IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I |50 *'■■• ^ 1^ iiM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" - ^ <% 7^ ^;; w ^,^ ^ o 7 m PhotograpMc Sciences Corpoi-dtion 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTiR, NY. MSaO (710) •73-4903 ^^ V 4. *% ^ ;\ JIS '^°^%, ^'^<<* '^ 9) '^^ . ^^ M/.A ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Snstitutu for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian d« microreproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couieur r 1 Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculAe I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur □ Boun( Reli« Bound with other material/ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes lors dune restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppUmentaires; L'Institut a rricrofilmd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reptoduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage sont indiquis ci-deasous. I I Coloured pages/ ^/ D Pages de couleur Psges dameged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/oi Pages restauiAes et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages d^colories, tacheties ou piqudes I I Psges dameged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ □ Pages detached/ Pages ditachdes Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement ohscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une peiure, etc., ont M filmAes A nouveau de faqon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item Is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmA au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 2fiX 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 2tX aatx Tha copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: L^islature du Quebec Quebec The images appearing here are the best quality possible conftrderSng the condition and legibility of the origin^.! copy and in iceeping with the filming cont/act specifications. L'Bxen plaire film4 'ut reproduit grflce A la gAnAr isitA ds: L^islature du Quebec Quebec Lee imeges suivantes ont 6tA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettet* de I'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copiee in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on :he first page with a printed or illuatrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on sech microfiche shall contain tha symbol •^►(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meening "END"), whichever applies. Las examplalres originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^ sont filmte en commengant par le premier plat et en terminent soit par ta derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, seion le cas. Tous lee autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminent par la derniire pege qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, seion le caa: le symbols »»> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoae too Berge to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper ieft hend corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many framee aa required. The following diegrems illustrate the method: Lee cartes, planches, tableeux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte k dee taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, ii est film* A partir de i'engle supArieur gauche, de gauche k drolte, et de haut en bes, en prenant le nombre d'imege'^ nicessaire. Les disgremmes suivsnts illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 AN ADDRESS TO THE IMPARTIAL PUBLIC, ON THK // Intiltraitf Spirit «f l|t Cites; BEING THE INTRODUCTION ro Tin: MISCELLANEA op M. J. SPALDING, D. D., BISHOP OF LOUISVILLE. COPTRIQHT SICURKD. LOUISVILLE: WEnn & LEVEinxa, no. 521 main stkekt. \ PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. At the suggestion of several persons, whose judgment they highly value, the Publish^ ve decided to issue separately in pamphlet form, the *'' Ini roductory Address on the intolerant spirit of the times," prefixed to Bishop Spalding's forthcoming Miscellanea. They do so the more readily, as the Address is regarded not only as a useful tract for the times, but also as a suitable Introduction to the workj showing how far the subjects therein treated are opportune to the peculiar circumstances under which the Catholics of the United States are now placed. In order that the readers of the Address may be able to see at a glance the drift of the publication, its contents are hero given ; and, unless the Publishers are greatly mistaken, the topics discussed will be found to possess more than ordinary interest. The Publishers regret that, from causes entirely beyond their control, some delay has occurred in issuing the work. They believe they can now s.ifely promise, that it will be ready for delivery by the fifteenth day of February next; till which time they must claim the indulgence of their patrons. The "Miscellanea" will contain G82 pages, of same size and type, as the accompanying Address, and will be retailed at the unusual low price of §2 25. Although the work contains nearly one hundred pages more than at first proposed, it is issued at the very low price announced ; as, from the deeply interesting character, and the great amount of valuable matter which the "Miscellanea" contains, the Publishers anticipate a heavy demand, and they uLSMit? ix} i^^^h . vHv nxjLts. ciu a\j iUTT a piiuu lani uii may DO aoio to procure it WEBB & LEVERING. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS, €n tjie liHjiartial |nbltc; ON THE INTOLERANT SPIRIT OF THE TIMES. An intolerant spirit invoked against Catholics-Bigotry an implacable monster-Tho danger of fostering the mob spint-Features in the present anti-CathoIlc crusade-Cruel treatment of . Cathohc pnest-Our adversaries virtually yielding us the victory in fair argument-Their n«neroa« inconsistencies-The Newark outrage-The manliness of the American character-Whence danger is to be apprehended to the Republic-The » bats and the ea€le8"-Hoping for better things-The accusations against us-Is the Catholic Church intolerant ?-0runcharitable?-Latitudinariani8m. r? '^•""y-P"''"?'*'' of 'h« Church in regard to persecution-Has she ever persecuted as a Church ?-Th.rd canon of Lateran-The Inquisition-John Huss-Catholic and Protestant perse- cution B.nco the reformation-Intolerance in America-Who originated it, and who gave the first oxample of toleration ?-Parallel between Catholic and Protestant countries in the matter of persecution- Are Catholics the enemies of republican government ?- What Catholicity and Pro- testantism have done for human liberty-Charles Carroll of Carrolton-Washington and the Cathohcs--The temporal powerof the Popes-Declarations of Archbishop Carroll and the American JJishops-Letter to the Pope-Are American Catholics a separate community ?-Archbi8hop Carroll and Bishop Dubourg-Foreigners-What they have done for the country-" The foreign vote" --Foreign radicals and iufidels-The naturalization laws-The common school system- What tlM Catholic Church says to her members -Her efforts to promote peace and order-Her charity f«t all mankind- Archbishop Kenrick's Pastoral. That a fierce spirit of intolerance has been lately evoked in this onco free country, no candid observer of passing events will deny. Christians of a particular denomination have been selected, as its first victims ; but no one who has studied human nature, as it is developed in the facts of history, will for a moment suppose, that the ruin of Catholics in this country will satisfy the cravings of this fierce Moloch of religious bigotry. As Avith the tiger, the taste of blood will but sharpen its appetite for new victims. So it has been in the past ; so it will be in the future. Let no one deceive himself, nor suffer himself to be deceived, in a matter of so vital an importance to all who are sheltered under the glorious flag of our union. Once the barriers, which our noble constitution throws around the civil and religious liberties of all citizens alike, aro broken down, no matter under what pretext of excitement, of political expediency, or necessity, there is no telling where the spirit of innovation will stop, or where the evils consequent upon it will bo arrested. When a torrent has once broken through the embankment along its margin, it spreads devastation through the entire country ; and the husbandman wlio has nAglected the necessaiy precautions, while it was yet time, find* INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. out, when it is too late for remedy, that all the fruits of his patient toil have been swept away or destroyed by the raging- waters. So it will be precisely, should the checks and balances, which the wisdom and forecast of our fathers liave inserted in the constitution, be neglected or set at naught. Tlie torrent of human passions, once it has overleaped this barrier, will overwhelm our beautiful country with ruins,. All our dearly bought liberties will be virtually destroyed ; property will be no longer secure ; law and order will give place to passion and mob violence ; the dearest of all human rights and privileges, — that of worshiping God according to the dictates of our conscience, — will be annihilated; the beautiful earthly paradise of our happy republic will be changed into a frowning wilderness, filled with horror and desolation : finally, anarchy will take the place of order r.nd good government. The Avorst possible species of tyranny is that of the mob. Far better be oppressed by one tyrant, than be crushed and torn by a thousand : far better have even a Nero or a Diocletian to lord it over you, than be ruled by that hydra- headed monster, called a mob. The solitary tyrant may have some misgivings, or retain some remnant of justice or humanity ; he may at least be checked by a sense of personal responsibility, and may tremble on his throne at the fear of popular retribution : the many-headed despot has neither reason, nor justice, nor humanity, nor conscience, nor fear of God or man, to restrain him from deeds of violence. For the truth of this picture, we appeal with confidence to all history ; from the period when an excited mob cried out against the Blessed Jesus at the tribunal of Pilate : — Crucify Him 1 crucify Him ! 1 — down to the other day, when another mob, composed of persons calling themselves Christians, raised fiendish shouts of triumph at the teaiiiig down and trampling under foot of the Cross, which had ornamented the spire of a Catholic Church in Chelsea ! At every time and in every place, the mob has always been the same ruthless, savage, untameable monster ; the Christian scarcely less so than the pagan.' Unhappily, we need not go far back into times past, nor travel far from home, to witness the sad effects of mob violence. A distinctive feature in the present crusade against Catholics in this country, is precisely the invoking against them of this ruthless spirit. Five or six of our churches either burnt, or sacked, or blown up by gunpowder, — most of them while our citizens were engaged in the joyous celebration of the liberty -hallowed Fourth of July; — street brawlers, generally lis subject, we refor to the Chapter on Mobs, in this Volume, p. 610, seqq., vo.\ Philadelphia lUots, p. 690, seqq. ' more I INTRODUCTOnY ADDRESS 4 men of the lowest and most infamous character, hired to vilify and slander us and all that we hold most dear and sacred in the public streets and hig-hways, thereby openly exciting the passions of tlie ignorant to bloody civil feuds; our people, after having been thus grievously wronged in tlieir character as citizens and as religionists^ butchered in brutal street encounters, or assassinated in detail,' and then almost invariably placed in the Avrong by a mendacious press and telegraph, in the interest of their enemies; and the victims of all these cruel and accumulated wrongs generally receiving, instead of sympathy, but additional obloquy and persecution, they being in almost every instance the only ones arrested and punished for the riots which others had caused, while the murderers and assassins and church burners escape : — these are some of the practical workings of that truculent spirit, which, during the present year, has been aroused against us in this free country ! Every one knows how a Catholic priest — the Rev. Mr. Bapst — was lately treated by a savage mob at Ellsworth in Maine, He was universally conceded to be a man of great zeal and benevolence, as well as of irreproach- able life. The only crime alleged against him, was that he had dared express an opinion on the Common School System, diflferent from that of the majorit} . For this, in pursuance of a resolution passed at a town meetinn-, he was tarred and feathered, ridden on a rail, and treated with indio-nities, which forcibly remind us of the scenes on Calvary ; indignities of which savages should have been ashamed. The ruffians, amidst these horrible outrages to God's minister, did not, however, forget to rifle his pockets and to appropriate to themselves his watch and money ! ^ Says the Bangor Journal — a secular print of the vicinity : " While the tarring and feathering was going on, he was mocked and reviled with horrid blasphemies and indecencies. He was asked why he came over to this country. To preach the Catholic doctrine, he replied, We are Protestants, the ruffians said, and will teach you better than that. One, mocking him, said scornfully : " So they persecuted Jesus of old." Another, reviling, asked "Will the Virgin Mary save you?" These blasphemies remind one of the mockin<|s on Calvary. Some asked him how many wives he had, how many cliildren, &c. These are the most decent of the insults, and are all that admit of publication." Do wo live in the nineteenth century, or have we been transported back to the period of civil commotions in the middle ages ; when modern society was struggling into form, when feudal strife filled Europe with bloody iiitestine feuds, and when Guelph and Ghibelliae caused the streets of Florence and Milan to run in blood ? Do we live in a land of 1 Witness the assassination of poor McCarthy at Newarlc ; and other niurJcrs menMoned in (he Bu'iHc triiits. 