K'« "■""' (<"• ^^'""1 j dukwilAk 
 fa J [ ili'ikwila giaiunts 
 
 dukwilfik. 
 
 (2.) 
 t dill not xec him (ono woek ago)- 
 SiNii. 1. Mis din "l 
 
 2. Misdix I 
 
 3. Misdl 
 I'l.tli. I. Mis diin'dnv I 
 
 Mis din dfikwilrikl, / did nut tee you, 
 
 (4.) 
 
 (Present used as Pluperfect). 
 
 J had not .seen him. 
 
 MIsin— dfikwilnki, 
 
 (6.) 
 (Ono week or month ago.) 
 Ml > ( giaAiiii 
 
 Thee ^Klsldidr.k\vila|i^-,ki 
 
 Him Mis Idik ilfikwilak 
 
 f-'!'* Mis Idi dlikwilii gia/unts 
 
A K\VA<ilU'rii(iRAMMAI!. 
 
 80 
 
 1 ill the Aclivi' 
 ilivf rorin uiiii 
 
 ^ arc louiid in. 
 oltjiM'-t Hocn qui 
 iTorcl lor iimuow. 
 
 fiirtittB 'I'BNH". 
 
 giNO. 1. 
 
 14. 
 S. 
 
 (a) 
 
 /s/m(// 11"'"" '"'"• 
 
 lim Uliii ) ., , , I 
 
 UiHkli ) 
 
 Yoii 
 llim 
 
 liisl^l' ,l..kwilakluk(<'ikluUi) 
 
 [ .Uikwila-kl uiuAimlH 
 
 IMl'KUATl VK MU()l». 
 
 (2.) 
 
 lU, m,i {'JOU) "i '"■'" L,,,-,,r, ,lMk«,dl I ^■'.'/,""',-,h«, llo »<>l '""'• "' 1 '"' 
 Do not M liiiii *" "• 1. 1-" 
 
 l'i,rli.KwriHii>tH('r ■( I ,\u/,wiauk' -^ 
 
 KwriUasiiith/ I I.:... 
 
 Do. luHi'ifc . 
 
 Smti. KwMM 
 
 Do )i,i( ;("" «■'' '"'"'• 
 UoitottHtlninKi:hm\ 
 
 mu woek aj^o). 
 I' (lukwilAk. 
 Ud nut see i/oii. 
 
 Pluperfect). 
 en him. 
 twilfikT. 
 
 aontli ago.) 
 
 j?ia/.iiii 
 
 Ifikl 
 
 SUU,!U.N< TIVK M....I'. 
 
 I'HESKNT TbNHM. 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 If [do not me '"'"' 
 ynjn._l, Kuiuihwu J 
 
 not «'i' ''"». 
 I kin li'it ilfikwil:'! IfiAuk. 
 
 I'AKi' 'I'bshb. 
 If I had not men W"i. 
 .1 . Kuiiklu I ,^ jg 1,-,/. ,i,U\vr.klila Ifii-silnk 
 2. Ki'isri > 
 
 MlSCBLI.ANBOlH TkN.SKS. 
 
 SiSG.— !■ l'^""'^' 
 
 (1-) 
 
 5S«.rki;iS:Uv-'«---''-^ 
 
 KlB.din..kk«na.k.iUk^'i-U.kU.H.'-'-"" 
 
 (yenterdayi. ^.^ ^ 
 
 Ht»..Un.Uk.ao...UHn.>a.«.M^MnoM,..Mo 
 
 (4.) 
 
 ;i Ki'i kisis * 
 
 (5.) 
 Thai I wiij mil fcij hivi. 
 
 '^'-i;Sk:::Sr|....waku..u. 
 
 ;>,. Kfis kisi li'i/'S ) 
 
 aA'untH 
 
 CONDITIOKAL WOOD. 
 
 .'^V-'' rJ- l-.k / <Mii not !<ee hhn if 1 'J" ""■'■'• 
 
90 
 
 ALFRED J. HALL ; 
 
 Si NO. 1 . 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 AVrrVE. (CoiHinnal.) 
 
 (2.) 
 J may perhaps nut nk' liii}i. 
 
 Dfi/ntnla: Sec. 
 
 l)fi/(wriklila giamim kla 
 
 "Tsiii kla ki 
 sfisa ki 
 wis! ki 
 wlaiinrihwfi kr 
 
 SlNcl. 1. 
 
 CONDITION A],. (ContiMud.) 
 
 / mil/Ill nul perhaps wr hir if I i/o. 
 
 fwisiii kla ki, kunklii 
 
 [la la/,- lak 
 
 siisfi ki, Uasfi la la^ 
 
 DilZ-wakliia giannin hU'S-j U"^ 
 
 ■'• wisik, ku la laA- lak 
 
 Pw'B. 1. wisnnuliwa ki, 
 
 . [kunuhwa la lu/tluk 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 I iN D I C A T I y E JI O I). 
 Pkehent Tbnsb. 
 
 (1.) 
 (Positive.) lami'tai. 
 SiNo. I. Dfikwitlin 
 
 -■ Diikwitlis 
 
 3. Dukvvitli 
 
 PLUii. 1. Dfikwitlints 
 
 (2.) 
 (Noirutivo.) / am iinl senu 
 Sixti. 1. Kisiii ~j 
 
 Kisis (or Ki/,) j 
 Ki.si C tliikwitla 
 
 2. 
 
 I'LUIi. 1. 
 
 Kisinls 
 
 I 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 
 Pl-UU. 1. 
 
 (Positivo.) /wv(»,<t(vn(t,).(lav). 
 
 SlNfi. J. r ^||,j • 
 
 2. Dukwitl J tlis 
 
 3. ( di 
 
 (2.) 
 J was seen (ii «flok or niontli ajro). 
 
 (2.) 
 (Negative.) J am not san. 
 
 ( mun 
 unis 
 
 Uiikwitl -J ™'' "'' '"" 
 
 "•Hits 
 
 'ii'I'' ' .ims 
 o v.- mi, or mu 
 
 Past Ti:xses. 
 
 (Negative.) / ,-■„.« ,iol ,«,,„ (to-djiv' 
 Si.N... 1. r,ii„ 
 
 -'• Kia J (lis f (lukwilla 
 
 Si NO. 1. 
 
 Diikwitl 
 
 idin 
 idi.s 
 idi 
 
 (2.) 
 t "■«« twt s,m (a week or nioiilh aL'o) 
 Si.Mi. I. /-idin 
 
 2. Kis ] idi.s f dukwitla 
 ii. ( idi 
 
 (3.) 
 
 Si NO. 1. 
 
 O 
 
 3. 
 
 Diikwitl 
 
 I 
 
 J mi.t sau (yohterday or Iuiik' ago), 
 wfitliii PLin.-i. 
 
 Wiill-ts , jj 
 
 wiitli I ' 
 
 Ut 
 
 Dukwitl 
 
 wralints 
 
 (lli/w Wfltl-lH 
 
 dfiAw wulli 
 
A KWAGTUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 91 
 
 SiNfi. 1, 
 
 SlMf. 1. 
 
 2 
 3. 
 
 r wutlin 
 KTs ■< wfitl-ts 
 (^ WMtlTi 
 
 SlNd. 1. 
 
 X 
 
 Past THNam. (Cnnlinmt.) 
 
 (3.) 
 
 J (rax not Keen (yesterday or long ago). 
 I I 
 
 (Iwkwitla 
 
 I'l.iR. 1. r v.Titlints 
 
 2. Kifi } (Ifiiw wfitl- 
 
 (4.) 
 
 •ts Vdrikwtlii 
 
 Dnkwitl 
 
 /.in klas in niiip I am snn or hare been wen ')// my father. 
 /an sis aiis You are sem bij your father. 
 
 /I sin ninp He in .««n 'i;/ m;/ father. 
 
 (5.) 
 7/rnr dcm ,wh (already). 
 
 din ■) 
 La unik -^ dis > dfikwitl 
 
 dl ) 
 
 (6.) 
 And then I van wen, or, I am iioie >een. 
 SiNo. 1. Lin 1 
 
 2. Las 
 ;!. Li 
 Plir .\. Lfi nfdiw 
 
 2. Lah drii\v.s \ 
 ;;. " diU-wi J 
 
 dukwitl 
 
 (7.) 
 
 SiNc. 1. La nuin "| 
 
 2. La nnis 
 
 .'i. La nni 
 I'l.iu \. La ninnnliw 
 
 }-dnA\vnglitl i-l) 
 
 'i. Lfih diUw f nnis 
 I!. " " \nni 
 
 Kl'Tl'RB TF.NSK.S. 
 
 Sis.i 1. 
 
