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1
i2X
ri*»#*-'
GBEEirOCg ADVEBTISEB-EXTBA-March 5> IWO.
^^^ik CONSEQUENCES OF SIK K. PEEL'S
UNPRINCIPLED AND FATAL COURSE,
DISQUIET, OVERTURN, AND REVOLUTION.
,(., ^"^EFLY FROM THE NEWSPAPER WRITINGS OF '
ISAAC BUCHANAN,
•//
Uu8.J»r'i:V%^T«^^f„V\K.t''of i—oH, we .re b«i„g
• not poBBiblv be carried Sut, beoausp ito own opZt on cut, U, own tZat VV^ ,ee t nt Tth. KtV^L'^f "^ "rong principle can-
!SL^iirSb.T!!-TVe-C^^^^
Jii^^ir* »«? " •»? "?• J''«y ■■>.':« Pfnn.-««d for the moment : and wlV I now nnticioatL Zrl f^^^ f^^." 'i^?."i'^:/?,LY''^^^ P"'T?»«' "0*
f>« *!,».■_ -■ ••■• — ^..■".■■•; luuo ucuiarcB uiai immoral acts are revolutionarv in
TraMTKD— PKllSOJimOATlON OF RIOHT AKD PIUCTICil. I-RINCIPLES THAT HAS RBFV TF^TVn nvx.-..^ 1 I '"^'""'"O— "« "OSI DlglR-
S^r.Z f-'PIT":."''--.''^!'"" ^'"■'"'"''diatc a<lont\„7 ot'';re«Iu*4 wl icl. ^,c ^cmU U nte-ost ^,"77 f^:;. "Z^n'l?"^ ^•
»ji^:^orte;^M;^L?ri[!:- 1^^^
Ko?;xX;^;t:'Si^3-;;l~i-^^^^^
rest of tliese mitionsand tlHMntcrestof Clir stianity aie ulo^elratcS^^^^ ikhmv'. i •" '""" """'"• """ ""e inte-
bi«kingoutoftholloTcInti«n.on the Continent dated New YnV »iy letter to Lord Geoigc Bentinck on tla
itS^. fL„ ,1, • ^^H-. ','"''■•" " '"; '■'■'""'" " «'i""IJ-l« porpctuatcd in suuicly. I'auiHMis n is not the Vf^fc ..f rj^
I^ b"' ' •^'J'^',' '" ' '^'<i*'"-."' "", ^<'l' M»}- Hli), 01, the nuMn.irablo eccasioH ol l,i, pros..,, i u- , ,'? i of ,1,1 Vf.J3f.^*'
MdBa.,k.rH of Lotion, dop,ccat,nK iho ,!,o,,„,cd lix.d Cold M«„da,d. Ihis. a„d INol'i fath '," co, ,, , 1 X nlci^a^
gre.t act oiiij ,t to put an .■,„t«t,« notion t hat in.ev,.,e,sins ou,- ir,TCo„cikablc oUjucllon, to lu» p,?,,c ' l,d mc™
rihy DCmnnl hostility to tbo KiElit nono„,able Unioiict. , i ""^■'l'"-' .>"u iiK.isnrof,^ Bj«»
r While iud«p«a4eiHic hnn any existence in this coiintrj wo munt Dcrsiit in aerceiii" nilh liin f«f li. ,■ ti.oi ,■ . i , i 1 1
4»1f (r.HffjRTer pn.liot«l he woald, l,c had not doubled hi" Kr.une f-Mh^;;;!', ■"''•; " H i'r.k'r'ltw Shl"!^'
gro.ind«Jv,,.wli,gtMqu..stionofn,,,n,.y «sonconlyb.t>Te,M,mo,,ey,nd^rope,ty,,,o,.-.,,,,,. i,,s|.;,d , r,V,i, • tl e •!,! ,nm^^7 r
po»'!\ii„ ,..',/«ot..i:i' to the i„ili,st,iou« clasnei, ai imposed to tho l*ry rich, a„„„iia,il»
namo Mink in tho n.xtnls of tii(u,T ,fon«rati«n«, anil make hi«lo,-y deny hl„'i Ihi- iilac
nnd I hold tlii* aluno «„lllei(M,t j,i!,tillca<.io»i for my aHsi.,ti(in, that '" ii.i'(i;r,in( in n,./ •
<ng to hit 'Hkjerll ai Sir 'Jt I\'tl hal tivii /„ ,i,tr iu.lwtrinut r^nur,,- Uiu the dinilK
l)„|i|ii,liic
lh,s aluno will uiUl* hia
Mii.i;i u, .1 lire 11 ,T . n or a gieat statatnian;
i. gold ponijd. .orti, .bo„t U, 4,1. |.%e„ if th.- (!„,•,"„,„',;? ihe,', h.'ro", ^' ,Z (. , hV e 'hTn';!;""., ,.ri' "f"r''"',i
Exel«>q«.T 1I,1IM poun., worth Kl, Id in (Jcld, had ,„„„,i.ed ,., ,,„v hack ii, Al round. ..rtht-d, , •a''," "e fonr,S'lilll I M
no nwre bo exper(,Ml In he. si,Ma„,cd than c.n.ld a , ,„il:„- tran./ulion by u T,n^t •<- the ,,,h v h^i.l^^. . I, ^^ ^ . l„ • ! ^
illegal Th. public e„.,li.,,,. i„ fact boUBht ,.,Mk f,„,„ l',,. a„,l I,!: .mv^e^.o'; „,' :;; '"^t- ii , I 1 ^l i^^J ' ;„";^^
»»> not worth more than Ctd ,„ go d at .t.l 17s Itid tlip •>„ i,i<l I'ml naa*,! a hill in Iwiio .„^. i„- <" '"">'»i« . o«t thi. £00
4100 in «»ld at £3 17s lO.d „e,. o'Lneo ! . 1 cannot ,, .o ,hn, t .,,.„:o e' plan .rdl'.i"ne;'i"n I ^^^i rM " 'i. •i'tweeWrn';:?^
IMBer inoniy, as by the followin;; ,|n<>lntion roni (\,a.i i ,\ l'i|.,B „ „<„t i;,„ i. Ir, thn ,l."b.,« .m ia.h i.-.i,-.r ,W "J""'?"'* .
miC iMd charge.) , I,. Mini,,..,- wi'ih havioK taken „,.,. f„„„ .^.Vl'.a'.ran,;' I'e,,, 'I't il:,;'l'T:U'b,fd?. 'am" h'l ZL ^S fc^
.uli,.lan.... .,r Ml- I'm s y,e.,>V„.„s a,„l most co.nj.lete ,. ,1, - • li,t ,ai.l that Mr llu*,..y was wh„|!y |„ orior to .iim^e Xt H^i.'r -
nude .d.anoca to tl„. (,„r..,„,„..nt ,„ v-v.V ; I'.it .nkl, ,l„u the advan.c, w^r.. made l„ n,„,.. and pair,,"ik"Z^^}r,\k.
if the l;;v.M..,...-nt «.,, 1„ ,.,,., mon,.y and pav ,h. |..,i,U. (he bank .vould n„t .heret..ro 1„ ;„ppli'^ With an add ti^T^rniSl
.««,■ mat ,hetnx». ..-,,.. ,„>l paid ,„ s|.ee,e . lUt ln,u,s ..,,0 advanci without any idea of r.,Um«. ,V.,.jr thiuho £j
!• Ill ; I '",<•■'"' 'II;'"'"" 'l'»l <;'"T .|"."il'-ly di»„!v,..l wa. ,„ l„. |«i,l i„ r,„/l , (h«t the ree.il of the r^Vwui WM In ..^
W.a ^la! Ilie .h.. .; „l Mr l,„«.y . „l„.Mval,.ms w..,v ,„,),•, |v lo,„„|..,| i„ mistake " Who then can . ouht that I'w?" LeJiil«t,J^C?
n«osl inn^oial, «h, , ... ,„lm,„j„„, ....ihlfig nm p., I,,,,.. >\ llie , ™,l s,,i,ii „f |,„ act ,.f IHli «hi.h n.ake" the nrh nH,. 1?,^^
{X.T-77'' '""""" """'• " ' '"''"•■ "•«""■"""-'" "'i' ''•• i'.-'<iHnd,n<u of higher and ?ii^;h,rcV:r«;Mi.;;;;^
lifrMn w»g«t,
^;^-^.>«»^^«w ■V^gsustta***^*;'*^'
.0
MORvr. CONSEQUENCES OF'sIR R. PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FaAl COURSE.
J _ ^_^ . , __^ _ -
TRIUMPH TO PEEL JUST AfEANS RUIN TO JIlB COUNTRY'S WORKING CLASSES.
" It IS n-mariahU that Free Trade ha> Iccn carried Iv the Middle Classes, vot only without the assistance of the Working aasset but in
It ,s remarteaMC "^^l^''^^\,^J ^^^^^^.^i^^.._iTi^„^i^r ElUot, the Corn Law Rhymer, dated Hth October. 1819.
It will be a Vifrtual-abdlcation by the present parliamentary constituencies if the middle classes permit Peel and the monied class
another triiirtWi over the industry of tlie empire -for a continuanco of the bureaucratic svsteni. and the continued triumph of Ped
»ml h?, W "i> lacemcn are just convertible terms for the funeral knell of Bntisli principle and repudiation of patriotism. I know
2f couree thai n the Queen's speech it is !<aid-" Her Majesty has great gratification in congratulatiDg you on the iv,provedcondiU»m
rfMmmcrce and manufactures.' It is with regret that lier .Majesty ;observc8 the complaints which in many parts of the Kingdom,
havcTeen received from the owners a^id occupiers of land. Her Majesty greatly laments hat any port)on of her subjectj
^ouldtein distress ; but it is a source of gratification to her Majesty to witness the increased enjoymen^ of he necessaries a^
Jnmforts wWch clicanness and rlenty have bestowed on the great bolly of the people." But I cannot forget that in January, 1819,
jrKlnir'Jncech slid-l" 'I'he Prince Regent has the greatest satistWtion in being able to inform you that the trade, comracree.
aSd manufacturi-s <rf the countrv aro in a most flourishing condition." Both agriculture and manufactiires were prosperous at th»t
neriod but Peel's Bill of 1819 passed, and in November of the same year, the Parliament is addressed in a very different strain ;
fhfl in'nff's Sneech savs — " I have observed with great concern the attempts made in some of the manufacturing districts to taU
• . ^ i , __i j-*_x' i* — :*., .i;..«{r».^t;,.n f^ ♦!,« ;nafW„i;<^na on^l (rnvprnmpnt nf the countrv. A spirit is now fully mani"
political institutions whioh
roperty, and of all order IB
loreafter.
g of employment in this
, even in the presence of
foTaiuto" tire Crown and to the ruigning Sovereign, which has never at any former perioil been exceeded ; and on my mind there ii
not tfto shadow of a doubt that Peel's iireciprocal Free Trade principle must necessarily produce the dreaded cause. Peoli
mnnetnrv locislation of 1819 crushed down wages on an average to near the starvation point, and quite to it if the lost time of the
nnemnloved is considered ; his monetary legislation also tended to reduce employment through contracting the currency ; but the
Tital blow at our national employment is Peel's having, in 184R, arranged for the inei-ease of our imporU of foreign labour, not onW
without demanding reciprocity (so as to curtail the drain on us for the precious metals which susUin our currency, such as it is).
but without first revolutionising our monetary laws, so as to admit of our increasing our exports of British «oods. A largo supply
nf irold from Calilornia would effect exactly what monetany reformers have always sought, as, gold once fallen abroad, the .siistaminj:
of our fixed price would leave the sovereign the representative of 208. value in British commodities, instead of as now the rcpni-
sentativeof itself or a certain weight of a foreign commodity : but the same alien or Jejv principle that prevents the alteration dl
i
that w^hout impcr monev, or iI7other words the repeal of Peel's law of 1819, our one-s.ded tree 1 rado has no chance whatever of
«nccoss althoueh 1 feel nearly as well satisfied that even with pai.cr money it will not eventually succeed, and that free import* of
rommoditios produced by oui-selves, unless the tradeis reciprocal, must lead to reduced employment in this country among onr
manufacturing and mechanical population, as well as in the agricultural and mining districts. Not only, therefore is I eeTj
lecialation of 1846 in my mind, utterly impracticable, under am/ circumstances, buti see that any chance ol success to it js upsM
bf the continued existence of bis monetarv legislation of 1819, which is an embodiment of the exactly contrary theory of i rade.
■ The jarring and utterly irreconcilcablc principles of Peel's Bills of 1819 and 1840 will of course force a change iK'foro very long ; bK
to the extent tliis can be hastened will the suffering to the people, and the danger to the country be lessened. M Imt then e^re tke
toorkina elaists to do as a Arst slei> > I answer, let them refuse their confidence to every man who refuses his eovfideiiee to ikem ; kt
tM*m refuse to listen to the 'detaih ../ ami man who it not their political friend in the sense of going with them for their political enfrem-
thuemmt—in a word, for the princi/ile of I'niuersal Suffrage— which 1 firmly believe to be— in the true or patriotic, and not the parljl
f Cons^rvtative-the most conservative measure that can he proposed this day in Oreat Britain, Ireland, ami the Colonies, eu nare
tens' "J ,„ to hi'hhi taxed British against I'orciqn untaxed industry, and to tie vindication of the i ighu of labour at
toleoil toa jui protect.~.. . ■
%'rs'Viffic'u^t"";7.ceb,int1„r;"mg^ ignorance of Sir R. Peel and the Manchester schooUn the subject^ofthotrueUterert^^
the working classes, 'the working men themselyes, however.
are opening their eyes to the fact, that food is not the first ii«ce*»orjj.
the working classes. '1 he -"'•'"''^' "on emse e , owe,.., ... -^^^^ ^^^ . ^^ population, and the question it
but employment, or Mo moan. ''Z:*' "■''(' '',*"'l,''f'„„2S^ gradually to see that they ar^ in the same boat with men of
money, arc one and t.hV''"'^^ ;'';*?; ("'''^^'^^'^.^ttLt^ftrm^ cla.^. Sir James (iraham pointed this out long ago :^
fixed ^iropcrty, and indeed, '^^ ' ' ^-^If, ;^'';, ^^«\ ™'„',''»'bo^,n U^^^^ when they hire out their labour or skill for wages, they, under
f Sec '^ i ornand Currency, 18-7 1 l l>o »< '^'''"? "P^" "V.-'" .",., ■ , i„,i „, „™,,„,i .„ ,ha diminut on of ts Quantity, thev most
a'n'5 that when gold Is'lioardcd or exported to the diminution of its quantity, they most
■ - ■ "' ■ —•'-' their wages fall, even if tfiey are
r labour for gold, but the London
Tlifi cruel result to the working men and their families (fell equallj. in reducing
plct% d^rWed orimproymen". In' /word, the British artiran has to give more time or labour for gold, biitthe London Jew and
Prudence could not prevent it ; so prudence gets to a dij-
theiorcigncrhaTonot to give more money gold !
tn-t^in" ?hcir ^^r'i^c:^^^^ rbb:\:d'lio:,'orfo';:i"grt"adc- b.'ing-,;;^iU~^;to-reg.ratc direclv. -and most-arbitrarily *.
^ffee the a uVof all pro, orty, including the labour of the poor man's ban J. altfibugh he m»» never have worked for a foreign miT-
ket ' The meanrb, wQ, thi; is effected is the making the plentiful article money (,t .boulJ be plentiful if productive Pn>pertJvor
, V Kvi. m„»„r » merelv the renr<-scntative is plentiful) always ho d the same value as the scarce article jjold— a conanm-
,alue, oL?h«'lf?«,ri;A"ife"l'cfrcctcd'wir.1n 1819. L upset Mr ('itWa money law, and thus gave the lu-ek ot iUe inJ-tO •'
I atleinptca
' pries CK-
iidirvoUi,
. -liuliW
cause a fall, and not a riBO in wages and prices
SHORT VIEW OF OUR CRITICAL POSITION.
We deceire ourselves if wc suppose that the people remain so
iirnorant as not to know that the lowering of the price of Ooldii
an enuivalent term for raising the puivhasing power of money-
« in other wortis, for U>wering (he eschangeabe value of pre -
™rt, comramlitie;. and labour. The Working ( lasses have K-en
Uught by long and most cruel experience, that the prmcp'* of
ihe*Moncy Uw of 1819 practically denies to I r,t.»h labour th.
Mwardwhitlh the Law of Supply and llemam won d n.tunUy
award to it, by leading to the expeirt of gold (which upMl. tb»
•ountry's Banking facilities), and thus centmctiy the currmc.K
oh«ap
•r irf/rrl (<iA-i>iy (iold, nliiili he of t««r*i>
"iaieis tlw prioe of' British Manufactures iipproxiiualesib
0riM.t¥er th* Foreujner
,. to that of Gold— even althnufih the same lore'lgnrrdxi
^ into tUa tvnAtf Gold, or other coinmodiiy solil at lh»
Nit kai aTmilt* o» a Paper or " prosperity " price Nr
the Foreign Commodities irt payment of which the imbccifity,#l
onr Law puU it in his power to take Gold at the clu.ip rate,—
They now sc<' clearly, that the fad of (iold boirie iibMinlly fixed
at the »»mc low rate when it is in the create »t deiiiiiiul as \vhen
it is in the smallest demand for «,i7>or(<i(iim as a. eo,n,iodily ne-
cessarily fixes down, as the general rule, to the same b.w. niitax-
eil and profitless sUndard the remuneration to the piiidiipers of
British Commodities, which have to be sold (>i;<i.ii.'i Hold as «
Vommoditv to Korrignen. as well as into (Sold as a Honey to our
own p.opic in tli* utmt market ! So much fur our ninmifacturing
or mechanical labour i (which is cither sold to the fipirit;ricr or to
tlie non-pn>ducing coneumer— at the same price to l.oili and as a
general rule at a price as low, or nearly as low, as the untaxed
lind profitless price of its ctrtnpetitor, the commoditv gold)— and
A* to imports of agricollural produce wliicli we have to p;\y for In
cold at a low fixed lorvign standard, it amounts lo notliiiiu short
•r Um iMinifj that would exehan|;o full weight sovereigns for
i
MORAT, CONSfiQUENCES CF SIR, R. PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FATAL COURSE.
3
I'
clipped ones ; it is in fact and practice ju it F-nRland barterfhg
sola (wliicli is a fo»eisn commodity) witlioiit adding a profit or
' price " to cover taxation, for foreign produce at lintisli or taxed
jricea— for tlie foreigner gets tliu same price for tlie same quality
of wlieat as tlie Yorkshire farmer— altliougli the foreigner is paid
in gold at a raw mavrial price ; or in other words, supposing both
:et323 per quarter or 43 per bushel— for his 4s the foreigner t-.ikes
J lbs. of raw cotton as imported from America at say Oil per lb.,
riying tUe industry of this country nncmplmiment ; the Yorkshire
farmer, withmU gettinn fi higher nominal prir.e, is paid in the cot-
ton at 9d per lb,'aftei- .'id haft been .added to it as a profit to this
country, to cover w'hges, mill rent, house rent— rates and charges
of all sorts, taxation, Ac, A-e. He gets .5J lbs of cotton, while
•the forei'^'ncr gets 8 lbs. ! the dilfcrence bein.,- the ;ai;i this coyn-
try would have if the foreigner" wns |iaid in goods in»;tead of gold.
Vit- admit that with paper money (and FouEmMtiis chakued
era TAXATION IF THKY TOOK OOU) IX rAVME.NT), OUr " priocs" WOUld
inchide our "taxation," and ihat under liec trade with countries
that will agree to take priynient in timi' tared gonrls we would be
Tlrtually collecting an import duty in the best way of doing so ;
but we lu-gue that fiikk thadk without nF.cii'nociTT is a vmrcAL
KBPUniATlOS OF TIIF. NaTIONAI. ni'.IiT Ort LiANKBUI'TCT— AND pASK-
■urrcY (as tiik Times has wkli. sAinl is Revoli.tion.
As the only wav to avoid Natinn;il. Hanktuptcy, and TO PUT
A STOP TO OUR T.AXATION BEING A DKDUCTION"
FROM WAGES AS W PRESE.NT, THE I'ROPKllTY,
REAL AND PERSONAL, OF THE COUNTIJY .MUST
ASSUME THE N.\TlilNAI. DEBT. This I pointed out in
my letter to tlie 'llargow fixaminfr of 25th May, 184S, as fol-
Jws:—
" I also begin to have my ryos open to the absolute a^.l Im-
nediatc necessity of preventing tlic t.axation on the country's
fcdustry being as at preent a deiluclinn from wages, in the only
way tliis can be prevented, vi?.., liyseparating theniaiingemcnt of
the National Debt from tiie oftieo of f'hanccllor of the Exrhenuer
(thus declaring that the realised property of the country is alone
kound for the present and all future national debts or obligations^
But I despair of seeing tliis done by Parliament, constitutea
M it is, and the industry of the country must remain in a miser-
ably crushed condition till we repudiate the principle, or want of
Srinciple, that took off the war tax without taking off the war
ebt. My view is that th« industry of the country should i-cpu-
di»to the National Debt, leaTing it to be paid by the property of
4m country. Commissioners of the National Debt would thus
Wkve to pa^ the interest by levying a half per cent, on our six
Aonaand millions of property, real and personal, but the percent-
age next year would come to be reduced by the balance in the
Snds of the Chancellor of the Exchequer this year ; such balance
Mog handed over to the Commissioners of the National Debt as
the measure of the protection to native industry atforded by tlio
•Buntry's property.
"By no other means than thus setting the English money
narket at defiance, can the li.ted property and industry of this
Wuntry over get represented by a great party in the State. A
MAStr REFREsiNTATivE OF i.AiioLn (wtiich ill interest is the same
■■ fixed property, as it 'is labour that giv(.s property its value),
jrill of course never get the support of the money m.arket ; so
British industry jiiust cither lie contented to remain iinrcprescnt-
•d (unprotccteJ), or the support of the money market must be
voted, as above, to bo no longer necessary, tuk day of Exoiik-
4nil DIFFICUI/rlllS TUBSINO OUT, on KKKFIHO ODT A MlNISTBT, BKINU
MAXUi TO PASS TO THR TOMIl (VF ALL TUB t'ArULKTS !"
As 1 was finishing the foregoing, a friend called on rao,
towbora I read it ; and he put the following question to mo, my
aniwer to which I am anxious to give here, as the same r/iien/
■uy suggest itself to some of my other friends and readers. It is
BOi— (aid ho— quite clear to me why you think there i8"any use
ill continuing your opposition to " Peel's fatal policy," since you
hold in such contempt, and have no hope from, cither of the two
ttrinons of Sir R. Peel's opponents, yn., the lyoiectionistt who
der the ex-Premier's measure of 1848 to be fatal, and the
neu reformers (as represented by the London and Liverpool
■ocioties), (uostly composed of Free Traders, who iH'lieve that
Peel's Money Uill of IHIO was originally the cause of the working
daues being defrauded of remunerative wac[os, and will now, in
•mwquenco of his doing away with the restriction on imports by
Ml measure of 1840, lead also to so vastly diminished einploy-
Bnit a* certainly to cause social confusion and political convuU
rion in this country ?
(wttbout immediati rnotxotiok thh wistirn colohiis will bk
Lost to tui Eupibk.]
Ny answer is, that though I have no hope from either of the
two classes of Peel's opponents, 1 see that the public do not seem
to be alive to the fnct, lhat withojit iniiiio<liat4- proteetlnn to Bri-
tish inilnstry, the Wrstern Colonies will bo immediafely lost to
the empire. 1 tliink 1 am ri)tlit in assuming that, if the British
public had their eyes opened to this, themelaiicliuly issue I point '
at would yet bo prcTcnted in some way. Can I suppose sane men !
qp in arms, as even the'Manrhester school is now, about our ilr \
fUtrtfnrr on forriynrrt for our supply of cotton, licing willing, by
Iheir own arl, to make the country also dependmil on fui-eigners
for its supply of the other great st iples, wheal, sugar, anil lim-
hu ' _^ ..,._... 1
fttiti If, filler niTtnjf ■ we* the CiSSSwR, tne ro vei tat or I'cePii '
policy will be necessary to save this country from a war of classeg,
such as wo have the beginning of at Stafford and at the lata
meeting oVthe working classes at Stepney in London, is it^ot a
pity the subject should not be understood now ?
I may, in conclusion, be allowed to explain how I think the
' Currency Reformers are wrong in supposing that, after the Colo-
nics are lost, the pro.'ipority of the working' classes may bo at-
tained by means of paper money, in which gold would rise in
price, tliM enabling the producer to get back in "price" from the
, foreigner and conspmer the taxation paid by the industry of this
country. Before there were free imports, I admit that paper
money-would have enabled the British producer to add the
. " taxation " he had paid to l^is "price." If the price of prodae-
; ing wlieat were 36s^ and the taxation 25 per cent , the farmer
would get 45s for his wheat. But under the present system
(which I hold to bo suicide on the part of all tlio industriooa
classes, both manufacturing and agricultural), no sooner would
the price bo raised to 453, but in comes fifteen millions of quar-
ters of wheat pnyinq no tax, which has to bo got back in " price,"
to add to our own sixty-five millions of home growth, and doWM
gocs.tli'" price to 38s, under the law of supply and demand. la
fact, it is evident that British industry, under free imports, will'
> be no better iA\' with the advantage of paper money than it was
under a protected system withont the advantage of paper nion«y.
And, when one thinks of it, how ab.<urd for Free Traders to M
monetary reformers 1 They accuse Peel of reducing prices and
wages by his bill of 1819. and they do the same thing by tbeic
' Free Trade measures. They accuse Peel of indireetlt/ giving a
foreign price to British labour, by giving a foreign price to ^old,
: whicli the foreigner 1ms it always in his power to prefer to British
' goods the moinent tluso get up to a " prosperity" point ; aad
they diiyrt!;/ give ii foreign price to British labour by pern)i(tin£
free imports of foreign labour. But, even were there any use iM
their triuinph'over Peel, this is rendered practically imposaibU bj
their .attacking Peel siinultaneously.on his banking bill of ISrf,
on which he must alw.iys triumph over them (especially if ha
puts out the monopolist clause and allows new banks under tha
same restrictions), llie country is anxious for monetary reform,
or the repeal of Peel's bill of 1S19, but not at tlio expense of a
chaos of banking. ,
; [If we thboiiou Embleuatic Monet jiNAnLE the Produckk m
this Countby to include uis Taxes ih his " Price," tqhi
WE CAN SAFELY HAVE ErEE TrADE WITH CoUMTRiaS THAT ^UA
I TAKE British (Ioods in Rethrs.}
My long held view is, that British prices, through the ia»
Btrumentality of papef money (and a conseiiuent appreciation of
the commodity gold, as fomparcd to it3 price abroad), should ba
permitted to rise suHieiently to<cover our taxation, and to prevent
all our taxes being pi;ictically a deduction from wages as at pra-
sent ; tluS^jonce effected, the foreigner who takes British sooda
will be paying Gritikb taxes, and this will be bona /</< Faaa
Trade,; biit, at present, whenever prices and wages rise to a re-
niunLifativc point, it becomes the interest of the foreigner to taka
gold, which IS not permitted (by t'eel's infamous law of 1319) t*
rise. When priecK are pioUlabI* the foreigner avails of them—
as he gets.more for his produce — but under Peel's alien Idgislation,
he is enabled.to avoid p.aying more for the gold which he takes ill
return ! Tuk subject of the Cubke.vcy is not attended to, be-
cause the" public have taken up tliCjimpression that "it i> impot-
tihle to undrrttand it." Instead ol tl^is, it is the easiest possibla
of all the princi|ile3, an understanding of whicli is vital te ereiy
man's safety in a commercial country. If people would onlj
lead ray friend Mr Capps' pamphlet, " The Nation in a Dilem-
tna," they would at once get undeceived.
" It is well known," observes Mr Capps, " that by the preaiuf*
of the atmosphere water will rise in a vacuum (the barrel of a
pump for instJince) to al)out thirty-three feet. Now, suppose that
the water in a certain Vacuum had always been prevented, by tba
interposition of a plug, from rising higher than ten feet, it wsdU
follow that, when this plug was raised one, two, or ten fecthiEhar,
the water would immediately rush up, and fill the additional Tftv
cuum created. Now, had the plug nev»r l)«en ehtii t't^' withdrawn,
and people had not known v;[hat was tlio. cause wbiih produotd
the rise of the water, they might have concluded that the waUr
would rise ad infinitum, and tliat it was inMieesary to interpose a
limiting power to prevent it overflowing and doluginif everything
around. But it is obvious that tho removal of the plug was not the
caute of the risoof flio water, but was only that which permiim
it to rise : the eaun was the weight •/ the atmosphere, and it >
ooasetl to act when an equilibrium was gained. So, in like man-
ner, the extension ef the currency is not the caute of tho rise of
prices, as many think, but is only that which pfrmiti it ; tha
eariie is the weight of taxation, and the rise will cease whenevar
a price which will form an equilibrium with the Weight of tax^
lion is obtained."
It is clear, however, that Mr Capns most anticipate the fo-
reigner <i{<ii 10 k/ tii.red, otherwise the British I'roduoer oaoM
never add Ilia taxation to his "Price," but mint dedutt it from
the ii'agri of hit worke.rt. In the long run capital i)iu»« be profit-
aHe or i\ will not (indeed it could not) continue to co-operate
with the poor man, or, in other words, to give vnip|qymcnt to oar
masses; and thus it is that, directly or Indirectly, the workini
classes pay «|l mir taju-s. If taxes cannot be insluded in " p>j<ie."
the only nRinKo idtwnitrtti U to dcdaot ihea mm #ag«i.
M
* y
kORAL COliSEQUENCES OF SIR R. PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FATAL COURSE.
-1
THE MOST FFJ^FUL SOCIAL CONVULSIONS COULD NOT FAIL TO ARISE OUT OJ ANY SUCCESSFUL AT-
TEMPT IN PA^RLIAMENT TO PERPETUATE THE PRINCIPLE OF SIR R. PEEL'S MONEY LAW OK 1819, OR
TO CRUSH OUR WORKING CLASSES BY LOWERING OUR FIXED PRICE OF GOLD DOWN TO THE VALUB
•m WHICH (iOLD MAY FALL ABROAD. ' ,
^ f
" Peol's system must bo destroyed by violence." The ^ato Lord Wharnoliffo, President of her Majesty's Council in the last
Ministry of Sir Robert Peel.— ( See Bankera' Circular of 23d July, 18i7. )
" The present tyeatening aspect of our Monetary mattcra will not be temporary, but permanent, because it arises not from a
tompornr; but from' a permanent causc-^because, in fact, it is not a derangement of our Monetary and Banking system, but as
tncrtorinoparalysis thereof. I view it to be mehk child's plat, our wasting time in diseu-ssions about the mebb machinert op ihi
Bank op Englakd (the Bill of, 1844) ns established by Sir Robert Peel— as much cliild's play as if a physician, called to a patient
in whom life (the Bill of 1819) is expiring, were to devote his whole attention to an examination into the form or outward structuM
of the patient's limbs, or as if we were to stop to praise the mavvcllous adaptation to its use of the ch^nm:! of a mighty river, whe«
its well-springs are drying up, or when its waters have flown away."— My letter to Lord George iientinolt, published in April, 1847.
" There is at the present time a complete plethora in the money market. The rate for money at call is nominally two per cent.,
though thci-c would be great difficulty in placing any large sum on these terms. This superabundance of unemployed money capital,
abundant only because the means of employing ii had prkviodslY bees dkstroted, cannot fail, under the present system, to produce ita
usual effects. The low rate of interest will lead to speculations of some kind or other, and to immense engagements, to bo as certainly
followed by stagnatisn and distress. The Californian gold.m,iy for a time ward olf panic, but will not prevent it ultimately coming
upon the nation." — The justly celebrated letters of " Cfemini;" BirminghaiTi,. N'ovcmlier 20, ISifl.
" After the experience of 1847, what guarantee can be given that in contracting to pay a rent of 6fty guinea* next l^lidsummer,
we are not incurring a liability equal to sixty guineas at their present value ! And although, on the otlior liaiid; it may bo extrava-
gant to suppose that gold will ever become as abundant as lead, what? as.'iurancc h.ive wo that we shall be ablu, six months hence, or
xn all future time, to obtain c.\aetly a sovereign's worth fw a sovereign, a shilling's worth for a shilling, and a penny's worth for a,
penny ? Arotlie 5 dwts. 3 grs. of golil, which, technically and legally, represent a pound, really a standard of value in the sense of
purchasing power, or only a sliding scal6 ?" — Westmiustcr Review.
" Before, however, the gigantic speculations upon human labour, in wliieli the manufacturers here and elsewhere fondly indulge
can be carried out to completion, something yet remanis to be consulted — that is, the tcill of the labouring classes. There is a mind
whose seciot workings and deep communings with itself the world docs not seem to heed ; there is a voice \yhose fearful accents ia
all their strength and power the world has not yet heard — the mind and the voice ot tlit' working population thronghout Cliristeo-
dom, burdened beyond the power of further endurance, and asking on every hand, where the region of rigliteous resistance begins ?
If governments take not good heed, this mind and voice will one day give utterance to the sense of wrong unjustly inflicted in foruM
and ways that will slmko from their foundations all the existing institutions of the earth. The doctrine that the only true capital ia
labour, however shecfous and unsound in its application, is gaining fast hold of the niiruls of the masses. The claim of the workman
to eat the fruits of tlie earth- to partake of the gifis of God^to be warm atid to be clothed— to be ted when he is hungry, and to be
sheltered from the storm, in fair rctuiii for the toil'of his arhi and the sweat of his brow, is daily making itself hcarj in accents
that cannot be mistaken. A communism of interests—of indignation at the infliction of past wrongs— of deteiniination to resist
irosh oppressions, is binding the labouring classes of all lands into one powoiful frateraity. To meet this growing confederacy is by
far the most dif^^ult task of the statesman in the present day ; for it is by (iir the mo.st 'fearful and dangerous element with whiiih
he has had ^et Wdeal." — The Churc/i .>/ Eiujland Quarterhj Review of April 184G.
" The fiictjis that the price not only of corn, but of coinmodities generally, began to fall in 1810, and gradually settled down in
propoi-tinn to the cimtraction of the currency, until the year IS'22. w • • The bitter fruit of the syijtem was tested by
all classes — I am in error when 1 Jay fty all ; for amidst the ruin of the farmer and the manufacturer, thoJistress of landlords, and
the ixsuiUiECTios OF A populace ^yithout iMvad and without employment, one class flourished and was triumphant; the annuitant
and the tax-cater rejoiced jn the iiicieascd value of nioupy — in the sacrifice of ]iroductivo industry to unproductive wealth — in tha
victory of the drones over the bees." — Sir James Oralmin's J'amphlcl on (.'.'™ aiul Currency, >pu.bUshcd in 1S27.
" N<*aHian knows better than the autlior of ' r',.™ aii<; ('iirr,nc;i' tho main causes of tlio low prices of 1822, and few men have
been more familiar during- tho last twcMity years with the aiiplication of means for lifting up prices from a state of ruinous depres-
sion when the conse<)uenci.'s alarmed tho ruling power. Sir Janio* (Iraliam knows ))erteetly that no analogy can be fairlv drawn be-
tween the cases of 1822 and 1835, and tliat of 194t)-.')l), either as to the cnwe of probable duration of each, or the means of relief.
,IIe knows that the low prices and pal^■^!y^i■; of a;;rlc-ultural industry in 1S22 were caused by the screwing up of the value of Money
hy ' the enormous error Art' of 1319. Within the laU, two yeai-s be jjas ailmilteil las reported by Mr Spooner in a speech in tlu
House of Commpns which was never contnulieted by the Right lloriourabl ■ H.Monot) that he still considered the .■Vet of^lSlO as one
of the most unjust and ojipTessivo measures ever suliinitled to rarliaiiient. He knows that its effects so alarmed thy Government
that Lord Londonderry, Ac., ite." — Banker's Ciroihiroflaslweti:, &h I'clruarii, 18j0, lein'/ an exposure of Sir James Oraluitn't
la'te Speech to his Tennntrij. \ ' ^
" .\iipreciation of the purchasing jiower of money [or, in other words, r/<i'a;i»^.-,< of commodities,] on tho contrary, is a check to
{itoduction. The farmer who pays his rent and taxes, when money is dear, with the proceeds of 00 ([uarters of wheat instead of 50,
lai ten quarters less for other p,urposes than be calculated oji when lie took the farm. While his labourers are congratulating tUem-
Bclvcs that a shilling will now go farther than it did a )<'ar or two ago, he is making up his niiiul to turn some of them adrift. Tha
landlord, the fundholder, and all who stand in the j-clalion of cicdifirs receive the benefit while it lasts, but it lasts only while the
goo.sc is (lying whicli laid the golden eggs. L'ltimatelv Lend is thrown up, niannfactnring operations are suspended, rents fall, the
fixed burden of the taxes becomes ninii and more intoleralile, aud if we wei-- to iina'.'ine the process of appreciation (of money) con-
tinuing for a great number of years im a country manaeled Willi the inteiest i.f a debt, like that of Kngland, which eould'not bo
shaken offer rcduecd like prft-ato olili-aiioii'., the end wonlil neeessarilv-be national bankrnptev and universal confusion, 'fhcso
facts were nuled by David Hume, liiit t:,ey have been almost wbnlly lost'sielit of bv modern economists."
[I'"pom the Wistmiaiter I! ■■i.'o- of .lanuaiv, l^H. Any one carefnliy slinluiiL; this' must come to see that Mr Cobden and the politi-
cal economists are either very eiij,uinal in rfni././n,./ the public mind, a- ;!iey lia\e, as to the value, to a country's industrious
classes, of "cheapness," or are so stupid as not to be able to un.l istand that tlio e/uapncss <>/ eooinv lilies is a convertible term
for the dearness of moneu.]
THE QUESTION OF MHNKY— Hnvr 11' -Wll.l r,|-: aF-
FKCTED in' I.-MKiK IMrulMS (il\ (liil.U IKiiM
CAl.lKOUMA.
To the Edi!.~
Edinburgh, 21th Feb., 181ii.— .•sir,-
can help praising the cmisisteney of tli.
\y,,U„ Heoi.-ler.
" * » ' No one
..... . Ti„,is in its dicision
that, as in 1S19 gold was bv law fi.'.d down ti> a iniie luwer than
its natural or .ivernge price in this eonnlrv, w iil.unt tl.e ih-l'lor
class bi'ing enabled to diseharge their drliis witli proportionaljly
less gold, BO in 1849 the delitor shoiilil have the same nnjnsi ad-
vantage over tho creditor class, as the lea.st reparatiun ll'i.' latter
could oiler. Monetary reformers must liowevir dei'lme that the
ri'mcs and the bullionists should have taken s» low a position in
1819 in regard to money anil currency as to view the i|nesti,in ns
one only between money and property i.i erifKn-c, in-lead of
seeing the chief iniportaiuc of iiKuiey to he as a niaeliinery fiir
the jirt>i(iif(ioii "O'rii/x-i-t;/ and its proper .//.'/iiArrdi'X. * • •
Nothing but tlie most, uliieet political h, bdcssness cunl.l have
made ihi' working-classcH endure iip to this day "sir Itnljeri reel's
money law. To see this, and to be satislied that .\i I I V \\.\ \i'
IN ANY CorNI'UY HAS KVKlt liKI'.N Til i; (' \ I .-!■; n|'
SO MUCH sri'-KKlllMI 'I'n lll.> ,- I ILIKc'I's ,\s s|i' |;,
PEEL HAS IIKK.N -fu I'I'lt \Vll[ilvlN(M'l..\>,si.,>, we
have only to undei-staiid the pr.ictical operation of his bill of
IS19. I'nili'i- i( (with gold here lixed down to tho price abroad)
our coTi.nieri \:\\ history nuist nenssarihi be a succession of nnmey
panics, for it is utterly impossible to attain iirosperity without
I ri^S bceoming tho cause el iiiimeiliate distress in this'eountry !
,!» » » » 'I'ln, injj,||, of paper pounds as the* leijal tender ("or
pny.^blc at the London maiket prie,' of gold), was the only remo-
(ly while the foreign piiie was aa high as our fixed price. In no
oilier w .1- could r< niunerativc prici^ long be got by our inanufao-
tniers ,ind produeei-s, even when they bad an e.vt'ensivo demand
for their "arcs — as the opposing article gold was always to bo had
1 'iuall\ liea|i when scire as when plentiful in this country. But
il tliefoi. iu'U priee of.goid is lo be greatly aud pennanently lower
tiian £4 tbijounce, our retention of the sovereign, or a quarter of
an ounce of f;olil, as the oonnler fur our pound sterling, will suit
the sano' purpose of enabling prices of British commodities to
rise to the level of ihe di'inand for them ; and indeed witli our
lixi'd price above the foreign price, the use hy ns of the gold
money as a Ic'-'nl t^ nder will he far preferable, as having TWO I.\.
HIRKl r .\ 1>\' A.Nr,\<!lvS which in our circumstances (especially
nnder the operalioii of free imporlsi will he of vital impoitanco
ill increasing tlie emi'loiine'ii. and ilins sii«t. lining the wiu'cs of
our WO' king c'l:i-srs. W |,i|,' "e eonti 1 i ini'.l'.e gdl,! Ih.' Iiaais
ol our b.iiih-. olo cireul il:oii aiel I aei lilies, it i, c\ idciillv ilie in-
4-'
i«
I
4-
'I
i
'* mti^
FREE TRADE AND COLONICS fHINGS INCO'MPATIBLEJiWTU EACH OTHER.
4'
1^
4-
'1
tercst of our industry that tlio greatest amount possible of gold
be imported, as extending that oasis, besides the import of gold
being an evidence that we arc. just as the export of it ia an evi-
flence that we are tot, exporting British labour. All therefore
will readily perceive that we ought to prefer the sorflreign as
our legal tender for a jwimd^ when the foreign price oT gold is
anffioicntly (and it matters not how far down it goes) below £i
the oun«e, if thereby we attained the ttoo poiuis of rngvEmino
gold being exported, and of bncouhaoiko ^oiA being imported in
the greatest qu^jntlty. ' - '
FIRSTLY. — On the same principle (the defence of British
industry) on which Monetary Ileforraei's, when gold tended to
advance above our fixed price of £i from scarceness, opposed the
pound sterling being at all timet etyial to a- quarter of .in ounce '
-Bf gold, we must, in the now altered ,,ro.,pects, resist not only any I ana ouen remote etteer on them to the extent it increases or do-
increase of the weight ot the sovere.sn (or, m other words, any I creases the demand for goods. Now (supposing wages tohavori^
toweriDg 01 the pr.co of |:old),,but while Rold abroad remains : 50 per cent., or the cloth to havo.rislnin price to Is 6d wh^
under our nomin.il price of il, we must prefer the present money i Peol or starvation price L assumed at 1.,), the American if he gS
fornia. The American will bring moro gold here i(luff$ mrtto
get at the British Mint, four sovereigns for his ounoe of gold, thu
It the Huctuating market price iOf London were £3, for he couU
not rely on gettins; British good* equally cheap in proportion.
He knoivs this would depend on tlio demand for British m4nuf«o-
tures. The American has learned, from "' Tooko on PrioM •'
that the high price of gold after 1707 did not directly cause Midi
prices for British commodities, although the oonfidonce arising
[rom the internal circulation being made independent of gold
m '" .'"<"'^*s'"* demand, and, eonseijuently, to higher price*.