2 Something more than fifty dollurs 6 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. liberty and law, or in one of tyranny and anarchy ? Has our noble constitution — the master work of human wisdom — become a dead letter; or what is worse, have its just and equitable provisions, securing equal civil and religious freedom to all, been openly contemned and trampled under foot ? Have our people forgotten the price of liberty, that they now hold i^. so cheap ? What will the friends of monarchy and the enemies of republicanism in the old world think and say, as they point in triumph to these sad commentaries, which we have written with our own hands, on our boasted fundamental principle of equal law and equal privileges to all ? What will the radical republicans of Europe, with whom so many of our people profess to sympathize, answer, when their opponents will appeal to such practical workings of liberty as the above, in the great Model Republic across the Atlantic ? Can any reasonable man doubt, that ii\Q excesses to which we allude will have the effect of greatly weakening, if not of wholly marring the cause of true and rational liberty throughoi t the world ? If history utters any warning, or teaches any lesson, it is this great truth : that persecution has never yet put down a good cause, nor materially served a bad one. Truth may be obscured or smothered for a time ; it cannot be destroyed. Tims the sun may be darkened for a time by the interposing cloud, but anon his bright rays will break out again to illumine the world ; no human power can wholly extinguish his light, much less blot him out from the heavens. Yet the sun will share the fate of all things created, and cease to exist ; but the truth of God abideth forever. For more than eighteen centuries the Catholic Church has stood, a tower of strength, amidst the ruins of all things earthly, strewn in her pathway. Dynasties have changed, thrones have fallen, and sceptres have been broken around her; yet has she stood, and she still stands, stronger than ever : " She saw the commencement of all the governments and of all the ecclesiastical establishments, that now exist in the world ; and we feel no assurance that she is not destined to see the end of them all. , . Four times since the Church of Rome was established in western Christendom has the human intellect risen up against her yoke. Twice she remained completely victorious. Twice she came forth from the conflict bearing the marks of cruel wounds, but with the principle of life still strong within her. When we reflect upon the tremendous assaults wliicli she has survived, we find it difficult to conceive in what way she is to perish.'" Nothing could, in fact, be more honorable to the Catholic Church than the mode of warfare which has been lately adopted to effect her ruin in this country. In appealing to passion and mob violence against her, her 1 Macaulay — RoTlew of Ranke's History of the Topes. i r i r INTEOD UCT R Y ADDRESS. 7 enemies virtually acknowledge that calm examination and sober rea- soning are powerless for her destruction ; by the necessity under which they find themselves to resort to misrepresentation and slander, they substantially concede that they would be worsted in the fair field of truthful statement and dispassionate argument. Thus, those Protestants who have been induced by prejudice and passion to favor this unhallowed mode of attack upon our Church, have really abandoned the vantan-e- groimd in the controversy, and have thereby unwittingly yielded us the victory. Bad temper, unfairness, and violence in a disputant, greatly damage hi': cause, in the judgment of all calm and impartial men ; while the party assailed by such weapons is always sure to win sympathy, and to gain on public opinion. Another feature in the present violent warfare against us, is its glaring inconsistency. The men who are most prominent in the crusade are, in general, as unprincipled as the means they employ are detestable,' Professing to be the champions of freedom, their secret and even avowed object is to rob of freedom a large portion of their fellow citizens : — for their " war to the hilt against Romanism," as explained by their words and their actions, means nothing less than this. Professing to love the Bible, and boasting a wish to see the principles of the Bible triumphantly carried out in politics, they trample recklessly upon the most cherished principles of the Bible. The Bible says: "Thou shaltlove thy neighbor as thyself ; " they say, we must hate our neighbor, and declare war to the hilb against him, if he happen to belong to the oldest and most numerous body of Christians on the face of the earth. The Bible teaches, that we must love our enemies ; they hate even their friends, or those at least who have never wronged them in thought or deed. The Bible inculcates the equitable principle, that we must do unto others, as we would wish others to do unto us under like circumstances ; they teach that Catholics are to be excluded from the operation of this Gospel rule. The Bible teaches, that we are to be kind and indulgent to the poor stranger who comes within our borders ; they teach that no treatment is too hard for the stranger, if he dare think for himself in matters of religion, and exercise his undoubted civil rights — clearly guaranteed to him by the constitution in the country of his adoption. These specifications will suffice to show, how our boasted lovers and champions of the Bible, — who are wont to parade the sacred volume in their riotous and bloody proces- 1 We spoiik here nnilthronghou', this Address chiefly of the lt?adora in the anti-Catholic warfare. We are convinced that very many among those who have enrolled themcelvea in the new politiciil party are well meaning men, who have been misled by the arts of others, or who aro even persuaded that they are doing God and their country service by proscribing Catholics ! 8 INTEODUOTORY ADDRESS. sions,' — wantonly trample it under foot, whenever its declarations conflict with their headlong passions. Another glaring inconsistency in those who are foremost in the anti- Catholic crusade, is found in the fact, that while they profess to advocate a change of policy in regard to all foreigners who come to our shores, they secretly, and sometimes even openly, fraternize wilh the blood- stained Irish Orangemen and the truculent German infidels ! Their boasted political principles are thus lost sight of, or openlv violated, whenever there is a good opportunity for waging a " war to the hilt against Romanism." Every one is familiar with the late atrocious attack on the Catholic Church at Newark by Irish Orangemen, and how the press in the interest of the Know Nothings, as usual, added slander to outrage, by laying all the blame on the Irish Catholics. Well, sacrilege was perpetrated in the open light of day; murder was done on the person of an inoflfensive man : yet up to the present day not one among the foreign Protestant perpetrators of these horrid deeds has been even arrested ! Still the truth camo out, after the first storm of passion had passed away ; and even the New York Tribune, re-echoing the declaration of other papers, at length honorably proclaimed it as follows ; The Newark Murder and Sacrilege. — "That Church stands fairly exculpated from all offense, and its devastation is an unprovoked and shameful outrage, which reflects great discredit on Newark and bellio-ereut Protestantism. And it is worthy of note that while this is the fil'lh or sixth Catholic edifice, which has been destroyed or devastated by mob violence in our country, there is no instance on record wherein a Protestant house ofivorship has been ravaged by Catholics.'"^ As if conscious of the dishonorable character of their warfare on Cath- olics, the new anti- Catholic party enters the field shrouded in secresy and wrapped up in mystery. Professing to be the champions of " American principles," they skulk away into darkness, and seem ashamed to show their faces in the light of day. If this be one of the "American principles," then are we done forever with American principles ! Born and reared up in this free country, we have doated from our infancy on the glorious principles embodied in our noble declaration of independence, and in those cognate ones set forth in our matchless constitution. They have been the dream of our youth, and the idol of our maturer years. And we have had abundant opportunities to know, that those whom choice, and not the mere accident of birth, have made citizens of our happy country, have, without an exception known to us, entert^aincd a fond predilection for American principles, scarcely surpassed in intensity I As they did during the Philadolphia Riots. 2 New York Tribune, of September 8, 1854. t »V- T INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 9 t T by our own. But we and they had thought, in our simplicity, that manliness was one among those cherished "American principles" : that it was even an essential part of the American character to be open, candid, and straight-forward in all its acts ; that the American could have no possible cause to be ashamed either of his name, of his political doctrines, or of his acts ; that he needed no cover of darkness to conceal either his purposes or his deeds. But we were mistaken ; our dream has been dissipated ; and we awake to the painful reality, that neither we nor our fathers knew anything about " American principles," until we were happily taught them by foreign infidels, incendiaries, and assassins, boasting the hallowed name of patriots and martyrs of liberty ! Yet these were the very men against whose pernicious arts Washington had so solemnly warned us, when he bade us beware of foreign influence ! The real danger to our republican institutions lies in the encourao-ement given to those mischievous men — the spawn of foreign revolutions whom failure in their attempts abroad cause to be cast upon our shores. Received with open arms by our patriotic sympathy, they proceed forthwith to organize amongst us those dangerous secret political societies, which were the chief instruments of their warfare in Europe. Hear what the venerable Josiali Quincy says of such societies : " The liberties of a people are never more certainly in the path of destruction, than when they trust themselves to the guidance of secret societies. Birds of the night are never birds of wisdom. One of tlicm indeed received this name, but it was from its looks, and not from its moral and intellectual qualities. They are for the most part birds of prey. The fate of a republic is sealed when the Bats take the lead of the Eagles." Every reader of American history knows how Washington saved the country, by refusing to recognize Genet, the envoy of the bloody French republic ; whose arts and influence among the people had well nigh brought ruin on our infant government. The calm judgment and wise forecast of Washington prevented us from being led away by this most dangerous " loreign influence ; " leading to precisely such " entangling alliances," as the demagogue Kossuth, at a more recent period, sought, happily in vain, to bring about. But enough on this branch of the subject. We cannot bring ourselves to believe, for a moment, that the narrow-minded, inconsistent, unscrip- tural, un-American, and utterly detestable spirit, exhibited by those among us who now take a leading part in the warfare against Cntliolics, is at all likely to become the settled policy of our yet happy and prosperous /country. Should wo, however, be wrong in this belief, and should that ;;:' ; ^ .'<"■, r ■ * 10 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. truculent spirit prevail for a time over sounder and more American principles ; should the persecution of Catholics continue and increase u.itil our churches will all be in ruins, and there will remain no resting place for out feet on the soil of this republic ; then are we ounvinced, that amidst the ruins of our Church in this country will be strewn likewise the ruins of the republic itself ! The liberal and enlarged principles of the latter will be annihilated ; its greatness will be arrested and its glories dimmed ; and while the stars of its flag may yet float in the heavens, its E Plukibus Unum will be oblite.-ated, and its many- colored stripes, emblematic of union in diversity — like its motto — will be blotted out forever.' Still we are unshaken in our hope of better things in the future. There is, after all, a strongly conservative spirit and a practical good sense in the mass of our population, which Jieeds only be fairly awakened, lo frown down all attempts at fastening o;- our necks the system of narrow-minded and proscriptive policy of v*hic;h wo are speaking. To this prpcnci.l sense and " solter second th^u'jjht " alone do we now address ourselves ; all reasoning with the unscrupulous faction whicii seeks to abridge or destroy our lib-^rties, \,iVQ worse than useless. Wo will accordingly devote the nmaiinng portion of this Address to answering some principal objections made against us by oui* more reasonable opponents. Fuliy to refute them all, would require a volume ; though the bulk of the jharges might be answered, by simply saying that we are misrepresented. We will confine ourselves to those T*hich affect our character as citizens :' and even hero, wc must be brief, though we hope that what wo shall be able to say wiU be plain, straightforward, and to th'' purpose. Truth needs no gloss nor dr:;pery ; when pr'^sented in iis simple and unadorned beauty, it best attracts llio admiration, and wins tho homage of all its candid and impartial votaries. Almost all the accusations made against us are reducible to these two heads : first, that in religion wo are intolerant and proscriptive ; second, that 'u politics, we are enemies of republican institutions, and friends of a foroign despotism. We will proceed summarily to answer these iwo charges, together with some of the principal specifications alleged to fiiipnort thorn. But as wc eannot bs roasonably oxnected in 'his Iiitroducttiry \ddross to go into all the d-'tails necessary for the full 1 Or if not ivholly oblltnratoj, at Icist uprcreil from th» unity of th« Flog; tho itnrs bffnsj for Hie iiHtire Imin, niid tho strip-f for rli» forflirner. p»onpIiiK from tyranny to this noble afiylum of frprdntn ! Thli h tliR b'-iiiitirul thoiisht of Ar -hblshop HvixIipk. 2 Ti, tho f<.i;o«ln? I'rtvos, wp nnswcr ninny of ihw mu''t current iiopular charges ngninet tnc Churrh ; pi\rUeuliirly iu the TUcologicnl Ensnyi, Part II. p 897, (loqq. % '^ INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 11 i '^ elucidation of a subject so vast in the topics which it must necessarily embrace, we shall claim the privilege of referring, as. we proceed, to the Essays contained in this volume for such additional facts and illustiaiiona as they may supply, on the points which will successively come under discussion. 