 KTs 
 
 Positive. 
 1 ahull he neen. 
 SiNo. 1. r klin 
 
 2. Dnkwill] klis 
 
 3. (ki; 
 
 (2.) 
 / shall nut he M'.'ii. 
 klin ) 
 
 klis [■ (lM/,\vriglill-kl. 
 kll ) 
 
 (1.) 
 Negative. 
 I nhallnol he ncen. 
 r klin I 
 2. Kis] kli.s [ .lilkwill-kl 
 ;!. (kU ) 
 
 (3.) 
 / ftiull hi' neeit hij Henry. 
 Sim;. 1. I klin klas Henry 
 
 2. Dnkwitl J klisids Henry 
 
 15. ( Kll Henry 
 
 FriMi'i-t mil liefiiri' l.iiii, Ac, il' tlie stati'inont i'' clenicil. 
 
 Siwi. 
 Pun. 
 
 Ring. 
 Pirn. 
 
 I M ]' KH ATI VE MOOD. 
 
 Positive Form. 
 I" la Be seen {thou). 
 I la liyi Let him he seen. 
 lifdiwiilj laliyints Lei w k leen. 
 
 j diU-w la Be seen (you plnral). 
 I diU-w la liyi Let Ihem he seen. 
 
 Negative Form. 
 
 rdukwillfikl Be seen (thou). 
 
 livT 1 1-1 -.1 ( Let him he seen. 
 J ^ Wliikwilla } , 
 
 Kwi'il'i ! liyint-s I ( Let iis In seen. 
 
 { dnkwitl diUw Jle fi i n (yiin plural). 
 
 Kwrdi itilAw Ifi liyi dukwitla, Let them lie seetu 
 
^■■•'-,M'.-,i;>,j'm4^«l(,!>lPi^l.«i.JUi,» 
 
 92 
 
 ALFEKD .r. HALL : 
 
 D^ikwild : Si'e. 
 
 PASSIVE (fontinued.) 
 
 S U B .1 r N C T I X K M O I). 
 
 Tlidt J miiii III- Kent. 
 SiN(i. 1. Knn (lukwitlT 
 
 i Km (Ifikwitla fis. 
 3. Kil (Ifikwitlis. 
 
 (1.) 
 (Ne;.'ative Form.) 
 Si.\(;. 1. Klin kisi (Inkwitl. 
 
 '2. Kfis kisii us (Ifikwitlii. 
 3. Km kisis (lOkwilL 
 
 (2.) 
 That I miiti III- sieii (now for tlio llrst time). 
 SiNO. 1. Kill) ilu/.wfiijlilli. 
 L'. Kms (lu/.wri^'litla lis. 
 ;!. Ka (Iri/.Wil'.'litlT.s. 
 (No negative fbrni). 
 
 (Inkwitl 
 
 IIlT \\d 
 
 (;3.) 
 
 SiN(;. I. Kun 
 
 -• KHs I I iin iri/ils 
 
 I'..r„. I. Knnts I ''"/■■"•'■-'l"! | ,„; ,„. 
 / no/do^ nniid htiwj s,oi or /'/,u(v u/nmlii l,uii mm. 
 
 8iNo. ]. Run Isi 
 
 I 
 
 -. Kils Tsa IIS I 
 Pi I i;. 1. Kiiiits Tsi j 
 
 C'i.) 
 
 (Nojiutive.) 
 
 Or I .i/iiiil lint hf mill. 
 
 Sim,. I. :: kliii ^ 
 L'. r. khis I' 
 
 lils,|,-,kuilla/- 
 
 (3.) 
 (Nofrative Form.) 
 SiNd. 1. Knn kr.sT l.l/.un") 
 
 •-'. K.l.s kisl kl/fis ' arikwitl ijA 
 ;'.. Kfi kr.si \ul.ti ) 
 
 (5.) 
 /^c.'!/ I fhiinlil lie Si I'll, 
 SiMi 1. n klin I 
 U'. fi kli;,s I 
 
 •■ .-. l.l; (-cllikwillMk 
 
 I'll!.'. 1. fi klint.s J 
 
 . ^"-^ 
 // / mil sini. 
 
 SiNc. 1. Knnklii 'i 
 
 L'. Kr,,sM [iliikwitl ii/.- 
 :;. Kii ) 
 
 (Nof-'ative.) 
 
 //" / Kill l/n/ .Si, /,, 
 
 -'i^c. 1. Knnkiii ■. 
 
 1'. Kfisii ) ''''^ '"'■ -I'll^"'!! li/.'- 
 
 (8.) 
 // / //(((/ lii'iii mi'ii. 
 SiMi. 1. Kiinkln ") 
 
 -• Kri.^ffi '.irikwiti l:iksi 
 ;!. Ki'i ) 
 
 Ne>riitive. 
 
 1/ I hiiil mil hi'i n Si I II, 
 Knnklfi kis Ifi/sl dukwill. 
 
 (9.) 
 
 If I linil lii'itl Hiin, 
 
 ^iM.. 1. <iil nm l;l/,a f liin \ iliikwiiia 
 -'• " 111 is f " 
 
 Noi-'ative. 
 If I had not I/I'm neni. 
 •S Mi. 1. (iil nni lri/,nclin ki.s dukwitla 
 -'• 'iil urn Ifi/sili.s kisdnkwilla 
 
s^aRHREH 
 
 A KWAGIUTL GRAMMA I?, 
 CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 / may he geen 
 SiN'i. 1. . r lr,/-.mi 
 
 2. Diikwitl urn ] InAs 
 
 Negative. 
 
 I iiuiji nut lie ."ceil. 
 Sim,. 1. Kl.s ln/-iiu 
 
 -'. Kla f Uds y dfiUwitl l;i/.- 
 
 1 in /J 
 
 (2.) 
 Isliovld liare heen mvn. 
 Sim;. 1. DfiUwitl luvi lii/,s- f diu 
 •• dm 
 
 Negative. 
 I fhwld not ktre hem wni. 
 SiNii. 1 Ivls ( Ll/sdin 1 ilukwitla 
 
 1 Ivis ( iri/sdin 1 
 -'. " \ lr./.sdi,s I 
 
 93 
 
 Notes on the Veiuj Dukwila. 
 (1.) Exaiiipics of Condilioniii YUmA Active:— 
 
 ./ mi'jJd not have seen Iter if ijou had vol told rw (nhm s/„ ims mninrslood). 
 liis LU-sdin dn/\v:lklilriki, kfisu UIs lutla f.'iri/,iiii, Ai'. 
 
 Sometimes luksda is again iii!<ertt'd after the sccimd U'is. 
 
 (2.) Tlio second of the two fm ms given of the Tresent Tense is used in answer to a question ; it is 
 afso emphatic, and cmployeil when a statement has jjuen denied. The first fi>rm, dnioritlin, siinplv 
 states a fact. The negative tbrm is alike for both. There is also another form of the I'le.sent, ktmim 
 duhritl or lamun ur,kwd(jlHl. [f two pe>sons who wore idding slioidd bo discovercil, one would say, 
 •' [ am seen," using tiie former verb; the other would reply. " \ am also seen,'' using the latter. 
 f>i'ikiriVdila refers in a more recent action than dribvila. 
 
 (3.) P\u'm (4; of the I'ast Tense, Indicative Passive would lie used, by a boy, if urged bv a 
 companion to do what he is not allowed \n do, and means, •• iJy-aml-hy I will do it, hut I cannot do it 
 while my father sees rao.'' 
 
 (4.) The word dnkufigUtl Awws the action to he sudden, ai;d that the sidiject did not wish to be 
 
 (5.) Kxamples ot the Siilijunctive Mood, Passive \''oice: — 
 
 I.fi Ifi I'.VMi kun dukwitli. 
 Lit mi ijo Ihid I ma;/ lie sicn. 
 
 Kwfi.s kwil'iklatl gia/.im kun dakwlll nil M/-. 
 Do iiotliiili im , Hull I null/ !»• nem. 
 
 Kwilfitl idiijria ;;ia<Mn kun ki.'ji la/.-ini dukwitl 1;U-. 
 Iliih me, that I mnij not he neen. 
 
 Do not IJO i/el or iiou uill he r.irn. 
 Reply — Kun Tsi dnkwitla = 
 
 llioe eon I nroid heimj .•foi, or / lane Inru seen eilreadij. 
 
 Kuin.sin In Mk Ti klin dilkwitlfik. 
 
 / (/(; not nish loijo there lest I should he seen. 
 
 (iil mu 1:1^8 dis kiH diikwitlu, kis Ifik.s .lis wuln sa wa. 
 1/ yon hod not heen seen yon nvuld not hure lieeii imprisoned. 
 
"'^!'V"i- V ■^'^''.J - - •'' r- ■ ■( 
 
 94 
 
 ALFRED J. HALL : 
 
 (2.) Examples of Piuncipal Tenses ok I.mporta.nt Verhs. 
 