The price of eommod Itics is only d irectly regulated by the demand
r '■•'^'"'''.''''"''"''"•tic'es. and (oven at present the low fixed priott
of gold chiefly operates on prices by paralyzing our ourrenoy
through threatening its export) the price of gold has an indlrert
and often remote offeeton them to the extent it increases or do.
the gold w,is worth .t2 in the inuiket, the paper pound would buy
half-nn-ounco of it, while in the former way the paper pound
vould only buy a sovereign, or a quarter of an ounce of sjold. On
the other hand, it is equally clo.ir, that with the price ivbove £i,
price, it is decidedly the interest of our industry that wo should
sustain the law as it now stands, and prefer tlio iokl to the paper
counter, .IS tendingmorc to encourage the importation fioin Ame-
riea of the largest possible share of the gold now getting in Cali-
!iMTri'"T'?lM"l'^'"'r''^.^ sustaining our present -money Uw, and
V 1- ^ ' ^ '^'■' I'OR US, not only as scouring us larger'salw
of manuhactui-es, and as a consequence lar^'er pnoes and wageiL
but as the lass gold the Americans retain to themselves the slower
n •'•^''ii devebpraont of their banking system, and tho lew
""'"' " . • ■• ■' ■ ^^
their owa
icans not
ieo, the
, - -, I'y could have held their cotton
for speculative prices last yoiir, and thus aggravated indetinitaly
our maufaeturing distress in this country. * * • •
Yours very respectfully, '
Isaac Bccbarait,
SIR K. PEEL OVERLOOKED THE GREAT FACT OF OUR HAVING COLONIES WHEN HE PROPOSFD VHVK
TRADE-FREE TR.4:D& AND COLONIES BEING THINGS INCOMPATIBLE WITH EACH OtS
RAPID ALIENATION OF THE COLONISTS, OR DEADEN-
ING OF THE E.YTREMITIES OF THE EMPIRE;
The petit maitr^ statesmen of the present day are throwing up
those noblo countries called the British Colonics with the same
flew chalance as they departed from the noble maxims called
British principles. To the countries and the principles alluded
to there is the same moral certainty ol a glorious resurrection,
but whether this shall occur before or after these liavc been dri-
ven to repudiate the name of British and to take refuge under tho
American flag.f depends on h6w long the national delusion shall
•ontinue that holds up such men as Peel, Gladstone, and Lord
Grey. In the mcantirao the condition of the colonial proprie-
tors is being made more and more desperate. Gladstone's ad-
ministration of Peel's principles, and especially liia celebrated
dispatch to Canada, (in which, banishing from his memory all
mu American experience,) he boldly asserted that.the Colonial tie
VM secured by the traditional^ prejudices of the Colonists
Colonies been nW|| fearlessly stated than in thb late numbers of
Tatt s EdinburgWMagazine :«^
'• The influence" says ?'aij,'"tlmt retains the British people to-
gether must be strong, to resist in years of successive and violent
temptations to separate. T/ie design of casting off the coloniet it
now openly avowed bij the subordinates of the Government ■ but.it
ever their superiors propose a bill for that purpose in Parliament
they will learn that they have complet«ly miscalculated tho teni-
per of the people. The Ministry will not follow that plain path
1 hey -will continue to insult, misgovern, and oppress, m expect*.
tion of the consequences. They will sustain Torrington, the Go-
vernor and priest-whippcr, in Ceylon ; they will give certiflcateB
of good conduct to the More O'Ferrals, who may turn our fortress
into the tools of the Jesuits^knighthood to Wards, who hang
Cephaloniansliko the Haynaus— peerages to thelilBins, who hid* -
in the woods from the presence of tho colonists whom thev have
, ,-„ „ „..,. ._- "ucoessfullyinvolved in trouble— and all manner of support to the
miods us of tho treatment received by a distinguished French ao^cis of governors in over-taxed islets who demand for them-
in the colonies, and at tame /imc'nvigorates the national . ""' "' *'"^™ liy<lraulicall}' to pay governors and ofBeials,
stryofonr opponents and enemies, reanimating even their w''™* appo'i'tments and dismissal they have no power ; agai
traveller who was shipwrecked on the eo/ist of liarbary : to dry
up his tears the Bartorians throw dust in his eyes ! But to de-
Boribo the effects of the principles of political economy as admi-
nistered to tho Colonies by Lord Grey, it ia iniiiossiblo to find
Ung;uago. The elofiuent language of Sheridan, instead of ovor-
■tating, far understates the case ; for so pestiferous to IJritish
interests is the breath of our late geometrical legislation that it
at once snccceds in blasting all agricultural pursuits at homo
And in *^"* — ' — ■"" — ' "' ..■.....»„...• . _ .i_ _ _. ..
indust _
accursed slave trad
" It looks as if some fabled rponster had made its "passage
through tho c*untry, whoso pestiferous breath had blasted more
than Its viracious appetite could devour. • • • •
Am I nskcd why these peoplojiroso in such concert ? Bccauso
they were people in human shape ; because patience under the de-
tested tyranny of man is rebellion to the sovereignty of God ;
because allegiwico to that power that gives us the forms of men
••mmands to maintain the noAij of men. • "• • •
Never was thif uncKtinguishablc truth destrojed from tho heart
that man is not the property of man ; that human power is a trust
for human bene6t ,■ and that when it is abused, revenge liecomcs
justice if not the boundon duty of the injured, 'i'liesc, my Lords,
were the causes wliy these people rose."
Perhaps no where has the truth as to tho misgovcrnmcut of tho
The race of sm.ill men described by Clmmband, "Jcuno
selves more money than the colonists can earn. This is theliabit
of the Colonial ofHce. An efl'ort to part tho Colonies from home
made avowedly and manfirlly, would not be successful. Tho people
would at once lay tho||AttSou prostrate. Therefore, a deeper
scheme is invented. 'jM^lonists are teased, tormented, and
smothered with constitHKI*. Hero they are threatened with ah
inundation of paupers ; thlto with an infusions of felons and
felonry. Now they are predfcd to the earth, and money squeewd
hoinmo
etetou
B mii sc distingue par un ton decisif, par dea maiiiercs libics
ii'dies."
over
. ,11 , -:- V • -,-"■." -' " .." power; again they
are torbidden to employ labourers, except with permission be-
hest, and beniaon from Earl Grey. In one quarter land is rot*,
dered of dangerous and difficult attainment; in another it is
squandered away in grants to favourite pets, with guilty profusion
••••••
•The colonics are in danger. Tho empire is parting. We ar« ia
the prepress downwards, and commence our second millenian.
as Anglo-Saxons, with bad prospects, unless our policy bo del
cisively and rapidly changed. «- ' "^
■To me it has long been clear that, whetjior wilfully or not. Peel
and Gre^ have, between them, as nearly as possible, broken vm
the British Empire. At all the differont stages of the Free Trada
Mama, I have seen iU certain result ; firstly, in our ooasine t»
be an Empire ; and secondly, in our being involved in revolution
trom want of employment in thU country; and I have not flinohad
from what 1 consider tho duty of doolaring that Peel and Grey
with Cohden and others, are in the opinion of the Colonists mara
political cutthroats. The following are tho words which I ad<
dressed to tho SecreUry for tho Colonies, on tho llth April last.
\ BRITISH PRINCIPLE.S, BANISHED FllOM THEIR OWN COUI^RY, HAVE TAKEN REFUGE IN AMERIOd.
The hillowing IS the deliveinnce of the greatest living American, the Hon. Henry Clay. Ho terms Free Trade " ConecutiM
. , . ■■ ... , v- " ,■ o ......,...».»«... Henry Clay. He terms Free Trade " Conccuti
to foieign powers, to onr rivals jealous ol our growth and anxious to impede our onwaixl progross. Encottraqement to domesUeMi^
'"'J ,'.!"!.'""'".'■ r }} i"""*;' """sion liy the whole to the whole ; lor every part of the countrv possesses mm.
""' faeture." And the Free Trader or I'hoorist ho oharao-
hip him on, rough shod , oyer nil lac l a,..n b^'— |w. |i wf -
■mm ■ A
pry is a cmicii^i
Cicity to nianufiietnie, and every part of tho eonntiy moro or less docs manufa
rises thus .— " He has iiKniiiled his hobby and has detcriuined to spur and wl
— l U HHWUnH ll U t!)*t4t<> iW l t <* - W)tyr^ ■ . . . — —
FREE TRADE AND COLONIES THINGS INCOMPATIBLE WITH EACH OTHER.
subsequent events lia'Jing but too well corroborated thqm — " In
1848 I broucht before your Lordsbip and Lord Klgin the true
position of tbo Cnnndns. I showed thnt for the loss of these the
noblest of Britain's Colonies, we should have to blamo entirely
our own Imperial Legislation in 1771 and 1846. In 1774 we
created Lower Canada into a French, when it. should have fecen
made an English, colony ; and we gave the French Canadians a
[How TO SaVK the CoLONtKS.l
Let us at onci^provc our faith in Free Trade by makirg the Co-
lonics 80 far integral parts of the Uiitish Enipirc as to levy no duty
on the sugar, corn, orothcrpj-oductsof the Colonists, except on ar-
ticles on which there is an excise dufy in this country ; ana let us i
in order to show our confidence in liritish nianufaoturing superi-
ority, and to lead other nations to reciprocate with us to a reason
feudal BTstera as a means of keeping them .afferent from the New able extent-declare by the same act of Tarliament that all forcien
r?^r"r u- i-^"*"'"" T"" """] .•'^'ncine tl'o independent ' countries that will agree (o Free Trade with our Colonies, andsot*
!Sfi li '\ng'iV™cn— n,"",!" «■ machinery by which, with the aid remodel their tariffs a.s not to charge us more on any article than
Ottlie North Amencan Indians we vainly imacined tohunt down I 15 per cent, on the ISiitisli cost, shall stand olTthe same footing
Uie then pi-otcsting Colonics, which are now the United States' j as the Celonies, and have their products received here free of all
Republic. I showed you that practically, to suffer a French do- duty. And, as it is mo.st rc.sonable that countries which will not
mwancy Nd\v in L nifcd Canada (even if done under the form, of , agree even to such terras of icciprocal trade should have deducted
JHe Canadian Constitution of 18«fcould be an equally vain at- | from the price which their articles produce in this countiy a cus-
traapt to coerce the Briti.sh poitioTTbf the American Colonies— I toms' duty in some degrcd equivalent to the taxes paid by British
who. though they love the RritiRh name well, lovo^ the reality of ; subjects producing the same articles, let us agraiigo that on all
such foreign articles as are not charged any duty, or are oliargej
a less duty than 15 per cent, on the price in England, we should
British freedom botter— and I pointed out the certainty that, if
the fatalpolicy of 1774 were practically to be pc i-sistcd in by the
tiah Governor in America, it being absurd to suppose that the
same causes that would lose us Canada, would not also lose us
Nova Scotia, New lirunswick, and the West Indies. The Cana-
das would be temporarily saved — by onr repudiation of the anti-
British legislation of 1774— and by this course alone will time
eoough be got to s.ive our entire Colonial Kmpirc'by the national
repudiation by Sir Robert Peel and his anti-British measure of
1846. Except with a view to the l.-vtter, there is no use what-
ever in carrying the former reform.: but to leave no uncertainty
by what I mean by the latter, I shall here state the practical
way in which the legi.slation of 1840 may be so qualified as to
Mcurc permanently our Colonial Empire.
T}_'.. . /-.' * . T 1 T-^ • iS K *"*•'"" '" V.' ni^; '» "--oa tiut» luiiii lo uei ufiii. on iiic price in ii,niriana, we Simula
British Government, Lord Elgin would a.ssuredly be the Inst Bri--T!havge the said customs' duty ct fifteen percent until the forcien
tub Governor in Amov.n.i. .t ho.nn- „h«,„.,l .„ .„ .i,.. ,... country agiees to our proposUion lor reciprocal trade, or until «/«
can agree to such other proposition as the foreigner may shew t«
be more reasonable in his peculiar circumstances. By following
tho foregoing line of principle and policy, I am confident the Can-
adas and the West Indies could, in a moment, be resuscitated into
the most piwperous and most loval portions of the Uiitish Em-
pire. I see also, however, that it is most likely that our national
infatuation may continue till, in the British Colonics in 1850, as
in France in 1S48, tho melancholy words, ' It is now too late,' may
come to be used ; and, in such case, the n.ames of Peel and Grey
will go down with infamy to posterity, as having reversed the
old British principle that Honesty is the best Policy."
PRIZES OF .£200 TO THE WORKING CLASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOR THE BEST ESSAYS
ON THEIR OWN INTERESTS.
." My principles lead mc to do whatever is best for tilts manufacturing population, belfeving that in tho prosperity of ou> artisan*
will be found the greatc st prosperity to agriculture which it is entitled to ; and believing that the difference between this and what
might seem a more tlourisbing state of agriculture" would affect only the landowner, as reducing the value of bis land and hU
rents. And l, of course, allow that with open ports more wheat will lie imported and tho price proportionably reduced in thi«
conutrv ; but this reduction 1 contend, is an evil, as lessening employment to the artisan, through reducing the purchasing abilitj
•f the home agriculturist, unless there is a fresh demand for ISritish goods by the foreigner, to the extent which the reduction of pridi
iuables our own agricultural interest— landlord, tenant, and labourer— from laving out money in manufactures. In fact the trans-
•ction of importing wheat paid for in British gold, instc.nd of British gootls, is neither more nor less than tho rioh sen.ling monej
toroad tor cheap food tor themselves, instead of buying it from tho agricultural customers of the nianufaoturing class— thus deprivini
ttiolattcrotcustomers, or, tospeakmoro plainly, reducing their employment." From Mr Buchanan's U letter to the Gretnoil
Advertiser i&iti 24th July, 1849, in reply to .Mr Cobden's letter to Mr Ensor on the subject of a fixed dutr on corn. Mr Buchanan^I
Tiew 18 that our allowing our prices of food to be reduced by imports of grain from precarious source; tMidfor in gold, is to brine •
txroat Uritam to the brink of a precipice, and leave it then. Scarcity of grain will sooner or later arrive from one cause or another,
eren if our own land does not ^o out of cultivation ; and then it will be found that though w.iges fall with the price of food, lowered
tf an over stock, they do not rise with it, enhanced by scarcity. Social convulsion amounting, and more than amounting, to ravolu-
tion mu.st, bo the result of such a lamentable state of things in any country. He does not wonder that tho working classes are soured
lit and alienated from our selhah and supercilious landocracy. It is, therefore, entirely in the selfish view of their own interesU that
lie expects our working cla.sses to come to recognise tho great fact that food is not the first necessary of e.ristence, but employment or
m other words the meant of (jetttng food. r j i ■"
*Jl?"j''^"i^ o^.'"'-';''™"'"™"? Canadian manufacturing wight propose as a task for himself-to compete with tho over-grown fac-
tory lords of England-let him first ponder well, in his own-mind, whethor, if it should seem to him desirable, he can starve bj
ie^uty, as Uiese factory lords both can and do. If he cannot manage that, let him cease from the competition as vain and self-starvinff.
prOTeraents at Oi per cent for 21 years (thus paying up the principal gr.aduiiHy) in the same way as Government is advancing montj
to improve land at home, Ac &c., and by protection in the British markets lor Canadian wheat, in return for protection in cln.-ulian
markets to British manufactures. •"■»■>
It is_thought well to rc-publi»h in this form, the following papers, including the whole of the addresses of our good friend " A
colonist, as the best illustration that can be given to our Free Trade Theorists, that the position of other countries, and even of
some ot our own Lolonies, does not enable them (without the great sacrifice of deferring their own manufacturing progress, and los-
ing the advantage of a Banking system as losing their precious metals) to IVec-trade with Britain on equal terms. These addresses
•How exactly the interests of Canada winch are just tho samo as have been so well described by a late able writer as the ca«o of " a
coonti-y with moderate facilities for the production of most things, and wilhcxtraoidinary facilities for the production of notbinif tbe
■»tural condition ot nine-tonths of the countries of tho world." [Sophisms of Free Trade examined by a Barrister.]
Now imagine that country under a system of Free Trade— of unrestricted imports. Except in a few favoured spoU it cannot
frow wheat, for 1 oland will undersell il, [in the case of Canada, tho Western .States will undersell it] in its own markets ; it cannot
m«nulacture, tor in cottons, hardware, woollens, and other products of manufacturing industry, England will undersell it ; neither
can It import lis own corn its maniifaotures, or its wino from abroad, for its domestic industry being superseded and smothered it
Has nothing to give in exchange. It becomes then in this condition, it can neither make for itself, nor buy from abroad. It Roca
Without, or If not entirely w-^itliout, it is scantily supplie<l. A starving and ragged population derive a wretched and prooarious sub-
•totenee from half cultivated land. It has neither industry nor foreign trade." p uu-
Our object IS to do what we can to get Peel's unprinciple*! and fatal course appreciated before wo lose out Colonics ; wo fool tha
more <.iity in this course Iiccauso wo believe most firmly that tho same Legislation which Loses the Colonies, and ouc supremacy on
m«8ca, must lead to a diniinution of employment at home so vast as to issue in politial confusion, even although there exists tha
present loyalty to the llritish Monarchy, with the present universal devotion to the Reigning Sovereign. To any one who reads the
Addrcfies ot A t.olonisl, we need «cai-cely s«y tliat ho is a perfectly honest politician, and a most unpifjudiced man ; his circura-
mnets, besides, place luni above moltves of anv sort ; and as to his i>olitical predilections, they are just what were those of tha ijreat ,
••d good Lord Metcalfe, ate Governor- General of Canada, (who set free tlic press in India, Ac, Ac); in a word, as liberal as it is
-Muublo to be, without being able to go the length of Republicanism ; and men like Mr Isano Buchanan and his friend tho
OoloDist woulil not )o deterred by fear of man, from declaring themselves lU>publican if such wore their convictions. They are
true from rcaaon as well as prejudice to the time-hallowed monarchy of Britain, although their contempt (which they hold in com-
mon with all Colonists) for the present race of statesmen at homo is scarcely less virulent than that of Bi'rkk, when he said iu words
•omething like the loilowin-,---' I am loyal to the thrown, but to be so 1 do not oonceivo it iicccssaryto bo loyal to its iiiiniHters—
ta its man-servant, to its maid-servant, its ox, or its Ass !" They do not heliove ihat a Republican or popular Le-isl,itioii is at all
inconiiiatiple wilti a atipng or Monarchi cal Executive, A Moaaichy, they say, may i-ccu^uian :ind i Ta ctiially c. Tjr j out ffiUi huimiLy
M-
See Mr J. W. Gambit's exposuie ef tbe ^'conemijt— page 11.
FREE TRADE AND COLON IES THINGS JNCOMPATII^LE WITH EACH OTHER.'
M.
the piinciplo of the greatest Iienofit to the greatest number • and such thev view tnK« ,i,„ k„, ■""■ ' ' ■
acting under the I aw of Kindne.,, nn authoriLtivo hoad i,' a bLsing o a frml fo^the Wf XJ,"1h''' °'' " ??'""7. tli"* «
atone 'i hey think it .a passmg sentenee (espeeially in these llevolutionarylv^a) on MonaX to ad nU^
with.democ.atu; or popjilar legislation-whiie it is equally to condemn Universal Su&e to sunnn,^ ,.f^ "'"' ". ?* "'^nipatibfe
adm.nmtration of tlio Law after that law has been 'fra.ned by means of the .iwchmery which h'rn«r.^L„7'''r."'l''°''i''' *''««■■"»
bo the best to indicate the People's interests and feelings. tLso views were™nri"sid in Mr n1ih«nrJ^i^.™''.'"'i by themselves to
tinck on the breaking out of' the Continental llevolStion, and published at iT time daterfcV f^'o^'? ^?'^
page 10) It will bo observed that he did not mean to say that ho cxpressml the viowLTf'tbe fndi^lT.'T'''"'''. ^^ '' M"'^'- ^^^^ (w
tectionist views which could alone hope for success. <-Apre.s8oa tiie views ol the individual proteotipnists, buf the pro-
'- ," I "V
(From the Oreenoeh Mvertiaor, of February 8, 1850.;
Among the intelligence by the American steamer, wo
have in one very grntifying item _enou;;h to show that '
the true " never sny die" feeling will ever bo uppermost
among the Anglo-Snxon population of British America,
and that uuder whatever government they may bo, these
Colonies will neither sink unde^jlhoir miseries like the
West Indies, nor yet allow themselves to bo Irelandized.
On our first page will be found the jiarticulars from the
Toronto Cdoniit of 11th ult. of an offer of prizes to tho
extent of L.lOO to be competed for by the working men
of the British Isles for the best essays on the following
questions :—"' Whether does a policy of coiitrtJizinir the
manufacturing arts iu Great Britain, or one of diffusiuc
them through the Colonies, offer the greater ndvantao'es
to the working people of tho British Isles ? and is siTch
diffusion more Ijkely to be attained by a svstom of Colo-
nial Protection, or by one of Free Trade ?" The es=ays
are to be given in to the judges by 1st Jauuarv, 1851 ;
and the donor, a gentleman connected with one of the
best known families in the West of Scotland, has re-
quested. It will bo soon, his Grace tf^o ])nke of Anavii?
Mr Adderlet, M.I'., and Mr Is^c Bucuanan, late
M.r. for loronto, to act as judges.
Mr Buchanan has just called at our office, and autho-
rises us to state that lie will, on ncconnt of his friend in
Canoda, pay tho money as soon as it is required to be
deposited to await the decision, so that tho thing may be
relied on as certain to go on, whether tho other judtres
and he accept tho office ornot. It is well known that
MrBUcuANAS considtti-s it barely possible that tho West-
ern Colonies can be saved to tho ompiio ; ho therefore
foels tho more gratified at an opportuniiv so unexpoctedlv
del Standing of the rtowprossi.tg question of Colonies, ind '
to.find the prizes in this way greatly added to m'auZ^ ^
hers If not in their amounts, which seem already abu^^~^
dantly handsome, In such case t!,o form of tho questions
may be varied with general advantage, as wilfas in orde?
make them^renpplicable to tho condition aud 7^Z
bihties of other Colonies. . P*^
PRIZES OF £100 TO TuiTwORlCING CLA.SSES QP " '
GREAT naiTAlN AND IRELAND °*^ ' •
, (From the British Colonist of Toronto, of lUh January )
Uo beg to daeft public attention to the letter in annfho- •
column vt our coircsporulent "A Colonist " " another
the subject of protection to Colonial nianiifaotuf™ U ♦),««
b.oy. ,t toiward in a form more attractive^ e EnXl^o^f .
tivc than anv that we have hitherto seen. = "P^''
.1 ■■^. <^ "'"I'st " proposes to give prizes of .£50, £.TO ttn for tho .»
three best tss.vs.on the following question :-" Whefher' d<L »
policy of centralizing the nnnufaeturing arts in Great BrSn
oroneofdilhiamg them through her Colonies, offer tho grc^t^t
advantage to the work„;g people of the liritish Isles ? and « such
liffusmn more hkely to be attai*.d by a svstem of co"^ii! niSC'
tection, or by one of I'ae Trade ? " " ^oio^iM pro-
'I'iie competitoi's are to bo norkin" jbdh of thr- Ttrin.i, t.i—
lH( race the Dnke „f Argyle. ^Ir'JS:.l:,V I P r NorTh
.Staftoidslnre, and .Mr Isaac liuchanati, late" \I P fo,' Toronto
are requested to act a*> Judges. The eisavs jire renu rm?7„ li
given in to the Judge, on or before the Ut Taifu.'r;, ^sJl'' "* ^
,. , ADDRESS
rOTlIK I RESIDRNI OF Tlln .\.SSOr,AT,O.V OF UrrEK CaNAW FOR PBO
M0I,*,O THE A«T.S /,F AoRICULICaE AND .MA.NDFACIt^ES
If WO Canadian farmers would avoid annexation and would
r 'ilV'^r /" "'";■""' '''"^'■'"""^ «"s between Eng a "d and the
Lilted states and peiadveiiture to save tho liritish bleSfiim
utter degr.a<lat.on and ruin, we must adopt the la guafe of P?S
s.dent Taylor's last .Message to Congress, and apply i to CanlS
We mu.t-v.z.. "by due encouragement to ma, ufae lures. g"ve!'
.u.o.cai. jia 11 >..umiuiuii prupneior, as wei
motives, ho will add L.lOO to the donation— so tliat'tho
prizes will bo for L.20tf— probably eight in luimbcr— viz
L.75, L,60, L.30, L.20, I/.IO, L.5, L.5, L5.
To prevent any mieunderstandiiig of Mr IktnuNAN's
views, we ought here distinctly to montioii that he joins
in the present enterprise merely bccnuse of its cncouiog-
ing tho working classes to judge for thum.selvos ; as, if
they do so -his principles loading him to place the groat-
eat confidenco in the intelligence of onr ojierativus— ho
haa no tear of the result. On the snhjoot ol Free Trade
he says tho working classes wore na ""
quotes, in corroboration, the authi^
Elliot, tho Corn Law Rhymer, wi'i|'.'*ioto on IJth I
October, 1811):— "It is remarkablo that Free Trade
hns been carried by tho middle classcS; not only without ' nav.ng tried more than on
,the nssistancn of tho working classes, but n. spite of their forn,i;«,eeeeJc.l in these ui .is. have alu .;• these "two filiT^n"";
Tfu'- ■ , ., ■ ,r''^.«''''>.vr™.lvedtomain,;un.an:rf;,:\t^\^^^^^^^^
But Mr BucilASAN docs not approve of tho wordiuT of '"*' niaintained. tha latter iiuKev nn,l „,„i.... ;, i :" " """^
• '^y -■■-...'. ...V- i^.viiuu ami urevention of fraiid«\ '
system of speciiic duties is best .adapteiTl strongly recommend
to Congress the ,adopti„n ui that system, fi..fng the dutTes a "o?m
t'rtn^T^ ':\ "^'""' '"^'■"•■""•"' ^■'rouraye„„-n, to o.ZZnind^.
rn and .at the same t„„o so .yljusted as |p insure stab Uy "
ri.e Secretary of tlie American Treasury, inhis report ot'Dec^
ber fcntorees these v,e«s of the President hv detailed statomS^
and by arguments that are irresistibly eoiiclus.vo """""""«•
\ hen (irent liritain has, in the relations of commerce put her
rolonirs upon the same f.oting -.vith ^.^n couutrie; the nr^
sinnpt.oi,,, that the |,„!,ey of foreign eoGntri.s.iowm-d G^
lir.tain, ,s the po hey wl„ch tho Colonies ought to adopt towa^
- rr ,-•"-■; f l'«'-espeeially when foreign coum.ies .-ue SnLihnous-an UhS
»ll ted, and ; without combination or eonspiraey, bu t X-ach be , g solX" u ^^
>f Lbenezeb , hy reference to Its own national interest . and 11^^ p.'raumDtl^
IS strengthened ;,Uo proof, when our neighbours of'^^e Unite*
ii,.v n?p' '■"'"1" ''"'l' ,'""'■" "'"" "'"=••■ "'« l"««'>t conimerc al p^
.?^ll?-"f"' "'"'.'"'■""'' """'"•"'!>■ la.l.d in these trLlsa^
having tried more than once a protective policy, and havin-um"
n lis. ' .■- .. . . = *"
tlic questions, in as far as they encourage tho fond but
(as he says) foolish hope that, without tho principle of
rrotection being adopted for tho empire, with Free Trade
for the Colonies and reciprocating countries, it is possible
to retain the Canadas and the West hniips. He says
that so far is this from his conviction that he believes
that the American States would not remain uiiitpd six
months under o system of Free Trade, even though those
States are countries Ijysng contiguous to each other.
Wo shall hereafter have great pleasure in repoiting the
progress of tho farther arrangements about tliis most in-
teresting competition, and wo-trn8t that the intolligcnt
working closses of this town ajid neighbourhood will bo
among the successful competitors.
We should not bo ac all surprised to see the example
followed (as it was with Mr IIppiderson's Sabbath
> — .. ,.„„ ...... „,, iip.ivD,naun o oauoaiii
H i geayg) by i i Uier par ties deeply jntwested in b true an.
has maintained tho InUer policy, and umler'Tt i'lavVm'iDfto rf
grea .and well known drawl.acks. a.lvanced beyomf aUexaS ta
population, wealth, and power. ">-»uiiii)ioib
In the languaiie of Presi.leiit Taylor, cnenuragenlcnt to niann-
factures is required, to " ffivt a new and increase.l sif°^^%
agncukure. and to promote the development of the resources 3
our common country. ' """uivia w
In other wovds-Canad.i needs manufactures, and to got tbeih'
.she must impose such duties, not only on Foiiign butalMiS^
Hritishmanuf;ictdre8, as shall give adequate assuraiico of Trofit
to nianufacturing enterprise in Canada, by gdardiu" it from «
posuro to overthrow, by tloo.fi of imporUitL produc ien™f ^
union ot hibour, poverty-stricken by over-competitionlf^^ith^
Oipital, rea and artificial, of an amount so vast as to have bSi
as ye enabled to crush all attompts at revolt on tho part ofS
crowded and panporised task servants ; and which, by means 5
their exertions has aggrandized itself to the utmcit pitoh thS
accumulation has yet attained, at ratt, of profit far advanced
towards the inlimtesimally litlje-far advanced beyond any iSuS
to which, on this continent, for some generation at least to oomZ
the iiiust sanguine a varice may hope td reach.
"^.
Mil. "— ' .t " It'l l l uu ma y i »nia to re a cBi = : _
The poltey that promlnes benefits to the Canadian farmtr, hou.
V
/'
FREE TRADE AND COLONIES TUKNGS IXCOMPATIBI.E Wltfl -EACH' OTH^.
.r
put like propccts to tlio British nrtiznn. It cannot' bo that Hu" is
'benefited by having the Colonics slliit out tVom his oefuiiation,
and by Imvmg liimself chained to ^ic norUshop of his smootli
toifgued tBskmnstcr.-nyot these are tlie, results of the policv of
'! free trade." The Factory Lord well understands that cli'cau
bread means low wagcs.f Liberty to the avriricious strong, is
opprcsaion- to the needy weak. The Colonies' tieing provent(ftl
from nipnufacturing— and the British workman being treated as
Ml »lien in the United States, even aftef he bcconirs a nominal
4litiien — it follows that tWtrc is no country usipg his own language
open to hia skill and art — buPtliat ho is bcuild to hia "ehcnp
bread" roastcf in England. Open to him not only Cnnaila, hut
all the British Colonics, nnd while ho is spreading the arts of
oivilization over the whole world, ho will iteuuip to himself .at
lust a fair day's wages for A fair day's work T^nd by relieving a
miaerablo oTcr-conipetition, will secure the like blessing to his
fellow artiz.'in left at hor|e. Instead of licin;; used ,is an instru-
ment for ruining tlicfarnicr, aud tilling the poor houses at home.
he will in the Colonics, while providing' for himself, enrich his
agricultural 'heighbours, and at the same time will co-iiperato in
- laying tho Jounuation of a system " liieh must reUevu tin; Uriti.sh
Isles of the reproitch of abje bodieS iiiiupcrisui. lie will a&^ist in
oonTCrting the inilustrioiis paui'cr' liimself into a reliever of po-
verty.
Now, as of old, Knowledge and wisdom lead to WcIk's and hon-
our ; but if our sole aim be riches, let u^ ask onrsiUcs how we
can hit>it by dealing with beggars. Are not llioso who aricitlii-T j
already in tho I'oor houses of Knghunl, or ,ii'c iM-t wendiiij,' lli.ie, |
our'real customers? Tho Merchant and tlio l.oidly .Nlaiuifac-
/ turer — are these our customer^, or.aro tliev not" ralhcr 'the nii ro i
Brokers of our Kxehanso with ilie scantily p:\id and eon]pet;tii'U
joatlcd labourer an^ the pnnper i
Tho Econ^nists Cry aloud for cheapness— but where is th.>
Mayty of their cheapness ? Where, hut in cle:\nncss Df teeth ?
If price bo tlio teprcscntative of lahour, dcgr.ide ihe represcnta-'
Utc and you degrade tho constituent.
When all the world nronnil.is ri.sin:j or rattling willi tho huriy
burly of rcfonti, has the doctrine ^ipriti reached pevleetion >. I la's
Manchester got it ? And aiu all attoni|its to aiiieliorate tho con-
dition of inAn,, by opening iit»w fields fn- hi.i industry, skill, nnd
genius, to be met and put down hy a Cilt-Iio;) Rctn
" buy in tb " '"
not buying
operation —
same transa
the taking of such ? Nay, to keep''-ood cu.^to:uer3 is it not need- The 'true and substaniinl nnoRtini—fni. Tn-.j .» rx. i
ful to give then good b.xrga ns ? Wo do not avoc that a Retail whether aUoU ft havlrcalLa^^^^^^^
dealer may not by either tacit oropcn falsehood both buy cheaper i Great Britain or eVore™ but no r^nT^tPn^^^in " *""'"<='',^'"'
. ;fA!!l'±f!^.!S!:!!1,'!!f '^^^J'^^^^^^\ -: ■-«'-. -y i «he?her"hoT,' ti lJ^rmtt".te?tr«d^a";rorc''"''°" =
manage-
tbe
indiu-
d^cd miles awajf. We have thts pattern for mAkini these at hand.— '
And mgst not Great Britain reilcct wheth^if she refuse us libcrtr
to in.ike them tlie power, of attraction ayBOmilefT^liataifce (New
York) will not prove greater thiin at 4000 (London).
\i Wheat and lumber (Timber) form almost the entire list (ffour
c.TOhangeabl^, productions, whilst our soil is proverbially fertile
pur water-power vast, and distributed with infinite prucknoe aa
well as bounty, over all parts of the land, and our clmiate health-
lul nnd iiivieorating to the bodv and to the spirit orman- US*"
jiist to ourselves, right to our fcllow-orcatutcs, nnd grateful to
the (jivcr of all these good gifts, that we cry content to tho con-
t«nuancc of Ihis our barrenness, and humble ourselves to be tba
willing instruments of insatiate avarice, aggrandizing itself !i>y
playing the hvpoorito of philanthropy.A-erying out for conrentioo
-peace with all tho world, ^iid eheap bfcad to the poor and needv.
tho-inorc effootually to inveigle these to that proximate famiiie. . "
which IS ibe surtT index of its own luxurious opulence.
Can any but the doiiBost intelligence denv„that in the ciroum.
stances of our exchangeable productions bctng almost entirely
confined to wheat and lumber, thfro is a clear indication, that
wo either are doflcient la cnterpriae, or have our energies misdi-
rected, or that we suffer under both of tlicsiSauses of depression.
I ho iu-st of these aH^rnatucs is disproved by a <:rowd of wit-
nesses, rhcro has bcfa no end to our haiikrupteies. The unn»-
Inial course of our exchange, 'and the juggling finance of Eris-
l.iud, have been too stt^ng for our elearcst-lieatTed raerchapts. T ,
The sccoad, then, is tho cause ot our unproduetiveneas, and If
we continue our degraded adorations to either the universal free
liade 1 liana of Manclfcstcr, or the in ore cirourascribcd jade,
1 ilemfjd to lead toannexatlon, what improvement can wo expect ?
w alter our soil la unprofitalily to us worn, out by our unnatural
ixactions fronrtt of Avheat, auit-aftcr>v(ihave given away as a ''■
thing (if noH-ht, tho noble crop of our forests, tho growth of
IwiintituLcentnrics, and when wo ahall at last disc'ovcr our mis-
ta,;c, how shall we answer to our children for its conscqueijoes?
Cannot all but the very blindest— that is, those who will not
sce-pi iceivc that with ug there is really no practical and benofi-
e:nl quijstion between free trade and protection. lajt not tians-
parent to Canadian*, that tho former can onix be traisient— that
^"th eacVotficVi'thT le7s"miiU,;rs"ati:rrctionir*t^;^''irtwe^n j f7h'c"subjec"To'tSoTevv of e"no"™,oL''if. ''""^'='"''"' ^Y^'^f
th,m. To get.a.«l keep gdod eustomers^these are the obiecU bave%'fcVagcm:nfo?tt:e"lTroa\:ri^y"rrete^
rfsaccessful tf'>de._and_the_only n^pdo yet tound out for attaining | proceeds transferred to a nominal protector, [utactuaUitoHionS-
agcment of these sngrossed by foreigners, and their
these obieota is to ffivo cood barciins ' ' ° > '';'"'7."° """?onA'°.?"''"''"l'P™''^"''""' ""'""='"»' extortioiner.
f pA^fg! ?o:. tr:;^,yf , iiat the lowest grade of Re- ; t^t^%:i^ Sl-'^^t^rofl^^C^nrrtali
tarf Merchants ra.iy bo i,Vdfd,>'.v,tl'ere^y;-^ck;,ncd maxim : hope of a now attainable advancement and elevation in the Srts.
B0 admitting,
aif Merchants rai . _ .
" But in the cheapest — sell in thoiiearcat market," — are Nations
and their adminiatratora to be so giuded and governed — and-is that
peddling maxim so captivating that itS sway must bo extendcfd
to prevent tho making of markets ? If the markets which we al-
ready have are proved to'be bad, and if wo have it in our power
to make others, and these goodj— arc wo to bo stopped Iro'u exci*-
oiBing that power, and to bo confined to makiag the.best of the
bad markets that we have ? .
We must be a singular people indeed, if we cannot make bettor
markets than those which wo h.ive lour tliourjand, or four hun-
pro-itrated nnd held down, by the adverse interests of an alwadv
powerful nnd avarice-ridden rivalry. T
Lot it bo pondered how unenviable will be the rcspqfisibility
incurred by Canada, if possessing the arbitership of enifire. she
with a heart full ot spite and of treachery, fo her country nnd
kiucl shall discharge herself of her high office, by an award of
wluch thiajuust necessarily- lie one count, vii.,— that " No one
spot on this continent will remain, on which a native of tho
tnitcd Kingdom can rest tho solo of hia foot, nnd say ho is the
equal of any other man." Do not these few plain and true woi-ds
f Tho contrary opinion to this is at
the Anti-r
anderstandin
connection
middle <
the cry i
prove a i
vould just i
words,
view of thofr interests, tivd Landlords tliunglit thev could liavode.ar grain an? cliMncnnVinnril(roV,,V"»TT„^T7K"'" """V " ""^'7'!
I must continue my quotauon from his exee ent pamphlet. It will bo observml fhnt Sir I.m„. ,l„^ .™iTi • ^" i J u '
oar true and honest policy is a fixed diKjusueh as Lord John rLo monosX^ 1841 •• I et m« fr^Zt^ »h. '»"'"'".V°°."' > ""*
toabandon the futile attempt of aPtificTSyuiiaintaiiiing Irtgh priQc" PLTf ?!l.'".i?:Vj. ..M""." '■™.P'«™' therefore, the landowners
niise with the public, and take an amuitt, but f ' ' ' °"
KQUIVALE.Tl" TO TIIK BUKUF
THE CONSUMERS OF CORN
■ „„™, li 1 ..■ • . , """*'■ the ancient »tandard ; let them make a' timelv comnro-
RUFNS INlT' nsV ii''nL"' l".^-''!rN"l''} »^^ ?»"«. °" the "JmiMion of foreign eo"n-a Dl^
N ARK KQ J^ i'y I llm k' I'HODUCE (5f CORNIN THIS COUNtIiY. TO WHICH
b. obtained. Thiaeoneesaion *i» w/n baek^'iffi ell^/L^ings'o ' ti i Zpt rnTlefnot'Sh^ Und'Tn'^'lo^th"^''"''"';*'";""'*
; them riVet tho gratitude o^ tho community to their cause ; Tt Stem e'xe-2 -"•'"?- A''.*.!*'!'!".":"'!^.'"'**''"' SI??' »«>?»"•
tsge; 4et
^''^
' /
,r
I
'^i:^!^^iJ^^^^}^;^t^v^^ij^^o«^,^^ „■„„ , ,„„^
« .
M'Konzip. J *°' •iready. [They are the word, of W. Lion
A iherely nominal fren^I^rf""!?-"^ "'"'•e'V o^r tlio whole woil.l.
Mon in many of h^r^wT ■ '«•"'<'. Tind which is ra » ns icbef-
d«rk place" o'ftl?e,7hm;.Ti.°'r'K^"'J''' «>>«n<J«nel The
of fli-ucltc exn„."5'"2''..'°J"' bbenlightena*. and the habitations
^ -AU exposed. But for d»rlr .r^"'*'/"'' '?«. I'nbieation.
Englancf ncdd'^not \aSk'Y>^lA^ 'P°" ""d cniclhahiutions.
tlutgtitcltMecWftL.T^''f''*y'" •horca: the poor girls
have to do as ,he of Jeriobn ,1ij* »r tha Jerusnlom messengers;
than the idolatry of oheann^ F^"* " "r°f ,»»"«"• idofatr;
eoonomy of crwers bail Th!?^" *'"*"9'"7 of ''ibpur is sjtod-l
would send 100,0)0 manufaohnZ „?* '? '^'""''J? •■-<""' '(""io-v
slave rt^m, wei;itnTbetter?r.^„r.i '""?; ^""" '♦">•> e"'
towards t'nslaying the lani Ind li^"" "^t™' '"j"" y'""" P--""'
Immigration on a We soar«m,,.i'^' »"*"<><><> ofCanSda.
(faust con«, fii-st - Thcsronce ^KW-T'i'"'^- Manufaott.rers
loome" rough-and-tumble •- «*'"'>'"hed_immigration mny
toH^'^.oro wuf bl'fl" thr"? "■;' ""' ^•"'bllshment of manufac
nroftel'ty sEnd of a* .hi" *'Jr'!n»«se of the h'older^of product yo
^^^^^^^M^^hZ^'ltr't }" ,""0 British ?,l"os 'F
etroogly directed to tL!uriLr?„„ 1^ •? ^^V". ""=''■ ""ention
tothjB same conyiction EnXJo !"'''"' *" ^^"'^ '«''?« brought
wouldfollo>ythefiSle„f MnrT*"^'-^ *» e^" t^' direction, I
that the offer hero to Kj^LK™ : and I trJst
being luite «atiafl«l_„ftera mutual «"?""' = ■?"" eentl.men
of those magnificent countrie"!!tlm ^^"""P^. "^ t"*"*? y«ai« '
.eld affor.led by them f^ U fd^ ' adid !v„"?,'*''''-''' •'^'•'■"lon of '
«rit,iin will hercafier bo dTOined,„ffi -^^'''^ '"'''»<>«'>«■ Great
poachmcniofany minister wKayfe"' e™""'| for tKim?
.them aw,,y. even if B,ilai„ had Sh •indeZH'T'"""','" thfblring
« neocssary 6f nati.nni existence els3„f" ?".PP^ "f "*be?i '
and even if it we.-e no oMcctlThr?^ ,/"''''''' »''« ''as not),
po med out in the '• cZistv' £c n" Vao Sn •"■ ''""'''•'atipi; .
a nominal citiz^ ^"""' ^''',"». ^'en after-he becbmcS
ado ,( oy,c^ countries ST^itat hi .°t''' "?' 1° "'"> ^"»
other coai,by on earth CF„rf?„° J'" "-*''"?'<'• """ beoanw.
ports-an/thUls also tho yimy^of " i"p'r "■- P'J?">" '" "Pe*
Itself, as »-ell as grow i ts fo ,r 'H„'"i"'"'^''.'° '"anufacture fS
■m.»t hayo .nanufagtu res and th^t^o r,'' 'r '^?"'' "■*' <^'«»«'»
piotection is a ,me qua ho,, ^^ manulaotures a system of
'I'rado
no
too
must
«cf uring arts ia (^at BrTtain or one
tt fe\t- t^L^eriF^" - -i^ ••"•-■^ -- -
^AJTe^t^irSiS^^^
f« : for the seco^in" merit ilo?a',ff^ ^ bind myself to giyo
The essays to be sent bytlle^^'t/V "'" ^'^''t' ^^O-
place a, shall be directed Yy the JE °"''»"'"-^- 1851, to such
. Non'S; '^^''nffi;L%'"r '••'^'^','' WjAddeney. M.P.for
Upper Canada to bo iXs "*„'."?"• '^ff'^-.P- <■»>• 1'»™nto; in
humbly, but stronri? recifm^nn"'' ' .""I',' '»''•' "'« "be'ty of >
gentlemen whom I havr„amTfh»f '" ",'» «'-ace. and to the
peculiarclaims ;■ upo,rHis Grapi K^^ """" '''em 'be^^ftlonics hayo
Uiere i, none so'closcJj enn'^™?";.'L'fA"!? "f"" '.''« P'-Jti^h I'cers,
1^1
there i, none so'closc Jelnl^?"'. -A'"? "f"" "'« ^"^hh I'ce
by patriarehal and ancientT;^!'''' 1 "'" P'-''^^" P*""'* <=«'»»'«".
- -Adderley. ht"„"f^!!li!*L'^,'?°'-'''.' ""SVcations as he ; upon
inipctit
contrary
judges two free frad;;^" ""7'"','^ obserychc has i
onr present subjpc ) Vith the wnVt „„!*■''? ^onneetion w th
1st, Steam tor the milLaci™stlf-.A"tf "".•''* ^^T"' '^"'»'''>-
country and eol„„v shou d L e ?^f„'t .n^'''"'''' ' ?'^\ T""" ^"^f '
vantage of the c,>c«ia«,„„shruKt'Cr'"?,<^ * '»' "'e J.
"»t »Und in nfltriJf it, and cinn ta tZ '^l"" ^^^'iHi^- "'"' *>
wUh_sa,ety^^^^|;^;"j;SX^^thi.
an be don
Jir Adderley, because fZerMlitTAuf '■"'**;'""' "L' ^^ = "P"^
rial usage, p^sed ourrenf „, S^„ • seryices hayo by immemo-
mance ; and upon M7"B,.cmrn'S!r^, ""'Vf- ''''"T" P^f""-'
m Canada for honesty andisa
Steps will be taken fortliw
U lS.e nott 'o?''E.Titoi"o?° """"'"""'• ' "''= "> >-om-cnd ,,
in^xtensiyo publicity "«""?«?"". in order ^ their giy- «t«, If
AjJolomst.
means of indiv , J b^^iJ"" , "„ i . ? .";'''" >«"««'• b"t --- -
n.«no,.oliso at P sent lA' "u',3".,: i';\'^ also
to take 8tr,ek in v„,„ v_. ""J',''*,''I"'"<^« "'omdustrious classes
to take stock in Xcw -N'ationk I^n lUv '^**"°'"«''^"
"ould make a lo-al tefiifp," rS •'^« .A"'^^- *'"»» "otes he
money in circulali. mT .1 „' ! ^nl °"""^ 'l-P-Poor interest on the
„(? • ' ,"""' "SB 01 U18 inlJmate ao- ' ?'""'<■'» innus, to tie ct in small mi-poU . ► "r'--" """.'»' i« tm.
rs of newspapers, in order d their giy- 'to, If, the national I.A.vn^ryKs n^ . J^'"'!! "' "".^iialf his
THE POSTULATES OF
adyan.iMj; .,n any other sc^uiUy b 7,1 „""" "? P'ivncgo of
to tlie am,>/„„ of on y one halt^l . ,^'' T"" .''"''''l ^ 'bat
Sueh a system, Air 1 " cliT., t i , [' ' r"'",?' '"^«»''-''l « land.
tideiico. espeeiany iuu^t;:i:^'i:^i^i!\:^:zii't ™"
witii the existin;
a« regards the adyantaec to am ,h i .'"^ '"="' °^ ^'"' «"*'«>'
ing madt- a manufac uHnlco,?ntr^°""' I"""''"? <"• ^'""■■">» l^
futures in Canada th™,!h^n^.--l'"'?P' "?f' ''^- "'»' ma""-
BritiSh Ara«S VouirfffnrH n"''",^-''''' "''«-of cmigratim to
portion of her MaWy-f sW'/,!. " P"''""'*' Prosperity to that the only thing thcV have to ren^ ent t „* "','"' <?ulonieS bemg
. .ecei.eu Ti per cent.; and in order fh it.