1. In regard to the charge of exclusiveaess and intolerance, two thing's, which are often confounded, should be accurately distinguished : namely. theological e. delusiveness and civil intolerance. Our Protestant bretliren have, in general, very vague and looso ideas upon this subject. Amono- them, the term religious liberality generally implies what might with more propriety bo called latitudinarian'.sm. The fasliionable theory, which now obtains extensively among those outside of the Catholic Church, holds that it matters not what a Christian believes, provided he try to bo a moral man and a good citizen ; in other words, that Christ either taught no specific doctrines whatever, or tl:at He required, as a condition of salvation, belief in none which He did teach, or at most in but a few fundamental articles. When those, who maintain the obligation of belief in these fundamental principles only, are called upon to define them, they are often embarrassed for an answer; some giving a wider, some a more limited range to the points in queslion. All, however agree in advocating, to a greater or less extent, the latitudinarian principle above indicated. Now we Catholics strongly protest against this popular theory, as tending to unsettle all faith, and to subvert Christianity itself. Wo hold that Christ delivered a definite system of religion ; that uU the doctrines which He taught are equally true, and equally to be believed ; that He died on the cross to sed the truth of them all with His blood ; and that consequently all the articles of faith v/hich he established, in a majiner so sol}mn, must bo believed by all who have the means of knowini'- them. In oilier words, we hiold that Christ, being the Son of God and Truth itself, dill establish, and in the very nature of things, could have estab- lished, but ONn rkltgion; an?' that, as Ho founded it for the salvation of matilcind. He must have required that it should be embraced, in all its party, by all who wouhl bo saved. This principle wo regard as almost self-evident ; and Wfl c«nnot see- how it can be denied by any, who hiivc dclinile ideas on the nature and purpose of the Cliristian religion, or who believe w the divinity of its Author and Founder. If the Chrisiian religion was not, after ail, necessary to hulvation, then why did the Son of (iod ur.dergo so much labor, and cnduro so much obloquy and 12 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. suffering for its establishment ? Why did He say, speaking- of all tlie doctrines which He had taught without any distinction: "He that believeth not, shall be condemned? " ' Why does His inspired apostle Paul declare, in the name of his Master, — " Without fiiith ii is impossible to please God ! " - But our present purpose does not require us to discuss this or any other doctrinal point; we are merely stating our belief. Wiiat then do we hold in rooard to those who are outside of the one true Churcli of Christ ? Do we condemn them all alike and indiscriminately? We do not. We leave them to their own responsibility before God, by whose unerring judgment they will, like ourselves, stand or fall. If not united with the Church, through their own fault, — having the light and opportunity to find out what it is, and neglecting to correspond therewith, — they are in imminent danger of losino: their immortal souls, for which Jesus died. If they are separated from it, without any fault of theirs, — should there be any such, — they will not be condemned for this ; for God condemns none but the guilty. Whether they are out of the true church with or without their own fault, the great Searcher of hearts alone can decide; and in His liandswe leave them. But the Catholic Church teaches farther, with Christ Himself, that we must " love our neiohbor as ourselves ; " that we must bear the burdens of one another ; that we must pray for and love even our enemies, and do good to those who do evil to us ; that, when it is question of solacing misery or succoring distress, we must not stop to inquire the belief of the sufterer ; in a word, that without charity towards all mankind, the profession of Ciiristianity wtro vain and profitless. The Catholic Church enjoins upon her children to be just in all their dealings, to be good citizens, to be good neighbors, to be good parents, good children, good husbands, good wives ; — good in every relation of society ; but ospecially, to bo good Christians, loving God above all things, and performing all their actions for His honor and glory. If these principles be intolerant, then must we plead guilty to the charg'j. But if they bo such as are essentially ^'onnected with Christianity itself, such as alone are true and consistent with the whole tonor and the very onii and aim of the Clnistian religion : then are we content to boar what- ever of oblo(iuy may attach to our belief in tliem. If, to bo considered charitable, wo are called upon to sacrifice truth and common sense itself, and to say that a hundred contradictory systems of belief may all be equally 'T "t 1 B». Murk XTl. 2 Ili'bruwi x\. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 13 I true, then must we submit to the imputation of uncharitableness. In this we do but imitate St. Paul, who sought not to please men, but rather to be the servant of Christ ;' and we do but share in the ignominy of Christ Himself, who, instead of flattering human error, died for the truth. But does the Catholic Church *' call down fire from heaven" on the heads of those who dissent from her belief? By no means : hers has been at all times a different spirit altogether, and one more consonant with that of her divine Founder. Her mission has been to win sinners to repentance, to inculcate mercy and love, not hatred and bitterness. The first laws for the punishment of heretics were enacted by the early Christian emperors, not by the Popes, the bishops, or the Church. The latter deprecated all rigor against the sectaries, unless in particular cases, where it seemed indispensable to restrain violence, or to redress open and glaring outrages against religious liberty.^ The Catholic bishops and the Popes were themselves often the victims of imperial claims to regulate the affairs of the Church ; and it is very doubtful whether they could have prevented the enactment and execution of the laws in question. The Popes were always opposed to violent measures for the propagation of the faith among pagans ; and they were also in tlie habit of throwing the shield of their protection around the Jews, Avhenever their religious privileges and civil rights were infringed by intemperate Christian zeal.' The Church has thus always adopted and acted upon the maxim of Tertullian, who, more than sixteen centuries ago, claimed religious liberty for Christians as an indefoasable right, growing out of the very nature of religion itself: "ReLIOIONIS NGN EST ReLIGIONEM CoOERE It IS NOT 'i . PART OP RELIGION TO ESTABLISH RELIGION DY FORCE."* Her Spirit of mildnoss was breathed forth by the groat St. Augustine, when, writing to Donatus, the imperial Proconsul in Africa, he deprecated all undue severity against the Arians and Donatists, and said : " Wo desire them to be corrected, not slain.'"'' As one of her greatest Popes, St. Leo the Great, siys : " The lenity of the Church being content with the priestly sentence, shrinks from sanguinary vengeance ;''^ and she sanctions or tolerates severe measures emanating from the princes of the earth, only when, without (hem, society 1 " 1)0 I ?e Kpiat. Donato. Upbt. ad Turribiutu. 14 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. itself would be endangered. " all regard for probity destroyed, all bonds of society dissolved, and divine and human laws at once overturned.'" Hence that celebrated and well known maxim, embodied as an axiom in her Canon Law : "Ecclesia abhorret a Sanguine-The Church abhors BLOODSHED." So far is this principle carried, that a standing rule of her discipline forbids the ordination, not only of those who have been guilty of shedding blood, but also of those who, whether as judges, accusers, or voluntary witnesses, have co-operated towards passing a sentence of death on a fellow man, or even one of bodily mutilation without taking life.» From the earliest period of her history, she has taught and acted upon tliese principles. To furnish one out of a hundred examples of this, it is well known that in the fourth century, St. Martin, the illustrious bishop of Tours, openly censured two Spanish bishops -Ithacius andldacius- for teaching that the Priscillianists should be punished with corporal chastisement or death for their wicked heresy, though this tended to the subversion of social order itself; and the Church sustained him in his truly Christian course.' Persecution is not, and never has been a doctrine of the Catholic Church. Our standard writers have often boldly defied thou adversaries to establish the contrary proposition ; but their challenge has never been fairly met. Surely, if the Catholic Church had ever taught persecution, as a doctrine. her enemies could tell us when and where she inculcated the offensive tenet. If she ever persecuted, as a Church, they could certainly furni.li us with such facts and specifications on the subject, as would not be sus- ceptible of either explanation or reply. The Catholic Cluirch is no secret society ; she has taught boldly, and acted out her teaching openly in the arena of the world for more than eighteen centuries ; and if the charge of persecution could be sustained against her, it would long since have been done. The attempt has indeed been made, but it has utterly failed. Our writers have scattered to the winds the arguments of their opponents on this subject, and have shown that, in the majority of cases, the latter havo substituted vague declamation for /ad., fiery appeals to passion fur sober argument. But have not Catholics persecuted in times past ? Wo do not deny it ; but we answer, that they did so in virtue of no doctrine of their Church. If the mere act of persecution proved the doctrine, then it would follow that all the Protestant sects hold the same odious tenet; for all of tlieiu 1 Ibl.l. Ho rofors to tho fatnl errors of tho ancient Munlcheans. In fiiTor of tho perMcutod rrl»cllllanUt«. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 15 have been stained with persecution, atone period or other of their history. They liave all persecuted Catholics, whenever and wherever they had the pov/er to do so ; and almost all of them have likewise been guilty of the fflaving inconsistency of persecuting brother Protestants, for daring, in the exercise of the conceded right of private judgment, to think differently from themselves ! But who would infer from this undoubted fact, that Protestants generally hold it as a doctrine, that all who dissent from their particular views should be put down by fire and sword ? Such a con- clusion would be clearly illogical and grievously unjust. Now we claim the application of the same equitable principle to the charge of persecu- tion brouo-ht ao-ainst our Church ; and surely our claim is not unreasonable. But the Catholic Church professes to be infallible and unchangeable, whereas the Protestant sects admit that they are liable to err, and have ofieu erred in times past. We freely grant the latter proposition ; in regard to the former, our adversaries lose sight of a very obvious distinction, which truth demands should be made. The Catholic Church is unchange- able in doctrine, but noL in discipline. The latter may and does vary in its details, according to times, places, and circumstances. So that, even if our opponents should prove that our Church had, at any period of her history, adopted persecution as a line of conduct under particular circum- stances, or as a general discipline, they would not still make good their position. But have they established even this proposition ? We believe not; and to show how inconclusive are their arguments, on a point which does not directly touch the real matter at issue, wo will briefly refer to a few of tlieir specifications. They allege, with an air of triumph, the third Canon of the fourth Council of Lateran,' which excommunicated heretics, and ordered that thoy should be delivered up for punishment to tha secular power. Our answer is obvious. In the first pluco, it is manifest that no doctrine irf promulgated by this canon, but that only a rule of action is laid down for a particular case. 2. Wo may observe, thatMathew Paris, a weighty ootemnorary historian, denies that this and the other canons were tho acts of the council itself;' and that o English Protestant church historian. Collier, declares his belief that the tlnrd canon in particular is not genuine.' 3. But, waiving this, and admitting the genuineness of the canon, every reader of Cirarch liislury knows that it was enacted with the full concurrence, and probably on the positive demand, of th» 1 Hold A.I). 1213 a Miith. VatU — al annum 1215, npiiJ Milner— I.oKcrs to a Probtniary. 8 Colll«r, lAH-lojlwlicul llUtoo' ; vol. I, p. iH : W^ " T-lrratioi, of the ncforMior*," No. 63. 20 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. the subject of persecution in late years, exhibits a fearful balance against the latter. It may be stated without exaggeration, that there is scarcely a Protestant country on the face of the earth, which does not even at this enlightened day, persecute Catholics, in one form or another, or which has not persecuted them during the present century ; while there is, on the con- trary, scarcely a Catholic nation in the world, which does pei-secute, or has recently persecuted Protestants. Strange as this may sound in the ears of those who have been misled into the persuasion, that the Catholic is essentially a persecuting Church, and that we owe religious freedom entirely to Protestantism, it is nevertheless true. Here are the facts ; and first on the Catholic side. France is Catholic, and France not only grants the fullest liberty of worship to her small number of Protestant citizens, but she even pays their ministers out of the public treasury. Austria is Catholic ; and Austria, despotic though she be usually represented, concedes a full measure of religious liberty to the Protestant minority, allowing them even to have their own separate schools, supported, like those of the Catholic majority, from the common fund.' Bavaria is Catholic, and Bavaria also allows equal civil and religious privileges to her Protestant subjects. Belgium is Catholic, and Belgium has a fundamental law, granting unre- stricted and equal religious freedom to all. Italy, Spain, and Portugal, with perhaps some of the colonies of the two last, may be thought to form exceptions to this general rule ; but though their policy be somewhat prescriptive on the score of religion, we read of no acts of persecution, worthy the name, having been recently perpetrated therein. In the first place, they evidently could not have been guilty of persecuting their Pittestant citizens, for the very simple reason that they have no Protestant citizens. If they are jealous, especially of English Protestants, who sometimes pass through those countries, distributing tracts and Bibles, it has generally happened, because England has rendered herself justly odious on the continent of Europe by her constant political intrigues amono- her neighbors, often carried on under the guise of religious zeal ; and tecauso her tract distributers are suspected, frequently Avith too much reason, of being political propagandists, and secret agents paid for their services. The intrigues of Lord Minto in Italy, and those of Bulwer and others in Spain, are too well known to require proof. One of the principal means employed by the hired agents of these men for strengthening English iuiiuence, was the distribution of Bibles and tracts, and the accompanying 4- 1 The authority fur this statemeut \vUl be given a little farther on. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 21 4- efforts to make proselytes among tlie Catholic inliabitants. The intrio-ue. however, was unsuccessful; Bulwer was compelled to leave Spain, and Miiito is now detested iu Iialy as never was man detested before. The affair of the Madiai, about which so great an outcry was lately made, may- be easily explained in this way. Their imprisonment was the result of their active attempts at proselylism, as paid emissaries of England ; not of their wish to profess and practise religious principles opposed to those of the Catholic majority. It is a notorious fact, that in both Itiily and Spain, Protestant travelers or temporary residents are never molested on account of peculiarities in their religious creed or worship ; provided they, on their side, do not interfere with the faith and worship of the Catholic population. The Anglican church and our American Protestants have places of worship at Rome itself, under the eyes and with the permission of the Pope ; who not only allows them to assemble therein for relioious purposes as often as they wish, but protects them in the enjoyment of their religious freedom. Protestants have similar religious privileo-es in Tuscany, and elsewhere iu Italy, At Rome, at Florence, at Leghorn, and in other places, they have also their separate cemeteries. If this latter privilege has not as yet been granted to Protestant strangers sojournino- in Spain, we have little doubt that it will soon be conceded ; whenever, in fact, it Avill be demanded in a proper manner, by a sufficient number of Protestants to render a separate burial place an object of importance or necessity. The only complaint which the very few non-Catholics passing through, or residing for a time in Spain, can now make on this subject is, that in case of death they are not buried in ground expressly set apart and blessed for Catholic interment, or with the solemnities which usually accompany the Catholic funeral ; — privileges Avhich they would scarcely covet, even in this free country. Tliose who make so much noise about Spanish intolerance in the matter of Protestant funerals, wholly lo:-ht of, or purposely conceal the fact, that in Protestant England — where ihero aie a thousand resident Catholic citizens fur every Protestant slranycr in Spain — Catholics are not allowed to be buried, with any pomp or cere- monial, in the public cemeteries ; though these are, in many instances, old Catholic burial grounds, wrested by violence from their original CatiioUc purpose by the English Protestant government ! The Catholics t,C Kugland have thus much more reason to complain on this subject, than have the very few Protestants who may happen to bo for a time in Spain. Let us now take a rapid glance at the Protestant nations of Europe. In all of them, without an exception known to us, there is an established 22 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. religion, with a union of Church and State. In tlie freest amongst them all — England — Catholics are barely tolerated ; they are continually loaded with obloquy and abuse, and are frequently made the victims of petty legal enactments. Witness the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill ; the late savao-e outbreak of indignation at the re-establishment of the Catholic hierarchy; the bitter prosecution of Dr. Newman; and the monster grievance of all — the bloated church establishment — fattened on the sweat and blood of tlie crushed and down-trodden masses of the people. Protestant Holland recently persecuted her Catholic subjects to such an extent, as to drive them into a rebellion, the residt of which was the independence of Catholic Belgium. Protestant Prussia lately imprisoned the venerable Archbishop of Cologne, to compel him to sacrifice his conscientious convictions ; and Protestant Baden is now actively engaged in a similar disgraceful perse- cution of the venerable Archbishop Vicari, of Freyburg, and of his cleroy, for the same unhallowed motive. But the Archbishop of Freybur', the irnportant assistance they received from a nation in which the Roman Catholic faith is professed." ' We ask no more than that to which Washington believed us justly entitled, — a fair share in the civil and religious liberties which our fathers aided to secure equally to all American citizens. We ask for no exclusive privilege whatsoever ; we claim only our clear and undoubted ri'>hts, in common with our fellow-citizens. But are not Catholics the subjects of a foreign prince, the Pope? This slanJer — like almost everything else said against us — has been refuted so many thousand times already, that we are almost afraid to tire the »)atience, or insult the understanding of our readers by answering it ao-ain. No man of common intelligence or information need be told, at this late day, that the obedience wo owe to the Pope is conlined entirely to religion atiil to spiritual things ; and that he neither claims, nor we allow, any jurisdiction over us in temporal matters affecting our civil allegiance. This question has been so long settled throughout the civilized world, that its revival at present appears to be wholly useless, if not utterly absurd.^ When it was a question, more thaa sixty years ago, of removing some of the cruel penal laws under which the Catholics of 1 'l'h« A 111 reus was nigiidl by liishop ''arroH of naltlinnre, on the part of the Catholic clergy, and b) Churli'H <'iirroll of Oiirrolton, Dfiniol Ciirroll, Thomas Fii/.umnnn'i, and Dominic Lynch, on the pan of thu Ciithnlio laity. See niographloal Sketch of the Most llov. John Carroll, by John Carroll IJrvrr ; p 14«, Ml 2 Ppiirk'H Lif" an.l Writings of Wiishington, vol. xii, 3 A« (>:irly si* the bi'ginning of tlie Rcv«nte«n(li ci'ntury, St. Franclg Jo SaleB deprecated the dlsciissiiMi of till* (|«t'«tinn on many acrounM. and amnni? other reasind, becauno he considered It "«».'•. »«, Hlnce the I'oiw, in fnct, iit Ihut day iiskud nothing of liitigH and prinres in tliic respect — riK/iV.-, piiicciiu,. If I'm]m'. pur ii' fiiit. no dfniandn rit-n .injourd'lini nux r<>if< et aux princes pour ct regiiil.' I.'ttor to a l.ady. Vie du Saint, par le Cure do St. Bulplce,— In "i voluuieB. Vol. U, p. 100 ■ 1'ari.s ISol. t t 1 i INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 27 England liad been so long suffering, this very question in regard to the nature and extent of papal jurisdiction was discussed ; and it was then settled to the entire saiisfaction of Mr. Pitt and of Uie whole British parliament, which accordingly passed the C;Uliolic Relief Bill.' The oath of allegiance freely Uiken by Catholic bishops, and members of parliament, and oflicers of the government in Great Britain and Ireland, with the sanction of the Popes themselves, expressly disclaims belief in any civil power or jurisdiction over British subjects, as inherent in the sovereign Pontiffs. To prevent all possibility of misunderstanding on this subject, and to remove every pretext for calumny, the Popes authoi-ized a change in the oath taken by a Bishop at his consecmtion, striking out all obscure clauses of feudal origin, and retaining those only which promised obedience in spirituals. What more than this could be asked by any reasonable man, for the final settlement of the question ? The Catholic bishops of the United States, with the express sanction of Rome, take the oath, as thus modified; and they have more than once officially declared, both individually and in their collective capacity, their solemn belief that the Roman Pontiff has none but spiritual power and jurisdiction, outside of bis own immediate states. The first Cathohc bishop of the country — the venerable Carroll, of Baltimore,' — wrote as follows on this subject, in a Pastoral Letter issued February 22, 1797 : * •' There would indeed be a foundation for the reproach intended by the ■words foreign pirisdidion, if we acknowledged in the successor of St. Peter any power or prerogative, which clashed in the least degree with the duty we owe to our country or its laws. To our country we owe allegiance and the tender of our best services and property, when they are necessary for its defense ; to the Vicar of Christ we owe obedience in thini^s purchj sinr'Uual. Happily, there is no oonipotition in their respective claims on us, nor any difhculty in rendering to both the submission which Liicy have a right to claim. Our country commands, 1 Mr. Pitt made Inquiries on this Bubject at the Catholic unive'sities of tho Sorbonno, Louvaln, Douay, Alcalii, nnd SaluiiiiMica. Thi'ir iiiiswers were all distinct and uminimous, ii.s fullows : I. TliHt, tlie I'opt? or rurdimilg, or nny body of men, or nny individuiil of the Cliurrh of Homo, has not, nor liivve, nny civil authority powur, jurisdiction, or preemini'noe whatsoever, wiihln the realm of Cn>;lnnd. II. riiiif the Topo. or onrdlnalu, or any body of men, or any Individual of the Church (^f Home, cannol alv.-'olve or dliipfu.'u with hi.i Mnjusty's sul^jfCts from thtilr oath of alkgiuuee, upou any pretext whiit^nevcr. Ill Thiit tliora isnn principle In the tenets of the Catholic fultb, by which Calhollcii are juitifled in not l(<'('piii|{ fiith Willi hcrctifs, or otluT piTPons differing from them in religious opinioux, In nny tra!:-!i!>l!!i!:a, l■!^h!•!• •.;•':; ;-.i(hU:- ;••- R prlTH'r r.=itHre Pie tlie dooiimiiitH, at gn-ntcr length, In lluilerV Hook of the Cliurrh. Appendix 1 , p. 287-8. 8 It uiiiy not he ttoncriilly l ni;igi>traii's — observe the laws — shun tumult and disorder, as free, and not as having liberty as a cloak for mahco, but as the servants of God. You, brethren, have been called unto liberty: only make not liberty an o(!casioii to the flesh, but by charity of the spirit, serve one another. ' Fur all the law is fuUilled in one word : Thou slialt love thy neight)or as thyself. Tlius you will put to shame the calumnia- tors of our holy faith, and vindicate it more ett'ectually, than by any abstract profession or disclaimer." But there is another declaration, made by the bishops who composed the fifth council of Baltimore, held iu May, 1813, which has even m(»ro wei'dit in settling this question ; because it occurs in an ofiicial Lellcr addressed to the Pope by the assembled American prelates. The Ponlitf, far from being ofiended at so oxplieit a disavowal by the American bishops of all papal authority and jurisdiction in merely civil matters, says in his official answer: "Your letter was most pleasing to and ho praises the zeal of our prelates. Here is the extract us ; >> I { i k i 1 1 Uratisaiuiio Nobis fuera Vviitrae, LitoraOt INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. n t i J. alluded to ; — tlie bishops are speaking of the efforts made by our enemies to put down the Church in this country : " They spread doubtful rumors against us amon'f^ the people ; with untiring efl'urts, they circulate among'the ignorant and uninformed books, whicli calumniate our most holy religion ; they leave no moans unti'ied to infect with their errors their Catholic servants ; and . . . altliough our forefathers poured out their blood like water for the defense of our libenics against a rroicstant oppressoi-, they yet seek to render us, their fellow citizens, suspected by, and odious to the government, by falsely asserlinri^ that ive are reduced to servitude under the civil and political jurisdiction of a foreign prince, namely of the Roman Pontiff, and that loe are therefore unfaithful to the republic ! " ' But did not the Popes formerly claim the right of deposing princes, and of absolving their subjects from the oath of allegiance ? They certainly did ; !;nd so did we claim the same right, when we deposed George ill., and declared ourselves "absolved" from our oath of allegiance to him : and as our claim was assuredly nothing against liberty, but all for liberty, so was also that of the Popes. In every instance of its exercise, known to us, the Popes struck a blow at tyranny, and one, at the same time, for the security and liberty of an oppressed people. Instead of blaming, we should rather applaud them, for thus keeping alive, amidst political darkness and confusion, that spark of popular liberty, which Avas destined, a little later, to illumine the political horizon of Europe. That the friends of European monarchs should object to this papal ckiim, we can readily understand, because its exercise was necessarily directed against their tyranny ; but wo cannot so easily exphiin the opposition to it manifesled by our modern advocates of free principles. Yet the monarchists of Europe, along wiili Mr. Pitt, have long since been fully satisfied on tliis point; whereas our shrewder republicans have just begun to open their eyes to the awful danger to our fioodom growing ou^ of a claim, no longer advanced even by the Popes themselves ! Having in the following pages devoted a special Essay to the examina- tion of the historical facts connected with the first exercise of the deposing power by a Roman Pontiff, wo must refer our readers to it for full details on the subject.^ Suffice it to say here, that the circumstances under which this extraordinary power was first claimed having long since ceased, the 1 'Dublns contra nos in vuIrus voces spargunt, libros qui caliimninntur RnnctlfPlirnra nostr.im rellRioiwin omul ulsu apu'l rudos Ignarosqiio divulgant ; soryoi giios Cathollcos hoirei'uir. Ruurum Tfucno ut Inficiant nihil intactum rdlnqunnt ; patri'unjne puum qui ob initio mcuditx fuil iinitiuifi g, nos ('at)iolico8 conciyo!< suoii, qaamvis patros nostri sangainom xaum tanqiiam nqiiiiin profniioriut pro TlndicBt lone libcrtnti!! contra oppregsorem acutliclicuui, gubernlo puspi'ctoa obnoxiosque ri'ddiTO, litpote, ut fulso BBserunt, sub aiieui principiri, I'ontlflois so. Uomnni ditione poiitica ot civlli iu Mj-Titutfiu redaetos. idvoiiuu roipubllcic iuflJo^." ('ounllia Daltlinor.. p. 2J3. '2 Svo .\rticlo Villi Givgory Vll. and liis Agu— tUu Uupotlog t'owcr, l>. 15i suqq. 30 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. Popes Lave, for nearly three centuries, virtually abandoned tlie claim, by makinf' no attempt at its exercise. With a view to show that the influence of the Catholic Church tends to debase its members, our adversaries direct attention to the material condition of those countries which have continued faithful to the ancient religion, and upon which the light of the retormation has never dawned. Thrse, they say, are very far inferior to the neighboring Protestant communities in thrift, in literature, in morals, in liberty, and especially in material and social improvement ; and this inferiority they trace to the difference of religious influence. We answer, by denying both the fact as stated, and the inference thence drawn. Abundant evidence can bo alleged to show, that, if in some respects Protestant are superior to Catholic nations, in others the latter far surpass the former ; and that, in both cases, a difference of religious principles has much less to do with tlie matter than is commonly believed by those opposed to Catholicity. As, however, we devote six articles in the following collection to a somewhat deUiiled comparison of the two classes of countries in question, we will be excused fi-om entering at present into the investigation ; content with referring those who may be curious to examine the evidence, as furnished even by impartial Protestant writers, to those papers.^ To those, again, who are in the habit of pointing, with a sneer, to the comparatively degraded condition of Mexico and South America, as a natural consequence of the Catholic religion there professed, we would beo- to observe, that the masses of the population in Spanish and Portu- crucse America are either of pure Indian descent, or of mixed races ; and Umt consequently, it is manifestly unreasonable to expect them to have ailained to the same elevated social level as ourselves, who belong to tlxe much boasted and loudly boasting Anglo-Saxon stock ! ' As well might we expect to find our own high degree of civilization in the descendants of our North American Indians ! There is this important difference between our policy and that of our Catholic neighbors, in regard to the treatment of the aboriginal inhabitants of this continent; that, whereas we have r ztorminated them or driven them out into the wilderness, they, on the contrary, have settled down in their midst, intermarried with them, tanoht them Christianity, and thus sought to raise them up in the social scale, even at the expense of lowering themselves. While they have met the aborigines ^lulf-way, and have been content to occupy with them 1 Entitled -Catholic nn.l ProteMnnl Countrlc-P. 45., r-qq. In these articles our rca.oulng RTul illii-'iriii'ti'i iir.' b:i.