 (1.) 
 KiusT Pkrson Sinoui.ar (IK Veuhs SiiowiNii litUEdULAU Passive Form. 
 
 Za-wnn 
 
 Zaw-klin 
 
 /aw lira Vik un 
 
 Kiinklfi ziiw \»k 
 
 Zaw-sa wuii 
 
 /aw su ura kliii 
 
 /aw 8u um la/; nn 
 
 Kmiklfi zaw sn Ifi/,- 
 
 Ynklau-wun ' . 
 
 Yfiklau-kliu 
 
 Yflklau um lAk un 
 
 Kunklfi yiiklau In/,- 
 
 Yfikan-sa-wuii 
 " -sfi klin 
 " HH um Ifi/.-iin 
 
 Kunklfi vfiU'lau su Ink 
 
 TlokwTmasn mas ^ -klin 
 
 (^-um 1:1 
 Kunklfi " " -la/.' 
 Tlokwiiiiasn matsa wun 
 
 / give 
 
 I wilt yire 
 
 I may yivc 
 
 If lyivc 
 
 I am yireii (to) 
 
 I kIuiII he ginn (to) 
 
 I may lie yinn (to)' 
 ' If lam givin (to) 
 
 or 
 [_ Li^t I sliuiild III yivtu (to) 
 
 . lake cari\ Ac, 
 
 tllki'H CilTi' of 
 
 /.■ un 
 
 xlrmgthni, iir 
 
 lltllkr stfuilfj 
 
 matsfi um -J Ifi/,- 
 [iiii 
 Kunklfi tlokwimasfi nuit.sfi la/; 
 
 Eliwiiin 
 Eliwilfi-kliii 
 Ewilfih-Tdin 
 Kunklfi eliwilfi Ifi/.' 
 UyfiU-iu 
 
 " -klin 
 
 " -um In/,- un 
 Kunklfi uvfitj Ifi/,' 
 
 Dfilin 
 
 Dfilri-klin 
 
 Drilnli-Idin 
 
 Kunklfi ilfilfi M/, 
 
 J^afikwun 
 
 DaTikw-klin 
 
 " -um kU-un 
 'Kunklfi (lafikw Ifik 
 
 Kfiyfiilin 
 
 Kriyfiilih-Tdin 
 
 Kfiyfidfila 
 
 ].sa un kriyfida-fi'.' 
 
 Kilyfid tKa wun 
 
 Knyfid tsfi liwl din 
 
 " sfik din 
 Kfiyfidayu gianums tfi klin 
 
 iiiikIi ulraiiii 
 
 1 lake en re 
 I ii-ill < 
 I may 
 
 Ifi' 
 
 I am ■ 
 1 shall he 
 I may he 
 If I inn 
 
 I 
 
 I iiilt 
 I mi I II 
 
 Ifi' 
 I am 
 
 I xhrJl he 
 
 I may he 
 If J am 
 
 / ihnire 
 I fhall ilestin 
 I denred 
 If I denre 
 I am 
 I shall he 
 I may he 
 If lam j 
 
 [cany (in liand> 
 / trill carry 
 I carried 
 If T carry 
 I am carried 
 I shall he carried 
 I may he carried 
 If am carriiil 
 
 I lead 
 
 I led (a week ago) 
 
 Lead 
 
 Shall I lead ? 
 
 lam lead 
 
 I mis lead (a week asin) 
 
 f have heeu had 
 
 I iiiiiy perha/is he had 
 
 denirid 
 
 I make happy, I please 
 I made him happy (a week 
 
 paf-t) 
 Make him hapjiy 
 Xik nifia klin okikulfi-mas- Do you wish me In make him 
 ka V happy f 
 
 C mas tsa wun I am made happy 
 I " tsfiliwTdin r leas made happy (a week 
 ago) 
 aind tsfik din / liave heen made happy (to- 
 day) 
 mad tsfi gig- / may perhajis be made 
 muna tfi klin happy) 
 
 f mas in 
 
 idin klrd; 
 EkiliuM -j 
 
 [ Ifik 
 
 EkTkulfi 
 
 Run 
 
 lifdi-idin 
 
 Kfik-din 
 
 A-lf-lri-hyin 
 
 Kfi-Tnfiyi 
 
 Kfi-su-wun 
 
 Krisu-wfitlin 
 
 I4"i-sfi-liwTdin 
 
 Wuklilin 
 
 WuklilAh-Tdin 
 
 \Viiklil;ik-din 
 
 llfiklilf.-hi-liyin 
 
 Wuklllri-iiiriyi 
 
 Wu-litliii 
 
 Wiiglitl-vvfilliu 
 
 WuglillTdiii 
 
 Kwidiwdisfdin 
 
 Kwrikuiksfihis-in 
 
 Ksvrikwiksrdn<-ili/.' 
 
 f .infiyl 
 i -wfitlin 
 
 Kwrlkwi/.'Sfdl! I -iljii 
 
 -klin 
 ,-lri/.sdii: 
 
 iniTkulin 
 iniikulikd.'/,s 
 Hilikulinfiyi 
 Ililikuin-un 
 
 ■' -fitlin 
 Ililiknink-din 1 
 llilikumli-idin I 
 llilikum-klin 
 
 " -M/sdin 
 
 Slunsin 
 
 Wfik iniiii iiinnsfik 
 
 Muiisfdi-Ida niun 
 
 Miinsfi sa wun 
 
 Mun8fi klin 
 
 A klin miiusfi \»k 
 
 Kfi un munzTuilvrik 
 
 Ijiud 
 
 I found (some time ago) 
 
 I found (to-day) 
 
 Let me seek 
 
 Fimling. 
 
 I am found 
 
 I was found (yesterday) 
 
 / leas found (long ago) 
 
 / hear 
 
 f heard (some time ago) 
 
 [heard (to-day) 
 
 Let me liear or listen 
 
 Hearing 
 
 lam heard 
 
 I iras heard (yesterday) 
 
 / was heard (long ago) 
 
 / talk ahoul 
 
 I am talked ahiint 
 
 lie leas talkinij ahniil 
 
 Talking about 
 
 I iras talked about (long ago) 
 
 / hare been talked about 
 
 I shall he talked about 
 
 I miglilhari hetu talkidahnnt 
 
 I trust 
 
 He trusted in 
 Trnsling 
 [am trusted 
 [ teas triijiled 
 
 I hare been trusted 
 
 I shall be trusted 
 
 I might hare been trusted 
 
 I miasarr 
 
 Althougli I imasured it 
 
 I have measured it 
 
 I am measured 
 
 I shall he meimired 
 
 Or I shall he vieisared 
 
 For my measuring it 
 
A KWACaUTL GEAMMAE.- 
 
 95 
 
 I'liiyn/uliis 
 
 t'mynAulrik-ili.i 
 
 UiiiyA/ulMli-Mis 
 
 Uinya/.ulnlii 
 
 Uiiiyri/ailri-klis 
 
 Uiuyri^ulri-su klis 
 
 Uuiyn^ulri-sfis 
 
 Kitlilas 
 Kitlilrik-dis 
 Kitlilfih-Idis 
 KitlilAla 
 
 (2.) 4 
 
 Second Person with IiuiKdur.AU Paj^sive Fhr.m. 
 
 You rmrence or womhip 
 You rnxrcnci'd (to-day) 
 Yuu reverenced 
 Rtrirriicc (Iiiipcr.l 
 You uill rertreiifi 
 )(iu mil be renrenccd 
 You arc rercrenced. 
 
 Youfcar 
 
 You feared (to-day) 
 
 Ynu feared (a month aj;o) 
 
 Fear (Imjior.) 
 
 Kitlilfi-klis 
 Killiiiii klis 
 Kilhitiis 
 
 \Vr7,rik-dis 
 
 WOA-rdi-Idis 
 
 Wi'iTda 
 
 WOA-a-sfis 
 
 Wo/,ri-kli8 
 
 wr'/.'ri-iiiu lri/,8 
 
 Vi'ilii sfi klis 
 
 YdU tnll fenr 
 Yiiu urill be f((ired 
 You arc feared 
 
 Yoa order or command 
 
 You ordered 
 
 You ordered 
 
 Order 
 
 You arc ordered 
 
 Yon uill order 
 
 You maij order 
 
 You will be ordered 
 
 (3.) 
 