'na k"o't4ndand"""tr-^- 1'^-"'' ^ '^^^^^^
;,l , „,i .1 ^"f '"4- <»• other banks in England.
tendcr"notc;"e;i L'^;„^rl rr„ut'Lr',. '';"\''' '^^^^^^
the system acquired public co" Ke" ^r? ?h"r t'L'!! "'1,«'«'»*
...ly tojjll „n ,„y d^fieieTey of%hrcrrculit g fe ^^ fe
; =.^^::TA:^i';;:«»,»' ?'Ubml""^r-- -w*
thry
Jipa^iblo 1
h^
, grea^ . "^- "'""""'io-./nd we shaU sul^Ji^T^a^^^g^^ jj^^^j^g
name of eye. man ^O.^tt^^^^.?'^!^!--- :!f ^-S^/ll^S f^^^SSS^- ^
--' the 00-
• Colonies
»
^'\
<j
■I m\n K-frni
*li. i' iitfi8,'."W i'i *«»U t " II I ' I I
10
FREE TRADE AND COLONIES THINGS INCOMPATIBLE WITH EA<5h OrHER.
which wns^ublislied in the British Cotoniat, in April, 184P, being
part of Mr Idichanan's letter, dnted New York, 26th Marcli, 1848.
io Lord Georgo lie'ntiatk, on the breaking out of the Continental
JUTolationa being heard of'in America.
In conclusion,, we would just notice one of the many very
shrewd remarks of " A Colonist ;" in ono of his addresses after
showing thftt Canada must manufacture— and repeating that mtut
is the word— he thus appeals to the Canadian manufactuier on the
■ :i-:i:i.. ^e u:« I — \^^ .kl^ <innxnf<^i>fa/1 in r>nmnnt.n with tnO
the dissatisfaction pervading the minds of Canadians are chiefly
to be ascribed to the absence of such a variety of employments
as is needed for the profitable exchange, and other conTenience of
the population at large, ttad as is suited to the various tastes and
capacities of its various membei-s ; and I further believe that a
proper supply and distribution of occupations arc essential to the
prosperity of any people. I am, moreover, convinced that a
rtmcdv of the evils whiih press on the enterprise of the country
.: 1... :a^A K» !nflivi/1n»l OTorfinn hilt nnlv bv the 00*
iatheword— Uetnus appeals to tncl;an.^am^ miuuiiHciuiui «...«<. .«.uu«7 «■ """ "ly-.V'TnSiii^ln.l oT.riinn %nt nnlv bv the oo-
^tX\^r. tW^chester cotton lord «aK and do.s do.^' | fore i fee. jt^-S "l^^To X%avVeS=^^^
A'UUKtSS — 1. , „ ■' _ _„ fi,. -nnsidcration of tlitfm easy and unincumbered, by reducing
TO TnE PHEnDHNT OP Ti,E Assoc.Ai.ox rfp UPPKB CANADA FOB , {f,^,^j"^"„"fXapoas formal an/ abstract as they would bear 1
PROMOTING TUB Abib OF AomccLTDRK AND Masufacivirks. , ^""'' \i„ pravo attention tb them, and that if approved of, they
I believe that the wnnt/f auccess of Canadian entcrpriao, and earnestly crave aiic rr ^ —
\
" Secrfetary of State J'or the Northern Colomos.
Secretary of^tato for the Eastern Colonies.
Secretary of Statd for the Southern Colouica,,
Secretary of State for the ■Western Colonies.
I nm f.ir I'rnra believing that the forcmiing machinery, each
Secretary having the assistance of two under secretaries, [nativet ^
of the particular Cohmial Dfpartmail, whom I shall refer to .bc-_ |_
low] will bo found at all adequate, a few years hcnoo, to the im-
Dortant dutirs, the proper performanco of which would realise
oriDlion in Canada, who *ould, for a very small anniial conside-
ration, [beyond a grant of land.J transfer thcrajplvca to the new
districts, about to be laid open, as the heads of ftiese scttleraenU ;
amfl have tio doubt the s»mo ^hing would bo as easy in all other
Colonies to men locally acquainted with them as 1 am with Lpper
'cuidcd bv no consideration but the great interests of the cm-
Dire I would, without any hesitation, appoint to be joint Colonial
SKciiKTAniEs OF SiATE In London, men of genius, and cpnibinin^
^ \. . 1.1 » ...;il, >1.>.r..1r.n!,>1 oTnni'inn<<n • and for thiS
.0 01 wnicu «""■"-;■■- ""riVamcntary talent with tl«,Colonial experience •. and for this
OOOD 00VFR.NMENT TO lUE fj^TI^-^f' ^ «»'','^^H „*";'' ^'^fuE ' wor^my m^ «ould be the Ilonourable Rx,bert Sulliv^n.^and
fathered my idea ot Tllh TOTAL lNAI)K(iLAO\ tu ui. , V™.„r,i, rtnwe Fit orcsent Prime Ministers of Canada and Nova
'RESEN'I^DEPAR'iMENT IN DOWNING STllEKT. as , Joseph }i»«^.l:;i,P™^ent__^rmK, ^^^^ ,„o northern and southern
the Colonial machinery of a great empire whose life » blood is
' " Sliips, Co(yiiii'.< «"f( Commerce."
and -not the mcro." itamifattn, inn Commerce" of the hreo
.. Trader, or ineroiftlanclicstcr man^ The country should look to
the new ^department for the accomplishment of a distisct a.>u
COMMON SENSE OR rRACTicAL oiuECT, such US the extension of the
country's exports not less in any ono year, above the lornicr
year's exports, than ono million of pounds sterling— w«th a" sum-
lar incfeasQ of the produclions in the British drpendoncica'Wt
cottou and other RAW material kssextial to our imiiuitactunng
independence and supiTinacy, or as I expressed it iii M.vrch,
1846, "SoBystcm.itisin^mattcis that, through the hiljour ot »
British colonial populiition, wo wi'l each year bo goWing more
and moro cotton, more wheat, more timbi-r, more sugar, more
sheep's wool, and all otircr nei'cssarica, i-avivo Buitisii lauolu
for TUKM> AM) NOT UlUTISll lidLD, AS AT PRKSKNT." liy HlCalVS of
practical government like th's we should liml ourselves very
UITLE BErENDENT ON FOREIGN TllAOE, wllicll llOWOVCr WOUUl 1)0
sure to rfoo us the more, the iiioro wo bocoine independent ot it ;
and thus would wo bo the blessed inslrunient of briiiKing mile-
penden(% to the door of every industrious laniily in England, an
independence which could be r.7iV.| .... (.. Iioi as long as our re-
pudiation of irrcclprecnl I'^rco 'IVnilo and our determination to
adhere to the great principle of patriotic scllishncss as opposed to
the Cosmopfllito doetrijics.
In Ireland tiik subject of roLoNizvrioN is aliooetiihr a mat-
ter OF LOCAL nnciMsTANCKs, aud ono whiili my local kribwledgo
does not fit mo for entering into, farther than to say, tliat^
should very much prefer to act on my friend, Mr .Siiiith, o
Dcanston's, professional opinion, as to the iioi.'thiliiii ot reclaim-
ing tlio Irish lands, than to rest saliKflcil with Sir Uobcrt IVel s
well known oHicial liiclum on the subject. Cr the (ArAiiiiiTiiis or
THE Colonies, 1 know enouou to UEi'iniATE, as uTTEni.v withoiit
FOUNDATION, ASn THE MERE CBKATLUE OF INEXl'Ki«EXIK, T»K IDEA
THAT THE COLONIZATION SIIWKCI IS RUKllorN»Kn WITH l\ SURMdllXT-
ADLE DiFudi.TY. I think that all the dillieiiltyliis in the ii;nor-
Scotia respectively,] to preside over the northern and southern
colonies leaving the present able under secretaries, Mr Ilawea
and Mr liullcr, to apply themselves to the eastern and western
colonial departments. Over those men I would allow no super-
cilious or lordly master, any more than I would tolerate the in-
terference of any slow-moving Downing-street etc*, cumbered
with old musty forms and senseless precedents.
Thus wo would throw -a simultaneous glow of conhdenee into
the HOW deadfninq ertremitien of the empire, just as your lordship,
with Lord Ashbiirton^and Mr Herrics, if placing yourselves in
the breach of the constitution at th6 present crisis of its f.ite w-ouW
calm III one moment the troubled heart of the empire and of the
world by being able to announce that follo^«ing jomr noble cxam-
Dle Lords Claron.Um and I'alinei-ston Lmcomparablv the abfcst
men in England] having come and laid their personal antipathies
on the altar of their country, were prepared tu undertake the 10-
rcign and hoiUe departments of the government. Lord lal-
merston should bo at the Home Offi.-k, if not 1'rime MiNy«*» .
Although it is all important to havo the beneht of his LorrtsWp »
,v„erieucc in ImeiKn ailairs, it is self-evident, that a iiianMually
lirm and if possible, moro ilctorniiiied on the right coxfic, yet,
at tlie same time, more cool, and lest. committed, [combining in a
word the suaviter in modo with the forliter in re,] is required,
arbiter of the w-Orld's destinies at this juncture.
KnOLAND at IUl« UOl* ISCEIlTAINLt ON A COURSE OF DECLINE.
and with empires like individuals, their Joienu'anJ course is rapid
) — " /■.iriVi'.i f/.« c/.'»rciiiiuJ .tti.riii." .„ , , • .k '
To eiiammus to fix on the cure, we must first ascertain the
causes of Knglnnd's decline, and prominent among these wiU
stand out the m<>.iovcrnme.nt and want of government ../ (Ac Colo-
ui.s by which England has been prevented being benefitted by Uer -
foreien possessions, and A,i.. been made in too many cttiiia cur$e
to them Then wo will find, in pui-suing our inquiry, that tho
H«, 7, /5.if.-.< |of ourown creating] of the colomei was availed of by
an unpatriotic [eosmopolite] combination of cotU)ii Lords lu .Vlan-
ehcsler to excite the |iub|ile in favour of Koieian 1 rade, on which
/?
ABLE DiFiKlLTV. I think that all the dilfieiilty lies in the ii;nor- ! enesier 7, «"•''•;• X"!;rin'nrV&;™nce"u Ihelionie-and Colonial
ance and want of bands ( ''"•<>-'■• 'V'^'''":"'' "'V'' ''" ''7'lr TiXwch^^^^^^^^^
ing Street; and I shnuld feel the eoloiiiMtion enteipri/.e ball 1 liades wllicll our U[,isia|ioiw_.» t ? „
eneotwl— upon the piinci|ile ihaUa thin;' well begun is hall tin- ;
iriied— when the views and principles held liy Lord,St:iiiley, and
most other Colonial Ministers, w. lu thrown ovorlioiinL Afler
Being nearly twenty years a eolonii-t, 1 feel confident in asserliiig
this as tho universal I'.-eling in the Ccih.nies. 1 wouM kIvo a free
grant, as his birthright, to ev.rv man in (Ireat liritaiii, lielaml,
and tho Coloiiibfl, of lUO acres ..f land, in whatever enlcmy lie
ohooscsto go toand remain in as an actim «etti.eh ; thus at niiee
would a gleam of hope and self-respi'ct he llii-own inlii the dark-
Wt breiibt in Manchester or Clasjrnw, while a .MOTIXK TO
ECONOMY wuijil hefuriiisliedtoeviry man, in gathering tege-
thcr Biittlcieiit moiiev to cc.nvey his I'iimilv tliilhor. In justice tip
the colonists,^ as well as to liirnisli mo a means of knowing that
there exists in the man the energy ncoessary liir a settler's stiu'j,
51e, I would atsist no settler till he amiveil al his land ; when I
hould furnioh to those whose [well authenlicateiy rirnimitaii
required^, a|<rieuUuinl implements niul fed fw the tnonlhs
«h(t ifttrtNeno till ho can got his first crop [but no money 1
. if ■ _ ..■ I . ,1... i...,,i ut.ii
alllhis boijig done on a nlf-imi>t><rtin<j toincif,!,-, the land
■" ■ ■ rould gradually raise a I
b«ltig retained injiseiiiity. 1 won
ttroniillionsof pounds strirni|{|in
" '"'.A'rn)
still
_ _ __ 1 million or
- mt" ''"iidon bv the ereation of a
■ew'dcbrcillcd'ciVL6Nl/,.V'rn)N KINDS' [secured not only
■■ fcr the Hom»JBovernment'« ertdit, |)ut by tho whole himis o( the
/colony wlieh'lije nionojf is applied]. With this money 1 wouhl
Brepaio HUMES i,\ the woodbIuV the different grades oI eniigniiils :
tnn 1 wniilil Corni a mips of cxpcriciiecil colonitation agents —
men of the iirof'essinn of tMiniers— to be Xratt^'rwl tlm)Ui;hout the
' Colony ti) secure to the eiiiii^raiit disinterested advice, and tii ii t
WITlll.V Ills n»AI n >l I, Till' INSTIII I Tins ""I'll TIIF IIIISATIST iiia
i raoes WHICH uiir u-ki^".!'"" "".' "■■ /■■■■■-• .■' -, , ,-
industry fJ England. I'oor .lohn Hull therefore finds himself
(more frightened than actually hurt as jot] in thoprwlicament ot
the rich "Id invalid, whose disi-ase-serious enough it continueU
—is that having deviated IVo(* his good old >.riMri;.ie «/'teinir
uithin h„ i«...i,i.', .snd thus had his large iNDErttNOENCY sliihlly
invaded, he alivady realises himself a b.-ggar. My view of the
onlv rours« open to this eonntry, was fully explained in a paper,
heilded STATKM1.VT or rROTRrTIONlST VIEWS AtTIIE orENINO OF PAB-
I.IAMENT, which appeared in the <ll.„,,ow Reformer, (l„:,tte, in
.lamiary 1AI7, a mimln'r of which newspaper was sent to every
niemlier of both houses of the Imperial I'arliamcnt as well as til*
' Cnloiiial legislatures. And I still feel as satisfied that Enound
HAS tKT AT COMMAND THE ELEMENTS OF UBEATNKSB AND HAPl'lKESS
IN A IIEOIIFE eoSSKSSED HY NO OTHER COUNTBT IN TUB WOBl.D, RS 1
am satisfied that [«<•( fre, from the eircu,n>lanlialdt,advautage»
' of her church ,md nri'.locracv. and able Io r.trt.n the dmnlertHed
,odal ivjiuccc, of Ihce uoble and time honoured w,tttntumi-\
Kiigland has an executive govefnment admitting of the prompt
and independent execution of liigb designs, and oontaimiig with-
in it capabilities at once of progress and accumulation, tfl» greater
practical extent than does the principle of any other government
whatever, 1 see that her suljeels may ei\)oy p»or> ndvnnlage of
dentoeracy which a Republic -oH'ers, while they are saved the no-
' lurol evils of .lenineracy which an- inherent In a Republic And
' ,„ the first nr one of the first steps «» r,™'"'''? ''l^lilrfl';; '17
energies of Knglatid, 1 would make the It l,(N IKS IMKt.llAL
fAlt'l^ Ol' Till'- KMI'IIIK, They should have their na,n*
, , in eGnun..nwilh the iii.illier| country and u'lM f<>'* "'J'»»
And tliiiiAis IN Amkbii a, itkoiild not onl,v Im' iHiiind to (neat llri-
TICAL EXiKiiir.M I, iMN 1 t iiNHii. T cGuld i.oT nTyTiand mv tlW- 'Tim, W; ty «mT«-- «■
drcds otpiacti.al and < ipericnced men to sn.wer the alK)ve des- r,.„„ iterest, as »cU as cvo,mo„ gloi) .an crc^l.
8 are chiefly
imploymenta
nvenience of
IS tastes and
■lieve that a
ential to the
need that a
■ the country
ly by the oo«
lire, Therc-
la before the
irod to make ,
by reducing
3uld bear. I
ovcd of, they
ilial conside-
3 to the iiew
settlements ;
y in all other
n with Upper
its of the cnl-
)iNi Colonial
nd combining
and for this
5ulliv(sn, and
da and Nova
and southern
■a, Nlr Ilawea
I and western
low no supcr-
erato the in-
;Ji, cumbered
infidcnce into
your lordship-,
yourselves in
' its fate would
re and of th6
r noble cxam-
)lv the abteat
al aiitipntUica
ortake the fo-
. Lord ]'al-
lis LornslMp's
a nian/e(iually
\t course, yet,
ombining in a
] is required,
IK OF nKCLIKB,
course is rapid
ascertain the
ng these will
^nl of Ike Colo-
inctittcd by her >•
If cttati a cune
u'iry, that the
1 availed of by
Lords in Man-
rado, on which
and Colonial
ain to feed the
1 finds himself
predicament of
h if continued
nriple of living
KDENc V slislitly
Vly vii'w <)T the
lied in a pnpor,
H'KNINO OF rAH-
!>•'« (Ia:ilie, in
I sent to every
t AK well nn th9
I that Knoland
AND nAri'i(<»»«
riis woRi.li, ns I
I t{iitfufvatit(tgt»
the (lininttrtfted
tJ iit>(ilii((i»n»l
[ of the prompt
lonlainiuK with-
Linn, toaxrenter
hrr eoverniuoDt
iT^ i\ilvHiitnKe of
*e. »av('d tho ♦•<!-
Rcpublie. And
I tfio priMliietiTe
GS INTKCiKAL
lave their nnmt
with firrA olAiW
ml to (Jroat Uri-
ifcVittyUi! tt liich -
.
' ^ ..ixti E,n\ja, UTUJiR, J.
U^^,l^^13s?eC^ri^^«— - ----^^
POSTULATES. ■■ \ ^^^^ '^'^^^^Ttoll^^l^'i'^i^^^^
nejessit^ to its '^le '° "".^"afaetured are of primary \ 13. It i, the duty o^KVto « ^"blislf ^ H V?'"?'"'"""
power,&„d fac^ip?o7reh'™Tnu' ic u™''^''"" '"^^^ '■'""™' | „.«--? '^ »"ted^Zv '/^ Snrfr 'tSrl^rJ'T '
f4urVw^e^^;tee i^i^^lrdVl- 11Ll;S-f - f T"" ^^ '"^^^^^^^
•de ho„e^t_en.ploynie„TK,^H\«^r£^=~J-M^^^ to ! cann^ot .et it otherw'T tCn '^^ J^^ZltT^^l^i ^tTr^
Tanee nent, nT by dissemTn»(i„„ ? ''"""<'«d P"" to such ad-
7anco.e„t-n,ay^^ef=-i;|,U^eX:^,^:^^"xtir '"''" ""-
tuL.'b^ uTt'advirrn'f '?" "^.'""j'-hmenrof ma„,if.e.
must promTg ..^a^er devoConl "'^V'^ulturo to follow tli»r,.o,i,
terpriL. indus^rrli^'tC'^S l'!''\-:?«t"';l'>S "rill. e„
^ — — — — — fBvvwiiiTt}
o. skilfaiid eapital'J'lu; t'^^'l^lC'L^'^'''^''^ '-IPP""
exported or dissipaUJ fy conscouZln^f i ^ now necessarily are.
tion; nor the pat^uIsSnnlirTL '•'° .""''' "J*^ '*''<'''• Proteo^
pountry kept down, and er'Tshed Ltlfo'^Sr,,''"" •"l"''""^^ '" ""»
""porting merchants,* actinKthfou..! .h^ n™'-'"i'*-'"*«'-^ "'' "»•
wind, are almost en irely suuoo, tn?l°L„ ." '"""'*'' ""Stitutioiui.
trolled by the impor ers '"P"""'"'' "nJ consequently are oon-
trolled by the importers
la^^
.and'in-
ints for
of the
,>(•„' ! •:»H<Ju'eiu lor a country to promote thn ,
of manufactures as powerful instrumenTs of for„„,
creasinn; uiternal communication,, an," other Imn
th^be^nefit el the public, and ospeeiairy of 'the iTal
CaSse'by'ag'?fcu1iure >"tho,,? 'm-ii"'''*"'''','"'''''"''' fo'^'^""'. ^■
•d, and thusTper LTenr^nH-.f ''''"r '"" ''' i-POverish-
porary and fa^ladou'Ses" ''■"""'' " ''"'"^"'''^ '» »• ^"'■
tain, n order to oiovMn . nni-l r .i <-■".>'" "-—fo'' f^rcat Uri-
portioi, of her su™l",, ma' "Acti^ n'" '"■""?'''" """"P^t'-" of «
dam or,ter that si Va'rZlZ, V 1 P"!'"'"""",; »>"! f""- Pana-
nE..ED,ES NOT ,» f „g ,.„„E„ „p ,„,^ ^^^^^^_^^^
AUORKSS-No. II.
are^'uT HHtS IZZ^^ "^^^^TZ^^f °-?'- "Pi'-T.
granting us free trade with Inr, 7 '''''■'°" ■ ^J. AmeSii';
[Vs the'moi-e inimcJiate object of iU\l T\i "."""■.
tion among the members o(M'L?„ .P"''',"'*'"'" U c rcul«.
.United lungdom, m "Sd '■ ATtet'"""'-!,"''' P.T" "^ the
in the proprtety of our omi tin4ho de aiV. „fT'" ""^'^ ?'>■'<'"«•
the inoi-o especiallv an this is romVLi , " "'^'"' ^^oo'"* addrew.
of the subjoLed ailm rl'^Z corX„' ion'^^f 7"' "'"-'^fviPfi™
teemed r^^l.bour .Mr <i«mble-« ^1 w ' '"' ?"» ^i' '''» «•-
(>nadia„%„d of Iho I, " 'B.^r,.>l"„'''''J*'V ^^Tl » native
the American trade knows th" ti;'';v;'yT„^rnrr;''H'"Y f"'/"""*-'". "''^ "ot do the same for Ii„gla„d ^^^"^^.^1-^—
„-j.-.. 1. ... . ■■ ' '0 '"PPOft the I'rce-trado tiartv ill till. Init..,) «.„. • '^"h'*"'} ' ''^"fy praotical man In
— --,-■■ -■"■• >'i»uo nimws inai
«om<i<io,ia«i/ on their-hot charcine »h liver I'? ,'>;"*i";;"' " '™-"""" Pa"r in me i niteil Statos is our"tnkiM<f i',Ul'^ i-"""™! raai
" -■• "-.J vKi^-unii lui Hire
id with many others luokml unon ii» 11 .' " ?^'"".'.">,"' »* ooe
juuai, oracuiar ; Out ha» ng i,„nit to' iPi«lr„.V if .':uiiomy, iinii with many others looke<l iinon iiJ ^7^ " .".'"avon. at one
Prosont. and I'uturo" ) llioard, bas,- l!l! i . ,''"F",""' "' '*''"'" Smilli-liaving ,..en the found. .^ , commcr.>ial articles as al-
plosor attention upon t he wHt U «. d "™.''''«-»te.r theory of rent, utterly denio'^i i "l " m" „l L," "' "''I"'' *^'" '''"•'■" " '*«>t,
The article alluded 1 1 aC thaJn ,■ nl " ?"*■ i*''' "*"""" '"■''"'■« "-■''"'ving the o , n'i 1 ,^- 1 ' 1,1. .'"' "''««»•?•»>'/ to bo.tow
necessity, and as a ciiunt^rva .igTKM, 1 "1 '.l ,*"' ''"" '" ''■""",'•' '"vourable to aniexa Ion adopt*" ha S'l rf"*-" "' ''"'"'"-•^M™.
British markets. The MoHirMl II, In ;""'"«","' "I'O" "ur colonial comlition. points to tlio ■ ZU , ^ ' ■ '™"'.'"' oiyn'on of it.
States as ft market for (hat ,ut^ ,, tV, ' ' 1 "'■'' "'^,"*-'"' '" *''" "'"lexatioi, e«u,e sree^ ||v „ ,,^1 M "" '■'».'"'"" titber in the
the ar,{uni.nt of n.-ii, y « "' ..■ j ' '' ^'"""•'•J? valueless the only eniiinuTcial rdVan".!^ rc.L ^^ . " """•'•"'• '.v-"f the United
I hofd that, to intu^'l'oiir« o, s nrfjie " r 'l''"'"'"' "*' '^^ ' """'. I" ««« " -^ < "1 lo re n'ja^lu:": " •^^'''"»^,'«"-l l™virtg
and that the mode to aeeon uliri tin. „ ,'T V '^ •? < "nsd.., consumer and producer raiist be Iro.mht .r i? ' """••"tion. • • '
Jive tariff on all tho^rtS' /.^^t'm mf«"l'nr' /''r-'r"" '" ""''"'"« ""' ^•''l'"" " <> tnCh? plac CiltriT'"''','''' ?',''* >" «<«•.
p^-steTt:-iKEf^?H=^^^^^^
LeclH No. no. Mr AVo-.-.^ K, !■ ^^ ".ti;'":::;'/;';;''^?'' •'"•"'»■ "• exehang^^r;;;,, : "; '; I I ■■'",,;"«'•"!,';• '",'""-•. n-
longer to !>,< g,,||,,d ^,|i siieli won . a« •■ 1 ,' i" ,"" "V,' "<t'rr»l, „( l,or people al.io«,,.,,t|lv,i I . ' ?' '^'""'''eslor and
iion i, not virtually emiS::fe!JT:;'';i,^' r ^XT "' """-" "^ '"<'-i^ : ^^^^^^^^<>^:i:i^:^^^:£
y
1»
FREE TRADE AND COLONIES THINGS INCOMPATIBLE WITH EACH OTHER.
\
EEMEDIES WHICH THE COLONISTS CAN AI*PLY.
ADDRESS— No. III.
I propose now to consider and compare ttio most prominent of
that class of rcmodies proposed for ncr alleged evils, which Ca-
nada has in her own power to apply. i
They arc two in nnmber. They arc, in nature and tendency, '
in the cxtromost'opposition to each other. » , . .
The one rejoices in the iiom de queric of " Free Trade with
all the world.'* The other proposes to raise up workshops for the
CuUiTation-of those useful and necessary arts in which Canada is
Bndoubtejly and greatly deficient, by means of duties, to Iw im-
posed on imported mannfactui-es— duties, which it is ortlcged,
will, at the same time, afford the means best calculated for the \
convenience of the country, of paying its debt and current ex-
Enses, and of (xtonding its public improvements. It takes the
8 liberal name of " Protection to Home Industry."
Tho one is a new fashioned importation from Manchester —
pretty— but by the shrewdest jiulses of all countries, save one,
pronounced fliinsv and rotten. The other is a homclior article,
cut of world established reputation for tear and wear.
'the one has for its authority— that psewdo-national school, of
whioli Mr Colxicn is the well paid master, and Sir Robert I'cel
the most noted disciple. The other, the unanimous concurrence
and practical approliation of tho Statesmen of all civilised na-
tions in all ages,— fresh raised, or late converted, save those nl-
nady dcscrilH-d, of the present d.Ty in F.ngland.
The question having arisen, which of tlfcsc two schemes to pre-
ler, and having to be acttleJ too, cither simply, or by annexation,
(which' would settle it with a vengeance on the free traders)— the
ibvcrs of free enquiry in Canada must, in examining theirmcrits,
feel thankful for the effulgent light which has lately been shed
on tho Manchester Kmanatioii, by a politician so free from oLao-
lete pn'judices as Mr Uoulton, Momlier for Toronto.
Tho mastirly, practical, and straislitforward— the singularly
candid exposition, wlii^'h Mr I'Soulton lias given of the Manches-
ter philosophy, must open the eyes of all those who 1iavc profitted
ill their opportunity of reading his explanatory letter, addressed
to four of^his constituents.
1 do not, lor I certainly cannot, claim the least merit ss due to
Mr Uoulton, for anv display in that exposition of grandeur and
originality of Ecniiia, but for shrewdness in perceiving the true
and practical drift of tho Cobdcn system, and lor his liiippy ap-
plication of it to the circumstances of Canada, what man ol right
reeling and the most ordinary judgment can deny him the palm
ofsuprcmncy. .
• Then, although so lucid and uijraistako.ible m meaning, tlieie
is not a syllable iji^it to offend, tho most fastidiously delicate ear
It is so gracefully and decently worded. From beginning to end
"smuggling" never once occurs; and tho most accomplished
parrot, on hearing it read, could have no idea of its real reach and
bearing.
At once, having introduced his borrowed engine, tho Member
for Toronto lays it b.are, and points it straight at tho mark. The
weak points of the object of attack is exposed— the necessity to
which the United States Government is subject, of maintaining
its Tariff, is at once pointed'out, in order to establish and define
a position for Free Trade assault.
Next the palmy days of I'rcscott, Niagara, and Amherstburg,-
in jolly 1831, are sung, and their present shrunken leivnness and
degeneracy hiiucrtcd. Their 1834 prosperity is ascribed to the
"immense butiiicss done with the United States in broadolothg,
and other British Manufactures." Then their downfall is traced
to the deplorable facts of, 1st, tho improved manul'actuics of the
United Stales under a protecting Tariff, and 2d. the increase of
provincial duties imposed to pay the interest of our debt. And
then comes tho cool reflection. " Had the low duties {2i per
cent.) continued, a large and profitable business would still have
been carried on at an immense profit to this country."
The ar4!umenf in immediate sequence is — '-' If, then, such a
trade flourished in the article of broadcloths almost cSiclmively,
with a duty of 25 per cent., what has since occurred to prevent
an immense Increase and continuance of such trade, it we can
offer them in our towns tho productions of the world free of any
duties whatever." In such smooth and decent words is the d(XP
trine of smuggling preached.* Now, reader, bear in mind that
this is not Mr Boulton's doctrine, but Mr Cobden's doctrine, and
Sir Ilobprt Peel's doctrine— truly and simply developed and il-
lustrated by Mr Boulton. We continue the quotation, which
gets clearer and clearer. " Would any Merchant living east or
west of Albany, ever think of going to New Yorker Boston to .
pniehase foreign produce, with from 15 to 40 per cent, duties
added, when they could at all our frontier towns, pnicliase the
sanio articles fre* of duty." Fancy a cool calculation with a
Q. 15. D. understood at the end, that thiro shall bo found no
honest nieichnnt east or west of Albany I None to save New
York and Boston IVom 'ruin, by purchasing a single foreign pro-
duet, at either of these doomed cities '. Not one ! How thank-
ful Mr Cobdcn and Sir Robert Peel should ho fo Mr liouKon for
t:ikinc this invidious explanation business off their hands !
And who so barefaced as driiy Mr Boulton's to boh legitimate
and'torreet explanation of the Manchester theory as apiilicablc
to Canada f .Mr Boulton riots in it. Tastes are various.
The ^coiirtmi»f says :— At present Canada has the advantage of
Importing the iiianul'Rcturc<l goods and the products of Europe,
«ui)ject onlylo the small revenue duty of 7* percent., upon which,
in the United States, high protective duties, varying Ironi 25 to
40 per cent., arc lovic^J for the benefit of (he Coriwrations in Now
Kiijiland.
But in tho United States, it must lie borne in mind, is an iin
nuMise home market. They have a populiiljou of twenty-one mil-
lioiH, a large niajorily of wiioni .ire consumers, and not producors
1 of grain. It tlieivf'ore fro<|iiiMitly liappeos, that in those parts of
1 the Union tlie price of grain is regulated exclusively in n-spect to
the home demand, for which it is w.nth more than for shipment.
There too (in the Union) wheat, except when it is verv high in
l'uii>pe, ccuniuands a price from 3!) to a.'! per cent, more than on
I tho Canadian side of the lakes and rivers.
I
' It is unili'r these eireumstanees. that wheat frequently is from Is
lid to 'Js higlier on the Ameiieaii side ol' the St. Lawrence, than
' on the ('ana<li:iii.
' It is this cireumstunre wliiili has added so much to tlio value of
(M-opcrly nil the siiulh side of the ri\er uikI lakes, compared »ith
I lie iioith b:iiili.
That the dec adiuis^imi of l\.rei.:n maiijhetures in a vn,i„g an. I i ',, the other hmid, c'ann.la lias a population of one and a half
agriculliir..! wiiiitrv, ii.eessun V e pel. nioeliiinics(i'oiisuiiiers) iiiillioin, iieaily all pro..ueii8 ul grain.
to become larmers ( prodiieenii, tliereby eiunertiiig valiisble eii«-
tomers to the farmer, in tlioir propi'r vcKali.Jii, into his rivals in .
a market already glutted with surplus pivHliielion.
That prices arc not only low hut unsteady, when i-egulaled sukly
by foreign demand.
Tho advocates for protection against foreign competition bold
that by subjecting foreign manufactures to the payment ol a high
duty on importation, domestic industry is thereby stimulated to
produce manufactures at home.
Thereby furnishing months to consume upon the ground the pro-
ductions (d' tho earth, and supplying a home market to the farmer.
[—Kol4 hii hilar />'Mr/i<iii,tii— Had they all remained rarmeis. as
our Free-traders want them to iTinain, ilio Uiiiteil Static would
benDjwttcr than Ireland and tho countries on the llaok Sea
which have " cheap" looil but no arts or manufactures]
That a home market so caused, yiclils higher prigcu'siid is sub-
ject to little lliietoalion, that it the tariiier docs pay a little mori'
lor bis clolliing, under a protective imlicy, lie anW the rest of the
community Ueiiolit a hundred fold tliereliy.
B7 an inci-easud p.ioe for ihoir prolue
By (n euhanced value f.r their propeity.
I'u find a niniket for the surplus, after supplying the markets of
Newl'uuiidland, .Suva Senlia, iiiid New llrmiswiek, they must re-
sult to Crent I'lilaiii. I lirir prices, therefore, aro always rcgu-
i.ili'd by those »i' this euuiilry.
That freight nnd commissions aro unnecessary wa^te, out of the Making due allowance (or I'reiglit and charge".
pockets ot ill.' producer, to 1)0 avoide I by eon.iin.plion on tli'
"""vaoghani, Canada West, Oct. 33, IS-ltl. ■'■ W. GAMHI.K.
• Mr Isaac Bucbanan, whoso kiio«loilge ol romnieree in tei . r.il. ami of t mnuiian affairs in particular, and wh..sc hoiicslv and
al nbililv luu-l rmiiinaod le.pei t wbciover he is kn.."ii, biooglit ilie liee Inule |..,liei lo its i../i../. / al,»r.l,„n, » hen he sliowea
(h( i III III. sit jt iiL maintaining it lor (irrat Britain to nsoho her>cM inio
■.V„;„
ll C.i
■ rlllrlij
-A CoLosisr.
^
FREE TRADE AND COLON^ THINGS INCOMPATIBLE WITH EACH OTHER.
Mr Boulton reckons the result of such a policy would be " al-
most beyond calculation," almost ! nay — tre admit it would be so
quite, lor who could calculate the result of tho whole length of
tne St. Lawrence being made a smuggling hell— sooting and
BOorcliinp all within its reach.
But with nil his partiality to the Manchester doctrine, he does
not overlook ondtebjcction— enly one. What, is that smuggling ? j
Pooh, nonsense. VVIiat th«i^^" Aversion to direct taxation." \
Truly an universal avcrsioiyB||j, on that account it is tho key |
to the cry for direct U^f|t^^^Kfo^« ? because that cry proceeds ,
from the importini; mttn^nHflKpon whom that which is called ,
diftef taxation presses Icss'JHRly than that which is called in- I
direct. , ♦"nJTv
Let us examine shortly andtsSccinctly the merits of these two j
syttems of taxation, called direet and imlirect, and, Ist, in point
01 economy, must not that which iscalled indirect be the cheaper,
inasmuch as it is more easy of accnrhpllshnient, by reason of its
dealing in the (jrosa— and consequently requiring a greatly smaller !
number of hands than the other, which deals in detail, and more
•epecially in a country of so thin and scattered a population as
Canada is ?• 2d, In point of morality— if fraud he necessarily con-
'ftooted with the levying and paying of taxes— were it not better j
\'to have two men, corrupted in one transaction, amounting to !
£100, than 100 men in 100 transactions, amounting to that sum?
—Again — if fraud bo not ncr'o.TOtriV;/ connected with tho gather- I
ing and paying of taxes, will it not ho easier to find two men
proof apainst it, than to find a 100 such ? 3d. In point of social
< convenience, will it not be more comfortable for thp members of
■ociety, that there be in e.ich frontier town one tax tavern, than
that every private dwelling in the land bo made an inn for tho
tax-gather ?
Further on Mr Boulton inform us that "in this colony, wero
all duties abandoned, our farmers would hot only be exempt from
tftxation, but would enjoy tho necessaries and luxuries of life
cheaper even tlian the .\niericans." Luxuries of life, not only
plenty as blackberries, but almost as cheap ! Cheap, cheap— oh,
liappy farmers ; and no taxes to pay ! I'aradise regained.
But of one thing Mr Boulton h.ts not informed us ; — a thing
which Mr Cobden, or Sir Robert I'eel really should, either them-
selves or by deputy, explain to us, ignorant Canadians,— namely,
how, when the defeating of tho American tariff, which they corn-
template, shall ijavo destroyed American manufactures, and
Vhon tho destruction Of American manufactures slthll h.ivo
brought down the price of American farm produce to the level of
Canadian, or lower, how, I say, in these contingencies, is Cana-
da to bo supplied with tho flow of Auicriean capital which their
expositor, Mr lioulton, has promis»d/s ? If the fruit tree bo
out down, what more crop can we hfck for it to grow I And if
tho rewards of agriculture isfo to bo/fcurtailed by a diminution of
price, how is the farmer to bo lioj*«fittC(l ) Does not the farmer
mean here simply Canada ?^-Arfi) we not called a purely agricul-
tural country ? Lower the price of liirm pioduee, already, ae-
oording to Nlr Cobden's expositor, ruinously low, and "profit this
oountrv immensely :" Why, Mr Boulton, tho whole population
»ould 1)0 «wallowo<l up by the floods of Bankruptcy, except such
M should incontinently run away.
Has not Mr lloultoii hero entenul a prose jockeyed rariiassus
n»p, to compote for the priio of grotesi|ue absurdity with the ex-
quisite nursery rhyme : —
Throe children sliding on the ice upon a^unmier's day,
As it fell out they all fell in, tho rest they ran away.
Yot this scheme put fbrward by Mr lioulton is none other than
that of .Mr Cobden, and .Sir Robert I'eel, only divested of anibi- I
guity, anil exhihitcd in not quite, but almost naked simplieitv.
Mr Boulton h as happy in his calculations as to the ovorllow- !
ing of the I'ublio Kxchequcr as in those ho li.is made for the i
benefit of the individual farmer. Wheat being, by his own show- I
ing, at present not to \m raised withiint loss, while the L'nited
States market is, in con«ci|iienco of their nianufacturci, avail-
able to Canada. Dcstrov llicso manufactures, and that market
fails both to the Canadian and United Stales farmers. Why,
then. neWherwo nor thev shall produce at all. Thorefuro, llie
eanals will be unused, and tho KxeluHiui-r filled with only " hun-
dreds of th_ou»and!(" uf no dollars, tho proceeds of no lolls.
Hitherto' this scheme has been examined in an almo.it cxclu-
aivoly economical point of view ; now let us take a p«c|i at its
moral aspect. And first. I earnestly observe, that cannot lie
economical which is immoral, fur " honesty i> tho best policy."
Alas, Mr lioulton does not read the true lc8.<ion from the ron-
traat he draws lietwecn tho condition of IVeseott, Niagara, and
Amherstburgll in I'V14, and that of these places in IK40. They
are poor now, says he, and were rich in IKIt: almndon, then,
the present system, he irifum, and return to that of l.'<;)4. That
is Mr Boulton'" lesson ; but the true one is, Dishonesty leads to
Bankruptcy.
And if it l)e Iruo that "evil communications corrupt good
luannom," and that the poor imitate the rich, anil cspeeiallv in
their vices, what a'ccuilamination will /V.,- 7V,i.(, uiih nil the
wiyrltl spread north .'mil hohIIi. Iniin the " (lamnahlv riili" shorc.t
flfthe.St. Lawrence. And if the diiii of RmugKlin;; he pitiable
■ "' " ' ' Hdi. \vl
1>
I mrt"'M^?.!!!r?"K'''".:'"'''°i'''" »n " unwavering attach-
I to the south will thmk, and speak, and act when the Cohdm
mine is attempted to be dug into them " when the? ace a .triS2
of respectable, smiling swfndlen., established all Xn*t™5
northern frontiers an<f hoar them preaching univewl peace aSd
"^T",VX"^ trade, after the pattern of thl Manoh"tSr apostle
while all the time they are casting their nets for reUevlSa th«
Washington treasury of its haul of import duties, and layTng thd?
schemes for driving American manufactures out of thefr oto
market, and i-educing tho price of American farm produce to t^
I^jrr"'"'' ''"K"''''- »»J '""""ng. and lowering that sUnd!
V^.y^l ?"■? P^'ntj-^hether would the actions of thesTJu-
tli^^^ »'"",?'"' ^ disanproved, or their sermons approvll^
^^J^^r^^'T"^" ,»J"«Vlia8 annexation in her power,_uni:
hfnT hrinT*^?!"?',' S7"^"'.y ^," "'? business. It would cSm-
bine the whole United States in favour of it, and animate tlit
entire confederacy to the fightirife point to attiiin it Andon tto
north side of the St. Lawronco, what honest man c'ould, or would
stand DP for a governnient whose fundamental policy v;as that of
the swi„dler,_and what sort of a holdfast for Great BriWn
would the rogue, make? Arothey not already against her 'aSd
may not Lnglish free trade, if long persisted in, turn out tome^
un'ittetir.^Slir™'" '^"^"™'«" trade, beginn^^gTiS
Now," would not plump and plain annexation be better than the
anHT? hf '.""f ^ r ''"'"/• ''■ " '»-^"'/ '»»"""='' n" » mask!-
and if It be adopted 6o«a/c;d, so to s-pBak, would not only filthy
momentary sliowor both of annexation bo better than plavlng tS
gin horse, and waHowing round and round, year after year, in J£b
smuggling saiks, till a Canadian Merchant Prince got i^ch 4nou^
tofertili7.oanonionbodbymerelyjumpingoverit """""»K°
1 think I have sufjiciently shown that the Manchester Diana
of free trade with all the world, would neither enrich the OW
dian farmol' nor ho pub he treasury of Canada ; and if a gX of
smuggling merchants should, by it, rise for a IKtlo se^n to
great power and spread themselves like green bay t rem yet
Cfbund"" ■■' "' ''"'"'"^ P*^ "''"'^' "'"^ if 'ought fo'; not
„.Fr."iV".r'"''''- "'«."• I "''"I*! liumbly conteud, that it could
not lead to tho piospcrity of Canada, for her to tato up, the Zl-
world" ''°"""'^™"'' P""P' •""• common smuggler for all the
' ' ' A CoLONJST.
1*1 niw .'v. •fivi.iiiiM-. film I, iiiu iiviia in ;«ni[||;i
in 1S40, as enmnarcd with their condition in IHJi, what li smash
i\xtf will suffer frotii the new IH.'M to the lu^w \^Vii.
Avarice in ever ininnuleiit nitli all it-, liriideiico, Imt if they
had ears In hear, nnil hearts to uiider^lMnd. nmilil It not lie pru-
dent for the cconomiits of the Cubdoii .'•cl^jj^e'cpcvially those of
PROTECTION TO NATIVK INDUSTRY,
ADDRKSS— NO. IV.
Let it be admitted, that tho departmenU of industry in a
"".".'ki'-^i "i '^''.° ""?'"■ .'""i*'""' tl>e'-eof, ought to bo directed,
establmhcd, and maintaii.e.1, in harmony with the power wh™h
li"i„',;^''i'J*-? '" .""'""eo-", !'""»'"'' "•»' if that power ,foe,
not regulate It equitably and judiciously-if that power be hoe-
tilo. Ignorant, or otherwise di.qualified-it should bo reformed.
so as to discharge Its functions in conformity with equity anJ
judgment. If such reformation cannot he effected othorwie. it
IS the dutv ol legislation to offoot it. If it bo urged that Cana-
dian legislation.' cannot effect such reform, the answer is, that
it has never been tried. Such being tho state of the ease, ia it a
wonder that lawyers, traders, tavern-keepers, and all tho tribes
of the horse leech geniiation swarm as they do. Until such re-
form be fairly tiled and the trial fail, how can it be maintained
that Canadian legislation is not able to elfeot such reform » Shall
we coi'o ude without the proof of trial, that trutli in anv case
shall fail of being established ? '
The liint argument that I shall urge in favour of Canada giv-
ing legislative pioteetioii to her home industry is, that by doiniT
so, she will clear a held for the occupation of the various talentS
of her peonlt. Iho mind of man cannot be idle. If barred
Irom usaful and innocent occupations, oongonial to lis various
phases in various individuals, lortliwilli it sfideWat first impeN
eeptlbiy, then plungfs impetuously into various courses of ruin
aii.l vice— or at Ixst whiles its time away alternately in palsied
indolence and Icvcnsh over-exertion. The most urgent work is
done as lUcs, and not duiio well. The less urgent ia left undone
!• arming is an occiH«tion, less, it may be, congenial to man
llian soldiering, and yet volunteer llngald Stewart's drill sergeant
< eelarod tlint he would rather inculcate tho noble seleneo ofsclf-
dofoiice, by gun and bayonet, upon ten blockheads than upon one
philosoplier. A similar superior docility might bo found in t«o
( aiiadian farmers.