-<'4 eirM;!l.v oil I'rorc.'* nut tvniinoiiy. •Z Nut unmix. J, l.ow. vcr ; for wc have a ^U-ovi iufiuLa of the (MUr hlocl. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. m a middle ground between a high and a low level of civilization, we, wrapped up in our inborn complacency, and vaunting our high social position as the necessary result of our "Anglo-Saxon blood," have looked with contempt upon the poor savages whom our fathers found in the country, — much as the proud Pharisee looked down upon the poor publican,— have disdained all sympathy for, or alliance wim them, and have caused them to melt away before our advancing and excluslvo civilization, as the snow melts away before the solar rays ! The com- parison between us and our Catholic neighbors may excite our compla- cency, and flatter our pride ; it says but little for our humanity, and less still for our religious zeal or Christian charity. Our Protestant fellow citizens would do well never to vaunt their superiority over their Mexican and South American brethren ! ' American Catholics, on the contrary, Lave reason to be proud of the Catholic colonists who explored and peopled our continent.^ To awaken suspicion against the Catholic priesthood, the public prints have long been circulating among the people the extraordinary assertion, that Lafayette warned American patriots against priestly influence in the following language : "If ever the liberty of the United States is destroyed, it will bo by Romish priests." The fact of such a declaration coming from one who was a Catholic himself, if he was anything, bears the stamp of improbability, if not of downright absurdity on its very face ; yet; it passed current for truth, and was, we think, generally believed by the masses, who are prepared to devour a.iy absurdity, provided it militate against Catholics ! Now what will the impartial public think, when it is ascertained, that this charge, like most others which have been lately circulated in the country to our disadvantage, is not only utterly groundless, but is directly the reverse of truth I It makes the French patriot say, in fact, directly the opposite of what lie did say ! Here is the extract from his letter to a Protestant gentleman in New York, written from Paris in 1829, shortly after his return from liis visit to the United States; which letter no doubt gave occasion for concocting the calumny: ^ " The friendly expressions of regard for my health and happinoss convoyed in your kind lelter to me of the 15th uliinio, I bog yuu lo by assured, arc gratcfui to my feelings ; and I shall cherish the recollection of the many services and kindnesses towards me, on the part of both yourself and lady, while I was your guest in America, as among the 1 Wo treat tlil« guljiPt in full in our Kovicw of \Vt'b«(t'r's Hunker Hill Siipcch ; P, 3"3, ^eqq. 2 For ninrp on tlie nulijcct fm the two papers revii>\viii(? I'ru?eotfg Comnu'st of Mexico, l>. 260, Seqq.; and the lUren iiriii-Ics on h'lirlv C'ltlio'.ii; Misnions in tlm Novth Wvii. V, 'J'J3. sefjri. 3 PuWishtJ lu tiiu Ciiiciiiniitl Inquirer, aii^l otliur JouiiiiiU. 32 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. most pleasiiiiT rominisences connected with mtr w • -. Stales I eanuot but adi.Irevour n ohlr^ f • ' '^'''^ ^'^ "^<^ ^'^'^^d attachment to your -ountrvand i's'ln ih^l '''^''1'^' ^^ devotion and to assure j-ou that the fca,^; i e t ^^^^^^^^^^^^ c.Ue,.au, tluU ./...;. M.//^,,,/,);,^^'^^^^ you seem to 6elr^ Honmh priest., -are c.ytUyZ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ destroyed, it will whatever. An mtimate a<.p,aintancl o mo / ^V' r^' ^^ ^"^""^^^^■^" -e prcnnnent and intlue.uial priests and niembers o ' n. '"'f"7 ^^''^^^ ^K^VMKi and AnK-rica, Avarrants me in . ''''^' ^''"'■"^'' ^'^^J' ^'n entertaia no apprehension of dan^-er to vmn ?'"'"/?• ^'*'''.' ^^^'^'^ >'^^i »^^ed that (iuartcr." ° ' '^'^ ^""' I'^pubhcan institutions fro,u Cut we are farther told, that Catholics in this courtrv stan.l oT r r their Protesfflnf f«n^«. v , ''* ^o"'' try stand aloof from intu X loiestant tellow-citizens, and form n viVh,on not uui.e, at least cordial^, with ti.e rest of .„o „" „ ' ,' ' ^'' out „u,. .,.™of co™„o„ .,.00,3 ; ana t,.at ^ ZZ^Z:::^ I. If t,,o o,.argc of o-ar forming « separate commnnity. wit,, semrafe fee,inq-s and interests rf>Ccr t^ ^, i- ■ ■' sepaiate » mte.ests, refer to our re,,g,ous organization and Brincinles we n,us p,ead gn.lty ; it is surely not our fa„,t. but our privi,te 1^;; on re„g,„us matters with such of our fe„ow-ci,i.en3 as heiot e ,,e .^ no ve,,,,„us communion whatever, or are members of the values coflc ng sec s winch exist among us. We cheerfully allow to ther 1 e r ^ of thinkmg and acting for themselfes in matte,-, „f r '."'"' —tion and they should surely grant'm ^^Z.:^ veniam petmnis, damusque vicissim Tu;. • -i , ^^«om— Hanc -->• p-d to ui as rropos!';:: Co^z:r:-^::: the r,sht of walking, as our forefathers, as well as the ancestors oZ accusers themseh.es walked, and wont to heaven, for iiftce Lmdrd years, before the world was blessed or cursed with this BabeH k coX sion of tongues in the matter of religion. If tho accusation be meant to imnlv that w. „,.„ comnrunity, and that, as citizens we Ine'f . "'' ^^'''""' ""'' -----.we repel t,::;::;^^^^^^^^^ -:;;:rri;:r^L:™r=^ o-is free government . Uhey nobly Sttr^s^:™:^^^^^ tliey are as wdlm.i. to shed tlieir blood in i^s c'-fp- - r • read in our ohurcl ' ' "'' """"« ''•^•^•"'" -"'P^-'-^ ^y Archbi.Lop Carroll, is frociue.Uly i INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 33 i proportion — is composed of Roman Calholio soldiers ; a large number of ti.e sailors and marines, attached to our young but vigorous navy, are also Catholics; and our chief officers in both arms of the^service have often praised their fidelity to our flag, and their unfaltering courage in the hour of danger. In every battle-field of our country,— in the t^'wo wars against Protestant England, as well as in the late war against Catholic Mexico, — Catholics have freely bled, by the side of their Protestant fellow citizens, for the honor and triumph of our country. After the death of General Washington, bishop Carroll pronounced a splendid eulogy on his character, in the cathedral of Baltimore ; • and after the battle of New Orleans, General Jackson was received in triumph in the Catholic cathedral, the laurel garland of victory, woven by Catholic hands, was placed on his brow by a Catholic priest ; and the noble hero might be seen weeping with joyful emotion, as he listened and responded to the eloquent and patriotic address delivered on the occasion by the Rev. M, Dubourg. In a beautiful address delivered in Washington by Mr. Livingston, on the anniversary of the battle of New Orleans, the distinguished orator feelingly alluded to the pavement of the church being worn by the holy knees of the Ursuline nuns, praying fervently that victory might perch on the American banner, and drawing from the feast of the day— that of St. Victoria — an omen of success! We repeat it, the charge, understood in this sense, is a base calumny. 2. But we a:e not friendly to the common schools. Our answer is at hand. Let the Protestant majority, in this free country, make those 8cho':>lr. not to wound the religious feelings, nor endano-er the religious fa', ^ur children, and then may they, with some show of reason, tauni .vim not cheerfully uniting in patronizing them. Let them remove from them all sectarian books, all sectarian influences, all teachers who abuse their position for purposes of proselytism ; let them not force upon our children the reading of a version of the Bible, which, in common with four-fifths of Christendom, we consider neither a genuine nor a complete rendering of the divine word :' — and then they will make It not only our interest, but our pleasure to unite with them in supporlinr-' the common schools. It will be our interest; for, in common with our fellow citizens, we pay our taxes for the erection and maintenance of 1 This solid and noble orfttiou is putlialied in full in the " Hiogrr.phical Sketch of Archbishop Carroll," above quoted, loS, geqq. The panegyric, by one who knew so well the Father "^ll" >^'«o »»« 4 See tlie Article - Literature and the Catholic Ckriry P 96 R.a.1 ai.« .^, r . and the Arts in the MidOJe Ages ; P. 77, ae^^ *''® ^^'""^ °° I^itcratore 36 INTR D-U C T ORT ADDRESS. possible, without religion, is evidently more Pagan than Christiai>. If this be so, how can the children educated in our common schools b« properly trained to sound morality, without a course of religious instruction, which the system excludes ? To say, that sufficient reliirious knowledge for the purpose may be imparted, without what is called Sectarian teaching, seems to us wholly preposterous. To be adequate, uhe religious instruction should be detailed and practical, not general, vague, and theoretical; but the latter only can be compatible with our present school system, while the former could scarcely be carried out without trenchin vote for a particular political party : the liberties of our country ar« therefore endangered from this constantly augmenting foreign influence. This charge is groundless, both in its facts and in its inferences. In the first place, our native born Catholics have been heretofore divided, almost equally, between the two leading political panics of the country ; in the second place, though the large majority of the Catholics of foreign birth have been in the habit of voting with the democrats, yet they have been far from unanimous on the subject ; in the third place, the number of Catholics in this country is now, and is likely to continue to be, much too insignificant to rule the country in one way or another, either for good or for evil. The following candid and sensible remarks from the Boston Post, a political print of some standing, contains so much sound reasoning on tlvis subject, based upon facts tending to show the glaring absurdity of the charge that "foreigners are taking the country," that we will bo pardoned for republishing them entire : " It is said that we shall be overrun with foreigners ; that they will rise upon native citizens and overpower them ; that Catholicism will prevail I. I ♦- INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 37 I and df^pvlve America of its liberties. These assertions have been reiterated 80 ofen that tliousaiuls really fear such results. Take the former apprehension, and let facts, so far as tliey bear on the question of physical force, say how groundless that fear is. In the first place, for the whole time we have been a nation, it is a fact that no such attempt lias been made ; and if it ever should be made, such is the admirable working of our institutions, that the rule of a mob is utterly out of the question. Permanent success, even where the foreign population out- weighs the native population, is an impossibility ; fur the whole force of the country would at once be invoked to suppress such a rule. In the next place, consider the utter folly, want of foresight, and suicidal policy of such ar attempt, if it should ever be made. Of our now thirty millions of population one million' only are from Ireland : of the thirty- eight thousand churches that the census of 1850 sliows as being in the country, the Catholic are set down at one thousand two hundred and twenty-one ; and of the eighty-seven millions of church property, the Catholics have nine millions. Now, cannot this immense preponderance of Protestantism and of Americanism take care of itself? Is it not perfectly preposterous to suppose for a moment that the Irish Catholics will ever attempt to 'rise,' as the phrase is, with such an enormous disparity against them ? It is due, it is but bare justice, to our foreign population to say, that not only has there been no attempt at rising, but their conduct — save only in cases when heated by liquor or otherwise excited — has been almost invariably that of peaceable citizens, submissive to the laws. They have a right to have such a certificate, as to the past, to stand in their favor; and when we consider their position among us, we believe there is * than there is of the falling of the stars." no more danger of their rismg Much has been said and written of late years about the " foreign vote." Both parties, on the eve of elections, have been in the habit of courtinr»- "foreigners;" who have thus, against their own choice and will, been singled out from the rest of the community, and placed in a false and odious position, by political demagogues for their own vile purposes. That they have been thus severed from their fellow citizens, and insulted with the compliment of their influence as a separate body, has not been so much their fault, as it has been their misfortune. From the successful party they have generally received, — with a few honorable exceptions — little but coldness a/ier the electio^i ; while from the party defeated, they have mvariably received nothing but abuse and calumny. So they have been, without their own agency, placed between two fires, and have been caressed and outraged by turns. Any appeal made to them by politicians, in their character of religionists or foreigners, and not in that of American citizens, is manifestly an insult, whether so intended or not; and we trust that Catholics will always view such appeals in this light. Whenever it is question of state policy, they can have no interests different from those of their fellow citizens. The laws which will be good for the latter, will be good for them ; at least they can live under any system of equal 1 The number is probably greater ; but this does tot affect the argument. 