 Third Person Sinoi i-ar with iRREnrLAR Passive Form^ 
 
 A'liiiyrisi 
 A'liiiyriardi-uU 
 A'unya.sfdi-di 
 A'unyfisrda-liyi 
 
 A'uiiyAzum-i 
 
 A'unyrizuin-MtlT 
 
 ATunyrizuiuh-idi 
 
 Tlokwrdi 
 Tlokwrdrdi-idi 
 Tlokwfdrdi-di 
 Tlokwfdrda-liyi 
 
 Vlokwala-sa- \vi 
 
 He innidi rn (dor i« sur/iriisi (/ Tlokw rila-sa-wTitli 
 //(■ leonderid (loii;; ago) Tlokwrda-su-liwidi 
 
 //(■ ieu.1 si(r/«wd (to-day) ^ Tlokwrda-iufiyi 
 Let liim nvnder j 
 
 I 'IMokwala-.-uwiiiayl 
 He in wondered at I 
 
 Ife uas " (yesterday) 
 " " (loiif? ago) 
 
 He .«;)(((/,•.< Mronij or e.eliorts 
 He fpoke strong 
 He fiicile strong (to-day) i 
 Let Idm speak strong 
 
 He is exhorted 
 
 -ikiili 
 -ikiil;"il<-di 
 -Ikulrdi-idi 
 Gigia '\ -ikida-liyl 
 -ikutll 
 ikutl-wiitli 
 ,-ikutl-idI 
 
 lie lean exhorted (yostcrdav ) 
 He uas " (long ago) 
 (Active Participle) Exhort- 
 
 inij 
 (Passive Participle) Jlaving 
 
 been exhorted 
 
 Ife thinh 
 
 He thought (to-day) 
 
 He thought (long ago) 
 
 Let him thinh 
 
 He is thought 
 
 He was thought 
 
 (4.) 
 
 Examples ok N'ehbs with Jruechi.ar Passive Form. 
 
 Yrdakmi 
 
 Wrd< innn yfdakfds 
 YrdrdvilliTda-niii 
 " -mi 
 
 Yalrikuni-un 
 
 " -klin 
 A klin yalrdiuM M- 
 Ka nn yrdakinavi 
 
 Piulikila-nuis-in 
 
 Wak niun pndikila-iiias-nk 
 
 I'ndikila mas-ida-iMun 
 
 I'lidikilaiiias-ida \ - 
 /nil 
 
 Pudikiln-niad-tsa-wun 
 
 " -tsfi-klin 
 
 A klin imdikila mad-tsi'i Ink 
 
 Ka un pudikila-ma/infiyi 
 
 / send 
 
 AlthiHigh I send (nr sent) him 
 Hi hdss, nt (Ndiii. is present ) 
 ( " not " ) 
 I <im s(ht (, Passive) 
 / shall be sent 
 Or I shall be sent 
 I'or nut sending 
 
 I mak( dark, I darkin 
 Although /darkened it 
 F hare darkinid 
 
 He has darknhd 
 
 I am darkinid 
 I shall b. dark, i„d 
 Or I shall In darkmed 
 Formg dark'ing ( Pres. Part. ) 
 
 Tlfiwisin 
 
 Tlfiwis-kli 
 
 Ka-is tlawi-zinfiyl 
 
 -tsa-wun 
 
 T 
 
 -tsn-iiiu liU'S 
 fLWisa-iiKid \ -t.sa-wfitli.s 
 
 I 
 
 I -tsii-lnvidis 
 
 (likuina-yin 
 
 Gik\imi-kli 
 
 Ka-Ts gikniiiayfi-Inayi 
 
 I nm angrg 
 He will be angrg 
 For his being angrg 
 I am made angrg 
 You mail bi' unidi migrii 
 Vi/K were made angrg 
 
 (yesterday) 
 You were vuuh angrg 
 
 (long ago) 
 
 / am cliiif 
 He will be chiij 
 For his chief tainey, or for hi 
 being chief (Pros. Part.) 
 / am' made chief 
 You will be made chvf 
 
 f-tsa-\vun 
 -Isu-klis 
 Giknuiaya-iiia^l j -tSM-iini la/s You mag l,e made chief 
 -tsfi-w fitlts Yon wi re made chief 
 -tsfi-liwidlK " " 
 
96 
 
 ALFEKD J. HALL ; 
 
 Examples of Veeus, etc. {Cmtinue'd.) 
 
 Piliwilin 
 I'iliwilA-kli 
 
 Ifni 
 Ihirillfnl 
 
 IIi'iHin 
 Yiks luisil-i 
 
 KTi-Is jMlnviliiiriyi 
 
 For li'm fiilwij 
 
 YiV.s In i liusii 
 
 I'lyiltliu 
 
 I am fill 
 
 Yi/.'s iri 1 lifis-il 
 
 I'r.vfill-niim 
 
 1 iili> tikal i. 0. /(( /((In nil/ 
 
 
 
 kindiuni:, lliiri/i/rc Iw fv 
 
 Kuiiklfi lifisfi-su 
 
 
 r -kiis 
 
 ijriiliful 
 you ii-ill Ill/lit 
 
 Hfisn-sfi Ifi/,' 1111 
 Ek kunts lii'isi'i-s 
 
 Piyfitl 
 
 -um lri/,-.s 
 .w cults 
 -Id is 
 
 i'ou muij III J'lU 
 i'uii U'cri /lit (yestei(livy) 
 " " (loiiK ago) 
 
 
 in/- 
 
 / cuwit 
 
 Winn In- ii'ii.i CDWilitiij 
 
 W'liiH hi- hud cowitid, cii' 
 
 Iniring counted 
 IJ 1 III' counted. 
 I mail be counted 
 It is i/ood or (rii/lil) to he 
 
 counted. 
 
 (o.) Verhs Classified uv Meaning. 
 
 (1.) TbaNSITIVE VEltliS, 
 
 1 hivf liiin 
 He lores him 
 I eat it 
 He eats it 
 I see him 
 He seen him 
 I lire villi him 
 He lives willi him 
 
 'J'lrihwilfi uukwim klas 
 
 " iifikwls 
 llfinirilHiii klfik 
 IlrimApIk 
 Dukwiliu klAk 
 Dukwilik 
 Niimri-itlin jrla \vi 
 Nuiiiri-ill gla \vi 
 
 / hute him 
 He hales him 
 I listen to him 
 He listens to lilm 
 I hire him 
 Hi hires him 
 
 Kilsilin klak 
 Klisllik 
 Ilrikliliii klAk 
 Iliiklilik 
 iniiii klfik 
 Ililik 
 
 (2.) Intransitive Verhs. 
 
 / sj)eak 
 He speaks 
 1 am great 
 J meditate 
 Igire up 
 I go out 
 I am sad 
 
 Yakuntaliu 
 
 YnkuntAli 
 
 AVfiUiHin 
 
 GTt;iaTknlin 
 
 Y fill id ill 
 
 Lfiwilsin 
 
 llwilsiii 
 
 /^ ■-■''<'' Tlokwuii 
 
 J am liiiiig diiim Kwilfitliii 
 
 r (oulofdi.ors) Kwilmlsin 
 
 Ifclldoicul (i" »•'« I'oo^o) Kwil.rditliii 
 
 I (on tliobeiu'li) Kwilinllsiii 
 
 [ (in a canoe) K\vihatUi/,,siii 
 
 fo.) \''eiuiai, Pit 
 
 III'DSITIONS. 
 
 ('() Dfihsau 
 Do/,- .-an 
 GwiU'-saii 
 Lfdisaii 
 Klupsiiii 
 TU-aau 
 
 HunA-sau 
 
 (h) Duhstu 
 Kwulista 
 TT/t-Ptn 
 Lastfi 
 Wudastii 
 ZilriA'stfi 
 
 Jiaiijilhroinjh (1.3. a window) (c) KHakiri-/,n 
 
 ^^""f- " Tikri-/,-ri 
 
 ^'ow " Dfiliwa-iTi 
 
 do " La-ATi 
 
 Climh '• 
 
 Fall 
 
 lion.si;) 
 Look Ihrovgh (a glass) 
 
 Jump into (wator) 
 
 Fall " 
 
 Drop " 
 
 l!iithe 
 
 Cold Water 
 
 Hot Water 
 
 g., roof of a(./) Drduvristan 
 Ijairiustaii 
 r/.-fisInu 
 '/idkuHtau 
 Xupustau 
 I'liklustau 
 
 ((') Gia/.-nkati 
 Nikukaii 
 LUa-mukau 
 
 Full, from (I lieighl 
 Drop " " " 
 .lumi) ■' " " 
 Go " " " 
 
 Juin/i lljl 
 Gil 
 
 Put " 
 Throw " 
 
 Fin 
 
 " (only of a stoiio) 
 
 Comes out of or from 
 Pulled " " " ' <• 
 'Pake from among 
 
A KWAGIUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 (/) Vk-zut 
 
 Qwui'-i!l"lt 
 
 U<;-writl-zrit 
 Kulliw-zut 
 
 (r/)Gigil.ki 
 I>rikwil-kl 
 WunwakI 
 Pihwil-ki 
 
 J'til it in (box) 
 I'onr it in 
 Take it out 
 " " (as 
 
 baby in 
 
 (A) Lesti'ila 
 Zill)wslsti"ila 
 PutltslBtala 
 Sihwsistala 
 
 milkimj amomj 
 lookiny " 
 hiding " 
 
 cradle) 
 
 KtiUsistala 
 
 feeling " 
 
 
 
 
 EXAMI'LHS. 
 
 iValking round, 
 liunniug " 
 I'hjing " 
 Paddling " 
 Swimming " 
 
 ^ La kuliiw-zudts IiUa diyirizi 
 Ni<--writl-zu(ia hyin 
 GiiU- wiHli gigilkl gifi/, nuts 
 Kiyos kwakwilrikih ilrUws 
 SiliHsistaliih dunrilnvri fc"i makiaula 
 
 Tluij put it (tlio body) in Ike coffin 
 
 Let me pull it out 
 
 He capte and dwelt among w 
 
 Tlure is no nalmlion among i/ou 
 
 We hare been round the island in a canoe 
 
 97 
 
 (4) Verbs op Contact (klila). 
 