The poor Justices of the Peace in t;anad» aro blamed for the
vexatious muUiplicatiou of Uverus. As tho tavern-keepers.
However, are only tho executioners, so the magistrates are onlj
the admin stratora of tho eapitnl penal law to the moral man.
i lie imiwrious law itself will be found in tho ignorant omission of
wise induslrmi Icgiflation on the part of our kiwir legislators, or
in the wilful eoinmission of unwise restraint on the part of our
higher. "^
My second arcumcnt is, that protei'tion to homo Industry will
onoourago an orderly,* a gn-at, and an increasing immigration, to^
the mutual hcuellt of the people of Canada, ot'^tho ittimlgranls, '
an.! ol tile industrious workmen left in the oountrv or oountris* .
of Binigiatiiin.
(If imini^'rants Iho cr.nt hnlk must lie poor. Poverty is the
;■■%■/' :-^#f'»
^^P^ FREE TRADE' AND POLONIES THINGS IKOOMrATIBLE WITH EACH OTHER.
•V, f
hifl acquired wealth— skill in manufactures and skill in agricul-
' tare— these are the two staples of immigration capital. ,
' In many articles of wood, some of iron, and all or nearly alj. ol
hroom com, Canadliin artiians enjoy a natural protection. Ihe
manufacturers of these flourish, and inasmuch as they flourish ,
they benefit the farmer, as a drop of water refreshes the parched
tongue. They are at most thimblesful. But in a country wliere,
with an axe and sjftide, a man may put up a lodging lu two or
three days, he may, after providing himsell in board, have no in-
digpensablo demand to be supplied, but that ot clothing.
Skill then in the manufactui-c of clothing, and in the cultiva-
tion of food, being. the main supplies brought by immigi-ation, it
follows that wo mlist regulate our supplies to meet Uie de^lands
which those induce— and if they cannot be met otherwise, they
must be met by appropriate legislation.
Agricultural skill is not in demand, because it is not rcniunc-
mtedforwaiit of a fair exchange of manulactuies. How can it,
when most of its surplus, rude, heavy, bulky ami perishable pro-
ductions, have to bo carried 4000 miles, and the roinaindor 400
miles away, ftnd the return of exchange carried tlio same dia-
tanoes— all at the expense of the Canadian farmer ?
And when the tendency of Britain's policy is to make wheat—
now, alas ! almost our sbie surplus product— cheaper and cheaper,
§ must not the exchange be getting worse and worse for Canada ?
Consequently agricultural skill cannot be in proper demand,
and will not, until we have an internal exchange and the regula-
tion of it. . . . , . ,.„ , ■ .
The skill of the manufaotnring immigrant is still less in de-
mand. Some coarser articles of wool, by extraordinary frugality,
and thateoononiy which the strictest and most thoroughly inter-
ested superintendence provides, may be luanufactuied with a
■mall show of profit on a year's balance sheet. But is it not
bwivn that the manufactures of clothing here do not thrive t Do
not the importers trap them, both by their importations and at
the banks ? Nay, are not tlio importers compelled to do so ?
But some person says — " Mr so and so, the woullen manulaotu-
rer, tells me he can make such and such coarse bhccp-like fab-
rics, in defiance of foreign conipttition." Of course he is tempted
to say so — he has a bank account. , , i
The West Indian interests brought petitions against l-manci-
pation from " the negroes themselves." The manufacturers may
be disinclined to boast of their nrcntal affinity, to the swan-liko
deliverers of the Roman capitol, and their concessions of success
may bio interpreted as modest disclaiuntidns of such affinity.
In order to the establishinentof manuracturcs, there is required
Legislative protection, and that obtained, manufactnres will be
••tablished— manufacturers will migrate hitlur. Thoy will
flourish, and will supply the domnnds. and demand the supplies
of farmers. Bcith then will thrive. Labourers in iiumbois un-
deflnable. agrienltural nnil mnnntactiirinK, will be riMiuiicd to
subdue the vast inanimate powers of nature— (Ac cmih of Candi-
da, now waiting lor and invitii;« subjugation. Uo.-.idents and
Immigrants will rejoice, lik»armiis meeting to tight a common
enemy— and ai miserable competition over compititioii in the
eountrics of emigration will be relieved. A grciit step will be
gained both herc>nd there towards the disoiuhralling i>f the
minds of one class of men, and the bculica o.f ancitlier class, tVum
wo respective liondages of avarice and penury. -
Thirdly. I'roleotion to home inchistiy will oppralo not only to
the increased, but also to the improved inoiluition of aurieul-
turc. Wheat being now the only grain that can be cultivated to
the smallest profit in order to exiHiiiation, anci our piesint niiiilc
•fexchaujie requiring an enormous amount of exporlal ion, it lol-
loWB that wheat is cultivated in cnnditioin of soil which rciuh r
it unsuitable — in conditions which, with a Jmlirion^ system i.l
exchange, would compel other cultivation, and such as would
conduce to preserve and improve the fertility of the soil.
Again, wlieat being the only nt^ricultural production cnllivntcil
for export, and the only one cultivated in excess of the waiil-< of
the country, when it fails, wlictlur by frost in wintOi-, or mihUw
in summer, the (iirmer's loss is iinuli );rcater than it would lie if
he raised a variety of produeliouH lor exchange, and siieh variety
would be much more profitable to the producer, but for the ex-
pense of tinnsportntion.
'i'ho United Stntis proteetinK Imlh their agriculture and tin ir
manfactures, thiir fanners prudmi' jicirk cheaper than CaniHliau
farmers do ; and to foster a luiiinuH and dei;railed himher trad.',
United Slates pork is adnillled at a rate of duly so luw as In
Slunder the (.'nnadinn farmer ot liis own market, bad as it i»~ a
uty which lina been imposed nl so low a rale, im the ridii uliius
pretext that Canadian, farmers raiinot teed poik tat enoui^h lor
umbermen.
Has not Canada a natnrni niiiiio|ioly in supp'ying the Inited
States with lumber t ll'sn, wuul'l il umi bo-adviHiible li,i- Iier to
take duty on the north Hide nt the X l.awreiiee, instead ef pay-
ing duty on the »oulh i Cuiaila's lumlMr guen in llir Mat^-s,
leaving little or iielhiiig in I'lininlii, hut l]i^ nt'wM-iA' the "n;;c8
of a roriupled lalioui-, pfliil in Ainericah iiork and .\niene.'jn
whiskey, and lUe eumiiimsiun of ,i lin[;j,Hed dnwn laelmage.
Impose pruteetive duties, nnd aftir iiiaiiiiractjiiei ,u'e eHtah-
K
lishcd, there will follow a variety of farm productions adapted Jo
home exchange.MmproTing both the cultivation and the lertiuty
of the land.
Fourthly. Protection to home" industry, by enoouraging immi-
gration, will facilitate the exportation of our surplus agrieulturw
productions, and thereby both cheapen to the farmer the cost of
such exportation, and render it more profitable to sbippinp;. The
reason of the present heavy cost of freights of export Js to be
found cither in the want of freights of import, or in their unpro-
fitableness. Encourage immigration, and there will bo abund-
iipce of profitable freights of import.
i^gain— pariidoxicafas it may seem— such protection will lower
frdifelits in favour of the Canadian farmer, by actually increasing
•the importation of British mnuufacturcs- If Canada be bene-
fitted, as' sUo raust.be, and as the United States have been, by
the establishment of home manufactures, her surplus agricultu-
ral productions, while they decrease in com)Dari»o>» with those of
her productions required for Aoiii« consumption, will, with her
advancing prosperity, positively uicrease. The articles ot im-
port, under protection to home industry, will be different from
those imported now, in their assortments, but both in value and
in bulk tliey may bo expected to increase. .. _
Increased importation of commodities, as well as of immigrants,
must therefore follow protection to home industry, and must
necessarily decrease the enormous cost of freights of export,
under the burden of which Canada now labours. Free naviga-
tion js a specious but not the real remedy for lightening that
burden. Profit is a better bait than freedom lor catching mari-
ners.
Fifthly. Protection to home industry will tend to promote edu-
cation, industrial, mental, and moral. 1st. Industry undoubt-
edly is, in a great measure, regulated by the^irospect of reward.
The best way of insuring profitable industry is to insure it a fair
and profitable remuneration. But without employment industry
and reward both fail. The present want of employment in Ca-
nada, we have already shown.' We have shown its cause, and we
trust also its cure. 2d. Mental- The prospects of a farm, and of
raising wheat, wheat, wheat, at 33 a bushel- paying labourers
from 8 to Sil2 pes month — or of toiling and trudging with saws
and planes— or of a blacksmith's shop, with a tavern at hand to
'drive dull care away, are the sole prospects of the bulk of Cana-
da's youth, under the present policy. Do these prospects afford
sufficient encouragement to mental exertion i* If nothing beyond
these prospects is to be re.iliied, is it not to Iw feared, that with
manv an aspiring youth the cultivation of his mind may prove
other than a blessing ? The progress of education in the common
schools of Canada is truly surprising ; but if a variety of defihite
and desirable marks were presented, how much these would tend
to the attainment of desirable ends, and how much they would
direct the aims and stimulate the exertions of the youthlul mind!
With protection to home industry, the general prosperiiy of the
country might be expected to he such that education would oc-
cupy tho greater portion of the time of boyhood ; and sheer
poverty in parents wtiuld not here ho apt— ashas, rtlas! how often
tx'cn the ease in other lands— to prevent tho developnienta of
genius. Here let us hope it could not then be said or sung —
Chill penury repressed their noble rage,
.\nd froic the genial current of the soul.
3d. Morally — Tlio law of human improvement provides that one
attainini-ot lucessitates cfbirts to further attainment — one step
towards tho mark for the prize iifouf high ealUn^', Ibrhids looking
behind, .uid demands further advance, l.et men avoid disobey-
ing that law, as they fear to hecome castaways.
fhe ailmirable system of general education, now working in
('aiia<la, will lead to the depravity of the youth of the country,
unless oeeupatioiiH arc [irovided to suit their elevated aspirations.
'I'liese suggest inns I put fortli. with a hope of their being found
sulHeieiit to indtiee inquiry ami relleeticifij and to animate unpre-
jiidieed minds to favour and adopt the policy of protection to hoiuo
industry.
I he miinber of arguments, nnd of |;ood nrguiiieuts tort, in fa-
vour of that piiiiey, nii^jht be increased, and illustrations and do-
iiKinstialiiins am'plilied inilclinilely. The arguments already
slaied, huwever. with such olhois, not here iiieliided, as arc sup-
Hesleil in the ■' I'oslulates" containeil iii my letter, ins'i led in
the r.riti h i.'l.niiri of .November the '.'d, I cimsider inoie than
i sullieient to lead to the conelusions indicated.
lint if any over-advcnluriiiis Canadian manufacturing wi^'lit
propose as a (ask fur hiniscU — to compete with the over-grown
^ luelory birds id l-:ni;land— let liim llist piuider well, in his own
I niiiid, "lictlici. it it should seem to him desirable, he can starve
by depiilv, as iluw factory lcird.i biitli can and do. If he I'nnliot
nianai;, iliat. ht him cease Iruni the coinpciitiuu ns vain aiidsdlf-
slarviiu:, as iiidred the tilrai|;ht mad to nun ; and let him admit
thai Ian ida eilher cannot i.iannlacture, or il slic must try. and
. ,ini>i i, tlic wiiri! —that she has no other allernativc, liut cither to
impose a prulcelivc tiirill. or to have an estortne uuu imposed on
I llel .
1 .\ Col.dMsT.
^'"
.r)
• (Vrtainly " driler is llravrn's tirct law" An nrtlcrly emi<,'rnlinii ' This were tin' gre.it'St heaven the Ibitisli wnrkers call en-
joy on earth : and, if iiiaiiiilacturing oduiii' s wire liist allenih'd to, a pn|>iihitinn to giow their loud ill Canada »nuld soon lolluW.
Canada's name, I have long aijo said, slinnid lie liiiii\i> i\ .\MfiKii a, and with " steam for the iiiillinii across tli" .Mian tic," the aliovo
would !«' no more than scndini; penple linui one cuiiiity e.f i.ra'. liritaiii, where tlie> eaiiiiol live, toaiiother where they would i iijoy
entire indepcinleu',., besides lain„' a ble'-sing to their niicliliuurs abroad and their friends at home. — Isaai Hi ' iiaxa.v.
""■■*^-^.
T^^i^jr^^
mm^^lT
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE THE ONLY ALTEENATIVE LEFT US BY PEEL-TO SAVE THE EMPIRE. UT
DEMOCRATIC LEGISLATION THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE LEFT US BY PEEL— TO SAVE THE EMPIRE.'
DlUOCBATIC LlOlaLATIO.N TBB OSLT UEAN8 OF BBIAIstitO OUB NaVAI,
Sin>BEMACT, OF PBKSKBTllio CUB COLONIES, AND OF SAVIKO OUR
KATITE INDUSTBT FROM THE IRON OBIPK OF IRE POLITICAL EoONO-
uisTci OB MoneY-powkb. Political Eoonomt ha's alwats de-
PBECATBD UnITEBSAL SbFFBAOE,
" If the unhappy prejudices that now exist on this subject
Bnould continue, and if the extention of representative govern-
ment should increase the power of public opinion OTcr the poliqx
of nations, I fear tl»at commeroe may not long be enabled to tIf
tain even that degree of freedom that she now enjoys." — " I have
perfect reliano(S on the Icnowledge >and eood intentions of our
present Ministers— but very little on the knowledge possessed by
the country at large. And if Ministers are unsupported by the
country at large— if each class, in turn, is to be permitted a com-
plete or a partial monopoly, and-bribed by this sacritice of the
general and permanent interest [Query ? — the interest of the an-
nuitants and tax-eaters, whom Sir James Graham calls "the
di'oncsof thehivc,"!. H.] of the public to its own partial and imme-
diate advantage, to allow others to clamour for the power to exer-
cise ji similar oppression — if Ministers are not aided by the public
jroico in theirstruggles against individual rapacity — w« shall tread
backwards with greater rapiility^ the few steps which wo have so
laboriously gained. In a representative government, where each
individual may proclaim, in their utnwst exaggeration, his sulfur
has arisen simply from utter ignorance of what was meant by the
much vaunted word " cheapness." How could the political eco-
nomists forget that the .navigation law was the work of Oliver
Cromwell and the Long Parliament, and that, though our colonial
system may date its nominal origin from Queen Elizabeth, it
owed all its vitality and development to the extreme democracy
of the great rebellion ? They had proof, too, that the protection
of native industry and a pure democracy are almost synonimous
terms, in the puritans, whom persecution drove awav to another
land, transmitting this old British principle unimpaired to their
posterity. Tin- battle, however, of native i.^idhstrv against im
POLITICAL ECONOUISTS MAT NOW BE SAID TO BE OAIKED, for thC WOtk-
ing classes will no longer be humbugged ; they will trust no miui
who is not their friend po/iticaHy, i.e., who will not vote for unf-
versal suffraye by the ballot. Universal suflFrage would make
short work with theories of all sorts ; and, at all events, fewer
no men would be returned to Parliament who believe, like the
bulk of our present annuitant legislators that a system which
produces more employment, and consequently better wages,
should be condemned as\restrictiue of trade, t>ecause it practically
reduces the exchawjeable value of money !
In fact, I consider that the metropolitan and Manchester press
may bo viewed as chiefly that which the political economists now
relj' on.t Through this great mental machinery (for the stifling,
ings and his fears, where the power arbitrarily to do eood is " " unlortunately is nui(/,.ot public opinion inste.id of its honest
jealousy, might next carry the system of exclusion."
From the Mercantile Theort/ of IVealth, by Mr Senior, an old
and distinguished authority of the Political Economists.
'" A man born unto a world alrealy possessed, if ho cannot
get subsistence from his parents, and il'sooictv does not want his
labour, has no claim of right to the smallest portion of food, and
in fact, lias no business to be where lie is." — MUthus.
" The science of money, and the soienoe of employing the work ■
ing clas-ses, is one and the same science, the security ot the labour
poiver a<;ain?t tlie money power, forming the groat and only-vifal
oonstitution.'il question in all countries, but raoro especially in
Great Britain, whose population is in more artifloial ciicum-
stancoa than any other people ; and when a sufficient number of
honest and independent-minded men come to see this, a great
peror, they have the most workable Legislature of the present
day, and one to which, Yor the security of the throne, every loyal
British subject will soon desire to see ours approximating, in
moral weight and so far as to hive both houses elected by uni-
versal suffrage, the nobility, with perhaps the baronetcy, how-
ever, only being eligible for the Upper House as members. Such
being tho state of things, 1 have deemed it useful to bri;ig for-
ward, as I now do, tho views of General Lafayette in 1830, of " a
monarchy for Franco, surrounded by Republican Institutions,"
believing that on tho adoption, ?oon enough, by us of these views,
somewhat mojified, depends the continued supremacy of this
great empire. I desire, however, to repeat that Leagued as it is
with the political economists, or money power, the press is nearly
as great an evil commercially, as in other things it is a bonefit
to this country. Indeed, Mr Alison, in his work on population.
popular party will be formed, which will upset the machinations states a view of what the possible effects of the press might be in
ftha hxod standard bnllionists, and thus savo tho country a re- smothering freedom, ■ ■ ■ ■
not much darker than our present experi-
ence of it in this country, while in some of the Colonies there is
a section of the press even more degraded from its more imme-
diate contact with the Colonial OHico, or its reprq^entatives : —
" It may bo relied on, that if tho bulk of the people become
corrupted, either from the semsliHcss of repose, the enjoyments
of pleasure, the passions of power, or the luxuries of opulence, the
press will become the inoit fital instrument that ever was devised
lor destroying the liberties of mankind ; for it will throw its
enervating spoil over their minds, and deprive them evonofthe
wish to regain their freedom."
Hut some of these men of the coamopolitan press, and others
who do not understand our subject from actual experience but
from bonks, their minds bein" at best a mere granary of other
men's thoughts, have often asked me to explain (his. How, say
they, do you recoiicilo your assertion that low prices of commo-
dities aro a meiv onM./ii.'ao.' of low wages with your nssortion
tli;it high wflges will benefit thq, working man ? If ho lias to pay
pniportionately high for his ooinmoJities, whore is his gain from
lii^ncr wages :' Such in faet is the miserable drivel, if it is not
tile deep and intended deception, of the science of poli'ieal t^conof
my so railed. They try to make tho effort of the a^Ivooates of
native industry appear to bo to afleot comparative prica bylegis-
01
volution
My communication to Glasgow Examiner, of 2l3t Oott, 1843.
To the Editor of tlie. Greenock Advertiser— 2^th August, 1349.
Sir,— ''"he pi-ejudico against universal suffrage is fast fading
away, and many like myself believe it would, in our circum-
stances, be a highly conservative measure as enfranchising the
agricultural labourers to a greater extent than any other class,
besides securing a due representation for the sea-faring interest.
The happy result of the e.vperiment in France may have contri-
buted tfl this ; but tho main cause of it is, that without an ex-
tension of the suffrage wo see m nieans of tho nation ihr.min,] ojf
the incubus of polilical economy, or irreciprocal Free Trade,
which at best can only bo viewed by our native industry as a
flow death, while it at once loses tho colonies to tho ompirc. It
IB quite clear that the political economists have always dreaded
the true expression of the public opinion by an extended fran-
chise, having no confidence in tho working masses, (or ralher
perhaps, liavini; no conliileiieo thnt their theoretical .ibsurdities
could ever be introdneod olherwiso than arhitrarihi into any i
oonntry) ; and the working elassei having had conlideiico in (Ar»i
It is not generallv known that Earl Stanhope proposed nianv years ano, a schomo of I'nivorsal Suffrage. This I of oourae
wou 1 ol.ieot to as peri.eluating class legislation ;'bjt 1 think it H-ell'to give it here. The fullening aro the resolutions 8ubinitte<i to
fcarl iii-ey » (lovcrnnieiii in the year IH.K). In l.ord StaTili:>i)cs opinion tlie llmisp of Coniinons ought not to contain nioro than 600
monihiTs ; and tii eaeli ol the rlatses below he would give the cleeti'iii of one hiinilred representatives. [Just as wu wore going to
press, we leirn that the reolutions intended tobi given hero ni-o to bo pulilislicd in London, with suitalilo explanations, and we
thorcfoiv omit llicm.l . " i
t .'1 liougli united airainst Dritisb industry, it will he seen, fnmi the following, that these Kieo Trade newspapers aro not united
among tliemselvos. 'IIkv nrc," in fact, in the same position as onr polilieni clLir.ieters in rariiainent. not unittid iTV any oniumon
prinoipl", It not from ii ennraon want of prineipio:— " fiu: .VictRuiev HisrtiTK. — As llio inisiiiulciNimiding which ia alleged to bare
sprung up lietwcon tlie Kiiglish and American C.nveinnients, in referenee to tITe eluiiii of sovercigntv set up fiy tlio state ol Nicaragua
to tho Mos<iui|() teiTilory, may lead to soino serious (ll|i|oiiia(ie djIHeiilties lieroaftee, it \i very (lesiialile fli.it Knglislimon should
Have a correct notion ot the faoU involved in the dis|iiite. We haVe, thoreloiv, copied from tho (.;../.,■ of 'riiuridiiy last a very able
artiele in n-ply to one wlneh appoami in tho 7i.iic. of thi preceding dav, and in wlucli tlio facts wctfi very niiieh distorted, with the
ovldeiit design of assailiii- Lord I'almerston. It i«, in. iced, greatly to bo regretted that an iiillneiilial journal like the Times should
bo so liir wnrpeil by ii lutler personal animosity, as to disregard not only justic? and luirncss towards the individual, but even the
honour and nellaie ol llie eoiiiilry."— fhe .\lanchr>,rr (;„„rd,a.i of Satnidav. iJltli Nov., 184!l. This character of tlie Times is
tolcratiiy well lioriie out l.y the following from a late hIkt of the f:.leriir /.', ei.o r and Tnivdih*!. Si rriiAOK is loudly demanded if for
Bo otlier purpose than to render it possible to have our politieal |i:iriies plaeed beyond the control ot the l.on.lon Money Market and
lU organ tlie 7imr« :_" To gay noihing of tho more notoi ioiislv imnionil portion of our(iress, suiii junnials as I lie Times nn a standing
reproacli to the countrv, and could not maintain their position for a neck, if the stale of our [iiiljlie mind were hoiuiiI and healthy.
Able, but unprincipl( d ; with vast lewurees, but destitule of coiiseienee : nl one le.onient siip|Mes-ing tinlli, and at nnollior unbtush-
inglv ^'iviiig ntlrrance to l|i.s ; pmidorinu to the lyrani of the dav. whoever tlial Ivrnnt' niav lie ; oppo.ing everv generous and phi-
lantliroine selieino willi viTuleiice so long as lliere is ii hope of rnisliinu it. and tlieii e inteniplililv joining Us ranks, and claiming to
Share ils trmniplis ; nd'-plini; the pnlrioiisin onlv 1 1 serve die pnrp ih,n of pnw. )■ ; I'.e seeming 'li ieiiil, Init the bitter enemy of the
,-jluui:,,lJid,iiiiMJiaMui4 i. tU<wly tWtfiiw^ «t< d4)i.-rrpMwi y tTfmtrhtmi-.- y
;>*%'*'?' , ■ "■'
-li-swl*'
le
* i
^^^'I^E^SAI^SUPFRAG^^ ,,^, ^,3 3^ ^^^^^^ ^^^"^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^
;?VL""'.P'"f ""Pyrtant question will, me Ims^waya ?'!'"' by '"PlJl'es f.ori, the colonies and other rccfpioeatinffcoun-
— to be reduco.1 or not. by th s | ''"^i. ''f ' "f }'<-<^P -lo"'n the price of wheat to that of I ?X
stem ? And so de<.idcdly did I l"P^)'f^ market-say 45s per quartcr-1 have no objectrons to
• iuta nf Mr if ^" ''" "^' '"^' »'■ """«»»' *»•»* they know, of
?^.J; ii-'' "J^'f T*"*"" ""^ "y'e™. <"• eondition of trade,
commared with what under another law wonid be the wage, (meal
5^m v^a"'"p''""","'^ "f commodities they will procure), 'm
iXen^-'t^-^^ir""'^ ^"""^ ^"^ «^'Se Bentinck'had no
« d,^rnfiv« 7 1.; ?■"«»»»' of honour, lio wouia not hkvo given
fl,„T^?> 7^'""*/° '"" "'0 cause nearest his heart (and that was
hnmT.oL^r"!i''J'";r *'>''l'i''«, <^1«"«»). far ''om being «uUty Tf a
a,TAri«. ttf r " "^'"^ 'r-'"i '"^^ "'" political economists.
S^M^Hon thi'?^-^*°T Bentinck, meant the str.-vightforward
S^STs wlcit ,fr!." '^'**'"- '""'JL'' "f"" 'he poor ".an a balance
iinfMnJ^u' '*"■ P''oe'"."'e the same quantity of food and
doH^ing His grasp of mind enabled Kim to dissever the dross
a««J; *""* ■"' "^^ "'fi'^ent,; and ho saw that the only way
for fhi- 1° ™"? ™S'" "1' *° •""■'•'•« '*« "«'»''«'• »/ tU bidder,
for the labour of our medhinies and mannfftctniinK ponuUtion
^r^a? vZT"'?^ '"/"S'- '!?''." "lotUerof „.ore waVsfand tl^
"KMrLo^Jv'"""/''!'' "'H'S''- l?ei8lation reaHy can Effect) is
Hove tT17 -"ot price This increased employment, we bc-
ri?nn:. 1 . .V" """"^ '^'"'" honcfltting the emploijer; of labour (as
Woscd to the mere employer of mbntu), orf in otheV worTs n-
SHoVvdoin'^i'*^ to en,plovnriti8l,ibour ; and tMrw^'can
SS our inL ^'^ """^ '^'^ h'g hfing influence of the fomisn trade
^n, li'^'?'^/""* Eiyer circu ut on. TIJIS IS I'U ACTICAI I Y
,T0 RErUDIA'MpoLlTICAL ECONOMY. Wo have no wish
^wav ,?»l^^ "''' **° "I"^^' "":' '"'"hing system, and thus, by doing
?™7„mnn„ "•■ ".at'on«l.en.ploymcnt. be the ijistrument of discon-
E "cu^tL" TiH"''?''."""'. ■"??*=' "1''. oventually of revolution
Ve^uVJtit*^ fortunate thing, this can never excuse Sir R.
whJch^f fi 1*," '''f"!? ' "'^'l ^''regard of the constituencies,
mMt valued Zf?!: ?"^"" 'T "'" •';'"'""••'' 't« hest secured anj
voSl^ivhn I ""°,"^; 1"'' oyen, the crown itself, although no
3 M,/ r ^''" ''ft«l, "gainst these at the hustings f Nor
Seh- inllt"; '^'"" °' ^'"' <=<»"ti""^ncies (which showed that
the independence was gone, and that the countiv could have
S ' !!»( .1 '^ ^^^ '"'"• "» " ""''f '« «aved, from pum.k.
«ifn<. liut the more important r-'- ■ ' - '^ - ~
De«n: is tho national employment 10 ut
iT/ oLi'Ti""""""' ^'''^ '^''''"''-'' »5'«tom r A'iurso"d«"idedly did
flffimar/^i Z) T e^P"'™™ of hiisiuess, answer this in the
Sat7d wi^h tin '" ?"'' ^nsolat on 1 had was one which origi-
Sationlniavnl .?''""• ""'»'^,'-' ",S ?o much of the talent of the
ite own overTh^^ ," '""T™ "'""'' ' ^"'^ """' inevitably work
princlnlA In ,^1™™ *""■ ™"""' "'"'™'-'', to,-, an atheism, and not a
KiV^wTr""'?'; ""*,."'""" 0' »y«'<^'o oannot strictly
t^n I ..^er ol" M^'ir"''-^ '?"''l ■"" "^•oi'' f'-'f'ing ™o.o strongly
i««A A """''' otherwise have done, that there U a principle
TJiliZ ZZhV^. "•" '""■''' •''■^^' "'0 '"«"onco of human 'le-
C * Tnl^f^i'^'T" •""" "I"'-" t^nporarily defy, but cannot
Sack tbaMM • V''^' "ir™"^'" "*■'•'"? 'o Lord George Uen-
HouMs o? 1 n ^.,„"''.*^'"-.V ^T,"* '- ""'' ■■''' 'ho members of both
w^ to LV^in »■? • 'I'"' "" ""^ 'constituencies at their back.
S^r R P^Tl^f'Ti'" """I^ "'", "'" irreciprocal Free Trade
^Tr^i I 1 '• ai'.wonld not do. 1 then (early in 1816) suoko
AdA^XekV"'' »''0„gly; and if i,\ thL"lette?l to'the
Unsui^e t'nn V 1 ^ T J'"" Concluding, 1 have appeared to use
litheTner.i;^ '"•''"'/"'' "-''o Occasion, I feel sure this will not
oe tne general opinion two voai-s hence
CouldX redMl°.„"l''''?r''r','! "."""" 'h»' no honest or good man
was tb^n,. e/, ^^ ""' f""'-"-'™ of political economy: for this
Ce L ""^ ""; "rf "'""•"'" '»"" of ""c '^^I'nrfh to which I
iiWnV..- honour to belong, »lm was also, perhaps the fin". 1'
Zri: TutZuT- ^T\"^ "'« oon.piritors o'f'the m^j'
Scactsnf .1, ■H"'V' "'>''"1>. orgies ov,.,- that grossest of all
181(^vcr 1 ,? !l ""' ^'•ooon.ists-.Sir U. I'^l's money bill of!
Dr Ch^lmnr, ^- . 'it""' r '"""""cinK the public minA, which i
to sav v^Avi o'Ul'osul,j,.ctof politiralccouomy ; and, itrango
rf the VorVln f , ^'7' ""r^ ■"'"'' Pf"" tod into a distrust
Hve^l forir 1'"''^'' ';"■ "'""" " '""■" '■'• "■■^i'' 'hat he had '
"(at ;„7 ;'"/,(,ra/ eco„o„w, .,. ,om„c,i,.n with ,he moral ,
.(ajc «n / mora( ,,ro.,,,...^ „/ ,„„>,„, „... Ii„,i (lu, following .-
posite fo^ a n ? '"■■,'"" "? Snarantoe, but, wo doubt, the op-
wZuTn^ >„'''''™' •'"'"'"' oeonomy. Tnis is A sl^k, r L j
"Oj'i , and the very admission mln I'arlianienl of so Inrm nn
Sn.rand';!"'""'.'?"'" )'Hi"l«ti»n. "" -very topic where' the
SMWing and tl,,. substantial int.iests of the country nie at vari-
ance. -\oui- obedic.it iH. mble servant .^ Isaa. liu, ha.nan
WriEX ARK (;ORNr)Vi;iKS I'AII) iIyI'IIK roHK.lCNK R '
Sir 1. 1 ''■ ''■''"'"' "/ "<'■ -^'"'"i liriKrh Daily Mail.
TOU wiiriii '"*' "' ""'^i •'^■"'''"« •!'<■ 'Kvclopn.ent of the truth,
you will allmy nic tu make a few leiuarkB on the subject of the
»acondl«adinff article in yournumber of to-day. I, of course am
Tn* J""!"','"''*. '**"■ »"<*• I helieve, will alwa» b^f/!?'
"7n^:^r9S"tLf=±i^tS£S
what It ,s and that our politicians of both siJrwere „ ,do„&
ly philanthropists, and could afford to have nn nil?.- VTi • * '
reZi'Ml' "'" "'".-''on of the^oHdntlirsI^s.Te e* votrstiU
remain the question of the best means of attaining their DatriotiJJ
P"/Po»o: anJit i» only on this high ground. .Zl not ffilS
=fo^?its'iS;s"^r ^--•'^^'"-» ^^^^^
the con'^umofu"' n" """ "■ " ^''•A"?'"^!' o/wheat in this country
t e consumer would p,iy a rise in price cquivaleiit to the duty ba
■^ke and as^li':^"' "'''i?'" "?, '"'Port- I a?l>uit this for argument
wlwf,; H^„ as being quite willmg.to concur in having free import'
but -t sM« Hm^ . ?' "r/>"'« ,"'" P'ioo o( a fin mXt •
uut, at s!l»o time. 1 deny that it is the duty ittelf which directly
ncreascs the price, or that, in a time of scarcity. wCtwhict
lad paid no import duty would sell forless than " wheat which hS
pa I 8s per quarter to tho Revenue. It being the law of sunX
stock 0'" whi 1 we T"^'^ '■''«"''"'=», ">« P'-^« of aHieles"7l2
Li!o», 1 , "° ohiefly grow ourselves, the same quantity of
wheat, whatever ,t cost the holder, will have the Tm^ cS in
on v^Z^'nT"",' T'^ "■" ad^i^-ion I make abo"e, amounto
wnnii . acknowledgment that tho consumer in this country
mcvrnt^he." l^V '"Shor price from tho import dutrdTd ?t
pievent the stock being increased to a full supply.
My argiiment therefore, againu free import, beinq for the ad-
vantage of the labouring classe.. comes only into play wh7n we
have a well supplied market ; (independently of supplies of XI?
for which we shall have to pav au/ay oo^ci, thus cxtirnatinfftliB
Bank facilities of this eouutVyl ; and it^urWrne-grow E of Xif
aided by supplies from theoolnni«» «.„l„.i,o„ f 1,-Jj^r"^^'
jpplied niarket-say iSa per quarter-I have no objections to
aonn to t lat ot a lull market ; .is it appeals to mo monstmns *n
suppose that the farmer should bo aXw^d to benefit bT'o^
being Scarce But t argue that the price of wheat in a fuUy
supplied market-say 45s_indicates the lo,oe.t pHc7at\ohcTil
can be .old to eoverthe direet and indirect ta^ration, local m
trisiTan"ev[r'„'"^ll"'r "»>""'?■.»"'' that a fall in price below
this m an evil to .1 I classes, as ruining the agricultural customere
l?n "''''."!''''?""'"'S •■">•' n-ochanical population. Alyprncrpl"
would not lead me to refuse to take wheat from foreign"™ tC
take payment in British goods,' even ,vl,en th. prite i, und^
bfe • N Vl "I'.vl \" V,?>; eo'lfor "heat, in such ca'so, appears to
ine INUI ONL\ TU RUIN '1' IJ K K a R x.f i' if a xr^
TIIRorail llIM, ALI (VtiIERCI ASs/s OETIlk rOM*
m^m!]7.-v?.'':i^„' .' '^ECTLY TO RLUN All CLASSES "b"-
FAC|[ iVlES COUNTRY, AS IN 1847. OF ITS BANK
n„v '.'i •" ."'*''.•''' "!" oalamity of driving the agriculturists to
pay their taxation local and eeneral, as well as their rcn" leS
HenT"',.""' 1"^ "'""■ ""P"*'- "'"'■''y 'hus extirpating profit/ to
^3.^1 '"^ ''""'\'"''''""''"r™P'oy'"«"' of the' co-operation of
capital. It appears to me tFiat wiik.n the price is u.vdei. thai op
A FULL MARKKt, WB MAKE A rilESBXT OF TUE DUTY TO THE FOnKIGS
r .onerEU. 1 think that he will save the Ss which should go t^
the revenue ; the additional fall in price hi. wheat causes is an
apparent saving to the consumer, to stand against his reduc^
employment, and for which it is but an insignificant set off for
fhinl"!' T 1'""'. V'" ■"'"• '" V'*''""P°°' ''''< " I'o 'coulJ got any!
th ng ,n Ireland for srvpenee, but the only question was, how to
get the sixpence i \ou must pardon me if I continue to hold
these views as long as 1 continue to hold that the only regulator
ot the puce ol bieadstulls is the U,r 0/ .upply ^nd demand In'
deed, 1 am persuaded that al will yet eomo ti see that, when our
l.iovision niaikcts are 80 ful as that wlieiit has fallen 5s per
quailer below that which a lull supply woulU indicate-say to 40g
-the lorciguer imporliiig wheal, instead of getting Ids, to cover
h s 8s import duty, would actually get less than 40s by the
aimiuut of the la 1 in piiee «h,eh his additional quantity of wheat
brings about in the British markets. 1 led eonlidont that, in the
case I allml.. lo-whiei is now about becoming the experience of
this eountrv-lhe loieisner.would, out of his own pocket, pay tho
Rs duty, were siicli imiioscd, and have it in his power only to Uko
away gold to the extent of 329 (instead of 40s with free iraporU )
-Uuisfaithfullv, Isaac B.,cua!«ii,'
(ilasgow, Jiin. 14, I860.
cent, on the i.ioduee aiil ninriiilL ,• s ,l' .^ t Is^^^^ ^ " '*' '""'f'''' P"'"o"of our taxation ; and by levying 1,^ Lr
the produce of every co. ntiTl"^^^ ".",,""'' '"^ l'^'"'^ "''''""."', '<T'i'™''V' <»'■ """''l take ./.."./r*,
T
4,
t
!■"■'■' >^?5Sfff^PI*''
: EMPIRE.
r. I, of conrve, am
always b»s-aii ar-
idustry ;" Ijut thig,
>e greatest amonot
not productive of
mybelicf that the
iropy, <Ito. ibc. • •
sro difforent from
« were undoubted-
no oilier object m
there would atiU
ing their patriotic
und not with the
1840, persisted ia
ur view, that th«
import duty erf
»« in this country
nt to the duty ba
lis for argument's
ving f^ree import*
)1 a full market ;
elf which directly
ity, wheat which
'wheat which had
the law of supply
B of articles, tte
Biimo quantity of
sarao cil'cct in
1 above, amounts
• in this country
iport dutydid ft
y.
beinri for the ad-
to play when wo
supplies of wheat
extirpating the
growth of wheat,
iprocating coua-
) that of a fully
no objections to
is again brought
nQ monstrous to
benefit by food
ivlieat in a fully
>ricc at which it
ixation, local as
1 in price below
iltuial customers
My principles
foreigners that
« jirke 13 under
case, appears to
:.MEH, AND,
OF THE COM.
CLASSES, BY
:)F ITS BANK
igriculturists to
their rents less
lating profitt to
co-operation of
1 u.vDKii riiAi op
to THE FOIIIIGM
L'li should go to
^ut causes is an
list his reduced
Nint set off, for,
c could get any-
ion was, how to
Jiitinuo to hold
3 only regulator
(/ ilfmanii In-
tliat, when our
^s lalleh 6s per
'all — say to lOs
ig IBs, to cover
«n 403 by the
lantityof wheat
cut that, in the
e experience of
pocket, pay tbo
m- only to take
1 free imports.)
lC BliCUAMAN.
niibic our taw-
levying Ifl iier
take ./uiJi' frte
\\ — see page 0. )
lid not l)u able
ek in*' price")
lonevlord.
«
-i'''?-"Tr' w.f»ss^
T
4,
i
. THE CRISIS OP SIR ROBERT PEEL'S MISSION ;
Ilia ASSEBTION OP THB GMNIpdTB.VCB OP PaRLTAMEXT
r.7ir=£f? ='""''• "="'=^-^^^^^^^
UNIVERSAL SUFFliA(iE.
Colonics and our supremacy
SirfCv fwJ iTC BEsr oa ZZvZZZl?^'"'' s."K..n,x„ riiK Lahoub a.o Fixhb PnoPEntT op xn^ Cou.vTRt Pno« the
WD, WITHOUT ThIv^iL Sm R I'HE, WRXlZf ^Lv^^^^ '''"' """'•""^"^ '» THE ExECUT.V^.X THESE DATS 0' KeVOLOTION ;
TINOK, OR LIKE W luIm Pitt at ti^k helm pT« t,?,! ..T"""" "" n"'" "*" * "*" "'"'^" *' ^^»^ '■»" ■« Lord Georoe Ben!
WIDENING op the FrIncII Se' WnBTnE,l^v~;„K^,u^ n K T ^'"l, Co-f'TITUrlON HAS INVAniABLY DEE^ STRENOTHBNED BT THE
THE Navigation Law w .ST 'e womc op Oliveb f'i^w7„ v?. t,*!'"; ''""■'.'" '• "" """ ""'"' "=<"=" '^■"'<'"» «'"" ^"^ ^B"
wBi«T IN Tu^'t^N^ i^s"^ Bi=,-r^ir ^.^:^^= -\yEni^- ^^'ii^Ri^p^r^-^ -^"^ —
FROM THE NEWSPAPER WRITINGS OF
ISAAC BUCIIAf^AN,
PORMERLT PRBSIDENT OP THE U0ARD3 OP TRADE OP TORONTO AND 'll.uIII.TON, C. W., AND MEMUKB FOB TOBONTO, THE THEN UBTBOPOLU,
IN THtf PIHST PAULIAMEKt OF UNITKl) CANADA.
hi» nwJte?! " ''!*"? '^ purely democratic in it.s tendency. It fosters in.histry, and enables tfio poorlnan, who has nocapital, but
SWfid nnt fi,r /h""/"'"'!. '? J""' '>■'•■■»' " ^""nd, in his own sinews, fo .icnuiie a»>oiupetcncy to support and educate his family. It is de-
£win^ Mh.,1 u V .1 "■""' '"""y;, "'"' """'«'' '' "■'" ^-^ P'-'-lucfve of Iho common good, its peculiar blessings will fall upon the
lapouring classes, but there is a sort of looseness in the phrase ' I'lro Trade,' which rendera this discussion embarrassing. The advo.
Snwion, Vnm i! ""' '«","'^ '' s"«>eient precision what they mean by the phrase. If they mean that we should take off all re-
wWh »m Jl^^^'^T."' y'le""^''. other nations do or not, it is one tiring ; but if they mean that wo should do it towards those nation!
tnStf nnf ^7 P'^»to t '? f"™"'-. 't '8 qii'te another thing. But tl(b phrase iiwst imply a trade which is mutually beneficial, or it
Tv!.L ,,;;f J i I "" i'""*'^ "■■ '™'''' ""*• " mutually unrestricted and niutunTtV beneficial, that is a good reason for rejecting it.
n»*t„na h ■ sumcient proliciency in the science of political non-resistance to advocate a system of trade which enriches other
♦ho «!;„«■ ""P<'*''";'s'""g "'• I cannot consent to open our ports, duty free, to those nations which throw everv embarrassment in
uio way 01 our commerce. My political creed does not require mo to love other nations better than my own. But if Free Trade im-
¥f tL M'^u ;'°* r ' ™*''J,nt''Reoii.8, I am willing to adopt it ; but lliit can never be done by taking off all cojnuiercial restHctiom,-
iL« w 00 mutually benehcial, it must not only impiv a feciprocitu m commercial regulations, but a similarity in condi-
mm. tve, as a nation, are peculiarly situated. Wo are separated from the Old World by distance, and by the nature of our instittt-
^nitfi; ■i"i!^vric'"^rf t???!'!''.*V" '"■ """ our citizens-are fivcmen, and are labourers. THE NATURE OF OUR INSTITU-
RFMrTNh'^iJATTnv rn^^VwT'h,J CLASSKS, AND TO SECUIJE TO THE LABOURER AN AMPLE
■mZrM^ir.,\- }', ,"'^ '^'L- Jl'maiaesthe price of labour-IT MAKES THE LABOURER A MAN. So long as
AflnTv 1 "'''.""'■ nat'onal characteristie, by protecting our own industry, uur country will be pvospcrons. But let the pleasing Tmt
W vr.!.r, " V f "T r, obtain in our land— let that policy niuler which wo have grown up and prospered be abandoneii; and
wi us open our ports to the fabrics of those nations who.se hardy l.bouiei-s can obtain but a shilling a day, and board themselves, and
' ■"' " "^ ' ' 'istress which would ensue. When our navigators are d '
Is and their workshops, and aHaio compelled to cultivat
igni. nave agricultural products, but wo should lifive no market. Be-
U requires no spirit of prophecy to predict the embarrassment and distress which would ensue." When our navigators are driven
worn tne ocean, and our manulacturcrs and mechanics from their mills and their workshops, and allaio compelled to cultivate the
»U, the beauties of Iree'lrado would bo realized. Wo might have agrici ^ . . . .•■
nrO DEPENDENT UPON OTHER NATIONS Poll MANT OF THE COMFORTS OF LIFE, ANU AT THE SAME TIME DEFRIVKD OF A MARKET FOR OUR PRODUCE,
WE SHOULD DE COMPELLED TO TOIL FOR A MERE PlTTANrE, AVI) SUOILD, LIKE TaNTALUS IN TUB FABLE, I'KttlSII IN THE MIDST OP AORlCULTU-
BAL PLKNii. — Ironi llunf, New York Merchnntt' .U,.,a;ine. v
likj » dcmocraeics, \yhoro the right of makin" Laws resides in the people at large, public virtue and goodnciis of intention is more
UKOiy to be lounU than in either of the other (|ualitics of Gftvcrnment.' I'opular assemblies arc frequently fooli.sh in their contrivance,
MQ wealt in Uieir cxe<vtion ; but generally mean to do the thing that is right and just, and have always a degree of patriotism or
puuuc spirit. — Jltackstone.
♦K J™'", "'0 Pi'ldished conversation of a French gentleman, '(at Claremont. in November 1848), with Louis Philippe, late King of
ino rroneU :-- (.ontleman.— But the expression of I.afavetto, ' Sire, you will be the best of Republics !' King-.— This was not said
*h t! ;.■■)' ii- '• ■ '^ *''"''* previously at the Palais Royal, ami far from leaving it without reply, I iiumodiately added : Not
irl!T,:"-'^''!'.. '!'.''• 'of.tlie very best is Rood for nothing. ' Well, then,' added (ieueral' LaCajettc, ' a Monarchy surroundad by
'a .Monarchy surrounded by Ilepiiblican institutions, 1 approve of — a Republic, No!"