38 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS legislation which will suit the Protestant majority, with whom thej cheerfully share all the burdens of the country. The Catholic bishops and clergy of the country have discreetly stood aloof, and wisely abstained from exercising any influence in the exciting political contests which have successively arisen. We ourselves, thou^rh to the manor born, have never even voted on a political question ; and we believe that most of our brother prelates and clergy have adopted the same prudent precaution ; not surely through any want of interest in the country, but chiefly wi^h a view to remove from the enemies of our Church the slightest pretext for slandering our religious character. The only influence, we have sought to bring to bear on the members of our communion, has been invariably in the interests of peace, of order, and of charity for all men, even for our most bitter enemies. Whenever we have had occasion to address our people on the eve of elections, we have counseled them to avoid all violence, to beware of being carried away by •passion, to be temperate, to respect the feelings and principles of their opponents ; and, in the exercise of their francliise as citizens, to vote consciantiously for the men and measures they might think most likely to advance the real and permanent interests of the republic. We defy any one to prove, that wo have ever attempted to e.Tercise any other influence than this. The contrary has been occasionally asserted by unprincipled demagogues, for political effect ; but the accusation, like many others made in the heat of political contests, has in everv instance turned out to bo a grievous slander; which was scarcely believed at the time, even by those who were most busy in giving it circulation. Never since the foundation of the republic has it been heard of, that the Catholic bishops or clergy have taken an active part in conducting the proceedings of political conventions, or in fomenting political excite- ment, in the name of the religion of peace and love. Tiiey are not, and never have been, either abolitionists oy freesoilors, ultraists or poh'iioo- religious alarmists. Nor have tiiey ever ventured, either collectively or individually, to address huge remonstrances to congress, threatening vengeance in the name of Almighty God, unloss certain parficuL-Tr measures were passed or repealed ! Never have they been hoard brawling in the public streets and highways, haranguing in violent kiiguage the already excited populace, lashing their passions into fury, and openly exciting them to deeds of mob violence and bloodshed ! Never have they been know to parade the Bible in noisy political prooossions, thus prostituting the holy book, which breathes nau-rht but I I mmatmmmml^lUl INTKODUCTORY ADDRESS. 39 t i peace and good will towards all men, to the vile purposes of political faction and sectarian strife 1 Ministers of other denominations have done, or countenanced all these things ; and we cheerfully leave to them all the glory, whether religious or political, which they can possibly derive from such a line of conduct.' Catholics of foreign birth are charged, in the same breath, with voting the democratic ticket, and with being the secret or open enemies of republican government! Is L then true, that a man cannot be a democrat, without being a traitor to his country ? If so, then have tlie destinies of this great republic been ruled, with very slight intermission, for nearly thirty years by an organized band of traitors, consisting of tU vast majority of our population ! Catholics can well afford to be traitors in such goodly company. We are no politicians ourselves, and, so far as we have had any political leaning, they have heretofore been to the policy of the whigs ; but, in common with every man of sound judgment and liberal mind, we reprobate the spirit, which would thus inconsistently* and absurdly brand the advocates of different principles as enemies of the country and of all liberty. The genius of our noble constitution is in favor of allowing to every man the largestliberty of opinion in matters of Elate policy, without his thereby incurring the risk of having his motives questioned < his loyalty impeached. If any charge could be consistontlv made or sustained against this large portion of our Catholic population, it wonld be, on the contrary, that they have been generally in favor of too enlarged a liberty, to tally with the views of those who profess K> belong to the conservative school ; but to charge them with an intention lo undermine our republic, is simply an absurdity, as glaring as it i» malicious. Tliose who are loudest in their donunciaiiuii.s of " foreigners" suom to forget what "foreigners" have done for the country. They have filled our army and navy ; they have fought our battles ; they have leveled our foi-ests, peopled our vast unoccupied territory, and tilled our cities with operatives and mechanics; they have dug our canals, built our turnpikes and ruih'uads, and have thus promoted, more perhaps than any other class, till! injprovement of the country and the development of its vast resources; i:i a word, they have, ineverv wav. larL'-olv contributed low.ird.>vn timt. partlruliirl.v during Mm )«(« til«K!tioii», I'roi«»tniit uiluisfpis took an •M'tire piirt in tlio niiiTii''^. In KcToriil iii'tiiiucs, tln'.v wit« < von Cftn.lldilt'* for nfflrc. nti'l in »oni»< (iftH'K -Ireful. It Is they, nnd not thi» Cuthollm, who Iibtb tliun RttflmptmJ to nilngl«i rnliBlou Willi poliilcfi ; luid If ovi-r tlicrc ho biouiclif Rli.mt u union of CIhiitIi nnd Htaite In tlii,< rppulillc. If Mill Furfl) not bfl noconipllKlifd »iy ChHkHcs, Imf liy thouc pi-wpinHly wl)o arpforcmogtln tlu» rriii«.id<» nuiiimt tlienil Let thi' lovir* of fnadoni loi.lt lo if In Hum! ihi' l'rot«iUut iuliiliit«n ui«} , K fill I, be Kuld lo lio at the limid nf dm iiliuiUiim |)nrt> in th« north. 40 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. the weaUh and increasing- tlie prosperity of the republic. Do tliey deserve nothing but bitter denunciation and unsparing- invective for all these services ? Are they to be branded as aliens and traitors, for having thus eftectually labored to serve their adopted country ? But they are foreigners in feeling and in interest, and they still prefer their own nationality to ours. We answer first, that if this their alloo-ed feeling be excessive, and if it tend to diminish their love for the country of their adoption, it is cert^iinly in so far reprehensible ; but where is the evidence that this is the case ? Has their lingering love for the country of their birth, -with its glowing memories of early childhood and ripen- ing manhood, of a mother's care and a sister's love, -interfered in au-ht with their new class of duties as American citizens ? Has it prevented their sharing cheerfully in the burdens, in the labors, and in the perils of the country ? We believe not. Instead of their being unconcerned and mdiflferent, their chief fault, in the eyes of their enemies, lies precisely in the opposite, -in their taking too ranch interest in the affairs of tho republic. We answer, in the second place, that this natural feeli,.- of love for the country of their birth, growing as it does out of that cherished and honorable sentiment which we denom..ate patriotism, will, in the very nature of things, gradually diminish under the influence of new as^oeia lions, until it will finally be absorbed into the one homogeneous nationalitv- and thus the evil - if it be an evil - will remedy iiself. The only thinc^ which can possibly keep it alive for any considerable time, would be precisely the narrow and pros.u-iptive policy, adopted in regard to citizen-, of foreign birth by the Know Nothings and their sympathizers. The ondoavor to stifle this feeling by clamor and violence will but increase its intensity. We answer thirdly, that the influence of Catholicity tend, strongly to break down all barriers of separate nationalities, and to brinrr about a brotherhood of citizens, in whidi the love of our common country and of one another would absorb every sectional feeling. Catholicity is of no nation, of no langunge, of no people; slie knows no j,^eo ein.rts in the cause of true freedom, and bid them God speed. But what is our astonishment to find, that our boasted advocates of "Ameiican 42 INTRODUCTORT ADDRESS. principles," instead of opposing, secretly or openly syrapathizo with thesa sworn enemies of all religion and of all social order — of God and man ; as well as with the reckless and blood-stained Irish Orangemen I Say what you will, their eflforts are directed almost solely against the Catholic element in the foreign immigration, and chiefly against the Irish Catholics. Their professions are belied by their acts, all of which point to Catholicity, as the victim whose ruin is to be accomplished, at all hazards, in this free and republican country. Wiiat else is indicated by the bloody riots gotten up by hired street brawlers against the Irish Catholics ; what else by the wrecking and burning of Catholic churches ? If the true policy of the country demands a revision or repeal of the naturalization laws, then bring about this result by fair, consistent, and honorable means; set about it in an open and manly manner, as men, as Americans, as Christians, not as cowards fearing the light of day, and skulking beneath the cover of darkness. If a new policy in regard to foreign immigrants is to be adopted, or if even the alien and sedition laws are to be re-enacted, let the country know your purpose in time, that all the true lovers of freedom may be prepared for the issue. But the Irish immigrants are vicious and immoral. That a portion of them have their faults, — grievous and glaring faults, — we do not deny ; but all fair and impartial men will admit, that the charge made against them as a body is atrociously unjust. They have their faults, which are paraded and greatly exaggerated by the public press ; but they have also their virtues, which are studiously kept out of view. They have their faults ; but have not the corresponding classes in our own population their vices also, as great, if not greater than those of the class which is now singled out as the victims of a virtuous public indignation ? ' They have their vices, but these are often faults of the head more than of the heart, of imprudence and thoughtlessness, more than of deliberate desio-n and malice. If you look for the accomplished forger, the cold-blooded midnight assassin or murderer, the daring burglar, the man who goes always armed with the destructive bowie-knife or revolver, ready for any deed of blood, you will, in general, have to seek elsewhere than among the class of Irish immigrants, whom you so fiercely denounce. The Irishman's vices are generally the result of intemperance, or of ti!C suucisn heat of passjosi, sometimes arouscu by outrages upon hii 1 nesldeg, Is no allowance to l)« mmle for tlifm, \n coMpqnence of thiit Rrlnding opprennlon with wiilcti rrofpstiinf Kiigliiml hun rrmheJ thorn fivr oenturies ? We doubt much whether anj oihej penple would have stood up so wuM under a tyranny bo drtadful ttud so long continued. Si» tbt Article — Ireland and the Irish, p. COO — «up. cit. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 48 •oimtry or religion ; he is easily misled by evil associates, but his heart ife generally in the right place. You can accomplish everythmg with him by mildness nd persuasion ; you can do nothing by overbearing harsh- ness and reckless insult. The Irishman has no concealment in his character ; what he is, he is openly and before the whole world ; and this circumstance, together with the deadly hatred which has been lately awakened against his countrymen in this land of boasted freedom, may aid us in accounting for the singular fact, that so many Irish are arrested for real or alleged crimes, whereas so many of our natives, equally or more guilty, are permitted to go free ! A riot occurs in one of our cities ; the Irish get the worst of it; thoy are overpowered by superior numbers, are beaten and murdered ; and in the end it turns out, that all those arrested are from the injured and outraged party themselves ! The really guilty go free, the comparatively innocent are punished by the arm of the law. Those among them who fall into crime have been already, in most instances, estranged from their Church by the influence of dangerous associations, often with the depraved portion of our own native population. They go not to the Church ; they hear or heed not the voice of their pastors ; thoy do not approach the sacraments ; th.ey are Catholics only in name, if even they reta'- the name. Whose fault is it, that thoy arc thus estranged and corrupted ? Not surely the fault of the Church, which seeks to reclaim and to save them. How can the pastors of the Church be held responsible for the misconduct of those who will not even hear their voice, or consent to be brought under the saving influence of the religion which they inculcate ? Of all the charges which have been lately made against the Catholic Church, the most glaringly unjust is that, which ascribes the immorality of a certain class, amongst those who may still call themselves Catholics, to the disastrous influence which she exercises over their minds. These unfortunate men are thus seduced into habits of crime by evil influences acting entirely outside the Church, and then their crimes are laid at the door of the Church itself, which they have been induced practically to abandon ! Was there over iniquity greater than this ? The Church weeps, like a tender mother, over the sins of her children ; siio employs every kind and tender influence to win them back to virtue ; she goes after them in their wanderings, as the Good Shepherd after the strayed sheep ; she has no word of reproach or railing to frighten thorn farther away from the fold ; with earnest and unfaltering love, she sock* 44 INTRODUCTORY i^DDRESS. to reclaim them from their errors; no poverty, no misery however squalid or loathsome, no disease hov,ever infectious deters her from persuing her cherished work of mercy : and if she succeeds in her mission, her heart overflows with unspeakable joy and gladness, and she bears them back with maternal affection to her sanctuary, and lays them tenderly and joyously at the foot of her altars, as noble trophies of her labor of love. Her ministers labor day and night for the spiritual welfare of thoir people ; they wear out their health, and grow prematurely old in assiduous toil among the poor and lowly; they often lay down their lives for tli.ir flocks. And if their zeal is not always crowned with success, if scandals still abound, in spite of their exertions to promote virtue, the unfortunate result is surely not owing to their foult, because clearly beyond their control. The Church fails not at all times earnestly to inculcate on her children the duty of being good citizens of this republic, and of sincerely loving, and praying for all their fellow-citiaens, even those who hate and revil/them. She often addresses them in language similar to that, which was lately employed by one of our first prelates in age, learning, piety, and station,- Dr. Kennck, the Archbishop of Baltimore, - the first episcopal see in the country. We cannot better conclude this Address than with an extract from his recent Pastoral Letter; and we are quite sure ti,at every bishop every priest, and every layman of our Church in this country will cheer- fully subscribe to every sentiment and to every word therein contained ; " We take this occasion brethren, to recommend to your most earnest prayers the peace, prosperity, and happiness of these United Sates and of all our fellow-ciUzens, Itis notourprovince. aspastors of tl^ C i" f to meddle with political interests: but it is our dutv to ovhorf v > „ V ' tiuue faithful to the constitution and ^.«mlK V-? V V^Pfi'fa^yfromsconesofdH.i™!-,- (rum 1 ' ff t pour out your hearts in prayer, that God may tui II awai 1 » INTRODUCTORY A L DRESS. 45 Ills angxn- and m he day of His just vislULi,.n may rcnember me,-cv Implore Ilim to roheve ou. country from pestiIence^vluc^no^ si .ew,' he land with victims, firm the disorders of the elements which '0^; n-or and destruction, - but. above all, from the maddenin.ri fl e fc^ o tltTr < ''''\^rT^- Ask Him to continue and perpetuate those free instiutions which liave hitherto united in social brotherhood and concord the milhons of men of various nations and creeds tlafmmH. .iU. one ,,ean .