 GifiA'a-klihi 
 
 Li'iKiafi-klila 
 lUfi-klila 
 Kiisa-klila 
 Glaiw-klila 
 
 Ekiknla 
 
 Eki-kiiliii 
 
 Eki-kida mail (su nun 
 
 Gigialkulin 
 
 Arrived (hero) ; literally 
 
 touched iti dedination 
 Arrived (there) 
 On it 
 Touched 
 Aailed on to 
 
 Klapfi-klila 
 
 Gigiafi-klila 
 Hunfda-klila 
 
 (5) Verbs op Feeling (lada). 
 
 Huppii, lit, (t good heart 
 
 I am happii 
 
 I am made hoppi/ 
 
 I think, lit. upon my heart 
 
 Nnkidkulin 
 Ninkikulin 
 YOkikulin 
 
 As a mil when gprearl on a. 
 
 log or fence to dry 
 On it 
 A clock or anything tall on 
 
 a shelf 
 
 I have peace, lit. a quiet heart 
 T think, lit. « talking heart 
 lam unhappy, lit. an evil 
 heart 
 
 (6.) Verbs ok Gradatiom {nakwila). 
 Nakwila uddH the idea of iiicom])letion to the verb : the action is still goiiii;- on. 
 
 Ki- 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 Hi. 
 
 Klyo- 
 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Aligia- 
 
 La- 
 
 nakwila 
 
 Going to 
 
 
 Ke- 
 
 
 Walking along 
 
 Ziikwa 
 
 Siyii- 
 
 J 
 
 raddling " 
 
 Gilta- 
 
 Contih uc Mh jounny 
 Adding to it (o. g. brighter 
 ■ nrdiwiia and brighter) 
 
 Getting shorter ■, (e. g. the 
 Getting longer ] days are) 
 
 (7.) Verbs op Location. 
 
 The. verb to stand : if tho pei'son standing is in a liousc, he is yhlwltl ; if ho is standing out of 
 dooi'.s, ho is (jlos; if on tiio boaeh, gldwls; if in a cnnoe, (jldkwuksala, kc. 
 
 On BoAiiD A Vkssbl. 
 
 kwafarda 
 
 niTiiiteala 
 
 yaginthU-s 
 
 hekugwitluis 
 
 yakuntalagiiitMs 
 
 
 1n Doons. 
 
 Out 
 
 OK Doors. 
 
 
 
 On ■ 
 
 niE Bhacii. 
 
 Sit— 
 
 Kwa-itl 
 
 
 kwas 
 
 
 
 
 kwii-is 
 
 Steip— 
 
 MU-Itl 
 
 
 niTi'-us 
 
 
 
 
 mikis 
 
 Angry— 
 
 YakilTtl 
 
 
 vakils 
 
 
 
 
 yakilTs 
 
 Mght— 
 
 Hekfigwilrtl 
 
 
 hekfigwils 
 
 
 
 
 hekfigwilis 
 
 Talking- 
 
 -Yakuntillagilitl 
 
 
 yukuntrdagils 
 
 
 
 yakuntfdagilis 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sec. 
 
 ", 
 
 1888. 
 
 13. 
 
98 
 
 ALPERD J. HALL : 
 
 Verbs of Location. (Continued.) 
 (a) Anytliing Bound, lis nii Apple : — 
 
 Magwitl 
 Mutizau 
 
 On I hi jl (Kir 
 On tt ilith 
 
 (6) Things gcnoinlly: 
 
 Gia-itl 
 Gl-zau 
 
 In the hoim 
 In vessels 
 
 Mnkwilii-*l;lilii 
 Mtigwizaulitl 
 
 Gi-zau-litl 
 
 (hi n nhdf 
 On u table 
 
 On the table 
 
 (c) Anything Long, as a Stick or a (inn :- 
 
 Gla-itl 
 Kia-titl 
 Ti-gwitl 
 Kiata-zaulill 
 
 Where is my apple ? 
 On the table (in dours) 
 
 " {out of doors) 
 Where is my bo.e I 
 On the table {in doors) or 1 
 
 Slandinij 
 Lyitiij 
 llmiying 
 On a tabh 
 
 up " 
 V J 
 
 (11 iloori 
 
 Widin api)le a? 
 MafTwa-zaulitl 
 Mapwa-zaulasi 
 Widin gild as a? 
 Hunzaulltll 
 
 Kia-UTll 
 
 Hiaka-zaidill 
 
 Kiak-'/.au 
 
 Tlfwitl 
 
 TigwTs 
 
 Tikwis 
 
 Examples. 
 
 platform 
 
 On the table {out of doors) 
 Where ix mil gun .' 
 It is on the table or plat- \ 
 form ) 
 
 It is on Ihi lloor 
 It is on the slitlf 
 
 On Ihi fioor, e.g. a salmon 
 
 Om the talilc 
 
 In u vessel or liaskit 
 
 C in doors 
 Hunyirig vp < on the beach 
 
 (, unt of doors 
 
 HiinzaulasI 
 Widin hnnglum a? 
 Kiadazaulitli 
 
 Kiaditli 
 Kiutalal<lili 
 
 (8.) Vkrb to Fall. 
 
 Tfih-id 
 Tfdi-Id-kl 
 Trdi-ida lak 
 Tiili-ida liU-st 
 Tfi-skum 
 Tfi-kin 
 
 Giukw 
 
 Gifigwridamun 
 Ump 
 Auyadamun 
 
 {Tra) falls 
 
 It will fall 
 
 It mail fall 
 
 It miglil havt: fallen 
 
 ( Tree) falls on a house, etc. 
 
 Falls on a log 
 
 Til-gialia 
 Ta-gia-uls 
 Tfi-kin-kl 
 T.i-kiii Uk 
 Ta-skiim-kl, or \ 
 Tagiafi-klila-kl I 
 
 (Soe Verbs op Contact.) 
 
 (9.) Possessive Verbs. 
 
 House j Tlriwunuiii 
 
 Ihatrahowe \ Tlawadaniini 
 
 Father Dala 
 
 Ihave a father I Dfda nukw niun 
 
 Falls on the hatch. 
 
 " on the ground 
 It will fall on the log 
 It may " " " " 
 It trill fall on the house 
 
 llu^liand 
 
 I have a husbaml 
 
 Money 
 
 I hare money 
 
 Q«cs(iu?t .■—Tibayu nfdvW luas ? 
 
 Anmeir: — Tibayfi niikw mini 
 Question .•— Uknugwadamas til)ayu ? 
 Answer .•— UknCigudamun kluk. 
 
 Have you boots? (i.e.'/ yuu hare not I vAll give 
 
 you some.) 
 I hare boots 
 Have you hoots f 
 I hare them 
 
 'SoiE.— Vknuywadamun is always an answer; if you simply state u fact, e./j., "1 liave lioots," 
 say ttbddin 
 
 Giugwadamas V Have you a house ? 
 
 Jfwungwadamas ? Have you a child f 
 
 Kugiadamas? Have you a wife ? 
 
 Kugifidamun j j^ave a wife. 
 
 * Tbe moon is called mutcwiia. 
 
A KWAGTUTL GEAMMAR. 
 