Ah ! Yes ! said 1,
From Cooper's Residence in Fiance, in 1832 :— " Laiavette frankly adiiiitted, what iill no*stcm\lispo8cd ta arimit, that it was
Blauit not to liavo made sure of the i.i.«/iVii(i'..,i.< before the King was nut upon the throne. . .
Ho aihrmed, however, that it was much
Republican institutions ?'
•■ Coo.H
, to ha ^ _^
caeior to assert the wisdom of taking this rireeaution, than To iiavea.loi'iu'J it in fact.
llus and the above quotations go to show that had (he legislation been Republican, Louis Phittppe could not have lost France
KB monaiehy ; while from the following, (the best-inlbrmed view of the present state of Franee that has been published,) it seems
pro^We we may soon have an example there of the state of things, w liieh IWI's unprincipled course must inllict on England, nolens
fauwlt ■'^ ''"'''"'"'' '".iloed, such is the state of France, that the cxcreisc of the supremo power repels more than it attracts, and the
lOftQlng statesmen ol the nation have shown more anxiety to escape li-om the responsibility of. so arduous a position than to rescue
jneireouiitry from iiisiirmountablo dangers at the cost of thelE own reputations. *•••''" It is charac-
I^i L"..„i°.''.""l,'j'"" »'''.'. I'l^l^ailing in Fiance, that the most opposite and inconsistent political doctrines are expressed with
„« „. . ._ 1 . . . , . ,, |.pgp^,j puldi^.ly 4is|ilayod by the partisans of t' '
T "/ <■ V" V " ■"""""■'• """' "- " I" me exliTme thooiics of the democratic Republic.
An most ol the departments an impression prevailed favourable to the revision of the Constitution
partisans of the late dvtiasty, or to thu claims
" , - ^' — — ""'" ">'"' i'iv*""i"g 1" I ranee,
eaual openness ; and the nation is less adverse to the regret publiclv displayed by the
Ota still more formidable Pretender, thah it is to the exliTme thooiics of the democ
JJtt most ol the departments an impression prevailed favourable to the revision of the Constitution, but none undertook to affirm
foJ'f.L'"'''.! ■"''"''''"*'''''"*'''''' ought to bo carried, or what rt'sult they should produce. • • • • • Some
tl "rii '"■"'™.' ''"'r"!'* openly professed the doctrines of the Red faction. In none was there any striking or decided manifesta-
won ot IJonapartist, opinions, or any personal homage to the imperial pretensions of the President. Nevertheless, it is still the opi-
nion ol man^ ot the most profound and cxperienecd observers of the French nation, tliaL with the assistance ol opportunity and of
iwuno an imitation of the Fnipire is the next transl'oiination we arc destined tl) witiiesT. • • », • W The urgent
want ol money lor the support of this (|uasi-royalty— the claims of n neeily and ambitious f.iiiiily— and pcrliiti)s eventually the atti-
ynao ol a powerlul Opposition in the Assembly, will precipitate the crisis ; and as Louis Napoleon has fully succeeded in maintain-
ing his popularity with the army, it is possible that in the hour of action that powerful instrument may again decide for a time in
favour ol ail Imperial dynasty.— TtiBM,
< CONTENTS.
{I do not place here the headings of the particular article.', but a list of the important points which I have laboured in theM
and all my other writings, to get the public to consider before, like the French, we roiuire to say, " it is now too late."]
I. Th« principles of the PoUtital Economists, into whose hands Sir Robert I'eel has betrayed the interests of British labour, most
soon lead to the starvation not only of our working men, but of all our industrious classes, and of men with fixed property
which is encumbered with debt.
II. No opposing or native industry party can be formed, as things now stand, because the friends of the working classes are divided
by the Church Question, and dare not trust each other with power ; so that the removal out of the way of church establish-
ments is made.impcrative by Sir R'. Peel's treason to native industry.
III. Therefore — the immediate adoption of Democratic Legislation or the responsibility of our Legislative Acts being transferred to
the entire people, (as the only possible means of "doing away the obstacles to a union of the friends of the lalMur, as opposed
to the money-power) is synonymous with preserving t;Jio Crown and saving this country from political confusion, even if Peol'i
assertion of the»omnipotcnce of^arliiinient were not equivalent to an announcement oI^Univehsal Suffbaoe.
Details of some of the measures which would come to bo adopted under Universal Sufti-itgo for the well-being of this country'*
industry — being the antipodes of the teachings of political economy, or " the science of cheapness ;" the public having at
length come to see that Cheap Commodities and Low Wages are the Greatest Imi'Oshio.v on the industry of a country, al
^T just in truth meaning dear money, — or, money increased in exchangeabU value, not from the superabundance of British pro-
\ ductions, but from our supply of inonoj continuing limited by Law I ami from uiit.ixed foreign labour monopolising our pre-
clous metals — that greatest of national calamities.
IV.
'\
\
; i.
< it
■I
PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FAJAL COURSE.
The Ex-PnRMiER has left us in a condition worse than foi.itical chaos, as HAvixo nonnED us of our Principles. Even ihb
PRINCIPLE that SBLF-PRESEHVATION IS THE FIRST LAW OF NATURE HAS BEKN REPUDIATED: AND URmSH POLITICS 11 WE liEEN REDUCED
INTO THE TWO ORIGINAL ELEMENTS OP ALL NATIONAL POLITICS— THE LAnOUR-POWER AND THE MoNET-POWER. ThE LABOUR-roWER MUST
COME TO BE REPRESENTED BY SoCIAL ECONOMISTS, OU PRACTICAL MeN, OU PATRIOTS, THE CHARACTER OF WHOSE LEGISLATION WILL BB
THAT IT TAKES THE riHCUMSTANCES df OUR OWN SOCIEIV INTO ACCOUNT I THE Mo.NEY-POWER BElNO REPRESENTED BV POLITICAL ECONO-
MISTS OH Cosmopolitan Theorists; who would have this country legislate for the world, while they view Political Sciewcs
AS A SYSTEM OF PURE MATHEMATICS, OR, AT BEST, ONE FOR THE CREATION OF WEAtffU, WITHOUT ANY REGARD TO ITS DISTBIDUTION.
" Capital has usually had the power to lake care of itself, and does not require the aid of Congress to place it in any other
position, than to put the labour in motion. Congi-css should legislate for the labour, and the capital will fake cnre of itself.
" * • * The Free Trade of the Political Economists of Great liritaiu is a transcendental philosophy, which
is not likely to be adopted by nny government on the face of the Globe, unless it U6 the Chinese, and we have already the earnest
of the effect of low duties in the internal condition of that country. Tlio Trade of that Empire is fast approaching to barter ; the
precious metals having been drained, to pay for the foreign products introduced into it."
Pamphlet of the Honourable Abbott Lawrence of Poslon, lately appointed the American Ambassador to the Court of London, pub-
lished early in 1810, in opposition to the piop(l)U to upset the Tariff of 1843, being letters addressed to the Honourable William
Rives of Virginia, lately appointed Ambassador to France. These valuable lottefs are at page 17 of the Appendix.
" There arc many who impute the commercial crises of the I'nited States to their paper and banking systems ; but there can be
no doubt that^ie evil originatcd'in the ' Conipioniise Bill' (183'J), in consequence of which America's imports soou'cxcccded her ex-
ports, and the I'liited States became dcbtois to England for several hundred niilliosis of dollars, which they were unable to cancel by
their exports. The proof that these crises must chiefly be ascribed to the excess of imports lies in the fact, that they invariably
occurred in times of great influx of foreign manufactures in consequence of a reduced tariff; and that, on the contrary, they never
took place either in time of war, when few irnporU could take place, or wlien, by the high import duties, the exports hud been
brought into just proportion with the imports." • • • • • " A similar phenomenon presented itself in /iiMma.
Soon after the war in 1815 there arose a teacher of the Froe-Trado theory, a certain Storch, who taught in Russia what Say did in
France, and Dr Smith in England, viz., that lialance of Trade is a mere iihantom, a chimera engendered in the disordered brain of
the teachers of the mercantile system. Government gave that Free Trade system a fair trial, until the Chancellor of the Empire,
Count N'csselrode, declared, in an Ofticial Circular of 1821, ' That Russia linds herself compelled by circumstances to adopt an inde-
pendent system in commerce, as the raw productions of the country find but an indifferent market abroad, the native manufacturers
arc boioming ruined, all the ranAy cash is going abroad, and the most solid luereantHe houses are about to break.' In a few weeks
afterwMiila the now protective Tarill' was issued, and ihe bencliclal consequences soon manifested themselves. Capital, talent, and
mecli.'uueal industry soon louiid their way into Russia from all parts of the civilized world, and more especially from England and
Genniiny. Nothing' more was Iieard llieie of coniineicial rri-cs, caused by ovci-trading^ the nation has grown prosperous and the
manufactures are llunrishing." — I)r List's li.er Jnm-imtitmaU' llandct.
" Mr Cohden and the political eeonomi>^t«, like tlieir puiiil .Sir Robert I'ecl, persist in that most fatal of all legislative heresies,
that a country should bo k'{;islat<'d I'nr as a coji.-uiHcr iiist<'a(l of as a proiliftr. I'lieir argument, that this country would pay as a
general role the lixill duly cm coin were siieh imposed I and not the foreign producer of the corn), proceeds entirely on the assump-
tion ofan exceptional ease. In delianee of all the facts, tliey begin by assuming' that this country, aided by hor colonies and reeipro-
catini; countries, eould not grow a sufhekncv of Iboil for her population I and then they assume that the pVico abr^id is as great as
the iiriec here, concealing that Ihe cause of this is our being iiurchasers in the markets of irrecijirocatiug countries in comei/uence of
there being no import duty in this ecjimtry. Thus by the alisenct ol the import duty they produce (call into existence) the fact on
which tliey found tlieir argument, that the I'lreigii grower dors not pay the llritish duty, for l,ow nvuhl he said his mliecit to Jlritain
tn .}■ t Aos n'hfu lir '-'Tm -/cr -1 '.* "' h"m'' ! 'i'lH' I'cader will easily see that it is one national iniatuation that has raised the price abroad,
HO as to give a Sfcuihlanee of plausihility to this jiriinmeiit. It will also he perceived tliat, in any case, this argument is of any value
only while the quaiility of food in this country i.i ini7'r the coiis\iniption ; for supposing the sujiply of our own growth, aide^l by our
Co'.oi.ies and by reeiproeatiiii; eonntiiis, to he equal to onr consumption, and the price to be -t^s jier quarter, the I'oi'eiiincr whose
price at iiomo is also lis would pay the -Ss dift y did such ( xlst, so that luitliiii;; but his necessities oi' a surplus, would induce him to
send wheat heie while the price in his own country i we mean, of course, inc luding IVei;;ht and charges to Uritain) is over .'ITs. Uut,
we g( t quit of all Mr ('cd>dcu's m.\»tiliealions l.y keeping tin' simplest conunon sen.sc position, again frankly assuring him that we are
as fur as he can be IVom de-iriiij to see the price of food eiiliance<l in consec|uence of the supply not being equal to the consumption,
but to meet this c.rc.'/jd'oii.i/ case, the way is to charge no duty when the bU|qily is deficient, indicated a.s this would be by the priM
rising al)n\e the price which a full market would giAc, say ■i5H. \\*hy, in the name ul' common sense (under tht; ple.'i of meeting- sUCh
cxccpiioiial case), should wcM'xtirpiIti: the a;;rii'nltural cnstonicrs of our mannf'iicturing and artizaii popuhition, by peruiitting tlia
free intnKluction of food (after our supply is full i by foreigners, who refuse to take in exchange the labour of our nuinnfacLuring or
mining districts >" — From my answer to Mr I'obden on the (iuestiou of a Fixed Duty on Corn, dated '20th July, 181S).
' Our Colonics are passing fi-om us before we liav
learned tlm use of them," — ^i><-cr«lor.
mdon the futile attempt of arriticially mnlntainiii'.; high prices under the an-
le nuldie, and take an amnio, but fair protecting tiuty, with open ports,
iirdens imposed on the produce of corn in this country, to which the con-
" Let inc implore, therefore, tin; landowners to ah;
cient standard ; let them make a timely eomproniisc with tin
on the admission of foreign corn — a duty e(|uivuh nt to the i>ur
suiners of corn are einniliy lialdo ; and, on the same pnnciplis, a drawback on exportation maybe obtain, d. This cuneesiiiun will win
back the friendly feelings idtlie pcojile ; and let not the hindowiiers lose this great advantage ; let them rivet the gratitude of the
community to their ca\is(^ ; let them ( xerl all Ihcii- jiowcr, and insist (Ui the revision of .\lr I'et I's Act of IHH) — an Act no less fatal
to the landowner th in to the jiaycr of tuxes— an Act now ahoul to come into lull (qiemtion— an Act which, from its first inti-oduction,
goaded the peo|de to insurrection ; ami the r. luniing inllueiu'e of »hieli li.is not failed to |iroduee thv same alarming eonsciiuenees.
Here the landowneis may with ^at'efy i iak<' their stjilnl ; the position is impregnalile ; the payers of taxes, the prrMluctive cla.snes, are
reuil) to dffeud it ; substantial justice is on oui' side', and who are they that are against us ! — the ■Vnm.i'^axtb. the I'uniihui.debs, and
i
*«.ji|n.w»Hi,^**«n*(iB
PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FATAL OOtRSE.
bonred in theM
9h labour, mast
fixed property
let are dividtd
lurch eatnbliall-
g transferred to
)our, as opposed
1, oven if Peol'i
if this country'i
ubiic having at
of a country, at
! of British pro-
lolising our pre>
LEs. Even thi
IlEEN RBDDCBD
lun-rowER Mnai
II.ATION WILL BB
OLITICAL ECOKO-
UTICAL SCXEWCS
JIION.
it in any other
a cnre of itself,
ilosopliy, which
!ady the earnest
: to barter ; the
>f London, pub-
>urable William
X.
tit there can be
icecded her ex-
l)le to ciincel by
they invariably
nry, they never
ports hiid been
tselfin Iliutia.
rhat Say did in
rJcred brain of
)f the t<:nipire,
I adopt an inde-
manufacturers
In a few weeks
tal, talent, and
in England and
spcrous and the
lativc heresies,
ivuiild pay as a
n the assump-
es and recipro-
I in as great aa
conH^'/iwuce of
c«) tho fact on
>lieu( to tSritain
pi'ice abroad,
in of any value
I, aiile^l by our
Dioiiiiier whose
induce hiiu to
iver .')7s. Hut,
lini that n'c are
e consumption,
bii by till! prise
]f meeting such
perniilting ttie
iiiiifaciuring or
B under the an-
■ith open ports,
whieli the con-
I'csi/ion will win
ralitudc of the
t no less fatal
it intixidiiction,
; <.'onHe(|Ucnces,
live classes, are
.1111101. UBBs, and
'\
\
j
1
tiie EcoNOMisiB ; a body which the landowners, if true to themselves, and in concert with the DeonU «.nnnf r.:i .jr.,, »
Jame> Graham' > Pamphlet on Com and Currency, publUhed in 1827. «"•'«"» "»" me people, cannot fail to defeat."— flir
' l'?>'^Fr'^ "*® house would pay particular attention to tlTe petition which he held in his hand It wn» nf nn „„«.„»„ .
(litha^ofaBreat and important body, all of tho Brst respectability, praying that thL t^|„ti„„TlhLf """^ *''."'I*"-
^ttcd to the house might not bo carried into effect. rTbeggcd cS™ to stetohinniS !hT.h '''''.•T*™ ""«"''ed to
||s of such a measure, lie would add also, that although they were int mately connected with alUh.r'"""'*".."'^ *■".«
™^e country, the most experienced men. and tho best qualified Ln theh coS™n wTth our 1, LLMuresTn^.^ """ "*'■
,.mykad not been exammed by the committee ; he hoped, therefore, that before a measure so degtructrvn „?»h<.? commerce,
j»u. ot the country was passed (and when he said that,'honourable members wo^ld cZclXe^ry^trer nterLt toZ elT"'.'"*^"
those, and to go along with them, tho house would pause awhile, in order to collect tLunformAtLn uh^^l »k °°'"'''".*'' "'*•»
wanted. In looking at the report, which had been p^Mishcd on theeubtct he m^t.aTthatt^^Z,^!^ *'"'' *" P^^cularly
give any information to government, not men acqudilued with the etate o/the rou f.n, • M«' lastmtwhT.Z.jr "°l """ '"'^'l' '^
{/government wanted to arrive at the merits of the ca»e " eountr,/ , me last meh who should have been queetioned.
Prom the speech of Peel's father, the late .Sir Robert i'cel, delivered in the Ilouso of Commons on Hi« Mfh M„, lom •
mg tho potitionaf about five hundred of tho Leading Merchants of the CitrofronHnT^^n^n.t.K i2^' '^^°' '" Vresettt-
Bank Com^tipJe had arrived. It will bo observed^lmt not only is his son°s MonovRilfdennnn^LT" "?!.'"", "' "'""'' *•"•
way in wif^hTt was then being forced on the country tC and th^ iTto S?r R IWI'h ^..?/ ? ,t ' ''"' J*"" ^"^T" ^''''^"^
of Payment ,„ 1826 (with wltieh I shall close the Introductor? Ar^fclen«ght1o pu an^*o the noS th^tl*"" "'"^'"
our irreeoncileable objections to Peel's principles and measures,\o have any |emn& hosUlUy to the R&onouiab"
" And It may not bei«apro;,o» that I here quote the following from my letter in the Glaseow fle/brm«r.' ar,r,tt. „f li.i \, v. '
proving the inestimable value of colonial trade as well as the mioutt fluctuation wmcril Tim.rNTpARAmi rt^L^^^^^^^^^ ^
WITH ALL COUNTRIES WHICH ARE HEYOND THE PALE OP OUR OWN CURRENCY LAWS AND REOULAIIONS • ' I I«f™ ^nWlv ,1 "? OF IBADJ.
iect Of colonial trade to show its infinite superiority over a foreign tratle ra merX man«T.;.zwLT^ '^ '1°/!'!"' "^ ""^ »"'»-
W the official st^atements, of the cports ind iraLts of Great-Britain'in 18« „t 1 rvln^re"aTer ™tr„ykt"?id In";r *^f "T
With Britain and her colonies in the western world, about 60,000 seamen are yearly employed for whom th„n..^?. V I *''* '™''?
cost o( provisions cinnot be less than £3,500,000 per .annum- and the renair; Lnran% AnH r.Tl ™ ^no »»""." ^ '^'^'^''S^""'''
£4,600,000 moie. In the tivade between Britain a'nd ?ndTa'nd Chfna, 7o"oOO se":rn ";„ enip ^^ 7 a^d^L^^'sim llr ra^ .f ?»
wages, provisions ic will amount to £500,000 ; and the replacement of capital and increMe £800 000 fn all fi^wn nnn^ ^^l"
whole, or nc-jrly the whole ot the suppies necessary to maintain these seamen and tonLge.^re IhTpZict^ons of^Rri??»i? ? 'i ^^^
labour, which, in a nationa point of view, shows the sunerioritv of aneh n fr-.,ln r,„,^J ^.'Jtli P"»«etion8 ot British soil and
parison of the trade of tho eastern with that of the we tern Sl."Lking the valuJ^ i "o-"-
From and to China and the East Indies, about £16.000 000 • and from and to IWt^sh North An^^^^ w "?', 1®'"''^ ">i»:—
£14,000,000. It thus anpeai-s that the latter or Britisa ALrici trrdrri,'uiri"'ctfyTve fim^ mo?e shbl tonnaee' a"nH^"'""''*'
to carry it on than tlio/ormer or trade to all India and China ! thereby aSrding an nc^lcu able Xantaeo t^a na*vil n """"*5
ftie support ot a naval force, and also to tho empjoymont of British labour and cap tal From the oSal ftatemenf nt' R'""""'^^^
^.fZ^-^,f '^™'" ^'■^''J.*" "'" I'""''"'" P?'-'' "<■ "'« ^''"•''' '"^ t''« 5™^ 18«f to whiihTo i^^avc alluded we tinU that rhe',?h±
weight of CO ton yarn and cotton goods exported from (Jreat Britain annually is 120,000 tons, and the v^uo £23 flOO 000 iT W
lows, then, that one-half the tonnage employed in carrying the West Indian sports value £2 882 441) wouW be «',Xi.^\ '"'"
the whole cotton export trade of this country ; and as regards tho .North Ainorican trade oiieTseventhnf^h^t^nl?! ■" '^^
cient to carry all that cotton trade about which Mr Cobden has made such a noise%irlh»rVeaI and gi4t nUinfrcTmno, ^ ""f
pire no agriculturist nor colonist has ever shown any disposition to undervalue thTt I amTvM^ of I i^nlf lE., '""r^
»l«'«'?''F't than by repeating that, while tho trade of B. America and the West In,l?oV.rf„'^.^?«J^\„Vr"'"^^"SL''!;"J'
Premier triumphantly concTudes-^V/,^ i^whatyou havctoJecidi by'you'r lo7e onThT: :/Z''sU:^,-mil\ZZdvaZ riv/'"'' *'"'
kntw f„n^^''llTVV /T' f ","''' '" "'"'•^"""■'/'^'"untry like thi^' Should it advJnceTrctrograr>- Zrih RoL^.tpI^;
knew full well that he had not shown, and could not show, how fbke trade is to advance, even teninorarilv anv' nn« nf th 1
//am/ct— Whither wilt thou lead me?
.Speak ! I'll go no further.
Ghost— Mm-k me. [This is Sir R. Peel to the lilb.l
Ifaptlet—l will.
Ghost — My hour is.alniost come.
When 1 to sulpli'rous and tormenting flames
Must render up myself.
IlaMlet — Al.ns ! poor (lliost !
weak
mor
.1,"„?1'! V'" ""'''•""''"'j' f'^'-t /V'!"' *'"" "'•""•' .(iovernment is now, and has for more than twenty veara been in hivnds so mo«ll,,
.» .^.n . 7"/'" '"'■"' '.'i''™' "^ *''" '-'T,'"' ""^""■^ ""'' '"^^''"t' "*' "'« ™""tiy. The statesmen of u" presen dav asnire ?^ nJ
„„re than to be (apparently unconcerned Mo.>*««-o,. at tho fights of the Kree Traders auainst tli.? 1 Voti^n.S. /„ 1 ', 1° °
thinkers against the Protestants, and side with the winning party /or the (.wl/i , ",c". men as (\a^h^^^ r'"^
Oaiming, Wilbcrforee, and .\nti-Corn-I-aw \illl,MS, disdainea to «„„« nu,n,„r. n ' heir .or I e„"lsi^^ b^^^^^
of our governments since the days of Canning, have not had the moral newer in Fn-lwul ai,. l.rr ,ln,;..,,',l„l;„ present, and most
tJ:^t "'■ '"" "^^' -""L^^'-l-- th'o- Glasgow Ilefor,nerTotlZ:"k\;"K'X ^Sl^ i:^in^ my'^r^i/to^tb"/ t«S'r'
i
GENERAL RIJVIEW.
#j T''?. M?''^'"!^™'.",'' ''•«','',<'«'-''• have resigned himself to the lender mercies of his old than his new friend, • q=v„ m„ c
friends," i applR-able to old friends, is yet more so to new ones ; and Peel slio. Id not lave?or^ott."n 7l> w ?,, hi. „1.„ ' 1" i™'" "/
he has aeknowledged that the loss of n,spect is only on the part of his q. dan lends foward, I in " not m" h s nirT towardt
» that patriotic, however mistaken band. He should have asked his own breast wli,.tl,..p it i« n.Tnv„n 1„,J .1 • 1 .??• ,'°"''™'
have Wn an instrument in rearing this living monument to principle ",rrr,;,^^ Waa t „n ea"rtMt fo,! IWl'l'nV/r' *,"
constituencies of the empire, arguing that it w as at lc..,t a%eneL, a.>,1nd"^; '^i:ich';^!:^Xg'trl de'er'X'J.o^.tron' o1'
1948^!2n,3moSs°"'■ "'"'*''" ^'"'"""" '" ""'^'"""' ^^^^'- !'«»' "oarly doubles tlieir tonnage In Foreign trad.! which was, ;„
#^
30
PEEL'S UNPRINriPT-ET) AND FATAL COURSE.
I
oor fellow-subjects, without taking nny privilege away fi-om any class ? Such are the friends Sir R. Peel has lost. Like the cliildren
of a worthless parent, they havo stood up for liim till their longer doing so would only be Itwing tlieir own character without their
being able to save his. They have too mucli opnfidenco in the morality of public opinion to let them believe that tho country will
ever come to regard the present I'ccl mcir otherwise than with the same suspicion with which we regard the potatoes of nf blighted
lot. Tho change in his.'mind can no more be explained than tho corruption in Iho potatoes ; and political is like female virtue, once
gone no charm can restore it. Decency, therefore, united/with the public interest in leading us to hope that we should hcjirno
more of I'ecl and still less of his creatures' Ho has wounded the honour and insulted the rank of statesmanship, bjr associating ita
character with his profligate principle that " tho end justifies the means." Public opinion may n-^t at once be sufficiently indepen-
dent to repudiato utterly a man whose name was Lately powerf»l, but if so, let him think what value should be placed on a judgment
which could approve of princiiilos being admissiblo in public which aro repudiated in private life, and of popularity being taken as s
auide, instead of being valued only as the follower of consistent jind correct iirinci pics, l^efel has yet — say his old friends — by cover-
ing himself with the oblivion of political death, an opportunity of recording wli;U must be his opinion ol what will' be the just and
certain fate of all men who hereafter may betray native industry, like him, allowing them'sctves to be dfbauched by Mr Cnbden, " the
friend of every countrv but his o»vn." All men are fallible, and why should I'eel not hp willing to confess the truth that, even if it
were proved that he did a foitunato thing, this can never excuse hia setting the cxanijtlo of a disregard of the eonstituencie.", which,
if followed, might lose this country its best secured and most valued institutions, and even the mown itself, although no voice may
have been lifted against tliese at the hustings I He knows well that the ex post facto assent of the constituencies only showed that
their independence was gone, and that the country could have nothing worse in tlie shape of elcckojrs. This, Sir ilobert knows, could
not do away liis guilt ; it could only save him, a^ a criminal is saved, from pHuishnent.
A public man is Judged of by his nets, and Sir R, Peel's now fiiends at Aberdeen can only be held to apostrophise thepWiiripi(rof
a Member in I'nrlianient doin;.' the contifiry to wli.it he promised at the hustings I as if Lord John Russell, who has been sent into
Parliament to build up a frci; trade system, were to use the power witirwliieh the conlidinp constituencies have entrusted -him to
hurl the whole free trade fiibric to the ground. So great an outrage on constitutional principle, as this would be on l.m'd John's
part, and as Peel's course wns on his put, can only be Justiticil by the enemies of con»tilution,\l principle. Ilaynau, Torriiigton,
O'Ferall, and Elgin may as easily bo justified by our Aberdeen friends on the principles of pieroy and justiee. Put the " ery" of
"motives not men" wiu'liave small chance of putting out the good old "cry" of " measures not men," while the "cry" of tho
masses is for " food ," and the .Manchester school will in vain nttcnipt to rouse the country to " the politieal neeetsitii of Sir Robert
Peel." Let them stick to Cubden if ho will agree to repeal Peel's Money Bill of 1819, in which the whole country woutd support him,
repudiating his ov-n (Cobden's) bullionist heresy, and sticking tirthe evidence which he gave in 1810 before tho Parliamentary
Our working classes have iwi confidence in, although they could not, perhaps, afford to trouble
themselves njuch about Sir 11. Peel's mofu'cj ; and they certainly want no more of his TOcasuica.
Committee on Banks of Issue."
'i hey have learned thus miuli poll-
tical wisdom', that they are now no longer anxious about the men or instruments to be employed. Starvation, staring them in the
face, has rendered them only anxi^ins aiiout, and determiiied on, eerl.ain measures — by whatever party brought about — as life or death
to their families. The measures of Sir Robert Peel, they say, are those which have reduced the employments of tho people, and
frwind down wages to the earth, llis monctar/ measure of 1811) reduced wages and prices of commodities to the low foreign stati-
ard of gold at an untaxed price, tlinugh our protective system prevented any great diminution of employment. In 18IC, hov.evar.
Sir Robert Peel did away tho protective system, without demanding reciprocity, which naturally must result in still more reduoed
wages ! And a reduction of w.iges or prices, tbe result offoreiyit competition, is seen to bo just another way of expressing a wan^t of
employment, for when prices and wages, and freights, are reduced one-half, the evil is not only that wo find ourselves pnying the
landholders and annuit.ants double the amount of liritish industry tli.at we before did for the njouey duo them each half year ; but,
under (vce inde (or w'leie the rednclion in tlie prire of our labaurjloivs from forei'in competition), we must bo subjected to the infi-
nitely greater cilamity of the lo.«s of all our bank facilities. The industrious classes in this countrv find that, in addition to pay-
ing the annuitant or man of money .as nnieli labour .as formerly, (seeing that tbe price in moncrr is only one-half) they will have, out
of gold, the basis of our cnrreneij to fuftiish the eapitali.<t with half the amount ol his claim in hard cash to srnJ abroad in payment
(rf" foreign labour, thus fostering and increasing that foreign industry to compete with which is impossible for us under our national
burdens or (even though freed fioin these burdens) till our population is redue(»d below the circumstances of the foreign serf or slav^
for the actual w iiKa of the latter must ever remain fewer than llioso of a people with habits such as ours, .and living in so nuieli more
rigorous a climate as that of (Jreat Britain. 'I'liose subsi.sting on wages, the great component part of price in commodities, have been
deeply injured by the oneness formed by Sir R. Peel's law of 1810, between jtold and money, out of which has arisen all the evils of
oar working population. Even when we get wheat in return for gold, we have a right to complain of the importer being
pitid in " gold .is a money," or gold nt a lixed price. ' 'fhe foreigner is a buyer, and having it always in liis power to get gold at S.S
178 lO-Jd per ounce, he prefeis it to British eomnioilities whenever the prices of these rise ahovo the starvation point, or Peel price.
For instance, with wages near the starvation point in this country, the foreigner finds ho can for £1 get cither an ounce of gold or
80 yards of cloth at Is per yard, and he may probably take the yloth in preference ; but as /soon as prosperity'raises prices, say to ll
3d per yard, the foreigner finds his .adv.antage in taking away our gold, of which, from its being fixed in price, he can still get an
ounce, while of the cloth lie can now only get 01 yards for £1. This state of things is the more galling and positiroly unjust to our
home industry, .is it is clear tint for the coinmoility rfhieh the foreigner himself imported ho must have got the paper, or " pros-
perity" price : and to exchange or barter, with the foreigner. Gold at a low ft.red, or continental, price against our local paper money
representinn prices raised so as to cover Jiritish rents, tares, icages, and }>roJits, (which our prices must do when the trade is not un-
pi'ofitable), is conduct .as silly as if the Bank were to advertise that it was ryady to excliange full weight sovereigns for clipped
ones ! Indeed, the fonner is the greater ntitional de'nsion, ,as the profits derived from the legal clipping under .Peel's abominable
act of 1819 leave the country, -whilo in the latter case tho "clippings" would jost go troiii ono pocket to another among our-
selves. But how much niorc'iiioiistrous it is, that, without getting any useful article in return, but only for the benefit of the
* Richard Cobden, in 1810, makes tho followitig impressive stat^jinent before Parliament : — " I could adduce a fact derived from
my own cxperiene,-, that would illustrate the heavy losses to which manuf'nctnrei's were exposed in their operations, hy those Huctm-
tions (in 1837) in the valne of niini; y. 1 am a calico printer ; 1 purchase the eloth, which is my raw material, in the market ; and
have usually in warehouse three or I'inr months' su|)ply of material. I must necessarily proceed in my operations, whatever change
thtre may he— whether a rise or a fall in the market. 1 employ 000 hands ; and those hands must be employed. 1 havo KxikT ma-
chinery and capital, which iiii(.»( aUo be kept going ; and, therefore, whatever the prospects (A a rise or fall in prices may bo, I am
constantly oblige<l to bo purchasing the niaierial. and conlractiuL' fur the material on which I operate. In 1837, I lost by my stock
in hand, X20,000, as compared with the stoek-laking in lS3r>, 1830, and 18,13 ; the average of those three years, when compared with
1837, shows that 1 lost t20.niiO by my liusiness in IS37 ; and what 1 wish to add is, that the whole of this loss arose from the depre-
ciation in the value of my stock. My business was as prosperous ; wo stood as high as printers a« we did previously ; our business
since tli.at has l)een as good, ami lliere wns no other cause fur the losses 1 then sustained, but the depreciation of the value of the
articles in warehouse in my hainis. Whai I wish particularly i» show i^ the defenceless condition in which wc inanufacturcrB are
placed, and linw completely w.' are at the inerey oj tliese unnatural Huetimtioris. Although 1 was aware that the losses were coming,
it was ini|iossible 1 enuld do (illierwi;e than proceed forward. — with the certainty of suffering a loss on the stock ; to, stop the work of
600 hands, and to fail to supply our customers would have becB altogether ruinous ; that is a fact drawn from my#Wn experience. 1
wish to point to another example of a most striking kind, shewing the effect of these tluctuations on merchants. I hold in my hand a
list of .10 articles, which were iin])oiled in ls.i7, J>y tlie hoiusc of liuttcrworth and Brookes, of Manchester, a house very wellknown:
Mr Brookes is now borough-reeve of .Manchester. Here is a list of .10 articles imported in the vcar 1837, in the regqjarway of busi-
ness, and opposite to each arliele theri,' is the rate of losi upon it as it arrived, aniL.as it was.a liik The average lo.sa is 37^ per pent,
on those 30 articles, and they were imported from ('upton, Trieste, Bombay, llaliia, Alexamfi-ia, Lima, and m fact all Olo interme-
diate places almost. This, I presume, is a fair '(iiiide, to sliow llie losses wliirh other merchants incurred on siinilarnrticlos."
Mr ('ohden now, howejer, denies tlfat the price of gold is fixed at i^ll in (his country ! but we argue that the price of gold it
fi-xed, seeing that any one can go to the nlint and get eoiii fur gold bullion at the rate of £3 17.s 10.;d per ounce. Mr Cobden re-
plies tliiit this is merely tlie government )iutting their stamp on the sovereign, to attest its fineness- and weight, tho same as a
bushel menstire for wheat is stamped or retrnlated le. anlh<nity. It is clear, however, that the one case is not parallel to tho other,
as the wheat is only mcasnreil, not priced, by law. l-'or the gold when stamped, as c<mtaiiiing !i dwts and 3 grains, called a as
reign, you can demand 2IM wortli of any other eoiiinvidily, ;jnd with it you cannot liquidate any debt not more tlian '20s. Law
thus lix tlie;'nct' of wheat or gold, although no legislatitui can supplant the deration of the natural law of-Supply and denu
which determine^ all vitlnes. Ami if wheat were fixed in price by law, its »4Wations (arising from its U'ing plentiful or scarce)
wou'd he driven to express themselves in the increased or dirrras'ed ]iriee of money. This is (.■xaelly what miw occurs with gold.
Thcrednetiui; uf' ihe ifje!; il'!' ti \.\ i i x;>resscd liy the 'i«e ii: the jiriee or cxehangeble value ol nuiney, and the eonseiiuent ruin of
the property and industry of the countiy.. ' ,■
nana.
4
i
\<^ •
4
J
y
PEEL'S UNPRI.VCIPLEI> AND FATAL CT)URSE.
< 31
J.ondon Jew hoiiso-i, in taking foreign lonni, we should liave, on the statute boojc, a law nliich, by making gold and money lynoni-
-TBlous, makes tlio export of gpU-eqiiivalent to tlie export of our paper money, the withdrawal of all mercantile (jKu6doDce, and the
Mnihilation of our bank fiicilitios. ' »
If we do not assume that Sir R. Peel intends constitutional changes, wo must hold hia intellect in supremo contempt, and be.
lieve the Tory papers that, incapable of an original idea, he barely understands the horroivtd principles of his own mcasucos, and
certainly bn« not»tlic guilt of being able to foresee their result. Every one but himself knew (if ho did not), (iat the existence of hig
money bill of 1819 was the great argument for the excessive restrictions rotuinod ui)on imports. Peel's money biW prevented, and still
prevents, our ability to increase our export trade, and till its repeal our only safe course lyvas to rcstri.ol our imports, as thus alone we
could retain our banking facilities.'by proventing an export of gold. Wh.it. then, are wb to think of Sir R. Peel's doing away with
this breakwater, if ho had no ulterior views ? The act of a, statesman, however, has no differetrt effect whether done from imbeoility
or design, and revolutionary changes must assuredly llowYroni Peel's h.-iving in 18iC, Judas like, betrayed with a kiss thec.iuse of
oar native industry, which till then, ho had professed, was the cause of Itis heart. Every one knew that patriotic seltishness MiHtlio
foetering of British industry was the vital interest of the Colonies, and that the loss of these noble appendages of the 15 ritisJy Crown
must follow the ailrainsio/ of foreign produce on the s.-vnie (enns as ColoniaHts certainly as effect fullow^cause ; so that Peers ranch
Taunted movement hi 1S40 amounted to the reduction of Groat Hiitnin from llie lofty bearing of a great Empire, the mistress of the
seas, to Ihu position ora^etty country. And even were such change shown (as it never couhl be), to be the interest of this country,
why not liave cflected so important a transaction with the sanction of the constituencies ? Why. not let even thp Ctdonists, who bou
ever been foremost in love to Uritiah rule, have lome little ><iy \n\i transaction Vliicli involved all their dearest affectioasand deep^at
Was thero'any [iroof that with the Colonists their material interests would have weighed in tlieic minds a» a
ejudices ?
' these were
I'eformcT!'' Gazette M
rooted prejudices f was tiierc'anv prooi luai wnn mo L-oionists lueir maienai interests wouRl nave weiglieil m their n,,,,. 1,1 an a
feather if these were found ohsliucting the great'liiterests of their glorious father land ? 'fhe following language of ni^own in the
1th March, 1840 (which I sent at (he time to every member of both Houses of Parliamcjit), conveys
_Jolonists as a body : — "In <i former tuimber it w<n fliown that imciprocal trade Blunt nieessarily, in
Olasgou
I believe, the .sentiments of tin . , ^ , _ ^, ...
ttt very nature, lose us the coloml^^^^eanne the principle of protection abandoned, the colonial system (tvhich is a mere branch of it),
falls also, or, whtrt is to mii mi :id fi^Slttrse , an<l could only last a y;ar or two, tif c<donies become a dray on the empirt, haviny ceased
to benefit the mother country in any way after they f!ave thrown off the Imperial Parliament's riyht to legislate for their trcide, and
eommenceil free trade with all the wogn 13uT I itnnvv. Fon rnr, ut'.tks riov of TitE coi.omes onlv, ukcause it is the intebrst of Esa-
lAXD. I noi.D that it wkiie ni;TTF.a fou K.ioi.and to i.osr unu colix^ies, maosificknt ll|t«i'uu they be, than tu'Vorbkak doino ant-
IBjxo, WHICH IS snows to be n.i/uti.T is favocii of t:ik orPREssjifrroi'LLATios is this cousrnY. Though I before pointed out, that
the adoption of free trade woiiM necessarily lose the colonics (wfiose markets there is no reason for us going to the expense of defend-
, unless our inanufaetur'es are protected there), T do ijot pretind to ar^iio that, to save tho colonies, tot" their salscTil
Ing
< are prots
le in Kngli
'alone, should
prevent us adopting free trade in EnghiiVl, if the greater and more immediate interests of tho mother country would bo advantaged
tiiereby. Ear, however, frcmi this being Alie case,f view free trade as tending to reduce the extent "of our ownMnanufacturcs, to de-
grads the condition of our manufacturers ; in fact, 1 consider that free trade is suicide on tho part of Mr Cobden and tho weavers,
Welldo the independent aristocracy seeAhat thonsh the ordeal will be a liory one to thci* licighboui-s whoso Undsaro in debt, and a
more fiery one still to tho manufacturers, the linal result will assOredly be, that the l.indowners will bo the permanently predominant
and popular or powerful interest, tho weavers having bocn one-hall' driven back again to tho fields by w-rfnt of manufacturing omploy-
mei)t. The etleetl, in fact, of Sir Roljert Peel's nicasiiro will he to prevent all progress in maniifacturijfg. and reduce tho whole of the
interosts of the country into a narrower compass, in which, in the way I liavo^ pointed out. agriculture will loom tho largest, ngt be-
oaOTC large, but becau'sc all other interests have been niade smalloi- in pjoportioii by Sir Robert I'ecl's liberal measure." Corrobora- "
tion of this, if wanted by any one, is found in tho late address of tho liritish American League, <>f which tho following is *ho charac-
ter :^iil)uiing a. long period, cheijuered liy .adversity and prosperity, the peopjpof tliis colony have, in war, r.allied rouifd the flag of
their forefalhei's. and in peace have endeavoured to cement tho union with t1|nr fatherland by tho strongest ties of amity and iiflter-
est. In return for this devotion, tho liritish tJovcrnraent has lnjfc extended^u the colonyfci commercial prcferonco in her marWete.
The harmony which so long existed — interrupted bv .an alKirtivc reb.'llion— wa.s again _rest()Md at its close ; and tho progress ol tlie
colony became alinost-miu.lItTffylud, under tho fostering influence of a wise inipirial Icgisl.ation^ But unhappily lor Great Britain, an
empire whose colonies are the strong .trm of her. power — she has recently opeii.J her ports to fOTcign natiojis,.upon equal terras with
hef colonies ; thus virtually excludin;,' us from her markets-, by throwing us into a ruinous competition with those to whom her porta
artjliore immediately and cheaply accessible. In her promulgation of free trade principles, she has lost siyht of the interests of her colonit*
wit^ the (vain ?) view of obtaining troin all nations reciprocal IVce trade, and thereby inundating the world with her nianul'aetures.