„d „,o„.,4lorify SS t^Hl^Jt; tlZTZ 'V 1 '*3 CONTENTS. rRirAcB, INRODUCTORY ADDRESS. An intolerant spirit invoked against Catholics— Bigotry an implacable monster— The danger of fosteriD" the mob spirit— Features in the present anti-Catholic crusade- -Cruel treatment of a Catholic priest— Our adversaries yirtually yielding us the victory in fair argument— Their numerous inconsistencies— The Newark outrage— The manliness of the American character— Whence danger is to be apprehended to the Republic-The "bats and the eagles"— Hoping for better things— The accusations against us-Is the Catholic Church intolerant?— Or uncharitable?— Latitudinarianism, not charity- Principles of the Church in regard to persecution- lias she ever persecuted as a Church?— Th'rd canon of Laterau— The Inquisition— John IIuss— Catholic and Protestant perse- cution since the reformation— Intolerance in America— Who originated it, and who gave the first example of toleration ?— Parallel between Catholic and Protestant countries in the matter of persecution— Are Catholics the enemies of republican government ?— What Catholicity and Pro- testantism have done for human liberty-Charles Carroll of Carrolton— Washington and the Catholics— The temporal power of the Popes— Declarations of Archbishop Carroll and the American liisLoDS— Letter to the Pope— Are American Catholics a separate community ?— Archbishop Carroll and Bishop Dubourg— Foreigners— What they have done for the country—" The foreign vote" —Foreign radicals and infidels— The naturalization laws— The common school system— What the CatholioChurchsays to her members -Her efforts to promote peace and order— Her charity for all mankind— ArchbUhop Kenrick'g Pastoral. xvli I. CHURCH HISTORY.- THE EARLY AGES. Palma and Palmer as historians— Rome and Oxford— Gratuitous assertions— Promises of Christ in fevor of the Church— Essential and Non-essential doctrines— Bishop WUiitingham— Puseyism— Palmer's division— Purity of early church— The Age of persecution— Donatists— Striking avowal- Peter in Rome -The "Thundering Legion"— Dt4Ci>;ina arcant— Testimonies of Swnts Ignatius and Justin on Holy Kucharist— Case? of Popes Victor and Stephen— The Primacy-St. Iraeneua— The Cross of Constantine— Early heresies— Church of Rome-Stc ' of Liberius and of Honorius T. —Monastic Life- Holy Virginity— Nestorius— St. Cyril of Alexandria— St. Patrick— Eariy British churchv'B— Primitive Irish churohes-St. Simeon Stylites— "Rank Popery"— Early "abuses and corruptions"— Wisdom of the Church— The Seventh and Eighth General Councils. 17 11. CHURCH HISTORY.— THE MIDDLE AGES. A different division suggested- Triumphs of the Church over barbarism- Missionaries sent by Rome —The Ages of Faith— Auricular Confession— Testimonies of TertuUian and St. Cyprian— Necta- rius and the Penitentiary— I'useyite view of the Holy Eucharist— Paschasius and lUdbert and Berengarius— Temporal autliority of the Pope and Bishops— Decretals of Isidore— Prerogatives of the Roman Pontiffs-Pope Julius I.-Oreek Schism— Order of pre-eminence —Michael Cerulariug —Shaving the beard— The Nicene Canons— Edifying incident of St. Anselm- Modern Anglic a parsons-Vision of " Roman attempts at usurpatiou"-Have the promises of Christ failed ?-Th« Roman Primacy acknowledged by the early OrtckOhurch-Aud atCoureils of Lyons and Florence —When was the doctrine of the Primacy defined ?— Purgatory— Transubstantiation—Indulgenc'tt —Protestant Indulgences -Penitential works-Repudiating the debt— The Ro.sary— " The pure and holy One"— Temporal power of the Pope— Us influence on civilization. 37 III. CHURCH IIISTOUY.- SINCE THE REFORMATION Necessity of calm Impartiality— Protestant and Catholic views of Reformation— Wickliffe and Hubs— Oriental languag-es— Foreign and British reformation— Luther and Corlostadt— Curious anachrou- Ism— Luther and Episcopacy— Anglican branch of tlie rcformiUion-'' Scruples of Ut-nry VIII."— a'he new Gospel light— The Anglican Pope— RoyiU pierogativo preaommaat— Cromwell Vicar CONTENTS. General-Base servility of flrt.t Anglican Bishops-Fisher and Moore-Burning rroteotants ana Catholics— Palmer's theory of Anglican reformaMon examined— Downright tyranny— Trait of noble independence-Edward VI.-Married clergy— Improve7nentsot Anglican liturgy— Return to unity under Mary-Bull of St. Pius V.-IIenry's diTorco-Ueformafion in Ireland-IIow the Anglican rH'irch yia.!, persecutedin Ireland-Dr. Lingard's testimony and proofs-Anglican saints- Itidley— Macaulay's portrait of Cranmer-A parallel-Infidelity of Protestant origin-Anglican infidels- Suppression of Anglican convocation-Church and state— Where Voltaire lear°ned infidelity- Infidels in Protestant Europe-French clergy during the RcTolution— Did the French Revolution malce any JProtMfant martyrs?— Conclusion, g_ IV. LITERATURE AND THE ARTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Importance of the subject- Writers who have treated it-Division -A Colo.ssus fiilling-Incnrstojia of the Northmen-A adiige-Iioauliful Itnly— Awful devnstation-New dynastios-Ohristiauity triumphant over barbarism— Civilization— Literary history-Tenth centurv— Gradual revival— Its causes-aoldi-n age of Leo X.-Latin language in liturgy-And the Monastic institute-Elevation of woman-Modern langi.ages-And poetry-Paper-Art of Printing-Illuminated manuscripts- Universi ties-Schools of Law and Medicine-Musical Notes-Organs-Bells-Mariner's compass- Geographical discoverins-Comu.erce-First Bank-Post Offlce-Newspapers-gpectaclt-s-Oun- powder-Stone coal-Arithmetical numbers— Algebra-Glass-Stained Glass-Agriculture-Botany -Clocks-Puinting revived-Silk introduced-Gothic style of Architecture-Leaning tower of Pisa — Conclusion, --••-..... ^, y. LITERATURE AND THE CATHOLIC CLERGl.- LIBRARIES. iVodern history unfair-A great conspiracy against the truth-Whence this unfaVness in Eniddle ages-Rescuing Europe from barbarism-Weans em- ployed for humanizing society— Two Protestant tes!iiuoniea-S!p.y«rv .and thti Si=rf pystem-=tfuiir',. between the Cross and the Crc^cent-The Crusades -Their influence on the social condition-Th'o Free Cities-'n Spain-In Germany-And in Italy-Lombard League-Italian Republics-Ouelphs and Ghibellines-The deposing power-Republics of San Maiino and Andorra-The monastic insti- tute-Teaching of medisDval theologians- Mag-na CAarm-William Wallace, Robert Bruce, and William Tell-Influence of the reformation on liberty-In Germany-And in England-Catholic patriots during the American revolution— Conclusion, 131 I CONTENTS. VIII. AGE OF POPE C4REG0RY VII.-TIIE DEPOSING POWER. Importance of ths sul>j<'Ct— Society struggling into form— IliUebrand— Ills coteniporaries— Histori- cal portraits ana parallels— Napolt'On's opinion of Qregr.ry VII — Ili>w the Pontiff has been Htiaeked by his eneniie.s— .\ird how defended by "Voi|it-The great idea of Gregory— His relaiii>us to society as its spiritual head— A torrent of abuse steinmed— The question of investitures— Ancient mod* of nominating to bishoprics— Contest between the "opes and the emperors of Qeriiiany— Tapsi election— A vital question— St. Peter Dauiiau— His relations to Gregory- Simony and disorder among the ciers^y- Ilildebrand unanimously elected Pope— Ilis oirlier career— His experience, coolness, and visdom— Not exceedingly stern— His wonilerful activity— Ilia correspondence— Ilia moral courage— His temporal relations to society— Distracted state of Europe— Princes swearing fealty to the Pope— His protectorate recognized and invoked— Gregory not ambitious— His long struggle with Henry IV.— The Nero of the twelfth century— Otto of Nordheim— Summary of tha whole contest— Moderation of Gregory— How and why the Pontiff declared Ileury deposed— A stroke for liberty— Opiniou of Voigt, - -161 ^ IX. THE GREAT SCHISM OP THE WEST.— ROME AND AVIGNON. f he Reformers before the Reformation— Ronnechose and D'AubignS compared— The former as an historian— Is lie ingeuuoua or fair?— Inaccuracies— Scope of hM work— The Schism a fiery ordeal for the Church- From which she came forth unscathed— Scandils to be expected— Morality of thu Popes, -Origin of the Schism— The papacy " stooping to conquer"— Contest between Boniface VIII. and Philip tt ■ Fair— The death of Boniface and election of his successor— Intiigues of Philip— Th» Popes reside at Avignon— Their policy— Retuirn to Roue— Election of Urban VI.— Defection oi" Oar- dinals— They set up tilement Vll.— Who moves to .Wignon— Political ambition of princes— The eTil and the remedy come from F:arce— University of Paris— Council of Pisa-And of Uoustance— Election of Martin V.— End of the Schism— Remarks— Triumph of the I hurch -Rela'ion of th» Pope to a general council— Reforming the Church " iu its head and members"— The succession ao» Interrupted— Two objections answered— Church emerfi-Jd from Iho Schism stronger than ever— And so did the panacy, 169 T I i X. JOHN IIUSS AND THE HUSSITES.-TIIE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE. New trials lead to new triumphs of the Church— Character of John Huss-A traitor in the camp— Seeking popularity— Wickliffe and his doctrines— These necessarily lead to civil commotiooa— Translated into liohemia— University of I'razue— The German and Ijoheniian students— Carthage- ^iaii hatred of Home— Writers on IIu^s and his disciple''- Persecution no Catholic f-;net— Imperial laws on the subject— What were the doctrines of Iluss?-And what their influence on society ?— What means did he adopt to spread them?— Was he consistent?— Hal he a fair trial at Constance? —Was the council cruel towards him ?— Were the fathers guilty of breach of faith ?— Keeping faitk with heretics— Case of Jerome of Pniguo- Horrible excesses of the Hussites— Ziska '-of tneCup'' —Pillage, murder, and sacrilege— A horrid martial instrument of music— A dark and bioodjr monument to the memory of K'lss, -191 XI. THE SPANISH HvQUISITION.-PRESCOTT'S VIEW. Interest of Spanish history— Evils .irising from the French revolution— Can Spain become Protestant? --Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella- His character as an historian-His prejudices-His authoritiM on the Spanish Inquisition— Who was Limborch ?— His reliability- Character of Llorente— Writer* on the other side— Prescott's view— Ilis statements examined- -Three propositions establislied— Waj the Spanish Inquisition a religious or a political institution?— Its origin traced— A parallel case- Remarkable testimony of Ranku— The alleged cruelties of the Inquisition— Are they exaggerated? —Authority of Voltaire-Of llourgoing— And of Limborch— The civil and ecclesiastical courts— •'Justice and Mercy"- Mode of procedure— Motive for secresy— Torture— Jurisprudence of th« time— In what court was the final decision given?- Count Polnitz— English and Genevan Inquisi- tion-Was counsel allowed the accused ?— Is the Calliolic Church responsible for the Spanish Inquisition ?-Agency of the Roman Pontiffs-Their efforts to restrain crui-lty— The Portuguese inquisition, 213 XII. THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND.-BERNESE INTRIGUES. The lat« religious war in Switzerland-Policy of France and Austria— Intrigues of England-Char- acter o£ the vai -Whence the liberties of Switzerland-Analogy between the late struggle, and that preceding the Reformation-Berne the center of operations-M. de Haller's point of view— CONTENTS. IIU characier a. an hUtorian-lIis a.-^horities-Wavering of Berne-Tortuou« policy-^o^y .b« rbracTtJrrfol-Tho 6,.. ana th« ..a.^-TreaCuTous perjury of Berne-Z..ng.,an Councjl !!iJ det^^-Ue igious MU.ny crushed-Uiot and .Hcrilege-l'roce«dings of 1 eruuse comn>i«8 on- i;« Dowrih Zanny-T..e n.miater FarC-Uis^.r, z.a)-An appaUiug p.cure-A parallel- ;;,;« h :S i r-0,haracter of the ministers- Avowal of '^'^^-"-''^l^^^'"^' ^"^^ m wlttjuagmenr-IIow consi.teMf.-Per.ecution of brother Pro,e«tants-D>own.ng the Anabap- Tol;:'reiri:ir;;;e^^^^^^^^^ p.oph.t..aiUng before da„ger-Batt. of Capp^ -Death of Zwingle-lriumph of Catholic cantons-Treaty ot ieace, - - - - ^ ^ XIII. PBESCOTT'S CONQUEST OF MEXICO. Arlicle I.— Character of the Conquerors. J -n, «n,o, Amorionn writers—llis Stylo and manner— Qualitioi Prescottas an historian-Compared ...th °'^«;/'" '";;.7;i "„ i, ,,;Lracy-iIi« impartiality- e.ential to an ^^^;;^:^Z^:^^^ h.-n-Uis gros's charge, against the cT^hXr^cr^^^n^^^^^^^^^ of US Wsr^^-Character of , h. conquerors-IIernando Cortes-Oompared w, th anient generals- tezuma-Ld exccnUon of Guatamozin-Prescott'a teBtimony-Span.h conquest of Mexzco a^J English conquest of India compared-Cortus and Lord CUve-Macaulay, - - - XIV. PRESCOTT'S CONQUEST OF MEXICO. Article IT.— The Religious Point of View of the Conquest. Kcligions point of view nece.a.y-Kohle -^-^^^^l^^X:^^^^:^:^^ H-Prescott's testimony-The Span:,sn -7''':;: ^. ' '^; ^^^^^^^^ ^^h actuated Catholic and by Frescott-The age of chivalry compared wuh the P^^;^' J^jj^f ^^^ ,j. oortes-His standard Protestant navigators and pioneers~A holy Cr«-de-Rel.g.ous chara ter ^^^ -Stirring address to his soldiers-Th. ■■-^^^l';'^^^-^.^,;^^^^^ Pro- conversion of the nativcs-Ueligious ^^'l^^^^^^^^-^^Zt^^^^ i-idents showing testant systems for mak.ng P'-o^«'y ««-P'«'"=°' .^''^;°jy fi^r-Catholic missionaries-They oppose the piety of the co^quorors-Thcr zeal Bomet.mes too S^Ji ^^'^^loUc .^^ ruelty to the native.-As well as all forced '^^^l^^^^''^^^^^^^^^^^^ oimedo-Aquilar rate zeal of Cortes-Idols cast .''--"^^P'^^f^^.^tS L ^^^^^^ '^^ '^« ^^^-^^"^'^ '' '''' and other missionaries-Religious ceremomes on ^'^'^'1^1'^11^^^^.^_q,,^, „„„ber of converts eie.e-Missionarios after the ^-quest-Destr.ct,on ^^^ ^^^^^^ gain to the Church-Conclusion, - - - - XV. EAKLY CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN THE NOKTH WEST. First Paper.— Bancroft's Account. XVI. EARLY CATHOLIC 'SSIONS IN TUB NOMn WEST. Second Paper.- The Huron Mission. '^ V- ■ii f CONTENTS. tyrdom— His rirtuea— Another attack by the Iroquois— Heroic coniluct of Fathers de Brebeuf and I-allement— They are made prisoners— Devotedueaa of their neophytes- The glories of the Uuron Mission scattered. ---•........... oj] XVII. EARLY CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN THE NORTH WEST. ' Third Paper— Fathers De Brcbeufand Lallement. Martyrdom of Fathers de Brebeuf and liallement— Their remains solemnly interred— Their heroism —Details of their martyrdom— Horrible cruelties— Life of Father Lallement— His reasons for devoting himself to the Indian missions— The Aloysius of th" Huron missions— And the Xavier— Father John De Brebeuf— Sketch of his life— His first attempt to found the Huron mission— His ardent zeal— And spirit of prayer— His love of the cross— H" pants for martyrdom— His diflB- culties and sufferings among the Hurons— He is exposed to imminent danger of his life— Hin humility- His unceasing labors— His calmness— And noble courage— The results of his zeal— The Apostle of the Hurons, - ............ 332 XVIII. WEBSTER'S BUNKER HILL SPEECH. Relative Treatment of the American Aborigines hy the English and Spanish Colonists. Mr. Webster as an orator- Compared with Preston, Calhoun, and Clay— Mr. Webster's omissions— His drift— A sound principle— But inconclusive reasoning— Different policy adopted by English and Spanish colonists—" The Anglo Saxon blood"— A parallel case— Cause of aversion to Spain— The reformation of Luther— Its influence on liberty-" The middle class"— Luther and the peasants — I'rotestant opinions— Keligious element in Spanish colonization— Irving's testimony— Portu- guese colonists— Catholic and Protestant navigators— Who introduced slavery ?