 99 
 
 (10.) ENDEAVOCRrNO VeRBS. 
 
 iccti!tneriltT7 '"■"''''''"' '^"'^' -1^1'liention of the first syllabic of the root : thoir .ul> 
 .Ica .s ^u.o.all, on,leavounng to p.nfonu the action oxprcH..] u.l noaHy ulwa,. in.plying ability to 
 
 Ln-Iuinliwri 
 Tn-tulkwi'i 
 
 Kiri-kiilwfi 
 Dii-dfikwfi 
 
 Einlcarouri iKj lo 
 
 dry 
 
 Kiiftcn 
 
 Imif 
 took for 
 
 £!xampleii :—Ta-tn]kv,un kink 
 Ll ti'i-tiza 
 
 Li dridrikwil lis kwili 
 Pi'i-pata munuhw Adi" 
 
 Iivith to have it mft 
 
 He h(u gone lo git atones 
 
 He han gone In look for hit uncle 
 
 IT' liiire come for medicine, sir 
 
 k.r/!17'7fTu "V'T' '•r'"P'""^^i"« ^•«'''- «">' scarcely l,o called endeavouring, e.g., ICr>(,l la 
 hi,uk, let ,t 1,0 f,.ll. An-kr,mta la hy.ik, put a little more in (than y„a generally tlo) 
 
 (11.) PRETENDiNa Verks (hnfla). 
 
 Tirdiwila 1 
 MUTi 1 
 
 . , . 1 
 
 
 lore 
 sleqi 
 
 Tlil bulla 
 
 Mfinintla 
 
 la^iila 
 
 Pretending to 
 
 die 
 
 he a irhite man 
 to work 
 
 Tirdnvila nfikw butlints We are pretending to lore 
 HAkwfmi butlints We are imitating IndiiitiH 
 
 Tlnlnvila bnilinta We arefuM,/ hred 
 
 Datlila niasin kl.TIi 
 Tliln ina.sin 
 
 (12.) Caiisino Verbs (rnas). 
 
 T made him liiugh 
 I make to die, I kill 
 
 Kina-i aa ma/.a wun 
 Umista mat tafi klin 
 
 / am made cold 
 f shall he made free 
 
 (13.) Causing Verbs in (Ua). 
 
 Giukw 
 
 horuie 
 
 
 Hiliyilfi 
 
 road 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 Gifikwila klin 
 
 
 2. 
 
 klis 
 
 
 3. 
 
 kll 
 
 
 1. 
 
 Gifikwilutlin 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Giukwilritll 
 
 Giiikwlla 
 Dilivila 
 
 making a house 
 making a road 
 
 luill build a house 
 You will build a house 
 He will build a house 
 I built a house (long ago). 
 He built a house (long ago). 
 
 (14.) Verbs Expressing Doubt (by means of Adverbs). 
 
 WCla-anawis 
 
 Glanuin 
 
 JiTunt 
 
 A'untfi 
 
 ^nnti 
 
 perhaps or suppose 
 
 Object near 
 Object further off. 
 
lOO 
 
 ALFRED .T. HALL : 
 
 ExAMIM.fM. 
 
 Wf'la-rinawisi, lain kauklilii, pcr/inps In' '», / <!(> not hiov 
 
 GiuA- um (tiintn kwfisiHlila, inrliapx lUnj on vnmhuj (in a ciinoo) 
 
 iNik /unt U-H (or yika) nlkia i, / mppone he rwans that (subject understood) '-// fpeahiiuj in thin mnniicr 
 
 La um i-unti, perhapK Iheij an yone 
 
 La Kii'inuiiiks, ta klin, perhapx I irill y.v (in reply to tlio <)noation, " Will you «o '.' ") 
 
 Ke jjianunikg U klints or ke gianutn gin klints, pirhapn wc wilt 
 
 Is i^ianiim kla wisin lAkl, / mp/niiir I HliatI yo (" all the others are goinj; " understflo<l) 
 
 (15.) COMMUNIOATIVE Verbs (pa). 
 
 Giawfila-pa 
 
 hdp 
 
 
 Muhya-pa 
 
 ulrikr 
 
 
 Tliihwila-pa 
 
 Ion 
 
 lack othrr 
 
 KlIsTla-pa 
 
 hall' 
 
 
 Hunkla-pa 
 
 slinot 
 
 
 Nak-ii'S-din 
 Nriki/.-sdutlin 
 NukiA-gda \uk un 
 NakTi'sda \uks din 
 
 Examplia :—G\a\\i\\a. pfi lu hyints, IH us hdp each other 
 " pfi IfiA'unts, in may help rach other' 
 
 " jifi lui'S-dints, in might hair Inlpiil mrh other 
 
 " putlints, in ii-ied to help each other. 
 
 (16.) Desiring Verbs (;ks.) 
 
 I deitire drink 
 
 T milted drink 
 
 I mail mint drink 
 
 I might have leanted drink 
 
 Mift-it's-din 
 
 L"itula-iAs-din 
 
 Dfikwila-U-s-din 
 
 / derirc sleep 
 J desire to iiork 
 Idarin to sec 
 
 Most of tliesc verbs litivo their noun formed from tlio root of the vorh and bis alfixod. 
 
 Nfit-bis Ihimkard, fond of drink 
 
 Ans-bis Fond of his father 
 
 Mit-bis Alwuiin flecpivg 
 
 Hadutl-bis Abimis laughing 
 
 Tlioso nouns with tlio verb to bo aflixed are lonjngatcd thus: — 
 
 NfiJbisin 
 Naibis-iitlin 
 
 I iim a drunkard 
 1 ivas 11 dmiiknrd 
 
 (IT) Adjective Verbs ("k). 
 
 WudrdfU- 
 ZilkwfiA: 
 WunkuluJ' 
 LU'uA' 
 
 Jits 
 
 cold 
 
 iixirm 
 
 deep 
 
 uide 
 
 Klrikwfi/.' 
 KwTsfiA' 
 
 It is red. 
 It rains 
 
 II sn01L:t 
 
 Kuln added to a noun is a verb, meaning to ■' say" or '' call." 
 
 Nazarcno iula sfi kli 
 Glkumi Aula si'i kli 
 
 He shall be called a Nazarnie 
 He shall lie culled chief 
 
 Dun-Aula 
 
 Singing 
 
 IJ.B. — Whenever (he Indians sing, thoy boat a largo woinlon box (ilrum), and it says ^Zun, dun, 
 dun ; hence dunkula. 
 
A KWAGTUTL GT^AMMAR. 
 
 101 
 
 v.— PREPOSITION.. 
 
 A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation between 
 it and some other word in the sentence. 
 
 Uk 
 
 LTiA'a 
 
 As 
 
 Olfi, yis 
 
 Kfi 
 
 Nnhw'itla 
 
 Sunbiint 
 
 KI 
 
 To, unto, in, on, from, id, 
 accordiny to 
 
 To thr. III tlif, in tin, on ihr 
 
 OJ 
 
 WUh 
 
 For ! 
 
 JVcnr 
 
 Throughout 
 
 Among (always allixoil to | 
 verliB, as "git;ilkT"= | 
 valking among) i 
 
 l!iin,"iya, liMiii.liiinanbauya I'ndir 
 
 Oiall liifmr 
 
 Nahwatla Nrnr lo 
 
 VU- gli liihind 
 
 Gill On uccount of 
 
 Hlliynmi Kxapt 
 
 iMnkHlaiiyi Jnntiad of 
 
 Nfikfiil lUivem 
 
 EXAMI-LKS. 
 
 Lfi/.'. lia nik 15/.- <lri/,\vik 
 
 Hfigia luAfi trifikw 
 
 Lid- kwixihim a.s buj;\vriniim 
 
 Lfi/.' wutkhiiii as Go(ir);o 
 
 Ilri)j;ia yli'i Henry 
 
 -Yis giada diila 
 
 Yiglikwis ayasi'i yisa (liimini 
 
 rihwilin kla.siii (or muri' /»//;/ klfik 
 
 yisin) slttfiya 
 (JoliulT liU' Vlftoria 
 (iifiyfitl Kik Victoria 
 Kfi un U 111 pa 
 Naliwfitlfikl 
 Lin sunbunt /.wfi nfila 
 U/.ribfidfikw 
 
 Buiiaribauya sa liumbdiiinill 
 Su tinia giulaghvis 
 Sfi unia ul/.glis 
 IlTliyanu Jane ki.s lfi 
 i^ii iniiii gifi/,-Itl 
 Su uni \idu\ii gitl-t.s 
 Kiints mfikstauya 
 Kwfilfi niikrid "iri/iinnhw 
 
 Jli- mid to them 
 
 00 to the. hcwie 
 According to man'H nature 
 Agreeing vith (liorge'H uwih 
 Go u-ilh Ileurg 
 
 {liwj bread) n-ith thi' money 
 Hin handf were '•'•und ii-ith rope 
 
 1 fill it uilli mij ,iaddle 
 
 Cnmejrom Viclorin 
 
 Prom or belonging to Victoria 
 
 For my father 
 
 Near you 
 
 1 hare iworked) tlirough thin day 
 
 Put it underneath 
 
 Under the table 
 
 You go before him 
 
 You go behind him 
 
 They all uenl except Jane 
 
 I came on your mcounl or fur yon 
 
 He in uorkingfor you (on your account) 
 
 Instead of uh 
 
 Do not come belueen un 
 
 VI .—ADVERB. 
 