The new policy of the eni]iire has vecently jiroduccd its inevitable results. Unprotected by an aJequato tariff, we have continued ■jto
consume a vast amoipit of Hritis'h manufactures ; while our produce — tho principal source upon which jye twJy lor their payment-
has rarely entered the Knglish markets, except at a sacrifice. The result hasjtjten a tn'jnet<iru pressure, extensive bantruj/tcy, and
gtsural distress." ^ ^^...-'^^ , n^^^ -^^
Ireland, too, looks on Peel .as a man with his throat cut* wouliLdrrtm tho perpetrator who coiild unblushingly stop to apostrophise
his motit'cs ; but, say Peel's friends? ace tho great statwiliiw-fltiout to lead on a forlorn hope for Ireland ! see hira, wo reply, having
killed the man getting tlic;j«Wi'c to .subscribe for l^*Jirtnerless faniily I The I'imes comes to tho aid of the bold meu of Aberdeen,
and by a petUio jirincipii, suggests th.at a (rood act (Irreciprocal Free Trade I'^n'it) cannot have a vcrj; bad motive, aud we might
feel able tiNiiipe that, by way of rescuing the motive, Peel's still-horn Irish-Scheme may bo cooked up into something better than
a mere lloun'sh,of trumpets, were the whole thing not too manifestly intended oidii for effect. In fact, in notliyig previously has
Sir R. I'pel can'ie out so iiniiiistakeably in the character of a i|uai'!4.as in his Irish Plantation Scheme. In its pr'illirainary confis-
cation and li.a|iishment of the present pro)Miotors, it is^iiUc the cholej'a, if, as has bocn said, it commences where natural diseases end ^
—in death. In polities as in mediciiio, the quark piofessirs to run', while the profession of the regular practitioner is to no more'
than allaying tho morbidity, so ,as to allow nature to work its own cure, whieli it alwajs does (when 'once the morbid excitement
is allayed) it julKcient stamina in the nmstitjition remains; but Sir Hobo; t's plan would remove whatever stamina remains in
Irelan'tl, leaving o;dy the alien churidi ,is a iiukat tumoiu on an emaciated i.ifi;i.i:ss tuunk ;'aiKl I never can believe that any mini^
try or man can have either the power or the will to i-./i«r Ireland out of the Wictched conditionvit is in without fij-st attempting
' to remove, and sncrealinq iiilvwoM'ii,», Irclaiul's ercU'siaslical tumour, liutiven if the wliolo revenue of tho Irish Church were'
4.evoted as 1 would wish to rigged si)iools (to teach ieading.vritHVif., arithmetic, and trades, leaving tho religion of the children
to their churches and guarifians), I yet' believe tliat pi'osperiFv woulil be impossible, as Tin; whole animus or life or Bbiiisk and
I^sii iNin'sTUY HAS HUES wiTHouAws iiY 1 H E wiTiiiHtAWAL OF iMioTECTio^t-'TO NATIVE LABouu. "ttlicrcfore vlow Ireland as Iiopelcss,
if Icit in sueb' hands as Peel's. ' iMcio jiluaseiiKiugers, ami men who have to appe.il beyond tlieo' measures for theif motives, will
Dttlonger do for Ireland. It now becomes very a|ipai'ent that if Ireland was Peel's chief difficiSiy, tho Ex-prentfer has, in a far
Bigher sense, been Ireland's chief difficu/ly ; and as to his motives lot us see what I.oid .Anglesey .iijs. (Sec l.ord Anglesey's letter
to Lord Cloncuny, datid Ivoniei L'Stli Jaijjiary. 18').");)—" I do not ([n^e see into tho state of aBairs, but it appeal's to mi that,
take what view you will of them, theyarc frightful. Can the I'etl and Wellington Govcrnincnt stand ? I am sure it ought not;
nid if there be commoir honesty and fair dealing»nii man it will not. But can anyone count upon honesty and fair dealing in
these days ! I think not. 1 strongly susiieot. what arc called the moderate Whigs. I have no fai(h in them. I believe that in
general tliey are frightened, and only show liberalism as loni; as .the tide runs tl;at way, and as it tttrns (if turn it do) thciy will
oat back with it. .'>'eithcr have I any faith i"?i the ultri-Tories. I suspect that a great part of thcii\,,with a view to office, or at
all events to retaining in ofHee men who, upon ilie wliole, they like better, aiid believe themselves to we safer in the hands of than
1 say, the presimt lenders, they will sacrifice all their principles, and
, even tor (.'Iniich reform. Here, then, if I be right, will bo a
telcrable equipoise of baseness, and thus Peel and Willington will continue to hold the reins, and, with a Lad grace, give all the
reforms that were in conteniplation by the last (Juvcrnmcnt, and which, if my veiee had been attciuled to, would, as tar as the Irish
Church is coneerned, have bien set smooth three years ago. • • • • I am sure 1 have no inducement to tiikc any
part whatever in public affairs. You, with your usual kindness and partialitv, express ,'1 wish lliat 1 should, in the event of a change,
again return to Ireland, or else go to the Horse Guards. Hut of wliat use could 1 I.e in either situation » It has been my fate to
Be unkinclly and ungcneiously' treated, both by friends and foes, aud 1 do not see why I should again Allow myself to be made un-
happy by either. The truth is, ,1 have not the capaeity lor activg with men who have recourse to trick and dnplicitv. 1 have
inirependeiit thought ; and if I go 1 must go my own way. I could not consent to allow Ireland to be governed in Downing'Stieet,
and theretoie 1 did not suit my oiipZowr and employers generally." j . * ^
It is lint too true that the" British Government has been practicallyaho worst possible government in Ireland and the Colonics,
the lioncKt Liberals ; tliaj with a view to preserving in power, 1
eat all their wordi, and voti; through thick ami thin for icform-
• With Icslrtban half Great Britain's population, Irelaml has nlmul as many souh depondent on agriculture ; 'and tho 7)i<(<Kii
Evtnina Mail thus describes the condition of Ireland — " She is undone— irretrievably iimleiie. Free Trade, then, in corn and provi-
tions, is progressive Tuin to fN'eat Britain — to Ireland it is sudden aud untimely death." ,
f
PEEL'S UNPRINOIPtED AND FATAL COURSE.
bemuse cycrTthing eUe has always been sncrificed to the building up of an alien estoblished churoh rno inhabit
..S^l,'i?'VK™"r'i.°''JP"''»*^'" "'■''''' F''^'''""™^''' " "anted, but the church question prcventTLircordia?™
P^Ta'e^onom cal^v'"'''"^ V^V" ^fr ButtWppeal to the constituency of aork I en^i^l/^nour th^e t,^
reel ■ economical news, but as he seems a church IJigot or not ' ' • ■ ....'. . • "" "^">
The inhabitants agree entirely
- — '•-' oo-optration— for in-
° ig the antipodes ot
d not vote for him
eaoh
deU-
araount
foluntary
,. ,. , ^ K« my "Pi"'""". anil I am therefore opposed, osBeciallT
ippliration ot wh.-it arc termed principles of IVeo Trade. 1 am conyincbS ih«t
iti(ii'»«*5f Is esMntial to ita progress in prosperity.
am conyinct'd, that
At the time of the nnion, an«
in the ease of Irish iiit«f««rfo
for a countf f like Ireland
for many u™. aOnr there
oomnty «n ■
mannfaeti
vote ■
loom
'PI. / '^ l"rr""V ■"■" '"T."' '■."■'""■"■' "■•.■";'■"""»' !>.uiliri<.liu TO lilt !■ I .tli.K DOCTRINES OF A FAUiK POLITICAL HCONOMT '
tinahf thtr.K*'' '" °'" P"'""" 1" f'.?** i ■■.""'"/",'! '"''""'>' "o '."» I''""- '" ""• I'^uropoan countries in revolt, we ;.ro b«nB
f 111 lA "•-" " Co^ernnicnt ol the nftiiiis ot this world superior to tliut of stalcsmen. w.> =„„ .i,„. . ^^JLl ■' ™, °""»
not powlbly b* carriiul i;ui liccausoits own'oporatifm i-nts its own tliroat. " "
■•tnp iri lhi»a»iimlrfv will !,(,( .ipnrate practi
■ions lieoum, ,„t«»leTsi.t«. The cnoA cl(aritiivi.- vitv, una can oe lancn oi nir it. i-«cl is to suppose tliat ho knew how degraded the
, ,. . . , „, We see that a wrt)Ti|»«riiic»D]e oan-
wn opera if.i, ri.ts its own throat. We see that if the late commercial mnchiiitry-*Kve
ractieal pliilnnttiropy, it can, (like the continental royalties), only exist till the evik it Occa
iritable view that Can be taken of Sir R. l'«cl is to suppose that he knew how degradec
%
3.
ll#
i^rtv . ^ 1 afterward,, inserted them Ml a siatcmcnt ol views considered I.y me essential to the triumhh of a Native Indiist^
S *^.';''" ■'^J'","' I'""'^'"? ""•I ""• I>i"->H, and all the members of both, houses of Parliament, and all tl^ people in t5^
Munti-y at their back, were to go over to tl..- Whigs as Sir R. Peel has done, all would not suflleo to carry out TrWin-ocA
free rade. My objection to the measures „l 1^-10 ,t should be borne in mind, is, not that tlvpy are, but that they are ^f
free trade^only free imports-freedom, in taot, to fl.relp, .but not to British Inbou.'. lUit that the IVotectionists o >n come
nto power now seems quite out of the qucstmn The thorough reformation of the Irish Ecclcsia.stical nuisance must bo a nra-
ru,? TS,""" '"""s"",!- " ^',f» »/ "If," "';". t'">"Sl' 'I'sf'.nguished for their pei-sonal honour, are equally distingiislied for tleir
«on'„''f\?'"7TV.^^'"i ^''T'' ';'•" V" '"n-rr""' P'-'""",''^" ""1" *''!« «<»'""-.v in the name of the cJernment The Reform.^
t on of th? Irish QhnrcU is idiperative ly called for, as a prelude to the unprejudiced discussion of the question of labour or of th^
tul employment of the TOiAiti y s industry, thiit great interest which now must alone be legislated for, as seen to involve the
stability of all that we-holdsnercd^-the happiness of the people, the Crown, and the national credit ; but it is also 4viuired
as a prelude to the necess.iry social aniclior.itions in Ireland, the condition of whicli country is a disgrace to the cmpiie The '
other Established Churches may be jlefendcd as mattei-s of eiicumslance, but the Irish one, as now constituled cannot Some
chanty being tfic only religious duty in which the toriner and present possessors, of them conscientiously agree (the State cuaranl
teeing an equitable provision f.r the present incunibeiits for life ;) of course., if ne could get the whole or half for liae^aA.
bohools, so much the belter. RcliAious inequality bnnislied frqin Ireland, the law may, and will bo vindicated ■ for murder wTn
then have none ot those thousand excuses, wliieh the present r:imifiod system of oppression is daily creatin.'' The fiiro'oinff
seems our duty, even it vye could not expect in our day, to s,-e the bjc^jcs of. even a good system of law" appreciated bf
a nation of men so dead to every feeling of nat.onnl independence, .jgttnPvc quietly submitted so long to have a church
so unlik^ Ireland in its oxtr.fvagnnce, and otherwise so palpably unadaptctPaTflie country, forced on them, even tf it were the l^gt
church on earth. I won d, however, feel verji^onfident, that an immedtaVely good effectAvould How, from the generous treatment
on our part, of a population individually sowarm-hcytod. Indeed I thinl. there is ev.iy reason, from 'the chLi'eiTborne bv Wsh-
men abroad, to believe, that, it in lieland we invest them with all the privileges nf British subjects, they will be prepared and forwanl
to pcrtorm all their duties with alacrity. In such case. l,ow soon the scene would cliaiigt.' Ireland Leoiniofc^^in outlctJorliiS
msnufacturuig labour, such 11" •>" f"-<-"n ""■'"«••■." - -* -• -i : ._...i.:__.i ". ., . .. b ••■ "..Kii^nui ununu
present, its cause of sh;
colonial public opinion
public opinion was niai
Buage to the foregoing, alwap- poil.ted out to LoiHl Nlelcallb; that '[VU^^^^^^
Being neither more nor less than that of British ccnnction the true friends of tlieat Britain could nit possibly I ave a neimane^
^°™L^'>f!!^''f.,*'.'i'T!\r',''Jf'!'.';',"l.'''' "'^'" "P;, ""-■ '"ioistry who deserted l>.oid .Metcalfe, in tho vain attenipt to coerw that
tary omnipotence in Canada, were supported after-
obels, they were preferred to ChurclCTories ; and, I
gnat man, and to make the British (Jovcriinient the lucic tool of
- - „. .. pai'liameuta
wards, not because tlic3<,(or most of them) were rebels, but because, even as i
believe that both " ■ > ■ • •■
elievc that both ( ana<ajrid-lreland ha™ to en.luie anti-BriUsh (iovernment, and linve in a Vord been brought intote st.ates they
■J.„™i.'''''r''"'rr #'!"'';'■;■• ■" "".?■■ T^^^-^ '"''■^•"«' "tatesmen cannot be Imind independent enough to So away wi^
.cclesias cal inonu,nlit,e.-r Lord .(..jorse Bentiiiok, linweyer, instead of putting do^vn the Eiiglisi, Church in Ireland, would have
ndowed the Catholies, and had he got power at once, his career «o.ild have been a short and a not verv wpularVe nrobaHv
now
Ecclei
end
doing more harm than gooiLtn tlio c.iuse of liriliih industry, as associating it with Church Torvism -but
he would have left public lile (lor a while, at least,) as abruptly as he entered it. My fond hope however
been called for by public opinion some years afterwards, and that, in the ineatttJDje, he would liave got con
the subjoined • sketch,! '"^it -iH must be sacriliced to the safetv ofa protcstairtlfKione, and thus have been
hour-power agajnst the Money-power of tlie^]giintry, as the leader ot a new party of Social Economists
pular one, probably
■ ' ■^' was that
d have
ncd in
he La-
r\ .
• Death of LoiroGnnnor, liRxTixri;— Tui; expki
to above as it appeared ,it the time in tjic (7/„,<,,,„„ /•;
" In Lord (ieorge Bent5u,yik, wconcf son of'ilie rti
inirtil t1>.. .>;i.v ,.r m...,«4ji.. *i.c. .___ , , '.
represented the city of Glasi^
no man could be a JcioateV Yoks
Stanli'v, could not. in sueh-v
has only the talents of n parli
man. Lord <>eor'jo's populai
a short period as ■iuci o^sors to J
much a matte:- of notoriety
Lord (ieorge lientiqek to
•—the government qiuslji^:
finani'e prevents usTCfjUiri , ... .„.,
George lientincl;— as the Iniii'st tti
'.coihitry has lost
' e^ililrc at this
very soul of
'Ve liini
Trn Hem) 01 a Native iNnisinr Party. ITlie following is the sketch alluded
;|-eiitllul<e of; Portland, and nephew of the distinguished nnblem.an who l.itcly
ilsm6stpromisin;r'^latesmnn, and a peifeetlv honest man. llumanlyspeakine
unnient, for the great drnwbaek to his lordship, his morbid attachment to 1 ord
"our~-liave outlived the cmivietinn that his noble and much admired friend
ii;; tfte judgnient whic h ■ntitles a ni.i!i to lie called in the true sense a states-
«ys inlluenoe. would probably have given them the reins of government for
t -iuiii LoVd StMiiley s incap.acity as a t'encral or chief would have become as
is.uess ol n,lo|.;.rtnieiit of the government. It was at this point we expected
'^ "' ^"^M^'S" '"■' "'''•''' "'"' '"'•'c'' hands— such was our fond hope
' '■''•' '''''SHPf^fiiirty be must liavi> principles, and the Whigs' iHcaiKicity in
is uliv MWPaie oiilv lifted for lui oppofiiioii, not for a government, And Lord
f) ..aie tieen— must, in the eounliy's cxtveiuity, have risen with the circura-
-4
•-*«<:.- CS:Tr". &*"-""'
.B*
igrce entirely
tion— for in-
antipodea ot
vote for him
il which eaoh
led and deli-
itcst amount
1 a voluntary
;d, a^pccially
viiicfed, that
e union, and
ricts of your
1 upon these
tion. I will
rtimn bt hia
rl have seen
ONOMTi"
i>FO b<^ng
l^uiwJe oan-
cr^ wsil^ave
eviU' it ooca-
cgradcd t^e
le truth till
1 ..PEEL'S I'l^PRINClPLED AND FATAL COURSE.
Achctttt \\\ India of hla uncle, Lord Williutn -Bantinok, t{fA thooauae^^
'\
1
%
' « ^^FW
My enjeying'thoDonfidencoQi Lord Motcalfo tho^du
my intercourse with Loi-d George p ■ • ■ ■
moderate and practical, although i
Lord Giorge that Peel's assertion o. .MO v....i.p«.~..>.- - ■ -— - , . .> . ^, '■■..,. - , i
tutional, must (if wo would prevent unfortunate Icgislatidn becoming a eiiuso of revolution) load to the rosponaibility ol oiijf Lejfli.
Utivo Acts being transferred to tho entire people, because omnipoteiiclf may becoihe tyranny, which could only safely bo fcjteroued
by prinoioals. \nd I expressed to his IjWOship ray opinion that Peel's unpriucipleiUcourse would bo f.iUl to (cause the alteration
•r) every mstitution in the country, cxo^ the crown, distinctions hitherto valuable because regulated by.prinoiple being now a
nuisance— ray words were nearly those :— WTriu PsitmiiR has luft us i.v a condition woiiau thas political cuaos, as havin<i boudbo
«■ of oub rnmcii'LBS. Evbm tub i-iuNcinJi that belf-pbbsebvatiox is tub fibst law op natuub has bbk.v bbpud] \xv.o.\ and '^'"''''■''
Politics jiavb bbem bbuucbd into th« two obioinal elbmbnts ok all national politics— yuB Laboub-powbu and tub Monit*
FOWEB. Tub LAOouB-poivn must come fo be bbphesentbd iit Social Economists, ob PBACTicAtaMEN, OB 1 atriots, tub uiiahaoiW
OV WHOSE LEOISLATION WILL BE THAT II tAKRB TUB CIUCUM8TANCK8 OF OUR OWN SOCIETY INTO/CCOUNT : TriR MONBT-POWER RKUI*
; repbesented BY Political Ecqkojiists oiw»oosmopolitan Tubohistb, who would have this couNTnv ikiiisi.au for the wubU^
WHILE Tni»Y view Political Scienck as a svsibsi of pdbk matueuatios, on, at uebt, oxe run tue chkatiov .i wbaj-ttii, wituodt an
BKOARD 10 its distribution." / " 1. 1 • Vi '
Indeed, to my mind, it never appeited that tho permanently important (lucstiun was ns to whether it was a ngnt or » wrong
thiftg, f«>- sc, that Peel did in 1840. llis impolicv.Jiowevcr great, .i|i|ie^i-8 to mo to stand, in relation to his repudiation ot moral
and constitutional principle, Just ns a misfortune does tua crime. I myself, lor instance, am opposed to fc.<it:iblished tliurclies e»an .
ifthese were the best churches possible, viewing partiality to nny class of her Nfujeaty's sulyects an irapeiliment to general conU-
denco in the Crown and Law of tlio Land : but give nM the power to injure the (.'hureh, or any other vital iiiterist hy a 'tele u/mA
would I, as a minister, or oven as a Legislator ilu it ? If tho con3tituunui!;.H dim't wish the Church demolished, dare 1, their servant, ,
put it down ? And if tho conarttucnoios do wish it put down, what need is there lor me to intertcro undulv ? It has always "Conga to "
• n»o to be tho duty of a ininiatcr mther to try, to lind evidence in favour of a respectable existtncy.; and a stati; ol things dM|M(
ieaarve tho'na^S*f-oe»wlit%tional or of moral, unless it is one in whiuh a Gi-e.at Interest can luposo withcjwi iiiore salelv » jm
kafls of its avowed enciuy^ seeing that ho, aa an honourable man, woahl require the grcaterwviilcnce toi^ils iJVorthrow, to lea^e m _
Uunibw of a suspicion, even in his own mind, that his personal predilections had influenced hm c jiidiict a „.. .
—"" " - .... .1 _ ^ ., - 'on of tiUBtew
epudiateg all
!Ron to abiSe bv tlio terms of tlie trust deed, or even to act on any prineipio whatever '. And wluit arc wo to think of our con-
iblo trustees in submitting thus to bo bullied ? What are we to think of the honour ot our constituencies in delegating, by tbait
ex post facto assent to Peel's chnduct, an omnipotence or arbitrary power to parliament which they had not to give . - My own «toW '
has always been that wo have in this transaction so gross a violation of our Legislative constitution as to amount (whatcvermiay MM
been Peel's intention at tho time) to a virtual abdication by the present constituencies. But the immediate importance«t this
llrinciplcd proceeding is what wo have chiefly at present to do with, and that arises from the act doxb bkinq in itself vitally wri
■a tending to lessen instead of to increase the cnlpl-oyment of our masses, at home, at sea, and in the colonics— thus containing
ibw of a suspicion, even in his own mind, that his personal predilections had intlucnced hmc jiidiict as a public man.
%he reverse of the picture is n very humbling one. Bghoid the constituoiiei.s of tho einpiiv, slanilmg ill tlie poftition ol tr
Htntire people, employing, as agent under tho trust, the man of Taraworih, who immediately turns round and i-cpudial
but the first may be otlierwi^e attained, at'lcaat in a great de'.;ree— viz., by our adoption ol paper inuncy as the legal tender. Jhett
must be a diffei-cnt value attributed to monmi lo be exponnl th.u\ we allow to money r«inay.m.; here to vivijij our own indMtry,
which can only bo done by permitting gold to,ri«e, iindei- tlio la« of supply and demandjikft all other coiu!iioditie.s ; and we need
not wait, before issuing panoc money, to quarrel over \y\iAi security .to yiue the f,Mi<- forjiic paper-iMues to be made a legal
Umder, for twenty millions of paper pounds, tho evidences of tin- depo.sit of twenty millions in the vaults pt tl(o Uovornment or
Bank of England, will depreciate, or in morceorrect phrase permit gold to appreciate, .lujte as well as a inoro ralioniil, because less
eBpcnsive, machinery of paper money. Our great practical <lillieiilly is tho noUeites.< of, our olyeot-so degraded and liuckstering
are the statesmen of the present da». Thij movement for Embleinatie money (as opposed to'connters cmbodyimj ta themselves intrmsio
▼alue) is a movement in constitutional, not in partv or mercenary, politics ; ami our obiects are high and disinterested eoinparca to
those of a mere party struggle. We desire the establishment ot a^reat princi,jle, and have m our ranks men who on the merely
local or banking queation lake difVereut sides— just as all Protestant or Bible Christians 4uay uiiito in a movement lor a 1 ROTESTANr
SABD.iiii A.S TUE ONLY sEcuBiTY OP A I'lioTEsrANi TiiRoxK, (not seeing that there i*any more authority tor the tith, 7th, ami 3tU com-
mandments than for the 4th), although they mav be split up into two parties a:(. to whether a OAurcAAxaMw/.mcat is a ulessing or.
an evil in our particular circumstances. Emblematic money, as the great mac,liin*ry tor securing national industry Its lui dwol»pe-
ment, and thus employing the masses, will come to be seen to be as necessary to the well-being ot every cyuntry a industry 4S a
'0<nH
jrea^ -— ^ — -—
#
stances calling for.an cxtroinc course, lie must have even to the winds alL^plit straws nl opinion, a
Ship to every man with tho heart of a patriot. VVill yon support the liriti.h ennvn ^nd a l'role»tant,succe.*<ion ( Will yoH liold with
nd offered tho hand nf fellow.
.ucce.*iion I Will y«
eat constitutional question and
me' that the greatest and best paiil employment of imr own w irkiii^-ehisses sh, ill IkMcaltcr be the ,
security of our times > These are the two elements of opinion out of which we l.n.ked to see Lord UcorSalieutinck lorm tho g'-e«tcat
and m&t eqduring, because tho most noblv patriotic political ."iupenrtruetnre the wo'ld ever saw. Wo tnis.ed that it was he VlO
should have been tho proper instrument of'extrieating our nativn. and saving it from our tactions. \\e could not indeed, "gree w til
aU his views als ho avowed them, but we laid this to llie ehivalroui w.ay he lollowcd Lord Stflnley as his leader. And, observingth.it
the meeting of the churchmen in parliament, which nomiiK.lly discarded L.rd George as leader m tjio House of Commons, on ac
-count of hia Jew vote, w.as held at Lord Sianlev's house, in llii.s we saw ilir (i.-st 'ray ot hope ol the hnal separ.aOon ot minds so un-
equally vokcd. Weare unaware how far the alie'ialion brtween their lo-.l.-^hii.s had pnu-ee.led, hut wo feel certain th.t the spoil that
b«und Lord George w.is broken, and that the utter alien , tion ol :t great from a little mind .mild only have been a short mattu, of
time. We have supposed it possible that thev might have sat together in »;ie ministry, ai I that a very short lived one ; ;">" "»
felt sure that one short trial is allth,- e umfrv wants of l.nnl St.idev. The .Manley ministry past, W8 hopo o see a purely Bentinck ,
or " native inunstry" administration, one tliat. iisuaiiiin^' to ,l*indle its iVs.uirees ." rariu strwj.jltf, wufikt toro..- it.sell 1 a' siippuirl j
on the entire democracy of theconntrv, on the principle ol allegTance ouW to the tliroi.e. And had a pure-iumded man, like Lord
George h'.onrniek. of the highest rank, with tlKygreatrst tirmn.-ss and ai.iliiy. adopted snci. .i ooni-sc. wl|o can doubt its success ?-
Who can doul.r., what is far better, that a elass^f politics, whose alpha and oo,.-,i w, re the elevation into, men hrst and then into
Christians ol our now wretched masses, d^.served siieeess # Tims it is that, with biUer and deep re'«ret, wo lam .nt the pi-cmature
deccaaeof oiieof the noblest of the lirit'Kh'pcople, in ev,-ry sense of the word. TlJb memory ot Lord feeorgc Lentmck is one which
Will for .■v,.r be green with the laurels of llis eonntrv's b, st and wiu-mest alf.rlioi .s. In foinmon with iwarlyllic entire eouii ry, tth S
was to app. ar in a liberal paper, ^ wo at one period 'beliived him wrong in his alnios;, siiperluiman exertions to impress on the <-","»l|,r
munity tliat Sir Robert Peel had not introduced I' rep Trade, but only free inipoits. Bat however opposed to the means ^.v «^ cH\
Lord (;e..igc Bentinek would attain the prosperity of this great eonntiy. no one ever doubted that snch was ii.s pure and lo ty pur-
pose, lord George I ientinck never doubted (ovcii in what be considered the eountry's darkest day) tnat the Lritn-h empiie hasisot
within ilself more elements of greatness and prosperitv than this or ady other eonntry ever UMoien.o«c..ised, it only they could be
reduced Horn their present st.ate of cliaoa by some master mind, .^neh a mind/was Ins own, a thonjjh Urd Ceorge Bent nek » ell i-
aotcristie modesty made it his unceasing regret that the,-e had not been lonnil a belter lea" than liimsdt to hglit tl c b. t le, t li S
•ountry's working classes. With all the ndvantages of early political iraiifti...' availed ol by Sir Kob,ert Peel and l*rd Jo Ru.scll.
we ourselves have no doubt that the subiectof our present notice would have Ixen immeasuia hly flioir superior as a hue 15 ti,. clmr-
aotcr and statesman. And by men of alj parties and all shades of opinion, he will, at lea.t, ho aHowed toha^Cbeen one ol oui hnest
examples ol tho " JusTu.n ET THNAi EM puorosiri vine.\;." , ., , , .i ^ ...„!„.= „„ i.„„'., „„af.!,„«i
•■But it will not do for the Iriendsof native industry and monetary reform to dwell too hiim on Hit'Wy ,o.se have sus all «^
in the d. ath of a friend of the people.' so eommanding at once in his eharaeler and praelie,.! talen s V, '"l-^ ;''''"' "^f'' "',' "',|\,f •
•^ *^ ■ • ■ ■ „|' diiiiini hod wa','es»and lessened emuiiiynient. it all tli9
WB most carry our purpose, or a revolution inu~l soon be the
■ hod wa:4
ihey couhl n.'t make our on
il lessened emiAiynient.
e-sided I'ree TiVde to wi
ork. .Vlany
statesmen, backed bv all the electors in the country, were on on^^^Mi"^^} vuu.m i..i. ."..... ■ -■ . , . ii,.,.,, t„ f..M,,iv l.ut
•f the proteelionists-spaniel-like, /a.e.i.m,?/,,: „„„■',/„.„ ar, A.'.i^He already deeUrini! that no man is lelt for I el to fo low but
Sir R. reel : We urge llie friends „f the working ehisses lo be ujip.. We o»rs>lve.s .1,, uul see hov, any united a.aon can be at-
taincd'Otherwiae than through the nieain of n completely new orgaiiisiiitiun in polities. ^
>i
PEEL'S UN1VJ,INCIPLEd'/ND FAtXC COURSE.
■ T''
waliti^n of Social eSTojubis wK "e* wo™rm to l^rovenUh!^ couMZ". ilJf T *" '"' ?T '?'"' »'' ^ ">« "oh ; and tS2
- Eoonj»»»to, will be no m»r« of a party olm.-acter thTn is ""^ hrcombWfe" of Sod^mfn lo^'"^ ^^ """• "'S»''<» "f ">« Po'i"^^
JrrccippocftlFwo Trade ahd a fettered currency." *A11 along my Sneii^eohJlJr -• 7i!.!n "^t""' *"'' '""''"Wo resuH of
■Mtvtig tXe workMg cla.-scj, one and tht >amei<^en<-cthe>S^uritunf^hFlJ)^r^ ?*«.»««■« 6/ money, and the science of em.
M onl^ vital eo^titn,ionalgue,tioni„ a\l Znri^X,^Z"!c(Ilt^^^^ '^riZn^^lZl^.tjT^'^ "'^'T. f<»^''9 "-e i^
n,(ar,ce.than,an« people ; \nd\vhen a ,.#c,>nt nunieTff Z'nmaldind^Ll^^^^ poi»Uat,on i, in more artificicU eir.
party Witt be-formeW, ^ich will «,-,« the machin,ftio„s oflheCZ'a^&bT^f.lJ"^^^^^ '"Z' '" '" **"' " ^'■'<" P-'P^O'
. -The foregoing wolfld save Great Britain as a countrv • biVPn»^ ™2S^ _?^ -f' • '* *f f"" '*.' "»">try a revolution."
i<mi to m ranjf of a second o? third rate r^er'-^irope."' HaWhg cra:c7to''b^ a Zvi*^ tAl}"""" ""^i^^' ""^ """" ^
n^onal liberties would descend U> the level oHlmso of France, a StuaTvibratL hotwrl Iv.j' ^""^ " "''""'J' P'>''"'^- »'»'
be Aino, but I see that a crecr for Croat liritain in tlie fut.n'O may be w tMied ^n fvM •"'Ij' <lo.l be leve that this may easily
, «»«*:«■ Let us only docl.ire-tlio Golanics inteB.a! parts ot'tc'cnXe aid mr tml w I ,h "'"»''''"' "'" ?"'' °^ ''''» »■• •'""J' "'hW
sbfw),nE inay.intciforo. [the saniaTfts.tlie Ameiicn, s J.avo t eir S' between Alt YnrkL."!'r ™,?»t'i'e ''•«,<l<'. '» V"""--'' "" '"-•>^ign
Free Trade trithodr Colonies, rt^duties. except on articlesZbictft l6 «rExoisoX^ Ulilornia.] l.ct us have an entirely
thecoony. • And while we charA' at lea^t 1 -i J.nr .-onf !™^„:. 7. ^ Ji-xeise duty, being levied either in the mother countrv nr
cultivatio'n of which is cnifse Bue'r tiieCprc „
m f.vpur of cowtrles which will agree to free ii-ndo with our colm ,?and- to ," l,?co ,. .^t nil? ^"■T•.•'■'/" "'",™ '""'' '"'">■ '^'"'"'k
perect ono^ny arnrle. It «ill ofcpurse be obuoWcd tlmt inypXiplo would Irtorhrn^ll', ";; V^'', g"'!^^ '" 'i"' "«»•'• "'«" iS
on tea (as ,fb would Im ye free trade with Chinrt^ that counti/only chargi^r^ l*rVn on i^^ '"i l'-'^'^''!'?"" l''« "hole dutT
be seen tiom the following wi lings; hns long been that fiscal nrerntinr,«n iL.r,?' , '"' S""''"^ = "'' "'<■"• ''""ever, as will
induMry. And I cannot more shmly indicnt. the leope o™n"v vieC onl^ nT" *■«'"'""»"""■> ""'"re me due to the country's
following quotation from mj- letter to the (7^,,;, .If |'S' r of 2^1^^ lls^" "'""" "' "'= """«V».fi.xa.vce. th„„ by tL
fro^ ,c'p:} '^^z:z 7e^c^:::::: '!^:;':^:'^^::i,^"^'zt';::!,:^:^^^^ —'r-i "^'"^ """"-' *»-
t„M.,„,\:f l. ""■•■■""• '"•"' '".V"' !'«!"'"")• ■"'« ' f"-<^'i to de.'pair of ,ee
„<,T ' ^ r'-T'"' """" '■'■"""" '" " «"■'"••«'''." "-".A^rf cunditwn till ur
oft the war tax MOmit taiinn nff M,. „v.,. ,;.;., it.. . .-... .-. .. . . "_ , '"
%■
it to le raid by tUe property If L .<..;»,r;'*'k,X Z , ^Z// V^^llr^.'trr;'^ "T'" '""^'"'.' "i" ^«^''""'^^«*'. '-« '^
per cent, on our Five Thousand Milli,:,,, of Vropcrt,/, real ami ,,c Zonal but , letZ^I . '"" '" ''"" '** ■'"'"•"' *» '"("".V a hjf
balance in ,he hands of the Chancellor of the LrAlv „cr (r/V.rr ?..///„; 'aT """ V'"" would come to be reduced by t&
tionalDebtas.the,neasireof,heproUctLuona,i^^^^^^^^^^^^
bert loors „„,;,, for effecting the dirty work of the" 1 ov mrrlu^^^ " "'." '••"""•■''l-. l>avc been Sir llo-
perty is ,*entical ,vith every interest in the eo.nmnnin, tni ar /■;„„■ ^^In. I . '""''' ?", "'" "'""™' "' n"^'" with Hxed pro-
getting themselves secured, as ttiev vainlv thought a" , ,st a t, 1 So ,,.''''' '"••'':"'■'-"''.'"■' ""'«■• "'«'••'•<■■•'"* «f l'l>e country on
money market (the Corn Hill of 1S15) had pern.ai cml "eoured 1 i" llh n, v?^ '"■""-"'• /'"'«'='r'»g """ t''^' »<>? S'ven them by the
Which .„ 1810 were (h-st attempted ; iiul they c.msu n mt e7tt ir fool orv . 181 l' iT n'"' ' .'^^ "'"''"' "' ''"'' """"«^"y l'"«»i«
object (they were told.) was to reduce wages and the p"e<^ ofV. , wJ^ „?.^^^^^^ " euabhng l'..el to pass his currency l.iw, whose
continued to be the selfish policy oftlie agricu turistV or '„ h"? Sir ZZT" ^ '""'' "•'^' ""''''^ I">«'l'ascr8 and not sellers ThS
reney) ; 'As a body up to this moment tfiev rci m iiu ce v d (t^f vol l" Z. ".r/'^'f," ' ? "' "'^ f"""?'''"' "" ™^" "■»' <">"
Iwng's ministors to support the further contractiop ol the c urm, v on co dit o .^ H ,, ' "'" '""■ "'''^T." "'^'^ •""■B"""^'' «Hh th«
polv by a repeal of the corn laws. It was not i.ossH.le to make Pinole .m,j ^1 '" f"''^''''"»«"t <''<! ""t destroy their mono-
Qolfateral safeguards, jnust prove fatal to Ihdr Interests^ ad th,Troepr„^^ ""'^ conceded a measure x,l,ich, without
year,thcshadow.ofabenefiUnfactillusorvl,rtltcTr™^. 'onc's^^^^^^^^ "'" 'i"'""'^'';"'"'. on the precarious tonure of on.
. , the > S':;^^!:;^ "r^c^z ^^^::':^^it^^&';::z:c^; /:::.r r7^r t^f " "• <'^«-i« -'^ ^^ "^>p— «•»
/ any adjuatment of contracts, or adequate reduction of indirect taxciVCl; 1 1^^^ ■^'" "' '^^'»' ""''ecompanied by
, .ntoresl, oflhe community, of which the lal«nrers mmlformtoL'U im V , { ."' T'"' B'»er„ment,is, attoution to thi
good, not ofthe few who posse«. wealth and honours, In t o" ho m.^^'n" whria e tl.ii 1 '"■"."^"!'^ Z^"'" *» "^^''tuled for th«
1 triot,cdes?^'^!;;,^;;::;;^i,'i'i^:,;Xl-l-H-;^ carrying through hi, unpa-
•''■t '>«^;''''««Re<»rm in every sha?S yas resisted by ^
■• All thejrea My li.-i„Hh classes ha?e a certain oneness 0,;^;,^;"'"^ "' ""''^ ""Pereilious. bad U'come a hated, ela... '
try prospers, all the other memlH-rs prosper with it I and tl, rase h.r, ',. n ''^K'"""'" '"tefestsof the body politic < t acoun-
community, than the monkvu, ivTia.Ksr.'ha.l been .■fl, hrl l-l Tecl inS is Inerhs"^^^^^ .l:'''" ""■ ''•^'' ."' »"^ '"^'" "'"^1'"" "f "h*
ill^, '." "• ■"• ''"■ ""•' ••''I"e»'^'rt'''l interest in l^.rliam en '' hit the m, , v Zt 1*^ i* ':■•"";,";'«'.• "'" """ '•"""'it'itioual party
alien (not cg.timatc or mirely British in its interests! c ass 1,10^11*1 I' ' ■'i''' ■^"," , '''■'''' "'""f '<*'». ^"^ niade an
dtistry of thp country. 'j'„ s™ this elearlv wc have on y o • :||„e,^ h^: ',1, " ' .i: " "IT'^F- V^^' '""*" "'' "'" "«'l l"-"Perty and in"
and indusfrmus elasses, enhance, the exc hangcablo val\io Jf' he ,, n. v„ .7 * •*■''' *'","'' '" '!'<" vastest of evils to the propertied
and prices of eomn.odities. while it ,■„,,,-, th. rate of .Useou , n- Z '"/[""'"'t- Hnd money monsoA, tliro.igh red,, ,n. wagS
mpressionsnn my mind, long turned to the pl h ophv ^f t V'^ "^^^ hey charge to the couinumity ! .Such are the stro^.^
[my reason, or conlinumg these being the sinallues's if I , • n , nty i .V/i , 'L. 7 ""''■' '" "'*" '""' »"b«equenti;
peat o„„ of th., earliest of tln^so my warnings to the p. blie -' iv. /^A , J /; ', '7 "l"l"""'» •'!';'• been] ; ,„d 1 may hero ,1
ua^re paper .five per,i„ i„ ,.,„■ ,„.,,,„, „„,„,„/ ,„„^ "/^ i,,l'r ,"" "''"/■ f-''^''""'' "ill be f.„,nd to he „nl,i ,., m«*
, ««■«. the ab,l,ty to perf.r.n peeuLr dnt.e, a,,., '■''^^"'rIl^b:,:iZ:tf:!::t'^^^^^^ " '^■- «.•*«
course, I cannot do iK'ttor than extract from l.r l.isf, Dki. IvTri,v.T,„'v!r^' I'l'"" '" ",''" S'"''"' »iew of i'e.l»",',nprincipl«<l and fatel
appears, t the top ,,r.l,i„, showing ,l„. ruin^hirh in 1 e7j, ,7 'v^/ un'roV;;;^,;,^* l'« >-..a...der ol ihe paragraph, [.urt of „hi^
1. the .l,r,.ot on of free imports. If ,|„. r,.a,l..r will „|,„ „, , to I^IVt 1 ,'7' ''"'" ''" '"■'" "'nli""''! l.egislan'on than oum.
=.l^;"^i^r:::;;.t;:;;l'iz;rth:^;i:l-r""'""'^
; te^b^a.""' '" ■""^'"" ^'^ "-"'"^ "- --'-'i.e 7^a^3:^ x ;:;;er'is"r^:;li;';;|-:^,^-;;;: ;r™rii!:
' ;';'|"i^'l;-^-^o;^h^:/;:i;'-^,^rX;'::'^^ '^e ..ost imp„rtant,ar.icl. im,K,rt.
7M, already congratulated the nation o„ ,|,, llo.n i,!'™' V„ f /, ^Vm ^ [.V. rr/l''' "'' "';'""'■'"■ 'I"" W„,hingt.,n in 1„» mesaag
first , tl,.n,p , th.. (•on.iYss ,„i„,,|, i„ |s„|, t|„. loM.ort h,l , , to 1 . '. , "KruMillnre. f.„c„„rai;,.d l,y t|„. »,„■,, „ „f tE
a rea.ly employed (according (o-lhe R.-por „ni," ■.' .n,r4l ,,,,',, ,^,1 "Im '" ' ''', "'" """"""■•(.ires ol'tho i:,„ staii
the produee^mounled to sixlv million of d.,||,„s. winl e v | 'o ' « i "n 1 .''' ♦:"«""";.' ,""■""" I"""'-. ■•""' "'" ""n-nd amounts
X
i
i
.i
PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FATAL COURSE.
2S
■i
Peel and tho Theorists, with' the facts berore thera.^seem incapable of anticipating the enormous incraue to American Ex>
ports of agncultural produce whichmust arise from the more safe and cheap conveyance of it from the interior of the States, eran
Washington, has just been published, the object having been to ascertain how the intrinsic value of the various kinJs of grain may
be determined, their ityury guarded against, and their adulterations defcoted. The aggregate amount of grain convertible into
bread-stuff or its substitutes, annually produced througheut the union, is estimated at 000 millions buthds, ot which nearly one^hatf
is Indian corn, while the total of all kinds required. for home consumption does not exceed 300 millioru. The quantity of wheat is
Bupposcd to be about 100 millions of bushels, and it is to wheat and wheat-flour that the present report is confined. With regard to
the amount of water contained in the various sorts, the results obtained by Professor Beck give 16 to. 20vper cent, for Alsatian, li
to 17 per cent, for English, 12 to 14 per cent, for American, and toll per cent, for African and Sicilian. In relation to' the
amount of gluten in various samples of flour from different parts of the United States and Europe, the preference is awarded to the
Kubanka variety, from the south of Russia. On the subject of loss by tho presence of moisture, f^rom want of due precautions, it is
stated that the books of a single inspector in New York city showed that, in 1817, he inspected 218,H79 barrels of sour and musty
flour, and that in every year the total loss in the United States from moisture in wheat and flour is estimated at from .is 000 000
to $6,000,000." _ . ,- "° ' '
But, that Sir Robert Peel made a fearful blander in assuming that English agriculture can successfully compete with t^
agriculture of America, cannot bo better shown than by tho following extract from the pamphlet of the llonouraole Abbot Law-
rence, already referred to. That experienced and practical statesman shows that it is vain even for the Old or Atlantic States of
America, to attempt to compete in agriculture with the virgin soils of their own country, beyond the River Ohio. II is object was
wbon he wrote, (In 1816,) to direct the energies of his friends in Virginia to fields of enterprizo in which success could reasonably be
Mpected :—" The settlement and development of the resources of the Western country, have brought into existence an active and
effectual competition with your people, in the great staples of your agricultural products, namely, Wheat, Indian Corn and 'robaooo.
Maryland and North Carolina, like yourselves, are essentially affected by competition from the same quarter — from Ohio, Kentucky,"
Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. The Groat West is now supplying largely the New England and other
States, which are consumers of these agricultural staples, in r|uantity and value, to a greater extent than all tho foreign world be-
^es. Tho aitcrnal improvements of the country already finished, have brought Boston, by steam, within the distanee of four days'
travel of Cincinnati, by way of Buffalo ; and a contemplated railroad from Burlington, Vermont, to Ogdensburgh, New York, will
bring us pi-actioally yet nearer to those fertile regions of tho West. The expense of transportation is essentially reduced wherever
railroads or canals have been constructed, and even the Mississippi herself bears down upon her bosom the products of the West, at
less than half the freight ^hat was charged a few years ago. Thirty years since, a few small schooners were sufficient to carry on the
eommereo between this city and New Orleans ; now, within the last year, we have had one hundred and sixtv-five arrivals from New
Orleans nt this p^t, and many of these vessels are of the largest class : ships from five hundred to seven hunured tons buithcn. They
have brought us Tobacco, Indian Com, Flour, Cotton, Beef, Pork, Lard, Lead, Ac., amounting in the aggregate to many millions
of dollars. Of the first three of these articles, which now come to us in such quantities from New Orleans, our import.itlons, in
former times, "were almost exclusively from Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland. Can you expect to compete successfully with
the Western regions of our country, where, without much labour, tub soil produces doudlk, akd souktiues evex uors, to tue taax,
than the average crops of the last-montioncd States V
And even if we, as a nation, were in circumstances to sacrifice our agriculturists, it is clear that Peel's unprincipled course will be
ftrtal to every interest in the country, by upsetting the money market and doing away with our Banking system, the Impurt uf erain
being only another term for the abstraction of our paper as well as our metal circulation. In the case of V irginia, alludid to above,
the money did not leave America, but*nlya particular state, and hero we have the bad working of Free Trade even betwetn uountrtes
Or states having a common money I Peel s friends try to f|attor\is here in the north, by calling him a follower of Adau S.«ith. But if
a follower of Adam Smith, why did he repeal the Navigation Laws ? And why does ho not see tho advantage of Homo and Colonial
over Foreign Trade, as stated by Smith r " The capital which is employed in purcliasing in one part of the country, in order to
sell in another the piwluce of the industry of that country, generiilly ropiacos by such operation two distinct capitals that had been
employed in the agriculture or manuraeturcs of that country, and thereby enables thoui to continue that cmplovmcnt
Thccnpiliil which sends .Scotch manufactures to London, and brings back Kngiish corn and manufactures to,E(finburgh, necessarily
replaces by every such operation two British capitals which had both liccn employed in the agriculture and manufactures of Or«at
Britain But the capital which sends British food to Portugal and brings back Portuguese godds to Great Britain re-
places byove^y such oponitiort only one British capital. The other is a Portuguese one." The fact is, that Peel and Cobilon have
only followed Adam Smith in errors which so shrewd a man would not have committed had he lived in our day. Adam .Smith either
forgot or did riot know the effect Free I'nido would have in upsettini; tho banking system of a country ; and I think no one can sup-
pose lifter reading thefollowingffroin his " Wealth of Nations," that ho would have been the advocate of any system which directly or
indirectly (through the withd)-awal of Bank facilities or otherwise) was tho cause of lesseqod or limited production : — " There is ano-
ther balance, indeed, which hoS already lioen explained, very different from the Balance of Trade, and which, according as it hap-
pens to bo cither favourable or unfavourable, necessarily occasions thu prosperity or decay of every nation. I his is the balance of
the annual prmluce and consumption. If the exchangeable value of the annual produce, it has already been observed, exceeds that
«r the annual .consumption, tho capital of the «<K-icty mmt annually increase in proportion to this excess. The societrin this case
Mves within its revenue, and what is annually save(l out of its revenue is naturally added to its capital, and employda so as to in-
crease still further the annual produce. Iftho exchangeable value of the annual produce, on the contrary, fall short of the annual
consumption, the capital of the sm'icty must annually decay in proportion to the deliciency. The expense of the society in this case
exceeds its revenue, and necessarily encroaches upon its capital : its capital, therefore, must niKjessarily decay, and, together witli it,
the exchangeable value of tho annual pni<luce of its industry." Mr Fox, the late Lord Orey, Burke, and Sheriilan, were dvcidiKllv
opposed to the delusive theories of Free Trade. This is admitted in the Kdinhunjh Hfvifw of'^tlanuarv, 1848. " We must ill candour
admit and lament that those maxims of policy taught by I>r Adam Smith, wliicli bind nations together by the reciprocal benefits of
commerce (there is no rcciprocitv — Ic. B] produced less effect, on tho minds of the Whig leaden than on that of .Mr I'itt."