— Alleged cruelties of the Spaniards— Las Casas— Cruelties practised by the Puritans— Their treatment of the Aborigi- nes—The Pokanokets — Shrewd bargaining— King Philip— The Narragansetts- Their extermination — ThePequods— " The godly Stone"— A horrible confljigration-Settling accounts— "A dark shade on the soil of iUassachusetts," • 333 XIX. OUR COLONIAL BLUE LAWS. Article I. — Union of Church and State > Why we treat this subject— Who are, and who have been the persecutors?- Meaning of the term Blue Laws— 'ESoTt at concealment— Bancrofc's reserve — Other historians of New England — Charac- ter of the Puritans— Their good and their bad qualities— Their treatment of the Aborigines— Their inconsistency-Two classes of Blue Laws— Union of Church and State- Conformity— The franchise — Established religion— Observance of the Sabbath — Severe enactments — Law against priests — Spirit of persecution in New York— Miscellaneous laws— Indians and wolves— Use of tobacco — Manner of dress—Cut of the hair— Matrimony — And divorce — By whom were the Blue Laws repealed ?— Some Blue Laws of Virginia— The land of "steady habits" — Catholic Colony of Maryland, .-363 XX. OUR COLONIAL BLUE LAWS. Article II. — HereticSy Quakers, and Witches. Two characteristics of the Puritans— Scenting out heresy and witchcraft—Preaching and practice - Consistency — Which colony deserves the palm— Roger Williams— His principles and banishment —Laws against Quakers— How executed — A strong protest— How answered — Persecution avowed and proved from the Bible— Witchcraft in New England— Why so prevalent there— Exposition of Cotton Mather — Shrewdness of the witches — How they were exterminated — "Eight firebrands of hell" - Hanging first, and trying afterwards— Humorous passage from Irving, • • • 869 XXL THE SPIRIT OP THE AGE. Temporal and Eternal. l« this an enlightened age? — Enlightenment and empiricism— Material progress— Constant agitation and fever — Rest and motion — Self complacency— Two classes of extravagance pointed out— And illustrated— Doctrine of progress applied to religion— Degrading religion to an earthly standard— CONTENTS. Reason and faith-Incident related by St. Augustine-Reasoninp; backwards-A tower of nubel- Modorn systems of philosophy-lTue and false liberty-Kvils growing out of sectarianism-l^arry- ingout a false principle- Private judgment-TUe great .trug.-le and its final issue -I'rotestannsm and enlightenraent-American infldelity-l'arallel linen of reasoning adopted by tlie sects and by i.ifidels-FaiuUicism and iufldelity-Manuuoiiism-Money and virtue-Mammon worship lu churcheS-UMlitarianism-W'rong views of education-U.Oigions indifference and latitudinananira —Frightful moral disorders— Fruits of rrotestantism— The great problem of the age, - 383 XXII. THE CHARGE OP IDOLATRY. Honor and Invocation of Saints. The curve and the straight line-The iwue of the Puseyit* moyement-Its benefits-Origin of th. controversy concerning Idolatry in the Catholic Church- Palmer and Dr. Wiseman-Charge by tha former-IIow met by the lattcr-PHlmer's criterion applied against himself-IIis line of reasoning unfair-Three proportions Inid down-And proved-Carholic doctrine stated-Testimony by the Council of Trent-The Missal and tl,e l!revlary-V,hy are the Saints honored and invoked ?- Passage from the late Pope's encyclical letter explained-Guardian angels-Objected passage, explain themselves-Prayer of Cardinal Bona-Incident in the life of St, Alphon.sus ,.,'uor,-St. Francis di Qirolamo-The Pope's encyclical again-Palmer's Italics-The climax «f ';l"l''^^y- Coldness and enthusiasm in devotion-The devotion to the Virgin-Beautiful passage of Dr. Wise- man-Possible abuse no argument- Palmer's inconsistency-Passages from the ancient fHth«r8- How he explains them-His glaring perversion of RUthorities-His work of supererogation-Fai.h and nraetice of the early Church-Beauty and sublimity of the Catholic doctrine-Devotion to t^e Virgin— A golden chain, -- XXIII. THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE OF SATISFACTION. Faith and Works. Harmony of Catholic doctrlnes-Their scope and influence-The great Physician-IIis religion medl- cinal-The doctrine of Satisfaction intimately connected with that of the Alonement-Standing at the foot of the cross-The center of the religious system-Source of light and heat-The Atonement guffloient-And made for all-Our co-operation necessary for its application to us-Dennng our- selves and entering into the sacrificial spirit of Christ-Scriptural proofs-Practice of the saints- Motive for corporal austeriries-1'he cross ever present to the Chri.-tian mind- 1 he sacrifice of the altar and that 01 the Oross-Prorestant view of the Atonement- Faith and works-Halting half way-The more cov,forlahh and the safir way-.austic passage of Tertull!an-Two roads to heaven-Palmer's view-llis arguments superficial and captious-Temporal punishment for sui already forgiven-Scriptural examples-Palmer's explanation of them refuted-His paltry quibbling -Charge of tibsurdity answered-Keasons for the temporal penalty remaining-Palmer grow. rathetic-Troubling the peace of consciences-Unearthly character of the doctrme-lhe blessings it bM produced, - • - • ... i\ t XXIV. THE CONFESSIONAL. Tactics of its Enemies. «««>ng presumptive evidence of Cathollclty-Tho proud position ^r '»'V^''"'-''Vj;'7";' *'; warfare against her-Appeal to passion against truth-Luther's tac.ics-Those "^J ^ ^ '^ 7' similar- Protestant and infidel arguments against Catholicity compared-lhe vikst "f «> ^^^ modes of attack-Closing the church against ladies-Books teeming with obscenity-A >»r ng *" " . . . . • r !, !j vi-i.o wna Michelet' — An amusing Incl- .hame for Christian ministers-Sympathy with n.fidels-Who was MUl.eiet .* ., , dent-Translator of Michelet-A horrid picture of woman-MohtimmetlanIsm revlved-Methodls. c»mp-n,eetings-A " female Jesuit'-- Incarnation of 8a.an"-Transcendentahsni-A rare conso. atZ -" Fr'nch bulls "-Inconsistency and contra-liction-Mlchelet as an historian and logician -Ills premises laise-And his reuM-nUig liicgical-^Biiudurr:, v! ,.i--.....- -•.- —^ A portrait-" The end Justifies the mcans"-(lreat honor to the Ch«rch-T he beams and h not, -.The confessional considetedby the light of experience- A V'^^^'^^^^^^'^^^'^Z^ th. .ex-Cour,e adopted by the Protestant preachers-Kxtracts from our '"•'■""«":"•-'";'•; cases-- Whipping hypocrisy "-Whence all the clamor against the . ontess.onai-D.d the .-riest. n"rodnre it /-What motive could they have hadT-Was It possible .o mak« the change - The ...lestlon of innovation tes.ed-llis.ory .ppealed to-Pre.cription-Our Saviour and .h^ Pharisee', + CONTENTS. XXV. CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT COUNTRIES. Article I. — England and France — Holland and Belgium. Influence of Catholicity and Protestantism on material interests— Current theory— The argument wholly inconclusive— And the facts assumed, but not proved— England's prosperity— How explained —Rise and decline of Catholic powers— Why Ood permits the wicked to prosper— Mtisses of Eng- land's population- Catholic Ireland— England and France compared— In which is the bulk of th« people more comfortable?- Laing's argument— French and English honesty and polite ncsb— Hol- land and lielgium compared— Belgian railroads— Charity in Catholic and Protestant countries- Condition of the poor— Kelative prosperity of the Catholic and Protestant population of Prussia— The serf system— llow long it lingered in Protestant countries— Who have been the best friends and champions of the poor and oppressed ?--••-- 45& XXVI CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT COUNTRIES. Article II. — Qermany and Italy. , The Catholic and Protestanc cantons of Switzerland— An "enlightened self-interest"— Why th« Protestant cnntons are more prosperous- Material condition of iJatholic Italy— Italian and Scotch holy days— Mr. Laing's theory for explaining the alleged social inferiority of tlie Italians— Italy in ancient and modern times-lntliienee of '■liuiatc on popular industry and actiTity— The Italian poor compared with those of England and Ireland— Mr Laing's testimony— The garden-like culture of Italy— Couiparalive cheerfulness of Protestant and Catholic nations— Tastu for the fine arts- Politeness— Temperance-Testimony of Uobert Dale Owen— Comparative moralily-Moral condi- tion of Sweden— Popular education in Catholic and Protestant countries- The commou school system in Austria— Liberal policy— llelative instruction of English and Belgian operatives— The Prussian common soliool system- Keligious condition— State of religion at Geneva- Deplorable defection— Protestantism in other European countries— Mr. Laing's theory to account for th« admitted religious superiority of Catholic nations examined- His honorable testimony to Catholic faith and piety, 472 t 1 XXVII. CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT COUNTRIES. Article III. — England, as >7 of evidence on th« subject— IIow England relieves her poor— The wovk houses— The d}iiig patiper- Testimony of Dr. Southey— No liberty for the poor in England — Immorality of London— The Anglican establishment— England eviingelizing Hio world !—Th« Knglish arisioiraov— llrou^ham on English taxation— Ma-nmonism in England and Americar— Portrait of Daniel O'Counell, 4M XXVIIL CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT COUNTRIES. Article IV. — Ireland and the Irish. The great day of reckoning- An historical parallel- Ireland ntlll unconquered—Un American feeling of hostility to foreigners— Are wo really independent of Engliiud .' — Political uativism- Whai have foreitrners ilime fur the cinintry ?— Why Irishmen are hated— The Irish character-It* lights and slmdes— English treatnienf of Ireland— The Urst period of Ireland's Hull'uriugs— Protes- tant eviileiicf — I'he serond period -Tlie rel'ornnvtion in Ireland Irish lidelity to the ancient faith — Polii":. iif I'.liitabeth and the Stuarts— Wholesale couflfcatk'u and buicbery— The men of 178i— The Union- Protestant asceudvuoy— Emancipation, • 606 XXIX. CATHOLIC AND PimTESTANT COITNTUTES. Article v.— Italian Society. Dlekensnnd Klp-Superneinl travelers— WrlrlnR fbr money— Udy tourists-License for gossiping— Chnrnclerof Dickens as a writer— llareiil and Sharp- Italian conn-ntment— Two exiremeslob* avoldtd in the foelal cundlltnn— Material ei'inforts- DIITerenee between lln« ItMllaiisand Anieriean« —Laboring rlatset In Italy— lullan i:iualor— Mode of ilfe among Itallani—Th»lf sprlgUtltueaa— CONTENTS. ViTacity of children— Italians a social pfOple—Their amusements— Gambling— Ilorae races amon^ them iind us compared— Profaue swearing— Teni penince— General use of wine— Its effects on tem- perance and health— I'oliteness-Meekness among the great- Traitiiug of children in Italy— A grots charg'! against Italian morality refuted— The fashion of employing Cavalieri Serventi—Uov it originated, ^ XXX. CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT COUNTRIES. Article VI. — Brazil and the Brazilians. Interest of the subject— Qualifications for an impartial traveler— Misrepresenting Catholic doctrines and practices— Missionary touiists— Mr. Kidder's j-nsstatements— The BraziliMB af/on/ig- images- Absurd blunders— Fire-works on the " Sabbath"— t^ervice of the holy week-Decnration of Bra- cilian churches— Keligious emblems and names— Our Lady of the Snow— 1 omicidts iu Brazil and among us— Distributing tracts— A bright youth— The Hible in Brazil— Extracts from it read in the public schools-" The liible never proscribed in Brazil"- Inquisitorial censorship— A trick of the Bible societv- The Brazilians liberal and tolerant-The Catholic clergy— Slavery in Brazil- Touching practices of piety among the elaves-The religious Brotherhoods-The charity hospital at Rio— Is there aiiy native party in Brazil ?- failure of Mr. Kidder's mission— Uis return homo— Advantages of clerical celibacy ... 53s XXXI. THE ORIENTAL CHURCHES.' Dr. Durbin's Observations in the EcA. The present Btrnggle in tho East— The ancient Episcopal Sees-Alexandria-Antioch-Jerusalem— Constantinople-Statistics of the eantern and western churches in the early ages-Ancient glory and present degradation of the Oriental Ohurches-A picture of desolation-A vast ni'cropolis- Decrease of population-Testimonies of I)r Fraukland and Dr. Durbin-Number of Christians in the Turkish empire-Chastisement innictt'd on the Crick fchismatics-Tlieir present forlorn con- dition—The only hope for their restoration— Tlicir discipline in rog.ird to the celibacy of the clergy —Their acknowledge.! ..grcemeut in doctrine with the llonian Catholics-Argument founds^d thereon in favor of the Catholic Church- I'rotcstant missionaries in the East-Have they succeeded ?-Dr. Durbin's admissions-IIis omissions supplied in regard to the I'rotcstant missions of llasbejaand Orooiniah-Di.Nunion among the Protestant misfionaries-Catholic missions in the K,ist-Dr. Dur- bin's candid avowal-Statistics— The seven Apocalyptic churches-The chuich of I'hiladelphift- Downright popory— Christian charity recommended, 561 XXXII. ROME, As seen by a New Yorker, Kew York and Rome-Puperflcial books-Candid avoN.'l-TnaccuracleR-Colonnadeln front of Saint Peter's-The ball on the dome-St. Mary Majai's- Poi-'S preserving aiideu' monuments-Italian Offrojii-TrickH on travelers-" The In nx-«yed sculptor"- Laughable mista ics-Tho Jews in Homf —The chair of St. Peter— Keligious services iu the Colisseum-Kome not s-ifllcion.ly progressive- Picture of Home as the capital of Ch.istendom-Ai tislie genius of Italy-'..berality towards foreign artists- Overbeck—Pulullngs In chur-hes-Homan chunhe* never closed against worshipers- Koman charify-Beggars-Italian wines-Valuable FUggesiion-Italian monks-The Vatican- Villa Bornhese-Eduoation in lU-mo-Pope OreBory XVI.-The college of cardinals-Qenern 1 impression made by Home on our New i'orUor, "' XXXin. TITG PAPAL GOVERNMENT. Tho late lloman revoluHou-Character of Pius IX -111.^ meaniros of reform-flow received by h\f Buhjects-Hase ingiatltudn- Assassination of Kossi and Palma-A r.i({n of terror-Zan.blanchi and bis band of a^sasslus-Maxzlu! Mid his Idea of llbHrty-Kurope indlgnant-The I'ontlff restored by the Catholic powers -Who^e iault was ll that Pius I .\. did not succeed in eiTerting poriiiciil irfoiuiT — Monarchy and mob rule-Origin of the papal states- Did the Popes usurp temporal doml.ilon ?- Advantages of their being Independent Boverelttns-Mr. llcadley's Outline H Kntvinff new under the sun-Uistorical retrospect-Part ,.„ Mobs put down truth "^J^J'^":;,-^;^^^^^^ Christ-The second stoned St. Stephen trials and triumphs of the Church-The trst moo j^^,, torof them-Mobs a principal featur. -Mobsduring the ^^^^.^'^ ^^^Z'^^^^^^^^^ '' slander-Forgery-Early in the early Pe"ecutions-How they were got p ^^^_^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^.^^ Christians branded as aliens and ^.^^T^^^'^^I^^^Jbe description-Sepulchral monument t<» Thegreat RomanMob under »'°f « '"^"-^ ' ^;; ',f, Jl^^ meek- Christianity-Fate of the persecutors-Mobs PO-J^ «« ^ J reformation-Are they not similar in ;;^:^::;:::;;r :^:.=-r2^^^^ ... three eenturUs.-A parting_.ord . American Catholics, . . • •