 An adverb is a word added to a verb or adjective to modify its meaning. For in- 
 stance in ripdlli'i nlkia, "secretly saying," the adverb ripdffd, "secretly," modifies the verb 
 " to say " nlk. In aul ek, " very good, " the adverb, atil, modifies the adjective, ek. 
 Adverbs may be divided into many classes according to their signification. I will now 
 try to divide, them and give examples of each adverb. 
 
102 
 
 ALI-'IIKD J. HALL 
 
 (1.) iNTKttllOdATlVK AdVKRBI*. 
 
 *••♦ 
 
 MRg How/ yVhut.' 
 
 Mi'miw? ())■ uifi.sls uM'iida Nil WIhU (III i/uu nwit f 
 
 Mri/.aiiN? 
 
 Ml'lHUH (liiiiKwakris', 
 
 Kk iiuihV 
 WotlasV 
 
 'rWetir? 
 
 Aukii^'.sulii iiiiiM? 
 T- AViliHi? 
 
 What i« (Aid .' 
 
 Wliiii (iTt' i/iiu (li)iiiii or 
 
 viiul (III ijuu iMht i (uii 
 
 impatiitul (|ii(38tioii) 
 What in in your liiiiid or 
 
 what (ire ;/«m ciirii/iiKj .' 
 Arc ijiiu mil .' 
 lliiii- (iri ijiiH t (only of 
 
 jjorsons w lio iiro ill) 
 llmr is hf .' 
 lloir lire i/ou f 
 Wlidt if il likef 
 
 MfiHiN hi i^illn rrnkwikiuliV 
 
 MuhIh iHitla Mit kIiU' k''1 
 
 wunnliw '.' 
 Mim klinV ■> 
 
 W't if] lu klin'.' ) 
 
 Wilii.lklin klakV 
 Wilfikw klin ir.-kl? 
 
 Wilfikw Ifi klin Ifi-kl? 
 (iiuH jiiiniui Zanirmila ? 
 
 Why do you rpmk to, or, 
 iiliiil in the VKiton of ;/o»r 
 
 npiiikiiiy IhuH .' 
 Why do yiiu mil rinnc with 
 
 Whnt nhalllilof (an Indian 
 Wdtilil nay tliiH iryiiuoalltxl 
 
 him) 
 11(111' nhdll I do it f 
 When 'hall I got or / inll 
 
 not yi or / <i»/i not yuimj 
 Hill irhcn nhdll I (Jii f 
 lldir oj'tin have you him to 
 
 ]'irtiiiia f 
 
 (2.) Ai^vEiiBH OP Manner. 
 
 AekiuJR 
 
 Yriyrilii'ikilrilii 
 
 Ailyfila 
 
 Hulailu 
 
 llalniiii iiiiiin liwilTi 
 
 Aul 
 
 Aniin ekikula 
 
 Aiiliii nik yfikl 
 
 lloliida-uni 
 
 Hdlilda-niii Uivnwit 
 
 Aiimun or an krdu niun m- 
 
 all mun ^;iri/.' 
 Klaklfiyfi-nrdiwila 
 
 Do it nicely ' 
 Do it ciiTiienly 
 ,Sl(iiiiii (only uMOil il' walk- 
 inn) 
 Scarcely 
 
 I dill sciiiviiy dlive 
 Very, Indy, ixcenlinyly 
 I din very hnppy 
 V(rily, I my nntu you 
 Huddi nly 
 Jl muldeidy (linaiUHdrnl 
 
 Himiinutlu-nm 
 
 Iliniiinatlii-niii /ihka 
 
 IJlfik 
 
 Uhlkiiii kwiliiils 
 
 Yuiila, iiu'iliw 
 
 llTnunia 
 
 riliiriiiia hniitllduk 
 
 Nathiuiiiiiiina 
 
 Mfitliuiiiii>uiil ^iii la Ifd; 
 
 Kwatlkwunala 
 
 Kwatlkwunfill jrin Ifi lak 
 
 In answer to the ijuestion " What do you ro(iniro ? " 
 
 / mint notlmty or / only Lr^li-iiakwila 
 
 Clime 1 
 
 Alli riiiilely, one nfler Ihc | La klin I'lgwilka 
 
 other 
 
 AlimyK 
 
 lie Is always ill 
 
 Atmiixl 
 
 I almost fell dinm 
 
 Km 
 
 I'urposebj 
 
 Ik shot ilpurjinsiiy 
 
 Sometlines 
 
 I sumetiiites gn there 
 
 Often 
 
 J often ijo there 
 
 Follovinij oni: ofler Hie 
 
 other 
 I will (iho IJO after the 
 
 other 
 
 (3.) NkOATIVE AHVEIIBS. 
 
 KT ^Y(), not Kiyos 
 Kisin wlwriaililka 
 Kisiii zilika-TnO/wa 
 KTvusin dula 
 
 Not any, nothing 
 I am not poor 
 I din never ill 
 I hare no money 
 
 KTyosin kwili-ida as lawils f cannot go oui 
 Kiyos bagwanura la um ■> No man has ever seen God 
 d\[k wu klilu yaulu/; Owl J 
 
 Misin la ini'dnv lak 
 
 Wiitl-iiin 
 
 Wutl-ini gint.s la lak 
 Wiill-uui watlduin 
 Wrul mun Hiii/-' 
 
 I nicer go there (always 
 usetl with a ne^'ativo) 
 
 For nothing, rain 
 
 We gained iiotliini/ hy going 
 
 Foolish tidk 
 
 I came in vain or / hud no 
 purpose in coming 
 
 The nc^.i vo is sometimeb oxprossoii by hi iind tv'i. Tho foi'mer alwayis precedes the word it 
 modifies and tho latter always follows it. Correctly sspeaking. I is the negative and the consonaniS 
 arc prefixed when euphonic. Sometimes they are not used ; Isin kauhUla, or, Jfisin ImukUla, " I do 
 not know," are equally coi'iect. 
 
 (4.) Adveuhs of Place. 
 
 Kilas liiA- gia 
 Kinum \uk gia 
 Hub Mxki da 
 
 Come here 
 
 There ore pUnty here 
 
 Oo there 
 
 Eki da 
 Kinuni IfiAi da 
 
 Il is good there 
 There arc plenty there 
 
A KWA(UUTh GKAMMAU. 
 (B.) Tbmpipiui, AnvKiiiii. 
 
 I'm an, Mm wis ^,'lii 
 LiiA'w klin till mil im 
 
 Kilu iiiii UN 
 
 Hi iiiii us Kill/,- kwptii 
 
 Kk mil wiH xli'i/' 
 
 Winiu liyiiita kwfiil iiiu wis 
 
 Kill 
 Kwutlagiii mil uMi 
 
 " ■' lis n\\'\k 
 
 Is iim fitla 
 
 YukHiiiii lUlitlii bfikwrim, ih 
 
 urn I'ltlfi ki'is );iu/.ri 
 iium puna 
 
 F\rtl,fiir Ihcprimnl 
 Miiki 11/1 thi' fire hij'im //oh 
 
 do <nii/llii)iii iImi 
 Covic here Ihj'ijtc yuxi go 
 
 anyj'tirlher 
 IaI U helihjhat for the 
 
 pttn:\it 
 II xntl (In for till iircsi iil 
 Ll lid Uaw ofi' (or //»• 
 
 pri'H'nt 
 Lei liim slopjor tin pramd 
 
 (ymrmm roforriil tii not 
 
 nuar). 
 Lft hhii utiipjnr llie prinexl 
 
 (|)erson ruferrcd toiwar) 
 H,for< 
 The Iiiilidiii Wire wicked ' 
 
 before lion viniie 
 Once (see Mui.TU'Lit'ATiVB ' 
 Adjkctivkw) I 
 
 La k\ till niiiTi-lm vntlii 
 Ltit;iiiii>liw, kwritlila 
 Lriyiiiii'iliw mn \k k\vri|iiilii 
 Kwiillllu mi ^in iiik ynkl 
 
 Ki-rill-wiUl 
 Ki-rill-wutliii Iil \\ik Yaliii 
 
 Atl-mn 
 
 Atl-inii kiln Ifi-kl 
 
 Iliiiiiin ulli kwfitlii 
 
 WfiwriHiliini 
 
 Ekikiiliii klfi/'iiii wruvuHilum 
 
 la/ Kii(.'liiii(l 
 Kn|i(!tla kiln ^'Ii'ih /.nn 
 
 wawiiailiini kwilft 
 /• «iii 
 A'8 la a kiiM 
 
 ^'8 lu i 
 
 108 
 
 In the heginnhig 
 
 Alreiuhi 
 
 1.1 il lorn iihiuilij ,' 
 