In fact, all the vital interests of this country require (even the safety of the state reciuires) the protection of native industry ; 1st,
Tlmnigh such a radical change of the Money Law. as will remove our home trade bevond the influence of any disturbance to our in-
ternal currency, flowing from tlie foreign trade Iwing nlile to <lemand gold at the foreign, not the British, price ; 2d, 'i hiougli Ihci
imposition, without delay, of a tixid duty on corn wlien the price is under 4/>s the quarter, with moderate dii^s on nit oliur
srticlos, excepting cotton fur the present. And those who doubt that we are on the eve of great constitutional cIlTRsies, Im- which
we shall have to thank Sir R. Peel's deviation fnun principle, have to consider whether Paiiuahk.it as vow comstitutkii lienij! lepn--
sctitalivcsof, or under the inHuencc of, the money nmrket, can he expecliMl thus (by the mcnsUiTS indicated) to rai«e the |'i i c of
labour nnd eominodities, and proporlionahly re<luce tliiu'xehaiii,'enlilc viilue ol Mi-ir nrtiele, moticy. Hitherto ocrtaiiily tlie tii'infiitrii
battle lini alwa.vs been lost by the seilislincss of tlie " "nowinu o.mkh" in Parliament. I'lio "dodge," to use Mr ( olMlcii'mlt'gaot,
phrase, has been to cooluse or mingle it up with the hnnHifi quiirivl, with which it has no necessary connection. I cx] hiincd tliis ;is
follows in niy communication to the tilniiijou' ^'xnmntrr of \2t\i .\iigiifit, IHI'^ : —
" We have slwa.vs seen cicnrl.v tlint Sir HolKit i'lel iiiinit ol necessil.v hnve temporarily a triumph over his present oppnmnts in
partiamciit on the (|uesllon of MonjT, Imcuuhc their ignciinci' niiil wiiiit of practical esperieiice of the counln's trade nnd other
great interests lend llieni to i;o lo i«»iie »itli ^lr 1(. I'ecl on ihc liill of l.mi only, in^'tcnd of on thu hill of ISlll. Via loll ol 1S4< linil
roainl.v lor its olijcct to give innrra«ed security lo the hohkrof bank noti s, ami in this nhii-el it lm< iloiibllii««ii Hucreeded. We tuny
quiation whellier the enunlry ha* not Ihtii made to ' pay loo dear lor its whistle.' We may tliiiik it outriigeoua that Sir llobcrt
peiiy. After the coiintiy had tliuc again, during the second nnr. eiijoynl the blessings of pence, It once more experienced all iIm
previous evils alter the conclusion of pence, when n cn'at ii.fliix ol niunulactures agniii tiHK place, and these rvilt of |ii<.ic» wvre
even gicaler than those caused by tin de\8Sl4Hioi>« of wiir. It wii» only in lHa4 that the Congress saw the expetlieney trf, ami re-
solved upon, mining the tariff; Inil tlint rc»oliilion wns Iruslralcd by Mr iliiiiki'-snn's threat ol rtlaliaUirj/ tinaiurra. 'riie luinons
state of the iniluntrini classes pi the I'niled Stnlcs at Inst roinprlled lie l'nn|:ress to raise the laiifl in IH28, »|ii!'|i una
however, mmlifled In IfUSlby the ('iitnpniiiiiH<; llilll, nwiig In the exertions of Mr I'niilrlt Tlininpson, Ihc successor of lliirkissoii'
In which he was sidwl by the pl.iiili rs oftlie Souih, who nil elnniouriHl for a cheap tariff. The roii»eque«u;e of that CoHipMimis'
Bill »ns the inipoitation into llie lintiil Slslcn of such cnoiiiiousi|usi>titi< s ot l-.ngli>h nisiiufncturesas lolnllj ti> destiot the Lain nee
nl Trsili. tM'lwien llle two cuiiiilri » unit In tiiion iilmiil ll iCilw«|.. iiil i.|.i.i« ii. l^^.^.^ tw.iii ■.liieli lln. I'fiil..! sul... I,,
rwvivciiTf, iTeiplTc flic revision of (lie inriiTTii TSTH. AIT iTiT" iiTnTnli
exceed tin I ipoits, ur, in short, ul kccpHig cuntinual y in iii;:lil llu
h7i7i»h the lire Ksitv uiTiiot allowing thu tinpiiits if a cou
IniUmcr of I rsdf. "
lid mil!:
>^ to
se
V.
PEEL'S UNTRlNCirLED AND FATAL COURSE.
Peel
I should (to nttnin so simple an object) prevent tlie osfnbliahmpnt of new banks. We may think it preposterous that the old
„..Jis of issue shniilil not bo allonod in 1848 to inncasc their issue of b.Tuk notes, as compared to their circulation in 1841, in the
BMne proportion (if tliey found they could do so) as tlicir piiid-up capital in 1848 had increased as compared to their paid-up capital in
1844 : and we niav ridicule ji principle wliieh dooms the commerei.Tl transactions of 1044 to be measured by the same volume of cir-
culating medium a's those of 1844. And, .as resrnnls Scotland, we li.ive an obvious right to complain that Bank of England notes are
not a legal tender here, at our bank counters, since the banks in Kneland enjoy this privilege. All these are indubitable, because
practical, evils, and the country would not long rest satisfied without a remedy of them, if it were not at s-ime time very clear that
our reeetit dUlroffs in commercinl matU'rf have hod their orujin not in any great deficiency of curreney, but in a total absence of
(OH/denre ari>in:i from the threntrned export ofijold. Situated as we were from October, 1840, till May, 1847, had orii currenot
BEEN MOliK EXTKNDKn MOSF.T WOILO HAVE niiEN CUKAPER, AND OOin WOLI.D HAVK, 10 THAT EXTENT, DIEN A BETTER SPECUI.ATIOK TO
BHIf ; AND THUS nTTUi: KXPOKT OF MOKF OOI.n 01 R MONKY PANir WOULD IIAVK HKEN INFIMTELY INCREASED. • • • •
'"'The rise of gold slinuld no lonjrer lead to the rise of money, but should bo shown directly by the price of gold rising when through
its being in demand as a mmmodiin for exoort its v.iliie has ris.Mi (instead of this increased value being expressed iu the dif honest,
indirect modes of n rise in the rate "V interest, of money, nnti a fall in wages and commodities). Then the foreigner would, at such
times as our maikets stand in neeii of his r.rtiele afk for hi> romiiioilii;! Jntt «> nnieh more price as would yield him the same weight
of qold, (thus we show the prejudice, that ' this pl.in would interfere with foreign trade' to be without foundation), while (jt times
when our markets don't stand in need ot the particular article of foreign nroduce the foreigner could not, of course, recover the full
proifiium on cold, whieli would be a thin- indicated by the ooicrol demand for gold. Our rate of wages would bo good,
u on n par with good ar.d uniform i-mplomwnt whieli would no longer be diminished by the ebbs and Hows of foreign trade, were our
bunk note circulation no iont'or atfected" by tlie low price ot gold, compared to labour, leading U> its exportation instead of liritish
Ubour to pav foreigners. If aihlrcssing only our (llasgow readers, we might not feel it necessary to amplify at such length our
proofs, tliat rhrnp oold beeonirs an equivalent term fiir dear money, and as a consequence low wwjes, the moment that gold get«
into demand as a c'omnunlity for oNport, which occurs wliencver I'riees of British commodities become remunerative or dearer to the
foreigner than ,£3 17s. lOJd pcro7.." . ,. , . . . , j
At present our paper as in-reasing the amount of money, and in the s,ime ratio increasing the demand, and consequently the
price for labour ami comnioHilic", a|ip ars at .i!r,<( sinl.t greatly loa'K'viatc the effect of the bill of 181(t or the fixed Gold Standard—
which has for its ohiert to reduce the pri'-c of llrilifh co.niit ■dilie.' nud toh.oir loi mnlciwi money dear, (this heiioj a convertible term for
making qolil cheap nominally, and III tlie same time miilinif liritishjIDmmodities and wages low or worthless in exchangeable value.}
But tlii.s happv and natural iiilliieiire of paper money, i\s old Sir KWiert had business knowledge enough to sec inevitable, is nearly
»Uogetlier lost to the indii'-trv of this coiiiitiy by the nialign inHiieiice wliich Sir Robert I'eel s monetary legislation cause » our I-V
reign Trade to exert as the (tietator or rc'gul.-^loi- i f prircs. anil (^"n«i.i;ucnlly of wages, and aslheynyif lessener of employment througk
Itsscninq, the circulaliiin rordimo. It is only, therefore, wli n |iri''e« are down to a ruinous level— leAtV/i unfortunately they usvalh/are
under /'eel's siiri,iii—l\\ni the rein.'irk of the fconomisl holds true lli;\t the foreign trade is now carried on practically in the same
way as if we had a li:\rter system, or if there v:is no more |i.iper inonev . I'snEU a nAiiTiai system the koiieioneu would oet a low
PSICE roil IMS roMMooiTiES. nuT iir wni lo oet otr ooi.n at mi io»eii iMiirE than at imiekent : The olijcet of our measure, as Mone-
tary liefornu'i-s, is to do away the infliieni'e of the fofei'jn Kxihanges on tlie cireulating medium, while it will prevent the price of
commodities and waires— as MRAsrnn. iiv rArrn, niiiru will Li:rnEsE.\ r. ami always he roNVEiiTinLE into, ooi.p at its linirisn I'rice
being as at present v.ot per}:iittr i to rise aliovr the level of the low l.ireign price of £;) 17s lOJd per ounce for standard gold. We see
clearly that wliat the traile of the country wants is rosnovM h, v hieli is li:ible lo be unhinged in three ways— 1st, Uy the want of
perfect cnntidence in the local hank rotes — the chief iihjeet of Sir l{. feel's bill of 1814 was to secure them, aiid in wtiieh he has
mceceded ; '.'d and lid, ( oniieeii ial eoiilidenee must nNo lie inipossille either ivhen the bank, as mvist always be the ease under our
new system of Iree Imports, is actii.'illy heiii!; drained of gold as in 1817, or when there is the anticipation of a dr.-iiii of our
prccioiis metals as at pnsent ; and, as it thus is evid.'Ut that it is the assured presence of a certain amount of gold that is,
required, we therefore propose, as al>ove, to prevent the ll.Tiik of l".ni:land parting with anymore sjieeic when Its stock gels down.
to fourteen millions. It is ohvions that whm the loivign Ixeliiirges get more against us than this point indicates, the eouiitry'a.
Industrv is unnecessarily sa'M-ifieed, and enr object is to save it, e\eii ihougb the moneyed classes should suffer from tie alsenee oft
bad times, a liih rate' of dhconn's. nod loo prices an! tivi./,j .' — n hicli are only different wa.vs of expressing the same thing,'
the necessary eirict o' the I'eel prirriple of money, let nie repeat two scnlences from former articles— " The remedy for thMI
Itate of tilings It', that roe t^ate up our miods It relaio o, II only^as the security of the bonk note circt'llation, do'ng away with
gold as a s'aodar I of v dor " Anil again. " lie nur prineirle of mooelnry science is only another u'ay of expressing the full employ-
ment of ctur oatfo.nlindnsiro free fr.o-.i the di't-irlance ,,i a:iy fo-.-yu or external intlnenec." We must draw the lino of ih-niareatioD
between fo-eign interests and liooie and ilriti-ih interests, oiliorwi>e — between the operation of the conflicting priiiripl, s of I'eel's
Curt-enev bill of 18111, wliieh !i,in!:s all contideiu-e nod InoU t'ledui^'s on gold, and I'cel's I'rec Import Hill of ISlti, wlneb give*
away oiiv gold to f .reiiMiers— the trade and in'lnstrv ot ibi- eoiiiiliy must lie ruined, and we shall have tlu^'most dieadfiil social
Conviiisinns. 1 nnu- subjoin,* as 1 pminiM-d, the cel'lirateil 1. iteioi Sii-R. I'eel's father, merely remarkinu that there is this evi-
dence tliat the father knew more about .Munlv thin tlie 'on. th.it ti.e petitions to Parliament of the l.oinlou Merchants and llaiikert
from 17(13 In 1847 have b-en in substance the same as this h'tt'T, wliieli indeed emiMidies the vii'ws of almost every prnelical
man who had studied the subject I have ever met with I liavc iiIh.tvs disputed the claim of our opponents to be the" l.aisicJt-
/aiVf" politicians, dur position is not Hint by legislation the ] rospe: it> of a country can always be secured. Indeed our object
—as pxplainetl almve— is not to introduce anv new principle, loit only to remove away the maldngislation of 18H>, which has subverted
ihii country's indeiiendence of other countries, and rend. Ted the p' riinneiil prosperity of our lalmiiriug classes a thing impossible.
It may not Iw generally understood that reel's father, when thus liisiilv opposing his son's measure, said on a public oecasioB
that the Act of ISlttwould add hull' a million sterling lo hi- lorliiiie ; but such la'ing the fact, articles like the following, which I
take (rum Ibe /.e»</iiti Standard, in aiisWer to the Abcnleen dcnien«t ration, are not to Ih' wondered at : — " Sir Robert challenges any
•Utplciou of his motives. Now this is hardly fair, but the rlialleiige thrown down must Iw taken up at any risk. Lord (Jrcy, an nbl*
/, — My Lords and (Icntlemen,— Will you permit an old
i
A
^■'^
1
Sin DonEIiT I'l el's folhir to Ihr Mmlcn of both Iboi
<d rarlio
man to address von on the mbj.'it of our ( nrreiiey i I i-at in rarlianieiit thirty jears, during which lime 1 freqiiently heard thk
important queslion discussed in the house by Mr I'ltl, Mr I ox, and other distinguished cbanieters. On the p issing of tlie Ihiiik Re-
itriclion Act, 1 was cnlrnsted hy the niiTebants and eiluins ef loiidon to present their petition a'.'niiist the measure, 'Ihougb my
opinions wei-e embodied in Iheirease. mv Isst enileavoiirs lo serve tlniu Vere not siieecssl'ul. Having been Ion.- iinij evteiisivrly cn-
gagecl in commeicini dealiii.s, 1 olteii "iliie'"ed a national eiiihiii a-^snieiil arising Iroin a defective and 'iinpure Ciitrencv, which re-
'alili:
jiembleil.tbe present slagnalioii ii
ducing their usual good elb'i Is
It reliance on a mWallic ciirnl iti'o
and 1 himeiit to ob-erM', thai siiU'eriiig and experience have failed, in tins iiistnncc, of prct
rnlargi d scale of business earrieil on by this counlrv, embracing a great variety of pursuitl|k
' "' ' """ I "oltl, though iu itself iiiassy, often (lisiippeais in eonsequeuoo
Im'si I'oileavoiirs to serve llifiii Vere not siieecssl'ul.
Itell "'
trade
In the
ill 1. and ever » ill t'ii
of war or speculation — nay, lb* hrealli it rumour itself is suftieu lit to ili«perse ii, iiur donieslie coneerns are interrupted and' confl- '
deree lost for want of an amjl'- aid appro. e.l midiiim of traflic I am no triend to an unrc«train,Pil issue of p,'iper money, and «aw
with concern, in the ali»cnee of a diH' qonnti y of -pei'ie, lulls admitted into ciiciiliiiinn issiual by p 'rsoiis of resprrtaiiilily, jiossessing'
firopcrlY, but evidently unable to me t a •iiddeii ninl large d. iiiaiid npiin tlietn, .More tbnii two years ago. I luenlioned lo a friend
ligli in his Majesty's councils niv f, ar« of the nii«. I.o'f hki ly lo ni^iie it the |iraetiee «.r,' not ilise.inliiiiiril. aeeoiiipaiiied « iili a aiiK-
(JMlion to confine future l.<,.o<,. ol yfir > o'n-o, or loUi'lis. I , ll. • tl.iot ,,f Ungland ao.l ollli-r eonr.elellt Isi.li s of inrii, who w.ml.l ^'ivo
•ecurily iu land, the pulilicjriind-. caiiaU, Poildiiii;'. or oilier laiigiMe properly, a iiitiiiL', at l.asi, to one hall ol i%e valin. ot their
bills or tokens in circiilatj/n. ,Mv pn•p..^i' ooi ivji, ,,.,1 | n • .1 with any jio'iee. yet had ii I id 'pled, I .n.i .o „).,,■. n iha- to^-t of
'It
eli^llr it the praeti
'(/. ■ ll.nU ..f A',i..;'-..o/ ao.l
r langi'ite properly, inn
n- '1 with any no' tee. yet had tt /■
thi futuic and dislros myl' to se'Crrly Irll lo lie >i ito'ii ii'.nd.l h nc I en a r.olcd . If sii.li an llllpro
could be maile«v»illlUl«'r .T''.' Wi'uld b en,,.. /. •. r, , ., .,' ,<,..l ll.r conn ry bo ropplod uOi ■/ floti..loiry nu.hu
ing oiih loirsrlvf' The pre>c'it p lU'c a '111 .li-tr s- III III., roll II I ry have l.eeii ili'ehired bv liojli autlo.ni V lo p. I
<«.<;" and " wihl sp'Colalooi " tiifint lrili..ii« ami r-' ■il.'l-<lloi..nts are li.ible to miscarry f.iilll wiinl ot i'
'I'raoimi and Srnii,»Tii*' in-in:' niMi." of t'l « i>liiol, ai A parents of our "ea'tli ami imlept'iiilence, ar «ii;il
Imputation, 'Ibe same aulhoiiiyhis dei'ari.l " f. il no. I paper money ai' iiieoiopaiible with each oihei.and
The pofoil"lo<n and trade of lie , i.i'.'r* *.m'i»-; '■ . .. ' ."* fir,,ar,.b a ;ir,i/,..rri..ioi(j. locr.ase in the m diuin
for : nn)t when gold it fottnd iim /«.>(■»', rer.-„vr ,„„ it.-! .,,/ (,. paper ii.'.irA, ff iiMf.i'.xof/ ..1) the prtnetph alread
luh-iaorr- u'oild b. f.onnl in I'e i.i :ii' pod t oit'i :rit li .. ■. .i A iixious Ui See oiir situation aiiielioratod, I Inisi
be mended, wilhoul ebangin.j or impairing the n 'I oi .1 e .loliiei einl ehararler ; which measure, if reMirlod lo, >i
iwrtiil li.o I'ril ll ol I'liie 1-iv.n f.-l tlllty and happtni'ss to n hligedistri
arlial
I./
jrour fiitbful and obeilien
execs
I"
lp<
IllJU
my
III. I.iol.iii^r systctll
■ r, /,,(„,/. i.riginnt-
I lioni ■■ <.i ,r-'(rai/-
I nee tinil sotliiity.
tipl Irian such Hn
i"i exist fogeiTi.'r,"
.. o/.lf/,..l I., edict
: ,...<. If^ted, tb(' |H'»
I ho ciirreiier may
i.iilil reseliil.le tliff
, merely lif' u|se.
Is jiiid lii'litleu
len.
I
I srr' ant,
Ura^tun M,mar,JUeiJil,I:i2!L
R"««« Tl'i i B fa:
)
PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FATAL COURSE.
fcoX.
_^ _ _ - 27
and high-minded man (we mean the late Earl), upon a memorable occasion declared that he would consult the interests of his own
order when they came in conflict with any other interests. Here was a very plain and a ,very honourable avowal of motives whether
the motives deserved disapprobation or applause. We cannot, therefore, be charged with dealing uncandidly by Sir Robert Peel if
we impute to him motives corresponding with those so frankly avowed by Eail Grey. The right hon. Baronet and the noble Earl
distinguished meiiiliei-s. Ry Ins bill of 1810 lie doubled the value of his vast paternal wealth ; and in all his subsequent racasurM
without exception, may tie traced the same iletermiiiation to augment, at whatever cost to others, the riches of the rich and to Aefeni
the cnoinicius acquisitions of 1819. .\r. wc liavo said, a just rcla.xation of the cuircncy would diminish Sir Robert's wealth fifty ner
cent, in value, and (what no doubt he wmild led much more aensibly than any loss to himself) must depreciate the wealth of such
estmial.le pci-sons as Messi-s. RotliscliiUl and Ciurney in the same ratio; but between free trade, which prodigiously enhaiicea tha
value ot money capital, and .v relaxation of the Curicney, that would so seriously impair that value, he had to choose and of course
as the patriot ot the money order, he determined for free Inule, and upon the same ratliir limited ground of patriotism he still de'
votes himselt to t^o rrotection of the money order, remains in a House of Commons which must for maiiv reasons bo disa^recablo to
Him, and helps an administration wliirh he detests, but which is, as he supposes, a harrier between tlio '■ monev order ' and the ter
nble day o( restitution, I'hey who cannot count possible losses or gains by millions may perhaps question tile Eeiieral patriotism of
tho ex-preinici s motives : but he is entitled to be t: led by his peei-s, and we have no doubt that a jury of Rothscllllds Uuinevs <tc
would latily the decision ot the Aberdeen people and .sir Robert's own decision in favour of the perfect propriety of his motives "
lint why, I may be asked do you .VH;/.'e mit poor Peel— if all our statesmen are guilty of having something nearer their heart
than t le eiiijilnymenfof their couiitrynieo, ;iii.l theimual and ieli5;ious elevation of our masses. 1 answer— Peel* has sinned against
■ heart
his IJKlit and his convictions, while tl'in wiiigi have done so in their ignorance, .ind in tho uUpr abiirn'ra of prMtie'alVie'w3''th'!ft''dS-
tingnislies them as a party, so that I'eel is as nuicli moie guilty, than the Whigs, as the muiderer acting from impulse and in'the
presence of his reason, is a more guiltv man than tho maniac coininitting the same act would be. It has indeed been .said
that 1 eel deceived even Ins own Cahinel, leading them unawares within tlic enemies' walls, and tbat Lord Aherdeen held up hi»
hands . when lie was told what I'eel, then on his legs in tho House of Commons, was saying " thu mimstru would do " The sad fact
that we ito kn '■"" :.. *i.„* i»„..p.. .„.,... ; i: .. i\.!.._ i _ ___i_ _ . ., „ .^ .. ...... .. : .
Ecd-Tapistsi
able without
leii ne was told wiiat i eel, then on his legs in tlio House ot Commons, was saying " thu miuiHry would do " The sad fact
know, however, is that Peel's more iiiinieij^.ite friends, who were the flower of liritish statesnun (so-called but really only
tsi indorsed hia faNo sU'ii, and have thus cruelly snatched from us what would have been some little consolation our hoinJ
lit qualihcation to sav— ' •«""»
He stood alone, a renegade
Against the party he betrayed ;
lie stood alone amidst his band,
Without a trusted heart or hand.
course but to withstand the Anti-Cornlaw mob or any other violence or threats from bevond the pale of that constitution till the
eonstituciieies could bo appealed to. . ' '
.Justiim et tcnacem propositi viruin, Dux inquieti turbidus lladrlio
-Non eiviuni ardor prava jubcntium, Nee fulmiuantis magna manus
Non vultus iiistantis tyranui Si fractus illabatur orbis, ■,
Mente quatit solida, neijuo Austcr, Impavidum fcrient ruinic.
And oven as an artist Peel by his own confession is inferior to Cobden and afl his no longer doubted motives and all hig unadorned
•loouence : One is almost tempted to susiiect Mr Cobden of being the American who " grinned the bark off 'the troo" (Oh ' tbat be
•ould grin it on again, ) ; for till his day the " iv</Un,, of the birdi og their ba>h,'' tho tree of tho constitution, as achieved by Peel was
•ur greatest perlormaiiee ; and il wo view the buds as representing the friends of Uritish industry, deceived by Sir R Peel from tlu
Corn riill ol 181.') downwards, [I represented them elsewhere to be the birds in the fable of "the battle of the' birds and the
"'"ts" when showing the unprincipled or bat-like character of the 71im« newspaper,] wo are struck with the resemblanoe »(
Peel and Cobden's struggle for mattery, to a rivalry of ancient times between two men in their way great artists or siniuhitor* of na
tare. "Zkuxis (Peel) was a celebrated painter, born at lloraclea. fti the art of painting, ho not only surpassed all his contemporaries
Imt also his master, and became so sensible, and at the same time so proud of the value of his pieces that ho refuse<l to sell them'
*Mrving that no sum of money, however great, was sufficient to buy thorn. His contest with PAnanAsiug is well-known- but
though he represented nature in such perfection, and copied all her beauties with such oxaotne.s«, ho found himself deceived' He
BBinted grapes, and formed an idea vf tlie goodness of his piece friMU the birds ( ProtectionisU i ) that came to cat the fruit on tba
canvas. Hut he soon acknowledged that th» whole was an ill-executed piece, as the figure of the man who «rried the grapes was not
*ono with sufficient expression to terrify the llirds ! I'AniuiAsas (('ob<{en) was a great master of his profession and nar~ ' "
•xcolleil in strongly expressing the violent passions. "- * 1 .i.- i:-.".. :--.. •.» '■■ '. . •■
their respective ineces, the llirds came to [lick with
BAiius cxliibitei
Zeuris acknowli
■nisKi.r. [Tlicro will be liiunil as' little behind tin
Ho once entered tho lists against /fcu-rn (Peel), and when they had produced
ve pieces, the ISirds came to pick with tho greatest avidity the gra|)es which Xeuxit had painted. Iiuiuediatoly Paiib-
ted Ins niece, and Zkuxis said, remove your curtain that wo may see the painting. The curtain was the paintinir and
wledged_ himsell conquered, bv cxdaiming, Z«i:xis uas ubcbived lug liiiiDs, nuT I'AimnASius has dbckivrd Z'suxa
' ■" ' ' " "(iinf Pree Trade, as behind Parrhasius's curtain. 1 Parrbasius grew so rain
•f his art, that he clothed himself in purple, and wore a crown of gold,' calling himst'lf the King of Painters" ijo was Taviah in hi*
•wn praiises, and by his vanity, too ufu-ii exposed himself to the ridicule of his enemies."
And whence is to come our .National Reiiie.ly, if not from an g.'.TiHa kkuodkllihii or i-arties, tub postkbino vr UniTiaa In-
»D»tnT ubino tub rni.'tcn'Li UnivKiisALLr AoiniTTKn, anu our (juarkbls or muk8T1o.'«» ubi.so ouli as to tub dbst ubtboo or ax-
• 1 here give two of the many inoofs of Peel's knowing tha
wlili the foreigner ; — "Sir Rols'rt Peel, in his address to tlie electors of Tamworth, Juno 'i
>t British industry could
compcle in growing wheat and ■ugar
,, . , , - , IHil, said :— ' I now come, I repeat, t«
t_,, , ., r, , , ,, , , "'"ff'S" «"■>;■, I must repeat to you hero the opinion which I liave declared
heretoliire, which I have declare)! to you, and also in t'- ' '" •■•■'•■ ^ .. . . . . « "•-^■•i««
duty of %. fur the present ascending and descending
4o mtt cjinsider, when 1 look to the burdei
krought here from Poland and the north oi i.urup,, win .noru a aumuient protection to the land of this country. The nropoaition
of buyiug corn in the olieapest market, is certainly tempting in theory : but before you <lotorraino that that is just, y*u must aaoer-
■ ooiiiitries 18 su^ected, and compare them with the burdens imposed on land in
• most important question — that of tho inlruduclion i
' i ''»^'' declared to you, and also in the Commons' House of Parliament, that I cannoVconscnt~to suhstituto'a'aiS
nd di-sccndiiig scale. 1 prefer the principlo of the ascending and deaconding soale^Md I
leu which land ill this country is subjected to, that a tixcd duty of 8». per quarter on corn
I ot l.urope, will afford a auffiuient protection to the land of this country. The nropoaition
tain tho amount of burdens lo which land in otlii
Then we have Peel's letter to
fhonias Powell Buxton : —
Dear Sir— Il is gratifying to me !•
I' which your lotl
from inuiiieipal lRW,.or lioni inlernatiunni obligations.
Whitehall, April 18, 1H44.
ranees of which your letter of
Brasil and Cuba, I cannot doubt
«, would give an euoourage-
,,,,. , . , , • — ..f humane and moral feelingi,
1 he »l*to of tliiiigs III Cuba, since the removal of (ieneral Valdei fnini th*
UovciinnVnt, i. ni.«t unsatisfactorj^. ;riii« is a critie.l period in the annals of slavery, and the slavivtrade'rind tiiV"Vxampie""if
111 caus«, ot which she is in trulh the only active and tealous sup-
Ihe exertion of force will avail for the suppression ot the slare-
Enghind. if «ho were now to relax her honourable exertions in that causti,
port el , would have a very exlensiw niid veiv evil iniluenev, I
trad.', I eainu.l ,„iieeit» h ii»e ..I l\>,.e i e ,u,i,|iHl.|e in the eyes of (.ud than llie employment of it in Uie"3..1eat lind
punishment
al iUi i^Uoaiuuaii^atb^ .UU aiil-i^ a.a^l, UM^- j u wtol.U .rit ..^- WtH^xrWrwr in^pntmr . tint itff wp WIC T l W BT^ Tew TOoTOi
on llir ,,u,u "I Allien and |tr;i/il. wore (veryllritiM nuu.r wii.r„«n «„..i.i i i.... .i. _ .V. :. ..■ -u.™
on llir ,,u,u "I Allien and |lr;i/il, wore (very llritmli crumr wiihdrnwn, «ould, I tenr
me.iiis .rt prmeiit (m the soppiessivn of the slave-lradr. 1 have llm hunuur lo br.'Ac, 4c.
di monnlrale the Jiirliii'ney of .tiiy otiier
ItoiiiBT I'rkl,"
PEEL'S UNPRINCIPLED AND FATAL BOURSE.
the tenants nf a Rrc.it political gravo-vanl, who 1 ave sa d to evorvnr.,^ vM„ .1 . "^u "".'"^'•"I'l'-' Politicians appear to ua lika
bo no os.cM,tial difference, bnt only .lilTorent de"ree, „f dd^emLnr^fch^^^^^^ "' ■ '"■' '"■"""•''•-»'"0"S them tl'ero sooming to
■fled a ike from all the inHuential statesmen ^-aUur rtttes-one-f on 'a^ ""■ 'T '''"''' '^""8 "-"ing apparently
of goM. an, anotlier his ccclasiastical machinery!" 1,^. he sacTiJhibuTlv e. I tff'rn'it l" "^-'"""g '"f Placc, another hii hoardi
country, and hi., faith ? In the extremity of oiir case seems mir o Iv hnnl i. it „"'« •^"•^'' '■ "="«'; t''"" ''c loves his allofjiance. his
Of the .ipiH-ORohing dawn " Onr forefathers ( ays Veihul r) ho /on^^^^ '" *''" ''"'t^'' ^'T "' "'t'l't H'ci-e is an evidence
Of brick, is doubled, Moses is atM.and !" An 1 ike F-n" m o not »^ ^Isn n 1' '"i '^T''^'- "?«'', '" ^^J-Whcn the people's talo
public debt, and in Ihe accumulations of ou;'millk;;a^.s''wl^sIe^"ssal'i^ti;;;s^u'n^r!ij'''"""''' ^V'^ ''",'' ^'^'^- ^^^"^'^^^nn^
of our masses ? Peel's Munov IJill „f isiD, „s giT, ?. ( i ' neerof tl ren.mtr^^^^^^ " '^ '"'f '"^•'"""' "' ' '" ''^'cndencc and sufferings
doubliug of .he ,ai; of bdciis a d U \,:^ dra^ . nheT'w' " h,': U^ Ins m<^snre.of 18^0 will be fvl-md [o bo7£
to be wanted, as in IS 17, for our excessive imno ts oH; rei " ' !■ S mr ' ' 1. M , • "'"' ''""'' .'''■''""^l' ^'"^ "'"'""'' «l'™ie comes
of the h,s. Fallacy of the Ti,„es," 8,h Noveml^ , S43 ' I Ti In 1 bv iun. d ( Ik ' 'S,' lo ,'' ' 7 T""' '^'"Bua,^, of a " Refutation
provintr that the e.ri,ti,u, m.m,'.:u;, snst.m bc-ni: nr,r^-mf, ,/,,///,/ ..w.,,„ '•'■">■ '-"'"'o"-— J I ave answered thiswehalienge, by ■
of the wrct.hed hein^- v,l,o have bcvn the vietin s ol't I il "ons W, h s r^ ' 1""', "'""^ ';'■""'■'"■'' ■■""' ""'l^-'-f"! bodies
of hu.»an life to an extent Lu, horrible to eon ", plat .' Comin e 1 v il i« .^^^^^^^ n'"-' ' '"' ' ''"'T^' itsann.uU sacrilioea
the n^cl people swept aw.v l,v the Can-es -.1 e wi ivs snS ,.,..„ <,' l'-'*'-'"-^' I lyuloos before the ear of Ju--ernaut._
carrytn^on the accursed slave trade,-d eadii U^ t e t^?^. s^l M i^xi^;!; i^, l" "'' ""^ 'V' ''"S "'"' '"'"■"'' cndured.'by
human siillVri,,. e.,Mally appallin-" Our worst L re i Inf tl c i, te I "e ,e , ,' ''".' V"",""'f 'l-' i'.'"' "'"'""• '•»'^'^'^' " "'««^ of
upper ard middle classes iVact.iallv L-oiliuK behind^^t of 1 e m e e f ', "'"V^-' ''".'J>''=t of Money or the Currency, of our
the crv of peace, peace. wl„.u there is no peac I n.-p^^ F ve o m ir lin^'n ' '' I" 'l"^\"'""-^-, «,c are del, ,5; ourselves with
abour or skill Ihr wa^es, ,1,.,, under 0,,,' .uonsu,!,;;, ,^y ll; bj";.': "c h '^d th^t'^vb™' ''l ]' " V"' 'l'7 '''''^ """ "'«''
Uie_ dimiiHili.m ot its ,|n,inlity, tliev must (aeeordi,,.- to the etei-u'i law of s, ,,U n,r ,,, , I , " '' '" '"'•'"'«' or exported to
the>r v.'a.'e. fall, even if th,.y are not eon.pletelv ,lep,l^ Vof^', , ovn c t In wor r^^fl'^L^"" """■' ""'■'' '"'■ '"' ■""'''• '"' '1^'
LABOUK FOU ,;OI,U, Ufl TUF. I.ON„ON Jkw AN, TUF^ ,,n , , X ru M V FN T , VF V It nv.' >*'■"'«■ V""'^; "« >0 OIVE MoUK TIME OR
andth.irlanulies{Fi:..TK,nu,.v,xnF„.-,-,x,; r, k t t , . 01 f m^^^^^^^^^^^^^
could ii.it iUTve.;t it : so prudence -ets 1 , ■<. is ■, i , ' „ ' ;'• "'O' ^-'tv ) ans,-s liom no cause wiib.u their own control. I'rudenoe
Bitted ,0 Wulalo direcMk a,;; m,,s 'aii U™; r C '' 1^ ;■ U^ o ilfVr^^^^^^
althou,,. he may never have wo, Led for a I n i -n d/.a ' l1v , ,t; , 'I^^T^^^^^
article ,„(,„cy (it »hould be p!enlil,il if ii,„d u li e „, , v ' ,,. ,1 r , '' "'" " ''"^■'''•■'l '•< tl,e n,akin- the plentifu
always bold 'the
Pitt'; n.o,.ey law,:;;;;, t,;;,r,-;^i:;rck ^r;t hullisu^'^Hh^'c;:;^^
law of s-,,p,,|.v a,„l ,len,a„d so outra -eo, . that it v , , ,Vml., , / n 1 I''. ''•■' " ,""' ""■'"''•'' '"""opol'sts by a violatiol, of the
1 I ti t i>i'r>ut in /'<i' _ I'll ' .. ..^ . ...
1833. ) •• If we arc to .a.lhere to a met.allic c,i,r, o o7, k" , ,• se,, sv ,- ^, '':;.'" ''.I'".''';''^ '"; ^ L'lr.vncy Fallaeic's liefuted."
Uie pro,luctive classes. Tbiv have found tl at ,, lu, 1,1 „, 1, 1 1 " "'■'' l'™vy taxes cannot lie paid much longer by
taxes. Whenever I ho,* are al.olisl,od " h ers » 1 i^i „ „ lu r,,,'' ' '' '" '■'''porous lor tho repeal „f the /„.„,« and „L{ol
also 1,0 reduced ; till at las, the n.in.stV^ ,?v o e iZ'c^ ' w ico , e^^ "'^"•'' "'' '^'"■''- '''^"■'-■^'' ^ ^''''.^ ■"»«*
Other „„p,«ts pi-csslug pail.eularlv on tl le in,lusl, "0 us , laTs' 1 e liiT I,, .J,.,,. 1 ; ', I T'TT"' ''.1!'^"*^ '•■'-^' '" ''''" o'''^"
landed interest ^ \Vi,h co,„ at 4(»s a .|uarle , w Tie 1, we si,., 11 , ,," w b ' ' V''?,' "l''", "'" ''" t'>" «;o'»l'tion of tha
pay his share of the puhbe d.bt. W II l„. ,,. ,;« i ' b 1 sufI e , 1 ba,^^ ..ea,-ly the half .,1 every man's p.operty to
IN TUF S..MF OKIJIIKK i fWill, wheat at CO.. S^O^ \. ' \Z^ "' 'I' I'V vatc obllgat lOOS, ALL OF TnK.M KNUANCED
give 10 „„lli«tt-,^uartors wl„ at when I b,. M;i,.„ XL , .A, " I, i, U ^ 1' ,• -", """'"" '\"''< *■''>•>'■ l',it we shall have to
Bhonld, what a nVodigious Involution will 'i:;;'b,;r,i,,'l'Ui™ri^^^^^^^ '■-"'■'""
waspassci withaeclamatio,,s bvll,,. w,.allliy nien,!,.,, r Iw "Va 1, , ,vl^,^^^^^ ■ V'"^T'.'"'' '■•■■«"'•'";/ ^',.-/- /.<„/„,«,/,-, which
Classes : a,„l how truly ,lecs i, il|„„,,,„.. (he r .1 o, ate ei, ,,''': 'Tf'^ 7"' '' T """''' "''*'->'o H"-' Productive
moral .system it is a pan of ,be wise a, ,-a„ ;..n,e , of ' ovbh'nc ,n , , 1, m be s'l',!!':,','!; ''''l '"'" "'V' ,""'*'-^ """' > ' '" '!"»
"are invohcl „. ,rretchedness and U.,,a,y, the n.o,-,. elev^ .1 u' ^ ■ ; ^ ^p^ y 'l ^;;.;i.:;i' ! "'' " ^''" '-"■ ^^-^'^
KFMEDY F,,K FFKL'.S MO.NFTAUY MKASrUK^,
• uey ,u,n<„ as ,ie, 1 neri'lor,', ln„n Ihe ' «leia, pall, ,.|,l,iiv • |b,.v i, lenl, 1 I,, ; ..n i ' nai,uiac|,„ers w,ihuut proliU.
*" '■"■'■'"?" ''' ," "•cnl..t,o,M,„.dluu,, pn,spe,' IV ,-lu,- l' I, ■ ,, , i a' o , , mV^'^ "'" '■^"''', "-"i-'ti"'' :"' . wi^
tllO per,u,l ol ,|,e !;r,,,l ,h.p,-,.e,ah..n ,.( 1 1„. ,„-,;,„.v aee.oali ,e I , ,' i, , ' "'," V"; "",""""'' »'"" ■»l'l"l I" ll,<'debt .lurilia
tliebon.l, ao,lll„. ,,„„„d oMI, sh, u,e claioa'd bv Ibr ere.lilo, " v, . ,„ 'c'Ui ,alto | ay tbe enti,e L'IK. ■|li,. l„i(erof
fatberis ,elat,sU tolmvesahli, bin, '• 1(„1„ , , I ', i.L, • , , f ^ "-'/"■, as „m ot ihe enaeln,ent ,d Ihe bill „f KPI ■,Lr.
appeal apunsl ,t :_ ' ' ""'""' '"''•• ^'' ^"" "' ^'""'''''l X""' 'o"t«oc «n,l n„ne,l your .ou«l,-y ;" w.'ll, Ui'-n, m^wS
" .yi'd''''''.'''"" "'trull
" Ii is i.bvious that lb,. ,., ni.ival of the pin- h ii..| ihr ,
■*■'-- -^"^i"erz;rr- .l:=V;i;';!^:d'z.ril:;,:;;:!-i^.-' •
u .!.;■ - ^ - - ' . . ";::":/■ .r;:,:,! ■; ':::;Sir,^;ii: :;';:;,;;'„;!;:;,;:r':;:,::i' •- ';;'yy '"- »"» ■; .^ -'. it lo r.se : ^
'»''"'."■ •• ;■' 'I'" ■■'-■■■I iM„.e,, ns„,H,„ ii„„i<, !,.„ i,,,\vli. hi i*;. '':,,; '^'''''■'''■■''''''^^^^^
"•""'" " "•"""—' i-- "'-■!. « .» 1 ■'■■'". "I'. ntt.ev;.,^i,,:M,,;'.;,,i;:';::,;:,;,;:,:i:i;i'^;;;;;^'-''''^'. »-' tuo
tioii
J.lLirli « meiita i?- i;a.urtaUi,»TO r" p i .U.4 ,,-. t-V4^^r
V.
li,.
Pllli .,.
"
^'^>\'. I'l
Ttrnrr.tnnirnT: T^TT.
A NEW I'ARTY OF SOCIAL ECONOMISTS MU^T ARISE.
29
A NEW PARTY OF SOCIAL ECONOMISTS MUST ARISE.
WHAT MUST I>.E THE I'KINCIPI.ES OF A NEW PARTY ORGANISATION ? I ANSWER-TIIE ANTIl'OBES
- OF THE I'RINCll'LES OF THE POLITICAL ECONOMISTS OR MONEY POWER. ""''''' "^"""^
" There ia nnothei-Iralance, iiulcod, which lias already been explained, very diffci-ent fVoni thd Balance of Trade and which ac-
cording as It liappoiis to lo either favourable or unfavourable, necessarily occasions the prospentv or dceav of every nation" This is
tiie balance of the annual produce and consumption. If the exchangeable value of the annual produce, it has already been observed
exceeds tlwit of the aniuial cousianption. the capital of the society must annually increase in pioportian to this excess. The societj'"
in this case lives within its revenue, and what is annually .saved out of its revenue is natuiallv added to 'its capital, and eniplovc<l so
icrease still (iirtlier the annual nroduce. If ftiiw\-flinnp-,'jihIo v.iln** nT flm nnntif.] ,^ 1,.^,^ ^« *i.„ — * r.. ii „i.. ..^* r^i_ .
as to increase still liiitlier the nnuual produce. II the exchangeahle value of the annual piciduce, on the contrary, fall short'of the
niiually decay in iiroportiou to tliis dclieieiWK. 'I'be expense 'of the .society in
annual eonsuinplioii, the c^ipita! of (he socictv must a
tnis ease exceeds Its leveiuie, and ncci-s.sanly encroaches upon its capital: its capital, therefore, must necessarily dceav ami
togetiicr with il, the exchunscaUe value of the annual produce of its industry'"— Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations.' ' ' '
"'I lie science of money and the science of eiiipl .yiu!; the wtu-Uiiig classes, is one and the same science, the security of the laljouf
^otc./- ag.ain.st the .«•.,,« ;,„„.,•,•, torminj} the great and only vital constitutional c|nestion in all countries, but more especiallv
jn l.rcat lirit.un, wliose populatK.n is iii more artificiil circumstances than anv other people ; and when a sutHciont number of
lioncsl lu.d independent-niiiKled men come to .see this, a :/reat ,.f).uhn- p„ri;rumm>f'»;H<;l, wliich will upset the macliinatioi.s of the
tixcd staULTard biillionists, and thus save the country a revolution."— .My communication to tho Ulasjuii' ICxaminer of 21st Oct., ISifi.
Wo find polities left in a state of einns* ; but principles are, of course, " undying," though thev niav Be banished from a country
as ti'oin a imnd, and though policy or " temporising" lias, unfortunately, usurped the place ot i)riiie"iple in the minds of ill th
Uritish statesmen who, till lately, were most pionjincnt— (irominent, just because staiudiiiL' on the rock of principle 'i'lio only di«
tmctM.ii now lilt us to draw \< between inon who arc tife aniv ^-lem^'ai and men who would sln,„l Hill till the waves of revolution
overthrew the institutions of the country, as want of employment did thove of France, Wo must look to the former class secinir
tnat TUi; FINAI.ITV MK.\ Hll.I, HE SIRK TO PIIOVi: TUE.MSEI.Vl.S AKll THEIR PRlNril-I.ES INC.U'.lni.E OF PI.NDlN(i KMl'LOVMENT FOR TUK 'nUsSBS
OR, IV oTiirn WDiius, of oc.vkrm.no tiie e.mimre. Tlu'ir failure is the more remarkable that for more than two years the Whim
liaye had ilie adhesion oT.'-.ir Robert I'cel and all the working talent of his partv. That it is the ihterest n„u. of men of pronertv
totjocomc iirogrcs-ionists m politics 1 ain .iiiile salislicd, for without I'liir, r.;t: .Si(;;V,i./c the monev l.iw will not be chaio'cd tiU
alter the monied cla.ss snail have swallowed up all the properly in the country, as well as starvid oul .half its population "on tha
approved process now gmn',- on in Ireland. The working classes at all events will no longer submit lo he unrepresented in' I'arlia
meni. Now, however. thM lliey are alive to the oeeiiess of the Interests of fixed pro|ierly and labour, thev will uat the suffrace to
protect and piomote ihc nil. rests, and especially ih.' sicnritv of property, seeing this the- only means of iiicieasihg the deniVnd for
their labour. I hey now see that jiropert^v and labour are in one boat and mo.vey in another : and llieir ni.xlus t.prranili will bo
to crush the money fowkr in the House of Comfiioiis, and to the same extent rai-e llii. condition and b. Iter the prosrects of labour
wfiieli IS 1,1 the h.iwlf of the poor, as well as ot the result of labour in the j.ast, as it is found ea]iitali.Keil as property in the posses^
sion ol th-' rich. ,\iid as the country's vital interests now rci|uiie an organisation of I'logiessionists of truly British character and
loeliiigs wlio can be cUpeiuled on as having no ulterior objects, patriotism demands us to lay aside all flur political predilections as
well .is antipatliies, and to be ready lo eo-o|ierale with every man who, laving aside mere iiersoiml or parly politics will ioin in
cnociing the vital object— the employment ol our working classes. We, in fact, desiderate a p.arty whose o.m.y" pnixrieLE of combiba-
HON W 1 1.1. nE TllK EMri.oVMKNT OF THE rEOPI.E. HlTn I'mveIISAL SrFFRA(;F, AS TUE O.M.Y MEANS OF ATTAIMNO T»4T PATRIOTIC OBJeVt
1 here seems to us lui ,<ni.-il! likelihood lhat> (,Va...;e». will be found the school of ijolilics which will be the instilment of dm
ycmiiig an actual revolution, bj- securing th,> country a social one. 'To see this we have only to consider that it is notin I ondon hmi
lu tlioproyinccs tlnit great social movements are originated, and then review the position and eircunistances of the various other
great h.:id-i«nrt,Ty,i ,un,iuf<irl,ir,; ,mtl r i„»i. irr— .\lar>cln>slcr, Liverpool, and llirniingliam. Manchester has alrcndv moved and
unfortunately lor tho working-classes gone too far, in the theory of i.olilical ceonomy, or, in other words, " cheapness ■" while ita
prcs< and leading men, by strongly aifvocaliiig an adherence to fivcd fla,i,hu;l bullioiiism, as the country's moneiaiV nrincinle in,
Uirealeniiig the working classes with the second of the two neee.ssarv elfects of Sir R. Peel's legislation—" dhninit/ml em/.tolmfHt"
the liisl having been " rtdifrnl lenaij," as we have shown above. 'I'he safety of the country, and the saving from starvation of onr
working cla.sses, is one and the same thing : and .Maiiehcster— as unable to feed the people— would only upset society itself, if per^
mitle.l. \\ e would 110 1 be uiiderstoml as objecting to the pvinri/,/,- of free trade, or the oitiIiot; iiitercbnnge of eommmlities' but to
the .M.inehester prinei|)fc of free imports witliout any reciprocity. ;Hirniingliani, too, like Manchester, lia.s carried its principle- paper
mom y— too lar, and has thus, almost fatally, injured a principli; which must be the regenerator of this country. Wo agi-co witli the
Birmingham sclnud that we <'aiiiiot nlako money too c heap, but we hold that it must ever reinnin ;ovi/-(;>«//./ ronvt'riible We agree
with Hiriniiigham that gold .-iiid si.ver shoul.\ only be demandable at the Hritish or market price of these, a.s compared to other eom-
modiiies 111 this eounfiv. W it4i liirniinghaiii we have denounced the suicide eominittcd by our working clas.ses in tolerating Sir R
41** "* iV""'''' '."'.' "' '"*'■'■ ^^ ^'' l'"»'ever, w;.:i tii see ft bullion basis to tlie eireuhition, holding tliat.a bank note may depreciate from
tile public s opinion of its inseciirily— wliiidi lenders it practically not convertible iiilii the eountry's coiniiiodities— although wo will
IM>ver be beliind lu pidriiig that all the other apparent ././■nrinli'oti.i are in reality onlv the natural and proper <i)ii rfrialion of gold
iri.siiig Iroiii Us beeoiiiiiig scaiiT, which tcioli lo appreciate ali other eomniodilh's as compared to tlie Bank note. We therefore'
|re iMl.ioni-ts, vuih ^„\d at its market piiee, and .-il same lime repudiate the lliriniiiiiham ■■ liitlc ilu/lh,./,'' or, a's CanninB
lOSCl llle.l llicill, '* Ih' liltl.ii .r.l 1:1 ../ o.ii,, r /"I.",'./ ii)..i,i l,,.lhni,i " We have thus sllowll til.-ll l',iriiiinirl,,ini pun „o..'.,. .,..:., I, .„!.. .. i
are
dosciilied ihciii, •* Ih, iilrh,i.r<, I:, ,.i i„,f.,r h,ir,;l ii/„i,i h.^iliinu." We have thus shown that r.iruiingiiani can neve'r ori'''iii'ale"a irre^
praciK.il parly,ororeauisean e^e.uiivp «li;e!, „,1| Im, abb' to feed the masses. .\nd it is eauv to see that the public oninion of
i;"' ' ".""' """■ under I he control of the men who cloried in .such rapresentatives as ( anning'and lluskissoo, iiee.i use its views in
tlieiii sent . ,iy go on v toMiuve a lew supeniiiiiimted pensioners of the country, and do not rise to llic generous attempt I o feed the
eoui.l.> s mil loiis. W,. w„il,| „.,| be understood as uuder' laliug the impio-tane piaclicable nati.oial relienchment, but wo »eo
iniu ,o e\|,(.,i any great iiiiiiiedi.ile allinialiMii Inuii tins souive is to deceive ouimIvcs and (lie counlry ; and we thereforn. obinet
disliucl y to Ihe.a.sHuinplloiioi onr Liverpool fi iends that in " clieesc paring" is to be fmmd the immcdia'tc imreof the overvtheliiiiiie
natiOi.Uivil.suii, er Whieli tliH euintiy now suiters, and tho greater ealainil ies we have in prospect. Its liuancial aswieiatinna o?
leagues snow us tlmt I iv, rpool s v lews ..xleio! loi to priueiples of monev but onlv In sums of money. We may suspect that in (he present
pass,,,. piMtion ot politic,, Mr (,la,l.sto„e M ,» had mlUien, nouu'h to gel „|l t|„s dust about national retVcicliment raised in I i^or-
pool t . rover his retreat, or to divert the people from bis own and his pairon's fniidanicnlal error in n.itional policy or princinlo ■ but
this would o„ y be lo prove s|,|l ,„„,,. ,b,. „(ier inability of Liverpool as the ^reat national regenerator at the present inmnent '
»> e may be asked how llie I .lasgow school can lake a more noble stand than Liverpool at the present crisis. Wo answer (li.xsmw
may ;.i.,pple will, the p,ulosi,pliv as well as the details of the eounlrv's tiuanee. (ii.As.iow may skt ax fx^mpee to tiik fmph'ie if ?,7
TI!«li ; HER rilK WORMMl c L.tssEH inoM TIIK PI KlOiX or THE VAFIu^Al OEOT - V SOl '
Wi i,::i.iK\ EO oiH .\nii. vx i i.i.i.on ..si.hjik rs t ( Insoow may tikk i r Tin; itm'e
TE OF WHITE SI.AVEIIT H V""!-' THAN THAT PnoM StHICH
01101 XI) THAT ir IS THE PROPKIIIY OF TllK 1 OPXTRY IBiT
tioii
Mr 1
tion I
not 1 1
ful loi
peoph
Anv
lie
pii 1 i
.\ pir.losopliv las IscMegal says „f llu.hlhiMn] wliieh, by a di.ilectie or ideal course, has been led into a chaos of void abstrac-
-nil pure niliilism . and inoic «eicu,tihe observers have e\or judged il (o be an aiisoluto system of atheism.
rile delay in
. W, Newman
" vend the pen
le I, ,,/„.<(. II, Ihll
lb 'n ale I'ars
■ ol iliiil which
t ■'.' loenibei- (
:■.,, I V 11 IW
■,e I's I. ■:.i'
ri\ m i h i sier i
■e-piiblisbiiig these views M hey lirst appeared a ronsiderablo time ago) enables me to quote the following from
s leecnl winli. 1 caiin.il coiiseiit to Mr \»winairs iiovid heterodoxy that no r.irliument can give a legal obliga-
*l till' (>a) t leubir furl
gal oiiiiga-
, , ,. , , , ("^'"lenee. It i!iis be done bonr.urablv . but 1 think that it is the i.e„i7>(., alone
Il 1. iMiiril lor deleiiding the niuiitry -" Hkpi ni.,Tiox.-The very sound of this word Kcpmlintion i, tmi dieadi
by naming it we are supposed to advise it. Ho the coulrnrv, it ■» rei|uisiie. not lo name It only but to warn
Ihreaieiis luturilv. in oid. r to entoree on llieni the nee, -sitv of nn iiniuediale sedhinent by present eeonomr
ii iiih ■o.oi ubo lo ,, ,y.,o,e lo p isevere in pi.'ssii..; ;i ,1, , l.initou hi" ..11 Ihis •mbj.el. is abic lo show ihc publ
','" ' ""'\ I II' ir ini,i:;ine,l nghls. I|, |,:is l.iH i,, pi,,p„«,. .,,,,1,. „f the House ol Commons: 'No
''"'"■"■'' '> I" .Ini.il,- I., n s diiig |:nb;,m,'nl eoin.TniPg (be bviin
it-.
=t-.
riots
rfccec
o( taxes, nor (o em-
■*•**• -•*•*-••*«•*• ^^*^if (!(■• m- itttt't** ++^^ "I'liiit i I iMc^ (trp tTTi*^" "k1 wr ri " '
80
A NEW PARTT OF SOCIAL ECONOMISTS MUST ARISE
K
t
AND PKRM,NA... We M*V INSIST T.U T TI.K CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER SHA.L On« nv»,f i'^" ■•'''"■''"^'' »" ""= CCUymX. LANDED
NATIONAL DKBT TO NATIONAL COMMISSIONKns OP THE DIBI, THETtClfEQUEn^TINO I^KUR^P I-ROVIDINO KOU THK .NTKREST OF TUB
IT WILL PAV OVER TO THE NATIONAL DEBT COX.MISS.ONERS I PS SURPl" , FA "l Ye" " "" '"'"' "'"^ "'="^' '='^^'=" ^"^*
FOR THE FOLLOWING YEAR-THIS DKING VIEWED TO BE THE MEASURE OF tROTErTI^T"!"^^^^^^ "'"''' ^"^ ASSESSMENTS ON PROrERrl
• THE COUNTRY. . We sl.ould likc to See the (ilasgow view deck. edtrbo^r.ffrir„T^/''°""'''' afforded by the property or
pcrtyof (Jrcat Driuin. loavinR the assessmcHl next year rborcdueed to U 'f fr';"?'' ''^™'"='' '''"" "'« "hole pro-
REVENijE FROM TRADE alluded to above. The propertv of r,reat Britain fs estimated .Tr, V " ''■'''""I?, '•"■•ing the fii'st year of tho
, one-hal per cent on this is twenty-five millions. lU.t under a res, se?tih>d ^^.t ^f' hve lliousand mUhons of pounds sterling, an*
•ne-eislUh per cent, would he ,„,,Ve than enough in t mes of peaeo We mav be a"lK "" ™""'7 ''" "'"'''' ™l<'»'at«that
Uian liirnynffham at tho present crisis. \Vc need only refer to our >"»■" as stated 1 repf *""' '""kc.a more praccieal cHbrt
combine the bullionist basis for the leijal terul.r paper with the to al c idic^tin If tl. i ;i r.lasgow may, m its monetary reform,
tho B_,ru,in-d,am school although to altaiu it theV would invveus'rrrev lo.dv^e^si^^^^^^^ >.)onopoly-which is the object of
SOW in a word, may hold to tlie simple cure of making the state of the forei ' n ex- ef •, n f.. I'l ' r" -^r,"" '^skci^-kity; G!a«.
IB- H- r,„„ „„W„ „„,,, instead of in tho r..,nmo,lu„ v,.,1,.:, the bank note bl-n onlv ,-0? ' V '" "1"''',",' *-'"''• ^ '"''i'''-"'^') in a rise
in the ].ond„„ market, and tho liank of Knf;land b.iuK c . it'cd , have m> "s t'to ,' rfnl '1 'V'' *-'"''';" "'o -narket price of gold
vaults-l,es„le.s the fourteen millio.^the blnk thus heiuR made nt m'ted in s , . h ,' Is ''"" ™?''''-''' V''-'" "' ""= ""'^ '" '**
■ pprtat.on <,1 }rnld by an increased h^ of paper up to <he increased market vuet'^ v&euum of e.reulation throuj;!, the cx-
Glasgow school has views stPEU.ou to those ok t„e Sf. nc i^tek so hoo V> ''^ ^ '"' "" ^«'^''" ""« ^"»
IfOT siorrixo short at political kconomv. Ovn vifws aAf patri ti( on n»vl i,, , " "" '"'^ '■'=''""' "^ """"' Kco-vour,
poet to ,et credit for our ^ood intentions towards tlu\o -fdV tlK. W^^Sal' prae ieX -""' ' •■'"■ ■"" ''» ""' «^'
word^we must (to use the words of liurns) '■ be loved at home" before we e.an be " revei^d abroad'^^^^^ " "'"■ °'"' ''"""''^'' ' '° »
"From scenes like these old .Scotia's grandeur sprines
1 hat makes her loved at home, rever'd abroad." ° '
Tint Manchester VIEWS are cosmopolvte— foiuiettivo that Tiini-cTi r.T.niTTo,..^
infact, nL.ygo for reciprocal free trade, as oppose" to t".o\IanASre3I.r,.^^^^ G'^'^gO".
we may hold that the main oikstiox is^emi-lovment. which mavl^re-ed hi lisM .rrcciproeal Ireo trade ; %r. in other word.
by Bntisl, legislation, except that by so framing ou^ hvvi* as t^g ve to ur o vim, ™ ""t,<r,.. which wof-an never control
/«!•<•„« of our national cmploymcnt-at home at se.-» iin in the 0010^^ wJ ,7 ' > those who wilh-e,-iproeatc with us, a pre.
Ubour, an.l thus indirectly raise his wages!' Ti.Tohfatk r FMpfor ,7nTof Ywo^^kI'^ '^ '""'''"' "'" ^'"^'^"' ''"' ""= ^""^ '"»"'•
THE Glasoow phiscp.e. While acknowledging ricTtlh^luZ^Z^^^^ irrespective of pb,ck, must hi
th(vvital question. We rf course hold that thf j rincip e f fi-ee t,!^.de w, ,,1 1 Tf -..t^ ,.,,"'■"■'''"?• ""■""','' '"' ''■«'-'-"™''''T to be
because we have n.orc capital, mo,-e in,lHst,7, arid men' eeon n v l' an a y I'tl er co, trv" 'IHIT'T ^'t'^'^\ ^"' "''' '^''""'■7.
selves to the protection. rW in .mm .-air. of anv ela.ss inteiest in tli s en,nn^„ni v ?v P ' 'I""" "","''' "''J™' """'O 'I'"" our-
he, at least to a great extent, reciprocal, I.ec, us e ha e alwa ^ ^cen t Z , l.te nee,' 'Ttv'T'' ''"'" "'""•' ""i^'f"'^ '"^ "•»''« *•
our interests-being protected fro'n inv.asion at the will of ou^lLe "n oonon In th^r ,l.„ n""' '^""T"^"""'- ''f"' "•««* <"" '^
we now give below our sketch of a Free Trade Kec.pbocal 1 eague"! * ^ Jra'nmg us of our precious meUls ; And
A KECIPROCAL League, or British' zollverein. must be proposed by the social economists.
•or con idoncc in British manufacturingsupcriority) that tSn Z luctions bo .Is,treee vLfn, t^V^' T """i ** P™".*^" *'» K™"' «
not to charge us more than Hu«,„ per cent duty on the value in I rUa u o nnv HrUU^. „ '''"J^f'^« f™"" » countries which agree
ijfcable that .„oh countries as will not take British labour irp.ayrae,t";,,uKl hLe do bM ^'^- ^o conceive it to beT«a.
*.u- productions, a certain sun, equivalent to the nati^na LdS b.ml, n, a,?d Mv ^^ f™'" 'i'1 ^'i™ ^^'"^ B"' '" ''"S''"«l ^r
mial pro,lucer, of the same articles' And our Act of ParMamen Sd orov le t hat n^,?!! T ■'' """?'' f "■" **'""' °'"' "»""« <"• Colo-
•< coun/r,,-., that wiH ndt accept the ahovf liberal tfrr,v,,frl.P,lZ,) P™^' '? V ?, " "•" ^'"'"en articles except cotton (thf production
ynt. on thevalile in Brilain,U.e said d, ty o( fiftcer^e/c;, rbriev4d"bv",;;fr T ",T "" '^i^l^'.l'r f^"'' '«»* 'l^" fifteen ^
done away-the price hereatter to be that indicated bv the for«°n 3. . ^ .?'?".' ']"'''•'• ^''- ^'«' '"''"'S'' P"<» »fg»l<l to^
Oommo.li,y gold in which foreigners «...! "nnuTtahts Le alo^ n^eresti^^^ wil hereafter raisS the pVL of t£
the value of ,v1ueh is the intc-estof all ehisses in Great Britain A^Kiiricsoxce,?, ,1 ,'„^"'' "">. P--"^" »f ™<">ey (to keep down
tanta or money market, finding gold going to an increased rrico as comnarc.Twi'th tZ^^ " annuitants), and so that the'annui.
working cl.asses in pushing the export of British labour, in whh h wa^Tne itTs evi.tni ' " ^- '"^ ^« <}"''"] to Co-operate with our
Laropean price or in other wor.ls, tho annuitants made ?o regain the pres^it value L^m.to'itbVH ^°^'^ ""' ^ ^T-^^' ^"^ »» '•«
In a word, wo decided y are ree traders ■ but in eniii„>nn »;ii, „ . . .1 .• *! •'" '" 't "^ ''"■' nieney law of Sir Robert Peal
«.d mcrehants who prefer their eo.'n r" 'to t«e r p^r -we —^1 m 'wU^^ "-'''r^' ""'' ""«" P'-»«tical mani?,^tu^
•ailed fi-eo tiade measures, it now appear, that we*"ive onlv ^I free f ,r .l^i' , t n-ciprocal, is not in truth fr« trade. By our^
, treat boon we have it in our power I , giVe til Zl ge J," M^c Z,r,^ f "" ""/"''' ""^y^'^T- We must, by withholding thj
■ « of wheat ami other produce to use all tl e ^iTuted ii£ /nee'lrd.' iC ■ /^^ '""'"' " 'i'" '"'"'«" "'' ""e foreign grow-
turer ; for we see r.^iproeity to b. absolutelv nressar; r^rven Vo grea ^-l I'^c^^^ '" ^^""'' "-^ '^f ^"'^'^ ■»*»"''«-
•oloniee must lend to revolution, although there exisU no d.Kty to tKonarchy! '--•"P'o/mont ^ in this country and bet
^ MEANS TO THE FOREGOING GREAT ENDS OR MACHINERY OF THE SOCIAL ECONOMIST PARTY.
« a S:tt;"?/f tLT Tif o':r'r.ri;lV s'ii&'ii-s? u"tv'rhe"Sall'Y""'"r^ °"'"' '-'"-'-•«•'. the^ther R.form, will fofto.
., of »'''5n,o»,e, of Parliament, if wo w,,',Klprev"arriXTateuroi,,,L 7 "'"'^ ""I '',"" » »>''>t«int-ry for 'the eleclicZ
t*Ung .ueh a state of things a, exists on tie I', th ent We Tuld not dor ade"t"r.'''r H"^' ''H'^J'tion, ai.diirom thus pi^'^U
TJfj '^''^cl the Commons, and wo would make eligiblo for the Mouse . f 1 .7rd, al le l^t^^„,l.,T^ i"*^"" "' "'* «»•"« constituen.
i.«'l.!"'' '^""^'l '""'"■ ''""« "'"' ""■ "'"-l« l«>ro«etcy of the empi.e and their so s w 1,^- (when re(fistored) of all EuglUb.
Ure been elected to sn.ts n the llous,. of Commons in ti,#ee dirterenl iTr iaX ts ' '"''"''" "'" '""«'"'• »'"' »"<='' «"*■' -i
•t^lV"^:^:!::^:i^r"r°^,:^^^^^^ with .-aniament constitute., a.
on their principles they must do away w,li, tli,. Esliblishod Ch««. T le D^n e™ , .?ff .? '"'i"""7 "•""'P-'sod of Dissentei;, M
-nr with power, because ho wouhl perpetuate th, Church, whi''hTh'iy .»M ti^Tr^rTr^i^^.c'^^^^
uZMi7^;,u:!^:^^::tL J^!:s^>z r:!i:' d!;';;j\:t;i:e:'r',:i;i!L,:;;;::?'::; : t\:' "f " -••^"-"•i™. ""^ ii.e creditor wiu
Ihe house may lo eonntwl out, and n., .lebm,. lakelhr.,. l,ni i,. . I^ ' *" » ,""'t"T ol expediency, hut not by law or riJht
notice is g v.„ ol ,be mot.on. lod,,-.!. Ih,. val „e „^^h . iee ,riti«^Iv7,;'l'l' ", ' "l "'" """"" ".'" *«" <*'"-'' ''»"' "'-■day « Xct
artUfll s..„lcnient, such as al.,,.. .ould „„„ be n.a.l ..' -"K "a „^ t, ,",1" i. TnV""'"""''^^-f"'' "'" "'^"' ''"'"'tc, than I y an
'J"-"''"':!" "" t ,„ m.nry, or dep,-n.l,„g o„ tl„. ,„-,g,n„l co, ro, but c , , la v , "ri""""" ' '","""■"1 K"""»l« lor paying tli
Slid sufl. , ,„gs U. all rlas.es wl id. i,i„,di,>t,»n w, u|,l c auT. V 11. "'"""'"'^yi '" < ' '• I'^'f-auseol the imminent and irreat .lanirVr.
4
?
>
■ ^ ■ {
UNIVERSAL SUFF RAGE THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE LEFT US BY PEEL.
OU.VTllV — AND IIIAT
'. COUNIltY, LANDED
K IXTEnEST OP IHK
DEDT, EXCEPT TIUI
E.VTs ON rnorEBTT
f THE PROrEllTY Of
om the whole pro-
u first yo.ir of tho
uiuls sterling, an*
oiild calculate that
n-u practical cH'ort
monetavy reform,
icli is the object of
s'sbcurity; Glaa-
indicatciJ in a rise
irket [iricc of gold
(>r the golj in it*
ti throuj,'li tlic ex-
DE ASliKD now TUB
F SIICIAL KCONOUT,
f(ir wo do not ex-
wn fajuillea : in a
THERi;. Glasgow,
ir, i n otlier words,
(?an never control
to witli us, a pre-
ir the poor luan'i
F I'BICE, MUST BI
MI'LOYMKNT tO tW
fur tliia country,
nioro than our-
;fed free trade t*
life's Wood of all
)us luataU ; And
ECiONOMISTS.
pire, and recciT-
vide (90 great ii
ries which agree
oive it to be rea-
t in England for
r native or Colo-
n (tht production
than fifteen per
•ice of y old to be
the prioe of the
!y ( to keep down
I that the annoi.
operate with our
i^bt back to the
hr Robert PceL
I niauufacturen
ide. I!y our so-
withholiling th9
he foreign grow-
ritish manufac>
country and her
PARTY.
rros will fotlaw
or 'the electioa
•n thus prccipi<
'iaas, but bofbr*
knie constituent
of ail English,
id such men •■
constituted aa
of the working
weakness, the
' Ihsscntern, as
ust Lord Stan.
must see that
lie creditor will
y law or right.
!• day (in uhicb
te, than by an
lor paying tlie
great dangfra
mnrm* «t tlSF
•
I
f
31
the nei^on of the Sovereign exists in this^ouHtry ) sEs ?he rc,ult of the°^^^^^^^^^ t"^"^"^^^ ^ ">» C«>wn or to
Peef of British mdustiy. I laid these views, nearly ntL -same word" bi^for^th« u^ 'f "^i' n"'' """"^ churchmen, under Sir R.
out of the revolutions on the Continent, appealing tohim for the sake of «« Z„ Iv w ^°"^ P™T Bentinck, on the breaking
head of a great native industry party. Sly question then was Cav ?L Rm^.^i ^«> " """"' ""* "" *''« Interest op Labobr, as the
MOST ENDURINO-TDE MOST n'^INTERESTED-PERSONr^lLnON oTRIOnT AND P„ArT,e?, ^J™*'""'^ "" rXt^SHRVED ?-TnE OREATEST-THS
With iny answer on that occasion I shall close this explanation already I feT too mnr^'';''''^?'/ "1' "'='"' ™"'"' "^ """ -"d -
r answer No, emphatically No, unless oAir Upper Classes nerm if f he !„;«,?■ ^ 'i ^^^''"'•"i' for the general reader :-
Ijsrest will fear, make thoKf denounce as revolutiSvju^„rth™ Slave M^fx ""^aK'"^ "^ measures which their personal in-
iSI^'Ti'^'^ii,'"' ^T^\"' '■'^''" "'«n yield tho wretchc^■',W,"Lio^ of slaved ^T^?^ "^ Republican America prefers risking the
ever to the Monarchy, but I'don't believe their self-resocefc wi anv^nnl. niflJ-V *i '"f" f*"^ P^P'" "^ England are as loval as
nmvei-slties, or the uncontrolled interference of the nob^ity"^ tLigishtion oT he Z, '? '"'"'riJ'" PJ""\h establishments, exclu ive
MTT OF SAVING TuE CROWN .TsEi.P, dfipcnds On our having it distinctl/unde^tood tLf fh^'^K- ^ '* H""^ '>'" '<""« "''«'> ">o p^ssibi-
simple, practical and disinterested objects of philanthropy "o boldlv and u^^miiVne^^^^ "bjeets of the Government are just the
'If any man thinks that the interest of these nations anf the interest of ChrXIilfty "'^P^^^^'"^ ^y Oliver Cromwell when he said,
soul may never enter into his secret !' An.l I have not U?e least doubt that e verv 'nl; " '«"'/X'"?'<= ""'' '"'""'" ^'ings, I wish m^
instrument of God's purposes, is liable to the moral eonsequei^i oft ^o^iXm.T.Z^^)^^^^^^ ""« -"«"
UNIV.ERSAL SUFFRAGE THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE LEFT US BY PEEL
sure which they prescribed as sufficient to effect them • ■'';'l'»^i»''en^protessedto desire have not been attained bv .Temc^
the middle class have been carefully attended to, Tnd't el- ,tres^ h b "a yTons Ht-^V"' I J^^^ '" "'"'='' "^''■"''"'^ «»^ «'"h«s o'f
citude with resi cct to the necessities and interests^ertainlv not less "n'fires7Lortant^„^^ '""" ^-S"' f "'" "'■""" """»-
not, indeed, for an instant suppose that there can be any antagonism of contrarietv w J„,^n H " 7 *''e working classes ? We do
the employed ; no error eonld tie more fatal, no doctrine Zre n,"^b^^cv„rs We are . 1. ■ '"^T"^^^ "^ "'c employer an,l those of
iner is ultimately, though iudireetiv, the ga n of the liltcM^ T!^ v f; e .^ 7«."e "'ost anxious to assert that the gain of thefor-
they are at all points eo.<°xtensivc, • • Tl^is is o,r charts ^.^^^ the concurrence of their interests, we deiw that
no questions where the interests of tho midrSas^ cet'd^rbe co-^^
diseussions, the thorough and effective logislation. on al eommerci.alTestion"-^^ S'"^"- '1''"' '""/ '*"'' <"'"»»»
sanitary measures, and with the miserablv insufficient provision f, r t eae Tie J, J , , ' H'Vodifference to educational and
^^^^^^'^^^l^:^^^^^^ !;^,i^; ^0.,.., and two-thirds of the voters
Vrero v rtually, and to all pr«Btieal purposes, east out of tTie se^o. 'riie la d^ f irte;est"r''aV",r "I' '" ""• , '"'' P""''«^"'S «''^"
evidently soon be in a minorIty."-^From Blackwood-, Magazine for July 1819 q"cat.o„. v.tal to its welfare! would
We :^zx:^^^^:^:^z::^::^:^t;z:c:^^ ^ ;ri-:ir!!^i^r^;x^7;z^s' "^'^■«' -« -^^^ -•
^^t^, as ^^,^^" n,:i;'ii!;^:t^;i^ '"^-i"-- w<:^,y'r;v:t- ,S^ "^ ?^^ '^^:^^^zz
of the Conservatives. There is nothing in the existing system fb,'\vi,ic i I ey a o'b^^^^^^^ "!''"'"->" ",'« eonsi.leralion
common sense are not thrown guite out of view. mustVa change ..r the better So saving ^however t^ • "'"'^'' '" "'r'' J'""'"" a""!
the Drury- Lane proeeedingB. jve doubt the honesty of the p^moters o'' thll raovemennVe fS nt l^r'.Wr'' "Tt "' "'''^"^»' ^
l^t^sjio^^^r^fi^-fiiie^:;:^^^^
z;^»rgi^5;r^pJS^y^^:-=--:?™^i-^^^^^
power."-from my communication to the Wa,i,<,«, A>am.W, "/ i^A ^C" 1843. ' " "P^*^ '" "'" """"J''
by '^'^^^^'V^^i'^h^i^^^^^^^ ^4';:s?'rr '" r r '""""»" - ^-'-<'. -<'
and with the firmest .leterniin.ition on our part to I avc a radicaLiltSh n in t In m?nl "'"J"^",?"'."' "'" """""■'' '■'•.n'lmive act.,
jestys subjeoU are well know, to have been brought to iLl at no ^00^ sl^r of' A, r^^/ "' ''"•'""";',"'■ ^"^ "millions of her Ma-
wret.hclness. Wo of course see that as a man on bt-inrca le"^?n to^t as a s,le a e^.^^ i ^T' ""' '"''"' '" """ <""• "^'i""*!
subject, is not interrogated as to hi, possessing a ten pouml qua fiea thin nekh ,1^M ? ' '" f?'''""'" r^" ""'" '''">• "f 'he
^l,g„ of the subjm ; but we also so. Oi.t the wresting of h^w/amo^^^^^^ ,^' " '"~'" '" '"' ""V'^'^S tl'e pri-
only ahs«l„tely necessary to tho improvement and moral elevatirof thrj- rk t {u^^^^^^^ "'" '"''"''-™'' '"""^st isnot
fact, that the overthrow «pe«lil» of the doctrines of political economr or '"rwT .?f •"' . ^"'- "'."f"'-''- We think, in
tion. nod the country a, a necessary c„,is,.,|uenee fr, m' p i ical n3 a d e„, ^ io , ■omnnn,.':' " T "'" '"""P,'" f""" '"'"»-
open.lo what is passing Ground then,, and t'lii, is what in.luce" . .rivp," I ic,",": ^ liese hlU^''i'^^^ to have their oje,
however, was onginairy, and is «o,r. only the humble one of leading abler n.in.l" le subie t of our er eTi V'" "'""''' '■''"'
belcro we again hnd ourselves amid commercial dimeullies like those in im- «l,,. i, „ "'"f^'f "' our out eal position as a nat on.
Bill .J- \m, or surrounded by other continental Uevol t on. when « 1 ir'danVer wlhT. r"," '^^''T' ''■' ^"' ''"'^"■' ''«-"*''- "'""ey
t=;^'i;f=<p^^,!r;T?&;zri:xir'± 3S
i;rt^3:^';;^':nASir^Z'^:?i^:r:;;!tri7i:^^
vital necessity ofmimediately .loing awav with (Wh Si isLe its and ^^ ground alone then 1 would insist on the
«hat he at present has during his life, but at hisT-at , I si n U^^ niversil.es. I wn,il,l let each incunilK.nt enjoy
.School Kilucation. or t,. support Ragged Seh<M Is |^t, ' o I lei « w V ,In^ ineome diverle.l to the pnrpose of Common
tivelT ralhHl for, wo w I fin.l it in the fut that cu'Zl ,, Vrn ll I vT i '' ,""m '"',''<"<»■" f''l»'m Iwing inipcm-
question of ,.«eetien,t,, the Hr a ' r'::).^uZ'' Tll:!:,:;-^; ,!:^^^^
,w,i,ui,di.,ed.,,e,;,,i.;,,;.\-;:;:;;,L":;;:r;.nn;^i!^'/:'^^^^^^
"■""■"'"' '"'""•"' "'•■ •••"•"•. •>" ' ". .t ,>.- ir/„v,, „,. /.„/„„„/ A.v.,„„„„.„ /„„, ,/.i/„'„„;,;v:7,w.^r
l/i"fllinc <iiY not really two IVoriinij
for it u'ili b' lelf-tviJnit
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE LEFT US BY PEEL.
.upposcit,.o,.iMe that the^vorling clause, iorHAculniny,'^^^^^^^ ^' ''V"'^''''blc ^o,,iegrJce"f^f .'^
mm, thu, to be cut. A. reasonably mi,jht «.. e:.pe.t the ,lbli Z toh^TlLJ'Tll iL^i^n T"^"":. """•"«. f" <iuKsT,0N olhx-
Raiiway tram, to scatter certain death and de,truclio„ ell around Z cf,ta^nl?,Lt7 ^ "^ tn,ped,„,ent, in the way of an e^r^
the present ihnistry to secure their tenure of offde. bx, strcnJhnnnn vJr^2Ll ^ rouTICAr, tapital, that I eamestlu de^,
P0lU,jal^.r-\"-' of _their opponents arisiV^^^
cause tlieir disasters.
^„.....„. „-.„.„„, "/.,;",''" '•rponents, arising from most of
J.„ i''.?. 1^''''!"'™ "'" *''"'".''■ ""<• •'•"'"y *«' "'« Ciovernn.cnt. Tl.e GovcrnmrnT'wiirX,'!!' -r'''^. -J" *'''' dreadful co'nditio'i;
feed the sUrTing niaFses. who will, in reply, charge the Clovcrnmcnt w th aX!,? f -^ "L?""*^ intentions, but this will ncA
cause their iHsnatnis. W ..),„„„„ . Ji.:_ ^i..?. _: ^\'^'"'"'~nivinn at least twt havinq abililii to nrevtnr ivnn :(■ -i j-j ^
anccs can be for the worse, and ^ Royoh,tiJZl"''^^"J^ '' "^'^ «>?*
iTRe-trTnTh ""'V"^-^-./" ^'>»"^'' '".Poople - t'-le ciroumM^nc" crbc fo? t e wo'e a^n'dTn"'';''.^^ ^''^'""'- ^^■«" ^' ' d ^
Jf Retrenchment and the most sweeping reform of the Currency are not made virhour""'l*i!^^?'V'r" >".«? come upon Engl
;hind.
such
^^P^ilP^""'""'*- '"I-^'ond »n(lotTier«ise,ftSwill throw the now gloomy minj; of luZ^^^^^^ "multaneously witg s,^
Jifcw ''' •Jonje^at'y es, "i order to popularise themselves ns a party to <Z;.n. ilm Vl ,,J "^ "'T *^?"?'''' '» * ''"PPicr futtw
constituents they in their hearts believed to be the irftorcst of ,l/o nfltish ?nhm,rer „n^l H ' ''""•'*'™'' '^•'"t they had told tS
scnrmg the Crown, while the retention of peculiar privileprs bv their cis, a m "its Vln, Jl, ff "',", ""■"J' """^l """i'^. incapab f^
betrayed by them in the legislature, positively end.^ngers <he t^(U ing oXV of tM^ '•*■■■ V'" '"'"'^''^ "^ ''"due r. have telS,
h.3 loo.e hsh." (Unless we should stoop to use h.id instrnnienls "ir^ n,' tl a Imv L "' T ^'f'?, "■" '"'C'' f™>" Sir ll. P°el^
Uiey are tho very men to sacrifice the Church to British Industry ')' An ne'ithef wil '7/-''""'''''' 1!'"'«1' Industi^ to the Hmroh
tionists ftltliough this is admitted to be the only party which has tahoi\noD»hrnrn„-Pr'''""^^ f'om tte ProtS:
bec|iuse by domg so, they would saerifieo their rigits ^conscience a .ThuK7tl,Mn°,of.^T'''' V""' °/, "'" '■'8'"« "^ ""tivj labo^>
selfish ch.irch oligarchy, which they hate. The Crown cannot he save I vie W™. In 7;, "'"""•' V"?'' ""•* ^°»'/ '» « ntl|.rablV
cannot save themselves as a party, which is always tMr first look out AVfor th ^,: '^"^^ •^""''l' <•» »<> "» Principle X ther
nercetheycandonomoreforthcworking-peoplo(throngh X^c eonlontmcnt „,/, T ' ""' ''T-*™t"> »'' ^^^^^^^^^
than the free-thinkers in religion can. The one would land t " ir Zl es de.t ,.'''",1"' f """ "'", C™«n can bo sustained
VTull"""^''' "■■ t^JSiblc principle of any kind, in lD-ecipr™.„ T't,"de,^, ;.,!;" 'r, ''^•"" ■■^™'«- 'f'" *»'»' 'vant of ,u|
total absence ot respect for religious principle m.iy be; but either prra7,Z,l'J]l "T ''^."'l'"''',''''-"" '«' Wcssed, just as the
understand how any man. or set of men feelin,- f,,ii„ ,'i,„ ^JJlllJJ^:,'^."'']."'''''' 'lil^J' ""f^'aljlo calculation, and 1 cannot
,, j r i. '^'V<^^<- '"r religious principle m.iy bo; but cither prrndrr„i,r, li „ . "."^"■■.■■■iv lo 00 Olcased, just as th(
understand how any man, or set of men. feeling fully the respon ll'litv of a ^vern^I?^ ""f^'V^I« calculation, an, 1 cannS
1 therefore hmk that there exists at present no part • in Englnm i /suL^,^ l™"""'''' ;™"''' ''arc to rely on such dclusioM
from starvation : and that ip tue Crown rANxor oloanisk an E "i^r t, vk fpTn r n1 " "'' '"""""'^ «<> save the working cli^
XECESsiTT ni! ovKRinnowN. Tni:s ,t appears to „t MixD, THAT ,P T^r \l"v,„r,,v •, r ' '■'"" """ '"' ^ f'^VB-^'B-vT. i^„'in^
cos„oPo...XE,eo«m»A.,o...^j^snAPE_oPA..wPAarVarP„E:.;^:r?iEr^
d call the now nn.iu n . ' ' tnworiti-
-^™ •.; >.««...r,A.ior. i.> i ii K SHAPE OF A NKW PARTY RfPRESENTATlVE OP I 1
^nnnTT."" VT™ , ""' ''e"tnt« to mect tho Chartists more than half wav " iwou'rie,']"! t'l,';:',^""'"' '","" ,'" *'"8land, at thi»oriti-
opnoscd to Dol.tieal nrnnnm,...! „!.„.„ „■,:„„,„ , , . ,,,".""'• ,' ""J ''' "j" ."'""<'"■ P"' Iv tllc SOCIAL KCOXOMIglg (aS
.,,. . ,""' '^"""l ^couomisls ■Kin hold it to 1„> fl,» «_i
i willing to work, of the .letiml n.,o„„„ J: '''?•,./' '°h."'8j™t
-... — ..^..v i „,,u,i, „uv iicaiuiie to meet tno i.Uartists more th.Tn li
opposed to political economists), whose objects as a party ] would "U
wl'iri,^!? i^"?™""'"*'' '■""*,«"'Vr'','«^'-'>". to make all 'sure, who are willinTr to work nf Vl,n';„r,;.i" ''"' ""•'' ""i" 't lo bo the first
will hold that every means should be adopted to raise fho ou ward con,f r nC n.^J! i • ? '^'""' "'^'^>'saanc3 of life. 2dlv Ther
and ro ;g.ously_a church establishment ^ot beingone n,' the"; n " n ' o o 1l i ■ "f ew".s oi^f;,;? T" "' '" ^'"••'''« thcm'monU^
After perusing the matter under tho heading ■' Mteraiwn o^,/,/ J/,,, "7/ '^ ,eT.e\']L ^iit'.''''?"' "■■ '"<^'"" '" "'cse ends."
SAL Suffrage Party ,s imperatively eallcd for, if for no other purpn.c th , n to n ake lA. of 7^1 t ^- ''»"'''"«'• ",='•«' *'"»' a Ukivku
»„iir„ >„„;<• *■■""." ■"■F'^'ai'x'y caiieu lor, it lor no other purpose thnn to make sun
ATTEMPT IN PARhlAMF.ST re Vn,,'v-vi\ ^rv.-,,, .''.'.'>'.'. ^-.V'/'O
ATTEMPT IN PARLIAMENT TO PKIuVeiVa'H Mtl'v'npVr m 'l-,',';",,'^',"-^'-- '-"■'^^ <'F ANY SUCCFS^UL
TO LOWER OUR FLKED PRICE OK C^LD nilu-.N To' ll ^'^VlV■V yV V m Mrt-'mn J!?\J''^/ '-AWOF,|,f J^
.We deceive ourselves if we suppose that the people remain so ' noAnt ,, not fn I nnl h , /i"'i'" ^^-^^ ^ ^LL AUROAD
equivalent term for raising the purchasing powerVf L™.,,_n,., )„ 7 ^eV "vU , fl hiwer n^ '■; '"■ ""'"'"F, "^ ""' P"™ <"" '^"Id is an
moditics. and labour. The M-orking-tlasses have been t„n!fht bv 1 r/-, ml m^J,^ i " '•'"' "'^''anscable value of property com-
Uw of 1819 pr,aetically denies to Ilritish labour the rew w^' ".''u'^ 7ZZl:T,r''' I'"' /I'" P'-i"^ip'e of "Jho Vor^i
leading to the export of gold (which upsets the murlrvV I'.nn".' |^,eihH,., „, 1,'?. "''"■■"';'"'"!''' naturally nw.„,l to it, by
re,„»er prefer, taking Gold, which be of e,.urse dn,., ,„i|,..„ t! " , " ee f' ,i i, \ ' r '. "•""■'•""'0 tlie currency u-he„ever th, ll
r,old-even a though the same Foreigner ,lid not ,„-,.n,., |,„„ 1, 1's '?„,,.; V o oj ,", le!rll?„"'r'''''!'r'* '" "I'^apnesss to that S^
availed ofa Paper or prosne,-:.,- r-cc li,r the l-on'iL-., (■onlnle,li(ie^nLVmen/T,,^^,'■''''I'^■ •?'''""'>'' '''•^P rate but h^
power to take 6m „x tneclicap priee.-TheV „ow see -le.^i Iv hi the f-^e"^^ ^ ■ vi i ''"'', ""',"l»'',«ilit.v of our Law put, it in hta
{. jn .he greatest demand as when it is i„ ,he s,nnll,.st lei „;' ,■",.?.,„?, ,J: '*■' ''''?"''"■'' ''•"'^ '■" ">« »»"'« low r„,e when S
prostrating the Priti,!, pro.lueer l.inl.ll .h; he ' '^; . ^ ^ !T;;;:.l':7;!re"r T;'"'''.r '" "'" "^i- "^ "ritilh " Sd leuV^
of whtch. being eaf.ii.lcs. now ,nre („n,hr our ,rn eiproe.nl K ee I, le ™ • nf^ H "'•"';IV^.""^r''*S '"resSaries, a large proportion
M-thee,.,:,ie,„',rcef,„„. \Vo,Vin!/(l. „.';-,.:,.^'.''.".:,!'''."r'7'. ■* '"'»! -'''augc in their
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vii'ws i;i' wl.nt i« iheii- true ii.t
^ylll;•lltl|y iipcl eo-0|ienilien "I \\tt'
sneh ill Miriliiies n* Org:iiiiz;ili.i;s ,
;n.-t US 'iiikii;g niiT rnleli .Tt «trn\v
.\l,is.e~ .-ire Mir lenu-er „|i,ii,(„ l„. |
1 h.lt ll <• cfly J n-tillf rnff nf ;,,rr\,
<iii| I. \ert r| |..,loiii-. n« roiiIr:i.ii-t
Mill'" cli-.|i,..se« hluiii- le.l iIhtii I
il,nn I- povv^seil hy | h,. Mj,|,!l,. ( ;;,
('•etr t.,i,-,.. ;.►.,,„„„ n//v. ; •iicl; ,-ni
vii I i: I r MiiVKv, n« v\ hi'n lesv , , , i .
• viilfi.l ilini |,.„ „f,|,,, A\„,l.n ■■ >
,' rhnilMnl", nnrl Menc\-mon'jrr»
hnie no oKicciioi, (ii P.MiKM-intir i
1 1 RBA! ^1 rriiAOF AS rni: eMv mi i\. f
ii« nl I leseni r.,Ti«iitiile(l, iis to | i- v, i
■I sir l;olK'it I'eel nod the rsur v-i. j
.•iU''iiii-l the non-eleelors, our liitiire «n
" So llie struck Eagle, «iret,.h
.No more through n.lljri;: eli.M.I^ i'
Viewed his own feaihevn.. th- r.it.il diii^ '
^^ inglng the slialt lluil ()iiiv.re.l In h « h.'irt '
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l%tihill, London ,■ and »t Me-
whin cnipletid
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■;:. .^.■.■nus,s«,ll .„„, be in a pi,si.i„n .oJimlwur^^' t^^r
^■^■:^-^:-::;-;::^
Keen were his pnnzs : hnt keener far to led
lie nnrvi-,1 the pinion il,„t i,„po||ed the steel :
M hile the same plu.na;:e that had. warmed his nest
I'niiik the last life-dro,, othi, bleeding breast." '
M Ti i: AiiVKiirisKii (irKin-, ^ ," "
•'111, and Chisgow (to, Tnion .Slmt); at Mr .Mam's V i ii
I l..ee, l:di,Uniigli-wlK,.e may also 1. Ind^ .1 ";l,.,Vc^i;n';pld:i
iMiAViiti: rridar Morning, l,y iiiil for Tamos .'Jeoii lofV'i ii »
' -iKir. thie, .No. o, „.„, .s:,.cet. CreeLock^'Y'iiinf,': Mnrell
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