 I hate told yon ulrcwlij or 
 
 liifore 
 Loup time iitji^ 
 A Iniifl time aijo 1 went to 
 
 Alert liiiij 
 Filiiilly.jnKt now, lnj and hij 
 J will ijn prenevthj 
 I hiire jift Jliiinlied 
 Ihirinii, while, till, vnliL 
 I woA hiippij duriiiij vvj nlny 
 
 in Knijlmid 
 I will Htoij with i/ou till t 
 
 die <lit ((« lonij at I Hvi ) 
 As or when I 
 Ak or ii7i(>i rjou 
 As err when he 
 
 a» 
 
 Examples. 
 
 l);"itli(liii klii/.s la a kus diin/,il 
 
 Wii y\kti hi i Imnrillila 
 
 Yi/,H la a ku8 yaUU-idilii, liii Tij^wuka 
 
 yalaku sig 
 Kis ma i 
 
 Kfi ika kiM ma i .luliii la i gliiiii la/a 
 
 wala/.i 
 K'S dok ma i^ kwatltl 
 Ki-fitl 
 
 KI-iUl kle kus gia^a 
 Atl-it 
 
 La urns, atl-ida 
 Sta ukw, 
 
 Ua^wfiiiuni sta akw 
 Ek sta iikw 
 NanT sta iikw 
 
 I Inii'jheil when ijonmnij 
 Now when he letm ijoinij dirwii 
 
 Ak you Inire nent me, m hare 1 iUko sent them 
 
 Not ijel (dek is|inperto(l to oxpross surprise) ami 
 
 sometimes anger) 
 For John uvu not yet cast into prison 
 
 ir/i.v, yon hire not yet finished ! 
 Soon 
 
 You have soon come 
 Late 
 
 You are late 
 In like manner 
 ft has the iii>]icaraiice of a man 
 
 II looks (IS if it were good 
 Il is like a goat 
 
 VII.— CONJUNCTION. 
 
 A conjunction is a part of speech employed to connect words and s('ntence.s. It is 
 usual to divide conjunctions into two classes, Copulative and Disjuntive. The former 
 connect or continue a sentence ; the latter serve to express opposition to the principal 
 
 sentence. 
 
 (1.) Copulative Conjunctions. 
 
 Glfi, himis A"<i 
 
 Yin gla wl da Unipa numi'ikw / and the Father are one 
 
 munfihw 
 
 Gins -4«'^ !/0" 
 
 George gla wis abump Qeorge and his mother 
 
 Himis This word connecta num- 
 
 bers 
 Miitl tsum gifislau liimlsa Twenty and one '■ 
 
 num 
 Kas TiMt 
 
■ 
 
 104 
 
 ALFBED J. HALL : 
 
 GoPui;ATivB Conjunctions. (Continued.) 
 
 Vi's. hi iiiiiii kwatlil niU yfikl, 
 kSs ukwisi klfis 
 
 Lii mi 
 
 (iifihwlda Ann I'lmpa la mi sin 
 
 hatlakii klukl 
 Gil 
 Gilli dakvi mi laka do kus 
 
 tlulnvila nu kwun 
 Gil nia I da ba>;\vrii!iini kis 
 
 kiipotla f-'la Willi 
 \Va K'll' dfikw iim-kl wi.sis 
 
 dfikwila kin/; 
 Gil iini-kl wisis kwfal-kl, 
 
 giuA'klila gia^'uu 
 Kniiklii 
 Kasfi 
 Ku 
 
 Ami hull' I Ji(iV( liilil linn 
 htfarc it conns Id pnfs 
 tliul ijc miijht lielicvc 
 
 Ami then 
 
 lliip my jiiihir und llwn I 
 irill jtiuj i/ov 
 
 If, when 
 
 If yc land mi 
 
 If II man ithidi nut nitli r.n 
 
 ]\'/ini yc (lilil.) .'•'/id// ,'(•(■ 
 
 thh 
 ]\'lien yon hori Jiniflwd. 
 
 fomc to nn 
 If I, whin 1 
 If you, when you 
 If he, what he 
 
 Kuiitsu or kunfiliwri If nr, when nr 
 
 La mil la/,- nil, kasu iiik Uk I wonid yn. If you n'inhid me 
 
 to 
 
 I.a mil \Cd- un.kunklfi iiik la/.- / nonld yo, if I wanted to 
 
 K-afc fikwi.si klfis, ki'i iii-kl lii That, when it com..!i to jiass, 
 
 kwlli-id kli ye may believe 
 
 Kii Becarmc 
 
 KuA- gin Because I 
 
 K.id-3 Becaune you 
 
 Kfi U-s Became he 
 
 Jifij^itlin tlahwilaiirikwi'is Uoreyou,liecaw<. you lore me 
 
 kfi/l-s llaliwilani'ikwa a (Wt. The reamn Ilore you 
 
 liOs in i> liecausc youloreme) 
 
 Latrilliii tlrdiwila lu'ikM-.s I hvehim,lieeau«ehc loves me 
 
 ka i/.-.s tlahwila in'ikwa mi 
 
 Kisi la, ka 'ds ziljj;\vSlunia lie did -.c' go,-hecause for- 
 
 u sis fimp liidden by his father 
 
 (2.) DiSJI NCTIVK. CoNJUNTTKiXS. 
 
 La ta, la tl, Ifi i,'latl Bnl Ilanakwijfda a kliii Vakilit- Conn back <iuickly,oT Ishnlt 
 
 La tin hinklil yaksiim But I am nry trick,:! Ins be anyry with you 
 
 Yaks-aniiin la gla ta.s okia lam !<inful,bnl yonar' yood Wfdi Althnuyh. (Occurs I're- 
 
 Kisgla ti da IfiQiadri liukli- Hut the .diap did not hiar qiiontly in this lan- 
 
 irdi them ^rmige) 
 
 A klin Or [ Khali WTili mini wukkU- Althouyh I asked him 
 A klus Or you irill •, 
 A kli Or he will ' 
 
 The otlior part of the soiitcneo is not n-onorally iiltci-til. Iieini; understood, c.j^. Ku-iikwCill wiihya. 
 
 JiiK (jlii tin t'lijmlak ; Altiiouyh lio i> siiuakiiig (niy liiiiguag^) ! dii not understand it. iridic mun 
 
 di'ifcvi'ikl icahums k'lS <jitlk di'ijew'tniihw giilkuu ■ I have come to see you, although you never call 
 upon mo. 
 
 Kis. ... Kis uui ka. u 
 Kisin naiifU-mik, kis uui /a "i wisin luiklilak 
 Hiliya um, liigia u- i 
 C kunklfi 
 Higia um I kasfi 
 
 ( kfi 
 Kiyusi kwih 'da as lawilsa, ln;j:ia um kii kaiitlaklila 
 
 la k\>i kfikriklaSH 
 lliliya um-kl kasTi la lai klayfi lak kis ta klis la-ikl 
 
 lakfi ike awinagwis 
 
 Nedhi r, nor 
 
 T neither ansnereil lum, tmr did I lifliV to him 
 Only, e.ecejit 
 Excijit I 
 Except you 
 Ejceiit he 
 Hi cannot yo mil, e.ropt h, Aai'ii.-s Ins hunon 
 
 ICicijil you ripnil, yon wilt not yo to tin luarenly pbiee 
 
 Observe the words d'l /<iU in (he last >eiiteii(-e. La is ihi! verh 1<> go, and tlie idiom is "oxcopl 
 you go and repent." The verb is of fi-equont occurrence in sentences that do not seem to require it. 
 
 Itit 
 Kflt 
 La ki i itit nik 
 
 again 
 
 oho, or 
 
 and he said ayain 
 
 Itidagia 
 La /.-at nikia 
 
 do it again 
 and he also said 
 
A KWAGIUTL GRAMMAR. 
 
 105 
 
 VIII.— INTERJECTION. 
 
 Au Tutorjootioii is a word usihI to I'xpmss au eiaotiou or a feeling of the person 
 speaking. 
 
 ununii ! 
 u/.ikias ! 
 
 fi ! 
 
 Klu-wu I 
 K kiaa aw'i ! 
 
 Whmhmt Ilawl! 
 iSnriirim: at lln' grail <inan- 
 
 lily I KTiium-zikiiia ! 
 
 O! \ Kwiink-zikias ! 
 
 How hraiitifiil j Yugwu-zikias ! 
 
 Sjtliwlid I 
 
 yVheiicvcr vxilir ix disngrif 
 
 ahhj eM 
 Oh I hoiK manij 
 Oh ! hmv wet 
 Oh.' what a rahi Oh! 
 
 guch a rain 
 
 See II, 1888. 14. 
 
 ^lumm